MIGRATORY
SONGBIRD
CONSERVATION
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Cover illustration: Northern Oriole
by Carol Decker
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Each spring and fall the changes in our
seasons are marked by massive movements of
birds migration.
In the fall, more than 350 species of birds
leave for Mexico, the Caribbean, Central and
South America, traveling thousands of miles to
their winter homes.
Then as early as February and March, the
miraculous happens again the migrants
begin their return. It's hard to imagine spring,
summer or fall without the color, sounds and
drama of our migratory birds.
Few of us think about what we can do to
help these songbirds survive their grueling trip,
and the stresses that await them breeding
and rearing their young.
Perhaps it's because only a few of the
migrants are common in our' suburban
backyards. Some have names many of us
recognize - the ruby-throated hummingbird,
chimney swift, purple martin, gray catbird,
wood thrush and northern oriole. Others may
be familiar to the more serious birdwatchers -.
the ruddy tumstone, yellow-billed cuckoo,
common nighthawk, yellow-bellied flycatcher,
scarlet tanager, bobolink, red-eyed vireo and
Cape May warbler. Collectively, these birds are
known as neotropical migrants because they
nest in Canada and the United States, and
winter in Mexico and points south.
During the 1980's, scientists observed a
decline in numbers of migratory birds. What
happened to the wood thrushes and cerulean
warblers that breed in the large northeastern
forests? Where are the hermit and Townsend's
warblers of old growth forests; the dickcissels
and bobolinks of our grasslands; the prairie
warblers and yellow-breasted chats of our
shrublands; and the yellow-billed cuckoos and
willow flycatchers that nest in trees bordering
our western streams?
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Ornithologists and backyard bird watchers
noticed a similar decline in some populations of
common flickers, meadow/larks, field sparrows
and belted kingfishers. These "short distance"
migrants breed in the United States and
Canada, and generally winter north of the
Mexican border.
What has happened to these birds?
Habitat loss and degradation is part of the
problem. Habitat needed for food and shelter
during the winter months is disappearing in
Latin America. In the United States and
Canada there is not enough habitat for some
species to nest and raise their young. In some
areas where appropriate habitat can be found,
it may be too close to human disturbances, or
the habitat may be too small. This makes these
birds more susceptible to cowbird nest
parasitism and predation by crows and jays,
problems directly related to changes in land
use. (Cowbirds lay their eggs in nests of other
birds, leaving them to raise cowbird young.)
The hazards we humans create in our
backyards, workplaces and public places are
also a part of the problem.
What can be done to help migratory birds?
The US Fish & Wildlife Service and its
counterparts in Canada, Mexico, Central
America and South America have joined with
environmental organizations, government
agencies and concerned citizens on a project
whose goal is to ensure the survival of the birds
we share the neotropical migrants. The
program is called "Partners in Flight Aves
de las Americas."
We urge you to join us. This publication
offers a brief introduction to what you can do
to help conserve these avian treasures.
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WHAT YOU CAN DO
Migratory Songbird
Conservation in Action
Know Your Birds
Most people can identify a cardinal and a
chickadee at the backyard bird feeder. While
these birds are important, Partners, in Flight is
focusing efforts on a less familiar group of
birds.
The first step in helping our neotropical
migrants is to learn who they are, what they
look like, where they live and how they're
threatened.
Read a bird
identification book.
(The Golden Guide
to Birds of North
America by Robbins,
Zim and Bruun is the
easiest field book for
beginners.) Look at the
pictures.' Read the text.
Familiarize yourself with
the birds you're likely to
see in your area.
Contact your state wildlife agency, the US
Rsh and Wildlife Service, and your local bird
club for a list of the neotropical migrants that
visit your area.
References:
Robbins, Chandler, B. Bruun and H. Zim.
1983. A Guide to Field Identification:
Birds of North America.
Western Publishing, New York.
BIRDS
OFNORTH AMERICA
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Field Guide to the Birds of North
America. National Geographic Society,
Washington, D.C.
Peterson, R. T. 1980. Field Guide to Birds
of Eastern and Central North America.
Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Peterson, R. T. 1961 Field Guide to
Western Birds. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Borror, Donald. Bird Song and Bird
Behavior. Dover Publications, New York.
Walton, Richard and R. Lawson. 1989.
Birding by Ear. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Ehrlich, Paul, D. Dobkin and D. Wheye. 1988.
The Birder's Handbook. Simon and
Schuster, New York.
Mead, Christopher. 1983. Bird Migration.
Facts on File, New York
Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center. 1991.
Birds Over Troubled Forests.
Washington, D.C.
No matter where you live, there are things
you can do to get involved in migratory bird
conservation: create and restore habitat,
eliminate the use of chemicals that poison
birds, enact and enforce free-roaming cat
regulations and modify your windows to
eliminate bird-window collisions.
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Protect, Create
and Restore Habitat
Getting involved in migratory bird
conservation here in the United States or in
Latin America can be as simple as writing a
check, donating equipment or picking up a
shovel. Many agencies and organizations that
work to protect, create and restore breeding
and wintering habitat for migratory birds are
participating in Partners in Flight. You can get
involved in (his international effort by
contacting any of the participants listed at the
end of this booklet.
If you are willing to pick up a shovel, you can
create and restore habitat at home, at your
workplace and in your local park or wildlife
refuge. You can make any property attractive
to birds by offering water, shelter, food and
nesting habitat.
Start first by evaluating your property. Keep
in mind that a diversity of habitat encourages a
larger .variety of birds. Noisy water features
attract more migratory birds.
Then think about your lawn. How much
lawn do you really need? The things we do to
keep a lawn green lawn mowers, herbicides,
fungicides and pesticides can be lethal to
birds.
Survey your yard for dead and dying trees.
Top them so they don't fall on your house, but
leave the.standing trunks and make a brushpile
with the downed canopy. Dead trees and brush
piles provide shelter, nest sites and food
(insects) for migrating birds.
Providing water can be as simple as putting
out a bird bath or as complicated as installing a
pond with a creek and waterfall. Birds are
attracted to water features that are shallow (less
than 2" deep), clean (hosed out daily, sanitized
with hot soapy water and bleach at least
weekly) and noisy (the sound of dripping water
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is a magnet for songbirds). Water features are
most effective when placed out in the open,
where birds can see predators coming.
If you put out bird feeders, select a safe
feeder and keep it clean. Polycarbonate plastic
tube feeders are the easiest to clean. Use one
kind of seed per feeder, don't use seed mixes.
Wash seed, suet and fruit feeders in hot, soapy
water and chlorine bleach at least once a
month. If you use a tray or bowl feeder, plan to
sanitize it more often. To be sure your
hummingbird feeders do not harm the birds, do
what zoos do: wash in hot, soapy water daily.
You don't have to put out a bird feeder to
provide food for our neotropical migrants.
Landscape your yard with native evergreen and
fruiting trees, shrubs, grasses and vines. Design
your garden so that your plants flower and fruit
throughout the spring, summer and fall.
References:
Planting A Refuge for Wildlife: How to
Create A Backyard Habitat for Florida's
Birds and Beasts. Florida Game and
Freshwater Fish Commission, Tallahassee.
Trees, Shrubs and Vines for Attracting
Wildlife, by Richard DeGraaf and
G.M. Whitman. 1979. University of
Massachusetts Press, Amherst.
Landscaping for Wildlife.
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources,
St. Paul, MN 55155-4007.
Backyard Bird Feeding; Homes For
Birds; Backyard Bird Problems.
US Fish & Wildlife Service, Consumer
Information Center, 3C, PO Box 100,
Pueblo, CO 81002.
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American Wildlife and Plants: A Guide
to Wildlife Food Habits.
by A. C. Martin, H, S. Zim and A. L Nelson.
1961. Dover, New York.
The Experts Guide to Backyard
BirdFeeding. American Backyard Bird
Society, PO Box 10046, Rockville, MD 20849.
Invite Birds to Your Home. Conservation
Plantings, Soil Conservation Service,
PO Box 2890, Washington, DC 20013.
The Hummingbird Garden: Turning
Your Garden, Window Box or Backyard
into a Beautiful Home for
Hummingbirds, by Matthew Tekulsky.
Crown Publishers, 1990.
Planting an Oasis for Wildlife. 1986.
National Wildlife Federation. .
The Backyard Naturalist, by Craig Tufts.
1988. National Wildlife Federation.
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Eliminate the Poisons
in Your Yard
"There was a strange stillness.
The birds, for example
where had they gone?
Many people spoke of
them, puzzled and disturbed.
The feeding stations in the
backyards were deserted.
The few birds seen anywhere
were moribund; they trembled
violently and could, not fly.
It was a spring without voices."
Silent Spring
by Rachel Carson, 1962
Rachel Carson introduced her classic book
about the perils of pesticides with those
observations in a chapter she called "A Fable
for Tomorrow."
"Tomorrow" has arrived. Now, no one
would think of using DDT to kill garden insects.
Yet, we 'assume that the lawn and garden
chemicals found on the shelves at hardware
stores are safe to use around birds (and
people). Take a close look at the labels. Too
many popular pesticides are lethal to birds.
And while many pesticides may not kill birds on
contact, they can contaminate bird food
(insects) and water.
What are the alternatives? Mechanical and
biological techniques for pest control provide
less hazardous options.
Contact your county USDA Agriculture
Extension office and the Environmental
Protection Agency for information about
integrated pest management, biological and
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chemical pest control safety and pest-resistant
plant varieties.
For more information, contact:
National Coalition Against the Mis-Use of
Pesticides, 701 E St. SE, Washington, DC
20003.
US Environmental Protection Agency
(H7505 C), Office of Pesticide Programs,
Environmental Fate and Effects Division,
401 M St. SW, Washington, DC 20460.
Cat Predation
Americans keep an estimated 60 million cats
as pets. Let's say each cat kills only one bird a
year. That would mean that cats kill over 60
million birds (minimum) each year more
wildlife than any oil spill.
Scientific studies actually show that each
year, cats kill hundreds of millions of
migratory songbirds. In 1990, researchers
estimated that "outdoor" house cats and feral
cats are responsible for killing nearly 78 million
small mammals and birds annually in the
United Kingdom.
University of Wisconsin ornithologist, Dr.
Stanley Temple estimates that 20-150
million songbirds are killed each year by rural
cats in Wisconsin alone.
Feline predation is not "natural." Cats were
domesticated by the ancient Egyptians and
taken throughout the world by the Romans.
Cats were brought to North America in the
1800's to control rats. The "tabby" that sits
curled up on your couch is not a natural
predator and has never been in the natural
food chain in the western hemisphere.
Cats are a serious threat to fledglings, birds
roosting at night and birds on a nest. Research
shows that de-clawing cats and bell collars do
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not prevent them from killing birds and other
small animals. For healthy cats and wild birds,
cats should not be allowed to roam free.
Work with your local humane society,
veterinarians and state wildlife agency to enact
and enforce free-roaming cat regulations.
For more information:
Free Roaming Cats. American Backyard
Bird Society, PO Box 10046, Rockville, MD
20849.
Cats: A Heavy Toll on Songbirds.
by Rich Stallcup. Point Reyes Bird
Observatory, 4990 Shoreline Hwy.,
Stinson Beach, CA 94924.
Is there a Killer in Your House?
by George Harrison, National Wildlife Magazine
(October/November 1992).
Beware of Weil-Fed Felines.
by Peter Churcher and John Lawton,
Natural History Magazine (July 1989).
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Bird-Window Collisions
Contemporary homes and modem office
buildings often use insulated and reflective glass
to replace walls. These windows may be
aesthetically pleasing to humans, .but often they
are lethal to birds. Unfortunately, many birds
cannot distinguish the difference between real
sky and a reflection of the sky in a window.
In the United States alone, Dr. Dan Klem of
Muhlenberg College estimates that each year .
during migration, 98 to 976 million birds
fly full tilt into windows and are fatally injured.
Dr. Klem says we can minimize these
collisions by breaking up the reflection on the
outside of the window with a non-reflective
window coating, window screens, flash tape
and bird netting.
Life size animate "scares" (plastic falcons,
owls and balloons) and falcon or owl silhouettes
attached to windows with suction cups are not
effective deterrents.
Planting trees and installing window awnings
to block the sun from hitting the window may
eliminate some reflection. Putting a bird feeder
on or within a few feet of a window helps to
slow birds down and lessen the effect of
impact.
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Migration isn't the only time homeowners
have trouble with bird-window collisions. Birds
may hit your windows during breeding season
and in the winter too.
For further information:
Bird-Window Collisions. American
Backyard Bird Society, PO Box 10046,
Rockville, MD 20849.
Birds and Windows. Bird Bulletin, Cornell
Laboratory of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker
Woods Rd., Ithaca, NY 14850.
House Sparrows and Starlings
Every spring, birds that nest in cavities
compete with each other for a limited number
of nest sites. The neotropical migrants that nest
in cavities purple martins, tree swallows and
great-crested flycatchers have adapted to
competition from chickadees, titmice and
woodpeckers.
The "rules of competition" changed around
the turn of the century when we humans
imported two European cavity nesting species:
house sparrows and starlings.
House sparrows eliminate nest competitors
by attacking the adults and killing the young
when they are on the nest. Starlings eliminate
nest competitors by taking over cavity nesting
sites. Our native birds don't seem to be able to
defend themselves from house sparrow and
starling attacks. So, if you put up a nest box to
help bluebirds, martins, chickadees, titmice,
woodpeckers,
wrens or
flycatchers, you
must monitor the
box and eliminate
house sparrows and
starlings.
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GET INVOLVED
Educate Yourself and Others
Once you know which neotropical migrants
are found in your area, why they're
threatened, and what can be done it's time
to do something.
There are many ways to educate yourself
and others about the problems facing
migratory birds. Read. Join local, national and
.. international conservation organizations.
Speak out to your friends, neighbors and
homeowner's associations. Get children
involved through scout, school and youth
group activities,
Work with politicians and businesses to
develop conservation strategies that will benefit
birds and people who live in your community.
Become politically aware and active: write
letters to legislators and the news media. Let
your voice be heard.
Volunteer
Contact local refuges, parks and forests to
learn about volunteer opportunities for adults
and children. Purchase a copy of the
Volunteer Directory (American Birding
Association, PO Box 6599, Colorado
Springs, CO 80934}
for a complete
listing of volunteer
opportunities for
birders.
Join the
thousands of
volunteers
participating in local,
national and
international monitoring
programs each year.
While several of these
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programs require considerable ornithological
skill, you don't have to be a bird expert to help
with others. To leam more, join your local bird
club. Take a bird course at your local museum,
nature center or zoo.
To get involved in a monitoring program,
contact any of the following programs:
Christmas Bird Count,
National Audubon Society,
700 Broadway, New York, NY 10003
Breeding Bird Survey, US Fish and Wildlife
Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center,
Laurel, MD 20708
North American Migration Count,
PO Box 71, North Beach/MD 20714
Breeding Bird Census, Cornell Laboratory of
Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca,
NY 14850-1999
North American Ornithological Atlas
Committee, PO Box 157, Cambridge, VT
05444
International Shorebird Survey, Manomet
Bird Observatory, Box 936, Manomet, MA
02345
Hawk Counts, Hawk Migration Association of
North America, PO Box 3482, Lynchburg, VA
24503
Project Tanager, Cornell Laboratory of
Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca,
NY 14580
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PARTICIPATE IN
INTERNATIONAL
PROJECTS
Work with migratory birds must extend
beyond the borders of North America. There
are dozens of opportunities to help neotropical
bird projects in Mexico, the Caribbean, and
Central and South America.
Contact the following groups for information
on how you can contribute to their programs,
and how you can help school and youth groups
link with children in other countries to
exchange letters, drawings and stories about
the migratory birds we share.
Herb Raffaele, US Fish & Wildlife Service,
Office of International Affairs, Washington, DC
20240
Peter Stangel, National Fish & Wildlife
Foundation, 1120 Connecticut Ave. NW,
Suite 900, Washington, DC 20036
George Shillinger, Birdlife International,
1250 24th St. NW #500,'Washington, DC
20037
Russell Greenberg, Smithsonian Migratory
Bird Program, PO Box 28, Edgewater, MD
21037
Laurie Hunter, The Nature Conservancy,
1815 N. Lynn St., Arlington, VA 22209
Susan Carlson, National Audubon Society,
666 Pennsylvania Ave. SE, Washington, DC
20003
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Northeastern Region, Nongame Bird
Coordinator, US Fish & Wildlife Service,
One Gateway Center, #700, Newton Comer,
MA 02158
Alaska, Nongame Bird Coordinator,
US Fish & Wildlife Service, 1011 E. Tudor Rd.,
Anchorage, AK 99503
US Forest Service, Fish & Wildlife Section,
PO Box 96090, Washington, DC 20090-6090
National Park Service, Fish & Wildlife
Section, PO Box 37127, Washington, DC
20013-7127
Bureau of Land Management,
Non Game Bird Program Manager,
3380 Americana Terrace, Boise, ID 83706
US Agency of International Development,
LAC-DR-E, Room 2242, Washington, DC
20523-0010
Dept. of Navy, Natural Resources Manager,
Naval Facilities Engineering Command,
Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC
20364
Environmental Protection Agency, H-
8105, 401 M St. SW, Washington, DC 20460
'USDA Extension Service, National Program
Leader, Rm. 3871 South Bldg.,
Washington, DC 20250
Soil Conservation Service, RMFRES,
3825 E. Mulberry, Ft. Collins, CO 80524-8507
Animal Damage Control, USDA,
6505 Belcrest Rd., Rm. 820, Hyattsville, MD
20782
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SOURCES OF
INFORMATION ABOUT
MIGRATORY BIRDS
To keep current with efforts in migratory bird
conservation, get on the mailing list for the free
Partners in Flight Newsletter
(National Fish and Wildlife Foundation,
1120 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 900,
Washington, DC 20036).
Federal Agencies
US Fish & Wildlife Service, Office of
Migratory Bird Management, Rm. 634
Arlington Sq., 4401 North Fairfax Dr.,
Arlington, VA 22203
Pacific Region, Nongame Bird Coordinator,
US Fish & Wildlife Service, 911 NE llth Ave.,
Portland, OR 97232-4181
Southwest Region, Nongame Bird
Coordinator, US Fish & Wildlife Service,
PO Box 1306, Albuquerque, NM 87103
Rocky Mountain Region, Nongame Bird
Coordinator, US Fish & Wildlife Service,
PO Box 25486, Denver Federal Center,
Denver, CO 80225
North Central Region, Nongame Bird
Coordinator, US Fish & Wildlife Service,
Federal Building, Ft. Snelling, Cities, MN 55111
Southeastern Region, Nongame Bird
Coordinator, US Fish & Wildlife Service,
75 Spring St. SW, #1240, Atlanta, GA 30303
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The conservation of migratory birds, and all
our natural resources, depends on your
concern and involvement. There are so many
ways to get involved and contribute. Starting
and maintaining a bluebird trail, planting trees
to restore habitat and covering "killer" windows
are but a few. This booklet is an introduction to
some of the things you can do. Once you get
started, you're sure to discover many more
activities just waiting for the right person to
take charge. Choose what works best for you
and just do it!
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Bureau of Reclamation, Environmental
Service Staff, D-5002, Denver, CO 80225
Tennessee Valley Authority,
17 Ridgeway Rd, Morris, TN 37828
State Wildlife Agencies
ALABAMA
Div. of Game & Fish,. 64 N. Union St.,
Montgomery 36130
ALASKA
Dept. of Fish & Game, 1300 College Rd.,
Fairbanks 99701 .
ARKANSAS
Game & Fish Comm., Rt. 1 Box 188-A,
Humphrey 72073
ARIZONA
Game & Fish Dept., 2221 W. Greenway Rd.,
Phoenix 85023
CALIFORNIA
Dept. Fish & Game, 1416 Ninth St.,
Sacramento 95814
COLORADO
Wildlife Division, 6060 Broadway,
.Denver 80216
CONNECTICUT
Dept. Env. Conservation, 165 Capitol,
Hartford 06106
DELAWARE
Fish & Wildlife Division, 89 Kings Highway,
Dover 19903
FLORIDA
Game & Fish Div., Route 7, Box 3055,
Quincy 32351
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GEORGIA
Dept. Natural Resources, Route 5, Box 180,
Forsyth 31029
HAWAII
Dept. Natural Resources, 1151 Punchbowl St.,
Honolulu 96813
IDAHO
Fish & Game Dept., 600 South Walnut,
Box 25, Boise 83707
ILLINOIS
Dept. Conservation, 524 S. Second St.,
Springfield 62701-1787
IOWA
Natural Resources Dept., 1436 255th St.,
Boone 50036
INDIANA
Dept. Natural Resources, 608 State Office
Bldg., Indianapolis 46204
KANSAS
Fish & Game Commission, Box 54A RR 2,
Pratt 67124-9599
KENTUCKY
Dept. Fish & Wildlife, 1 Game Farm Rd.,
Frankfort 40601
LOUISIANA
Fish & Wildlife Dept., PO Box 98000,
Baton Rouge 70898-9000
MAINE
Dept. of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife,
PO Box 1298, Bangor 04402-1298
MARYLAND
Dept. Natural Resources, PO Box 68,
Wye Mills 21679
MASSACHUSETTS
Fisheries & Wildlife, 100 Cambridge St.,
Boston 02202
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MICHIGAN
Department of Natural Resources,
Box 30028, Lansing 48909
MINNESOTA
Dept. Natural Resources, 500 Lafayette Rd.,
St. Paul 55155-4001
MISSISSIPPI
Dept. Wildlife Conservation,
111 N. Jefferson St., Jackson 39202
MISSOURI
Dept. Conservation, PO Box 180,
Jefferson City 65102-0180
MONTANA
Department of Fish & Wildlife, 1400 S. 19th,
Bozeman 59715
NEBRASKA
Game & Parks Commission, PO Box 30370,
Lincoln 68503-0370
NEVADA
Department of Wildlife, Box 10678,
Reno 89520
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Fish & Game Dept., 2 Hazen Dr.,
Concord 03301
NEW JERSEY
Div. Fish, Game & Wildlife, Box 383, RD-1,
Hampton 09927
NEW MEXICO
Game & Fish Dept., Villagra Bldg.,
Santa Fe 87503
NEW YORK
Dept. Environmental Conservation,
Game Farm Rd., Delmar 12054-9767
NORTH CAROLINA
Wildlife Resources Commission,
512 N. Salisbury St., Raleigh 27604-1188
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Conservation Groups
American Backyard Bird Society,
PO Box 10046, Rockville, MD 20849
American Forest Resource Alliance,
1250 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 200,
Washington, DC 20036
American Ornithologist's Union,
Committee for NIE, 730 llth St. NW,
Washington, DC 20001-4521
Birdlife International, 1250 24th St. NW,
#500, Washington, DC 20037
Colorado Bird Observatory,
13401 P'icadilly Rd., Brighton, CO 80601
Conservation International, 1015 18th St.
NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20036
Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology,
159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, NY 14850
Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Association,
Route 2 Box 191, Kempton, PA 19529
Hawkwatch International, PO Box 35706,
Albuquerque, NM 87176-5706
Institute for Bird Populations, PO Box 554,
Inverness, CA 94937
International Association of Fish &
Wildlife Agencies, 444 N. Capitol St. NW,
#544, Washington, DC 20001
Manomet Bird Observatory, PO Box 1770,
Manomet, MA 22345
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VIRGIN ISLANDS
Natural Resources Dept, PO Box 4399,
St. Thomas 00801
VERMONT
Fish & Wildlife Dept., Waterbury Complex,
10 South, Waterbury 05677
VIRGINIA
Game & Inland Fisheries, Box 11104,
Richmond 23230-1104
WASHINGTON
. Department of Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N.,
Olympia 98501-1091
WEST VIRGINIA
Dept. Env. Resources, PO Box 67,
Elkins 26241
WISCONSIN
Dept. Natural Resources, Box 7921,
Madison 53707
WYOMING
Game & Fish Dept., 260 Buena Vista,
Lander 02520
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NORTH DAKOTA
Game & Fish Dept, 100 N. Bismarck Expwy,
Bismarck 58501
PENNSYLVANIA
Game Commission, PO Box 1567,
Harrisburg 17105-1567
OHIO
Dept. Natural Resources, Fountain Square,
Columbus 43224
OKLAHOMA
Dept. Wildlife Conservation, PO Box 53465,
Oklahoma City 73152
OREGON
Dept. Fish & Wildlife, PO Box 3503,
Portland 97208
PUERTO RICO
Dept. of Natural Resources, PO Box 5887,
San Juan 00906
RHODE ISLAND
Dept. Environmental Mgmt., 83 Park St.,
Providence 02903
SOUTH CAROLINA
Wildlife Department, PO Box 167,
Columbia 29202
SOUTH DAKOTA
Game Fish & Parks, 445 East Capitol,
Pierre 57501-3185
TENNESSEE
Wildlife Resources Agency, PO Box 40747,
Nashville 37214
TEXAS
Parks & Wildlife, 4200 Smith School Rd.,
Austin 78744
UTAH
Wildlife Resources, 1596 W. North Temple,
Salt Lake City 84116-3195
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National Audubon Society, 700 Broadway,
New York, NY 10003-9501
National Fish & Wildlife Foundation,
18th & C Streets NW, Room 2556,
Washington, DC 20240
National Wildlife Federation,
1400 16th Street NW,
Washington, DC 20036-2266
The Nature Conservancy, PO Box 41125,
Baton Rouge, LA 70821
North American Bluebird Society,
PO Box 6295, Silver Spring, MD 20906
i* Jersey Conservation Foundation,
300 Mendham Rd., Morristown, NJ 07960
Organization for Tropical Studies,
PO Box DM, Duke University,
Durham, NC 27706
Point Reyes Bird Observatory,
4990 Shoreline Highway,
Stinson Beach, CA 94924
The Peregrine Fund,
5666 West Rying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709
Rainforest Alliance, 270 Lafayette St.
Suite 512, New York, NY 10012
Smithsonian Institution Migratory Bird
Center, National Zoological Park,
Washington, DC 20008
Tennessee Conservation League,
300 Orlando Ave., Nashville, TN 37209-3200
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The Wilderness Society, 900 17th St. NW,
Washington, DC 20006
Wildlife Conservation International,
4424 13th St., Gainesville, FL 32609
Wildlife Management Institute,
5410 Grosvenor Lane, Bethesda, MD 20814
World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th St. NW,
Washington, DC 20037-1175
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