£EPA
             United States
             Environmental Protection
             Agency
             Office of Wastewater
             Management
             (4204)
EPA/832/R-93/003
September 1994
A Plain English Guide
to the EPA Part 503
Biosolids Rule

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                                         EPA/832/R-93/003
                                         September 1994
A Plain English Guide to the
EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
   Office of Wastewater Management
          Washington, DC

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Notice
                This document has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection
                Agency and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or
                commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation
                for use.

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Foreword
                     The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Part 503 rule provides
                     comprehensive requirements for the management of biosolids generated
                     during the process of treating municipal wastewater. The final rule benefited
                     greatly from the substantial input received from the regulated and
                     environmental communities, and especially the group of scientific experts
                     who worked closely with EPA in revising the proposed rule. Hence, the final
                     rule is the result of a very effective combination of public comment, scientific
                     risk assessment, and informed risk management.

                     The Part 503 rule creates incentives for beneficial use of biosolids. EPA
                     believes that biosolids are an important resource that can and should be
                     safely used (e.g., to condition soils and provide nutrients for agricultural,
                     horticultural, and forest crops and vegetation, and for reclaiming and
                     revegetating areas disturbed by mining, construction, and waste disposal
                     activities).

                     This guide to the final rule for the use or disposal of sewage sludge biosolids
                     was developed to help make the Part 503 rule more understandable. While
                     the guide is not a substitute for the actual rule, we believe that it can be a
                     very helpful tool for the rule's interpretation and implementation. Throughout
                     the document sewage sludge is referred to as biosolids to emphasize the
                     beneficial nature of this valuable recyclable resource.

                     While this guide is consistent with the content of the Part 503 rule, it is
                     structured  in a manner intended to make information more understandable.
                     After presenting an overview of the rule, the document provides separate,
                     complete descriptions of the requirements associated with land application,
                     surface disposal, incineration, pathogen and vector attraction reduction, and
                     sampling and analysis. The guide also raises questions and provides
                     answers that should help you interpret the rule. It also refers to additional
                     sources of information.

                     We hope that you find this type of interpretative guidance useful, and we
                     welcome your comments on how to make such information more useful as
                     well as your suggestions about other needed materials. A tear-out comment
                     sheet is provided for this purpose in the back of the document.
                                             Michael B. Cook, Director
                                             Office of Wastewater Management

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Acknowledgments
              This document represents the efforts of several individuals. Gratitude is
              extended to each person involved in preparing and reviewing this guide.

              The authors are John Walker, Municipal Technology Branch, U.S. EPA
              Office of Wastewater Management; and Lynn Knight and Linda Stein of
              Eastern Research Group, Inc. Special thanks goes to Robert M.
              Southworth, Ross Brennan, Ruth Miller, Wendy Bell, and Cris Gaines of
              U.S. EPA for their technical review of this guide.

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Contents
                                                                      Page
Chapter One—Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge Biosolids                      1
                  Background on the Part 503 Rule                               1
                  Risk Assessment Basis of the Part 503 Rule                       3
                  Purpose of This Document                                    4
                  What Are Sewage Sludge Biosolids?                            4
                  Overview of the Rule                                        5
                    Subpart A—General Provisions                              6
                    Subpart B—Requirements for Land Application                   6
                    Subpart C—Requirements for Sewage Sludge
                    Placed on a Surface Disposal Site                            9
                    Subpart D—Requirements for Pathogen
                    and Vector Attraction Reduction                             10
                    Subpart E—Requirements for Sewage Sludge
                    Fired in a Sewage Sludge Incinerator                         10
                  To Whom the Rule Applies                                   10
                  Exclusions from the Rule                                    11
                  Permits                                                11
                    Self-Implementing Nature of the Rule                         11
                    Who Must Apply for a Permit                               11
                    Site-Specific Permit Limits                                 13
                    Who Issues the Permit                                   14
                                                    Guide to the Part 503 Rule - v

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                        Unless Otherwise Specified by the Permitting Authority              14
                     Compliance with, and Enforcement of, the Rule                       14
                     Who Must Report                                                15
                     Relationship of the Federal Requirements to
                     State Requirements                                               16
                     Assistance with Technical, Permitting, and Compliance Issues           16
                     Common Questions and Answers                                   19
Chapter Two—Land Application of Biosolids                                         25
                     What Is Land Application?                                         25
                     To Whom the Land Application Requirements Apply                   28
                     Land Application  Requirements                                     28
                        Pollutant Limits, Pathogen and Vector Attraction
                        Reduction Requirements                                        29
                        Options for Meeting Land Application Requirements                 30
                        General Requirements and Management Practices                 40
                        Frequency of Monitoring Requirements                           47
                        Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements                       49
                     Domestic Septage                                                51
                     Landowner and Leaseholder Responsibilities                         51
                     Liability Issues and Enforcement Oversight                           52
                     Common Questions and Answers                                   54
Chapter Three—Surface Disposal of Biosolids                                       57
                     What Is Surface Disposal?                                         57
                     Differentiation Among Surface Disposal, Storage,
                     Land Application, and Treatment                                    58
                     Regulatory Requirements for Surface Disposal of Biosolids             59
                        General Requirements for Surface Disposal Sites                   60
                        Pollutant Limits for Biosolids Placed  on Surface Disposal Sites       61
                        Management  Practices for Surface Disposal of Biosolids            63
                        Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction Requirements for
                        Surface Disposal  Sites                                         71
                        Frequency of  Monitoring Requirements for
                        Surface Disposal  Sites                                         72
vi - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                         Recordkeeping Requirements for Surface Disposal Sites             73
                         Reporting Requirements for Surface Disposal Sites                  75
                      Regulatory Requirements for Surface Disposal of
                      Domestic Septage                                                 75
                      Common Questions and Answers                                    77
Chapter Four—Incineration of Biosolids                                              81
                      What Is Biosolids Incineration?                                      81
                      Pollutant Limits for Biosolids Fired in a Biosolids Incinerator             83
                         Beryllium and Mercury Pollutant Limits                             83
                         Control Efficiency, Dispersion Factor, Feed Rate,
                         and Pollutant Limit Calculations for Lead                           85
                         Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, and Nickel Pollutant Limits            90
                         Limit Exceedance                                               92
                      Total Hydrocarbons                                                92
                         Delay and Stay of Requirements for Total Hydrocarbon
                         Measurement                                                   93
                         Total Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide Measurement             93
                         Correction for 0 Percent Moisture                                  95
                         Correction to 7 Percent Oxygen                                   95
                      Management Practices for Biosolids Incineration                       95
                         Instrument Operation and  Maintenance                            97
                         Temperature Requirements                                      98
                         Air Pollution Control Devices                                      99
                         Protection of Threatened or Endangered Species                   101
                      Frequency of Monitoring Requirements for Biosolids Incineration        101
                         Monitoring for Metals                                           102
                         Continuous Monitoring                                          102
                         Monitoring Conditions in Air Pollution Control Devices               103
                      Recordkeeping Requirements for Biosolids Incineration                103
                      Reporting Requirements for Biosolids Incineration                     103
                      Common Questions and Answers                                   105
                                                              Guide to the Part 503 Rule - vii

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Chapter Five—Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction Requirements           107
                    Why Are There Pathogen and Vector Attraction
                    Reduction Requirements?                                      107
                    To Whom Do These Requirements Apply?                         108
                    Pathogen Reduction Alternatives                                109
                       Class A Pathogen Requirements                              110
                       Class B Pathogen Requirements                              118
                    Requirements for Reducing Vector Attraction                       121
                    Common Questions and Answers                                126
Chapters—Sampling and Analysis                                              129
                    Guidance for Sampling Biosolids                                129
                       Who Must Sample?                                        130
                       How Often Should Sampling Be Done?                         130
                       How Many Samples Should Be Taken?                         133
                       How Is Sampling Done?                                     136
                       When Should Samples Be Taken?                             139
                       Where Should the Samples Be Taken?                         140
                       What Types of Sampling Equipment Should Be Used?             142
                       How Large a Sample Is Needed? How Long Can
                       the Sample Be Stored?                                     142
                       What If a Test Result Does Not Meet the Part 503 Requirements?   142
                       Other Sampling Considerations                               144
                    Sampling Emissions for Biosolids Incineration                      145
                    Analytical Methods for Biosolids  Samples                         146
                    Sources of Additional Information on Sampling and Analysis of Biosolids   146
                    Common Questions and Answers                               148
References                                                                    153
Appendix A—Permit Application Requirements                                  157
Appendix B—Federal and State Biosolids Contacts                              163
Appendix C—U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service
Regional Contacts                                                             175
(Comments are requested on this Part 503 rule guidance. See tear-out sheet at end of document.)

viii - 
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                                                       Ornamental garden in Denver,  Colorado.

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Chapter  1
Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge
Biosolids
Background on the Part 503 Rule
                    -,'   s required by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1987, the U.S.
                   / ^  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed a new
                     fe regulation to protect public health and the environment from any
                  reasonably anticipated adverse effects of certain pollutants that might be
                  present in sewage sludge biosolids. This regulation, The Standards for the
                  Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge (Title 40 of the Code of Federal
                  Regulations [CFR], Part 503), was published in the Federal Register (58
                  FR 9248 to 9404) on February 19,1993, and became effective on March
                  22, 1993. This document will refer to the regulation as "the Part 503 rule"
                  and also as "Part 503."
                   This guidance document is not a substitute for the actual rule, but
                   it is intended as a helpful tool for interpretation and implementation
                   of the rule.
                  In this document you will notice the nearly exclusive reference to sewage
                  sludge as biosolids. Biosolids are a primarily organic solid product
                  produced by wastewater treatment processes that can be beneficially
                  recycled. The fact that the biosolids can be recycled does not preclude their
                  being disposed. Whenever the document first quotes portions of the Part
                                                      Guide to Part 503 Rule -1

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                      503 rule that include the words "sewage sludge," the word "biosolids" is
                      substituted in brackets (e.g., "[biosolids] incinerator" for sewage sludge
                      incinerator). Subsequently, the word biosolids is used without brackets (e.g.,
                      sewage sludge incinerators are called "biosolids incinerators").

                      The Part 503 rule establishes requirements for the final use or disposal of
                      sewage sludge [biosolids] when biosolids are:

                            applied to land to condition the soil or fertilize crops or other
                            vegetation grown in the soil;
                            placed on a surface disposal site for final disposal; or
                            fired in a biosolids incinerator.
                      The rule also indicates that if biosolids are placed in a municipal solid waste
                      landfill, the biosolids must meet the provisions of 40 CFR Part 258.

                      The Part 503 rule was amended on February 25, 1994 (59 FR 9095), The
                      amendment made two changes. It deleted pollutant limits for molybdenum
                      in biosolids applied to land but retained the molybdenum ceiling limits; and
                      in certain situations, it permitted carbon monoxide (CO) monitoring in place
                      of total hydrocarbon (THC) monitoring for biosolids incinerators. Please be
                      aware that there may be further modifications to the currently amended
                      molybdenum and CO provisions as well as changes in other requirements
                      of the rule, mainly involving technical correction and litigation response.

                      The Part 503 rule is designed to protect public health and the environment
                      from any reasonably anticipated adverse effects of certain pollutants and
                      contaminants that may be present in [biosolids]. The provisions of the Part
                      503 rule are consistent with EPA's policy of promoting  beneficial uses of
                      [biosolids] (see 49 FR 24358, June 12,1984). Land application takes
                      advantage of the soil conditioning and fertilizing properties of biosolids. A
                      separate EPA booklet (EPA/832-R-93-009), as well as other literature,
                      describes the benefits of using biosolids (see References at the end of this
                      document).
                        STATE RULES ALSO APPLY TO BIOSOLIDS USE OR DISPOSAL: It
                        is important to note that persons using or disposing of biosolids
                        are subject to State and possibly local regulations as well.
                        Furthermore, these State and other regulations may be more
                        stringent generally than the Federal Part 503 rule, may define
                        biosolids differently, or may regulate certain types of biosolids
                        more stringently than the Part 503 rule. For information on specific
                        State biosolids regulations, consult the appropriate State biosolids
                        permitting authorities listed in Appendix B.                           |
2 - &B* Guide to Part 503 Rule

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                      TopGrow organic compost is produced from biosolids am! other
                      waste materials hy the City of Los Angeles.


Risk Assessment Basis of the Part 503 Rule

                      Many of the requirements of the Part 503 rule are based on the results of an
                      extensive multimedia risk assessment. This risk assessment was more
                      comprehensive than for any previous Federal biosolids rulemaking effort,
                      the earliest of which began in the mid-1970s. Research results and
                      operating experience over the past 25 years have greatly expanded EPA's
                      understanding of the risks and benefits of using or disposing of biosolids.

                      Development of the Part 503 rule began in 1984. During this extensive
                      effort, EPA addressed 25 pollutants using 14 exposure pathways in the risk
                      assessment. In this assessment, EPA also developed a new methodology
                      that provided for the protection of the environment and public health. The
                      new method for conducting the multimedia risk assessment was reviewed
                      and approved by EPA's Science Advisory Board.
                                                                 Guide to Part 503 Rule - 3

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                     EPA proposed the Part 503 rule in February 1989. During the four years
                     between the publication of the proposed and final rule, the data, models,
                     and assumptions used in the risk assessment process were reviewed and
                     revised in an effort involving internationally recognized experts working
                     closely with EPA. EPA feels this process has resulted in the establishment
                     of state-of-the-art risk-based standards for controlling the use or disposal of
                     biosolids.

                     Detailed information describing the risk assessment and technical basis of
                     the Part 503 standards is contained in the Preamble to the Part 503 rule
                     and in several Technical Support Documents, available from the National
                     Technical Information Service (NTIS) (see References at the end of this
                     document).
Purpose of This Document
                     The purpose of this document is to explain the intent and requirements of
                     the Part 503 rule and to assist owner/operators in determining the extent to
                     which their biosolids management operation is covered. To help clarify the
                     intent of the Part 503 rule, this guidance document sometimes uses terms
                     that do not appear in the rule itself and organizes information differently
                     from the rule. For example, Chapter Two first describes land application of
                     biosolids with the fewest regulatory requirements, then provides a
                     discussion of land application of biosolids for which more regulatory
                     requirements apply.
                       CAUTION! This document does not serve as a substitute for the
                       actual Part 503 rule and its amendments published in the Federal
                       Register and the Code of Federal Regulations. Rather, this
                       document is intended to be used as guidance to assist users or
                       disposers of sewage sludge in complying with the rule. In addition,
                       official interpretations of various portions of Part 503 may change
                       after the publication of this guidance document. For clarification on
                       any discussion contained in this guidance document, the actual
                       rule and the appropriate EPA Regional [biosolids] permitting
                       authorities listed in Appendix B should be consulted.
What Are Sewage Sludge Biosolids?
                      Part 503 defines sewage sludge as a solid, semi-solid, or liquid residue
                      generated during the treatment of domestic sewage in a treatment works.
                      Sewage sludge includes scum or solids removed in primary, secondary, or
                      advanced wastewater treatment  processes and any material derived from
                      sewage sludge (e.g., a blended sewage sludge/fertilizer product) but does
                      not include grit and screenings or ash generated by the firing of sewage
4 - «BW Guide to Part 503 Rule

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                      Department of Transportation personnel plant flowers in composted hiosolids beds at
                      La Guardia Airport, New York.

                      sludge in an incinerator. Part 503 considers domestic septage as sewage
                      sludge and sets separate requirements for domestic septage applied to
                      agricultural land, forests, or reclamation sites. Domestic septage is defined
                      as a liquid or solid material removed from a septic tank, cesspool, portable
                      toilet, Type III marine sanitation device, or similar system that receives only
                      domestic sewage. The Part 503 definition of domestic septage excludes
                      grease-trap pumpings and commercial or industrial waste. As previously
                      stated, this guidance document refers to sewage sludge as biosolids to
                      emphasize the beneficial nature of this recyclable biological  resource.
Overview of the Rule
                      The Part 503 rule includes five subparts: general provisions, and
                      requirements for land application, surface disposal, pathogen and vector
                      attraction reduction, and incineration. For each of the regulated use or
                      disposal practices, a Part 503 standard includes general requirements,
                      pollutant limits, management practices, operational standards, and
                      requirements for the frequency of monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting,
                      as shown in  Figure 1 -1. For the most part, the requirements of the Part 503
                      rule are self-implementing and must be followed even without the issuance
                      of a permit.
                                                                   Guide to Part 503 Rule - 5

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                                General Requirements
                      Reporting
              Recordkeeping
                   Frequency of
                   Monitoring
                                                    Pollutant Limits
                                                               Operational Standards
                                   Management
                                     Practices
                                                               Total
                                                           Hydrocarbons
                                                             or Carbon
                                                             Monoxide
                                                            (Incineration
                                                               Only)
   Pathogen
   and Vector
   Attraction
   Reduction
(Land Application
  and Surface
   Disposal)
             Figure 1-1. What a Part 503 standard includes.

  Subpart A—General Provisions
             Subpart A of the rule covers general provisions, such as the purpose and
             applicability of the rule, the compliance period, and exclusions from the rule.
             These general provisions apply to each of the three biosolids use or
             disposal practices.

  Subpart B—Requirements for Land Application
             Options for Land Application of [Biosolids] Under Subpart B:
             Subpart B of the rule specifies requirements for biosolids applied to land.
             The term apply means to put biosolids on the land to take advantage of the
             nutrient content or soil conditioning properties of the biosolids.

             The requirements for land  application also pertain to material derived from
             biosolids; that is, biosolids that have undergone a change in quality through
             treatment (e.g., composting) or by mixing with other materials (e.g., wood
             chips, municipal solid waste, yard waste).

             The biosolids land application requirements, which are explained in detail in
             Chapter Two of this guidance document, are summarized below. (See also
             Process Design Manual: Land Application of Sewage Sludge and
             Domestic Septage. U.S. EPA, Center for Environmental Research
             Information, Cincinnati, OH. Expected to be available in early 1995.) There
             are several options for land applying biosolids under Subpart B of the Part
6 -
Guide to Part 503 Rule

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503 rule, ail of which are equally protective of human health and the
environment. This guidance discusses these options in order of increasing
regulatory complexity.

    Exceptional Quality Biosolids: Although not explicitly defined in the
    Part 503 rule, this document uses the term Exceptional Quality (EQ)
to characterize biosolids that meet low-pollutant and Class A pathogen
reduction (virtual absence of pathogens) limits and that have a reduced
level of degradable compounds that attract vectors. Once the requirements
discussed in detail in Chapter Two are met, EQ biosolids are considered a
product that is virtually unregulated for use, whether used in bulk, or sold or
given away in bags or other containers.

    Po!!utarit Concentration Biosoiids: Although not explicitly defined in
    the Part 503 rule, this document uses the term Pollutant
Concentration (PC) to refer to biosoiids that meet the same iow-poiiutant
concentration limits as EQ biosolids, but only  meet Class B pathogen
reduction and/or are subjected to site management practices rather than
treatment options to reduce vector attraction properties. Unlike EQ
biosolids, PC  biosolids may only be applied in bulk and are subject to
general requirements and management practices; however, tracking  of
pollutant loadings to the land is not required.

A majority of the biosolids currently generated in the United States are
believed to be EQ or PC biosolids containing  low levels of pollutants. EPA
expects that many municipalities will strive to  produce EQ or PC biosolids
because of the reduced regulatory requirements and the anticipated
improved public perception about using EQ and PC biosolids beneficially.
Cumulative levels of pollutants added to land  by EQ or PC biosolids do not
have to be tracked because the risk assessment has shown that the life of a
site would be  at least 100 to 300 years under the conservative parameters
assumed.

    Cumulative Pollutant  Loading Rate (CPLR) [Biosolids]: CPLR
    biosolids  typically exceed at least one of the pollutant concentration
limits for EQ and PC biosolids but meet the ceiling concentration limits (see
Chapter Two). Such biosolids must be applied to land  in bulk form. The
cumulative levels of biosolids pollutants applied to each site must be
tracked and cannot exceed the CPLR.

    Annual Pollutant Loading Rate (APLR) [Biosolids]: APLR biosolids
    are biosolids that are sold  or given away in a bag or other container for
application to the land that exceed the pollutant limits for EQ biosolids but
meet the ceiling concentration  limits (see Chapter Two). These biosolids
must meet APLR requirements and must be accompanied by specific
biosolids application rate information on a label or handout that includes
instructions on the material's proper use.
                                             Guide to Part 503 Rule - 7

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8 - oB* Guide to Part 503 Rule

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           Each of the options for land applying biosolids are affected by the Part 503
           February 25,1994, amendment, which states that EPA is reconsidering
           appropriate land application and pollutant limits for molybdenum.
             During the period of reconsideration, only ceiling limits for
             molybdenum must be met. Molybdenum pollutant limits for EQ, PC,
             CPLR, or APLR biosolids have been deleted.
           Options for Using or Disposing of Domestic Septage Under Subpart B:
           If domestic septage is applied to land with a high potential for contact by the
           public (e.g., public parks, ball fields, cemeteries, plant nurseries, and golf
           courses), the Part 503 land application requirements apply. However, when
           domestic septage is applied to nonpublic contact sites (e.g., agricultural
           land, forests, and reclamation sites), less burdensome requirements may
           apply. A separate EPA guidance document, entitled Domestic Septage
           Regulatory Guidance: A Guide to the EPA 503 Rule, provides detailed
           guidance on how to comply with these requirements.

Subpart C—Requirements for Sewage Sludge Placed on a Surface
Disposal Site
           Subpart C of the rule covers requirements for biosolids—including domestic
           septage—placed on a surface disposal site.

           Placement refers to the act of putting biosolids on a parcel of land at high
           rates for final disposal rather than using the organic content in the biosolids
           to condition the soil or using the nutrients in the biosolids to fertilize crops.
           Placing biosolids in a monofill, in a surface impoundment, on a waste pile,
           or on a dedicated site is considered surface disposal.

           Treatment and storage of biosolids are not considered surface disposal.
           Treatment is the preparation of biosolids for final  use or disposal through
           such activities as thickening, stabilization, and dewatering. Storage is the
           placement of biosolids on the land for 2 years or less. Placement on land for
           longer than 2 years is considered surface disposal unless the site
           owner/operator retains written records demonstrating clearly to the
           permitting authority that the area of land onto which biosolids are placed is
           not a surface disposal site but rather, based on management or operational
           practices, constitutes a treatment or temporary storage site.

           Surface disposal requirements and the difference between disposal,
           treatment, and storage of biosolids are explained  in Chapter Three of this
           document. (See also Process Design Manual: Land Application of
           Sewage Sludge and Domestic Septage.)
                                                       Guide to Part 503 Rule - 9

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                      Certain materials derived from biosolids, the quality of which has been
                      changed by treating the biosolids or by mixing them with other materials
                      (e.g., wood chips), are subject to the surface disposal requirements in Part
                      503 with one exception. If biosolids are mixed with nonhazardous solid
                      wastes, the  mixture and the land onto which the mixture is placed are
                      subject to the solid waste regulations (40 CFR Part 258) instead of Part 503.

           Subpart D—Requirements for Pathogen and Vector Attraction
           Reduction
                      Subpart D of the Part 503 rule covers requirements for the control of
                      disease-causing organisms, called pathogens, in biosolids and the
                      reduction of the attractiveness of biosolids to vectors, such as flies,
                      mosquitoes, and other potential disease-carrying organisms.  These
                      requirements are described in Chapter Five of this document. Pathogen and
                      vector attraction reduction requirements also are briefly described for
                      biosolids applied to land or placed on a surface disposal site  in  Chapters
                      Two and Three of this document. More detailed guidance on  meeting
                      pathogen and vector attraction reduction requirements is provided in
                      another EPA publication (see References, EPA/625-R-92-013).

           Subpart E—Requirements for Sewage Sludge Fired in a Sewage Sludge
           Incinerator
                      Subpart E of the rule covers the requirements for biosolids fired in a
                      [biosolids] incinerator. The firing of biosolids with auxiliary fuels also is
                      covered by the Part 503 incineration requirements. Auxiliary fuel materials
                      include gas, oil, coal, and other materials that serve as a fuel source.

                      The co-firing of biosolids in an incinerator with other wastes is generally not
                      regulated under Part 503. It should be noted, however,  that wastes either in
                      auxiliary fuel or mixed and co-fired with biosolids are considered to be
                      auxiliary fuel when the weight is less than or equal to 30 percent (by dry
                      weight) of the total biosolids and auxiliary fuel mixture. The requirements in
                      Subpart E for biosolids incineration are discussed in Chapter Four.

                      The February 25, 1994, amendment to the Part 503 rule states that under
                      certain conditions EPA will allow continuous monitoring of carbon monoxide
                      emissions from biosolids incinerators as an alternate to continuous
                      monitoring of total  hydrocarbons in emissions. The details of the
                      amendment are also discussed in Chapter Four.
To Whom the Rule Applies
                      Part 503 applies to any person who applies biosolids to the land or fires
                      biosolids in a biosolids incinerator, and to the owner/operator of a surface
10 - offlA Guide to Part 503 Rule

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                      disposal site, or to any person who is a preparer of biosolids for use,
                      incineration, or disposal. Part 503 defines a person as an individual,
                      association, partnership, corporation, municipality, State or Federal agency,
                      or an agent or employee thereof. A preparer is a person who generates or
                      derives a material from biosolids (i.e., changes the quality of biosolids).
Exclusions from the Rule
                      Part 503 specifies certain exclusions from the rule. These exclusions are
                      listed in Figure 1-2. Also listed in Figure 1-2 are the Federal regulations that
                      apply to biosolids-related activities not covered by the Part 503 rule.
Permits
           Self-Implementing Nature of the Rule
                      In most cases, the Part 503 rule is self-implementing—that is, preparers,
                      land appliers, owner/operators of surface disposal sites, or biosolids
                      incinerators, and other users or disposers of biosolids must comply with the
                      Part 503 rule (including the compliance dates listed in Table 1-2), even if
                      they have not been issued a permit covering biosolids use or disposal
                      requirements. Similarly, EPA (or an approved State) can take enforcement
                      actions directly against persons who violate the Part 503 requirements.

           Who Must Apply for a Permit
                      A person must apply for a permit covering biosolids use or disposal
                      standards if they own or operate a treatment works treating domestic
                      sewage. A person is an owner or operator of a treatment works treating
                      domestic sewage (TWTDS) if the facility generates, changes the quality of,
                      or provides final disposition of solids, practices for which are ultimately
                      subject to the Part 503 rule.

                      Table 1-1 provides a more detailed summary of who does and does not
                      have to apply for a Federal permit. Appendix A lists the type of information
                      that should be provided in a permit application. Interim application forms are
                      available from EPA's Office of Wastewater Management.

                      In most cases, Part 503 requirements will be incorporated over time into
                      National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits issued to
                      publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) and TWTDSs. As decided by the
                      permitting priorities of  EPA Regions and approved States, "biosolids-only"
                      permits covering applicable Part 503  requirements are likely to be issued to
                      non-NPDES facilities as well. A permit applicant who has not received a
                      response from EPA should continue to comply with the  applicable
                      provisions of the Part 503 rule.
                                                                 Guide to Part 503 Rule -11

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                                             FIGURE 1-2
                                     Exclusions from Part 503
            ', ^ST^SKS^KH-y^r^ fe^S^^'BvivKil-i'vu'SJK'^'l" ••';'',

Treatment ofBiosolids
Processes used to treat sewage sludge prior to final use or disposal (e.g.. thickening,
dewatering, storage, heat drying).
                                                                              None (except for operational
                                                                              parameters used to meet the
                                                                              Pan 503 pathogen and vector
                                                                              attraction reduction
                                                                              requirements)
 Selection of Use or Disposal Practice
 The selection of a biosolids use or disposal practice.
                                                                              None (the determination of the
                                                                              biosolids use or the disposal
                                                                              practice is a local decision)
 Incineration ofBiosolids with Other Wastes
 Biosolids co-fired in an incinerator with other wastes (other than as an auxiliary fuel).

 Storage ofBiosolids
 Placement of biosolids on land for 2 years or less (or longer when demonstrated not to
 be a surface disposal site but rather, based on practices, constitutes treatment or
 temporary storage).
                                                                             40 CFR Pans 60. 61
                                                                              None
 Industrial Sludge
 Sludge generated at an industrial facility during the treatment of industrial wastewatcr
 with or without combined domestic sewage.
                                                                             40 CFR Part 257 if land applied
                                                                             40 CFR Part 258 if placed in a
                                                                             municipal solid waste landfill
 Hazardous Sewage Sludge
 Sewage sludge determined to be hazardous in accordance with 40 CFR Part 261.
 Identification anil Listing of Hazardous Waste.
                                                                              40 CFR Parts 261-268
 Sewage Sludge Containing PCBs ^50 mg/kg
 Sewage sludge with a concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) equal to or  j
 greater than 50 milligrams per kilogram of total solids (dry-weight basis).            !
                                                                              40 CFR Part 761
 Incinerator Ash
 Ash generated during the firing of biosolids in a biosolid incinerator.
                                                                            I  40 CFR Part 257 if land applied
                                                                              40 CFR Part 258 if placed in a
                                                                              municipal solid waste landfill
                                                                            i  or
                                                                            !  40 CFK Parts 261-268 if
                                                                              hazardous

Grit and Screenings                                                            40 CFR Part 257 if land applied
Grit (e.g., sand, gravel, cinders) or screenings (e.g., relatively large materials such as    40 CFR Part 258 if placed in a
rags) generated during preliminary treatment of domestic sewage in a treatment works,  municipal solid waste landfill
 Drinking Water Sludge
 Sludge generated during the treatment of either surface water or ground water used
 for drinking water.
                                                                              40 CFR Part 257 if land applied
                                                                              40 CFR Part 258 if placed in a
                                                                              municipal solid waste landfill
 Certain Non-domestic Septage
 Septage that contains industrial or commercial septage, including grease-trap
 pumpings.
                                                                              40 CFR Part 257 if land applied
                                                                              40 CFR Part 258 if placed in a
                                                                              municipal solid waste landfill
12 - «e*V Guide to Part 503 Rule

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                                             TABLE 1-1
                                 Who Must Apply for a Permit?
              Treatment Works Treating Domestic Sewage (TWTDS) Required to Apply for a
              Permit
              All generators of biosolids that are regulated by Part 503 (including all POTWs)
              Industrial facilities that separately treat domestic sewage and generate biosolids that are
              regulated by Part 503
              All surface disposal site owner/operators

              All biosolids incinerator owner/operators
              Any person (e.g., individual, corporation, or government entity) who changes the quality
              of biosolids regulated by Part 503 (e.g., biosolids blenders or processors)8
              Any other person or facility designated by the permitting authority as a TWTDS
             1 TWTDS and Other Persons Not Automatically Required To Apply for a Permit1*
              Biosolids land appliers, haulers, persons who store, or transporters who do not generate or
              do not change the quality of the biosolids
              Land owners of property on which biosolids are applied
              Domestic scptage pumpers/haulers/treaters/upplicrs
              Biosolids packagers/baggers (who do not change the quality of the biosolids)
             a If all the biosolids received by a hiosoHds blender or composter arc exceptional quality (EQ)
              biosolids (sec Chapter Two Tor full explanation of HQ bmsohds). then no permit will be required for
              the person who receives or processes the EQ biosolids

             h liPA may request permit applications from these facilities when necessary to protect public health
              and the environment from reasonably anticipated effects of pollutants that may be present in
              biosoliUs.
Site-Specific Permit Limits
             Biosolids incinerator owner/operators are required to have site-specific
             pollutant limits in their permits, and certain surface disposal  sites with
             unique site conditions may also apply for site-specific pollutant limits.
             Site-specific permit  limits are not allowed for land application sites; to the
             extent the owner of  a land application site desires permit limits exceeding
             pollutant ceiling concentrations, the site may be more appropriately
             addressed as a surface disposal site (and subject to the Part 503
             requirements for surface disposal).
                                                                Guide to Part 503 Rule -13

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           Who Issues the Permit?
                     At the time this guidance document was published, the permitting authority
                     for Part 503 was EPA. Thus, applications for a Federal biosolids permit
                     must be submitted to the appropriate EPA Regional Office, not the State.
                     This will remain the case until the biosolids management programs of
                     individual States are approved by EPA. Until a State has an EPA-approved
                     program, EPA will remain the permitting authority.
                       Note that State laws regarding the use or disposal of biosolids,
                       including permit requirements, must be complied with, even if the
                       State program has not received Federal approval.
           Unless Otherwise Specified by the Permitting Authority
                      There are a number of places in the Part 503 rule that indicate unless
                      otherwise specified by the permitting authority. For example, two
                      instances where a permitting authority could be asked to establish different
                      requirements are: (i) to apply biosolids to reclamation sites in excess of the
                      agronomic rate, or (ii) to apply biosolids closer than 10 meters to waters of
                      the United States. The permitting authority could establish such different
                      requirements for biosolids use or disposal through a permit or other
                      enforceable means on a case-by-case basis (e.g., a letter of approval under
                      the authority of Section 308 of the Clean Water Act [CWA] or a settlement
                      agreement).


Compliance with, and Enforcement of, the Rule

                      Compliance deadlines under the Part 503 rule vary according to the type of
                      requirement (e.g., compliance dates for frequency of monitoring and for
                      recordkeeping and  reporting requirements differ from compliance dates for
                      other requirements) and whether new pollution control facilities will have to
                      be constructed to meet the requirement. Compliance dates for all Part 503
                      requirements are provided in Table 1-2.

                      To ensure compliance with Part 503, regulatory authorities have the right to
                      inspect operations involved in the use or disposal of biosolids; review and
                      evaluate required reports and records; sample biosolids at regulated
                      facilities; and respond to complaints from persons affected by an alleged
                      improper use or disposal of biosolids. If records are not kept or other Part
                      503 requirements are not met, EPA can initiate enforcement actions.

                      Violations of the Part 503 requirements are subject to the same sanctions
                      as wastewater effluent discharge violations—EPA can sue in civil court and
                      seek remediation and penalties, and  it can prosecute willful or negligent
                      violations as criminal acts. If a problem occurred (e.g., ground-water
14 - oB* Guide to Part 503 Rule

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                                                                        ^jyjy'^'r '.;f ;ii-j^"-i..-t
                                        TABLE 1-2
                     Compliance Dates for Part 503 Requirements

                        Part 503 Requirement                        I     Compliance Date
  Initial monitoring and recordkeeping
  All other requirements when current polution control facilities are a dequate   r, ,       Ir.  .„„.
            .        .,,...'       .       J    .  ,       '       February 19, 1994
  10 meet requirements, including initial reporting when required
  All other requirements when construction of new pollution control facilities is   ^ ,      .,,  , „„,-
     11,                       J    i              J           February 19, 1995
  needed to meet requirements                                                  J
i Initial monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting (except for total
hydrocarbons [THC] or carbon monoxide [CO])
i All other requirements, including frequency of monitoring, recordkeeping,
1 and reporting for THC (or CO), when current pollution control facilities are
adequate to meet requirements
' All other requirements, including frequency of monitoring, recordkeeping,
and reporting for THC (or CO), when construction of new pollution control
facilities is needed to meet requirements
July 20, 1993
February 19, 1994
February 19, 1995

                       contamination), the government could seek to have the offending party
                       correct the situation. EPA can pursue civil fines of up to $25,000 per day,
                       per violation (a single violation that occurs over a 1-year period could result
                       in a fine of over $9 million). Filing a false report carries a fine of up to
                       $10,000 and up to 2 years in prison.  Negligent violations carry a criminal
                       fine of $2,500 to $25,000 per day of violation and up to 1  year in prison.
                       Willful violations carry a criminal fine  of $5,000 to $50,000 per day of
                       violation and up to 3 years in prison.

                       Finally, where EPA is unable to take  an enforcement action, Section 505 of
                       the CWA authorizes any citizen (e.g., a landowner, neighbor, lending
                       institution) to bring a civil action against the violator for corrective action
                       and/or the same penalties that EPA could have sought (i.e., $25,000 per
                       violation per day).
Who Must Report
                       The Part 503 rule includes reporting requirements only for the following
                       types of facilities:

                            Publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) with a design flow rate
                            equal to or greater than 1 mgd;
                                                                    Guide to Part 503 Rule -15

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                          POTWs that serve a population of 10,000 or greater, and
                          Class 1 [biosolids] management facilities that are POTWs required
                          to have an approved pretreatment program (5 mgd or greater as per
                          40 CFR Part 403.3[a]) and POTWs located in states that have elected
                          to assume local program responsibilities for pretreatment (140 CFR
                          403.10[e]), and treatment works processing domestic sewage
                          (TWTDS) that EPA and/or the State have classified as Class 1
                          because of the potential to negatively affect public health and the
                          environment.
Relationship of the Federal Requirements to State Requirements
                     Part 503 does not replace any existing State regulations; rather, it sets
                     minimum national standards for the use or disposal of biosolids. In some
                     cases, the State requirements may be more restrictive or administered in a
                     manner different from the Federal regulation.

                     States can change their regulations to meet the minimum Federal
                     standards. EPA will be working with States to encourage them to gain
                     approval for administering the Part 503 rule. States can apply to EPA for
                     approval of a biosolids program at any time, but they are under no
                     obligation to do so.

                     Knowing exactly which State or Federal rules to follow can sometimes be
                     complicated. Users or disposers of biosolids should keep the following
                     situations in mind when considering the applicability of requirements:

                           In all cases, users or disposers of biosolids must comply with all
                           applicable requirements of the new Federal rule (Part 503), as
                           explained in this document.
                           If a State has its own rules governing the use or disposal of biosolids
                           and has not yet adopted the Federal rule, the owner/operator will
                           have to follow the most restrictive portions of both the Federal and
                           State rules.
                       Users or disposers of biosolids are strongly encouraged to check
                       with the appropriate sewage sludge [biosolids] coordinator (listed
                       in Appendix B) regarding the specific State requirements.
Assistance with Technical, Permitting, and Compliance Issues
                     EPA will provide technical information and assistance on the Part 503
                     regulation. Also, on occasion EPA can provide project-specific assistance
                     on biosolids use or disposal. The following EPA personnel and offices can
                     provide assistance in the subject areas indicated.
16 - SB* Guide to Part 503 Rule

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Perm/fling
Wendy Miller (202) 260-3716
Wendy Bell (202) 260-9534
Regional & State Sewage Sludge [Biosolids] Coordinators (see Appendix B)
Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement
Joe Theis (Enforcement) (202) 260-8185
George Gray (Compliance) (202) 260-8313
Regional & State Sewage Sludge [Biosolids] Coordinators (see Appendix B)
Sampling & Analysis
Cristina Gaines (202) 260-6284
Incineration
Cristina Gaines (202) 260-6284
Wendy Bell (202) 260-9534
Beneficial Use and Biosolids Management Technology Issues
John Walker (202) 260-7283
Bob Bastian (202) 260-7378
Pretreatment/Removal Credits
Louis Eby (202) 260-2991
Technical Guidance for Incineration
Cristina Gaines (202) 260-6284
Dewatering
Jim Smith (513) 569-7355
Pathogen &  Vector Control
Jim Smith (513) 569-7355
Bob Bastian (202) 260-7378
Bob Southworth (202) 260-7157
Odor Control, Composting, Bioaerosols
John Walker (202) 260-7283
Part 503 Regulation Development
Bob Southworth (202) 260-7157
Alan Hais (202) 260-1306
                                         Guide to Part 503 Rule -17

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                    Risk Assessment

                    Jim Ryan (513) 569-7653
                    Bob Southworth (202) 260-7157
                    John Walker (202) 260-7283

                    Biosolids Publications

                    Sharie Centilla (202) 260-6052
                    Bernita Starks (202) 260-7287

          For Further Information: See "References" listed after Chapter Six.
18 - oHA Guide to Part 503 Rule

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Common Questions  and Answers
     Jlf an industrial facility has separate treatment works for its
    domestic sewage and its process wastewater, are the biosolids
generated from both treatment processes covered under Part 503?

    : No. Only the biosolids from the domestic sewage treatment process
   L would be covered by Part 503 if used or disposed through land
application, surface disposal, or solid incineration. The sludge from the
industrial wastewater treatment process would not be covered. In fact, even
if domestic sewage is mixed and treated in an industrial treatment works,
the sludge from that system is not covered by Part 503.

    i- If a publicly owned treatment works (POTW)has only industrial
    wastewater influent, is the sludge generated at this treatment
works considered sewage sludge [biosolids] and covered under the
Part 503 rule?

 A : No. By definition,  the sludge is not sewage sludge [biosolids] because
/* it is not a residual from the treatment of domestic sewage, but industrial
wastewater. See Section 503.6(d).

 /~\ If the influent from a POTW or any treatment works other than an
 ^-/industrial facility is 99 percent industrial wastewater and only 1
percent domestic wastewater, are the biosolids generated at the
treatment works sewage sludge covered under Part 503?

 A : Yes. Because any domestic content in the wastewater being treated in
/J*a facility other than an industrial facility brings the biosolids generated
within the scope of Part 503 if used or disposed through land application,
surface disposal, or biosolids incineration.

     What does "newpollution control facilities" mean as referred to
    'in Section 503.2?
                     O,
                      ,4 : A new pollution control facility \s any building, structure, facility, or
                     /•installation from which there is or may be a discharge of pollutants, the
                     construction of which must have begun after the promulgation of Part 503. A
                     new pollution control facility includes any building, structure, or installation
                     that replaces or substantially upgrades the process or production equipment
                     necessary to meet a standard under this Part. An example of an acceptable
                     new pollution control facility is the installation of an incinerator afterburner.

                     New pollution control facilities do not include:

                     (1) replacement of any building, structure, or installation due to normal
                     operational wear and tear;
                                                              Guide to Part 503 Rule -19

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                     (2) installation of monitoring equipment or devices, including the purchase
                     of computer hardware or software for monitoring purposes; or

                     (3) purchase of a special truck for land application of biosolids.

                     The permitting authority should be consulted for specific determinations.

                      /~\: If a treatment works is able to comply immediately with the
                      ^[standards for one use or disposal practice covered under Part 503
                     but would like to construct devices necessary for compliance with
                     another use or disposal practice, does that treatment works have 2
                     years to achieve compliance? For example, if a treatment works needs
                     2 years to build pollution control processes, is that facility allowed to
                     use or dispose biosolids that violate the requirements of Part 503 for 2
                     years?

                         A: The treatment works may have up to 2 years to achieve compliance
                         (i.e., until February 19,1995—2 years after promulgation of the Part
                     503 rule) only for that use for which is requires construction. In all other
                     instances, the treatment works must comply with Part 503 by the February
                     19,1994, deadline. Thus, in the above example, if the treatment works is
                     converting from surface disposal to incineration, the biosolids disposed until
                     the incinerator comes on line must comply with surface disposal
                     requirements under Subpart C of the Part 503 rule.

                         : Suppose the only practice followed by a treatment works has
                            en incineration and the treatment works cannot meet the 503
                     incinerator requirements without construction of new pollution control
                     devices (e.g., a wet electrostatic scrubber), would the treatment works
                     have until February 19, 1995 (2 years) to come into compliance?
                      A
Yes.
                          - Suppose the only practice followed at a treatment works is land
                          application and the biosolids (a) cannot meet the pollutant ceiling
                      limits or (b) have been aerobically digested and cannot meet either the
                      pathogen reduction or the vector attraction reduction requirements.
                      Would that treatment works have until February 19, 1995 (2 years) to
                      come into compliance?

                       A : (a) Possibly yes if the owner/operator of a treatment works could
                      -^^demonstrate that he or she had no other readily available alternative,
                      such as shifting to a surface disposal operation or diluting the biosolids with
                      other material prior to land use. (b) Probably no,  because the treatment
                      works could likely have readily provided pathogen and vector attraction
                      reduction by using an additive process, such as lime stabilization, or
                      alternatively by soil incorporation for vector attraction reduction.
20 - &B* Guide to Part 503 Rule

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   (|; tf the POTW gives/sells biosolids to a farmer, will the farmer be
 ^required to be permitted? How is the "poor farmer" going to know
he has to keep records for 5 years?

  A : The owner/operator of a treatment works treating domestic sewage
•' '* (TWTDS) must apply for a permit if the biosolids being
generated/disposed are regulated by Part 503. The Preamble to Part 122
addresses what is considered a TWTDS. Excluded from this definition are
land appliers who do not change the quality of the biosolids prior to land
application.  Therefore, if a POTW provides a farmer with biosolids and the
farmer merely land applies the biosolids, the farmer will not have to apply for
a permit. There may be some requirements, however, that apply directly to
the farmer under Part 503 (e.g., recordkeeping). The POTW is required to
provide notice and necessary information to the farmer to  ensure that the
Part 503 requirements are met. This provision was included in Part 503
specifically to ensure that all parties involved in the land application of
biosolids are aware of the requirements.

   '|: How can the State continue to include in an NPDES permit State
  ^biosolids requirements that are less stringent than Part 503?

  , I : If the State has separate authority to include such limits, it can
-'' * continue to do so. However, such limits will not be Federally
enforceable because they are not issued under an approved State program,
which would require the State to implement requirements  at least as
stringent as Part 503. Meanwhile, the permittee would have to follow the
most restrictive portions of the State as well as the self-implementing
Federal rules.

 / j>: If States already require cumulative metal loading tracking, will
 ^J^past loading count toward ultimate cumulative metal loadings on
the site? If no, what position will EPA take if a State (or Region)
chooses to acknowledge past loadings? Will EPA be more willing to
support a State on this issue if the State is seeking program approval?

  A : Part 503 built in certain assumptions about the background
-'^concentrations of metals in developing the limits for cumulative
loadings. Because of these assumptions, previous land application of
biosolids according to the CPLR concept are not considered prior to July 20,
1993. At that time, the recordkeeping requirements became effective,
requiring the regulated community to track cumulative loadings under the
Federal program. This requirement, however, will not affect existing State
programs that already require tracking. These State requirements would
generally be considered more stringent and would need to be complied with
under State law. Again, if a State chooses to include pre-Part 503 loadings,
EPA will take the position that this is a more stringent State requirement.  It
will not matter if the State is seeking program approval. However, EPA will
                                           Guide to Part 503 Rule - 21

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                      be working with all the States to provide an understanding of the Part 503
                      requirements and to encourage adoption of Part 503 as it exists. The
                      permitting authority may choose to look at past loadings on a case-by-case
                      basis if it determines that a more stringent requirement is  necessary to
                      protect public health and the environment from any adverse effect of a
                      pollutant in biosolids.

                      /I- Can a State prohibit the use or disposal of biosolids generated
                      \J outside that State? If a State cannot ban the importation of
                      biosolids, how can the receiving State control the quality of biosolids
                      generated in another State? Can it, for example, require analysis of
                      additional pollutant prior to shipment?

                          4: Although a number of States have attempted to ban the importation of
                          biosolids, the courts have generally struck down such State laws as
                      being contrary  to the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution.
                      Furthermore, courts have invalidated laws that discriminate against
                      out-of-State wastes merely because of where those wastes were generated.
                      However, the preparer of biosolids has to notify the permitting authority in
                      the receiving state where the biosolids will be used or disposed. Moreover,
                      the receiving State has the authority to control the use or  disposal of
                      biosolids within its borders, regardless of where they are generated. For
                      example, the State could require permits for land application. In this case,
                      anyone who land applies within the State, regardless of where the biosolids
                      come from, would have to obtain a permit. Another option, is to require a
                      joint permit for  both the generator and the land applier. However, the State
                      would need to  ensure that its legal authority is adequate to go beyond its
                      geographical boundaries.

                           " Does accepting authority for the Part 503 program automatically
                            ive the State jurisdiction over out-of-State biosolids that are
                      imported for use or disposal?

                          4: Program  approval does not give the State additional jurisdiction for
                          dealing with out-of-State biosolids. Rather, it merely allows the  State to
                      implement the  Federal program. The State will have to show that its laws
                      ensure compliance with the Federal program at a minimum. One  of the
                      requirements for program approval is that the State demonstrate that it has
                      adequate authority to regulate all biosolids that are used or disposed within
                      its borders—regardless of where that biosolids material is generated. The
                      State would  not necessarily be required to regulate all generators of
                      biosolids that are located outside its border, although many States might
                      have this capability.
22 - &B* Guide to Part 503 Rule

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     : According to Part 503, the choice of a use or disposal option is a
     local decision. Does the receiving municipality have some say in
 the decision to permit land application?

    A: If allowed under State law, municipalities also may regulate the use or
    disposal of biosolids within their borders. The receiving municipality
 could require a permit or pass an ordinance, such as a zoning or land use
 requirement, to regulate where biosolids are applied or placed.

     : If biosolids are sent to a different State that has a permitting
     program, does the generator have to comply with the other
 State's requirements?
A
Yes.
                                      6ER& Guide to Part 503 Rule - 23

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Chapter  2
Land Application of Biosolids
What Is Land Application?
                          Land application is the application of biosolids to land to either
                          condition the soil or to fertilize crops or other vegetation grown in
                          the soil. Nearly half of the biosolids production in the United States
                    is currently being used beneficially to improve soils. This guidance
                    document categorizes the types of land that benefit from the application of
                    biosolids (see Figure 2-1) as follows:

                      * agricultural land, forests, and reclamation sites—collectively called
                        nonpublic contact sites (areas not frequently visited by the public); and
                      • public parks, plant nurseries, roadsides, golf courses, lawns, and
                        home gardens—collectively called public contact sites (areas where
                        people are likely to come into contact with biosolids applied to land).
                        The Part 503 rule, however, does not regard lawns and home
                        gardens as public contact sites, and fewer types of biosolids may be
                        land applied to these sites (i.e., CPLR biosolids are not permitted on
                        lawns and home gardens given the considerable difficulty of tracking
                        cumulative levels of metals in biosolids applied to such sites).
                    Biosolids can be either applied to land in bulk or sold or given away in
                    bags or other containers tor land application (see Figure 2-2). The term
                    biosolids in bulk refers to biosolids that are marketed or given to
                    manufacturers of products that contain biosolids. The term biosolids in
                    bags generally refers to biosolids in amounts that are bagged and generally
                    marketed for use on smaller units of land such as lawns and home gardens.
                                                          Guide to Part 503 Rule - 25

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                         "
       Agricultural Land
        Forests
         Reclamation sites
                                              Golf Courses
                                        
-------

                       „ • t.-,tI .»;

                     ,
    Bioso/ids sold or given away in bags or other containers
                        .-.ft'1?
   Su/k biosolids
 Figure 2-2.  For application to the land, biosolids can be sold or given away in bags, in
 other containers, or they can be land applied in bulk form.

directly below the surface for producing row  crops or other vegetation and
for establishing lawns.

Biosolids in a liquid state can be applied using tractors, tank wagons,
irrigation systems, or special application vehicles. Dewatered biosolids are
typically applied to land using equipment similar to that used for applying
limestone,  animal manures, or commercial fertilizers. Both liquid and
dewatered biosolids are applied to land with or without subsequent
incorporation into the  soil.

Because biosolids are typically treated before being land applied, their use
poses a low degree of risk. This chapter discusses approaches for meeting
the requirements of the Part 503 rule for the land application of biosolids.

The practice of growing crops or grazing animals on a biosolids surface
disposal site, another form of beneficial use, is discussed in Chapter 3. This
guidance document refers to this practice as dedicated beneficial use. A
permitting authority can allow crops to be grown on a surface disposal site
and marketed or grazed if the owner/operator of the site shows that
site-specific management practices are being used that will ensure
protection of public health and the environment from any reasonably
anticipated adverse effects of certain pollutants that can be present in
biosolids.
                                              Guide to Part 503 Rule - 27

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                            .'.'V^:*--'-  :'''!••*?•'^-~~^ " ''^'L'"''-^'''^^j£i^t^'^^
                            !,	;>,,.:r!v f_ ••;?'- 4'.:V-.;- ;i;  •. c ^:    vi^'|fffMsJ^tiSJl
                                               ''>*',"•"' '"•. ;-' i,''".''r"V %""•['V il£:""''*',;-*'vTi' '•*}' '"fiS'-r'.
                                               ;'v^-;V/\f^ J1-^ t^-j^^S 'T^'rS£"
                      Spreading finished biosolids product on Wall Disne\ World tree farm in Orlando, Florida.


To Whom the Land Application Requirements Apply

                      Different provisions of the Part 503 rule apply to the preparer and the
                      app//erof biosolids. The preparer of biosolids is defined as a person who
                      either generates biosolids during the treatment of domestic sewage in a
                      treatment works or who derives a material from biosolids (i.e., changes the
                      quality of the biosolids prepared by a generator). Examples of materials
                      derived from biosolids include biosolids treated by composting, pelletizing,
                      or drying (to kill pathogens and reduce attractiveness to vectors), and
                      mixtures of biosolids with other materials (e.g., biosolids blended with soil or
                      fertilizer, which will usually lower pollutant concentrations). The applieris
                      defined as the person who applies the biosolids to land. The responsibilities
                      of preparers and appliers of biosolids under the Part 503 rule are
                      summarized in Figure 2-8.

                      Landowners and leaseholders also have certain  responsibilities. These are
                      discussed at the end of this chapter.


Land Application Requirements

                      Biosolids applied to the land must meet risk-based pollutant limits specified
                      in Part 503. Operational standards to control disease-causing organisms
                      called pathogens and to reduce the attraction of vectors (e.g., flies,
                      mosquitoes, and other potential disease-carrying organisms) to the
28 - SERA Guide to Part 503 Rule

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1, .t'TI:
'• »'.'','
                        biosolids must also be met. In addition, there are general requirements,
                        management practices, and frequency of monitoring, recordkeeping, and
                        reporting requirements that must be met. Each of these land application
                        requirements is discussed below.

             Pollutant Limits, Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction
             Requirements
                         |  All biosolids applied to the land must meet the ceiling concentrations
                         JL  for pollutants, listed in the first column of Table 2-1. The ceiling
                        concentrations are the maximum concentration limits for 10 heavy metal


                                         TABLE 2-1
                                      Pollutant Limits
Pollutant


; • *: . ,•.., : .•.„... .
;..:•;'. '-'I... , " ' ••
\ •*.", s ' |
;lV',i;V'..: <
',/;.„{. -"'j:1;-'1,'"; ',;"',, *i* ' ,•,,'•
M-• , •;'-.,^1. 	 ;-.-, . • i
Ceiling
Concentration
Limits for All
Biosolids Applied
to Land
(milligrams per
kilogram)8
75
85
3,000
4,300
840
57
75
420
100
7,500
All biosolids that
are land applied
Table 1,
Section 503. 13
Pollutant
Concentration
Limits for EQ and
PC Biosolids
(milligrams per
kilogram)8
41
39
1,200
1,500
300
17
—
420
36
2,800
Bulk biosolids and
bagged biosolidsc
Table 3,
Section 503. 13
Cumulative
Pollutant Loading
Rate Limits for
CPLR Biosolids
(kilograms per
hectare)
41
39
3,000
1,500
300
17
—
420
100
2,800


Table 2,
Section 503. 13
	
Annual Pollutant
Loading Rate
Limits for APLR
Biosolids
(kilograms per
hectare per
365-day period)
2.0
1.9
150
75
15
0.85
—
21
5.0
140


Table 4,
Section 503. 13
 a Dry-weight basis

 b As a result of the February 25, 1994, Amendment to the rule, the limits for molybdenum were deleted from the Pan 503 rule pending
  EPA reconsideration.

 c Bagged biosolids are sold or given away in a bag or other container.
                                                                    Guide to Part 503 Rule - 29

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                      pollutants in biosolids; specifically, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper,
                      lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc. If a limit for any one
                      of the pollutants is exceeded, the biosolids cannot be applied to the land
                      until such time that the ceiling concentration limits are no longer exceeded.
                      The ceiling concentrations for pollutants are included in Part 503 to prevent
                      the land application of biosolids with the highest levels of pollutants and to
                      encourage pretreatment efforts that will result in lower levels of pollutants.

2                          Biosolids applied to the land must also meet either pollutant
                          concentration limits, cumulative pollutant loading rate limits, or annual
                      pollutant loading rate limits for these same heavy metals.

3                           Either Class A or Class B pathogen requirements (summarized in
                           Table 2-5) and site restrictions (Figure 2-4) must be met before the
                      biosolids can be land applied; the two classes differ depending on the level
                      of pathogen reduction that has been obtained.

4                          Finally, 1 of 10 options specified in Part 503 and summarized in Table
                          2-6 to achieve vector attraction reduction must be met when biosolids
                      are applied to the land.

           Options for Meeting Land Application Requirements
                      This guidance document groups the Part 503 requirements into four options
                      for meeting pollutant limits and pathogen and vector attraction reduction
                      operational standards when biosolids are applied to the land. The options
                      include:

                          •  the Exceptional Quality (EQ) Option
                          •  the Pollutant Concentration (PC) Option
                          *  the Cumulative Pollutant Loading Rate (CPLR) Option
                          *  the Annual Pollutant Loading Rate (APLR) Option

                      It is very important to realize that each option is equally protective of public
                      health and the environment; that  is, EQ, PC, CPLR, and APLR biosolids
                      used in accordance with the Part 503 rule are equally safe. This safety is
                      ensured by the combination of pollutant limits and management practices
                      imposed by each option.

                      Whichever option is chosen, at a minimum, the ceiling concentrations for
                      pollutants (listed in Table 2-1) and the frequency of monitoring, reporting,
                      and recordkeeping requirements (see Tables 2-7 and 2-8) must be met. The
                      four options are summarized in Table 2-2, illustrated in Figure 2-3, and
                      discussed in detail below.

                      Depending on the land application option under consideration, site
                      restrictions (Figure 2-4), general requirements  (Figure 2-8), and
                      management practices (Figure 2-9) also apply. These additional restrictions,
30 - *B* Guide to Part 503 Rule

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                                        TABLE 2-2
    Options for Meeting Pollutant Limits and Pathogen and Vector Attraction
                    Reduction Requirements for Land Application
       Option*
Pollutant
 Limits
                         Bulk or bagged biosolids
                         meet pollutant
                         concentration limits in
                         Table 2-1
                         Bulk biosolids meet
                         pollutant concentration
                         limits in Table 2-1
                         Bulk biosolids applied
                         subject to cumulative
                         pollutant loading rate
                         (CPLR) limits in Table
                         2-1
  Pathogen
Requirements
                  Any 1 of the Class A
                  requirements in Table
                  2-5
                  Any 1 of the Class B
                  requirements in Table
                  2-5 and Figure 2-4
                                                 Any 1 of the Class A
                                                 requirements in Table
                                                 2-5
   Vector Attraction
Reduction Requirements
                    Any 1 of the
                    requirements in options
                    1 through 8 in Table 2-6
                    Any 1 of the 10
                    requirements in Table
                    2-6
                                          Requirements 9 or 10 in
                                          Table 2-6
                  Any 1 of the Class A or
                  Class B requirements in
                  Table 2-5 and Figure 2-4
                         Bagged biosolids
                         applied subject to annual
                         pollutant loading rate
                         (APLR) limits in Table
                         2-1
                  Any 1 of the Class A
                  requirements in Table
                  2-5
                    Any 1 of the 10
                    requirements in  Table
                    2-6
                    Any 1 of the first 8
                    requirements in Table
                    2-6
Each of these options also requires that the hiosolids meet the ceiling concentrations for pollutants listed in Table 2-1, and that the
frequency of monitoring requirements in Table 2-7 and recordkceping and reporting requirements in Table 2-8 be met. In addition, the
general requirements in Figure 2-8 and the management practices in Figure 2-9 have to be met when biosolids arc land applied (except
for EQ biosolids).

                       requirements, and practices are summarized in Tables 2-3 and 2-4 and
                       discussed in greater detail at the end of this chapter.

                       Rather than presenting the four options in the order described in the Part
                       503 rule, this  document presents them in order of increasing regulatory
                       requirements. Table 2-3 graphically displays the level of required regulatory
                       control for each option. The types of land onto which these different
                       biosolids may be applied are listed in Table 2-4.

                       Option 1: Exceptional Quality (EQ) Biosolids
                       For biosolids  to qualify under the EQ option, the following requirements
                       must be met:
                                                                     Guide to Part 503 Rule - 31

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                                     ••
                                                        Ceiling
                                                     concentrations
                                                      for pollutants
   Land
application
   not
 permitted
                       Figure 2-3. Options for meeting certain Part 503 land application requirements

                          *  The ceiling concentrations for pollutants in Table 2-1 may not be
                             exceeded.
                          •  The pollutant concentration limits in Table 2-1 may not be exceeded.
                          «  One of the Class A pathogen requirements in Table 2-5 must be met.
                          *  One of the first eight vector attraction reduction options in Table 2-6
                             must be achieved.
                       Methods that typically achieve the pathogen and vector attraction reduction
                       requirements and allow biosolids to meet EQ requirements include alkaline
                       stabilization, composting, and heat drying. The Part 503 frequency of
32 - SB* Guide to Part 503 Rule

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               •
    Use ofblosolids on parkland in Manhattan, New York. Biosolids compost is piled on
    barren site to be spread for soil conditioning.
                                                            -i r ;  '  -( .  ^-   -  i*
                                                                ••    ji f1  	  s\  ,»
                                                            *  '  'l j  SH  ' ' »   , tfin , »?' •• i
-'';%•: /(;.iX!i:^':;'"'^;. J ".':;^r /^v
::;!t: ::^{:i<\ -,, J^;^]):, \^.2<:       >
    l/5« ofbiosolids on parkland in Manhattan, New York (continued). One month after
    spreading ofbiosolids. the turf is vigorously established.
                                                      Guide to Part 503 Rule - 33

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                ofbiosolids on parkland in Manhattan, New York (continued). Different view showing
            public enjoying the park.
             monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements (see Tables 2-7 and
             2-8) also must be met for EQ biosolids.

             Once biosolids meet EQ requirements, they are not subject to the land
             application general requirements and management practices in Part 503,
             with one possible exception — if the Regional Administrator or the State
             Director determines, on a case-by-case basis, that such requirements are
             necessary to protect public health and the environment (this exception
             applies only to bulk biosolids). Once biosolids have been established as
             meeting EQ requirements, whether in bulk form or in bags or other
             containers, they can generally be applied as freely as any other fertilizer or
             soil amendment to any type of land. While not required by the Part 503 rule,
             EQ biosolids should be applied at a rate that does not exceed the
             agronomic rate that supplies the nitrogen needs of the plants being grown,
             just as for any other commercial fertilizer or soil amending material that
             contains nitrogen.

             Option 2: Pollutant Concentration (PC) Biosolids
             To qualify under the PC option, biosolids must meet several requirements,
             including:

                  The ceiling concentration for pollutants in Table 2-1 may not be
                  exceeded.
34 -
Guide to Part 503 Rule

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                                         TABLE 2-3
       Summary of Regulatory Requirements for Different Types of Biosolids
     Type of
  Biosolids and
     Class of
   Pathogens
 Meet Ceiling
Concentration
for Pollutants
Meet Pollutant
Concentration
    Limits
    Site
Restrictions
   General
Requirements
     and
Management
  Practices
Track Added
  Pollutants
  EQ
  Bag or Bulk
  Class A
  PC
  Bulk Only
  Class Aa
  PC
  Bulk Only
  Class B
  CPLR
  Bulk Only
  Class A
  CPLR
  Bulk Only
  Class B
  APLR
  Bag Only
  Class A
                                                     No
                                     No
                     No
                     No
                     No
                                                     No
                                                                     No
                     No
                     No
                                    Yesc
a Biosolids meeting Class A pathogen reduction requirements but following options 9 or 10 vector attraction reduction requirements are
 also considered PC hiosolids.
h The only general and management practice requirement that must he met is a labeling requirement.
c The amount of biosolids that can be applied to a site during the year must be consistent with the annual whole sludge application rate
 (AWSAR) for the biosolids that does not cause any of the ALPRs to be exceeded.
Note: See Chapter Two text for explanation of biosolids types.

                              The pollutant concentration limits in Table 2-1 may not be exceeded
                              (same requirement as for EQ biosolids, discussed above).
                              One of three Class B pathogen  requirements must be met (see Table
                              2-5), as well as Class B site restrictions (see Figures 2-4 and 2-5).
                              One of 10 vector attraction  reduction options must be achieved
                              (see Table 2-6).
                              Frequency of monitoring (see Table 2-7), as well as recordkeeping
                              and reporting requirements (see Table 2-8) must be met.
                                                                      Guide to Part 503 Rule - 35

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                                         TABLE 2-4
                       Types of Land onto Which Different Types
                                of Biosolids May Be Applied
Biosolids
Option
'-s,.*. ^.- ._• •;.-.>. '^. _ •".";•" 7, • J ;
"• ••• -V .' .^,i-'<*"^ •'.."•" .' • ". • ''
?.-vrY-*^v.. .•;.;••'.-,;

~^:;r&£ •••••• ••:-'/:.
.'• -i:'-;: •''•:?'"" '••'•: /•/••.••'•••'
•'•iWk';:C":'0;Ov\':
i . '': ;• V: . •'' ... •' '••"', . '" •'
.V;;Vfe$pt':
-------
 ;,#•*€
                    TABLE 2-5
     Summary of Class A and Class B
    Pathogen Reduction Requirements
           CLASS A
  In addition to meeling the
  requirement"! in one of the
  six alternatives listed below,
  fecal colilorm or Salmonella
  sp. bacteria levels must rr.cel
  specific denMty requirements
  at the time of biosohds use
  or disposal or when prepared
  for sale or give away (see
  Chapter Five of [his
  guidance)
  Alternative I: Thermally
  Treated Biosolids
  Use one of four
  time-temperature regimens
  Alternative 2: Biosolids
  Treated in a High plf-High
  Temperature Process
  Specifies  pH, temperature.
  and air-drying requirements
  Alternative 3: /'"or Hiosolids
  Treated in Other Processes
  Demons rale that the process
  can reduce enteric viruses
  and viable helminth ova.
  Maintain  operating
  condition-, used in the
  demonstration
  Alternative 4: Biosolids
  Treated in Unknown
  Processes
  Denionstralion of the process
  is unnecessary. Instead, test
  for pathogens - Salmonella
  sp. or fecal eoliform bacteria.
  enteric  viruses, and viable
  helminth  ova  -at the lime
  the hiosolids are used or
  disposed  of or arc prepared
  for sale or give-away
Alternatives: Use of PFRP
Biosolids arc treated in one
of the PTIKCSSCS to Further
Reduce Pathogens (PFRP)
(see Table 5-4)
Alternative 6: Use of a
Process Equivalent to Pr'KP
Biosolids are treated in a
pnxess equivalent to one of
the PFRPs, as determined by
the permitting authority

         CLASS B
The requirements in tine of
the three alternatives below
must be met
Alternative I: Monitoring
of Indicator Organisms
Test for fecal colifonn
density as an indicator for all
pathogens at the time of
biosolids  use or disposal
Alter native 2: Use of PS KP
Biosolids are treated in one
of the Processes to
Significantly Reduce
Pathogens (PSRP)
(sec Table 5-7)
Alternatives: Use of
Processes Equivalent to
PSKP
Biosolids are treated in a
process equivalent to one of
the PSRPs. as determined by
the permitting authority
                                                    TABLE 2-6
                                       Summary of Vector Attraction
                                               Reduction Options
Requirements in one of the follow ing options must be
met:
Option 1:    Reduce the mass of volatile solid.s by a
            minimum ot .'X percent
Option 2:    Demonstrate vector attraction reduction with
            additional anaerobic digestion in a bench-scale
            unit
Option 3:    Demonstrate vecior attraction reduction sMth
            additional aerobic digestion in a bench-scale
            unit
Option 4:    Meet a specific o\\gen uptake rate for
            aerobically treated hiosolids
Option 5:    l.'se aerobic processes at greater than 40' C
            (average temperature.s 45"C) tor 14 days or
            longer (e.g., during biosolids composting)
            Add alkaline materials to raise ihe pH '.incer
 Option 6:
Option 7:
             specified conditions
             Reduce moisture content of hiosi\id.s lhat do
             not contain unslabili/ed solids :rom other than
             primary' treatment to at least 75 percent s,>hds
 Option  at least ''') pereert
 Option 9:    Inject bin.solids beneath the soil  surlace
             within a specified time, depending on the level
             of pathogen treatment
 Option JO:   Incorporate hiosohds applied  to or placed on
             the land surface within specified time periods
             after application to or placemen! 0:1 ihe lar.d
             surface.
Note: Details of each vector attraction reduction opium are
provided in Chapter Five.
Note: Details of each alternative for meeting the requirements for
Class A and Class B designations arc provided in Chapter Five.
                                                                                      Guide to Part 503  Rule - 37

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                                           FIGURE 2-4
              Restrictions for the Harvesting of Crops and Turf, Grazing of
                    Animals, and Public Access on Sites Where Class B
                                      Biosolids Are  Applied
               Restrictions for the harvesting of crops* and turf:
               1. Food crops, feed crops, and fiber crops, whose edible parts do not touch the
                  surface of the soil, shall not be harvested until 30 days after biosolids
                  application.
               2. Food crops with harvested parts that touch the biosolids/soil mixture and are
                  totally above ground shall not be harvested until 14 months after application
                  of biosolids.
               3. Food crops with harvested parts below the land surface where biosolids
                  remain on the land surface for 4 months or longer prior to incorporation into
                  the soil shall not be harvested until 20 months after biosolids application.
               4. Food crops with harvested parts below the land surface where biosolids
                  remain on the land surface for less than 4 months prior to incorporation shall
                  not be harvested until 38 months after biosolids application.
               5. Turf grown on land where biosolids are applied shall not be harvested until
                  1 year after application of the biosolids when the harvested turf is placed on
                  either land with a high potential for public exposure or a lawn, unless
                  otherwise specified by the permitting authority.

               Restriction for the grazing of animals:
               1. Animals shall not be grazed on land until 30 days after application of
                  biosolids to the land.

               Restrictions for public contact:
               1. Access to land with a high potential for public exposure, such as a park or
                  ballfield, is restricted for 1 year after biosolids application. Examples  of
                  restricted access include posting with no trespassing signs, and fencing.
               2. Access to land with a low potential for public exposure (e.g., private
                  farmland) is restricted for 30 days after biosolids application. An example  of
                  restricted access is remoteness.
              * Examples of crops impacted by Class B pathogen requirements are listed in Figure 2-5.

              be land applied as safely as EQ and PC biosolids. To qualify as CPLR
              biosolids, the following requirements must be met:

                    The ceiling concentrations for pollutants in Table 2-1  may not be
                    exceeded.
                    Cumulative Pollutant Loading Rates (CPLRs) listed in Table 2-1  may
                    be not be exceeded.
38 -
Guide to Part 503 Rule

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                          FIGURE 2-5
    Examples of Crops Impacted by Site Restrictions for
                       Class B Biosolids
      Either the Class A or Class B pathogen requirements in Table 2-5
      must be met.
      One of the 10 vector attraction reduction options in Table 2-6 must
      be met.
      Frequency of monitoring (see Table 2-7), as well as recordkeeping
      and  reporting requirements (see Table 2-8) must be met.
      Applicable site restrictions, general requirements, and management
      practices must be met (summarized in Tables 2-3 and 2-4 and listed
      in Figures 2-4, 2-8, and 2-9).
The CPLR is the maximum amount of regulated pollutants in biosolids that
can be applied to a site considering all biosolids applications made after
July 20, 1993. When the CPLR for  any one of the 10 heavy metals listed in
Table 2-1 is reached at a site, no additional bulk biosolids, subject to the
CPLR limits, may be applied to the site.

Option 4: Annual Pollutant Loading Rate (APLR) Biosolids
The fourth option only applies to biosolids that are sold or given away in a
bag or other container for application to land. Under this option, the
following requirements must be met:

      The  ceiling concentrations for pollutants in Table 2-1 may not be
      exceeded.
                                           Guide to Part 503 Rule - 39

-------
                           The Annual Pollutant Loading Rates (APLRs) listed in Table 2-1
                           may not be exceeded.
                           The Class A pathogen requirements in Table 2-5 must be met.
                           One of the first eight vector attraction reduction options in Table 2-6
                           must be met.
                           The frequency of monitoring as well as recordkeeping and reporting
                           requirements in Tables 2-7 and 2-8 must be met.
                           Applicable site restrictions, general requirements, and management
                           practices must be met (summarized in Tables 2-3 and 2-4 and listed
                           in Figures 2-4, 2-8, and 2-9).
                      An APLR is the maximum amount of regulated pollutants in biosolids that
                      can be  applied to a site in any 1 year. APLRs rather than CPLRs are used
                      for biosolids sold or given away in a bag or other container because tracking
                      the amount of pollutants applied in biosolids is not feasible in this situation.

                      A labeling requirement for bagged or containerized APLR biosolids is
                      discussed in Figure 2-9. To meet the labeling requirement, the preparer of
                      biosolids must calculate the amount of biosolids that can be  applied to a site
                      during the year so that none of the APLRs are exceeded. This amount of
                      biosolids is referred to as the annual whole sludge application rate
                      (AWSAR). The AWSAR can be determined once the  pollutant
                      concentrations in the biosolids are known. The procedure for determining
                      the AWSAR is explained in Figure 2-6. The AWSAR must be calculated for
                      each of the 10 metals listed in Table 2-1, and the lowest AWSAR for the 10
                      metals  is the allowable AWSAR for the biosolids. The AWSAR on the
                      required label or information sheet has to be equal to or less than the
                      AWSAR calculated using the procedure in Figure 2-6.

                      While not required by the Part 503 rule, it would also  be good practice to
                      provide information about the nitrogen content of the  biosolids as well as the
                      AWSAR on the label or information sheet that accompanies  the biosolids.
                      Figure 2-7 shows calculations that can be useful for determining how much
                      nitrogen is being applied to land relative to the AWSAR and  the nitrogen
                      requirements of the plants being grown.

           General Requirements and Management Practices
                      The Part 503 general requirements and management practices must be met
                      for all but EQ biosolids. The specific general requirements and kinds of
                      management practices that apply to each type of biosolids are given in
                      Figures 2-8 and 2-9r respectively. Several of the management practices are
                      singled out for a bit more discussion below.
40 - «ER* Guide to Part 503 Rule

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  .-*,   '  ^   -;v .'_; •. "x ._*•, ^-.f^si ,j' s  ••J«wt'', •>•    .' ,   ,', ,,' ;\,/  • .'H
Biosolids are applied on a semi-arid rangeland demonstration study site in Rio Puerco, New
Mexico.
                                                     Guide to Part 503 Rule - 41

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                                          FIGURE 2-6
  Procedure To Determine the Annual Whole Sludge (Biosolids) Application Rate
            for Biosolids Sold or Given Away in a Bag or Other Container
  1. Analyze a sample of the biosolids to determine the concentration of each of the 10 regulated metals in
    the biosolids.
  2. Using the pollutant concentrations from Step 1 and the APLRs from Table 2-1. calculate an AWSAR for
    each pollutant using equation (1) below:

    AWSAR =  APLR  where:
              C  0.001

   A WSAR = Annual whole sludge (biosolids) application rate (dry metric tons of biosolids/hectare/year)
     APLR - Annual pollutant loading rate (in Table 2-1) (kg of pollutant/ha/yr)
          C = Pollutant concentration (mg of pollutant/kg of biosolids, dry weight)
       0.001 = A conversion factor
  3. The AWSAR for the biosolids is the lowest AWSAR calculated for each pollutant in Step 2.
  Example:
  1. Biosolids to be applied to land are analyzed for each of the 10 metals regulated in Part 503. Analysis of
    the biosolids indicates the pollutant concentration in the second column of the table below.
  2. Using these test results and the APLR for each pollutant from Table 2-1, the AWSAR for all the
    pollutants are calculated as shown in the fourth column of the table below.
  3. The AWSAR for the biosolids is the lowest AWSAR calculated for all 10 metals. In our example, the lowest
    AWSAR is for copper at 20 metric tons of biosolids/hectare/year. Therefore, the controlling AWSAR to be
    used for the biosolids is 20 metric tons per hectare/year. The 20 metric tons of biosol ids/hectare is the same
    as 410 pounds of biosolids/1,000 square feet (20 metric tons x 2,205 Ib per metric ton/107.600 square feet
    per hectare). The AWSAR on the label or information sheet would have to be equal to or less than 410 pounds
    per 1,000 square feet.
Biosolids
Metal Concentrations
(milligrams/kilogram)
! 10
10
.••,-.-:-"....-, \ 1,000
; ;;..-,.., - ;'' ' 3,750
'-, ... ' ., 150
i y;n -,".'•,' ' . 2
,;.;.'.,; ' i 100
! !'.,.v.:V ' 15

! :>i- : 2,000
APLR*
(kilograms/
hectare/year)
2.0
1.9
150
75
15
0.85
21
5.0

140
AWSAR =
APLR , . , „
_ _ — metric tons/hectare
Cone, in Biosolids (0.001)
2 / (10x0.001) = 200
1.9/(10x().0()l)= 190
150 /(I, (KM) x 0.000= 150
75 / (3.750x0.001) = 20
157(150 x 0.000= 100
0.85 / (2x0.001) = 425
21 /(100x().0()l) = 210
5 /(15x 0.001) = 313

140 /<2.(KK)x ().<>()]) = 70
  * Annual Pollutant Loading Rate from Table 2-1 of this guide and Table 4 of the Pan 503 rule.
42 - SB* Guide to Part 503 Rule

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                                          FIGURE 2-7
          Procedure for the Applier To Determine the Amount of Nitrogen
               Provided by the AWSAR Relative to the Agronomic Rate
   In Figure 2-6, the AWSAR for the biosolids in the example calculation was determined to be 410 pounds
   of biosolids per 1,000 square feet of land. If biosolids were to be placed on a lawn that has a nitrogen
   requirement of about 200 pounds  of available nitrogen per acre per year, the following steps would
   determine the amount of nitrogen provided by the AWSAR relative to the agronomic rate if the AWSAR
   was used:
   1. The nitrogen content of the biosolids indicated on the label is 1 percent total nitrogen and 0.4 percent
     available nitrogen the first year.
   2. The AWSAR is 410 pounds of biosolids per 1,000 square feet, which is 17,860 pounds of biosolids
     per acre:

       410 Ib  x 43,560 sq ft xOQQ1_l 7,860 Ib
     1,000 sq ft      acre       '        acre

   3. The available nitrogen from the biosolids is 71 pounds per acre:

     17,860 Ib biosolids   __ .  71 Ib
     —'	x .004 =	
            acre                acre

   4. Since the biosolids application will only provide 71 pounds of the total 200 pounds of nitrogen
     required, in this case the AWSAR for the biosolids will not cause the agronomic rate for nitrogen to
     be exceeded and an additional 129 pounds per acre of nitrogen would be needed from some other
     source to supply the total nitrogen requirement of the lawn.
* Assumptions about crop nitrogen requirement, biosolids nitrogen content, and percent of that nitrogen that is available are for
 illustrative purposes only.
                                          TABLE 2-7
             Frequency of Monitoring for Pollutants, Pathogen Densities,
                              and Vector Attraction Reduction
A,«'avti'fi(!,,:> a!' ;;;?-jtvMU,-T, "
1 {W'jf.v;? Hwv,u»-;i~ KJ.Vi-V1 .->.-:•-. •.**->

Greater than zero but less than 290
Equal to or greater than 290
but less than 1,500
Equal to or greater than 1 ,500
but less than 15,000
Equal to or greater than 15,000
>->•:• ^:;^-:
1 1 <
>0 to <0.85
0.85 to <4.5
4.5 to <45
^45
" v ' •'•?'" " ''"• •" - •* '-
,
,t . . r-,i;, - l ..0 to <320
320 to < 1,650
1, 650 to < 16,500
^ 16,500
; "'''•';- •.>.;>;• ,;..'>

Once per year
Once per quarter
(4 times per year)
Once per 60 days
(6 times per year)
Once per month
(12 times per year)
 Either the amount of bulk biosolids applied to the land or the amount of biosolids received by a person who prepares biosolids for sale
 or give-away in a bag or other container for application to the land (dry-weight basis).
                                                                        Guide to Part 503 Rule - 43

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                                              FIGURE 2-8
                      Part 503 Land Application General  Requirements
   For EQ Biosolids

   None (unless set by EPA or State permitting authority
   on a case-by-case basis for bulk biosolids to protect
   public health and the environment).

   For PC and CPLR Biosolids

   The preparer* must notify and provide information
   necessary to comply with the Pan 503 land application
   requirements to the person who applies bulk biosolids
   to the land.

   The preparer who provides biosolids to another person
   who further prepares the biosolids for application to the
   land must provide this person with notification and
   information necessary to comply  with the Part 503 land
   application requirements.

   The preparer must provide written notification of the
   total nitrogen concentration (as N on a dry-weight
   basis) in bulk biosolids to the applier of the biosolids to
   agricultural land, forests, public contact sites, or
   reclamation sites.

   The applier of biosolids must obtain information
   necessary to comply with the Part 503 land application
   requirements, apply biosolids to the land in accordance
   with the Part 503 land application requirements, and
   provide notice and necessary information to the owner
   or leaseholder of the land on which biosolids are
   applied.

   Out of State Use

   The preparer must provide written notification (prior to
   the initial application of the bulk  biosolids by the
   applier) to the permitting authority in the State where
   biosolids are proposed to be land  applied when bulk
   biosolids are generated in one State and transferred to
   another State for application to the land. The
   notification must include:

     the location (either street address or latitude and
     longitude) of each land application site;

     the approximate time period the bulk biosolids will
     be applied to the site;

     the name, address, telephone number, and National
     Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
     permit number for both the preparer and the applier
     of the bulk biosolids; and

     additional information or permits in both States, if
     required by the permitting authority.
Additional Requirements for CPLR Biosolids

The applier must notify the permitting authority in the
State where bulk biosolids are to be applied prior to the
initial application of the biosolids. This is a one-time
notice requirement for each land application site each
time there is a new applier. The notice must include:

  the location (either street address or latitude and
  longitude) of the land application site; and

  the name, address, telephone number, and NPDES
  permit number (if appropriate) of the person who will
  apply the bulk biosolids.
The applier must obtain records (if available) from the
previous applier, landowner, or permitting authority
that indicate the amount of each CPLR pollutant in
biosolids that have been applied to the site since July
20, 1993. In addition:

  when these records are available, the applier must
  use this information to determine the additional
  amount of each pollutant that can be applied to the
  site in accordance with the CPLRs in Table 2-1;

  the applier must keep the previous records and also
  record the additional amount of each pollutant he
  or she is applying to the site; and

  when records of past known CPLR applications  since
  July 20, 1993, are not available, biosolids meeting
  CPLRs cannot be applied to that site. However, EQ
  or PC biosolids could be applied.

If biosolids meeting CPLRs have not been applied to
the site in excess of the limit since July 20, 1993, the
CPLR limit for each pollutant in Table 2-1 will
determine the maximum amount of each pollutant  that
can be applied in biosolids if:
  all applicable management practices are followed;
  and

  the applier keeps a record of the amount of each
  pollutant in biosolids applied to any given site.

The applier must not apply additional biosolids under
the cumulative pollutant loading concept to a site where
any of the CPLRs have been reached.
 The preparer is either the person who generates the biosolids
 or the person who derives a material from biosolids.
44 - SBtt Guide to Part 503 Rule

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                                       FIGURE 2-9
        Part 503 Land Application Management Practice Requirements
For EQ Biosolids
None (unless established by EPA or the State permitting authority on a case-by-case basis for bulk
biosolids to protect public health and the environment).
For PC and CPLR Biosolids
These types of biosolids cannot be applied to flooded, frozen, or snow-covered agricultural land,
forests, public contact sites, or reclamation sites in such a way that the biosolids enter a wetland or
other waters of the United States {as defined in 40 CFR Part 122.2, which generally includes tidal
waters, interstate and intrastate waters, tributaries, the territorial sea, and wetlands adjacent to these
waters), except as provided in a permit issued pursuant to Section 402 (NPDES permit) or Section 404
(Dredge and Fill Permit) of the Clean Water Act, as amended.
These types of biosolids cannot be applied to agricultural land, forests, or reclamation sites that are  10
meters or less from U.S. waters,  unless otherwise specified by the permitting authority.
If applied to agricultural lands, forests, or public contact sites, these types of biosolids must be applied
at a rate that is equal to or less than the agronomic rate for nitrogen for the crop to be grown. Biosolids
applied to reclamation sites may exceed the agronomic rate for nitrogen as specified by the permitting
authority.
These types of biosolids must not harm or contribute to the harm of a threatened or endangered species
or result in the destruction or adverse modification of the species' critical habitat when applied to the
land. Threatened or endangered species and their critical habitats are listed in Section 4 of the
Endangered Species Act. Critical habitat is defined as any place where a threatened or endangered
species lives and grows during any stage of its life cycle. Any direct or indirect action (or the result  of
any direct or indirect action) in a critical habitat that diminishes the likelihood of survival and recovery
of a listed species is considered destruction or adverse modification of a critical habitat.
For APLR Biosolids
A label must be affixed to the bag or other container, or an information sheet must be provided to the
person who receives APLR biosolids in other containers. At a minimum, the label or information sheet
must contain  the following information:
  the name and address of the person who prepared the biosolids for sale or giveaway in a bag or other
  container;
  a statement that prohibits application of the biosolids to the land except in accordance with the
  instructions on the label or information sheet;
  an AWSAR (see Figure 2-6) for the biosolids that do not cause the APLRs to be exceeded; and
  the nitrogen content.
There is no labeling requirement for EQ biosolids sold or given away in a bag or other container.
                                                                SB* Guide to Part 503 Rule - 45

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                       Endangered Species
                       The Part 503 rule prohibits the application of bulk biosolids to land if it is
                       likely to adversely affect endangered or threatened species or their
                       designated critical habitat. Any direct or indirect action that reduces the
                       likelihood of survival and recovery of an endangered or threatened species
                       is considered an "adverse effect." Critical habitat is any place where an
                       endangered or threatened species lives and grows during its life cycle. The
                       U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)  publishes a list
                       of endangered and threatened species at 50 CFR 17.11 and 17.12.

                       Practices that involve applying biosolids to lands (subjected to normal
                       tillage, cropping, and grazing practices, or mining, forestry, and other
                       activities that by their nature are associated with turning the soil and
                       affecting vegetation) are not likely to result in any increase in negative
                       impacts on endangered species and in fact may be beneficial given the
                       nutritive and soil-building properties of biosolids. It is the responsibility of the
                       land applier, however, to determine if the application of biosolids might
                       cause an adverse effect on an endangered species or its critical habitat.
                       Moreover, the Part 503 rule requires the land applier to certify (Figure 2-10)
                       that the applicable management practices have been met, including the
                       requirement concerning endangered species, and that records are kept
                       indicating how the applicable management practices have been met.

                       One recommended step for making the threatened and endangered species
                       determination is to contact the FWS Endangered Species Protection
                       Program in Washington, DC (703-358-2171), or one of the FWS Field
                       Offices, listed in Appendix C, for more information about the  general area
                       being considered for land application. State fish and game departments also
                       can be contacted for specific state requirements.

                       Flooded, Frozen, or Snow-Covered Land
                       Application of biosolids to flooded, frozen, or snow-covered land is not
                       prohibited by the Part 503 rule. Appliers must ensure,  however, that
                       biosolids applied to such land does not enter surface waters  or wetlands
                       unless specifically authorized  by a permit issued under Sections 402 or 404
                       of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Some common runoff controls include slope
                       restrictions, buffer zones/filter strips, tillage to create a roughened soil
                       surface, crop residue or vegetation, berms, dikes, silt fences, diversions,
                       siltation basins, and terraces.

                       Distance to U.S. Waters
                       Bulk biosolids may not  be applied within 10 meters (33 feet) of any waters of
                       the United States (e.g., intermittent following streams,  creeks, rivers,
                       wetlands, or lakes) unless otherwise specified by the permitting authority.
                       Permitting authorities can allow exceptions to this requirement  if the
                       application of biosolids is expected to enhance the local environment. For
46 - oB¥V Guide to Part 503 Rule

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            example, biosolids application may help revegetate a stream bank and
            otherwise minimize erosion. Approval of such biosolids application could be
            given via letters of authorization under Section 308 of the CWA, a
            settlement agreement, or a permit.

            Agronomic Rate
            The agronomic rate for biosolids application is a rate that is designed to
            provide the amount of nitrogen needed by a crop or vegetation to attain a
            desired yield while minimizing the amount of nitrogen that will pass below
            the root zone of the crop or vegetation to the ground water. Crop-available
            nitrogen in biosolids that is applied in excess of the agronomic rate could
            result in nitrate contamination of the ground water. The Part 503  rule
            requires that the rate of land application for bulk biosolids be equal to or
            less than the agronomic rate, except in the case of a reclamation site where
            a different rate of application  is allowed by the permitting authority. Approval
            could be given via letters of authorization under Section 308 of the CWA, a
            settlement agreement, or a permit.

            Although the preparer is required to supply the land applier with information
            on the nitrogen content of the biosolids, the land applier is responsible for
            determining that the biosolids are applied at a rate that does not  exceed the
            agronomic rate for that site. Procedures for the design of the agronomic rate
            differ depending on such factors as the total and available nitrogen content
            of the biosolids, nitrogen losses, nitrogen from sources other than biosolids
            (including estimates or measurements of available nitrogen already present
            in the soil), and the requirements for the expected yield of crop or
            vegetation. Assistance in designing the agronomic rate should be obtained
            from a knowledgeable person, such as the local extension agent or the soil
            testing department at the Land Grant University in each state. (A sample
            calculation of the nitrogen supplied by biosolids based on the AWSAR is
            provided in Figure 2-7.)

Frequency of Monitoring Requirements
            Pollutants, pathogen densities, and vector attraction reduction must be
            monitored when  biosolids are applied to the land. This monitoring ensures
            that pollutant limits and pathogen and vector attraction reduction
            requirements are being met. Chapter Six  describes the sampling and
            analytical procedures to be followed. The required frequency of monitoring
            is 1, 4, 6, or 12 times per year, depending on the number of metric tons (mt)
            (dry-weight basis) of biosolids used or disposed in that year. This frequency
            is presented in Table 2-7. Frequency of monitoring requirements must be
            met regardless of which option  is chosen  for meeting pollutant limits and
            pathogen and vector attraction reduction requirements, with the exception of
            Class B pathogen Alternative 2.
                                                       Guide to Part 503 Rule - 47

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   Type of
   Biosolids
                                                TABLE 2-8
                          Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements
                              Records That Must Be Kept
                Pollutant concentrations
                Pathogen reduction certification and description
                Vector attraction reduction certification and description

                Pollutant concentrations
                Management practice certification and description
                Site restriction certification and description (where Class B
                pathogen requirements are met)
                Pathogen reduction certification and description
                Vector attraction reduction certification and description
                Pollutant concentrations
                Management practice certification and description
                Site restriction certification and description (if Class B
                pathogen requirements are met)
                Pathogen reduction certification and description
                Vector attraction reduction certification and description
                Other information:
                — Certification and description of information gathered
                  (information from  the previous applier. landowner, or
                  permitting authority regarding the existing cumulative
                  pollutant load at the site from previous biosolids
                  applications)
                — Site location
                — Number of hectares
                — Amount of biosolids applied
                — Cumulative amount of pollutant applied (including
                  previous amounts)
                — Date of application
                Pollutant concentrations
                Management practice certification and description
                Pathogen reduction certification and description
                Vector attraction reduction certification and description
                The AWSAR for the biosolids
 Person Responsible
 for Recordkeeping

Preparer     Applier
 Records
   That
 Must Be
Reported"
a Reporting responsibilities arc only for POTWs with a design flow rale equal to or greater than I mgd, POTWs thai serve a population
 of 10,000 or greater, and Class I sludge management facilities.

h The preparer certifies and describes vector attraction reduction methods other than injection and incorporation ol" hiosoli J.s into the
 soil. The applier certifies and describes injection or incorporation of biosolids into the soil.

c Records that certify and describe injection or incorporation of biosolids into the soil do not have to be reported.

d Some of this information has to be reported only when 90 percent or more of any of the CPLRs is reached at a site.
48 -
            Guide to Part 503 Rule

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Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements
           Part 503 requires that certain records be kept by the person who prepares
           biosolids for application to the land and the person who applies biosolids to
           the land. The recordkeeping and reporting requirements are summarized in
           Table 2-8. Some of the records that must be kept when biosolids are
           applied to the land include statements certifying whether certain land
           application requirements are met. The general certification statement that
           must be used is provided as Figure 2-10. This statement certifies that,
           among other things, the land applier and his or her employees are qualified
           to gather information and perform tasks as required by the Part 503 rule.

           The certifier should periodically check the  performance of his or her
           employees to verify that the Part 503 requirements are being met. Then,
           when a Federal or State inspector checks the employee's logs, office
           records, and performance in the field, the inspector should find that the
           required management practices are being followed and that any applicable
           pathogen and vector attraction reduction requirements, including associated
           crop harvesting, animal grazing, and site access restrictions, are being met.
           The inspector also should find that all other necessary records and
           requirements listed in Table 2-8  are in order. Even if the preparer/applier is
           not required to report this information, he or she must keep these records
           for 5 years, or indefinitely for cumulative amounts of pollutants added to any
           site by CPLR biosolids. These required records may be requested for
           review at any time  by the permitting or enforcement authority.
                                      FIGURE 2-10
                 Certification Statement Required for Recordkeeping
               "I certify  under penally of law, that the  (insert each of the following
               requirements that  are met: Class A  or Class B pathogen requirements,
               vector attraction  reduction  requirements,  management  practices,  site
               restrictions, requirements to obtain information] in {insert the appropriate
               section number/s in Part 503 for each  requirement met] have/have not been
               met. This determination has been made under my direction and supervision
               in accordance with the system designed to ensure that qualified personnel
               properly gather and evaluate the information used to determine that the
               requirements have  been met. I am aware that there are significant penalties
               for false certification, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment."
               Signature
Date
                                                        Guide to Part 503 Rule - 49

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                                            *>, '   '  --1' !'  '  .''-'  ,"y*'.':-V v;5- ', .'     "_"v"
                                             ;..-\j;-.  _, ^ ,<:s^y ,:'j^.'f'#i"  J ^H>iA' -
                                              '  '•'''   ''-.V'  *'!'<•'$'• "f'"f;<'~y\~l'\'''^''~?l'^~^'~~~r^^^
                                             ,,•_-,,••':-.•  , .'  ;• ' v'i '. :- ,  ,--i -r -",,.»• ;•"'" .;. ?* I" ••- •• •;-?„ -? '^'»; .,•;*•' ."-,"« x v: ^'-S;
                                            ,-,'-;i'^-;; '•^l^'f'^ ">':-:;'4,'\-*"'il; pA." '•;Tii**-yi'-"''"'"'"''*f^ ^'Jr'^'V'^^'5"1
                                            * -*  4'1"1 ''~v/ -   I   -< '  «   s.'-'  '- *' - -  -' > l"   ' •'    -  '  '^;  ''' '•    tH'\ <   "
                             Amierobically digested bioxolid.s from IMS Angeles are injected into the soil in California.
50 -  oB*V Guide to Part 503 Rule

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                      Some facilities are not subject to any Part 503 reporting requirements.
                      However, all Class I treatment works, treatment works serving a population
                      of 10,000 or more, and treatment works with a 1 mgd or greater design flow
                      (as described in the first chapter of this guidance) have reporting
                      responsibilities. Each year, facilities with reporting requirements must
                      submit some of the information contained in their records (according to
                      Table 2-8). The information must be submitted every February 19th to the
                      permitting authority (either EPA or a State with an EPA-approved biosolids
                      management program).
Domestic Septage
                      Part 503 imposes separate requirements for domestic septage applied to
                      agricultural land, forest, or a reclamation site (i.e., nonpublic-contact sites).
                      The "simplified rule" for application of domestic septage to such sites is
                      explained in Domestic Septage Regulatory Guidance: A Guide to the
                      EPA 503 Rule. If domestic septage is applied to public contact sites or
                      home lawns and gardens, the same requirements must be met as for bulk
                      biosolids applied to the land (i.e., general requirements, pollutant limits,
                      pathogen and vector attraction reduction requirements, management
                      practices, frequency of monitoring requirements, and recordkeeping and
                      reporting requirements).
Landowner and Leaseholder Responsibilities
                      If the landowner or leaseholder is also the land applier of the biosolids, that
                      person must follow the applicable provisions of the Part 503 rule for land
                      appliers as described in this chapter. If the land-applying operation is of
                      sufficient size or concern to the permitting authority, the landowner or
                      leaseholder applier might also be required to obtain a permit for the land
                      application activities.

                      If the landowner or leaseholder is not the land applier (e.g., the applier is a
                      contractor or biosolids generator/preparer), the landowner or leaseholder
                      might wish to obtain certain information and maintain certain records even
                      though not required by the Part 503 rule. For example, he or she might wish
                      to keep records on information that Part 503 requires the land applier to
                      give to the landowner or leaseholder for any site where cropping or grazing
                      restrictions apply.

                      Additional information that the landowner or leaseholder should obtain from
                      the biosolids preparer and/or land applier is the nutritive value (i.e., the
                      amount of each available  nutrient such as nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus,
                      and lime being  applied), so that he or she will not over-apply any
                      supplemental fertilizers. Also, if biosolids are being applied to the land in
                      accordance with the CPLR concept, it would be prudent for the landowner
                                                                 Guide to Part 503 Rule - 51

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                     or leaseholder to make sure that he or she is given and retains information
                     on the cumulative totals of pollutants that have been added to each parcel
                     of land so that more CPLR biosolids can be applied each year until the
                     cumulative limits for CPLR biosolids have been reached.

                     The landowner or leaseholder might wish to obtain assurances via an
                     agreement that any biosolids being land applied are of an appropriate
                     quality and have been sufficiently prepared and that the application
                     procedures used meet the requirements of the Part 503 rule. One possible
                     agreement between the landowner or leaseholder and land applier might be:
                       Contractor agrees to indemnify, defend, and hold harmless
                       [Landowner/Leaseholder] from and against any and all claims,
                       suits, actions, demands, losses, costs, liabilities, and expenses
                       (including remediation costs and reasonable attorney's fees) to the
                       extent such losses result from: (1) Contractor's or
                       Generator/Preparer's violation of applicable laws or regulations in
                       effect at the time of biosolids application; or (2) the negligence or
                       willful misconduct of Contractor in delivery and application of
                       biosolids to the undersigned Landowner/ Leaseholders' property.
                       In the event this indemnification is enforced against the Contractor
                       for a violation of law by a Generator/Preparer,
                       Landowner/Leaseholder agrees to assign and subrogate to
                       Contractor its claim against Generator/ Preparer. This
                       indemnification shall survive termination of this Agreement until
                       the expiration of any applicable statutes of limitations.
                       Landowner/Leaseholder shall promptly notify Contractor in the
                       event of a third-party claim and Contractor shall have the right to
                       provide and oversee the defense of such claim and enter into any
                       settlement of such claim at its discretion (holding the
                       Landowner/Leaseholder harmless). Landowner/Leaseholder agrees
                       to fully cooperate with Contractor in the defense against any
                       third-party claim.
Liability Issues and Enforcement Oversight
                     Remember that the Part 503 rule is self-implementing and that its provisions
                     must be followed whether or not a permit is issued. Remember also that
                     State rules, which may be different from and more stringent than the Part
                     503 rule, may also apply.

                     EPA's Part 503 rule concerning the use or disposal of biosolids includes
                     enforcement measures regarding the proper testing and application of
                     biosolids. Landowners (including their lenders) and leaseholders who use
                     biosolids beneficially as a fertilizer substitute or soil conditioner in
52 - SB* Guide to Part 503 Rule

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accordance with EPA's Part 503 rule are protected from liability under the
Superfund legislation (Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation and Liability Act—CERCLA) (see 58 Federal Register 9262,
February 19, 1993) as we!! as any enforcement action from EPA under the
Part 503 rule. Where the Federal requirements are not followed, appliers of
biosolids are vulnerable to EPA enforcement actions or citizen-initiated suits
and can be required to remediate any problems for which they are found
liable.

There is concern that if for some reason the application of biosoiids to
farmland might result in damage to crops, livestock, or the land itself, a
farmer or the farmer's lender may be exposed to significant financial loss.
There is also concern about possible future loss that might occur if
unanticipated hazards from previous biosolids use are discovered. While
there are no guarantees, past experience with agronomic use of biosolids is
very reassuring. Where biosolids have been applied  in accordance with
Federal and State regulations, problems have been rare and virtually the
same as those that have occurred from normal farming practices. Available
research indicates that the agronomic use of high-quality biosolids is
sustainable.

EPA oversight of land application practices includes a program for
administering permits and for monitoring,  reporting, and  inspecting. As with
wastewater discharge standards and requirements, preparers and land
appliers are required to keep detailed records and Class I biosolids
management facilities must self-report on their activities during the
preceding calendar year by February 19th. As described in Table 2-8, the
reports must include information on biosolids quality. In the case of CPLR
biosolids, a field-by-field analysis of the site activity must also be reported,
including information on management practices and on the cumulative
application of metals. Hence, EPA will know the quality of the biosolids and
where they are going, in accordance with EPA Part 503  requirements.

EPA will not rely solely on the word of the regulated community. The
Agency will conduct routine sampling and inspections of these  facilities. If
discrepancies are identified,  enforcement actions will be taken. Enforcement
actions can include fines of up to $25,000 per day per violation, injunctive
relief,  or criminal imprisonment.

EPA shares the concern regarding the potential for harm from the
misapplication of biosolids (i.e.,  not in accordance with general or
management practices) or the failure to meet quality or treatment
requirements. Notwithstanding,  EPA believes that the Part 503 rule is
protective and that most land application activities will be in  compliance with
its requirements.
                                            Guide to Part 503 Rule - 53

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Common  Questions and  Answers

                        ): EPA has an enforcement strategy that focuses on EQ biosolids
                         first and then addresses biosolids meeting more burdensome
                     requirements. Why?

                      A : Biosolids that meet the EQ criteria are exempt from further
                    -*1 consideration (i.e., management practices or tracking requirements)
                     under the rule. This means that EQ biosolids may be used to supply plant
                     nutrients and to condition soils, such as commercial fertilizers and other soil
                     amending products, after meeting the EQ criteria. If biosolids that are
                     claimed as EQ do not meet these requirements, then it is not possible to
                     know if the untracked non-EQ biosolids are being used in accordance with
                     other applicable provisions of the Part 503 rule and there could be a
                     potential for adverse environmental and public health impacts. Therefore, it
                     is crucial, from a public health and environment standpoint, to ensure that
                     biosolids truly meet these EQ requirements. That is why EPA chose to focus
                     first on EQ biosolids.

                        I: The Part 503 rule states that its requirements apply to any
                        , person who prepares [biosolids],  applies [biosolids] to land, fires
                     [biosolids] in an incinerator, or owns or operates a surface disposal
                     site. The Part 503 rule defines a person as an individual, association,
                     partnership, corporation, municipality, or a State or Federal agency or
                     an agent or employee thereof. EQ biosolids are not subject to general
                     requirements or management practices. If the biosolids are distributed
                     as EQ and later found not to be EQ, will all the individuals who apply
                     the biosolids to land be considered to have violated the Part 503 rule?
                     Who is ultimately responsible?

                        A: The generator and/or preparer, and possibly in some unique cases the
                        land applier, would be liable. Whom EPA targets for enforcement action
                     would depend on the specifics of the situation. It is highly unlikely that EPA
                     would target any individual user or land applier of such alleged EQ biosolids
                     material. In many cases, the user or land applier might not even know that
                     he or she was using a biosolids product.

                         : What happens to sites that reach the CPLR? Can you ever reuse
                         or repermit that site?

                        A: Once a site reaches the CPLR, that site can no longer have biosolids
                        subject to the CPLR concept applied to it. You could, however, continue
                     to apply biosolids that meet the EQ or PC requirements.
54 - *B* Guide to Part 503 Rule

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     : IfEQ or PC biosolids are land applied, do you need to keep
     records of cumulative application rates? If non-EQ or non-PC
biosolids are subsequently applied to the same land, do you have to
consider the pollutants land applied in the EQ or PC biosolids?

  A : Part 503 does not require land appliers to keep track of the cumulative
f*- amounts of pollutants in EQ or PC biosolids that are applied to a
particular parcel of land. The applier of any biosolids that are subject to
CPLRs are not required by Part 503 to consider the pollutant loadings
already applied to the same parcel of  land from EQ or PC biosolids.

/"'i' When biosolids from a Class  I facility are land applied, exactly
\£ what information must be reported regarding biosolids pollutant
levels and pathogen and vector attraction reduction?

  A : On February 19 of each year, the preparer and land applier, as
•** applicable, would be required to submit on the previous year the
following information to the permitting  authority:

    * the concentration in biosolids of each pollutant listed in Table 2-1 of
      this guidance;
    * the appropriate certification statement indicating the Class A and B
      pathogen reduction and vector attraction reduction options used; and
    * a description of how the preparer/applier is meeting the requirements
      of the pathogen and vector attraction reduction options chosen. In
      general, the preparer/applier would not need to report the actual data
      collected on pathogens or related to vector attraction reduction;
      however, the preparer/applier would need to describe how the
      required limiting numbers have  been met or exceeded and how
      required operating parameters have been maintained. In addition, the
      preparer/applier must retain the actual data collected for a minimum
      of 5 years and have it available  for inspection by authorized permitting
      or regulatory authorities when requested. Pollutant loading rate
      information must be kept indefinitely for CPLR biosolids on a
      site-by-site basis.
/ |." If biosolids are applied to land in accordance with the
^^.requirements of the Part 503 rule, would the landowner,
leaseholder, mortgage lender, land applier, or generator/preparer be
liable under CERCLA for the cost of any cleanup of soil or water
contamination or loss of crops?

  .4 : No. Application of sewage sludge for a beneficial purpose in
£ J* compliance with the Part 503 rule would not give rise to CERCLA
liability.
                                                6B* Guide to Part 503 Rule - 55

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                           O: Does EPA believe there is an environmental or public health
                       ^^ problem related to the beneficial use ofbiosolids in accordance
                      with the Part 503 rule?

                        4 '• It is EPA's long-standing position that the beneficial application of
                      /I biosolids to provide crop nutrients or to condition the soil is not only
                      safe but good public policy, so long as preparers and land appliers comply
                      with all applicable requirements of the Part 503 rule. Among other things,
                      those requirements address the quality of biosolids allowed for land
                      application, the rates of application of biosolids under various
                      circumstances, and monitoring. Beneficial use of biosolids reclaims a
                      wastewater residual, converting it into a resource that is recycled to land.
                      EPA's position on biosolids use is based on extensive research involving
                      hundreds of successful land application projects over the past 25 years.
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Chapter  3
Surface Disposal  of Biosolids
What Is Surface Disposal?
                   •r"ff I he Part 503 rule defines an activity as surface disposal if [biosolids]
                     P  are placed on an area of land for final disposal. Some surface
                    .ML  disposal sites may be used for beneficial purposes as well as for
                   final disposal. Owners and operators of surface disposal sites and anyone
                   who prepares biosolids for final disposal of only biosolids on a surface
                   disposal site must meet the requirements in Subpart C of the Part 503 rule.
                   These requirements are  described in this chapter.

                   Surface disposal sites include monofills, surface impoundments, lagoons,
                   waste piles, dedicated disposal sites, and dedicated beneficial use sites
                   (see Figure 3-1.)

                   Monofills are landfills where only biosolids are disposed. Monofills include
                   trenches and area fills. In trenches, biosolids are placed in an excavated
                   area that can be a wide,  shallow trench or a narrow, deep trench. In area
                   fills, biosolids are placed on the original ground surface in mounds, layers,
                   or diked containments. With  area fills, excavation is not required (as it is
                   with trenches) because biosolids are not placed below the ground surface.
                   Area fills often are used when shallow bedrock or ground water is present.

                   Surface impoundments and lagoons are disposal sites where biosolids
                   with a high water content are placed in an open, excavated area. If lagoons
                   are used for treatment, they  are not considered surface disposal sites.
                                                      Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 57

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                              Dedicated disposal site
Surface impoundment
                          Waste pile
                                                  Monofill
        Dedicated beneficial
            use site
                      Figure 3-1. Dedicated disposal sites, surface impoundments, waste piles, biosolids
                      monofills, and dedicated beneficial use sites are all governed by Part 503's surface disposal
                      standards in Subpart C.

                      Waste piles are mounds of dewatered biosolids placed on the soil surface
                      for final disposal.

                      Dedicated disposal sites receive repeated applications of biosolids for the
                      sole purpose of final disposal. Such sites often are located at publicly
                      owned treatment works (POTW) sites.

                      Dedicated beneficial use sites are surface disposal sites where biosolids
                      are placed on the land at higher rates or with higher pollutant concentrations
                      than are allowed when biosolids are land applied for farming or reclamation.
                      Such sites might receive repeated applications of biosolids. In contrast to
                      dedicated disposal sites, dedicated beneficial  use sites are used to grow
                      crops for beneficial purposes. For such sites, the permitting authority will
                      issue a permit that specifies appropriate management practices that ensure
                      the protection of public health and the environment  from any reasonably
                      anticipated adverse effects of certain pollutants that may be present in
                      biosolids if crops are grown or animals are grazed.


Differentiation Among Surface Disposal, Storage, Land
Application, and  Treatment

                      An activity is considered storage if biosolids are placed and remain on land
                      for 2 years or less. If biosolids remain on  land for longer than 2 years, this
                      land is considered an active [biosolids] unit and the surface disposal
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                      requirements in Part 503 have to be met. An active biosolids unit is the
                      area, trench, waste pile, or lagoon where biosolids are currently being
                      placed. Please note, however, that biosolids can remain on the land for
                      longer than 2 years, but the person who prepares the biosolids must
                      demonstrate that the site is not an active biosolids unit. The demonstration
                      must include the following information:

                           the name and address of the person who prepares the biosolids;
                           the name and address of the person who either owns the land or
                           leases the land;
                           the location, by either street address or latitude and longitude, of the
                           land;
                           an explanation of why biosolids need to remain on the land for longer
                           than 2 years prior to final use or disposal, or why a site is used for
                           longer than 2 years to store batches of biosolids for less than 2 years
                           (e.g., storage of individual batches of biosolids for several months
                           during a given 2-year period before final use or disposal); and
                           the approximate time when biosolids will be transferred  from storage
                           to their final use or disposal destination.
                      This demonstration information must be retained by the person who
                      prepares the biosolids for the period that the biosolids remain  on the land.

                      Any practice in which biosolids that meet pollutant concentrations, CPLRs,
                      or APLRs, as well as ceiling limits are applied to land at agronomic rates to
                      condition soil or to fertilize crops or vegetation is considered land
                      application, not surface disposal. Regulatory requirements for land
                      application are discussed in Chapter Two.

                      The surface disposal provisions of the Part 503 rule do  not apply when
                      biosolids are treated on the land, such as in a treatment lagoon or
                      stabilization pond, and treatment could be for an indefinite  period.
                      Placement of biosolids on the land in a municipal solid waste landfill also  is
                      not considered surface disposal under Part 503, but would be covered
                      under 40 CFR Part  258 instead.


Regulatory Requirements  for Surface Disposal of Biosolids

                      A Part 503 standard for surface disposal of biosolids includes:

                           general requirements
                           pollutant limits
                           management practices
                           operational standards for pathogen and vector attraction reduction
                           frequency of monitoring requirements
                                                              Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 59

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                            recordkeeping requirements
                            reporting requirements
                      These seven elements are discussed below.

           General Requirements for Surface Disposal Sites
                      Placement. No person shall place [biosolids] on an active [biosolids] unit
                      unless the requirements in Subpart C of Part 503 (described in this chapter)
                      are met.

                      Closure is required if a unit is located in certain types of areas. If an
                      active biosolids unit is located  within 60 meters of a geologic fault with
                      displacement in Holocene time (i.e., relatively recently), located in an
                      unstable area, or located in a wetland, the unit must have closed by March
                      22, 1994. There are two exceptions to this requirement: (1) if the permitting
                      authority has indicated that the location of a specific unit within 60 meters of
                      a fault with displacement in Holocene time is acceptable,  or (2) if a permit
                      was issued under Section 402 of the Clean Water Act that allows the unit to
                      be located  in a wetland.

                      When a unit is closing, the permitting authority must  be notified. If an
                      active biosolids unit is about to be closed, the owner/operator of the unit
                      must  provide the permitting authority with a written plan at least 180 days
                      prior to the closing. The Plan must describe closure and post-closure
                      activities and systems; for example, (1) the operation and maintenance of
                      the leachate collection system for 3 years after closure (if the  unit has such
                      a system);  (2) the system used to monitor the air for methane gas for 3
                      years after closure (if biosolids units are covered); and (3) measures to
                      restrict public access for 3 years after closure.

                      The permitting authority may determine that the closure plan must include
                      provisions for monitoring the air for methane gas or leachate collection for
                      more than 3 years. For example, if the biosolids placed on the surface
                      disposal site were not stabilized, it may be necessary to monitor the air for
                      methane gas and restrict access for a longer period to protect public health
                      and the environment. Also, in areas of high rainfall, the permitting authority
                      may deem it necessary to collect leachate for a longer period to ensure that
                      the integrity of the liner is maintained.

                      The subsequent owner must be notified of the presence of biosolids.
                      Should ownership of a surface disposal site change hands, the owner must
                      provide the subsequent owner with written notification that biosolids were
                      placed on the land.

                      The notification required for the subsequent owner of a surface disposal site
                      will vary depending on when the land was sold and the provisions of the
                      closure plan. For instance, if a surface disposal site was covered, had a
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           liner, and was sold 1 year after closure, the notification should inform the
           next owner that the property was used to dispose of biosolids and that the
           new owner must operate the ieachate collection system, monitor the air for
           methane gas, and  restrict public access for an additional 2 years.

Pollutant Limits for Biosolids Placed on Surface Disposal Sites
           For surface disposal, a pollutant limit is the amount of pollutant allowed per
           unit amount of biosoiids. Subpart C of Part 503 sets pollutant limits for
           arsenic, chromium, and nickel in biosolids. These limits apply only to active
           biosolids units without liners and Ieachate collection systems. Where
           applicable, representative samples of biosolids must be collected and
           analyzed for metals using the methods listed in the regulation (see Chapter
           Six for more information about sampling and analysis).

           A linens a layer of relatively impervious soil, such as clay, or a layer of
           synthetic material that covers the bottom of an active biosolids unit and has
           a hydraulic conductivity of 1 x 10~7 centimeters/second or less. The liner
           slows the seeping of liquid on the surface disposal site into the ground
           water below. A Ieachate collection system is a system or device installed
           immediately above a liner that collects and removes Ieachate as it seeps
           through the disposal site. Biosolids placed on an active biosolids unit with a
           liner and Ieachate collection system do not have to meet pollutant limits,
           based on the assumption that these systems prevent pollutants from
           migrating to ground water.

           There are two options for meeting the pollutant limits for arsenic, chromium,
           and nickel in active biosolids units without using liners and  Ieachate
           collection systems, as summarized in Table 3-1  and discussed below. The
           first option is to ensure that the levels of arsenic, chromium, and nickel are
           below the pollutant limits listed  in Table 3-2. These limits are based on how

                                        TABLE 3-1
                  How To Meet Pollutant Limits for Surface Disposal
                                        of Biosolids
               Meet 1 of the 2 options.
               Option 1:
               Make sure that the levels of arsenic, chromium, and nickel are not above the
               levels listed in Table 3-2, which are based on the distance between the
               active biosolids unit's boundary and the property line of the surface disposal
               site.
               Option 2:
               Meet the site-specific pollutant limits for arsenic, chromium, and nickel, if
               site-specific limits have been set by the permitting authority.
                                                    Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 61

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                                                   TABLE 3-2
                                           Option 1—Pollutant Limits

                        Dry-weight basis (basically, MX)1? solids content).

                       far the boundary of each active biosolids unit is from the surface disposal
                       site property  ine. For example, the limits are 73 milligrams per kilogram
                       (mg/kg) for arsenic, 600 mg/kg for chromium, and 420 mg/kg for nickel if the
                       boundary of the active biosolids unit closest to the site's property line is
                       greater than 150 meters away.

                       There may be more than one active biosolids unit at a surface disposal site.
                       If the boundary of a second active biosolids unit on the same site is 75
                       meters from the property line, then the arsenic limit for that second unit would
                       be 46 mg/kg.  Thus different active biosolids units on the same site can have
                       different pollutant limits, based on the closest distance between the active
                       biosolids unit  boundaries and the  property line of the surface disposal site.

                       The second option for meeting pollutant limits is to meet "site-specific"
                       limits set by the permitting authority, who would determine the limits  after
                       evaluating site data. The owner/operator of the surface disposal site must
                       request site-specific limits when applying for a permit. The permitting
                       authority then must determine whether site-specific pollutant limits are
                       appropriate for the particular site.

                       Site-specific limits may be justified if the site conditions vary significantly
                       from those assumed in the risk assessment used  to derive the  Part 503
                       pollutant limits. In general, if the depth to ground water is considerable or a
                       natural clay layer underlies the site, the permittee  may consider requesting
                       site-specific pollutant limits.
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Management Practices for Surface Disposal of Biosolids
            The Part 503 rule includes management practices that must be followed
            when biosolids are placed on a surface disposal site. Most of these
            management practices apply to all surface disposal sites. A few, however,
            apply only to sites with liners and leachate collection systems or to sites with
            covers. (A cover can be soil  or other material placed over the biosolids.)
            The required management practices for surface disposal sites are
            summarized in Table 3-3 and discussed in more detail below.

            Protection of Threatened or Endangered Species
            This requirement applies to persons who place biosolids on land where
            there is potential for harming certain species of plants, fish, or wildlife or
            their habitat. Biosolids cannot be placed on an active biosolids unit in a

                                         TABLE 3-3
                   Management Practices for Surface Disposal Sites
               Biosolids placed on a disposal unit must not harm threatened or
               endangered species
               The active biosolids unit must not restrict base flood flow
               The active biosolids unit must be located in a geologically stable area:
                    — must not be located in an unstable area
                    — must not be located in a fault area with displacement in Holocene
                      time (unless allowed by the permitting authority)
                    — if located in a seismic impact zone, must be able to withstand
                      certain ground movements
               The active biosolids unit cannot be located in wetlands (unless allowed in a
               permit)
               Runoff must be collected from the surface disposal site with a system
               capability to handle a 25-year, 24-hour storm event
               Only where there is a liner, must leachate be collected and must the
               owner/operator maintain and operate a leachate collection system
               Only where there is a cover, must there be limits on concentrations of
               methane gas in air in any structure on the site and in air at the property line
               of the surface disposal site
               The owner/operator cannot grow crops on site (unless allowed by the
               permitting authority)
               The owner/operator cannot graze animals on site (unless allowed by the
               permitting authority)
               The owner/operator must restrict public access
               The biosolids placed in the active biosolids unit must not contaminate an
               aquifer
                                                      Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 63

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                       surface disposal site where such disposal is likely to have an adverse affect
                       on a threatened or endangered animal or plant species or its "critical
                       habitat." Threatened or endangered species and their critical habitats are
                       listed in Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act. (The Threatened and
                       Endangered Species List can be obtained from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                       Service's [FWS's] Publications Office by calling 703-358-1711.) Critical
                       habitat is defined as any place where a threatened or endangered species
                       lives and grows during any stage of its life cycle.

                       Any direct or indirect action (or the result of any direct or indirect action) in a
                       critical habitat that diminishes the likelihood of survival and recovery of a
                       listed species is considered destruction or adverse modification of a critical
                       habitat. Individuals may contact the Endangered  Species Protection
                       Program in Washington, DC (703-358-2171) or FWS Field Offices listed in
                       Appendix C for more information about threatened and endangered species
                       considerations  in their area. State departments governing fish and game
                       also should be  contacted for specific State requirements.

                       Restriction of Base Flood Flow
                       An active biosolids unit in a surface disposal site must not restrict the flow of
                       a base flood. A base flood is a flood that has a 1 percent chance of
                       occurring in any given year (or a flood that is likely to occur once in 100
                       years). This management practice reduces the possibility that an active
                       biosolids unit might negatively affect the ability of an area to absorb the
                       flows of a base flood. The practice also helps to prevent surface water
                       contamination and to protect the public from the possibility of a base flood
                       releasing biosolids to the environment.

                       To determine whether a surface disposal site is in a 100-year flood plain,
                       consult the flood insurance rate maps (FIRMs) and flood boundary and
                       floodway maps published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency
                       (FEMA) (Flood Map Distribution  Center, 6930 [A-F] San Thomas Road,
                       Baltimore, MD 21227). States, counties, and towns usually have maps
                       delineating flood plains as well. Other agencies that maintain flood zone
                       maps are the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), the U.S. Geological
                       Survey (USGS), the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (SCS), and the Bureau
                       of Land Management (BLM).

                       If the owner/operator of a surface disposal site determines that the site is
                       within a 100-year flood zone, the permitting authority has ultimate
                       responsibility for determining whether the active biosolids unit will restrict
                       the flow of a base flood. This assessment considers the flood plain storage
                       capacity and the floodwater velocities that would exist with and without the
                       presence of the biosolids unit. If the presence of the unit would cause the
                       base flood  level to rise one additional foot, then the unit restricts the flow of
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a base flood, potentially causing more flood damage than would otherwise
occur.

If the permitting authority determines that the active biosolids unit will restrict
the flow of the base flood, it may require the unit to close or it may require
remedial action to avoid the restriction of the base flood flow. Such actions
might include constructing embankments or implementing an alternative unit
design intended to prevent the unit from being damaged by floodwaters.

Geological Stability
Three of the management practices in the Part 503 rule concern the
distance of active biosolids units from certain types of geologic formations.
These management practices help ensure that biosolids units are located in
geologically stable areas or that the  units can withstand certain ground
movements. The geologic formations covered  by these management
practices are fault areas with displacement in Holocene time, unstable
areas, and seismic impact zones:

     Fault—A crack in the earth along which  the ground on either side
     may move. Such ground movement is called displacement. An active
     biosolids unit must be located at least 60 meters from a fault that has
     displacement measured in Holocene time (recent geological time of
     approximately the last 11,000  years). Requiring this distance from a
     fault helps ensure both that the structures of a biosolids unit will not
     be damaged if ground movement occurs in a fault area and that
     leachate will not spread through faults into the environment. This
     management practice must be followed unless the permitting
     authority has determined otherwise.
     Unstable Area—Land where  natural or  human activities might occur
     that could damage the structures of an active biosolids unit and allow
     the release of pollutants into the environment. Unstable areas include
     land where large amounts of soil are moved, such as by landslides,
     where the surface lowers or collapses when underlying limestone or
     other materials dissolve. An active biosolids unit cannot be located in
     an unstable area. This restriction protects the structures of a biosolids
     unit from damage by natural or human forces. Owner/operators of
     surface disposal sites may need to perform local geological studies to
     determine that unstable conditions do not exist at their sites.
     Seismic Impact Zone—An area in which certain types of ground
     movements ("horizontal ground level acceleration") have a 10 percent
     or greater chance of occurring at a certain level (measured as "0.10
     gravity") once in 250 years. The USGS keeps records of the location
     of these areas. When a surface disposal site is located in a seismic
     impact zone, each active biosolids unit must be designed to withstand
     the maximum recorded horizontal ground level acceleration. This
                                        Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 65

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                            management practice helps ensure that the containment structures,
                            such as the liner and leachate collection system, of a biosolids unit
                            will not crack or collapse because of ground movement and that
                            leachate will not be released due to seismic activity. Various seismic
                            design methods have been developed for biosolids units located in
                            seismic impact zones. Appropriate design modifications may include
                            shallower unit side slopes and a more conservative design for dikes
                            and runoff controls. Also, contingencies for the leachate collection
                            system should be  considered,  in case the primary system becomes
                            ineffective.
                      If these management practices are followed, it is less likely that pollutants in
                      biosolids will be released into the environment because of unstable
                      geological conditions. Individuals can determine whether property is within a
                      geologically unstable area using maps that  are available through the USGS,
                      Earth Science Information  Center, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA,
                      22092 (800-872-6277). States also have geological surveys that map the
                      locations of geologically unstable areas. (For example, in California
                      guidelines for identifying fault areas are available from the California
                      Division of  Mines and Geology.)

                      Protection of Wetlands
                       Wetlands are areas in which the soils are filled with water ("saturated") during
                      part of the year and that support vegetation typically found in saturated soils.
                      Examples of wetlands include swamps, marshes, and bogs. Wetlands perform
                      important ecological functions, such as holding floodwaters, serving as habitat
                      and providing sources of food for numerous species including 60% of the
                      endangered species, and reducing soil erosion. Wetlands also hold pollutants,
                      preventing them from contaminating other areas.

                      An active biosolids unit cannot be located in a wetland unless the
                      owner/operator holds a valid permit issued  under Section 402  (a National
                      Pollutant Discharge Elimination System  [NPDES] permit)  or Section 404 (a
                      dredge and fill permit) of the Clean Water Act. Controlling where active
                      biosolids units are located  protects wetlands from possible contamination
                      when biosolids are placed  in an active biosolids unit.

                      If the owner/operator of a surface disposal site suspects that all or some
                      portion of an active biosolids unit is in a wetland, he or she should contact
                      the local COE District Office to request a wetland delineation. The
                      assessment used to determine whether there are wetlands present must be
                      conducted  by a qualified and experienced team of experts in soil science
                      and botany/biology. Criteria for identifying wetlands have  been developed
                      by a federal task force and appear in a manual published by the COE
                      (Federal Manual for Identifying and Delineating Jurisdictional
                       Wetlands, 1989).
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The state agency regulating activities in wetlands also should be asked to
inspect the area in question. The definition of a wetland and the regulatory
requirements for activities in wetlands may be different at the State level.

Collection of Runoff
Runoff is rainwater or other liquid that drains over the land and runs off the
land surface. Runoff from an active biosolids unit might be contaminated
with biosolids. Runoff from an active biosolids unit must be collected and
disposed according to the permit requirements of the NPDES and  any other
applicable requirements. The runoff collection system must have the
capacity to handle runoff from a 25-year, 24-hour storm event (a storm that
is likely to occur once in 25 years for a 24-hour period). This requirement
helps ensure that runoff (which may contain pollutants) from an active
biosolids unit is not released into the environment. The peak flow of water
and the total runoff volume of water during the 25-year, 24-hour storm must
be calculated to ensure that the extent of stormwater controls is adequate to
collect runoff from such a storm.

Information about storm events usually can be obtained from local planning
agencies, civil works departments, or zoning boards.

Collection of Leachate
Leachate is fluid from excess moisture in biosolids or from rainwater
percolating down through the active biosolids unit from the land surface. If
an active biosolids unit has a liner and a leachate collection system, two
additional management practices in the Part 503 rule apply.

The first management practice requires that the leachate collection system
be operated and  maintained according to design requirements and
engineering recommendations. The owner/operator of the surface  disposal
site is responsible for ensuring that the system is always operating
according to design specifications and is properly and routinely maintained
(e.g., pumps are periodically cleaned and serviced; and the system is
periodically inspected to detect clogs and flushed to remove deposited
solids).

The second management practice requires that leachate be collected and
disposed in accordance with applicable requirements. Leachate should be
collected and pumped out by a system placed immediately above a liner. If
leachate is  discharged to surface water as a point source, then  an  NPDES
permit is required. Otherwise, leachate may be used to irrigate adjacent
land or discharged to a POTW. It is recommended that the leachate be
tested to determine whether some treatment is appropriate before  irrigating
or discharging it to a POTW.
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                      Both management practices must be followed while the unit is active and
                      then for 3 years after the unit is closed, or for a longer period if required by
                      the permitting authority.

                      These management practices help prevent pollutants in biosolids placed on
                      surface disposal sites from being released into the environment. For
                      example, if leachate is not collected regularly, or if the leachate collection
                      system is not operated and maintained properly, then the liner could be
                      damaged by the weight of the leachate pressing against it and the leachate
                      could leak into the ground water. As mentioned above, the leachate
                      collection requirements only apply to active biosolids units and closed units
                      with a  liner and leachate collection system; the requirements apply for a
                      minimum of 3 years after unit closure.

                      The Part 503 rule regulates active biosolids units without liners and leachate
                      collection systems through the pollutant limits discussed in the previous
                      section and through other management practices in the regulation.

                      Limitatioas on Methane Gas Concentrations
                      The Part 503 rule includes a management practice that limits concentrations
                      of methane gas in air because of its explosive potential. Methane, an
                      odorless and highly combustible gas, is generated at surface disposal sites
                      when biosolids are covered by soil or other material (e.g., geomembranes),
                      either daily or at closure. The gas can migrate and be released into the
                      environment. To protect site personnel and the public from risks of
                      explosions, air must be monitored for methane gas continuously within any
                      structure on the site and at the property line of the surface disposal site.
                      Only surface disposal sites that cover biosolids units (either daily or at
                      closure) must meet this management practice.  When biosolids units are not
                      covered, the air does not have to be monitored for methane gas.

                      This management practice limits the amount of methane gas in air in both
                      active  and closed biosolids units. When a cover is placed on an active
                      biosolids unit, the methane gas concentration in air in any structure within
                      the property line of a surface disposal site  must be less than 25% of the
                      lower explosive limit (LEL) (i.e., 1.25%). The  LEL is the lowest percentage
                      (by volume) of methane gas in air that supports a flame under certain
                      conditions (at 25°C and atmospheric pressure). For methane, the LEL is
                      5%. Therefore,  if 5% of the LEL is 50,000 ppm methane, then air in any
                      structure within the property line must not exceed 12,500 ppm methane.

                      A methane gas monitoring device must be installed so that methane
                      concentrations in the air inside all structures on the property are
                      continuously measured and the measurement can be read by any individual
                      before entering the structure. (The act of entering the building could create
                      enough of a spark to ignite explosive levels of methane gas.)
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 For air at the property line of a surface disposal site with a covered biosolids
 unit, the limit for methane gas concentration is the LEL (i.e., 5%). In some
 cases, the permitting authority may determine that a methane monitoring
 device at one downwind location on the property line is adequate to meet
 this requirement because the wind patterns are consistent. In other cases,
 where wind conditions at the site are highly variable, more than one device
 may be necessary to provide adequate protection.

 Methane gas concentrations must be monitored at all times when the
 biosolids units are active and for 3 years after the last active biosolids unit
 on the site is closed. If unstabilized biosolids are disposed at a site, the
 permitting authority may require methane gas to be monitored for longer
 than 3 years after closure because of the higher potential for methane
 generation with unstabilized biosolids.

 Methane monitoring devices allow the user to read the level of methane as
 a percent of the LEL. Some can be equipped with alarms, which may be
 desirable in structures with a potential for allowing the concentration of
 methane gas to reach explosive levels. Various methods (e.g., venting
 systems, positive or negative air pressure systems) are available to reduce
 methane gas concentrations.

 Restrictions on Crop Production
 Food, feed, or fiber crops may not be grown on an active biosolids  unit
 unless the owner or operator of the surface disposal site can demonstrate to
the permitting authority that through management practices public health
and the environment are protected from any reasonably anticipated adverse
effects of certain pollutants that may be present in biosolids. If the
owner/operator wishes to grow crops on the site, he or she must obtain a
permit that requires the implementation of certain management practices to
ensure that the levels of pollutants taken up by crops do not negatively
affect the food chain in regard to animals or humans.

These special management practices might include testing crops and
animal tissue for the presence of pollutants if animal feed is produced on
the site, or setting a monitoring schedule for the crops and any animal feed
products derived from crops grown on the site.

Restrictions on Grazing
Animals must not be grazed on an active biosolids unit unless the
owner/operator of a surface disposal site can demonstrate to the permitting
authority that public health and the environment are protected from any
reasonably anticipated adverse effects of certain pollutants that may be
present in biosolids. If the owner/operator wishes to graze animals on the
site, he or she must obtain a permit. The permit could require specified
management practices, such as monitoring the concentration of pollutants
                                   fi-ER* Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 69

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                       in any animal product (dairy or meat). This restriction on grazing helps
                       ensure that unsafe levels of pollutants do not find their way into animals
                       from which people obtain food.

                       In this document, a site where a special permit allows the production of
                       crops and/or grazing, is considered a dedicated beneficial use site.

                       Restrictions on Public Access
                       Public access to a surface disposal site must be restricted while an active
                       biosolids unit is on the site and then for 3 years after the last active biosolids
                       unit has been closed. This management practice helps to minimize public
                       contact with any pollutants, including pathogens, that may be present in
                       biosolids placed on an active biosolids unit. It also keeps people away from
                       areas where there is a potential for a methane gas explosion, as discussed
                       above.

                       Fencing off an area and installing gates that lock might be necessary to
                       restrict access in densely populated areas. Natural barriers, such as
                       hedges, trees, embankments, or ditches, along with warning signs, might be
                       adequate in less-populated areas. In remote areas,  it might be sufficient to
                       post warning signs that say, "Do not enter," "No trespassing," or "Access
                       restricted to authorized personnel only."

                       Protection of Ground Water
                       This management practice states that biosolids placed  on an active
                       biosolids unit must not contaminate an aquifer. An aquifer is an area below
                       the ground that can yield water in large enough quantities to supply wells or
                       springs. Contaminating an aquifer in this instance means introducing a
                       substance that can cause the level of nitrate in ground water to increase
                       above regulated limits. This management practice also requires that the
                       owner/operator obtain proof that ground water is not contaminated. This
                       proof must be either by way of (1) a ground-water monitoring program
                       developed by a qualified ground-water scientist, or (2) certification by a
                       ground-water scientist that ground water will not be contaminated by the
                       disposal of biosolids at the site.

                       Usually, certification  is an option only if the site has a liner and a leachate
                       collection system. It is generally infeasible for a ground-water scientist to
                       certify that ground water will not be contaminated in the absence of a liner,
                       unless the depth to ground water is considerable and there is a natural clay
                       layer under the soil or unless the amount of biosolids placed on the site is
                       quite small (e.g., at the agronomic or reclamation rate).

                       Only nitrate-nitrogen levels in ground water are addressed by this
                       management practice. Nitrate-nitrogen levels in ground water must not
                       exceed the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg/liter or must not
                       increase an existing  exceedance of the ground water MCL for
70 - oBtt Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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            nitrate-nitrogen. Potential pollutants other than nitrate are addressed by
            pollutant limits, which are discussed in the previous section.
Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction Requirements for Surface
Disposal  Sites
            Pathogens are disease-causing organisms, such as certain bacteria and
            viruses, that might be present in biosolids. Vectors are animals, such as
            rats or insects,  that might be attracted to biosolids and can spread disease
            after coming into contact with the biosolids.  The Part 503 rule includes
            requirements concerning the control of pathogens and the reduction of
            vector attraction for biosolids placed on a surface disposal site. Biosolids
            can be placed on an active biosolids unit only if the pathogen and vector
            attraction reduction requirements are met (see Table 3-4 and discussion
            below).
            For pathogen reduction, the biosolids placed on an active biosolids unit
            must meet either "Class A" or "Class B" pathogen requirements, or a cover
                                        TABLE 3-4
              Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction Requirements
                                for Surface Disposal Sites
               Pathogen Reduction Requirements (see Chapter Five)
               Options (must meet one of these):
                 Place a daily cover on the active biosolids unit
                 Meet one of six Class A pathogen reduction requirements (see Table 5-1)
                 Meet one of three Class B pathogen reduction requirements, except Site
                 Restrictions (see Table 5-5)
               Vector Attraction Reduction Requirements (see Chapter Five)
               Options (must meet one of these):
                 Place a daily cover on the active biosolids unit
                 Reduce volatile solids content by a minimum of 38% or less under
                 specific laboratory test conditions with anaerobically and aerobically
                 digested biosolids
                 Meet a specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR)
                 Treat the biosolids in an aerobic process for a specified number of days
                 at a specified temperature
                 Raise the pH of the biosolids with an alkaline material to a specified
                 level for a specified (irne
                 Meet a minimum percent solids content
                 Inject or incorporate the biosolids into soil
                                                     Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 71

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                      (soil or other material) must be placed on the active biosolids unit at the end
                      of each day. If a daily cover is placed on the active biosolids unit, no other
                      pathogen reduction requirements apply. If the biosolids meet Class B
                      requirements, the "site restrictions" that apply to Class B do not have to be
                      followed because the management practices for surface disposa already
                      include these site restrictions.

                      For vector attraction reduction, one of several options listed in Table 3-4
                      must be met. Representative samples of biosolids must be collected and
                      analyzed to demonstrate that the pathogen and vector attraction reduction
                      requirements have been met using the methods listed in the regulation (see
                      Chapter Six for more information on sampling and analysis).

                      Pathogen and vector attraction reduction requirements, including Class A
                      and  Class B pathogen requirements, are discussed in more detail in
                      Chapter Five and in Subpart D of the Part 503 rule.  In most cases, owners
                      or operators of surface disposal  sites will place a daily cover on the
                      biosolids unit to meet pathogen and vector attraction reduction requirements.

           Frequency of Monitoring Requirements for Surface Disposal Sites
                      The  monitoring of several different parameters is required at surface
                      disposal sites, as shown in Table 3-5. Monitoring is required for surface
                      disposal sites without liners to determine levels of arsenic, chromium, and
                      nickel in biosolids. Monitoring is  required in both lined and unlined sites to
                      show that the chosen pathogen and vector attraction reduction requirement
                      is being met and to measure the amount of methane gas in air at a covered
                      surface disposal site. How frequently biosolids must be monitored is
                      determined according to the amount of biosolids placed on an active
                      biosolids unit, as shown  in Table 3-6. The permitting authority may require
                      more frequent monitoring; for example, if the pollutant and pathogen levels
                      in the biosolids are highly variable.

                      After biosolids have been monitored for 2 years at the frequency specified in
                      Table 3-6, the permitting authority may reduce the frequency of monitoring
                      for arsenic, chromium, nickel, and, under limited circumstances, pathogens
                      in biosolids placed on an active biosolids unit. The frequency may be
                      reduced, for example, if the pollutant levels in biosolids do not vary greatly
                      or if  pathogens are never detected when using Class A Alternative 3 to
                      meet pathogen reduction requirements. (See Chapter Five for details about
                      pathogen reduction alternatives.) At the least, monitoring must be
                      performed once a year.

                      Methane gas in air must be monitored continuously, both at the property line
                      of the surface disposal site and within each structure at the site, if an active
                      biosolids unit is covered. Methane gas monitors can be installed
                      permanently to continuously test the air and provide readings of methane
72 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                                                TABLE 3-5
                              Monitoring Required at Surface Disposal Sites
Arsenic
Chromium
Nickel
Pathogens
Vector attraction reduction
Methane gas
Methane gas
Biosolids
Biosolids
Biosolids
Biosolids for several options
Biosolids for several options
Air in each structure on site
Air at surface disposal site property line
                     levels as a percent of the LEL Monitoring must be continued as long as any
                     covered biosolids unit on the site is active and then for 3 years after the last
                     biosolids unit has been closed, if covered at closure.

          Recordkeeping Requirements for Surface Disposal  Sites
                     Certain information must be recorded and kept for 5 years from the time the
                     biosolids are placed on a surface disposal site. A separate set of records
                     must be kept by a person who prepares biosolids for placement on a
                     surface disposal site and by the owner/operator of a surface disposal site.

                                     TABLE 3-6
             Frequency of Monitoring for Surface Disposal of Biosolids
Greater than zero but less than
290
Equal to or greater than 290
but less than 1 ,500
Equal to or greater than 1 ,500
but less than 15,000
Equal to or greater than 1 5,000
Methane gas in air
>0 (o <0.85
0.85 to <4.5
4.5 to <45
£45

>0 to <320
320 to < 1,650
1,650 to 16,500
;>16,500

Once per year
Once per quarter (four times per year)
Once per 60 days (six times per year)
Once per month (twelve times per year)
Continuously with methane monitoring
device if biosolids unit is covered
' Amount of biosolids (other than domestic septage) placed on active biosolids units—dry-weight basis.
                                                            Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 73

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                       These sets of specific recordkeeping requirements for surface disposal sites
                       are described below.

                       Records That Must Be Kept by the Preparer of Biosolids for
                       Placement on a Surface Disposal Site
                       The preparer of biosolids to be placed on an active biosolids unit must
                       develop and keep the following information for 5 years:

                            the concentrations of arsenic, chromium, and nickel in biosolids for
                            active biosolids disposal units without a liner and leachate collection
                            system with boundaries that are  150 meters or more from the surface
                            disposal site's property line;
                            a certification statement, as worded in Figure 3-2; and
                            a description of how certain pathogen and vector attraction reduction
                            requirements are met.
                       Records That Must Be Kept by the Owner/Operator of a Surface
                       Disposal Site
                       An owner/operator of a surface disposal site on which biosolids  are placed
                       must develop and keep the following information for 5 years:

                            the concentrations of arsenic, chromium, and nickel in biosolids for
                            active biosolids units with boundaries less than 150 meters from the
                            property line or for active biosolids units with site-specific  limits;
                            a certification statement, as worded in Figure 3-3;
                            a description of how the management practices for surface disposal

                                                   FIGURE 3-2
                            Certification Statement Required for Recordkeeping:
                            Preparer of Biosolids Placed on Surface Disposal Site
                         "I certify, under penalty of law, that the pathogen requirements in [insert
                         §503.32(a), §503.32(b)(2), §503.32(b)(3), or $503 32(h)(4) when one of these
                         requirements is met] and the vector attraction reduction requirements in [insert
                         one of the vector attraction reduction requirements in §503.32(b)( 1) through
                         §503.32(b)(8) when one of these requirements is met] have/have not been met.
                         This determination has been made under my direction and supervision in
                         accordance with the system designed to ensure that qualified personnel properly
                         gather and evaluate the information used to determine that the [pathogen
                         requirements and vector attraction reduction requirements if appropriate] have
                         been met. I am aware that there are significant penalties for false certification,
                         including the possibility of fine and imprisonment."
                         Signature                                           Date
74 -  SEW Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                                                 FIGURE 3-3
                           Certification Statement Required for Recordkeeping:
                                  Owner/Operator of Surface Disposal Site
                        "I certify, under penalty oflaw, that the management practices in §503.24 and
                        the vector attraction reduction requirement in [insert one of the requirements in
                        §503.33(b)(9) through §503.33(b)(l 1), if one of those requirements is met]
                        have/have not been met. This determination has been made under my direction
                        and supervision in accordance with the system designed to ensure that qualified
                        personnel properly gather and evaluate the information used to determine that
                        the management practices [and the vector attraction reduction requirements, if
                        appropriate] have been met. I am aware that there are significant penallies for
                        false certification, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment."
                        Signature                                         Date
                            sites are being met; and
                            a description of how certain vector attraction reduction requirements
                            are being met.

           Reporting Requirements for Surface Disposal Sites
                      The Part 503 regulation includes reporting requirements only for those
                      Class 1 and 1 mgd or greater facilities described in the first chapter. These
                      facilities must present the information developed for recordkeeping
                      purposes to the permitting authority by February 19th of each year.


Regulatory Requirements for Surface Disposal of Domestic
Septage

                      The regulatory requirements for the surface disposal of septage are not as
                      extensive as those for biosolids. The requirements for surface disposal of
                      domestic septage include meeting the same management practices that are
                      required for the surface disposal of biosolids and one of the vector attraction
                      reduction alternatives 9 to 12 (listed in Table 5-8 and discussed in Chapter
                      Five). Note that vector attraction reduction 12 would require a determination
                      that the pH of the septage had been raised to 12 for a period of 30 minutes.
                      The person who places the domestic septage on the surface disposal site
                      must certify that vector attraction reduction has been achieved (see Figure
                      3-4) and develop a description of how it was achieved. The certification and
                      description must be kept on file for 5 years.

                      There are no pathogen requirements for the surface disposal of domestic
                      septage.
                                                              Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 75

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                                                      FIGURE 3-4
                               Certifications Required When Domestic Septage Is
                                          Placed on a Surface Disposal Site
                         An individual placing domestic septage on a surface disposal site must retain the
                         following certification statement for 5 years:
                              "I certify, under penalty of law, that the vector attraction reduction
                              requirements in §503.33(b)(12) have/have not been met. This determination
                              has been made under my direction and supervision in accordance with the
                              system designed to ensure that qualified personnel properly gather and
                              evaluate the information used to determine that the vector attraction
                              requirements have been met. I am aware that there are significant penalties
                              for false certification, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment."
                         The owner or operator of the surface disposal site must retain the following
                         certification statement for 5  years:
                              "I certify, under penalty of law, that the management practices in §503.24
                              and the vector attraction reduction requirements in [insert §503.33(b)(9)
                              through §503.33(b)(l 1) when one of those requirements is met] have/have
                              not been met. This determination has been made under my direction and
                              supervision in accordance with the system designed to ensure that qualified
                              personnel properly gather and evaluate the information used to determine
                              that the management practices [and the  vector attraction  requirements, if
                              appropriate] have been met. I am aware that there are significant penalties
                              for false certification, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment."
                              Signature
Date
76 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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Common  Questions and Answers

                    /^: What distinguishes long-term storage from surface disposal; for
                    \£ example, for a lagoon in which biosolids are kept for 20 years
                    before eventual use or disposal?
                    A
: If the facility's owner/operator has a plan for final use or disposal, the
area may be considered long-term storage rather than disposal.
                        : If biosolids are stored in a lagoon for 20 years and the generator
                        has no intention or ever removing the biosolids from the lagoon,
                    is the lagoon a surface disposal site? If so, what requirement would
                    apply?

                        A: The facility would be considered a surface disposal site since there is
                        no intent to ever move the biosolids. The lagoon is subject to the
                    surface disposal requirements under Part 503.

                    /~\ : How should biosolids from a "closed" surface disposal site be
                    \^ regulated if they are removed from the site and subsequently
                    disposed?

                        A: Biosolids at a surface disposal site that has been previously "closed"
                        but which is subsequently disturbed or the biosolids relocated are
                    regulated under the section of Part 503 that regulates the subsequent
                    disposal method.

                        ; Do the general requirement and management practice
                        exemptions for EQ biosolids extend only to land application? If
                       1 biosolids are surface disposed, must they meet all surface
                    disposal management practices?

                        A: The EQ biosolids concept and its exemptions apply only to land
                        application. Biosolids that may meet the requirements for EQ biosolids
                    must still comply with all the requirements under Part 503 if they are sent for
                    disposal at a surface disposal site, municipal solid waste landfill, or biosolids
                    incinerator.
                        : If a liner and a leachate collection system is in place at a site,
                        does its presence constitute compliance with the ground-water
                    protection requirements?

                        A: If a ground-water scientist certifies that the liner and the leachate
                        collection system will adequately protect ground water, then the
                    ground-water protection requirements are satisfied.
                                                         Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 77

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                           : 11 a s/te owner claims to have an in situ liner in place, could the
                           permitting authority ask for proof of the impermeability of the
                      native so//s?

                        A  : The permitting authority could require verification that the liner's
                           hydraulic conductivity is less than 1 x 10~7 centimeters/second.
                      Q
                      A
                      Q
                      A
                      Q
                      A
    : Can biosolids be land applied to a surface disposal site after it
    has been closed?

    : Yes. You can apply CPLR, EQ, or PC biosolids to the site according to
    the land application provisions of the rule.

    ; Can a surface disposal site be located less than 60 meters from
    a fault?

    : Yes. A surface disposal site may be located less than 60 meters from
    a fault if the permitting authority allows it.
    : Can the permitting authority waive the unstable area prohibition?


    : No.
                       /~\: Is the nitrogen measurement for aquifer contamination taken
                       ^jf directly below the surface disposal site?
                      A

                      Q
    :Yes.
    : With regard to public access restrictions, are hunters allowed to
    go into a restricted area?

    A: The site owner must make a good faith effort (such as posting "no
    trespassing" signs) to restrict all public access (including hunters), but
does not have to physically prohibit all access. The rule does not define
restricting access, but EPA never intended that, for instance, the entire site
would be ringed In barbed wire.
                      Q
    : Can a liner consist of native soils?
                        A : Yes. A liner can consist of native soils provided the soils meet the
                      -t* permeability requirements of Part 503.
                      Q
    : What advice is there for facilities with stockpiles of biosolids that
    do not meet the ceiling concentration limits?
                          A: Biosolids must meet the ceiling concentration limits for pollutants in
                          order to be land applied. The owner/operator of such a facility could
78 - *B* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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take the biosolids to a municipal solid waste landfill, surface disposal site, or
a biosolids incinerator, if the biosolids can meet the applicable requirements
for that practice. If land application is the preferred practice, the facility could
mix its biosolids (containing pollutants above ceiling concentration limits)
with other lower-pollutant-level biosolids to meet the ceiling concentration
limit requirement.

    a: What if an applier wishes to land apply biosolids to a
    reclamation site, but the biosolids do not meet the ceiling
concentration limit for zinc?

    A: The permitting authority may recommend that the biosolids be placed
    on the reclamation site according to the surface disposal requirements.
The permitting authority also might allow crops to be grown under specified
conditions for dedicated beneficial use.
                                    SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 79

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Chapter 4
Incineration of Biosolids

What Is Biosolids Incineration?
                          Biosolids incineration is the firing of biosolids at high temperatures in
                          an enclosed device. Anyone who fires biosolids in an incinerator,
                          except as described below, must meet the requirements in Subpart
                    E of the Part 503 rule.

                    Incineration systems generally consist of an incinerator (furnace) and one or
                    more air pollution control devices (APCDs). The most commonly used
                    incinerators are multiple-hearth, fluidized-bed, and electric infrared furnaces.
                    Most APCDs are used to either remove small particles and their adhering
                    metals in the exhaust gas or to further decompose organics. Examples of
                    metal-removing APCDs are wet scrubbers, dry and wet electrostatic
                    precipitators, and fabric filters. Afterburners, another type of APCD, are used to
                    bum organics in exhaust gases more completely.

                    Auxiliary fuel is often used to enhance the burning of biosolids. Any
                    additives to biosolids that are fired in a biosolids incinerator, such as natural
                    gas, fuel oil, grit, screenings, scum, wood chips, coal, dewatering chemicals,
                    and municipal solid waste, is considered auxiliary fuel. If municipal solid
                    waste accounts for more than 30 percent (by dry weight) of the mixture of
                    biosolids and auxiliary fuel, however, the municipal solid waste is not
                    considered auxiliary fuel under Part 503. (Instead, the process would be
                    covered by 40 CFR Parts 60 and 61.)

                    Nonhazardous incinerator ash generated during the firing of biosolids is not
                    covered by the Part 503 rule when it is used or disposed. Instead, it must be
                    disposed according to the solid waste disposal regulations in 40 CFR Part 258;
                                                        Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 81

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                                                                                                         "•'•>' i ' ''.'.V., <",,' s- '••;?""."',


                                                                                                            /,"'-?"'  \>'?K-''*"'. " ' "=""
                                Biosolids being humed in a hitisnliits incinerator in Columbus. Ohio.











                               ','-'*'•'  <* ,'" -';V •'""." V''r"-VJ| ''"- •  v" ' l"~"'"* "   A-',"',*' ""'5'"   /,,,,i .,.-1  '  t' ''l'': '*"':<''.   :5*~:""f"  '
                                '  ",Jt .*"' - ,l-,  '.V.V. " "-.,'.,' ! i  -  ,   ,..' ---v ,"  ',;,'','.»" '*. >-",," •   -:•": .„' :V, ,',  ;-"-' ,"" "'""" .i*1- '    --„.',«"' •
                               ,;,  ^'' '"'\'',  ^  -  Vi  , . VM\h*'' \v *'  '> h«v'i, ll ^'"',,1^',  ,!,",,  i^V-t '!'">.( '," >'"! V!t;'-"lj   ^   V"'1^'^'''" ""i''(»"," "?w "  ™
                                Biosolidx muss is greatly reduced when incinerated, and the residues can be beneficially

                                used (Columbus, Ohio),
82 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                                                             L!%?%^?*^
                      however, if the ash is applied to the land or placed on other than a
                      municipal solid waste landfill, the regulations in 40 CFR Part 257 must be
                      followed.

                      Hazardous wastes are not considered auxiliary fuels under Part 503. Thus,
                      an incinerator that burns hazardous wastes with biosolids is considered a
                      hazardous waste incinerator, not a biosolids  incinerator, and is covered by
                      40 CFR Parts 261 through 268.

                      Subpart E of the Part 503 rule covers requirements for biosolids
                      incineration, including pollutant limits for seven metals, and limits for total
                      hydrocarbons, general requirements and management practices, frequency
                      of monitoring requirements, and recordkeeping and reporting requirements.
                      These biosolids incineration requirements are discussed in this chapter.


Pollutant Limits for Biosolids Fired in a Biosolids Incinerator

                      A pollutant limit is the amount of pollutant allowed per unit amount of
                      biosolids before incineration. Subpart E of the Part 503 rule regulates seven
                      metals—arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and nickel.
                      The limits protect human health from the reasonably anticipated harmful
                      effects of these pollutants when biosolids are incinerated. The approaches
                      for determining the limit for each pollutant and for total hydrocarbons are
                      summarized in Table 4-1 and discussed below.

           Beryllium and Mercury Pollutant Limits
                      Levels of beryllium and mercury emitted from a biosolids incinerator must
                      meet the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
                      (NESHAPs, 40 CFR Part 61).

                      The NESHAP for beryllium requires that the total quantity of beryllium
                      emitted from each incinerator not exceed 10 grams during any 24-hour
                      period. The NESHAP for beryllium does not apply if written approval has
                      been obtained from the Regional Administrator (1) when the ambient
                      concentration of beryllium in the proximity of the biosolids incinerator does
                      not exceed 0.01ng/m3 when averaged over a 30-day period, or (2) if the
                      biosolids incinerator operator can prove (with historical data) that the
                      biosolids fired in the incinerator do not  contain beryllium.

                      The NESHAP for mercury requires that the total quantity of mercury emitted
                      into the atmosphere from all incinerators at a given site does not exceed
                      3,200 grams during any 24-hour period.

                      The NESHAP regulations should be consulted for specific requirements
                      except for monitoring frequency, which is shown in Table 4-6.
                                                             Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 83

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                                              TABLE 4-1
                  Summary of Pollutant Limits for Biosolids Incineration


Pollutant



How To
Figure Out
Pollutant
Limits


Determine
Dispersion
Factor
(DF)


Determine
Control
Efficiency
(CE)
Use i :
National
Ambient
Air Quality
Standard
(NAAQS)
Use Risk
Specific
Concen-
tration
(RSC)

Use Use
Correction Correction
Factor for Factor for
Oxygen Moisture
Pollutant Limits
Use Yes
equation for
Vi"; :?:•;•/..•-

;--".»< - - 	 -•• 	
\ :,%."..^
f " S' «- . , ,
,!'(*"'-^V»-.V, ""•' 'f <•
h'.->.s'ft • •
arsenic
Use
NESHAPs"
Use
equation for
cadmium
Use
equation for
chromium
Use
equation for
lead
Use
NESHAPs3
Use
equation for
nickel


No
Yes

Yes

Yes

No
Yes

Yes No


No
Yes

Yes

Yes

No
Yes



No
No

No

Yes

No
No

Yes
No


No
Yes


No


No . No
No

Yes No

No

No

No

No

No No

No
Yes No



No
No

Operational Standard
Limit is
1 00 ppmv
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Note: Each of the requirements mentioned (e.g., dispersion factor, NAAQS) is explained in the text.
a National Emissions Standards for Ha/ardous Air Pollutant requirements are summari/ed in the text.
h THC or CO determinations are technology-based standards that in the judgment of EPA protect public health and the environment
 from the reasonably anticipated adverse effects of organic pollutants in the exit gas of biosolids incinerator.
84 - offi* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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Control Efficiency, Dispersion Factor, Feed Rate, and Pollutant Limit
Calculations for Lead
            A person firing biosolids (e.g., the manager of an incineration operation)
            must determine the pollutant limit for lead in biosolids by using the equation
            in Figure 4-1. The equation requires determination of certain characteristics
            of the incineration operation such as control efficiency, the dispersion factor,
            and the feed rate (see Figure 4-2). The permitting authority can provide
                                        FIGURE 4-1
                 Equation for Calculating the Pollutant Limit for Lead
The equation for determining the pollutant limit for lead is:

                                          (Eq. 4 of Section 503.43)
               C' lead

               Where:
               C


               0.1

               NAAQS  =


               DF

               CE
0.1  x NAAQS  x 86,400
 DF x (1 -CE) x SF
 The pollutant limit (allowable daily concentration of lead in
 biosolids, in milligrams per kilogram [mg/kg] of total solids,
 dry-weight basis)
 The allowable ground level concentration of lead from
 biosolids is 10 percent of the NAAQS for lead.
 National Ambient Air Quality Standard for lead (in
 micrograms per cubic meter — jag/m ) (currently this
 standard is 1 .5
 Dispersion factor (in micrograms per cubic meter per gram
 per second [|ig/m /g/sec]; based on an air dispersion model)
 Biosolids incinerator control efficiency for lead
 (in hundredths; based on a performance test)
 Biosolids feed rate (in dry metric tons per day — dmt/day)
 Time conversion factor (number of seconds per day)
SF
86,400
Example:
If:
the dispersion factor is 3.4 (pig/m /g/sec)
the control efficiency is 0.916
the biosolids feed rate is 12.86 dmt/day
the NAAQS for lead is 1.5 |Jg/m3
Then:
C lead    =
                                          0.1  x l.5\ig/m*x 86,400
               C lead
  3.4 (\ig/m3/g/sec) x  (1 - 0.916) x 12.86 dmt/day
  3,529 mg/kg
                                                 3-ERA Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 85

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                                      FIGURE 4-2
                     Several Factors Affect the Pollutant Limits
                         for Biosolids Fired in an Incinerator
         Feed Rate

         The rate at
       which biosolids
       are fed to the
         incinerator
       influence the
    emission of pollutants
       Control
      Efficiency

   The incineration
   process and the
  air pollution control
devices, if any, remove
   some pollutants
    in the biosolids
   Dispersion
    Factor

The surrounding
 structures and
terrain influence
 how pollutants
 are dispersed
   in  the air
               Individuals at ground level in the surrounding area are exposed to some
                       fraction of the pollutants originally present in biosolids
86 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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1'••**. t;*
                   guidance for developing information about an incinerator's control efficiency
                   and dispersion factor, which are described briefly below:

                         Control efficiency measures the degree to which a biosolids
                         incinerator furnace in conjunction with an air pollution control system,
                         if used, remove a particular pollutant. For example, if a quantity of
                         biosolids fed to an incinerator contains 100 grams of lead, and 1 gram
                         of lead is released from the stack, the incinerator has a 99 percent
                         control efficiency for lead.
                         A dispersion factor \s the ratio of the increase in the concentration of
                         a pollutant in the air at or beyond the property line of an incinerator
                         site relative to the rate pollutants are emitted from the stack. The
                         dispersion factor is determined through an "air dispersion model," in
                         which particular site conditions are considered, such as type of terrain
                         or adjacent buildings, whether an area is urban or rural, the
                         temperature and velocity of the gas in the incinerator stack, and the
                         emission rate for the pollutant.
                   Control efficiency is determined through a performance test of the
                   incinerator, as specified by the permitting authority. Generally, the permitting
                   authority will require that the performance test  be conducted under
                   conditions that represent normal operating circumstances. The incinerator
                   will be allowed to operate with more flexibility, however, if the performance
                   test covers a broader range of operational parameters. The control
                   efficiency determination is based on the concentrations of regulated metals
                   in the biosolids, the concentrations  of regulated metals in the incinerator air
                   emissions, and documentation on the incinerator, as well as APCD
                   operating conditions (e.g., biosolids feed rate, exhaust flow rate, combustion
                   temperature,  and biosolids characteristics), during the test.

                   The permitting authority should be consulted on which air dispersion model
                   to use. Air dispersion models range from simple screening tools to complex
                   computer models. Screening techniques, though inexpensive, tend to be
                   more conservative in their predictions, resulting in higher estimates of
                   pollutants emitted. Complex models require qualified air quality modelers to
                   perform analyses, but result in more accurate estimations. Guidance about
                   the appropriate model(s) to use is provided in Guideline on Air Quality
                   Models (Revised)(Appendix Wof 40 CFR Part 51), U.S. EPA,
                   EPA-450/2-78-027R, August 1993.

                   Stack height is an important consideration in determining a dispersion
                   factor. For incinerators with stack heights of 65 meters or less, the stack
                   height should be factored into the air dispersion model. For incinerators with
                   stack heights above 65 meters, the stack height measurement used in the
                   air dispersion model is based  on "good engineering practices," as presented
                   in another regulation (40 CFR 51.100). Good engineering practices utilize
                   an equation that considers the size of the surrounding buildings to
                                                             Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 87

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                      determine the correct value to use in the model. In general, the higher the
                      stack, the more dispersion occurs.

                      The incinerator operator usually determines the biosolids feed rate based
                      on the design capacity of the incinerator and the rate at which biosolids are
                      generated and must be disposed. The biosolids feed rate is needed to
                      calculate biosolids pollutant limits in the equations shown in Figures 4-1 and
                      4-5. Feed rate itself can be determined based on  either (see Figure 4-3):

                            the average daily design capacity for all biosolids incinerators within a
                            site,
                                                        or

                            the average daily amount of biosolids fired in all incinerators within
                            the property line of a site for the number of days that the incinerator
                            operates during a 365-day period.
                      Biosolids incinerator operators will have more flexibility if they use the
                      design capacity to calculate the feed rate. This calculation results in stricter
                      pollutant limits than a calculation based on the average amount of biosolids
                      fired daily; however, basing the feed rate on design capacity allows
                      incinerator operators to increase their feed rate from  a more typical
                      less-than-design-capacity operation to maximum-design-capacity operation
                      without exceeding the permitted pollutant limits. If, on the other hand, the
                      feed rate in the permit was calculated on the average daily amount of
                      biosolids fired and the operator wished to increase the feed rate, permission
                      generally would have to be obtained from the permitting authority.

                      Many incinerator facility operators are finding that they are not limited by
                      biosolids pollutant concentrations under the Part 503 rule. Figure 4-4
                      provides incinerator test data that are typical for most biosolids incineration
                      facilities. The figure shows allowable metal concentration rates that are
                      significantly higher than actual limits.  Thus, incinerator operators should not
                      expect to encounter difficulty meeting the more strict pollutant limits that
                      were calculated based on incinerator design capacity.

                      Often the Part 503 rule requirements can be met for  most metals even if
                      control efficiency is low, given the dispersion factors  typically found in
                      the field.

                      Information about  lead is also required to use the equation in Figure 4-1.
                      Emission standards have been set nationally for several substances. These
                      limits,  known as National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS, 40 CFR
                      50.12), protect human health and the environment from the possible harmful
                      effects of pollutants in air. The manager of a biosolids incinerator must use
                      the NAAQS for lead in the lead equation. The current NAAQS for lead is 1.5
                      micrograms  per cubic meter (^ig/m3); if the NAAQS for lead changes  in the
                      future, the number used in the equation also must change.
88 - *B* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                            FIGURE 4-3
Examples of Two Methods for Calculating the Biosolids Feed
       Rate for Use in the Pyollutant Limit Calculations
   A site has three incinerators. Their design capacities are as follows:
     Unit 1: 100 dry metric tons per day (dmt/day)
     Unit 2: 100 dmt/day
     Unit 3: 200 dmt/day
   Part 503 allows the operator to choose one of two methods to calculate the
   biosolids feed rate, which is used in the pollutant limit calculations:
   Method 1—Design Capacity for All Incinerators
       Calculate the total design capacity for all incinerators at the site:
       Total capacity = 100 dmt/day + 100 dmt/day + 200 dint/day = 400
       dmt/day
   Method 2—Average Daily Feed Rate for All Incinerators
   Case 1.
       For the first 20 days of the year, unit 1 operated at 50 dmt/day; for the
       first 100 days of the year, unit 2 operated at 50 dmt/day and unit 3
       operated al 100 dmt/day.
       Calculate the total amount of biosolids fired in a 365-day period:
       Unit 1: 50 dmt/day x  20 days = 1,000 dmt (shut down 345 days)
       Unit 2: 50 dmt/day x 100 days  =  5,000 dmt (shut down 265 days)
       Unit 3: 100 dint/day x 100 days = 10,000 dmt (shut down 265 days)
       Total = 1,000 dmt + 5,000 dmt + 10,000 dmt = 16,000  dmt
       Calculate the average daily amount of biosolids fired during the  total
       number of days the incinerators operated during a 365-day period:
       .         16,000 dmt  .,.,    ..   ,     ,  ,.
       Average = -,„„ ,	= 160 dnu'dav(rounded).
                  100 days
   Case 2.
       If the incinerators in the above example  did not operate at the same
       time, but instead operated sequentially, the average would be based on
       the total number of days any incinerator al the site was  operated,
       which is 220 days. In that case,  the average daily feed rate would be:
        16,000 dmt
        220 days
= 73 dmt/day (rounded).
       For greater flexibility, the operator may want to consider using
       Method 1 to calculate pollutant limits to have greater latitude in the
       amount of biosolids fed to the incinerator.
                                     ABFA Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 89

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                                                  FIGURE 4-4
                           Allowable vs. Actual Byiosolids Metal Concentrations*
                                       i     ;   ,,,  ,   -•  -, .,,,'. L. „.„.,-..,,-.'  ' » .!  '  .  -•.-  '

                                      Ananlc Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium   Lead    Mercury  Nickel
                         Source: Meeting the Challenge of Federal 503 Regulations for Sludge Incinerators, G.P. Van Durme,
                         P.M. Martin, and J.M. Rowan, 1993, Kansas Cily, MO.
                       * Data are for one of several sites investigated.

           Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, and Nickel Pollutant Limits
                       As with lead, the pollutant limits for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel
                       in biosolids fired in a biosolids incinerator are calculated using the equation
                       presented in Figure 4-5. Also, the control efficiencies, dispersion factor, and
                       biosolids feed rates must be determined to calculate the limits for these four
                       pollutants. (For an explanation of control efficiency, dispersion factor, and
                       feed rate, see the preceding discussion on the pollutant limit for lead.)

                       Instead of using a NAAQS, however, as is done for lead, risk specific
                       concentrations (RSCs) are used to calculate limits for arsenic, cadmium,
                       chromium, and nickel. RSCs, which are based on human health  concerns,
                       represent the allowable increase in the average daily ground-level ambient
                       air concentrations of pollutants at or beyond the property line of the site
                       where the biosolids incinerator is located. RSCs for arsenic, cadmium, and
                       nickel are listed in Table 4-2.

                       In contrast, the RSC for chromium is based on either (1) the type of
                       incinerator used, or (2) analytical sampling and an equation (see Table 4-3).
                       The analysis involves sampling stack gas to determine the ratio of
                       hexavalent chromium to total chromium analytes. In lieu of testing,
90 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                          FIGURE 4-5
Equation for Calculating the Pollutant Limits for Arsenic,
              Cadmium, Chromium, and Nickel
 The equation for determining the pollutant limits for arsenic, cadmium,
 chromium, and nickel is:
        C = RSC x
                        86,400
                  DFx(] -CE)xSF
                              (Eq. 5 of Section 503.43)
 Where:

  C


  RSC
  86,400
  DF

  CE

  SF
 The pollutant limit (allowable daily concentration of arsenic,
 cadmium, chromium, or nickel in milligrams per kilogram
 [mg/kg] of total solids, dry-weight basis)
 Risk specific concentration (the allowable increase in the
 average daily ground-level ambient air concentration for a
 pollutant at or beyond the property line of the site in
 micrograms per cubic meter [jig/m3] [from Table 4-2 or
 Table 4-3])
 Conversion factor (seconds per day)
 Dispersion factor (in micrograms per cubic meter per gram
 per second Ijug/rrrVg/sec]; based  on an air dispersion model)
 Control efficiency for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, or nickel
 (in hundredths; based on a performance test)
 Biosolids feed rate (in dry metric tons per day [dmt/day])
 Example for Arsenic:
 If:
   the RSC is 0.023 |ig/m?
   the dispersion factor is 3.4 |jg/m-Vg/sec
   the control efficiency  is 0.975
   the biosolicls feed rate is 12.86 dmt/day
 Then:
                         0.023 x/m x 86,400
   arsenic  —
3.4
                             x (1-0.975) x  \2Mdmtiday
 C arsenic  = 1,818
 If the dispersion factor were 0.6 instead of 3.4 (jg/mVg/sec, then the
 allowable concentration for arsenic would be 3.4/0.6, or 5.667 times greater
 at 10,300 mg/kg.
                                         Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 91

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                                                TABLE 4-2
                                Risk Specific Concentrations for Arsenic,
                                           Cadmium, and Nickel
                                   Arsenic
                                  Cadmium
0.023
0.057
                                   Nickel              i             2.0
                      Source: Table 1 of Section 503.43.
                     incinerator operators can use the values given in Table 4-3, which are
                     based on incinerator type.
           Limit Exceedance
                      If measurements in biosolids for beryllium and mercury (where required)
                      and lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, or nickel are higher than the
                      pollutant limits derived as discussed above, the biosolids incinerator will be
                      "in violation" until adjustments are made that allow the limits to be met. Such
                      adjustments include, but are not limited to, improvements in biosolids quality
                      through pretreatment efforts, reduction in the biosolids feed rate, or
                      improved furnace operations and/or the addition of APCDs to improve the
                      control efficiency. Better control efficiency will allow higher pollutant limits. If
                      significant furnace or APCD improvements are made, however, the
                      performance test must be repeated. Then the approved operating
                      conditions under which emissions were in compliance during the
                      performance test must be maintained whenever the incinerator is operating.
Total Hydrocarbons
                      Organic compounds that are emitted as a result of incomplete combustion
                      or the generation of combustion byproducts (e.g., benzene, phenol, vinyl
                      chloride) can be present in biosolids incinerator emissions. Because these
                      compounds can be harmful to the public health, the Part 503  rule regulates
                      the emission of organic pollutants from biosolids incinerators through an
                      operational standard that limits the amount of total hydrocarbons (THC)—or
                      carbon monoxide (CO)—allowed in stack gas. The Part 503 rule as
                      amended is structured to use THC or CO to represent all organic
                      compounds, as discussed below.
92 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                                      TABLE 4-3
                      Risk Specific Concentration To Use When
                    Calculating the Pollutant Limit for Chromium
             For the equation in Figure 4-5, use RSC from either option 1 (based on type of
             incinerator) or option 2 (derived from the equation below), as specified by the
             permitting authority.
             Option 1: RSC From Table 2 of Section 503.43
              Type of Incinerator
              Fluidized bed with wet scrubber

              Fluidized bed with wet scrubber
              and wet electrostatic precipitator

              Other types with wet scrubber

              Other types with wet scrubber and
              wet electrostatic precipitator
RSC
(micrograms per cubic meter)

0.65

0.23
0.064
0.016
             or
             Option 2 Equation: RSC Using Equation 6 of Section 503.43

                 RSC = 0.0085

               Where:
               r = The decimal fraction of the hexavalent chromium concentration in
                  the total chromium concentration measured in the exit gas from the
                  biosolids incinerator stack in hundredths. This is an analytical
                  measurement based on an average of representative samples.
Delay and Stay of Requirements for Total Hydrocarbon Measurement
           According to a recent amendment of the Part 503 rule, for incinerators not
           exceeding 100 ppmv (parts per million, volume basis) of CO in the exhaust
           gas, EPA will allow continuous CO monitoring as a surrogate for THC
           monitoring. Moreover, EPA has determined that operators of biosolids
           incinerators will not have to monitor for THC or CO until either a permit has
           been issued  or other Federal action has been taken, such as Federal
           Register notification,  even if issuance does not occur until after February 19,
           1995.

Total Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide Measurement
           The THC concentration (or CO) is used to represent all organic compounds
           in the exit gas covered by the  Part 503 rule. EPA does not require that
                                                   Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 93

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                                                                               of

                      biosolids themselves be monitored for THC (or CO), as is required for
                      metals (see discussions above on pollutant limits for beryllium and mercury,
                      lead, and arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel). Instead, the stack gas
                      must be monitored for THC (or CO) because organic pollutants could be
                      present due to incomplete combustion of organic compounds or the
                      generation of byproducts of combustion.

                      The Part 503 rule allows a monthly average concentration of up to 100
                      pprriv of THC (or CO) in the stack gas. Thus, an  incineration facility operator
                      firing biosolids must continuously monitor THC (or CO) levels in the stack
                      gas to ensure that the monthly average concentration of THC (or CO) is at
                      or below the limit. The monthly average THC (or CO) concentration is the
                      arithmetic mean of the hourly averages; the hourly averages must be
                      calculated based on at least two readings taken  each hour that the
                      incinerator operates in a day (i.e., in a 24-hour period).
                      Residue from biosolids incineration ix used as water-absorbent
                      surface material on ballfields in Columbus, Ohio.
94 - AB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                     THC (or CO) must be measured using a flame ionization detector with a
                     sampling line heated to 150°C or higher. The THC (or CO) concentration
                     measurement taken from the stack must be corrected for moisture content
                     and oxygen (as described below) before being compared to the 100 ppmv
                     limit.

                     The Agency will be issuing separate guidance on the procedures for the
                     analysis, installation, calibration, and maintenance of THC  (or CO)
                     continuous emissions monitoring (CEM) systems.

           Correction for 0 Percent Moisture
                     The THC (or CO) concentration in the stack gas must be corrected for 0
                     percent moisture, using the first equation in Figure 4-6. This correction is
                     required so that all THC  (or CO) emissions can be evaluated on a
                     standardized basis. Once the correction factor for moisture is known, the
                     original THC (or CO) concentration must be multiplied by this correction
                     factor.

           Correction to 7 Percent Oxygen
                     The THC (or CO) concentration in the stack exit gas also must be corrected
                     to 7 percent oxygen, using the second equation in Figure 4-6. This
                     correction is required so that all THC (or CO) emissions can be evaluated
                     on a standardized basis. Seven percent oxygen was chosen as the
                     standard correction because this amount of oxygen, which is representative
                     of 50  percent excess air, is frequently used for operational  and
                     measurement purposes. Once the correction factor for oxygen is known, the
                     THC (or CO) concentration (which has already been corrected for moisture)
                     must be multiplied by this value.

                     After being corrected to 7 percent oxygen and for 0 percent moisture, the
                     THC (or CO) concentration may not be above 100 ppmv on a monthly
                     average basis. If the monthly average THC (or CO) concentration in the
                     stack gas measures above 100 ppmv, the biosolids incinerator is in violation
                     until adjustments are made to meet the limits. These adjustments can
                     include more careful control of furnace operations (and improvements of
                     other procedures, if necessary) to reduce the amount of THC (or CO)
                     released from the stack.
Management Practices for Biosolids Incineration
                     The management practices for biosolids incineration in the Part 503 rule
                     cover:

                           instrument operation and maintenance;
                           temperature requirements;
                                                            Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 95

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                                                   FIGURE 4-6
                        Equations for Determining Correction Factors for 0 Percent
                       Moisture and to 7 Percent Oxygen for Total Hydrocarbons or
                                             Carbon Monoxide (CO)
                        For the examples below, assume that the original THC (or CO monthly average)
                        is 40 pprtiv .
                        (1) 0 Percent Moisture
                           The equation for correcting the THC (or CO) measurement for 0 percent
                           moisture is:
                           Correction factor =
                                              1
                        Where:
                                           d-X)
(Eq. 7 of Section 503.44)
                           X = The decimal fraction of the percent moisture in the biosolids
                               incinerator exit gas in hundredths

                        Example:
                        If:
                           X = 0.12
                        Then:
                           Correction factor for moisture =
                                                         1
                                                       1-0.12

                           Correction factor for moisture =1.14

                        Multiply the original THC (or CO) measurement (in this case, 40 pprnv) by the
                        correction factor for moisture:
                           40ppmv x 1.14 = 45.6 ppmv


                        THC (or CO) concentration corrected for 0 percent moisture: 45.6 ppmv

                        (2) 7 Percent Oxygen:
                        The equation for correcting the THC (or CO) measurement to 7 percent oxygen is:
                           Correction factor for oxygen = •
                                                        14
          (Eq. 8 of section 503.44)
                                                     (21-Y)
                        Where:
                           14 = The difference between the percent oxygen in air (21 percent)
                               and 7 percent oxygen
                           21 = The percent of oxygen in air
                           Y = The percent oxygen concentration in the biosolids
                              incinerator stack exit gas (dry volume/dry volume)
96 - AEF* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                               FIGURE 4-6 (continued)
            Equations for Determining Correction Factors for 0 Percent
           Moisture and to 7 Percent Oxygen for Total Hydrocarbons or
                               Carbon Monoxide (CO)
             Example:
             If:
               Y = 10 percent
             Then:
               Correction factor for oxygen =
14
                                        (21-10)
    -= 1.27
             Finally, multiply the THC or CO monthly average concentration (already
             corrected for moisture) by the correction factor for oxygen:
               45.6 pprnv x 1.27 = 58ppmv  (rounded)
             Therefore:
               The THC or CO monthly average concentration in this example corrected for
               0 percent moisture and to 7 percent oxygen is 58 ppmv
                operation of air pollution control devices; and
                protection of threatened or endangered species.
           All but the last of these management practices are necessary to ensure that
           the limits set for arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury,
           nickel, and THC (or CO) (see preceding discussions) are met. The required
           management practices are described in Figure 4-7 and discussed further
           below.

Instrument Operation and Maintenance
           Biosolids incinerator operators must use instruments to continuously
           measure and record certain information, including:

                THC (or CO) in the stack exit gas;
                oxygen in the stack exit gas;
                information used to calculate moisture content in the stack exit gas;
                and
                combustion temperature in the furnace.
           Each of the instruments used for these measurements must be installed,
           calibrated, operated, and maintained according to guidance provided by the
           permitting authority. Examples of such instruments include extractive or in
           situ oxygen analyzers, thermocouples to measure the temperature of a
           saturated stream and combustion temperature, and dewpoint detectors
                                             SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 97

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                                                    FIGURE 4-7
                              Management Practices for Incineration of Biosolids
                             Instruments must be used that continuously measure and record THC (or
                             CO) concentrations, oxygen levels, and information needed to calculate
                             moisture content in the stack exit gas, and combustion temperature in the
                             furnace.
                             These instruments must be installed, calibrated, operated, and maintained
                             according to guidance provided by the permitting authority. Calibration
                             procedures are specified in the Agency's new CEM guidance.
                             The instrument used for THC (or CO) measurements must:
                               — use a flame ionization detector;
                               — have a sampling line heated to 150°C or higher at all times; and
                               — be calibrated at least once every 24-hour operating period using
                                  propane.
                             The incinerator can be operated within the range of operating conditions set
                             during the performance  test and allowed in the permit but it must not be
                             operated above the maximum combustion temperature set by the permitting
                             authority based on performance test conditions.
                             Conditions for operating the air pollution control devices must be followed;
                             these conditions are also set by the permitting authority based on
                             performance test conditions.
                             Biosolids may not be incinerated if incineration of biosolids is likely to
                             negatively affect a threatened or endangered species or its critical habitat as
                             listed  in Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act. Critical habitat is any
                             place  where a threatened or endangered species lives and grows during any
                             stage of its life cycle.
                        (known as wet bulb/dry bulb detectors) to obtain information used to
                        determine moisture content.

                        In addition, the instrument used for THC (or CO) measurements must:

                             utilize a flame ionization detector;
                             utilize a sampling line heated to 150°C or higher at all times; and
                             be calibrated using propane at least once every 24-hour operating
                             period.

            Temperature Requirements
                        The maximum combustion temperature allowed in the incinerator furnace is
                        set by the permitting authority based on performance test data. A limit on
                        combustion temperature is necessary to ensure that the incinerator is
                        operating as it did during the performance test. If biosolids are incinerated at
                        higher temperatures than the allowed maximum temperature, the control
                        efficiency could change and the concentration of metals in the stack gas
98 - oER* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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           Biosolids incinerator ash, called flume sand, ix beneficially used
           as a water-absorbent surface for a horse arena in Columbus, Ohio.

           could increase. The incinerator would then be out of compliance until
           operated below the maximum allowed temperature or until shown to be in
           compliance with a new set of pollutant limits calculated using control
           efficiencies relevant to the new set of operating conditions.

Air Pollution Control Devices
           Conditions for operating air pollution control devices are determined by the
           permitting authority from the performance test. These conditions (e.g., gas
           flow rate and gas temperature) ensure that the APCDs are operating as
           efficiently as possible. If they are not operating properly, the control
           efficiency could change, which would affect the ability to meet pollutant
           limits. Therefore, these values must be within the range established during
           the performance test. Examples of operating parameters for APCDs that the
           permitting authority might set are shown in Table 4-4.
                                                     Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 99

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                                          TABLE 4-4
                Operating Parameters for Air Pollution Control Devices
   Based on the results of the performance test, the permitting authority sets permit conditions for certain
   operating parameters of the APCDs. Examples of important operating parameters are listed below:
                                        Air Pollution                   Example
   Operating Parameter                Control Device                 Measuring Instrument
   Pressure drop
   Liquid flow rate(s)
   Gas temperature
   (inlet and/or outlet)
   Liquid/reagent flow
   rate to atomizer

   pH of liquid/reagent
   to atomizer

   Atomized motor power
   (for rotary atomizer)

   Compressed air pressure
   (for dual fluid flow)

   Compressed airflow rate
   Opacity

   Secondary voltage
   (for each transformer/rectifier)

   Secondary currents
   (for each transformer/rectifier)
Venturi scrubber,
impingement scrubber,
mist eliminator,*
fabric filter

Venturi scrubber,
impingement scrubber,
mist eliminator,
wet electrostatic
precipitator (ESP)

Venturi scrubber,
impingement scrubber,
dry scrubber, fabric
filter, wet ESP

Dry scrubber (spray
dryer absorber)

Dry scrubber (spray
dryer absorber)

Dry scrubber (spray
dryer absorber)

Dry scrubber (spray
dryer absorber)

Dry scrubber (spray
dryer absorber)

Fabric filter

Wet ESP
Wet ESP
Differential pressure
gauge/transmitter
Orifice plate with
differential pressure
gauge/transmitter
Thermocouple/transmitter
Magnetic flow meter


pH meter/transmitter


Wattmeter


Pressure gauge


Orifice plate with differential
pressure gauge/transmitter

Transmissometer

Kilovolt meters/transmitter


Milliammeters/transmitter
 Types of mist eliminators include the wet cyclone, vane demister, chevron demister, and mesh pad.
100 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                                                            :j';JI"K4f.«?fSf'%f£^
           Protection of Threatened or Endangered Species
                      The final management practice for biosolids incinerators in the Part 503 rule
                      does not allow biosolids to be incinerated if a threatened or endangered
                      animal or plant species or its "critical habitat" is likely to be adversely
                      affected. Threatened and endangered species are listed in the Endangered
                      Species Act. (The Threatened and Endangered Species List can be
                      obtained from the U.S. Fish  and Wildlife Service's [FWS's] Publications
                      Office by calling 703-358-1711.)

                      Critical habitat is defined as  any place where a threatened or endangered
                      species lives and grows during any stage of its life cycle. Any direct or
                      indirect action (or the result of any direct or indirect action) in a critical
                      habitat that diminishes the likelihood of survival and recovery of a listed
                      species is considered destruction or adverse modification of  a critical
                      habitat. Individuals may contact the  Endangered Species Protection
                      Program in Washington, DC, (703-358-2171) or the FWS Field Offices listed
                      in Appendix C for more information about threatened and endangered
                      species in their area. State departments governing fish and wildlife also
                      should be contacted for specific State requirements.


Frequency of Monitoring Requirements for Biosolids Incineration

                      The person firing biosolids in a biosolids incinerator must monitor at
                      specified intervals for certain metals in the biosolids; for the THC (or CO)
                      concentration, oxygen content, and information needed to determine
                      moisture in the stack exit gas; for combustion temperature in the furnace;
                      and for certain conditions of air pollution control device operation.
                      Representative samples of biosolids and stack gas must be collected and
                      analyzed using the methods listed in the Part 503 rule. These monitoring
                      requirements are summarized in Table 4-5 and are discussed below.

                                       TABLE 4-5
                 Monitoring Requirements for Biosolids Incineration
  Must monitor:
    concentration of metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and nickel) in biosolids
    concentration of beryllium in the stack gas, unless the permitting authority approves a biosolids method
    concentration of THC (or CO) in stack exit gas
    oxygen concentration in stack exit gas
    information needed to determine moisture content in stack exit gas
    combustion temperature in the furnace
    operating conditions of air pollution control devices (conditions are set by the permitting authority based
    on performance test data)
    biosolids feed rate
                                                              Guide to the Part 503 Rule -101

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           Monitoring for Metals
                      Biosolids must be monitored for the concentration of metals for which
                      pollutant limits have been set, including arsenic, beryllium, cadmium,
                      chromium, lead, mercury, and nickel. The permitting authority will determine
                      how often the facility operator must monitor for beryllium and mercury. For
                      the other metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel), the
                      minimum frequency for monitoring is based on the amount of biosolids
                      incinerated (see Table 4-6). The greater the amount of biosolids incinerated,
                      the more frequently metals must be monitored.

           Continuous Monitoring
                      As shown in Table 4-6, certain monitoring must be done continuously.
                      Continuous monitoring is required for THC (or CO) concentrations, oxygen

                                        TABLE 4-6
                   Monitoring Frequency for Biosolids Incinerators
   Pollutant/Parameter
Amount of Biosolids Fired (metric tons
 per 365-day period, dry-weight basis)
Must Monitor at Least
                          Greater than zero but less than 290
                                    Once per year
                         ! Hqual to or greater than 290 but less
                         ! than 1,500
                          Equal to or greater than 1,500 but less
                          than 15,(XX)
                                    Once per quarter (four times per
                                    year)
                                    Once per 60 days
                                    (six times per year)
                          Hqual to or greater than 15,000
                                   i Once per month
                                    (12 times per year)
                          NA
                                    As often as permitting authority
                                    requires
                          NA
                                    Continuously; monthly averages
                                    reported, which is the arithmetic
                                    mean of hourly averages that
                                    include at least 2 readings per hour.
                          NA
                           NA
                                    Continuously
                                    Continuously
                           NA
                           NA
                                    Continuously
                                    As often as permitting authority
                                    requires
102 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                     levels, and information used to calculate moisture content in the stack exit
                     gas. Continuous monitoring also is required for combustion temperature in
                     the furnace. Because monitors operating continuously require a certain
                     amount of downtime for periodic calibrating and maintenance, the person
                     operating the incinerator should consult the EPA's THC (or CO) CEM
                     guidance to determine how much downtime is acceptable.

           Monitoring Conditions in Air Pollution Control Devices
                     Certain operating conditions must be monitored in air pollution control
                     devices, as discussed above. The specific conditions that must be
                     monitored are based on the type of APCDs in place and the operating
                     parameters that are important for maintaining the control efficiency
                     demonstrated in the performance test. The ultimate monitoring frequency
                     for APCDs will be specified in the permit.


Recordkeeping Requirements for Biosolids Incineration

                     The person who incinerates biosolids must develop and keep certain
                     records for a minimum of 5 years. The recordkeeping requirements, which
                     are listed in Table 4-7, include information on the pollutant limits,
                     management practices, and monitoring requirements.

Reporting Requirements for Biosolids Incineration

                     All Class 1  treatment works, treatment works serving a population of 10,000
                     or more, and treatment works with a 1 mgd or greater design flow, as
                     described in the first chapter of this guidance, have to report the type of
                     information contained in Table 4-7 every February 19th to the permitting
                     authority.
                                                     SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule -103

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                                          TABLE 4-7
                Recordkeeping Requirements for Biosolids Incineration
              Records related to pollutant limits for metals:
                 concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel in biosolids
                 fed to the incinerator
                 information showing how the requirements for beryllium and mercury in
                 the NESHAPs are being met, if applicable
                 biosolids feed rate {for each incinerator, dry-weight basis)
                 stack height
                 dispersion factor
                 control efficiency for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel (for
                 each incinerator)
                 RSC for chromium (calculated using the equation in Table 4-3, if
                 applicable)
              Records related to the THC (or CO) limit:
                 THC (or CO) monthly average concentrations in the stack exit gas
                 oxygen concentration in the stack exit gas
                 information used to measure moisture content in the stack exit gas
              Records related to management practices and monitoring requirements:
                 combustion temperatures, including maximum daily combustion
                 temperature, in the furnace
                 measurements for required air pollution control device operating conditions
                 calibration and maintenance log for instruments used to measure:
                   — THC (or CO) levels in stack exit gas
                   — oxygen levels  in stack exit gas
                   — moisture content in stack exit gas
                   — combustion temperatures in furnace
104 -
Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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Common  Questions and Answers
                    /"I; Incinerator manufacturers have indicated that 15 months is
                    \^£ necessary for the delivery of equipment. Add time for design, bid,
                    agency review, and construction, and the total time for new
                    construction could be close to 30 months. Are incinerators going to
                    be penalized for actions beyond their control?

                     A : The Clean Water Act allows 2 years for an incinerator owner/operator
                    ./"* to attain compliance where construction of new pollution control
                    facilities is required to meet Part 503 requirements. The permitting authority
                    has no authority to extend this time frame. Incinerators that are not in
                    compliance at the end of the 2-year period will be in violation. Given the
                    reality of such situations, however, the permitting authority may choose to
                    put the incinerator under an enforceable compliance order that includes a
                    schedule for coming into compliance.

                        ; What percent of incinerators currently can meet the 100-ppmv
                        THC (or CO) operational standard?

                     A : EPA estimates that 60 to 70 percent of multiple-hearth furnaces and
                    /I all fluidized-bed incinerators can meet this operational standard. Some
                    incinerator owner/operators may have to add afterburners or improve their
                    operations.
                    Q
                    A
    : Is EPA planning to provide any training on how to measure THC
    (or CO)?
    : The THC (and CO) equipment manufacturers are willing to provide
    such training. EPA does not have any plans to provide it beyond its
CEM guidance.
                    Q
    : What does a THC (or CO) monitoring system cost?
                        : EPA has estimates, from some of the equipment manufacturers, of
                        $150,000 to $750,000 for the complete package, which incudes the
                    monitor, the computer, and the oxygen and moisture measuring instruments
                    (including installation).

                        e; If new construction is required to meet the THC (or CO) limit
                        (e.g., an afterburner), can monitoring and modeling for the
                    dispersion factor be delayed until after construction is completed?

                        : The Clean Water Act allows 2 years for an incinerator owner/operator
                        to attain compliance where construction of new pollution control
                    facilities is required to meet Part 503 requirements. The 2-year period,
                                                        Guide to the Part 503 Rule -105

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                      however, generally pertains only to requirements for which construction is
                      required — in this case THC (or CO) limits. The permitting authority has
                      some flexibility to work with owner/operators whose facilities are undergoing
                      construction, but the permitting authority cannot extend the compliance
                      dates. One option would be to put the incinerator under a compliance order
                      to install the necessary equipment and have the owner/operator perform the
                      necessary modeling after the installation.

                      /~\: It a facility has multiple incinerator units that share one stack,
                          how many THC (or CO) monitoring devices are required?
                          A: If physically permissible, only one monitoring system would be
                          necessary. However, such factors as length of run for the sample
                     tubing and the nature of the sensing device can have a significant influence
                     on the determination. Furthermore, some of the analytical determinations
                     that must accompany the THC (or CO) measurements, such as those
                     concerning moisture and temperature, may require separate
                     instrumentation for each stack.
106 - &B*V Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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Chapter  5
Pathogen and Vector Attraction
Reduction Requirements
Why Are There Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction
Requirements?
                       Pathogens are disease-causing organisms, such as certain bacteria,
                       viruses, and parasites. Vectors are organisms, such as rodents and
                       insects, that can spread disease by carrying and transferring
                  pathogens. Subpart D of the Part 503 rule covers alternatives for reducing
                  pathogens in biosolids (including domestic septage), as well as options for
                  reducing the potential for biosolids to attract vectors.

                  The Subpart D alternatives concern the designation of biosolids as "Class
                  A" or "Class B" in regard to pathogens. These classifications indicate the
                  density (numbers/unit mass) of pathogens in biosolids where applicable.
                  The requirements for land application or surface disposal of biosolids vary
                  depending on the class of pathogen reduction achieved. Biosolids have to
                  meet applicable requirements for both pathogen and vector attraction
                  reduction to be in compliance with the rule.

                  This chapter describes the pathogen alternatives and vector attraction
                  reduction options in the Part 503 rule. For more detail, the reader is referred
                  to an EPA publication entitled, Control of Pathogens and Vector
                  Attraction in Sewage Sludge (EPA/625/R-92/013), December 1992.
                                            SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule -107

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                             ^'^v;O>:;,,
                      Anaerobic digesters in Columbus, Ohio, reduce pathogens and vector attraction to produce
                      Class B biosolids.
To Whom Do These Requirements Apply?
                      The pathogen and vector attraction reduction requirements in Subpart D of
                      the Part 503 rule apply to biosolids, including domestic septage, and their
                      application to or placement on the land for beneficial use or disposal.
                      Domestic septage applied to nonpublic contact sites (i.e., agricultural land,
                      forests, and reclamation sites) is covered by a simplified portion of the rule
                      that is explained in a separate EPA guidance document (Domestic
                      Septage Regulatory Guidance: A Guide to the EPA 503 Rule,
                      EPA/832-B-92-005).

                      Depending on how biosolids are used or disposed and which pathogen
                      alternative and vector attraction reduction option are relied on, compliance
                      with the pathogen and vector attraction requirements of  Subpart D is the
                      responsibility of persons who:

                            generate biosolids that are either land applied or surface disposed;
                            derive a material from biosolids that are either land applied or surface
                            disposed;
                            apply biosolids to the land;
                            place biosolids on a surface disposal site; and
                            own or operate a surface disposal site.
108 -
           Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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Pathogen Reduction Alternatives
                      The Part 503 pathogen reduction alternatives ensure that pathogen levels in
                      biosolids are reduced to levels considered safe for the biosolids to be land
                      applied or surface disposed. Subpart D includes criteria to classify biosolids
                      as Class A or Class B with respect to pathogens. These classifications are
                      based on the level of pathogens present in biosolids that are used or
                      disposed.

                      If pathogens (Salmonella sp. bacteria, enteric viruses, and viable helminth
                      ova) are below detectable levels, the biosolids meet the Class A
                      designation. Biosolids are designated Class B if pathogens are detectable
                      but have been reduced to levels that do not pose a threat to public health
                      and the environment as long as actions are taken to prevent exposure to
                      the biosolids after their use or disposal. When Class B biosolids are land
                      applied, certain restrictions must be met at the application site; other
                      requirements have to be met when Class B biosolids are surface disposed.
                      The land application restrictions allow natural processes to further reduce
                      pathogens in the biosolids before the public has access to the site. In
                      general, Class A corresponds to the existing 40 CFR Part 257 "Process to
                      Further Reduce Pathogens (PFRP)"  designation, and Class B roughly
                      corresponds to the existing 40 CFR Part 257 "Process to Significantly
                      Reduce Pathogens (PSRP)" designation. There are several important
                      differences in approach between the existing Part 257 and the new
                      Part 503 requirements for pathogen and vector attraction reduction:

1                         Whereas Part 257 required the use of specifically listed or approved
                         treatment technologies to treat biosolids,  the Part 503 rule provides
                      flexibility in how the pathogen and vector attraction reduction requirements
                      are met. The pathogen reduction requirements of the Part 503 rule can be
                      met either by:

                             —using certain specified technologies to treat the biosolids as
                               before, or

                             —showing that the quality of the biosolids meets certain
                               performance results.

2                          The Part 503 rule requires either pathogen or pathogen indicator
                          measurements for all Class A alternatives and pathogen indicator
                      measurements for the first of the three Class B alternatives.
                      3
The Part 503 rule separates pathogen reduction requirements from
vector attraction reduction requirements, as follows:

   —The Class A and B designations refer only to the reductions
     achieved in pathogens.
                                                        6B* Guide to the Part 503 Rule -109

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                              —Vector attraction reduction is governed by a separate set of
                                requirements described in a later section of this chapter.

                              —There is, however, still a requirement that both pathogen and
                                vector attraction reduction requirements be met, and for Class A
                                biosolids the pathogen reduction requirements must be met
                                before or at the same time as most of the vector attraction
                                reduction requirements, thereby minimizing the potential for
                                regrowth of pathogenic bacteria.

           Class A Pathogen Requirements
                       The Part 503 rule lists six alternatives for treating biosolids so they can be
                       classified Class A with respect to pathogens. These alternatives are
                       summarized in Table 5-1  and are discussed in  detail below. Any one of
                       these six alternatives may be met for the biosolids to be deemed Class A.
                       Two of these alternatives follow closely with 40 CFR Part 257 pathogen
                       requirements by allowing use of PFRPs and equivalent technologies.

                                                    TABLE 5-1
                                 Summary of the Six Alternatives for Meeting
                                        Class A Pathogen Requirements
                         In addition to meeting the requirements in one of the six alternatives listed
                         below, the requirements in Table 5-2 must be met for all six Class A alternatives.
                         Alternative 1: Thermally Treated Biosolids
                              Biosolids must be subjected to one of four time-temperature regimes.
                         Alternative 2: Biosolids Treated in a High pH-High Temperature Process
                              Biosolids must meet specific pH, temperature, and air-drying requirements.
                         Alternative.?: Biosolids Treated in Other Processes
                              Demonstrate that the process can reduce enteric viruses and viable
                              helminth ova. Maintain operating conditions used in the demonstration
                              after pathogen reduction demonstration  is completed.
                         Alternative 4: Biosolids Treated in Unknown Processes
                              Biosolids must be tested for pathogens—Salmonella sp. or fecal coliform
                              bacteria, enteric viruses, and viable helminth ova—at the time the
                              biosolids are used or disposed, or, in certain situations, prepared for use or
                              disposal.
                         Alternative 5: Biosolids Treated in a PFRP
                              Biosolids must be treated in one of the Processes to Further Reduce
                              Pathogens (PFRP) (see Table 5-4).
                         Alternative 6: Biosolids Treated in a Process Equivalent to a PFRP
                              Biosolids must be treated in a process equivalent to one of the PFRPs, as
                              determined by the permitting authority.
110 - ABW Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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r-fe,
                        Table 5-2 lists several requirements that must be met for all six of the Class
                        A alternatives. Perhaps the most significant of the requirements is to avoid
                        regrowth of bacteria as  indicated by the results of a fecal coliform or
                        Salmonella test.

                        Alternative 1 for Meeting Class A: Thermally Treated Biosolids
                        This alternative applies  when specific thermal heating procedures are used
                        to reduce pathogens. Equations are used to determine the length of heating
                        time at a given temperature needed to obtain Class A pathogen reduction
                        (i.e., reduce the pathogen content to below detectable levels).  The
                        equations take into consideration the solid-liquid nature of the biosolids
                        being heated, along with the particle size and how particles are brought into
                        contact with the heat. The equations also take into consideration that the
                        internal structure of the  mixture can inhibit mixing. For example, a safety
                        factor is included in the  equation for Regime C (see Table 5-3) that adds
                        more time for heating because less information is available about
                        operational parameters that could influence the degree of pathogen
                        destruction per unit of heat input. The rule identifies and provides equations
                        for four different acceptable heating regimes.

                        The minimum indicated boundary conditions (i.e., solids content, mixing with
                        the heat source, time of heating, and operating temperature) are given
                                                     TABLE 5-2
                              Pathogen Requirements for All Class A Alternatives
                          The following requirements must be met fora// six Class A pathogen
                          alternatives.
                          Either:
                             the density of fecal coliform in the biosolids must be less than 1,000 most
                             probable numbers (MPN) per gram total solids (dry-weight basis),
                                                          or
                             the density of Salmonella sp. bacteria in the biosolids must be less than
                             3 MPN per 4 grams of total solids (dry-weight basis).
                          Either of these requirements must be met at one of the following times:
                               —   when the biosolids are used or disposed;
                               —   when the biosolids are prepared for sale or give-away in a bag or
                                    other container for land application; or
                               —   when the biosolids or derived materials are prepared to meet the
                                    requirements for EQ biosolids (see Chapter 2).
                          Pathogen reduction must take place before or at the same time as vector
                          attraction reduction, except when the pH adjustment, percent solids vector
                          attraction, injection, or incorporation options are met.
                                                            SEFA Guide to the Part 503 Rule -111

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                      below for each of the four thermal heating regimes. Any one of these four
                      thermal heating regimes may be used. The equation specified for a
                      particular heating regime is then used to calculate the actual time and
                      temperature for operating the system within the boundaries of the applicable
                      regime. In addition to the requirements for each regime, the requirements in
                      Table 5-2 must be  met.

                      The four regimes are listed in Table 5-3; some example calculations follow.

                      Example 1: Biosolids contain 10  percent solids and are heated with a
                      biosolids dryer at 55°C. What is the required minimum time for achieving
                      Class A pathogen status? The minimum time would be 63 hours if the
                      operator followed Regime A in Table 5-3. Under Regime A the temperature
                      cannot be lower than 50°C or the time shorter than 20 minutes.
                      Time =
  131,700,000
1^0.14 (temperature}
                                               131,700,000    131.700,000
                      ,0.14 (55)
                                                            50.118,723
                                           =  2.6 days [63 hours]
                                        TABLE 5-3
      The Four Time-Temperature Regimes for Class A Pathogen Reduction
                                   Under Alternative 1
      Regime
Applies to:
                    Biosolids with 7% solids or
                    greater (except those covered
                    by Regime B)
                     Requirement
                   Temperature of biosolids
                   must be 50°C or higher
                   for 20 minutes or longer
Time-Temperature
   Relationship*
                                        D =
                                                                           131,700,000
                                                10
                                                  0.14r
                                        (Equation 2 of Section
                                        503.32)
                    Biosolids with 7% solids or
                    greater in the form of small
                    particles and heated by
                    contact with either warmed
                    gases or an immiscible liquid
                    Biosolids with less than 1%
                    solids
                Temperature of biosolids
                must be 50"C or higher
                for 15 seconds or longer


                Heated for at least 15
                seconds but less than 30
                minutes
                                           D =
                                           D =
                                                131,700,000
                                                  10
                                                     0.14 f
                                                131,700,000
                                                                             10
                                                     0.14r
                                              Temperature of sludge is
                    Biosolids with less than 7%   < 50f'C or higher with at
                    solids                      least 30 minutes or longer
                                             i contact time
                   	i	
                                           D =
                                                50,070,000
                                                  10
                                                    (U4(
                                           (Equation 3 of Section
                                           503.32)
 D = time in days; t = temperature in degrees Celsius.
112 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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Example 2: Biosolids contain 10 percent solids and are treated in a
biosolids dryer for about 1.5 minutes (0.001 day). What is the required
minimum temperature? The minimum temperature to achieve Class A
pathogen status would be 79°C if the operator followed Regime B in Table
5-3. Under this regime, the temperature cannot be lower than 50°C or the
time shorter than 15 seconds and the biosolids must be in the form of small
particles (e.g., from a steam drier) in intimate contact with the drying unit.
Otherwise, Regime A would apply.
_..       131.700.000       ___.
Time = ——	 =  0.001
       i rM. 14 (temperature )

0.001  [lo0-14'"™/"]       =  131,700,000

Temperature             =  79°C

Alternative 2 for Meeting Class A: Biosolids Treated in a High pH-
High Temperature Process
This alternative describes conditions of a specific temperature-pH process
that is effective in reducing pathogens to below detectable levels. The
process conditions required by the regulation are:

      elevating the pH to greater than  12 (measured at 25°C) for
      72 hours or longer;
      maintaining the temperature above 52°C for at least 12 hours during
      the period that the pH is greater than 12;
      air drying to over 50 percent solids after the 72-hour period of
      elevated pH; and
      meeting all the requirements in Table 5-2.

Alternative 3 for Meeting Class A: Biosolids Treated in Other
Known Processes
This alternative requires comprehensive monitoring of enteric viruses  and
viable helminth ova during each monitoring episode until demonstration has
shown that the process achieves adequate reduction of pathogens. The
presence of enteric viruses and viable helminth ova have to be shown in the
biosolids prior to pathogen  treatment to document the effectiveness of the
treatment process.

The tests and requirements are:

      Once shown to be present prior to treatment, the density of enteric
      viruses  in the biosolids after pathogen treatment must be less than  1
      plaque- forming unit (PFU) per 4 grams of total solids  (dry-weight
      basis).
                                       Guide to the Part 503 Rule -113

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                            Likewise, the density of viable helminth ova in the biosolids after
                            pathogen treatment must be less than 1 per 4 grams of total solids
                            (dry-weight basis).
                            All the requirements in Table 5-2 must be met.
                      Acceptable pathogen testing procedures are given in Chapter 6 and in the
                      document Control of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in Sewage
                      Sludge noted earlier in this chapter.

                      Alternative 3 is useful for demonstrating that a new process fully meets
                      Class A pathogen requirements under the tested set of operating
                      parameters. Subsequent testing for enteric viruses and viable helminth ova
                      is unnecessary whenever the tested set of operating parameters has been
                      met. It is important to realize that the tested set of operating parameters
                      may have included ranges of values.

                      If no enteric viruses or viable helminth ova are present before treatment,
                      then the tested batch of biosolids can be considered Class A. The tests,
                      however, must be repeated during each subsequent monitoring episode
                      until:

                            pathogens are detected before the process and demonstrated to
                            have been reduced to below detectable levels after the process, or
                            after 2 years of testing with no detection of pathogens before the
                            process, the permitting authority modifies the monitoring requirements
                            for enteric viruses and viable helminth ova.  (The permitting authority
                            may choose not to modify the monitoring requirements, but if it does,
                            in no case could the monitoring frequency for enteric viruses and
                            viable helminth ova be less than once per year.)
                      Once the process has been demonstrated to process achieve the required
                      pathogen  reduction, the process must be operated under the same
                      conditions that were used during the demonstration.

                      As already mentioned, monitoring for fecal coliform or Salmonella sp.
                      bacteria is always required in accordance with the requirements listed in
                      Table 5-2.

                      Alternative 4 for Meeting Class A: Biosolids Treated in
                      Unknown Processes
                      This alternative is used in situations where:

                            a biosolids treatment process is unknown, or
                            the biosolids were treated in a process operating under less-stringent
                            conditions than those under which the biosolids could qualify as Class
                            A under any of the other alternatives.
114 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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This alternative requires that the biosolids be analyzed for Salmonella sp.
bacteria, enteric viruses, and viable helminth ova at each of the following
times:

      when the biosolids (or materials derived from biosolids) are used or
      disposed;
      when biosolids are prepared for sale or for give-away in a bag or
      other container for application to the land; or
      when the biosolids are prepared to meet the EQ requirements (see
      Chapter 2).
As in Alternative 3, the required test results for this alternative are:

      The density of viruses in the biosolids must be less than 1 PFU per 4
      grams of total solids (dry-weight basis).
      The density of viable helminth ova in the biosolids must be less than 1
      per 4 grams of total solids (dry-weight basis).
      All the requirements in Table 5-2 must be met.
Although biosolids must meet the same pathogen test results as in
Alternative 3, Alternative 4 requires testing of each batch of the biosolids
that is used or disposed, rather than just monitoring the operating
parameters, after the demonstration that the process reduces pathogens.

Alternative 5 for Meeting Class A: Biosolids Treated in a PFRP
Alternative 5 provides continuity with the 40 CFR Part 257 regulation. This
alternative states that biosolids are considered to be Class  A if:

      they are treated in one of the PFRPs listed in Table 5-4, and
      all requirements in Table 5-2 are met.
To meet these requirements, the biosolids treatment processes must be
operated according to the conditions listed in Table 5-4. This list is very
similar to the list of PFRP technologies in 40 CFR Part 257, with two major
differences:

      All requirements related to vector attraction reduction have been
      removed (see the vector attraction reduction requirements discussed
      later in this chapter).
      The three processes listed in Part 257 that are PFRP only if combined
      with a PSRP (gamma ray irradiation, high-energy irradiation, and
      pasteurization) are PFRPs under Part 503.
Under this alternative, treatment processes classified under 40 CFR Part
257 can continue to be  operated; however, microbiological  monitoring  (as
described in Table 5-2) must now be performed to ensure that pathogen
density levels are below detection limits and that pathogen  regrowth has not
resulted in detectable levels being present at the time of use or disposal.
                                        Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 115

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                                                     TABLE 5-4
                                Processes to Further Reduce Pathogens (PFRPs)
                                    Listed in Appendix B of 40 CFR Part 503
                           1. Composting
                                Using either the within-vessel composting method or the static aerated
                                pile composting method, the temperature of the biosolids is
                                maintained at 55°C or higher for 3 days.
                                Using the windrow composting method, the temperature of the
                                biosolids is maintained at 55( C or higher for 15 days or longer. During
                                the period when the compost is maintained at 55°C or higher, the
                                windrow is turned a minimum of five times.
                           2. Heat Drying
                                Biosolids are dried by direct or indirect contact with hot gases to
                                reduce the moisture content of the biosolids to 10 percent or lower.
                                Either the temperature of the biosolids particles exceeds 80°C or the
                                wet bulb temperature of the gas in contact with the biosolids as the
                                biosolids leave the dryer exceeds 801 C.
                           3. Heat Treatment
                                Liquid biosolids are heated to a temperature of 180°C or higher
                                for 30 minutes.
                           4. Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion
                                Liquid biosolids are agitated with air or oxygen to maintain aerobic
                                conditions, and the mean cell residence time of the biosolids is
                                10daysat55°to60°C.
                           5. Beta Ray Irradiation
                                Biosolids are irradiated with beta rays from an accelerator at dosages
                                of at least 1.0 megarad at room temperature (ca. 20°C).
                           6. Gamma Ray Irradiation
                                Biosolids are irradiated with gamma rays from certain isotopes, such
                                as Cobalt 60 and Cesium 137, at room temperature (ca. 20°C).
                           7. Pasteurization
                                The temperature of the biosolids is maintained at  70°C or higher for
                                30 minutes or longer,
                       Alternative 6 for Meeting Class A: Biosolids Treated in a Process
                       Equivalent to a PFRP
                       Under Alternative 6, biosolids are considered to be Class A if:

                             they are treated by any process determined to be equivalent to a
                             PFRP by the permitting authority, and
                             all requirements in Table 5-2 are met.
116 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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Composting can eliminate pathogens in biosolids (Columbus, Ohio).

The Part 503 rule gives the permitting authority responsibility for
determining equivalency. To be equivalent, a treatment process must be
able to consistently reduce pathogens to levels comparable to the
reduction achieved by listed PFRPs. The process must be equivalent in its
ability to achieve Class A status with respect to enteric viruses and viable
helminth ova as long as it is operated under the same conditions that
produced the required reductions.

Equivalency determinations can be made both on a site-specific and a
national basis. A site-specific equivalency determination only pertains to
one particular operation run at one location under the specified conditions. It
cannot be assumed to apply to the same process performed at a different
location, or for any modification of the process. A process that  is able to
consistently produce the required pathogen reductions at different locations
across the country, however, may qualify for a recommendation of national
equivalency (i.e., a recommendation that the process will likely be
equivalent wherever it is operated in the United States).

The EPA's  Pathogen Equivalency Committee  (PEC) is available as a
resource to provide recommendations on equivalency determinations to the
permitting authority and guidance to the regulated community.  See Control
of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in Sewage Sludge (noted earlier in
this chapter) for more details about the PEC.
                                        Guide to the Part 503 Rule -117

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           Class B Pathogen Requirements
                      Class B pathogen requirements can be met using one of three alternatives,
                      as listed in Table 5-5 and described below. Unlike a Class A biosolids, in
                      which pathogens are at levels below detectable limits, Class B biosolids
                      may contain some pathogens. For this reason, the Class B requirements for
                      land application of biosolids also include site restrictions that prevent crop
                      harvesting, animal grazing, and public access for a certain period of time
                      until environmental conditions have further reduced pathogens. The land
                      application site restrictions for Class B biosolids are summarized in Table
                      5-6. Management practices rather than  site restrictions prevent exposure to
                      the pathogens in biosolids for surface disposed Class B biosolids.

                      Alternative 1 for Meeting Class B: The Monitoring of Indicator
                      Organisms
                      Alternative 1 requires that seven samples of treated biosolids  be collected
                      shortly before biosolids use or disposal, and that the geometric mean fecal
                      coliform density of these samples be less than 2 million colony-forming units
                      (CPU) or most probable number (MPN) per gram of biosolids (dry-weight
                      basis). EPA suggests that these seven  samples be collected over a 2-week
                      period. This approach uses fecal coliform density as an indicator of the
                      average density of bacterial and viral pathogens. Acceptable pathogen
                      testing procedures are given  in Chapter 6.

                      EPA recommends that seven samples be taken over the 2-week period
                      preceding use or disposal because the  test methods used to determine
                      fecal coliform density (membrane filter methods and the multiple tube
                      dilution method) have poor precision and biosolids quality can vary. Using at
                      least seven samples should provide a sufficiently representative sampling of
                      the biosolids.

                                                  TABLE 5-5
                          Summary of the Three Alternatives for  Meeting Class B
                                            Pathogen Requirements
                        Alternative 1: The Monitoring of Indicator Organisms
                             Test for fecal coliform density as an indicator for all pathogens. The
                             geometric mean of seven samples shall be less than 2 million MPNs per
                             gram per total solids or less than 2 million CPUs per gram of total solids
                             at the time of use or disposal.
                        Alternative 2: Biosolids Treated in a PSRP
                             Biosolids must  be treated in one of the Processes to Significantly Reduce
                             Pathogens (PSRP) (see Table 5-7).
                        Alternative 3: Biosolids Treated in a Process Equivalent to a PSRP
                             Biosolids must  be treated in a process equivalent to one of the PSRPs, as
                             determined by the permitting authority.
118 - $EF* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                               TABLE 5-6
               Site Restrictions for Class B Biosolids
                          Applied to the Land
   Food Crops with Harvested Parts That Touch the Biosolids/Soil Mixture
       Food crops with harvested parts that touch the biosolids/soil mixture and
       are totally above the land surface shall not be harvested for [4 months
       after application of biosolids.
   Food Crops with Harvested Parts Below the Land Surface
       Food crops with harvested parts below the surface of the land shall not be
       harvested for 20 months after application of biosolids when the biosolids
       remain on the land surface for 4 months or longer prior to incorporation
       into the soil.
       Food crops with harvested parts below the surface of the land shall not be
       harvested for 38 months after application of biosolids when the biosolids
       remain on the land surface for less than 4 months prior to incorporation
       into the soil.
   Food Crops with Harvested Parts That Do Not Touch the Biosolids/Soil
   Mixture, Feed Crops, and Fiber Crops
       Food crops with harvested parts that do not touch the biosolids/soil
       mixture, feed crops, and fiber crops shall not be harvested for 30 days after
       application of biosolids.
   Animal Grazing
       Animals shall not  be grazed  on the land for 30 days after application of
       biosolids.
   Turf Growing
       Turf grown on land where biosolids are applied shall not be harvested for
       1 year after application of the biosolids when the harvested turf is placed
       on either land with a high potential for public exposure or a lawn, unless
       otherwise specified by the permitting authority.
   Public Access
       Public access to land with a high potential for public exposure shall be
       restricted for 1 year after application of biosolids.
       Public access to land with a low potential for public exposure shall be
       restricted for 30 days after application of biosolids.
Alternative 2 for Meeting Class B: Biosolids Treated in a PSRP
Class B Alternative 2 provides continuity with the 40 CFR Part 257
regulation. Under this alternative, biosolids are considered to be Class B if
they are treated in one of the PSRPs listed in Table 5-7. The listed
processes are similar to the PSRPs listed in the Part 257 regulation, except
that all conditions related to reduction of vector attraction have been removed.
                                           Guide to the Part 503 Rule -119

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                                                   TABLE 5-7
                        Processes to Significantly Reduce Pathogens (PSRPs) Listed
                                      in Appendix B of 40 CFR Part 503
                         1. Aerobic Digestion
                             Biosolids are agitated with air or oxygen to maintain aerobic conditions
                             for a specific mean cell residence time at a specific temperature. Values
                             for the mean cell residence time and temperature shall be between 40 days
                             at 20°C and 60 days at 15°C.
                         2. Air Drying
                             Biosolids are dried on sand beds or on paved or unpaved basins. The
                             biosolids dry for a minimum of 3 months. During 2 of the 3 months, the
                             ambient average daily temperature is above 0°C.
                         3. Anaerobic Digestion
                             Biosolids are treated in the absence of air for a specific mean cell
                             residence time at a specific temperature. Values for the mean cell
                             residence time and temperature shall be between 15 days at 35°C to 55°C
                             and 60 days at 20°C.
                         4. Composting
                             Using either the within-vessel, static aerated pile, or windrow composting
                             methods, the temperature of the biosolids is raised to 40 'C or higher and
                             maintained for 5 days. For 4 hours during the 5-day period, the
                             temperature in the compost pile exceeds 55°C.
                         5. Lime Stabilization
                             Sufficient lime is added to the biosolids to raise the pH of the biosolids to
                              12 after 2 hours of contact.
                       Under this alternative, biosolids treated in processes included in 40 CFR
                       Part 257 are Class B with respect to pathogens. Unlike the comparable
                       Class A requirement, this alternative does not require microbiological
                       monitoring for regrowth of fecal coliform or Salmonella sp. bacteria.

                       Alternative 3 for Meeting Class B: Biosolids Treated in a Process
                       Equivalent to a PSRP
                       The Part 257 regulation allowed the biosolids to be treated in a process
                       determined to be equivalent to a PSRP. Under Alternative 3, biosolids
                       treated by any process determined to be equivalent to a PSRP by the
                       permitting authority are considered to be Class B biosolids.

                       Part 503 gives the permitting authority responsibility for determining
                       equivalency. The EPA Pathogen Equivalency Committee is available as a
                       resource to provide recommendations on equivalency determinations to the
                       permitting authorities. As with Class A, the Class B equivalency
120 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                       determination can be made on either a site-specific or a national basis. See
                       Control of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in Sewage Sludge (noted
                       earlier in this chapter) for more details about the PEC.
Requirements for Reducing Vector Attraction
                       The pathogens in biosolids pose a disease risk when they are brought into
                       contact with humans or other susceptible hosts (plant or animal). Vectors,
                       which include flies, mosquitoes, fleas, rodents, and birds, can transmit
                       pathogens to humans and other hosts physically through contact or
                       biologically by playing a specific role in the life cycle of the pathogen.
                       Reducing the attractiveness of biosolids to vectors reduces the potential for
                       transmitting diseases from pathogens in biosolids.

                       The Part 503 rule contains 12 options, which are summarized in Table 5-8
                       and described below, for demonstrating reduced vector attraction for
                       biosolids. (Note: Option 12 only applies to domestic septage.) These
                       requirements are designed to either reduce the attractiveness of biosolids to
                       vectors (Options 1 through 8 and Option 12) or prevent vectors from coming
                       in contact with the biosolids (Options 9 through 11).

                                                    TABLE 5-8
                                       Summary of Options for Meeting
                                          Vector Attraction Reduction
                        Option  I:  Meet 38 percent reduction in volatile solids content.
                        Option  2:  Demonstrate vector attraction reduction with additional anaerobic
                                   digestion in a bench-scale unit.
                        Option  3:  Demonstrate vector attraction reduction with additional aerobic
                                   digestion in a bench-scale unit.
                        Option  4:  Meet a specific oxygen uptake rate for aerobically digested biosolids.
                        Option  5:  Use aerobic processes al greater than 40°C for 14 days or longer.
                        Option  6:  Alkali addition under specified conditions.
                        Option  7:  Dry biosolids with no  unstabili/ed solids to at least 75 percent
                                   solids.
                        Option  8:  Dry biosolids with unstabilized solids to at least 90 percent solids.
                        Option  9:  Inject biosolids beneath the soil surface.
                        Option 10:  Incorporate biosolids into the soil within 6 hours of application
                                   to or placement on the land.
                        Option 11:  Cover biosolids placed on a surface disposal site with soil or
                                   other material at the end of each operating day. (Note: Only for
                                   surface disposal.)
                        Option 12:  Alkaline treatment of domestic septage to pH 12 or above for 30
                                   minutes without adding more alkaline material.
                                                                Guide to the Part 503 Rule -121

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                      Open-air windrow composting operation near Los Angeles, California.

                      Option 1: Reduction in Volatile Solids Content
                      Under this option, vector attraction is reduced if the mass of volatile solids in
                      the biosolids is reduced by at least 38 percent during the treatment of the
                      biosolids. This percentage is the amount of volatile solids reduction that is
                      attained by anaerobic or aerobic digestion plus any additional volatile solids
                      reduction that occurs before the biosolids leave the treatment works, such
                      as through processing in drying beds or lagoons, or by composting.

                      Option 2: Additional Digestion of Anaerobically Digested Biosolids
                      Frequently, biosolids have been recycled through the biological wastewater
                      treatment section of a treatment works or have resided for long periods of
                      time in the wastewater collection system. During this time, they undergo
                      substantial biological degradation. If the biosolids are subsequently treated
                      by anaerobic digestion for a period of time, they are adequately reduced in
                      vector attraction. Because they will have entered the digester already
                      partially stabilized, however, the volatile solids reduction after treatment is
                      frequently less than 38 percent.

                      Under these circumstances, the 38 percent reduction required by Option 1
                      might not be possible. Option 2 allows the operator to demonstrate vector
                      attraction reduction by testing a portion of the previously digested biosolids
                      in a bench-scale unit in the laboratory. Vector attraction reduction is
                      demonstrated if after anaerobic digestion of the biosolids for an additional
                      40 days at a temperature between 30° and 37°C, the volatile solids in the
122 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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biosolids are reduced by less than 17 percent from the beginning to the end
of the bench test.

Option 3: Additional Digestion of Aerobically Digested Biosolids
This option is appropriate for aerobically digested biosolids that cannot meet
the 38 percent volatile solids reduction required by Option 1. This includes
biosolids from extended aeration plants, where the minimum residence time
of biosolids leaving the wastewater treatment processes section generally
exceeds 20  days. In these cases, the biosolids will already have been
substantially degraded biologically prior to aerobic digestion.

Under this option, aerobically digested biosolids with 2 percent or less solids
are considered to have achieved vector attraction  reduction if, in the
laboratory after 30 days of aerobic digestion in a batch test at 20°C, volatile
solids are reduced by less than 15 percent. This test is only applicable to
liquid aerobically digested biosolids.

Option 4: Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate (SOUR) for Aerobically
Digested Biosolids
Frequently, aerobically digested biosolids are circulated through the aerobic
biological wastewater treatment process for as long as 30 days. In these
cases, the biosolids entering the aerobic digester are already partially
digested, which makes it difficult to demonstrate the 38 percent reduction
required by Option 1.

The specific oxygen uptake  rate (SOUR) is the mass of oxygen consumed
per unit time per  unit mass of total solids (dry-weight basis) in the biosolids.
Reduction in vector attraction can be demonstrated if the SOUR of the
biosolids that are used or disposed, determined at 20°C, is equal to or less
than 1.5 milligrams of oxygen per hour per gram of total biosolids
(dry-weight basis). This test  is based on the fact that if the biosolids
consume very little oxygen, their value as a food source for microorganisms
is very low and therefore microorganisms are unlikely to be attracted to
them. Other temperatures can be used for this test, provided the results are
corrected to a 20°C basis. This  test is only applicable to liquid aerobic
biosolids withdrawn from an aerobic process.

Option 5: Aerobic Processes  at Greater Than 40°C
This option applies primarily to composted biosolids that also contain
partially decomposed organic bulking agents. The biosolids must be
aerobically treated for 14 days or longer, during which time the temperature
always must be over 40°C and  the average temperature must be higher
than 45°C.
                                        Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 123

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                       This option can be applied to other aerobic processes, such as aerobic
                       digestion, but Options 3 and 4 are likely to be easier to meet for the other
                       aerobic processes.

                       Option 6: Addition of Alkaline Material
                       Biosolids are considered to be adequately reduced in vector attraction if
                       sufficient alkaline material is added to achieve the following:

                            raise the pH to at least 12, measured at 25°C, and without the
                            addition of more alkaline material, maintain a pH of at least 12 for 2
                            hours; and
                            maintain a pH of at least 11.5 without addition of more alkaline
                            material for an additional 22 hours.
                       The conditions required under this option  are designed to ensure that the
                       biosolids can be stored for at least several days at the treatment works,
                       transported, and then used or disposed without the pH falling to the point
                       where putrefaction occurs and vectors are attracted.

                       Option 7: Moisture Reduction of Biosolids Containing
                       No Unstabilized Solids
                       Under this option, vector attraction is considered to be reduced if the
                       biosolids do not contain unstabilized solids generated during primary
                       treatment and if the solids content of the biosolids is at least 75 percent
                       before the biosolids are mixed with other materials. Thus, the reduction
                       must be achieved by removing water, not by adding inert materials.

                       It is important that the biosolids  not contain unstabilized  solids because the
                       partially degraded food scraps likely to be present in such biosolids would
                       attract birds, some mammals, and possibly insects, even if the solids
                       content of the biosolids exceeded 75 percent.

                       Option 8: Moisture Reduction of Biosolids Containing
                       Unstabilized Solids
                       The ability of any biosolids to attract vectors is considered to be adequately
                       reduced if the solids content of the biosolids is increased to 90 percent or
                       greater, regardless of whether this increase was for biosolids from primary
                       treatment. The solids increase should be achieved by removal of water and
                       not by dilution with inert solids. Drying to this extent severely limits biological
                       activity and strips off or decomposes the volatile compounds that attract
                       vectors.

                       The way dried biosolids are handled, including their storage before use or
                       disposal, can create or prevent vector attraction. If dried biosolids are
                       exposed to high humidity, the outer surface of the biosolids will gain in
                       moisture content and possibly attract vectors. This should be properly
                       guarded against.
124 - ftB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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Option 9: Biosolids Injection
Vector attraction reduction can be demonstrated by injecting the biosolids
below the ground surface. Under this option, no significant amount of
biosolids can be present on the land surface within 1 hour of injection, and if
the biosolids are Class A with respect to pathogens, they must be injected
within 8 hours after discharge from the pathogen-reducing process.

The reason for this special consideration for Class A biosolids (assuming
vector attraction has not been reduced by some other means) is that
pathogens could regrow and Class A biosolids have no site restrictions to
provide crop, grazing, and access protection.

Injection of biosolids beneath the soil places a barrier of earth between the
biosolids and vectors. The soil removes water from the biosolids, which
reduces the mobility and odor of the biosolids. Odor is usually present at the
site during the injection  process but quickly dissipates when injection is
complete.

Option 10: Incorporation of Biosolids into the Soil
Under this option, biosolids must be incorporated into the soil within
6 hours of application to or placement on the land. Incorporation is
accomplished by plowing or some other means of mixing the biosolids into
the soil. If the biosolids are Class A with respect to pathogens, the time
between processing and application or placement must not exceed 8
hours—the same as for injection under Option 9.

Option 11: Covering Biosolids
Under this option, biosolids placed on a surface disposal site must be
covered with soil or other material at the end of each operating day. Daily
covering reduces vector attraction by creating a physical barrier between
the biosolids and vectors. Covering also helps meet pathogen requirements
by allowing environmental conditions to reduce pathogens.

Option 12: Alkaline Treatment for Domestic Septage
This option pertains only to vector attraction reduction for domestic septage.
Under this option, the pH of domestic septage must be raised to at least 12
and remain at pH 12 or  above for a minimum of 30 minutes during which no
additional alkaline material may be added.
                                        Guide to the Part 503 Rule -125

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             Common  Questions  and Answers
                                  Q
: Are there any labs certified to perform the necessary pathogen
tests?
A
                                     : Yes, and the correct analytical methods for pathogens are referenced
                                     in Part 503.
                                     }: For Class A pathogen Alternatives 1 and 2 (which use high
                                     , temperatures to eliminate pathogens), is it necessary to verify the
                                  reduced level of viruses or helminth ova?

                                     :No.
                                     : How often does a permittee have to show compliance with the
                                     vector attraction reduction requirements?

                                     A: Compliance has to be shown at the same frequency as pollutant
                                     monitoring when vector attraction reduction Options 1 through 8 are
                                  met.

                                     '. Vector attraction reduction Options 2 and 3, which involve
                                     additional anaerobic or aerobic digestion, are tied to Option 1,
                                  which requires a specified reduction in volatile solids. Is it necessary
                                  to fail Option 1 before going on to Options 2 and 3?

                                     A: Failure is not essential. The additional digestion approaches specified
                                     in Option 2 for biosolids treated anaerobically and Option 3 for biosolids
                                  treated aerobically can be followed without regard to the Option 1 volatile
                                  solids reduction requirements.
                                  Q
: Does the regulation address odor?
                                     A: Not specifically. Volatile solids are a surrogate. No EPA standards
                                     address odor. Odor may be covered under State or local nuisance laws
                                  or under air regulations. Odor also may be covered as a special
                                  requirement under State or local public health and general welfare
                                  provisions.
              126 - AB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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    ; Are both Class AorB biosolids, in regard to pathogens,
V/ protective of public health and the environment, even though
biosolids with Class B pathogen status may still contain pathogens
and biosolids with Class A status do not?

    A: Biosolids with either Class A or Class B pathogen status are protective
    of human health and the environment because of the added site
restrictions and management practices that are required for biosolids with
Class B pathogen status, which may contain pathogens. Stated as a
generally correct rule of thumb:
       Class A = Class B + Site Restrictions + Management Practices.
                                 AEWV Guide to the Part 503 Rule -127

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Chapter  6
Sampling and Analysis
                          The Part 503 rule requires sampling and analysis of biosolids for
                          certain pollutants (metals) and pathogens and for vector attraction
                          reduction if the biosolids are land applied, placed on a surface
                    disposal site, or incinerated. The rule prescribes the frequency for
                    monitoring and lists analytical methods that must be used to analyze
                    different types of samples. The rule does not, however, provide specific
                    instructions on how to sample. This chapter provides general information on
                    sampling biosolids; gives an overview of sampling requirements concerning
                    biosolids incinerator emissions; discusses the methods required by the Part
                    503 rule for analyzing biosolids samples; and lists publications that provide
                    detailed information about biosolids sampling and analysis.
Guidance for Sampling Biosolids
                    A number of considerations relate to the care that must be taken in
                    sampling and analyzing biosolids as well as the number of samples that
                    must be taken to be representative. These factors include the size of the
                    sample of biosolids material that is actually being analyzed, the accuracy of
                    the analytical technique, the presence of other materials that might interfere
                    with the analysis, the stability of the analyte being determined, and the
                    potential reduction in volatile solids content of the biosolids when analyzed.
                    Since this chapter provides only general information on sampling and
                    analyzing biosolids, persons responsible for complying with the Part 503
                    rule should seek additional guidance. Sources of guidance include EPA's
                    POTW Sludge Sampling and Analysis Guidance Document, the EPA
                                                      Guide to the Part 503 Rule -129

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                      Sewage Sludge Sampling Video, and Environmental Regulations and
                      Technology: Control of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in Sewage
                      Sludge (see References), as well as the general Part 503 sampling
                      requirements (summarized in Table 6=1) and the references to specific
                      required analytical protocols listed in Table 6-7. Other guidance documents
                      also are listed at the end of this chapter, if additional information is needed,
                      the reader can contact the Regional EPA permitting authority and, where
                      applicable, the State biosolids contact person.

           Who Must Sample?
                      in  most cases, the preparer of biosoiids (usually the owner/operator of a
                      treatment works) will be responsible for sampling the biosolids for metals,
                      pathogens, and, where applicable, for vector attraction reduction. Often the
                      generator is also the preparer, land applier, surface disposer, or incinerator
                      of  the biosolids. Sometimes a person other than the generator is the
                      preparer (e.g., a person who provides additional processing that may alter
                      the quality of the biosolids before their use or disposal). That preparer may
                      also be required to sample the additionally processed biosolids before they
                      are land applied, surface disposed, or incinerated. Also, the owner/operator
                      of  a surface disposal site is responsible for sampling metals under certain
                      circumstances: when needed to meet site-specific limit requirements, or
                      when the boundary of an active biosolids unit is less than 150 meters from
                      the property line of the surface disposal site (see Chapter Three).

           How Often Should Sampling Be Done?
                      The Part 503 rule includes tables listing minimum monitoring frequencies for
                      biosolids that will be land applied, placed on a  surface disposal site, or
                      incinerated. Frequency of monitoring requirements range from once a year
                      for facilities using or disposing of relatively small amounts of biosolids to
                      once a month for facilities using or disposing of larger amounts of biosolids.
                      Table 6-2 lists the frequency of monitoring requirements in  Part 503.
                      Monitoring must take place at least as often as the table indicates to
                      demonstrate compliance with Part 503 pollutant limits and pathogen and
                      vector attraction reduction requirements.

                      A number of factors were considered in establishing the frequency of
                      monitoring requirements for the Part 503 rule. The intent was to avoid
                      imposing any undue burden  on persons preparing smaller quantities of
                      biosolids. Also, the intent was to require sufficiently frequent monitoring,
                      representative sampling, and quality-assured and -controlled analytical
                      procedures so that the data collected accurately represent  the metal content
                      and pathogen and vector attraction reduction status of the biosolids being
                      used or disposed.
130 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                                        TABLE 6-1
                   Summary of Biosolids Sampling Considerations"

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Factors To Consider in Developing a Sampling Program
Prepare:, land applier, surface disposer, or incinerator of biosolids.
Biosolids:
Metals (land application, surface disposal, incineration).
Pathogens and vector attraction reduction (land application and surface disposal
sites only).
Nitrogen (land application only).
Biosolids incinerator emissions:
Total hydrocarbons (or carbon monoxide), oxygen, temperature, information needed to
determine moisture content, and mercury and beryllium, when applicable.
Other:
Methane gas in air (surface disposal sites only).
From once a year to once a month, depending on the amount of biosolids used or disposed
(see Table 6-2).
Take either:
Grab samplesh (individual samples) for pathogens and percent volatile solids
determinations,
or
Composite samples (several grab samples combined) for metals.
No fixed number of individual samples required (except for Class B pathogens, Alternative
1, take 7 samples). Enough material must be taken for the sample to be representative. Take
a greater number of samples if there is a large amount of biosolids or if characteristics of
biosolids vary a lot. See Table 6-4 for guidance (e.g., continuous, instantaneous, or monthly
averages required).
Before use or disposal. If biosolids are used or disposed before sampling results are
available, and the results subsequently show that a regulatory limit is exceeded the
responsible person will be in noncompliance with Part 503. See also Table 6-3.
Usually at site of preparer (e.g., treatment works). Sometimes samples must be collected at
land application or surface disposal sites.
Sample from moving biosolids when possible to obtain a well-mixed sample. If you must
sample from a stationary location, the sample should represent the entire area. Appropriate
sampling points differ for liquid or dewatered biosolids (see Table 6-5).
See Table 6-6.
Part 503 requires that specific analytical methods be used for different types of samples (see
Table 6-7).
a All information in (his table is discussed in more detail in the text of"this chapter.
h Guidance, not a Part 503 rulo requirement.
                                                              Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 131

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                                                   TABLE 6-2
                          Frequency of Monitoring for Land Application, Surface
                                    Disposal, and Incineration of Biosolids
                        Greater than zero but less than 290    i  Once per year
                        Equal to or greater than 290 but
                        less than 1,500
Once per quarter (four times per year)
                        Equal to or greater than 1,500 but
                        less than 15,000
Once per 60 days (six times per year)
                        Equal to or greater than 15,000
Once per month (twelve times per year)
                        Amount of hiosolids (other than domestic septagc) land applied, placed on an active hiosolids unit, or
                        fired in an incinerator— dry-weight basis.

                       Monitoring frequency should anticipate the potential for changes in metals
                       concentration, pathogen density, and vector attractiveness in biosolids. In
                       general, metals contents will change little unless there is a significant
                       reduction in the volatile solids content of the biosolids. In contrast, bacterial
                       pathogens (not enteric viruses and viable helminth ova) can regrow in
                       biosolids under certain conditions. Moreover, the extent of vector attraction
                       reduction achieved using Alternatives 6 (pH adjustment) or Alternatives 7 or
                       8 (drying) may change.

                       Monitoring frequency also should take into account when biosolids are
                       actually being used or disposed. The rule assumes, especially in regard to
                       preparers of large amounts of biosolids, that the biosolids  will be used or
                       disposed consistently throughout the year. If biosolids are  being stored for a
                       number of  months before use or disposal, a large mass could accrue.
                       Although the Part 503 rule does not require analysis until the biosolids are
                       used or disposed, the preparer, land applier, or disposer might want to take
                       composite  samples for analysis throughout the storage period so that
                       sampling results are more representative and the operation affords better
                       process control. Remember, however, that the fecal coliform and
                       Salmonella sp. determinations (for Class A and B pathogen alternatives,
                       where applicable) have to be made sufficiently close to the time biosolids
                       are actually used or disposed to be indicative of whether the potential for
                       regrowth has been controlled.

                       In general, if a person is operating in such a manner that the biosolids being
                       used or disposed meet applicable Part 503 requirements,  continuing in this
                       manner of  operation would tend to minimize the likelihood of subsequent
                       noncompliance. Thus, a monitoring program that enables  one to ensure that
                       critical operating parameters continue to be met is good practice.
132 - AB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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           Given the varying nature of the many different processes that need to be
           monitored for and controlled, it is not possible to provide one simple
           guidance suggestion for when to monitor for various Part 503 required
           parameters. Table 6-3 summarizes additional important monitoring
           considerations for each of the various parameters.

How Many Samples Should Be Taken?
           Although the Part 503 rule establishes frequency of monitoring
           requirements for biosolids, it does not specify how many samples need to
           be taken. (There is one exception—for Class B, Alternative 1 pathogen
           requirements, the regulation states that seven samples must be collected.)
           Is one sample enough for most monitoring? Are 20 too many? The
           appropriate number of samples to take depends on conditions at each site.
           More than one sample is usually necessary to accurately represent a
           particular stream or batch of biosolids. The key is to obtain a
           representative sample, as is required by the Part 503 rule.

           In general, the more samples taken, the greater the chance that the
           sampling results will be representative of the  biosolids at a particular facility.
           Also, the larger the amount of biosolids a facility uses or disposes, the
           greater the number of samples that will be needed to obtain a representative
           sample. A greater number of samples should be taken if the characteristics
           of the biosolids vary considerably (e.g., if the  solids content or pathogen
           levels vary significantly from one batch to  another). Table 6-4 provides
           guidance on the types of biosolids samples that must be collected to assess
           the level of metals and pathogens, and to monitor other parameters. The
           type of parameter limit (e.g., instantaneous, monthly averages) will affect the
           determination of how many samples should be taken.

           Important factors to consider when determining how many samples to take
           include:

                Standard deviation. Find out the extent of the variation from the
                average result (the mean). This concept is known as the standard
                deviation. The standard deviation is determined by taking the square
                root of the arithmetic average of the squares of the deviations from
                the mean  in a frequency distribution. The greater the standard
                deviation, the greater the number of individual samples that should be
                taken to get a representative sample.
                Addition of commercial/industrial pollutants to sewage system.
                Determine whether pollutants are being added (or "cycled") into the
                sewage system by commercial or industrial processes. If cycling of
                pollutants is occurring, it is advisable to collect more samples to
                ensure that they include the high pollutant levels (or "spikes") that can
                come from commercial or industrial discharges.
                                                  Guide to the Part 503 Rule -133

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                                          TABLE 6-3
                     Monitoring Considerations for Key Parameters
 Parameter
                Validity of Analytical Data over Time and
                  When Sampling/Analysis Must Occur
 Metals
                   METALS

Data remain valid for biosolids if no significant change in volatile solids.
Determine monitoring frequency in accordance with monitoring frequency
requirements.
 Applies to
 All Class A Pathogen
 Reduction
 Alternatives (PRA):
            PATHOGENS CLASS A

Because regrowth of fecal coliform and Salmonella sp. can occur, monitoring
should be done sufficiently close to the time of biosolids use or disposal so data
are available and no additional regrowth occurs:
(a) before land application or suface disposal, or
(b) when biosolids are prepared for sale or give-away in a bag or other container
for land application, or
(cj when biosolids are prepared to meet EQ requirements.
Once destroyed, enteric viruses and viable helminth ova do not regain viability.
                     Additional Information on Each Class A Pathogen Category
 Class A PRA 1:
 Thermal Treatment,
 Moisture, Particle Size
 & Time Dependent
Data remain valid as long as biosolids remain dry before use.
Time, temperature, and moisture content should be monitored continuously to
ensure effectiveness of treatment.
 Class A PRA 2:
 High pH, High
 Temperature
Monitor to ensure that pH 12 (at 25°C) is maintained for more than 72 hours.
 Class A PRA 3:
 Enteric Virus & Viable
 Helminth Ova To
 Establish Process
 Class A PRA 4:
 Enteric Virus & Viable
 Helminth Ova for
 Unknown Process
To establish a process, determine with each monitoring episode until the process
is shown to consistently achieve this status. Then monitor process at sufficient
frequency to ensure its validity.
Do not know whether enteric virus or viable helminth ova were present and
destroyed or just not detected. Monitor representative sample of biosolids material:
(a) to be used or disposed, or
(b) when prepared for sale or give-away in a bag or other container for land
application, or
(c) when prepared to meet EQ requirements.
 Class A PRA 5:
 PFRP
Monitor at sufficient frequency to show compliance with time and temperature or
irradiation requirements in Table 5-6.
 Class A PRA 6:
 PFRP Equivalent
Monitor at sufficient frequency to show compliance with PFRP or equivalent
process requirements.
134 - oEFA Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                                 TABLE 6-3 (continued)
                   Monitoring Considerations for Key Parameters
Class BPRAl:
Fecal Coliform
            PATHOGENS CLASS B

Measure the geometric mean of 7 samples taken over a 2-week period sufficiently
close to the time of use or disposal so that (i) data are available and (ii) no
additional regrowth occurs before use or disposal.
Class B PRA 2:
Monitor at sufficient frequency to show that the PSRP requirements in Table 5-7
are met.
Class B PRA 3:
Monitor at sufficient frequency to show that the equivalent PSRP requirements
are met.
Vector Attraction
Reduction (VAR) 1:
38% Volatile Solids
Reduction (VSR)
    VECTOR ATTRACTION REDUCTION

Once achieved, no further attractiveness to vectors. If a batch process, determine
VSR for each batch. If for a continuous process, determine VSR based on
material being put in and withdrawn. Monitor at sufficient frequency to verify that
the necessary VSR operating conditions are met.
VAR 2
for Anaerobic
Digestion:
If Cannot Meet VAR 1
Lab Test

VAR 3
for Aerobic Digestion:
If Cannot Meet VAR 1
Lab Test

VAR 4:
SOUR Test for
Aerobic Processes
Once achieved, no further attractiveness to vectors. If a batch process, determine
VSR for each batch. If unable to show VSR, then conduct lab test. Monitor at
sufficient frequency to verify that biosolids are meeting the necessary operating
conditions.
VAR 5:
Aerobic >40°C
Monitor at sufficient frequency to show that biosolids are achieving an average
temperature of 45°C over a 2-week period.
VAR 6:
Adding Alkaline
Material
Determine pH over time for each batch. VAR has been achieved as long as the pH
does not drop such that putrefaction begins prior to land application or surface
disposal.
VAR 7:
Moisture Reduction
No Unstabilized
Primary Solids
To be achieved only by the removal of water. VAR has been achieved as long as
the moisture level remains below 30%.
VAR 8:
Moisture Reduction
Primary Unstabilized
Solids
To be achieved only by the removal of water. VAR has been achieved as long as
the moisture level remains below 10%.
                                      (continued on next page)
                                                               Guide to the Part 503 Rule -135

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                               TABLE 6-3 (continued)
                  Monitoring Considerations for Key Parameters
                      No significant amount of biosolids remains on soil surface within 1  hour after
                      injection.
 VAR 9:
 Injection into Soil

 VAR 10:              Biosolids must be incorporated into soil within 6 hours after being placed on the
 Incorporation into Soil  soil surface.
VAR 11:
Covered with Soil
Surface Disposal
VAR 12:
Domestic Septage
pH Adjustment
                       Surface disposed biosolids must be covered daily.
                       Preparer must ensure that pH is 12 for more lhan 30 minutes for each batch of
                       domestic septage treated with alkaline material.
                          Results of previous samples. If previous sampling results show that
                          biosolids contain pollutants or pathogens at levels close to the
                          regulatory limits specified in Part 503, then consider taking a greater
                          number of samples to determine if the biosolids are approaching or
                          have reached the regulatory limit. The closer the biosolids come to
                          the regulatory limits, the more critical sampling results become.
                          Whether the biosolids are well mixed. Well-mixed biosolids provide
                          a more representative sample. If a particular batch or stream of
                          biosolids is well mixed, then fewer samples need to be taken. If the
                          biosolids are not well mixed, then more samples should be taken.
                     Special methods have been developed by EPA's Office of Wastewater
                     Management to determine how many samples should be collected when
                     biosolids must be sampled at land application or surface disposal sites
                     rather than where generated. These methods involve the use of
                     mathematical concepts such as sample means, standard deviations, and
                     confidence intervals, which are explained in EPA's POTW Sludge
                     Sampling and Analysis Guidance Document (see References).

          How Is Sampling Done?
                     There are two basic types of samples: grab samples and composite
                     samples. Because  a grab sample is a single sample collected at a specific
                     time and location, it is representative of the composition of a material being
                     sampled only at that particular moment and place.

                     The other type of sample, the composite sample, is made up of several  grab
                     samples taken over a period of time and/or from different locations. In most
                     cases, a composite sample is more representative than a grab sample
                     because the composite can reveal information about the composite's
                     subsamples of material from several locations and time periods. Thus,
136 -
         Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                              TABLE 6-4
     Types of Limits for Which Sampling Must Be Done
Land Application
 Pollutant Limits:

 Ceiling Limit Concentrations
! (Table 2-1 in this document,
 or Table 1 in Part 503.13)

 Pollutant Concentrations—
 PC or EQ biosolids (Table
 2-1  in this document, or
 Table 3 in Section 503.13)

 Nitrogen
                        CPLR (Table 2-1 in this
                        document, or Table 2 in
                        Section 503,13)

                        APLR (Table 2-1 in this
                        document, or Table 4 in
                        Section 503.13)
Surface Disposal
                        Methane gas
                        Metals
                                                   Instantaneous—may not be
                                                   exceeded
                                                   Monthly averages
Representative value used to  j
determine agronomic rale

May not be exceeded at any
site
                            May not be exceeded during
                            a 365-day period
                           Continuously monitored in
                           air;
                           instantaneous—may not be
                           exceeded

                          I Instantaneous—may not be
                           exceeded
Incineration
                        Metals (except beryllium
                        and mercury)
                        Total hydrocarbons (THC)
                        or Carbon-monoxide (CO)
                        Oxygen

                        Temperature

                        Moisture
                           Daily concentration; if
                           required to report once per
                           month, average of each day
                           operated during the month

                           Continuously monitored;
                           monthly average is reported,
                           which is the arithmetic mean
                          i of hourly averages with a
                           minimum of 2 readings per
                           hour

                           Continuously monitored

                           Continuously monitored

                           Continuously monitored
                            (continued on next page)
                                           Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 137

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                                                  TABLE 6-4 (continued)
                                Types of Limits for Which Sampling Must Be Done
                                            "T
                                               Pathogens (or
                                               Indicators):

                                               Class A Pathogens:
                                                  Fecal coliform
                                                  Salmonella sp.
                                                  Enteric virus
                           Land Application
                           and Surface
                           Disposal
                                               Class B Pathogens:
                                                  Fecal coliform
                                                  Viable helminth ova
Part 503 rule specifies a density of
< 1,000 fecal coliform/g total solids
(dry-weight basis). Guidance
(EPA/625/R-92/013) suggests the
geometric mean of a minimum of 7
individual grab samples taken over a
14-day period, similar to the fecal
coliform determination for Class B.

Part 503 rule specifies a density of <3
MPN Salmonella sp./4 g total solids
(dry-weight basis). Guidance
(EPA/625/R-92/013) suggests the
arithmetic mean of a minimum of 7
individual grab samples taken over a
14-day period.

Part 503 rule specifies a density of <1
PFL74 g total solids (dry-weight basis).
Guidance (EPA/625/R-92/013)
suggests that one composite sample of
7 grab samples be made over a 14-day
period and that the arithmetic mean of
4 duplicate analyses of that composite
be determined.

Part 503 rule specifies a density of <1
viable ova/4 g total solids (dry-weight
basis). Guidance (LP/V625/R-92/013)
suggests that one composite sample of
7 grab samples be made over a 14-day
period and that the arithmetic mean of
4 duplicate analyses of that composite
be determined.

Pan 503 rule specifies the geometric
mean  of 7 individual samples.
Guidance suggests that they be taken
over a 14-day period; the rule states
that the geometric mean may not
exceed <2 million MPN or CFUs/g
total solids (dry-weight basis).
                          Note: CPUs = colony-forming units
                               MPN = most probable number
138 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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           whenever possible and appropriate, composite sampling should be
           conducted (e.g., for metals). Take several grab samples, combine them,
           and then send the composite sample to a laboratory for analysis.

           Although composite samples taken over one to several weeks and properly
           stored are generally more representative than composite samples gathered
           over a short timeframe, certain tests require a composite sample that has
           been gathered over a short period of time. This is because tests of biosolids
           for certain analytes, such as pathogens, can become invalid due to ease of
           contamination, regrowth, or rapid die-off.

When Should Samples Be Taken?
           Part 503 states that biosolids must meet the requirements of the rule at the
           time of their use or disposal or at the time they are prepared if distributed in
           bags or meeting EQ status. Sampling and analysis should take place before
           use or disposal so that analytical results can be available ahead of time.
           Biosolids could be sampled and analyzed for metals content a considerable
           period of time before use or disposal, provided no significant additional
           reduction in volatile solids content has occurred. Certain pathogen and
           vector attraction reduction determinations, however, would need to be made
           close to the time of use or disposal to meet the rule's requirements. In some
           cases (e.g., with some of the pathogen and  vector attraction reduction
           alternatives) sampling may need to be conducted over the applicable period
           of time to show that reduction of parameters has been achieved. See also
           Tables 6-3 and 6-4.

           Waiting to establish sampling results before use or disposal is critical to
           avoid exceeding limits if the levels of one or more pollutants or pathogens in
           the biosolids being tested are close to the regulatory limits or if there is a
           high potential for pollutant spikes. If initial sampling results for a particular
           biosolids material indicate that pollutant levels are well below the regulatory
           limits, later sampling results might also be expected to show that pollutant
           levels will not exceed those limits. If, however, you suspect that pollutant
           levels are close to the regulatory limits, then waiting for results before using
           or disposing of the biosolids will avoid a situation in which a detected
           exceedance results in noncompliance.

           Establishing compliance before use or disposal also helps ensure  that a
           particular batch of biosolids is available for additional sampling if necessary.
           For example, suppose that a batch of biosolids was land applied before
           sampling results were returned from the laboratory and that when the
           sampling results became available, they indicated unusually high levels of a
           pollutant in excess of the regulatory limit. Resampling might be appropriate
           to determine whether a laboratory error was made.  If biosolids have already
           been used or disposed prior to an exceedance determination, the permitting
           authority would have to decide what actions to take to ensure protection of
                                              &SA Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 139

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                                    "'              c
                      A laboratory technician analyzes samples of composted biosolids in Aurora, Illinois.

                      public health and the environment. The enforcement authority also would
                      have to make a determination about actions it might take that could lead to
                      penalties and fines.

           Where Should the Samples Be Taken?
                      In general, more representative sampling occurs when the biosolids being
                      sampled are moving rather than stationary. The movement of biosolids
                      tends to cause mixing and thus a more uniform entrainment of solids and
                      pollutants. Depending on the type of biosolids material (liquid, dewatered, or
                      dried) and the treatment process, certain sampling points will provide better
                      samples. Table 6-5 lists some of the better places to sample biosolids.

                      Liquid biosolids should generally be sampled from pipelines, or preflushed
                      pipeline ports. Whenever possible, the sampling locations should be as far
                      downstream in the treatment works as possible to take advantage of the
                      maximum mixing that will occur and to capture the most representative
                      sample of biosolids that will be used or disposed. For example, sampling
                      before digestion would not be representative of the pathogen or metals
                      levels that would be present after digestion. Sometimes liquid biosolids may
                      need to be sampled from lagoons. This should be done in such a way that
                      the floating, suspended, and sediment layers of the biosolids are all
                      included. The sample can be obtained using a liquid waste sampler, known
                      as a  coliwasa (described in EPA Solid Waste Method 846), or, if the
                      biosolids are quite thick, by using a coring device.
140 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                                        TABLE 6-5
                              Sampling Points for Biosolids
Anaerobically Digested
Collect sample from taps on the discharge side of positive displacement pumps.
Aerobically Digested
Collect sample from taps on discharge lines from pumps.  If batch digestion is
used, collect sample directly from the digester. Cautions:
1.  If biosolids are aerated during sampling, air entrains in  the sample. Volatile
organiccompounds may be purged with escaping air.
2.  When aeration is shut off, solids may settle rapidly.
Thickened
Heat Treated
Collect sample from taps on the discharge side of positive displacement pumps.
Collect sample from taps on the discharge side of positive displacement pumps
after decanting. Be careful when sampling heat-treated biosolids because of:
1. High tendency for solids separation.
2. High temperature of sample (temperature >60°C as sampled) can cause
problems with certain sample containers due to cooling and subsequent
contraction of entrained gases.
Dewatered, Dried,
Composted, or
Thermally Reduced

Dewatered by Belt
Filter Press,
Centrifuge, Vacuum
Filter Press

Dewatered by
Biosolids Press
(plate and frame)

Dewatered by
Drying Beds
Compost Piles
Collect sample from material collection conveyors and bulk containers.  Collect
sample from many locations within the biosolids mass and at various depths.
Collect sample from biosolids discharge chute.
Collect sample from the storage bin; select four points within the storage bin,
collect equal amount of sample from each point and combine.
Divide bed into quarters, grab equal amounts of sample from the center of each
quarter and combine to form a composite sample of the total bed. Each composite
sample should include the entire depth of the biosolids material (down to the sand).

Collect sample directly from front-end loader while biosolids are being
transported or stockpiled within a few days of use.
                      A more representative sample of dewatered biosolids (e.g., with a solids
                      content of 10 to 40 percent) can be obtained by sampling from moving
                      conveyor belts or front-end loaders that are moving a pile of biosolids (i.e.,
                      biosolids from drying beds, outdoor drying windrows, compost storage piles,
                      or dried-out lagoons should be sampled, if possible, when moved). If the
                      biosolids sample must be taken with the biosolids in place, samples from
                      the entire area should be taken and combined (e.g., samples from a
                      compost pile should be taken at various depths and along the length of the
                      pile and then mixed together).
                                                          &BVK Guide to the Part 503 Rule -141

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                      In most cases, biosolids are sampled at the end of a treatment process, just
                      prior to their use or disposal. In some instances, sampling may need to be
                      carried out at a storage, surface disposal, or land application site because of
                      the possibility of a change in pollutant, pathogen levels, or vector
                      attractiveness during the period between treatment and use or disposal.

           What Types of Sampling Equipment Should Be Used?
                      Sampling equipment (e.g., coring devices, coliwasas, pitchers, conduits,
                      shovels, trowels, containers) must be made of materials that will not
                      contaminate or react with the biosolids. Suitable sampling equipment
                      materials generally include glass, stainless steel, and plastic (Teflon,
                      polyethylene, polypropylene). Any steel equipment used must not be
                      galvanized or zinc coated because it will contaminate the sample.
                      Moreover, all equipment should be kept clean to avoid  contamination. For
                      samples used to demonstrate compliance with Class A pathogen
                      requirements, sampling equipment should be sterilized prior to sampling.
                      Requirements for sample containers are often listed in  the description of the
                      analytical method  (see below).

           How Large a Sample Is Needed? How Long Can the Sample Be Stored?
                      It is important both to collect the correct amount of biosolids needed to
                      perform sample analysis and to preserve and store samples properly. Table
                      6-6 lists appropriate containers, sample sizes, and preservation  and storage
                      times for sampling biosolids for metals and pathogens. Wide-mouthed
                      containers are recommended for biosolids sampling.

           What If a Test Result Does Not Meet the Part 503 Requirements?
                      To answer this question, it is important to clarify, first of all, that no violation
                      occurs unless biosolids have been used or disposed and pollutant contents
                      exceed regulatory requirements. Second, it is necessary to clarify whether a
                      monthly average determination (e.g., for pollutant concentration limits or
                      Class  B pathogen status for land application) or an instantaneous
                      determination (e.g., ceiling concentration limit for land application) is at
                      issue.  Land  application would be in compliance even if some of  the daily or
                      weekly biosolids metal determinations included in the monthly average
                      exceeded the pollutant concentration regulatory limits but the averages did
                      not. Likewise, land application would be in compliance, even if one or more
                      of the  7 fecal coliform densities exceeded the Part 503 regulatory limit,
                      provided the geometric mean of all 7 densities did not.

                      Consider the same question for land application ceiling concentration limits.
                      What if one  of several  samples of the mass of biosolids being analyzed was
                      above the Part 503 regulatory limit?  Does this mean that the particular batch
                      of biosolids  is out  of compliance and cannot be land applied? The answer is
142 - &B* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                                                TABLE 6-6
                            Proper Conditions for Biosolids Sampling
Parameter
Wide-Mouthed
Container
Preservative3
Maximum Storage
Time"
Minimum Volume1*
Solid and
semi-solid samples
Liquid (mercury
only)
Liquid (all other
liquid metals)
P,G
P,G
P,G
Cool,4°C
HNOatopH <2
HNO3 to pH <2
>" " •"""' "" "1
6 months
1 28 days
6 months
300 mL
500 mL
1 ,000 mL

Pathogens

Vector attraction
reduction

G,P,B,SS
|

1 . Cool in ice and
waterto<10"Cif
analysis delayed
>1 hr, or
2. Cool promptly
to <4°C. or
3. Free/.e and store
samples to be
analyzed for
viruses at 0"Cd
Varies11
6 hours
24 hours (bacteria
and viruses)
1 month (helminth
ova)
2 weeks
Varies"

1-4 liters'

1-4 liters0
a Preservatives should be added to sampling containers prior to actual sampling episodes.  Storage t;mcs commence upon addition of
 sample to sampling container. Shipping of preserved samples to the laboratory may he, hut is generally not, regulated under
 Department of Transportation ha/ardous materials regulations.
h Varies with analytical method. Consult 40 CFR Pans 136 and 503.
c Reduced at the laboratory to approx. 3(X) mL samples.
''.Do not frcc/c bacterial or helminth ova samples.
P  =  Plastic (polyethylene, polypropylene, Teflon)
G  =  Glass (non-etched Pyrcx)
B  =  Prcsterilized bags (for dewatered or free-flowing hiosolids)
SS =  Stainless steel (not steel- or /inc-coated)
Source: 40 CFR Part 136, and EPA, December  1992.
                                                                            Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 143

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                     yes, the material could not be land applied unless treated to reduce the
                     ceiling concentration below the regulatory limit.

                     If a sample result were discovered to exceed certain limits after the biosolids
                     are land applied for any of the above cases, the biosolids would be out of
                     compliance and the responsible person would be subject to enforcement
                     actions. The permitting authority will decide what action to take when a
                     requirement is not met. If the failure is substantial, the permitting authority
                     might withhold approval for—or may no longer allow—land application,
                     surface disposal, or incineration of the biosolids. If the failure is slight, the
                     permitting authority might allow reasonable efforts to be made to bring the
                     process into compliance.

                     Determining the accuracy of a given sample result affects the ability to
                     achieve compliance. In many sampling efforts, some  results might not
                     accurately represent the material being sampled as well as other samples
                     would (these are known  as outliers). Some outliers may indicate
                     noncompliance when other, more representative samples show compliance.
                     Also, laboratory errors may indicate sample failure when in fact the sample
                     should have passed. To  account for outliers and lab errors, the person
                     doing the monitoring should take a greater number of samples over a long
                     timeframe. If most samples in a rigorous sampling effort show compliance, it
                     is more likely that a single sample failure is an outlier or due to laboratory
                     error. It should be noted, however, that a large number of samples is
                     needed to prove that a sample result is an outlier.

           Other Sampling Considerations
                     Other factors that need to be considered when developing sampling
                     procedures for biosolids  include:

                            Regrowth potential for bacteria. Under certain conditions, some
                            types of bacteria may regrow in biosolids. The possibility for regrowth
                            depends on  whether conditions such as temperature, pH, and other
                            factors make the biosolids an advantageous food source for the
                            bacteria.  Because of this potential, the Part 503 rule requires
                            sampling for fecal  coliform or Salmonella sp. bacteria as close as
                            possible to the time of biosolids use or disposal for the Class A and B
                            pathogen alternatives where such determinations are required.
                            Proper quality assurance and quality control procedures. QA/QC
                            procedures appropriate for collecting samples for metals and for
                            performing microbiological analysis should be defined and followed.
                            (EPA's POTW Sludge Sampling and Analysis Guidance
                            Document provides guidance on sampling and QA/QC procedures.
                            See also, lists of contacts at the end of this document.)
144 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                            Packaging procedures. Ensure that packaging does not alter the
                            biosolids' character or quality. Shipping containers should be kept
                            upright, tightly sealed, cushioned, insulated, and refrigerated to keep
                            the sample at approximately 4°C but without freezing the sample.
                            Shipping time. The sample should reach the lab within 24 hours to
                            ensure that proper temperature conditions are maintained. U.S.
                            Department of Transportation regulations prohibit shipping acidified
                            samples without the proper manifest and hazard markings. Use of
                            acidified samples should be avoided because shipping is costly.
                            Proper sample documentation. Documentation is important for
                            ensuring QA/QC. Documentation includes clearly marked labels with
                            all appropriate identifying information; a chain-of-custody record that
                            documents the transfer of the sample material from person-to-person;
                            and a log book that records all sampling activities.
                            Personnel safety. Personnel handling biosolids samples should take
                            precautions to minimize contact with pathogens and pollutants that
                            may be present in biosolids. Rubber or latex gloves and waterproof
                            garments should be worn to prevent direct contact. Personnel should
                            follow procedures that limit the production of explosive gases within
                            the samples; preserving and  refrigerating samples suppresses
                            biological activity that produces such gases. In addition, sampling
                            personnel should take precautions to avoid injury when sampling
                            high-pressure biosolids lines  or lines containing high-temperature,
                            thermally conditioned biosolids.
Sampling Emissions for Biosolids Incineration
                      Another type of sampling required by Part 503 concerns metals in biosolids
                      fired in an incinerator and total hydrocarbon (THC) (or carbon monoxide—
                      CO) emissions from the incinerator's exhaust stack. Methods for sampling
                      biosolids incinerator emissions are very detailed and should be performed
                      by experienced professionals.

                      Chapter Four provides a brief discussion of the performance testing
                      required for biosolids incinerators. Testing personnel will sample biosolids,
                      sample the stack gases, and document the operating conditions of the
                      furnace during  the test (i.e., temperature, pressure, voltage, and operation
                      of air pollution control devices). The performance test, which is run to
                      represent normal incinerator operating conditions, generates information
                      that is used to establish acceptable operating conditions for the incinerator
                      and to calculate maximum pollutant levels for the biosolids fired in the
                      incinerator.

                      Maintaining compliance with the required THC (or CO) regulatory limits is
                      also discussed in Chapter Four of this document.
                                                        AEWV Guide to the Part 503 Rule -145

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Analytical Methods for Biosolids Samples

                   The Part 503 rule requires that specific methods be used for analyzing
                   biosolids samples for metals, pathogens, and vector attraction reduction.
                   Table 6-7 lists these methods.

Sources of Additional Information on Sampling and Analysis of
Biosolids
                   Environmental Regulations and Technology: Control of Pathogens
                   and Vector Attraction in Sewage Sludge
                   U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH. Phone
                   (614) 292-6717. EPA/625/R-92/013, December 1992.

                   POTW Sludge Sampling and Analysis Guidance Document
                   U.S. EPA, Permits Division, Washington, DC. 1st edition, August 1989.
                   NTIS PB 93-227957. Phone (800) 553-6847. Revised 2nd edition
                   scheduled for publication in September 1994.
 146 - <&EFA Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                                          TABLE 6-7
                       Analytical Methods for Biosolids Sampling8
  Enteric Viruses
ASTM Designation:  D 4994-89, Standard Practice for
Recovery of Viruses from Wastewater Sludges, Annual
Book of ASTM Standards: Section 11. Water and
Environmental Technology, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA,
1992.
  Fecal Coliform
Part 9221 E or Part 922 D, Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition,
American Public Health Association, Washington, DC,
1992.
  Helminth Ova
Yanko, W.A., Occurrence of Pathogens in Distribution
and Marketing Municipal Sludges, EPA/600/1-87/014,
1987. PB 88-154273/AS, National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, VA; (800) 553-6847.
  Inorganic Pollutants
Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,
Physical/Chemical Methods, EPA Publication SW-846,
3rd edition (1986) with Revision I. 2nd edition. PB
87-120291, National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA. 3rd edition Doc. No.
955-001-00000-1, Superintendent of Documents,
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
  Salmonella sp. Bacteria
Part 9260 D, Standard Methods for Examination of
Water and Wastewater, 18th edition, American Public
Health Association, Washington, DC, 1992; or, Kenner,
B.A. and H.P. Clark, Detection and Enumeration of
Salmonella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, J. Water
Pollution Control Federation, 46(9):2163-2171, 1974.
  Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate
Part 2710 B, Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater, 18th edition, American Public
Health Association, Washington, DC, 1992.
  Total, Fixed, and Volatile Solids
Part 2540 G, Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater, 18th edition, American Public
Health Association, Washington, DC, 1992.
  Percent Volatile Solids Reduction Calculation11
Environmental Regulations and Technology—Control
of Pathogens and Vectors in Sewage Sludge,
EPA/625/R-92/013, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 1992; (614) 292-6717.
a These analytical methods are required by the Part 503 rule.

b This analytical method is provided as guidance in the Part 503 rule.
                                                                  Guide to the Part 503 Rule -147

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Common Questions and Answers

                        ^: Most facilities will not wait several weeks for laboratory results
                     ^    before shipping biosolids off site for use or disposal. What action
                     will be taken when the laboratory results show that biosolids that have
                     already been land applied actually exceeded pollutant ceiling
                     concentration limits?

                       I : The preparer will be in violation for noncompliance. The ceiling
                        - concentration limits in Part 503 are instantaneous, not-to-exceed
                     values; thus, exceeding the concentrations is a violation. If the biosolids
                     quality is unusually close to the ceiling concentration limits, the facility may
                     need to require pretreatment or to take other suitable steps to enhance the
                     quality. EPA will enforce the rule as is warranted, using all remedies at its
                     disposal, including injunctive relief and/or penalty actions.

                     f  j|: Are there any measures in the Part 503 rule that deal with small
                     \^* communities that cannot afford to achieve immediate compliance
                     for monitoring biosolids and are not able to receive financial aid?

                         t: There are no specific provisions in the Part 503 rule that deal with the
                         financial status of a preparer. In developing the frequency of monitoring
                     requirements, however, EPA based the stipulations on the amount of
                     biosolids being used or disposed. Therefore, smaller facilities that use or
                     dispose of smaller amounts of biosolids will generally be required to monitor
                     less frequently than larger facilities.

                      / \; Do Part 503 frequency of monitoring requirements apply in the
                      '  ' same manner to biosolids that are being stored for a significant
                     period of time prior to land application as to those biosolids that are
                     being land-applied throughout the year generally in accordance  with
                     their generation or preparation ?

                         t: The frequency of monitoring requirements in the Part 503 rule were
                         established for biosolids that are being land-applied generally in
                     accordance with their generation or preparation. The overriding
                     consideration for monitoring biosolids that have been stored for a period of
                     months prior to being land-applied over a short time period is to obtain a
                     representative sample that reflects the current status of the biosolids.
 148 - «ER* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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   ;: How should biosolids be monitored that have been stored for a
*v_  number of months prior to being land applied during a short time
period compared to biosolids that are being land applied generally in
accordance with their generation or preparation? How frequently
should you monitor? What is the potential for liability if the biosolids
being land-applied fail to meet the ceiling limits, pollutant
concentration limits, or pathogen and vector attraction reduction
requirements?

  :  : The following two cases are given to help answer the frequency of
  -> monitoring questions. In both of the following cases the assumption is
made that the facility generates or prepares over 15,000 DMT of biosolids
during the year. In Case 1 the biosolids are land applied 12 months during
the year generally in accordance with their generation/preparation, and in
Case 2 they are stored for 11  months and then land applied during the 12th
month. The answer for Case 1 is as described  in the frequency of
monitoring tables in the Part 503 rule. The answer to Case 2 involves the
need for taking a sample that is truly representative of the mass of biosolids
that is about to be land applied. The exact method chosen to gain a
representative sample for Case 2 will depend on a careful examination of
the circumstances.

Pollutant Ceiling Limits

For Case 1 the answer is rather straightforward. The frequency of
monitoring table in the  Part 503  rule requires facilities that are generating or
preparing and land applying 15,000 DMT of biosolids throughout the year to
take one representative sample for analysis each month. If any analyzed
sample exceeded the ceiling limits in a given month, the biosolids
represented by that sample could not be land applied unless that batch of
biosolids underwent further treatment to reduce the content of the
exceedant pollutant to  below its ceiling limits. If the exceedant batch of
biosolids was added to other non-exceedant batches, then the entire
combined batch of biosolids would have to undergo treatment and
additional sampling and analysis to show its compliance with pollutant
ceiling limits.

For Case 2, the answer is different. The generator, preparer, or land applier,
in conjunction with the permitting authority, could decide on more than one
approach for frequency of monitoring—as long as sample(s) taken were
representative. One approach (Case 2A) might be to take one  or more
representative composite samples of the entire 15,000 DMT batch of stored
biosolids for analysis. Another approach (Case 2B) might be to take 12
monthly representative samples as the biosolids are being generated or
prepared and put into storage. Other approaches might also be appropriate.
                                  SERA Guide to the Part 503 Rule -149

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                      Failure to meet pollutant ceiling limits for Case 2A monitoring would require
                      additional treatment and testing to show compliance. If you were following
                      the monthly sampling and analysis Case 2B option, what would happen if
                      one of your monthly samples exceeded the ceiling limits? The batch of
                      biosolids that the sample represented could not be land  applied unless you
                      provided additional treatment to reduce the pollutant levels in the exceedant
                      batch to below the ceiling limits. If the exceedant  batch was added to other
                      non-exceedant biosolids of batches, then the entire mixture of batches
                      would have to undergo additional treatment, sampling, and analysis to show
                      that the pollutant ceiling limits were not exceeded.

                      Additional treatment processes that could be used to reduce the pollutant
                      content in the exceedant biosolids to below the ceiling limits for either Case
                      1 or 2 could involve composting, lime treatment, or blending with biosolids
                      that contain lower levels of pollutants.

                      Pollutant Concentration Limits

                      Assume in Case 1 that you were trying to meet the pollutant concentration
                      limits so that the biosolids could be used with  a PC or EQ classification.
                      Assume also that weekly composite samples were taken and analyzed as a
                      basis for determining the average monthly pollutant concentrations.

                      Could the PC or EQ classification for your biosolids be retained if the
                      pollutant levels in any of the weekly composite samples exceeded the
                      pollutant concentration limits? As long as the average of all of those
                      samples taken within a given month did not exceed the pollutant
                      concentration limit, your biosolids would still have a PC or EQ
                      classification—provided they also met necessary pathogen and vector
                      attraction reduction requirements. (Remember that you must report the
                      results of all analyses made.)

                      Assume in Case 2 that you were  trying to meet the pollutant concentration
                      limits and use the biosolids with a PC or EQ classification. As for Case 2
                      pollutant ceiling limits, you, in conjunction with the permitting authority, could
                      decide on more than one approach for taking  a representative  sample of the
                      stored biosolids.  For Case 2A suppose that your sampling and analysis
                      was performed just prior to the month the biosolids were being land applied,
                      and that you took more than one  representative sample during that month.
                      Suppose  further that one of the representative samples  exceeded one of
                      the pollutant concentration limits. Would your 15.000 DMT of biosolids meet
                      the pollutant concentration limits as long as the average of all those
                      representative samples taken during that month meet the limits? Yes.
                      Depending on the circumstances, however, you might be required to remix
                      the 15,000 DMT of biosolids and  take and test several more representative
                      samples to demonstrate compliance with the pollutant concentration limits.
150 - oB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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For Case 2B, suppose that all biosolids generated by the facility were
commingled during the 11-month storage period and that at least one of the
monthly samples exceeded the pollutant concentration limits. Assume
further that all the stored biosolids were land applied during the 12th month.
Could the biosolids be classified as PC or EQ if the mean of the 12 monthly
analyzed samples did not exceed the pollutant concentration limits? Yes.
Depending on the circumstances, however, you might be required to remix
the 15,000 DMT of biosolids and take and test several more representative
samples to demonstrate compliance with the pollutant concentration limits.

Cumulative Pollutant Loading Rate (CPLR) Monitoring

Assume that you analyzed for pollutant concentrations as described
immediately above and found that the concentration of metal  pollutants in
your tested biosolids exceeded those concentrations listed in Section
503.13, Table 3, but were less than the ceiling limits in Section 503.13,
Table 1. By whatever monitoring method you used to sample
representatively and determine pollutant contents, you would have to keep
track of and meet all other Part 503 requirements for land applying those
biosolids.

Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction

For both Cases 1 and 2, the current guidance for determining if biosolids
meet Class B pathogen requirements (where pathogen indicator
measurements are applicable) is to take a minimum of seven samples for
analysis that are  representative of the material that will be used or disposed.
As long as the geometric mean of the pathogen indicator concentration
does not exceed the limit, the biosolids meet the Class B pathogen
classification. Guidance also suggests that the same seven samples could
be used to determine vector attraction  reduction (VAR) for those VAR
processes that require analysis. Similar steps could be taken  to determine
biosolids compliance with Class A pathogen status.

It is important that the samples of the biosolids be taken and analyzed for
pathogen and VAR close enough to the time of land application to be
reflective of current status, but not so close that the results are not available
until after the biosolids have been land applied. If the delayed results
showed that the land applied biosolids were not in  compliance, then you
would be subject to a potential enforcement action.
                                       Guide to the Part 503 Rule -151

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References
                   A Guide to the Biosolids Risk Assessment Methodology for the EPA
                   503 Rule. U.S. EPA, Office of Wastewater Management.
                   EPA/832-B-93-005. Available late in 1994.

                   Biosolids Recycling: Beneficial Technology for a Better Environment.
                   U.S. EPA, Office of Wastewater Management. EPA/832-R-93-009. June
                   1994.

                   Domestic Septage Regulatory Guidance: A Guide to the EPA 503 Rule.
                   U.S. EPA, Office of Wastewater Management. EPA/832-B-92-005.
                   September 1993.

                   Environmental Regulations and Technology: Control of Pathogens
                   and Vector Attraction in Sewage Sludge. U.S. EPA, Office of Research
                   and Development. EPA/625/R-92/013. December 1992.

                   Guidance for Writing Permits for the Use or Disposal of Sewage
                   Sludge (Draft). U.S. EPA, Office of Wastewater Management. March 1993.
                   Final available late in 1994.

                   Guideline on Air Quality Models (Revised) (Appendix W of 40 CFR Part
                   51). U.S. EPA, EPA/450/2-78-027R. August 1993.

                   Land Application of Sewage Sludge: A Guide for Land Appliers on the
                   Record Keeping and Reporting Requirements of the Federal
                   Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge, 40 CFR Part 503.
                   U.S. EPA, Office of Wastewater Enforcement and Compliance.
                   EPA/831-B-002b. June 1994.

                   Methods Manual for Compliance with the BIF (Boilers and Industrial
                   Furnaces) Regulations. U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste.
                   EPA/530/SW-91-010. December 1990.
                                                    Guide to the Part 503 Rule -153

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                    POTW Sludge Sampling and Analysis Guidance Document. U.S. EPA,
                    Permits Division, Washington, DC. 1st edition, August 1989. NTIS:
                    PB93-227957. Revised 2nd edition expected in 1994.

                    Preparing Sewage Sludge for Land Application or Surface
                    Disposal—A Guide for Preparers of Sewage Sludge on the Monitoring,
                    Record Keeping, and Reporting Requirements of the Federal
                    Standards for Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge, 40 CFR Part 503.
                    U.S. EPA, Office of Wastewater Enforcement and Compliance.
                    EPA/813-B-93-002a. NTIS: PB94-102415. September 1993.

                    Process Design Manual: Land Application of Sewage Sludge and
                    Domestic Septage. U.S.  EPA, Center for Environmental Research
                    Information, Cincinnati, OH. Expected to be available in early 1995.

                    Process Design Manual: Surface Disposal of Sewage Sludge and
                    Domestic Septage. U.S.  EPA, Center for Environmental Research
                    Information, Cincinnati, OH. Expected to be available in early 1995.

                    Sewage Sludge Sampling Video. U.S. EPA, Office of Wastewater
                    Enforcement and Compliance. 1993. Available from the Office of Water
                    Resource Center (202-260-7786) or EPA Regional Offices.

                    Surface Disposal of Sewage Sludge: A Guide for Owners/Operators of
                    Surface Disposal Facilities on the Monitoring, Record Keeping, and
                    Reporting Requirements for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge, 40
                    CFR Part 503. U.S. EPA,  Office of Wastewater Enforcement and
                    Compliance. EPA/831-B-93-002C. June 1994.

                    Technical Support Document for Incineration of Sewage Sludge. U.S.
                    EPA, Office of Water. NTIS: PB93-110617. 1993.

                    Technical Support Document for Land Application of Sewage Sludge,
                    Volumes 1 and 2. U.S. EPA, Office of Water. NTIS:  PB93-110583 and
                    PB93-110575. 1993.

                    Technical Support Document for Reduction of Pathogens and Vector
                    Attraction in Sewage Sludge. U.S. EPA, Office of Water. NTIS:
                    PB93-110609. 1993.

                    Technical Support Document for Surface Disposal of Sewage Sludge.
                    U.S. EPA, Office of Water. NTIS:  PB93-110591.1993.
154 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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Most of the EPA references are available from the following:

Office of Water Resource Center (OWRC)
202-260-7786 (phone)
U.S. EPA
401 M. Street, SW. (RC-4100)
Washington, DC 20460

Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI)
513-569-7562 (phone)
513-569-7585 (fax)
26 West Martin  Luther King
Cincinnati, OH  45268

National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
800-553-6847 (phone)
703-487-4650 (phone)
703-321-8547 (fax)
U.S. Dept. of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161

Education Resource Information Center (ERIC)
614-292-6717 (phone)
614-292-0263 (fax)
C/O West Virginia University
P.O. Box 6064
Morgantown, WV 26506-6064
                                6EFA Guide to the Part 503 Rule -155

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Appendix  A
Permit Application Requirements
                   Permits that are issued to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) must
                   include standards for biosolids use or disposal. In addition, EPA may issue
                   biosolids permits to other "treatment works treating domestic sewage"
                   (TWTDS) (i.e., other facilities that generate, change the quality of, or
                   dispose of biosolids). Please note that this document refers to these permits
                   as "biosolids permits" instead of "sewage sludge permits," just as it refers to
                   sewage sludge as biosolids throughout this appendix to recognize and
                   emphasize that these wastewater products can be used beneficially.

                   The EPA's biosolids management program regulations establish a
                   framework for permitting biosolids use or disposal. The regulations require
                   submission of a permit application that provides the permitting authority with
                   sufficient information to issue an appropriate permit.

                   A permit application must include information on the entity's identity,
                   location, and regulatory status, as well as information on the quality,
                   quantity, and ultimate use or disposal of the biosolids.

                   Because the biosolids permitting regulations were promulgated several
                   years before the Part 503 standards, they describe the required application
                   information in broad, almost generic terms. EPA has developed an interim
                   application form and the Agency is planning to revise the permit application
                   regulations to reflect specifically the Part 503 standards.

                   The deadlines for submitting permit applications were revised in 1993 and
                   are as follows:
                                                &EP* Guide to the Part 503 Rule -157

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                            Applicants requiring site-specific pollutant limits in their permits (e.g.,
                            biosolids incinerators) and persons requesting site-specific limits (e.g.,
                            some surface disposal sites) were required to submit applications by
                            August 18, 1993.
                            All other applicants with National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
                            System (NPDES) permits are required to submit biosolids permit
                            applications at the time of their next NPDES permit renewals.
                            So-called biosolids-only (non-NPDES) facilities that are not applying
                            for site-specific limits, and are not otherwise required to submit a full
                            permit application, only need to submit limited screening information
                            and must have done so by February 19, 1994.
                      The permit application information that must be submitted depends on the
                      type of facility and which biosolids use or disposal practices the facility
                      employs. Questions on permit applications should be directed to the
                      appropriate State and EPA Regional Biosolids Coordinators listed in
                      Appendix B.


Biosolids-Only Entities

                      Some of the limited screening information submitted by a person with a
                      biosolids-only operation (i.e., biosolids from a non-discharging treatment
                      works that treats domestic sewage) typically will include the:

                            name, address, and phone number of the person who prepares the
                            biosolids;
                            name and address of the person who either owns or leases the land;
                            location of the land either by street address or by latitude and
                            longitude;
                            indication of whether the entity is a privately owned treatment works
                            (POTW), Federally owned treatment works, blending or treatment
                            operation, surface disposal site, or biosolids incinerator;
                            the amount of  biosolids generated  (and/or received from another
                            facility), treated, and used or disposed;
                            available data on pollutant concentrations in the biosolids;
                            treatment to reduce pathogens and vector attraction properties of the
                            biosolids;
                            identification of other facilities receiving the biosolids for further
                            processing or for use or disposal; and
                            information on sites where the biosolids are used or disposed.
158 - AB¥V Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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Other Entities Submitting Full Permit Applications

                      A full permit application includes much more comprehensive information
                      than the limited screening information described above for [biosolids]-only
                      entities. Some of the information contained in a full permit application
                      typically will include the following:

                      A.  General Information:

                           name, address, and phone number of the person who prepares the
                           biosolids;
                           name and address of the person who either owns or leases the land;
                           location of the land either by street address or by latitude and
                           longitude;
                           indication of whether the entity is a POTW, Federally owned
                           treatment works,  blending or treatment operation, surface disposal
                           site, or biosolids incinerator;
                           indication of whether the entity is a Class I sludge management
                           facility (i.e., a pretreatment POTW or another facility designated Class
                           I  by the permitting authority);
                           the NPDES permit number (if any) and the number and type of any
                           relevant Federal, State, or local environmental permits or construction
                           approvals applied for or received;
                           whether any biosolids use or disposal occurs on Native American
                           lands;
                           a topographic map showing biosolids use or  disposal facilities and
                           water bodies  1 mile beyond the property boundary and drinking water
                           wells 1/4 mile beyond the property boundary;
                           data on methods used to determine pathogen and vector attraction
                           reduction status; and
                           data on pollutant concentrations in the biosolids.
                      B.  Information on Generation of Biosolids or Preparation of a
                          Material from  Biosolids:

                           the amount of biosolids generated;
                           if biosolids are received from off site, the amount received, the name
                           and address of the offsite facility, and any treatment the biosolids
                           have  received;
                           description of any treatment at the applicant's facility to reduce
                           pathogens and vector attraction properties of the biosolids;
                           description of any bagging and distribution activities for the biosolids;
                           and
                                                             Guide to the Part 503 Rule -159

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                            if biosolids are provided to another facility for further treatment, the
                            amount provided, the name and address of the receiving facility, and
                            any treatment occurring at the receiving facility.
                       C.  Information on Land Application of Bulk Biosolids (if the facility's
                           biosolids are land applied):

                            the amount of bulk biosolids applied to the land;
                            the nitrogen content of bulk biosolids applied to the land;
                            the name and location of land application sites, and a copy of the land
                            application plan if all sites have not been identified;
                            the name and address of the owner and the person who applies bulk
                            biosolids to each site;
                            the site type and the type of crop or other vegetation grown;
                            description of any processes at each land application site to reduce
                            vector attraction properties of the biosolids;
                            ground-water monitoring data, if available;
                            if bulk biosolids are subject to cumulative pollutant loading rates,
                            information on how the necessary tracking and notification
                            requirements will be met; and
                            if bulk biosolids are applied to the land in a different State, information
                            on how the permitting  authority in the receiving State will be notified.
                       D.  Information on Surface Disposal of Biosolids (if the facility's
                           biosolids are placed on a  surface disposal site):

                            the amount of biosolids placed on surface disposal sites; and
                            the name, address, contact person, and permit number(s) for  each
                            surface disposal site, regardless of whether the applicant is the
                            owner/operator.
                          In addition, the following information is required for each active
                          biosolids unit that the applicant owns or operates:

                            the amount of biosolids placed on the active biosolids unit;
                            whether the active biosolids unit has a liner and leachate collection
                            system and, if so, a description of each;
                            if biosolids are received from off site, the amount received, the name
                            and address and permit number(s) of the offsite facility, and any
                            treatment the biosolids have received;
                            description of any processes used at the active biosolids unit to
                            reduce vector attraction properties of the biosolids;
                            demonstration that the active biosolids unit will not contaminate an
                            aquifer;
160 - AB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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   •  description of methane monitoring and closure plans; and
   •  if the applicant is requesting site-specific pollutant limits, information
      to support such a request.
E.   Information on Incineration of Biosolids (if the facility's biosoiids
     are fired in a biosoiids incinerator):

   *  the name, address, contact person,  mailing address, location, and
      relevant permit number(s) of each biosoiids incinerator in which the
      applicant's biosoiids are fired;
   «  the amount of biosoiids from the applicant's facility that is incinerated;
   *  information to demonstrate compliance with National Emission
      Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) for beryllium and
      mercury for each biosoiids incinerator the applicant owns or operates;
   *  information on the other regulated metal  pollutants (arsenic,
      cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel) for biosoiids that are
      incinerated;
   »  information to demonstrate compliance with the operational standard
      for total hydrocarbons (or carbon monoxide) for each biosoiids
      incinerator the applicant owns or operates;
   •  the dispersion factor, control efficiency, and operating parameters for
      each biosoiids incinerator the applicant owns or operates; and
   •  identification of monitoring equipment and air pollution control
      equipment used on each incinerator the applicant owns or operates.
All permit applications must be signed and certified. The  permitting authority
may request additional information to assess biosoiids use or disposal
practices, determine whether to issue a permit, or to identify appropriate
permit requirements.
                                        Guide to the Part 503 Rule -161

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Appendix B
Federal and State Biosolids Contacts'
               EPA Regional Biosolids' Coordinators
               REGION 1                  REGION 3

               Thelma Hamilton (WMT-ZIN)       Ann Carkhuff (3WM55)
               JFK Federal Bldg.              841 Chestnut St.
               One Congress St.              Philadelphia, PA 19107
               Boston, MA 02203             (215) 597-9406
               (617) 565-3569               Fax (215) 597-3359
               Fax (617) 565-4940

                                        REGION 4
               REGION 2                  w  I,-,,
                                        Vmce Miller
               Alia Roufaeal                 Water Division
               Water Management Division       345 Courtland St., NE.
               26 Federal Plaza              Atlanta, GA 30365
               New York, NY 10278           (404) 347-3012 (ext. 2953)
               (212) 264-8663               Fax (404) 347-1739
               Fax (212) 264-9597
               'Also known as Sewage Sludge Contacts or Coordinators.
                                       6B* Guide to the Part 503 Rule -163

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REGION 5

AshSajjad(5WQP-16J)
Water Division
77 W. Jackson Blvd.
Chicago, IL  60604-3590
(312)886-6112
Fax (312) 886-7804
REGION 8

Bob Brobst (BWM-C)
Water Management Division
999 18th St., Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2405
(303)293-1627
Fax (303) 294-1386
REGION 6

Stephanie Kordzi (6-WPM)
Water Management Division
1445 Ross Ave., # 1200
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
(214)665-7520
Fax (214) 665-6490
REGION 9

Lauren Fondahl
Permits Section
75 Hawthorne St. (W-5-2)
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415)744-1909
Fax (415) 744-1235
REGION?

John Dunn
Water Management Division
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
(913)551-7594
Fax(913)551-7765
REGION 10

Dick Hetherington (WD-184)
Water Management Division
1200 Sixth Ave.
Seattle, WA 98101
(206)553-1941
Fax (206) 553-1775
 164 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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                                U.S. EPA Regions
Region—State
 4—Alabama
10—Alaska
 9—Arizona
 6—Arkansas
 9—California
 8—Colorado
 1—Connecticut
 3—Delaware
 3—Washington, DC
 4—Florida
 4—Georgia
 9—Hawaii
10—Idaho
 5—Illinois
 5—Indiana
 7—Iowa
 7—Kansas
 4—Kentucky
 6—Louisiana
Region—State
 1—Maine
 3—Maryland
 1—Massachusetts
 5—Michigan
 5—Minnesota
 4—Mississippi
 7—Missouri
 8—Montana
 7—Nebraska
 9—Nevada
 1—New Hampshire
 2—New Jersey
 &—New Mexico
 2—New York
 4—North Carolina
 8—North Dakota
 5—Ohio
 6—Oklahoma
10—Oregon
Region—State
 3—Pennsylvania
 1—Rhode Island
 4—South Carolina
 8—South Dakota
 4—Tennessee
 6—Texas
 8—Utah
 1—Vermont
 3—Virginia
10—Washington
 3—West Virginia
 5—Wisconsin
 8—Wyoming
 9—American Samoa
 9—Guam
 2—Puerto Rico
 2—Virgin Islands
                                                               Guide to the Part 503 Rule -165

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State Biosolids* Contacts
ALABAMA                        ARKANSAS
Cliff Evans
Municipal Branch
Water Quality Program
Alabama Dept. of Env. Mgmt.
1751 Cong. W.L Dickinson Dr.
Montgomery, AL 36130
(205)271-7816
ALASKA

Bill Pagan (Technical Assistance)
Alaska Dept. of Env. Conservation
Room 103
410 Willoughby Avenue
Juneau, AK 99811
(907)465-5142

Dick Marcum (Permits)
Alaska DEC, Suite 105
410 Willoughby Avenue
Juneau, AK 99811
(907)465-2614
ARIZONA

Melanie Barton
Solid Waste Section
Arizona Dept. of Environmental
Quality
3033 N. Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ  85012
(602)207-4319
Daniel Clanton
Arkansas Dept. of Pollution
Control Ecology
P.O. Box8913
Little Rock, AR 72219
(501)570-2826

Jamal Sulaimian
Arkansas Dept. of Pollution
8001 National Drive
Little Rock, AR 72209
(501)562-7444
CALIFORNIA

Mark Bradley
State Water Resources Control
Board
P.O. Box 100
Sacramento, CA 95801
(916)654-6498

Scott McFarland
CA Integrated Waste Mgmt. Board
8800 Cal Centre Drive
Sacramento, CA 95826
(916)255-2931
COLORADO

Phil Hegeman
Water Quality Control Division
Colorado Dept. of Public Health and
the Environment
4300 Cherry Creek Dr. South
Denver, CO 80222
(303) 692-3598
'Also known as Sewage Sludge Contacts or Coordinators.
 166 - *B*V Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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CONNECTICUT

Bob Norwood and Warren Herzig
Dept. of Environmental Protection
Water Compliance Unit
79 Elm Street
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 424-3746
(203) 424-3801
FLORIDA

Juliene Gissendanner
Domestic Waste Section
Florida Dept. of Env. Regulation
Twin Towers Office Building
2600 Blairstone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
(904) 488-4525
DELAWARE

Ron Graeber
Waste Utilization Program
Large Wastewater Systems Branch
Dept. of Natural Resources and
Environmental Control
P.O. Box 1401, 89 Kings Highway
Dover, DE 19903
(302) 739-4761

Bob Zimmerman/Jenny McDermott
Branch Administrators
Waste Utilization Program
Division of Water Resources
Dept. of Natural Resources and
Environmental Control
P.O. Box 1401, 89 Kings Highway
Dover, DE 19903
(302) 739-5731
GEORGIA

Nancy Prock
Municipal Permitting Program
Environmental Protection Div.
Georgia DNR
4244 International Pkwy., Suite 110
Atlanta, GA 30354
(404) 362-2680
HAWAII

Dennis Tulang
Wastewater Branch
Hawaii Dept. of Health
P.O. Box 3378
Honolulu, HI 96801
(808) 586-4294
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Ronald Eng
Water Resources Management
Division
2100 M.LK. Ave., SE., Suite 203
Washington, DC 20032
(202)404-1120
IDAHO

Jerry Yodder
Permits & Enforcement
Division of the Environment
Dept. of Health and Welfare
1410 North Hilton
Boise, ID  83706-1253
(208) 334-5856
                                6EFA Guide to the Part 503 Rule -167

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ILLINOIS

S. Alan Keller
Illinois EPA, Permits Section
P.O. Box 19276
2200 Churchill Road
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
(217)782-0610
INDIANA

Dennis Lassiter
Permits Section
Indiana Dept. of Env. Mgmt.
P.O. Box6015
105S. Meridian
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
(317)232-8732
IOWA

Billy Chen
Iowa Dept. of Natural Resources
Henry A. Wallace Bldg.
900 East Grand
DesMoines, IA 50319
(515)281-4305
KANSAS

Ed Dillingham
Kansas Dept. of Health &
Environment
Forbes Field Building 283
Topeka, KS  66620
(913)296-5513
KENTUCKY

Art Curtis
Facilities Construction Branch
Division of Water
Kentucky Dept. of Natural
Resources & Environmental
Protection Cabinet
Frankfort Office Park -14 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502)564-4310

Bob Bickner/Mark Crim
Facilities Construction Branch
Division of Water
Kentucky Dept. of Natural
Resources & Environmental
Protection Cabinet
Frankfort Office Park -14 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502)564-6716
LOUISIANA

J. Kilren Vidrine
Water Pollution Control Div.
Louisiana Dept. of
Environmental Quality
P.O. Box82215
Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2215
(504) 765-0534

Hoa Van Hguyen
Solid Waste Div.
Louisiana Dept. of
Environmental Quality
P.O. Box82178
Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2178
(504) 765-0249
168 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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MAINE
MINNESOTA
David Wright
Maine DEP-Sludge Residuals Unit
State House, Station 1 7
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 287-2651
MARYLAND

Simin Tigari
Sewage Sludge Div.
Haz. & Solid Waste Mgmt. Admin.
MD Dept. of the Environment
2500 Broening Hwy.
Baltimore, MD 21224
(410)631-3375
MASSACHUSETTS

Dennis (Rick) Dunn
MADEP
1 Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
(617)556-1130
MICHIGAN

Barry R. Burns
Permits Section
Michigan DNR Surface W.Q. Div.
Knapp's Center, Second Floor
P.O. Box 30273
Lansing, Ml  48909
(517)335-3301

Bob Deatrick
Hydrogeologic Review Unit
Groundwater Section
Michigan DNR
P.O. Box 30241
Lansing, Ml 48909
(517)373-8411
Jorja A. DuFresne
Municipal Section
Water Quality Division
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
520 Lafayette Road
St. Paul, MN 55155
(612)296-9292
MISSISSIPPI

Glen Odom - Chief Delegator
Municipal Permit Compliance Branch
Surface Water Quality Div.
Office of Pollution Control
Mississippi Dept. of Env. Qual.
P.O. Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289-0385
(601)961-5171
MISSOURI

Ken Arnold
Missouri Dept. of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 176
205 Jefferson Street
Jefferson City, MO 65102
(314)751-6825
MONTANA

Pat Burke
Water Quality Bureau
Dept. of Health & Environ. Sciences
Cogswell Building
Helena, MT 59620
(406) 444-7343
                                     Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 169

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NEBRASKA

Rick Bay
Engineering Division
Nebraska Dept. of Environ. Control
P.O. Box 94877, Statehouse Station
Lincoln, NB 68509-8922
(402)471-4200

Rudy Fiedler (Technical Assistance)
Engineering Division
Nebraska Dept. of Environ. Control
Suite 400, The Atrium, 1200 N. Street
P.O. Box 98922
Lincoln, NB 68509-8922
(402)471-4239


NEVADA

Mahmood Azad
Nevada Division of
Environmental Protection
333 West Nye Lane
Carson City, NV 89710
(702)687-4670x3141
NEW HAMPSHIRE

Selena Makofsky
Sludge & Septage Mgmt. Section
Dept. of Environmental Services
P.O. Box 95 — Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301
(603)271-3398
NEW JERSEY

Mary Jo Aiello, Chief
Bureau of Pretreatment &
Wastewater Facilities Regulation
Program
NJ DEPE (CN-029)
Trenton, NJ 08625-0029
(609) 633-3823
NEW MEXICO

Arun Dhawan
Construction Programs Bureau
New Mexico Environment Dept.
P.O. Box2611
1190 St. Francis Drive
Santa Fe, NM  87502
(505) 827-2809
NEW YORK

Sally Rowland
Residuals Management Section
Division of Solid Waste
NY State DEC
50 Wolf Road
Room 422
Albany, NY 12233-4014
(518)457-7336
NORTH CAROLINA

Dennis Ramsey/Donald Safrit
Water Quality Section
NC Dept. of Environmental
Management
512 N.Salisbury St.
Raleigh, NC 27626-0535
(919)733-5083

Allen Wahab, Supervisor
Local Planning Management Unit
North Carolina Department of
Environmental Management
P.O. Box 29535
Raleigh, NC 27626-0535
(919)733-6900
170 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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NORTH DAKOTA

Gary Bracht
Environmental Health Section
Division of Water Quality
North Dakota Dept. of Health
1200 Missouri Avenue, P.O. Box 5520
Bismark, ND  58505-5520
(701)221-5210
OREGON

Mark Ronayne
Municipal Waste Section
Dept. of Environmental Quality
811 S.W. 6th Avenue
Portland, OR 97204
(503) 229-5279
OHIO

David Jensuk
Div. of Surface Water
Ohio EPA
P.O. Box 1049
1800 WaterMark Drive
Columbus, Ohio 43216-0149
(614) 644-2021

Mark Stump
Div. of Surface Water
Ohio EPA
P.O. Box 1049
1800 WaterMark Drive
Columbus, Ohio 43216-0149
(614) 644-2001

Dan Harris (co-disposal, monofill)
Div. of Solid & Infectious
Waste Mgmt.
Ohio EPA
P.O. Box 1049
1800 WaterMark Drive
Columbus, Ohio 43266-0149
(614)644-2621
OKLAHOMA

Danny Hodges
Water Quality Service
Oklahoma State Dept. of Health
1000 N.E. Tenth
Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1299
(405)271-7362x127
PENNSYLVANIA

Steve Socash
Bureau of Waste Mgmt.
PADER
P.O. Box 8472
Harrisburg, PA  17105-8472
(717)787-7381

R.B. Patel
Division of Water Quality Mgmt.
PADER
P.O. Box 8472
Harrisburg, PA  17105-8472
(717)787-8184
RHODE ISLAND

David Chopy
Rl Division of Water Resources
291  Promenade Street
Providence,  Rl 02908-5756
(401)277-3961
SOUTH CAROLINA

Michael Montebello
Domestic Wastewater Division
South Carolina Dept. of Health
& Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
(803) 734-5300
                                SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule -171

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SOUTH DAKOTA

Bill Geyer
SD Dept. of the Environment
& Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capital
Pierre, SD  57501-3181
(605) 773-3351
UTAH

Lisa Rogers
Div. of Water Quality
UT Dept. of Env. Quality
P.O. Box144870
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4870
(801)538-6146
TENNESSEE

John McCurran
Div. of Water Pollution Control
TN Dept. of Environment and
Conservation
401 Church Street, 6th Floor Annex
Nashville, TN  37243-1534
(615)532-0625
VERMONT

Katie Gehr
Wastewater Mgmt. Div.
Dept. of Environmental Conservation
103 South Main Street
Sewing Building
Waterbury, VT 05671-0405
(802)241-3822
TEXAS

Stephen M. Bell
Construction Grants Div.
Texas Water Development Board
P.O. Box 13231, Capitol Sta.
Austin, TX 78711-3231
(512)463-8491

Paul Curtis
Texas Natural Resources
Conservation Commission
P.O. Box13087
Austin, TX 78711-3087
(512)239-4580
VIRGINIA

Cal M. Sawyer (Technical
Assistance)
Division of Wastewater Engr.
Virginia Dept. of Health
109 Governor Street
Madison Building
Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 786-1755

Martin Ferguson (Permits)
Dept. of Environmental Quality
Office of Resource Mgmt.
P.O. Box 11143
Richmond, VA 23230-1143
(804) 527-5030
 172 - offlA Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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WASHINGTON

Kyle Dorsey
Solid & Haz, Waste Program
Dept. of Ecology (PV-11)
Rowe 6, Building 4
4224 6th Ave.,SE
Oiympia, WA 98404-8711
(206) 459-6356
WISCONSIN

Greg Kester
Bureau of Wastewater Mgmt,
(WW/2)
Wisconsin DNR
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, Wl  53707
(608) 267-7611
WEST VIRGINIA

Clifton Browning
Div. of Water Resources
West VA DNR
1201 Greenbrier Street
Charleston, WV 25311
(304)558-2108
WYOMING

Larry Robinson
Water Quality Division
Dept. of Environmental Quality
Herschler Bldg., 4th Floor West
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
(307) 777-7075
                               SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule -173

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Appendix C
U.S. Department of the Interior
Fish and Wildlife Service
Regional Contacts
                      SERA Guide to the Part 503 Rule - 175

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                                       APPENDIX C
   U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Regional Contacts
  Region
Jurisdiction
           I
Regional Directors
            California, Hawaii, Idaho,
            Nevada, Oregon,
            Washington, American
            Samoa, Commonwealth of
            the Northern Mariana Islands, I
            Guam, and the Pacific Trust
            Territories
Assistant Regional Directors
     Law Enforcement
                     Michael J. Spear
                     Hastside Federal Complex
                     911 N.E. llth Avenue
                     Portland, Oregon 97232-4181
                     (503)231-2234
                        David L. McMullen
                        Hastside Federal Complex
                        911 N.fi. llth Avenue
                        Portland. Oregon 97232-4181
                        (503)231-6125
            Arizona, New Mexico,
            Oklahoma, and Texas
            Illinois, Indiana, Iowa.
            Michigan, Minnesota,
            Missouri, Ohio, and
            Wisconsin

            Alabama, Arkansas, Florida,
            Georgia, Kentucky,
            Louisiana, Mississippi, N.
            Carolina, S. Carolina,
            Tennessee, Puerto Rico, and
            the U.S. Virgin Islands

            Connecticut, Delaware,
            District of Columbia, Maine,
            Maryland, Massachusetts.
            New Hampshire, New Jersey,
            New York, Pennsylvania.
            Rhode Island, Vermont,
            Virginia, and W. Virginia
                     John Rogers
                     P.O.Box 1306
                     Albuquerque, New Mexico
                     87103
                     (505)766-2321

                     Sain Marler
                     P.O. Box 45
                     Federal Bdg, Fort Snelling
                     Twin Cities, Minnesota 551
                     (612)725-3563


                     James W. Pulliam, Jr.
                     1875 Century Blvd.
                     Atlanta, Georgia 30345
                     (404) 679-4000
                     Ronald E. Lambertson
                     300 Westgate Center Drive
                     Hadley. Massachusetts 01035
                     (413)253-8300
                        John E. Cross
                        P.O. Box 329
                        Albuquerque, New Mexico
                        (505)766-2091
                        William Zimmerman (Acting)
                        Box 45
                        Federal Bldg, Fort Snelling
                        Twin Cities. Minnesota 55111
                        (612)725-3530


                        Monty Halcomb
                        1875 Century Blvd.
                        Atlanta, Georgia 30345
                        (404) 679-7057
                        Albert Hester
                        300 Westgate Center Drive
                        Hadley, Massachusetts 01035
                        (413)253-8274
            Colorado, Kansas, Montana,
            Nebraska, N. Dakota,
            S. Dakota, Utah, and
            Wyoming
                     Ralph Moraenweck
                     P.O. Box 25486
                     Denver Federal Center
                     Denver, CO 80225
                     (303)236-7920
                        Terry Gross
                        P.O. Box 25486
                        Denver Federal Center
                        Denver, CO 80225
                        (303) 236-7540
             Alaska
                     Walter O. Stiegiltz
                     1100 E.Tudor Road
                     Anchorage, Alaska 99503
                     (907)785-3542
                        R. David Purinton
                        P.O. Box 92597
                        Anchorage, Alaska
                        99509-2597
                        (907)786-3311
176 - SB* Guide to the Part 503 Rule

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COMMENTS REQUESTED ON THIS PART503 RULE GUIDANCE

Please let us know what you think about this guidance. Please offer any suggestions you might
have for future improvement using this comment sheet. Please send your comments to us at
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wastewater Management, Municipal
Technology Branch (4204), Washington, DC 20460.
1. Is this Part 503 rule guidance useful to you?
2. Please indicate what you like about the guidance.
3. Please also indicate what you do not like about the guidance.
4. Please offer suggestions for improvement of the guidance.
5. Please offer suggestions for development of other materials that you believe would be helpful.
6. Name and phone number (optional).
EPA/832/R-93/003

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    Washington, DC 20460

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