United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
A Handbook
for Marina Operators
and Recreational Boaters
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EPA-841-B-03-001
January 2003
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
Mail Code 4503T
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20460
www. epa.gov/owow/nps
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A Handbook
for Marina Operators and
Recreational Boaters
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Why Be Concerned? 1
Marinas in the Watershed 1
Benefits of Clean Marinas and Boating 2
Management Measures and Practices 3
Best Practices 4
Education Is the Key 4
Ship and Shore Management 5
Keeping Shipshape 5
Boat Cleaning and Maintenance 5
Good Housekeeping 6
Boating Practices 9
Boat Sewage and Disposal 10
Marina Services and Amenities 11
Maintenance Areas 11
Storing and Handling Liquids 12
Fueling Stations 12
General Use Areas at the Marina 14
Marina Design Considerations 16
Water Quality and Marina Water Circulation 16
Aquatic Habitat 17
Shipshape Shores and Waters: A Handbook for Marina Operators and Recreational Boaters
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Nearly 17 million boats and more than 11,000 marinas and boatyards'1'
are in use today across the United States. The growth of recreational
boating and related activities like swimming and fishing has led to an
increasing awareness of the need to protect the quality of our nation's
waterways. It's up to all of us who recognize the value of clean and
clear waters to be conscientious stewards who protect and maintain
healthy water quality. Through such awareness we'll be able to ensure
that boating remains good, clean fun and is sustainable well into the
future.
Marinas in the Watershed
Many of the activities we do on the water and at marinas contribute to
nonpoint source pollutionpolluted runoff that occurs when rainfall
or snowmelt washes over land, picks up pollutants, and deposits them
into receiving waters. Because marinas are located right at the water's
edge, there is a strong potential for marina waters to become a recipi-
ent of pollutants, generated not only by boats and the marina itself
but also from upland areas in the watershed. A watershed comprises
all the land that drains into a single stream, lake, or estuary, and such
waterbodies are the most common marina locations.
Each marina is located at a shorelineand within a larger watershed setting.
^'National Marine Manufacturing Association, 2001.
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What are the potential pollutants
from boats and marinas?
Oil and gas, hydrocarbon
by-products
Boat sewage and pet waste
Trash such as plastic rope/line,
sheeting, cans, bottles
Toxic metals, chemicals
Solvents
Antifreeze
Detergents
Sediment, nutrients
Boat cleaning products and toxic
chemicals used in cleaning boats and
in boat engine and hull maintenance
that are not cleaned up after the
work is completed can be carried
away during rainstorms and washed
directly into marina basin waters.
The effect of a single boat or marina
on a waterbody might seem insig-
nificant, but when multiplied by the
millions of boats and thousands of
marinas in use today, such effects
become apparent and significant.
Benefits of Clean Marinas and Boating
Operating marinas and boats in an environmentally friendly way can
result in many benefits.
Better water quality
Cleaner, safer marinas for boating, fishing, and swimming
Healthier fish and shellfish
Reduced marina maintenance costs
Higher marina profits
Increased waterside property values and economic development
Investment in a sustainable business and an environmental future
Marina recognition and rewards for environmental stewardship
The Marine Environmental Education Foundation sponsors the
National Clean Boating Campaign to celebrate clean marinas and
clean boating through demonstrations of best management practices.
Several states recognize marinas for good environmental stewardship with a
special designation. In North Carolina, if a marina meets criteria developed
by the North Carolina Marine Trades Services and the Division of Coastal
Management, it is designated a Clean Marina. Such marinas
are eligible to fly the Clean Marina flag and use the logo in
their advertising. The flags signal to boaters that a marina cares
about the cleanliness of area waterways. Other states with active
clean marina initiatives are Florida, Maryland, and Virginia. The
Tennessee Valley Authority promotes clean boating through its
265 marinas throughout the Tennessee Valley.
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(/
To help boaters and marina operators manage their activities in a
manner that reduces nonpoint source pollution, EPA published a
set of national guidelines and recommended practices in its National
Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from
Marinas and Recreational Boating document.ฎ The national guidelines
are based on a voluntary approach to the operation and management
of marinas and recreational boating, recognizing that they operate in
different waters all over the country. Management measures are goal-
oriented measures to control pollution from nonpoint
source runoff at marinas. These management
measures are intended to protect water resources,
enhance the aesthetic appeal of the marina basin,
and protect boaters and aquatic habitat from toxic
and other harmful substances. (See box below.)
Specific actions, called best management
practices, are used to fulfill the management
measures. These practices identify what
boaters and marina operators can do to
address polluted runoff from marinas
nationwide. This handbook introduces many
of the practices for clean marinas and clean
boating, which are based on the experience
and knowledge of marina operators
throughout the United States.
Throughout the handbook,
keep an eye out for
who will point out important
details and tips not to miss!
Management Measures for Marinas and Recreational Boating
Marina Flushing
Water Quality Assessment
Habitat Assessment
Shoreline Stabilization
Storm Water Runoff
Fueling Station Design
Petroleum Control
Liquid Material Management
Solid Waste Management
Fish Waste Management
Sewage Facilities
Maintenance of Sewage Facilities
Boat Cleaning
Boat Operation
Public Education
^ See Web site: www.epa.gov/owow/nps/mmsp/index.html.
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The San Juan Bay Marina in Puerto Rico provides dry stack storage.
Best Practices
The best management practices discussed in this handbook are orga-
nized by activities typical in ship and shore management. Ship and
shore management covers good dockside housekeeping, boat operation
and maintenance, and marina services and amenities. An additional
section on marina design considerations discusses water circulation
and quality in marina basins. Many of the practices in this handbook
are already in use by marina managers and environ-
mentally aware boaters who value clean waters and
healthy aquatic habitat.
Education Is the Key
Boater education is one of the most effective ways
to prevent and reduce pollution in and around
marinas and to keep both marinas and boats
shipshape. Because the measures and best
practices recommended in this handbook ulti-
mately rely on individual actions, it's important
that marina managers, their customers, and
employees become educated on the causes and
effects of water pollution in marina waters.
For numerous fact
sheets for both boaters
and marina operators
on the topic of boating
for fun with an eye on
the environment, visit
www.cleanboating.org.
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Keeping Shipshape
Regular boat maintenance is essential for keeping boats
in good operating condition. But some products used to
maintain, clean, polish, and paint boats
can threaten the health of marina
waters. Many of these products contain
ammonia, phosphates, chlorine, or
hydrocarbon by-products, which are
harmful to aquatic life. Boaters can
prevent these products from making
their way into marina waters with the
best practices listed below.
Boat Cleaning and Maintenance
Recommended best practices for boaters:
Wash boat hulls above the
waterline by hand. Where
feasible, remove boats from the
water and clean them where
debris can be captured and
disposed of properly, to prevent
runoff into the marina basin.
Buy and use biodegradable
detergents and cleaning products
that will have a minimal impact
on the aquatic environment.
Avoid in-water hull scraping
or any abrasive process done
underwater that could remove
paint from the boat hull.
Thoroughly wash boats
taken from the water before
transporting them to another
body of water to prevent the
spread of exotic or nonnative
plants and organisms.
Metals and
metal-containing
compounds are
used in boat
maintenance and often end up in
the water with harmful results. Some
of the most toxic metals are:
Arsenic: used in paint pigments
Zinc: used to prevent corrosion
of engine parts and metal hulls
Copper: used as an antifoulant
in hull paints
Chromium: used in wood
preservatives
Lead: found in batteries
A new sanding technology is used
on hulls at Associated Marine
Technologies in Floridaa plastic-
medium-blasting dry stripper that
captures debris and separates the
plastic material from the paint dust.
The technology prevents dust from
getting into the water and reduces
the cost of cleanup and disposal.
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Recommended best practices for marinas:
Promote the use of cleaning compounds that have minimal
impact on aquatic habitat.
Locate pressure washing in a separate area where wash water can
be filtered and recirculated.
Make available and encourage the use of long-lasting, low-
toxicity or nontoxic antifouling bottom paints.
Good Housekeeping
Marinas are gateways to the open water, but they also provide a home
base for boaters to dock, unload their boats, clean fish, purchase
supplies, pump out their holding tanks and portable toilets, and dis-
pose of trash. Boaters also refuel and service their engines at marinas.
The following best practices can prevent dockside activities from
contributing to water pollution.
Fish Waste
Nearly 34 million American anglers take to
the water every year to pursue their sport, and
at the end of each day, they bring their fish in
to clean them at docks or marinas. Fish waste
can cause water quality problems at marinas
where large quantities of fish are landed, such
as places where fishing tournaments are held,
or during peak fishing seasons.
Recommended best practices for boaters:
Clean fish offshore where the fish
are caught. Otherwise clean fish at
designated cleaning stations where fish
waste can be properly disposed of or
composted.
Practice catch-and-release or tag-and-
release fishing, which does not kill the
fish and produces no fish waste. Through
tag-and-release programs, anglers can
assist scientists and fishery managers in
gaining knowledge about the fish, which
helps protect fishing resources.
Decomposing fish waste
in the water robs the
water of oxygen, making
it difficult for fish and
other aquatic organisms
to breathe. In addition,
floating fish waste is
unattractive and foul-
smelling.
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Recommended best practices for marina operators:
Install fish cleaning stations at the marina and at boat launch sites.
Compost fish waste where appropriate.
Display posters along the docks to remind anglers to properly
dispose offish parts in clearly designated containers.
Trash Disposal
Garbage in the water looks bad and can cause problems
for both wildlife and boaters. Victims include turtles,
which often mistake plastic bags for jellyfish; birds,
which feed plastic debris to their young; and the
thousands of marine animals that die each year
because they become entangled in plastic trash like
six-pack rings. In addition, intake valves, propellers,
and other moving boat parts can become clogged by
trash, fishing line, and other debris.
Recommended best practices for boaters:
Bring your bottles, cans, garbage, and all plastic
items back to shore for disposal or recycling.
Make sure trash is deposited in the properly
designated containers.
Clean up after your pet.
Recommended practices for marina operators:
Provide covered trash receptacles in convenient locations along
the docks and at boat launch sites.
Install containers for collecting recyclable materials clearly
marked for nonhazardous waste materials such as cans, glass,
plastics, and fishing line and for hazardous waste such as lead-
acid batteries, antifreeze, and used oil and oil filters.
Encourage patrons to clean up
pet waste and provide plastic
bags for the waste at specific pet
walking areas at the marina.
Provide boaters with trash bags
so that they can bring back what
they take out on the water.
It is illegal to discard
any garbage into the
water from a vessel
that is on a lake,
river, stream, or any
coastal waters up
to 3 miles offshore.
In the Great Lakes,
this no garbage law
applies everywhere.
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Pollutants known as
petroleum hydrocarbons
are found in fuel, oil,
grease, and lubricants.
These products contain
toxic elements and
metals harmful to aquatic
animals. Bottom-dwelling
or bottom-feeding
aquatic organisms ingest
these contaminants and
transmit them up through
the food chain until they
accumulate in sometimes
dangerous concentrations
in fish that humans
consume.
Hydrocarbons also
damage fish directly;
damaged fish eggs may
not develop properly.
Engine Maintenance
Maintaining an outboard or inboard engine can pose
problems for water quality because of the materials
involvedcleaners, oils, transmission fluid, and anti-
freeze, to name a few. Oil can be a particular
problem because a single spilled cup can con-
taminate an area the size of a football field.
Recommended best practices for boaters:
Keep engines well tuned. Routinely check
for engine fuel leaks, and use a drip pan
under engines.
Avoid overfilling fuel tanks. Use
absorbent "doughnuts" or small petroleum
absorption pads while fueling to catch
splash-back and the last drops when the
nozzle is transferred back from the boat to
the fuel dock.
Do not use detergents and emulsifiers on
fuel spills. They just help the oil settle into
the bottom sediment.
Avoid pumping any bilge water that has
an oily sheen. Use absorbent "biosocks"
or pads that
capture or digest
oil, and dispose
of or recycle this
material.
Use vacuum-type
systems to change
engine oil and
suction oily water
from bilges.
Locating fueling stations at a separate site away from
the concentration of moored boats makes for a safer
marina.
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Recommended practices for marina operators:
Recommend the use of fuel/air separators, and install them on air
vents or tank stems on inboard fuel tanks to reduce the amount of
fuel spilled into surface waters during fueling.
Recommend and use antifreeze and coolants that are less toxic
to the environment. Use propylene glycol-based antifreeze (pink)
instead of ethylene glycol-based antifreeze (blue-green).
Boating Practices
Excessive wake from personal watercraft and boat motors can cause
damage to both shorelines and aquatic habitats found in shallow waters
and along shorelines. Additionally, propellers or jet drives dig visible
furrows across the vegetation and sediment on the bottom of water-
ways, which can take years to recover. Individual boating habits also
influence the spread of nonnative species to waters.
Recommended best practices for boaters:
Pay attention to channel markers and buoy warnings to avoid
running aground and stirring bottom sediments.
Modify speeds in no wake zones to prevent inducing wave energy
and shoreline erosion.
Use appropriate and safe anchoring areas, away from sensitive
habitat. Be aware of marine animals that graze in shallow waters.
Thoroughly rinse out boats with fresh water on land and allow
them to dry before moving them into a new
body of water. This will help prevent the
accidental transfer of plants and animal species
from one waterbody to another.
Recommended practices for marina operators:
Establish no wake zones near the shorelines
and shallow channels. Display navigation
charts showing sensitive habitat areas and
channel depths.
White pencil buoys
Alert boaters to sensitive areas containing mark slow speed
submerged aquatic vegetation, marine species, zones near the shore
and other important aquatic habitat. in Biscayne Bay,
Florida.
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Dumping untreated sewage
into the water can:
Spread disease! Sewage
contains bacteria, viruses,
and parasites that make
humans and animals sick.
Contaminate shellfish
beds! While feeding
and breathing, oysters,
clams, and mussels filter
tiny particles, including
bacteria. Pathogens
associated with these
bacteria can contaminate
the seafood we eat and
make us sick. Shellfish
bed closings can cause
significant economic loss
to communities.
Lower oxygen levels in
water! Sewage requires
oxygen as it decomposes
in the water, robbing
aquatic organisms of the
air they need to breathe.
It also acts as a fertilizer
for algae, creating
nuisance algae blooms.
Make boating
unpleasant for everyone!
Unsightly floating
sewage can ruin a day
out on the water.
Boat Sewage and Disposal
Keeping our waters clean depends on preventing
the direct discharge of sewage from boats into the
water. It is illegal to discharge untreated sewage
into waters designated as "no discharge zones." No
discharge zones are designated for the Great Lakes
and in most northeastern states, California,
Florida, and areas of the Gulf of Mexico.
Recommended best practices for boaters:
Before heading out on the water, use
the restroom facilities at the marina.
On recreational boats with a holding
tank equipped with a Y-valve and
through-hull fitting, the valve should
always be kept closed and locked
within the 3-mile limit from shore.
Use the marina's sewage pumpout
stations and dump station to empty
holding tanks or portable toilets after a
day on the water.
Recommended practices for marina operators:
Install pumpout stations at an
accessible location, and provide
pumpout service at convenient times
and at a reasonable cost by trained
marina staff.
Provide portable toilet dump stations
near launch ramps and docks for
smaller boats.
Provide clearly marked signs showing
the location of pumpout stations and
dump stations at the
marina and launch
ramps.
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Inspect and regularly maintain pumpout systems, disinfect
all suction connections, and ensure that septic receptacles are
emptied when full.
Make clean restrooms available and inspect them regularly.
Marina Services and Amenities
Maintenance Areas
Marina operators can be especially instrumental in preventing the
entry of harmful chemical compounds from cleaning and maintenance
products into marina waters. Because marina operators provide main-
tenance services, rent equipment, and sell cleaning materials, they
can determine where and how maintenance is done. Most important,
marina operators have an opportunity and the responsibility to edu-
cate boaters and employees on protecting water resources by following
environmentally friendly maintenance practices.
To maintain clean marinas and clear waters that continue to attract
patrons, marina operators could follow these management practices:
A nun me
naintenance area can be lined with tarps to collect and dispose of
debris. Trash cans and recycling bins can also be kept close at hand.
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Provide indoor work space for boat repair and maintenance work
and tarp covers for abrasive blasting and sanding.
Minimize dust and debris when performing boat hull
maintenance. When sanding, work in an enclosed space away
from the water or use dustless sanders. Use permeable tarps,
screens, or filter cloths to capture debris when cleaning, sanding,
or painting, and then dispose of it in designated containers.
Require that hull maintenance areas be cleaned immediately
after any maintenance to remove debris. Require that all debris
be disposed of properly to prevent rainwater or wash water from
carrying contaminated debris into the marina basin.
Regularly vacuum and sweep service roads, driveways, and
parking lots; use porous pavement where feasible.
Storing and Handling Liquids
Marinas are responsible for storing, handling, and disposing of many
of the liquid products used on boats and at marinas. It's important to
ensure that liquid materials do not become contaminants when in use or
being stored. Adequate and safe containment facilities are important in
proper recycling and disposal of liquid wastes.
Here are some tips for marina operators:
Locate storage and disposal areas for liquid materials in or near
repair and maintenance areas. Make sure these areas are covered
to prevent polluted runoff and are situated on an impervious
Each type of liquid waste requires a separate, covered disposal container
that prevents rainwater from washing the wastes down storm drains or directly
into the water. These waste should be removed from the marina for recycling
by a permitted hazardous waste material contractor, and
receipts should be retained for inspection.
Waste oils: waste engine oil, transmission fluid, hydraulic
fluid, gear oil
Waste fuels: gasoline, diesel fuel, and water contaminated
with them
Maintenance liquids: antifreeze/coolant, solvents, acetone,
paints, thinners, lacquers
Restaurant liquids: edible cooking oils, fats
Shipshape Shores and Waters: A Handbookfar Marina Operators and Recreational Boaters
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WASTE OIL
OIL FILTERS
CONTAMINATED FUEL
m rOBE DSPOSEDOf IN PROPERLYWraCOIfflNERS
No Waste Oil otarty type is lo be
stared in any unmdrksd container.
surface (with berms or
secondary containment, and
away from flood areas and fire
hazards).
Use, and offer for rent, vacuum-
type systems for oil changes and
bilge water draining.
Prepare a hazardous materials
spill response plan and update
it regularly. Keep adequate spill
response equipment on hand where liquid materials are stored.
Provide clearly labeled containers for recycling used oil
and oil filters.
Fueling Stations
Spills of gasoline and diesel fuel during boat fueling are common but
can be avoided. Usually these are very small spills, and boaters might
Prominently displayed signs help
prevent careless handling of
used oil at marinas.
As a convenience for boaters, some marinas offer multiple functions at
the dock, including fueling and sewage pumpout. An essential step in spill
prevention at fuel docks is to identify and locate sources of leaks at joints in
piping systems or between pipes and storage tanks.
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have the impression that one small spill is not significant. Marina
operators can reinforce the message that many small spills accumulate
to create a large pollution problem. By using best management
practices for fueling stations, marina operators can also send a message
that the marina is well prepared to deal with accidents and hazards
related to safety and health.
Install easy-to-read signs on the fuel dock that explain proper
fueling, spill prevention, and spill reporting procedures.
Install personal watercraft floats at fuel docks to help drivers
refuel without spilling.
Locate and design boat fueling stations so that spills can be
contained and cleaned up easily.
Provide automatic shutoffs on fuel lines and at hose nozzles to
reduce fuel spills and loss.
Develop and implement a fuel spill recovery plan. Make sure spill
containment equipment storage, such as a locker attached to the
fuel dock, is easily accessible and clearly marked.
Train fuel dock staff in spill prevention, containment, and cleanup
procedures.
Provide absorbent pads and have them available at the fuel dock.
General Use Areas at the Marina
Hull maintenance areas can and do generate potential pollutants
(paint chips, sanding dust). However, pollutants from other marina
property, including parking lots, restaurants, and swimming pools,
should not be ignored. These areas can generate debris, trash, grease,
oil, and other chemicals. If left lying around, these pollutants can be
washed into the marina basin and negatively affect water quality.
To effectively prevent runoff pollution, it's important not only to pre-
vent debris and spills around the marina, but also to capture or filter
the runoff water before it reaches the marina basin. A basic strategy to
minimize runoff includes increasing pervious surfaces at the marina
to promote water infiltration into the ground rather than allowing
the water to run off into the basin. Other strategies include increas-
Shipshape Shores and Waters: A Handbookfar Marina Operators and Recreational Boaters
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ing vegetative cover such as grass buffers and biomass beds, which can
absorb runoff water effectively.
Recommended best management practices to control storm water
runoff:
Plant vegetated buffer strips between impervious areas such as
parking lots and the marina basin. They can include shrubs, grass,
and flowers.
Install oil/grit separators to treat excess petroleum spills, coarse
sediment, and contaminated bilge waters.
Add filters to storm drains, near both work areas and parking
lots. Capture pollutants and filter them out of runoff water with
permeable tarps, screens, and filter cloth.
Provide landscaping treatment such as Low-Impact Development
islands in feasible areas. Low-Impact Development uses
vegetation and biomass materials and minimizes use of
impervious surfaces to enhance infiltration of storm water into
the ground and reduce runoff volumes.
Adding a vegetated island to a paved parking lot helps
to filter storm water runoff and adds more pervious
surface area.
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Good boating practices can keep chemicals, fuel, and trash out of the
water; however, maintaining good water quality in and around the
marina basin also depends on the location and design of the marina.
Water circulation to flush out debris and pollutants that can cause
stagnant conditions is a key consideration. Other considerations
include shoreline and bottom stabilization, preservation of aquatic
habitat, and storm water management. They are especially relevant
in decision-making on marina expansion, such as building more boat
slips, adding parking spaces, or expanding boat maintenance and repair
facilities.
Water Quality and Marina Water Circulation
Water quality in a marina basin depends largely on the circulation
of water within the basin. In a poorly flushed basin, pollutants tend
to concentrate in the water or collect in the bottom sediment and in
tucked-away corners, resulting in stagnant, polluted water. Eventu-
ally the marina can be troubled by reduced aesthetic appeal and odor
problems.
Conducting a water quality assessment at a marina is important when
planning expansion at the marina or evaluating the waters in the
marina basin. An assessment provides information on the baseline
condition of the water quality in the marina basin. It involves taking
samples of water from the waterbody and testing them for dissolved
oxygen concentration or pathogens like
fecal coliform bacteria. The goal of the
assessment is to identify areas that might
need protection and ensure that water
quality is not impaired because of actions
taken at the marina.
Get boaters and other patrons involved in water quality assessments through
a volunteer monitoring program. Volunteer monitoring can range from simple
visual inspections to water quality sampling. Volunteer monitors increase public
awareness of pollution problems, become active in pollution prevention, and
help to increase the amount of water quality information available. For more
information on volunteer monitoring, check the Web site at www.epa.gov/owow/
monitoring/vol.html
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Aquatic Habitat
Aquatic habitat includes a diversity of submerged grasses, fish spawn-
ing areas, plants, and animals. They can be negatively affected by
marina-related activities such as construction of boat docks and piers,
shoreline erosion, dredging, and speeding boats. Not only can these
activities be physically damaging, but they also might introduce non-
native plants and organisms that maybe harmful.
Recommended best practices for boaters:
Respect no wake zones and lower boat speeds near shore areas.
Avoid planting or dragging boat anchors in grass beds.
Wash boats thoroughly on shore with clean, fresh water before
transferring them to another waterbody
Avoid dumping of trash, unused bait, and fish waste into the
marina basin.
Recommended practices for the marina operator:
Establish and clearly mark no wake zones.
Provide a separate area for washing boats on shore away from the
water's edge.
Restrict boater traffic in shallow-water areas.
Display charts showing shallow-water areas and sand bars near
the marina that are to be avoided.
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For copies of the technical guidance document
National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution
from Marinas and Recreational Boating,
visit: www.epa.gov/owow/nps/mmsp/index.html
For copies of this handbook:
e-mail: ncepimal@one.net
Phone: 1-800-490-9198 or 513-489-8190
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