L
SUMMARY OF CURRENT STATE NONPOINT SOURCE CONTROL
                PRACTICES FOR FORESTRY
                      AUGUST, 1993
                         Prepared by:

                       Tetra Tech, Inc.
                       Fairfax, Virginia
                  Nonpoint Source Control Branch
             Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds
               U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                        Washington, DC

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                               ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
IMs summary of state nonpoint source control practices for forestry was prepared by John Craig, Mary
Ann Parcher  and George Townsend of Tetra Tech, Inc., Fairfax, Virginia, and John Cannell of EPA s
Nonpoint Source Control Branch.  Tetra Tech's assistance was provided under EPA Contract Number
68-C3-0303  This document was developed in cooperation with the National Association of State
Foresters  The efforts and assistance of Terri Bates, Stan Adams, and Bill Obergamo of the National
Association of State Foresters in providing information and State Forester review of this document are
greatly appreciated.  Gordon Stuart of the State and Private Forestry Division of the U.S. Forest Service
also provided assistance  in the development and preparation of this document.

Comments on this document and requests for additional copies should be addressed to:

                             John Cannell
                             Nonpoint Source Control Branch (WH-553)
                             Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
                             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                             401 M Street, SW
                             Washington, DC 20460
                                               u

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                 Contents

      Introduction  ...................••••••••••••'••«•••	  *
      Alabama	•	  5
      Alaska . .	••••••	• •	• • •	  9
      Arkansas	•	15
      California	•	:....,.... 19
      Connecticut	•	• •	 23
      Delaware	• • >	 -25
      Florida	 -	•	29
      Georgia	.-.:.•......•.	 .-.. •	.• • »
      Idaho			.	•	•	•	37
      -Illinois			;• • •	• 41
      Indiana	• •		:.	43
      Kentucky	 45
      Louisiana	•	• •	; • •  •	^1
      Maine	 .	  ....	53
      Maryland	59
      Massachusetts		*	. • • •	67
      Michigan	,	• •  •	71
      Minnesota	-.	. . 75
      Mississippi	 79
      Missouri	 .i	 83
      Montana .	•	 87
      Nevada	'• ,	91
      New Hampshire	 93
      New Jersey .	 97
      New Mexico  . . ; . . . .'.	•	 . 99
      New York	 .		• ' •  1°3
      North Carolina	 .	  105
      Ohio		... •	  HI
      Oklahoma	• • • •	v	  115
      Oregon	 . '.	 . .  .		.119
      Pennsylvannia	  123
      Rhode Island	 . . .		• • . •	  127
      South Carolina	  129
      Tennessee	  131
      Texas	  135
      Vermont	^	  139
      Virginia	•	  . .  .	• •  143
      Washington		. . . : 147
      West Virginia	 157
      Wisconsin ........	. .	: . .  . .	•.•.•••	> 161
      Wyoming .-.-. ...		 163
      Appendix A  .	•	• A-l
      Appendix B	 B-l
                                     in

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
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                                        Tables
       Number
Page
        1      Recommended Diameters for Culverts	....-.'	  6
        2      Spacing Distances Between Diversion Devices . .,	  6
        3      Riparian Standards  	T	••!!
        4      Spacing Guide for Drainage Structures	24
        5      Recommended Filter Strip Widths	  24
        6      Site Sensitivity Classification ..;...	  29
        7      Maximum Spacing of Drainage Structures	30
        8      Streamside Management Zone Widths Based on Regional Differences ....  33
        9      Minimum Standing Trees per 1000 Feet		38
       10     Minimum Buffer Widths for Chemical Applications	40
       11     Drainage Dip Spacing	43
       12     Water Break Spacing	44
       13     Potential Site Preparation Impacts on Water Quality	47
       14     SMZ Widths	•	,- •	48
       15     Broad-Based Dip Spacing	54
       16     Filter Strip Widths		54
       17     Skid Hump Spacing . . . .	55
       18     Water Bar Spacing 	..55
       19     Cross Drainage Culvert Spacing	56
       20     Required Buffer Widths  	61
       21     Required Water Bar Spacing	67
       22     Filter Strip Widths 		68
       23     Recommended Buffer Widths	. .  80
       24     Recommended Primary and Secondary Filter Strip Widths	84
       25     Maximum Distances Between Water Breaks	 .	92
       26     Buffer Strip Widths	-	- - -  99
       27     Recommended Minimum SMZ Widths	106
       28     Filter Strip Widths		124
       29     Recommended SMZ Widths	  133
       30     Protective Strip Widths	  141
       31     Water Bar Intervals	  144
       32     Recommended SMZ Widths for Various Waters . . .	145
                                            IV

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                                                      Current NFS Control Practices,for Forestry
INTRODUCTION
The potential for forestry activities to
contribute to nonpoint source (NFS) pollution
of streams, rivers, lakes, and other water
bodies has been the subject of extensive study
(USEPA 1993). On a national level, recent
survey reports indicate that silvicultural
activities contribute approximately 3 to 9
percent of the total NFS pollution (Neary et al.
1989;  USEPA  1992a). Twenty-four states
have identified silviculture as a source
contributing to NFS pollution in their lakes
and rivers (USEPA 1992b). Without adequate
planning and nonpoint source controls, water
quality impacts associated with forestry
activities can occur. These impacts include
sedimentation,  nutrient and pesticide
contamination, reduced dissolved oxygen
levels, increases in water temperature, and
changes in the magnitude and duration of
stream flow.

The summaries presented in this document are
 intended to provide a synopsis of the Best
. Management Practices (BMPs) currently used
by states to address the NFS impacts on water
 quality caused by forestry activities. This
 document is intended to provide the reader
 with general information on the component
 practices contained in existing state programs
 for forestry NFS control.  The summaries are
 descriptive in nature and are not intended to be
 reviews or evaluations of the state BMPs for
 forestry or state NFS programs.  Since no
 review or evaluation of state BMP program
 comprehensiveness, extent of implementation,
 or effectiveness was conducted, inclusion of a
 state's BMPs in this document does not
 represent or imply Environmental Protection
 Agency approval or sufficiency of the practices
 or state programs described.

 The information in this document is intended
 to provide an  increased understanding of the
types of forestry activities commonly
addressed in existing state NFS programs and
to serve as a reference for the type and nature
of BMPs included in current state BMP
manuals.  For example, the summaries may
provide information on additional practices   .
useful to state agencies that are evaluating and
enhancing their NFS programs to meet the
objectives of the Coastal Zone Act
Reauthorization Amendments of  1990 for
management measures to control NFS
pollution.

This document summarizes 41 existing state
BMP manuals or regulations that include
BMPs.  Three other BMP manuals are being
developed but were not at a stage suitable for
inclusion in this summary document.  The
summaries in this document were developed in
cooperation with the National Association of
State Foresters (NASF) and include
information obtained from NASF surveys of
state forestry programs.  Each state summary
was made available for review by the
appropriate state agency, and comments
received  were incorporated into  the document.
 Since some states are engaged in the process
 of developing BMPs for forestry or are
.revising their existing programs, lack of
 representation of a given state program or
 practice in this document does not necessarily
 imply that forestry NFS  controls are not being
 developed or addressed in that state.

 Because  the summaries do not provide all of
 the design criteria and technical information
 presented in the source manuals and rules, this
 document should not be used for field
 implementation of practices or evaluation of
 the appropriateness of state practices for a
 given activity.  If such a level of detail is
 required, the reader should obtain the source
 documents from the state contacts included in
 each summary.

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Current NPS Control Practices for Forestry
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Many state BMP manuals and rules present a
variety of additional practices not directly
related to the protection of water quality, such
as methods to improve timber production and
procedures for maintaining aesthetics while
harvesting timber. The summaries of NPS
practices in this document do not include a
discussion of these'other aspects of state
programs since they are not directly related to
protecting water quality.

The information in this document is intended
for use by agencies or organizations with
interests in or responsibilities for forestry
activities, NPS pollution control,  watershed
protection projects, and similar concerns.
Each summary follows the general outline
presented in the specific BMP manual
produced by a state.  Some tables from the
BMP manuals are included where the
Information is particularly valuable to the
summary.  In most cases, however, the
summaries make reference to figures and
tables provided in the BMP manuals but do not
include them. As part of each state summary,
a contact person and a list of related
informational materials, such as documents,
brochures and videos available from the state,
are provided.

OVERVIEW

Most of the BMP manuals or state regulations
address the following forestry operations and
management activities:
      Preharvest planning
      Road construction and maintenance
      Timber harvesting
      Streamside management zones
      Site preparation
      Chemical management
      Revegetation
      Prescribed burning
      Drainage structures
Other activities addressed by some states
include operations conducted in forested
wetlands, wildfire control, slash management,
specific sediment control measures, storage
and disposal of hazardous substances or
petroleum products, and livestock exclusion.

The presentation of information provided in
the source documents differs in that some
states provide detailed figures and tables for
BMP design and implementation whereas other
states focus more on the rationale for BMP
use.

An overview of five types of state BMPs is
presented in Appendix A.  These five types of
practices are generally considered among the
more important for effectively controlling NPS
pollution from forestry activities. Tables A-l
through A-5 provide an overview of the state
practice components for revegetation, road
surface drainage, skid trails, stream crossings,
and streamside protection.

Revegetation practices are contained in 34
manuals or rules (Table A-l).  Generally,
practices address seed mixtures, including
types, rates and dates of application, mulch
and fertilizer.  Timing of seeding and seedbed
preparation is also included in a number of
state practices.

In Table A-2, road surface drainage practices
are described.  To some degree, all 41
manuals summarized include practices for  road
surface drainage.  A wide variety of designs
for drainage structures are described including
the use of wing ditches, broad-based dips,
water bars, ditch relief culverts, turnouts,
cross drainage culverts, and roadside ditches.
Surface design components described focus
primarily on crowning and out-sloping roads.
Other practices described are directing
discharges from drainage structures onto
undisturbed forest floor or energy dissipators
and away from streams. Restricting use of

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    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
roads during wet conditions is also
incorporated into some manuals to lessen the
impacts from road use and prevent accelerated
failure of road drainage practices.

Some type of skid trail practice(s) is also
generally incorporated into each of the state
manuals summarized (Table A-3). Proper
layout to avoid steep slopes and uphill skidding
are often described, as are drainage structures
such as waterbars and turnouts.  Revegetation
of skid trails is also frequently addressed.
Other practices that are presented by some
states are avoiding, locating skid trails to
concentrate runoff and not skidding in
streamside management areas. Some states
restrict ruts  in skid trails to less than 6 inches.

Stream crossings are potentially one of the
more serious sources of sediment to streams.
Table A-4 describes some of the sizing
 requirements for culverts and bridges used by
 states and the use of inlet and outlet controls to
 protect these areas.  The practice of installing
 stream crossings perpendicular to streamflow
 is included in many state manuals.  Allowing
 for fish passage through stream crossings and
 the prompt  removal of temporary stream
 crossings are also often described.  In most
 manuals the use of fords is avoided unless
 specific site characteristics such as level, solid
 bottoms are present.

 Protection of riparian areas is discussed in 29
 of the state BMP manuals or regulations.
 These areas are commonly referred to as
 streamside  management zones (SMZs), but
 they are also  called riparian management zones
 or areas, filter strips, buffer strips, protective
 strips,  and  watercourse and lake protection
 zones.  Some states have established a site
  sensitivity classification system that is used to
  determine the width of SMZs and the
  recommended forestry operations within
  SMZs. Other states use some minimum width
  and restrict logging within the streamside area.
Shading and avoiding temperature impacts are
addressed by a number of states.  The
applicability of SMZ requirements including
minimum widths and shading criteria, varies
widely among the state manuals.  Relatively
few states apply these areas to intermittent
streams.

Other practices used are preharvest planning
and BMPs for pesticides and other chemicals.
Preharvest planning is discussed by 18 states,
5 states of which require the development of a
preharvest plan.  In addition, three other states
require a permit and/or submission of an
erosion and sediment control plan.  Seven state
manuals deal exclusively with erosion and
sedimentation control practices.

Twenty-two of the manuals contain BMPs for
the use of pesticides and other chemicals. The
manuals present information on pesticide
 characteristics and site factors affecting fate
 and transport and describe a range of practices
 including integrated pest management;
 transportation, storage, mixing, and application
 methods; and responding to spills.

 While this overview provides an indication of
 some of the types of practices described in
 state BMP manuals, it also indicates the
 variability in specific practice components
 between state programs.  This variability
 makes it extremely difficult to make general
 summary statements about the types of
 practices used by various states.  The matrices
 in Appendix A illustrate the range of these
 practice components, as  well as some of the
 similarities between state practices. The
 summaries  contained in this document provide
 additional information related to these and
 other practices described in each state's BMP
 manual or rules.  Appendix B provides
  information obtained from an NASF survey
  and lists state contacts and additional
  technology transfer information that is
  available or being developed.

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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
x-xEPA
 REFERENCES

 Neary, D.G., W.T. Swank, and H. Riekerk.
 1989. An Overview of Nonpoint Source
 Pollution in the Southern United States. In
 Proceedings of the Symposium: Forested
 Wetlands of the Southern United States, July
 12-14,1988, Orlando, FL. USDA Forest
 Service,  General Technical Report SE-50,
 pp. 1-7.

 TJSEPA. 1992a.  Managing Nonpoint Source
 Pollution, Final Report to Congress on Section
 319 of the dean Water Act (1989). U.S.
 Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
 Water, Washington, DC.  EPA-506/9-90.

 USEPA.  1992b.  National Water Quality
Inventory: 1990 Report to Congress.  U.S.
 Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
 Water, Washington, DC. EPA 503/9-92/006.

 USEPA.  1993.  Water Quality Effects and
Nonpoint Source Control for Forestry: An
Annotated Bibliography.  U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Water,
Washington, DC. EPA 841/B-93-005.

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                                                     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
ALABAMA
Reference: Alabama Forestry Commission.
1992.  Alabama's Best Management Practices
for Forestry (Draft).
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Streamside Management Zones
   2.  Stream Crossings
   3.  ForestRoads
   4.  Timber Harvesting
   5.  Reforestation/Stand Management
   6.  Wetlands
   7.  Revegetation/Restoration
 1.  Streamside Management Zones

 The Streamside management zone should be
 maintained on both sides of all perennial and
 intermittent streams and should extend at least
 35 feet from a definable bank.  Greater widths
 are recommended for highly credible soils,
 steep banks, and wildlife habitat. The SMZs
 must be wide enough to maintain water quality
 standards.

 Partial cut is the recommended harvesting
 method in SMZs along perennial streams.
 Fifty percent residual crown cover should be
 left. SMZs along intermittent streams can be
 harvested using partial cut or  regeneration cut.
 There is no minimum residual crown cover
 requirement; only vegetative cover must
 remain.  Do not harvest trees from banks,
 beds, or steep slopes if it will destabilize the
 soil. Any tops or other logging debris
 dropped into water must be removed.
 However, organic debris in the water prior to
 the harvest should not be removed from the
 stream.
Mechanical site preparation should not be used
in SMZs.  Reforestation should be achieved by
natural regeneration, hand planting, or direct
seeding.

Fertilizer should not be used in the SMZ.  If a
herbicide is used, it should be applied directly
to the target pest and not broadcast-sprayed.
Strict adherence, to all label restrictions must
be observed.

2.  Stream Crossings

The crossing of streams by roads, skid trails,
or firebreaks should be avoided.  When
streams must be crossed,  locate the crossings
where the bank will be least disturbed.  Install
crossings at right angles to straight sections of
the channel.  The banks should have gentle
slopes, and the path through the SMZ should
be straight. Water diversions should direct
upland runoff onto the forest floor to filter out
sediment and other pollutants. Provide for
normal passage of water and aquatic animals
within the channel.

Fords can be used where the streambed is
 firm, the banks  are low, and the stream is
 shallow.  Log crossings should not use green
 or small-diameter tops, ,limbs, and brush. Do
 not use fill dirt to improve the surface of log
 crossings.  ,

 Use adequately  sized culverts to reduce road
 washouts and water impoundments. Stabilize
 fill materials using rip-rap, sand bags,
 concrete, mulch, hay bales, or silt fences.
 Routinely clean out culverts.  Table 1 provides
 culvert diameters for various geographic
 regions within the state.

 Bridges create the least disruption to stream
 flow and should be used on watersheds greater
 than 200 acres.  Banks and fill material must
 be  stabilized and protected from erosion.
 Spans must be installed to permit passage of

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                                                                    c>EPA
 Table 1.  Recommended Diameters for Culverts (inches)
                                                       Drainage Area (acres)

                                                                       100
                                  200
Region
Lower Coastal Plain
Upper Coastal Plain
Piedmont
Mountains
12
12
12
18
30
18
30
36
48
30
42
48
60
42
54
2(48)
all expected high flow.  Remove all temporary
crossings and stabilize the site. Permanent
crossings must be stabilized and maintained.

3. Forest Roads

Carefully plan the location of all roads.  Use
existing roads only if they are acceptably
located and drainage devices function properly.
Avoid locating new roads in SMZs, on eroded
gullies, or on troublesome or sensitive
moisture-laden soils.  The design standard
should be at least the minimum for reasonable
safety and consistent with anticipated traffic
volume.  Road slopes should be determined by
topography and soil type.

During construction,  minimize the amount of
soil exposed. Balance cuts and fills whenever
••practical. Do not incorporate stumps, logs, or
slash into the roadbed or fill material.
Stabilize side banks as they are constructed.
 On flat roads, crown, out-slope, or in-slope
the surface to minimize water retention.
Install water diversion devices on roads with
gradients, and direct  discharge onto
undisturbed  forest floor or energy dissipators,
 such as rocks, mulch, or woody debris. Table
 2 provides a spacing  guide for diversion
 devices, but natural drainages and soil
 erodibility should also be considered when
 determining appropriate spacings.
 Table 2. Spacing Distance between
          Diversion Devices
       % Slope
Feet
          3

          5

          10

          15
233

180

140

127
Regularly inspect and maintain permanent
roads.  Road surfaces should be crowned,
back-sloped, and water-barred as necessary to
minimize erosion of the roadbed.  Clean
drainage devices as needed.  Seed back slopes
and roadbeds.  Prohibit nonessential traffic on
roads with high erosion potential during wet
weather.

4.  Timber Harvesting

Harvesting activities  should be conducted in a
manner that ensures long-term maintenance of
water quality.  Plan the location of temporary
access roads, skid trails, and landings prior to
construction. Avoid locating trails or landings
on springs or in gullies. Logging roads and
landings must be located on firm ground,
outside SMZs, and above the high water mark
of streams.  Locate landings uphill of skid
trails to provide the greatest dispersion of

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    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
water. If landings must be located downhill of
skid trails, minimize erosion by using more
smaller landings with fewer, smaller skid
trails. Ground skidding should be conducted
in a manner that does not disrupt natural
drainage or create excessive soil displacement.
Minimize skidding on steep gradients, but
provide occasional breaks in grade when
skidding on steep slopes can not be avoided.

Upon completion of the harvest, trash should
be disposed of in accordance with applicable
laws. Oils, fluids, and other toxic chemicals
must never be drained into the soil.  Landings
 and skid trails should be stabilized with
 vegetation and/or water diversion devices.

 5.  Reforestation/Stand Management

 Mechanical site preparation should be
 conducted in a manner that minimizes erosion,
 soil compaction, stream sedimentation, and
 deposition of debris into water bodies. Limit
 mechanical site preparation to the amount
 needed to achieve a well-stocked stand of
 desirable trees. Mechanical  site preparation
 should not be conducted in SMZs or on slopes
 exceeding 25 percent.

 Drum chopping is a favorable method of
 mechanical site preparation for the protection
 of soil and water quality.  Straight blade
 bulldozing is the least desirable method.
 Follow the contour when disking, bedding on
 slopes greater than 2 percent and constructing
 windrows.  Avoid overraking the area.

 Herbicide applications must follow
 manufacturer's label instructions, EPA
 guidelines, and state law. Herbicides should
  not be aerially or broadcast applied in SMZs.
  Pesticides should not be applied directly onto
  or allowed to drift or wash into waters bodies.
  Do not mix chemicals or clean equipment and
  pesticide containers in or near streams and
  water bodies.
Design and manage prescribed fire to minimize
adverse environmental effects!  Avoid burning
on slopes 25 percent or greater. Where
needed, install appropriate water diversions
along firelines. Vegetate firelines to reduce
erosion.

6.  Wetlands

Conversion of forested wetlands to non-
forestry use by permanent major drainage
and/or placement of fill material into wetlands,
as well as immediate or gradual conversion of
wetland vegetation to predominantly non-
wetland species by permanently altering the
surface or subsurface reach, flow, or
circulation of wetland water is subjecfcto Clean
Water Act section 404 Army Corps of
Engineers (COE) permit requirements. All
other "normal" silvicultural activities in
wetlands are exempt from these requirements.

 Streamside management zones should be
 established and maintained around the
 perimeter of all major drainages and open
 water bodies.

 Forest roads must be constructed and
 maintained in a manner that ensures that flow
 and circulation patterns and chemical and
 biological characteristics of streams and water
 bodies are not impaired.  Minimize the
 number, width, and total length of all roads
 and skid trails. Stabilize all road fill during
 and after construction to prevent erosion.  All
 temporary fills should be removed in their
 entirety and the area restored to its original -
 elevation.                              ,

 Do not harvest timber during periods of
 flowing water. When harvesting wet sites, use
 special harvesting systems to minimize water
 quality hazards and negative site impacts, such
 as rutting, puddling, and soil compaction.
 Concentrate skidder traffic on a few areas

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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                 &EPA
 laiher than over the entire area.  If harvesting
 during dry periods, normal guidelines apply.

 Reforestation activities, including mechanical
 site preparation, must not impair the flow or
 circulation within the wetland or reduce the
 reach of waters of the United States without a
 COE permit. Herbicides bearing the
 "wetlands" warning on the label must not be
 applied directly to surface waters or to
 intertidal areas below the high water mark.

 7.  Revegetation/Restoration

 During site and seedbed preparation, surfaces
 should be shaped to allow for drainage and
 smoothed t0 permit use of conventional
 equipment. Soil tests are recommended to
 determine whether agricultural limestone and
 fertilizer are needed to help establish
 vegetative cover.  Lime and fertilizer should
 be incorporated into the top 2-4 inches of soil
 on slopes less than 6 percent, into the top
 2 inches of soil  on slopes between 6 and
 10 percent, and onto the surface only for
 slopes greater than 10 percent. Immediately
 after seeding, mulch should be applied to
 retain seed, lime, and fertilizer and to maintain
 moisture and prevent extreme temperatures on
 the son surface.

 Actively eroding gully systems should be
rehabilitated by redirecting or eliminating
•water flow through the area and then
revegetating the area.  Avoid operating in
stabilized gully systems.
State Contact:
 DonBurdette
 Environmental Forester
 Alabama Forestry Commission
 (205)240-9378
      Other Available State Information

 Manuals/   Alabama's Best Management
 Books      Practices for Forestry (1989);
            Water Quality Management
            Guidelines and BMPs for
            Alabama's Wetlands

 Brochures   Alabama's Best Management
            Practices for Forestry (1990)

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   Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
ALASKA
Reference:  State of Alaska. 1992. Draft
Forest Resources and Practices Regulations.

The following regulations and practices apply
to any operation on state land, other public
land, or private land if all of the following
criteria are met:

(1) the operation is on forest land as defined
    by AS 41.17.950;
(2) the operation involves any of the following
    activities:
   (a) harvesting, including felling, bucking,
      yarding, decking, hauling, log dumping,
      log transfer, log rafting;
   (b) road construction or reconstruction,
      material source development, and
      maintenance of an existing road or
      bridge;
   (c) site preparation;
   (d) precommercial thinning;
   (e) slash treatment; or
   (f) any other activity leading to, or
      connected with, commercial timber
      harvest;
(3) a commercial operation that intersects,
    encompasses, or borders on surface waters
    or a riparian area or that, for a single
    landowner or operator, equals or exceeds
    in the aggregate the following acreage:
   (a)  10 acres in Region I;
   (b) 40 acres in Region H;
   (c) 40 acres in Region ffl for landowners
      who own more than 160 acres (if a
      landowner has 160 acres or less, then
       an operation on any of that 160 acres
       that is not a commercial forest
       operation).
  BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

  1.  Notification and Plan of Operation
  2.  Riparian Standards
  3.  Road Location, Construction, and
      Maintenance
  4.  Timber Harvesting
  5.  Reforestation and Site Preparation
  6.  Miscellaneous Provisions
1.  Notification and Plan of Operation

Before beginning an operation on forest land,
the operator must file a detailed plan of
operations that must include the following
information:

(1) name, address, and approving signature of
    the forest landowner, timber owner, and
    operator;
(2) a 1:63,360 scale USGS quadrangle map
    showing the proposed area of operation
    and suitable for duplication on 8!6- by 11-
    inch paper;
(3) four copies of a map  at a scale providing
    the most detail available, showing the sites
    of the proposed activities, such as unit
    boundaries;
(4) the expected dates to  begin and complete
    operations;
(5) the following surface waters information:
   (a) the location and, if applicable, the
      classification of known surface waters
      that abut or are within the harvest units;
   (b) the approximate location of proposed
      stream crossings;
   (c) the approximate location of stream
      crossings requiring approval from the
      Department of Fish and Game; and
   (d) the approximate location of surface
      waters for which the operator requests
      the Department of Fish and Game to

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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
       determine or verify the presence of fish,
       as determined by a field inspection;
 (6) the boundaries of cutting units, harvest
    techniques (clearcut, etc.), and, where
    known, the yarding techniques and
    location of landings;
 (7) the following road information:
   (a) the approximate location of a mainline
       or spur road and whether the road is
       intended to be permanent or temporary;
   (b) any road to be closed during the term of
       the plan of operation;
   (c) any known road to be located in a
       riparian area for use as other than a
       water crossing;
 (8) the approximate location of a material site;
 (9) the following information for areas that are
    in cutting units or are traversed by roads:
   (a) known unstable or slide-prone slopes;
   (b) slopes greater than 67 percent; and
   (c)- site-specific measures designed to
       prevent slope instability due to road
       construction in areas identified under
       (9a) or (9b) of this paragraph;
 (10)  reforestation and site preparation
      methods;
 (11)  description and anticipated location of
      temporary housing, fuel storage sites,
      and associated wastewater and solid
      waste disposal facilities;
 (12)  location of log transfer and sort yard
      facilities;
 (13)  measures for control of insect infestation
      or disease outbreak (where applicable);
 (14)  requests for variation from riparian
      standards; and
 (15)  information  regarding the location and
      estimated timing of the stream crossing
      activity when a short-term water quality
      variance for construction of a stream
      crossing is required.

An operator may  provide the local office with
a voluntary plan of operations describing long-
term plans for timber harvesting.
2.  Riparian Standards

Table 3 presents the riparian standards for
various land categories as set forth in
AS 41.17.116, AS 41.17,118, and
AS 41.17.119.  The following operations are
allowed within the riparian area:

•  road building when no feasible alternative
   exists;

•  water body crossing;

•  felling and removal of hazardous trees along
   roadways as required by state and federal
   law;

•  locating material sites in braided, glacial
   floodplains;

•  removal of a portion of a downed tree that
   lies  greater than 25 feet from the
   streambank;

•  installation of blocks, or similar devices, on
   a tree required for retention under this
   chapter if the device is installed to minimize
   damage to the tree;

•  use of trees required for retention under this
   chapter for use as lift trees or tail holds;

•  hanging of rigging through the riparian area
   consistent with operator safety requirements
   and  to have a clear line of sight and
   working area for the rigging; and

•  in the case of buffer'strips for lands
   identified in AS 41.17.118  and  .119 only,
   yarding corridors and other logging systems
   that  do not cause a significant adverse
   impact to the riparian habitat.
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                                                    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
Table3. Riparian Standards
Land Type

Private land
  Region!
 Private land
  Regions n
  and IH

 State land
 Water Body Classification
ii  ,      "
 Type A

 TypeB
               TypeC
 An anadromous or high-value
 resident fish water body


 An anadromous or high-value
 resident fish water body
 (North of Alaska Range)


 An anadromous or high-value
 resident fish water body
  (South of Alaska Range)
  Other public
  land
  An anadromous or high-value
  resident fish water body
  (North of Alaska Range)

  An anadromous or high-value
  resident fish water body
  (South of Alaska Range)
Timber Harvesting Restrictions

No harvesting within 66 ft of water body

Operations within 100 ft of the stream or to
the break of the slope, whichever area is
smaller, must comply with slope stability
standards
Operations within 50 ft of the stream or to
the break of the slope, whichever area is
smaller, must comply with slope stability
standards
Operations within 100 ft of water body must
be sited and designed primarily to protect
fish habitat and water quality

No harvesting within 100 ft immediately
 adjacent to water body, unless the division
 determines that adequate protection remains
 for the fish habitat

 No harvesting within 100 ft immediately
 adjacent to water body

 Harvesting may occur between 100 and 300
 feet from the water body, but must be
 consistent with the maintenance of important
 fish and wildlife habitat

 No harvesting within 100 ft immediately
 adjacent to water body

 No harvesting within 100 ft immediately
 adjacent to water body, unless the
 commissioner determines that adequate
 protection remains for, fish habitat	
 3.  Road Location, Construction, and
     Maintenance

 Minimize the amount of road construction by
 using existing roads when feasible and by
 avoiding isolated patches of timber that would
 require additional road construction. Locate
                                     roads to fit topography, and avoid locating
                                     roads on marshes, nonforested muskegs,
                                     recently abandoned stream channels, slopes
                                     greater man 67 percent, unstable slopes, slide-
                                     prone areas, and deep gullies where fine-
                                     textured soils such as clay or ash soils exist.
                                     Roads should be located outside the riparian
                                               11

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                  vvEPA
area except for waterbody crossings or where
no feasible alternative exists. A stream
crossing or a road in any riparian area must be
designed and located to minimize significant
adverse effects on fish habitat and water
quality.  Minimize the number of stream
crossings, and cross streams at right angles.

"When constructing forest roads, use end-
Jhauling and full-bench construction techniques
if mass wasting from overloading on an
xinstable slope or erosion of sidecast material is
likely to occur and cause degradation of
surface or standing water quality. Treat
unstable soils  with effective and appropriate
erosion control measures, such as-grass
seeding, erosion control mats, or end-hauling
materials.  Construction on slopes greater than
67 percent, on an unstable slope, or in a slide-
prone area require the following additional
measures:

•  do not bury significant amounts of organic
   debris and slash or log chunks more than 5
   cubic  feet in volume in the load-bearing
   portion of the road;

•  balance cuts and fills to the greatest extent
   possible, but do not use excavated material
   as fill if it is unstable, fine textured, or
   prone to mass  wasting; and

*  do not conduct excavation or blasting
   activities under saturated soil conditions.

Spoil, waste, and overburden generated during
road construction should be deposited on an
upland site and stabilized by effective erosion
control measures.  Winter roads must be
constructed to avoid degradation of water
quality.  The roadbed should be protected from
rutting, ground disturbance, or thermal
erosion.  Avoid soil cuts or fills in thawed,
unstable permafrost terrain.
Minimize erosion of roadbed, cut bank, and
fill slopes through the use of cross drains,
ditches, relief culverts, bridges, water bars,
diversion ditches, or other such structures
demonstrated to be effective. These drainage
structures must; be installed at natural
drainages.  The table provided for minimum
spacing is specified by region and slope.
Discharge from drainage structures should be
directed away from unstable soils and onto
vegetated areas.

A temporary bridge or culvert and the adjacent
roadway must be constructed to withstand the
25-year flood.  A permanent bridge or culvert
and the adjacent roadway must be constructed
to withstand the 50-year flood.  Bridges must
be installed to provide fish passage and
minimize disturbance to the bed and banks of a
stream. Protect bridge approaches from
erosion by using planted or seeded ground
cover, bulkheads, rock rip-rap, retaining walls,
or other equally effective means.  Special
restrictions apply to bridge construction and
repair on anadromous fish waters. Culverts
smaller than 12 inches in diameter may not be
installed.  A culvert must discharge onto
material that will not easily erode. With prior
notification to the division, properly prepared
and maintained fords may be used during a
period of low flow. Fords should cross
perpendicular to the stream flow,  and the
approaches must be properly ballasted or
otherwise stabilized to avoid sedimentation.

On active roads, the surface must be
maintained as necessary to minimize erosion of
the surface and the subgrade, and all culverts,
flumes, and ditches must be kept functional.
As soon as feasible following the termination
of active use, ditches and drainage structures
must be maintained as necessary to ensure
water flow and fish passage, and the road
surface must be crowned, out-sloped, water
barred, or otherwise left in a condition not
conducive to erosion. Permanently closed
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                                                      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
roads should have bridges, culverts, and fills
removed.  In areas accessible to highway
vehicles, the road should be blocked so that
four-wheel vehicles cannot pass the point of
closure.

4.  Timber Harvesting

Landing location, except when frozen, must
avoid surface and standing waters and
minimize use of marshes and nonforested
muskegs. Landings must be located,
constructed, and operated to prevent logs,
vegetative debris, and sediment from entering
surface and standing waters. Landing location
should provide for a logging layout that will
reduce the overall adverse effects of the
operation.  Minimize sidecast or fill, and
construct landings no larger than necessary for
safe operation of equipment.  Where slopes are
greater than 67 percent, unstable, or in a slide-
prone area, fill material used in the
construction of landings must be free of loose
stumps and excessive accumulations of slash
and must be mechanically compacted in layers
where necessary to prevent soil erosion and
mass wasting.  Landings must be sloped, water
barred, ditched, or otherwise constructed and
maintained to minimize the accumulation of
water on the landing.

Trees should be felled in a direction that
minimizes damage to trees retained in partial
cuts. Where feasible, trees must not be felled
into riparian timber retention areas or surface
waters.  Equipment must not be operated in
surface waters without prior notice to the
division.  If trees are felled into fish-bearing
waters, limbs and other small debris must be
removed within 48 hours. This provision may
be waived if the Department of Fish and Game
deems the material deposited in the water body
will benefit fish resources. If trees are felled
into non-fish-bearing surface or standing
waters, the trees and debris must be removed
at the earliest feasible time to avoid
degradation of water quality.

When cable yarding, logs must be fully
suspended above or yarded away from surface
waters.  Cross stream yarding must be used
when full suspension or split yarding would
likely cause greater degradation of surface
water quality or impact fish habitat.  Cable
yarding across surface waters must be
conducted in a manner that avoids degrading
water quality and minimizes damage to stream
channels, stream banks, retained trees,
understory vegetation, stumps, and root
systems. The direction of log movement
between stream banks must be as close to right
angles to the stream as  feasible.  No timber
may be yarded across anadromous or high-
value resident fish waters without prior notice
to the division. An operator should use
maximum available deflection and uphill
yarding techniques. Where downhill yarding
is used, lift the leading end of the log by
deflection and minimize downhill movement of
slash and soils. Yarding across marshes and
nonforested muskegs must be conducted in a
manner that minimizes  damage to vegetative
cover.

Skidding of timber or operation of equipment
in anadromous fish waters requires the written
approval of the Department of Fish and Game.
Operations in other surface waters, marshes,
or nonforested muskegs requires prior notice
to the division. Equipment may be operated
on frozen surface waters, marshes, or non-
forested muskegs without prior notice to the
division.  An operator may not use a tracked
skidder, a wheeled skidder, or a logging
shovel during saturated soil conditions.
During winter logging, substantial
concentrations of debris that enter surface
waters or that may enter surface waters from
winter trails must be removed before thaw.
Locate skid trails to minimize degradation of
surface water quality, and keep trails to
                                               13

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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                     EPA
 Tnlnmmm feasible width. Out-slope trails
 where feasible, and use water bars or other
 appropriate techniques to prevent or minimize
 sedimentation.  Skidding on slopes is restricted
 tvhere degradation of surface or standing water
 is likely to occur.  Within the riparian area the
 number of skidding routes must be limited;
 skidding must minimize damage to retained
 trees, stumps, root systems, understory
 vegetation, and soils; and one-end suspension
 of logs must be achieved.

 Unstable slash concentrations around landings
 must be disposed of, or dispersed, to prevent
 entry into  surface waters. Concentrations of
 slash may  be reduced by scattering, piling, or
 windrowing, mechanized  chipping,
 compacting, burying, controlled burning, or
 other method allowed by the division.
 Controlled burning requires approval from the
 Department of Environmental Conservation
 and may require a permit from the division.
 Burns must occur under weather conditions
 that minimize the chance of air quality
 degradation and fire escape. Riparian areas
 must be protected from fire during burns.

 5. Reforestation and Site  Preparation

 Adequate reforestation must be achieved within
 5  years after harvest in Region  I and 7 years
 after harvest in Regions n and HI.  The
 reforestation plan must include  the preferred
 target species, regeneration techniques, and
 site preparation methods.  Minimum stocking
 standards are listed for the various regions. A
 forest landowner in Regions n and m who
amends to rely on natural regeneration for
 reforestation must ensure a seed source of
 well-formed, vigorous trees  of commercial tree
 species, and the seed source must be capable
 of distributing an adequate amount of seed
throughout the harvest area to meet the
reforestation requirements.
Site preparation must incorporate reasonable
measures to protect residual trees, minimize
degradation of surface water quality or harm to
fish habitat, and minimize the use of heavy
equipment where soil compaction or impacts to
drainage will cause degradation of site
productivity.

6.  Miscellaneous Provisions

Petroleum products and waste material, such
as crankcase oil, fuel, grease, filters, hydraulic
fluid and their containers; machine parts; wire
rope; oil-contaminated soils; scrap culverts;  or
similar scrap wastes resulting from operations
must be disposed of in a manner that does not
violate water quality standards.
                                               14

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vvEPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
ARKANSAS
Reference: Arkansas Forestry Commission.
Best Management Practices Guidelines for
Silviculture.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Planning
   2.  Road Construction and Maintenance
   3.  Harvesting
   4,  Mechanical Site Preparation
   5.  Silvicultural Chemicals
   6.  Streamside Management Zones
 1. Planning

 Planning of harvest operations should
 maximize efficiency and economy of motion,
 preserve soil integrity, and protect water
 quality. Topographic maps, aerial
 photographs, and soil surveys should be used
 in combination with local knowledge or field
 reconnaissance to ascertain site conditions.
 Operations should be scheduled to avoid
 seasonal water problems and to minimize
 adverse impact on soils and water quality.
 Design the harvest setting boundaries to use
 natural drainage channels, topographic terrain,
 roads, and forest type changes. The size of
 Hie setting should be consistent with
 minimizing soil movement and protecting
 water quality.  The setting layout should avoid
 narrow, unmanageable strips of timber
 susceptible to windthrow.  Plan skidding
 design to avoid natural drainages and to
 balance skidding distances against road
 densities.
2.  Road Construction and Maintenance

Locate roads along the contour, away from
streams, and where topography permits, along
the crest of long ridges.  Avoid locating roads
in narrow canyons, marshes, wet meadows,
natural drainage channels, and streamside  _
management zones. Use the minimum design
standard necessary to support anticipated
traffic volume with the least environmental
impact. Minimize the number of stream
crossings, and where necessary, plan the
crossing perpendicular to the main channel.

During construction, plan and conduct work to
minimize erosion.  Right-of-way timber should
be removed or decked outside borrow pits.
Minimize the need for borrow pits by
balancing cuts and fills to the greatest extent
possible. Design cut-and-fill slopes to the
normal .angle of repose or less.  Place sidecast
or fill material above the ordinary high water
mark of any stream, except where necessary at
stabilized stream crossings. Seed and mulch_
areas with high erosion potential.

Design roads to drain naturally by crowning,
ditches, culverts, and/or out-sloping. Use
diversion or wing ditches to carry road
drainage water  away from the road and onto  .
undisturbed forest floor.  Install ditches,
culverts, cross drains, and wing ditches at low
points in the road gradient. Drainage
structures should not discharge onto erodible
material unless erosion protection measures are
employed. Adequately size culverts to
accommodate anticipated water flow.

Construct stream crossings to minimize  •
disturbance to banks and existing channels
and, during periods of low flow, to minimize
the threat of erosion.  Machine activity in the
streambed should be avoided unless deemed
 absolutely necessary.  Use a bridge or culvert
 if a ford would result in rutting or siltation.
 Bridges should not constrict clearly defined
                                               15

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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                  &EPA
 stream channels. Permanent structures should
 be designed and constructed to accommodate
 the normal flood level.  Protect low-water
 bridges, fills, and earth embankments from
 erosion by high water.

 Maintain roads by crowning or out-sloping the
 road surface, revegetating or stabilizing
 exposed soil areas,  and removing blockages or
 obstructions from culverts and ditches. Roads
 not currently in use should be periodically
 inspected to ensure their integrity.

 3.  Harvesting

 Locate landings to minimize adverse impacts
 of skidding on the natural drainage pattern.
 The landings should be located on firm ground
 outside SMZs and should use the topography
 to provide natural drainage of the landing and
 disperse runoff onto the forest floor. Landings
 located on navigable waters for barge loading
 and transportation of logs must comply with
 Corps of Engineers regulations.

 Locate skid trails to use the topography and
 maintain natural drainage patterns.  Skid trails
 should not run parallel to a stream where the
 trail would be below the average high water
 mark of the stream. Stream channels should
 not be used as skid  trails.  Where stream
 crossings cannot be avoided,  use temporary
 culverts, portable bridges, logs and natural
 fords with firm bottoms, stable banks, and
 fairly level approaches.  Remove all temporary
 crossings upon completion of use.  Skid trails
 on slopes should have occasional breaks in
grade to  facilitate dispersal of water.

Fell trees parallel to the skidding direction
with butts toward the landing. When near
 streams,  directionally fell trees away from the
 channel to minimize debris entering the
watercourse. Provide shading, soil
stabilization, and water filtering effects of
vegetation along streams by one or more of the
following methods:

•  leave trees, shrubs, grasses, rocks, and
   naturally felled timber wherever they afford
   shade over a stream or maintain the
   integrity of soil near such a stream;

•  harvest mature timber from the SMZ in
   such a  way that shading and filtering effects
   are not destroyed; and

•  where it is difficult to leave adequate
   vegetation within the SMZ to afford  stream
   protection, reestablish cover as soon as
   possible after harvesting is completed.

When cable yarding across  a stream cannot be
avoided, streamside vegetation should be left
undisturbed to the maximum extent possible.

Remove logging debris accidentally deposited
in waterways. Do not deposit debris from
landings into  drainages or streams. Mulch and
seed erosion-prone areas to help reestablish
permanent vegetation.  Logging litter, such as
oil cans, grease containers,  crankcase oil
filters, old tires, broken cable, paper, and
other trash, must be kept out of streams and
should be disposed of in a designated legal
landfill.

4.  Mechanical Site Preparation

Perform mechanical site preparation to
minimize disturbance of areas near streams or
other water bodies.  Train equipment operators
to minimize soil disturbance, compaction, and
displacement.  Minimize disturbance in SMZs.
Locate windrows along the contour and out of
SMZs, and minimize placement of soil in
windrows. Do not disk on steep slopes or
slopes with thin or highly credible soils.
Provide water outlets on bedded or furrowed
areas at locations that will minimize movement
                                              16

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vvEPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
of soil.  When ripping, follow the approximate
contours.

5.  Silvicultural Chemicals

Use chemicals in accordance with
manufacturer's label instructions, EPA
registration requirements, and all state and
federal requirements for use, registration, and
application.

Maintain equipment used for transportation,
storage, mixing, or application to prevent
leakage of chemicals.  When chemicals are
mixed with water, provide an air gap or
reservoir between the water source and the
mixing tank, and use uncontaminated pumps,
hoses, and screens. Mix chemicals and clean
tanks only where possible spills would not
enter water bodies.

Carefully plan aerial and ground applications
to avoid direct and indirect entry of chemicals
into surface waters. Do not apply chemicals
where stream contamination is likely to occur.
Do not apply chemicals when the likelihood of
aerial drift exists.  For aerial applications, use
a bucket or spray device capable of immediate
shutoff.  When performing ground applications
to treat seedlings, incorporate pesticides into
the soil and not on the ground surface.  In
areas adjacent to open water, use injection or
stump treatment herbicide methods.

Clean equipment and containers where
contamination of water bodies is not likely to
occur. Rinse containers and mixing apparatus
at least three times and spray the rinse water
over  the application area.  Label, remove, and
dispose of containers in accordance with
applicable local, state,  and federal laws.
Maintain a record of application in accordance
with  state and federal laws and retain it for at
least  2 years.  If any hazardous chemical  is
accidentally spilled, contain and neutralize the
chemical and notify the Department of
Pollution Control and Ecology.

6.  Streamside Management Zones

SMZs must be wide enough to protect water
quality and stream characteristics. Design
SMZs on a case-by-case basis considering soil
type, slope, vegetative cover, flow, and stream
classification.  Restrict activities that would
cause pollution or erosion. Locate roads, skid
trails, and landings outside SMZs.  Harvest
mature timber in a manner that will not
destroy the filtering effects of the zone.
State Contact:
 Randall L. Leister
 Arkansas Forestry Commission
 (501) 664-2531 ext. 34
     Other Available State Information

  Manuals/   A Guide to Better Forestry
  Books      Practices and Water Quality;
             A Guide to Better Logging and
             Better Water Quality
                                              17

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                                                        vvEPA
                                         18

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                                                     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
CALIFORNIA
References: California Department of Forestry
and Fire Protection. 1991. California Forest
Practice Rules, Subchapter 4: Coast Forest
District Rules', and the Z'berg-Nejedly Forest
Practice Act of 1973

The Z'berg-Nejedly Forest Practice Act of
1973 states that no person may conduct timber
operations unless a timber harvesting plan
prepared by a registered professional forester
has been submitted to the department. The
1991 California Forest Practice Rules,
Subchapter 4: Coast Forest District Rules,
require that all harvest plans be approved by
the Director of Forestry prior to the
commencement of harvesting operations.  The
plan must be  applicable to a specific piece of
property or properties and must be based on
such characteristics of the property as
vegetation type, soil stability, topography,
geology, climate, and stream characteristics.
The Z'berg-Nejedly Forest Practice Act
stipulates that the plan must include, at a
minimum,  all of the following information:

(1) the name and address of the timber owner;
(2) the name and address of the timber
    operator;
(3) a description of the land on which the
    work is proposed, including a USGS
;   quadrangle map or equivalent indicating
    the location of all streams, the location of
    all proposed and existing logging truck
    roads, and the boundaries of all Site I
    classification timberlands to be stocked;
(4) a description of the Silvicultural methods
    to be applied, including the type of
    logging equipment to be used;
(5) an outline of the methods to be used to
    avoid accelerated erosion from timber
    operations to be conducted within
    proximity of a stream;
(6)  special provisions, if any, to protect any
    unique area within the area of the timber
    operation;
(7)  the expected dates of commencement and
    completion of timber operations;
(8)  a certification by the registered
    professional forester preparing the plan
    that he/she or a designee has personally
    inspected the plan area; and
(9)  any Bother information the board provides
    by regulation to meet its rules and
    standards of this chapter.

The 1991 California Forest Practice Rules
require an extensive amount of additional
information to be included in the plan.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Harvesting Practices and Erosion
       Control
   2.  Site Preparation
   3.  Watercourse and Lake Protection
   4.  Logging Roads and Landings
   5.  Coastal Commission Special Treatment
       Areas
   6.  Prescribed Burning
   7.  Cumulative Impacts Assessment
 1. Harvesting Practices and Erosion
    Control

 All plans must show the estimated erosion
 hazard rating of the plan area. Erosion control
 structures must be installed on all constructed
 skid trails and tractor roads prior to the end of
 the day if the U.S. Weather Service forecast is
 a "chance"  (30 percent or more) of rain before
 the next day, and prior to weekend or other
 shutdown periods. Water breaks must be
 constructed for tractor roads, roads, layouts,
 and landings that do not have permanent and
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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
adequate drainage facilities or structures. The
maximum distance between water breaks is
specified according to slope and estimated
erosion hazard rating.  Discharges should flow
onto vegetative cover, duff, slash, rocks, or
less credible material.  Water breaks and other
erosion controls must be maintained (luring
timber operations and for a period extending
as much as 3 years after work completion.

Trees must be felled to lead in a direction
away from watercourses and lakes.  Slash and
debris from timber harvesting operations may
not be placed in locations where they could be
discharged into a Class I or Class H
watercourse or a lake.

Tractors or other heavy equipment must not be
operated in unstable areas; on any slopes
greater than 65 percent; on slopes greater than
50 percent that lead without flattening to a
Class I or Class n watercourse  or a lake; or in
areas having average slopes over 50 percent,
where the erosion hazard rating is high.
Machinery equipped with a blade may not
operate on skid roads or slopes  that are so
steep as to require the use of the blade for
braking. Tractor yarding or the use of tractors
for constructing layouts, firebreaks, or roads
may be done only during dry periods where
soils are not saturated.

Cable yarding must be conducted in such a
manner that the installation and use of cable
lines will not incur unreasonable damage to the
residual trees.  Tractors must not be used in
areas designated for cable yarding except to
pull trees away from streams, to yard logs in
areas where deflection is low, or where swing i
yarding is advantageous.

Equipment used in timber operations must not
be serviced in locations that will allow grease,
oil, or fuel to pass into lakes  or watercourses.
2.  Site Preparation

When site preparation will occur on the
logging area; a site preparation addendum will
be incorporated into the harvest plan.  Heavy
equipment must not be used for site
preparation under saturated soil conditions.
Undisturbed areas or energy dissipators must
be used to control and disperse concentrated
runoff from roads, landings, tractor roads,
firebreaks, and erosion control facilities where
it flows into the site preparation areas.

3.  Watercourse and Lake Protection

All lakes or watercourses that contain or
conduct Class I, n, ffl, or IV waters must be
designated on the harvest plan map and the
width of the watercourse and lake protection
zone (WLPZ) determined by  slope and water
class.  Heavy equipment must not be used in
timber falling, yarding, site preparation, or
hauling operations within the WLPZ.  The
amount of vegetation removal within the
WLPZ is  determined by a registered
professional forester during an on-site
inspection. Soil stabilization measures may
include, but are not limited to, mulching, rip-
rapping, grass seeding, or the use of chemical
soil stabilizers. The timber operator must not
discharge soil, silt, bark, slash, sawdust,
petroleum, or other organic or earthen material
from any  logging,  construction, or associated
activity into any stream or lake in quantities
deleterious to fish, wildlife, or other beneficial
uses of water.

4.   Logging Roads and Landings

Roads and landings must be planned so that an
adequate number of drainage facilities and
structures are installed to minimize erosion  on
roadbeds, landing surfaces, sidecast, and fills.
Road and landing sites will be planned to
                                               20

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vvEPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
minimize disturbance to logging area. The
following factors are to be considered:

•  use existing roads whenever feasible;

«  use systematic road layout patterns to
   minimize total mileage;

•  avoid routes near watercourses, marshes,
   wet meadows, or unstable areas;

•  minimize number of water crossings;

•  locate roads on natural benches, flatter
   slopes, and areas of stable soils;

•  plan to fit the topography; and

•  use logging systems that will reduce
   excavation or placement of fills on unstable
   areas.

No road or landing construction may occur '
under saturated soil conditions.  Landings must
be the minimum in width, size, and number
consistent with the yarding and  loading system
to be used, and must be no greater than one-
half acre. Waste organic material must not be
buried in the landing fill.  Road construction
activities in the WLPZ are prohibited, except
for stream crossings. Watercourse crossing
drainage structures on logging roads must be
planned, constructed, and maintained or
removed according to the following standards:

•  the number of crossings must be kept to a
   feasible minimum;

•  the location of all  new permanent and
   temporary structures must be shown on the
   harvest plan map,  and the minimum
   diameter of permanent culverts must be
   specified;
• the location of structures on watercourses
  that support fish must allow for unrestricted
  passage of fish;

• fills must be excavated to form a channel
  that is as close as feasible to the natural
  watercourse grade and orientation and is
  wider than the natural channel; and

• excavated material and any resulting cut
  bank must be  sloped back from the channel
  and stabilized to prevent slumping and to
  minimize soil  erosion.

Install  drainage structures so as to minimize
erosion, to ensure proper functioning, and to
maintain or restore the natural drainage.
Drainage structures must be of sufficient size,
number, and location to carry runoff water off
of roadbeds, landings, and fill slopes.  Do not
direct discharge from drainage structures onto
erodible material unless energy dissipators are
used.  Specifications for water break spacing,
installation, and maintenance are provided in
the practice rules.

Roads  and landings must be maintained in a
manner that minimizes concentration of runoff,
soil erosion, and slope instability.
Abandonment of roads, watercourse crossings,
and landings must be planned and conducted in
a manner that provides for permanent
maintenance-free drainage to soil resources;
minimizes concentration of runoff,  soil
erosion, and slope instability;  prevents
unnecessary damage to soil resources;
promotes regeneration; and protects the quality
and beneficial uses of water.

5.  Coastal Commission Special Treatment
    Areas

The Coastal Commission  Special Treatment
Area is defined as an identifiable and
geographically bounded forest area designated
within the Coastal Zone that constitutes a
                                              21

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  Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 significant wildlife and/or plant habitat area,
 area of special scenic significance, and any
 land where timber operations could adversely
 affect public recreation areas or the biological
 productivity of any wetland, estuary, or stream
 especially valuable because of its role in a
 coastal ecosystem. Regulations provide for
 larger watercourse protection zones and higher
 stocking standards and limit reentry for 10
 years.

 6.  Prescribed Burning

 All slash created by road construction or
 timber operations within the fire protection
 zone must be treated by piling and burning,
 chipping, removal from the zone, or burying.
 This treatment must be completed by June 1 of
 the year following creation of the slash.  Slash
 piles and concentrations must be sufficiently
 free of earth and other noncombustible
 material for effective burning. Concentrations
 of slash outside the fire protection zone may
 be isolated and burned after the first wet fall
 or winter weather, and burning should be
 completed by April 1 of the following year.
 The use of broadcast burning is restricted in
 some districts.  Use of broadcast burning
 prescription in the WLPZ for Class I and
 Class II waters is prohibited. Broadcast
 burning must not fully consume the larger
 organic debris, which retains soil on slopes
 and stabilizes watercourse banks.

 7.  Cumulative Impacts Assessment

 Regulations provide for assessing cumulative
impacts of past, present, and foreseeable
probable future projects on the watershed, soil
productivity, and biological (wildlife)
resources. All significant impacts must be
mitigated.
State Contact:
 Ross Johnson
 Dept. of Forestry
 (916)653-4995
or
 Pete Cafferata
 Dept. of Forestry
 (916) 653-9455
     Other Available State Information   ,

 Manuals/    California Forest Practice
 Books       Rules - updated annually

 Brochures   An extensive selection of
             publications that address
             various forestry issues and
             regulations are available from
             the California Department of
             Forestry and Fire Protection at
             (916)653-7211
                                              22

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v>EPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
CONNECTICUT
Reference: Connecticut Resource'Conservation
and Development Forestry Committee. 1990.
Timber Harvesting and Water Quality in
Connecticut: A Practical Guide for Protecting
Water Quality While Harvesting Forest
Products.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Site Planning Considerations
   2.  Truck Roads, Skid Roads/Trails
       and Landings
   3,  Drainage Structures
   4.  Sediment Control Measures
   5.  Post-Harvesting Considerations
1.  Site Planning Considerations

Prepare a plan prior to the start of each
harvesting operation.  Plan the location using
topographic maps, aerial photos, USDA soil
survey maps, and property maps.  Avoid steep
slopes, springs, wetlands, poor drainage areas,
rock outcrops, and other obstacles. Plan
landings and roads so that they can be used in
subsequent harvests.  Roads should generally
not exceed a 10 percent slope, except for short
sections to avoid obstacles, and if possible
should be located on the,high side of steep or
wet areas.  Minimize the number of stream
crossings and, if possible, locate the crossings
in flat areas. If the value of the timber in a
section of the harvest site would be less than
the cost of environmentally safe harvesting, the
section should not be harvested.
2.  Truck Roads, Skid Roads/Trails and
    Landings

Road drainage is extremely important in
minimizing erosion and sedimentation.  To
minimize water accumulation on the road
surface, the road may be in-sloped, out-sloped,
or crowned. Divert water off the road surface
with the use of ditch-relief culverts and/or
broad-based dips.  Broad-based dips should be
used only on roads with gradients of
10 percent or less.

When constructing truck roads, use bridges or
culverts to cross streams.  Construct stream
crossings where the erosion hazard can be
minimized. The stream channel should be
straight, and the banks should have a gentle
gradient.  Fords may be used only where the
stream bottom is ledge, stone, gravel, or sand.

Use a diversion or interceptor ditch above
landings to minimize the amount of up-slope
water reaching the landing areas. Properly
dispose of all oil cans, old lubricants and
filters, crankcase drainings, and other potential
pollutants. Do not use streambeds as skid
trails.

3.  Drainage  Structures

Drainage structures should be used to divert
runoff from roads, skid trails, and landings.
The choice of culvert type depends on
conditions and the planned use of the road.
Pipe culverts are recommended for permanent
roads because of their long life and
effectiveness.  They should be used where
adequate fill can be placed over the culvert,
and open-top culverts should be used when
adequate fill or machinery is not available to
properly install pipe culverts.  Locate drainage
structures according to road grade as specified
in Table 4.
                                              23

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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
  Table 4. Spacing Guide for Drainage Structures (feet)
Road Grade (%) Waterbars
1 400
2 250
5 135
10 80
15 60
20 45
25 40
30 35
40 30
The discharge area should be protected with
stone, grass sod, logs, or tree tops. Natural
litter may be adequate if the terrain is not too
steep.

4. Sediment Control Measures
Use baled hay or silt fence/filter fabric as
sedimentation barriers. Filter strips should be
tised between watercourses and heavily
disturbed areas, such as roads and landings.
Minimize soil disturbance in filter strips.
Table 5 contains recommended widths of filter
strips, but good judgment and the details of the
site should be used for a final decision.
Pipe Culverts
450
300
200
140
130
120
65
60
50
Dips, Turn-ups
450
300
200
140
130
120



Table 5. Recommended Filter Strip
Widths
TT AUU1A
Land Slope •
(percent)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

Width of Filter
Strip
(feet)
25
45
65
85
105
125
145
165
5.  Post-Harvesting Considerations

Abandoned skid trails, roads, and landings
should be stabilized upon completion of
harvesting operations, and access should be
restricted. Culverts, bridges, or other
temporary structures placed in water courses
should be removed.  Grade major skid trails.
Logging debris and trash should be removed
from the landing, and the landing surface
should be graded so that water does not flow
onto the access road.  Seed landings,
approaches to stream crossings, and steep skid
trail sections.
                                              24

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                                                     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
DELAWARE
Reference:  Delaware Forestry Association.
Forestry Best Management Practices for
Delaware.

The BMPs presented in this manual are
advocated by the Forestry Section of the
Department of Agriculture but have not been
officially adopted by the Department of
Natural Resources and Environmental Control.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

    1.  Pre-Harvest Planning
    2.  Truck Haul Roads
    3.  Skid Trails
    4.  Log Decks, Landings, and Portable
       Sawmill Locations
    5.  Streamside Management Zone
    6.  Broad-Based Dip
    7.  Rolling Dip
    8.  Water Bars
    9.  Cross Road Drainage by Pipe or
       Open-Top Box Culvert
   10. Stream Crossings
   11. Water Turnouts
   12. Site Preparation and Management
   13. Revegetation of Bare Soil Areas
   14. Wildfire Control and Reclamation

     Forested Wetlands

   15. Salvage and Sanitation in Streamside
       Management Zones
    16. Forested Wetlands Preharvest
       Planning
    17. Forested Wetlands Truck Haul Roads
    18. Forested Wetlands Skid Trails
    19. Forested Wetlands Log Decks
1.  Preharvest Planning

A written preharvest plan should be.prepared.
The plan should include any or all of the
following: property boundaries, streams and
drainages, soil restrictions, slope and
environmental concerns, approximate location
of main haul road and skid trails, location of
potential log landings, portable sawmill
locations, stream or drainage crossings, and
Streamside management zones.  A timber sale
contract and the timing  of harvest should also
be included in the plan.

2.  Track Haul Roads

Roads should follow the contour as much as
possible, with grades between 2 and 10
percent. On soils with  a severe erosion
hazard, grades should be 8 percent or less, but
grades exceeding 12 percent for 150 feet may
be acceptable provided  measures are taken to
prevent erosion.  Vertical road bank cuts
should not exceed 5 feet in height.

Roads (with the exception of stream crossings)
should be constructed at least 50 feet from any
flowing or identifiable streams. Intermittent or
perennial streams should be crossed using
bridges, culverts, or rock fords oriented as
close to the right angle to the stream as
possible. Fords may be used when stream
banks are stable and stream bottoms are hard.
Fords should be used only when vehicles
crossing the stream do not cause increased
sedimentation.  Install water turnouts prior to a
stream  crossing to direct runoff water into
undisturbed areas of the Streamside
management zone.

Out-slope the road surface where the road
gradient and soil type will permit. In-slope the
road toward the bank as a safety  precaution on
sharp turns, on road gradients of 15 percent or
greater, or on clay or slippery roads. Use
cross drainage on in-sloped or crowned roads
                                              25

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                 vvEPA
to limit the travel distance of runoff water.
On in-sloped or crowned roads, install broad-
based or rolling dips within the first 25 feet of
an upgrade if gradients begin to exceed
2 percent for more than 200 feet.  Place roads
on side slopes to avoid level ridgetops. Avoid
wet floodplain soils.

Ensure good road drainage with properly
constructed and spaced turnouts, broad-based
dips, rolling dips, culverts, and bridges.
Turnouts must be constructed to prevent water
from cutting channels across the SMZ. Cut
trees along the side of the road where sunlight
is necessary to ensure drying of the road.  Use
brush barriers or check dams as needed along
the road fill areas or other sensitive areas.

3.  Skid Trails

Gradients should not be steeper than
15 percent  However, steeper  segments may
be required to avoid boundary  lines or
sensitive areas. Skid trails must be located
outside the SMZ. Any skid trail that must
cross a perennial or intermittent stream, or a
drainage ditch that leads to a natural drainage,
should use a bridge or culvert of acceptable
design. Logs should not be skidded through
intermittent or perennial streams.  Approaches
to water crossings should be as near to right
angles to the stream direction as possible.  .
Ruts should not exceed a depth of 6 inches, on
average, over a distance of 50  feet, on slopes
5 percent or greater.  Upon completion
of skidding, the areas subject to erosion should
have water bars installed immediately.
Waterbars should be installed at a 30 to 45
degree angle downslope.

4.  Log Decks, Landings, and Portable
    Sawmill Locations

Locate sites for decks and portable sawmills in
advance of road construction and at least 50
feet from the SMZ.  Decks and yards should
be on well-drained soils, and adequate
drainage on approach roads and trails should
be provided to prevent accumulation of runoff
on the deck area. Oil and other wastes from
servicing equipment should be drained into
containers and disposed of in accordance with
proper solid waste disposal practices.  Garbage
and trash must be removed and disposed of
properly. Decks, landings, and portable mill
locations should be  stabilized to prevent
erosion and sediment loss within the first
15 days of the next seeding season following
completion of harvesting operations.

5.  Streamside  Management  Zone

The minimum SMZ width on either side of a
perennial stream should be 50  feet.  SMZs
•may be desirable on intermittent streams for
large drainage areas where wildlife or water
quality is a major concern.  Partial harvesting
is acceptable with a minimum  of 60 percent of
the crown cover or  60 square feet of basal area
per acre evenly retained. Limit the use of
logging equipment in the SMZ to prevent the
disturbance of the forest floor. Locate sawmill
sites and decks outside the SMZ, and keep
access roads to a minimum. Fertilizers should
not be used in the SMZ.

6.  Broad-Based Dip

Broad-based dips can be used on truck roads
and heavily used skid trails having gradients of
12 percent or less.  They should not be used
for cross draining spring seeps, intermittent
streams, or perennial streams.  This practice
may be substituted for other surface water
cross drainage practices such as a pipe or box
culvert.  Specifications for spacing and
installation are provided in the manual.
                                              26

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                                                       Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
7.  Rolling Dip

Rolling dips have the same applicability as
broad-based dips, except they can be used on
gradients of 15; percent or less.  Specifications
for spacing  and installation are provided in the
8.  Water Bars

Water bars can be used on roads and skid
trails where there will be no vehicular traffic.
Proper spacing is determined by the percent
grade of the road or skid trail.  Water bars
should be oriented at an angle of 30 to 45
degrees downslope to divert surface water off
ihe road/skid trail.

9.  Cross Drainage by Pipe or Open-Top
    Box Culvert

Culverts can be used for any size operation
where cross drainage of storm water is needed
.for truck roads or major skid trails.  Periodic
maintenance is necessary to remove sediments,
gravel, and logging debris and to allow normal
flow of runoff water through the structure at
all times. Specifications for spacing and
installation are provided in the manual.

10. Stream Crossings

Culverts, bridges, or rock fords may be used
to allow logging equipment to cross
intermittent or perennial streams.  Pipe
culverts should be long enough so that both
ends extend at least 1 foot beyond the edge of
the fill material and should be placed on a 2 to
5 percent grade to prevent clogging. Erosion
protection measures should be installed at the
 culvert outlet. Bridges should be constructed
 with minimum disturbance to the stream bank,
 channel, or adjacent SMZ.  Rock fords or log
 fords may be used if no practical alternative
 exists. Approaches and stream bottoms must
be hard enough to ensure that no muddy water
results.

11. Water Turnouts

Water turnouts can be used on any road or
trail section where water would accumulate.
The water should be diverted into undisturbed
areas and should not feed directly into adjacent
drainages or channels.

12. Site Preparation and Management

A forest management plan should be developed
prior to any site preparation activities.  No site
preparation activities may be conducted in the
SMZs. Prescribed burning and mechanical
site preparation should be conducted in a
manner least likely to cause erosion. Firelines
should have, cross drainage to disperse runoff.
Windrows can be used during mechanical site
preparation to trap sediment. Bedding can be
used to overcome poor drainage, which can
occur on flat sites with a high water table.
Machine planting of seedlings should be done
on the contour.  On steep slopes, seedlings
should be planted by hand.

All pesticides should be applied by certified
personnel and in accordance with label
instructions.  Measures should be taken to
prevent the pesticides from entering
watercourses by direct application or surface
runoff. Dispose of or clean all containers and
application equipment according to label
requirements.

Application of fertilizer mixtures should be at
rates appropriate for tree species and soils.
Fertilizer should not be broadcast within an
 SMZ.

 13. Revegetation of Bare Soil Areas

 After construction or close of harvesting, all
 disturbed areas (bare soil areas) with a grade
                                               27

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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 of 5 percent or greater or areas subject to
 erosion should be seeded to establish grass
 and/or legume vegetation within the first
 15 days of the next seeding season. A long-
 term perennial, fine-rooted seed mixture
 should be used for effective erosion control.
 "When seeding is done on highly credible soils,
 or under adverse soil or weather conditions,
 mulch should be applied immediately after
 seeding.  Seeded areas should be protected
 from grazing and unrestricted vehicle use.

 14.  Wildfire Control and Reclamation

 Do not plow firelines directly into streams.
 After the fire, actively eroding gullies should
 be stabilized and bare soils revegetated.
 Stabilize and revegetate firelines and access
 roads.

 Forested Wetlands

 15. Salvage and Sanitation in SMZs

 All previous rules for SMZs apply; however,
 small spots of damage (less than 1 acre) may
 be completely harvested.

 16. Forested Wetlands Preharvest Planning

 In addition to the specifications for normal
 preharvest planning, the wetlands preharvest
 plan should also consider the use of machinery
 with flotation devices to minimize impacts to
 the soil surface, identification of potential
 problems or events that may interrupt logging
 operations, and the scheduling of operations
 during extreme dry periods or during periods.
 that enhance regeneration.

 17. Forested Wetlands Truck Haul Roads

Use planking or wooden mats to improve the
soil's ability to support traffic of heavy loads.
Use oversized or balloon tires to reduce
compaction and rutting.  Construct fill roads
only when absolutely necessary.  Gravel or
crushed rocks should be used as fill to provide
movement of ground water and serve as a base
for the roadbed. Move equipment upland
during periods of potential flooding and wet
periods.  Access to the area should be limited.

18. Forested Wetlands Skid Trails

The specifications are the same as for upland
skid trails; however, sandy sloughs can be
used as skid trails during the dry season (never
when there is surface water present).  Use
wide tracks (24 inches or more) on bulldozers
and flotation tires on skidders.

19. Forested Wetlands Log Decks

Whenever possible, locate log decks on the
uplands or at higher elevations. All other
guidelines are the same as the guidelines for
upland log decks.
State Contact:
 Nancy Milliken
 Forestry Section
 (302) 739-4811
     Other Available State Information

 Videos    Two 15 minute videos entitled
           BMPs for Loggers and Pre-
           harvest Planning for Landowners
                                              28

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v>EPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
FLORIDA
Reference: Florida Department of Agriculture
and Consumer Services, Division of Forestry.
1991.  Silvicultural Best Management
Practices Manual.

Florida has developed a site sensitivity
classification system to be used in determining
management activities on harvesting sites.
Table 6 illustrates how site classification is
determined by slope,  soil credibility, and the
K factor.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Streamside Management Zone
   2.  Access Road Drainage
   3.  Access Planning and Considerations
   4.  Timber Harvesting Sites
   5.  Site Preparation and Planting
   6.  Prescribed Fire
   7.  Pesticides
   8.  Site Fertilization
1.  Streamside Management Zones

A Streamside management zone should be
provided along all perennial streams,
intermittent streams, and lakes 10 acres or
larger. Primary SMZs are 35 feet wide, and
secondary SMZs vary from 0 to 140 feet,
depending on the site sensitivity class.
Mechanical site preparation, fertilization, and
aerial application or mist blowing of herbicides
and insecticides should be avoided within
SMZs. Landings, log bunching points, and
access roads (except at stream crossings)
should not be located in SMZs. Plowed
firelines should only be constructed in SMZs
during emergency conditions.

In the primary SMZ, timber harvesting should
be selective and should leave a volume equal
to or exceeding one-half the volume of a fully
stocked stand. Clearcutting is allowed in the
secondary SMZ, but the degree or percentage
of bare ground exposure should be limited,
and that limit is dependent on the site
sensitivity classification.  Direct seeding, hand
planting or machine planting on the contour,
and basal application of pesticides are
recommended practices within secondary
SMZs. Prescribed burning may not occur in
secondary SMZs on slopes greater than
18 percent.

2.  Access Road Drainage

Culverts, cross ditches, and turnouts  can be
used to divert water from road surfaces to
adjacent  vegetated areas for dispersion.
Broad-based dips are recommended for use on
permanent access roads, especially heavily
 Table 6.  Site Sensitivity Classification
Soil Erodibility

Low
Moderate
High
K Factor

Less than 0.20
0.21 thru 0.27
Greater than 0.28
Slope (percent)
0-2
Al
Bl
Cl
3-7
A2
B2
C2
8-12
A3
B3
C3
13-17
A4
B4
C4
18-22
A5
B5
C5
22+
A6
B6
C6
                                             29

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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                  vvEPA
traveled roads. Water bars are recommended
for use on temporary access roads, firelines,
and skid trails. Table 7 contains
recommended maximum spacing of drainage
structures based on site sensitivity
classification.

3.  Access Planning and Considerations

Prior to construction, carefully plan location
using soil survey maps, topographic maps, and
aerial photographs. Minimize stream and
wetland crossings.  Cross  streams at right
angles and place temporary or permanent
aggregate on the road surface at stream
approaches.  Use temporary bridges and
adequately sized culverts.  Do not impede flow
•with hard surface crossings or improved fords.

Construct roads during dry periods, and
balance cuts and fills.  Drain roads using
culverts, cross ditches, turnouts, etc., and
outlet drainage devices into vegetated areas of
adequate size to assimilate sediment loads.
Minimize road width, and seed and fertilize
unstable banks.

Maintain drainage measures  and keep ditches
and culverts free of obstructions.  Close or
restrict traffic on temporary  and sensitive
permanent roads to encourage stability.
4.  Timber Harvesting Sites

Locate skid trails along the contour.
Concentrate skid trails on organic soils and
disperse them on mineral soils. Stabilize
abandoned skid trails by installing water bars
at recommended intervals. On credible or
steep slopes, seed and fertilize water bars.
:Remove all logging debris from watercourses,
and remove all trash and garbage from
harvested areas.  Properly dispose of spent oil
or other toxic liquids.

5.  Site Preparation and Planting

Use site preparation techniques that are
adequate to establish seedlings and minimize
vegetative competition, but that are not
needlessly disruptive of topsoil.  Pull the
chopper perpendicular to watercourses to
orient indentations parallel to watercourse
when chopping is not followed by bedding.
Arrange beds parallel to watercourses.  Keep
the blade used to shear, push, or pile debris
above the soil surface.  Pull mechanical
planters parallel to watercourses.
 Table 7.  Maximum Spacing of Drainage Structures (feet)

Drainage Method



1
Culverts and Cross Ditches None
Water Turnouts 150 •
Broad-Based Dips None
Water Bars 250
Site

2
200
120
180
135
Sensitivity Class (A-Q

3
150
100
140
80

4
125
75
125
60

5
100
50
120
45

6
75
40
110
30
 * The mMimnrri spacing for class Al is 200 feet
                                              30

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vvEPA
Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
6.  Prescribed Fire

Use water bars to stabilize firelines in
Secondary SMZs.  Orient firelines along the
contour. Do not use prescribed fire in SMZs
with slopes greater than 18 percent.

7.  Pesticides

Use equipment that best directs the chemical to
the target.  Do not use aerial application and
mist blowing techniques within SMZs. Do not
leave pesticide containers on the site, and do
not rinse spray equipment in watercourses.

8.  Site Fertilization

Develop a prescriptive plan based on a soil or
foliar analysis to indicate appropriate fertilizer
type, application rate, and placement
procedure.  Avoid fertilizing in SMZs. Apply
fertilizer in early spring to maximize nutrient
uptake.
 State Contact:
  Jeff Vowell or
  TomGilpin
  Florida Division of Forestry
  (904)488-4090
      Other Available State Information

  Manuals/  Management Guidelines for
  Books     Forested Wetlands in Florida
             (1988)
                                              31

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
vvEPA
                                       32

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4MEPA
   Current NFS Control'Practices for Forestry
 GEORGIA
Reference: Georgia Forestry Commission.
1988.  Recommended Best Management
Practices for Forestry in Georgia.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Streamside Management Zones
   2.  Stream Crossings
   3.  Access Roads and Their Construction
   4.  Timber Harvesting
   5.  Site Preparation
   6.  Reforestation
   7.  Forest Protection (Prescribed Burning
       and Firelines)
   8.  Chemical Treatment (Pesticides)
 1.  Streamside Management Zones

 The Streamside management zone consists of a
 primary zone and a secondary zone to be
 established along perennial and intermittent
 streams, lakes, and ponds. Table 8 provides
 the required widths for primary and secondary
 SMZs delineated by region.

 Primary SMZ
 Construction of roads or trails in the SMZ
 should be avoided.  Any type of timber cutting
 practice, including clearcutting, is allowable
except along designated mountain trout
streams.  However, the use of wheeled or
tracked vehicles should be avoided, arid the
timber should be cabled out of the SMZ.
Felled trees and tops should be removed from
the watercourse. Fire is prohibited in the
primary SMZ.  Mechanical site preparation or
machine planting should be avoided, and
revegetation should be performed by hand
planting or direct seeding.  Portable sawmills
and log decks should be located outside
primary SMZs. Aerial application of any
pesticide should be avoided.

Secondary SMZ
The recommendations for the secondary SMZ
are similar to those for the primary SMZ, but
less restrictive. The careful use of wheeled or
tracked vehicles is allowable, as is any type of
planting that does not remove forest floor or
expose  mineral soil.  Fire is also acceptable.
Gully leveling should be avoided, unless
immediately seeded and mulched.

2.  Stream Crossings

 Advance planning of road location should be
 used to reduce or eliminate the number of
 stream  crossings. Bridges should be used over
 large streams (200+ acre watersheds),  and
 properly sized culverts should be used in small
 streams (usually 200 acre or less watersheds).
 A table is provided in the manual for proper
 culvert sizing.  Use temporary fords only
 where stream banks and bottoms are hard and
   TableS. Streamside Management Zone Widths Based on Regional Differences (feet)

   Region                                        Primary SMZ	Secondary SMZ
   Lower Coastal Plain

   Upper Coastal Plain

   Piedmont and Mountain
      20

      40

      80
 0

40'

 80
   * Does not apply to bottomlands in this region
                                              33

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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                 vvEPA
" relatively level.  Any structure or practice that
 •would impede the free flow of water should be
 avoided. All approaches to stream crossings
 should be made at right angles and at gentle
 grades (about 3 percent). Soil around all
 culverts and bridges should be stabilized with
 seed and mulch.

 3.  Access Roads and Their Construction

 Hie location of roads should be planned in
 advance to  minimize the number of roads and
 their slopes. Roads should follow the contour
 as much as possible and should be located
 away from  wet areas, SMZs, and the tops of
 ridges.  Any roads located within the SMZ
 should have all exposed soil stabilized with
 seed and mulch. Road grades should be kept
 to 5 percent or less, except where terrain
 requires short steep grades. Avoid constant
 use of soft roads during wet conditions, and
 remove trees along roadsides to aid in drying
 out roads.  Broad-based dips and water
 turnouts should be used at proper intervals to
 channel water from the road.  Figures and
 specifications are provided in the manual.
 Temporary  access roads should be retired upon
 the completion of harvesting.  This includes
 reshaping, mulching, seeding, and installing
 •waterbars.

 4.  Timber Harvesting

 Log decks should be located on stable, well-
 drained areas and away from streams and
 ponds. Portable sawmills should be located at
 least 300 feet from any stream or water  body,
 and the sawdust and mill waste should not be
 discharged in waterways. Minimize soil
 disturbance and exposure by alternating
 between several different skid trails instead of
 using only one primary skid trail.  Skidding on
 steep slopes should be done on a gradual grade
 rather than straight up the slope.  Leave
 logging debris on exposed soil, on dry washes,
 and at points of concentrated drainage from
skid trails and roads.  Provisions should be
made at lunch sites and sawmill setups for the
disposal of garbage and human waste.

5.  Site Preparation

Site preparation should be planned to consider
water quality, with special emphasis placed on
activities conducted in the SMZs.  Soil
disturbance should be kept to a minimum.
Avoid all heavy site preparation on slopes
greater than 20 percent.  On highly erodible
soils, use only drum chopping, herbicides, or
prescribed burning.  Windrows and planting
beds should be constructed along the contour.
On slopes,  leave a natural buffer strip (10+
feet) between roads or roadside ditches and the
prepared site.  Do not pile debris in live or
wet-weather streams.

6.  Reforestation

BMPs are not necessary for hand planting and
direct seeding because these activities pose no
threat to water quality. Mechanical planting
should be done along the contour.

7.  Forest  Protection (Prescribed Burning
    and Firelines)

Prescribed burning should be carefully planned
and executed, observing weather conditions.
Firelines should follow the contour as much as
possible. On grades greater than 5 percent,
water bars should be installed in the firelines
at frequent intervals.

8.  Chemical Treatment (Pesticides)

Federal laws requiring application by trained
and certified licensees following label
instructions should be adhered to at all times.
                                              34

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                                                    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
State Contact:
 Frank Green
 Georgia Forestry Commission
 (912)751-3485
     Other Available State Information

 Manuals/  Best Management Practices for
 Books     Forested Wetlands in Georgia
            (1990)
 Brochures BMPs for Road Construction
            and Timber Harvesting
            Practices in Georgia; BMPs for
            Site Preparation, Reforestation
            and Chemical Treatments in
            Georgia; BMPs along Trout
            Streams in Georgia

 Videos    Video entitled BMP is Not a
            Four Letter Word
                                             35

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
vvEPA
                                       36

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   EPA
   Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
IDAHO
Reference: Idaho Department of Lands.  1992.
Rules and Regulations Pertaining to the Idaho
Forest Practices Act Title 38, Chapter 13,
Idaho Code.

Before commencing a forest practice or a
conversion of forest lands, the Department of
Lands must be notified using forms prescribed
and provided by the Department.  Notification
is required for the following types of practices:

•  the harvesting of forest crops including
   felling, bucking, yarding, decking, loading,
   and hauling; and road construction or
   improvement including installation or
   replacement of bridges, culverts, or
   structures that convey stream flows within
   the area described;

*  road construction or reconstruction of
   existing roads including installation or
   replacement of bridges, culverts, or
   structures that convey stream flows not
   within operation areas associated with the
   harvesting of forest tree species;

«  reforestation;

•  application of pesticides and fertilizers for
   the purpose of growing or managing forest
   tree species;

• pre-commercial thinning; and

» clearing forest land for conversion to
   nonforest use.
  BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

  1.  Timber Harvesting
  2.  Road Construction and Maintenance
  3.  Reforestation
  4.  Use of Chemicals
  5.  Slash Management
  6.  Practices Bordering Stream Segments
      of Concern
  7,  Petroleum Products
1.  Timber Harvesting

Prior to timber harvest, establish streamside
protection zones to protect streambeds and
streamside vegetation and to maintain water
quality and aquatic habitat. Minimize
disturbance to stream bank vegetation and the
stream channel when cable yarding across or
inside the-stream protection zone.  Protect the
large organic debris, shading, soil
stabilization, wildlife cover, and water filtering
effects of vegetation along Class I streams.
Retain 75 percent of current shade over the
stream. Within 50 feet of the ordinary high
water mark on both sides of Class I streams,
standing trees must be retained according to
the requirements presented in Table 9.

For each harvest operation, minimize erosion
by selecting the logging method and type of
equipment adapted to the given slope,
landscape, and soil properties. Do not conduct
tracked or wheel skidding in streams, on
slopes exceeding 45 percent gradient
immediately adjacent to Class I or n waters,
or on geologically unstable, saturated, or
easily compacted soils. Tractors used for
skidding must be limited to the size
appropriate for the job. Uphill cable yarding
is preferred,  but where downhill yarding is
used, minimize downhill movement  of slash
and soils by lifting the leading end of the log.
                                               37

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  Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                   vvEPA
    Table 9. Minimum Standing Trees per
             1000 Feet (Each Side)
Tree
Diameter
(DBH)

0-7.9"
8-11.9"
12-19.9"
20"+
Stream
Over
20
200
42
21
4
Width

10-20
200
42
21
—
(feet)
Under
10
200
42
—
—
 Carefully harvest mature timber from
 streamside protection zones.  Trees must be
 felled, bucked, and limbed in such a manner
 that the tree or any part of it will fall away
 from any Class I streams. Continuously
 remove slash that enters Class I streams as a
 result of harvesting operations, and place
 material at least 5 feet above the ordinary high
 water mark.  Slash and other debris that enters
 Class n waters should be removed if there is
 the potential for the material to move
 downstream or obstruct stream flow.

 Locate landings, skid trails, and fire trails on
 stable areas outside the appropriate stream
 protection zones.  Avoid stream crossings,  but
 when necessary install adequately sized
 temporary structures perpendicular to the
 stream flow.  Locate skid trails where
 sidecasting is held to a minimum.  Minimize
 the number and widths of skid trails, and
 minimize the size of landings. On geologically
 unstable, saturated, highly credible, or easily
 compacted soils, limit the grade of skid trails
 to 30 percent.  To prevent landslides, fill
 material used in landing construction must be
 free of loose stumps and excessive
 accumulations of slash.  On slopes where
 sidecasting is necessary, stabilize landings by
using seeding, compaction, rip-rapping,
  benching, mulching, or other suitable means.
  Deposit waste materials from construction or
  maintenance of landings and trails in
  geologically stable locations outside of the
  stream protection zone. For each landing,
  skid trail, or fire trail, provide and maintain a
  drainage system that will control the dispersal
  of surface water to minimize erosion.  These
  measures can include installing water bars or
  cross drains, establishing ground cover, or
  regrading landing or trail surfaces.

  2.  Road Construction and Maintenance

  Plan transportation networks to minimize road
 construction within stream protection zones.
 Plan each road to the minimum design
 standards adapted to the terrain and soil
 materials to minimize disturbances and damage
 to forest productivity, water quality, and
 wildlife habitat.  Minimize the volume of
 excavation material by designing the road
 alignment to fit the natural terrain features and
 by balancing cuts and fills.  Design roads to
 drain naturally by out-sloping or in-sloping
 with cross drainage and by grade changes.
 Plan relief culverts and roadside ditches
 whenever reliance on natural drainage would
 not protect the running surface, excavation, or
 embankment. Stream crossings should be
 minimum in number and in compliance with
 the minimum standards  for stream channel
 alteration established under title 42, chapter
 38, Idaho Code.  Design culverts for stream
 crossings to carry the 50-year peak flow.
 Specificatios for culvert sizing are provided in
 the Rules and are based on region and
 watershed drainage area. The minimum
 culvert size is 18  inches in diameter.  Crossing
 structures must provide for fish passage along
 Class I streams.

 Construct roads to follow design plans.  When
constructing road fills near streams, compact
the material.  Do  not incorporate woody
material into fills, and minimize the amount of
                                              38

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vvEPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
snow, ice, or frozen soil buried in
embankments.  Construct cross drains and
relief culverts to minimize erosion of
embankments, and use rip-rap, .vegetative
matter, downspouts, and similar devices to
minimize erosion of the fill. Stabilize exposed
materials by seeding, mulching, rip-rapping,
or other means. Postpone construction during
wet periods if erodible material would enter
streams.

Conduct regular preventive maintenance
operations to avoid deterioration of the
roadway surface and to minimize disturbances
and damage to  forest productivity,  water
quality, and fish and wildlife habitat.  During
and upon completion of seasonal operations,
the road surface must be crowned,  out-sloped,
in-sloped, or water barred, and berms must be
removed from the outside edge except those
intentionally constructed for protection of fills.
Maintain the road surface to minimize erosion
of the subgrade and to provide proper
drainage. Keep culverts and ditches
functional. When road surface stabilization
materials are applied, prevent their entry into
surface waters.  Following termination of
active use, the  road surface should be
crowned, out-sloped, in-sloped, or water
barred, and ditches and culverts should be
cleared.  Restrict access of vehicular traffic.
When permanently abandoning roads, control
erosion by out-sloping, water barring, or
seeding; clean ditches; restrict access to the
road; and remove bridges and culverts unless
they will be maintained.

Roads that will be used for winter  operations
must have adequate surface and cross drainage
installed prior to winter operations. This can
include rolling dips, driveable cross ditches,
open-top culverts,  and outsloping.  Maintain
and drain road surfaces during thaws by
performing active maintenance on  existing
drainage structures, opening drainage holes in
snow berms, and installing additional cross
drainage as needed.

3.  Reforestation

Reforestation is required on all nonexempt
forest land within five growing seasons after a
forest harvesting practice reduces the number
of acceptable tree species below the acceptable
minimum stocking level. Stocking levels and
exemptions are provided. Where reforestation
is not being planned, vegetative cover must be
established within  1 year of completion of
harvesting operations on disturbed areas larger
than 1 acre.

4.  Use of Chemicals

Chemicals should be used in accordance with
the requirements of the Idaho Pesticide Law
Regulations (title 22, chapter 34, Idaho Code).
Equipment used for transportation, storage, or
application must be maintained in leakproof
condition. When chemicals are mixed with
water, provide an air, gap or reservoir between
the water source and the mixing tank, and use
uncontaminated  pumps,  hoses, and screens.
Mix chemicals and clean tanks only where
possible spills would not enter water bodies.

Apply chemicals in accordance with
manufacturer's label instructions and all state
and federal requirements. Carefully plan
aerial and ground applications to avoid direct
and indirect entry  of chemicals into surface
waters. For aerial applications, use a bucket
or spray device  capable of immediate shutoff,
and shut off application during turns and over
open water.  A buffer strip must be maintained
on each side of  Class I streams, flowing Class
II streams, and other areas of open water.
Table 10 contains  the minimum required buffer
widths.                   ,
                                               39

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Cmre.pt NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                                     vvEPA
 Table 10. Minimum Buffer Widths for
           Chemical Applications
 Application Method
Width (feet)
 Aerial application

 Aerial application of
 pelletized fertilizer

 Ground application with
 power equipment

 Ground application of
 fertilizer with power
 equipment
    100

     50


     25


     10
Maintain a record of all aerial chemical
applications and ground applications on areas
greater than 20 acres and retain for a period of
3 years.  If any hazardous chemical is
accidentally spilled, contain and neutralize the
chemical in accordance with applicable state
and federal laws and immediately notify the
director of the Department of Lands.

5.  Slash Management

Manage slash and fire hazards (fuels and
debris) generated from harvesting, forest
management, or defoliation caused by
chemical applications in that manner necessary
to protect reproduction and residual stands; to
reduce risk from fire, insects, and disease; and
lo maintain air and water quality, and fish and
wildlife habitat. A point system has been
established to determine potential fire hazards
and hazard reductions and/or offsets.

6.  Practices Bordering Stream Segments of
    Concern

A forest practice may not be conducted hi an
area bordering a stream segment of concern
until the Department has received and formally
accepted notification. The Department must
review watershed goals and objectives and
landowner management plans and if necessary,
must meet with the appropriate local working
committee to determine site-specific BMPs
necessary to achieve water quality and fishery
objectives.  A written agreement must be
signed by the landowner and an authorized
representative of the Department.  This
agreement constitutes formal acceptance of the
forest practice notice.

7.  Petroleum Products

Equipment used for transportation or storage
of petroleum products must be maintained in a
leakproof condition.  Locate storage containers
with capacities greater than 200 gallons  at least
100 feet from water bodies. Construct dikes
or berms around storage tanks that are
sufficiently impervious and have adequate
capacity to contain spills.  Contact the Director
immediately in the event of a spill. Fueling
operations or transfer of petroleum products to
other containers must be constantly monitored.
Do not place wastes from logging operations,
such as  crankcase oil, filters, and grease and
oil containers, inside Class I or II stream
protection zones.
                    State Contact:
                      Jim Colla
                      Idaho Dept. of Lands
                      Box 670
                      Coeur D'Alene, ID  83814
                                              40

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vvEPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
ILLINOIS
Reference: Recommended Best Management
Practices for Forestry.  Illinois 208 Water
Quality Management Plan, pp. 337-358.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Forest Management Planning
   2.  Road Systems
   3.  Drainage Systems
   4.  Logging Systems
   5.  Streamside Management Zones
   6.  Site Disturbance
   7.  Pesticide Use
   8.  Fertilizer Use
1.  Forest Management Planning

Forest management plans should be developed
for all forested areas and should be
periodically revised and updated. Road
systems should be planned, and planning
should be completed prior to construction and
harvesting.

Road systems should be designed to fit the
topography and follow the contour. The
design should minimize road lengths and
density, as well as  minimizing soil
disturbance. The design should also minimize
large cuts and fills  immediately adjacent to
stream channels.

Natural drainage systems should not be
disturbed.  Drainage plans for road systems
should ensure that road drainage is properly
dispersed onto stable forested areas and does
not flow directly into streams.

Timber  harvest plans should be drawn up so
that harvest areas are located and laid out to
minimize the intensity of activities in high-
hazard areas. Fragile or highly sensitive soil
areas or areas with extremely steep slopes
should be harvested only with a logging
system that minimizes site disturbance.

Logging systems, cutting area, landings, and
skid trails should be designed and located so as
to avoid fording across streams and to
minimize disturbance to streambeds and banks.
Stream channels should not be used as skid
trails, and stream crossings should be kept to a
minimum.   '       _

2.  Road Systems

Avoid high-hazard areas when locating logging
roads. Locate logging roads on benches or
ridges and avoid paralleling stream channels.
Locate roads such that there are discontinuous
grades and suitable drainages.  Avoid long,
steep gradients.  Minimize wet-weather road
building and the area of bare soil subject to
uncontrolled runoff.  Keep road gradients
below 10 percent, and spread 2-6 inches of
gravel over the roadbed on flat terrain with
poor drainage.  Construct drainage ditches so
that water does not flow directly into a stream.
Do not dump slide debris or excess fill
material within the high water zone of streams.

Culverts and bridges should not constrict
channels and should be designed to pass flood-
level waters. Stream crossings should be kept
to a minimum and should be located at right
angles to the channel and at stable bank
locations.  Avoid stream channel  disturbance,
and use vegetative cover to stabilize stream  .
banks. Align culverts parallel to  streams.
Clear stream channels of all debris produced
during construction.  Maintain the integrity of
logging roads; do not use roads when the
roadway is soft. Close roads to vehicular
traffic upon completion of logging operation.
Revegetate closed road areas and remove
bridges and culverts.
                                             41

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                 vvEPA
3.  Drainage Systems

Properly design and install drainage ditches,
and divert drainage water into stable, vegetated
areas, sump holes, or settling basins to remove
sediments.  Do not locate logging roads and
landings in natural drainage ways or in
unstable areas.  Inspect and clear drainage
systems periodically.

4.  Logging Systems

Minimize site disturbance and remove tops
from drainageways.  Locate skid trails on the
contour and avoid high-hazard areas. Keep
the trail grades low.  Minimize the number
and length of skid trails.  Avoid skidding
across streams, and do not allow skidders on
trails in wet weather. Properly maintain skid
trails.  Locate landings in stable areas away
from streams and drainage ways.  Restrict
logging equipment to firm,  stable areas, and
do not service equipment in locations adjacent
to lakes, rivers, streams, or drainage ditches.

5.  Streamside Management Zones

Leave streamside management zones of
sufficient width along sides of all perennial
streams, and exclude skidders and logging
equipment from SMZs.  Leave sufficient
streamside vegetation to shade temperature-
sensitive waters.  Do not allow tops and other
logging debris to  enter the waters of perennial
streams, and do not dump slide debris or
excess fill within  the high water zone of
streams. Do not  use mechanical site
preparation within 100 feet of streams or other
bodies of water.  Avoid fertilizer or pesticide
application in the SMZ.

6.  Site Disturbance

Minimize disturbance of the soil and the forest
floor.  Convert marginal cropland, steep  ,
slopes, and sensitive areas to permanent forest
cover.  Evaluate the erosion potential of soils
with soil surveys and the Universal Soil Loss
Equation (USLE).  Perform site preparation on
the contour, and perform work during dry
weather.

7.  Pesticide Use

Only use approved and registered pesticides,
and use them in strict accordance with
regulations and manufacturer's directions.
Minimize application and/or prevent direct
discharge into streams or other water bodies.
Provide safe storage and do not service
equipment in locations adjacent to streams or
other water bodies.  Do not apply pesticides
immediately before heavy rain. Dispose of
equipment rinse water in areas where it will
not contaminate any water body.

8.  Fertilizer Use

Apply fertilizers during maximum uptake
periods.  Do not apply directly to, or allow
fertilizer to drift into, any water body. Apply
fertilizer only on the basis of need to correct
nutrient deficiency.  Do not apply it
immediately preceding  heavy rain. Properly
dispose of equipment rinse water fluids.
State Contact:
  Pete Skuba
  Forest Protection Program Manager
  Illinois Dept. of Conservation
  (217) 782-2361
or
  Rick Mollahan
  Illinois EPA
  (217) 785-3958
                                              42

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vvEPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
INDIANA
References:  Indiana Department of Natural
Resourcesi Division of Forestry. Logging
Roads and Skid Trails: A Guide for Soil
Protection and Timber Management; and
Indiana Department of Natural Resources,
Division of Forestry.  1992. Best Management
Practices: Protecting the Woods While
Harvesting - Final Draft.

the Indiana Classified Forest Act requires
program participation to follow a forest
management plan in exchange for a lowered
tax assessment and free forest inspections
every 5 years. The Act requires "watershed
protection" and plans generally address BMP's
in relation to soil erosion and timber
harvesting. The Indiana Flood Control Act
-(LC. 13-2-22) prohibits any fill or obstruction
that would "adversely affect the efficiency of
or unduly restrict the capacity of a floodway."
    BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

    1.  Planning Road Locations
    2.  Logging Operations
    3.  Closing Roads and Trails After
       Logging
    4.  Bridges and Culverts
    5.  Buffer Strips
    6.  Waste Disposal
  1.  Planning Road Locations

  Prior to commencing harvesting operations,
  plan the location of logging roads, skid trails,
  and loading areas. Locate roads and trails on
  side slopes, and avoid ridge tops or flats where
  water cannot drain properly.  Do not locate
  skid trails directly up-slope. Design roads and
  trails at a 2 to 10 percent grade, and allow
grades of 15 to 20 percent only for short
distances. Grades of less than 1 percent will
result in poor drainage.  Avoid stream
crossings, but when necessary, locate crossings
at right angles to stream flow where
approaches are level for at least 50 feet on
both sides. Loading areas should have slopes
between 2 and 4 percent and should be located
on well-drained soils. Leave a buffer strip of
undisturbed land between watercourses and
logging roads, skid trails, and loading areas.

2.  Logging Operations

Minimize the area disturbed by  road, trail, or
logging yard construction.  Do not locate
logging yards within 50 feet of  a perennial or
major intermittent stream.  Because skid trail
surfaces are constantly disturbed during
skidding, the best methods of controlling water
on skid trails are the proper initial placement
of skid trails and the maintenance of natural
drainages. Do not operate equipment when
rutting in excess of 8 inches is occurring.

Use drainage dips to divert water flow off
steep or long road grades.. Construct dips on
 grades of 10 percent or less. The
 recommended spacing of drainage dips is
provided in Table 11.

  Table 11.  Drainage Dip Spacing
                                                        Road Grade
                                                         (percent)
                       Distance Between
                             Dips
                             (feet)
            1
            2
            5
           10
500
300
180
140
  Periodically clean drains and perform
  maintenance to roads and skid trails.  Gravel
  portions of roads most sensitive to erosion.
                                               43

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  Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                  vxEPA
 'Avoid logging in or close to streams, and
 prevent tops and slash from entering streams.
 Remove all stream flow obstructions created
 by the harvest.

 3.  Closing Roads and Trails After Logging

 Upon completion of harvesting operations,
 repair drainage dips on logging roads and
 remove temporary structures. Construct water
 breaks on skid trails where water control is
 needed.  Water breaks should be angled
 30 degrees downslope and should extend 1 to
 2 feet on either side of the skid trail.  The
 recommended  spacing between water breaks is
 provided in Table 12.
Table 12. Water
SMd Trail
Grade
(percent)
1-2
3-5
5-10
11-15
16-20
21-30+
Break Spacing
Distance Between
Water Breaks
(feet)
500-250
250-125
125-80
80-60
60-40
40-30
Smooth and out-slope rutted skid trails and
logging roads to a 2 to 3 percent grade.
Smooth log landings and clear debris. Seed
and/or mulch heavily traveled steep areas, log
landings, and stream approaches. Remove
slash from streams before leaving the area.
Restrict access to the harvested area.

4.  Bridges and Culverts

Minimize the number of stream crossings
required for the harvest.  Use bridges,
culverts, or solid rock ford when crossing
large streams. A permit from the Department
of Natural Resources may be required for
 construction of a stream-crossing structure.
 Locate bridge crossings perpendicular to
. stream flow where the stream channel is
 straight, flow is unobstructed, and the
 approaches are fairly level for a minimum of
 50 feet on both sides. Place abutments parallel
 to stream flow. Install culverts at a
 30 degree angle downslope, and keep them
 clear of debris.  Do  not use open-top culverts
 on skid trails.

 5. Buffer Strips

 When harvesting near water bodies,
 watercourses, cave openings, or other sensitive
 areas, retain a buffer strip of at least 50 feet
where little or no harvesting activity will
occur.  This area can also be referred to as a
streamside management area. Harvesting
within the buffer strip should be limited to
50 percent removal of the canopy cover.
Remove any tree tops from surface waters and
place at least 50 feet from the water's edge.
Do not locate haul roads, skid trails, or
landings in buffer strips.
                                                   6.  Waste Disposal
                       J
Do not allow toxic wastes to enter forest soils
or surface waters.  Carefully refuel equipment
to avoid spills; this applies to chainsaws as
well as larger equipment. When changing
fluids, drain them into containers and remove
them for recycling or proper disposal.
Remove all trash from the harvesting site.
State Contact:
 Daniel Ernst
 Dept of Natural Resources
 (317)232-4106
                                              44

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                                                      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
KENTUCKY
Reference:  Kentucky Department for Natural
Resources and Environmental Protection,
Division of Forestry.  1992. Kentucky Forest
Practice Guidelines for Water Quality
Management.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

    1.  Access Roads
    2.  Skid Roads and Skid Trails
    3.  Landings and Concentration Yards
    4.  Vegetative   Establishment   on
       Silviculturally Disturbed Areas
    5.  Livestock Exclusion
    6.  Fire Lines and Prescribed Burning
    7.  Site Preparation and Reforestation
    8.  Fertilization
    9.  Pesticides
   10. Streamside Management Zones
   11. Logging Debris and Trash
   12. Wetlands
1.  Access Roads

Use topography, property lines, and soil
surveys to locate roads on low grades and
away from streams, rock outcrops, ledges, wet \
areas, and other obstacles.  Retain SMZs
between watercourses and roads.  Avoid
stream crossings, but when necessary cross
streams perpendicular to stream flow. The use
of temporary bridges or culverts is preferred,
but when fords are used on permanent roads,
gravel each side where significant soil
disturbance may occur.  Design cut-and-fill
slopes to the normal angle of repose.

If possible, construct roads several months in
advance of anticipated use to allow for settling
and increased surface stability.  Adequate
drainage is the most important factor in
controlling soil erosion and keeping a road in
serviceable condition. Out-slope the entire
width of the road to a slope of 1A inch per foot
to reduce the number of drainage structures
required.  If soil conditions are such that out-
sloping the road would reduce safety, in-slope
the road and install additional drainage
structures.  Specifications for constructing and
installing culverts, water bars, and drainage
dips are provided in the manual.  The
recommended distance between drainage
structures is based on road grade, but actual
distance should consider site-specific
conditions. Drainage dips should not be
installed to accommodate flowing water.
Construct bridges only when a stream crossing
cannot be avoided by using an alternative road
location or when other structures such as
culverts cannot be used. Locate bridges
perpendicular to  stream flow where the stream
channel is straight and the approaches are
reasonably level for a minimum of SO feet on
both sides. Bridges should not impede natural
stream flow.

Periodically inspect and maintain roads.
Problem areas having steep road grades and
wet areas should be logged during favorable
weather conditions to minimize road damage
and subsequent repairs.  Minimize road use
during wet weather unless surface materials
permit all-weather use.  Maintain a properly
functioning drainage system by clearing
drainage structures of debris and regrading the
road surface.  After completion of forest
activity, retire access roads by smoothing and
reshaping road surfaces, replacing open-top
culverts with water bars or drainage ditches,
and revegetating road surfaces, road banks,
and landings.

2.  Skid Roads and Skid Trails

Plan the skid road system prior to beginning
harvesting operations.  Locate landings first
                                              45

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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                  &EPA
 and lay out the skid road approach with a low
 grade. Locate skid trails along the contour,
 avoiding streambeds.  Construct skid trails on
 a slant or zig-zag path, breaking the grade
 occasionally to avoid long, steep slopes.
 Install water turnouts and cross drains at the
 recommended intervals. Minimize the number
 of stream crossings, and construct small
 bridges or install culverts at stream crossings,
 particularly on the main skid road where
 fording could generate considerable sediment.

 "When avoidable, do not harvest during wet
 weather.  When skidding, pull logs uphill or
 along the contour and raise the end of the log
 to minimize soil disturbance and trench
 formation. When harvesting around sinkholes,
 do not push debris or divert water into the
 sinkhole and be careful of immediate area soil
 disturbance.

 Maintain an effective drainage system on skid
 trails during harvesting operations. Upon
 completion of harvesting operations,  clear
 debris from streambeds and restore them to
 their natural shape and grade, install  water
 bars, and revegetate steep sections of trails.
 Rocks and logging debris can be used to
 construct water retardent structures on steep
 grades.

 3.  Landings and Concentration  Yards

 Prevent erosion from landings and yards
 through proper location and use. Retain
 adequate SMZs between landings and
 watercourses. Landings and yards should have
 a slope sufficient to allow for drainage.
 Prevent entry of runoff into the landing area
 by providing adequate drainage on approach
 roads and constructing a diversion ditch along
the uphill side of the landing. Revegetate
landings and yards immediately following the
completion of forest activities.
 4.  Vegetative Establishment on
   " SHviculturally Disturbed Areas

 When needed and where feasible, grade the
 area to be vegetated to permit the use of
 conventional equipment for seedbed
 preparation, seeding, mulching, and
 maintenance.  If seedbed preparation is not
 being performed, scarify the soil surface prior
 to applying seed, lime, and fertilizer.  Apply
 fertilizer and lime at rates sufficient to provide
 adequate vegetative cover considering site
 conditions and plant species.  Incorporate the
 fertilizer and lime into the soil to a depth of
 4 to 6 inches with a harrow, disk, or rake
 operated along the contour.  Apply mulch to
 areas that are steep, eroding, or difficult to
 revegetate. Tables are provided in the manual
 to determine proper plant selection, seeding
 dates, and application rates for seed, fertilizer,
 and mulch.

 5. Livestock Exclusion

 Use a fence or barrier to protect eroded, newly
 planted, or rundown areas and areas planted
 for wildlife food and cover from domestic
 livestock grazing.  Fences are commonly wire
 but can be constructed of wood or stone.  All
 fences should be built in accordance with good
 construction principles and workmanship.
 Specifications for fence construction are
 provided in the manual.

 6.  Fire Lines and Prescribed Burning

 Construct fire lines around the perimeter of an
 area to be treated by prescribed burning, and
 during wildfire control operations or prior to
the occurrence of wildfire.  Plan and install
fire lines to minimize erosion.  Locate fire
lines along the contour at low grades.
Construct fire lines only as deep and wide as
necessary to control the fire. Install water
bars on fire lines at the same interval
recommended for skid trails. Do not drain
                                              46

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vvEPA
   Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
runoff directly into streams.  Revegetate fire
lines where there is the potential for erosion.

Carefully plan prescribed burns to occur
during proper weather and fuel conditions and
to adhere to State laws regarding burning and
air pollution. Execute burning only with
trained personnel under carefully prescribed
conditions of humidity, temperature, and wind.
"When piling and burning, avoid streambeds,
minimize incorporation of soil into the piles,
and construct piles along the contour. Retain a
filter strip between the burned area and
watercourses.

7.  Site Preparation and  Reforestation

Choose the type and intensity of site
preparation mat will minimize soil disturbance
and adverse water quality impacts. Methods
selected should be based on the amount, size,
and type of vegetation present, slope gradient,
and credibility of the soil.  Use low impact
site preparation methods where possible.
Favor chemical treatments over  mechanical
methods on steep slopes (those exceeding
30 percent) and highly credible soil.  Table 13
lists various site preparation methods and their
potential to impact water quality.

Always establish SMZs between watercourses
and site-prepared areas. Use hand methods
next to  streams or on  steep slopes. Operate
site preparation machinery along the contour.
Operate a mechanical  tree planter on the
contour to prevent erosion and soil movement
originating from the planting slit created by the
coulter  disk on the machine. Avoid operating
heavy equipment during wet weather to
minimize soil disturbance and compaction.
When possible, perform heavy site preparation
during the summer and early fall to avoid
winter rains and to allow time for loose soil to
settle before planting.  Provide for temporary
vegetative cover of the area if soil will be
exposed for long periods of time.
 Table 13. Potential Site Preparation
           Impacts on Water Quality
 Site Preparation
 Method
Water Quality
Impact Potential
 Herbicide injection    Little or no hazard
 Clearfelling with
 chainsaw

 Herbicide spraying
 Drum chopping

 Drum chopping with
 burning

 Shearing and
 windrowing

 Disking
Little or no hazard


Potential, if
pesticide BMP not
followed

Medium potential

Medium potential


High potential


High potential
Construct windrows only when necessary.
Locate windrows 100 to 300 feet apart along
the contour and away from drains and streams.
Minimize the incorporation of soil during
windrow construction.  Provide occasional
breaks in windrows to allow access  for fire
suppression and other vehicles and to prevent
damming of water and potential gullying.

8.  Fertilization           .

Fertilization may be accomplished by manual,
aerial, or machine application of soluble  .
inorganic compounds or through the
application of animal waste.  Before any
application of fertilizer, perform a soil test to
determine which specific soil elements, if any,
are lacking.  Avoid direct'application of
fertilizers to water bodies. Additional
controlling factors are the elimination of
excessive fertilizer applications, the selection
of proper fertilizer formulation, and the proper
timing and method of application.
                                              47

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 Current NPS Control Practices for Forestry
                                 vvEPA
 9.  Pesticides

 Use pesticides in accordance with
 manufacturer's label instructions and all
 pertinent state and federal laws.  Mix
 pesticides in the correct quantity to minimize
 excess material. Do not apply near water
 bodies if a pesticide has aquatic toxicity.  Do
 not dean equipment or dump excess pesticides
 near water bodies or wells.  Use excess spray
 material in accordance with label instructions
 or dispose of it according to appropriate
 regulations.  Triple rinse and properly dispose
 of empty pesticide containers.  Develop an
 emergency plan and maintain absorbent
 material in case of a spill.

 10. Streamside Management Zones

 Designate Streamside management zones
 around all watercourses  where harvesting and
 other forestry activities may occur. SMZs
 should be 30 to 50 feet wide on relatively flat
 ground and 50 to 90 feet wide on steeper
 ground.  The SMZs widths provided in Table
 14 are based on percent slope and are more
 technical recommendations.  Wider SMZs may
 be necessary if there is great erosion potential
 from steep slopes or unstable soils.

 Retain 50 percent of the tree overstory and
 stream canopy cover along perennial streams.
 "Winching is the preferred method of removing
 logs from an SMZ.  For streams designated as
 Coldwater Aquatic Habitats (CAHs), additional
 protective measures are recommended.  These
 measures include not disturbing understory
 vegetation that is immediately adjacent to the
 stream and limiting overstory removal to trees
 of high commercial value.

Locate roads and landings outside SMZs and
as fat from streams as practical.  Avoid
operating logging equipment or other vehicles
in SMZs, except at designated stream
crossings. Pesticide and fertilizer use in SMZs
Table 14. SMZ Widths
Slope of Land
(percent)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Width of Zone
(feet)
25
45
65
85
105
125
145
165
is generally undesirable, but all applications
should comply with label directions and should
follow recommended BMPs.

11. Logging Debris and Trash

Take precautions to prevent tree debris from
falling into or being washed into perennial
streams. Fell trees away from drainages and
perennial streams, if possible, and remove any
accidental debris and place it above the
ordinary high water mark. Do not leave
equipment on stream banks or change oil or
equipment fluids in a manner that causes
pollutants to wash into a stream.  Properly
dispose of trash, such as oil cans, bottles, and
lunch bags.

12. Wetlands

Minimize construction of permanent roads.
However, when needed, locate roads on the
higher ground parallel to the drainage system
and use a minimum amount of fill material.
Generally, avoid crossing streams and sloughs,
but when necessary cross perpendicular to the
stream flow, using culverts or bridges without
altering natural drainage or disturbing stream
                                             48

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                                                      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
banks and other sensitive areas. Upon
completion of forestry operations, temporary
roads should be reshaped and revegetated,
stream crossing structures should be removed,
and access should be restricted.

Establish SMZs of at least 50 feet in width to
protect streams, sloughs, and lake banks.
Timber may be harvested in the SMZs, but
retain 50-75 percent of overstory to shade
streams and sloughs. Minimize operation of
logging vehicles and equipment.

Plan to harvest during dry weather.  Minimize
the number and size of landings, and locate
them on elevated areas away from streams and
SMZs.  Restrict vehicle  travel to a minimum.
Use low-ground-pressure tires on skidders and
concentrate skidding to a few primary skid
trails.  Scarify severely compacted areas on
log landings and skid trails and revegetate to
prevent erosion and improve wildlife habitat.

Always use pesticides in accordance with label
instructions, and adhere  to all federal and state
policies and regulations.  Carefully plan aerial
application of pesticides  to prevent  •
contamination of streams, ponds, and forested
wetlands and to reduce the possibility of
damage to nontarget plant and animal life.
State Contact:
 Gary Perkins
 Kentucky Division of Forestry
 (502) 5644496
                                              49

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Current NFS Control Practices for. Forestry
EPA
                                          50

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&EPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
LOUISIANA
Reference: Louisiana Department of
Agriculture and Forestry and Louisiana
Forestry Association.  1988. Recommended
Forestry Best Management Practices for
Louisiana,
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1,  Streamside Management Zone
   2.  Permanent Access Roads and
       Their Construction
   3.  Timber Harvesting
   4.  Reforestation
   5.  Fire Line Construction
   6.  Forest Chemicals
 L.   Streamside Management Zones

 Establish a zone adequate to protect streambed
 and stream bank integrity.  The larger the
 stream, the wider the Streamside management
 zone.  Locate roads and log decks outside
 SMZs when possible. Avoid frequent stream
 crossings and cross only at right angles to the
 stream flow.  When crossing, use culverts,
 bridges, or fords.  Do not leave trees, tops, or
 temporary crossing materials in watercourses.

 2.   Permanent Access Roads and Their
     Construction

 Construct a road to sufficiently carry the
 anticipated traffic load with minimum
 environmental impact.  If possible, avoid
 building roads in narrow canyons, marshes;
 wet meadows, natural drainage channels, and
 SMZs. Locate roads along the crest of long
 ridges, on the contour, and at a distance
 sufficient to minimize the impact to streams.
 Minimize the number of stream crossings, and
cross streams at right angles to the main
channel.  Timber on road rights-of-way should
be removed or decked outside the borrow
ditches. Balance cuts and fills, and use the
excavated material to avoid creating
unnecessary borrow pits.  Sidecast or fill
material should not be placed below the
ordinary high water mark of any stream.

Roads should be designed to drain naturally at
all times.  Ditches, culverts, and cross drains
should be installed at low points in the road
gradient. Keep culverts open and clean to
permit unrestricted water flow. Protect low
water bridges, fills, and earth embankments
from high-water erosion.  Waste materials and
woody debris should be cleared from streams
and drainage ways.  Bridges should not
constrict clearly defined stream channels.
Cross streams during periods of dry weather
when stream flow and the threat of erosion are
minimized.

Revegetate or stabilize exposed soil. Inspect
frequently used roads.  Crown or out-slope
road surfaces and install waterbars, dips, or
other diversions to dissipate surface runoff and
minimize roadbed erosion.  Restrict traffic
during periods of excessive ground moisture if
such restriction is practical.

3.   Timber Harvesting

Harvesting operations should be planned and
conducted to minimize  soil  compaction,  .
erosion, and sedimentation.  Minimize the
number of skid trails and the amount of traffic
on steep slopes. Watercourses and streambeds
should not be used for  skidding or forwarding,
and skidding across streams should be
minimized.  Skid away from permanent and
intermittent streams. Fell trees away from
water bodies and remove any debris that gets
into water, streams, or drainage courses.
                                              51

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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                 vvEPA
 Service equipment away from streams.
 Dispose of trash and oil properly. Upon
 completion of operations, condition temporary
 roads, skid trails, and landings to minimize
 erosion.

 4.  Reforestation

 Use the minimum site preparation necessary to
 control competing vegetation and establish a
 desirable timber stand. Analyze and plan the
 site preparation .methods and equipment to be
 used, considering soil, topography, competing
 vegetation, precipitation, and drainage
 patterns, with special emphasis on protecting
 SMZs.  Use operations that will minimize soil
 disturbance. Hand planting, direct seeding, or
 natural regeneration should be used on
 protected areas adjacent to streams or on
 slopes too steep to machine plant.  When
 •working on slopes, mechanical operations
 should follow contours. (Drum chopping is an
 exception.) "Windrows and machine planting
 should also follow the contour. Provide water
 outlets on bedded areas at locations that will
 minimize soil movement.  Streams should
 becrossed by equipment only on bridges or
 fording sites that minimize stream channel
 disturbance.

 5.   Kreline Construction

 Presuppression firebreaks should be located on
 Ihe contour as often as possible. Firebreaks
 on erodible steeper grades should  contain
 waterbars or diversions at frequent intervals.
 Discharge water into undisturbed vegetation
 outside the burn, when possible.

 6.  Forest Chemicals

 Landowners must observe all state and federal
laws and regulations that cover the purchase,
transport, storage, use, and disposal of
chemicals.  Silvicultural chemicals should be
applied by trained and certified licensees, and
all label instructions should be followed.
State Contact:
  Donald P. Feduccia
  Office of Forestry
  (504) 925^500
                                              52

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                                                      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
MAINE
References:  Maine Forest Service.  1991.
Erosion & Sediment Control Handbook for
Maine Timber Harvesting Operations Best
Management Practices and the 1989 Forest
Practice Act.

The 1989 Forest Practice Act requires
notification by the landowner or designated
agent to the Bureau of Forestry prior to
commencing harvesting operations.
Notification must be on forms supplied by the
Bureau and must include the following:

(1) the name, address and phone number of
    the landowner, any designated agent, and,
    if known; any harvester(s);
(2) the name and address of any licensed
    professional forester consulting the
    landowner on forest management or
    harvesting practices;
(3) the municipality or township and county
    ofharvest;
(4) the name of the nearest public or private
    all-weather road;
(5) the approximate dates the harvest will
    begin and finish;
(6) the anticipated acreage to  be harvested;
C7) whether the land is being  harvested to
    convert to another use within 2 years and,
    if so, what that use is to be;
(8) the signatures of the landowner or
    designated agent; and
(9) a map locating the harvest site in relation
    to known or easily identifiable terrain
    features, such as a road junction or a
    stream and road junction.

A forest management and harvest plan must be
prepared and updated every 10 years for
commercial forest land to be taxed as such.
The Act defines the forest management and
harvest plan as a written document prepared
by a licensed professional forester, outlining
activities to regenerate, improve, and harvest a
standing crop of timber. The plan must
include the location of water bodies and
wildlife habitat identified by the Department of
Inland Fisheries and Wildlife.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

    1.  Logging Yards and Landings
    2.  Skid Roads and Skid Trails
    3.  Truck Roads
    4.  Broad-Based Drainage Dips
    5.  Filter Strips
    6.  Skid Humps
    7.  Water Bars
    8.  Bridges Gog, metal, or combination)
    9.  Cross Drainage Culverts
   10.  Streambed Culverts
   11.  Pesticides
   12.  Oils, Fuels, Coolants,, and Hazardous
       Wastes
   13.  Protection of Permanent Streams and
       Water  Bodies  from  Temperature
       Increases or Siltation
   14.  Seeding and Revegetation
   15.  Slash
   16.  Temporary Sand-Salt Storage Areas
   17.  Sediment Barriers
 1.   Logging Yards and Landings

 Locate yards and landings away from streams,
 ponds or lakes, very steep areas, wet areas,
 and filter strips.  Landings should be located
 on gently .sloping and higher ground with good
 drainage. Size landings to meet the needs of
 the harvesting operation. Divert water
 draining from landings so that it does not enter
 truck roads or skid trails or flow into streams,
 ponds, lakes, or wetlands, but flows onto
 undisturbed forest floor.  Oil, transmission
 fluid,  antifreeze,  and other toxic products
 should be disposed of in accordance with
                                              53

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Current NPS Control Practices for Forestry
                                    EFA
approved procedures. Upon completion of  .
operations, clean up the landing area and
stabilize the soil to prevent erosion.

2.  Skid Roads and Skid Trails

Routes should be planned to be the most direct
and take advantage of natural features that will
make construction and.drainage easier while
avoiding long, steep grades, sharp bends, wet
areas, streams,  ponds, and lakes.  Sensitive.
areas should be logged during periods of dry
•weather or when the ground is frozen.  Keep
stream crossings to a minimum, and cross at
right angles where the approaches are
reasonably level for a minimum of 50 feet on
both sides.  Crossings should not impede water
flow or fish passage, and disturbance to the
streambed and banks should be minimized.
"Upon completion of operations, revegetate and
mulch unstable areas, install water diversions,
and place slash on skid trails to slow runoff.

3.  Truck Roads

Minimize the length of road required from
landing to public highway. Avoid
watercourses, water bodies, wet areas,  steep
terrain, sharp curves, hard bedrock, game
management areas, and long, level sections  of
road that are difficult to drain.  Crown roads,
where possible, and provide drainage ditches,
water diversion structures, and sediment traps
as necessary. Revegetate  or stabilize all cut or
fill banks and areas of exposed mineral soil
outside the roadbed.  Road banks should not
have a slope steeper than 2:1. Keep stream
crossings to a minimum, and cross at right
angles where the approaches are reasonably
level for a minimum of 50 feet on both sides.

4.   Broad-Based Drainage Dips

Broad-based drainage dips should be installed
in roads with long slopes of less than
10 percent and spaced no farther apart than the
distance indicated in Table 15. Discharge
should be diverted to an undisturbed vegetated
area, and the discharge area should be
protected with stone, grass, sod, heavy litter,
and slash or logs.


 Table 15.  Broad-Based Dip Spacing
Road Grade
(percent)
0-2
3-5
6-10
Spacing
(feet)
500-300
250-180
167-140
5.   Filter Strips

Locate areas to be maintained as filter strips
(next to streams, lakes, etc.) and determine
appropriate width using Table 16. With the
exception of intermittent streams, no more
than 40 percent of the total volume of timber 6
inches DBH and greater within the filter strip
should be removed in a 10-year period, and
the trees removed should be reasonably
distributed throughout the filter strip.  Avoid
felling trees into or across watercourses and
water bodies.  Do not disturb the topsoil or
duff within the filter strip.


  Table 16. Filter Strip  Widths
Slope of Land
(percent)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Width of Strip
(feet)
25
45
65
85
105
125
145
165
                                              54

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                                                      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
6.  Skid Humps

Use natural humps or rises in the landscape
wherever possible. Table 17 provides
appropriate spacing for skid humps according
to grade.


 Table 17.  Skid Hump Spacing
Road Grade
(percent)
1-2
3-10
11 +
Spacing
(feet)
300
150
100
7.   Water Bars

Upon completion of operations, install water
bars at the top and bottom of steep sections of
skid roads and trails, starting at the end of the
road and working back toward the log yard
and truck road.  Install water bars at an
approximate 30-degree angle downslope from
a line perpendicular to the center line of the
road.  Table 18 contains the recommended
spacing for water bars.  Stabilize  water bars
by revegetating the surface. Place rocks,
slash,  or logs at outlet to disperse and filter the
water.

  Table 18. Water Bar Spacing
Road Grade
(percent)
1-2
3-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
21 +
Spacing
(feet)
250
200-135
100-80
80-60
60-45
40
8.  Bridges

Bridges should be located where the water
channel is straight and unobstructed and where
the road would cross at right angles. The
banks should be firm and level and have
approaches that are of shallow slope.
Adequately size the bridge to accommodate
anticipated stream flows, traffic volume, types
of traffic, and weight of loads. Seed and
mulch any disturbed areas outside the roadbed
to minimize erosion. Placement of bridges
that require work in the stream should be done
when the water level is low and as quickly as
possible.  The use of portable bridges is
encouraged for small stream crossings.
Maintain bridges with periodic inspections and
removal of any debris that may hinder stream
flow.

9.   Cross Drainage Culverts

Determine areas where cross drains are
needed, and adequately size culverts to
accommodate anticipated flow volumes.  A 15-
inch culvert is the recommended minimum.
Table 19 contains the recommended spacing
for cross drainage culverts based on road
grade. Install culverts at least 12 inches below
the road surface, and on slopes in excess of 10
percent, install them at a 30-degree angle
downslope. Stabilize the shoulders of culverts
 with stone. Establish a periodic inspection
 schedule to maintain the culverts'
 functionality.
                                                   10.  Streambed Culverts

                                                   Adequately size culverts to accommodate
                                                   anticipated stream flows, and the volume and
                                                   types of traffic. The culverts should not
                                                   restrict the water flow or fish passage. Install
                                                   culverts so that both ends extend a foot beyond
                                                   the toe of me fill and the bottom is at or a
                                                   little below the streambed.  Rocks should be
                                               55

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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                  vvEPA
  Table 19.  Cross Drainage Culvert
             Spacing
Road Grade
(percent)
0-2
3-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
21+
Spacing
(feet)
.500-300 "
250-180
167-140
136-140
125-120
100
placed under any downstream outfall to
prevent undercutting. Revegetate exposed
soils after the construction has been completed.
Maintain culverts by removing obstructions
and cleaning inlet and outlet areas.

11.  Pesticides

Contact the Board of Pesticide Control prior to
application. Commercial pesticide applicators
must be licensed and  certified by the Board.

12.  Oils, Fuels, Coolants, and Hazardous
     Wastes

Federal and state law forbids the disposal of
oils, fuels, coolants, or hazardous wastes by
pouring them into or onto the ground, or into
water bodies.  Provide for the collection and
safe disposal of all hazardous wastes during
maintenance and repair. In the event of a
spill, contain the spill by blocking its flow to
surface waters, use hay or other absorbent
materials, and contact the  Department of
Environmental Protection.

13.  Protection of Permanent.Streams and
     Water Bodies from Temperature
     Increases or Siltation

Designate an area of vegetation to remain
undisturbed during harvesting to ensure canopy
shading of the stream and  filtration of runoff.
The on-site planner should use best
professional judgment to determine the size of
the area required to provide adequate shading.
This decision should be based on site
conditions, such as stream width and depth,
depth of the canopy, and relative position of
the sun along the course of the stream.

14.  Seeding and Revegetation

Seed or otherwise revegetate disturbed and
exposed areas where there is serious potential
for soil erosion and where conditions are less
favorable for the invasion of native vegetation,
such as large areas, infertile sites, and arid
sites. Select a seed mixture that will grow on
the site.  A soils test may be required.  Mulch
the seeded area to prevent erosion prior to
establishment of vegetation.  Periodically
inspect the seeded area, and if necessary
reseed bare spots or use lime and fertilizer.

15.  Slash

Plan harvesting activities to avoid slash
disposal in water bodies and to use slash for
erosion control.  Use directional felling to
avoid placing slash in water bodies. If slash
does fall into a water body and must be
removed, use winches or other methods that
will not damage the filter strip or stream
banks.  Use slash to control erosion and
sediment and to create surface for skid roads.

16.  Temporary Sand-Salt Storage Areas

Strategically locate storage areas to minimize
the number required.  Locate them on flat
areas close to the road where containment
features may be constructed to prevent runoff,
but away from water bodies  and aquifer
recharge areas.  Construct a berm of sufficient
height around the storage area to contain
precipitation that may collect in the storage
area. Use heavy plastic (or other impermeable
material) as a cover and a liner to minimize
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                                                      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
penetration into ground water.  Be careful to
not puncture the liner when removing salt or
sand. Upon abandoning the storage site,
properly dispose of the remaining contents and
liner, and regrade and revegetate the site.

17.  Sediment Barriers

Sediment barriers are temporary structures that
may consist of filter fences or straw or hay
bales. The effectiveness of the sediment
barrier is completely dependent on its
installation. All sediment barriers need to be
firmly anchored and supported.  Maintenance
of the structure is necessary, especially after
storms and runoff events.  Sediment deposits
should be removed before one-half height of
the barrier is reached.

Straw/hay bales should be placed in a  single
row, lengthwise on the contour with the ends
of the bales tightly abutting each other. Bales
should be bound and placed in a trench at least
4 inches deep.  Filter barriers and silt fences
may be constructed using burlap or standard
synthetic filter fabric.
State Contact:
   Ancyl S. thurston
   Bureau of Forestry
   (207) 287-2791
      Other Available State Information

  Manuals/   Best Management Plans (1992);
  Books     Lesson Plan for BMPs (1992)
                                               57

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&EPA
                                     58

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4HEPA
   Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
MARYLAND
References:  Maryland Department of Natural
Resources.  1992.  Maryland's Guide to Forest
Operations and Best Management Practices;
and Maryland Department of the Environment
and the Maryland Forest Service. Soil and
Erosion Control Guidelines for Forest Harvest
Operations in Maryland.

Maryland state law and regulations require that
a sediment control plan be developed and
approved before undertaking any earth-
disturbing activity in excess of 5,000 square
feet.  Harvests on private property require plan
approval by the local Soil Conservation
District, and harvests on state and federal land
require plan approval by the Maryland
Department of the Environment.  The Standard
Plan for Forest Operations emphasizes
sediment'control at access points to the site; on
roads, trails, and landings; and adjacent to
watercourses. The Standard Plan requires that
uncut buffer zones (SMZ) be maintained on all
 sides of perennial or intermittent streams,
 rivers, lakes, ponds, bogs, and marshes.
 Harvesting is allowed within the SMZ
 provided that a Buffer Management Plan is
 prepared by a licensed forester.

 The Maryland ,Nontidal Wetlands Protection
 Act and Regulations requires the
 implementation of best management practices
 when conducting forestry activities in nontidal
 wetlands.  These BMPs must be incorporated
 into the Standard Plan prepared by a licensed
 forester and must be submitted before
 beginning the harvest.

 The Chesapeake Bay Critical Area is the land
 within 1,000 feet of the Chesapeake Bay and
 its tidal waters or tidal wetlands.  For 1 acre
 or more of forest in the Critical Area to be cut
 within any 1-year interval, a Timber Harvest
 Plan must be prepared and approval granted by
the Maryland Forest Conservancy District
Board before any timber can be harvested.

The Maryland Department of Natural
Resources, Water Resources Administration,    ;
requires that a Waterway Permit be obtained
prior to the construction of a stream crossing if
the drainage area above the crossing exceeds
400 acres or exceeds 100  acres for designated
trout streams.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

    1.  Preharvest Planning
    2.  Truck Haul Roads
    3.  Skid Trails
    4.  Log Decks, Landings, and Portable
       Sawmill Locations
    5.  Streamside Management Zones
    6.  Drainage Structures
    7.  Stream Crossings
    8.  Site Preparation
    9.  Revegetation of Bare Soil Areas
    10. Wildfire Control and Reclamation

            Forested Wetlands

    11. Natural Regeneration
    12. Preharvest Planning
    13. Truck Haul Roads
    14. Skid Trails
    15. Log Decks
    16.  Streamside Management Zones
    17.  Cross Drainages
 1.   Preharvest Planning

 The objective of preharvest planning is to
 determine which BMPs are necessary to
 protect water quality and how those BMPs will
 be implemented. Preharvest planning may be
 primarily verbal, but use of a written contract
 is encouraged.  Depending on the site and
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                                 vvEPA
nature of the harvest, the plan should include
any or all of the following: property
boundaries, streams and drainages, soil
restrictions, slope, environmental concerns,
approximation of main haul road and skid trail
locations, potential log landings, portable
sawmill locations, stream or drainage
crossings, and streamside management zones.
A site review should be performed to aid in
determining potential road locations, log
landings, streams, and wet areas. Preharvest
planning should include full consideration of
site preparation activities.

2.  Truck Haul Roads

Truck haul roads should be located on side
slopes and away from SMZs and floodplain
soils. Roads should follow the contour as
much as possible with grades between 2 and
10 percent.  Steeper gradients are permissible
for short distances not exceeding 200 feet.  On
soils with severe erosion hazard, grades should
be 8 percent or less, but grades exceeding 12
percent for 150 feet or less may be acceptable
as long as measures are taken to prevent
erosion.  Avoid constructing roads that require
high cut banks.  Vertical road bank cuts should
normally not exceed 3 feet, but if the bank
cuts are more than 5 feet, they should be
sloped to at least a 2:1 ratio and  seeded to
prevent erosion.  Out-slope the road where
gradient and soil type will permit.  Use cross
drainage on in-sloped or crowned roads to
reduce runoff travel distance.

Ensure good drainage with properly
constructed and spaced turnouts, broad-based
dips, rolling dips, culverts, and bridges. Use
bridges, culverts, or rock fords to cross
intermittent and perennial streams. Streams
should be crossed at right angles, and
structures should not impede stream flow  or
fish passage.  Fords may be used when stream
banks are stable, stream bottoms are hard, and
increased sedimentation will not occur. Install
water turnouts prior to a stream crossing to
direct runoff into undisturbed areas of the
SMZ.  Turnouts will be constructed so water
will be dispersed and will not cut a channel
across the SMZ.

A routine inspection schedule should be
established to ensure proper road maintenance.
Roads should be free of obstructions, ruts, and
logging debris, and drainage structures should
be clear. Restrict traffic during unfavorable
conditions, such as saturated soil conditions.
Upon completion of silvicultural operations,
reshape the roadbed and seed all areas of bare
soil subject to erosion.

3.  Skid Trails

Locate log  landings first and plan major skid
trails to reduce erosion and sedimentation.
Locate skid trails outside SMZs and use a zig-
zag pattern climbing up-slope to avoid long,
steep grades. Gradients should not be steeper
than 15 percent, but steeper segments may be
necessary to avoid boundary lines or sensitive
areas.  If steeper grades are required, practices
must be used to prevent gully erosion.

Avoid stream crossings when possible, but
when necessary use a bridge or culvert of
acceptable design to cross perennial  and
intermittent streams and drainage ditches that
lead to natural drainages. Water crossings
should be at right angles. Do not skid logs
through streams or when soils are saturated.

Upon completion of skidding, install waterbars
at the recommended intervals.  Establish
vegetative cover on skid trails greater than
5 percent slope or subject to erosion.  Scatter
logging slash or mulch to supplement
waterbars and seeding.
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                                                      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
4,  Log Decks, Landings, and Portable
    Sawmill Locations

Locate sites for decks and portable sawmills
prior to road construction. Decks, yards, and
sawmill sites should be located at least 50 feet
outside the SMZ and should be on well-
drained soils with a slight slope (2-5 percent)
to enhance drainage.  Provide for adequate
drainage on approach roads and skid trails,
such as a diversion ditch around the uphill side
of a deck to intercept water flow and direct it
away from the deck.  Locate residue piles
outside wet weather drainages.  When
servicing equipment, properly drain waste
products into containers and dispose of them in
accordance with proper solid waste disposal
procedures.  Remove garbage and trash and
dispose of them properly. Decks, landings,
and portable sawmill locations should be
stabilized to prevent erosion and sediment loss
within the  first 15 days of the next seeding
season following completion of harvesting
operations.

5.  Streamside Management Zones

SMZs should have a minimum width of
50 feet on both sides  of perennial streams and
around open water bodies. SMZs may be
desirable on intermittent streams for large
drainage areas where wildlife or water quality
is a major landowner concern.  SMZs are also
buffers or buffer management areas. The
buffer widths presented in Table 20 are
required in the Compliance Agreement for the
Standard Erosion and Sediment Control Plan
for Forest Harvest Operations (Standard Plan).
They are determined by the formula:

   Buffer width (feet)  = 50 +  (4 x slope %).

 Partial harvesting of the SMZ is acceptable,
 but a minimum of 60 percent crown cover or
 60 square feet of basal area per acre must be
 Table 20. Required Buffer Widths
    Average Slope
      (percent)
Width of Buffer
      (feet)
0
1-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41 +
50
75
100
150
200
250
evenly retained.  Limit the use of logging
equipment by using dispersed skidding, cable
and winch, etc. The forest floor should
remain essentially undisturbed, and mineral
soilshould not be exposed. Remove all
harvested tree limbs and tops  from the stream.
Fertilizer should not be used hi SMZs.

6.   Drainage Structures

Broad-based dips can be used on truck haul
roads and heavily used skid trails that have a
gradient of 12 percent or less to provide cross
drainage. They should not be used for cross
draining spring seeps, intermittent streams, or
perennial streams.   They should be installed
during road construction following the basic
clearing and grading phase. Spacing of broad-
based  dips should be determined by the
following formula:
       Spacing (feet)
                         400
                       slope %
          100
 Install an energy absorber, such as rip-rap, at
 the outfall of the dip to dissipate water velocity
 and minimize erosion potential.  Surfacing the
 dip with 3-inch crushed stone may be desirable
 to prevent rutting.
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                                   vvEPA
  Rolling dips can be used on truck haul roads
  and heavily used skid trails that have a
  gradient of 15 percent or less to provide cross
  drainage.  They should not be used for cross
  draining spring seeps, intermittent  streams, or
  perennial streams. Install them on roads
  during construction following the basic
  clearing and grading phase or on skid trails
  after logging is completed. Recommended
  spacing is provided in the guide.

  Water bars should be used on roads and skid
  trails that will not have vehicular traffic.  If
  there is the potential  for vehicular traffic, use
  rolling dips. Water bars should be constructed
  at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees downslope,
  with the uphill end of the bar extending
 beyond the side ditch. The outflow end of the
 bar should disperse runoff water onto
 undisturbed forest floor. Recommended
 spacing is provided in the guide.

 Pipe culverts or open-top box culverts can be
 used for any size operation where cross
 drainage of storm water is needed on truck
 haul roads or major skid trails.  Pipe culverts
 should be installed on a 2 to 4 percent grade,
 skewed 15-30 degrees downgrade, and should
 be long enough so both ends extend at least
 1 foot beyond the side slope of fill material.
 Box culverts should be installed flush or just
 below the road surface and skewed  30-45
 degrees downgrade. Spacing of culverts can
 be determined using the formula for broad-
 based dip spacing.  The culvert outfall should
 be protected to dissipate water velocity and
 minimize erosion potential.  The structure
 should be maintained by removing sediment,
 gravel, or logging debris.

 7.   Stream Crossings

When streams must be crossed by logging
equipment, use bridges, culverts, or rock
fords. Bridges should be constructed with
minimum disturbance to the stream bank,
  channel, or adjacent SMZ. Pipe culverts
  should be installed on a 2 to 5 percent grade
  and should be long enough so both ends extend
  at least 1 foot beyond the edge of the fill
  material.  Recommended culverts sizes are
  based on the acres drained, soil density, and
  slope.  Erosion protection measures should be
  installed at the culvert outlet to minimize
  downslope erosion.. Rock fords or log fords
  may be used if no practical alternative exists,
  but the approaches and stream bottoms must be
  hard enough so turbid water does not result.

 8.  Site Preparation

 A Forest Management Plan should be prepared
 prior to any site preparation. This plan will
 consider the condition of the tract, adjacent
 property, environmental concerns, water
 quality,  type of harvest, silvics of species to be
 regenerated, and means of regeneration.  Site
 preparation activities should not be conducted
 inSMZs.

 Prescribed burning should be conducted when
 soil moisture or weather conditions are
 sufficient to prevent removal of all surface
 duff and root mat. Construct firelines around
 the perimeter of the bum area, and install
 water bars and turnouts.

 Mechanical site preparation should be
 conducted in a  manner that minimizes erosion
 and water quality impacts.  Schedule
 operations during favorable soil moisture
 conditions. Drum-chop up and down the slope
 so the depressions  created by the cleats and
 chopper blades  are on the contour, reducing
 the potential for channeled flow.  Disking
 should be performed on the contour and on
 slopes of less than  10 percent.  When
performing shearing, piling, root raking, or
bulldozing, if a potential for erosion exists,
leave the tppsoil and root mat in place to
preserve  site quality and minimize water
quality impact.  Bulldozing should be limited
                                              62

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&EFA
   Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
to slopes of 20 percent or less, with a windrow
constructed approximately every 200 feet.
Windrows should be constructed along the
contour with a 20-foot opening for each 300
feet of windrow.  Bedding should be
performed along the contour if the slope is
discernible. Machine planting,  subsOiling, and
sod scalping should be performed on the
contour, and steep slopes should be hand
planted.

Application of pesticides and disposal of
containers should follow manufacturer's label
instructions, and measures should be
implemented to prevent pesticides from
reaching surface waters by direct application
or runoff. Application of fertilizers and
disposal of containers must adhere to
manufacturer's label instructions. Application
rates of fertilizers should be based on soil
analysis and developmental needs of the
desired tree species.  Broadcast application of
fertilizers within SMZs is not recommended.

9.  Revegetation of Bare Soil Areas

All disturbed  areas with a grade of 30 percent
 or greater must be seeded and mulched within
 7 days of disturbance.  Upon completion of
 operations, bare soil areas with grades greater
 than 10 percent and/or areas of bare soil with
 erosion potential should be identified for
 revegetation as the season permits.  Lime and
 fertilizer application rates should be
 determined by soil type and acidity. Suggested
 seeding mixtures, rates, and dates are provided
 in the guide.  Mulch should be applied
 immediately after seeding highly credible
 slopes or during adverse soil or weather
 conditions.. Seeded areas should be protected
 from grazing and unrestricted vehicle use.

 10. Wildfire Control and Reclamation

 When possible, do not plow firelines directly
 into streams.  If this is unavoidable, revegetate
as soon as possible. Stabilize and revegetate
firelines on grades greater than 5 percent.  ,
Bare soil should be revegetated and eroding
gullies treated.  Where timber has been killed,
reforestation needs should be assessed.

Forested Wetlands

There may be restrictions on some silvicultural
activities dependent upon legal interpretations
of wetlands and the conversion from wetland
species to other species.  Discharge of fill
materials into waters of the United States from
ditching, or other activities whose purpose is ;
to convert forested wetlands to some other use
or where the flow or circulation of the waters
may be impaired or the reach reduced, is not
permitted under the silvicultural exemptions
under the Clean Water Act.

11. Natural Regeneration

Successful regeneration depends on
(1) recognizing the site type and its
characteristics; (2) evaluating the stocking  and
species composition in relation to stand age
and site capability; (3) planning regeneration
options; and (4) using sound harvesting
methods.  Natural hardwood regeneration uses
the normal cycle  of wetlands  species
succession. The  harvesting system, which also
serves as the regeneration system, must be
chosen on the basis of stand and site conditions
and landowner objectives.  Schedule harvest
during the dormant season to take advantage of
 seed crops and to favor coppice regeneration.
Harvest the stand as completely as possible to
 allow maximum sunlight, and leave stumps at
 a height of less than 10 inches. Minimize soil
 degradation from logging and site preparation,
 especially during saturated soil conditions.

 12. Preharvest Planning

 Planning provides an organized method for an
 efficient harvest operation while maintaining
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                                  vvEPA
 subsurface and surface water quality.  The
 wetlands preharvest plan should include:

 • upland preharvest planning considerations;

 • establishment of 50-foot-wide SMZs on each
   side of the main channel or areas of open
   water;

 * location of log decks and main sources of
   road-building materials;

 * identification of main road system on the
   uplands and development of a tentative road
   system within the wetlands;

 • identification of special equipment required
   for skidding and hauling or other harvesting
   methods; and

 • identification of potential problems or. events
   that may interrupt logging operations.

 Schedule harvesting operations during extreme
 dry periods or during times that enhance
 regeneration. Use machinery with adequate
 flotation devices to minimize the impact on .the
 soil surface or degradation of site quality.

 13. Truck  Haul Roads

 Construct road fills only when absolutely
 necessary.  Road fills should be no more than
 2 feet above the natural ground level and
 should be constructed parallel to the flow of
 the main channel at least 200 feet from the
 SMZ. Provide cross drains at a minimum
 every 100 feet.  Use gravel or crushed rock as
 fill to provide for movement of ground water
 and to serve as a base for the road.  A layer of
 poles, slabs, or logs laid side-by-side,
 extending 3-4 feet on each side beyond the
 width of the roadbed,  can provide a base for
 borrow or fill material. Thick layers of large
wood chips used as a roadbed distribute load
 weight and limit the road's adverse impact.
 Use planking or wooden mats to improve the
 soil's ability to support traffic of heavy loads.
 Cross streams, sloughs, or existing drainage
 channels with properly sized culverts or
 bridges.

 The use of oversized or balloon tires is
 encouraged to reduce compaction and rutting.
 Move equipment to the uplands during periods
 of potential flooding and wet periods. Upon
 completion of harvesting operations, remove
 temporary drainage structures and obstructions
 from channels, stabilize roads to  prevent
 erosion and sediment loss, and restrict access.

 14. Skid Trails

 Plan major skid trails to minimize damage to
 the residual stand, reduce erosion and
 sedimentation, maintain surface and subsurface
 water flow, and provide the most economical
 method for skidding products.  Decide the
 location of log decks before planning skid trail
 routes, and locate skid trails outside SMZs.
 Use sandy sloughs as skid trails when
 harvesting in peat and muck swamps. Avoid
 stream crossings unless absolutely necessary,
 but use a bridge or culvert of acceptable
 design when a stream crossing is  unavoidable.
 Approaches to water crossings should be at or
 near a right angle to the stream flow and of
 sufficient length to allow logs to line up behind
 the skidder. The use of wide-tracked
 bulldozers and flotation tires on skidders is
 recommended.

 15. Log Decks

 Locate log decks in advance of road
 construction and on elevated lands of the
 uplands or higher elevations within large
 wetland units. Provide for adequate drainage
on approach roads  and skid trails. Use gravel,
borrow materials, slab materials,  mats, fabrics,
or other material to provide adequate drainage
and bearing capacity. Locate residue piles
                                             64

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<&EPA
  Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
outside the wetlands or wet weather drainages.
Service equipment in such a way that
petroleum products and toxics are contained
and properly disposed o.f. Garbage, trash, and
inoperable equipment should be removed at the
end of the harvesting operation.  Stabilize
landings within the first 15 days of the next
seeding season after completion of the harvest.

16. Streamside Management Zones

The practices recommended for SMZs in
wetlands are essentially the same as those for
SMZs in upland areas. The use of a grapple
skidder is recommended  to create less
disturbance of the forest  floor.  Minimize the
number of access roads through the SMZ, and
stabilize all roads, cuts, and fills in the SMZ.

17. Cross Drainages

Cross drainages can be used for any size
operation where drainage is necessary to
reduce ponding. Pipe diameter should be a
minimum of 15 inches.  Recommended
pipe/culvert sizes are provided in the guide
and are based on acres drained and soil type.
Multiple pipes may be used to meet the
minimum required diameter. Pipe slope
should be just below the streambed gradient,
with pipe alignment parallel to the stream
course. Pipe length should be long enough so
both ends extend a minimum of 1 foot beyond
the side slope of the roadbed, and erosion
protection should be provided at pipe outfalls.
    Other Available State Information

Manuals/   Soil Erosion and Sediment
Books      Control Guidelines for Forest
           Harvest Operations in
           Maryland

Brochures  Forest Harvest Access Practices
           (Pocket Guide); How to Get
           Logging Permits Approved in
           Maryland's 23 Counties
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    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
MASSACHUSETTS
Reference: Kittredge, D.B., Jr., and M.L.
Parker. 1989.  Massachusetts Best
Management Practices:  Timber Harvesting
Water Quality Handbook.  University of
Massachusetts Cooperative Extension; and the
Forest Cutting Practices Act, Massachusetts
General Law Chapter 132.

The Massachusetts Forest Cutting Practices
Act applies to any commercial cutting of a
volume of wood products greater than 25,000
board feet or 50 cords on either public or
private forestland and requires landowners to
submit a form entitled "Notice of Intent to
Cut/Forest Cutting Plan" 10 days prior to the
commencement of harvesting operations. This
form covers information such as cutting
methods; plans for regeneration; roads and
skid trails to be designed, built, and
maintained to control erosion; filter strips
along water bodies; and buffer strips along
roads and major water bodies.  Special forms
for wetlands .and steep slopes must be included
when appropriate.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.   Skid Road Erosion Control
   2.   Access Road Erosion Control
   3.   Erosion Control on Landings
   4.   Erosion Control for Stream Crossings
   5.   Filter Strips
   6.   Wetlands
   7.   Skid Trail and Landing Seeding
   &   Close of Operations
topography as much as possible and have
grades less than 10 percent with only short
distances of up to a 20 percent grade.  On
slopes greater than 30 percent, use cut and fill
skid roads at a 5 percent grade separated by a
slope distance of at least 150 feet.  In addition,
do not operate skidders on slopes of 60 percent
or greater.

Plan the location of skid roads prior to the
commencement of harvesting operations. If
skidding on steep slopes cannot be avoided,
skid in a downhill direction.  Slash can be
used on skid roads to reduce rutting. Upon
completion of the harvesting operation,
minimize overland flow and erosion by
scattering brush or limbs across skid roads or
by revegetating skid roads, and by installing
water bars. The Forest Cutting Practices Act
requires that water bars be constructed to a
depth of 8 to 12 inches, with a 3 percent
outslope, and be spaced according to the
specifications in Table 21.

  table 21. Required  Water Bar Spacing
Road Grade
(percent)
1
2
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Distance Between
Water Bars
(feet)
400
245
125
78
58
47
40
35
32 .
29
 1.  Skid Road Erosion Control

 The Forest Cutting Practices Act requires that
 skid roads follow the contour of the
 2.  Access Road Erosion Control

 The Forest Cutting Practices Act stipulates that
 access roads from the landing to a highway
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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
must be graveled or mulched to prevent mud
from being tracked onto the highway.
Otherwise, use must be curtailed during wet
•weather or mud must be promptly removed
from the highway. In addition, the Act
requires that adequate cross drainage structures
be provided and that runoff be discharged into
appropriate filter strips or hay bale
impoundments. Specifications for design and
spacing of broad-based dips, open-top culverts,
and pipe culverts are provided in the water
quality handbook.  Design roads to take
advantage of natural dips and variations in
terrain.  Crown road surfaces and avoid
constructing roads with grades greater than 5
percent.

3.   Erosion Control  on Landings

Locate landings on gently sloping, well-
drained soils and at least 100 feet from streams
or other water bodies.  If landings have to be
closer than 100 feet, use hay bales for erosion
control and replace them if they become  filled
•with sediment.  Prevent water from flowing
Into  landings by appropriately placing water
diversions on skid trails and  access roads that
lead to landings.  After logging, smooth the
landing, seed, and mulch. The Forest Cutting
Practices Act requires that the soil be
stabilized and, if necessary, seeded to grass at
the end of operations.

4.   Erosion Control  for Stream Crossings

Avoid stream crossings, but when necessary,
locate crossings perpendicular to the stream
flow where the stream bottom is solid and the
approaches are level for at least 50 feet on
both sides of the channel. Temporary poled
fords may be used on small streams when
skidding small volumes of timber, but they
must be removed after 30 days.  Bridges
should be constructed for crossings that
involve large streams, streams with poor
bottoms or steep banks, and  major skid trails
that will be used for more than 30 days.  A
reusable temporary skidder bridge can be made
of stout timbers and hauled from job to job.
Stabilize approaches during and immediately
after the operation.

5.  Filter Strips

The Forest Cutting Practices Act stipulates that
a filter strip of 50 feet must be maintained
along the banks of all water bodies, that a
maximum of 50 percent of the basal area
within the strip can be cut at any one time,
and that a period of 3 years must elapse before
additional harvesting. Wider filter strips are
recommended  on steeper slopes or in critical
areas.  Specifications for filter strip widths are
provided in Table 22. Although harvesting is
permitted within the filter strip, logs should be
winched out of the strip, and disturbance
should be minimized.  In addition, logging
equipment may not be operated on the floor of
a filter strip, except at stream crossings or on
pre-existing  logging roads.


 Table 22.  Filter Strip Widths (feet)
Slope
(percent)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Filter Strip
Width
50
50
65
85
105
125
145
165
185
205
225
Critical
Areas
Width
50
90
130
170
210
250
290
330
370
410
450
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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
6.  Wetlands

The Forest Cutting Practices Act stipulates that
a maximum of 50 percent of the basal area of
bordering vegetated wetlands can be cut at any
one time (in small patches) and that a waiting
period of 3 years must be observed before
another cut is made. The Act also specifies
that wetlands may not be harvested or crossed
except when the ground is frozen, dry, or
otherwise stable enough to support logging
equipment.  Avoid or minimize access through
wetlands. Where a crossing is essential,
rehabilitate existing accessways if it will result
in less disturbance than constructing a new
accessway.

7.  Skid Trail and Landing Seeding

Upon the completion of harvesting activities,
disturbed areas should be seeded. A table of
possible seed mixtures and their soil pH ranges
is provided in the water quality handbook.
Recommended seeding times are April 15 to
June 15 and August 1 to September 15.
Mulching with hay is recommended.

8.  Close of Operations

At the close of timber operations, remove
temporary bridges, culverts, and fords.
Smooth and grade roads and landings, and
install appropriate water diversion devices.
Revegetate or stabilize disturbed areas as
necessary. Restrict access to the harvest site.
"When finished, notify the appropriate State
Service Forester to  schedule an inspection, as
required by regulation.  The Forest Cutting
Practices Act requires that all trash, such as
cans, papers, discarded tires and metal parts,
and other junk be removed.
State Contact:
   James W. Soper
   Dept, of Environmental Management
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MICHIGAN
Reference:  Michigan Department of Natural
Resources.  Non-point Source Pollution
Control on Forested Lands in Michigan -
DRAFT.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.   Roads
   2.   Timber Harvesting
   3,   Site Preparation and Reforestation
   4.   Wildfires
 1.  Roads

 The entire road system should be designed
 before any road construction begins.  Use
 aerial photographs, topographic maps, and soil
 surveys in_addition to site reconnaissance to
 plan the road system. Prepare a map of the
 area to be harvested that displays the proposed
 locations of roads, landings, and major skid
 trails.

 "Where possible, construct roads on side hills
 for good cross drainage, but avoid seeps,
 springs, and swampy areas.  Road grades
 should be between 2 and 10 percent, and long
 steep grades or level grades should be avoided.
 Grades of up to 15 to 20 percent are
 acceptable for short distances,  but at least 300
 feet of road above and below should have less
 than a 10 percent grade.  Plan for the
 installation of road drainage structures.  Locate
 roads a minimum distance of 50 feet or more
 from any free-flowing watercourse.  Retain
 adequate buffer strips between roads and
 perennial and intermittent streams.  Buffer
 strip widths depend on the  slope between the
 road and stream. Minimize soil disturbance in
 the buffer area.
Roads should follow the contour as much as
possible with grades between 2 and 10 percent.
Steeper grades, not exceeding 15 percent, are
permissible for distances up to 200 feet.  On
soils with severe erosion hazard, grades should
be 8 percent or less, but grades not exceeding
12 percent for 150 feet are acceptable.
Provide a minimum width of 10 to 14 feet for
single track roads.  Cross streams
perpendicular to the stream channel and do not
impede stream flow. Road gradients
approaching water crossings should be changed
to disperse water at least 50 feet from the
watercourse.

Out-slope the entire width of the road where
gradient permits. In-slppe the road toward the  ,
bank on sharp turns for road gradients 15
percent or greater,  and on clay and/or slippery
soils.  On in-sloped roads, install cross
drainage structures 25 feet up-grade on short
stretches of road where gradients exceed
 10 percent. Broad-based dips can be used on
haul roads with gradients less than 12 percent.
Use 20-foot-long, 3 percent reverse grade
 dips.  Water bars should be used to divert
 water  from retired haul roads.  Spacing tables
 are provided in the manual for broad-based
 dips and water bars. Culverts should be
 installed so both ends extend 2 feet beyond the
 side slope for stream crossings and 1 foot
 beyond  for road cross drainage.  Culverts used
 as stream crossings should be installed at the
 same slope as the stream channel; cross
 drainage culverts should be sloped 2 to 4
 percent. Place energy dissipators (e.g., rip-
 rap, large stones) at cross-drainage culvert
 outlets.

 When operations cease for a period of several
 years, roads should be retired and exposed soil
 areas  stabilized and revegetated. Smooth and
 reshape all road and landing surfaces.
 Remove culverts and replace with water bars
 or ditches.  If culverts  are covered by more
 than 2 feet of fill, then leave them in place and
                                                71

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                 <>EPA
•continue maintenance.  Remove all temporary
stream crossings, and seed and mulch critical
areas near streams.

Locate log landings outside buffer strips.
Landings should have a slight slope and should
be on well-drained soils.  Provide adequate
drainage on approach roads and trails so that
surface water drainage does not enter the
landing area. Service equipment so that oil,
iiiel, and other lubricants are drained into
containers and properly disposed of:
Revegetate log landings immediately following
completion of operations.

Locate skid  trails outside the  streamside buffer
area.  Skid trails should not be steeper than
15 percent, with the exception of short,  steep
segments that do not exceed 20 percent. Logs
should not be skidded through stream
channels.  When crossing watercourses, use a
bridge or  culvert of acceptable design placed
perpendicular to the stream flow.  Water bars
should be installed on skid trails upon
completion of operations; specifications  for
Installation are provided.

2.  limber Harvesting

Preharvest plans should include a map
identifying property boundaries, streams and
drainages, soils, slope, critical environmental
concerns, main haul road and skid trail
locations, log landings, stream or drainage
crossings, and buffer strips.

Buffer strips must be maintained along all
perennial  and intermittent streams, lakes, and
ponds. The minimum buffer strip width is
50 feet, with the width increasing by 15 to 20
feet for each slope increase of 10 percent.  A
table  with recommended buffer strip widths is
provided in  the manual.  Leave the  forest floor
undisturbed in the buffer area. Modify
harvesting activities to retain a stable area in
the buffer and maintain desired shading  of
streams.  Locate haul roads, landings, and
equipment storage and maintenance sites
outside the buffer. Do not operate equipment
in the buffer when the soil is saturated.
Remove harvested tree limbs and tops from
streams.

Provide proper waste receptacles in
maintenance areas, and dispose of waste
properly.  Locate fueling areas away from
water bodies at locations where spills can be
contained and treated properly.  Designate
specific areas for lubricant draining, and
provide proper collection and storage.
Maintenance vehicles should possess
equipment to collect  and store lubricants
drained during repair activities.

3.  Site Preparation and Reforestation

Use site preparation techniques that cause
minimum soil disturbance.  Provide  adequate,
buffer strips around site preparation  activities.
Avoid operations during periods of saturated
soil conditions. Avoid concentrating residues
from shearing and raking operations in wetland
areas.  Locate windrows outside buffers and
pile to minimize their interference with natural
drainage.  Avoid shearing and raking on
organic soils except under frozen soil
conditions. Limit disking to slopes of less
than 10 percent and follow land contours.
Patch or row scarification are preferred
mechanical site preparation methods for
artificial regeneration.  Patch or row
scarification should follow land contours as
long as operator safety is maintained.  Drum
chopping should be conducted up and down
the slope so that the blade depressions are on
the contour.

Conduct prescribed burning with trained crews
and operate under proper humidity,
temperature, and wind conditions. Plan and
construct firelines prior to burning, and
construct water bars  where slopes are greater
                                               72

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vvEPA
Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
than 2 percent. Provide adequate buffer strips
if a burn is adjacent to perennial watercourses,
and maintain erosion control structures after a
burn.

Apply chemicals according to manufacturer's
instructions, and dispose of containers and
residues properly.  Do not apply pesticides
when there is danger of drift, when honeybees
or other pollinating insects are visiting plants,
or in ways that may contaminate water.  Do
not clean spray equipment or dump excess
spray material near bodies of water.  Dispose
of empty pesticide containers promptly and
properly.

4.   Wildfires

Hie loss of vegetative cover from wildfires
may leave soil susceptible to erosion.  Bare
areas adjacent to stream banks should receive
•Oie highest priority for revegetation.  Firelines
should be revegetated and stabilized. Water
bars should be installed in fire lines at spacing
provided.
 State Contact:
   Edward E. Eckart
   Department of Natural Resources
   (517) 335-3351
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                                      74

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                                              Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
MINNESOTA
Reference:  Minnesota Department of Natural
Resources/Division of Forestry, Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency, and other
organizations.  1989.  Water Quality in Forest
Management: Best Management Practices in
Minnesota.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
1

I  1.
   2.
   3.
   4.
   5.
   6.
   7.
Fuel, Lubricant, and Equipment
Management.
Filter Strips
Forest Roads
a.  Design
b.  Construction
c.  Maintenance
Timber Harvesting
Mechanical Site Preparation
Pesticide Use
Prescribed Burning
 1.   Fuel, Lubricant, and Equipment
     Management

 Precautions are needed to prevent water
 contamination when using fuels, lubricants,
 and other materials associated with heavy
 equipment operation.  Proper equipment
 maintenance is essential to protecting water
 resources from petroleum products
 contamination. Designate specific areas for
 fueling and draining lubricants from
 equipment.  These locations should be sited
 where spills can be contained and properly
 treated, and away from water.  Properly store,
 collect, and dispose of all wastes. Provide
 maintenance vehicles with the equipment
 necessary to collect and store lubricants
 drained during repair activities.
2.  Filter Strips

Establish adequate filter strips around
perennial and intermittent streams, lakes, and
ponds. Forest management activities in filter
strips should maintain the integrity of the filter
strip and should not expose soils. Filter strip
widths vary depending on the slope of the land
between the road and stream.  Recommended
widths are 25 feet for 0-1 percent slopes,
30 50 feet for 2-10 percent slopes, 50-70 feet
for 11-20 percent slopes, 70-110 feet for
21-40 percent slopes, and 110-170 feet for
41-70 percent slopes.

3.a.   Forest Road Design

The access system should be planned to
minimize impacts to water  quality. Determine
whether existing roads need to be improved or
relocated.  Minimize the total road mileage,
number of stream crossings, and amount of
ground disturbance.  Locate roads away from
watercourses and water bodies, outside filter
strips, and above the ordinary high water
mark. Design roads to have a slight grade of
1-2 percent, and avoid grades in excess of
10-12 percent.  A maximum grade of 5
percent is recommended for credible soils.
Design roads to minimize erosion by providing
maximum cross drainage and minimum down-
road flow. Spacing for drainage structures is
provided.

Permanent stream crossings are recommended
when long-term use is expected or when the
crossing will be used frequently over the short
term.  Design culverts and bridges to minimize
impacts on water quality, and size them to
 accommodate the 25- to 50-year flood.  Fords
 should be used only where the subgrade is
predominately rock and when water is not
 expected to be present during any of the road
 use cycles. Streams should be crossed at a
 right angle where the approaches are fairly
 level, the streambed and banks are composed
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Current NPS Control Practices for Forestry
                                 v>EPA
of firm cohesive soils or rock, and the natural
stream channel will be only slightly disturbed
by construction. Crossings should not impede
fish passage.

For winter roads, consider using culverts or
bridges to cross definite drainages where
winter roads are to be used for 5 years or
more.  Temporary crossings must have proper
drainage structures so that there will not be an
increase in the natural sediment load.
Construct winter road crossings on level
terrain. "Where slopes exceed 3 percent, do
not place organic materials in winter crossings,
and remove temporary winter crossings prior
to breakup.

3.b.   Forest Road Construction

During the clearing phase of road construction,
do not impede water flow or increase
sedimentation of waters through improper
location of clearing debris. Shape in-slopes
and backslopes to be !!£:! or flatter to
increase stability. Compact roadbed material
to reduce water infiltration, to increase the
load-bearing capacity, and to  minimize the
settling of fill  material.  Use filter materials or
other subgrade support in areas of peat or bog
to minimize siltation.  Evaluate alternatives to
road surfacing, but grades with significant
erosion potential should be surfaced.

During construction, provide adequate
drainage of road grades and subsurface to help
stabilize areas where slope instability is
encountered.  Install dips, water bars, and
cross drainage where needed on all temporary
roads.  Use open-top culverts to remove
surface water  from temporary or occasional-
use roads.  Do not drain surface water diverted
from roads directly into open water; drain it
into a filter strip or a vegetative draw. Install
drainage structures on streams as soon as
feasible. These drainage structures should
accommodate  the 25- to 50-year flood.
Stabilize bare soil areas to reduce erosion and
install siltation barriers. Install silt fences
during construction in sites where roads and
water have close contact for long periods.

3.c. Forest Road Maintenance

Clean debris and windfalls from culverts,
ditches, dips, and other, structures prior to
periods of peak flow.  Keep traffic off roads
during wet periods and spring breakup. Place
road barriers and signs when permanently
closing roads.

For active roads, fill in ruts and holes that
develop during road use.  Grade the road
surface periodically; minimize berms along the
edge of the road.  Apply dust control agents in
a manner that will minimize entry of these
compounds into water. For inactive roads,
ensure that the road remains in stable condition
by occasionally blading or seeding the surface.
Maintain drainage structures and place water
bars, where necessary, before roads are
abandoned. Water bar spacing
recommendations are provided.

4.  Timber Harvesting

Timber harvesting activities should follow a
plan that incorporates  water quality protection
into all operations. When developing a plan
for timber harvesting, perform an "on-the-
ground" evaluation in  addition to using aerial
photographs, topographic maps, and soil
surveys.  The plan should consider the location
of surface water and wetlands;  the location of
stream crossings; the number and location of
landings, roads, and skid trails; and the
compatibility of the timing of harvesting
operations with soil, topography, and weather
conditions. Limit site disturbance by
accomplishing as many management objectives
as possible through a single timber harvesting
operation.  Determine the timber sale size and
                                               76

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    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
duration, and the anticipated season and
method of harvest.

Minimize landing size and locate landings on
leyel or gently sloping, stable ground away
from low or poorly drained areas, open water
•wetlands, and filter strips. If possible, avoid
locating landings on open water wetlands.
landings may be placed on other wetlands
during frozen conditions.  Debris from upland
landing construction areas should be deposited
above the ordinary high water mark.  Install
erosion control measures as  necessary.
     i
Avoid locating skid trails in filter strips and
minimize long, straight skid trail stretches.
Install bridges, culverts, etc. to prevent
repeated soil and streambank disturbance.
Drainage specifications can be found in the
Forest Roads section.

Conduct harvesting operations in a manner that
protects water quality. Avoid felling timber
into nonforested wetlands, and prevent logging
residue from entering all streams, lakes, and
wetlands, except where residue placement is
specifically prescribed for fish or wildlife
habitat. Winch logs off steep slopes where
conventional skidding would result in erosion
and sedimentation. Seed, fill in ruts, and
install water bars and erosion barriers where
appropriate.   Restore watercourses to
 approximate their natural condition, and
periodically inspect erosion barriers.

5.  Mechanical Site Preparation

 Evaluate the potential water quality impacts
 prior to implementing site preparation
 operations.  Site preparation practices should
 be related to  specific site characteristics, such
 as soil, topography, vegetation, access,
 distance to surface waters, and depth to ground
 water. Minimize site disturbance  and provide
 adequate filter strips.  Avoid operations during
 periods of saturated soil conditions.  Manage
vegetation adjacent to designated trout streams
to minimize increases in stream temperature.
Avoid concentrating residues from shearing
and raking operations in wetland areas,  and
design shearing and raking practices to prevent
direct runoff of sediment into water.  Locate
windrows and piles to minimize interference
with natural drainage patterns, and locate
windrows outside filter strips. Avoid disking
in areas where it will increase direct runoff of
sediment into water, and follow land contours.
Use patch or row scarification as the preferred
site preparation method for artificial
regeneration, and follow land contours.
Consider alternatives to mechanical site
preparation, such as chemical treatments,
prescribed burning, and hand scarification
when conducting operations on steep slopes or
highly credible soils.

6.   Pesticide Use

Planning is the essential first step in reducing
pest problems while maintaining water  quality.
Consider using Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) strategies as part of an overall program
to control pest problems. When selecting a
pesticide, consideration should be given to site
factors, pesticide characteristics, application
conditions, delivery systems, and application
techniques. Choose products suitable for use
on target species, and carefully follow  all label
directions.  Employ only licensed pesticide
applicators. Pesticides with high affinities for
adsorption (koc values greater than 1,000) are
recommended for the following soil
 characteristics: coarse textures, low organic
 matter (less than 2 percent),  shallow depth to
 ground water, and poor drainage.

 Properly transport, store, mix and load, and
 apply pesticides. Secure containers properly, to
 prevent movement during transport. Store
 pesticides in their original containers with
 labels intact,  and at locations that minimize the
 possibility of impacts on water quality in case
                                               77

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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                 v>EPA
 accidents or fires occur.  Do not mix
 pesticides near wells or open surface waters,
 and use the lowest rate of pesticide possible to
 achieve the desired level of pest control.  Do
 not fill pesticide mixing or application
 equipment directly from surface water or a
 public water supply unless the equipment
 contains proper and functioning anti-
 backsiphoning mechanisms. Never apply
 pesticides directly to water or when there is a
 likelihood of significant drift,  and avoid the
 use of broadcast application methods within
 filter strips. Clean equipment where pesticide
 residues will not enter streams, lakes, or
 ponds, and clean all mixing and loading
 equipment thoroughly.  Do not clean pesticide
 application equipment hi surface waters.
 Properly dispose of pesticide wastes and
 containers in accordance with  state laws.
 Triple rinse all empty plastic and metal
 pesticides containers, and add rinse water to
 spray  solution.  Pesticide characteristic tables
 are provided.

 7.  Prescribed Burning

 Carefully plan burning according to weather,
 time of year, soil, topography, and fuel
 conditions. Use adequately trained and
 experienced personnel.  Locate firelines on the
 contour and avoid straight uphill-downhill
 placement.  Construct firelines to the minimum
 depth and width necessary to control the fire.
 Use natural or in-place fire barriers and
 establish filters strips. Minimum filter strip
 •widths should be 50 to 100 feet.  Maintain
 erosion control measures, as needed, on
 firelines.  Close water wells excavated  for.
 wildfire suppression.

 Consider use of a retardant in place of plowed
 firelines where fireline construction will result
 in unacceptable erosion.  Prevent  or minimize
 runoff of retardant chemicals into water by
 keeping filter strip areas off-limits to retardant
use. Do not clean retardant application
equipment in lakes or streams, and do not
allow fuel or oil from pumper units to drain or
drip into lakes or streams.
State Contact:
  Michael J. Phillips
  Department of Natural Resources
  (612) 297-4924
     Other Available State Information

 Brochures   Best Management Practices for
             Water Quality in Urban,
             Agricultural and Forestry
             Applications;  Water Related
             Land Use Programs:
             Shoreland Management,  Wild
             and Scenic Rivers, Floodplain
             Management

 Videos      Best Management Practices in
             Minnesota Forestry
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 vvEPA
    Current NPS Control Practices for Forestry
 MISSISSIPPI
 Reference:  Mississippi Forestry Association,
; Environmental Affairs Committee.  1989.
 Mississippi's Best Management Practices
 Handbook.
 I   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
    1.   Woodland Access Roads and Trails
    2.   Site Preparation
    3.   Tree Planting
    4.   Forest Harvesting
    5.   Revegetation of Critical Forest Areas
    6.   Filter Strips
 1.   Woodland Access Roads and Trails

 Locate roads and trails to serve the intended
 purpose while facilitating adequate control of
 surface waters and sedimentation. Avoid
 hazardous areas and problem soils, and locate
 roads and trails where side drainage can be
 attained. Roads, trails, and landings located
 above a watercourse should have a filter strip
 between the disturbed area and the stream.  Do
 not locate roads in filter strips.

 Avoid fiat, no-grade roads, and design road
 grades to be between 2 and 10 percent.  Steep
 grades above 10 percent can be used for short
 distances, but there should be  at least 300 feet
 above and below the steep area in which a
 grade of 10 percent or less is maintained.
 Avoid long steep grades to reduce the total
 number of drainage structures needed.  Road
 surfaces should be a minimum width of
  10 feet, but wide enough to  enhance surface
 drying during wet periods.  Brush and trees
 should be removed from the right-of-way to a
 width of 14 to 16 feet.
Construct cut-and-fill slopes at the normal
angle of repose, and do not make them steeper
than 1:1 unless properly designed retaining
walls are used. Vertical banks may be used
without retaining walls if the soil is stable and
water control structures are adequate.
Material from the grubbing or clearing
operation can be used to construct brush
barriers to filter runoff from disturbed areas.

Install surface water control structures during
construction.  Use a broad-based drainage
ditch as a water catchment and drainage
channel. It requires an outslope of
approximately 3 percent and a minimum width
of 20 feet.  Spacing is determined by the
following formula:
                                                          Spacing (feet)
                                                                            400
                                                                          slope %
                                  100
 Use bridges over larger streams where heavy
 or long-term traffic is expected.  Crossing
 structures on perennial streams should not
 impede fish passage.  The size of culverts and
 bridges should be designed on a 5-year, 24-
 hour frequency storm as a minimum for
 permanent access roads, and on a 2-year, 24-
 hour storm frequency for temporary access
 roads.  Tables are provided to determine the
 required cross-sectional area.  Open log
 culverts are not recommended for permanent
 roads, but are acceptable on temporary roads.
 Pipe culverts can be used on permanent access
 roads.  Install erosion protection measures at
 pipe outfalls. Fords should be used only if
 streambeds are solid and if the installation of
 bridges and culverts will accelerate soil
 movement. Fords should not be used in
 critical water areas.  Out-sloping the entire
 width of the road toward the fill bank reduces
 the number of drainage structures and is an
 effective way to remove excess water if the
 soil type is suitable.
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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                 vvEPA
 ^When planning the skid trail system, locate
 iaiKj'iug areas first and design skid trails with
 ,gr;i*x«s less than 15 percent. Avoid
 streambeds, rocky places, adverse slopes, and
 long, steep grades. When crossing streams,
 construct small bridges or install culverts
 perpendicular to streamflow.

 Upon completion of harvesting operations,
 remove temporary drainage structures and
 dean all remaining drainage structures and
 ditches. Culverts should be maintained or
 replaced with waterbeds or ditches.  Install
 water bars and scatter slash on skid trails.  A
 recommended water bar spacing table is
 provided in the manual.  Smooth and reshape
 roads and trails for seeding, and revegetate
 cuts, fills, ditches, and other disturbed areas.
 Restrict access with barriers, gates, or other
 structures.

 2.   Site Preparation

 Prescribed burning can be used before planting
 or seeding to reduce logging residues and
 undesirable trees and  vegetation.  Fire lines
 should be located on the contour at a grade of
 less than 10 percent if possible. Grades,
 ditches, and water bars should be  planned and
 installed when the line is being constructed.  A
 prescribed bum line should never  be built
 down a slope in a shallow natural  gully.
 Leave a filter strip between fire lines and
 •water bodies. Prevent extremely hot burns.  If
 erosion occurs on the burned area, revegetate
 the area.

 Conduct mechanical site preparation to
 minimize erosion and sedimentation and
 prevent accumulation  of debris in
 watercourses. Limit the degree of site
 preparation to the amount necessary to achieve
 a well-stocked stand of the desired species.
 Mechanical site preparation should be avoided
 on steep slopes with extremely credible soils.
The use of drum choppers and disks is
recommended because there is less disturbance
of the topsoil and litter than when bulldozing,
raking, cr binding.  Construct windrows on Hie
contour and provide numerous breaks to
prevent damming of water behind the
windrow. Use filter strips to keep sediment  .
from site-prepared areas out of streams.

Consider the use of chemicals on highly
credible soils. Pesticide use should be    .   ,
carefully planned to prevent contamination of
watercourses and damage to aquatic life.
Always use pesticides in accordance with label
instructions, and adhere to all federal  and  state
policies and regulations governing pesticide
use. Choose products that are registered for
the intended use.  All pesticides should be
properly transported and stored.  Mix
pesticides in locations far away from springs,
streams, and lakes to prevent contamination.
Apply them  when atmospheric conditions will
not contribute to atmospheric or water
pollution through pesticide drift or
volatilization.  Never apply pesticides directly
to water (except when it is approved).
Maintain buffer strips to avoid drifts or
accidental direct application of chemicals to
water bodies. Table 23 contains recommended
buffer widths based  on application techniques.
Clean equipment away from streams and other
water sources. Dispose of excess pesticides
and containers in accordance with the
manufacturer's label instructions.


 Table 23.  Recommended Buffer Widths

 Application Method       Width (feet)
 Aerial

 Ground Vehicle

 Hand Spray

 Hand Dispersion
100

50

25

15
                                              80

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vvEPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
3.  Tree Planting

Mechanical tree planting may cause short-term
erosion problems. To avoid ditch formation,
planting should be conducted along the
contour. Hand planting causes little or no
erosion.

4.  Forest Harvesting

During timber harvesting, skidder logging
should be performed along the contour and
yarding should be conducted uphill.  Minimize
the number of trips along the same skid trail.
Filter strips should be maintained between
heavily cut areas  and watercourses.  All tops
and other logging matter falling into streams
must be removed. When servicing equipment,
drain all petroleum products and radiator water
into containers, and dispose of them according
to label instructions.

Locate landings and concentration yards in a
manner that minimizes erosion and subsequent
siltation problems. Leave adequate filter strips
between landings and watercourses.  Landings
and yards should have a slight slope to ensure
good drainage. Provide for adequate drainage
on approach roads, and install diversion
ditches around the uphill side of landings to
prevent drainage water from entering the
landing area and  causing muddy, wet
conditions. Stabilize landings and yards
immediately following completion of
operations by mulching and/or revegetating.

Portable sawmills should be located on
reasonably level sites, and the sawdust piles
should be deposited on level ground at least
300 feet from streams.

5.  Revegetation of Critical Forest Areas
                             i
Road surfaces should be smoothed and shaped .
to permit the use of conventional equipment
for seedbed preparation, seeding, mulch
application, anchoring, and maintenance. To
establish vegetation, the suggested fertilizer
rate is 400 pounds of 10-10-10 per acre and
the suggested application rate of lime is 2 tons
per acre.  Loosen the top layer of soil, and
incorporate lime and fertilizer into the top 3 to
4 inches.  Select seeding mixtures adapted to
the soil and site conditions.  Maximum seeding
'depth should be V* inch on clayey soils and
V6 inch on sandy soils.  When seeding is
conducted on highly credible soils, under
adverse soil conditions, or on less-than-pptimal
seeding dates, mulch material should be
applied immediately.  Protect the seeding area
from grazing, fire, insects, vehicles, traffic,
etc. Fertilize plants at one-half the
establishment rate when needed to maintain
plant vigor.  Conduct frequent inspections.
SCS guidelines for grass or small grain cover
for disturbed sites are provided, as well as
instructions on how to calculate seed and
fertilizer needs for roads and disturbed areas.

6.   Filter Strips

Maintain a filter strip between watercourses
and roads, trails, and landings. Runoff from
these areas should not be channeled into the
strip, but should be dispersed across it.
Consider the following factors when
determining filter strip width.

« The amount and rate of runoff that will pass
   through the strip, which are determined by:

   (1) the use and treatment above the strip;
   (2) the slope of land above the strip;
   (3) the length of slope above the strip; and
   (4) the credibility of soil above the strip.

 • The physical properties of the filter strip
   itself, which are determined by:
   (1) the slope of the land in the strip;
   (2) the type of vegetation in the strip; and
   (3) the degree of maintenance the strip will
       receive.
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vvEPA
A general guide is included that recommends
filter strip widths based on slope and soil
r•• isinn hazard rating.  Avoid mechanical site
preparation, prescribed burning, and the use of
chemicals in filter strips. When understory is
absent, do not remove more than 50 percent of
the overstory.
State Contact:
  Everard Baker
  Mississippi Forestry Commission
  (601) 359-2827
     Other Available State Information

 Manuals/  Mississippi's Best Management
 Books     Practices for Wetlands;
           Silvicultural Best Management
           Practices for MS

 "videos    Best Management Practices
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   EPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 MISSOURI
Reference:  Missouri Department of
Conservation. 1990. Missouri Watershed
Protection Practices: Management Guidelines
for Maintaining Forested Watershed to Protect
Streams,
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Streamside Zones
   2.  Stream Crossings
   3.  Access Roads
   4.  Timber Harvesting
   5.  Site Preparation
   6.  Reforestation
   7.  Prescribed Burning
   8.  Chemical Treatment (pesticides
       and fertilizers)
 1.   Streamside Zones

 The streamside management zones are divided
 into two parts, primary and secondary filter  .
 strips. The primary filter strip is a 25-foot-
 •wide area along each side of the watercourse
 measured from the top of the stream bank to
 the stream channel. The width of the
 secondary filter strip depends on the slope of
 the surrounding land and is added to the width
 of the primary filter strip. Table 24 presents
 the filter strip widths recommended to reduce
 sedimentation of streams.
                       >
 In primary.filter strips, limit cutting to no
 more than 25 percent of the trees or 20 to 30
 square feet of basal area. The use  of wheeled
 or tracked vehicles should be avoided, and
 timber should be cabled out of primary filter
 strips.  Felled trees and tops should be
 removed from watercourses. Direct seeding,
 hand planting, or mechanical planting practices
may be conducted in the primary filter strip.
Avoid locating of roads (except at designated
stream crossings), log landings, log decks, and
portable sawmills in the SMZ.  Prescribed
burning, use of pesticides, and grazing of
animals should be avoided in the primary filter
strip.

The recommendations for activities within the
secondary filter strip are similar, although less
restrictive, than those established for the
primary filter strip.  Careful use of wheeled or
tracked vehicles is permitted within the
secondary filter strip.  Gully leveling should
be avoided unless immediately seeded and
mulched.

2.  Stream Crossings

Vehicle traffic across streams should be
avoided whenever possible. Advance planning
will reduce or eliminate the number of stream
crossings needed. Install  properly sized
culyerts where permanent roads cross streams.
A table is provided in the manual that
recommends culvert pipe  sizes.  Locate fords
perpendicular to  the stream channel and
construct only where the stream bottom is hard
and relatively level.  All approaches to streams
should be made from grades of 3 percent or
less.  Soil around culverts, bridges, and fords
should be stabilized with coarse rock or large
stones. Temporary crossings made of logs or
brush should be avoided,  as well as any
practice that alters the stream flow.

3.  Access Roads

The location of access roads  should be planned
in advance to minimize their number and
slope. Construction of roads should provide
for adequate water drainage from the road.
The slope of the road should be kept gradual
by constructing the road along the contour.
Roads should be located above the floodplain
and wet areas.  Avoid road construction within
                                              83

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                    EFA
  Table 24. Recommended Primary and Secondary Filter Strip Widths
Slope
(percent)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Primary filter strip
(feet)
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Secondary filter
Strip (feet)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Total filter strip width
(feet)
25
45
65
85
105
125
145
SMZs. Road grades should be kept to
8 percent or less, except where the terrain
requires short, steep grades. The roadbed on
temporary roads should be 12 to 14 feet wide.
Road should be surfaced with gravel where
necessary to support heavy equipment and
prevent erosion. Remove shade trees from
along roadsides to allow for road drying.
Cleared debris may be placed on the lower
side of fill slopes to prevent erosion. Broad-
based dips and water turnouts should be used
to divert water from road surfaces.  Tables and
figures are provided in the manual for the
construction and spacing of broad-based dips,
water turnouts, and water bars. Temporary
access roads should be retired by reshaping,
seeding, and mulching, in combination with
•water bars.

4.   Timber Harvesting

Log landings should be located on stable,
adequately drained soils and oriented so that
skidding is directed away from streams.
Disposal of  logging debris in streams or water
bodies should be avoided. Log landings
should be no larger than necessary to handle
loading activities. Portable sawmills should be
located away from streams or other water
bodies. Provisions should be made for the
disposal of wastes and garbage.
5.  Site Preparation

Avoid mechanical site preparation that exposes
the soil on steep slopes. Bulldozing should
disturb as little soil as possible. Windrows
should be constructed along the contour, with
breaks left for fire control.  Exposed soils
should be seeded with herbaceous vegetation
selected to quickly establish ground cover.
Filter strips should be left along ^watercourses
to trap sediment.

6.  Reforestation

Do not use mechanical seedling planters on
steep slopes; plant tree seedlings by hand on
steep slopes.  Avoid site preparation in SMZs.
7.  Prescribed Burning

Prescribed burning should be carefully planned
and executed while observing weather
conditions. Prior to burning, locate fire
breaks along the contour. When fire breaks
are at slopes greater than 5 percent, water bars
should be used at frequent intervals to slow
and disperse water.
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Current NFS Control Practices for .Forestry
8.   Chemical Treatment

Use chemicals, dispose of containers, and
clean equipment in accordance with the
manufacturer's label instructions. Pesticide
use should be avoided in the primary filter
strip, and only pesticides approved for water
use may be applied in secondary filter strips.
State Contact:
  Frank Hershey
  Forest Stewardship Coordinator
  Dept.  of Conservation
  (314) 75W115
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    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
MONTANA
Reference:  Logan, B., and B. Clinch. 1991.
Montana Forestry  Best Management
Practices: Forest Stewardship Guidelines for
Water Quality.  Montana Department of State
Lands.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Roads
   2.  Streamside Management
   3.  Timber Harvesting
   4.  Slash Treatment and Site Preparation
   5.  Winter Activities
   6.  Hazardous Substances
   7.  Stream Crossings
 1.   Roads

 Roads should be properly designed to prevent
 water quality problems from construction.
 Use existing roads when practical, unless such
 roads would cause an erosion hazard. Fit the
 road to the existing topography by locating the
 roads on the natural contour. Avoid
 constructing long, steep roads.  Minimize the
 number of stream crossings, but when
 crossings are necessary, select stable
 streambeds.  Locate roads a safe distance from
 streams when the road will run parallel to the
 stream.  (A more detailed discussion is
 presented in the streamside management
 section.)

 Avoid earth-moving activities when the soils
 are excessively wet and do not significantly
 disturb roadside vegetation. Stabilize credible
 soils by seeding, compacting, rip-rapping,
 benching,  mulching, or other suitable means
 prior to fall or spring runoff.  Refrain from
 using woody debris in fill portions of the road
prism, and balance cuts and fills when
possible.  Pile slash and woody debris in a
row parallel to the road on potentially credible
slopes.

Provide adequate drainage from road surfaces
by using put-sloped or crowned roads,
drainage dips, or in-sloped roads with ditches
and cross drains. For in-sloped roads, plan
ditch gradients between two and eight percent.
Figures are provided for drainage techniques.
Cross drains, culverts, water bars, dips, and
other drainage structures should not discharge
onto credible soils. Road drainage should be
routed through SMZs, filtration fields, or other
sediment settling structures.  Periodically
inspect and maintain erosion control structures.
Debris should be cleared from all drainage
outlets.  Upon completion of silvicultural
activities, road surfaces should be crowned,
outsloped, insloped, or water barred.

2.   Streamside Management

A 50-foot-wide strip on both sides of a stream
is the mandated minimum for an SMZ. The
1991 Streamside Management  Act prohibits the
following activities in SMZs:

• broadcast burning;

• the operation of wheeled or  tracked
   equipment, except on established roads;   •

• clearcutting;

• road construction, except at stream or
   wetland crossings;

• the handling,  storage, application, or
   disposal of hazardous or toxic materials in a
   manner that pollutes streams, lakes, or
   wetlands or that may cause damage or injury
   to humans, lands, animals, or plants;
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• side-castix^ of road material into a stream,
  wetlaud, .x watercourse; and

• depositing slash into streams or other water
  bodies.

Directionally fell trees  away from streams.
Suspend the lead end of logs during skidding
•whenever possible, and use cables to end line
logs out of SMZs and wetlands when ground
skidding systems are employed. Logs should
be fully suspended when skyline skidding
across a stream. Consider hand-scalping and
planting within the SMZ.

3.   Timber Harvesting

Use the logging system that best fits the
topography, soil type, and season.  Use
economically feasible yarding systems that will
minimize road densities.  Design and locate
skid trails and skidding operations to minimize
soil disturbances. Limit the size and number
of log landings. Avoid landing locations that
will require skidding through drainage areas.
Divert drainage from landing areas onto stable
areas.

Limit the construction of skid trails on erosive
lands to a grade of less than 30 percent.  Use
water bars and grass seeding to minimize
erosion on skid trails.  Tractor skid when
compaction and erosion hazards are low, but
avoid tractor or wheeled skidding on wet soils
or on slopes exceeding 40 percent, unless the
operation can be conducted without causing
severe erosion.  Upon completion of
harvesting activities, install water bars on skid
trails, landings, or fire trails. Tables are
provided in the manual for spacing water bars.

4.   Slash Treatment and Site Preparation

Use brush blades on bulldozers when piling
slash; avoid the use of bulldozers with angle
blades. Do not overscarify the soil.  Site
preparation equipment that produces irregular
surfaces is preferred.  Low slash and brush
should be left to reduce erosion and maintain
cover for seedlings.  Limit exposure of soils
up and down the slope during mechanical
scarification.

Properly dispose of logging machinery debris,
such as tires and broken cables.  Construct
water bars in fire lines to prevent excessive
erosion. Broadcast burning and/or herbicide
treatments are the preferred methods of site
preparation, especially on steep slopes. Avoid
intense fires unless absolutely necessary to
achieve silvicultural objectives. Reforest site
prepared areas as soon as possible.

5.   Winter Activities

Conduct winter logging activities when the
ground is frozen or when snow cover is
greater than 1 foot. Before logging,  mark
existing culvert locations. During and after
•logging, make sure that all culverts and
ditches are functional. Mark all streams prior
to snowfall, and conduct activities within
SMZs so that ground disturbance is
minimized. Before felling in wet unfrozen
areas, use tractors or  skidders to compact the
snow for skid road locations. Avoid steep
trails that may be subject to erosion in the
spring. Remove all slash and tree tops from
streams.

During cold weather, plow snow from roads to
allow deep freezing of the road grade prior to
hauling. Use compacted snow for roadbeds in
roadless, wet, or sensitive areas.  Following
the completion of snow road use,  restore
stream crossings to preroad conditions to
prevent the formation of ice dams.

6.   Hazardous Substances

Comply with regulations governing the
storage, handling, application, and disposal of
                                              88

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                                                      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
hazardous substances. Do not transport,
handle, store, load, apply, or dispose of
hazardous substances or fertilizer in such a
manner as to pollute water supplies or
waterways, or cause damage or injury to land,
including humans, desirable plants, and
animals. Do not store, mix, or rinse
hazardous substance below the high-water
mark of waters.  Develop a contingency plan
for hazardous substance spills, to include
cleanup procedures and notification of the
State Water Quality Bureau.

Pesticides must be applied by hand to specific
targets within SMZs.  A 25-foot buffer must
be maintained along surface water when
pesticides are applied using ground equipment;
a 50-foot buffer around live water must be
maintained for aerial applications. Do not
aerially apply pesticides to the SMZ. Apply
pesticides during appropriate weather
conditions to enhance effectiveness and prevent
transport into streams.

7.   Stream Crossings

Permanent and temporary stream-crossing
structures, fords, rip-rapping  and other bank
stabilizing measures, culvert installation, and
skidding through perennial streams are subject
to 310 permits provided by the Conservation
District Office.  Design stream crossings to
allow for fish passage and to minimize impacts
on  stream flow.  Cross streams at right angles
to the stream channel when possible. Culverts
must be at least  15 inches in diameter for
permanent stream crossings.   Divert road
drainage away from the stream crossings and
into the SMZ. Time stream crossing
installation to protect fisheries and water
quality.  Figures on culvert installation are
provided in the guide.
State Contact:
  BillSchultz
  Dept. of Slate Lands
  Division of Forestry
  (406) 542-4300
     Other Available State Information

 Manuals/   Montana Department of State
 Books      Lands, Forestry Division.
             1989. Best Management
             Practices for Forestry in
             Montana.
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    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
NEVADA
References:  Chapter 528, Forest Practice and
Reforestation (1979);  and Nevada State Board
of Forestry, The Proposed Amended Forest
Practice Rides.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Silvicultural Methods
   2.  Logging Practices
   3.  Erosion Control
   4.  Logging Roads
   5.  Stream and Lake Protection
   6.  Hazard Reduction
 1.   Silvicultural Methods

 Prior to the beginning of timber activities, a
 Timber Harvest Plan will be completed. The
 Plan will designate the Silvicultural methods to
 be used and the objectives.  The selection of
 the Silvicultural methods should be based on
 timber stand conditions, topography, land
 stability, erosion potential, slash treatment, and
 visual aspects.

 Several Silvicultural methods are presented.
 They include the following methods: thinning;
 selection; shelterwood; seed tree;  clearcutting;
 and sanitation salvage.  The details of these
 methods are provided in the regulations.

 2.  Logging Practices

 Logging practices must be conducted in a
 manner that prevents unnecessary damage to
 residual trees, reproduction, riparian area, and
 water quality. Landings must be kept to a
 minimum size and number consistent with safe
 and efficient logging practices. Landings may
 be no larger than one-half acre in size unless
otherwise explained in the Timber Harvest
Plan. Landings must not be placed within a
stream and lake protection zone or in meadows
or wet areas.    .

Tractor yarding equipment may not be
operated on known, potential, or active slide
areas unless protection measures are provided
in the Plan. Timber harvesting may not be
conducted under ground moisture conditions
that could result in unreasonable soil
compaction or erosion. Tractor logging may
not be conducted on slopes in excess of
50 percent with a high erosion potential.
Cable yarding must be installed, hung, and
operated so as to minimize damage to residual
timber and production.

In Special Treatment Areas and within 200 feet
of public roads,  refuse, litter, trash, and debris
associated with timber operations must be
disposed of in accordance .with state, local, and
federal laws.  Timber operations may not be
conducted in a way that allows grease, oil, or
fuel to pass into lakes or streams during or
after operations.

3.   Erosion Control

Following the use of tractor roads, skid trails,
landings, temporary logging roads, and fire
breaks, water breaks must be installed, natural
watercourses must be opened where permanent
culverts and bridges have not been installed,
and seeding or other practical measures must
be taken to prevent soil erosion. Water breaks
must be installed based on slope and erosion
potential.  The specifications for distances
between water breaks are provided in   .
Table 25.  Water breaks  must be constructed
so that water is discharged to adjacent areas.
Grass seeding should be  supplemental to other
soil stabilizing measures. Grazing should be
excluded from areas where erosion control
work has been performed.
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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                  vvEPA
  TaWr 25. Maximum Distances between Water Breaks

Erosion
Potential
Low
Medium
High
Extreme

10 or less
300
200
150
100
Land
11-25
200
150
100
75
Slope (percent)
26-50
150
100
75
50

over 50
100
75
50
25
4.   Logging Roads

Logging roads should be constructed along the
contour of the land to the fullest extent
practical. Roads should be constructed to
single-lane width with turnouts at reasonable
intervals. Turnouts should be no wider than
necessary to allow safe passage of logging
trucks and equipment.  Logging roads should
not exceed grades of 15 percent; grades of up
to 20 percent not exceeding 500 feet are also
permissible.  Special drainage provisions must
be made on all logging roads regardless of
grade. Logging roads must be constructed
•with no overhanging banks.  Any tree with
more than 40 percent of its root system
exposed should be felled.  Locate bridges to
avoid displacement of the stream channel.
"Where the stream channel is changed,  rip-rap
should be used to prevent erosion.  Culvert
outflow should be directed to energy-
dissipating materials.

Upon completion of harvesting, remove berms
from logging roads, except on fills and where
necessary to deflect water to drainage
facilities.  Significant amounts of woody debris
should not be used as fill material.  Cross-
ditches may also be used to supplement out-
sloping and other built-in drainages such as
culverts, grade breaks, and dips. Figures and
tables for drainage structures are provided.

5.   Stream and Lake Protection
 During timber-harvesting activities, slash,
 debris, side cast, and other materials must be
 kept out of the stream and lake transition line.
 Accidental deposits must be removed as soon
 as practical.  Trees cut within 50 feet of the
 ground must be felled away from streams.  A
 prepared crossing must be used if logging skid
 trails must cross a live stream. Install suitable
 structures to allow for undisturbed stream flow
 and fish passage. All temporary stream-
 crossing structures that are not designed for
 normal maximum stream flow must be
 removed prior to normal maximum stream
 flow.  All temporary stream-crossing
 structures must be removed upon completion
.of logging operations.

 Within the stream or lake protection zone,
 enough trees or shrubs must be retained to
 provide 50 percent or more of the preharvest
 shade-producing canopy. A lesser percentage
 may be left, when the rationale is explained and
 justified in the Timber Harvest Plan.  Areas
 exceeding 800 square feet in size within the
 stream and lake protection zone,  where bare
 soil is exposed due to timber operations, must
 be treated to keep soil from entering the
 stream or lake.

 6.   Hazard Reduction

 Slash may be broadcast burned, but broadcast
 burning is not permitted within the stream and
 lake protection zone.
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    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
NEW HA[V£FSHIRE
Reference:  Cullen, J.B. Best Management
Practices for Erosion Control on Timber
Harvesting Operations in New Hampshire
Resource Manual.  New Hampshire
Department of Resources and Economic
Development, Division of Forests and Lands.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Planning
   2.  Truck Haul Roads
   3.  Skid Trails
   4.  Log Landings
   5.  Erosion Control Devices
   7.  Stream Crossings
   8.  Final Stabilization of Haul Roads,
       Skid Trails, and Log Landings
1.   Planning

Use topographic maps, soil surveys, aerial
photographs, and site reconnaissance to
develop maps for the proposed harvesting
units.  These maps should identify the location
of property lines, watercourses, water bodies,
wetlands, steep slopes, landings, truck haul
toads, skid trails, stream crossings, and
erosion control devices.  A well-planned and
efficiently designed transportation system will
minimize soil disturbance and erosion
potential.  Construction and harvest operations
should be timed to take advantage of seasonal
conditions. Develop a plan to provide for the
retirement of truck haul roads, skid trails, and
log landings.

2.   Truck Haul Roads

Locate roads on high ground, following the
contour at grades less than or equal to
10 percent.  Grades between 3 and 5 percent
being the most desirable, but steeper grades
are permissible for short distances.  The
minimum tread width is 10 feet for one-way
traffic and 15 feet for two-way traffic.
Increase the tread width a minimum of 4 feet
for trailer traffic.  Minimize the road length
between public highways and landings.  Avoid
excessive cuts and fills, and construct cut-and-
fill slopes at or less than the normal angle of
repose.  When constructing roads on poorly
drained soils, use a construction fabric
underlayment.

Install water diversion and control structures to
provide drainage for the road surface.  All
devices should discharge runoff onto
undisturbed forest floor. When watercourses
must be crossed, use the most direct route and
cross perpendicular to the stream flow.  Divert
water from approach roads and discharge it
away from the watercourse.

Surface the road with gravel or crushed rock if
needed to prevent rutting and erosion. Place  .
gravel or wood chips where the logging road
enters a public highway to prevent mud from
getting on the highway. Restrict traffic during
heavy rains and wet seasons.

3.   Skid Trails

Skid trails should be located to take advantage
of natural cross drainage and away from
watercourses, water bodies, and wetlands.
Trail grades should be 15 percent or less, but
steeper grades are permissible for short
distances.  Install water diversion structures to
move surface water quickly off trail surfaces
and onto undisturbed forest floor. Do not skid
logs or drive equipment through streams.
When watercourses must be crossed, use the
most direct route and cross perpendicular to
stream flow. Divert water from the trail
approach and discharge it away from the
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                                  vvEPA
•watercourse. Where feasible, skid across the
slope and uphill to landing areas.

4.   Log Landings

Locate landings outside filter strips and at least
100 feet from streams, ponds, lakes, and
wetlands. If the 100-foot setback is not
possible, use sediment traps to minimize
sedimentation.  Locate landings away from
low or poorly drained areas and minimize their
size.  Provide adequate drainage on approach
trails and divert water from landings. When
servicing equipment, properly contain and
dispose of all petroleum products and other
wastes.

5.  Erosion Control Devices

Retain filter strips between watercourses  and
truck roads, skid trails, or log landings.  Limit
equipment and harvesting operations in filter
strips to prevent exposure of mineral soil.
Filter strips should be at least 50 feet wide,
with an incremental increase of 20 feet for
each 10 percent increase in slope.

Use broad-based dips to provide cross drainage
for truck roads and heavily used skid trails
having a gradient of 10 percent or less.
Proper construction requires an experienced
bulldozer operator.   Specifications for
construction and spacing are provided in  the
manual. On grades  steeper than 8 percent,
surface dips with stone or gravel.  Dissipate
runoff water from outlet discharge areas with
stone, grass sod, litter cover, slash, or logs.

Water bars can be used on truck roads or skid
trails where surface water runoff may cause
erosion. Construct water bars at a 30 to  40
degree angle to the truck road or skid trail,
and drain them at a 3 percent out-slope onto
undisturbed litter or vegetation.  Specifications
for construction and spacing are provided in
the manual. Dissipate runoff water from outlet
discharge areas with stone, grass sod, litter
cover, slash, or logs,

Reverse grades are commonly applied to skid
trails and are often used in conjunction with
other water control measures.  Do not use
reverse grades on very steep terrain and
hardpan soils.

Install cross-drainage culverts where heavy
road use is anticipated during and after
harvesting.  Culvert size should be based on
the size of the drainage area and should be
able to accommodate periods of high flow.
However, culverts should be a minimum of 12
inches in diameter and 20 feet long.  Culverts
should be spaced according to road grade: 300
feet for 1 to 2 percent slopes, 150 feet for
3 to 10 percent slopes, and 100 feet or less for
slopes greater than 10 percent.  Install culverts
at a 30 to 35 degree angle downgrade, and
slope at least 5 inches for every 10 feet of
length to permit self-cleaning.

Open-top culverts can be used as a substitute
for pipe culverts on smaller operations. Never
use open-top culverts to cross perennial or
intermittent streams.  Specifications for
construction and spacing are provided.
Routine removal of debris and sediment from
these culverts is required to maintain their
functionality.

In-sloping should be used when soils are easily
saturated or  highly erodible.  Crowning can
also be used in these areas if adjacent land is
relatively level with the road bed or the road is
on steep side hills. Out-sloping should be used
when the area is entirely rock, or when water
can be diverted onto undisturbed forest floor.

Corduroys should be constructed on wet soils
subject to rutting and extreme compaction.
Place 8- to 10-inch diameter poles across the
wet area, perpendicular to travel direction, to
serve as  a road bed.  Use geo-textile fabric or
                                               94

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    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
other appropriate bedding if needed. Inspect
regularly and repair as needed.

7.   Stream Crossings

"When watercourses must be crossed, use the
most direct route and cross perpendicular to
stream flow.  Construct stream crossings
during periods of low flow, and avoid
construction during the egg incubation period
of valuable fisheries.

Use temporary bridges on single-lane haul
roads or skid trails.  It is recommended that a
structural engineer be contacted to determine
the size and number of stringers required to
accommodate anticipated traffic load.  Place
bridges where stream banks are firm and stable
and reasonably level for 50 feet on either side
of the crossing.  The minimum bridge width
should be 10 feet.  Bridges must be anchored
to prevent washout during periods of high
flow. Remove all bridges from track haul
roads and skid trails that will not be
maintained.

Fords can be used on streams draining less
than 1 square mile, and are permissible only
where bridges or pipe culverts are not feasible.
Fords are prohibited within 2,000 feet of
reservoirs for public and private water supplies
or intakes for drinking water. Fords should be
constructed on firm, stable streambeds where
the stream banks are fairly level for 50 feet on
each side of the watercourse.  Specifications
for construction of stone fords are provided in
tfie manual.  Do not cross fords when
overtopped with water, and repair and
 maintain the ford after overtopping. Skidding
across stone fords is .prohibited.

 Install culverts perpendicular to stream flow
 during periods of low flow on banks that are
 firm and reasonably level for 50 feet on each
side of the watercourse.  Culverts should be
placed in the natural channel with no fill
underneath.  The minimum culvert grade is
2 to 4 percent.  Culvert size should be based
on the size of the drainage area and should be
able to accommodate periods of high flow.
Specifications for culvert construction and
determining proper size are provided in the
manual.  Protect both ends of the culvert from
erosion.

8.  Final Stabilization of Haul Roads, Skid
    Trails, and Log Landings

Stabilize roads, trails, and landings by
regradihg surfaces, removing temporary
stream and wetland crossing structures',
installing water diversion structures, and
establishing vegetation on critical areas.
Prepare the seedbed by grading,  removing
debris, and scarifying soil to minimum depth
of 3 inches. Lime and fertilize the seedbed
according to its needs as determined by a soil
test.  Lime to pH 6.0 and fertilize at the
minimum rate of 500 pounds of 10-10-10 per
acre. Seeding mixture tables are provided in
the manual. Restrict access to all stabilized
areas.
 State Contact:
   J.B. Cullen
   (603)271-3456
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    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
NEW JERSEY
Reference:  New Jersey Bureau of Forestry.
Best Management Practices for New Jersey
Silviculture as They Relate to Water Quality.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Improved Harvesting
   2.  Seeding and Planting
   3.  Prescribed Burning
   4.  Biological and Chemical Insect
       Control
   5.  Protection from Livestock
 1.  Improved Harvesting

. Locate roads and skid trails away from wet
 and poorly drained areas and away from tops
 and toes of banks and slopes.  Retain a buffer
 strip between roads and water bodies that has a
 minimum width of 100 feet on slopes less than
 30 percent and 150 feet on steeper slopes.
 When slopes exceed 10 percent, provide
 drainage structures to divert running water off
 roads and  primary  skid trails and discharge the
 runoff away from streams.

 Minimize the number of stream crossings
 through careful planning. Locate stream
 crossings where the stream banks are stable,
 the stream bottom is firm, and the approaches
 are fairly level. Use the most direct route to
 cross streams and avoid crossing at bends or
 through pools.  Use temporary culverts,
 bridges, or runways where stream bottoms or
 banks  would otherwise be damaged, and
 remove them after use.

 Locate landings on gently sloping ground that
 will provide good drainage, and avoid low or
 poorly drained areas. Landings should be
located at least 200 feet from streams, ponds,
lakes, and marshes.

Plan carefully for the protection of slopes
exceeding 30 percent.  Minimize the number
of skid trails and the amount of skidder traffic,
and winch logs off steep slopes whenever
possible. Harvest steep slopes during dry
weather or when the ground is frozen and
snow-covered.

Protect stream banks by controlling skidding
and felling that occurs close to watercourses.
Design clearcuts to retain a buffer strip along
both sides of flowing streams, ponds, and
marshes.  Cut selectively in this strip, avoiding
trees that contribute to maintenance of bank
integrity or that provide shade to the
watercourse, Directionally fell trees so the
tops land away from streams.   Do not skid in
perennial or intermittent streams or along
stream banks.  Winch off any logs that lie
close to the bank.

Upon completion of harvesting operations,
stabilize landings and access roads.  Regrade
the surface of landings and access roads  so
they are smooth,  level, and free of ruts.
Regrade and clean ditches along roadsides, and
install water diversion devices as necessary.
Close temporary  roads.  Where necessary,
seed access roads, landings, and ditches.
Properly dispose of all trash,  including oil
cans, lunch wrappers, and broken cable.

2. Seeding and  Planting

Site preparation can be achieved by machine,
fire, and/or chemicals, but must be planned
and implemented by skilled professionals.
Establish a vegetative cover crop on credible
areas that were cultivated in the fall but  will
not be planted until spring. Stabilize steep
 slopes prior to planting.  Use herbicides in
accordance with the manufacturer's label and
 established state and federal regulations.
                                               97

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                                                                                  vvEPA
3. Prescribed Burning

Have o. plan prepared by a forester, and
execute the plan with a trained crew.  Do not
burn on slopes exceeding 25 percent unless
special precautions are taken.

•4. Biological and Chemical insect Control

Evaluate alternatives to chemical control, but
protect high-value crops.  Plans should be
prepared by trained personnel, and chemical
application must be made by certified
applicators in strict observance with the label
and  established regulations. Do not spray over
•water. Use insecticides with short residue
      when possible.
5.  Protection from Livestock

Woodlots should be fenced to prevent livestock
graring.
State Contact:
   George H. Pierson, Chief
   Bureau of Forest Management
   (609)292-2520
                                              98

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 v>EPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 NEW MEXICO
 References:  New Mexico Natural Resources
 Department, Forestry Division.  1983.  Water
 Quality Protection Guidelines for Forestry
 Operations in New Mexico; and Regulations
 and Laws Related to Forest Management as'
 Adopted December 19, 1989.

 The law requires that a harvest permit be
 obtained from the Division prior to
 commencing any harvesting operation.  The
 following information is required when
 applying for a permit:
f                 , ..
 • the name(s) of legal owner and a description
   of the land on which the harvest will  occur;

 • the name and mailing address of the timber
   purchaser;

 • the names and mailing addresses of
   individuals intended to directly manage
   harvest activities;

 • the cutting unit(s) to be established and all
   main haul roads established or proposed
   within the area to be harvested shown on a
   USGS topographic map of no smaller scale
   than 1:62500;

 • the time schedule for harvesting;

 • a forest regeneration plan; and

 • a plan for method of harvest and treatment
   of skid trails and slash on excessive slopes
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.   Roads
   2.   Timber Harvesting
   3.   Slash Disposal and Site Preparation
   4.   Chemical Application
   5.   Reforestation and Timber Stand
       Improvement
 1.   Roads

 Design road layout prior to the construction,
 taking into consideration variables such as site
 and equipment. Design and construct roads to
 take advantage of the existing landscape.  Use
 natural road building locations away from
 streams such as benches, ridge tops, and the
 toe of slopes.  Design the minimum road width
 by reviewing the specifications of the timber
 projects. Upgrade existing roads when
 possible. Avoid problem areas such as flood
 zones, narrow canyon bottoms, wet areas, and
 highly credible and unstable soils. Do not
 locate roads on slopes greater than 60 percent.
 Table 26 provides the suggested buffer widths
 of undisturbed soil and vegetation between
 roads and streams.

s Table 26.  Buffer Strip Widths
Slope of land
(percent)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Buffer strip width
(feet)
50
70
90
110
130
160
180
200
                                              99

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                                 vvEPA
Keep the road grade to a minimum, usually
less than 10 percent except Jbr short distances.
Prevent tht concentration of water en the road
by designing adequate drainage features, such
as drainage and grade dips, open-top culverts,
and cross drains. Figures and specifications
are provided for these drainage structures.
Drainage can also be achieved by crowning,
in-sloping, or out-sloping the road surface.
Crown roads located on ridge tops and fairly
level land.  On moderate slopes, out-slope
toads to l/4 to  v/i inch per foot width. Do not
out-slope roads on steep slopes or unstable
soils; in-slope these roads and install cross
drains.  Dissipate discharge from drainage
structures with rocks, slash, vegetation, or
other materials.

Cross streams perpendicular to stream flow on
stable, straight portions of the stream where
the approaches are fairly level. Divert road
drainage away from all stream crossings.
Culvert diameters should be large enough to
handle the flows expected from a 25-year
storm.  Culvert ends should extend at least
1 foot past the fill on both ends. Align the
culvert exactly with the stream, on the existing
grade, and at the depth of the streambed.
Culverts should  be inspected frequently and
cleared of sediment and debris.  Fords should
be located only on a stable, rocky portion of
the stream.

Road construction activities should be timed to
avoid heavy seasonal rains.  Balance cut-and-
fill materials as much as possible, and do not
use woody debris for fill material. Place slash
at the bottom of fill slopes to trap sediment
and slow runoff. Seed all cut-and-fill slopes
with appropriate grass species to prevent
runoff and erosion. Remove debris from
streams that was added during road
construction. Deposit surplus soil and rock in
an area where runoff will not threaten streams.
Conduct servicing and refueling of equipment
well away from  streams.
Inspect newly constructed roads after the first
heavy rain to ensure that all drainage
structures and erosion controls ate functioning
properly.  Prohibit or restrict the use of roads
during wet periods, depending on the stability
of the road surface. Maintain the proper in-
slope, out-slope, or crown, and reshape grade
dips.

Remove stream-crossing structures on roads
that will be permanently closed.  Out-slope
closed roads to at least 5 percent to establish
natural drainage.  Construct water bars to
divert runoff.  A figure and table are provided
in the manual for water bar construction.
Prevent unauthorized access to closed roads by
means of gates, large water bars, rocks, logs,
or slash.

2.  Timber Harvesting

Leave a buffer strip of undisturbed vegetation
on both sides of streams, following the
recommendations provided in Table 26.
Remove logging debris added to stream
channels as soon as possible.  Do not fell trees
toward streams if possible.

Plan skid trails in advance of logging
operations, taking into consideration the road
system, landing areas, topography, and
sensitive environments.  Do not drag skidder
blade during descent.  Delay skidding
operations during very wet conditions. Avoid
skidding in or near perennial or intermittent
streams.  Raise the lead edge of the logs when
skidding. Install water bars on skid trails upon
completion of logging activities.

Plan landings in conjunction with the road and
skid trail system; locate them on firm, dry
ground away from streams. Construct
landings no larger than necessary and provide
adequate drainage.  After completion of
harvesting operations, rip,  seed, and water bar
landings.
                                              100

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vvEPA
  Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
3.   Slash Disposal and Site Preparation

Before conducting a prescribed burn, prepare a
plan with professional forestry assistance. The
plan should consider weather conditions and
the objective of the burn. Leave a buffer strip
of unburned slash next to all streams.
Construct water bars at appropriate spacing
along firelines. When drum chopping,
disking, or windrowing, equipment should be
operated following the contour of the land.
Operations should be suspended under very
wet conditions.

4.   Chemical Application

Avoid direct application of chemicals into
water bodies.  Maintain adequate buffer strips.
Mixing and loading of chemicals should take
place away from water bodies. Aerial
application of chemicals should be halted when
•wind speeds reach 5 miles per hour. Chemical
applications should be postponed if heavy rains
are forecast. All chemical applications must
conform to the requirements of the New
Mexico Pesticide Control Act.  The chemical
manufacturer's label requirements should be
strictly adhered to.

5.  Reforestation and Timber Stand
    Improvement

Revegetation of all exposed soil should occur
after the completion of all operations. State
Forestry Regulations require that a
regeneration plan must be submitted for all
limber harvests greater than 25 acres.
    Other Available State Information

Manuals/   New Mexico Forest Practices
Books      Guidelines; Reducing Erosion
           from Unpaved Rural Roads in
           New Mexico
State Contact:
  Garrett Blackwell
  Forestry and Resource Conservation
  Division
  (505) 827-5830
                                             101

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vvEPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
NEW YORK
Reference:  New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation. 1981.  A Clean
Harvest: Protecting Water Quality During
Timber Harvests,
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Streams and Water   -
   2.  Roads and Skid Trails
L.   Streams and Water

Carefully plan stream crossings to minimize
erosion and sedimentation.  Minimize the
number of stream crossings and locate them
where the stream banks are stable, the stream
bottom is firm, and the approaches are fairly
level. Use the most direct route to cross
streams and avoid crossing at bends or through
pools. Use temporary culverts, bridges, or
runways  where stream bottoms or banks would
otherwise be damaged and remove them after
use. Adhere to New York's Water Resources
Law and all state regulations when crossing
classified streams or logging along wild,
scenic, and recreational rivers.

Protect stream banks by controlling skidding
and felling that occur close to watercourses.
Avoid cutting trees that contribute to
maintenance of bank integrity or that provide
shade to  the watercourse.  Design clearcuts to
retain a 50-foot wide uncut buffer strip along
both sides of flowing streams, ponds, and
Tnarshes.  Directionally fell trees so the tops
land away from streams.  Do not skid in
perennial or intermittent streams or along
stream banks.  Winch off any logs that lie
close to the bank.  Remove all logging debris
that accidentally enters watercourses.
2.  Roads and Skid Trails

Locate roads and skid trails away from wet
and poorly drained areas, and from tops and
toes of banks and slopes. Retain a buffer strip
between roads and water bodies that has a
minimum width of 100 feet on slopes less than
30 percent and 150 feet on steeper slopes.
When slopes exceed 10 percent, provide
drainage structures to divert running water off
roads and primary skid trails and discharge the
runoff away from streams.

Locate landings on gently sloping ground that
will provide good drainage, and avoid low or
poorly drained areas. Landings should be
located at least 200 feet from streams, ponds,
lakes, and marshes.

Plan carefully for the protection of slopes
exceeding 30 percent.  Minimize the number
of skid trails and the amount of skidder traffic,
and winch logs off steep slopes whenever
possible. Harvest steep slopes during dry
weather or when the ground is frozen and
snow-covered.

Upon completion of harvesting operations,
stabilize landings and access roads. Regrade
the surface of landings and access roads so
they are smooth, level,  and free of ruts.
Regrade and clean ditches along roadsides, and
install water diversion devices as necessary.
Where necessary, seed access  roads, landings,
and ditches.
State Contact:
  BartZek
  Division of Lands and Forests
  (518)457-7431
                                             103

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
     Other Available State Information

 Brochures  Timber Harvesting Guidelines
            for New York; New York State
            Cooperating Timber Harvester
	  Program
                                        104

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vvEPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 NORTH CAROLINA
 Reference:  North Carolina Department of
 Environment, Health and Natural Resources,
 Division of Forest Resources. 1989. Forestry
 Best Management Practices Manual; and the
 Forest Practices Guidelines Related to Water
 Quality (15NCAC 11.0101-.0209).

 line Sedimentation Pollution Control Act
 requires that an erosion and sediment control
 plan be submitted and approved for earth-
 disturbing activities greater than one
 contiguous acre. Forestry operations are
 exempt from the Act, providing that forest
 owners and operators adhere to the
 performance standards established by the
 Forest Practices Guidelines Related to Water
 Quality (15NCAC 11.0101-.0209). The best
 management practices recommended  in the
 manual can be used to achieve compliance of
 the performance standards.

 FOREST PRACTICES GUIDELINES
 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

 Streamside Management Zone.  SMZs must
 be established along intermittent and  perennial
 streams and perennial water bodies.  The
 SMZs must have sufficient width and adequate
 ground cover to confine visible sediment.
 Locate roads, trails, decks, and mill sites
 outside SMZs.

 Prohibition of Debris Entering Streams.
 Prevent debris Of all types from entering
 intermittent and perennial streams and water
 bodies since debris may result in stream
 obstruction, impediment of stream flow, or
 water quality degradation.  Remove debris that
 accidentally enters streams.

 Access Road and Skid Trail Stream
 Crossings.  Avoid crossing streams when
possible. Do not use stream channels as roads
or trails. Construct crossings to minimize
sediment entering streams, and to not impede
or obstruct stream flow. Protect stream banks
and channels from damage. Provide water
control devices and/or structures and, within
10 working days of initial disturbance, provide
ground cover sufficient to restrain accelerated
erosion and prevent stream sedimentation.

Access Road Entrance. Prevent soil and
debris from being deposited on public
highways, which may result in stream
sedimentation.

Prohibition of Waste Entering Streams,
Waterbodies,  and Groundwater. Prevent
oil, fuels, fertilizers, and other chemical waste
from entering streams, water bodies, and
groundwater.

Pesticide Application.  Application must
follow the manufacturer's labeling and North
Carolina Pesticide Board rules. The term
pesticides includes insecticides, fungicides,
herbicides, and rodenticides.

Fertilizer Application. Apply in a manner
that prevents adverse impacts on water quality.

Stream Temperature.  Retain sufficient shade
on natural perennial streams to prevent
temperature fluctuations.

Rehabilitation of Project Site. Within 30
working days after ceasing operations, provide
sedimentation control measures to prevent
stream water quality damage.  Maintain
sediment control measures until the site is
permanently stabilized.  Permanently stabilize
SMZ areas and other areas that may directly
contribute visible sediment to streams.
                                            105

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   Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
  I
     BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
     1.
     2.
     3.
     4.
     5.
     General Erosion Control
     Preharvest Planning
     Streamside Management Zone
     Access Roads
     Log Decks, Landings, and Portable
     Sawmill Locations
     Skid Trails
     Stream Crossings
     Road Drainage
     Site Preparation and Reforestation
10.  Revegetating Disturbed Areas •
11. Wildfire Protection
    6.
    7.
    8.
    9.
 3.  General Erosion Control

 Minimize the area and degree of soil
 disturbance that reduces infiltration capacity
 and destroys protective forest floor and ground
 cover vegetation. Minimize disturbance to
 ephemeral stream systems.  Minimize changes
 to the microtopography that result in
 channelization of large volumes of high-
 velocity water on bare soil. Provide fpr
dispersal of sediment-laden surface flow into
  undisturbed forest floor that has high
  infiltration capacity. Maximize the distance
  between large areas of bare soil, and do not
  operate during soil-saturated conditions.

  2.  Preharvest Planning

  Develop a written preharvest plan to determine
  which BMPs are necessary to protect water
  quality and how those BMPs will be
  implemented.  Depending on the site and the
  nature of the harvest, the plan should address
  the following: property boundaries; harvest
  areas; forest type; soil types; slopes;
 approximate location of haul roads, skid trails,
 potential log landings, and portable sawmills;'
 watercourses; planned stream crossings;
 SMZs; and timing of the harvest.

 3.   Streamside Management Zone

 Establish an SMZ along each intermittent and
 perennial stream and perennial water body.
 The SMZ must have sufficient width to
 prevent sedimentation of the watercourse.  The
 width may vary depending on the type of
 stream,  the primary use of the water resource,
and the topography.  The recommended
minimum widths are in Table 27.
 Table 27.  Recommended Minimum SMZ Widths
 Tj-pe of Stream
 or Waterbody

 Intermittent
 Perennial

Perennial Trout Waters

Public Water Supplies
(Streams and Reservoirs)
                                       0-5
                                            Percent Slope of Adjacent Lands

                                              6-10       11-20      21-45
                                                                                    46+
SMZ Width Each Side (feet)
50
50
50
50
50
50
66
100 ,
50
50
75
150
50
50
100
150
50
50
125
200
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                                                      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
In SMZs, limited harvesting is permissible, but
the forest floor and ground cover vegetation
must remain essentially undisturbed. A
maximum of 20 percent evenly distributed bare
ground is allowable in SMZs along perennial
streams, and a maximum of 40 percent evenly
distributed bare ground is allowable along
intermittent streams.  If the limit is exceeded,
ground cover must be provided. Skidders
should not operate in ephemeral drainages.
Retain a minimum of 75 percent of the pre-
harvest shade on the stream channel.  Remove
all harvesting debris from watercourses.

Do not allow high-intensity broadcast burns in
SMZs.  Do not allow broadcast applications of
fertilizers or pesticides to directly enter or drift
into watercourses and water bodies. Do not
broadcast chemicals to the surface of
ephemeral drainages within the SMZ.
Individual stem treatment with herbicides is
allowed within SMZs.  Locate sawmill sites
and landings outside SMZs.  Do not locate
roads and trails in SMZs, except for stream
crossings. Promptly revegetate or provide
adequate ground cover for bare soil areas
within an SMZ.

4.   Access Roads

Preharvest planning is essential  for proper road
location. If possible, haul roads should be
built at least a year before harvest begins so
that they have time to stabilize.  Locate roads
on side slopes, and avoid wet floodplain soils
and SMZs.  Roads should follow the contour
at grades between 1 and  10 percent. Steeper
gradients are permissible for short distances,
usually not exceeding 200 feet.  The
application of crushed stone on  steep grades
can help stabilize road surfaces.

Establish good drainage with properly
constructed and spaced ditch turnouts, broad-
based dips, culverts, and bridges.  Where
conditions allow, out-slope the entire width of
the road.  Below cross drain outlets, install
erosion protection devices.  Stream-crossing
structures should be sized and installed in a
manner that does not impede stream flow or
fish passage.  Cross streams perpendicular to
stream flow.  Provide water control measures
on approaches to stream crossings.

Vertical road bank cuts in credible material
should normally not exceed 5 feet in height.
Road bank cuts more than 5 feet high should
be at least a 2:1 ratio, and a ground cover
should be provided to control erosion. Use
cleared materials for brush barriers along road
fills or other erosive areas.

Roads should be inspected at frequent intervals
to ensure proper maintenance.  Roads should
be kept free of obstructions, ruts,  and logging
debris. When the depth of ruts exceed
6 inches  for a distance of SO feet or greater,
regrade the road.  Maintain drainage systems
during operations.  Restrict traffic on roads
during unfavorable soil and road surface
conditions. Upon completion of operations,
shape and smooth the road surface, ensure that
drainage systems are functioning,  and provide
ground cover on steep slopes and  all bare soil
areas located within SMZs. Control traffic to
reduce erosion, sedimentation, and
maintenance problems.

5.   Log Decks, Landings, and Portable
     Sawmill Locations

Locate sites for decks and portable mills prior
to road construction.  Locate decks outside
SMZs and on sloping sites to provide good
drainage. On steep terrain, locate decks high
on the slope to allow skid trails to disperse
downhill rather than concentrate at one point.
On very  long slopes, use mid-slope decks.
Prevent water from entering the landing by
providing good drainage on approach roads
and trails and constructing a diversion ditch
around the uphill side of the landing. Remove
                                              107

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    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                     v°xEPA
   and properly dispose of garbage, trash, and
   wastes from servicing equipment.  Do not
   locate residue piles in ephemeral drainages.
   During ongoing operations, inspect sites
   frequently for water quality problems and
   correct any unacceptable conditions.  Upon
   completion of operations, provide ground
   cover on decks, landings, and portable sawmill
   sites.

   6.  Skid Trails

   Avoid construction and use of skid trails that
   create large areas of compacted bare ground
   with reduced infiltration capacity. If it is not
  possible to limit areas of bare ground to
   acceptable levels using conventional ground
   skidding, then alternative types of logging
  systems, such as high-lead and boom cable,
  should be considered.  A recommended
  sequence of cutting and skidding is to harvest
  the furthermost timber first.  As harvesting
  progresses, place logging slash along bare
  ground areas and leave tree tops in trails.
  Skid timber in an uphill direction. Downhill
  skidding should be confined to low gradients
  and up-slope positions. Skid trails should
  follow the contour and not exceed grades of
 25 percent Create a zig-zag pattern that
 avoids long, steep grades. Concentrate
 skidding on a few primary skid trails.
 Secondary skid trails should be used no more
 than two times. Locate skid trails outside
 SMZs and natural drainages.  Do not skid
 during saturated soil conditions.

 Immediately following use, construct high
 water bars on skid trails to prevent access.  On
 steep slopes and in SMZs, provide ground
 cover  on skid trails and revegetate trails or
 cover  with logging slash.

 7.  Stream Crossings

 Install pipe culverts of adequate type and
proper size and length on the natural stream
   bottom at a 2 to 4 percent grade.  A table is
   provided in the manual for determining culvert
   size based on drainage basin area, slope, and
   soil porosity. Where watersheds require
   .culverts larger than 48 inches in diameter, the
   use of bridges or multiple culverts is
   recommended.  Select installation sites that do
   not have sharp bends, have good  water
   entrance and exit areas, and have favorable
   bank conditions. Use bridges to cross steams
   that drain large watersheds where culverts can
   not handle the stream flow, and select the
   proper type, size, and material to
   accommodate the maximum stream flow.
   Protect stream channel and banks  from erosion
   during construction.  Fords can be used where
  the stream system has an existing or applied
  firm base, but they should be fortified using
  rip-rap stone or a layer of poles, which should
  be removed after use.  Provide proper surface
  drainage on road and trail approaches, and
  discharge runoff  into undisturbed areas.
  Stabilize the crossing area and approach roads.

  Routine maintenance of stream crossing
  structures is important to retain functionality
  and safe conditions.  Inspect for failure and/or
  effectiveness of approaches, drainage system,
  fill depth over culvert, flow through structures,
 bridge decking, abutments and headwalls,
 emergency spillway (where applicable), and
 ground cover.  Promptly correct conditions or
 situations that are unsafe or ineffective.
 Remove culverts and bridges from temporary
 crossings upon completion of operations, and
 stabilize as needed.

 8.  Road Drainage

 Water turnouts should be installed as needed,
 but should be frequent enough to provide good
 drainage and maximum roadbed drying.
 Turnouts should not empty direcdy into
 adjacent drainages, and runoff water should be
dispersed, retained, or filtered at the turnout
outlet. Turnouts should be out-sloped 1 to 3
                                              108

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v»EPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
percent and intersect the ditch line at the same
depth.

Broad-based dips can be used to effectively
collect and divert surface runoff on roads
having a gradient of 12 percent or less.  They
should not be used for cross draining in-side
ditches, spring seeps, or streams.
Specifications for construction and spacing are
provided in the manual. Install an energy
absorber at the dip outlet to minimize erosion.
The dip and reverse grade section may require
bedding with 3-inch crushed stone to stabilize
the surface and prevent rutting.

Rolling dips can also be used as cross drains,
but only on primary skid trails having steep
gradients. They should not be used for cross
draining spring seeps or streams.
Specifications  for construction and spacing are
provided in  the manual. Install an energy
absorber at the dip outlet to minimize erosion.

Pipe culverts are usually installed as cross
drains only on permanent roads.  Culverts
should be sized to site conditions, but should
be a minimum of 14 inches in diameter. Place
the culvert on  a 2 to 4 percent grade, skewed
30 percent downgrade.  Both ends of the
culvert should extend beyond the toe of the fill
slopes.  Install an energy absorber at the
culvert outlet to minimize erosion.

Water bars are used on roads, trails, and
firelines where vehicular traffic is not
anticipated.  Specifications for construction
and spacing are provided in the manual.
Water bars should fully intercept ditch flow.
Install an energy absorber at the water bar
outlet to minimize erosion.        "

Inspect all structures frequently during ongoing
operations and immediately following
significant rain events to evaluate their
effectiveness.  Promptly correct conditions or
situations that are ineffective.
9.   Site Preparation and Reforestation

If preharvest planning does not address site
preparation, then a Regeneration Plan should
be prepared prior to commencing site
preparation activities. Confine site preparation
intensity to the minimum required to achieve
planned results.  Use chemicals, fire, or hand
tools instead of heavy machinery on steep
terrain or fragile soils. Do not allow debris to
enter watercourses.

Firelines for prescribed burning should be
constructed along the perimeter of the burn
area and SMZs and should not be constructed
in salt marshes, critical wetlands, or riparian
areas.  Firelines  should be only as wide and
deep as necessary to contain the burn and
should be constructed following guidelines
established for skid trails. On steep terrain,
construct firelines by hand.  If herbicides are
aerially or broadcast applied on an SMZ, then
prescribed burning in the SMZ is not advised
because the chemical will intensify the burn.
Prescribed burning should be conducted by
trained and properly equipped personnel when
soil moisture and atmospheric conditions are
favorable.

Of various mechanical site preparation
techniques, the use of shearing and drum
chopping is preferable to disking, and a shear
(KG) blade should be used instead of a  straight
blade.  Do  not operate bulldozers on slopes  •
greater than 45 percent,  in SMZs, or in
ephemeral streams.  Keep the dozer blade at
least 3 inches above the  ground surface, and
do not expose more than 50 percent of the
mineral soil.  Windrows should be constructed
along the contour, tightly packed, free of soil,
and as narrow as possible. Recommended
windrow spacing is provided, but spacing
should be determined by slope, soil type and
its credibility, and the amount of vegetation to
be sheared or pushed. Windrows should have
openings at least 20 feet wide for each 600 feet
                                              109

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      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
     of length. When raking, use a toothed-type
     root rake rather than a blade, and do not
     penetrate the soil.  Bedding should be
     performed along the contour and should not be
     connected to drainages.  Furrowing and
     scalping should follow the contour, should be
     less than 6 inches deep, and should not
     channel water into any drainage.  Perform
     machine planting when site conditions are
    suitable and perform along the contour.

    Pesticide use must follow manufacturer's label
    instructions, EPA guidelines, and the North
    Carolina Pesticide Board of Regulations and
    Laws.  Carefully mix pesticides to avoid spills
    and to ensure that excessive amounts of
    chemicals are not being applied.  Do not apply
   pesticides during unstable and unpredictable
   changing weather patterns, when surface wind
   speeds exceed 6 miles per hour, or when the
   temperature is 90°F or  above.  Use equipment
   and techniques that minimize drift; do not
   directly apply chemicals to surface water  Do
   not clean containers or application equipment
   an or near streams.

  Apply fertilizer in accordance with
  manufacturer's label instruction and at rates
  reflecting tree species and soil needs. Do not
  broadcast apply fertilizers within 25 feet of
  open water and perennial streams.

  10. Revegetating Disturbed Areas

 Perform seedbed preparation only as needed
 To ensure adequate establishment of grass  and
 legumes, most disturbed sites will require
 apphcation of lime and fertilizer. Apply Ume
 and fertihzer evenly, and  incorporate into the
 top 4 to 6 inches of soil.  Apply seed
 ujuformly using properly calibrated equipment
 WMI hydroseeding, ensure that the ground
 surface is rough prior to application.  Use
 certified seed for permanent seeding whenever
possible, and mulch immediately al
applied.  The choice of mulch should
    on soil conditions, season, type of vegetation
    and size of the area. Recommended mulching
    materials and rates are provided.  Straw mulch
    must be anchored immediately after spreading
    Seeding mixtures, applications rates, and
    application dates are provided on a regional
   basis.   A guide on how to calculate seed and
   fertilizer needs for roads and disturbed areas is
   also included.  Inspect seeded areas for failure
   make necessary repairs, and reseed within the'
   same season, if possible.

   11.  Wildfire Protection

  Consider the following when fightine
  wildfires:

  • bare no more ground than is necessary
  • avoid disturbing existing gullies; and
  • when  approaching or crossing streams,
    minimize damage to stream banks and'
    stream channel areas.

 After wildfire operations  have ended, construct
 turnouts, waterbars, or other water control
•structures along firelines and provide ground
 cover on steep areas and within SMZs.

 State  Contact:
   Whit Collier
   Division of Forest Resources
   (919)733-2162
     Other Available State Information
             Pocket Guide to Forest Practice
             Guidelines (1990)

 Brochures   Forestry Leaflets: Summary of
             Performance Standards;
             Streamside Management Zones;
            Suggested Provisions for
            Timber Sale Contracts; and
            Becoming a Forest Steward in
	   North Carolina
                                             110

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v>EPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
OHIO
Reference:  Ohio Department of Natural
Resources, Division of Forestry. 1991.
BMP'sfor Erosion Control on Logging Jobs.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Planning Logging Operations
   2.  Haul Roads
   3.  Skid Roads
   4.  Maintenance
   5.  Stream Crossings
   6.  .Filter and Shade Strips
   7.  Landing
   8.  Sale Closing
1.  Planning Logging Operations

Develop a preharvest plan including a map
identifying property boundaries, streams and
drainages, critical areas, road and trail
locations, stream and drainage crossings, log
landings and mill seats, buffer zones, and
other environmental concerns.  Also note road
and trail specifications, harvesting equipment
to be used, time of harvest, logging contract
specifications, special planning for wet areas,
and obstructions such as rock outcroppings. .
Cross streams at right angles. Construct small
bridges or install culverts at live stream
crossings and seeps.  Roads leading down to a
stream crossing should be drained. Logs
should not be skidded through flowing
streams.

2.  Haul Roads

Locate roads on side slopes where side
drainage is possible, and at grades between 2
and 10 percent. Steeper grades, 15 percent,
can be used for distances up to 200 feet.
Avoid long, straight grades by following the
contour.  Use topographic maps to help locate
roads. Avoid wet and critical areas.

Design the road to safely accommodate
anticipated traffic volume and weight.  Cut and
fill slopes should not exceed a 2:1 ratio.
Install side ditches where surface runoff
endangers fill areas, and ensure good cross
drainage through the use of turnouts, rolling
dips, broad-based dips, pipe culverts, or open-
top culverts. Specifications for construction of
drainage structures are provided in the manual.
When building in wet areas, use pervious fill
material and surface the road with wooden
mats or other appropriate material to prevent
rutting.  Gravel the haul road entrance when
necessary to prevent mud from entering a
highway.

Cross streams perpendicular to stream flow
using bridges or culverts.  If bridges or
culverts are not feasible, ford streams where
streambeds and banks are rock or stone and
equipment can cross with a minimum of
disturbance."

Maintain roads and drainage systems during
construction and harvest.  Do not operate
during weather conditions that will generate
excessive  erosion and sedimentation. Control
erosion during construction using temporary
measures, such as hay or straw bales or silt
fences across a slope or at the base of a slope.

3.  Skid Roads

Locate landings first, and then plan major skid
trails to minimize damage to the residual stand
and reduce erosion potential.  Locate skid
trails along the contour at grades 20 percent or
less, and avoid stream channels, rocky places,
spring seeps, adverse grades,  and wet areas.
Do not locate skid trails in streamside filter or
shade strips. Do not construct skid trails
straight up the hill, but proceed slanting up the
                                              111

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     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
     slope. Avoid long, steep grades by following
     surface contours and occasionally changing
     direction. Cross streams perpendicular to
     stream flow, and construct temporary bridges,
    crossings, or culverts.

    Upon completion of harvesting operations,
    remove stream-crossing structures as soon as
    possible.  Stream crossings and channels
    should be clear of slash and restored to their
    natural shape and grade. Stabilize skid roads
    using water bars, logging debris, seed, and/or
    mulch.

    4.  Maintenance

   During new road and landing construction,
   prevent entry of soil to waterways using
   temporary sediment barriers. Periodically
   Aspect all  drainage structures for obstructions
   Recrown haul roads and skid roads, and watch
   for wet areas or seeps during rainy periods.

  5.  Stream Crossings   '

  Construct small bridges or install culverts at
  live stream crossings and seeps perpendicular
  to stream flow.  If bridges and culverts are not
  feasible, ford streams at right angles, where
  stream bottom is rock and banks are rock
  Culverts placed in streams should be in line
  with the natural stream course, and the slope'
  of the culvert should be slightly less than the
  slope of the streambed.  Drain roads and skid
 trails away from the stream crossing, and
 apply gravel and rip-rap to skid road
 approaches.  Logs should not be skidded
 through flowing streams.

 6.  Klter and Shade Strips

 Filter strip widths are determined by the slope
 between the road and the stream  The
 mimmum width is 25 feet, and increases by 20
 feet for each  additional 10 percent increase in
slope.  Filter strips should be wider in
    municipal watersheds and critical areas.  Shade
    stops are 25-foot areas on either side of stream
    banks that are not cut or are lightly cut to
    preserve adequate shading and maintain
    satisfactory stream temperature. Selectively
    harvest in filter stops.  Minimize equipment
    operation in filter stops, and seed and mulch
    exposed soil.  Do not skid in filter and shade
    stops,-and limit skid and haul  roads to stream
    crossings. Do not construct landings or yards
    in filter or shade strips. Install energy
    dissipators at culvert outlets where the culverts
    are not in the natural streambed at natural
   grade.

   7.   Landings

   Landing locations should be planned before
   operations begin.  Location should be
   determined by the size of the operation, the
   location and amount of timber to be harvested
   ground conditions, drainage, skid road
   location, and safe access  to the highway.

  Locate landings outside filter and shade stops
  on dry sites with slight slopes. Provide
  adequate drainage on approach roads so that
  runoff does not enter the landing area.  Upon
  completion of operations, remove all trash
  from the harvest site and revegetate landings
  and yards as soon as possible.

 8.   Sale Closing

 Construct water bars on skid trails and haul
 roads that will not have vehicular traffic.
 Water bars should be installed at  an angle
 30 degrees to the road and an outslope of 2 to
 3 degrees.  Recommended  water bar spacing
 and specifications are provided in the manual.
 Dissipate the discharge from water bar outlets
 onto the undisturbed forest floor.  Pipe
 culverts, box culverts, or broad-based dips
 should be installed and maintained on roads
that will continue to have traffic.  Water bars
and other erosion control devices should be
                                             112

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                                                       Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
installed even on temporary or seasonal shut-
downs. Reestablish vegetation on all areas that
have exposed mineral soil as a result of
logging operations, such as roads and decks.
"Within 1 year of sale closing, a 50 percent
vegetative cover should be established.  Apply
lime, fertilizer, and mulch if necessary.
Recommended seeding mixtures, seeding rates,
fertilizer rates, and mulching guides are
provided in the manual.
State Contact:
  Mark Ervin
  Division of Forestry
  (614) 265-6667
     Other Available State Information

 Brochures   Planting Filter Strips to
             Improve Water Quality
                                              113

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                         114

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    EPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 OKLAHOMA
 Reference:  Oklahoma Department of
 Agriculture, Forestry Division. 1985. Forest
'Manager's Guide for Water Quality in
 Oklahoma.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Streamside Management
   2.  Overall Management and
       Compartment Planning
   3.  Forest Roads
   4.  Harvesting
   5.  Site Preparation
   6.  Forest Chemicals
   7.  Firelines
   8.  Revegetation
1.   Streamside Management

"Die objective of Streamside management is to
exercise caution when working near
watercourses to prevent degradation of water
quality. Protect streambeds and stream banks
from damage by heavy equipment or logging
operations.  Removal of overstory vegetation
is permissible, but the understory vegetation
should be protected and quickly revitalized.
Cable skidding should be used in Streamside
management zones.  Do not use mechanical
site preparation or prescribed burning in
SMZs, and do not locate landings in SMZs.

2,   Overall Management and Compartment
     Planning

"When developing a management plan,
determine the landowner's objectives and
evaluate the proposed site.  Use topographic
maps, road maps, aerial photographs, soil
surveys, and recent management plans for
 adjacent sites, in addition to field
 reconnaissance, to evaluate the site's soil
 conditions, topography, drainage patterns, and
 timber cover. The Guide provides a Field
 Examination Summary that will aid the
 landowner and the forest manager in selecting
 management alternatives and recommending
 BMPs.  These elements should be detailed in a
 written management plan. Sample
 management plans are also provided in the
 Guide.

 Plan the layout of harvest areas and access
 roads considering erosional and water quality
 impacts. Where practical, place setting
 boundaries at perennial streams, roads, or
 changes in soil type, forest type, or
 topography. Design settings to optimize
 economic skidding distances, to minimize road
 densities and unnecessary road construction,
 and for efficient establishment and
 management of subsequent forest crops.
 Avoid leaving narrow, unmanageable strips of
 timber.  Schedule operations to avoid wet
 weather and minimize adverse impacts on soils
 and water quality.

 3.  Forest Roads

 Locate roads along the crests of ridges or
 along the contour and avoid  locating in narrow
 canyons, marshes, wet meadows, natural
 drainage channels, and SMZs. Minimize the
 number of stream crossings, but when
 necessary cross perpendicular to streamflow.
 Use the minimum design standard necessary to
 accommodate die anticipated traffic load to
 minimize environmental impacts.

 Limit right-of-way clearing and road
 construction to a width commensurate with the
planned use of the road.  Minimize the need
 for borrow pits by balancing excavation and
embankments. Construct road cut slopes to
minimize the potential for bank failures.  Do
not place fill material below  the high water
                                            115

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     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
     mark of a stream, except when necessary at a
     stream crossing.  Do not bury stumps or slash
     in the load-bearing portion of the road.  Place
     logs or slash at the foot of slopes to trap
    sediment.  Seed and mulch as needed.  Do not
    continue construction during wet weather
    periods. Appendix B of the Guide provides
    technical guidelines for road construction
    activities, including installation of drainage
    structures.

    Install ditches, culverts, cross  drains, drainage
    dips, water bars, and diversion ditches
    concurrent with road construction.  Install
   drainage structures at low points in the road
   gradient. Disperse road drainage onto
   undisturbed forest floor, and do not discharge
   dnunage structures onto credible soils or fill
   dopes unless outfall protection is provided
   Properly size culverts to accommodate
   anticipated flow volumes.
        crossing watercourses, use bridges or
  culverts if fording would create rutting or
  station.  Use low-water bridges and overflow
  culverts to minimize changes to the natural
  stream channel during periods of high water  '
  Protect bridge approaches using rocky fill
  material, ground cover, riprap, concrete
  surfacing,  or retaining walls and bulkheads
  Badges should not constrict clearly defined'
  stream channels.  Remove slash and debris
 generated from road  construction activities
 from watercourses.

 Periodically inspect roads to determine
 whether maintenance is required.  Road
 surfaces should be crowned, out-sloped or
 water barred to dissipate surface runoff 'and
 minimize erosion of the roadbed.  Clear
blockages from "ditches and culverts
Revegetate or stabilize exposed soil 'areas
     4.   Harvesting

     Locate landings to minimize adverse impacts
     of skidding on the natural drainage pattern
     Landings should be on firm ground outside
     SMZs of perennial streams and above the
    ordinary high water mark of intermittent
    streams.  Landing size should be the smallest
    area required for safe logging.  Provide
    adequate drainage for landings by out-sloping
    roads and skid trails above landing areas and
    by diverting drainage water and dispersing it
    onto the forest floor.  Upon completion of
    operations, seed or install drainage structures
    to minimize erosion.

   Harvest operations should match available
   equipment with the terrain, soils, and weather
   conditions to minimize soil compaction and
   disturbance.  Locate skid trails to avoid steep
  -gradients, streams crossings, SMZs, and
   disrupting natural drainage channels, and to
   take advantage of topography.  Skidding
   should be upslope or on the contour to
   disperse runoff.  Temporary stream crossings
  may be necessary to protect streambeds and
  stream banks  and to minimize sedimentation
  Occasionally break the grade on skid trails to
  facilitate diversion of water. Practice
  directional felling near streams, avoid felling
  trees in streams, and immediately remove any
  debns. Fell trees parallel to skid trails with
  butts toward the landing.  Use cable skidding
 mSMZs. Upon completion of harvesting
 operations, skid trails should be water barred
 and temporary stream crossing should be
 removed. Revegetate erosion-prone areas.

 Store fiiel and lubricants away from
 watercourses where accidental spills would not
 result in contamination.  Logging litter, such
 as oil cans, grease containers, crankcase oil,
 old tires, broken cable, paper, and other trash
must be prevented from entering watercourses
and should be disposed of properly.
                                             116

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v>EPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
5.   Site Preparation

Prompt regeneration is essential to realize site
productivity and to minimize soil erosion.
Mechanical site preparation should be
conducted in a manner that minimizes soil
erosion and compaction and prevents the
accumulation of debris in, or sedimentation of,
water bodies.  Limit the degree of site
preparation to the amount necessary on a given
soil type to achieve a well-stocked stand of the
desired species. Do not conduct mechanical
site preparation activities in SMZs.

Shearing and KG bladhig are best suited to
rock-free areas with little slope and relatively
large amounts of unmerchantable material to
be removed.  Where soils are highly erodible
or low in nutrients, or on slopes greater than
10 percent, the adverse effects of the shearing-
windrowing practice may outweigh any
advantage. When  shearing, minimize soil
disturbance and displacement.  Construct
windrows along the contour and minimize the
        of soil incorporated.
Disk-harrowing with bedding and furrowing is
often used on flat and gentle topography.
Avoid disking on steep slopes with erodible
soils. Disjdng of alternate strips on the
contour may be an acceptable practice on
certain side slopes.  Provide water outlets on
bedded or furrowed areas at locations that will
minimize movement of sediment and discharge
onto vegetated surfaces.

Do not rip along or across streams or natural
drainage channels; rip along the contour.
Provide for discharge of drainage water onto
vegetated surfaces.

If drainage is necessary for the establishment
and growth  of commercial tree species, plan
the drainage system to fit the topography and
seasonal flow variations and to take advantage
of natural drainage patterns.  Design ditches
based on surface soil type, slope, depth to hard
pan, and the volume of water to be controlled.
Use cofferdams and other devices to gradually
deliver initial discharges into natural
waterways.  Place ditch spoil material away
from the edge of the ditch.  Keep the drainage
system clear of logging debris.  Repair,
revegetate, or stabilize ditch bank failure and
erosion from side-cast material.

6.   Forest Chemicals

Chemicals must be handled and applied in
accordance with the manufacturer's label
instructions and all applicable federal and state
regulations. Do not permit chemicals to leak
from equipment used for  transportation,
storage, mixing, or application.  Do not mix
chemicals near water bodies. Provide an air
gap or reservoir between the water source and
the mixing tank, and use  uncontaminated
pumps, hoses, and screens.  Do not apply
chemicals directly to surface waters.  During
aerial applications, use a  spray device capable
of immediate shutoff, and stop application
during turns. Remove and dispose of chemical
containers in a manner conforming to  state
regulations and label directions.  Clean
equipment away from water bodies, and
dispose of residues in conformity with state
requirements.

7,   Firelines

Install practices to prevent channelized flow,
improve drainage, and stabilize bare soil.
Firelines constructed during prescribed burning
activities or routine fire suppression should be
water barred immediately.  Firelines
constructed during wildfire suppression should
be water barred after the  fire is extinguished;
Bare areas on steep slopes should be
revegetated.
                                              117

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   Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
  8.   Revegetafion

  Cultivate severely compacted areas.  Scarify
  the surface when broadcast seed spraying. If
  site preparation is not completed within
  planting dates, stabilize the area with mulch
  and then plant during optimum planting dates.
  Planting should be performed as soon as
  possible after seedbed preparation is
  completed.  The Guide provides optimum
  planting dates for various species. Mulch area
  with 1 pound per square yard of weed-free
  native hay to minimize erosion and retain
  moisture. Fence revegetated areas where
 necessary to protect from grazing or human
 activities. Fertilize as necessary to establish
 good cover.
State Contact:
   Robert L. Miller  •
   Dept. of Agriculture
   Forestry Division
   (405) 521-3864
     Other Available State Information
^—___^___
 Videos  Logging BMPs and Water Quality
                                           118

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 v>EPA
     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 OREGON
 Reference: Oregon Department of Forestry,
 Forest Practices Section.  1991.  Forest
 Practice Rules, Eastern Oregon Region,
 Northwest Oregon Region, and Southwest
 Oregon Region.

 AH timber operators and landowners in the
 state of Oregon must comply with the Rules.
 The Oregon Forest Practice Rules are
 currently being revised and are projected to be
 complete in 1993.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Notification and Written Plans
   2.  Leakage or Accidental Spill of
       Petroleum Products
   3.  Riparian Management Areas
   4.  Application of Chemicals
   5.  Disposal of Slash
   6.  Reforestation
   7.  Road Construction and Maintenance
   8.  Harvesting
1.   Notification and Written Plans

The operator, landowner, or timber owner
shall notify the State Forester at least 15 days
prior to the commencement of the following
operations:

• Harvesting of forest tree species;

• Construction, reconstruction, and
  improvement of roads;

• Application of pesticides and fertilizers;

• Site preparation for reforestation involving
  clearing or use of heavy machinery;
 •  Clearing forest land for conversion to any
    nonforest use;

 •  Disposal or treatment of slash;

 •  Precommercial thinning;

 «  Cutting of firewood, when the firewood will
    be sold or used for barter.

• Approval of a written plan must be obtained
 before conducting operations within 100 feet of
 a stream classified as a Class I water (having
 important fish or domestic use); within 300
 feet of a specific site involving threatened or
 endangered wildlife species or sensitive bird
 nesting; within 300 feet of any nesting or
 roosting site of threatened or endangered
 species listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
 Service or the Oregon Fish and Wildlife
 Service; or within 300 feet of a significant
 wetland.  The written plan must contain
 specific information applicable to the operation
 including, but not limited to, the following:
 location of roads and landings, road and
 landing design, construction techniques,
 drainage systems, disposal of waste materials,
 felling and bucking, buffer strips, yarding
 systems and layout, riparian management area
 protection measures, resource site protection
 measures, and postoperation stabilization
 measures.

 2.   Leakage or Accidental Spill of
     Petroleum Products

 Adequate precautions are to be taken to
 prevent leakage or accidental spillage of any
 petroleum products so that the products will
 not enter waters of the state.

 3.   Riparian Management Areas

 The riparian management area is along each
 side of a Class I water,  and special  .
 management practices are required to protect
                                             119

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    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                     vvEPA
    water quality, aquatic habitat, and wildlife
    habitat.  The boundaries of the riparian
    management area need not be formed by
    straight lines.  The width of the area may vary
    depending on topography, vegetative cover,
    the needs of the harvesting design, and the
   needs for aquatic and wildlife habitat.
   Requirements are set for the average width of
   the riparian area for streams, estuaries, lakes
   and wetlands.

   4.  Application of Chemicals

   Equipment used for transportation, storage, or
   application of chemicals must be leakproof.
   When water is taken from any stream or water
  impoundment for use in miring chemicals, an
  air gap or reservoir must be provided between
  the water source and the miring tank, or a
  portable pump should be used. When spraying
  chemicals by  aircraft, leave an unsprayed strip
  of at least 60  feet on each side of every Class I
  water or area  of open water, and areas
  adjacent to inhabited dwellings.  When
  applying chemical spray from the ground,
  leave an unsprayed strip of at least 10 feet on
  each side of every waterway or area of open
  water.  Application of chemical spray in or
  adjacent to the riparian area of influence must
 be made parallel to waterways and prior to
 application to the remainder of the area to be
 treated. Mix chemicals and clean tanks or
 equipment only where the chemicals will not
 contaminate waters of the state.  Locate
 miring areas and aircraft landing areas where
 spillage of chemicals will not contaminate
 waters of the state. Immediately contain and
 neutralize any chemical spills. Rinse chemical
 containers  with the carrier used in miring at
 least three  times.

 A daily record must be maintained for each
application of a pesticide and should include:

• name of monitor or name of applicator;
    •  location of project;

    •  hourly temperature, wind velocity, and wind
      direction;

   •  contractor's name (and pilot's name when
      applied aerially);

   • pesticide name, mixture, application rate,
     and carrier used; and

   • disposal method and location of containers.

   5.   Disposal of Slash

   Reduce the volume of debris as much as
  possible. Dispose of or disperse unstable
  slash accumulations around landings to prevent
  their entry into  streams. When treating
  competing vegetation, plan harvesting practices
  to break up or destroy such vegetation; follow
  up with chemical application and/or burning if
  necessary.  Burning is not allowed in riparian
  areas along a Class I water.  When burning in
  riparian areas of influence, protect aquatic and
  wildlife habitat such as downed logs and
  snags.

  6.   Reforestation

 Whenever stocking is reduced below either
 25 percent of estimated crown closure, or
 80 square feet of basal area per acre of trees
 11 inches DBH or larger, 150 well-distributed
 seedlings or saplings per acre must be
 established.  (These stocking provisions are
 currently under review to increase stocking of
 free-to-grow seedlings).

 7.   Road Construction and Maintenance

 Locate roads to minimize risks of material
 entering waters of the state by fitting the road
to the topography and avoiding steep, narrow
canyons, slide-prone areas, steep headwalls,
slumps, marshes,  meadows, riparian
                                             120

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 vvEPA
     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 management areas, or existing drainage
 channels. The rules require minimizing road
 density in high-risk areas. Design roads to
 minimum use standards adapted to the terrain
 and soil, and to drain naturally by out-sloping
 and through grade changes.  Provide dips,
 water bars, and cross drainage, and divert
 water from natural drainage ways. Design
 cut-and-fill slopes to minimize the risk of mass
 soil movement. Deposit end-haul and other
 excess material in stable locations above the
 high water level and clear drainage ways of
 woody debris.  Stabilize exposed soil that is
 potentially unstable or credible by using
 seeding, compacting, rip-rapping, benching,
 leaving light slashing, or similar means.

 Minimize stream crossings, and cross streams
 at right angles to the main channel. Design    •
 water crossing  structures to provide for
 adequate fish passage, minimize impacts on
 water quality, and have the capacity to
 accommodate the 25-year  storm.  Design
 culvert installations to prevent erosion of the
 fill. Minimize  machine activity in streambeds,
 and install drainage structures on live streams
 as soon as feasible.  Changes are not to be
 made in natural fish-bearing stream courses by
 filling, by removal, or by  relocation of the
 channel, except by written approval from the
 State Forester.

 Maintain and repair active and inactive roads
 as needed to minimize damage to  waters of the
 state. Restore road surface crown or out-slope
 all roads prior to the rainy season. Clean
 culvert inlets and outlets, drainage structures,
 and ditches before and during the rainy season.
 Prevent entry of road oil or other surface-
stabilizing material into waters of the state.

8.   Harvesting

Select for  each harvesting operation the
logging method, size of equipment, and type
of equipment best adapted to the given slope,
 landscape, and soil materials to minimize soil
 deterioration.  Minimize machine and yarding
 activity, fell timber directionally  away from
 waters, remove all slash from waters, and
 retain or reestablish undergrowth vegetation.
 Avoid tractor or wheel skidding on unstable,
 wet, or easily compacted soils and on slopes
 that exceed 35 percent, and locate skid trails
 where sidecasting is kept to a minimum.
 Locate skid and fire trails so they are not in
 the riparian management area, except when
 using temporary crossings.  Avoid tractor
 skidding in or through any stream. When
 crossing streams, provide temporary structures
 adequate to carry stream flow, which are to be
 removed immediately after use. Install water
 diversion structures or water bars on all tractor
 or skidder trails before the rainy season.

 Uphill cable yarding is recommended.  Use a
 yarding system that will minimize soil
 disturbance when downhill yarding or when
 yarding across high-risk sites. Avoid cable
 yarding through Class I streams.  If it is
 necessary to yard across streams,  swing the
 yarded material free of the ground in the
 aquatic and riparian areas.  Minimize
 disturbance to the channel and stream bank
 vegetation  when cable yarding in Class n
 waters, and leave 75 percent of the original
 shade along Class HSP waters.

 Minimize landing size and locate landings on
 stable areas.  Do not locate landings hi
 riparian management areas.  Provide and
 maintain cross drains, dips, water bars, and
 other water diversion structures. Upon
 completion of operations, stabilize potentially
 unstable or credible soils by seeding or placing
 slash, and reestablish drainage on  landings
 after use.  Prevent entry of debris,
 overburden, and other waste material
 associated with harvesting from  entering
 waters of the state. Remove waste from
logging operations and dispose of waste
properly.
                                             121

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  Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
&EPA
 A riparian management area must be
 maintained along each side of Class I waters.
 In riparian management areas adjacent to Class
 I waters, an average of 75 percent of the pre-
 operation shade must be maintained over the
 aquatic area; at least 50 percent of the pre-
 operation tree canopy must be maintained; and
 conifers must be retained in the half of the
 riparian management area closest to the water
 (or within an average 25 feet of the water,
 whichever is greater).
State Contact:
  David Degenhardt
  Bept. of Forestry
  (503) 378-2957
     Other Available State Information

Brochures   Waterbars; Road Maintenance;
            Ditch Relief Culverts; Riparian
            Protection
                                          122

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                                                      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 PENNSYLVANIA
 Reference: Pennsylvania Department of
 Environmental Resources, Bureau of Soil and
 Water Conservation.  Controlling Erosion and
 Sedimentation From Timber Harvesting
 Operations.

 This manual is currently being revised.

 Three State laws pertain to forest harvesting
 operations and water quality: the Clean
 Streams Law, the Fish and Boat Code—Act
 175, and the Dam Safety and Encroachment
 Act The administrative code (Title 25,
 Chapter 102) is designed to implement the
 Clean Streams Law. Chapter 102 requires that
 a permit be obtained prior to the
 commencement of any eaithmbving activity in
 excess of 25 acres.

 The Clean Streams Law mandates that persons
 conducting earth-disturbing activities must
 develop a plan designed to implement and
 maintain erosion and sedimentation prevention
 measures.  The soil erosion and sedimentation
 control plan should address the following
 areas: (1) design of the road system; (2) water
 control structures;  (3) stream crossings; (4) log
 landings; (5) haul roads, skid roads, and skid
 trails; (6) maintenance; (7) road use; and
 (8) road and log landing retirement.

The Fish and Boat Code stipulates that no
 person may alter or disturb any stream, stream
 bed, fish habitat, water or watershed in any
 manner that might  cause damage to or loss of
such without necessary permits.

The Dam Safety and Waterway Management
 Rules and Regulations require a permit to
construct, operate,  maintain, modify, enlarge,
or abandon any dam, water obstruction, or
encroachment.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Road Systems
   2.  Water Control Structures
   3.  Stream Crossings
   4.  Log Landings
   5.  Haul Roads, Skid Roads, and
       Skid Trails
   6.  Road and Log Landing Retirement
1.   Road Systems

The siting and construction of roads should be
conducted using aerial photographs,
topographic maps, and soil surveys to aid in
the planning. Topographic maps should be
used to plan the road system around very steep
lands, spring seeps, boulders, rock-outcrops,
and other obstructions. Soil surveys can be
used to avoid sites with soils unsuitable for
road construction.  When possible, construct
roads on side hills for good cross-drainage.

A road grade of 2 to 8 percent is desirable;
grades of up to 20 percent may be used for
short distances. When steep grades are
necessary, provide 300 feet of road above and
below where slopes are less than 10 percent.
Where stream crossings are necessary,  cross at
a right angle to the stream and approach from
a gentle slope.  Where roads will be
constructed near perennial streams, provide
adequate filter strips.  The width of the filter
strip will depend on the slope of land between
the road and the stream. Table 28 presents the
recommended filter strip widths.  Minimize
soil disturbance within filter strips, and apply
stabilization measures when soil is exposed and
likely to cause sedimentation.

To  prevent excessive water runoff from road
surfaces, roads should be out-sloped or in-
sloped. In-sloped roads should have a  slope
                                             123

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     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
      Table 28. Filter Strip Widths
Slope
(percent)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Filter Strip Width'
(feet)
25
45
65
85
105
125
145
165
    •"Widths should be doubled when harvesting is adjacent
    to municipal water supplies.


   rate of 0.25 to 0.375 inch per foot of road
   width.  In-sloping roads is preferred to out-
   sloping.

   2.   Water Control Structures

  The spacing for all water control structures
  should protect against erosion and
  sedimentation under severe conditions
  Figures and tables are provided in the manual
  with suggested spacing and construction
  specifications for culverts. The minimum
  recommended size for a culvert is 12 inches
  The culverts should be installed  with a slope of
  2 to 4 percent and should be long enough to
 extend at least 1 foot beyond the fill material
 Kiprap or some other type of energy dissipator
 should be placed at the culvert outlets.

 Broad-based dips may be used  instead of
 culverts where no intermittent or perennial
 streams are present. They may be used where
 road grades do not exceed 10 percent  A
 figure and table are provided in the manual to
 aid an instruction and spacing  of broad-based
 flros. The dip should divert water into
 undisturbed areas or into energy dissipators
such as 3-inch-diameter crushed stone
    Water bars are advantageous for water control
    on retired roads and when the expected volume
    of runoff will be marginal.  A table and figure
    are provided with recommended water bar
    spacing and construction specifications.

    3.  Stream Crossings

    Preplan road sites to limit the number of
    stream crossings. When stream  crossings are
    unavoidable, cross perpendicular to the stream
    flow.  Culverts are the most common method
    of stream crossing.  Culverts should be placed
   in the natural stream drainage channel and
   should be graded the same as the stream
   Avoid placing fill below the culvert to obtain
   the grade. The culvert should be large enough
   to  carry potential storm flows.  A table is
   provided to aid in selection of an appropriately
   sized culvert.  Fords may be used for crossing
   streams with haul roads but not for skid roads
   or skid trails. When skid trails or skid roads
   must cross a streams, culverts or temporary
   moveable bridges should be used.   Only
  streams with low banks and solid streambeds
  are suitable for ford crossings.

  4.  Log Landings

  Retain adequate filter strips between log
  landing locations and streams. Recommended
  filter strip widths are provided in Table 28.
  Diversion ditches should be constructed above
  landings to prevent surface runoff from
 flowing onto the landing. Disturb only the
 area needed for the actual operations.
 Provisions should be made to prevent water
 from skid trails or skid roads from flowing
 onto the log landing. Several types of
 diversions are illustrated in the document.

 5.  Haul Roads, Skid Roads, and Skid
     Trails

The slope, soil type and condition, and surface
drainage should be considered prior  to
                                              124

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 SSfl
Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 constructing haul roads and skid roads.  Skid
 roads should be designed to avoid problem
 areas such as spring seeps, streams, rocky
 places, and long lengths of constant slope.
 Keep the grades of skid trails and roads as
 shallow as the topography will permit; do not
 go straight up the slope.  If skid trails must be
 placed straight up the slope, the construction
 of water bars should be considered.  Never '
 skid through or  across stream channels or
 spring seeps.  Bridges or culverts should be
 installed to cross streams.

 Prevent the accumulation of surface water on
 road surfaces by using dips, water bars,
 culverts, in-sloping, and/or out-sloping to
 divert water from the road surface.  Maintain
 road surfaces in a manner that prevents ruts,
 curbs, or logging debris from restricting
 drainage. Overhanging trees should be
 removed to facilitate road surface drying.
 Road surfaces should be graded occasionally
 and dips, water bars, and other diversion
 structures should be reshaped.  Reduce or
 eliminate traffic  during unfavorable weather.

 6.  Road and Log Landing Retirement

 The erosion and sedimentation plan developed
 should have provisions for the retirement of
, haul roads .and landings.  The roads should
 have their surfaces smoothed and reshaped.
 Culverts should be replaced with water bars,
 broad-based dips, or ditches.  If culverts are
 covered by more than 2 feet of fill, consider
 leaving them in place, but include provisions
 for their maintenance.  Remove all temporary
 stream crossings. Seed, mulch, .lime, and
 fertilize critical areas near streams or where
 credible or otherwise unstable soils exist. A
 table is provided with seeding mixtures and
 rates.
                                               125

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
4>EPA
                                   126

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                                                      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
RHODE ISLAND
Reference:  Cassidy G.J., and J.B. Aron.
Best Management Practices: DRAFT.  Rhode
Island Department of Environmental
Management, Division of Forest Resources.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
   1.  Logging Roads and Skid Trails
       a. Planning and Construction
       b. Maintenance
   2.  Landings
   3.  Wetlands
   4.  Forest Protection
       a. Insects and Disease
       b. Fire
l.a.   Logging Roads and Skid Trails:
       Planning and Construction

Preplan the location of access system
components using topographic, soils, wetland,
and vegetation maps in addition to field  .
reconnaissance.  Maintenance of existing
drainage patterns is desirable. Determine
landing sites before locating roads and trails.
Locate roads on side slopes away from wet
areas, streams, ledges, steep slopes, and rock
outcrops. The grades of logging roads and
skid trails should be less than 10 percent, with
3 to 5 percent being the most desirable. Avoid
long, straight grades and occasionally break
the grade to provide surface drainage.
Construct skid trails and roads from the
highest elevation down.

Streambeds should never be used for roads.
Retain a filter strip between watercourses and
logging roads. A table is provided that
recommends widths for filter strips based on
slope.  However, width should be determined
by site conditions and should be greater when
the watercourse is in a municipal watershed,
contains important fisheries or wildlife, or has
steep banks.  Minimize the number of stream
crossings, and cross streams perpendicular to
stream flow.  Stream crossings should be
located where the bank and Streambeds are
stable and where the approaches will be fairly
level.  If possible, use existing bridges or
culverts.

Install water diversion structures where needed
to facilitate drainage of water from the road
surface, and discharge runoff away from
streams.  Suggested distances between culverts
and broad-based dips are provided.

l.b.   Logging Roads and Skid Trails:
       Maintenance

When roads and skid trails are properly
located and constructed, maintenance problems
are minor.  To maintain roads in good
condition and to reduce erosion, avoid use
during poor weather and install temporary   .
drainage structures when operations will be
delayed.  Periodic grading may be necessary to
maintain the road surface at its original
gradient.

Upon completion of harvesting operations,
eliminate ditches and remove ruts, berms,
damaged trees, and other hazardous obstacles.
Restore stream crossings to their original
condition. Temporary drainage structures
should be replaced with permanent measures.
Disturbed areas should be revegetated to
stabilize the soil.  Access to the areas should
be restricted.

2. Landings

Landings should be located on slight slopes
outside wetland areas and should be well-
drained.  Use hay bales or other erosion
control devices to reduce erosion and
                                             127

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      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
      sedimentation.  Gravel the entrance to prevent
      mud and other debris from being transported
      onto paved roads.  Upon completion of the
      harvesting operation, regrade and seed landing
     areas.                                    6

     3. Wetlands

     Roads in wetland areas should be constructed
     and maintained in accordance with the best
     management practices previously outlined  and
     every attempt should be made to retain the
    site's natural hydrologic flow and
    characteristics.  Use existing bridges or
    culverts when crossing streams.  Temporary
    crossings are permissible, but disturbed areas
    should be restored to their original condition.

   Forested wetlands may be harvested, but post-
   harvest stocking must be at least 50 percent on
   the appropriate stocking guide. Harvesting
   should not occur more frequently than every
   3 years.  During periodic harvests, care should
   be taken to avoid soil puddling and
   compaction, and to prevent damage to the
   residual stand. Harvest should be conducted at
  A buffer zone where forestry activities are
  limited should be established to protect the
  watercourse from degradation.  The optimal
  size of the zone is related to the slope! depth
  to water table, soil type, the type of
  vegetation, and intensity of management, but
 the zone must be at least 25 feet wide.

 Do not disturb vernal pools when  logging
 locate landings and skid trails away from
 these area.  Avoid compacting or disturbing
 the .S0ll in or near the pools and avoid creating
 ^greater than 6 inches deep within 200 fee!
 of the pools. Retain an uncut buffer strip
adjacent to vernal pools that is at least 25 feet
wide.
    4.a.  Forest Protection: Insects and Disease

    Periodically inspect forest stands for signs of
    forest pests.  Cultural treatments are
    recommended to control insects and disease
    These include silvicultural treatments that alter
   forest stands to reduce the likelihood of attack
   and/or to prevent losses.  An area will be less
   susceptible to a large outbreak if diversity is
   encouraged.  Perform sanitation treatments to
   remove the source of the infestation. Change
   stand composition to less susceptible species
   by favoring non-host species when thinning or
  planting.  Thinning treatments can also be
  performed to promote the growth and vigor of
  desirable trees. Overmature stands can be

                            CTOps
 4.b.  Forest Protection: Fire

 To protect forest stands from fire, use spark
 arresters on equipment, reduce fuels, and
 prohibit smoking on high and extreme fire
 days.  Provide and maintain access roads to all
 parts of forest stands to aid in wildfire
 fighting.  Do not use fire to reduce slash
 without the proper permits from the
 appropriate authorities.
State Contact:
  Tom Bourn
  Director of Forestry
  (401) 647-3367
                                             128

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 vvEPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 SOUTH CAROLINA
 References: South Carolina Forestry
 Association. 1988.  Voluntary Forest Practice
 Guidelines for South Carolina', and South
 Carolina Forestry Commission. 1989. Best
 Management Practices for South Carolina's
 Forested Wetlands.

 A revised  manual that will include wetlands
 and more recommendations related to nonpoint
 source pollution is being prepared. South
 Carolina has an ongoing biannual monitoring
 program to check for BMP implementation
 compliance as well as effectiveness.  The
 effectiveness monitoring uses the benthic
 macroinvertebrate method.
: JD.£<
U
1 3.
f 4.
1 5.
! 6.
| 7.
OJL iviAi^Avrr i jTrvA^iiuiia
Access Roads
Wetiands
Prescribed Burning
Fertilization
Harvesting
Site Preparation
Use of Herbicides
1
1.   Access Roads

Plan access roads using topographic maps, soil
surveys, and aerial photographs where
available.  Fit the roads to the topography,
using ridge tops and developing the road along
the contour. Avoid steep, narrow ridges, slide
areas, gullies, marshes, stream channels, and
ponds.  Plan roads to avoid stream crossings
whenever possible.  When stream crossings are
necessary, construct structures perpendicular to
the stream channel.
 During road construction balance cuts and fills
 to minimize borrow pit areas and the amount
 of soil that must be moved.  Where
 construction of bridges is necessary, they
 should have sufficient capacity to
 accommodate increases in stream flow.
 Culverts should also be sized to accommodate
 increases in stream flow.  Avoid building
 bridges during wet weather when the threat of
 erosion is increased.  Clear stream channels of
 all debris produced during the road
 construction. Seed, fertilize, and mulch to
 insure a good vegetative cover on disturbed
 soils. Provide adequate cross drainage on road
 surfaces, and divert water into areas with good
 ground cover.

 Maintain road surfaces by grading and out-
 sloping when necessary.  Inspect and clean all
 drainage structures at regular intervals.  Where
 natural cover will not be established quickly,
 seed abandoned roads with grass to prevent
 excess water runoff and erosion.

 2.  Wetlands

 Road construction within forested wetlands
 should be kept to a minimum and should
 parallel the flow of water when possible.
 Specifications for road construction are
 provided in the manual. Natural generation
 should be encouraged as much as possible.
 Harvest activities should be conducted during
 dry periods to minimize water quality impacts
 and soil compaction.  Avoid felling trees into
 active or well-defined intermittent streams;
trees felled into streams should be removed as
soon as practical. Locate log decks away from
streams on the highest ground possible.
Wheeled or tracked vehicles should not be
used within 40 feet of a navigable stream if
slopes are less than 20 percent, and 80 feet if
slopes are greater than 20 percent.
                                             129

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     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
     3.   Prescribed Burning

     Before prescribed burning may be conducted,
     the landowner must authorize the use of
  •  prescribed burning on his/her land (Section 16-
     11-150 of the Code of Laws of South Carolina
    1976). Weather forecasts must be monitored
    to provide information on sudden wind shifts.
    Avoid burning in areas subject to severe
    erosion.

    4.  Fertilization

    Fertilizer applications should be conducted
   according to label requirements.  Soil samples
   should be analyzed to assure proper fertilizer
   selection, application method, and application
   XotC*

   5.  Harvesting

   Landings and skid trails should  be limited in
   number and size to prevent excess soil
  movement into streams.  Keep stream
  crossings to a minimum; where  crossings are
  necessary, provide protection to the stream
  bank and cross at right angles to the stream
  channel: Skid trail grades should be kept to a
  minimum.  Exercise caution when conducting
  harvest operations with buffer strips alone
  streams.  Fell and skid trees away from
  streams to minimize damage to the stream
 bank.  Retain a streamside management zone
 to minimize soil disturbance adjacent to stream
 banks. The width of the SMZ will depend on
 the size and flow of the stream, adjacent
 topography and soil, and shade requirements to
 protect stream water temperature.  Service all
 Harvesting equipment away from streams and
 other water bodies. Encourage the proper
 disposal of general refuse, litter, and waste oil
and lubricants associated with timber
harvesting operations.
   6.   Site Preparation

   Mechanically prepare the site along the
   contour of the land.  Of the mechanical site
  preparation techniques, chopping has the least
  impact on the site. On extremely steep slopes
  use an approved herbicide rather than       '
  mechanical site preparation.  Windrow debris
  along the contour or in gullies or skid roads to
  stabilize them.  If drainage ditches are to be
  needed, they should be constructed prior to
  any  reforestation effort.

  7.   Use of Herbicides

 The  application of herbicides should be
 conducted with the assistance of professional
 foresters. Aerial application of pesticides is
 not permitted  within 80 feet of each side of a
 navigable stream.
State Contact:
  Tim Adams
  South Carolina Forestry Commission
  (803) 737-8800
     Other Available State Information
 Manuals/
 Books
Brochures
                                                   Videos
 Best Management Practices's
 for South Carolina's Forested
 Wetlands; A Survey of
 Voluntary Compliance of
 Forestry Best Management
 Practices

 Let's Lead the Way with Best
 Management Practices;
 Forestry BMPs... A Woodland
 Owner's Guide to Good
 Stewardship

Let's Clean Up Our Act; Let's
Lead the Way
                                             130

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                                                       Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 TENNESSEE
Reference:  Tennessee Department of
Conservation, Division of Forestry. 1989.
Best Management Practices for Silvicultural
and Other Forest Activities in Tennessee.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Access Roads
   2.  Harvesting
   3.  Mechanical Site Preparation
   4.  Machine Planting of Tree Seedlings
   5.  Prescribed Fire
   6.  Pesticide Use
   7.  Livestock Exclusion
   8.  Streamside Management Zones
   9.  Revegetation of Disturbed Areas
1.   Access Roads

Carefully plan road locations prior to
construction activities.  Locate roads near
crests of ridges on side slopes and away from
streams. Avoid swamps, seeps, fragile soils,
steep slopes, and other obstacles.  Establish
Streamside management zones between
•watercourses and roads. The widths of the
SMZs will vary depending on the steepness of
the slope.  Minimize the number of stream
crossings, and when necessary, cross
perpendicular to stream flow. .

Construct roads several weeks prior to
commencing harvesting activities to allow the
roads jo settle.  Avoid construction during wet
periods. When clearing the right-of-way, push
logging debris to the downhill side and evenly
spread it to serve as a filter.  Road grades
should range from 3 to 10 percent.  Grades up
to 20 percent are acceptable provided road
drainage structures are installed.  Balance cuts
and fills.  Stumps, logs, and other logging
debris should not be incorporated into fill
material.

The type and number of road drainage
structures will depend on the slope, soil type,
and equipment used. Diversion of water from
the road surface may be accomplished through
out-sloping, in-sloping, crowning, dips, and
culverts.  For roads constructed on gentle and
moderate slopes, out-slope the road toward the
fill bank at the rate of V* -inch per foot.  Roads
with steep sharp turns or slippery soils should
be in-sloped and have cross drainage installed.
Crown roads on flat or gentle slopes. Dips
may be used to divert water from road
surfaces with slopes less than 10 percent.
Culverts should be at least IS inches in
diameter and should be installed so that at least
2 feet of pipe extends beyond the fill material
on both ends.  Dips and turnouts should be
constructed on roads to divert runoff water
before it enters streams.  Protect discharge
area with heavy litter, grass sod, rock, or
other material that will dissipate the runoff.
Specifications for drainage structure
installation and spacing are provide in the
manual.

Stream crossings should be avoided when
possible.  When necessary, fords, culverts,
and bridges should be constructed at right
angles to the stream, but should not interfere
with stream flow. Fords  are acceptable only
when stream bottoms are solid and streams are
too wide for culverts or bridges.  Culverts are
recommended for crossing relatively small
streams; specifications for culvert installation
are provided in the manual.

Inspect roads after periods of rain, and remove
all sediment and debris from drainage
structures. Upon completion of operations,
roads should be graded and smoothed. Water
diversion structures should be installed to
divert surface water into vegetated areas.
                                              131

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    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
    Roads constructed on steeper slopes should be
    seeded to revegetate as quickly as possible.

    2.  Harvesting

    Log landing locations should be planned in
    advance of harvest operations; haul roads and
    skid trails should be located to reach the
    landings.  Landings should be located away
    from streams to maintain appropriate SMZs.
    Log landings should be constructed to allow
    for natural drainage from the deck, but the
   slope should not exceed 5 percent. Landings
   should not be larger than necessary for the
   logging operation.  Water turnouts should be
   installed above the landings to divert surface
   water around the landing. Landings should be
   tcvegetated following logging activities.

   Skid trafls  should be planned in advance to
   reduce their number and impact. They should
  te located on grades less than 10 percent,
  although grades up to 30 percent are
  acceptable for short distances.  Skid trails
  should not cross swampy areas,  seeps, springs,
  or rocky or steep slopes. Skid trails should be
  constructed along the contour when possible,
  with grade breaks as often as possible. Logs
  should be skidded uphill following a zig-zag
  pattern.  SMZs should be established adjacent
  to streams.  Avoid skidding within SMZs and
  streams; cross at right angles to the stream
  when necessary.  Water diversion structures
 should be installed on skid trails, especially
 above steep  pitches and below seeps and
 springs.  Retired skid trails should have water
 bars installed or repaired and should be
 shaped, smoothed, and revegetated.

 Logging debris should be kept out of drains,
 streams, and other bodies of water. When '
 necessary, remove logging debris from the
 stream and place it above the high water mark
 Portable sawmills and chip harvesters should  '
 oe located as for from streams as possible
Service and maintain vehicles and equipment
    in areas where spills, oil, grease, or other
    toxic substances cannot enter streams.
    Provisions should be made to dispose of
    hazardous materials, human wastes, and
    garbage.

   3.   Mechanical Site Preparation

   Site preparation methods should be chosen
   based on the amount, size and type of
   vegetation present; slope; and soil erodibility.
   Choose a method that disturbs as little soil as
   possible. Chemical treatments should be
   favored on steep slopes and highly credible
   soils.  Mechanical methods should be confined
   to slopes less than 30 percent.  SMZs  should
   be established between site preparation areas
   and streams. Mechanical site preparation
   should be conducted along the contour. Avoid
   operating heavy equipment during wet
   weather.  Locate windrows away from drains
  to prevent debris from washing into streams.
  Windrows should be spaced between 100 and
  300 feet,  with occasional breaks to prevent
  damming.

  4.  Machine Planting of Tree Seedlings

  Operate tree planting machines along the
  contour of the land when possible. Do  not
  operate on slopes exceeding 20 percent.

 5.  Prescribed Fire

 Prescribed burning must be conducted under
 strict wind, temperature, and humidity
 conditions. Avoid hot burns on sloping  lands
 because the destruction of litter increases the
 chance of raindrop erosion.  Avoid burning on
 excessively steep slopes or on  highly credible
 lands.  Firelines should be constructed in
 straight lines, avoiding abrupt changes in
 direction. When possible, firelines should not
 be constructed on slopes exceeding 10 percent
 although slopes of up to 30 percent for short
distances are acceptable.  Construct water bars
                                             132

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 v>EPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 and wing ditches along the firelines at
 recommended intervals.  SMZs should be
 maintained between the prescribed burn area
 and streams. Firelines on steep slopes should
 be revegetated as needed.

 6.  Pesticide Use

 Pesticides should be stored where there is no
 danger of release into the environment.
 Mixing activities should be conducted as far
 from water bodies as possible. Weather
 conditions such as rain, wind speed,
 temperature, and humidity should be
 monitored during pesticide applications to
 prevent drift and volatilization.  Pesticides
 should never be applied directly to the water
 unless the pesticide is approved for application
 to water.  Buffer strips of 100 feet for aerial,
 50 feet for ground vehicle, 25 feet for hand
 spray, and 15 feet for hand dispersion
 applications should be maintained.  Spray
 equipment and containers should be cleaned
 away from bodies of water.  Excess chemical
 should be disposed of within the treated area.
 Dispose of containers in legal disposal areas or
 in accordance with label instructions.

 7.   Livestock Exclusion

 Woodland grazing causes more loss of soil
 from Tennessee forestland than any other
 activity.  Livestock should be excluded from
 woodlands when slopes exceed 10 percent.
 Plant shade trees on gentle slopes for  livestock
 use.

 8.   Streamside Management Zones

The width of streamside management  zones is
 dependent on the slope of the land between
 disturbed areas and streams.  Table 29
presents the recommended SMZ widths.

Commercial harvest within the SMZ is
permitted, but the logs should be removed by
  Table 29. Recommended SMZ Widths
Slope
(percent)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
SMZ width
(feet)
25
45
65
85
105
125
145
winching or animal skidding when possible.
Avoid equipment operation within the SMZ.
Trees should be felled away from streams.
When trees are felled into the water, however,
they should be removed by winching. Harvest
debris should be removed from the stream and
placed above the high water mark of the
stream.  Pesticide use is permitted within the ;
SMZ.  At least 50 percent of the trees adjacent
to stream must be left to provide shade to the
stream.  Mechanical site preparation is
prohibited within the SMZ.

9.  Revegetation of Disturbed Areas

Road surfaces, cuts, fills, and ditches should
be immediately revegetated after rjoad
construction.  Skid trails, log landings, and
other areas disturbed by harvesting activities
should be revegetated as soon as possible after
logging operations cease.  Road surfaces
should be shaped and smoothed prior to
seeding. Heavily compacted areas may need
scarification or disking to promote water
infiltration. Seeded areas should be mulched
to hold the seed, lime, and fertilizer in place.
Seeding, fertilizer, and lime application rates
are provided.
                                             133

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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
vvEPA
 State Contact:
   Robin Bible
   Forest Hydrologist
   Water Quality.Management Program
   (615)360-0737
     Other Available State Information

 Manuals/  Best Management Practices for
 Books     Protection of the Forested
            Wetlands of Tennessee (1990);
            Logger's Guide to Forestry
            BMPs; A Nonpoint Source
            Management Plan for Forestry
            Activities in Tennessee; BMPs
            and Timber Harvesting

 Brochures  Clean Water from Tennessee's
            Forests; Forestry BMPs Work:
            Pickett State Forest; BMP
	  Effectiveness Study
                                          134

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 <>EPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 TEXAS
 Reference: Texas Forestry Association.
 1989. Texas Best Management Practices for
 Silviculture.

 This manual is in the final stages of revision
 and is being reviewed by the Soil and Water
 Conservation Board's various committees and
 affected soil and water conservation districts.
 Some significant changes will be made to the
 previous BMPs. Most notably, SMZs will be
 required on intermittent streams as well as
 perennial streams.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Planning
   2.  Road Construction and Maintenance
   3.  Harvesting
   4.  Mechanical Site Preparation/Planting
   5.  Fire
   6.  Silvicultural Chemicals
   7.  Streamside Management Zones
1.   Planning

Use topographic maps, aerial photographs, and
soil surveys in combination with field
reconnaissance to determine site conditions and
plan operations.  Use natural drainage channels
as harvest setting boundaries and plan skidding
away from these channels.  Setting boundaries
should use topographic terrain, roads, and
forest area size consistent with available
logging equipment, planting schedules, and
other silvicultural management objectives. •

Setting design should be planned to balance
skidding distances against road densities, and
to avoid leaving narrow, unmanageable strips
of timber susceptible to windthrow.  On wet
soils with seasonal water problems, schedule
operations to minimize adverse impacts on
soils and water quality.

2.   Road Construction and Maintenance

Locate roads along the contour and avoid
confined terrain or natural drainage channels,
marshes, wet meadows, and Streamside
management zones. Road grades should range
from 2 to 10 percent.  Steeper gradients, not
exceeding 15 percent, are permissible for
distances not exceeding 200 feet.  Minimize
the number of stream crossings and cross
perpendicular to stream flow.  Use the
minimum design standard and width necessary
to accommodate the anticipated traffic load.

Remove or deck right-of-way timber outside
borrow ditches. Balance cuts and fills so that
excavated material will be deposited in
roadway fill sections, and construct cut-and-fill
slopes at the normal angle of repose or less.
Do not place sidecast or fill material below the
ordinary high water mark of any stream except
where needed to stabilize stream crossings.
Gravel the road surface if necessary to
maintain stability.  Seed and mulch areas with
high erosion potential.

Design roads to drain naturally using .
crowning, ditches, culverts, dips, and/or out-
sloping.  Provide cross drainage where
needed. Install ditches, culverts; cross drains,
and whig ditches at low points hi the road
gradient.  Cross drains, relief culverts, and
wing ditches should not discharge onto
credible soils or over credible fill, but should
discharge onto undisturbed forest floor or
energy-absorbing materials.  Size culverts to
accommodate anticipated water flow.
Specifications for the construction and spacing
of drainage and erosion control structures are
provided in the guide.
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     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
     Construct stream crossings to minimize
     disturbance to banks and existing channels.
     Do not construct stream crossings during
     periods of high water flow.  Crossing
     structures should not impede stream flow or
     fish passage. Culverts should have a minimum
     diameter of 15 inches. A chart for
     determining culvert size is provided in the
     guide and is based upon soil type and
     watershed drainage area.  Use fords only when
    rutting or siltation would be minimal, and
    minimize machine activity in the streambed.
    Remove excess material and woody debris
    generated during construction from streams
    and drainageways, and deposit above the
    ordinary high water mark.  Remove temporary
    crossings immediately after use.

   Restrict traffic on roads during unfavorable
   •weather conditions to minimize erosion and
   maintenance needs.  The road surface should
   be crowned or out-sloped to dissipate surface
   runoff and minimize erosion of the roadbed.
   Remove obstructions and debris from ditches
   and culverts.  Revegetate or otherwise stabilize
   exposed soil areas. Periodically inspect closed
f   «>ads, and reestablish vegetation between
   roads and streams, if necessary.

   3.  Harvesting

   Locate landings and portable sawmill sites
  prior to road construction.  Landing locations
  should minimize the adverse impact of
  skidding on the natural water drainage pattern
  and should be on firm, well-drained ground at
  least 50 feet from SMZs. Landings should
  have a slight slope to provide for drainage.
  Disperse runoff water from landings and
  roads. Provide the shading, soil stabilization
  and water filtering effects of vegetation alone
  streams.

 Do not use stream channels as skid trails
 Locate skid and fire trails so that they do not
 run parallel to any stream when they are
   within the average high water level of the
   stream.  When stream crossing is necessary,
   use the most direct route, taking advantage of
   natural fords with firm bottoms, stable banks,
   and gentle slopes along approaches.  Skid
   trails on slopes should have occasional breaks
   in grade and should be water barred and
   seeded when necessary.

   Fell trees directionally away from streams,
   parallel to the skidding direction and with butts
   toward the landing. Do not harvest trees on
   the banks of streams within the SMZ.  When
   cable yarding across streams cannot be
   avoided, streamside vegetation should be left
   undisturbed to the maximum extent possible.
  Remove any logging debris that accidentally
  enters watercourses.

  Service equipment away from streams and in
  areas where accidental spillage would not
  result in stream contamination.  Debris on
  landings.should not be deposited into drainages
  or streams. Mulch or seed erosion-prone
  areas. Remove  litter associated with the
  logging operations from the area and dispose
  of it in designated landfills.

 4.  Mechanical Site Preparation/Planting

 Plan equipment use to minimize site
 disturbance as much as possible, especially in
 the SMZs.  Avoid heavy mechanical site
 preparation on slopes greater than 30 percent
 or on highly erosive soils. Prepare and plant
 sites and construct windrows along the
 contour.  Do hot locate windrows in SMZs or
 stream channels.  Avoid disking on steep
 slopes and on highly credible soils.  Provide
 water outlets on bedded or furrowed areas, and
 discharge water onto vegetated surfaces.
Follow approximate contours when  ripping.
                                              136  .

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vvEPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
5.   lire

Do not use high-intensity burns.  Install water
bars and wing ditches on firebreaks to
minimize erosion.

6.   Silvicultural Chemicals

All chemicals should be stored, used, and
disposed of in accordance with applicable
federal, state, and local regulations. Prevent
leakage of chemicals during transportation,
storage, mixing, or application. Do not use
water from private springs, streams, ponds, or
wells to mix chemicals. Mix chemicals and
clean tanks only where possible spills will not
enter surface water.  If a spill occurs,
construct a dike around the spill, use absorbent
material to soak up the liquid, and prevent the
spill from flowing into surface water.
Immediately notify the Texas Water
Commission or Office of Emergency Services.

Plan chemical applications to avoid direct and
indirect entry of chemicals into surface waters
and the SMZ. Do not aerially apply chemicals
where stream pollution can occur through
drift, and use a spray device capable of
immediate shutoff to stop chemical application
during turns and over open water.  Use
injection or stump treatment herbicide  methods
in areas immediately adjacent to open waters.
Do not apply pesticides to trees or vegetation
mat exists on eroded slopes, gullies, and
drainages, or to any fragile areas subject to
erosion.

Clean equipment and containers where
chemicals will not enter surface waters. Rinse
empty containers and mixing apparatus three
times before disposal, and apply rinse water in
spray form to the treated area.
7.   Streamside Management Zones

Retain an SMZ at least 50 feet wide on each
side of perennial watercourses.  SMZs may
also be desirable on intermittent streams.
Locate roads, skid trails, and logging decks
outside the SMZ.  Restrict management
activities causing pollution or erosion.  Log
mature timber carefully and selectively so as
not to destroy the filtering effects of the SMZ.
Retain enough trees and understory vegetation
in the SMZ to provide adequate protection
from solar radiation, impact from erosion, and
the placement or washing of debris into the
stream. Remove all harvesting debris from the
watercourse.  If vegetative cover is removed
from a stream bank or SMZ, reestablish cover
as soon as possible. Do not use fertilizers in
the SMZ.
State Contact:
  Roger Lord
  Forest Resource Development Dept.
                                             137

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry <
                                          138

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 &EPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 VERMONT
 Reference: Vermont Department of Forests,
 Parks, and Recreation.  1987. Acceptable
 Management Practices for Maintaining Water
 Quality on Logging Jobs in Vermont.

 Vermont's Water Quality Statutes require
 permits for discharges of any waste into waters
 of the state.  However, individual permits are
 not required for logging discharges if
 acceptable management practices (AMPs) are
 being applied.  The Statutes require that AMPs
 be implemented.  If mere is a discharge from
 forestry activities and neither has a permit
 been obtained nor have AMPs been
 implemented, the landowner and logger are
 liable and subject to enforcement action,
 penalties, or both. In the following summary,
 AMPs are in italics. The remaining
 information is supplementary material that will
 assist with the implementation of AMPs.
I  ACCEPTABLE MANAGEMENT
   PRACTICES AND GUIDELINES

   1.  Truck Roads
   2.  Skid Trails
   3.  Surface Water and Stream Crossings
   4.  Protective Strips
   5.  Log Landings
1.   Truck Roads

Plan roads to retain adequate filter strips
between roads and streams and to locate
stream crossings where they will cause the
least disturbance. Old roads should be used
when acceptably located.  Avoid rocky
outcrops, ledges, swampy places, and other
areas presenting construction problems.  Roads
should not be constructed on slopes greater
 than 10 percent, but steeper roads may be
 constructed for distances not exceeding 300
feet.

 Road surfaces should be adequately drained,
 and runoff should be diverted under or away
from the road surface before gaining sufficient
 velocity to erode ditches.  If road grades are
 greater than 10 percent, culverts may be
 needed to divert water.  Road drainage from
 grades less than 10 percent where no streams
 cross the road may be accomplished using
 broad-based dips.  Drainage structures should
 be installed with a gradient of at least
 4 degrees when ledge and rock permit.  Tables
 and figures are provided in the manual with
suggested spacing for drainage structures.
 Culverts should have a minimum diameter of
 15 inches.  A table in the manual provides
culvert sizes and spacing.  Drainage ditches
shall not terminate where they will deposit
water directly into streams or other surface
waters. Design ditches to discharge onto
undisturbed, vegetative land. Properly
stabilize drainage ditches to minimize erosion.
All drainage structures should be periodically
inspected and maintained.

Bridges and culverts constructed on permanent
roads should be left in place and regularly
maintained.  Bridges and culverts on
temporary roads should be removed at the
conclusion of harvesting operations, and
stream banks should be stabilized.

Upon completion of harvesting operations,
water bars should be installed at proper
intervals along temporary roads. The
specifications for construction are provided,
but water bars should be at least 8 inches  deep
and installed with a 4 degree gradient when
ledge and rock permit. Deep water bars
should be used on closed roads;  back-to-back
water bars located at the beginning of closed
roads will discourage entrance.  Water bars
                                             139

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     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                      &EFA
    should divert surface runoff into areas of
    undisturbed vegetation.

    2.  Skid Trails

    Plan skid trails to retain adequate filter strips
    between roads and streams and to locate
    stream crossings where they will cause the
    least disturbance.  Skid trails should be
    constructed to match the topography of the
    land and should avoid stream banks, rocky
    places, and steep grades.  Skid trails shall not
    be constructed straight up the slope; rather
   they should proceed at a gradual angle across
   the slope.  Sections of up to 300 feet may be
   constructed on gradients up to 20 percent.

   Skid trails should be drained using out-sloping
   turnouts, broad-based dips on grades of less
   than 10 percent, or pole culverts.  Tables in
   the manual provide the recommended spacing
   for these structures. Silt fencing, haybale
   erosion checks, or -water diversions shall be
  used to prevent sediment from skid trails from
  entering streams or other surface waters.
  Haybale erosion checks may not be necessary
  during frozen, stable winter conditions.

  After harvesting, ruts in skid trails should be
 filled and smoothed.  Water bars should be
  installed at proper intervals to divert water
 from road surfaces into undisturbed litter or
 vegetation.  Construct barriers to prevent off-
 road vehicles from accessing retired skid
 xoads.

 3.   Surface Water and Stream Crossings

 •AH logging activities should be kept out of
 stream channels, except for construction of
 stream-crossing structures.  The construction
 of stream crossings should be timed to coincide
 with low water levels and be completed as
 quickly as possible. All streams should be
crossed perpendicular to stream flow.  Truck
road crossings over permanent streams should
    use a bridge or culvert.  Bridges should be
    used whenever possible and should be located
    where the stream channel is straight with an
    unobstructed flow. The roadway leading up to
    a bridge, culvert, or ford should be nearly
    level for a distance of 50 feet on each side of
    the stream.   Culvert size selection should be
    based on the drainage area and should be able
    to accommodate the largest potential stream
    flows. Streams may be forded by skid trails
   only where streambeds have stable beds and
   stable gradual approaches. Streams may also
   be crossed by brushing-in during frozen winter
   conditions; all brushed-in material should be
   removed from the stream channel when skid
   trail use has been completed or before spring
   runoff. The turnups of broad-based dips shall
   be installed on truck or skid roads before they
   cross a stream.  Exposed soil within 25 feet of
   a stream must be seeded and mulched with
   mixtures and application rates provided.
  Streams and all other water bodies should be
  kept free of slash and other logging debris.

  After harvest, all nonpermanent structures
  must be removed from streams  and the channel
  should be restored to its preharvest condition.
  Permanent culverts left in streams must be
  sized according to specifications provided in
  the guide.  Following the close  of operation,
  all approaches to streams, between the stream
  and the first water diversion of either side, and
 all disturbed stream banks should be stabilized
 and seeded and mulched at mixtures and
 application rates provided.  This should be
 accomplished within 1 year of the completion
 of logging operations.

 4.  Protective Strips

 Retain a protective strip along streams and all
 other water bodies in which only light thinning
 or selection harvesting can occur.  Log
 transport machinery must remain at least
25 feet from a stream or water body.  The
width of the protective 'strips are  based on the
                                              140

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&EPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
slope of the land between roads or harvesting
activities and the streams. Table 30 presents
the required protective strip widths.
 Table 30.  Protective Strip Widths
Slope
(percent)
0-10
11-20
21-30
31-40*
Protective Strip
Width (feet)
50
70
90
110
 'Add 20 feet for each additional 10 percent side slope
5.   Log Landings

log landings shall be located on level or
gently sloping, stable ground.  Locate the
landings away from low or poorly drained
soils. Landings should be no larger than   ,
necessary to conduct operations. Landings
shall not be located with protective strips.
Divert upslope drainage from skid roads away
from the landing area.  Silt fencing, haybale
erosion checks, or water diversions shall be
used to prevent sediment from entering
streams.

After the completion of harvest activities, log
landings shall be graded and water diversions
installed.  Areas of exposed soil within the
protective strip along waterways shall be
seeded and mulched according to the
specifications provided.
State Contact:
  Brian Stone
  Dept. of Forests, Parks, and Recreation
  103 South Maine Street
  Waterbury.VT  05671-0602
or
  John Maciejowski
  Dept. of Forests, Parks, and Recreation
  RR 1. Box 33
  North Springfield, VT 05150
     Other Available State Information

 Manuals/   Wetland Rules and Regulations:
 Books      What They Mean to Your
             Logging Operation in Vermont

 Videos      Plank Skid-trail Bridge
             Construction
                                              141

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
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 vvEPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 VIRGINIA
 Reference:  Virginia Department of Forestry.
 1989. Forestry Best Management Practices for
 Water Quality in Virginia.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

    1. Preharvest Planning
    2. Haul Roads
    3. Skid Trails
    4. Log Decks, Landings and Portable
       Sawmill Locations
    5. Streamside Management Zone
    6. Drainage Structures
    7. Stream Crossings
    & Site Preparation
    9. Revegetation of Bare Soil Areas
   10. Wildfire Control and Reclamation

       Forested Wetlands

   11. Natural Regeneration
   12. Preharvest Planning
   13. Truck Haul Roads
   14. Skid Trails
   15. Log Decks
   16. Streamside Management Zone
   17. Cross Drainages
1.  Preharvest Planning

The purpose of preharvest planning is to
identify efficient harvest operations and to use
appropriate BMPs to maintain water quality.
Before harvesting, a plan should be developed
that includes the following information:
property boundaries, streams and drainages,
soil restrictions, slope, environmental
concerns, approximate locations of haul roads
and skid trail locations, potential log landings,
portable sawmill locations, stream or drainage
crossings, and Streamside management zones.
The timing of harvest should also be included
in the plan.  A site review should be
performed to determine potential road
locations, log landings, and streams and wet
areas.

2.  Haul Roads

All roads should follow the contour as much as
possible with the grade ranging from 2 to
10 percent.  Gradients exceeding 15 percent
may be used for reaches not exceeding 200
feet. Change the. grade of the road frequently
rather than using long, straight,  continuous
gradients.  On soils with severe  erosion
potential, grades should be maintained at
8 percent or less, but may exceed 12 percent
for reaches less than  150 feet provided
measures are taken to prevent erosion. Cross
drainage may be necessary to prevent erosion
from the steeper roads.

Intermittent or perennial streams should be
crossed using bridges, culverts, or rock fords
at as close to right angles to the stream
channel as possible.  Structures should be
sized appropriately so that stream flow or fish
passage is not disturbed.  Water turnouts
should be installed prior to stream crossings to
divert runoff water into undisturbed areas of
the Streamside management zones. With the
exception of stream crossings, roads should be
constructed at least 50 feet from the stream.
Fords may be used to cross streams when the
stream banks are stable and the stream bottom
is hard.
Out-slope roads where gradient and soil
permit.  In-slope the road toward banks on
sharp turns, on roads with gradients exceeding
15 percent, and on clay or slippery soils.  Use
cross drainage on in-sloped or crowned roads
to limit the travel distance of runoff water;
broad-based or rolling dips should be used on
                                             143

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     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
     in-sloped or crowned roads when gradients
     begin to exceed 2 percent for more than
     200 feet. Gravel, wooden mats, or other
     means should be used to prevent mud from
     being carried from haul roads.  Single-track
     roads should have a minimum width of
     10 feet; increase the width as necessary on
    curves and turnouts.  Vertical road banks
    should not exceed 5 feet in height; cuts more
    than 5 feet should be sloped to at least a 2:1
    xatio and seeded.  Install rip-rap at the outlets
    of culverts and dips to adsorb and spread
    waters.  Cut trees alongside roads to allow
    sunlight to ensure drying of the road.

   To maintain haul roads, traffic should be
   restricted from haul roads during unfavorable
   conditions such as wet soil.  Haul only during
   dry weather on wet soils, erodible soils, or
   road gradients exceeding 10 percent that do
   not have erosion protection.  Roads should be
   Kept free of debris and ruts to allow water to
   drain from the road surface.  Regrade roads
   when the average rut depth exceeds 6 inches
   over a distance of greater than 50 feet. When
  all harvest activities are completed, the road
  should be reshaped.  Ensure that drainage
  systems are open, and seed all bare sort greater
  than or equal to  5 percent slope or subject to
  erosion along the access  roads, main skid
  trails, and log landings.

 3.  Skid Trails

 Log landings should be located prior to laying
 out road approaches.  Gradients on skid trails
 should be no steeper than 15 percent, except
 where required  to avoid boundary lines
 sensitive areas,  or other areas not accessible
 Stad trails must be located outside SMZs.
 Where stream crossings are needed, culverts
 Should be used.  Any skid trail that must cross
 a perennial or intermittent stream should use a
 bndge or culvert of acceptable design.  Logs
should not be skidded through perennial or
intermittent streams. Approaches to water
    crossings should be at as near to right angles
    to the stream chaiael as possible. Skid roads
    should climb up-slope on a slant or zig-zag
    pattern.  Upon completion of skidding, water
    bars should be installed immediately. The
    intervals for water bars are presented in
    Table 31.                            ~     '
Table 31. Water
Slope
(percent)
2
5
10
15
20
30
Bar Intervals
Distance
(feet)
250
135
80,
60
45
35
  Water bars should be installed at a 30 to
  45 degree angle downslope, with ends open to
  prevent water accumulation behind them.  A
  permanent vegetative cover should be
  established oh exposed roads, trails, and
  landings that are greater than or equal to
  5 percent slope or subject to erosion.
  4.
Log Decks, Landings, and Portable
Sawmill Locations
 Locate sites for log decks and portable
 sawmills prior to road construction. Decks
 and portable sawmill sites should be located at
 least 50 feet outside the SMZ and should be on
 well-drained soils with a slope of 2 to
 5 percent to enhance drainage. Provide for
 adequate drainage on approach roads and skid
 trails, such as a diversion ditch around the
 uphill side of a deck to intercept water flow
 and direct it away from  the deck. Locate
 residue piles outside wet weather drainages.
 When servicing equipment, properly drain
 waste products into  containers and dispose of
them in accordance  with proper solid waste
                                              144

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                                                       Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 disposal procedures. Remove garbage and
 trash and dispose of them properly.  Decks,
 landings, and portable sawmill locations should
 be stabilized to prevent erosion and sediment
 loss within the first 15 days of the next
 seeding season following completion of
 harvesting operations.

 5.   Streamside Management Zone

 Streamside management zones should have a
 minimum width of 50 feet on both sides of
 perennial streams and around open water
 bodies. SMZs may be desirable on
 intermittent streams for large drainage areas
 •where wildlife or water quality is a major
 landowner concern. The recommended SMZ
 widths for various water bodies are presented
 in Table 32.

 Partial harvesting of the SMZ is acceptable,
 but a minimum of 50 percent crown cover or
50 square feet of basal area per acre must be
 evenly retained.  Limit the use of logging
 equipment by using dispersed skidding,  cable
and •winch, and similar methods.  The forest  '
floor should remain essentially undisturbed,
and mineral soil should not be exposed.
Locate sawmill sites and decks outside the
SMZ.  Remove all harvested tree limbs and
tops from the stream.

Access roads,should cross perennial or
intermittent streams at or near a right angle;
                access roads should be kept to a minimum
                within the SMZ.  Stabilize all roads, cuts, and
                fills in the SMZ within the first 15 days of the
                next seeding season. Fertilizer should not be
                used in SMZs.  .Install energy absorbers at
                cross-drained culvert outlets or other discharge
                points. Ditches, cross-drain culverts, water
                bars, rolling dips, and broad-based dips should
                be used on all roads prior to their entrance into
                an SMZ.

                6.  Drainage Structures

                Broad-based dips can be used  on truck haul
                roads and heavily used skid trails that have a
                gradient of 12 percent or less to provide cross
                drainage. They should not be used for cross-
                draining spring  seeps, intermittent streams, or
                perennial streams.  They should be installed
                during road construction following the basic  .
                clearing and grading phase.  The spacing of
                broad-based dips should be determined by the
                following formula:
                      Spacing (feet)
                                         400
                                      slope
                                + 100
                Install an energy absorber, such as rip-rap, at
                the outfall of the dip to dissipate water velocity
                and minimize erosion potential.  Surfacing the
                dip with 3-inch crushed stone may be desirable ,
                to prevent rutting.
 Table 32.  Recommended SMZ Widths for Various Waters
                                                 Slope of Adjacent Lands
 Water Type
0-10
11-20
21-45
45+
Cold-Water Fisheries (trout)
Warm-Water Fisheries
Municipal Water Supplies
66
50
100
75
50
150
. 100
50
150
125
50
200
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    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
    Rolling dips can be used on truck haul roads
    and heavily used skid trails that have a
    gradient of 15 percent or less to provide cross
    drainage.  They should not be used for cross-
    draining spring seeps, intermittent streams, or
    perennial streams.   Install rolling  dips on roads
    during construction following the  basic
    clearing and grading phase or on skid trails
    after logging is completed. Recommended
   spacing is provided in the manual.

   Water bars should be used on roads and skid  .
   trails that will not have vehicular traffic. If
   there is the potential for vehicular  traffic, use
   rolling dips. Water bars should be constructed
   at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees downslope
   •with the uphill end of the bar extending
   beyond the side ditch. The outflow end of the
   bar should disperse runoff water onto
   undisturbed forest floor.  Recommended
  spacing is provided in the manual.

  Pipe culverts or open-top box culverts can be
  used for any size operation where cross
  drainage of storm water is needed on truck
  haul roads or major skid trails.  Pipe culverts
  should be installed on a 2 to 4 percent grade
  skewed 15 to 30 degrees downgrade, and
  should be long enough so both ends extend at
  least 1 foot beyond the side slope of fill
  material.  Box culverts should be installed
  flush or just below the road surface  and
 skewed 15 to 30 degrees downgrade. Spacing
 of culverts can be determined using the
 formula for broad-based dip spacing. The
 culvert outfall should be protected to* dissipate
 water velocity and minimize erosion potential.
 The structure should be maintained by
 removing sediment, gravel, or logging debris.

 7.  Stream Crossings

When streams must be crossed by logging
equipment, use bridges, culverts, or rock
fords.  Bridges should  be constructed with
minimum disturbance to the stream bank,
    channel, or adjacent SMZ. Pipe culverts
    should be installed on a 2 to 4 percent grade
    and should be long enough so both ends extend
    at least 1 foot beyond the edge of the fill
    material.  Recommended culverts sizes are
    based on the acres drained, soil density, and
    slope.  Erosion protection measures should be
   installed at the culvert outlet to minimize
   downslope erosion.  Recommended culvert
   sizes are provided in the manual.  Rock fords
   or log fords  may be used if no practical
   alternative exists, but the approaches and
   stream  bottoms must be hard enough so turbid
   water does not result.

   8.   Site Preparation

   A Forest Management Plan should be prepared
  prior to any site preparation. This plan will
  consider the condition of the tract, landowner
  desires, adjacent property, environmental
  concerns, and water quality. Site preparation
  activities should not be conducted in SMZs.

  Prescribed burning should be conducted when
  soil moisture or weather conditions are
  sufficient to prevent removal of all surface
  duff and root mat. Construct firelines around
  the perimeter of the burn area and along the
  perimeter of the SMZ, and install water bars
  and turnouts.  Drainage from firelines should
  be diverted away from streams.

 Mechanical site preparation should be
 conducted in a manner that minimizes erosion
 and water quality impacts.  Schedule
 operations during favorable soil moisture and
 weather conditions. Drum-chop up and down
 the slope  so the depressions created by the
 cleats and chopper blades are on the contour,
 reducing the potential for channeled flow.
 Avoid exposing excess  mineral soil during
 chopping. Disking should be performed on
 the contour and on slopes of less than 10
percent. When bulldozing, if a potential for
erosion exists, leave the topsoil and root mat
                                             146

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                                                       Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 in place to preserve site quality and minimize
 water quality impact.  Bulldozing should be
 limited to slopes of 20 percent or less, and a
 windrow should be constructed approximately
 every 200 feet.  Windrows should be
 constructed along the contour, with a 20-foot
 opening for each 300 feet of windrow.
 Bedding should be performed along the
 contour if slope is discernible.  Machine
 planting, subsoiling, and sod scalping should
 be performed on the contour, and steep slopes
 should be hand planted.

 Application of pesticides and disposal of
 containers should follow manufacturer's label
 instructions, and measures should be
 implemented to  prevent pesticides from
 reaching surface waters by directapplication
 or runoff.  Application of fertilizers and
 disposal of containers must adhere to
 manufacturer's label instructions.  Application
 rates of fertilizers should be based on soil
 analysis and developmental needs of the
 desired tree species. Broadcast application of
 fertilizers within 50 feet of open water is not
 recommended.

 9.   Revegetation of Bare Soil Areas

 All disturbed areas with a grade of 5 percent
 or greater must be seeded and mulched within
 the first 15 days of the next seeding season.
 Upon completion of operations, bare soil areas .
 with grades greater than 5 percent  and/or areas
 of bare soil with erosion potential (landings,
 sawmill locations, skid trails, or haul roads)
 should be identified for revegetation as the
 season permits.  Lime and fertilizer application
 rates should be determined by soil  type and
 acidity. Suggested seeding mixtures, rates,
 and dates are provided. Mulch should be
 applied immediately after seeding highly
 credible slopes or during adverse soil or
 weather conditions. Seeded areas should be
protected from grazing and unrestricted vehicle
use.                    '    .         -
 10.  Wildfire Control and Reclamation

 When possible, do not plow firelines directly
 intoSMZs. If this is unavoidable, revegetate
 as soon as possible.  Stabilize and revegetate
 firelines on grades greater than 5 percent.
 Bare soil should be revegetated and eroding,
 gullies treated. Where timber has been killed,
 reforestation needs should be assessed.

 Forested Wetlands

 There may be restrictions on some silvicultural
 activities dependent upon legal interpretations
 of wetlands and the conversion from wetland
 species to other species.  Discharge of fill
 materials into waters of the United States from
 ditching or from other activities whose purpose
 is to convert forested wetlands to some other
 use, or where the flow or circulation of the
 waters may be impaired or the reach reduced,
 is not permitted under the silvicultural
 exemptions under the Clean Water Act.

 11.  Natural Regeneration

 Successful regeneration depends on: (1) recog-
 nizing the site type and its characteristics;
 (2) evaluating the stocking and species
 composition in relation to stand age and site
 capability; (3) planning regeneration options;
 and (4) using sound harvesting methods.
 Natural hardwood regeneration uses the
 normal cycle of wetlands species succession.
 The harvesting system, which also serves as
 the regeneration system, must be chosen on the
 basis of stand and site conditions and
 landowner objectives.  Schedule harvest during
 the dormant season to take advantage of seed
 crops and to favor coppice regeneration.
 Harvest the stand as completely as possible to
 allow maximum sunlight, and leave stumps at
a height of less than 10 inches.  Minimize soil
degradation from logging and site preparation,
especially during saturated soil conditions.
Following a clearcut (where ground conditions
                                              147

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   Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
   permit), control residuals larger than 1.5
   inches in diameter by felling, girdling, stump
   treatment, or injection of chemical herbicides.

   12. Preharvest Planning

   Preharvest planning provides an organized
   method for an efficient harvest operation while
   maintaining subsurface and surface water
   quality. The wetlands preharvest plan should
  include:

  • upland preharvest planning considerations;

  • establishment of 50-foot-wide SMZs on each
    side of the main channel or areas of open
    water;

  • location of log decks  and main sources of
    xoad-building materials;

  " identification of main road system on the
 •   uplands and development of a tentative road
    system within the wetlands;

 • identification of special equipment required
    for skidding and hauling or other harvesting
   methods; and

 • identification of potential problems or events
   that may interrupt logging operations.

 Schedule harvesting operations during extreme
 dry periods or during times that enhance
 regeneration.  Use machinery with adequate
 flotation devices to minimize the impact on the
 soil surface or degradation of site quality.

 13. Truck Haul Roads

 Construct road fill only when absolutely
 necessary. Road fills should be no more than
 2 feet above the natural ground level  and
should be constructed parallel to the flow of
the main channel at least 200 feet from the
SMZ. Provide cross drains at a minimum
   every 100 feet.  Use gravel or crushed rock as
   fill to provide for movement of ground water
   and to serve as a base for the road.  A layer of
   poles, slabs, or logs laid side-by-side,
   extending 3-4 feet on each side beyond the
   width of the roadbed, can provide a base for
   borrow or fill material.  Thick layers of large
   wood chips can be used as a roadbed to
   distribute load weight and limit the road's
   adverse impact.  Use planking or wooden mats
  to improve the soil's  ability to support traffic
  of heavy loads. Cross streams, sloughs, or
  existing drainage channels with properly sized
  culverts or bridges-.

  The use of oversized or balloon tires is
  encouraged to reduce compaction and rutting.
  Move equipment to the uplands during periods
  of potential flooding and wet periods.  Upon
  completion of harvesting operations, remove
  temporary  drainage structures and obstructions
  from channels,  stabilize roads to prevent
.  erosion and sediment loss, and restrict access.

  14.  Skid Trails

 Plan major skid trails to minimize damage to
 the residual stand, reduce erosion and
 sedimentation, maintain surface and subsurface
 water flow, and provide the most economical
 method for  skidding products.  Locate skid
 trails outside SMZs and after the location of
 log decks has been decided. Use sandy
 sloughs as skid trails when harvesting in peat
 and muck swamps. Avoid stream crossings
 unless absolutely necessary, but use a bridge
 or culvert of acceptable design when a stream
 crossing is unavoidable.  Approaches to water
 crossings should be at or near a right angle to
 the stream flow and of sufficient length to
 allow logs to line up behind the skidder.  The
use of wide-tracked bulldozers and  flotation
tires on skidders is recommended.
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                                                       Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
  15. Log Decks

  Locate log decks in advance of road
  construction, and on elevated lands of the
  uplands or higher elevations within large
  wetland units.  Provide for adequate drainage
  on approach roads and skid trails. Use gravel,
  borrow materials, slab materials, mats, fabrics,
  or other material to provide adequate drainage
  and bearing capacity.  Locate residue piles
  outside the wetlands or wet weather drainages.
  Service equipment in such a way that
  petroleum products and toxics are contained
  and properly disposed of.  Garbage, trash, and
  inoperable equipment should be removed at the
  end of harvesting operations. Stabilize
  landings within the first 15 days of the next
  seeding season after completion of the harvest.
  Locate mill seats and log decks on uplands
 more than 50 feet from SMZs.

 16. Streamside Management Zone

 The practices recommended for SMZs in
 wetlands are essentially the same as SMZs in
 upland areas. The use of a grapple skidder is
 recommended to create less disturbance of the
 forest floor.  Minimize the number of access
 roads, through the SMZ, and stabilize all
 roads, cuts, and fills in the SMZ.

 17. Cross Drainages

 Cross drainages  can be used for any size
 operation where  drainage is necessary to
 reduce ponding.  The pipe diameter should be
 a minimum of 15 inches.  Recommended
 pipe/culvert sizes are provided in the manual
 and are based on acres drained and soil type.
 Multiple pipes may be used to meet the
 minimum required diameter. The pipe slope
 should be just below the streambed gradient
 with pipe alignment parallel to the stream
course.  The pipe length should be long
enough so both ends extend a minimum of
 1 foot beyond the side slope of the roadbed,
 and erosion protection should be provided at
 pipe outfalls.
State Contact:
  J. Michael Foreman
or
  Sam Austin
  Dept. of Forestry
  (804)977-6555
     Other Available State Information

 Brochures  Forest Landowner and Water
            Quality; Debris in Stream Law;
            Landowners, Loggers,
            Foresters Use BMPs

 Videos     Managing Mountain Forests for
            Clean Water; Impact of BMP
            Regulations on Maryland
	Logging; BMPs for Logging
                                             149

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                        150

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 vvEPA
     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 WASHINGTON
 Reference: Washington State Forest Practices
 Board and Department of Ecology.  1992.
 Washington Forest Practices Rules and
 Regulations.

 Washington has designated five water
 categories determined by water usage arid
 water quality. Washington has also designated
 four classes of forest practices and three
 wetland types.  The Department of Natural
 Resources must approve notification before
 implementing Class II forest practices.
 Implementing Class HI or IV forest practices
 requires an approved application.  In addition
 to the rules and regulations summarized below,
 the Washington State Forest Practices Board
 has published a Forest Practices Manual that
 includes methods for determining adequate
 shade on streams and for measuring stream
 channel width, gradient,  and flow; a chart for
 determining permanent culvert sizes;
 guidelines for clearing slash and debris from
Type 4 and 5 Waters, landing location and
 construction, determining acceptable stocking
 levels, calculating average widths of riparian
management zones (RMZs), wetland
 delineation, and wetland  replacement by
substitution or enhancement; a list of non-
native wetland plant species; a list of special
concerns related to aerial application of
pesticides; and a methodology for conducting
watershed analysis.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.   Watershed Analysis
   2.   Wetlands
   3.   Road Construction and Maintenance
   4.   Timber Harvesting
   5.   Reforestation
   6.   Forest Chemicals
 1.   Watershed Analysis

 Watershed analysis is designed to assess
 selected biological and physical parameters of
 the environment within a watershed
 administration unit (WAU) and to provide
 information needed to regulate cumulative
 effects of forest practices on fish, water, and
 capital improvements of the state and its
 political subdivisions. Level 1 Assessments
 are low-intensity evaluations of a WAU to
 identify areas of resource sensitivity and to
 determine whether a more intensive Level 2
 Assessment is needed. Prescriptions are
 developed for identified areas  of resource
 sensitivity. Site-specific conditioning of
 silvicultural activities by prescriptions preempt
 the regulations that would otherwise apply.

 2.   Wetlands

 Wetlands are designated as Type A or B or
 forested. Type A Wetlands are nonforested
 wetlands that are at least 0.5 acre (0.25 acre if
 bog or fen) with ponded or open water that is
 present for 7 consecutive days April 1 to
 October 1.  Type B Wetlands are all other '
 nonforested wetlands that are at least 0.25
 acre.  Forested wetlands are those that have a
 30 percent or greater crown cover or would
have 30 percent crown cover if the trees were
mature. The Board Manual has approved
guidelines for wetland delineation and
replacement by substitution or enhancement
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   Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
   and a list of non-native wetland plant species
   thnt must not be introduced.  Western and
   Eastern Washington have wetland management
   zones (WMZs) for Type A and B wetlands and
   their bogs and fens.  WMZs are required on
   bogs and fens 0.25 acre and larger and on
   other wetlands 0.5 acre and larger.  WMZs
  have variable widths based on the size of the
  wetland and wetland type and range from a
  maximum width of 200 feet to a minimum
  width of 25 feet.  The protection of wetlands
  is addressed in the following sections of this
  summary.

  3.  Road Construction and Maintenance

  Ht the road to the topography, and avoid
  locating roads along or  within narrow canyons,
  RMZs. wetlands, and WMZs, or on
  excessively steep or unstable slopes, or known
  slide-prone areas.  Do not locate roads in
  wetlands where there will be substantial loss of
  wefland functions or acreage unless
  alternatives are more damaging to public
  resources.  Minimize the number of stream
  crossings, and cross streams at right angles.
 Use existing roads whenever practical, and
 avoid isolating patches of timber that may
 require unnecessary road construction for
 removal later.

 Use the minimum design standard to produce a
 road capable of accommodating the anticipated
 traffic load.  The subgrade width should not
 average more than 32 feet for double-lane
 roads  and 20 feet for single-lane roads.
 Balance excavation and embankments. Design
 or construct cut-and-fill slopes not to exceed
 the normal angle  of repose for the materials
 involved. All roads must have adequate
 drainage through  use of cross drains, ditches,
 drivable dips, relief culverts,  water bars,
 diversion ditches, or other such structures.
Cross drams are required in wetlands to
provide continued hydrologic connectivity.
Cross drains, relief culverts and diversion
  ditches must not discharge onto credible soils
  or over fill slopes.  Relief culverts must be at
  least 15 inches in diameter and must be
  installed sloping toward the outside edge of the
  road at a minimum gradient of 3 percent.
  Where roadside ditches slope toward a Type 1,
  2, or 3 Water or a Type A or B Wetland for
  more than 300 feet and otherwise would
  discharge into the stream, divert the ditch
  water onto the forest floor at the first practical
  point.  Filling or draining more than 0.5 acre
  of wetland requires replacement by substitution
  or enhancement of the lost wetland functions
  and area.                    •    .

  Construct roads when moisture and soil
  conditions are not likely to result in excessive
  erosion or soil movement. Do not bury loose
  stumps, logs, or chunks containing more than
  5 cubic feet in the load-bearing portion of the
  road, any significant amount of organic debris
  within the top 2 feet of the load-bearing
 portion  of the road, or any excessive
 accumulation of debris or slash in any part of
 the load-bearing portion of the road fill.
 Stabilize exposed soil areas by seeding with
 grass, clover, or other ground cover.  Avoid
 the introduction of non-native plant species to
 wetlands and WMZs.  Clear the stream
 channel  of all debris and slash generated.
 Install all required drainage devices
 concurrently with the construction of the
 roadway. End haul or overhaul construction is
 required where significant amounts of sidecast
 material  would rest below the 50-year flood
 level of a Type 1, 2, 3, or 4 Water, or within
 Type A or B Wetlands or WMZs.  No spoils
 area greater than 0.5 acre may be placed in
 typed wetlands or their management zones.

 Locate landings to prevent damage to public
 resources, and where excessive excavation and
 filling will not be necessary. Do not locate
landings within typed wetlands or their
WMZs.  Slope landings to minimize the
accumulation of water.  Out-slope or cross
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                                                       Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 drain truck roads, skid trails, and fire trails
 that are uphill of landings, and divert water
 onto the forest floor away from the toe of any
 landing fill.  Landings requiring sidecast or fill
 must be no larger than reasonably necessary.
 Where average general, slopes exceed
 65 percent, fill material used in constructing
 landings must be free from loose stumps and
 excessive slash and must be mechanically
 compacted.

 Bridges are required for new crossings of any
 Type 1 or 2 Waters regularly used for
 recreational boating.  Permanent bridges must
 not constrict clearly defined channels. All
 permanent bridges and culverts must be
 designed to pass the 50-year flood level, or the
 road must be constructed to provide erosion
 protection from the 50-year flood waters
 exceeding the capacity of the drainage
 structure.  One end of each new permanent log
 or wood bridge must be tied or firmly
 anchored if the bridge is within 10 vertical feet
 of the 50-year flood level.  Culvert alignment
 and slope must parallel the natural flow of the
 stream, and the culvert must be terminated on
 materials that will not readily erode.  Clear
 streambeds for a distance of 50 feet upstream
 from the culvert inlet of all slash and debris.
 In streams used by anadromous fish,  culverts
 must either .be open bottomed or have the
 bottom covered with gravel and installed at
 least 6 inches below the natural stream bed at
 the inlet and outlet, and closed bottom culverts
 must not slope more than 0.5 percent. The
 rules provide minimum culvert sizing for
 stream and wetland crossings that are based on
 the presence of anadromous fish, game fish, or
 no fish. Temporary bridges and culverts
 adequate to carry  the highest anticipated  flow
 in lieu of carrying the 50-year flood may be
 used if installed after June 1 and removed by
 September 30 of the same year. Temporary
 bridges and culverts must be promptly
removed upon completion of use, and
approaches to crossings must be water barred
 and stabilized. Temporary wetland crossings
 must be approved, abandoned, and restored
 according to prior written plan.

 A plan for road maintenance and abandonment
 of drainages or road systems should be
 determined by the Department of Natural
 Resources.  For active roads, culverts and
 ditches must be kept functional, road surfaces
 must be maintained to minimize erosion, and
 road surfaces must be crowned, out-sloped, or
 water barred and berms removed from the
 outside edge. For inactive roads,
 nonfunctional ditches and culverts must be
 cleared and/or repaired and the road surface
 crowned, out-sloped, or water barred. ;
 Abandoned roads should be out-sloped, water
 barred, or otherwise left in a condition suitable
 to control erosion and maintain water
 movement within wetlands.  Bridges, culverts,
 and fills on all waters should be removed, and
 access to the road should be blocked.

 Locate rock quarries and gravel pits above the
 50-year flood level.  Locate spoil disposal
 areas above the 50-year flood level, on areas
 of low potential timber productivity, where the
 final slope will be no steeper than 1V4:1,
 where the risk of erosion and mass soil
 movement is minimal, and outside typed
 wetlands and their management zones. During
 the construction and use of rock quarries,
 borrow pits, or gravel pits, runoff must be
 diverted either onto the forest floor or into
 settling basins. These areas must be
 rehabilitated within 2 years of their
 abandonment. Rehabilitation includes  removal
 of all deleterious material, grading to less than
 the angle of repose,  and reforestation or
 revegetation.

4.  Timber Harvesting

Riparian management zones must be measured
horizontally from  the ordinary high water
mark of Type 1, 2, or 3 waters and must
                                             153

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   Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
   extend to the line where vegetation changes  ,
   from wetland to upland plant community or to
   the line required to leave sufficient shade.
   Leave trees in the RMZs for wildlife and
   fisheries habitat management. Fifty percent or
   more of the trees must be live and undamaged
   on completion of harvest.  The specifications
   for width and leave tree requirements are
   different in western RMZs and eastern RMZs
   and are provided in the rules and regulations:
   RMZ widths may be extended to the maximum
   width to provide sufficient shade to protect
  stream temperature and farther, if needed, to
  include wetlands. Where overlapped by   .
  WMZs, the leave tree provisions that best
  protect public resources are to be used.

  When harvesting in RMZs along Type 1,2,
  and 3 Waters, avoid disturbing understory
  vegetation, root systems, and any logs
  embedded in the bank.  Leave high stumps
  where necessary to prevent felled or bucked
  timber from entering the water.  Minimize the
  number of skidding routes through the RMZ.
  The temperature prediction method described
  in the Forest Practices Manual should be used
  to determine the minimum shade cover
  necessary to prevent excessive water
 temperatures, which may have a detrimental
 impact on aquatic resources, for flowing Type
  1, 2, and 3 Waters.  The method uses site-
 specific characteristics and includes
 consideration of shade retention, minimum
 leave tree requirements, regional water
 temperature characteristics, elevation, and
 temperature criteria defined for stream classes
 in Department of Ecology water quality
 standards.  A temperature prediction model is
 available from the Department of Natural
 Resources.

 When harvesting wetland management zones,
leave 75 trees per acre greater than 6 inches
dbh in western Washington and greater than 4
inches dbh in eastern Washington. Leave trees
should be representative of the species found
   within the WMZ.  Openings created by
   harvesting within the WMZ may not exceed
   100 feet as measured parallel to the wetland
   edge and may be no closer than 200 feet.  Do
   not use tractors, wheeled sWdders, or other
   ground-based harvesting systems within the
   minimum WMZ width.  If individual trees or
   forested wetlands of less than 0.5 acre occur
   within the boundaries of nonforested wetlands,
  do not harvest.  Do not fell timber into or yard
  timber across Type A or B Wetlands without
  written approval of the Department.

  Harvesting methods within forested wetlands
  are limited to low-impact harvest or cable
  systems, and at least one end of the log should
  be suspended during yarding. Clump leave
  tree areas adjacent to streams, RMZs, or
  WMZs.  Green recruitment trees should be
  representative of the size and species found
  within the wetlands.  No point within the
  harvest unit may be more than 1,000 feet from
  a wildlife reserve tree and green recruitment
  tree retention area.

  Even-aged harvests of more than 240
  contiguous acres  or more than 40 contiguous
 acres on  saltwater islands is prohibited.  Do
 not fell trees into Type 1, 2, and 3 waters or
 Type A and B Wetlands.  Use directional
 felling and skid trees away from  water. Do
 not cable yard timber in or across Type 1, 2,
 or 3 Waters, except where logs will not
 materially damage the area. Yard in an uphill
 direction. Do not remove or disturb any logs
 firmly embedded in the bottom of a stream.
 Do not use tractors or wheeled skidders in
 Type 1, 2 or 3 Waters, and minimize skidding
 across flowing Type 4 Waters. Minimize skid
 trail width, and out-slope where practical.

 Upon completion of harvest operations,
 landings must be cleaned up and stabilized.
 Clear obstructions from ditches and culverts.
Regrade to prevent accumulation of water, and
ensure that all cut slopes are stable.
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 v>EPA
    Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 Revegetate, mulch, and,water bar as
 necessary.  All cables, machine parts, and
 other inorganic debris must be removed.

 Any conventional method of slash disposal is
 allowable, except in wetlands and WMZs;
 burning and scarification are prohibited, and
 machine pulling is discouraged.  Do not pile
 or windrow slash below the 50-year flood level
 of any Type 1, 2, 3, or 4 Water or  in locations
 from which it could be expected to enter any
 watercourse or waterbody. When burning,
 fire trails should be constructed with dips,
 •water bars, cross drains, and ditches as
 necessary to control erosion.  Do not locate
 fire trails within Type A or B Wetlands or
 WMZs without prior written approval of the
 Department.

 5.   Reforestation

 Reforestation requirements and stocking levels
 vary by region and are specified in the rules
 and regulations.  Reforestation plans must be
 submitted with the application or notification.
'Do not use heavy equipment for site
 preparation or rehabilitation if soil moisture
 conditions or soil .type would cause undue
 compaction or damage to soil productivity or
 would generate erosion. Do not operate heavy
 equipment in RMZs, Type A or B Wetlands,
 WMZs, within 10 feet of the ordinary high
 water mark of Type 4 and 5 Waters on slopes
 30  percent or less, or within 50 feet of any
 waters on slopes greater than 30 percent.

 6.   Forest Chemicals

 Transportation, handling, storage, loading,
 application, and disposal of pesticides must
 conform to label requirements and state and
 federal regulations. Prevent pesticide leakage,
 contamination, and pollution.  Store and mix
 chemicals and clean tanks and equipment
 where any accidental spill would not enter
 surface waters or wetlands. If any chemical is
 spilled, immediately take appropriate
 procedures to neutralize it. Provide an air gap
 or reservoir between the water source and the
 mixing tank. Chemical treatments in RMZs
 and WMZs must be applied by hand or by an
 approved specific alternative. For aerial
 pesticide applications, leave a 50-foot buffer
 strip around all waters and do not allow
 pesticides to directly enter waters, typed
 wetlands, or riparian or wetland management
 zones. Aerial application of fertilizers requires
 a 25-foot buffer on all Type 1, 2,  and 3
 Waters.  During ground pesticide treatments
 with powered equipment, leave a 25-foot
 buffer around all waters and typed wetlands.
 Chemical containers must be removed from the
 forest and either disposed of according to label
 instructions or cleaned for reuse according to
 applicable regulations of the state agriculture
 department or state and local health
 departments.
State Contact:
  Dan Bigger
  (206)902-1410
                                             155

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
v>EPA
     Other Available State Information

 Manuals/   Board Manual and Guidelines;
 Books      Forest Practices Act

 Brochures   Fact Sheets and Heads-Up
            describe changes to the Forest
            Practice Rules and provide a
            general summary of new rules;
            Monitoring Guidelines to
            Evaluate Effects of Forestry
            Activities on Streams in the
            Pacific Northwest and Alaska

Videos      Wall-based Channels describes
           fish habitat off main channels
                                         156

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                                                      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 WEST VIRGINIA
References:  West Virginia Forestry Division.
Clean Streams Handbook for Loggers —
Keeping Mud Out of the Streams; the Logging
Sediment Control Act (Article IB of Chapter
19 of West Virginia Code 1931).

The Logging Sediment Control Act requires
that anyone conducting timbering operations,
purchasing timber, or buying logs for resale
must obtain a license.  In addition, timber
operators must notify the Division of Forestry
•within 3 days of the commencement of
harvesting operations.  The notification must
include- the following:

   (1)  the specific topographic location where
       the operation will be conducted;
   (2)  the approximate dates that the operation
       •will begin and end;
   (3)  the approximate acreage of the harvest;
   (4)  the name and address of the timber-
       owner(s) and, if different, the name and
       address of the landowner(s);
   (5)  a sketch map of the proposed location,
       including haul roads, landings, and
       stream crossings;
   (6)  a description of the sediment control
       practices to be implemented;
   (7)  an acknowledgment that the operator
       •will conduct operations in compliance
       •with the Act;
   (8)  the name  and timbering license number
    -,  of the person or firm supervising the
       logging site; and
   (9)  the name  and certification number of
       the person(s) supervising the operation.

The Act also  stipulates that any individual
supervising any timber operation must be
certified by July  2, 1993.  The certification
program provides for education and training in
safety, first aid procedures, and the use of
BMPs.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.  Planning the Operation
   2.  Filter Strips
   3.  Constructing Logging Roads
       and Landings
   4.  Maintaining Logging Roads
       and Landings
   5.  Retiring Logging Roads and Landings
1.   Planning the Operation

Plan the road system to fit the topography.
Locate landings first, and plan skid roads to
approach at low grades.  Space skid roads as
far apart as practical.  Consider the aspect of
the hillside when planning road location;
south- and west-facing slopes are usually drier
and provide a better location for main haul
roads. Avoid locating roads on cliffs, flat
ridgetops, easily eroded soils, seeps, swampy
places, and other obstacles. Do not locate
roads in filter strips.

Examine the distribution and volume of timber
to be removed and estimate the number of
loads that  will  be hauled over the road to
determine the design and standards to which
the various sections and spurs need to be
constructed. Design roads to have low grades.
Haul roads should be between 3 and 10
percent; grades up to 15 percent are allowable
for 200-foot intervals if special treatment is
provided to control erosion.  Skid roads may
be up to 15 percent, but grades up to 20   ,
percent are allowable for short segments.
Avoid roads with long, straight grades.  Install
broad-based dips,  grade breaks, or other
drainage structures on main haul roads.
Design road curves to have a minimum 35-foot
radius and nearly level grade.
                                             157

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   Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                    vvEPA
   Han the harvest on paper. Draw proposed
   haul and skid.roads and landings on a
   topographic map.  Mark proposed drainage or
   water control structures, such as bridges,
   culverts, dips, outsloped or insloped roads,
   grade breaks, and critical areas to be graveled.
   Prior to construction, walk and flag all
  proposed road and drainage structure locations
  to ensure that the roads have been properly
  placed.

  2.   Filter Strips

  Retain a filter strip with a minimum width of
  25 feet between roads and watercourses;
  however, on watersheds draining more than
  100 acres, a width of 25 to at least 200 feet is
  preferable.  The width of the  strip should
  increase as  the slope adjacent to the
  •watercourse increases.  Harvesting in the strip
  is allowed,  but a shade strip should be retained
  immediately adjacent to the watercourse to
  maintain uniform water temperature levels.
  Do not disturb the soil in filter strips except
 •when needed for stream crossings.  Cross
 streams perpendicular to stream flow using
 small bridges or culverts. Consider alternative
 road locations before deciding that a bridge is
 necessary to transport timber out of a certain
 tract Drain runoff from approach roads  and
 divert it away from the streams. Do not skid
 logs through flowing streams, and never
 operate the skidder in a stream.

 3.  Constructing Logging Roads and
     Landings             ,

 Construct roads in the planned locations.  Use
 the narrowest width to safely handle
 anticipated traffic volume. Maintain
 temporary water bars and turnouts during
 construction.  If possible, allow newly
 constructed roads to settle several months
before using.  Clear the rights-of-ways and
daylight the roads  to allow for maximum
sunlight penetration and drying ability.
  Logging roads entering onto paved roads
  should be covered with heavy gravel for about
  200 feet to reduce the amount of mud carried
  onto the highway.

  Install drainage structures on roads and
  landings. Use natural cross drainage. Out-
  slope the entire width of the road toward the
  fill bank to provide good surface drainage.
  The out-slope grade should be V* - % inch per
  foot.  If road conditions preclude out-sloping,
  in-slope the road and install ditch relief
  culverts or drainage dips. Culverts should be
  spaced 200 to 300 feet apart, should be
  installed on an 8 to 10 percent grade, and
  should cross the road at about a 30-degree
  angle. Use broad-based dips on active haul
  roads and water bars on retired roads. A
  diagram is provided in the manual with
  specifications for proper broad-based dip
  construction.  Discharge drainage dip outflow
  onto vegetated areas, and install  energy
  dissipators at dip outlets if necessary to reduce
  erosion.

 Stream crossings should be perpendicular to
 the channel and should not impede stream
 flow.  Use bridges to cross streams that are
 too big for culverts. A bridge should not be
 constructed if a culvert or ford can be used to
 cross the stream. Install culverts on a 2 to 4
 percent grade to facilitate drainage. Size
 culverts to accommodate anticipated high
 stream flows.  Approaches to stream crossings
 should be surfaced  with gravel to reduce
 siltation of the stream.

 Construct landings on dry ground at least  •
 25 feet from watercourses;  100 feet or greater
 is preferable.  If a landing must be located
 closer to a watercourse than 25 feet, several
 sediment control measures must be applied.
 Slightly slope the landing surface to facilitate
drainage.  Prevent runoff from entering the
landing area by providing adequate drainage  of
                                              158

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                                                      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 approach roads and constructing a diversion
 ditch along the uphill side of the landing.

 4.   Maintaining Logging Roads and
     Landings

 During the logging operation, roads, ditches,
 dips, and culverts should be maintained to
 perform properly.  Regrade the road surface
 periodically to remove ruts,  and inspect and
 clean all water control and drainage structures.
 Restrict traffic during unfavorable weather.
 Do not allow skidding on haul roads.  Do not
 push logging debris from roads or landings
 into or toward watercourses.  Remove and
 properly dispose of all trash, used oil, etc.

 5.   Retiring Logging Roads and Landings

 Retire logging roads  as soon as they are not
 needed for removing timber.  Do not wait
 until the entire operation has been completed.
 Smooth and grade landings and main haul
 roads. Remove temporary drainage structures
 and clean permanent drainage structures.
 Revegetate all  exposed soil areas using seed,
 lime, fertilizer, and mulch. Restrict vehicular
access with a gate or deep trench.  Plan for
 future maintenance of permanent drainage •
 control structures.  Install water bars on skid
trails at the recommended intervals, and leave
loped slash and other logging debris on the
skid trail to help minimize erosion.
    Other Available State Information

Manuals/   Clean Streams Handbook for
Books      Landowners; Guidelines for
            Controlling Soil Erosion and
           \Water Pollution on Logging
            Operations - a technical pocket
            guide; Silvicultural Water
            Quality Management Plan

Brochures   Keeping Mud Out of the
            Streams; Forest Owners and
            Logging Roads

Videos      Building Roads; Selling Timber;
            Forest and Water
State Contact:
  William H. Gillespie
  Forestry Division
  (304)558-3446  ,
                                             159

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Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
&EPA
                                      160

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 vvEPA
     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 WISCONSIN
 Reference:  Wisconsin Department of Natural
 Resources, Bureau of Forestry, and Wisconsin
 Paper Council.  1990. Forest Practice
 Guidelines for Wisconsin.
   BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

   1.   Forest Management Plans
   2.   Forest Accessways
   3.   Timber Harvesting
   4.   Reforestation
   5.   Integrated Pest Management
 1.   Forest Management Plans
          t •
 Management plans should include a "Statement
 of Goals" the landowner or manager wants to
 achieve, an "Inventory" of the timber and
 other property values, and a "Plan of Action"
 that outlines how, where,  and when the
 landowner's goals will be  met.  Soil surveys,
 topographic maps, aerial photos, and other"
 reference materials should be used as planning
 tools.  Establish harvest boundaries using
 topographic features such  as permanent
 streams, ridges, roads, and forest type in
 conjunction with land management goals,
 available equipment,  and silvicultural needs.
 Schedule activities to minimize potential
 negative impacts on soils and waters..

2.   Forest Accessways

Plan and implement logging road construction
and other forest alterations to conserve soil
and protect water quality.  Minimize surface
disturbance during road, skid trail, and landing
construction. Grade roads to 8 percent or less
for normal soils and to less than 5 percent for
credible soils. Avoid constructing steep cuts
 and fills. Do not use surface debris as fill
 material, and prevent its entry into springs,
 streams, and lakes.  Limit construction during
 adverse weather.

 Divert water off the road surface using
 ditches, cross drains, drainage dips, and
 proper water diversion techniques. A, permit
 may be required if drainage structures are
 within 500 feet of a stream or lake. Minimize
 stream crossings, and contact regulatory
 agencies regarding specific rules and permit
 requirements. Use proper culverts or bridges
 and adequate amounts of fill and gravel to
 ensure good drainage.  Adequately size
 culverts and bridges to accommodate stream
 flows.  Avoid fording unless streambeds and
 banks are sufficiently stable.  Minimize
 disturbance when constructing bridges or
 installing culverts, and stabilize stream banks
 when construction is complete.  Retain
 protective strips or buffers adjacent to streams
 or lakes.  Upon completion of operations,
 remove all stream crossing structures or
 materials.

 Maintain forest accessways by removing debris
 from culverts and ditches and revegetating skid
 trails, landings, and unused roads.  Grade
 and/or gravel permanent roads to maintain
 drainage, and restrict access during wet
 seasons.

 3.   Timber Harvesting

 Landings should be located and  sized to
 minimize adverse impacts of skidding on the
 natural water drainage patterns.  Locate
 landings on firm, well-drained ground outside
 streamside management zones of perennial
 streams and above the ordinary high water
mark of intermittent streams.  Landings should
use natural topography for drainage. Divert
 runoff from approach roads to prevent its entry
onto the landing.  Prevent chemical spills on
landings and other intensive work areas.  Upon
                                             161

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     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
    completion of operations, drain any impounded
    water on or around the landing and seed
    landings with a herbaceous cover crop to
    stabilize credible soils.

    Skidding operations should match equipment
    with terrain, soils, "and weather conditions to
    minimize soil compaction and other
    disturbances. Locate skid trails to minimize
    soil displacement, to use the topography, and
    to avoid steep gradients and disruption of
   natural drainages.  Skid trails on slopes should
   have occasional breaks. Minimize the number
   of skid routes through SMZs, and use culverts,
   logs, or portable bridges as temporary stream
•   crossings. Rock fords or log fords may be
   used if a practical alternative to crossing
   streams does not exist and if the stream
   approach and stream bottom are hard enough
   that sedimentation or muddy water does not
   result. Upon completion of operations,
  promptly remove all stream  crossings,
  revegetate skid trails, and install water bars.

  Carefully fell trees to reduce damage to
  residual stands and minimize erosion.
  Directionally fell trees away from water bodies
  and parallel to the skid trail, with butts toward
  ihe landing.  Avoid felling trees into  streams
  or lakes, and promptly remove any trees
  inadvertently felled into a water body. Retain
  an uncut or partially cut strip of timber along
 major waterways.  Avoid logging adjacent to
 water bodies during periods when erosion and
 sedimentation are likely to occur.

 Logging debris accumulating in streams or
 lakes must be removed promptly and deposited
 above the high water mark. Scatter logging
 residue on skid trails and exposed soil areas
 with soil erosion potential.  Properly dispose
 of human-generated wastes and litter.
  4.   Reforestation

  Minimize soil disturbance by mechanical
  preparation methods.  Conduct prescribed
  burns under proper conditions, and avoid
  exposing mineral soils.  Comply with
  applicable federal,  state, and local regulations
  governing chemical storage, transportation,
  handling, and application.  Select a planting
  procedure that is least disturbing to the soil,
  and avoid planting when the soil has a high
  moisture content.

 5.  Integrated Pest Management

 Harvest mature, diseased, or infected trees or
 stands.  Use silvicultural systems prescribed
 specifically to minimize pest population
 development. Manage for tree species that are
 adapted to the specific soil and site.  Favor
 diversity, and avoid establishing host tree
 species in areas where they may be susceptible
 to a particular insect or disease.  Use
 pesticides judiciously to control disease and
 insect populations.
State Contact:
  Robert J. Mather
  Dept. of Natural Resources
  (608)266-1727
                                              162

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 &EPA
     Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 WYOMING
 Reference:  Wyoming Department of
 Environmental Quality. 1992. Wyoming
 Nonpoint Source Management Plan:
 Silviculture Best Management Practices - Final
 Draft.
    BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

    1.   Planning
    2.   Harvesting and Revegetation
    3.   Roads
 I   4.   Chemicals
   5.   Fire Management

 1.   Planning

 Evaluate proposed timber harvest units to
 estimate the response on the affected
 watersheds to determine whether the proposed
 units are suitable for harvesting. This involves
 field examination, evaluation of existing data,
 analysis of potential watershed response, and
 professional judgment.  Where adverse water
 quality or soil productivity impacts may result,
 the harvest unit design should be modified,
 individual units deleted, and/or  natural
 recovery rate accelerated by using watershed
 improvement measures.  This practice cannot
 be implemented by  a layperson; technical
 assistance must be provided by a professional
forester with input from the associated
 disciplines.

 Closely manage all  silvicultural activities
within riparian areas to minimize ground
 disturbance. Use field reconnaissance to
 determine the need for establishing a buffer
zone, the subsequent width necessary to
achieve management objectives, and any
 restrictions on harvesting activities.  When
 determining the proper width of a buffer zone,
 consider factors such as slope, stream
 classification, channel stability, resources
 dependent on these areas, and fisheries habitat
 condition.  A table is provided in the manual
 with general buffer widths based on slope.
 Operations on slopes greater than 40 percent
 need to be given special technical consideration
 and should be coordinated with the appropriate
 technical agencies.

 Whenever wetlands occur within the
 boundaries of a proposed silvicultural
 management operation, the Corps of Engineers
 (COE) must be contacted to determine whether
 the proposed activities are authorized by
 regulation, exempt from regulation, or require
 a permit.

 Minimize erosion and sedimentation by
 designing skidding patterns to fit the
 topography and avoid on-site and downstream
 channel impacts,  the concentration of runoff,
 and erosion in meadows and riparian areas.
 Fell trees toward a predetermined skid pattern
 to reduce impacts from the tractor.  Protect
 sensitive areas by winching logs directly out of
 the areas with a cable operated outside the
 areas.  On steep slopes and in riparian areas
 where tractors cannot operate, use suspended
 log-yarding systems to minimize soil
 disturbance and site impacts.  These systems
 include high-lead, skyline, helicopter, and
 balloon yarders.

 Develop an oil and hazardous substance spill
 contingency plan whenever an activity requires
 the aboveground storage of hazardous
 substances or petroleum products. Federal
 regulation requires a plan when more than
 1,320 gallons of petroleum products are
 stored, and state regulation requires  that spills
in excess of 25  gallons of gasoline or 10
barrels of crude oil are reported to the
Wyoming Department of Environmental
                                              163

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   Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
   Quality (DEQ).  The plan should contain a
   predetermined system of responses to be
   implemented in the event of a spill that
   considers the following factors: the specific
   substance spilled; the quantity; its toxicity;
  proximity of the spill to waters; and the hazard
  to life, property, and the environment. Store
  petroleum products and hazardous substances
  on level ground at least 150 feet from riparian
  areas and •within a diked area that has
  sufficient capacity to contain the largest
  theoretical spill.

  Properly plan, locate, and design sewage and
  wastewater disposal facilities whenever
  temporary camps are necessary for the
  conduction of a silvicultural operation. These
  facilities should not generate health or water
  pollution problems.  Construction of
  permanent or temporary sanitary facilities
  requires a permit from the DEQ. Garbage and
  other solid wastes should be stored in animal-
  proof receptacles and disposed of at a properly
  designed, operated, and permitted landfill.

 Development of water sources should  be
 consistent with water quality protection and
 should aim toward the development of durable
 long-term sources rather than the construction
 of hasty, expedient developments.  Do not
 reduce downstream flow so as to detrimentally
 affect aquatic resources, fish passage, sensitive
 species,  or other uses, and remove temporary
 facilities prior to causing resource damage.
 Time operation to not interfere with fish
 spawning and/or migration. Construct
 temporary cofferdams with materials that will
 not introduce sediment into the watercourse.
 Route overflow directly back into the
 watercourse.   Contact the State Engineer
 before developing any water storage facility or
 diversion.  Also, a section 404 permit may be
 required  from the COE.

 Son and  water resource monitoring and
evaluation should be conducted to ensure
  compliance with state water quality standards.
  A specific monitoring approach is not
  required, but the following factors  should be
  considered when deciding on a monitoring
  regime: the size and type of operation, the
  amount of road building required, and the
  types of waterbodies at risk. -A specific
  monitoring and evaluation plan should include:

    • monitoring objectives;
    • review of existing data and information;
    • characteristics to be monitored;
    • types, techniques, and frequency of
      monitoring;
    • data analysis and evaluation;
    • reporting; and
    • cost.

 When waterbody degradation or a water
 quality standard violation occurs, remedial
 action must be taken immediately.  This may
 involve rescheduling, redesigning, mitigation
 for damage, or closing the operation.

 2.  Harvesting and Revegetation

 Carefully manage equipment operations in
 wetlands, even if the area is in a dry state, to
 minimize erosion and water quality
 degradation. Tractor operations in these areas
 may be limited to specialized equipment and/or
 entering the area during favorable weather
 conditions.

 Apply stream channel protection practices to
 provide unobstructed streamflow and fish
 passage, to maintain ambient stream
 temperatures, to minimize introduction of •
 sediment and pollutants to watercourses, and to
 restore watercourses to natural courses after
 diversions. Avoid stream diversions  unless
 performed under the recommendation and
 guidance of a professional hydrologist or
 engineer, and contact the State Engineer's
 office before constructing any diversion. Plan
the location and method of stream crossings
                                              164

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                                                        Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
 prior to the commencement of the operation,
 and design harvest units to minimize
, construction along watercourses and riparian
 areas.  Do not operate wheeled or tracked
 equipment in stream channels, except during
 stream crossing construction; when
 groundsMdding, end-line logs out of
 streamside areas.  Remove construction or
 logging debris that accidentally enters
 •watercourses and place above the ordinary
 high water mark.  Use water bars and other
 erosion control structures to minimize erosion
 and dissipate concentrated flows.  At the close
 of operations, return the stream channel and
 banks to their original condition.

 Locate and design landings to minimize
 erosion and water quality degradation.  Do  not
 locate landings in riparian or buffer areas.
 Landings should be located to minimize the
 required number of skid roads, to utilize
. existing terrain that does  not exceed 10 percent
 slope, and where the minimum amount of
 excavation and sidecasting is needed.  Where
 possible, locate landings near ridge points to
 facilitate skidding without crossing natural
 drainages or riparian areas.  The landing size
 should not exceed that necessary for safe and
 efficient skidding.  Shape landings to drain  in
 •a. planned direction and to minimize erosion
 potential.

 Provide erosion control measures on skid trails
 as harvesting operations proceed.  These
 measures may include construction of cross
 ditches, backblading, slash placement, and
 grass seeding.  Maintain all erosion control
 and stream crossing structures to ensure that
 ihey are functioning effectively.

 Upon the completion of operations, landing
 areas should receive treatment to reduce
 surface compaction and enhance infiltration
 and revegetation.  Treatment can include
 scarifying, smoothing and sloping construction
 of drainage ditches, diversion of runoff prior
 to entering the landing, spreading of slash,   "
 mulching, and revegetation.

 Other areas disturbed by harvesting operations
 (e.g., roads, skid trails, and firelines) may also
 require revegetation. Consult a professional
 forester, conservation district, or agricultural
 office for information on appropriate soil
 preparation, seed mixtures, application of
 mulch and fertilizer, and timing of
 revegetation efforts.  If fertilizer is applied,
 protect surface water and ground water.

 3.  Roads

 Time road construction activities to minimize
 erosion and avoid impacts to fish migration
 and spawning. Restrict operations during
 periods of excessive moisture.

 Locate and design roads and trails to minimize
 impacts on soil and water resources and to
 ensure mat they drain naturally by appropriate
 use of outsloping or insloping with cross
 drainage and grade  changes.  Whenever
 reliance on natural drainage is not sufficient,
 install relief culverts and roadside ditches.
 Use appropriate technical staff to evaluate the
 effects of transportation needs and operation
 and to recommend mitigating measures.
 Design roads to the minimum standards
 necessary to accommodate anticipated traffic
 volumes and to minimize erosion and
 disruption of water flow. Stream crossing
 structure design should involve a hydrologic
 analysis to determine runoff rates and
 volumes, flood conditions, velocities, scour,
 open channel shapes, approach topography,
 materials foundation conditions, and fish
passage requirements.

Reduce chances for  road-related mass failures,
including landslides and embankment slumps.
Provide subsurface drainage where it is
necessary to avoid moisture saturation and
subsequent slope failure. Horizontal drains,
                                               165

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      Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
                                                                                        vvEPA
     drainage trenches, or drainage blankets may be
     used to lower subsurface water levels.  Control
     the composition and characteristics of
     embankments in areas with high landslide
     potential. Do not incorporate slash or organic
     debris in embankments, and place embankment
     material by layer placement, controlled
    compaction, or controlled compaction using
    density-controlled strips.

    Minimize sediment production and mass
    wasting during pioneer road construction.
    Confine pioneer roads  to the corridor of the
    planned road. Prevent undercutting of the
    final cut slope, avoid deposition of materials
    outside designated roadway limits, and
   accommodate drainage  with culverts or log
   crossings. Perform erosion control activity
   concurrent with construction.

   Reduce sedimentation from unconsolidated
   excavated and sidecast material during road
   construction and maintenance. The area of
   exposed material can often be reduced by  strict
   adherence to the lines, grades, and dimensions
   detaried in the road design.  Prior to
   commencing construction activities, locate
  waste areas where excess material can be
  deposited and stabilized; do not locate such
  areas in stream channels, floodplains
  wetlands, or riparian areas.  On steep slopes,
  use end hauling and retaining structures as
  necessary.  Supplement normal erosion control
  with special mitigation measures.

 Minimize the number of stream crossings, and
 cross perpendicular to stream flow. Design
 and install structures to provide unobstructed
 stream flow and fish passage and to minimize
 damage to the watercourse. Minimize stream
 bank excavation. Temporary stream-crossing
 structures should be removed upon completion
 or operations.

When installation of permanent bridges or
culverts is necessary, minimize sedimentation
     and turbidity resulting from excavation  All
     construction should be performed during
     periods of low flow and should not interfere
     with fish spawning or migration.  Divert
     stream flow around the construction site  The
     State Engineer must be  notified of all stream
    diversions, and a COE permit may be
    required.  Minimize operation of mechanical
    equipment in live streams.  Do not deposit
    material in watercourses, and do not stockpile '
    material on floodplains.  If the groundwater
    contribution is significant during excavation in
    or near the stream course, use cofferdams
    caissons, cribs, or sheet piling; otherwise
   pump water away from the excavated area
   Do not discharge pumped water directly to the
   watercourse, but to a settling basin.

   Implement erosion control practices during and
   after road construction and prior to seasonal
   precipitation and runoff.  Erosion control is
   extremely important on projects that
   incomplete at the end of the normal operating
   seasons.  Revegetate  exposed soils in
   conjunction with mulching and  fertilization
  Implement measures that physically protect the
  soil surface from detachment or modify the
  topography to minimize erosion. These
  measures can include  treating the roadway and
  ditches with chemical  additives; using
  mulches, riprap, or erosion mats; terracing on
  cuts, fills, and ditches; and installing water
  bars on temporary roads. Waste oil is not
  appropriate as a surface treatment for forest
 roads. Use slash filter windrows, catch
 basins, anchored straw bales, or other water-
 spreading devices to inhibit downslope
 movement of sediment. Reduce  soil
 disturbance in or near streams by dewatering
 culvert installations and immediately installing
 culverts during road pioneering.  Do not use
 temporary pipes unless sedimentation can be
 controlled during installation, use, and
 removal. Properly design and construct road
drainage systems and drainage control
structures.  Control the flow of surface and

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                                                        Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
, subsurface water by insloping, outsloping,
 and/or installing ditches, cross drains,  ,
 underdrains, trenches, water-spreading
 devices, energy dissipators, and other similar
 structures.

 Mimmize sediment production from borrow
 pits, gravel sources, and quarries.  Provide
 temporary erosion control during excavation
 and permanent erosion control and
 rehabilitation after excavation is complete.
 Borrow pits and gravel sources located in
 floodplains require special attention and
 planning.  Excavation should be limited to
 above the normal high water mark.  Contact
 the DEQ before beginning operations.

 Close or obliterate temporary roads.  Remove
 temporary culverts and bridges, and restore the
 natural drainage configuration. Reshape and
 stabilize side slopes. Effectively drain and
 block the road, and revegetate.

 4.  Chemicals

 Handle, transport, and apply pesticides in
 accordance with the product label to reduce or
 eliminate possible adverse effects on water
 quality. Retain a buffer area of at least 150
 feet along surface waters during application, of
 pesticides. Do not aerially apply chemicals if
 there are label restrictions prohibiting aerial
 application.  Develop a spill contingency plan.
 Maintain records documenting the type and
 mixture of chemical applied, area of
 application, amount, rate, method and time of
 application, and name of the person
 performing the application.  Pesticide
 applications should be monitored and evaluated
 to provide feedback on the placement,
 accuracy,  application amount, and any water
 contamination that might occur. Monitoring
 and evaluation methods include spray cards,
 dye tracing, and direct measurement of
 pesticides in or near water.  Type of pesticide,
 equipment, application difficulty, public
 concern, beneficial uses, monitoring difficulty,
 availability of competent laboratory analysis,
 and applicable federal, state, and local laws
 and regulations are factors considered when
 determining the monitoring and evaluation
 needs.

 Clean and dispose of pesticide containers and
 equipment in accordance with federal, state
 and local laws, regulations, and directives.
 Rinse containers three times, and apply the
 rinse water to the project area.  Maintain
 records documenting container disposal.

 Handle and apply fertilizers to reduce or
 eliminate possible adverse effects on water
 quality.  Perform a soil test to confirm the
 need for fertilization. Retain a buffer area
 between the surface waters and the fertilized
 area. The width of this buffer area is
 determined by slope, vegetation, and soil
 conditions. Maintain records documenting the
 type of fertilizer applied, area of application,
 amount applied, and method and time of
 application.

 5.   Fire Management

 Protect  soil and water from the effects of
 prescribed burning.  Avoid intense fires  that
 may promote water repellency, nutrient
 leaching, and erosion.  Construct water bars in
 firelines.  Remove all debris added to stream
 channels as a result of the burn.  Retain  or
plan for sufficient ground cover to prevent
erosion  of the burned sites.

 Stabilize all areas that have had their erosion
potential significantly increased or their
drainage patterns altered by fire suppression-
related activities.  Install water bars and  other
drainage diversions in fire roads, firelines, and
other cleared areas:  Spread slash or mulch to
protect exposed soil, and revegetate.  Remove
debris from stream channels deposited by
                                              167

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 Current NFS Control Practices for Forestry
4>EPA
 suppression activities.  Repair damaged road
 drainage facilities.

 Apply emergency rehabilitation treatments to
 areas where wildfire burn is expected to
 degrade water quality.  These treatments can
 include revegetating, fertilizing, fencing to
 protect new vegetation, clearing debris from
 watercourses, and constructing channel-
 stabilization structures and debris-retention
 structures.
State Contact:
  Herbert Cottrell
  State Forest Division
  (307) 777-7586
  FAX: 637-8726
     Other Available State Information

 Brochures  Clean Water Ways is an NFS
            newsletter; Wyoming
            Hydrogram is a newsletter
            published by Wyoming's Water
            Resources Center
                                           168

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        APPENDIX A
OVERVIEW MATRICES OF STATE
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

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                                   Tables
Number

A-l    Overview of Revegetation Practices ......
A-2    Overview of Road Surface Drainage	
A-3    Overview of Skid Trail Practices  . . . . . ...
A-4    Overview of Stream Crossing Practices  . . .
A-5    Overview of Streamside Protection Practices
 Page

. A-l
. A-4
. A-8
 A-ll
 A-15
                                     A-i

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                               Table A-l.  Overview of Revegetatiort Practices
STATE
Alabama


, Alaska
Arkansas
California
Connecticut
•
SEED
MIXTURES
Obtain from local offices
of SCS or Cooperative
Extension
None
MULCH
Recommended; apply
immediately after seeding
-

FERTILIZER/
LIME
Soil test recommended;
incorporate into soil

1
. TIMING/SEEDBED
PREPARATION
Shape and smooth surface;-
rip or disk heavily
compacted areas

Seeding recommended on bare soils, but no specifications provided
Stabilization required, but no specifications provided
Types and rates; multiple
species recommended
Scattered hay, wood
chips, saw dust
Ground limestone:
100 lbs/1000 sq. ft. for
"Rough-up" heavily
compacted or rutted sites
Delaware
Honda



Georgia



Idaho


Hfinoi>

Indiana


Kentucky
Maine
Maryland
Types, rates, dates; based
on surface and weather
conditions
Types, rates; based on soil
quality and region


Types, rates; based on
region and seeding dates
Apply immediately after
seeding on credible soils
or during adverse
conditions; hay/straw:
1-1.5 tons/acre
wood fiber mulch: 1500
Ibs/acre;
Hay: 5000 Ibs/acre;
Small grain straw:
4000 Ibs/acre
acidic soils

Soil test recommended;
rates determined by soil
type/acidity; 1.5 tons lime
and 600 Ibs of 10-10-10
per acre
Base on soil or foliar
analysis; apply in early
spring

800-1000 Ibs/acre of
6-12-12; no BMPs
As season permits; shape
surface; rip compacted
toils
Stabilization required, but no specifications provided; specifications provided for buffer widths during fertilizer
applications
Tall fescue: 20 Ibs/acre;
Annual rye: 5 Ibs/acre

Types, rates, dates; based
on soil/surface quality and
intent (wildlife usage)

None

Obtain from local offices
of SCS or Cooperative
Extension; consider
wildlife habitat
enhancement; 20 Ibs/acre
creeping red fescue

Types, rates, dates; based
on region and site
conditions
                           BMPs provided

Hay: 5 to 6 straws deep      10-10-10 at 100 Ibs/acre
Various types; rates and
application remarks
provided
Hay, cereal straw, bark,
native vegetation; maybe
slash; apply hay at 60
bales/acre  •  '
Apply immediately after
seeding on credible soils
or during adverse
conditions; hay/straw:
1-1.5 tons/acre; wood
fiber mulch: 1500 Ibs/acre
Incorporate to a depth of
4--6"; 70-80 Ibs N; 120
Ibs P,Oj; 120 Ibs K,O
400 Ibs/acre of 5-10-10 or
5-10-5
Soil test recommended;
rates determined by soil
type/acidity; 1.5 tons lime
and 600 Ibs of 10-10-10
per acre
Spring till 5/15;
8/15 to 9/30

Grade area; scarify
surface
Immediately following
construction; grade and
scarify surface
Within 7 days oh slope's
 > 3096, otherwise end of
harvesting; shape and rip
surface
                                                           A-l

-------
Table A-l. Continued
STATE
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New
Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Sotnh Carolina
SEED FERTILIZER/
MIXTURES MULCH LIME
Types, rates, soil pH Hay: 60 bales/acre 2 tons/acre of lime;
ranSe 400 Ibs/acre of 5-10-10 or
5-10-5
Stabilization suggested, but no specifications provided
Obtain from local offices Yes •
of SWCD, USFS, DNR,
county extension
Types, rates, dates, Apply immediately after 2 tons/acre of lime;
remarks for both seeding on credible soils 400 Ibs/acre of 10-10-10
temporary and permanent of during adverse' '" '' '"
vegetation; based on soil conditions; SCS guidelines
and site conditions; SCS provided
guidelines provided
Rates, dates Light mulch on droughty
soils
Revegetation recommended, but no specifications provided
Revegetation recommended, but no specifications provided
Types, rates for both Critical areas and Determine by soil test;
temporary and permanent droughty soils; hay or lime to pH 6.0; 2 tons/
vegetation; based on area, straw: 90 lbs/1000 sq. ft. acre limestone (high Mg);
drainage, soil pH, shade 500 Ibs/acre 10-10-10
None
Rates provided for various Hay, straw, wood chips
application methods;
based on region

TIMING/SEEDBED .
PREPARATION
4/15 to 6/15; 8/1 to 9/15

As soon as practical after
construction
Smooth and shape surface



Grade and scarify surface
(at least 3" deep)

June or early July

Discusses various seeding methods; provides information on seed mixtures, rates, dates, fertilizer, mulch, and
maintenance for the major physiographic regions and soil/site conditions; discusses mulching materials and chemical
stabilizers
Mixture type based on Straw preferred; provides 20 Ibs/acre of 14-14-14;
type of disturbance; rate, use and anchoring 400 Ibs/acre of pelletized
50 Ibs/acre guides lime
Types, rates, dates; Hay: 2.5 tons/acre 52-52-52 Ibs/acre
various application
methods discussed
None
Types, rates; wildlife 2.5-3.0 tons/acre of straw SoH test recommended;
usage included or hay 4 tons/acre of lime;
100-200-200/acre
General purpose mix and Hay: 500 Ibs/acre 1 ton/acre of limestone;
rale 500 Ibs/acre of 10-10-10
None

Loosen soil

Scanty


      A-2

-------
                                              Table A-l. Continued
 STATE
                          SEED
                       MIXTURES
                                MULCH
                              FERTILIZER/
                                  LIME
                            TIMING/SEEDBED
                              PREPARATION
 Tennessee
Texu

Vennont


Virginia
Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

"Wyoming
Types, rates, dates,
remarks for temporary
and permanent vegetation
701bs/1000sq.ft.of
clean straw or unmolded
hay
Soil test recommended;
2-3 tons/acre of lime '
300 Ibs/acre of 15-15-15
for temporary veg and
1000 Ibs/acre of 6-12-12
for permanent veg
Revegetation suggested for slopes greater than 5%, but no specifications provided
Type, rate, dates
Types, rates, dates,
remarks; based on
physiographic regions;
critical area planting
included
Hay: 60 bales/acre


Apply immediately after
seeding on credible soils
or during adverse
conditions; hay/straw:
1-1.5 tons/acre; wood
fiber mulch: 1500 Ibs/acre
2 tons/acre of lime;
240 Ibs/acre of 10-10-10

Rates determined by toil
type/acidity; 1.5 tons lime
and 600 Ibs of 10-10-10
per acre
8/15 to 10/15 or 2/15 to
4/15;  shape and smooth
area; scarify surface
During seasons/weather
favorable for germination

As season permits; shape
and rip surface
                                                   BMPS provided
                                        <
Revegetation suggested, but no specifications provided

Revegetation encouraged, but no specifications provided

Vegetative stabilization recommended, but no specifications provided; BMPs for fertilizers provided
                                                        A-3

-------
                                Table A-2.  Overview of Road  Surface Drainage
      STATE
      DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
        SURFACE
DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION
                                                                                                           OTHER
  Alabama
  Alaska
  Arkansas
  California
 Connecticut
 Delaware
 Honda
 Georgia
Malo
Tndisna
Kentucky
  Wing ditches, Coweeta dip, broad-base   Crown, out-slope, in-slope
  dip; recommended spacing distances
  are provided

  Cross drains, ditches, relief culverts,      Protect roadbed from rutting, ground
  water ban, diversion ditches;            disturbance, or thermal erosion
  recommended spacing distances are
  provided
                   Diversion and wing ditches, cross
                   drains, culverts
  Drainage structures of sufficient size,
  number, and location to minifm/a
  erosion; specifications for water break
  spacing, installation and maintenance
  are provided

  Diversion dips, broad-based dips,
 water bars, ditch-relief culverts (pipe
 and open-top culverts); spacing
 distances are recommended

 Turnouts, broad-based dips,  rolling
 dips, pipe and open-top culverts, water
 bars; specifications for drainage
 structure spacing and installation are
 provided

 Culverts, cross ditches, turnouts,
 broad-based dips, water bars;
 specifications for drainage structure
 spacing are provided and are based on
 site sensitivity classification

 Turnouts, broad-based dips;
 specifications for drainage structure
 spacing and installation are provided

 Relief culverts, roadside ditches, dips,
 water bars

 Drainage ditches
Drainage dips, water breaks;
recommended spacing distances are
provided

Culverts, drainage dips, water bars;
recommended spacing distances are
provided
                                        Crown, out-slope  .
                                                         When in-sloping, provide adequate
                                                         cross-drainage
                                                         Out-slope or in-slope to M to % inch;
                                                         crown roads to twice the pitch of in-
                                                         sloped or out-sloped roads
                                                         Out-slope road where gradient and soil
                                                         type permit; in-slope roads on grades
                                                         of 15 percent or greater or on slippery
                                                         soils; use cross drainage on in-sloped
                                                         or crowned roads
                                                        Avoid in-sloping roads
                                                        Out-sloping, in-sloping with cross
                                                        drainage, grade changes
                                                        Out-slope entire width of road to a
                                                        slope of 'A inch per foot or in-slope
                                                        and install additional drainage
                                                        structures
                                  Direct discharge from drainage
                                  structures onto undisturbed forest
                                  floor or energy dissipators

                                  Direct discharge from drainage
                                  structure* onto vegetated areas and
                                  away from unstable toils


                                  Adequately size culverts to
                                  accommodate anticipated water
                                  flow; do not direct discharge from
                                  drainage structures onto credible
                                  material

                                  Do not direct discharge from
                                  drainage structures onto credible
                                  material unless energy dissipators
                                 are used
                                 Protect discharge area with stone,
                                 grass sod, logs, tree tops, or
                                 natural litter
                                 Direct discharge from drainage
                                 structures onto undisturbed areas;
                                 apply 2 to 3 inches gravel on steep
                                 grades
                                                                                               Direct discharge from drainage
                                                                                               structures onto vegetated areas of
                                                                                               adequate size to assimilate
                                                                                               sediment loads
                                 Avoid use of soft roads during wet
                                 conditions
                                Disperse road drainage onto stable
                                forested areas and not directly into
                                streams

                                Do not operate equipment when
                                rutting in excess of 8 inches is
                                occurring

                                Minimize road use during wet
                                weather unless surface materials
                                permit all-weather use
                                                           A-4

-------
                                               Table A-2. Continued
    •STATE
                     DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
        SURFACE
DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION
                                                                                                        OTHER
Louisiana        Ditches, culverts, cross drains, water
                 bars

Maine,           Broad-based drainage dips, skid
                 humps, water bars, cross drainage
                 culverts; recommended spacing
                 distances are provided

Maryland        Turnouts, broad-based dips, rolling
                 dips, culverts; recommended spacing
                 distances are provided

Massachusetts    Broad-based dips, water bars, open-top
                 and pipe culverts; Specifications for
                 design and spacing are provided
Michigan        Broad-based dips, water bars, cross-
                 drainage culverts; recommended
                 spacing distances are provided

Minnesota        Dips, water bars, open-top culverts,
               •  cross drainage; recommended spacing
                 distances are provided           ^

Mississippi       Broad-based dips, water bars, culverts;
                 specifications for design and spacing
                 are provided

Missouri  '       Broad-based dips, turnouts, culverts,
                 water ban; specifications for design
                 and spacing are provided

Montana         Cross-drains, culverts, water bars,
                 dips; figures are provided for drainage
                 techniques
Nevada          Water breaks, culverts, dips, cross-
               .  ditches, turnouts; specifications for
                 design and spacing are provided

New             Broad-based dips, water bars, reverse
Hampshire       grades, cross-drainage culverts, open-
                 top culverts; specifications for design
                 and spacing are provided
New Jersey       Drainage structures
                                                       Crown, out-slope
                                                       Crown roads where possible
                                                       Out-slope road where gradient and soil
                                                       type permit; use cross drainage on in-
                                                       sloped or crowned roads

                                                       Crown road surfaces
                                                      Out-slope road where gradient permits;
                                                      in-slope roads on grades of 15 percent
                                                      or greater or on slippery toils

                                                      Surface road grades with significant
                                                      erosion potential; shape in-slopes and
                                                      backslopesto be IV4:1 or flatter

                                                      Out-slope the entire width of the road
                                                      Gravel surface where necessary to
                                                      prevent erosion •
                                                      Out-slope or crown roads; inslope
                                                      roads with ditches and cross-drains
                                                      Out-sloping
                                                      Out-slope road in solid (rock) areas or
                                                      where discharge will be onto
                                                      undisturbed forest floor; in-slope roads
                                                      on wet or credible soils; crown roads
                                                      on steep side hills; surface road (with
                                                      gravel or crushed rock) if needed to
                                                      prevent rutting or erosion
                                 Restrict traffic during periods of
                                 excessive ground moisture

                                 Direct discharge from drainage
                                 dips into an undisturbed vegetated
                                 Direct discharge from drainage
                                 structures onto undisturbed forest
                                 floor or install energy dissipators

                                 Direct discharge from drainage
                                 structures into filter strips or hay
                                 bale impoundments; gravel or
                                 mulch access roads to minimize
                                 transport of sediment to public
                                 highways

                                 Install energy dissipators at cross-
                                 drainage culvert outlets
                                 Direct discharge from drainage
                                 structures into filter strips or
                                 vegetative draws, not open waters

                                 Install erosion protection measures
                                 at pipe outfalls
                                 Direct discharge from drainage
                                 structures into SMZs, filtration
                                 fields, or other sediment settling
                                 structures; do not discharge onto
                                 erodible soils
                                 Dissipate discharge from drainage
                                 structures with stone, grass sod,
                                 liner cover, slash, or logs; restrict
                                 traffic during saturated soil
                                 conditions
                                                                                            Discharge runoff away from
                                                                                            streams
                                                          A-5

-------
                                                  Table A-2. Continued
      STATE
      DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
              SURFACE
      DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION
                                                                                                             OTHER
  New Mexico     Grade dips, cross-drains, water bars,
                   open-top culverts; specifications for
                   design and spacing are provided
  New Yotfc       Drainage structures


  North Carolina   Turnouts, broad-bated dips, rolling
                   dtps, pipe culverts, water bars;
                   specifications for design and spacing
                   are provided
                                         Crown roads located on ridge tops and
                                         fairly level land; on moderate slopes,
                                         out-slope roads to W-V4 inch/foot
                                         width; in-slope roads on steep slopes or
                                         unstable soils and install cross drains
                                        'Where conditions allow, out-slope the
                                        entire road width; on steep .slopes, use
                                        crushed stone on. road surface
  Ohio
                   Turnouts, broad-based dips, rolling
                   dips, pipe culverts, open-top culverts;
                   specifications for design and spacing,
                   are provided

                   Ditches, culverts, cross drains,
                   drainage dips, water bars;
                   specifications for design and spacing
                   are provided
                                        Crown, out-slope
 Oregon
 Dips, water bars, cross drains, culverts    Out-sloping and grade changes
 ^Pennsylvania     Culverts, broad-based dips, water bars;
                  specifications for design and spacing
                  are provided
       Island
 South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Vcrmom
Virginia
                  Culverts, broad-based dips;
                  recommended spacing distances are
                  provided
Broad-based dips, culverts, turnouts,
water bars; specifications for design
and spacing are provided


Broad-based dips, rolling dips, water
bars, pipe and open-top culverts,
turnouts; specifications for design and
spacing are provided
Broad-based dips, pipe and pole
culverts, ditches, water bars, turnups;
specifications for design and spacing
are provided

Broad-based dips, rolling dips, pipe
and open-top culverts, water bars,
turnouts; specifications for design and
spacing are provided
                                        In-slope or out-slope road to divert
                                        water
Maintain road surfaces by grading and
out-sloping


Crown roads located on flat land; out-
slope roads on moderate slopes; in-
slope roads on steep, sharp turns and
slippery soils

Out-slope road where gradient and soil
type permit; in-slope roads on steep,
sharp turns and slippery soils; use
cross drainage on in-sloped or crowned
roads
                                                        Out-slope road where gradient and soil
                                                        type permit; ih-slope roads on steep,
                                                        sharp turns and slippery soils; use
                                                        cross drainage on in-sloped or crowned
                                                        roads
                                        Dissipate discharge from drainage
                                        structures with rocks, slash,
                                        vegetation, or other energy
                                        absorbing material
                                        Discharge runoff away from
                                        streams

                                        Install an energy absorber at
                                        drainage structure outlets to
                                        minimize erosion
                                        Do not direct discharge from
                                        drainage structures onto credible
                                        material unless energy dissipators
                                        •reused
                                       Install an energy absorber at
                                       drainage structure outlets to
                                       minimize erosion

                                       During wet weather, avoid using
                                       roads
 Provide adequate cross drainage
 and divert water into areas with
 good ground cover

 Direct discharge from drainage
 structures onto heavy litter, grass
 sod, rock, or other energy
 absorbing materials

 Install an energy absorber at
 drainage structure outlets to
minimize erosion
                                                                                                Design ditches to discharge onto
                                                                                                undisturbed, vegetated land
                                       Install an energy absorber at
                                       drainage structure outlet to
                                       minimize erosion
                                                            A-6

-------
                                              Table A-2.  Continued
   STATE
                     DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
                                                  SURFACE
                                          DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION
                                                 OTHER
Washington      Dips, diversion ditches, culverts, cross
                 drains, waterbars; specifications for
                 design and spacing are required


West Virginia     Broad-based dips, culverts, ditches,
                 waterbars,  specifications for design
               ,  and spacing are provided
Wisconsin

Wyoming
Water bars, ditches, cross drains
                                      Out-slope road
                                      Out-slope entire road width to
                                      inch where possible, otherwise in-slope
                                      and install cross drainage
In-sloping, out-sloping
Do not direct discharge from   •
drainage structures onto credible   '
material unless energy dissipators
aroused

Direct discharge from drainage
structures onto vegetated areas
and/or install energy dissipators

Provide road surface drainage

Treating with chemical additives to,
minimize soil detachment
                                                          A-7

-------
                                   Table A-3.  Overview of Skid Trail Practices
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
Arkansas
LAYOUT
Skid uphill to landing
Avoid steep slopes
Utilize topography
DRAINAGE
STRUCTURES
Water bars; no
specifications provided
Water bars; no
specifications provided
Water bars; no
specifications provided
REVEGETATION
Success equals 7556
cover; recommendations
for seed, mulch, and
fertilizer provided

Seed - no specifications
provided
OTHER

Minimize trail widths
Do not use stream
channels as trails
   California
  Connecticut





  Delaware



  Florida




  Georgia,




 Idaho


 dinolx


 Indiana

 Kentucky
Maine
   No trails: on slopes
   >65%; on slopes >5056
   that lead to (without
   flattening) Class I or n
   watercourses; or in areas
   with avenge slopes
   >5056 and high erosion
  • hazard rating

   Slcld uphill away from
   streams
   Locate landings first; no
   grades>15%; skid uphill;
   use zig-zag patterns

   Skid uphill; concentrate
   trails on organic soils and
   disperse tra'ils on mineral
   soils

   Alternate skidding
  between several trails
  rather than one primary *
  trail

  Uphill yarding
  Avoid high-hazard areas;
  use low grades
 Locate landings first; use
 low grades; use zig-zag
 patterns

 Skid away from perennial
 and intermittent streams;
 avoid steep slopes

• Avoid steep grades
                                              Water breaks;
                                              specifications provided for
                                              spacing and installation
 Pole culverts, broad-based
 dips, water bars;
 specifications provided
 Culverts, water bars;
 specifications provided
 Water ban
Temporary culverts
Water ban, cross drains
                                            Water diversions, cross
                                            drains, waterban
                                            Water bars, water
                                            turnouts; specifications
                                            provided
 Seed steep sections; use
 seed mixtures from
 several species and mulch;
 recommended seed
 mixtures provided

 Permanent vegetative
 coven specifications
 provided
Seeding specifications
provided
                          Specifications provided
                          for revegetation
                                                      Recommended on steep
                                                      sections; some
                                                      specifications provided
Do not skid through
perennial or intermittent
stream channels
                                                     Minimize number and
                                                     width of trails

                                                     Minimize number and
                                                     width of trails

                                                     Keep natural drains open
                                                    Do not use'streambeds as
                                                    trails; minimize number of
                                                    trails on steep slopes

                                                    Keep skidding distances
                                                    <  % mile
                                                          A-8

-------
                                             Table A-3.  Continued
    STATE
                        LAYOUT
                               DRAINAGE
                              STRUCTURES
                            REVEGETATION
                                 OTHER
Maryland         Locate landings first; use    Water ban
                 low grades; use zig-zag
                 patterns
Massachusetts     Use low grades
Michigan



Minnesota


Mississippi
                                          Water ban
Use low grades; use zig-
zag patterns; use several
trails, not 1 primary trail

Minimize long, straight
trails
Water bars, dips
Locate landings first; use    Water turnouts, water
low'grades           ,     bars, cross drains
                                                   On trails >5% slope;
                                                   specifications provided
                         Yes; specifications
                         provided

                         Ye§  .
Yes; specifications
provided

Seed slopes >15%;
specifications provided
                                                   Skid outside SMZs
Skid outside buffer strip
            j


Avoid filter strips
Missouri
l^lontana
Nevada
New
Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina

Designate prior to Water ban
operations; locate to avoid
concentrating runoff
Water breaks
Skid uphill to landings

Plan prior to logging Water bars

Concentrate skidding to a Water bars
few primary trails; use
zig-zag pattern; skid uphill
Use grades <20% Water ban
Skid upslppe on the Water ban
contour

Locate landings first; do Water ban
not skid straight up the
slope
Locate landings first; skid Dips
downslope
Use low grades

Yes

Yes; specifications
provided

Yes; specifications
provided
,
Yes; specifications
provided

Yes; specifications
provided

Yes; specifications
provided
Yes; specifications
provided



Do not skid in streams
Avoid 'filter strips; do not
skid in streams
Minimize number of
trails; do not skid in
streams or on banks
Avoid streams
Minimize number of
trails; do not skid in
streams or on banks
Skid outside SMZs; do
not skid in streams
Do not skid through
streams
Skid outside SMZs
. •
Do not skid in streams or
spring seeps
Avoid streams
Limit trail number and
size
                                                       A-9

-------
                                              Table A-3.  Continued
STATE
Tennessee
LAYOUT
Use grades < 10%; use
zig-zag patterns; skid
DRAINAGE
STRUCTURES
Water bars, dips
REVEGETAT1ON
Yes; specification!)
provided
OTHER
Avoid streams and SMZs .
Texas



Verraoni



Virginia



Washington


West Virginia

\VlSCOQSlQ


Wyoming
uphill

Locate landings first; use
grades <15S6
Water ban
                          On slopes >5%
Use low grades with         Dips, pole culverts, water    Yes; specifications
gradual angle; build from     bars; specifications         provided
top down
Skid above 50-yr flood
level

Use low grades

Use low grades


Fit topography
provided
Locate landings first; use    Water bars
grades < 15%; use zig-
zag patterns
Water bars
Water bars
Water ban
                          On slopes >5%
                          Encouraged
                          As necessary
Avoid streams and SMZs;
ruts should not exceed 6"
deep
Skid outside SMZs; ruts
should not exceed 6" deep


Minimise trail Width
Minimize trail width;
•void streams and SMZs

Minimize trail width;
avoid streams
                                                       A-10

-------
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        A-13

-------
•s
 i
ts

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                                          A-14

-------

Table A-5. Overview
STATE NAME* WIDTH*

Alabama SMZ 35' minimum


Alaska RA Varies by landowner type
and water body
classification


Arkansas SMZ Site specific; no minimum

California WLPZ Varies by slope and Water
Class; SO' min for Class I
&n
Connecticut FS 25* min; varies by slope
Delaware SMZ 50* min; 100' min on
heavily credible slopes
Florida SMZ 35' min (primary zone);
varies by site sensitivity
classification (secondary
zone); 300' max
• (discretionary zone)
Georgia SMZ , Primary zone (20'-80')j
secondary zone (0'-80')
\

of Streamside Protection Practices H
SHADING/STREAM-
TEMPERATURE*
50% crown cover for P
streams; vegetative cover
for I streams





Leave enough trees, but
no specific requirements
Varies by Water Class;
50% canopy retention
maximum

60% crown cover or 60
sq ft of basal area/acre







LOGGING APPLIC- 1
REQUIREMENTS ABILITY* |
Partial cut within 35' P/I » . 1
minimum , . ' ^1

No timber harvesting • ^1
within 66' to 100' of •
water body (depends on , ^1
' land type and water body ' , ^1
classification) ^1
^H
Selective logging ^1

Varies by Water Class; All 1
50% understory retention watercourses " H
maximum and lakes • Hj

Partial cut P; bodies of H
open water , H
Primary SMZ - selective P/I; lakes £ H
cut leaving a volume Is 10 acres ^1
, 'A original; secondary -' ^1
SMZ-clcarcut •

Do not use wheeled or ' P/I; lakes; ^1
tracked vehicles in ponds ^1
Idaho,
            varies by region

SPZ        75' min on Class I stream;
            5* min on Class n stream
Retain 75% current shade;
standing tree requirements
within 50' on Class I
streams varies by stream
width and DBH
primary zone

No tracked or wheeled
skidding on slopes > 45%
adjacent to Class I or II
stream
                                                                                                             P/I
Illinois


Indiana
Kentucky



Louisiana






SMZ No width specified Provide shading; no
specifications provided

BS
SMZ 30'rnin; 50' min on steep Retain 50% canopy.
slopes; varies by slope


SMZ Larger the stream, wider
the SMZ; site specific
determination based on
soil type, slope, vegetative
cover, stream
characteristics, and worst .
. case storm flows
Selective harvesting;
minimize ground
disturbance

CAHC- 60' strip; leave
understory undisturbed;
remove only commercially
high-value trees







P



P; lakes; ponds



P/I; lakes






                                                          A-15

-------
Table A-5. Continued
STATE
Maine


Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi
Missouri


Montana
Nevada

New
Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico

New York
North Carolina
Ohio
OUahoma
NAME-
FS


SMZ
(BZ)
FS
BS

FS

FS
SMZ


SMZ
SMZ

FS
BS
BS

BS
SMZ
FS.SS
SMZ
WIDTH*
25' min; varies by slope


50' min on P itreami;
varies by slope - equation
provided
50' min; varies by slope
and increases in critical
areas
50" min; varies by slope

25* min; varies by slope

Varies according to slope
and erosion hazard
Primary is 25'; secondary
is variable


50' min
Determined by on-site
investigation

50' min; varies by slope
100' min on slopes < •
30%; 150' min on slopes
>30%
50' min; varies by dope

50' next to clearcuts; 100'
min on slopes < 30%;
150' min on slopes>30%
50' min; varies by slope
and type of water body
FS variable by slope and
region (25M50'); SS is
25'

SHADING/STREAM
TEMPERATURE*
Provide for undisturbed
area; width determined
on-site

On P streams, retain 60%
crown cover or 60 sq ft of
basal area/acre
50% maximum basal area
removed


Along trout streams






Retain & 50% original
canopy






Retain sufficient shade on
P streams to prevent temp
fluctuations
No cut or light cut in SS

LOGGING
REQUIREMENTS*
On P streams, partial cut
S 40% of total timber
. volume 2s 6" DBHovera
10 year period
Partial cut
Partial cut; 3 year
intervals; winch
Retain 30 sq ft of basal
area


Do not remove > 50%
overstory when understory
is absent
In primary zone, cut only
W of zone and cable
timber; in secondary, W
cut but careful
groundskidding allowed
Partial cut (no clearcuts)


Do not expose mineral
soil
Selective
Do not disturb soil and
vegetation
Do not cut
Limited cutting
Selective harvesting along
P streams

APPLrC-
ABILITY*
P/I


P/I; surface
waters
All surface
waters
P/I; lakes;
ponds
P/I; lakes;
ponds

P/I; springs;
lakes


Surface waters
P; I that
support fish;
lakes
Surface waters
Water bodies
P/I

P; ponds;
marshes
P/I; beneficial
water bodies
Watercourses

      A-16

-------
                                             Table A-5. Continued
STATE
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Tennessee
'NAME1 ,
RMA
ES
FS
SMZ
SMZ
WIDTH*
Variable
50' min; varies by slope
25* min; varies by slope

25 '.min; varies by slope
SHADING/STREAM LOGGING
TEMPERATURE* REQUIREMENTS*
Retain 75% shade and
50% canopy ' ' .



Retain 50-7556 canopy Selective
APPLIC-
ABILITY*
Class I waters
P
Streams

P
Texas
                 •SMZ
50'
'shading stream

Evenly retain 50% crown
cover or 50 sq ft of basal
area/acre •
Vermont
Vuginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
PS
SMZ
RMZ
FS
SMZ
BZ
50' min; varies by slope
50* min; varies based on
slope and water type
Charts/equations provided
to calculate width
25' min

Varies based on slope
(0'-1300*)

Evenly retain 50% crown
cover or 50 sq ft of basal
area/acre
Methods provided for
determining adequate
shade; temperature
prediction model available



Selective; must maintain
log transport machinery
outside 25'
Partial harvesting
Retain & 50% trees live
and undamaged;
specifications in Rules

Uncut or partial cut

Streams;
bodies
P; lakes;
water
ponds
Typel, 2, or 3
Waters






• BS «= Buffer Strip; BZ = Buffer Zone; FS»= Filter Strip; PS = Protective Strip; RA = Riparian Area; RMA = Riparian Management
  Area; RMZ = Riparian Management Zone; SMZ = Streamside Management Zone; SPZ = Streamside Protection Zone; SS = Shade
  Strip; and WLPZ = Watercourse and Lake Protection Zone.
* P = Perennial Stream and I = Intermittent Stream.
* CAH = Coldwater Aquatic Habitats
                                                      A-17

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-------
               APPENDIX B
       INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE FORESTERS

-------

-------
                               Contents





State Contacts Obtained Through NASF	 . . .  .	. ; B-l



Technology Transfer Information Obtained by NASF Survey	B-3
                                  B-i

-------

-------
                               State Contacts Obtained Through NASF
Alabama
Don Burdelts
Environmental Forester
AL Forestry Commission
(205)240-9378

Alaska
No Contact

Arkansas
Randall L. Leister
AR Forestry Commission
(501) 664-2531 ext. 34

Arizona
Al Hendricks
(602)774-1425

California
Ross Johnson
Dept. of Forestry
(916) 653-4995
     or
Pete Cafferata
DepL of Forestry
(916) 653-9455

Colorado
Tom Ostermann
CO State Forest Service
(303) 491-6303

Delaware
Nancy Milliken
Forestry Section
(302) 739-4811

Honda
JeffVowellor
Tom Gilpin
FL Division of Forestry
(904)488-4090

Georgia
Frank Green
GA Forestry Commission
(912) 751-3485
Hawaii
Wayne F. Ching
(808) 587-0166

Idaho
Jim Colla
ID Dept. of Lands
Box 670
Coeur D'Alene, ID  83814

Illinois
PeteSkuba
Forest Protection Program
Manager
IL Dept. of Conservation
(217) 782-2361
    or
RickMollahan
Illinois EPA
(217)785-3958

Indiana
Daniel Ernst
Dept. of Natural Resources
(317)232-4106

Iowa
Bill Farris
Dept. of Natural Resources
(515)281-5145

Kansas
John K.  Strickler
Dept. of Forestry
(913) 537-7050

Kentucky
Gary Perkins
KY Division of Forestry
(502) 564-4496

Louisiana
Donald P. Feduccia
Office of Forestry
(504) 925-4500
Maine
Ancyl S. Thurston
Bureau of Forestry
(207)287-2791           .....'

Maryland

Massachusetts
James W. Soper
Dept. of Environmental Management

Michigan
Edward E. Eckart
Department of Natural Resources
(517) 335-3351

Minnesota
Michael J. Phillips
Department of Natural Resources
(612) 297-4924

Mississippi
Everard Baker
MS Forestry Commission
(601) 359-2827
    f                 •
Missouri
Frank Hershey
Forest Stewardship Coordinator
Dept. of Conservation
(314)751-4115

Montana
Bill Schultz
Dept. of State Lands
Division of Forestry
(406)542-4300

Nebraska
Gary Hergenrader
Dept. of Forestry, Fish, and Wildlife
(402)472-2944

Nevada

New Hampshire
J.B. Cullen
(603)271-3456
                                                B-l

-------
 New Jersey
 George H. Pierson, Chief
 Bureau of Forest Management
 (609) 292-2520

 New Mexico
 Garrett Blackwell
 Forestry and Resource
 Conservation Division
 (505) 827-5830

 New York
 BartZek
 Division of Lands and Forests
 (518)457-7431

 North Carolina           ,
 Whit Collier
 Division of Forest Resources
 (919) 733-2162

 North Dakota
 Larry Kotchman
 ND Forest Service
 (701)228-5490

 Ohio
 MarkErvin
 Division of Forestry
 (614) 265-6667

 Oklahoma
 Robert L. Miller
 Dept. of Agriculture
 Forestry Division
 (405) 521-3864

 Oregon
 David Degenhardt
 Dept, of Forestry
 (503) 378-2957

 Pennsylvania

 Rhode Island
Tom Bourn
Director of Forestry
 (401) 647-3367
 South Carolina
 Tim Adams
 SC Forestry Commission
 (803) 737-8800

 South Dakota
 Raymond A. Sowers
 Division of Forestry
 (605) 773-4260
     or
 Duane Murphy
 DENR
 (605) 773-4810

 Tennessee
 Robin Bible
 Forest Hydrologist
 Water Quality Management
 Program
 (615)360-0737

 Texas
 Roger Lord
 Forest Resource Development
'Dept.

 Utah
 David C. Schen
 Forest Stewardship Coordinator
 (801) 538-5508

 Vermont
 Brian Stone
 Dept. of Forests, Parks, and '
 Recreation
 103 South Maine Street
Waterbury, VT  05671-0602
     or
John Maciejowski
Dept. of Forests, Parks, and
Recreation
RR 1, Box 33
North Springfield, VT  05150

Virginia
J. Michael Foreman
or Sam Austin
Dept. of Forestry
(804) 977-6555
Washington
Dan Bigger
(206)902-1410

West Virginia
William H. Gillespie
Forestry Division
(304) 558-3446

Wisconsin
Robert J. Mather
Dept. of Natural Resources
(608) 266-1727

Wyoming
Herbert Cottrell
State Forest Division
(307) 777-7586
FAX: 637-8726
                                               B-2

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     Technology Transfer Information Obtained by NASF Survey - Updated  1/93
                                                 ALABAMA
  Manuals/Books

  Brochures

  Posters/Displays
  Video/Slide Programs

 Training/Workshops

  Other Educational Material
 Alabama's Best Management Practices for Forestry (1989); it will be revised bv
 end of 1993.                                                  .
 Alabama's Best Management Practices for Forestry (19901; it is a condensed
 pocket guide version of the full 1989. manual
 Use BMPs to Protect Water Quality
 Currently developing a BMP video; have developed a 15 minute and a 35 minute
 slide presentation that provides a general overview of BMPs
 Conducted a 5-day BMP training session at the request of specific forest products
 companies, and have performed more than 55 shorter BMP presentations to both
 forestry and non-forestry audiences              •
 Our Treasured Forests, Alabama Forestry Commission's stewardship magazine
 includes articles that relate to water quality                          '       •
                                                 ALASKA
 Manuals/Books
 Brochures

 Posters/Displays
 Video/Slide Programs
 Training/Workshops

 Other Educational Material
 Will print by end of 1993
 Will print Forest Practices by end of 1993; it will emphasize education, prevention,
 and enforcement
 Will develop by end of 1993
 Will develop by end of 1993
 Training on implementation of Forest Practice Regulations and enforcement, held in
 Anchorage and Ketchikan (May, 1992)
 None                                   •
                                                 ARIZONA
Manuals/Books
Brochures
Posters/Displays
Video/Slide Programs
Training/Workshops
Other Educational Material
None
None
None
None
None
                                 Natural resource conservation workshop for Arizona youth; Project Learning Tree
                                                  B-3

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                                                    ARKANSAS
 Manuals/Books



 Brochures

 Posters/Displays

 Vtdeo/Stido Programs


 Training/Workshops



 Other Educational Material
 Best Management Practices Guidelines for Silviculture and A Guide to Better
 Forestry Practices and Water Quality are for use by foresters, loggers, landowners,
 and consultants; A Guide to Better Logging and Better Water Quality is targeted
 primarily for loggers

 None

 None

 Developed a slide presentation entitled Best Management Practices Guidelines for
 training purposes

 Arkansas Forestry Commission has conducted training since 1982; current training
 is predominately one-on-one sessions, but they still occasionally conduct group
 sessions

 Both Forest Management Plans and Forest Stewardship Plans address water '
 quality and BMP implementation
                                                   CALIFORNIA
 Manuals/Books


 Brochures



 Posters/Displays

 Video/Slide Programs



Training/Workshops
Other Educational Material
 California Forest Practice Rules is updated annually and is intended for timber
 operators, but is used by licensed foresters, attorneys and others

 An extensive selection of publications are available from the California Department
 of Forestry and Fire Protection that address various forestry issues and regulations
 and assist operators and landowners to comply with the Forest Practice Rules

 None

 Developed videos for timber operators that address erosion control, streamside
 protection, road building, yarding, felling, bucking, silviculture! systems and public
 confidence

 Training for Licensing as Timber Operators is a six-hour course presented every 6
 weeks; Geology and Hydrology for Resource Professionals (3/88); Road Design
 Workshop (3/88); Erosion Control and Slope Protection (3/88); Cumulative
 Watershed Effects Short Course (10/88); Harvesting Our Trees While Retaining Our
 Fish (4/89); Roads and Landings, Design, Layout, and Construction (3/90);
 Workshop on site prep  and erosion control (5/90); Cumulative Impact Training for
 foresters (9/91); Forest Practice Enforcement (11/91); Foundation Silviculture 6/92
 and  (7/92); Archeology Training for Resource Professionals (26 completed. 8 in
 1992)

 None
Other Educational Material
                                                   COLORADO
Manuals/Books
Brochures
Posters/Displays
Video/Slide Programs
Training/Workshops
None
None
None
None
Through the Stewardship program, BMPs for silviculture will be included in training
for resource management professionals, landowners, and forest industries

None
                                                      B-4

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                                                CONNECTICUT
 Manuals/Books ,


 Brochures

 Posters/Displays

 Video/Slide Programs

 Training/Workshops

 Other Educational Material
A Practical Guide for Protecting Water Quality While Harvesting forest Products
(1990)                             ,.                 '

Yes

None

None

Conducted training sessions in 1981,  1982 and 1990

None
                                                  DELAWARE
Manuals/Books

Brochures

Posters/Displays


Video/Slide Programs


Training/Workshops



Other Educational Material
The State is currently preparing a BMP manual

Preparing a brochure to compliment video entitled BMPs for Loggers

A display that demonstrates the value of BMPs in forestry and the relationship of
trees and water quality

Two 15 minute videos entitled BMPs for Loggers and Pre-haryest Planning for
Landowners

Will be conducting training in Fall  1992/Winter 1993 for foresters, industry
personnel, staff, conservation district, and Delaware Department of Natural
Resources and Environmental Control when the BMP manual is formalized

None at present, but future projects include wetland demonstration areas and
supporting educational materials
                                                   FLORIDA
Manuals/Books


Brochures

Posters/Displays

Video/Slide Programs


Training/Workshops



Other Educational Material
Silvicultural Best Management Practices Manual (1991); revised manual will be
printed in 1993

May print some after BMP manual revision is completed

Posters that  address BMPs for silviculture                         •

Developing two videos entitled Managing Florida's Forested Wetlands and BMP
Implementation

Have conducted 11 BMP workshops as of August 1992 and 3 more are scheduled
for Fall 1992; Workshops are designed for loggers and utilize BMP materials, field
trips, and slide presentations.

None
                                                     B-5

-------
   Manuals/Books


   Brochures


   Posters/Displays


   Video/Slide Programs


  Trairunfl/Workshops
                                                      GEORGIA
  Other Educational Material
   Recommended Best Management Practices for Forestry in Georgia (1988)- Best
   Management Practices for Forested Wetlands in Georgia (1990)

   BMPs for Road Construction and Timber Harvesting Practices in Georgia; BMPs for
   Site Preparation, Reforestation and Chemical Treatments in Georgia; BMPs alona
   Trout Streams in Georgia                                                B

   Tabletop display that addresses forest water quality by comparing photos of
   acceptable and unacceptable forest, management practices

   Video entitled BMP is Not a Four Letter Word; slide program entitled Forest Water
   Quality, developing a video entitled Environmental Firebreak Plowing Using BMPs

   Conducted workshop BMPs for Georgia's Forested Wetlands on April 2-4 and
   l~?JL l"^ ta^0etina Professional foresters. 506 attended; conducted  workshop
  BMPs for Georg,a's Forested Wetlands on December 3. 4. and 7. 1991 targeting
  landowners. 100 attended; 12 workshops on BMPs for State Fish and Game
  personnel; will conduct workshops upon request for timber companies, and their
  foresters and loggers

  BMP bumper sticker
                                                     IDAHO
  Manuals/Books


  Brochures

  Posters/Displays


 Video/Slide Programs


 Training/Workshops


 Other Educational Material
                                              1	    —^^—^^"•^^••••^•^•i^^
 Rules and Regulations Pertaining to the Idaho Forest Practices Act Title 38
 Chapter 13, Idaho Code.                        '

 Preparing brochure entitled BMPs and Water Quality

 A forest stewardship display highlights BMPs as an integral component of
 stewardship

 Video scheduled for late 1992 or early 1993 entitled Forest Water Quality. It is e
 joint Stewardship. Forest Practices Act. and Extension project

 Series of state-wide workshops conducted each spring; topics include Forest
 Practices Act, BMPs. fish habitat, water quality, and stream ecology

 A newsletter type  publication entitled State Forester Forum focuses upon specific
 subjects, including BMPs. forest management, insects, disease, etc.
 Manuals/Books

 Brochures

Posters/Displays

Video/Slide Programs

Training/Workshops



Other Educational Material
None

None

None

None

Training workshop for loggers 10/89; provided training to SCS and SWCD staff
1990-1992; developing training program for loggers by 1993 to be used on a
continuous basis

None
                                                     B-6

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                                                     INDIANA
  Manuals/Books
  Brochures

  Posters/Displays
  Video/Slide Programs

  Training/Workshops
  Other Educational Material
 Logging Roads and Skid Trails: A Guide for Soil Protection and Timber Access
 Best Management Practices: Protecting the Woods While Harvesting; Woodlands
 Make Poor Pastures
 None          .
 Video entitled Harvesting with the Forest; anticipate developing a forestry water
 quality management video
 Conducted workshop (11/89) at a recently harvested site that demonstrated
 proper construction and placement of water bars using skidders, dozers, farm
 tractors, and hand construction, and demonstrated seeding, fertilizing and
 mulching operations; plan to conduct workshop on skidder operation training to
 minimize soil and residual stand damage and increase efficiency; comprehensive
 logger training scheduled for 1993 that will include silvicultural BMPs
 BMPs are standard part of timber sale contracts on State lands; developing a
 contract with BMPs for private landowners
                                                      IOWA
  Manuals/Books
  Brochures
  Posters/Displays
  Video/Slide Programs
  Training/Workshops
  Other Educational Material
 None
 None
 None
 None
 None
                                    Forest Land Stewardship - Cost Share Assistance; Converting CRP to Trees; Iowa
                                    Tree Planting Guide; Grazing Iowa Woodlands; Forestry and Ag Diversification;
                                    Harvesting and Regenerating Upland Woodlands; Management of Floodplain
                                    Forests; Environmental Effects of Woody Vegetation
                                                     KANSAS
 Manuals/Books
• Brochures

 Posters/Displays
 Video/Slide Programs

 Training/Workshops
 Other Educational Material
None                           !
Developing brochures that will address comprehensive management of riparian and
wetland forests for water quality and other multiple benefits
None           .
Slide program entitled Riparian Forest Management that discusses forestry and
water quality
Planning committee is developing a training session on riparian forest management
None
                                                      B-7

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                                                  KENTUCKY
 Manuals/Books
 Brochures
 Posters/Displays
 Video/Slide Programs

 Training/Workshops
 Other Educational Material
 Kentucky Forest Practice Guidelines for Water Quality Management (1992}
 Developing Kentucky Pocket Guide tc> BMPs
 None
 Video and slide-tape program developed as an overview for BMP implementation;
 video entitled Kentucky Forest Practice Guidelines for Water Quality Management
 Intensive training for loggers on the need and use of BMPs is planned
 None
                                                  LOUISIANA
 Manuals/Books
 Brochures
 Posters/Displays
 Video/Slide Programs
 Training/Workshops
 Other Educational Material
 Recommended Forestry Best Management Practices for Louisiana (1988)
 None
 None
 Two videos entitled Let's Clean Up Our Act and Leading the Way with BMPs
 Seven state-wide sessions conducted during the summer of 1992
 None
                                                   MAINE
Manuals/Books

Brochures

Posters/Displays
Video/Slide Programs
Training/Workshops

Other Educational Material
Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook for Maine Timber Harvesting Operations
Best Management Practices (1991); Best Management Plans (1992); Lesson Plan
for BMPs (1992)
Developing a condensed version of BMP manual; developing lesson plans for BMPs
for use by any trainer
None
None
Over 450 loggers trained through the Certified Loggers Program; training sessions
by the York and Cumberland Soil and Water Conservation Districts
None
                                                    B-8

-------
                                                   MARYLAND
 Manuals/Books

 <
 Brochures




 Posters/Displays


 Video/Slide Programs


 Training/Workshops



 Other Educational Material
  Maryland's Guide to Forest Harvest Operations and Best Management Practices
  (1992)                                         .           .

  Forest Harvest Access Practices (Pocket Guide) and How to Get Logging Permits  •
  Approved in Maryland's 23 Counties - these documents are being revised and
  combined into a single document; Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Guidelines for
  Forest Harvest Operations in Maryland       :'','•,

  Monocacy River Watershed Project; Susquehanna River Watershed Project,
  Logging in Non-Tidal Wetlands                              '

  Sediment Control Training for Forest Harvest Operations; developing Best
  Management Practices for Logging on the Delmarva              ,

  Workshops for loggers, landowners, foresters, wildlife  biologists, etc. have been
  conducted since 1984; regional training teams have been established and will
  conduct at least 8 workshops per year for logger training, including BMPs        !

  Stewardship Incentive Programs  #5 Soil and Water - Erosion Control
                                               MASSACHUSETTS
 Manuals/Books


 Brochures

 Posters/Displays


 Video/Slide Programs

 Training/Workshops
Other Educational Material
 Massachusetts Best Management Practices Timber Harvesting Water Quality
 Handbook; will update as Forest Cutting Practices Act regulations are revised

 Stewardship brochures            :         ,   •

 Displays at various fairs and field days on BMPs as part of overall forest
• management program

 Currently developing

 Conducted three workshops state-wide involving slide show on stream crossing
 study by consultant, slide show on BMPs by USFS representative, and field visits
 to good and  bad BMP situations (Summer 1989); vernal pool workshops involving
 slides of wetland wildlife habitat and field visits to vernal pools to discuss BMPs
 (Summer 1990); planning logging and wetland .workshops for 1993

 None
                                                  MICHIGAN
Manuals/Books

Brochures

Posters/Displays

Video/Slide Programs


Training/Workshops



Other Educational Material
 Water Quality Management Practices oh Forest Land

 None

 None

 Video entitled Michigan's Dynamic Forest, which discusses silviculture! practices
 of major forest types and various public values; not a water quality video

 Thirteen BMP workshops conducted Fall 1990 through Spring 1992 for loggers.
 landowners, industry, consultants. State Forester's staff, and other resource
 managers

 Stewardship program includes water quality emphasis
                                                     B-9

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                                                    MINNESOTA
   Manuals/Books
   Brochures
   Posters/Displays

   Vidoo/SIido Programs


   Training/Workshops
  Other Educational Material
      sg,
   (1989). the DNR/Forestrym cooperation with the forestry community and water
   quality agencies »„!develop by June 1993 wetland BMPs to implement the MN
   Wetlands Conservation Act of 1991

   Best Management Practices for Water Quality in Urban. Agricultural and Forestry
   Applications is a general brochure for landowners; Water Related Land Use
   Programs: Shore/and Management, Wild and Scenic Rivers, Floodplain
   Management is for landowners in shoreland areas; A Guide for Buying and
   Managing Shoreland is for zoning administrators and Jandowners in shoreland areas
   None

   Best Management Practices in Minnesota Forestry is an overview of BMPs for
   loggers, landowners and resource managers based on the forestry BMP guidebook

   400 loggers attended 13 workshops (Spring 1991); 400 natural  resource
   professionals attended 10 workshops (Fall 1991); 6+ workshops are planned for
   Spring 1993 for woodland advisors, lake advocates and county woodland
   committees

   Woodland Stewardship plans contain information on water  quality protection and
  mclude a copy of the BMP guidebook; DNR/Forestrv BMP team is available to
  conduct education programs; BMP monitoring program is in place to measure and
  evaluate appl.cat.on and effectiveness of BMPs - inspecting 120+ sites in 1992
  and the audits are to be used as field training for landowners
  Manuals/Books


  Brochures

  Posters/Displays

  Video/Slide Programs

 Training/Workshops

  Other Educational Material
 Manuals/Books
 Brochures

 Posters/Displays

 Video/Slide Programs

Training/Workshops

 Other Educational Material
 Mississippi's Best Management Practices for Wetlands; Silvicultural Best
 Management Practices for MS; Mississippi's Best Management Practices Handbook
 Yes

 Dept. of Environmental Quality has developed a display about NPS pollution

 Video entitled Best Management Practices

 Yes
Missouri Watershed Protection Practices: Management Guidelines for Maintaining
Forested Watersheds to Protect Streams (1990)

None

None

Developed a slide series on stream management, but it is no longer in use

Annual standard training provided to new foresters

None
                                                    B-10

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                                                  MONTANA
 Manuals/Books >

 Brochures


 Posters/Displays



 Video/Slide Programs



 Training/Workshops
 Other Educational Material
 Montana Forestry Best Management Practices

 Forestry BMPs—Forest Stewardship Guidelines for Water. Quality, developing
 summary of forest practices by early 1993

 Poster - Forestry and Water Quality: during Winter 1992/1993, creating 3 displays
 for use at fairs and other public gatherings that will address BMPs, SMZs and good
 vs bad practices

 Slide/tape series - forestry and Water Quality; Montana Logging Association slides
 on roads and SMRs with narrative; developing video on BMPs and SMZs; plan to
 develop a  PSA on logging and water quality

 Series of BMP workshops for loggers and landowners sponsored by MT Logging
 Association (1989-1990); East MT workshop for landowners and industry (7/90);
 BMP field training for Service foresters (Fall  1990); road engineering training for
 service and State lands forester (Winter/Spring 1990); Workshop on SMZs
 (Summer/Fall 1991);  field soils training with relations to logging, BMPs, and SMZs
 (Fall 1991); both field and informational session on SMZ law (Spring/Summer
 1992); workshops planned for Fall 1992 and Winter 1993

 None
                                                  NEBRASKA
 Manuals/Books

 Brochures

 Posters/Displays

 Video/Slide Programs

 Training/Workshops

 Other Educational Material
None

None

None

None

None

None
                                                   NEVADA
'Manuals/Books

Brochures


Posters/Displays  ,

Video/Slide Programs

Training/Workshops

Other Educational Material
None                                          .        .    /

Incline Village/Crystal Bay Defensible Space Handbook - reduce wildfire threat
compatible with other environmental values, especially water quality

None

None        ,                     •

None

None
                                                    B-ll

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                                                 NEW HAMPSHIRE
  Manuals/Books

  Brochures
  Posters/Displays
  Video/Slide Programs
 Training/Workshops

  Other Educational Material
 Bast Management Practices for Erosion Control on Timber Harvesting Operations in
 New Hampshire
 Foresters pocket field guide for loggers; BMP book for landowners
 None                               .
 None                                 '             '         -
 Workshops held in 1990; Wetlands evaluation workshop for foresters (5/92);
 additional workshops planned for 1993
 None        .             .        .
                                                  NEW JERSEY
 Manuals/Books
 Brochures
 Posters/Displays
 Video/Slide Programs
 Training/Workshops

 Other Educational Material
 Developing a wetlands forestry manual for foresters and forest landowners
 None                     .   .       ~
 None
 None
 Workshop Freshwater Wetlands: Identification and Regulation to provide trainino
 for foresters (9/92)
 None
                                                 NEW MEXICO
Manuals/Books

Brochures
Posters/Displays
Video/Slide Programs

Training/Workshops

Other Educational Material
New Mexico Forest Practices Guidelines: Water Quality Protection Guidelines for
Forestry Operations in New Mexico; Reducing Erosion from Unpaved Rural Roads
in New Mexico
None
None
Slide presentation NM State Forestry 208 Program discusses ways to reduce
nonpoint silviculture! pollution
Have held many formal and informal sessions for loggers, landowners, and State
Forestry staff since 1983
None
                                                    B-12

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                                                  NEW YORK
 Manuals/Books

 Brochures


 Posters/Displays

 Video/Slide Programs

 Training/Workshops



 Other Educational Material
 Will publish by 1993; developing field guide entitled Choosing and Using BMPs

 Timber Harvesting Guidelines for New York; A Clean Harvest; New York State
 Cooperating Timber Harvester Program

 None                                              —  .     ,

 None                                     •

 Three or four workshops are conducted annually as part of the Cooperating Timber
 Harvesters Program; at least one workshop per year is specifically on BMPs and
 erosion prevention              '

 None                  '                              •-'.'•
                                               NORTH CAROLINA
 Manuals/Books



 Brochures



 Posters/Displays


 Video/Slide Programs


Training/Workshops



 Other Educational Material
North Carolina Forestry Best Management Practices Manual (1989); North Carolina
Forest Practice Guidelines Related to Water Quality (1989); Pocket Guide to Forest
Practice Guidelines (1990)

Forestry Leaflets: Summary of Performance Standards; Forestry Leaflets:
Streamside Management Zones; Forestry Leaflets: Suggested Provisions for Timber
Sale Contracts; Forestry Leaflets: Becoming a Forest Steward in North Carolina
                                           \
Display entitled Best Management Practices composed of color pictures showing
examples of BMPs

Two videos entitled SMZ • Streamside Management Zones and Maintaining Your
Exemption from SPCA Paperwork       •

State Forester and Extension has presented programs together and separately;
industry groups, consulting foresters, and State Forestry personnel have received
BMP training

None
                                               NORTH DAKOTA
Manuals/Books

Brochures


Posters/Displays

Video/Slide Programs


Training/Workshops


Other Educational Material
None        ,                                       '

Brochure by ND State Health Department on ND Rules and Regulations (ND
Standards for Water Quality) "   '

None                           ,

Numerous videos and PSA produced by ND State University Extension; Clean
Water - Clean Choices by the National Association of Soil Conservation Districts

ND State University Extension sponsors an annual symposium on water quality for
agencies  and the general public

Numerous publications by ND State University Extension on water quality; a
speaker's bureau was developed by the North Dakota Water Quality Task Force in
1990 and its members are available to speak on water quality issues
                                                    B-13

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   Manuals/Books
   Brochures
   Posters/Displays
   Video/Slide Programs
  Training/Workshops

  Other Educational Material
  BMP's for Erosion Control on Logging Jobs
  Planting Filter Strips to Improve Water Quality
  Will develop Forest Filter Strips in 1993
  None
          Forestry (4/90); Best Management Practices Workshop for Loggers
  (11/90); BMP trainers workshop scheduled for 2/93
                                     None
  Manuals/Books
  Brochures
  Posters/Displays
  Video/Slide Programs

 Training/Workshops
  Other Educational Material
                                                    OKLAHOMA
  Forest Manager's Guide for Water Quality Management in Oklahoma
  Developing a pocket guide on forestry BMPs
  None                                  .
  Video entitled Logging BMPs and Water Quality, developing video about road
  rehabilitation
  Workshops planned for 1993 - will emphasize roads and logging
 Manuals/Books
 Brochures
 Posters/Displays

 Video/Slide Programs

Training/Workshops
Other Educational Material
 Forest Practice Rules (1991)
 Waterbars; Road Maintenance; Ditch Relief Culverts; Riparian Protection
 The Oregon Practices Act is a display of the primary topics of the Forest Practice
 nuies                                                          , •
 The Man and the Machine is a  slide program and script promoting skidding
 practices that protect water quality
 Slope Stability (1984); Riparian Protection (1987); since 1990. training efforts
 have focused on explaining  and implementing the requirements of the Forest
 Practices Act, particularly rules related to sensitive bird sites, threatened and
 endangered species, significant wetlands, clearcut size and spacing, snag, live tree
 and downwood retention, and scenic corridor management; planned for 1993 is
 Classification and Protection of Waters of the State
 Oregon State University Forestry Extension has developed an enormous selection
of publications and videos
                                                    B-14

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                                                 RHODE ISLAND
  Manuals/Books

  Brochures


  Posters/Displays

  Video/Slide Programs

  Training/Workshops

  Other Educational Material
  Currently developing and will publish by 1993

  Planning Wetlands - A Landowner's Responsibility to Know, a brochure that will
  detail BMPs for silviculture! operations in wetland areas

  None

  None                           .         .

  Planning wetland workshops to educate the forestry community on wetland BMPs

  Rhode Island Stewardship Directory
                                               SOUTH CAROLINA
 Manuals/Books



 Brochures


 Posters/Displays

 Video/Slide Programs



 Training/Workshops



 Other Educational Material
  Voluntary Forest Practice Guidelines for South Carolina (1988) - currently being
  revised; Best Management Practices's for South Carolina's Forested Wetlands; A
  Survey of Voluntary Compliance of Forestry Best Management Practices x

  Let's Lead the Way with Best Management Practices; Forestry BMPs.'.. A
  Woodland Owner's Guide to Good Stewardship

  None       .     .

 Videos entitled Let's Clean Up Our Act and Let's Lead the War. slide program
 entitled General BMP's, Wetland BMP's, and South Carolina's 1991 Silviculture!
 AfPS Program

 BMP awareness for loggers and procurement foresters at 14 locations (1989);
 BMP awareness for landowners at 20 locations (1992); will offer BMP
 interpretation meetings statewide when revised BMP manual is published

. None                              ..-.,'
                                               SOUTH DAKOTA
Manuals/Books

Brochures

Posters/Displays

Video/Slide Programs

Training/Workshops

Other Educational Material
 Preparing BMP manual, but final publication date not established

 Will develop once BMPs are adopted

 None    ,

 Currently developing video

 None

 None                 . -   '
                                                   B-15

-------
    Manuals/Books
 Brochures

 Posters/Displays
 Video/Slide Programs

Training/Workshops
Other Educational Material
  Posters/Displays

 • Video/Slide Programs

 Training/Workshops

 Other Educational Material
Posters/Displays
Video/Slide Programs
Training/Workshops

Other Educational Material
                                 Best Management Practices for SiMcultural and Other Forest Activities in
                                 ^^SSSSZttZttS^,
                                 *™ ^mnmm, «„„ ,„ KnsarAMa., ,„ Tm£,%%,£'?jszb,r
                                                                           Work: Pi
Tabletop display for meetings on BMPs
™
                                                           ^

                                            B-16

-------
                                                   VERMONT
 Manuals/Books •



 Brochures

 Posters/Displays

 Video/Slide Programs


 Training/Workshops


 Other Educational Material
Acceptable Management Practices for Maintaining Water,Quality on Logging Jobs
in Vermont (1987); Wetland Rules and Regulations: What They Mean to Your
Logging Operation in Vermont

Brochure to accompany the video

None                      •      ,                     ,

Video entitled Plank Skid-trail Bridge Construction; slide program on silviculture for
Vermont loggers                                     .
                                                        t  ' •
Series of three workshops to train loggers in 1989; planning another series of
workshops for 1993
                                                   VIRGINIA
 Manuals/Books

 Brochures



 Posters/Displays



 Video/Slide Programs   •



 Training/Workshops





 Other Educational Material
Forestry Best Management Practices for Water Quality in Virginia (1989)

forest Landowner and Water Quality; Debris in Stream Law; Landowners, Loggers,
Foresters Use BMPs, which describes 5 main BMP problems; a series of brochures
on main BMP work areas                         '

Prepared 6-panel exhibits for each region that show primary watersheds and BMPs;
special exhibits created for the East Coast Logging Expo in Richmond May 1988
and 1990

Three videos entitled Managing Mountain  Forests for Clean Water (25 min),
Impact of BMP Regulations on Maryland Logging (10 min). and BMPs for Logging
(15 min); slide show entitled Forestry Program in Virginia

BMP training meetings statewide from 11 /88-3/90, 1.990 attended; 8 regional
field demonstrations (10/89), 500 attended; field trip for VA Environmental Staff
on Wetlands and BMPs (4/89); wetland delineation workshop for VA DOF (9/91);
wetlands delineation workshop planned for Spring 1993; training module on BMP
installation planned for Summer 1993

Stewardship information packet on water quality; two page summary for VA
legislature (9/92); and a door mounted BMP inspection form for loggers (11/92)
                                                WASHINGTON
Manuals/Books


Brochures



Posters/Displays


Video/Slide Programs

Training/Workshops




Other Educational Material
Forest Practices Rules and Regulations; Board Manual and Guidelines; Forest
Practices Act                   ,

Fact Sheets and Heads-Up describe changes to the Forest Practice Rules and
provide a general summary of new rules; Monitoring Guidelines to Evaluate Effects
of Forestry Activities on Streams in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska

Displays on .forest stewardship, activities that impact the environment, and
mitigation or protective measures

Video entitled Wall-based Channels that describes fish habitat off main channels

Workshops on shade requirements, wildlife reserve tree requirements, wetland
delineation, even-aged harvest size, class IV forest practices, and watershed
analysis have been conducted; scheduled training includes sediment mitigation,
water temperature modeling, and procedures for voluntary watershed agreements
                                                    B-17

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     Manuals/Books


    Brochures
    Posters/Displays

    Video/Slide Programs

    Training/Workshops
   Other Educational Material
  Brochures
  Posters/Displays
  Video/Slide Programs
  Training/Workshops
  Other Educational Material
 Manuals/Books
 Brochures

 Posters/Displays
 Video/Slide Programs
Training/Workshops

Other Educational Material
                                      ^
                         ^^
    Keeping Mud Out of the Stre
                             ws; tores, Owners ana L ogg!ng Roatjs
                                                    Poster antifed ManBg!ng
                                                                       . and
                                      for fiscal year 1992-93                 1989-1991; 100 workshops scheduled
                                                                                        sponsored
                WYOMING
                                                  __
Best Management Practices for Silviculture - Second Draft
None
None
                                 Jvrest StewarclshiD: The Conservation of Wyoming's Forest mheritanc*
                                                   B-18

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