ooy
THE GLOBAL OCEANS DIRECTORY
       A Compendium of Organizations
      Dedicated to Marine Conservation
                   • Office of Water
        Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
                August 1992

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                            The Global Oceans Directory
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION                                            1
      Background
      Using the Compendium

KEYWORD MATRIX                                       5

U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

Agency for International Development (AID)                         U.S. - 1
      Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean                     U.S. - 2
      Bureau of Science and Technology                             U.S. - 3

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)                           U.S. - 4

Department of Commerce  (DOC)
      National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration                 U.S. - 5
       Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS)                            U.S. - 6

       National Ocean Service (NOS)                               U.S. - 7
        Office of Ocean Resources, Conservation and Assessment (ORCA)  U.S. - 8
        Coast and Geodetic Survey (C & GS)                        U.S. - 9
        Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM)      U.S. - 10
        Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences (OES)                     U.S. - 11

       National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)                    ••  U.S. - 12
        Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management (OFCM)        U.S. - 13
        Office of International Affairs  (OIA)                          U.S. - 14
        Office of Enforcement                                     U.S. - 15
        Office of Protected Resources  (OPR)                         U.S. - 16

       Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)                      U.S. - 17
        Environmental Research Laboratories (ERLs)                  U.S. - 18
        Office of Oceanic Research Programs                        U.S. - 19

Department of Defense (DOD)
      U.S. Army Corps of Engineers                                U.S. - 20
      Office of Naval Research (ONR)                               U.S. - 21

Department of Energy (DOE)                                      U.S. - 22
      Office of Energy Research                                    U.S. - 23
      Office of International Research and Development Policy            U.S. - 24

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 Department of the Interior (DOI)
        Minerals Management Service (MMS)
        National Park Service (NFS)
         Natural Resources Management
         Office of International Affairs (OIA)
        U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
         Office of International Affairs (OIA)
        U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
         Office of Energy and Marine Geology

 Department of State
       Bureau of Oceans, International Environmental and
       Scientific Affairs (OES)
         Oceans and Fisheries Affairs (OFA)
         Environment, Health and Natural Resources

 Department of Transportation (DOT)
       U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Merchant Marine Safety, Security
         and Environmental Protection

 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
       Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds (OWOW)
         Oceans and Coastal Protection Division (OCPD)
       Office of 'International Activities (OIA)
       Office of Radiation Programs (ORP)
       Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR)
       Office of Research and Development (ORD)
      Office of Modeling,  Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

National Science Foundation (NSF)

Ocean Principals Group

National Security Council
      Policy Coordinating Committee for Law of the Sea and Ocean Policy

Smithsonian Institution
 U.S.- 25
 U.S. - 26
 U.S. - 27
 U.S. - 28
 U.S.- 29
 U.S.- 30
 U.S.- 31

 U.S. - 32
 U.S.- 33
 U.S.- 34
 U.S.- 35
 U.S. - 36

 U.S.- 37

 U.S. - 38
 U.S. - 39
 U.S.- 40
 U.S.- 41
 U.S.- 42
 U.S.- 43

 U.S.- 44

 U.S.- 45

 U.S.- 46


U.S. - 47

U.S.- 48
                                       11

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 UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES

 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
       Fisheries Department
       Fishery Policy and Planning Division (FIP)
      Fishery Resources and Environment Division (FIR)

 International Atomic Energy Administration (IAEA)

 International Maritime Organization (IMO)

 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
   (UNESCO)
      Man and Biosphere Program (MAS)
      Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)

 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

 United Nations Law of the Sea and Ocean Affairs

 World Bank
      Environment Department

 World Meteorological Organization (WMO)


 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

 American Oceans Campaign (AOC)

 Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCQ

 Center for Marine Conservation (CMC)

 Conservation International (CI)

 Council on Ocean Law (COL)

 The Cousteau Society, Inc.

Environmental Defense Fund (EOF)

Friends of the Earth / Ocean Society (FOE/OS)

Greenpeace
 UN- 1
 UN-2
 UN-3

 UN-4

 UN-5
 UN-6
 UN-7

 UN-8

 UN-9


 UN- 10

 UN-11
NGO - 1

NGO-2

NGO-3

NGO-4

NGO-5

NGO-6

NGO-7

NGO-8

NGO-9
                                    m

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 International Game Fish Association (IGFA)

 Island Resources Foundation (IRF)

 National Academy of Sciences (NAS)

 National Audubon Society

 The Nature Conservancy (TNC)

 Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDQ

 National Wildlife Federation (NWF)

 The Sierra Club

 Wildlife Conservation International (WCD

 World Resources Institute (WRI)

 World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

 International Union for the Conservation of Nature
 and Natural Resources (IUCN)

 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)


 CANADIAN AGENCIES

Environment Canada

NORTH AMERICAN MARINE POLICY C]
NGO - 10

NGO - 11

NGO - 12

NGO - 13

NGO - 14

NGO - 15

NGO - 16

NGO - 17

NGO - 18

NGO - 19

NGO - 20

NGO - 21


NGO - 22
CAN- 1
                                    IV

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                                The Global Oceans Directory
                                INTRODUCTION
Background
 The Global Oceans Directory contains organizations involved in ocean conservation and resource
 management.  The directory was prepared for the U.S. EPA Office of Wetlands, Oceans and
 Watersheds (OWOW) to serve as a quick reference to answer questions such as:

       •        What organizations are involved with marine law?

       •        What marine related activities does the U.S. Department of State engage in?

 The research for the directory was conducted by the  Marine Policy Center of Woods Hole
 Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) with support from the U.S. EPA. Each organization profiled
 in this directory has had the opportunity to review its particular profile and to  correct any
 inaccuracies.  However, over time organizational information does change. If you would like
 to help us keep this directory current, please send any updates to information contained here to
 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds, Oceans
 and Coastal Protection Division, 401 M Street, SW, WH-556F, Washington, DC  20460.
Using the Directory

The directory has the following parts:

1. Profiles

      The directory is composed of profiles of organizations involved with marine issues. The
      profiles are grouped into three categories:

                •     United States Government Agencies

                •     United Nations Agencies

                •     Non-Governmental Organizations

      Within each category, the profiles are numbered sequentially. The number at the bottom
      of each page therefore indicate the profile number within the category.  For example,
      U.S. -12 indicates that the profile is the twelfth profile in the United States' Government
      Agencies category.

      In addition, a listing of Marine Policy Centers is included as an appendix. These do not
      have individual profiles, but do have an accompanying matrix that identifies their areas
      of concentration, by keyword.

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                                The Global Oceans Directory
2. Table of Contents

      The table of contents lists the profiles in the directory by category.

3. Keyword Matrix

      In developing the directory, EPA identified a set of broad keywords that would be useful
      in identifying  the kinds of activities that the profiled organizations  are involved with.
      These keywords are:

      •         Advocacy - The organization is active in advocating particular agendas using
                a variety of methods.

      •         Assessment - The organization is involved with assessing various parameters
                related to the marine environment and its protection.

      •         Conservation - The organization is active in conserving marine resources.

      •         Coordination - The organization coordinates activities among other entities.

      •         Development - The organization aids developing countries.

      •        Education - The organization's activities focus on transferring information to
               a particular audience.

      •         Enforcement - The  organization enforces laws promulgated  by individual
               countries or treaties signed by two or more countries.

      •         Law - The organization is concerned with developing, studying, or influencing
               legislation.

      •      •  Monitoring/research   - The  organization focuses on monitoring  and/or
               researching the marine environment.

      •         Policy  - The  organization  is  concerned with  developing,  studying, or
               influencing marine policies of organizations or countries.

      •         Regulatory - The organization is responsible for developing regulations.

     A keyword matrix (beginning  on page 5) relates these keywords to each  of the
     organizations profiled in the  directory.   This provides a  quick  way to identify
     organizations involved with certain general activities  or areas.

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                                The Global Oceans Directory
PROGRAMS
 Each profile in the directory has the same structure.  Each profile begins with a large header in
 a box that gives the name of the profiled organization. Down the left margin of each profile are
 headers for the major kinds of information in each profile:

 KEYWORDS  These are the  same keywords used in the keyword matrix.

 OVERVIEW   A general discussion of  the organization's goals,  history, structure,  and
                programs.

 COORD       If the organization engages in  any  significant coordination  with other
                organizations,  these relationships  are  indicated  next to this header.  If an
                organization is involved in more than one program, any coordination activities
                related to a particular program are discussed separately in the  "programs"
                section of the profile.

                Detailed  discussions of the organization's marine related  programs.   If the
                organization is involved in more than  one program, the program names are
                placed in the left margin to help you  locate the beginning and end of each
                description.

CONTACT     Usually a tide, address,  and telephone number that can be called to provide
                further information. If an organization participates in several programs, the
                contacts are listed after the relevant program; the word contact is written in
                lower case in the left margin.

Within each profile, organizations that are profiled elsewhere in the directory are indicated with
an asterisk, e.g., WMO*.

Depending on the question you are asking, you will use the directory differently.  If you wish
to identify organizations involved in particular activities, you should consult the matrix beginning
on page 5 to quickly identify the organizations  involved in the activity you  are interested in.
If you already know the name of the organization you are interested in, you  should consult the
Table of Contents to identify the Directory Section and Profile Number for the organization.

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The Global Oceans Directory

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  The Global Oceans Directory
KEYWORD MATRIX

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                              The Global Oceans Directory
               UNITED STATES' GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS

 Agency for International Development (AID)                           U.S. - 1
       Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean                       U.S. - 2
       Bureau of Science and Technology                               U.S. - 3

 Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)                              U.S. - 4

 Department of Commerce  (DOC)
       National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration                   U.S. - 5
        Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS)                              U.S. - 6

       National  Ocean Service (NOS)                                   U.S. - 7
        Office of Ocean Resources, Conservation and Assessment (ORCA)    U.S. - 8
        Coast and Geodetic Survey (C & GS)                            U.S. - 9
        Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM)        U.S. - 10
        Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences (OES)                        U.S. - 11

       National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)           -              U.S. - 12
        Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management (OFCM)          U.S. - 13
        Office of International Affairs (OIA)                             U.S. - 14
        Office of Enforcement                                         U.S. - 15
        Office of Protected Resources (OPR)                            U.S. - 16

       Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)                         U.S. - 17
        Environmental Research Laboratories (ERLs)                      U.S. - 18
        Office of Oceanic Research Programs                            U.S. - 19

Department of Defense (DOD)
       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers                                   U.S. - 20
       Office of Naval Research (ONR)                                  U.S. - 21

Department of Energy (DOE)                                         U.S. - 22
       Office of Energy Research                                       U.S. - 23
       Office of International Research and Development Policy             U.S. - 24
U.S. Government Agencies
August 1992

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                                    The Global Oceans Directory
     Department of the Interior (DOI)
           Minerals Management Service (MMS)
           National Park Service (NFS)
            Natural Resources Management
            Office of International Affairs (OIA)
            '^JiSh 
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                               The Global Oceans Directory
                 Agency for International Development (AID)
KEYWORDS   Development
                Monitoring/Research
                Assessment
                Conservation
                Coordination
                Education

OVERVIEW    AID was created by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to carry out U.S.
                economic assistance programs in the developing world. AID operates through
                a worldwide network of country missions  which administer development
                assistance programs funded by loans and grants.

                AID's three development goals for its work in Less Developed Countries
                (LDCs) are:

                •     to promote and sustain economic growth;

                •     to develop human capacity, particularly health and education; and

                •     to encourage pluralism, e.g., democracy,  freedom and competition.

PROGRAMS    AID's structure  includes six functional bureaus and four regional bureaus,
                which oversee missions and offices assigned to the regional bureaus. Of these,
                the Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean* and the Bureau for Science
                and Technology* support marine related projects.

CONTACT     U.S. Agency for International Development
                320 21st St., NW
                Washington, DC 20523-0061   202-647-9620
U.S. Government Agencies
U.S.-l
August 1992

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U.S. Government Agencies
U.S.-l
                                                                                            August 1992

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                    Agency for International Development
              Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)
                        Office of Development Resources
KEYWORDS   Development
               Conservation
               Monitoring/Research
               Education
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS

 Caribbean
 Conservation
 Corporation
 (CCC)
One of the LAC Bureau's central objectives is to encourage preservation and
sustainable use of the natural resource base.  Coastal zone management is one
of four major technical areas on which the majority of LAC environmental and
natural resource  management programs will be focused.   Marine-related
projects range from sea turtle conservation in Costa Rica, through promotion
of shrimp mariculture, to contingency planning for oil spills in Jamaica.  Other
activities include establishing marine parks,  monitoring coastal water quality,
and managing the coastal zone of the eastern Caribbean.

An overview of the state of marine resources in the Caribbean, along with
options for its improved management and conservation, can be found in
Caribbean Marine Resources: Opportunities for Economic Development and
Management.   This document was commissioned by the LAC Bureau and
produced by NOAA.

Interagency coordination is conducted with NOAA*, USCG*, NSF*, EPA*,
andNMFS*.

Since 1988, AID has supported  the efforts of the  CCC to implement a
comprehensive  set of activities  that foster conservation and  sustainable
development of Tortuguero, Costa Rica.  The area is world-renowned as the
largest rookery for the endangered green sea turtle and emcompasses unspoiled
tropical forest, wetland, and coastal habitat. Project objectives are:

•      to  develop  a comprehensive  zoning and  development plan for
       Tortuguero, ensuring compatibility  of  future development  and
       conservation goals;

•      to provide for sustainable management of critical lowland forests,
       estuaries, wetlands, and sea turtle nesting beaches;

•      to create a wildlife corridor between  the Tortuguero National Park and
       Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge;
 U.S. Government Agencies
                                       U.S.-2
                                                           August 1992

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                  •     to develop a long-term environmental education and training program
                        that addresses  local  population needs  and generates employment
                        opportunities; and

                  •     to expand  the Green  Turtle Research Station into a comprehensive
                        international training center for biological research and conservation.

   Environment/  ENCORE concentrates on developing  coastal management  strategies  for
   Coastal        countries in  the eastern Caribbean region and on promoting integration of
   Resources      coastal zone management into development projects. Still in the design phase,
   Program       the project is directed at preventive and remedial actions that demonstrate the
                  validity  of  economic  sustainability  through  long-term  natural  resource
                  management.

                  ENCORE'S  objectives are  to  protect  natural  resources  and  overall
                  environmental quality in order to realize economic and biological potential.
                  ENCORE is proposed for six  years and will involve community participation
                  in planning and management  of coastal resources.  Initial pilot projects are
                  planned for Dennery, St.  Lucia;  Scotts Head,  Dominica; and Portsmouth
                  Dominica.

                  Although the Bureau can implement projects for development in LDCs, there
                 is no method to ensure that the projects  will continue to operate after AID
                 terminates support.

 CONTACT     Agency for International Development
                 LAC/DR/RD
                 Room 2242
                 New State
                 320 21st Street, N.W.
                 Washington, DC 20523-0010  202-647-9486
U.S. Government Agencies
U.S.-2
                                                                            August 1992

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                     Agency for International Development
                        Bureau of Science and Technology
         Office of Forestry,  Environment and Natural Resources (FENR)
KEYWORDS   Development
                Coordination
                Assessment

OVERVIEW    The Coastal Resources Management  Project (CRMP) is  FENR's only
                exclusively coastal/marine activity.

PROGRAMS    CRMP was established in 1985 through a cooperative agreement between AID
                and the University of Rhode Island  (URI).   CRMP  assists in-country
                counterparts in formulating and implementing national management strategies,
                offering technical assistance where needed.   In-country teams from each
                participating  nation collaborate with the project staff  at URFs  Coastal
                Resources Center.

                The initial five-year project sought to launch three integrated coastal resource
                management programs (in Ecuador,  Sri Lanka,.and Thailand) to serve as
                models  for developing countries worldwide.

                The aims of each pilot program are:

                •     to develop procedures to assess the impacts of coastal development
                     proposals;

                •     to undertake research to clarify trends affecting the condition and use
                     of coastal resources;

                •     to improve the capabilities of in-country professionals to plan for and
                     manage coastal development; and

                •     to develop institutional capabilities to address resource use conflicts
                     effectively.

                For the second five-year phase, CRMP is currently reviewing requests by
                other countries in Asia and Latin America to be included  in  the coastal
                management program.
U.S. Government Agencies
U.S.-3
August 1992

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  CONTACT     URI/AID CRMP
                 University of Rhode Island
                 Coastal Resources Center
                 Marine Resources Building
                 Narragansett Bay Campus
                 Narragansett, RI 02882-1197  401-792-6224
U.S. Government Agencies
U.S.-3
                                    August 1992

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                   Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
KEYWORDS   Policy
                Coordination
                Research
OVERVIEW
CEQ was established by the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
to formulate and recommend national policies to promote the improvement of
the quality of the environment. CEQ is located within the Executive Office
of the President and provides expert opinion and policy advice to the President
on environmental matters.  The Chairman participates in the Domestic Policy
Council, Economic Policy Council, and other Cabinet-level meetings.

CEQ has three primary responsibilities:

1.    to serve as the President's  "in-house" environmental advisor;

2.    to coordinate the positions of Cabinet Departments and independent
      agencies on environmental issues; and

3.    to administer the provisions of NEPA.

Included within these responsibilities are:

•     advising the President on national and international policies to foster
      and promote the improvement of environmental quality;

•     assisting and advising the President in the preparation of the annual
      Environmental Quality Report;

•     conducting  studies  and making  recommendations on  policy  and
      legislation as requested by the President;

•     providing general  leadership  and  support  to  the coordination of
      activities of the federal departments and agencies which affect, promote
      and improve environmental quality;

•     interpreting  legal issues  related  to NEPA, assisting agencies in
      compliance  with NEPA's requirements  and resolving  interagency
      disputes through NEPA referral process;

•     issuing regulations binding on all federal agencies for the assessment of
      environmental impacts associated with proposals  for federal actions;
 U.S. Government Agencies
                         U.S.-4
August 1992

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                          fostering cooperation between the federal and local government the
                          private sector and the environmental community;

                          recognizing teachers who design and implement the most innovative and
                          effective programs to teach students about the environment; and

                   •     assessing and reporting on trends in environmental quality.

   PROGRAMS   CEQdae* not directly operate an oceans program, but places a high priority

                   SrS^^iT* f ^ ** fa ^ development. Otetoui
                   CEQ  addresses include global  change, recycling,  pollution prevention
                   wetlands protection and energy conservation.                  prevention,
  CONTACT
                       Project under the US-USSR Cooperative Agreement
          «    £nvironmental Protection entitled "Legal and Administrative
          for fl£ pTT5 faUs "nder *"*  M'  "Legal  and Administrative
          for the Protection of Environmental .Quality," of the Agreement.
                           workshop (June 1990) with  the State of
                       _   aspects of the US-USSR initiative for
            park in the Bering Land Bridge  region.

In addition, CEQ led U.S. efforts to involve non-governmental organizations
» d,scUSsions leading to the 1992 United Nations Conference on Enviromnen
and Development (UNCED).                               «"vuunnieni

Council on Environmental Quality
722 Jackson Place, NW
Washington, DC 20503  202-395-5750
U.S. Government Agencies
                                        U.S.-4
                                                                          August 1992

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                           Department of Commerce
         National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
KEYWORDS   Research
               Monitoring/Research
               Policy
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
CONTACT
NOAA was established in 1970 by Reorganization Plan #4 to provide a federal
government focus on the problems of the oceans and the atmosphere. NOAA
gathers data, conducts research, and makes predictions about the environment.
NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas and skies,  guides use and
protection of ocean resources, and tries to enrich the understanding of oceans,
atmospheres, space, and the sun.

NOAA marine pollution responsibilities are  specifically addressed in the
National Ocean Pollution Planning  Act of 1978  (NOPPA).   Additional
responsibilities related to marine pollution were assigned to NOAA in response
to Title n of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA),
which  directs the secretary  to  establish a comprehensive  and continuing
program of monitoring and research with respect to the possible long-range
effects of pollution,   overfishing,  and  man-induced changes  of  ocean
ecosystems.

NOAA's  marine  pollution-related research, development, monitoring, and
management activities are conducted in three of NOAA's line organizations:

•     National Ocean Service* (NOS);

•     National Marine Fisheries Service* (NMFS); and

•     Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research* (OAR).

The Office of the Chief Scientist* (OCS) also  administers several marine
focused programs.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
5128 Herbert Clark Hoover Bldg.
Washington, DC  20230  202-377-3436
U.S. Government Agencies
                       U.S.-5
August 1992

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U.S.-5
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                           Department of Commerce
              National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                       Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS)
KEYWORDS   Policy
               Research
               Assessment
OVERVIEW
               OCS rests within the office of the NOAA Administrator. The Chief Scientist
               is  the principal scientific advisor  to the Under Secretary and principal
               spokesperson for NOAA on scientific and technical issues. The Chief Scientist
               formulates and recommends scientific policy and provides guidance to NOAA
               managers on scientific issues.

               OCS has three offices with marine components:

               1.     Ecology and Environmental Conservation;

               2.     National Ocean Pollution Program; and

               3.     Coastal Ocean Program.

PROGRAMS   This Office is a focal point for the review of ecological and environmental
               conservation matters for  NOAA.   Office staff review NOAA activities to
 Ecology and   ensure full compliance with the National Recovery  Policy  Act and  the
 Environmental Resource Conservation and  Recovery  Act (RCRA) and contribute to  the
 Conservation  development and implementation of NOAA policy on environmental issues.
 Office         This Office is directly involved in many marine issues, including:

               •     coastal area management and habitat alteration;

               •     marine waste disposal;
                                                         /
               •     marine mining and oil and gas activities;

               •     fisheries management;

               •     traditional and recreational uses of ocean space;

               •     marine endangered species and habitat protection; and

               •     marine policy formulation (national and international).
 U.S. Government Agencies
                                       U.S.-6
                                                                         August 1992

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  National Ocean This program fulfills the responsibilities assigned to NOAA by Sections 4 and
  Pollution      8 of NOPPA.  It prepares the five-year Federal Plan for Ocean Pollution
  Program Office Research, Development and Monitoring called for by the Act.  It consults with
                 federal, state,  and local agencies, and private sector experts, and conducts
                 studies to determine national activities, priority problem areas for action, areas
                 of  emphasis in the current  Federal  Program, and  recommendations for
                 improved efficiency and effectiveness.

                 The National Ocean Pollution Program Office exercises an overall interagency
                 coordination role to ensure implementation of recommendations in the current
                 Federal Plan and to develop staff support for the National Pollution Ocean
                 Policy Board, chaired by the NOAA Chief Scientist.

                 The Office also prepares various information products, including the annual
                 Summary  of Federal Programs and  Projects,  a  standard  reference  for
                 information about Federal Marine Pollution  activities.  It prepares annual
                 funding reviews and reports that describe the impacts of specific polluting
                 activities on human health and living resources.  It also manages the Ocean
                 Pollution Data and Information Network (OPDIN), which responds to requests
                 for data and information related to marine pollution.

  Coastal Ocean This Office was established to address the problems threatening the vitality of
  Program
  Office
 CONTACT
 U.S.  coastal  and estuarine  waters.    The  program focuses  NOAA's
 observational, research, assessment, and modeling capabilities on key problems
 in  the coastal  ocean  and simultaneously directs the Agency's information
 management and delivery systems to assure that the findings of the program
 are accessible and communicated effectively to decision makers. The program
 goals are to improve prediction of:

 •      coastal ocean degradation;

 •      changes in living marine resources; and

 •      physical impacts on life and property.

 Department of Commerce
 Office of the Chief Scientist
 National  Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
 Room 5128
 14th & Constitution Ave, NW
Washington, DC 20230   202-377-5181
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                           Department of Commerce
              National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                         National Ocean Service (NOS)
KEYWORDS  Research
               Monitoring
               Assessment
OVERVIEW
NOS was mandated by the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act
and  National  Ocean Pollution  Planning  Act.    NOS seeks  to  provide
comprehensive "strategic assessments" of national marine quality problems,
conduct nationwide monitoring of marine  environmental quality in coastal
waters, and provide on-scene advice during emergency responses to spills of
hazardous materials.

NOS houses four offices:

1.    Office of Ocean Resources, Conservation and Assessment;

2.    Coast and Geodetic Survey;

3.    Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management; and

4.    Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences.

NOAA was recently reorganized. No other line organization has current plans
to transfer office responsibilities or create new offices.

The  Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences  encompasses all of NOS's hard
science capabilities; it will dissolve the Office of Ocean Services and take on
the hard science of the Office of Marine Assessment and the geodetic research
center from the Office of Charting and Geodetic Services.

The Office of Marine Assessment changed its name to the Office of Ocean
Resources,  Conservation and  Assessment  (ORCA).   The  Office's  basic
responsibility will  be all  NOS assessment and  planning.   The  Arctic
Environmental Assessment Center and the Damage Assessment and Restoration
Center is administered under  ORCA.  ORCA also  manages divisions  for
strategic  environmental  assessment,  coastal  monitoring  and  bioeffects
assessment,  and hazardous materials  response and assessment.   These
responsibilities, formerly programmed under OMA, expanded to full divisions.
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 CONTACT
The Office of Charting and Geodetic Services changed its name to Coast and
Geodetic Survey. The office's responsibilities will remain unchanged, with the
exception of the loss of the geodetic research center.

In addition to modified responsibilities, several offices  will also experience
staff adjustments.  In many cases, new positions will be available.

The Office  of Coastal Resource Management remains the central coastal
management office for NOS.  Plans for any changes within the office are
unknown.

Please note  that these plans are still subject to change.  The reorganization
must undergo the Federal review process before completion.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association
National Ocean Service
1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, DC  20235  202-606-4140
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                           Department of Commerce
              National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                             National Ocean Service
       Office of Ocean Resources, Conservation and Assessment (ORCA)
KEYWORDS  Monitoring/Research
               Assessment
OVERVIEW
               ORCA seeks to determine the status of environmental quality in coastal and
               estuarine areas of the United States. In existence since 1984, the office's goals
               are:

               •     to provide leadership for federal interagency planning and coordination;
                     and

               •     to furnish the best available scientific and technical information on
                     marine and estuarine environmental quality to national policy makers
                     in Congress, federal agencies and state and local governments, the
                     private sector, and the public.

PROGRAMS   The NS&T monitors concentrations of toxic chemicals and trace elements in
               bottom-feeding fish, shellfish, and sediments at 200 coastal and estuarine
 National      locations throughout the United States.  The objective of this program  is to
 Status and    determine the status and long-term trends of toxic contamination in important
 Trends        estuarine and coastal areas.  This program is the first to use a uniform set of
 Program      techniques to measure coastal and estuarine environmental quality.

 Strategic      The SEAP collects information on the resources of the coastal ocean to
 Environmental identify compatibilities and conflicts among multiple uses and to help
 Assessment    determine research and management needs and priorities. Since 1980, it has
 Program      published a series of thematic atlases of major regions  of the Exclusive
               Economic Zone (EEZ),  including the east coast, the Gulf of Mexico, the
               Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas, and the west coast of North America.
               SEAP maintains large databases on:

               •      the characteristics of coastal and estuarine areas (National Estuarine
                      inventory);

               •      the distribution of biological resources and habitats within these areas
                      (Living Marine Resources Program and the National Coastal Wetlands
                      Inventory); and
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  Hazardous
  Materials
  Response
  Program
 CONTACT
 •     economic activities and their pollutant discharges (National Coastal
       Pollutant Discharge Inventory).

 This program provides critical information on consequences of oil spills on the
 marine and estuarine environment as well as support to EPA's Superfund
 during emergency responses at, and for cleanup of, abandoned hazardous
 waste sites in coastal areas.

 Other ORCA programs include:

 •     Damage Assessment Program;

 •     National Water Levels Program;

 •     Outer   Continental  Shelf  Environmental  Assessment  Program
       (OCSEAP);

 •     Coastal Circulation Program; and

 •     Global Absolute Sea Level Monitoring Program.

 One of ORCA's recent projects has been to assess damages to the marine and
 estuarine environment due to the Exxon Valdez spill.

 National Ocean Service
 Office of Ocean Resources, Conservation  and Assessment
N/ORCA, Room 212
6001 Executive Boulevard
Rockville, MD  20852  301-443-8487
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                           Department of Commerce
              National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                             National Ocean Service
                           Coast and Geodetic Survey
KEYWORDS

OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS

 Mapping and
 Charting
 Geodetic
 Program
Monitoring/Research

C&GS is responsible for NOAA's mapping, charting, and geodesy programs,
as mandated  by the 1807  Navigation  Act.   C&GS performs geodetic,
hydrographic  and photogrammetric surveys, and  field investigations.   It
processes air and marine mapping and charting data to produce nautical charts,
Coast Pilot publications, bathymetric maps ~ including high-resolution maps
of the U.S. Economic Zone (EEZ) - and aeronautical charts. The results of
data analyses and geodetic research investigations are available to users in a
variety of formats.

C&GS also provides guidance in mapping  and charting procedures and the
development of geodetic standards.  C&GS assists  national, state, and local
organizations through a variety of cooperative programs.

C&GS cooperates with the U.S. Geological Survey in carrying out the national
EEZ program and various coastal mapping programs.  In addition, it works
with the U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Defense Mapping
Agency, and the Federal Aviation Administration to ensure navigational safety
in U.S.  waters and in  national airspace.  As U.S. representatives, C&GS,
along with the Defense Mapping Agency, share responsibilities associated with
International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) membership.

Cooperative efforts with the Canadian Hydrographic Service are handled under
the auspices of the U.S.-Canada Hydrographic Commission.

The mapping and charting program provides accurate and timely nautical and
aeronautical charts, maps, and related products for the coastal and adjacent
Mapping and ocean areas of the United States  (including  possessions and
territories), the Great Lakes, other inland navigable waters, and the National
Airspace System for the safety and efficiency of marine and air transportation,
offshore engineering projects, defense operations, and recreational activities.

The geodetic program develops and maintains the National Geodetic Reference
System as defined by the nation's three geodetic control networks.  Points
defined  by these networks are the basic geographic location and elevation
starting  positions for land surveys, cartography, engineering, construction,
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                  environmental control  measures, and Earth  science studies.   In  addition,
                  geodetic advisors are assigned to those states participating in the Geodetic State
                  Advisor Program.

 CONTACT     National Ocean Service
                  Coast and Geodetic Survey
                  6001 Executive Blvd.
                  Rockville, MD 20852   301-443-8204
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                            Department of Commerce
               National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                             National Ocean Service
          Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM)
 KEYWORDS   Monitoring/Research
                Conservation
 OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
 National
 Estuarine
 Research
 Reserve
 Program
Established in 1972,  OCRM is responsible for programs  that protect and
manage U.S. coastal resources.

The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) established the Coastal Zone
Management Program (CZMP) to provide financial and technical assistance
and  policy guidance  to states and territorial governments to prepare  and
implement programs which balance the use and conservation of coastal and
marine resources.  OCRM seeks to ensure that the state programs remain in
compliance with national standards by providing oversight and evaluation of
state performance.    Currently, 29 of the  35 eligible coastal states  and
territories, covering 93% of the nation's shoreline,  have federally approved
coastal zone management programs. Two other states — Ohio and Minnesota -
- have expressed interest in developing CZM programs.

OCRM administers the National Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP)
and  the  National Estuarine  Research  Reserve Program  (NERRP),  both
mandated by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972.  In addition, OCRM
manages the National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) and the Ocean
Minerals and Energy Program.

Authorized by CZMA Section 315, the NERRP consists of reserves owned and
managed by states with OCRM providing oversight and national program
guidance and support. The reserves focus on the protection and management
of estuarine land and water resources, including wetlands and watersheds,
environmental education and interpretation,  and monitoring and  research.
Presently, there are 18 designated reserves in 16 states.  These reserves protect
more than 300,000 acres of estuarine lands and waters.

The  NERRP was also bolstered by the  1990 CZMA Amendments, which
increased the amount of Federal financial assistance  for land or water
acquisition of individual  National Estuarine Research Reserves.  In addition,
the maximum Federal share of costs for managing reserves and supporting
educational activities was increased.  These new provisions provide added
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  Coastal
  Zone
  Management
  Program
 National
 Marine
 Sanctuary
 Program
 (NMSP)
 Ocean
 Minerals
 and Energy
 Program
 incentive for the designation of new reserves  at a  time  when states are
 increasing their interest in the program.

 The 1990 CZMA Amendments, reauthorized the coastal zone management and
 estuarine research reserve programs for five years. Designed to modernize
 and strengthen the CZMA to address new and emerging coastal issues, the
 1990 Amendments modify the Act in a number of ways.  A new Coastal
 Nonpoint Pollution Control Program was established which requires coastal
 states to develop a program to protect coastal waters  from nonpoint source
 pollution from adjacent coastal land uses.  In addition, a new enhancement
 grants program encourages each coastal state to improve its CZM program in
 one or more of eight identified national priority areas.   Other changes to
 CZMA include:

 •     the addition of Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas lease  sales  to the
       Federal consistency provisions;

 •     new requirements for expanded public participation opportunities in the
       program evaluation process;

 •     new authority to impose interim sanctions for up to three  years if the
       state is failing to adhere to its federally approved program or estuarine
       reserve management plan; and

 •     a new requirement for the Secretary of Commerce to provide technical
       assistance   and  management-oriented  research   to  support  the
       development and implementation of state CZM programs.

 The NMSP designates and manages offshore marine areas for the purpose of
 preserving or restoring their ecological, historical, recreational, or aesthetic
 values.  National marine sanctuaries may be designated in coastal and ocean
 waters, in submerged lands,  and in the Great Lakes and their connecting
 waters.  Research and educational programs have  important roles in the
 management of sanctuaries.  OCRM administers eight marine sanctuaries; six
 additional sites are now being  evaluated for possible designation. In 1990,
 President Bush signed the Florida Keys Marine Sanctuary and Protection Act,
 whicn created a new 2,600 square nautical mile sanctuary in the coastal waters
 off the Florida Keys.

 This program administers the Ocean and Thermal Fjiergy Conversion (OTEC)
 Act and the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act. The OTEC Act
provides for licensing of OTEC facilities within U.S. waters. The Deep Seabed
Hard Mineral Resources  Act  provides for licensing  deep  seabed  mining
exploration and commercial recovery operations and for the establishment of
bilateral and  multilateral agreements to provide a stable  international  legal
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CONTACT
framework for deep seabed mining activities. Regulations are in place for both
programs, but world energy and metal prices to date have not been sufficient
to trigger license applications.  Work is now focused on joint seabed mining
environmental studies  with other countries to determine the impacts of deep
seabed mining and on international mineral activities including enforcement of
the Antarctic Treaty provision.   In  addition, there is renewed interest in
reconsidering the seabed mining provisions in the Law  of the Sea Treaty.

National Ocean Service
Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20235   202-606-4111
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                            Department of Commerce
              National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                             National Ocean Service
                   Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences (OES)
KEYWORDS  Monitoring/Research
               Conservation
OVERVIEW
               OES operates several programs dealing with marine conservation and resource
               management. OES is not mandated, but, among others, the Magnuson Fishery
               Conservation and Management Act, the National Weather Service Organic
               Act, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey Act all provide enabling legislation
               to carry out office activities.

               OES organizes its data primarily through access to raw and processed data and
               information, in addition to technical and scientific papers, newsletters, and
               general press articles.                                 .

PROGRAMS   OES's four programs/divisions are:

                1.     Joint Ice Center (JIC);

               2.     Center for Ocean Analysis and Prediction (COAP);

                3.     Ocean Products Center (OPC); and

                4.     Ocean Observations Division (OOD).

 Joint Ice       In existence since 1975, JIC seeks to provide general and tailored support of
 Center         ice analysis and guidance products which relate to life and property. It seeks
                to notify of hazards of navigation (i.e. icing) and to provide information useful
                to the climate change program. The Center is  currently the only one of its
                kind in the world.

                JIC goals are to render support for arctic, antarctic, and Great Lakes research
                and to supply accurate forecasts and efficient guidance products. The JIC also
                works on ice climatology issues and designs ice observation arrays.

                JIC holds two major meetings a year in addition to one with Canadian officials
                at least once a year. JIC frequently performs liaison activities with the NSF*
                and ONR*.
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   Center for     COAP, established in 1989 and composed of all the NOAA line organizations,
   Ocean ^        was designed to be a national NOAA center for the development, exchange,
   Analysis        integration, and dissemination  of biological, chemical, and physical oceano-
   and Prediction  graphic products  and  services for  effective management of living marine
                  resources.

                  COAP conducts scientific research and monitoring and is involved with public
                  outreach, policy making and environmental law enforcement. COAP provides
                  support for  the collection, processing, analysis and production of ocean
                  information in support of living marine resources and NOAA's climate change
                  and  coastal ocean programs.  It focuses on  operational ocean  modelling,
                 information  display and analysis  workstations,  and providing access  to
                 environmental data.

                 COAP interagency coordination is administered with EPA*, MMS*, ONR*
                 the Oceanographer of the Navy, DOE*, NSF*,  and  the Army  Corps  of
                 Engineers*,  in  addition  to participation  with  many university research
                 activities.
  Ocean
  Products
  Center
  Ocean
  Observations
  Division
 CONTACT
 OPC was established in 1985 to provide operational support for marine weather
 activities and for NOAA's coastal ocean programs.  It performs applied
 scientific research and monitoring, and engages in environmental law enforce-
 ment and policy making.

 OPC seeks to provide product guidance of marine flux events such as wind,
 waves, circulation,  and thermal structures.  OPC is in primary support of
 NOAA's National Weather Service. OPC program coordination is frequently
 conducted with ONR*, the Oceanographer of the Navy, NSF*, and the U S
 Coast Guard*.

 OOD, designed in 1984, develops and implements a routine, global ocean
 observing network.  OOD is involved with many aspects of marine
 management including issues of fisheries, marine waste disposal, and coastal
 observations. Through design, monitoring, policy making and  enforcement
 assistance, OOD seeks to  coordinate routine global ocean observing array
 design and operation with coordination from almost all of the federal agencies
 and many universities.

National Ocean  Service
Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences
6001 Executive Blvd, Room 808
Rockville, MD  20852   301-443-8105
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                            Department of Commerce
               National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                    National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
KEYWORDS   Monitoring/Research
                Conservation
OVERVIEW
NMFS has  responsibility  by Congressional  mandate for conserving  and
managing marine, estuarine, and anadromous fishery resources throughout its
range. The Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976,
among other legislative measures, requires the Secretary of Commerce to
initiate comprehensive programs of fishery research on  issues  such as the
impacts of pollution on the abundance and availability of fishery resources.

NMFS goals are:

•     to understand the effects of pollutant loadings and habitat alterations on
      living marine resources;

•     to develop methods for assessing the viability of fishery stocks and
      habitats;

•     to develop methods for predicting the effect of man's activities on
      marine ecosystems and their components;

•     to understand effects of physical perturbations on coastal  ecosystems;
      and

•     to develop efficient  systems for  transfer and dissemination of habitat
      and marine pollution information.

All NMFS offices seek effective implementation of the NMFS mission.  The
Headquarter offices are policy orientated and act as liaisons between the
NMFS Administrator and  the  regional offices.  The regional offices are
separately funded, and develop their own individual programs. However, as
the NMFS headquarter offices must review all regional activity for agency
coordination, headquarters is considered to be the primary contact.
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  PROGRAMS

  National
  Fishery
  Ecology
  Program

  CONTACT
NMFS conducts research directed toward understanding the effects of man-
induced and natural changes on the abundance, distribution, and health of
living marine resources of commercial and recreational importance. The goal
of the program is to provide high quality research information for resource
managers in NMFS and other Federal agencies in order to conserve living
marine resources and their habitats.

National Marine Fisheries Service
1335 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-713-2239
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                            Department of Commerce
               National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                        National Marine Fisheries Service
           Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management (OFCM)
KEYWORDS


OVERVIEW
COORD
 Plans and
 Regulation
 Division
 Recreational
 & Interjuris-
 dictional
 Fisheries
 Division
Coordination
Policy

OFCM operates three divisions which provide the management oversight and
coordination for NMFS' five regional branches. Although all program activity
is managed at a regional level, the NMFS Headquarters office is responsible
for reviewing regional fisheries management strategies for consistency with
national policy.

NMFS frequently coordinates with the U.S. Coast Guard* as NMFS has no
"at sea" enforcement capabilities.

The Plans and  Regulation Division receives management plans from eight
fishery councils nationwide and makes appropriate recommendations.  Plans
must fully comport with federal laws and standards of the Magnuson  Act.  If
adjustments are needed, the Division  is responsible for providing policy advice
and technical assistance so that compliance is reached.   The Division also
facilitates the processing of regulatory actions for other NMFS offices and
serves as liaison with the Office of Federal Register for publication of all
notices and rulemakings.

This Division serves as the principal  agency focus for marine recreational and
and interjurisdictional policy and program coordination.  It identifies  the
research and management needs of recreational and interjurisdictional fisheries
and monitors and coordinates fishery management interactions between the
states and federal government.   The Division  investigates, develops,  and
recommends policies to strengthen federal and state involvement in recreational
and interjurisdictional fisheries conservation and management. It administers
grant-in-aid programs to improve the capability of the states and other non-
federal interests to coordinate fishery research, development, and enhancement
to provide improved biological, social, and economic information required for
conservation and management of fishery resources.
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      at
CONTACT
                                                           °n nad°rai
                other federal
                interpretation
                also  provided  concerning tte ecraronriL
                management, including r
                Permits  and fees  to
                   routinely reviewed and
                counterparts.   Under  the
                (GIFAS), specified »
                that there are adequate
               «ist between the U.S.
               European nations.
                  Nonal Marine Fisheries Service
                  Silver Spring, MD 20910  301-713-2334
                                                                               office
                                                                 » «» *•*»•« and
                                                                   6™*1" »1 advice is
                                                                    aspects rf  fi*ery
                                                                 fish  in  U.S.       .

                                                            u     ? ""' JOim Ventures
                                                            u-s- fishermen and foreign
                                                                          , and some
        	^"'^""'••"•™^—
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                           Department of Commerce
              National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                        National Marine Fisheries Service
                       Office of International Affairs (OIA)
KEYWORDS  Policy
               Coordination
               Monitoring/Research

OVERVIEW   OIA is responsible  for coordinating departmental and NOAA international
               fishery policies with other U.S. government departments and with international
               organizations.  OIA seeks to effectively carry out the NMFS mission in the
               international arena, and provide analysis of current international policy.

               OIA's goals are:

               •      to develop policy positions for the Department of State and NOAA;

               •      to  provide  analysis  of  foreign  fisheries  and policies  regarding
                      international or transboundary resources;

               •      to participate in international forums and decision-making processes;

               •      to monitor and coordinate support from the international commissions
                      addressing living marine resources;

               •      to conduct analytical economic research on foreign fisheries; and

               •      to monitor international science activities.

COORD       OIA is involved with many international groups, both on a multilateral and
               bilateral basis.  NMFS interacts with the International Whaling Commission
               (IWC), Commission on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
               (CCAMLR), and seven other marine resource commissions.  NMFS is also
               involved with bilateral  agreements with the People's  Republic of China,
               Canada, and Mexico.

               NMFS and the Department of State's Bureau of Oceans and International
               Environmental  Science collaborate frequently on  matters of international
               policy.
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 CONTACT     National Marine Fisheries Service
                 Office of International Affairs
                 1335 East-West Highway
                 Silver Spring, MD  20910   301-713-2272
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                           Department of Commerce
              National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                       National Marine Fisheries Service
                              Office of Enforcement
KEYWORDS  Enforcement
               Law
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
CONTACT
The Office of Enforcement is one of the only NOAA offices that transcends
the organizational boundaries of the separate services. Since 1970, the office
has been responsible for enforcing U.S. law and regulations and international
treaties with respect to U.S. living and non-living resources.

The office operates under several mandates, including the Magnuson Act, the
Marine Mammal Protection Act, and the Endangered Species Act.  Although
nearly all of the enforcement activities are related to fisheries, the office is
also responsible for monitoring compliance for coastal zone management and
other NOAA efforts.

International cooperative efforts are undertaken  with  Canada,  Japan and
Mexico  on issues  of anadromous and other  species management.  Special
interest is focused now on the Drift Net Act of 1987 which required the United
States to enter into agreements with the governments of Taiwan, Japan, and
Korea regarding their drift net fisheries.  Under these agreements, NMFS has
100 percent satellite transmitter coverage of all vessels  from these countries
using driftnets in the North Pacific and is gathering information on incidental
catch and impacts on the marine ecosystem.

Primary interagency coordination is with U.S. Coast Guard, Customs,  Fish
and Wildlife Service, and coastal state marine enforcement agencies.

Primary involvement also continues with the enforcement  of regulatory
protection  for whales, porpoises, and other protected species.  Enforcement
methods, performed  through 44 field  offices, include criminal  investigations
of regulatory  breaches  and  the  employment of aboard-ship  observers
nationwide.

National Marine Fisheries Service
Office of Enforcement
1335 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD  20910  301-427-2300
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                           Department of Commerce
              National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                       National Marine Fisheries Service
                      Office of Protected Resources (OPR)
KEYWORDS  Monitoring/Research
               Conservation
               Policy

OVERVIEW   OPR provides advice and guidance on the conservation and protection of those
               marine mammals and endangered species under the jurisdiction of the Marine
               Mammal Protection Act. The office:

               •     works toward the conservation, restoration, and enhancement of living
                     resources and habitats;

               *     develops  national  guidelines  and  policies  for relevant research
                     programs;

               •     provides oversight and advice on the scientific aspects of managing
                     species and habitats; and

               •     manages specific projects as assigned by the Assistant Administrator.

               In general, OPR works in coastal area management and habitat alteration,
               marine  waste  disposal, marine mining,  oil  and  gas  and other  energy
               development, non-point source pollution, fisheries, traditional and recreational
               uses  of ocean  areas,  marine  policy,  marine protected  area planning,
               endangered species management, and international  coordination of marine
               programs.

               OPR is  divided into four divisions:

               1.    Permits and Documentation;

               2.    Protected Species Management;

               3.    Habitat Policy and Conservation; and

               4.    Conservation Science.
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 PROGRAMS   In its protected species work, the office:

  Protected      •     prepares public hearings and meetings;
  Species
                 •     prepares  and   reviews   management  and  recovery  plans  and
                       environmental impact statements (EIS);

                 •     processes ESA  Section 7 consultations (federal project impacts on
                       endangered species);

                 •     coordinates national level projects;  •

                 •     issues permits, provides technical support for international programs;
                       and

                 •     acts  as  a liaison with NOAA's  Office of Enforcement, the Marine
                       Mammal Commission, national environmental organizations, industry,
                       and other federal agencies.

 Habitat        In its habitat conservation work, OPR:
 Conservation
                 •     develops national program priorities, plans, and budget justifications;

                 *     initiates national efforts to conserve habitats;

                 •     reviews and advances NMFS positions on proposed federal projects;

                 •     reviews the adequacy of NMFS  comments  on EISs and  federal
                       proposals to develop outer continental shelf resources;

                 •     develops NMFS  positions on proposed  policies,  programs,  and
                       regulations of other agencies; and

                 •     serves as principal liaison with other federal agencies and organizations
                       on habitat issues.

                 OPR organizes scientific and policy conferences and symposia on endangered
                 species and  habitat  conservation, and  has recently  started a  newsletter
                 describing its activities.

CONTACT     National Marine Fisheries Service
                 Office of Protected Resources
                 1335 East-West Highway
                Silver Spring, MD 20910  301-713-2332
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                           Department of Commerce
              National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                   Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)
KEYWORDS   Monitoring/Research
               Assessment
OVERVIEW
COORD
CONTACT
OAR endeavors to strengthen the scientific basis for national policy in the
areas of climate change, ocean and Great Lakes resources, and atmospheric
research.  OAR identifies  strategies  that will enhance U.S. strength and
provide the knowledge base upon which to pursue these strategies. Within
OAR, there are several environmental research laboratories  (ERL) and the
Office of Oceanic Research Programs (ORP). ORP operates both the National
Sea Grant College Program* and the National Undersea Research Program.

With respect to ocean  science, OAR seeks to understand the natural ocean
system to a degree at which they can begin to develop predictive capabilities.

OAR is involved, through  both the ERLs and the Sea Grant program, in
NOAA's Coastal Oceans Program, which crosses over several  of the line
organizations.  OAR's focus  is on nutrient enhanced  productivity, habitat
production, and habitat structure and function studies.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Ocean and Atmospheric Research
1335 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910  301-713-2458
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                           Department of Commerce
              National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                        Ocean and Atmospheric Research
                  Environmental Research Laboratories (ERLs)
KEYWORDS  Monitoring/Research
               Assessment
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
Four of the environmental research laboratories within OAR are prominent in
ocean research:

•     Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL);

•     Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML);

•     Pacific Marine Environmental Research Laboratory (PMEL); and

•     Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.

OAR conducts research with several other agencies, institutions, and nations
and  funds  collaborative studies.   ERLs also  conduct research through
cooperative agreements or arrangements with academia.  Interagency efforts
include arctic research, hurricane research with the Navy, and the research
conducted under the Climate and Global Change and Coastal Ocean Programs.
Internationally, the climate program is coordinated with several other nations.
Examples of other international efforts include a joint study by PMEL and the
(former)  Soviet  Union's Arctic/Antarctic Institute  (Leningrad)  that will
concentrate on physical oceanography properties, circulation processes, and
nutrients  in  the  Bering/Chukchi Seas. AOML  and  the NOAA  Undersea
Research Program (NURP) have worked with Japanese scientists on deep-sea
vents in the Izu-Bonin back-arc basin.  GLERL conducts Great Lakes research
in coordination with Canadian efforts.

OAR conducts research in the international program to understand, monitor,
and predict climate and global changes in  the atmosphere and oceans, which
is coordinated by OAR's Office of Global Programs. Studies include a diverse
suite of measurements over a wide range of time and space scales extending
from the equator to the  poles.  OAR maintains a large network of in situ
measuring devices.
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  El Nino       Examples of ongoing research include El Nino Southern Oscillation and the
                 ocean circulation of heat from low to high latitudes, which is believed to be
                 a critical process affecting the earth's climate. The effect of climatic change
                 on sea level and ecosystems is being studied.  Exchange of several chemicals
                 between the ocean and atmosphere, including greenhouse gasses,  is another
                 important focus of OAR climate research.

  Coastal Ocean Research on fluctuations in the coastal ocean environment is conducted by
  Environment  scientists at GLERL, AOML, and PMEL.  Individual projects are coordinated
  Fluctuation    and funded with studies conducted by other parts of NOAA and at non-NOAA
                 institutions by NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program.  Areas of study include
                 fisheries;  ecosystems;  toxic chemical contaminants; productivity; and  the
                 impact of severe weather, tides, and waves.

                 ERLs are involved in marine environmental assessment  with studies  on
                 estuarine circulation, contaminant transport, and transport modeling.
  Arctic
 Research is conducted in the Arctic on oceanic and atmospheric circulation;
 air-sea-ice  interaction;  ventilation;  vessel  icing;   and  ice  formation,
 deformation, and motion.
  Hydrothermal  ERL operated a project on sea-floor hydrothermal vents that studies chemical
  Vents          and thermal effects  of  deep-sea  venting  including heat flux and plume
                 composition.
  Fishery
  Recruitment
 Great Lakes
An important new area of multi-disciplinary research is the study of processes
that determine fishery recruitment. There are presently cooperative projects
underway in the Gulf of Alaska and Florida with NOAA's National Marine
Fisheries Service and several universities. OAR is extending the program to
the Bering  Sea,  Great  Lakes,  and the South  Atlantic Bight.   Fisheries-
oceanography requires collaborative support from other NOAA elements and
other agencies.

In the Great Lakes, research focuses on water quality and quantity, ecology,
geochemistry, hydrology, sediment transport,  toxicity studies, and nutrient
fluxes (GLERL).   GLERL is also beginning  an exotic species research
program in response to the  accidental introduction of several new  species to
the Great Lakes Region. The new species are competing for existing food
supply and could cause great imbalances in the food web. The Zebra Mussel
is one of the exotic species of great concern  at the present time.
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 Ocean
 Circulation
CONTACTS
In addition to modeling efforts at AOML, PMEL and GLERL, ocean
circulation modeling  is conducted at ERL's  Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Laboratory.  Models are used to examine processes, trends, and anomalies in
several areas of oceanic research including: circulation, coupled ocean and
atmospheric   interaction,  the Gulf  Stream,  response to  changing  COj
concentrations, ice-ocean  interaction, heat content of the turbulent surface
layer, and coastal zone response to storms.

Headquarters
Oceanic and Atmospheric  Research
Program Development Coordination
1335 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD  20910 301-713-2465

Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab
2205 Commonwealth Blvd
Ann Arbor, MI 48105 313-668-2235

Pacific Marine Environmental Lab
7600 Sand Point Way NE
Seattle, WA  98115-0070   206-526-6800

Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Lab
4301 Rickenbacker Causeway
Miami, FL 33149  305-361-4300

Geophysical Fluids Dynamics Lab
Princeton University
P.O. Box 308
Princeton, NJ  08542  609-452-6502
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                            Department of Commerce
              National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                      Office of Oceanic Research Programs
KEYWORDS   Monitoring/Research
                Education
OVERVIEW
The National Sea Grant Program was established under the National Sea Grant
College and Program Act of 1966.  Transferred to NOAA from the NSF in
1970,  the  program  presently operates under  the Sea  Grant Program
Improvement Act of 1976.

The program's mission is to enhance coastal ocean research in the nation's
interest.  The basic goal  of the National Sea Grant College Program is to
foster the wise use of the nation's estuarine, coastal, and oceanic resources
through the application of academic expertise in directed  and coordinated
research, education, and advisory  service efforts.
PROGRAMS   The Sea Grant Program manages five divisions:
 Sea Grant
 Program
1.    Environmental Studies;

2.    Technology and Commercial Studies;

3.    Living Resources;

4.    Non-Living Resources; and

5.    Human Resources.

Virtually every marine issue is covered under one of the five divisions.

There are currently 29 Sea Grant Colleges operating on 300 campuses which
perform research on various issues of national interest.  One of the Sea Grant
program's  primary responsibilities  is to  disseminate  research  findings
effectively among the federal  government agencies  for  enhancement of
inter/intra-agency coordination.

Written research  proposals are submitted  to the Sea Grant program and
subjected to a peer-review selection process. Quarterly  abstract reports on
research findings are published and circulated among the agencies for program
use.
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     CONTACT
Oceanic Research Programs
NOAA/Sea Grant
MS R-OR
1335 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD  20910  301-447-2431

              ^^^""^•^^
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                             Department of Defense
                             Department of the Army
                          U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
KEYWORDS   Monitoring/Research
                Assessment
                Policy
                Enforcement

OVERVIEW    The Corps of Engineers is assigned by many Public Laws, dating as far back
                as the 1875  Rivers and Harbors Act.  Since then, many public laws have
                affected Corps activities,  including:

                •     1970 Rivers and Harbors and Hood Control Act;

                •     1972 Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act;

                •     1975 Water Resources Development Act; and

                •     1986 Water Resources Development Act.

                In the 1986 Act, Congress comprehensively reestablished and redefined the
                federal interest in water resources development.  The 1986 Act also instituted
                requirements for proportionately greater non-federal cost sharing in Corps
                projects.

                The  Corps  is   to  assume  responsibility  for  management,  research  and
                development efforts of  U.S.  inland waters,  nearshore  area,  and ocean
                environments.  Through  the Directorate of Civil  Works, the Directorate of
                Research and Development, and their divisions, the Corps:

                •     regulates 99 percent of all dredged material disposal;

                •     conducts research  on contaminant sediment management;

                •     develops management strategies for ocean disposal;

                •     manages  programs in the reconstruction of wetlands;
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                 •     designates sites fcr future disposal; and

                 •     evaluates environmental effects of dredged material disposal.

                 In essence, the Corps seeks to maintain a safe, reliable and economical federal
                 interstate navigational system.

 COORD,        International cooperation through technical exchange has been undertaken with
                 Japan and the Netherlands on contaminated sediment management, but primary
                 international focus is the London Dumping Convention of which the Corps is
                 a U.S. participant.

                 Interagency cooperation  is maintained with EPA, FWS, NMFS, and state and
                 local officials.

 CONTACT     Department of Defense
                 Department of the Army
                 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                 20 Massachusetts Ave, NW
                 Casimir Pulaski Building
                 Washington, DC  20314  202-272-0001

 Operations,     The Operations, Construction and Readiness Division is responsible for
 Construction   program execution and issuance of permits.  Projects include habitat
 and            construction, shoreline erosion prevention (e.g., offshore berm development),
 Readiness      island creation, and experiments in thin-layer disposal exposure to ocean
 Division        surface  waters.   Many  of the Corps'  marine  constructions are built with
                 environmentally safe dredged material.

 CONTACT     Department of Defense
                 Department of the Army
                 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers  (CECW-O)
                 Operations, Construction, and Readiness Division
                 20 Massachusetts Ave, NW
                 Washington, DC  20314  202-272-0196

 Policy and      The Policy and Planning Division assesses ocean disposal sites and produces
 Planning       pollution reports for policy review.  This division makes long-term decisions
 Division       regarding site designation and controls policy issues of ocean disposal.
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CONTACT
 Ocean
 Disposal
 Program
 Research and
 Development
 Division
 Waterways
 Experimental
 Station
 Coastal
 Engineering
 Research
 Center
Department of Defense
Department of the Army
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CECW-P)
Policy and Planning Division
20 Massachusetts Ave, NW
Washington, DC 20314 202-272-0115

Since the early 1980's, both of the above divisions have collaborated on an
ocean disposal program under the guidance of EPA (Office of Wetlands,
Oceans  and Watersheds, Oceans and Coastal Protection Division).  EPA
provides the oversight on site designation and works with the Corps to regulate
safe ocean dumping.

There are essentially three steps in ocean disposal planning:

1)    EPA designates appropriate sites for ocean dumping;

2)    the Corps issues permits to potential users of the site, and EPA decides
      if the material needs to be managed after dumping; and

3)    either  the  Corps  or  the industry users  operate management and
      monitoring programs within specific sites.  There are presently about
      103 interim designated sites. About 65 of these are permanent.

Both divisions are now working on a regulatory manual with EPA* that will
identify the types of bioassays needed to determine if material is suitable for
dumping and what management techniques may be necessary.

The R&D Division performs research on the environmental  effects of ocean
disposed dredged material. Examination of beach erosion and coastal
processes  is  prominent  among studies  performed currently.    R&D also
performs wetland testing and growth rate studies in dredged material.

The Waterways Experimental Station conducts studies through the operation
of a complex of laboratories including the fields of nearshore oceanography,
hydraulics,   engineering   geology,  rock  mechanics  and environmental
relationships. The lab provides specialized consulting services and training in
coastal engineering.

CERC offers alternative  engineering strategies for ocean disposal.  Current
research is performed  on productive uses of clean dredged materials. It also
represents the Corps in the London Dumping Convention.
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 CONTACT    Department of Defense
                Department of the Army
                U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CEWES-EP-D)
                Waterways Experiment Station
                3909 Halls Ferry Road
                Vicksburg, MI  39180 601-634-3624
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                             Department of Defense
                           U.S. Department of the Navy
                         Office of Naval Research (ONR)
KEYWORDS   Monitoring/Research
                Education
OVERVIEW
ONR,  established in 1946 by Public Law No.  588,  was the first U.S.
government agency created to fund basic research. ONR's mission is "to plan,
foster and encourage scientific research  (in ocean sciences).   ONR looks
toward the future in assessing the Navy's ability to meet its mission,  in
recognition of its paramount importance as related to the maintenance of future
naval power, and the preservation of national security..." and provides the
basic research needed for applicable environmental protection techniques.

ONR supports the scientific community by funding basic  science research
deemed to be of Navy interest.  Areas of involvement for the ocean component
include:

•     marine meteorology;

•     marine geophysics and geology;

•     oceanic chemistry, biology, optics and acoustics;

•     physical oceanography,  arctic sciences;

•     marine engineering;

•     remote sensing;

•     coastal sciences;  and

•     meso/large small scale research  facilities necessary for  conducting
      research.
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 COORD        Most times, ONR will award grants independently. On occasion, interagency
                 coordination is performed through group funding for a project of common
                 interest.  Interagency interaction most often occurs at the grass-roots level.
                 ONR participates in interagency panel reviews and invites others to do the
                 same. Principle interaction is with NASA* and NSF*, but there is also minor
                 involvement with NOAA*, USGS*, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers*.

                 International contacts are numerous, but are actually a small part of ONR's
                 activities. A foreign group must provide a unique aspect to the Navy program
                 in order to receive ONR support. Foreign groups currently receiving ONR
                 funding are from Norway, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, India, and Japan,
                 among others.

 PROGRAMS   There are 30 major accelerated research efforts in ocean sciences, including:

                 1.     mixed  layer  marine  light,  which  seeks  to  understand aspects of
                       biological/physical coupling important in  bioluminescence, optical
                       properties and ecological dynamics;

                 2.     ocean subduction, which studies thermocline formation and advection;

                 3.     marine stratocumulus cloud formation and dissipation; and

                 4.    ocean bottom and subbottom acoustic reverberation.

                 ONR recently received  authorization to conduct limited, focused projects
                 involved in  global change topics. Several of the projects listed above are
                 included in this new direction.

                 ONR is closely linked to the research community to assess the state of the art
                 and to encourage proposals in various areas. Projects are accepted according
                 to scientific merit, programmatic needs, Navy interests, and costs.

                 Success is measured through published material in peer reviewed journals and
                 technical publications, the involvement of new  students and post-doctoral
                 investigators in the field, and greater understanding of the issue at hand.

CONTACT     Department of Defense
                Department of the Navy
                Ocean Sciences
                Code 112
                Office of Naval Research
                Arlington, VA 22217-5000  703-696-4398
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                         Department of Energy (DOE)
KEYWORDS  Monitoring/Research
               Coordination
OVERVIEW
               DOE plans and manages federal energy programs.  Since 1977, under the
               Department of Energy's Organizational Act, one of DOE's objectives is to
               carry out these programs in compliance with national environmental goals and
               policies.  The Act provided for the incorporation of national environmental
               protection goals in formulation of energy programs and to advance the goals
               of restoring, protecting, and enhancing environmental quality in the pursuit of
               energy development. In addition, DOE is responsible for following legislation
               which mandates that DOE perform research on the environmental effects of
               energy development.  The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and the Federal Non-
               Nuclear  Energy Research  and  Development Act of 1974 also  provide
               authoritative legislation.

PROGRAMS   DOE's marine conservation interests are peripheral in comparison  to more
               energy related concerns.

               Although not conservation oriented, another division program  monitors the
               ocean content of PCO2 in relation to climate change.

               DOE's program on subseabed disposal no longer exists.

               DOE ocean research is also performed at the energy development level, but
               it does not focus on environmental concerns.  The Wind, Hydrological and
               Oceans Technology Division examines the concept of ocean thermal energy
               and its future as an electrical source.

CONTACT    Department of Energy
                1000 Independence Ave, SW
               Washington,  DC  20585  202-586-6210
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                             Department of Energy
                            Office of Energy Research
                  Office of Health and Environmental Research
KEYWORDS  Monitoring/Research

OVERVIEW   Ocean research  is  supported by  the Atmospheric  and Climate Research
               Division (ACRD) to assist in 1) predicting future climate change resulting
               from energy use and 2) predicting future atmospheric concentration of carbon
               dioxide.  These objectives support the primary goal to develop the knowledge
               needed to factor climate change into energy policies and strategies.  DOE
               sponsored ocean research is part of the  agency's contribution to the U.S.
               Global Climate Change Research Program coordinated by the Committee of
               Earth and Environmental Sciences.

               Marine  research  seeks   to provide  scientific  information  on  major
               environmental issues  facing development and  expansion of  most energy
               technologies  and energy policy.   These  issues include waste disposal,
               siting/operations, and possible long-term effects on global systems.

COORD       DOE coordinates its marine program with other agencies such as NSF* in
               connection with the Global Oceans Flux Study and NOAA Federal Plan for
               Ocean Pollution. Program managers from NSF*, NOAA*, ONR* and NASA
               have participated in panel reviews of regional DOE* studies.

PROGRAMS  The Ocean Research Program at ACRD is comprised of three elements:
 Ocean
 Research
 Program
•     a global survey of the spatial and temporal distribution of carbon
      dioxide in the ocean;

•     development of advanced models of the carbon cycle; and

•     process studies to improve the predictive capability of ocean circulation
      models used for climate research.

Together these  three elements are  aimed at generating sound  scientific
understanding about oceanic mechanisms that are rate-limiting during climatic
changes or which may control climate stability, and oceanic sources and sinks
of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide.
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  Coastal
  Ocean
  Margins
  Program
 The objective of the first element is to predict the future net exchange of
 carbon between the ocean atmosphere and to provide an essential component
 of a larger model of carbon exchanges among the principal carbon reservoirs -
 - the ocean, atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere.  The global survey of ocean
 carbon chemistry is coordinated with the World Ocean Circulation Experiment
 (WOCE)  to  provide a  comprehensive data  set for the  calibration  and
 verification of ocean carbon cycles models.  Research on deep convection,
 surface mixed-layer dynamics, and physical processes controlling gas exchange
 are being carried out to improve the representation of these processes in ocean
 models.

 Interagency  coordination is a strong foundation of the ACRD  research
 program.  The global survey of ocean carbon chemistry is a collaborative
 effort with the National Science Foundation and the National Oceanic  and
 Atmospheric Administration and includes activities in parallel with WOCE and
 the  Joint Global Ocean Flux Study.   Research on  gas  exchange involves
 collaboration with NASA and NOAA.  DOE is an interagency partner with
 ONR, NSF, and  NOAA in  the Heard Island Experiment to demonstrate the
 feasibility  of detecting  secular changes  in upper  ocean  temperature  by
 monitoring variation in the propagation speeds of low frequency sound in the
 oceanic sound channel.

 The Coastal Ocean Margins  Program operates out of the Ecological Research
 Division.  With the assistance of regional University and research institu-
 tions, the program seeks to identify the impact of both present and future
 energy development on three major marine coastal systems: the continental
 shelves in the Northeast,  the Southeast,  and the  Southwest.    Program
 objectives are to determine the movement of water masses and modification of
 movement  patterns by  natural factors in order to explain  how nutrients,
 energy-related  chemicals,  and  living  and  non-living  particles  will  be
 transported, distributed and deposited. Studies include watermass movements,
 currents and upwelling dynamics;  flux and formation of organic and mineral
 particles in water column and sediment; and biologic productivity including
 nutrients and lower level food chains.

 Spain, France, and Israel have  invited collaboration and exchange with
 scientists in DOE's Coastal Ocean Margins Program. To determine cross-shelf
 transport in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Western Mediterranean Sea, and
off the coast of Mauritania underlying the Sahara Dust Plume.
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CONTACT    Office of Energy Research (ER-74)
               Environmental Sciences Division
               Washington, DC 20585  301-903-4375

               Department of Energy, ER-75
               Office of Energy Research
               Washington, DC 20545  301-903-5548
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                             Department of Energy
            Office of International Research and Development Policy
KEYWORDS  Monitoring/Research
               Policy
               Law
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
CONTACT
The Office of International Research and Development Policy does not have
an extensive marine portfolio, but does act as the DOE representative to the
London Dumping Convention (LDC), and represents DOE in other areas of
ocean policy and law. DOE is most concerned with the future possibilities of
nuclear waste ocean disposal. Although not ready  to perceive it as a viable
alternative to land-based disposal, DOE seeks to keep the options open within
the LDC  should on-shore disposal prove not viable for political or technical
reasons.

DOE's Subseabed Disposal Program conducted research into disposal of high-
level radioactive waste  in stable ocean sediment in conjunction with other
country members of the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA).  The program has
been recently dropped as a result of funding cutbacks.

Department of Energy
Office of International R&D Policy (EP-70)
Forrestal  Building
Washington, DC 20585 202-586-6777
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                        Department of the Interior (DOI)
 KEYWORDS
 OVERVIEW
CONTACT
Conservation
Regulatory
Monitoring/Research
Policy
Coordination

DOI is the federal agency mandated to protect wildlands and manage terrestrial
resource use.

Divisions  within DOI with jurisdiction over coastal or marine resources
include MMS*, NFS*, and FWS*.

In addition, DOI personnel work in regional or local offices throughout the
country.    For instance,  FWS  has  programmatic activities  which  are
administered through specific offices in Washington, but also has independent
programs  which are managed by the Southeast,  Southwest, Northeast, or
Northwest Regional Office Directors.   A similar situation exists for  the
Minerals Management Service.  NFS, in addition to its national programs
administered by the Washington Headquarters, also has independent research
and monitoring programs in each of its national parks and Park Service Offices
located in the major cities of the  United States.  Field and regional office
personnel thus have some autonomy, and may be undertaking marine or coastal
programs not described in this document.

Department of the Interior
1849 C St., NW
Washington, DC 20240   202-208-7351
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                            Department of the Interior
                      Minerals Management Service (MMS)
KEYWORDS
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS

 Environ-
 mental
 Studies
 Program
Monitoring/Research
Regulatory

MMS is a regulatory  agency dealing with  mining activities of all types,
including exploration and recovery of terrestrial ores, oil and gas fields, and
outer continental shelf oil and gas deposits.

MMS is programmatically divided into two major offices: Offshore Minerals
Management and Royalty Management.

The Offshore Minerals Management  Office oversees all  minerals mining
activities,  including oil and gas, sand  and gravel, sulfur, etc. on the Outer
Continental Shelf. The Royalty Management Office handles oil and gas, coal,
and other mineral receipts from leasing operations on all federal lands, onshore
and offshore.

The Offshore Minerals Management Office is divided up into several divisions
and  offices.   At  its  headquarters,  these units  overview  environmental,
geologic, petroleum and mining engineering sciences, leasing activities, and
inspections of industry operations. In addition, MMS has regional offices for
Outer Continental Shelf regions in Alaska, Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and
Pacific.

This program began in 1973  to support DOI's offshore oil and gas leasing
program. The Environmental Assessment Division is the primary office dealing
with marine environmental protection issues.  Under the Outer Continental
Lands Act and through the development of regulatory mechanisms,the program
seeks to minimize the effects on marine life from offshore drilling and mining
activities.   The Division works  to protect  marine mammals, endangered
species, fisheries, marine sanctuaries, coastal zones and any marine element
that could possibly be affected by oil, gas and mineral deposits.

In its studies of the Outer Continental Shelf, MMS studies circulation patterns
and the mechanisms creating those patterns.  An understanding of the general
dynamics allows for the support of diagnostic and predictive modeling efforts.
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                 MMS  also  performs  biological  research to describe the  distribution and
                 interactions of benthic and pelagic communities and populations. The studies
                 describe the biological aspects of fisheries, birds, turtles and non-endangered
                 species, as well as the dynamics of population changes.  Monitoring is long-
                 term and reflects population and community response to changing climatic and
                 marine conditions.

                 The Headquarters office provides  oversight for regional activities nationwide.
                 Through information from the Environmental Studies Program,  the MMS
                 prepares Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) and  reviews and monitors
                 industry offshore activities.

                 MMS monitors activities in all U.S. coastal areas. Development activity occurs
                 in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific Regions, and exploration continues in the
                 Arctic.

 CONTACT     Department of the Interior
                 Minerals Management Service
                 1849 C Street, NW
                 Room 4212
                 Washington, DC 20240  202-208-3500

                 Department of the Interior
                 Environmental Assessment Division
                 Minerals Management Service
                 381  Elden  Street
                 Herndon, VA  22070  703-787-1656
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                           Department of the Interior
                          National Park Service (NFS)
KEYWORDS  Regulatory
               Monitoring/Research
               Conservation
               Coordination
OVERVIEW
CONTACT
In the National Park Service Organic Act of 1916, Congress created NFS
within DOI to promote, regulate, and conserve the use of national parks,
monuments, and reservations.

Research of the NFS is primarily directed at providing needed  information to
support  the management and conservation of resources  at  the individual
national park units. Research and studies are undertaken to:

•     provide a sound basis for park management policy;

•     develop effective strategies to avoid or minimize adverse impacts to
      park resources;

•     determine the causes of resource management problems; and

•     increase understanding of park ecosystems.

NFS undertakes three major initiatives, among a host of projects: visibility
resources, fire ecology,  and coastal barrier dynamics.  The Coastal Barrier
Dynamics Program is administered by Natural Resource Management* (NRM)
in the Wildlife and Vegetation Division; research activities are carried out in
the NFS' ten regional field stations.

Department of the Interior
National Park Service
1849 C  Street, NW
Washington, DC 20240  202-208-4621
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                            Department of the Interior
                              National Park Service
                         Natural Resources Management
KEYWORDS
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS

 Wildlife and
 Vegetation
 Division
Monitoring/Research
Policy

The Associate Director,  Natural  Resources (ADNR) is responsible  for
implementing and coordinating research in the biological, physical, and social
sciences relating to understanding, assessment and management of the natural
resources of the national parks, and the development of national policy. The
ADNR directly  administers a  national research program  on issues  of
Servicewide concern regarding  air, water, and  biological resources, and a
program to develop geographic information systems. Additional research on
issues of primarily regional or local concern  is coordinated and implemented
through regional offices and individual parks.  These national, regional and
local programs  together involve substantial research  that includes marine
ecosystems, shorelines, and  coastal ecological communities  influenced by
oceanic processes.

The Wildlife and Vegetation Division coordinates the National Park Service
research relating to national biological and ecological resources issues, and to
the formulation of NPS policies for the conservation, management, and
restoration of ecosystems, ecological communities, and plant and animal
populations in units of the National Park System.   Important  program
components  include  global  change, biological  diversity,  integrated  pest
management,  and threatened and endangered species.

The Division is responsible for developing a framework to obtain baseline data
for assessing  the status of park biological resources and detecting ecological
and biological changes.

The Division  also coordinates NPS participation in the interagency U.S. Man
 and  Biosphere  Program,  with emphasis  on  cooperative  research   and
 demonstration projects involving NPS units of the International Network of
 Biosphere Reserves.  Nine of the 46 U.S. biosphere reserves contain one or
 more NPS coastal marine units.
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  Geographic
  Information
  Systems
  Division
 The Division coordinates  NFS  participation in the U.S.  Global Change
 Research Program. Research to be initiated in FY91 in coastal and marine
 ecosystems emphasizes experimental studies on potentially sensitive species of
 coral and research on the potential effects of sea level rise and changes in the
 frequency and intensity of coastal storms on the dynamics of coastal barriers.
 These initiatives are coordinated with FWS, U.S. Geological Survey, NOAA,
 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and cooperating universities.

 In cooperation with the NMFS, the Division coordinates NFS participation in
 a national program for monitoring types and amounts of marine debris on
 ocean beaches.  Eight national parks units on the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific
 coasts are participating.

 The GIS Division provides technical support for developing, testing, and
 implementing remote sensing and GIS technologies, and coordinating the
 the management of spatially referenced resource data. The Division is
 providing technical assistance on remote sensing techniques in data analysis for
 detecting and modeling change in several coastal barrier parks.

 The national programs supplement field observation and research coordinated
 through regional offices and individual parks to collect baseline resource data
 on park resources  and  concuct research to address regional or  local
 management issues.  These programs include numerous projects involving
 coastal and marine ecosystems.  Major projects include:

 •      a long-term integrated ecological monitoring program for terrestrial and
       marine ecosystems at Channel Islands National Park;

 •      cooperative research on the effects of channel  dredging (Cumberland
       Island National Seashore),  beach  nourishment  (Gulf Islands National
      Seashore),  and  structural  shoreline  modification  (Cape Hatteras
      National Seashore) on coastal barriers;

•     dynamics of coral reef  and  sea  grass ecosystems  (Virgin  Islands
      National Park and Florida Keys);

•     management and restoration of sea  turtle populations (Padre Island
      National Seashore and areas in Mexico); and

•     population dynamics and prey interaction of the endangered humpback
      whale  (Glacier Bay National Park).
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CONTACT     Department of the Interior
                National Park Service (470)
                Natural Resources
                P.O. Box 37127
                Washington, DC 20013-7127  202-208-5193

                National Park Service
                Wildlife and Vegetation Division
                800 N. Capitol Street, NW
                Suite 500
                Washington, DC  20002  202-343-8100
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                            Department of the Interior
                              National Park Service
                       Office of International Affairs (OIA)
KEYWORDS   Coordination
                Development
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
 OIA, in existence since 1960, coordinates all NPS international efforts and
 effectively transcends the boundaries of other Park Service areas and activities.
 OIA is  instrumental in planning and  designing  national  parks  in other
 countries, coordinates training for the scientific and management staffs, and
 implements several U.S. treaties and  statutory commitments for international
 conservation assistance.

 OIA coordinates its efforts  with the  U.S. State  Department  Information
 Agency, AID, private conservation foundations, state programs, and interested
 universities. OIA works with the EPA's Office of International Activities* in
. support of its project under the former US-USSR Environmental Agreement.

 OIA goals include expanded coordination with U.S. neighboring countries on
 shared resources and migratory species, for more effective management of the
 U.S. natural and cultural heritage. NPS also wants to continue .to respond to
 foreign requests for assistance in developing World Heritage resources, in
 keeping with the purposes of UNESCO's World  Heritage Convention and
 foreign and domestic parks and reserves. NPS goals are consistent with and
 directly supportive of those of the World Heritage  Convention.

 Although  there  is  no separate marine  program within  the NPS, the
 international office operates several marine related activities.  OIA recently
 helped initiate a marine park in Madhurai, India on the Gulf of Manar.  OIA
 is also partner to a joint project under the former US-USSR  Cooperative
 Agreement in the Field of Environmental Protection (Area V, "Protection of
. Nature and the Organization of Preserves") on Beringia and the proposal for
 an international park in the Bering Land Bridge region.  Under the Cartegena
 Convention, OIA is participating in  developing  a  Protocol on  Specially
 Protected Areas  and Wildlife in  the wider Caribbean.  Most international
 projects are funded by the participant  country, with AID  and multilateral
 (governmental and non-governmental) sources playing an increasing role.

 NPS is involved in resource management and protection and visitor services
 in respect to their own management areas, and its parks house research centers
 in which ecosystem  monitoring is performed.
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  CONTACT     Department of the Interior
                  National Park Service
                  Office of International  Affairs
                  PO Box 37127
                  Washington, DC 20013-7127
       202-343-7063
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                            Department of the Interior
                         Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
KEYWORDS   Regulatory
                Monitoring/Research
                Conservation
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) of 1972 gave DOI responsibility
for marine mammals (manatees, polar bears, walruses, sea and marine otters,
and dugongs). Within DOI, FWS is responsible for managing these marine
mammals and for enforcing the moratorium on taking and importing  marine
mammals and marine mammal parts.  FWS has general responsibility for
perpetuating and providing public use and enjoyment of fish and wildlife of the
United States.

FWS operates in the entire coastal zone, the contiguous lands, and the waters
that flow into the zone.  Through the Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife
and Parks,  the Service  acts as principal environmental protection advisor in
reviewing various  departmental policy and  option documents for energy
development programs including those in the coastal zone.

FWS issues permits, conducts research programs, enforces provisions of the
MMPA, publishes  rules  and  regulations  to  manage  marine  mammals,
cooperates  with  the states,  and participates in  international activities and
agreements.  In addition, FWS lists and delists species as endangered or
threatened and undertakes other Endangered Species Act-related responsibilities
and  maintains  a close working  relationship  with the Marine Mammal
Commission and its Committee of Scientific Advisors.

FWS conducts major studies in wetland loss and biological diversity on
preserves.  FWS studies and documents the rate and location of loss of coastal
wetlands in Louisiana, especially the Mississippi Delta. Although this loss has
been the result of many factors, the Environmental Protection Agency has used
these loss rates to project nationwide losses.  FWS is now looking at changes
in the rate of loss and attempting to quantify the contributions to the loss rate
from various courses (channelization and subsequent erosional subsidence from
oil and gas production; loss of sediments from construction of levees; sea level
rise).
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      CONTACT
 diversity to identify
 wildlife, including
                                        The Global Oceans Directory
                                                                           FWS has
                                                               Species .nchne«  and
                                                                          a"d  man^ment of
Department of the Interior
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1849 C Street, NW
Washington, DC  20240   202-208-4717
           -^«^.^^
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                           Department of the Interior
                            Fish and Wildlife Service
                       Office of International Affairs (OIA)
KEYWORDS  Monitoring/Research
               Coordination
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
Most FWS offices operate species-specific programs, so to evaluate distinctive
marine programs would be difficult because there is no centralized marine
mammal program office. OIA is, however, organized on a country-specific
basis and therefore crosses over several marine mammal issues within one
office.

OIA studies the biology and  ecological  dynamics  of virtually all marine
mammal species and their habitats.  The Soviet/China desk currently operates
marine programs under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. These programs
focus on:

•     protection and management  of  migratory birds, marine  mammals,
      marine ecosystems, and fish husbandry;
                      preservation of biological diversity; and

                      management of wetlands.
                As well as being  mandated by the  1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act,
                OIA's Soviet/China desk also sponsors its programs under Area V of the 1972
                former US-USSR Cooperative  Agreement in the  Field of Environmental
                Protection, "Protection of Nature and the Organization of Preserves". Some
                of these shared activities include monitoring studies of the fauna, flora and
                natural ecosystems  of Sikhote-Alin (former USSR)  and  Olympic (US)
                Biosphere Reserves, the conservation of marine mammals and migratory birds,
                and ichthyology and aquaculture. Conservation priorities for the two countries
                in the coming decade was addressed in a Conference on Conservation Research
                and Management Strategies for  the 1990's, convened in the United States in
                June 1990.
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                 Other OIA activities include a new program to monitor the activities of walrus,
                 seals and polar bears. Through the application of transmitter collars, species
                 information  will be communicated to both the U.S. and the former Soviet
                 Union via satellite.   Species monitoring studies involve surveys, counts and
                 dynamics.  OIA seeks in the future the ability to study populations virtually
                 any time of the year to determine their annual cycles and geographical limits.

                 Documentation of former US-USSR activity has been produced in a section in
                 the Memorandum of the  Twelfth  US-USSR Joint Committee  Meeting  on
                 Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection.  Other international
                 contacts include  China and India; interagency coordination exists with EPA
                 (FWS/OIA coordinates  with EPA's  Office of International  Activities* in
                 administration of its joint Soviet  project), NMFS*, and the State of Alaska
                 Fish and Game Service.

 CONTACT     Department of the Interior
                 Fish and Wildlife Service
                 Office of International Affairs
                 ARLSQ - 860
                 1849 C Street, NW
                 Washington, DC 20240  703-358-1762

                 FWS is developing a  National Coastal Program for intra- and interagency
                 coordination of FWS' coastal and nearshore activities.  FWS has trust resource
                 responsibilities for migratory birds, anadromous  fish,  endangered species,
                 marine mammals, and the Nation's National Wildlife Refuge.  In fulfilling its
                 trust resource responsibilities, FWS conducts many coastal activities including
                 fish and wildlife resource management,  monitoring, research and public
                 education.  Technical assistance,  provided to other federal, state,  and  local
                 agencies and  private citizens,  facilitates the protection, conservation and
                 management of coastal resources.

 CONTACT     Fish and Wildlife Service
                 Office of International Affairs
                 Room  860  - ARLSQ
                 4401 N. Fairfax Drive
                 Arlington, VA 22203-1610 703-358-1754
National
Coastal
Program
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                           Department of the Interior
                         U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
                      Office of Energy and Marine Geology
KEYWORDS   Monitoring/Research
                Assessment
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
USGS's  Office  of Energy  and  Marine  Geology  seeks to  understand
offshore/coastal geology and geological processes in order to characterize the
potential energy,  mineral resources, and environmental geohazards.

Some offshore activities are in collaboration with  the former Soviet Union,
Germany, Korea, United Kingdom, Canada, Spain and Italy. Regions of study
include the Mid-Atlantic ridge, the Pacific Basin, Polar  regions and Lake
Baikal.  No formal international agreements exist within the coastal program,
but technical exchanges between U.S. and foreign scientists occur frequently.

Interagency coordination in both programs is maintained with EPA*, NOAA*,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers*, NSF* and the Navy*. The coastal program,
in addition, has direct contact with state geological surveys.

Authorized by law to map all  Federal lands, USGS operates two programs
within this office to do so: the Coastal Geology Program and the Program for
Offshore Geological Framework.

The Coastal Geology Program concentrates on the geological composition and
erosion of nearshore and wetlands regions while the offshore program studies
U.S.  waters with special attention to  the EEZ.  Both programs monitor the
geology and  geologic  processes of  sediment  transport  and sediment
distribution.

Activities include sonar mapping of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ),
mineral and  energy resource  characterization, Boston Harbor restoration,
mapping of the shelf and slope off San Francisco Bay, and the assessment of
geohazards.  The offshore program hopes to complete, within the next five
years, a reconnaissance-scale survey of the entire EEZ sea floor. The coastal
program has recently submitted to Congress a plan for a national coastal
geology program which will entail a phased study approach on a regional
 scale.
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     CONTACT
                                      The Global Oceans Directory
 geological atlases and maps.
 Department of the Interior
 U.S. Geological Survey
 Office of Energy and Marine Geology
 915 National Center
 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 22092  703-648-6472
                                                                     used to produce paper
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                              Department of State
               Bureau of Oceans, International Environmental
                          and Scientific Affairs (OES)
KEYWORDS  Policy
               Conservation
               Law
OVERVIEW
CONTACT
The Department of State's mission is to support U.S. foreign policy abroad.
OES is assigned to examine policy  issues of international environmental
importance and formulate policy in the best U.S. interest.  Federal technical
agencies such as NOAA, EPA, and U.S. Coast Guard support the Bureau with
technical input that assists DOS  draft U.S.  policy.   OES is sectioned into
several divisions; the Oceans and Fisheries Affairs* and Environment, Health
and Natural Resources*  divisions deal with marine environmental policy
issues.

Department of State
Office of Public Affairs
2201 C St., NW
Washington, DC  20520  202-647-6575
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                               Department of State
                Bureau of Oceans, International Environmental
                              and Scientific Affairs
                       Oceans and Fisheries Affairs (OFA)
KEYWORDS   Conservation
                Policy
                Law
OVERVIEW
OFA is responsible for achieving the statutory obligations of the Department
of State over a range of fisheries issues.  OFA activities include:

•     negotiations with Japan, the former USSR, and Canada concerning
      Pacific  Salmon  and is the Department lead  in  negotiating  and
      implementing agreements with  Japan, Korea, and Taiwan regarding
      high seas driftnet fisheries.

•     in response to recently passed legislation, efforts aimed at ensuring the
      conservation of threatened and endangered sea turtles.

•     being the Department's focus  for  developing a workable  fisheries
      relationship with Canada on the Atlantic coast, in the context of the
      Free Trade Agreement.  This effort is complicated by the  different
      approaches to management of fish stocks which the U.S. and Canada
      have chosen,  by declining  stocks  of fish, and  by  fisheries  law
      enforcement problems.

•     negotiating access arrangements for U.S. fishermen in other nations'
      waters.

•     negotiating and implementing the South Pacific Tuna Treaty, which
      involves 16 island nations.

•     administering a key provision of the Fishermen's Protective Act, which
      indemnifies U.S. fishermen from enforcement actions by other states
      due to claims of jurisdiction not recognized by the United States.
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  PROGRAMS

  Division
  of Ocean
  Law and
  Policy
 Division
 of Marine
 Science
                         negotiating  and implementing of  governing  international  fishery
                         agreements (GIFAs) for fisheries  access in the U.S. 200-mile zone
                         Eight such agreements are now in force.  A similar, but reciprocal
                         agreement  termed the  Comprehensive Fisheries  Agreement was
                         negotiated 1 with the former USSR in 1988.  In addition to negotiating
                         GIF A s,  OFA plays a  major role in their implementation through
                         determination of allocations of surplus U.S. fishery resources to foreign
                         states, processing  foreign fishing  permits and  coordination of US
                        actions regarding vessels seizures for violations of U.S. law.

                        supporting and participating in the work of six existing international
                        fishery conservation and management commissions, the work of other
                        international bodies such as FAO*  and OECD and is as a non-voting
                        member of the eight domestic Regional Fishery Management councils!

                  OFA is divided into three divisions, focusing on ocean law, marine science
                  and polar affairs   OFA is designed to  ensure coordination of aHS

                         ±       T10nS formUlate U'S-  forei*n P0^' ^ «" from other
                         agencies, and  represent  U.S. interests in  the  international arena
  OLP develops international policy mechanisms to govern the open seas  OLP
  K^f^ many kte™tional organizations and conventions, including:
  SliSS^ Envm)nment Protection Committee, the Legal Coimnittee
  MARPOLof the!MO*,andUNEP'sRegional Seas Program. OPWresented
  fte Department of State at the 1990 Bergen ConferencJ and fce 19*)
 Economic Summit; OLP will also be present at the 1992 United Nations
 Conference on the Environment and Development. Bilateral agreSiente a?e
 maintained with the former Soviet Union, Canada, and Mexico £^ "
     division's responsibilities derive from problems in the framework of the
          of °KS?T°nS £ :"*  *" U'S- P«WP—-  ^r example,
                          °h gOVemS  ^ disposal of ^h  Md ^ris
                        S} is not ***** to deal J^p^y with ^p^
worWuH.        Of1re?)0nsibility ^lude freedom of navigation, review of
worldwide maritime  legislation, marine geographic  and boundary issues
shipwrecks, offshore platforms, and ocean mining.                      '

TWs Division develops policy regarding the promotion of marine science. n,e
dmsion focuses on international organizations such as Intergovernmental
C^ic Commission of UNESCO, International Council on Exploration of the
Sea^ UN Law of the  Sea, UNEP Regional Seas Program*, aSd vir
other organizations with an international marine science component
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 Division        This Division focuses on the arctic and antarctic regions as well as the
 of Polar        conservation of whales and other marine mammals through such organizations
 Affairs         as the Antarctic Treaty, Seal Convention, Commission on Conservation for
                Antarctic Marine  Living  Resources,  and the pending Antarctic Minerals
                Convention.

CONTACT     Department of State
                Office of Oceans and Fisheries Affairs
                2201 C Street, NW
                Washington, DC 20520  202-647-2335
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                              Department of State
               Bureau of Oceans, International Environmental
                             and Scientific Affairs
                  Environment, Health and Natural Resources
KEYWORDS   Policy
               Coordination
OVERVIEW
 CONTACT
This Division is responsible for developing and implementing U.S. foreign
policy  on environmental  issues and  coordinating  U.S. participation  in
international environmental organizations.

The Office of Environmental Protection, within this division, deals with air
and  sea  pollution, bilateral environment agreements  especially  involving
Canada and Mexico,  and with hazardous substances  and  wastes.   Its
responsibilities on marine  issues include the support for UNEP* programs,
particularly regional seas programs affecting U.S. territory.  The office is
especially active in  the Caribbean  (Caribbean Action Plan and Cartagena
Convention)  and the South Pacific (South Pacific  Regional Environment
Program and SPREP Convention, signed but not yet ratified by the U.S.).
The Office of  Environmental Protection also handles the London Dumping
Convention.

Department of State
Office of Environmental Protection
OES/ENV Room 4325
2201 C Street, NW
Washington, DC 20520    202-647-9266
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                         Department of Transportation
                                U.S. Coast Guard
                   Office of Merchant Marine Safety, Security,
                          and Environmental Protection
KEYWORDS   Coordination
                Enforcement
                Monitoring/Reserach
                Regulatory
OVERVIEW
               The Marine Environmental Protection Division (MEP) is responsible for
               marine  pollution prevention.   Division goals include:  establishing and
               maintaining a downward trend in accidents and spills caused by unsafe cargo
               transfer, handling or stowage practices; and reducing pollution in the offshore
               marine environment by:

               •     ensuring that all ocean dumping operations are conducted in approved
                     dump sites at prescribed levels

               •     reducing the volume of oil released annually in the outer continental
                     shelf region of the U.S. by commercial vessel operations

               •     reducing the amount of noxious liquid substances discharged annually
                     from U.S. flag vessels

               •     maintaining pollution levels from offshore lightering at current level of
                     8 spills per 1000  transfer operations, and

               •     maintaining a spill rate at a loop no greater than  20 spills per 1000
                     transfers and  spill incidence under .15 BBL spills per 100,000 BBL
                     transferred per year.

PROGRAMS  This branch within MEP is responsible for the MPRSA mandates. The branch
               seeks to prevent pollution of the marine environment from discharges of oil,
 Prevention,   hazardous substances, dredged spoils, sewage, and wastes from vessels.
 Enforcement
 and Standards Activities include:
 Branch
                •     enforcement monitoring of a 106 mile ocean dumpsite off of New
                      Jersey;
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                            s-efflance of U.S. ^ Colps
                                                                            _

                                                                           On ocean damping
                     Wetlands, Oceans andai?' ™ If ^ **  ***'* ^ <*


                     prevent the increase in zebra musikinT?  LaJ«l««y » their effort to



                           and Bermuda on issues'of 'mu^h^T*™*** ^ **
                   Environmental Coordination Branch goals are:
                   •      to assess spills and incidents to ensure appropriate response;
                   •      to ensure that responsible parties clean up spills whenever possible;
                          to mitigate the effects of spills that do occur;
                                                                    of
                                 Division
         	   "^"^•~"^—^M^
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CONTACTS
U.S. Coast Guard, G-MEP
Marine Environmental Protection Division
2100 2nd St, SW
Washington,  DC  20593  202-267-0518

U.S. Coast Guard
Commandant (G-MEP-1)
Prevention, Enforcement and Standards Branch
2100 2nd St, SW
Washington,  DC 20593  202-267-6714

U.S. Coast Guard
Commandant (G-MEP-3)
Environmental Coordination Branch
2100 2nd St, SW
Washington,  DC 20593  202-267-0419

U.S. Coast Guard, G-MPS-1
Port Operations Branch
Washington,  DC  20593  202-267-0498
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                   Environmental Protection Agency  (EPA)
KEYWORDS   Regulatory
               Policy
               Monitoring/Research
               Enforcement
               Conservation
               Coordination
               Education
CONTACT
                elements of the EPA mission are:

                 .     to reduce public exposure to harmful pollutants;

                      to protect sensitive ecosystems; and

                 .     to improve management of environmental regulatory programs.


                 * purview of EPA «^^
                 freshwater, estuanne, court, «***&* ^^-    to me need exhibited
                 1970 by Reorganization ^ j^!^3' e^Stal protection. Specific
                 nationally for a federal     c                   dudin  *e Federal Water
                 EPA mandates are
                                  in *»£- ^C a,— s



                   contribute to these ocean programs.

                   Environmental Protection Agency

                               DC 20460  202-260-20*,
     U.S. Government Agencies
                                           U.S.-37
                                                                              August 1992

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                               The Global Oceans Directory
                       Environmental Protection Agency
                                 Office of Water
             Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds (OWOW)
KEYWORDS
OVERVIEW
 COORD
 Oceans and
 Coastal
 Protection
 Division
 (OCPD)
Policy
Regulatory
Conservation

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Wetlands, Oceans and
Watersheds (OWOW) is one of four offices within EPA's Office of Water.
It was created in April 1991 to bring together agency programs that manage
and protect the aquatic ecosystems of inland and coastal watersheds. OWOW
combines EPA Headquarters' responsibilities for addressing nonpoint source
pollution; restoring and protecting wetland, river, lake, coastal, and marine
environments;  and leading surface water  monitoring  and water quality
assessment activities.  OWOW assists EPA regional offices in implementing
these programs  by developing policies  and regulations,  providing technical
support, and serving as an advocate for the programs with Congress and the
public at large.   OWOW is organized into three divisions and a Director's
Office.

The three divisions of OWOW respond  to a host of international, legislative,
and  regulatory  directives,  including  the Clean Water Act, the Marine
Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, the Shore Protection Act, the
Coastal Zone Management Reauthorization Act of 1990, the Marine Plastics
Pollution Research and Control Act, the London Dumping Convention, and
MARPOL 73/78.

OCPD serves as the coordination point for interagency activities to protect the
coastal  and marine environment, and  it works closely  with  other federal
agencies, including NOAA*, Army Corps of Engineers*, U.S. Coast Guard*,
WWS*. and MMS*, that have marine protection and regulatory responsibilities
to develop and implement cooperative strategies and programs.  OCPD serves
as a representative to the London Dumping Convention and MARPOL.

OCPD is responsible for:

•      Developing regulations and criteria for ocean dumping, including
       sewage sludge and dredged material;

•      Producing criteria for assessing the environmental impact of ocean
       discharges;
 U.S. Government Agencies
                        U.S.-38
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                      Supporting international efforts to address ocean dumping under the
                      London Dumping Convention;

                      Supporting  coastal protection  efforts under  the National Estuary
                      Program and Near Coastal Waters Program;

                      Identifying and assessing  the sources and nature of marine debris to
                      develop a national marine debris control strategy;

                      Regulating transportation of waste in coastal areas and marine sanitation
                      devices (boat toilets) with the U.S. Coast Guard;

                      Developing enforcement guidance and training for marine programs;

                      Providing technical and scientific support to local, State, and Federal
                      activities for ocean and coastal protection; and

                      Fostering public awareness  of  coastal  and  marine resources  and
                      problems.
Assessment     AWPD is responsible for:
and Watershed
Protection      •
Division
(AWPD)        •
Directing and overseeing nonpoint source control programs;

Designing and coordinating information systems on water quality;
                •      Designing and implementing surface water monitoring and assessment
                       programs;

                *      Compiling data to produce a national water quality inventory;

                •      Providing technical support for water  quality planning,  including
                       targeting  priority watersheds and establishing Total Maximum Daily
                       Loads (TMDLs); and

                •      Administering the Clean Lakes Program, which provides technical and
                       financial support for lake restoration projects.

Wetlands       Wetlands Division responsibilities include:
Division (WD)
                •      Developing strategies to assist State and local governments in wetlands
                       protection efforts;

                •      Conducting public outreach activities  and developing information
                       materials on wetlands values, function, and protection;
U.S. Government Agencies
                  U.S.-38
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CONTACTS
.     Supporting interagency and international wetlands protection activities;

.     Acting as liaison to the Office  of  Research  and Development on
      wetlands research issues;

.     Generating regulations, policies, and  guidance under Clean Water Act
      Section 404;

      Managing "elevated" Section 404 cases; and

 .    Mainstreaming wetlands protection into other EPA programs.

 Environmental Protection Agency
 Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
 401 M  Street SW
 Washington, DC 20460

 Oceans and Coastal Protection Division (WH-556F)
 202-260-1952

  Assessment and Watershed Protection Division (WH-553)
  202-260-7040

  Wetlands Division (A-104-F)
  202-260-7791
   U.S. Government Agencies
                                          U.S.-38
                                                                              28 July 1991

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                       Environmental Protection Agency
                      Office of International Activities (OIA)
KEYWORDS  Policy
               Coordination
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
OIA is  responsible for  formulating and coordinating EPA's international
policy.  The office assumes lead responsibility for working with other U.S.
agencies  and  international   organizations  in   developing  international
environmental policy initiatives and defining U.S. positions.  The office also
invests limited funds in the evaluation of existing international agreements and
other projects aimed at furthering international environmental policy.

EPA's involvement in  international marine policy  is undertaken through
various  international organizations, such as IMO*, UNEP*, and other global
and regional multi-lateral organizations.  In addition, selected programs and
assistance are carried out through direct bi-lateral relations.

OIA is involved in the coordination of international marine affairs through the
relevant multi-lateral organizations, but also through bi-lateral relations with
Canada  and Mexico.

OIA, together with EPA's Oceans and Coastal Protection Division (OCPD)*,
support  U.S. participation  in IMO* activities.  EPA provides technical and
policy advice to the Department of State* on formulating U.S. positions under
the LDC.  EPA also supports U.S.  involvement in numerous  other IMO
activities, such as  the Marine Environment Protection Committee and the
Legal Committee.  Technical and policy support is often provided to the U.S.
Coast Guard* in the development of new maritime conventions that directly
impact the health of the marine environment.

OIA is involved in  a wide variety of activities pertaining to marine pollution,
particularly those issues discussed under the London Dumping Convention and
other bodies of IMO*. OIA supports U.S. involvement in  two Regional Seas
Programs: the Caribbean and the South Pacific.
 U.S. Government Agencies
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  Caribbean
  Regional
  Seas
  Program
  South
  Regional
  Seas
  Program
 CONTACTS
EPA, under the direction of OLA, is working to establish a comprehensive
program for dealing with land-based sources of marine pollution in the
region.  This includes efforts to draft an LBS protocol under the Cartagena
Convention, the development of appropriate water quality standards, various
forms of technology transfer, and a variety of programs aimed at improved
environmental quality in the Caribbean.   This includes  support of the
Caribbean Environment Program  in  Pollution (CEPPOL), the Caribbean
Environment Program Network for data management (CEPNET), and other
related programs.

EPA, through OIA and the Regional Office of Pacific Islands and Native
American Affairs, carries out a variety of environmental programs in the South
Pacific. Assistance and grant programs are administered for American Samoa,
Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and other American Territories as well
as assistance to the Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and
Palau ~ all of which retain special status with the United States.

Environmental Protection Agency
Office of International Activities (A-106)
International Marine Policy
401 M Street, SW
Washington,  DC 20460    202-260-6983
U.S. Government Agencies
                       U.S.-39
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                       Environmental Protection Agency
                       Office of Air and Radiation (OAR)
                      Office of Radiation Programs (ORP)
KEYWORDS   Monitoring/Research
               Coordination
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
COORD
OAR/ORP's Environmental Studies and Statistics Branch has been in existence
since 1974 to manage and conduct monitoring, regulation development and
international cooperation in assessment and  remediation of contaminated
radiation sites including marine disposal rites.   The branch seeks to provide
ecological assessments and environmental monitoring results for releases of
radioactive materials into the marine environment.

Major programmatic studies include the joint Black Sea study under the US-
USSR  Cooperative Agreement in the Field of Environmental Protection.
Project 02.06-31, Transport,  Partitioning,  and  Effects of Radioactivity
Releases in a Marine Ecosystem,  operates under Area VI of the Agreement,
"Protection of the Marine Environment from Pollution". The project examines
the movement and partitioning of radionuclides resulting from the Chernobyl
nuclear incident in 1986, as they are carried from the  Dnieper and Danube
River Systems into the northern Black Sea.  ORP is also revising regulations
for ocean  disposal of  radioactive materials.   ORP  has  also issued many
technical reports documenting the results of studies at former U.S. deepsea
radioactive waste disposal sites in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans using both
manned and unmanned submersibles and conventional survey ships.  These
research results can be obtained through the Department  of Commerce's
National Technical Information Service (NTIS).

ORP coordinates with  many international agencies such  as IAEA*, IMO*,
Commission of the European Communities, and the Ukranian Academy of
Sciences Institute of Biology of Southern Seas (BBSS). Interagency cooperation
is highlighted with NOAA*'s National Status and Trends (NS&T) program,
the DOE*, and MMS*.

Although the program is involved in some revisions of regulations, it does not
participate  in  any enforcement  activities.   ORP participates in  several
environmental monitoring programs which are described  in published study
reports.

ORP operates under the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, and
Section 424 of the Surface Transportation and Assistance  Act.
U.S. Government Agencies
                       U.S.-40
August 1992

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    CONTACT
                The Global Oceans Directory


Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Studies and Statistics Branch
Office of Radiation Programs (ANR-461)
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460 202-475-9630
U.S. Government Agencies
                                       U.S.-40
                                                                           August 1992

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                              The Global Oceans Directory
                       Environmental Protection Agency
           Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER)
             Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR)
KEYWORDS   Enforcement
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
CONTACT
OERR's Oil Spills Program was implemented under the Clean Water Act,
Section 311, to implement a spill and response agenda.   The program,
responsible for devising action plans for oil and hazardous waste clean-up,
operates in the CWA's jurisdictional waters (inland waters).

Program  representatives will  participate  in the Oil Spill Conference,  the
Hazardous Substance Spills Conference and in IMO related conferences.  In
addition,  the program is partner to a joint contingency plan with Mexico and
Canada.

Via the National Response Team, interagency cooperation is coordinated with
NOAA, DOI, and the U.S. Coast Guard.

The program monitors up to 1,000 cleanup inspections a year. The program
also  seeks to  update oil dispersion  regulations  and  update preventive
regulations for above-ground storage tanks.  Present data collected is found in
program spill reports.

Problems focus on EPA's inability to delegate the program to the states due
to Clean Water Act legislation. If allowed to do so, much pressure could be
alleviated from Superfund.

Environmental Protection Agency
Superfund (OS-210)
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460   202-382-4130
U.S. Government Agencies
                       U.S.-41
August 1992

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                                                U.S.-41
                                                                                           August 1992

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                            Environmental Protection Agency
                       Office of Research and Development (ORD)
     KEYWORDS   Assessment
                    Monitoring/Research
     OVERVIEW
  operates in many EPA fi
  to marine issues, the office
                                                                        «-
    PROGRAMS
 Office of
 Research and   	
 Development,  In-house
Marine
Methods      These analytical
              other agency programs.
              provide methods for
                                                                                and
                                                                             <***»>
             has been tavoe
                                                                       Wattr matrix'
                                                                   "« in EPA's
                                                                  ™^ytical methods.
                                                                       performed by
    program.
                                                                international facet of ,
  Contact
Environmental Protection Agency
Inorganic Chemistry Branch
                 Cincinnati, Ohio  45268  513-569-7301
  Ocean
  Disposal
  Program
                         , Research and
                Act (Sections 301h
                Office of Water in
                and environmental
                involvement include:
                                               * Narragansett, this
                                            Under Ae Mari"e
                                            3) "" ^ Clean Water
                                       PK)gram ^^ to SUPPO« the
                                           Cliteria on waste d%osal
                                  assessme«t  methods.   AreaVof
                     risk assessment methods for ocean dumping;

                     ocean outfall assessment methodologies;
U.S. Government Agencies
                                     U.S.-42
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                                 The Global Oceans Directory
 Contact
 National
 Estuary
 Program
 (NEP)
 •     ocean outfall technical assistance; and

 •     assessment  methods  for  dredged  materials,  bioaccumulation  of
       contaminar.is, and disposal of hazardous drilling fluids.

 Data is collected and analyzed in terms of effects and residue and documented
 through quarterly and final reports as well as peer review publications.

 The program will  develop predictive methodologies for assessing ecological
 impacts of ocean disposal and,  in upcoming years, will provide an updated
 ecological risk assessment.

 The Ocean Disposal Program  coordinates  with the  U.S. Army Corps  of
 Engineers, NOAA and FWS. Monitoring activities  are implemented through
 EPA/EMAP. International cooperation does not currently exist, but program
 representatives participate in international symposia on related issues.

 Environmental Protection Agency
 Exposure Branch
 ERL-N
 27 Tarzwell Drive
 Narragansett, PJ  02882-1154   401-782-3000

 The NEP was established under the 1987 amendments to the Clean Water Act.
 The program's goals are protection and improvement of water quality, and
 enhancement of living resources.  NEP shows how estuaries (and other
 ecosystems) can be protected through comprehensive management that:

 •      identifies  probable causes of environmental  problems in estuaries  of
       national significance;

 •      promotes state and local coordination to solving the problems;

 •      advocates public participation;

 •      focuses existing regulatory measures to act on identified problems; and

 •      encourages innovative management approaches.

The types of environmental problems the program  faces include  habitat
degradation, contamination of sediments by toxic materials,  nutrient over-
enrichment, and  hypoxia.    The NEP currently  administers 17  estuary
programs, nationwide.
U.S. Government Agencies
                        U.S.-42
August 1992

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                The
        Areas of invnW	                  mentsfor
 Contact
(Energy
Delated)
               -
       27
     ss. ^S^yssfz^K^ ^ „
                             August 199?

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                                      The Global Oceans Directory
    CONTACT
                                                                                 Project.
                     demonstrate the feasibility of augment  inX^   -^ Sp'U' EPA ^^ *>
                     shoreline cleanup through the XX S ^he™onmentaUy safe manner,
                     processes by the application JnES £T2?' f ^^ ^ ***"*»!
                     monitoring  prograra was i^*^1  ^f^horus-   Concurrently, a
                     environmental  effects  from nutrient  addition    p^i P0^16  «**»
                     bioremediation  would be a mS^LSZ   t   J***  on  ^^  ^
                     Prince William  Sound »d fc£X          ** ^^ CleanuP efforts
 presently exists.   Scientis
 implement current
                                                        ,      toch«*«y and no cure-all
                                                           C°n*ined u^ and must still
                                                            of bioremediation is far more
Bivironmental Protection Agency
                   Gulf Breeze, FL 32561-5299   904-934-9378

                  Environmental Protection Agency
                  Chemistry Research Division
                  26 W. Martin Luther King Dr
                  Cincinnati, OH 45268  516-569-7586
U.S. Government Agencies
                                      U.S.-42
                                                                         August 1992

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                      Environmental Protection Agency
                     Office of Research and Development
        Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
KEYWORDS   Monitoring/Research
                assess condition.



                the question of whether these ecosystems are improving.

                EMAP presently operates out of Headquarters and several EPA laboratories
                o^ch NarragaiStt, Las Vegas and  ^^'^f.SS^
                Near Coastal Program is managed in Narragansett. The Gulf Breeze lab
                take the lead for activities in the Gulf of Mexico.
                                                . *" program -* »
                       area  nation-wide with  programs implemented in the
                                          - Acadian ProvillCe "ld *' PM

   U.S. Government Agencies
                                        U.S.-43
                                                                          August 1992

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       CONTACT
                                   Protection Agency

                      Wl M Street, SW
                      Washington, DC 20460  202-260-7238
                    27 Tarzwell Drive
                                               401-782-3000
J-S. Government Agencies
                                     U.S.-43
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                              The Global Oceans Directory
           National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
KEYWORDS   Monitoring/Research
               Coordination
OVERVIEW
Act of 1958 %_
remote sensing technology
development of these t-1
Interagency coordination	
are initiated through proposals
                                  th
                                  the
                                                            .  Research involves the
                                                                          ^^s.
                                                                      , and projects
                                                      — *
        in climate.

        KASA isreorgani^g ..
               related activities are  focused
                                                                          programs
                                                                   to
                 ocean's relation to climate change.
                 numerical modeling.





                                                   '
Color
                  European ERS1 satellite.




                                            Ocean H»x Study.
     U.S. Government Agencies
                                           U.S.-44
                                                                             August 1992

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      Polar
      Program
     CONTACTS

                    300 E Street, SW
                    Washington, DC  20546  202-358-1700
              ^^•M^^H^^B,

U.S. Government Agencies
                                       U.S.-44
                                                                          August 1992

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                       National Science Foundation (NSF)
KEYWORDS   Monitoring/Research
                Policy
                Coordination
OVERVIEW
COORD
NSF, an independent agency operating under authority of the National Science
Foundation Act of 1950 (amended), supports scientific research to maintain
and increase the nation's vital ability to advance in scientific and technological
areas.  NSF does not conduct research, but provides funding for scientists in
the private sector, mostly in academic institutions. The objectives, methods,
ultimate goals and pace of the research are all determined  largely by the
scientists proposing the research.  Research projects are selected through a
rigorous peer review process.

The Division  of Polar Programs (DPP) and the Division of Ocean Sciences,
two of the four divisions comprising the Geosciences Directorate (GEO), are
responsible for supporting research in marine-related areas. Other Directorates
in support of marine-related  research  are the Directorates  of Biology
Behavioral and Social Sciences (marine biology and social sciences)  and
Engineering (ocean engineering).

Compared to "mission agencies," NSF does not have a marine pollution effort,
because there are no activities which are  narrowly  focused by internal
mandates or policy.  Most of the  research supported can be categorized as
basic research.   However,  NSF  supported research  findings contributes
significantly as a basis for further investigation  supported by the mission
agencies.

The  Polar Oceans and Climate Systems Program participates in the Global
Oceans Flux  Study and World  Oceans Circulation Experiment as well as
bilateral activity with virtually every country interested in antarctic, arctic and
polar research. Antarctic joint studies are performed with Germany, Australia,
France, Chile and Argentina.  DPP participates in an interagency committee
chaired by the State Department for antarctic and arctic research. The other
agency participants are USGS*, NASA*, NOAA*, and ONR*.

Agency cooperation is coordinated with agencies such as NASA*,  DOE*,
NOAA*, ONR*, and IOC*.
U.S. Government Agencies
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August 1992

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                                   The Global Oceans Directory
   PROGRAMS   The Division of Ocean  Sciences is composed  of two sections:  the Ocean
                   Sciences Research Section (OSRS) and the Oceanographic Centers and
                   Facilities Sections (OCFS).
Division of
Ocean
Sciences
                   OSRS supports research through its four programs in:
                   1.

                   2.

                   3.
                     physical;

                     chemical;

                     geological and geophysical; and
                  4.    biological oceanography

                  to improve understanding of, and interrelationships between, processes in the
                  ocean.

                  OCFS supports  the  development,  acquisition,  and  operation  of  the
                  ^mentation  and facilities needed to carry out these research programs.
                  Within OCFS is the Ocean Drilling Program, which provides for the operation
                  and maintenance of the ocean drilling  ship Joides Resolution, and research
                  lunds.

                  In addition to the two sections within the Division of Ocean Sciences major
                  scientific initiatives provide additional new foci to scientific efforts  They may
                  require intragency collaboration or  require resources beyond the scope of
                  individual investigators or institutions.  The development of large programs
                  involves  government actions ranging from program-office decisions in  the
                  early planning phase, through agency level planning and budget decisions to
                 decisions at high political levels.

                 Most of the initiatives that are presently part of the Long Range Plan for the
                 Division of Ocean Sciences  are components of the NSF Global Geosciences
                 Program,  part  of the  national  effort  to  contribute to  the International
                 Geosphere/Biosphere Program (K3BP).  The six major initiatives are:

                 1.     World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE);

                 2.     Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA);

                 3.     Global Ocean Flux Study (GOFS);
                4.
                   Ridge Interdisciplinary Global Experiments (RIDGE);
U.S. Government Agencies
                                    U.S.-45
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                               The Global Oceans Directory
               5.    Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamic (GLOBEC); and

               6.    Land Margin Ecosystems Research (LMER).

Division of    DPP administers the Polar Oceans and Climate Systems Program; it supports
Polar          basic research in the antarctic and arctic regions, including their adjacent seas.
Programs      The Arctic program coordinates and extends U.S. research under the Arctic
               Research and Policy Act of 1984 and directs the development, implementation,
               and coordination of national policies and research plans.   NSF leads the
               Interagency Arctic Research  Policy  Committee that directs U.S.  research
               efforts in the Arctic.  Activities focus on the global impact of Arctic processes
               and include the effect of sea ice and seasonal snow cover on global radiation,
               the consequences of atmospheric carbon dioxide stored in Arctic land and
               waters, the effect of transferring heat from the ocean to the atmosphere, and
               how the shift in mass between regional glaciers and ice sheets might change
               global sea levels.

               NSF also  manages  U.S. research  activities in Antarctica through  DPP.
               Programs emphasize several disciplines  including marine biology, marine
               geology and geophysics, and physical and chemical oceanography.

CONTACT    National Science Foundation
               Polar Oceans and Climate Systems
               Division of Polar Programs
                1800 GSt, NW
               Room 620
               Washington, D.C.  20550  202-357-7894

                National Science Foundation
                Division of Ocean Sciences
                1800 G St, NW
                Room 609
                Washington, DC 20550  202-357-9639
 U.S. Government Agencies
                                        U.S.-45
August 1992

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U.S.-45
August 1992

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                             Ocean Principals Group
KEYWORDS   Coordination
                Policy

OVERVIEW   The Ocean Principals Group, established in 1979, seeks to provide an informal
OVERVIEW   ^^disamoinent and emerging policy issues with multiple agency

                jurisdiction.

                Several agencies within the Executive Branch of the Federal Government have
                significant responsibilities in the development and implementation_ of national
                ocean-related policies and programs.,  These interests  include, but are not

                limited to:

                •      marine transportation;


                •      offshore mineral  extraction;

                •      deep seabed mineral development;


                 •      maritime safety;

                 •      maritime law enforcement;


                 •     fisheries management;

                 •     environmental protection;


                 •     national defense;

                 •     Law of the Sea and other foreign policies;


                 •      applied research and development; and

                 •      overall basic scientific pursuits.

                 The Ocean Principals Group meets quarterly to discuss  and exchange views on
                  current marine issues.   The regular members consist  of the senior decision-
                  making officials accountable for ocean-related  programs from the following
                  departments, agencies  of Executive components:
   U.S. Government Agencies
                                          U.S.-46
                                                                              August 1992

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CONTACT
                     National Security Council
                     Office of Science and Technology Policy
                     National Science Foundation
                     Chief of Naval Operations
                     U.S. Navy General Counsel's Office (Law of the Sea)
                     U.S. Navy Politico Military Policy and Current Plans Office
                     Oceanographer of the Navy
                     U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                     NOAA
                     DOE
                     Department of State
                     U.S. Coast Guard
                     U.S. Maritime Administration
                     DOI
                     (Office of Water and Science)
                     U.S. Geological Survey
                     MMS
                     EPA
                     NASA
By consensus, the group may designate other federal officials to be included
as regular members.

U.S. Coast Guard
Commandant (G-CPP)
2100 2nd Street, SW
Washington, DC  20593-0001  202-267-1124
U.S. Government Agencies
                       U.S.-46
August 1992

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                           National Security Council
                         Policy Coordinating Committee
                     Inter-Agency Coordinating Committee
KEYWORDS  Policy
               Coordination
               Law
OVERVIEW
COORD
One of three inter-agency coordinating committees, the Policy Coordinating
Committee for Law of the Sea and Ocean Policy, established in  the early
1970s, is  tasked by the  National Security Council to review  international
oceans policy and provide background information for appropriate decision
making.  Chaired by the Oceans Policy Office at the Department of State*,
this formal committee provides a forum for inter-agency coordination  of
international marine issues.

Participating agencies are:

•     Department of State;

•     Environmental Protection Agency;

•     Department of Commerce;

•     National Science Foundation;

•     Department of Energy;

•     Department of the Interior;

•     Office of Management and Budget;

•     Department of Transportation;

•     Department of Treasury; and

•     White House National Security Council
U.S. Government Agencies
                        U.S.-47
August 1992

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                                 The Global Oceans Directory
  PROGRAMS   Any participating U.S. Department or Agency may raise a topic for committee
                 review.  The Committee focus includes issues of the Law of the Sea, Regional
                 Seas Program, London Dumping Convention, and international oceans policy.
                 Past considerations have included:

                 •     background information for the implementation  of the Exclusive
                       Economic Zone;

                 •     recommendations for the U.S. decision to deny passage of the Law of
                       the Sea; and

                 •     review process for the extension of the territorial sea.

  CONTACT     Department of State
                 Oceans Affairs
                 Oceans Policy Coordinating Committe
                 OES/OA Room 5801
                 Washington, DC 20520-7818  202-647-3262  '
U.S. Government Agencies
                                                                          August 1992

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       ft . .
            *act of




  ^tion l^tution is
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                   public   Through the Center, the Institution seeks to encourage a broader

                                                                                °f
  Contact
  National
  Zoological
  Park
   The Man and the Biosphere Biological Diversity Program promotes greater
   understanding of the cultural and biological diversity of developing countries
   The program conducts training, both in the field and in museums, and in the
   areas of conservation biology, natural resource management, the management
   of species and habitats and research methodologies.

  During 1989, a partnership was established among representatives in Bolivia
  Peru, Ecuador, and  Puerto Rico.   An effort is under way  to expand the
  program to ten countries by 1996.

  The  program has grown  considerably, largely  because  of the support of
  international organizations such as  the  Smithsonian-UNESCO Man and
  Biosphere  Program, AID, WWF, the World Heritage Program, and other
  organizations that have cosponsored its activities during the last three years.

  Smithsonian Institution
  1000 Jefferson  Drive, SW
  Washington,  DC 20560   202-357-2700

  NZP's mission  includes:

  •      conservation of wildlife and living systems;

 •      research  in the  life sciences;

 •     education of the public, staff, and students; and

 •     recreation for visitors.

 The research mission is pivotal to the success of other functions and provides
 the foundation for all other major programs.

 NZP does not operate a formal marine program, but marine mammal research
 and  conservation  efforts  have  been  carried out  by individuals  in the
 Department  of Zoological Research since 1979. Focused in behavioral and
physiological ecology, the goals of NZP marine research are to advance the
 understanding of ecological and social factors which contribute to the evolution
of marine mammals and to provide a scientific basis for present and  future
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Contact
 Smithsonian
 Environ-
 mental
 Research
 Center
Contact
 Smithsonian
 Tropical
 Research
 Center
NZP  coordinates with FWS and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans,
Canada.

Department of Zoological Research
National Zoological Park
3000  Connecticut Ave, NW
Washington, DC 20008   202-673-4826

Scientists at SERC are on the cutting edge of studies contributing to a better
understanding of complex environmental phenomena and problems.

Through regular seminars, center researchers and their counterparts from
universities and governmental laboratories keep each other abreast of work and
issues in areas of mutual interest. In addition, the center organizes and hosts
scientific workshops on a variety of issues.

Currently under way are projects which study the greenhouse effect on tidal
marshes, forest  and water protection, and the ecology of the Rhode  River
estuary.

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
P.O. Box 28
Edgewater, MD 21037  301-261-4190

Located in Panama, STRI is devoted to promoting basic research in the
tropics, training students for such research, and supporting efforts in
conservation and public education to ensure the future existence of
tropical environments for people to enjoy and for scientists to study.  The
Institute's scientific staff carries  out basic research  on the ecology, behavior
and evolution of tropical plants and animals. The Institute is also concerned
with man's past and continuing activities in the tropics and  the way those
activities affect biological processes.

STRI is custodian of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument,  its centerpiece
being the Barro Colorado Island, and operates a host of laboratories and field
offices.

STRI scientists also conduct research elsewhere in the tropics and collaborate
with colleagues at research institutions throughout the world.  The Institute's
reference library is one  of the most extensive  resources in the world on
tropical biology and conservation. It is also connected to the Dialog periodical
database and to  the full bibliographic sources at the Smithsonian Institution
libraries in Washington, D.C.
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  Contact
  Smithsonian
  Marine
  Station at
  Link Port
 Contact
  Current studies include the evolutionary consequences of dividing the ocean
  wriich looks at how the division of previously homogenous populations of
  marine organisms affected the evolution of populations involved, STRI also
  studies environmental  effects of major oil spills in the Caribbean coastal
  waters.

  Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
  APO Miami 34002-0011
  Balboa, Panama  (507) 62.32.15

  The Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port acts as one of the primary marine
 research facilities for Smithsonian scientists. Under the administration of the
 National Museum of Natural History, the station facilitates in-house research
 projects of a diverse nature. The station is funded by a trust fund provided by
 Seward Johnson Sr. for the purposes of promoting marine science.

 Serving the research needs of Smithsonian scientists, the station focuses on
 studies of biodiversity, systematics,  life histories and ecology of  marine
 organisms.  In addition, occasional studies are carried out on geological and
 physical marine  processes. The Smithsonian group numbers  from  15-20
 scientists, who submit proposals annually for use of the research  facility and
 for limited funding.

 Examples of projects are:

 •     ecology of foraminifera;

 •     systematics of certain gastropod mollusks;

 •     systematics and life history of smaller phyla;

 •     biology of oceanic larvae; and

 •     ecology of marine plants.

 Smithsonian Marine Station at  Link Port
56:1 Old Dixie Highway
Fort Pierce, FL 34946   407-465-6630
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                         UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
      Fisheries Department
      Fishery Policy and Planning Division (FIP)
      Fishery Resources and Environment Division (FIR)

International Atomic Energy Administration (IAEA)

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
  (UNESCO)
      Man and Biosphere Program (MAS)
      Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

United Nations Law of the Sea and Ocean Affairs

World Bank
      Environment Department

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
UN-1
UN-2
UN-3

UN-4

UN-5
UN-6
UN-7

UN-8

UN-9


UN- 10

UN- 11
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                   Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
                              Fisheries Department
KEYWORDS   Coordination
                Development
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
FAO, established  in 1945, provides  training and consultation to the world
nations on natural resources development.  It plays an especially active role in
promoting economic and technical cooperation among developing countries.

The Fisheries Department is responsible  for implementing FAO objectives
stipulated in the preamble of its constitution.  Activities include:

•     promoting national and international action for the rational management
      and development of world fisheries;

•     assisting  member nations  to formulate  objectives,  policies,  and
      programs; and, where needed,

•     establishing institutions which  will  enable them to make optimum use
      of their living aquatic resources.

The Fisheries Department is organized into three divisions, two of which focus
on fisheries and management:  Fishery Policy and Planning* and  Fishery
Resources and Environment*.  Programs cover all aspects of the fisheries
sector, economic and social as well as biological and technical; all types of
fisheries - marine, freshwater and aquaculture; and all stages of operations,
including  resource surveys and  stock assessments,  allocation of access,
catching,  processing,  reduction  of  post-harvest losses,  distribution  and
marketing, and international trade.

The priorities for fishery programs are designed to achieve FAO's overall
objective of responding to external factors and implementing the outcomes of
the FAO World Conference on Fisheries Management and Development  held
in Rome in 1984.

The FAO World Fisheries Conference Strategy has eight main elements:

1.    the contribution of fisheries to national economic, social and nutritional
      goals;
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CONTACT
2.    improved  national   self-reliance  in   fishery   management  and
      development;

3.    principles and practices for the rational management and optimum use
      of fishery resources;

4.    the special role and needs of small-scale fisheries and rural fishing and
      fish-farming communities;

5.    international trade in fish and fishery products;

6.    investment in fishery management;

7.    economic and  technical cooperation  in fishery management  and
      development; and

8.    international cooperation in fishery management and development.

The major problem in program execution lies in convincing governments to
implement fishery management and provide adequate compensation/protection
for inland fisheries resulting from expanded agricultural and forestry practices.

Food and Agriculture Organization
Via delle Terme di Caracalla
00100 Rome, Italy   57.97.1, ext. 66423
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                       Food and Agriculture Organization
                               Fisheries Department
                   Fishery Policy and Planning Division (FIP)
KEYWORDS   Policy
                Development
                Research
                Coordination
OVERVIEW
FIP provides advice and assistance to member governments on policies, plans,
and programs for fishery management and development. As a basis for this
advice,  the Division  undertakes  studies  of the major  economic,  social,
technical  and  institutional issues  involved  in fishery  management  and
development. Special attention is given to key issues such as:

•     monitoring,  control, and surveillance of fisheries;

•     training  fishery administrators  and  others  in the concepts  and
      methodologies of planning fishery development;

•     investment and management; and

•     the socio-economic aspects of small-scale fishery development.

Technical backstopping and  guidance  in economic planning, analysis,  and
research  is provided to field projects.  The Division is also responsible for
providing secretariat support to, and the development of policies and programs
for, FAO regional  fishery bodies and for ensuring liaison with international,
inter-governmental, and  non-governmental  organizations  concerned  with
fisheries.   In  collaboration  with  the  Department of General  Affairs  and
Information, it organizes the sessions of the Committee  on Fisheries.

The Division has three components: the Office of the Director  (FIPD), the
Development Planning Service (FIPP)  and the International  Institutions and
Liaison  Service  (FIPL).  It  coordinates the planning and execution of the
Programme of  Action No.l (Planning, Management and Development of
Fisheries) approved by the  1984  World Fisheries Conference.   It is  also
responsible for  coordinating  the Fisheries Department's review  of progress
achieved  in  implementing  the Strategy  for Fisheries  Management  and
Development advised by that Conference.
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 PROGRAMS
COORD        Through FIP, FAO maintains close liaison and collaboration with UNEP*,
                IOC*, IMO*, and WHO*, as well as some regional economic groups which
                have shown interest in  fishery development programs (EEC,  ECOWAS,
                WAEC, CARICOM).  Contacts are also pursued with other international
                organizations through participation in their meetings as well  as  regular
                consultations and general liaison designed to promote joint programming and
                appropriate division of responsibilities.

                FIP also  administers the FAO  umbrella for inter-country collaboration  in
                fishery development and management through nine regional fishery bodies.
                These bodies and their subsidiary committees and working parties not only
                provide a regular forum for exchanging views and for joint actions regarding
                fishery management and development, but also have important functions  as
                advisory bodies to the associated network of FAO-executed inter-regional,
                regional, and sub-regional technical assistance programs. The regional fishery
                bodies and their associated technical assistance units are thus a vital channel
                for the delivery of international assistance to the fisheries of the developing
                world.

CONTACT     Food and Agriculture Organization
                Fishery Policy and  Planning
                Via delle Terme di Caracalla
                00100 Rome, Italy  57.97.1, ext. 6421
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                       Food and Agriculture Organization
                              Fisheries Department
               Fishery Resources and Environment Division. (FIR)
KEYWORDS


OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
 Marine
 Resources
 Service
Development
Education

FIR provides  advice and assistance  to member governments  on fishery
resource  and environmental concerns.  It promotes the effective appraisal,
management, and development of marine and inland living resources as well
as  for aquaculture;  it is also  concerned  with setting and  maintaining
appropriate standards for protecting the environment of fish. FIR provides
technical backstopping to the field program by assisting in project formulation
and evaluation and in direct assistance to project activities. It also supports the
technical secretariat for the resources-oriented activities of the FAO regional
fishery bodies and collaboration with other UN organizations' fishery resources
and environmental matters. In addition, FIR is responsible for developing and
disseminating technical and scientific knowledge on fishery resources and
environment.

FIR administers  the Marine  Resources Service  (FIRM) and Inland Water
Resources and  Aquaculture Service (FIRI).

FIRM aims to improve knowledge of the magnitude, distribution and potential
harvest of marine fish stocks and the use of this knowledge to optimize
exploitation of the world's fishery resources, either by developing fisheries on
under-utilized stocks or by better management of  heavily fished stocks.

FIRM focuses on the effective dissemination of information and provision of
technical advice to the member nations in order to promote better methods of
resources identification,  evaluation and  management.   This  service  is
responsible for monitoring the state of the resources on a worldwide basis.
Regional reviews are regularly produced. A bi-annual review of the state of
the world's fish resources  is presented to FAO's Committee on Fisheries and
is regularly revised  in FAO Fisheries Circular No.  710;  Revision 7 is
scheduled to be issued in March  1991.  Information on distribution of marine
resources is available in the Atlas of the Living Resources of the Seas.  The
latest edition was  published in  1982.  The  Service is also preparing a
Geographical Information System for Marine Living Resources, Fisheries and
their Environment.
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  Inland
  Water
  Resources
  and
  Aquaculture
  Service
 CONTACT
The Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service reviews and evaluates
the use of inland water resources for fisheries, and promotes: better manage-
ment; use of improved techniques and systems for the culture of fish and
other aquatic organisms in fresh, brackish and marine waters; and sound
environmental conservation practices in lakes, rivers,  and coastal areas.

FIRI  is  interested  in increasing  understanding of environmental and/or
ecological changes  caused  by pollution.   Li particular, FIRI seeks under-
standing of pollution effects on aquatic living resources, strengthened national
institutions for monitoring and control of aquatic pollution and related research
and improved communication and cooperation among such institutions at both
regional and global  levels.

In carrying out its activities, FIRI arranges formal and informal consultations
with experts in relevant fields, writes and/or edits technical papers, training
manuals, and reports for publication by FAO or in technical journals.

Food and Agriculture Organization
Fishery Resources and Environment
Via delle Terme di Caracalla
00100  Rome,  Italy  57.97.1, ext. 6467
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                 International Atomic Energy Agency  (IAEA)
KEYWORDS  Development
               Coordination
               Research
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
Though primarily interested in promoting nuclear energy, IAEA also seeks to
protect human health, enforce proper waste disposal, and ensure sound
environmental  management.    As  more  countries  become involved in
international shipping and their need increases for strategic waste disposal, the
IAEA  offers  technical  support for  the  development of sophisticated
environmental management strategies.   IAEA also assists in creating better
frameworks within which to evaluate options of waste disposal management.
With respect to marine issues,  IAEA  is involved with ocean dumping and
radioactive waste contamination.

The Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Management is responsible for
marine-related  issues.   The Division of Research and  Laboratories  is a
Monaco-based technical lab which engages in marine contaminant research for
IAEA (as well as UNEP*).

The IAEA Assembly, comprised of member state representatives, is directed
by a board of governors which is seated by competitively selected countries.

Current efforts include  the servicing of  the  IMO's* secretariat  London
Dumping Convention.  Engaged in LDC negotiations since its initiation, IAEA
acts as the technical expert body for ocean dumping of radioactive and non-
radioactive materials.   IAEA  seeks to ensure environmental safety from
radioactive contamination for both animal and human populations.

The focal issue of debate is whether the LDC should altogether prohibit the
ocean dumping of radioactive waste. Many questions have been raised about
the differences between radioactive and non-radioactive materials.

In  addition, IAEA  participates in  other UN  agency operations,  such as
UNEP's* GEMS and Regional Seas Programs and through the Joint Group of
Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP), sponsored
by  various UN agencies.
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 CONTACT     International Atomic Energy Agency
                Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
                Post Office Box 100
                Wagramerstrasse 5
                A-1400 Vienna Austria  (43)(1) 23.60.26.67
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                  International Maritime Organization (IMO)
KEYWORDS  Coordination
               Policy
               Law
OVERVIEW
Created under the United Nations in 1959, IMO provides the machinery for
cooperation among governments in the field of governmental regulation in
regards to technical matters affecting shipping in international trade.  IMO
seeks to initiate standards for maritime safety, efficiency of navigation, and
prevention and control of maritime pollution from ships.

Cleaner oceans is the goal for the 1990s and the assurance of implementation
and compliance with IMO standards.  In order to achieve its objectives IMO
promotes the adoption of over 600 codes and recommendations concerning
maritime safety, the prevention of pollution, and related matters.

The  fundamental components of IMO's strategy for the protection of the
marine environment are:

•      to provide an effective machinery for technical, legal, and scientific
       cooperation among governments in the field of protection of the marine
       environment from pollution by  ships  and related  activities  and the
       mitigation  of  the  environmental  effects  of  such  pollution  and
       compensation;

•      to adopt the highest practicable international  standards in  matters
       concerning maritime safety and prevention and control of marine
       pollution from ships and related activities;

•      to  encourage   the  widest  possible  acceptance  and  effective
       implementation of these standards;

•      to strengthen the capacity for national and regional action to prevent,
       control, combat, and mitigate marine pollution and to promote technical
       cooperation to this end; and

•      to cooperate fully with other organizations within the United  Nations
       family and  relevant international,  regional,  and  non-governmental
       organizations (NGOs) to ensure a coordinated  approach and avoid
       duplication of efforts.
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                   IMO also has consultative mechanisms with which to coordinate environmental
                   endeavors with other regional groups and NGOs, e.g., South Pacific Regional
                   Environment Program, Friends of the Earth International, International Union
                   for  the Conservation  of Nature,  and  the  Oslo,  Paris  and  Helsinki
                   Commissions.
                       is organized by a General Secretariat and several different committees.
                  There  are 132 member states and one associate member in the  Assembly,
                  supervised by the council. Two committees and several conventions/protocols
                  will be discussed in further detail.

   Marine        MEPC, established by the IMO Assembly in 1973, is the main IMO body
   Environment   dealing with environmental protection.  MEPC is concerned with prevention
   Committee     and control of pollution from ships and the adoption of conventions and other
                  regulations to ensure their enforcement. MEPC's chief concern is with the
                  development and  implementation of the International  Convention for the
                  Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). MARPOL, adopted in 1973
                  deals with pollution by oil, as well as pollution from chemicals  and other
                  harmful substances, garbage, and sewage.  MARPOL regulates the  amount of
                  oil which can be discharged into the sea by ships and bans such discharges
                  completely in certain areas.  Other main elements of MARPOL include:

                  •     establishment of shore-based reception facilities for oil and chemical
                       residues, garbage, and sewage;

                  •     strict ship construction and equipment standards which minimize to the
                       extent practical, the release of oil and chemicals in case of an  accident;

                 •     mandatory  provision  for  ship  inspections and  surveys to  ensure
                       compliance with international standards;

                 •     rapid  "tacit amendment"  procedures to take account of changes in
                       technology and international seaborne trade; and

                 •     promotion of technical cooperation.

                 Technical problems made ratification by  many states difficult.  The Protocol
                 of 1978 includes modifications and'absorbs the parent Convention  Thus this
                 combined measure is commonly referred  to as MARPOL 73/78.

                 A typical agenda for this expert body would include:

                 •     uniform interpretation of rules and standards;

                •     prevention of pollution  by noxious solid and liquid substances;
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Technical
Cooperation
Committee
•     arrangements for combating major incidents of marine pollution;

•     identification of the source of discharged oil;

•     technical assistance and shipboard and shore-based management for
      maritime safety and prevention of marine pollution;

•     reporting oil spills;

•     violation of conventions and penalties imposed; and

•     manuals on oil and chemical pollution.

Organized in 1977, the Committee implements technical cooperation projects
for which the Organization acts as executing or cooperating agency. This
committee was designed to help governments implement the requirements of
IMO conventions and other measures.  Each year, the Organization arranges
seminars  and  workshops  designed   to  assist  the  member   states  in
implementation.

Key elements of IMO technical assistance are:

•     preparation of national legislation, rules, and regulations;

•     technical  and legal advisory services and establishment  of regional
      marine pollution advisers;

•     training offered at the World Maritime University, IMO International
      Maritime Academy, and several other centers and regional facilities;

•     promotion of regional anti-pollution arrangements in combating marine
      pollution emergencies and establishment and management of regional
      combating/training  centers and specialized anti-pollution equipment
      stockpiles; and

•     special studies dealing with such matters as evaluation of the level of
      risk  from  marine  pollution in specific  sea areas and  the actions
      necessary to mitigate the effects of marine pollution in such areas, and
      regional overview studies  of the status of marine pollution and its
      control.
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                 IMO, through this committee, actively participates with UNEP's* Regional
                 Seas Program to offer technical assistance to those states in  need.   IMO
                 supports special  technical assistance projects worldwide and coordinates
                 training workshops so that local specialists can develop contingency planning
                 on their own.         .

                 IMO's Global Programme for the Protection of the Marine Environment was
                 launched in January 1990, bringing IMO environmental technical assistance
                 activities under a single entity.

  London        The LDC, formally named the Convention on the Prevention of Marine
  Dumping      Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matters,  entered into force in 1975.
  Convention    IMO was designated for secretariat duties in relation to the Convention. Sixty-
                 five States have ratified or acceded to the Convention as of 1 October 1990.
                 The Convention controls and regulates the disposal at sea of harmful waste and
                 other materials.  Certain  substances known to  be harmful to the ocean are
                 prohibited and regulations exist to prevent the dumping of other materials
                 which may present a risk to the marine environment and human health.  In
                 addition, the Convention controls the incinerations of wastes on board ships
                 and sets out criteria for the selection of dumping and incineration sites at sea.

                 Current activity within the LDC centers around two main issues. The first
                 involves a re-evaluation of incineration at sea as an effective waste disposal
                 option. Phase-out of incineration by 1994 is possible if it can be demonstrated
                 that  environmentally  preferable  land-based  alternatives  are available
                 worldwide. The second issue involves a review of radioactive waste disposal
                 that is concerning scientific,  technical, political, legal, economic and social
                 aspects of the issue. The dumping of radioactive wastes and  incineration at
                 sea are likely to remain the focus of attention in the short term.

                 In the longer term, issues such as export of hazardous wastes, monitoring and
                 surveillance  of disposal  operations, sub-seabed  emplacement of  wastes,
                 disposal of offshore platforms and development of a liability regime are likely
                 to require increased attention.

                 The contracting parties to the Convention have recently begun discussion on
                 the future role of the  Convention.  These discussions are the result of the
                 possible elimination of certain disposal practices (i.e. incineration at sea and
                 radioactive waste dumping), the development of broad interest regarding the
                 health of the global ocean, and the desire to protect the marine environment
                 from all sources of pollution.
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               The Convention and its permanent advisory board, the Scientific Group on
               Dumping, meet every year. Several ad hoc meetings also occur throughout the
               year.  All meetings are attended by many United States officials.

CONTACT     International Maritime Organization
               Technical Cooperation Committee
               4 Albert Embankment
               London SE1 7SR   (44)717357611

               International Maritime Organization
               Marine Environment Committee
               4 Albert Embankment
               London SE1 7SR   (44) 71 735 7611

               International Maritime Organization
               Office of London Dumping Convention
               4 Albert Embankment
               London SE1 7SR   (44) 71 735 7611
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                    United Nations Educational, Scientific
                    and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
                    Man and the Biosphere Program (MAB)
KEYWORDS   Research

OVERVIEW   MAB grew out of the 1968 International Biosphere Conference. The program
               was officially launched by UNESCO in 1971 and was strongly endorsed by the
               1972 UN conference on the Human Environment.

               MAB's outputs include new scientific knowledge, guidelines for sustained land
               management, quantitative and qualitative improvement in trained manpower,
               and syntheses of information.

COORD       MAB regularly cooperates with international organizations such as UNEP*,
               FAO*, WHO*, World Meteorological Organization, International Council on
               the Exploration of the Seas, and International. Union for the Conservation of
               Nature and Natural Resources*.

PROGRAMS   There are MAB National Committees in more than one hundred countries.
               The International Coordinating Council identifies program priorities. MAB's
               fourteen international themes or project areas cover the spectrum of terrestrial,
               freshwater, and coastal ecosystems from the tropics to the polar zones.  Some
               themes deal  with man's interactions with ecosystems or physiographic units,
               while others  are concerned with processes or impacts of anthropogenic activity
               on the natural world.

               New research orientations adopted by MAB in 1986 include:

               •     ecosystem functioning under different intensities of human impact;

               •     management and restoration of human-impacted resources;

               •     human investment and resources use;  and

               •     human response to environmental stress.

               MAB currently oversees  some 285 Biosphere Reserves in 72 countries, some
               of which are coastal.
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CONTACT    UNESCO
               Man and Biosphere Program
               7 Rue du Fontenoy
               Paris 75015 France   (33)(1)45.68.10.00
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PROGRAMS

 Global
 Investigation
 in the Marine
 Environment
 Marine
 Pollution
 Monitoring
 System
 Marine
 Debris
 Monitoring

 Sub-
 Commission
 for the
 Caribbean
 and Adjacent
 Regions
GIPME was established in 1972 in response to Recommendation 90 of the
1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment.  GIPME's objective is to
provide a scientifically sound basis for the assessment and regulation of marine
contamination and pollution. Areas of involvement include:

      coastal area management;
      marine waste disposal;
      non-point source pollution;
      accidental substance release;
      risk assessment;
      recreational uses of ocean space;
      alteration of coastal habitats;
      monitoring;
      protected areas and species; and
      international coordination of marine programs.

A Joint IOC-UNEP Intergovernmental Panel for GIPME  was established
recently. The first session of the panel is being planned for the second quarter
of 1991.

MARPOLMON operates in several IOC regions and collaborates with other
bodies and networks. Data is collected from the South-East Pacific,
Caribbean, West and Central Africa, and the Mediterranean and delivered
regularly to regional data banks and to the IOC.  These data are used for
regional assessments and reviews on the state of the marine environment. The
data cover petroleum hydrocarbon contamination and in some cases, trace
metals and physical oceanography parameters.

In the Mediterranean, a pilot project on monitoring marine debris (litter) on
beaches and in the coastal zone has been carried out as a joint activity between
the IOC, FAO*, and MAP/UNEP.

The IOCARJJBE Secretariat is in the process of consolidating the GIPME
/MARPOLMON-CARIPOL Institutional Network for Marine Pollution
Research and Monitoring in the Caribbean. IOC, jointly with UNEP,
initiated a major Marine Pollution Assessment and Control Programme for the
Wider Caribbean Region (CEPPOL) in early 1990.  For further information
see IOC Workshop Report No. 59 "IOC-UNEP Regional Workshop to Review
Priorities for Marine Pollution Monitoring, Research, Control and Abatement
in the Wider Caribbean," (San Jose, Costa Rica, 24-30 August 1989).  The
IOCARJJBE Region has been selected to implement the first training course in
remote sensing for adequate training of future users of remotely sensed  marine
data in connection with the development of a global integrated ocean observing
 system (University of Simon Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela, 24028 September
 1990).
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                      United Nations Educational, Scientific
                      and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
              Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)
 KEYWORDS  Research
                Assessment
 OVERVIEW
 Founded in 1961, IOC's purpose is to promote scientific investigation with the
 intent of learning more about the nature and resources of the oceans. IOC
 carries  out numerous activities in  the field of ocean science (e.g., ocean
 mapping in  the Atlantic  and Pacific Oceans  (GAPA),  the Black  and
 Mediterranean Seas (ffiCM), the Caribbean (IBCCA), the Western  Indian
 Ocean (ffiCWIO), the Central Eastern Atlantic (ffiCEA)), as well as ocean
 services (e.g. the International Tsunami Warning System (TTSU)).
                                       r
                                   ' "       '•* "   » -
 Strengthening of the regional subsidiary bodies, integrated implementation of
 global programs, and inter-regional cooperation are continuously important
 elements of IOC activities. Essential to the realization of those elements is an
 accelerated  implementation  and  consolidation  of  the  .UNESCO-IOC
 "Comprehensive Plan for a Major Assistance Program to Enhance the Marine
 Science Capabilities of Developing Countries" to ensure that coastal states will
 attain sufficient capability in marine research and ocean services.

 IOC's subsidiary bodies include:

 •     Subcommission for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (IOCAREBE)*;

 •     Regional Committee for the Central Indian Ocean (IOCINDIO);

 •     Regional Committee for the Cooperative Investigations in the North and
      Central Western Indian Ocean (IOCINCWIO);

 •     Program Group for the Central Eastern Atlantic (IOCEA);

 •     Joint IOC-WMO-CPPS Working Group on the Investigations of El
      Nino;

 •     Joint CCOP (SOPAQ-IOC Working Group on South Pacific Tectonics
      and Resources (STAR); and

•     Joint CCOP-IOC Working Group on Studies of East Asian Tectonics
      and Resources (SEATAR).
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CONTACT    UNESCO
               Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
               7, Place de Fontenoy
               75700 Paris
               France  (33)(1) 45.68.39.83
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                      pollution and by the negative impact of climatic change;

               •      development and  testing  of procedures for environmental impact
                      assessment;

               •      training  policy-makers,  environmental  managers,  scientists  and
                      technicians in subjects relevant to the protection of coastal and marine
                      areas;

               •      raising public awareness about the environmental problems facing the
                      marine and coastal areas; and

               •      strengthening linkages between existing action plans through inter-
                      regional activities, exchange of information and transfer of experiences.

               Consolidation of the existing action plans for  the Eastern Africa and East
               Asian Seas and adoption of the action plan for the South Asian Seas will be
               seen as first priority. The possible development of action plans for the South-
               West Atlantic,  the  North-West  Pacific, and  the Black Sea will be further
               explored.

               UNEP is the only UN organization of the four principal groups involved in
               marine affairs  that has an integrated, trans-sectoral  approach to regional
               cooperation. Through its Oceans and Coastal Areas Program, UNEP brings
               together existing marine resource management.  The Regional Seas Program
               is the primary component of the Oceans and  Coastal Areas Program (OCA)
               and is coordinated under the OCA Program Activity Center.

               The Regional Seas  Program, launched in 1974, and conceived as a global
               program implemented through regional components, at present includes ten
               regional action plans and  has over 120 coastal states participating in it.

               Each regional action plan  is formulated to the needs of the region as perceived
               by the governments concerned. It is designed to link assessment of the quality
               of the marine environment and the cases of its deterioration with activities for
               the management and development of the marine and coastal environment.  The
               action plans promote the parallel development of regional legal agreements and
               of action-oriented program activities.

               All action plans are designed in a similar way, although the specific activities
               for any region are dependent on the needs and  priorities of that region. An
               action plan usually  includes:  environmental  assessment;   environmental
               management;  environmental legislation;  institutional  arrangements;  and
               financial arrangements.
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                 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
  KEYWORDS  Coordination
                 Development
                 Policy
  OVERVIEW
  PROGRAMS
  Global
  Marine
  Problems
  Regional
  Seas
  Program
 The; 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment adopted the Action Plan
 for the Human Environment, including the General Principles for Assessment
 and Control of Marine Pollution. In light of the results of the Conference, the
 UN General Assembly decided to establish UNEP to serve as a focal point for
 environmental action and coordination within the UN system.  Subsequently,
 the governing council of UNEP chose  oceans as one of the priority areas in
 which it would focus efforts to fulfill its catalytic and coordinating role.

 The Ocean and Coastal  Areas Program focuses on the global  marine
 environment,  regional marine environments,  and living marine resources.
 Special attention is given to the control of pollution in regional seas and proper
 management of their coastal areas within that concentration area.

 A globally coordinated marine pollution monitoring system is presently being
 elaborated, as a contribution to GEMS and Earthwateh.  In addition, the
 launching of a project on global,monitoring of climate-related changes relevant
 to the marine and coastal  environment is being negotiated with IOC* and
 WMO*.

 This program will remain the centerpiece of the oceans program.  It is an
 action-orientated program addressing both the consequences and the causes
 of environmental degradation.  The program encompasses a comprehensive
 approach to combating environmental problems  through marine and coastal
 areas management  based  on  the  needs  and  concerns  of the regional
 governments. In all regional action plans greater emphasis will be placed on:

 •     integrated coastal zone management;

 •     formulation,  adoption, and  implementation  of  pollution  control
      measures;

 •     analysis of problems which may be associated with the expected impact
      of climatic change on marine and coastal ecosystems and on  socio-
      economic structures and activities;

•     direct assistance  to governments in defining and implementing policies
      and measures which may mitigate or eliminate problems caused by
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CONTACT
 Mediter-
 ranean
 Action
 Plan
The Regional Seas Program Action Plans span:

1. Mediterranean;
2. Kuwait;
3. West and Central Africa;
4. Caribbean;                     :
5. East Asian Sea;
6. South-East Pacific;
7. Red Sea and Gulf of Aden;
8. :South Pacific;
9. Eastern Africa; and
10. South Asian Seas.
                                                      .
The vastness of the program and the number of organizations participating in
various capacities  in  its  implementation  requires efficient  coordination
mechanisms  well adapted to the specific needs of each regional component.

Although the program  is  under  general coordination of  OCA/PAC, the
program's success depends on the work of specialized  organizations and
centers dealing either with specific regions covered by the program or with
specific subjects common to most or all of the regions.

All of the Regional  Seas Program instruments install policy-making bodies
known as Conferences of Contracting Parties arid assign secretariat functions
to either outposted UNEP units to already existing local organization.  UNEP
Regional Coordinating  Units operate in  the Mediterranean,  Caribbean,.
West/Central African, and Eastern African regions.

Organizations which are or have been involved in the Regional Seas Program
are: UNDP, ECE, FAO, UNESCO, IOC*, WHO*, WMO*, IMO*, UNIDO,
IAEA*, IUCN*, EEC, ICES.

United Nations Environment Programme
Program Activity Center
Oceans and Coastal Areas
Post Office Box 30552
Nairobi Kenya  (25)(42) 33.39.30

MAP, adopted in 1975, provided the foundation for the Barcelona Convention
for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution. A five-member
bureau, elected by MAP'S contracting parties meet semi-annually.

The  Coordinating Unit is located in Athens and a Regional Oil Combatting
Center (ROCC) in Malta provides emergency response assistance for oil spills
and other harmful substances and contingency planning aid. The Specially
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 CONTACT
Protected Areas Regional Activity Center, in Tunis,  identifies preservation
sites and produces guidelines for these areas.

MAP's priorities have included cooperation on coastal management topics such
as land-based pollution control, historic site preservation, and planning for
environmentally sound economic growth. Environmental monitoring and data
quality assurance programs are established through the coordination of station
networks  and new marine research laboratories.  MAP has  recently been
involved in the monitoring of  atmospheric  source pollutants reaching the
Mediterranean.

United Nations  Environment Program
Program Activity Center
Oceans and Coastal Areas
Post Office Box 30552
Nairobi Kenya  (25)(42) 33.39.30
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               United Nations Law of the Sea and Ocean Affairs
KEYWORDS   Education
                Law
                Development
                Research
OVERVIEW
General Assembly resolution 38/227 of December 1983 adopted a major
program on marine affairs, which included, within a single chapter, activities
on the law of the sea and ocean affairs, consistent with  the comprehensive
nature of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.

Until now, the activities under the program have been directed primarily at the
provision on information, advice, and assistance to states in order to facilitate
a better understanding by states of the Convention, assisting them in ratifying
or  acceding  to it,  and promoting  its  wider acceptance  and rational
implementation,  as well as ensuring that the application of its provision by
states is uniform and consistent with the Convention.

The program has also provided methodological approaches to and formulated
guidelines for integrated ocean management,  marine policy  making, and
program development and has assessed the modalities of  their application in
specific instances at the regional and national levels.  Technical studies and
training courses  covering general issues and broad implication pertaining  to
sea-use planning, development of the marine areas under national jurisdiction,
marine  scientific research and the  assessment of offshore non-fuel mineral
resources were also implemented at the regional level.

The thrust of the program during the period 1992-97 will be to continue to
advise and assist states in:

•      their acceptance of the Convention;

•      applying it uniformly and consistently;

•      implementing  the Convention rationally;

•      focusing national ocean policy and management appropriately; and

•      developing their marine capabilities for the purposes  of  the  fuller
       attainment of their benefits under the Convention.
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                    The program will also respond to the need  for support of marine related
                    activities of organizations within the UN system and ^c^S^
                    in order to ensure that the specialized sectoral activities mtem-wkte

                                                                Of
                                                                                    n or
                                                                                adoption   ••*$.
  CONTACT
       charts and geographical coordinates demarcating maritime zones of
       national junsdiction and sovereignty following the recordingTf luch
       information according to estabUshed mechanisms; and

       advisory services on a subregional or national basis to assist states in

       !±rg *trnati°nal l6fiiSlation *«««*» extend^  a^  of
       mantime jurisdiction in a manner consistent with the new legal regime
       Papers can be found in the specialized law and sea library
United Nations
Office of the Law of the Sea and Ocean Affairs
New York, NY  10017    212-963-3977
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                                        UN-9
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                                    World Bank
                             Environment Department
KEYWORDS   Development
                Policy
                Research
OVERVIEW
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), or World
Bank's main activity since its inception in 1946 is to lend for specific projects,
carefully selected and prepared, thoroughly appraised, closely supervised, and
systematically evaluated.  The concentration of project lending is directed at
ensuring that Bank funds are invested in sound, productive projects that
contribute to the development of a borrowing country's economy as well as to
its capacity to repay the loan. The Bank is both a developmental and financial
institution and each project for which it lends must satisfy both features of the
institution.

Bank projects and amounts loaned have increased over the years, and  the
character  of projects  has  changed  to become  increasingly development
oriented.  Lending is directed more toward poor and less developed countries
in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Program emphases are aimed at growth,
provision of basic services, and improvement of income distribution.

The 1987 World Commission  on  Environment and Development  (the
Brundtland Commission) report  emphasized the  need  for an international
organization involved in the process of environmental management.   The
World Bank has developed a more comprehensive strategy in which to play
that role.  The Environment Department expanded and  environmental issues
are now addressed as part of an overall economic policy rather than project by
project.  The Bank aims at addressing the environmental consequences of
individual projects and identifying projects specifically aimed at environmental
problems.   In  addition,  the Bank stresses  the development  of  policy
interventions to influence  environmental-related behavior on  a large scale.
Special attention is paid to the severe environmental problems in Sub-Saharan
Africa, to the threat of deforestation, and to regional problems such as  the
pollution of the Mediterranean.

The Environment Department consists of three divisions and contains about
thirty staff members and consultants.  Its functions are to conduct policy and
research  activities in a range of technical,  economic,  and social areas, to
support regional staff with conceptual guidance or specialized expertise, and
to establish and maintain information systems and data bases. The department
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COORD
PROGRAMS
                 also participates in training and informing Bank staff on environmental issues
                 through seminars, workshops, and briefings.

                 As the Bank addresses broad environmental issues ranging from deforestation
                 to global wanning and improving project  design and implementation,  it is
                 making a special effort to reconcile different views on important scientific and
                 technological issues  that cut across sectors and  to better integrate these
                 considerations into its work.

                 In recognition of the importance of non-governmental organizations in the
                 development process, the Bank is developing operational collaboration  with
                 NGOs, particularly those in developing countries.  The Bank also works  in
                 conjunction with AID* activities.

                 The Environment Department produces papers to introduce new methods for
                 environmental management strategy and  engages  in  country-studies,  in
                 response to government requests,  to evaluate the critical environmental
                 problems in that country.  The Bank also joins forces with other governments
                 and organizations to address issues common to an entire region. For example,
                 the Environmental Program for the Mediterranean is being undertaken by the
                 World Bank in partnership with the European Investment Bank as well as other
                 agencies (including UNEP) and with the Mediterranean countries.

                 The Bank is now addressing a number of primary environmental problems, of
                 which efforts for conservation of biological diversity  are most related  to
                 marine issues.  In this respect, the Bank is concerned particularly in tropical
                 rainforests, wetlands, and marine environments.

                 The Bank seeks to reduce pressures on these ecosystems through its lending
                 policies  in  transport, agriculture,  energy, industry,  and  other  sectors.
                 Research will concentrate on developing better knowledge of the location of
                 the ecosystems and the economic reasons for protecting them.

                 Again in support of biological diversity, the Bank is engaged with efforts to
                 preserve and manage wildlands, especially those of rare  or  endangered
                .ecosystems such as wetlands, coastal marshes and estuaries, coral reefs, small
                 oceanic islands, and mangrove swamps.

                 Wildland management components have two principal objectives: to prevent,
                 minimize, or partially compensate for wildland elimination, thereby conserving
                 biological diversity; and to preserve  or improve the environmental services
                 provided by wildlands, thereby enhancing the  project's economic or social
                 benefits.
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CONTACT
As a result of in-house studies, it has been recommended that the following
will increase wildland project effectiveness:

•     Wildland   management  components  should  be   routinely  and
      systematically incorporated into certain types of Bank projects.  Up to
      now, this has not always been done,  and some projects  which would
      have benefitted from wildland components have not included them.

•     Wildland components should be incorporated as early as possible within
      the project cycle to minimize costs and facilitate implementation.
                                              .4} ,-••*» .-
•     Meeting wildland management goals requires effective management "on
      the  ground," not simply  on paper.   The wildland  management
      objectives have to be translated into specific measures with a budget for
      their implementation to reduce the risk of the establishment of "paper
      parks."

•     The multiple objectives of wildland management are most successfully
      attained if the wildland management area (WMA) is carefully designed.

•     The success of a WMA, as of other project components, is contingent
      upon  government commitment.   By  taking measures to  ensure
      counterpart financing, or by providing the financing itself, the Bank can
    - help ensure the availability of the relatively modest sums necessary for
      WMA establishment and continuation.

Wildland areas of special marine concern  are: Amazon River and associated
wetlands (including Varzea Forest); Orinoc  River and Delta (Venezuela and
Columbia); Lake Atitian (Guatemala); and several others.

World Bank
Environment Department
1818HSt.,NW
Washington,  DC 20433  202-473-3202
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                   World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
KEYWORDS
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS

 Marine
 Meterology
 Program
Coordination
Research
Education
Policy

WMO has three Regional Offices for Africa, the Americas, and for Asia and
the South-West  Pacific and Six Regional  Associations which  coordinate
meteorological activity in the respective regions. Each region is covered by
activities of the WMO Regional Meteorological Training Centers.

WMO operates two marine research related programs (with the exception of
its World Climate Research Program).

Originating in 1907, this program seeks to provide marine meteorological and
oceanographic data and services in support of the safety of life and property
at sea and the efficient monitoring and management of marine resources and
the marine environment.  .

Via this program, WMO manages public outreach and education programs,
performs policy analysis, participates in policy making negotiations, prepares
and disseminates regulatory  materials, and  is involved  in international
coordination of data collection, services  and research.

Program data collected is produced in technical and white paper,  review
articles, general press articles, newsletters, regulatory and guidance material,
and meeting reports.

Program goals are:

•     to provide effective meteorological and oceanographic services for the
      marine user community;

•     to develop and maintain a composite global marine meteorological and
      oceanographic observing system;  and

•     to facilitate the incorporation of scientific and technological advances;
      and to assist member states in their development of WMO services.
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                        UN-11
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SS-
      I332S3SS3S3

      The project is coordinated with efforts from UNEP* and IOC* via the Joint
      SSteiSSS oni ?e Scientific Aspects of Marine Pouution ™S?
      Another international forum in which the project participates is ICSPRa

          o       f°r imPlementati°n of the Convention for the
          of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution from Land-BasJ
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CONTACT     World Meteorological Organization
                Ocean Affairs Division
                Case Postale 2300
                1211 Geneva 2  Switzerland   (41)(22) 73.08.23.7

                World Meteorological Organization
                WMO Technical Secretary of GESAMP
                Case Postale 2300
                1211 Geneva 2  Switzerland   (41)(22)73.43.32.6
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                  NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
 American Oceans Campaign (AOC)




 Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCQ




 Center for Marine Conservation (CMC)




 Conservation International (CI)




 Council on Ocean Law (COL)




 The Cousteau Society, Inc.




 Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)




 Friends of the Earth / Ocean Society (FOE/OS)



 Greenpeace




 International Game Fish Association  (IGFA)




 Island Resources Foundation (IRF)




 National Academy of Sciences (NAS)



 National Audubon Society




 The Nature Conservancy (TNC)




 Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)




 National Wildlife Federation (NWF)



 The Sierra Club




 Wildlife Conservation International (WCD




 World Resources Institute (WRD




 World Wildlife Fund  (WWF)
NGO-1




NGO-2




NGO - 3




NGO-4




NGO-5




NGO - 6




NGO -1




NGO-8




NGO-9



NGO - 10




NGO - 11




NGO - 12




NGO - 13




NGO - 14




NGO - 15




NGO - 16




NGO - 17



NGO - 18




NGO - 19




NGO - 20
Non-Governmental Organizations
   August 1992

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 International Union for the Conservation of Nature
 and Natural Resources (IUCN)
                                               .-
 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)
NGO - 21


NGO - 22
Non-Governmental Organizations
   August 1992

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                      American Oceans Campaign (AOC)
KEYWORDS   Advocacy
                Education
                Policy
                Research
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
AOC has been an advocacy group promoting wise use of the oceans since
1987.  AOC's mission is to focus attention on the growing threats to the
100,000 miles  of ocean,  bays,  harbors,  and estuaries  that  border  our
continental  states, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico,  the Trust Territories, the
Virgin Islands, and the Great Lakes.  AOC feels that the United States lacks
policies to deal with this growing environmental problem;  it is dedicated to
promulgating policies  through  a   national  coalition  of environmental
organizations, businesses, community groups, and the entertainment industry.

AOC has  sponsored  several conferences on the protection of the marine
environment, and intends to take a lead role in NGO involvement in the 1992
UN Meeting on Global Change and the Environment.

AOC's primary activities include public education and outreach, lobbying and
advocacy work, supporting scientific research on environmental degradation,
and helping formulate effective marine policy.

General areas of AOC involvement have included:

•     coastal zone management;

•     endangered species protection;

•     fisheries management;

•     global climate change (an increasingly important focus of interest);

•     general marine policy;

•     marine protected area planning;

•     non-point source pollution monitoring;

•     ocean dumping issues;

•     ocean energy development;
Non-Governmental Organizations
                       NGO-1
August 1992

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 CONTACT
•      oil and gas exploration and recovery impacts on coastal ecosystems;
       and

•      recreational use of ocean space.

Specific AOC objectives include:

•      funding for coastal and oceans research;

•      enactment of a national oceans and coastal protection policy;

•      seeking to enact new comprehensive legislation to designate and protect
       ecologically sensitive areas; and

•      promoting  the  Clean Water,  Endangered Species, Toxic Substances
       Control, Resource Conservation Recovery, Coastal Zone Management,
       and other Acts.

American Oceans Campaign
Washington Office
235 Pennsylvania Ave, SE
Washington, DC  20003  202-544-3526
Non-Governmental Organizations
                       NGO-1
August 1992

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                  Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCC)
KEYWORDS   Law
               Education
OVERVIEW
CCC is a Florida-based, non-profit organization founded in 1959 in response
to the alarm sounded in Dr. Archie Carr's book, The Windward Road.  The
initial focus of the organization's activities was to remedy the plight of sea
turtles.
PROGRAMS   CCC's activities are worldwide but concentrate on the Caribbean and Atlantic.
               Activities include:

               •     studies of sea turtle life history and population monitoring;

               •     marine conservation;

               •     watershed-wide ecological studies;

               •     public education about the importance of a healthy coastal  system; and

               •     promotion of adoption and compliance with conservation  laws and
                     international treaties.

               The CCC  operates the Green Turtle Research Station at Tortuguero, Costa
               Rica,  the site of the 35-year ongoing green turtle tagging program.  It also
               manages a four square-mile marine impoundment on Great Iguana Island,
               Bahamas, used in long term marine turtle growth and nutrition studies.

CONTACT    Caribbean Conservation Corporation
               P.O. Box 3942
               Tallahassee, FL 32315   904-385-3306
Non-Governmental Organizations
                       NGO-2
August 1992

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NGO-2
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                     Center for Marine Conservation (CMC)
 KEYWORDS   Policy
                Research
                Education
                Law
                Conservation
 OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
 CMC, formerly the Center for Environmental Education, was established in
 1972 as a nonprofit membership organization dedicated to protecting marine'
 wildlife and habitats and to conserving coastal and ocean resources.  CMC
 conducts policy-oriented research,  promotes public  education and citizen
 involvement, and supports domestic and international laws and programs for
 marine conservation.

 CMC works from its headquarters in Washington, DC and regional offices in
 VA, FL, TX, and CA.  With more than 100,000 members worldwide, CMC
 works with private industry, conservation groups, government, and private
 citizens,  and supports  international efforts  to protect  all  wildlife species
 threatened by international trade.

 CMC is organized  according to programs, which currently include the Sea
 Turtle Program, Marine Debris and Entanglement Program, Marine Protected
 Areas Program, and Marine Mammal Program.  These programs focus on the
 following themes:

 •      conserving marine habitats (reauthorization of the Marine Sanctuary
      Act, new sanctuaries, Caribbean conservation);

 •     preventing  marine  pollution  (national  marine debris   database,
      sponsoring  beach cleanups,  environmental quality  in  the  Gulf of
      Mexico, and education);

 •     managing fisheries for conservation (Marine Mammal Protection Act,
      driftnets in the North Pacific, sea turtles and shrimp trawls);

 •     protecting endangered marine species (Endangered Species  Act, the
      International Whaling Commission, whalewatching, fur seals, sea turtle
      conservation);

•     controlling international wildlife trade; and

•     educating the public and encouraging citizen participation.
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CONTACT
 Recent activities include:

 •     worked with local conservationists and government leaders in California
       and Florida to establish marine sanctuaries in Monterey Bay, CA, and
       the Florida Keys;

 •     coordinated the  1989 and 1990  national beach cleanups, providing
       materials and guidance to tens of thousands of volunteers nationwide;

 •     led efforts to promote regulations requiring Turtle Excluder Devices on
       shrimp nets;
                                                                      d

 •     worked to prevent the deaths of dolphins in tuna nets;

 •     worked  with  many Florida  counties and cities to control artificial
       lighting  on sea  turtle nesting beaches to prevent disorientation of
       hatchlings;

 •     helped establish and maintain a moratorium on commercial whaling
       adopted by the International Whaling Commission;  and

 •     forced Exxon to establish sea otter rescue and rehabilitation efforts in
       the wake of the Prince William Sound Spill.

 CMC publishes two  quarterly newsletters, Marine Conservation News,  and
 Sanctuary Currents,  a  biannual newsletter  called Coastal Connection,  and
 numerous public education brochures, reports, and books on specific marine
 environmental issues.

 Center for Marine Conservation
 1725 De Sales St. NW
Washington, DC  20036  202-429-5609
Non-Governmental Organizations
                        NGO-3
August 1992

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                         Conservation International (CI)
KEYWORDS   Development
                Conservation

OVERVIEW   CI was founded in 1987 by a group of prominent international conservation
                scientists.   CI's general mission is to help protect biological diversity by
                combining scientific information and political leverage to solve conservation
                problems.   CI helps  to  foster  local capacity to design and implement
                community-based ecosystem conservation and sustainable development.

PROGRAMS   Early projects conducted or supported by CI were restricted to sustainable-use
                planning in Latin America. CI's sphere of influence is spreading and new areas
                of involvement include Malagasy Republic, other parts of Africa, and parts of
                Asia.

                CI does not have a formal marine program.  Current projects with a marine
                component include:

                •     a survey of the condition of the Sea of Cortes ecosystem and plans to
                      promote conservation in the area;

                •     a sustainable  development  strategy  for Clayoqout Sound, British
                      Columbia;

                •     joint activities with the Coastal Coalition and the Prince William Sound
                      Science Center in Cordova, Alaska; and

                •     mariculture and ecological restoration in Willapa Bay, Washington.

                Other marine conservation activities are planned in  Madagascar, Papua New
                Guinea, and the South Pacific.

                CI has approximately  75 full-time staff working in the main  offices and the
                field.  Headquarters are in Washington, DC, and Portland,  Oregon.
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  CONTACT     Conservation International
                 1015 18th St, NW
                 Suite 1000
                 Washington, DC 20036  202-429-5660

                 Vice-President, North America
                 Ecotrust
                 1200 NW Front Ave
                 Suite 470
                 Portland, OR  97209   503-227-6225
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-4
August 1992

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                          Council on Ocean Law (COL)
 KEYWORDS   Law
                Policy
                Education

 OVERVIEW   COL was founded in 1980 to promote the development of widely accepted
                international law for the world's oceans. To advance its mission, COL's goals
                are:

                •     to overcome the obstacles preventing universal participation in the 1982
                      Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS
                      m);

                •     to support the further evolution of oceans laws based on the framework
                      of UNCLOS HI; and

                •     to provide  accurate  and timely information on international law
                      developments to government officials, marine  policy specialists, and
                      interested members of the public.

 PROGRAMS   Specific areas of interest include:

                •     national law and policy implementing UNCLOS IE;

                •     the  role  of ocean  policy institutions  in addressing  large-scale
                      environmental change;

                •     development of UNEP programs;

                •     elaboration of ocean pollution control treaties and regulations under the
                      auspices of IMO;

                •     evolution of policies governing marine scientific research; and

                •     development of fisheries agreements.

                COL also sponsors The Panel on the Law  of the Ocean, composed of
                distinguished ocean law and policy experts. The Panel produces statements on
                leading ocean law topics.
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-5
August 1992

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                The COL newsletter, Ocean Policy News, is distributed to more than one
                thousand subscribers in the United States and abroad. Occasional papers and
                reports of international meetings are also disseminated by COL.

 CONTACT     Council on Ocean Law
                1709 New York Aye., NW
                Suite 800
                Washington, DC  20006  202-347-3766
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-5
August 1992

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                           The Cousteau Society, Inc.
KEYWORDS   Education
                Research
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
The Cousteau Society is a non-profit, membership-supported organization
dedicated to the protection and improvement of the quality of life. The Society
was created in 1973 by Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau  and his son Jean-
Michel Cousteau and became fully operational in 1974.

The Society believes that only an informed and alerted public can best make
the choices to provide a healthier and more productive way of life for itself
and for future generations.  To this end, the  Society conducts an array of
investigative programs documenting the fragility of the world's oceans.

The Society increases awareness of the planet's  natural  resources through
public outreach programs, film production, books and articles,  syndicated
columns, and lecture series.  The Calypso Log, for adults, and the Dolphin
Log, for children, are two Society periodicals which explain scientific and
environmental issues while also covering news of Cousteau expeditions.  The
Society also  offers Project  Ocean  Search,  which  enables  the public to
participate  in  summer field study and  provides  on-the-scene educational
experiences.

Research is conducted by in-house teams in collaboration with local scientists
and agencies,  as  well as with independent scientists from institutions and
universities.  Cousteau crews have worked on specific projects with NASA,
the  International  Commission  for   the  Scientific Exploration  of  the
Mediterranean (ICSEM), and NOAA*. Society staff have also participated in
UNEP* meetings to formulate international standards for Mediterranean water
quality, and in the NMFS's* establishment of a Marine Mammal Stranding
Program.

The Society collaborates in international scientific studies to gauge the health
of the marine environment and the nature of the water  system both locally and
globally.   Results of these  research  programs are  published in scientific
journals and are made available to governments as a means of promoting wise
management policies.  The Society performs two kinds of research. The first
is fundamental studies that help the scientific community to better understand
the nature of a particular region or phenomenon. The  second kind of research
is application analyses designed to provide local resource managers and policy
makers with guidelines for creating programs to protect the environment while
promoting reasonable development.
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                        NGO-6
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 CONTACT
 Currently, Cousteau teams are engaged in a new series called "Rediscovery of
 the World," running from 1985-1991.  Both RV Calypso and RV Alcyone are
 circling the globe while their crews document a rapidly changing planet. Their
 goal is to provide a fresh look at a world most people believe they already
 know. Scientific teams will attempt to make a variety of measurements of:

 •     ocean productivity;

 •     the contributions of rivers to ocean vitality;

 •     the health of marine and freshwater habitats; and
                                                                      i'
 •     the broad global connections between such major components of the
       biosphere as tropical  forests, rivers, the atmosphere, oceans, and
       humankind.

Production teams are filming  the research process to help others understand
more about oceanography and the importance of the oceans' resources. Film
production is the Society's primary public outreach activity.

The Society's  current membership  is  approximately 252,000 persons
worldwide.

The Cousteau Society
Research and Communication
870 Greenbrier Circle
Suite 402
Chesapeake, VA 23320  804-523-9335
Non-Governmental Organizations
                       NGO-6
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                      Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)
KEYWORDS

OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS


 Wildlife
 Eastern
 Water

 Atmospheric
Advocacy

EDF was established in 1967 in response to scientists' concern about the use
of DDT in Long Island, New York.  Since then EDF has grown to support the
public and  scientific community through  advocacy of various environmental
issues.  EDF operates seven offices nationwide and has its headquarters in
New York.

Today, EDF is comprised of lawyers, scientists, and economists who seek to
identify scientifically and economically sound solutions with which to propel
the advancement and implementation of environmental legislation.

EDF does not maintain bilateral international contacts on oceanic issues, but
is involved with multilateral organizations such as UNEP*. In addition, EDF
is concerned with the negotiation of several international agreements on the
Antarctic region.

Although EDF does not operate a direct marine program, four of its  existing
programs manage marine related projects.

The wildlife program has a substantial interest in the implementation of the
Endangered Species Act and Clean Water Act.  EDF lobbies for the mandatory
inclusion of turtle excluder devices in shrimp nets and has been a major
contributor to the listing of the northern steller sea lion as a threatened  species.
As part of a broader effort for the protection of coastal wetlands, EDF seeks
to protect  fisheries on the west coast and, in Louisiana,  to redistribute
Mississippi River sediment.

The eastern water program advocates the  designation of a Florida Keys
marine sanctuary.

The atmospheric  program  has examined  how  atmospheric deposition
contributes  to the problem of nullification of the Chesapeake..

Initiatives are staff-generated and considered according to funding availability.
If possible,  some proposals are undertaken even without appropriate funding.
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                       NGO-7
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 CONTACT     Environmental Defense Fund
                Wildlife Program
                1875 Connecticut Ave, NW
                Suite 1016
                Washington, DC 20009  202-387-3500
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-7
August 1992

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                           Friends of the Earth (FOE)
                             The Ocean Society (OS)
 KEYWORDS   Advocacy
                Law

 OVERVIEW   FOE acts as an advocacy group to influence legislation on environmental
                issues.  FOE recently merged with the Ocean Society to strengthen its Oceans
                Program, which manages projects on virtually all marine environmental issues
                worldwide.

                FOE is  affiliated  with  governmental  agencies  and  non-governmental
                organizations in 38 countries and  houses its secretariat in London.  FOE
                produces status reports on current project activities and submits proposals to
                Congress for new project initiation.

 COORD        Cooperation is common with NOAA*, EPA*, and FWS*.

 PROGRAMS   The areas of interest for the marine-related advocacy work include:

                •     entanglement of marine organisms in debris;

                •     estuarine and wetland protection;

                •     non-point source pollution impacts;

                •     ocean dumping; and

                •     ocean incineration and disposal of hazardous materials at sea.

 CONTACT     Friends of the Earth
                218 D St., SE
                Washington, DC 20003  202-544-2600
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-8
August 1992

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NGO-8
August 1992

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                                    Greenpeace
KEYWORDS   Advocacy

OVERVIEW    Greenpeace is an international advocacy group for environmental protection.
                Started in 1971, Greenpeace is now the largest environmental action group in
                the world.  Greenpeace has regional offices in Washington, London, Sydney,
                Amsterdam, Japan, and other locations, with 24 field offices worldwide.

                Greenpeace lobbies the U.S. Congress for better environmental regulations and'
                initiates positive, non-violent action to save the planet from environmental
                misuse.  Areas of concern range from toxic pollution to the slaughter of
                whales.  Protests and confrontations led by Greenpeace bring threats to the
                environment to the public's attention.

PROGRAMS   Marine activities fall under the Ocean Ecology branch. Five campaigns have
                direct bearing on marine conservation:

                •     Sea Turtle Campaign;

                •     Tuna/Dolphin Campaign;

                •     Japanese Whaling Campaign;

                •     Outer Continental Shelf Drilling Campaign; and

                •     Antarctica Campaign.

                The focus  of each campaign is to  build advocacy for the protection of the
                particular resource and to facilitate collection of scientific information critical
                to its conservation.

                Other areas of interest are:

                •     coastal area management;

                •     marine waste  disposal (international campaign);

                •     oil and gas exploration;

                •     fisheries management;

                •     marine endangered species and habitats;
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 CONTACT
•     marine policy;

•     marine parks planning; and

•     international coordination of marine programs.

Greenpeace U.S.
Ocean Ecology Campaign
1436 U St., NW
Washington, DC 20009   202-462-1177
Non-Governmental Organizations
                      NGO-9
August 1992

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                  International Game Fish Association (IGFA)
KEYWORDS   Law
                Education
                Policy
OVERVIEW
IGFA was founded in 1939 to establish ethical international angling regulations
and to serve as a central processing center for world record catch data.  In
1972, IGFA expanded its goals to bring anglers into closer organization and
better awareness of problems facing sport fishing and game fishes.

The major objectives of IGFA are:

•     to encourage and  further the study  of angling,  species, and species
      requirements;

•     to work at all levels of government and industry for the preservation of
      species and the protection of their natural habitat;

•     to compile and distribute game fish information to IGFA members, the
      public, and scientific and legislative government bodies for the wise use
      and conservation of fish species;

•     to ensure that the  recreational angler is adequately  represented at all
      management meetings;

•     to assist  and participate in  domestic and international game  fish
      seminars;

•     to develop and support game fish tagging programs and other data
      collection efforts, and to aid scientific  institutions which provide vital
      instruction and research;

•     to maintain and promote fair angling regulations;

•     to develop an international museum and reference library on game fish
      species, angling, and related subjects; and

•     to accumulate a global history of the sport of game fishing for the use
      and benefit of the public.
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                       NGO -10
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 PROGRAMS   Although the IGFA's activities include both marine and freshwater fishing and
                fish management, most of its conservation focus is on marine fish, especially
                tuna and billfish.

 CONTACT    International Game Fish Association
                1301 East Atlantic Blvd.
                Pompano Beach, FL 333060  305-941-3474
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-10
August 1992

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                       Island Resources Foundation (IRF)
 KEYWORDS  Policy
                Research
                Education

 OVERVIEW   IRF,  established in the early 1970s, is based in St. Thomas,  U.S. Virgin
                Islands, with an additional office in Washington, DC.  IRF's mission is to
                assist tropical island nations in planning for sustainable and ecologically sound
                use.  IRF achieves this through:

                •      sponsoring and undertaking research on environmentally sensitive areas
                       and commercially important natural resources;

                •      developing policy guidelines for planning;

                •      producing country-wide and regional profiles on resources and their
                       uses; and

                •      training and apprenticeships.

PROGRAMS   Although many of its findings and guidelines have universal application, IRF's
                work has centered on the Antilles Islands of the Caribbean.

                The bulk of IRF's work focuses on coastal planning and marine resource use,
                although visiting scientists often do research on other topics and then publish
                under IRF auspices. Areas of involvement include:

                •      fisheries management;

                •      traditional and recreational uses of marine resources;

                •      marine mining and oil and gas exploration,  recovery, refining, and
                       shipping;

                •      marine policy and international cooperation; and

                •      marine endangered species management and biodiversity protection.

                IRF publishes research  reports, books, pamphlets, and scientific articles and
                operates its own publications series.  Lists of publications made available by
                IRF are sent to the several hundred people who are on IRF's mailing list.
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NGO-11
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 CONTACT     Island Resources Foundation
                 Red Hook Box 33, St. Thomas
                 Charlotte Amalie, VI 00802  809-775-6225
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-11
August 1992

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                      National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
KEYWORDS   Research
                Policy
OVERVIEW
NAS  is  a private, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars  in
scientific and engineering  research,  dedicated to furthering  science in the
United States.   NAS was established  by President Lincoln in 1863 via
Congressional Charter to act as a national body for scientific consultation,
guidance, and funding of special projects.                               •'

In 1916, The National Research Council was created to act as  the operational
arm of the Academy. In 1964, a separate National  Academy  of Engineering
(NAE) was established under charter of NAS to act as a parallel organization.
NAS and NAE  share responsibility for advising the federal  government on
science policy.  Most of the activities undertaken by the two  Academies are
carried out through Commissions,  Offices,  and  Boards  of the National
Research Council, which draws upon a wide cross-section of the  nation's
leading scientists and engineers.

NAS  membership is divided into 25  sections: mathematics;  astronomy;
physics;  chemistry; geology;   geophysics;   biochemistry;   cellular  and
developmental biology; physiology and pharmacology; neurobiology; botany;
genetics;  population biology, evolution, and  ecology; engineering; applied
mathematics, computer  sciences and statistics; applied physical sciences;
medical  genetics,  hematology,  and oncology; medical  physiology  and
metabolism; microbiology and immunology; anthropology; psychology; social
and political sciences; economics; applied biological  sciences; and agricultural
sciences.
PROGRAMS   Three permanent NAS boards have direct involvement with ocean conservation
                and marine management issues.
 Marine
 Board
The Marine Board has a technological focus and concentrates on marine
instrumentation and research operations.  The Marine Board, customarily
comprised of 18 members, analyzes technical and policy issues in order to:

•     improve the technical basis for ocean and coastal developments and
      uses;

•     ensure safety,  environmental protection, and competitive engineering
      and operation of marine structures and systems; and
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                       NGO-12
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                 •     advance the marine engineering and technology base as a resource in
                       policy formulation, program planning, and management.

                 The Board also appraises the feasibility of proposals to use the oceans and its
                 resources, reviews government policy alternatives, and evaluates the influence
                 of technical advances on public policy. It often reviews the status of research,
                 engineering, and technology  in relevant fields, and projects future needs,
                 including long-range research programs.

 Environmental The Environmental Studies and Toxicology Board occasionally touches on
 Studies and    marine issues, as during its recent investigation into the status and management
 Toxicology     of sea turtles.
 Board

 Ocean          Formed in July, 1985, the Ocean Studies Board focuses on marine ecology and
 Studies Board  marine species.  The Board's  mission is to:

                 •     contribute to the advancement of scientific understanding of oceans by
                       maintaining continuous oversight of the health  of ocean sciences;

                 •     foster the application of scientific knowledge  to the wise use of the
                       ocean and its resources;

                 •     provide leadership for the formulation of national and international
                       policy and to clarify scientific issues that affect ocean policy; and

                 • .   address scientific  issues in cooperative  international oceanographic
                       research.

                 The Ocean Studies Board performed six major activities in 1989, including:

                 •     the Navy Panel's advice to the Navy on long-range planning for ocean
                       sciences;

                 •     the CO2 Panel's work on the investigation of the role of oceanic carbon
                       in maintaining the earth's climatic stability;

                 •     the Committee on the Ocean's Role  in Global  Climate  Change's
                       oversight activities;

                 •     the Committee on the  Coastal Ocean's work  on  identifying gaps in
                       coastal research;
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                •     the Continental Margins Workshop investigating the long term dynamic
                      interaction between oceanic and continental lithosphere; and

                •     a Workshop on Issues of U.S. Fisheries.

                Future areas of study include:

                •     tactical oceanography;

                •     molecular biology's applications in ocean studies;

                •     further work on continental margins;

                •     ocean acoustics;

                •     ocean flux studies; and

                •     interpretation of satellite information for studies of global change.

CONTACT     National Academy of Sciences
                2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
                Washington, DC  20418  202-334-2000
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-12
August 1992

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NGO-12
August 1992

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                            National Audubon Society
KEYWORDS   Conservation
                Education
                Research

OVERVIEW    The Audubon Society has been in existence since 1886, making it one of the
                oldest and most established conservation groups in the world.  The Society is
                dedicated to the long term protection of natural resources by  promoting
                rational  strategies for energy use and development, protecting nature from
                pollutants, and solving the problems caused by global overpopulation.

                With the support of over 500,000 members,  the Society manages wildlife
                sanctuaries,  maintains strong ties to government agencies involved in managing
                natural resources, provides educational materials on environmental issues and
                wildlife, performs ecosystem research, and produces numerous publications,
                including Audubon magazine.

PROGRAMS    The Audubon Society is involved in a vast number of  environmental issues,
                but has streamlined its participation into five high priority campaigns:

                •     Ancient Forests of the Northwest;

                •     Arctic National Wildlife Refuge;

                •     Clean Air;

                •     Platte River; and

                •     Wetlands.

                Nearly all of  the Audubon  Society's  coastal and  marine related  work falls
                under the high-priority Wetlands campaign.  The Society is working actively
                in the protection of salt marshes  and barrier beaches.  Other marine-related
                projects include work in the Gulf of Mexico, the Intercoastal Waterway, Long
                Island, and sea turtle conservation.

CONTACT     National Audubon Society
                2525 Wallingwood
                Suite 1505
                Austin, TX  78746  512-327-1943
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-13
August 1992

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NGO-13
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                         The Nature Conservancy (TNC)
KEYWORDS   Research
                Conservation
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
CONTACT
TNC's mission is to identify rare and endangered species and habitats and
attempt to protect them through acquisition of critical lands.   TNC has
acquired land for conservation and sponsored research on wildlife and its
ecology since its inception in 1951.  TNC distributes a monthly magazine to
keep its members apprised of acquisitions and conservation projects in all U.S."
regions.

Marine activities are restricted to conservation in coastal and insular areas.
TNC has purchased and maintains several  important coastal islands in the
northeastern United States, in the barrier beach area of the mid-Atlantic States,
in Florida, and on the West Coast. TNC also has programs in Latin America,
the Caribbean, and fledgling programs in the South Pacific.

Through its conservation work, TNC:

•     practices coastal area management;

•     ensures the continued recreational use of natural areas;

•     studies risk and benefit/cost assessment;

•     determines environmental monitoring needs; and

•     works to establish larger scale,  multiple-use coastal protected areas.

The Nature Conservancy
1815 North Lynn St.
Arlington, VA 22209  703-841-5300
Non-Governmental Organizations
                       NGO-14
August 1992

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                  Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDQ
 KEYWORDS   Advocacy
                Conservation
                Policy
 OVERVIEW
 COORD
PROGRAMS
Law

NRDC has actively worked to defend the environment since 1970 by using a
combination of law, science, and people in their efforts  to protect nature.
Most of NRDC's activity centers on environmental litigation complemented by
conservation,  lobbying,  and advocacy,  although  policy  analyses  and
assessments are also undertaken.

NRDC works closely with federal agencies, including EPA*, NOAA*, DOI*,
DOE*, Department of Agriculture, and Department of State*.

Three NRDC projects  have direct  involvement  with  marine  and coastal
environmental protection and management:

•     The Water Project'focuses on non-point source pollution in near shore
      and estuarine environments. Litigation is an important component.

•     The Coastal Project, involving NRDC's New York, San Francisco, and
      Los  Angeles offices,  works in coastal management and  oil and gas
      issues through policy analysis,  advocacy, and litigation.

•     The Energy Project focuses on alternative energy sources and involves
      both research and advocacy.

General areas of interest for NRDC include:

•     coastal area management;

•     economic analyses;

•     fisheries management;

•     global climate change;

•     marine waste disposal;

•     marine mining;
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                      NGO-15
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                      non-point source pollution;

                      oil and gas exploration;

                      recreational uses of ocean space;

                      risk assessment and accidental substance releases; and

                      most importantly, enforcement and environmental monitoring.
CONTACT     Natural Resource Defense Council
                1350 New York Ave, NW
                Suite 300
                Washington, DC 20005  202-783-7800
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO - 15
August 1992

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                       National Wildlife Federation (NWF)
 KEYWORDS   Advocacy
                Conservation
                Education

 OVERVIEW   NWF has been one of the United States' most prominent wildlife conservation
                and public education organizations since its inception in the 1930s. Through
                its magazines National Wildlife and Ranger Rick, the organization informs its
                members of conservation and research activities across the country.
PROGRAMS
 Coastal
 Barrier
 Project
CONTACT
Since NWF focuses on terrestrial issues, no formal program exists for marine
conservation activities. Wetlands issues are also addressed through the fish
and wildlife division.

NWF has been involved with this project since 1987. A recurring difficulty
in carrying out the project's goals is opposition from a strong real estate
industry. NWF is working to guide development away from environmentally
sensitive areas through lobbying and grass roots education. Special grass roots
workshops are occasionally organized by NWF and news from the Coastal
Project is made available through the free Barrier Island Newsletter, published
approximately four times a year.

NWF also lobbies Congress for better legislative initiatives to protect coastal
areas, as in recent work toward reformation of the National Flood Insurance
Program and ongoing work to strengthen the Coastal Zone Management Act.

National Wildlife Federation
Coastal  Project
1400 16th Street, NW
Washington, DC  20036 202-797-6839
Non-Governmental Organizations
                       NGO-16
August 1992

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NGO-16
August 1992

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                                  The Sierra Club
KEYWORDS   Advocacy
                Conservation
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
The Sierra Club is a conservation organization that was founded in 1892 by
John Muir.  The mission of the organization is to protect, preserve,  and
promote the enjoyment of the natural environment.  Lobbying for stronger
environmental legislation accounts for approximately twenty to thirty percent
of the organization's activities. Project activities include:

•     lobbying for better legislation;

•     constituency-building;

•     encouraging state conservation land purchases;

•     coordinating environmental strategies; and

•     boosting legislative support for important coastal issues.

The Sierra Club's geographical area of interest includes all of the  United
States,  including the territories,  and the wider  Caribbean area.    Some
international work is done by the International Committee, which involves
itself in U.N. issues such as adherence to MARPOL.

The Club's National Coastal and Continental Shelf Committee focuses on
marine and coastal environmental issues.  Topics include:

•     coastal and estuarine pollution;

•     coastal zone management;

•     coastal barriers;

•     marine mining;

•     marine sanctuaries; and

•     offshore oil and gas activity.
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 CONTACT
Sierra Club
Coastal Committee
11194 Douglas Avenue
Marriotsvffle, MD  21104
                                          410-442-5639
Non-Governmental Organizations
                      NGO-17
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                   Wildlife Conservation International (WCI)
KEYWORDS   Conservation
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
CONTACT
WCI is the field research and conservation branch of the New York Zoological
Society. Its  nineteenth century genesis, marked by an  1897 survey of the
condition  of Alaskan wildlife,  makes  it the world's  senior conservation
organization.  Since its inception, WCI scientists and conservationists have
helped:

•     to establish parks and reserves;

•     to train park administrators and scientists;

•     to study the status and requirements of vanishing species;

•     to plan for conservation in concert with economic development; and

•     to create special conservation and education programs.

WCI headquarters  are in the Bronx Zoo facility in New York City.  Grant
proposal reviews and program directives are decided by the headquarters
office, with input from resident staff.

With over ten full-time zoologists, WCI sponsors some 70 projects a year in
35 countries. No official marine program exists, but it is notable that one of
the most significant projects supported by WCI in the last several years, and
which won the prestigious Crawford prize in environmentalism in 1990, was
the program to help save Belize's barrier reef ecosystem. Approximately 20
percent  of WCI's field projects have links to marine and coastal ecosystem
study and conservation.

Wildlife Conservation International
NY Zoological Society
Bronx Zoo
185th Street & Southern Blvd.
Bronx, NY  10460  212-220-5155
Non-Governmental Organizations
                       NGO-18
August 1992

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Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-18
August 1992

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                          World Resources Institute (WRI)
 KEYWORDS   Research
                 Policy
                 Coordination
 OVERVIEW
 COORD
 PROGRAMS
 WRI is a multidisciplinary, issue-oriented research organization and think tank
 that was established in 1985 through a $25 million grant from the John D. and
 Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation of Chicago.  Policy analysis and research
 on resource use and management is WRI's primary activity. WRI develops
 position papers and hosts  conferences on legal mechanisms  and decision
 making for science and environmental policy.

 With regard to marine issues, WRI works directly with IMO* and UNEP*.
 In  addition to  studying their  policy-setting mechanisms,  WRI provides
 education programs and assistance to member states in local implementation
 of UN conventions and protocols. WRI also gives assistance to less developed
 countries in the formulation of law and policy which will enable them to lead
 more effective, independent environmental management strategies.

 WRI does not currently direct specific policy activities, but instead operates
 within the existing general framework of international organizations that have
 resource management authority.  Special  emphasis is placed on working within
 the  United Nations structure.   WRI  makes  recommendations to these
 international organizations on a variety of issues, including pollution control
 compliance and  verification,  education, program  implementation, and
 environmental decision-making.   The bulk of WRI's work concentrates  on
 international agreements  and developing ways  in which  to improve their
 effectiveness.

 New projects will focus on mechanisms to coordinate agency priorities in order
 to develop more effective implementation of common goals and interests.
 Organizations will be analyzed to develop more effective structures for policy-
 making.

WRI has  no  formal marine program,  although marine  issues are often
addressed  on a case-by-case basis.  Projects  which are not solely  marine
related but have marine components include analyses of biodiversity priorities
and assessments of global wanning and global change.
Non-Governmental Organizations
                       NGO-19
August 1992

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 CONTACT    World Resources Institute
                1709 New York Avenue, NW
                Washington, DC 20006  202-638-6300
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-19
August 1992

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                           World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
KEYWORDS   Conservation
                Policy
                Coordination

OVERVIEW    The U.S. WWF is a member of the worldwide WWF family, headquartered
                in Gland, Switzerland.  WWF has more than one million members.

                WWF's mission is the conservation  of nature.  Using the best available"
                scientific knowledge and advancing that knowledge wherever possible, WWF
                works to preserve biological diversity and the health of ecological systems.
                WWF:

                •     helps to protect natural areas and wild population of plants and animals;

                •     fosters  sustainable approaches  to  the  use of renewable natural
                      resources; and

                •     promotes more  efficient  use  of resources  and energy,  with  the
                      maximum reduction of pollution.

                The World Wildlife Fund and Conservation Foundation affiliated in 1985 and
                merged in 1990.  WWF/CF also makes recommendations to marine policy
                decision-makers and works with government agencies and non-governmental
                organizations to create and implement marine projects. These agencies include
                UNEP*,  U.S.  ADD*,  and  numerous  South  American and African
                organizations.

PROGRAMS    WWF is in the process of developing a formal marine program.   The
                organization's  marine interests relate primarily  to the protection of marine
                biological diversity from both pollution and overexploitation.   Areas of
                involvement include:

                •    protecting  living  marine resources,   (e.g.,  marine. mammals  and
                      fisheries);

                •    preventing and mitigating pollution in the marine environment, with
                      special emphasis on U.S. estuarine resources; and

                •    protecting special marine areas (e.g., marine parks, sanctuaries, coral
                     reefs, and mangroves).
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-20
August 1992

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                 WWF participates in a joint venture with The Nature Conservancy (TNC)* and
                 the World Resources Institute's* Center for International Development and
                 Environment.

  Biodiversity    As the lead organization, WWF houses the USAID-funded Biodiversity
  Support     .  Support Program (ESP). BSP facilitates conservation activities in USAID
  Program       -assisted countries  and has active marine  interests.   BSP has  five  major
                 components:

                 •     technical assistance;

                 •     small grants  for biodiversity research;

                 •     training to  improve  countries capacities  to  conserve biological
                       resources;

                 •     information collection and dissemination network; and

                 •     pilot demonstration projects.

 CONTACT     World Wildlife Fund
                 Science
                 1250 24th St, NW
                 Washington, DC  20037  202-778-9600

                 Conservation Foundation
                 Environmental Quality
                 1250 24th St., NW
                 Washington DC,  20037  202-778-9645
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-20
August 1992

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                   International Union for the Conservation
                   of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
                           World Conservation Union
 KEYWORDS   Conservation
                Coordination
 OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
 Coastal
 and Marine
 Programme
CONTACT
IUCN is a non-governmental, non-profit membership organization representing
all  major conservation agencies and groups  worldwide.  lUCN's current
membership stands at approximately 380 organizations. IUCN members meet
at three year intervals to define priorities for action under IUCN general
assembly recommendations.

IUCN is also responsible for drafting the highly acclaimed World Conservation
Strategy. The document summarizes the priorities and recommends effective
means to combat global environmental problems.

The activities carried out by the IUCN Secretariat and its members in support
of conservation comprise the IUCN Program. IUCN has an extensive network
of physical and natural scientists, resource managers, planners, lawyers and
other specialists who work with the IUCN Commissions, specialized centers,
programs, and field projects.  Many of them deal with marine and coastal
planning, marine conservation, and marine resource management issues.

This program's mission is to develop and apply the principles and methods
needed for the sustainable use and management of critical ocean and coastal
ecosystems and species. The Coastal and Marine Programme was established
in the IUCN Secretariat to facilitate the application  of the wide-ranging
expertise in formulating the marine components of national, regional, and
international conservation strategies and action plans.  Once these strategies
and plans are formulated, the  Marine  Programme office promotes their
implementation  in   collaboration with  the  IUCN  network  and  other
organizations. The  program's goal is to achieve significant improvements in
the conservation and sustainable  use of marine living resources worldwide.

International Union  for the
  Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Coastal and Marine  Programme
IUCN
Ave. du Mont Blanc
Gland, Switzerland CH 1196  41.22.649.114
Non-Governmental Organizations
                      NGO-21
August 1992

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Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-21
August 1992

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                    International Council for the Exploration
                                 of the Sea (ICES)
 KEYWORDS
 OVERVIEW
 COORD
PROGRAMS
 Coordination
 Education
 Research

 ICES is the oldest inter-governmental organization in the world concerned with
 marine and fishery sciences.  Since its inception in 1902, ICES has been a
 scientific forum for exchanging information and ideas on the seas and marine
 living resources.

 ICES works on the premise that international cooperation in research is vital
 if marine resources are to be conserved and exploited rationally. In keeping
 with this belief, it works to promote and coordinate research undertaken by
 experts within its seventeen member countries.

 Present members of ICES include Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany,
 Finland,  France, Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
 Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States. The ICES Secretariat
 is based in Copenhagen, and oversees  the administration of ICES activities.

 The scientific  staff of member country laboratories have a long tradition of
 working  together at ICES.  The council also  works closely with fisheries
 regulatory commissions in the North Sea, Baltic Sea, and North Atlantic.

 ICES is  involved with  all aspects of oceanographic  and marine biological
 research, including:

 •     physical and chemical properties of the sea;

 •     biology, ecology, and  population dynamics of exploited fish and
      shellfish stocks;

 •     contamination and quality of the marine environment;

•     fishing techniques;

•     marine mammal studies; and

•     mariculture.
Non-Governmental Organizations
                      NGO-22
                                                                          August 1992

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                 ICES publishes extensive literature on all of the above subjects.  In addition"
                 ICES organizes standing committees, working groups, ad hoc teams, special
                 meetings, and symposia on special issues.  Annual Statutory Meetings allow.
                 member states to stay informed on new research findings and current topics of
                 interest.

                 The programmatic work of ICES is divided into twelve overseeing committees:

                 •     Anadromous and Catadromous Fish;

                 •     Baltic Fish;

                 •     Biological Oceanography;

                 •     Demersal Fish;

                 •     Fish Capture;

                 •     Hydrography;

                 •     Mariculture;

                 •     Marine Environmental Quality;

                 •     Marine Mammals;

                 •     Pelagic Fish;

                 •      Shellfish; and

                 •      Statistics.

 CONTACT     U.S. Delegate to International Council
                  for the Exploration of the Sea
                 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
                 Woods Hole, MA  02543   508-548-1400

                 General Secretary
                International Council for the
                  Exploration of the Sea
                Palaegade 2-4
                DK-1261 Copenhagen K Denmark
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-22
                                                                            August 1992

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                             CANADIAN AGENCIES
 Environment Canada
CAN-1
Canadian Agencies
                                                                     August 1992

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Canadian Agencies
August 1992

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                               Environment Canada
 KEYWORDS
 OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
 Assessment
 Conservation
 Coordination
 Enforcement
 Law
 Regulatory
 Monitoring/Research
 Policy

 The federal Minister of Environment's responsibilities are defined by such
 policies as Canada Water Act, Canada Wildlife Act, Candian Environmental
 Protection Act, Migratory Birds Convention Act, and National Parks Act.

 Activities carried out through departmental programs, include:

 •     promotion of objectives or standards relating to environmental quality
      or to controlling pollution;

 •     wise management and use of renewable resources;

 •     environmental impact assessments of new federal projects; and

 •     preservation of nationally significant natural and cultural heritage.

 Environment Canada is active in the preservation of biological diversity and
 promotion of international consensus for global action.

 The department is also involved with international partners in identifying ways
 to assist developing countries to meet international environmental standards.

 Environment Canada participates in  a growing number of international
 meetings, summits, conferences, and other environmental fora and complies
 with numerous conventions, protocols, and international agreements.  The
 department is active in technical exchange with organizations such as UNEP*,
 Economic Commission  for Europe,  Organization for Economic Cooperation
 and Development, and WMO*.

Environment Canada's marine-focused activities are conducted under two of
its central line organizations: Conservation and Protection Service (C&P) and
 Canadian Parks Service.  Management is carried out at the headquarters level,
with implementation organized at each of the five regional centers.
Canadian Agencies
                       CAN-1
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                 The centers are located in the Atlantic region, Ontario, Quebec, the Western
                 & Northern region, and the Pacific & Yukon territory.

  Conservation  The Conservation and Protection Service is responsibile for the conservation,
  and Protection enhancement and management of Canada's renewable resources of water, land,
  Service        and  wildlife.   This responsibility  includes water  quantity  and quality
                 monitoring, aquatic research,  management of  migratory  birds  and  the
                 protection of threatened or endangered species.

                 In addition, the  Conservation  and Protection Service is responsible  for
                 protecting environmental quality.   This includes preventing, reducing, or
                 eliminating adverse environmental effects for new developments, releases of
                 pollutants, and the use of hazardous chemicals. It also involves cleaning up
                 harmful substances that have been  spilled.

                 Three directorates under C&P implement marine activities:

                 •     Environmental Protection

                 •     Inland Waters Directorate

                 •     Canadian Wildlife Service

  Environmental The Marine Environmental Protection (MEP) Branch of the Office of Waste
  Protection -    Management implements national regulatory policy for land-based marine
  Office of       pollution, shellfish harvesting, ocean dumping, and marine environmental
  Waste          quality standards.
  Management
 Ocean
 Dumping

 Shellfish
 Sanitation
 Land Based
 Sources of
 Marine
 Pollution
The MEP implements a permit system for safe ocean disposal of industrial
wastes and dredged materials.

The Canadian Shellfish Sanitation Program (CSSP) is jointly administered by
Environment  Canada,  Department  of  Fisheries  and  Oceans,  and  the
Department of Energy.   The objective of the program is  to protect public
health from contaminated molluscan shellfish by controlling recreational  and
commercial shellfish harvesting.  CSSP is conducted according to procedures
jointly agreed to by Canada and U.S. in a 1948 Bilateral Agreement.

As part of the Federal Green plan, Canadian initiatives include remedial action
plans for at least 11 Atlantic harbours and coastal areas and Canada's National
Waste Reduction Plan seeking to cut the amount of waste produced by 50%
by the year 2000.
Canadian Agencies
                        CAN-1
                                                                            August 1992

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  London        MEP representatives participate in the London Dumping Convention and are
  Dumping      also actively involved in the global control of land based sources of
  Convention    marine pollution.

  Inland Waters  The Inland Waters Directorates (IWD) marine programs are focused in estuary
  Directorate    and near coastal regions.  Also mandated by the Canadian Environmental
                 Protection Act, primary marine related responsiblity lies in the development
                 of marine quality guidelines and will soon be involved in research  and
                 monitoring programs as well.

  Environmental  The Environmental Emergency Branch, administered under IWD is responsible
  Emergency     for environmental mitigation of oil and contaminated waste spills. Specific
  Branch        programs include crisis management, spill preparedness,  and prevention of
                 spills.  The National Environmental Emergency Center is involved directly in
                 spill clean up activities.
 Canadian
 Wildlife
 Service
The Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS) is committed to the management and
conservation of migratory and waterfowl stocks.  With the aid of research and
monitoring programs administered in regional centers around Canada, CWS
protects endangered seabirds and develops management plans for the controlled
take of waterfowl.

Priorities for wildlife conservation include:

•      identification and protection of habitat critical to wildlife;

•      research on  biology and dynamics  of wildlife  populations and on
       habitat, as the basis for effective management;

•      development and enforcement of appropriate regulations for wildlife
       protection; and

•      partnerships  with  other   levels  of government,  non-government
       organizations, and the private sector in cooperative protection and
       conservation efforts.

In addition, research continues on the levels and effects of contaminants in
seabirds, birds of prey and other wildlife. Data is also used as an indicator for
environmental quality.
Canadian Agencies
                        CAN-1
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   Canada Parks Parks Canada's marine programs are primarily terrestrial. However, in
   Service -      1986 Canada adopted a policy governing national marine parks.  Parks Canada
   National    .   intends to represent each of the 29 marine natural regions which characterize
   Parks         the diversity of Canada's coastal zone and surrounding oceans within a system
   Directorate    of national marine parks.

                 Parks Canada is very active in the St Lawrence and Sagueney regions. The
                 St. Lawrence Centre is  the primary  instrument created to support the St.
                 Lawrence Action Plan.   The  centre seeks to act  as both a catalyst and
                 integrator for  collective  action for the development of  expertise  in  the
                 management of large river systems.
 CONTACTS
 Minister of Environment
 Environment Canada
 Place Vincent Massey
 351 St. Joseph Blvd.
 Hull, Quebec K1A OH3

 Assistant Deputy Minister
 Conservation and Protection
 819-997-1575

 Chief, Marine Environment Division
 Office of Waste Management
 Conservation and Protection
 819-953-1699

 Director General
 Ecosystem Science and Evaluation Directorate
 Conservation and Protection
 819-997-2019

 Director, Migratory Birds & Wildlife Conservation
 Canadian Wildlife Service
 Conservation and Protection
 819-947-2957

Director General
National Parks Directorate
Parks Canada
7th Floor
7425 Eddy Street
Hull,  Quebec K1A OH3
819-994-2657
Canadian Agencies
                       CAN-1
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      APPENDIX A - MARINE POLICY CENTERS - North America
 Center for Oceans Law & Policy
 University of Virginia
 School of Law
 Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
 Telephone: (804)924-7441
 FAX: (804) 924-7362

 Center for the Study of Marine Policy
 College of Marine Studies
 University of Delaware
 Newark, Delaware 19716-3501
 Telephone:  (302)831-8086
 FAX: (302)831-3668

 The East West Center (EWC)
 1777 East-West Road
 Honolulu, Hawaii 96848
 Telephone:  (808) 944-7111
 FAX: (808)944-7376

 Graduate Program in Marine Affairs
 The Marine Affairs Program
 The University of Rhode Island, Washburn Hall
 Kingston,  Rhode Island 02881-0817
 Telephone:  (401)792-2596
 FAX: (401)792-2156

 Institute for Coastal and Marine Resources
 East Carolina University
 Mamie Jenkins Building
 Greenville, NC  27858-4353
 Telephone: (919)757-6779
 FAX: (919)757-4265

 Marine Law Institute
 University of Maine School of Law
 246 Deering Ave
 Portland,  ME 04102
Telephone: (207)780-4474
FAX: (207)780-4913

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Marine Option Program
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Marine Sciences Building Room 229
1000 Pope Road
Honolulu, ffl 96822-9987
Telephone: (808) 956-8433
FAX: (808)956-2417

Marine Policy Center
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole, MA 02543
Telephone: (508)457-2000, ext. 2774
FAX: (508)457-2184

Marine Resource Management Graduate Program
College of Oceanography
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Telephone:  (503)737-3504
FAX: (503)737-2064  '

Ocean and Coastal Law Center
School of Law University of Oregon
Eugene, Oregon 97403-1221
Telephone: (503)346-3845
FAX: (503)346-1564

Oceans Institute of Canada/
Institut canadien des oceans
1236 Henry St., 5th floor
Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5
Telephone: (902)494-3879
FAX: (902)494-1334

Ocean Systems Management Program
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Room 5-207
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02139
Telephone: (617)253-5151
FAX: (617)253-8125

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School of Marine Affairs
University of Washington HF-05
3707 Brooklyn Avenue NE
Seattle, Washington 98195
Telephone:  (206)543-7004
FAX: (206)543-1417

Technology and Policy Program
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Room E40-252
Cambridge, MA  02139
Telephone: (617)253-7693
FAX: (617)253-7140

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