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Agency for International Development (AID)
KEYWORDS Development
Monitoring/Research
Assessment
Conservation
Coordination
Education
OVERVIEW AID was created by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to carry out U.S.
economic assistance programs in the developing world. AID operates through
a worldwide network of country missions which administer development
assistance programs funded by loans and grants.
AID's three development goals for its work in Less Developed Countries
(LDCs) are:
to promote and sustain economic growth;
to develop human capacity, particularly health and education; and
to encourage pluralism, e.g., democracy, freedom and competition.
PROGRAMS AID's structure includes six functional bureaus and four regional bureaus,
which oversee missions and offices assigned to the regional bureaus. Of these,
the Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean* and the Bureau for Science
and Technology* support marine related projects.
CONTACT U.S. Agency for International Development
320 21st St., NW
Washington, DC 20523-0061 202-647-9620
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Agency for International Development
Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)
Office of Development Resources
KEYWORDS Development
Conservation
Monitoring/Research
Education
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
Caribbean
Conservation
Corporation
(CCC)
One of the LAC Bureau's central objectives is to encourage preservation and
sustainable use of the natural resource base. Coastal zone management is one
of four major technical areas on which the majority of LAC environmental and
natural resource management programs will be focused. Marine-related
projects range from sea turtle conservation in Costa Rica, through promotion
of shrimp mariculture, to contingency planning for oil spills in Jamaica. Other
activities include establishing marine parks, monitoring coastal water quality,
and managing the coastal zone of the eastern Caribbean.
An overview of the state of marine resources in the Caribbean, along with
options for its improved management and conservation, can be found in
Caribbean Marine Resources: Opportunities for Economic Development and
Management. This document was commissioned by the LAC Bureau and
produced by NOAA.
Interagency coordination is conducted with NOAA*, USCG*, NSF*, EPA*,
andNMFS*.
Since 1988, AID has supported the efforts of the CCC to implement a
comprehensive set of activities that foster conservation and sustainable
development of Tortuguero, Costa Rica. The area is world-renowned as the
largest rookery for the endangered green sea turtle and emcompasses unspoiled
tropical forest, wetland, and coastal habitat. Project objectives are:
to develop a comprehensive zoning and development plan for
Tortuguero, ensuring compatibility of future development and
conservation goals;
to provide for sustainable management of critical lowland forests,
estuaries, wetlands, and sea turtle nesting beaches;
to create a wildlife corridor between the Tortuguero National Park and
Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge;
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to develop a long-term environmental education and training program
that addresses local population needs and generates employment
opportunities; and
to expand the Green Turtle Research Station into a comprehensive
international training center for biological research and conservation.
Environment/ ENCORE concentrates on developing coastal management strategies for
Coastal countries in the eastern Caribbean region and on promoting integration of
Resources coastal zone management into development projects. Still in the design phase,
Program the project is directed at preventive and remedial actions that demonstrate the
validity of economic sustainability through long-term natural resource
management.
ENCORE'S objectives are to protect natural resources and overall
environmental quality in order to realize economic and biological potential.
ENCORE is proposed for six years and will involve community participation
in planning and management of coastal resources. Initial pilot projects are
planned for Dennery, St. Lucia; Scotts Head, Dominica; and Portsmouth
Dominica.
Although the Bureau can implement projects for development in LDCs, there
is no method to ensure that the projects will continue to operate after AID
terminates support.
CONTACT Agency for International Development
LAC/DR/RD
Room 2242
New State
320 21st Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20523-0010 202-647-9486
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Agency for International Development
Bureau of Science and Technology
Office of Forestry, Environment and Natural Resources (FENR)
KEYWORDS Development
Coordination
Assessment
OVERVIEW The Coastal Resources Management Project (CRMP) is FENR's only
exclusively coastal/marine activity.
PROGRAMS CRMP was established in 1985 through a cooperative agreement between AID
and the University of Rhode Island (URI). CRMP assists in-country
counterparts in formulating and implementing national management strategies,
offering technical assistance where needed. In-country teams from each
participating nation collaborate with the project staff at URFs Coastal
Resources Center.
The initial five-year project sought to launch three integrated coastal resource
management programs (in Ecuador, Sri Lanka,.and Thailand) to serve as
models for developing countries worldwide.
The aims of each pilot program are:
to develop procedures to assess the impacts of coastal development
proposals;
to undertake research to clarify trends affecting the condition and use
of coastal resources;
to improve the capabilities of in-country professionals to plan for and
manage coastal development; and
to develop institutional capabilities to address resource use conflicts
effectively.
For the second five-year phase, CRMP is currently reviewing requests by
other countries in Asia and Latin America to be included in the coastal
management program.
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CONTACT URI/AID CRMP
University of Rhode Island
Coastal Resources Center
Marine Resources Building
Narragansett Bay Campus
Narragansett, RI 02882-1197 401-792-6224
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Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
KEYWORDS Policy
Coordination
Research
OVERVIEW
CEQ was established by the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
to formulate and recommend national policies to promote the improvement of
the quality of the environment. CEQ is located within the Executive Office
of the President and provides expert opinion and policy advice to the President
on environmental matters. The Chairman participates in the Domestic Policy
Council, Economic Policy Council, and other Cabinet-level meetings.
CEQ has three primary responsibilities:
1. to serve as the President's "in-house" environmental advisor;
2. to coordinate the positions of Cabinet Departments and independent
agencies on environmental issues; and
3. to administer the provisions of NEPA.
Included within these responsibilities are:
advising the President on national and international policies to foster
and promote the improvement of environmental quality;
assisting and advising the President in the preparation of the annual
Environmental Quality Report;
conducting studies and making recommendations on policy and
legislation as requested by the President;
providing general leadership and support to the coordination of
activities of the federal departments and agencies which affect, promote
and improve environmental quality;
interpreting legal issues related to NEPA, assisting agencies in
compliance with NEPA's requirements and resolving interagency
disputes through NEPA referral process;
issuing regulations binding on all federal agencies for the assessment of
environmental impacts associated with proposals for federal actions;
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fostering cooperation between the federal and local government the
private sector and the environmental community;
recognizing teachers who design and implement the most innovative and
effective programs to teach students about the environment; and
assessing and reporting on trends in environmental quality.
PROGRAMS CEQdae* not directly operate an oceans program, but places a high priority
SrS^^iT* f ^ ** fa ^ development. Otetoui
CEQ addresses include global change, recycling, pollution prevention
wetlands protection and energy conservation. prevention,
CONTACT
Project under the US-USSR Cooperative Agreement
« £nvironmental Protection entitled "Legal and Administrative
for fl£ pTT5 faUs "nder *"* M' "Legal and Administrative
for the Protection of Environmental .Quality," of the Agreement.
workshop (June 1990) with the State of
_ aspects of the US-USSR initiative for
park in the Bering Land Bridge region.
In addition, CEQ led U.S. efforts to involve non-governmental organizations
» d,scUSsions leading to the 1992 United Nations Conference on Enviromnen
and Development (UNCED). «"vuunnieni
Council on Environmental Quality
722 Jackson Place, NW
Washington, DC 20503 202-395-5750
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Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
KEYWORDS Research
Monitoring/Research
Policy
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
CONTACT
NOAA was established in 1970 by Reorganization Plan #4 to provide a federal
government focus on the problems of the oceans and the atmosphere. NOAA
gathers data, conducts research, and makes predictions about the environment.
NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas and skies, guides use and
protection of ocean resources, and tries to enrich the understanding of oceans,
atmospheres, space, and the sun.
NOAA marine pollution responsibilities are specifically addressed in the
National Ocean Pollution Planning Act of 1978 (NOPPA). Additional
responsibilities related to marine pollution were assigned to NOAA in response
to Title n of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA),
which directs the secretary to establish a comprehensive and continuing
program of monitoring and research with respect to the possible long-range
effects of pollution, overfishing, and man-induced changes of ocean
ecosystems.
NOAA's marine pollution-related research, development, monitoring, and
management activities are conducted in three of NOAA's line organizations:
National Ocean Service* (NOS);
National Marine Fisheries Service* (NMFS); and
Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research* (OAR).
The Office of the Chief Scientist* (OCS) also administers several marine
focused programs.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
5128 Herbert Clark Hoover Bldg.
Washington, DC 20230 202-377-3436
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Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS)
KEYWORDS Policy
Research
Assessment
OVERVIEW
OCS rests within the office of the NOAA Administrator. The Chief Scientist
is the principal scientific advisor to the Under Secretary and principal
spokesperson for NOAA on scientific and technical issues. The Chief Scientist
formulates and recommends scientific policy and provides guidance to NOAA
managers on scientific issues.
OCS has three offices with marine components:
1. Ecology and Environmental Conservation;
2. National Ocean Pollution Program; and
3. Coastal Ocean Program.
PROGRAMS This Office is a focal point for the review of ecological and environmental
conservation matters for NOAA. Office staff review NOAA activities to
Ecology and ensure full compliance with the National Recovery Policy Act and the
Environmental Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and contribute to the
Conservation development and implementation of NOAA policy on environmental issues.
Office This Office is directly involved in many marine issues, including:
coastal area management and habitat alteration;
marine waste disposal;
/
marine mining and oil and gas activities;
fisheries management;
traditional and recreational uses of ocean space;
marine endangered species and habitat protection; and
marine policy formulation (national and international).
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National Ocean This program fulfills the responsibilities assigned to NOAA by Sections 4 and
Pollution 8 of NOPPA. It prepares the five-year Federal Plan for Ocean Pollution
Program Office Research, Development and Monitoring called for by the Act. It consults with
federal, state, and local agencies, and private sector experts, and conducts
studies to determine national activities, priority problem areas for action, areas
of emphasis in the current Federal Program, and recommendations for
improved efficiency and effectiveness.
The National Ocean Pollution Program Office exercises an overall interagency
coordination role to ensure implementation of recommendations in the current
Federal Plan and to develop staff support for the National Pollution Ocean
Policy Board, chaired by the NOAA Chief Scientist.
The Office also prepares various information products, including the annual
Summary of Federal Programs and Projects, a standard reference for
information about Federal Marine Pollution activities. It prepares annual
funding reviews and reports that describe the impacts of specific polluting
activities on human health and living resources. It also manages the Ocean
Pollution Data and Information Network (OPDIN), which responds to requests
for data and information related to marine pollution.
Coastal Ocean This Office was established to address the problems threatening the vitality of
Program
Office
CONTACT
U.S. coastal and estuarine waters. The program focuses NOAA's
observational, research, assessment, and modeling capabilities on key problems
in the coastal ocean and simultaneously directs the Agency's information
management and delivery systems to assure that the findings of the program
are accessible and communicated effectively to decision makers. The program
goals are to improve prediction of:
coastal ocean degradation;
changes in living marine resources; and
physical impacts on life and property.
Department of Commerce
Office of the Chief Scientist
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Room 5128
14th & Constitution Ave, NW
Washington, DC 20230 202-377-5181
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Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Ocean Service (NOS)
KEYWORDS Research
Monitoring
Assessment
OVERVIEW
NOS was mandated by the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act
and National Ocean Pollution Planning Act. NOS seeks to provide
comprehensive "strategic assessments" of national marine quality problems,
conduct nationwide monitoring of marine environmental quality in coastal
waters, and provide on-scene advice during emergency responses to spills of
hazardous materials.
NOS houses four offices:
1. Office of Ocean Resources, Conservation and Assessment;
2. Coast and Geodetic Survey;
3. Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management; and
4. Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences.
NOAA was recently reorganized. No other line organization has current plans
to transfer office responsibilities or create new offices.
The Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences encompasses all of NOS's hard
science capabilities; it will dissolve the Office of Ocean Services and take on
the hard science of the Office of Marine Assessment and the geodetic research
center from the Office of Charting and Geodetic Services.
The Office of Marine Assessment changed its name to the Office of Ocean
Resources, Conservation and Assessment (ORCA). The Office's basic
responsibility will be all NOS assessment and planning. The Arctic
Environmental Assessment Center and the Damage Assessment and Restoration
Center is administered under ORCA. ORCA also manages divisions for
strategic environmental assessment, coastal monitoring and bioeffects
assessment, and hazardous materials response and assessment. These
responsibilities, formerly programmed under OMA, expanded to full divisions.
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CONTACT
The Office of Charting and Geodetic Services changed its name to Coast and
Geodetic Survey. The office's responsibilities will remain unchanged, with the
exception of the loss of the geodetic research center.
In addition to modified responsibilities, several offices will also experience
staff adjustments. In many cases, new positions will be available.
The Office of Coastal Resource Management remains the central coastal
management office for NOS. Plans for any changes within the office are
unknown.
Please note that these plans are still subject to change. The reorganization
must undergo the Federal review process before completion.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association
National Ocean Service
1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20235 202-606-4140
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Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Ocean Service
Office of Ocean Resources, Conservation and Assessment (ORCA)
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Assessment
OVERVIEW
ORCA seeks to determine the status of environmental quality in coastal and
estuarine areas of the United States. In existence since 1984, the office's goals
are:
to provide leadership for federal interagency planning and coordination;
and
to furnish the best available scientific and technical information on
marine and estuarine environmental quality to national policy makers
in Congress, federal agencies and state and local governments, the
private sector, and the public.
PROGRAMS The NS&T monitors concentrations of toxic chemicals and trace elements in
bottom-feeding fish, shellfish, and sediments at 200 coastal and estuarine
National locations throughout the United States. The objective of this program is to
Status and determine the status and long-term trends of toxic contamination in important
Trends estuarine and coastal areas. This program is the first to use a uniform set of
Program techniques to measure coastal and estuarine environmental quality.
Strategic The SEAP collects information on the resources of the coastal ocean to
Environmental identify compatibilities and conflicts among multiple uses and to help
Assessment determine research and management needs and priorities. Since 1980, it has
Program published a series of thematic atlases of major regions of the Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ), including the east coast, the Gulf of Mexico, the
Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas, and the west coast of North America.
SEAP maintains large databases on:
the characteristics of coastal and estuarine areas (National Estuarine
inventory);
the distribution of biological resources and habitats within these areas
(Living Marine Resources Program and the National Coastal Wetlands
Inventory); and
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Hazardous
Materials
Response
Program
CONTACT
economic activities and their pollutant discharges (National Coastal
Pollutant Discharge Inventory).
This program provides critical information on consequences of oil spills on the
marine and estuarine environment as well as support to EPA's Superfund
during emergency responses at, and for cleanup of, abandoned hazardous
waste sites in coastal areas.
Other ORCA programs include:
Damage Assessment Program;
National Water Levels Program;
Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program
(OCSEAP);
Coastal Circulation Program; and
Global Absolute Sea Level Monitoring Program.
One of ORCA's recent projects has been to assess damages to the marine and
estuarine environment due to the Exxon Valdez spill.
National Ocean Service
Office of Ocean Resources, Conservation and Assessment
N/ORCA, Room 212
6001 Executive Boulevard
Rockville, MD 20852 301-443-8487
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Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Ocean Service
Coast and Geodetic Survey
KEYWORDS
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
Mapping and
Charting
Geodetic
Program
Monitoring/Research
C&GS is responsible for NOAA's mapping, charting, and geodesy programs,
as mandated by the 1807 Navigation Act. C&GS performs geodetic,
hydrographic and photogrammetric surveys, and field investigations. It
processes air and marine mapping and charting data to produce nautical charts,
Coast Pilot publications, bathymetric maps ~ including high-resolution maps
of the U.S. Economic Zone (EEZ) - and aeronautical charts. The results of
data analyses and geodetic research investigations are available to users in a
variety of formats.
C&GS also provides guidance in mapping and charting procedures and the
development of geodetic standards. C&GS assists national, state, and local
organizations through a variety of cooperative programs.
C&GS cooperates with the U.S. Geological Survey in carrying out the national
EEZ program and various coastal mapping programs. In addition, it works
with the U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Defense Mapping
Agency, and the Federal Aviation Administration to ensure navigational safety
in U.S. waters and in national airspace. As U.S. representatives, C&GS,
along with the Defense Mapping Agency, share responsibilities associated with
International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) membership.
Cooperative efforts with the Canadian Hydrographic Service are handled under
the auspices of the U.S.-Canada Hydrographic Commission.
The mapping and charting program provides accurate and timely nautical and
aeronautical charts, maps, and related products for the coastal and adjacent
Mapping and ocean areas of the United States (including possessions and
territories), the Great Lakes, other inland navigable waters, and the National
Airspace System for the safety and efficiency of marine and air transportation,
offshore engineering projects, defense operations, and recreational activities.
The geodetic program develops and maintains the National Geodetic Reference
System as defined by the nation's three geodetic control networks. Points
defined by these networks are the basic geographic location and elevation
starting positions for land surveys, cartography, engineering, construction,
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environmental control measures, and Earth science studies. In addition,
geodetic advisors are assigned to those states participating in the Geodetic State
Advisor Program.
CONTACT National Ocean Service
Coast and Geodetic Survey
6001 Executive Blvd.
Rockville, MD 20852 301-443-8204
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Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Ocean Service
Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM)
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Conservation
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
National
Estuarine
Research
Reserve
Program
Established in 1972, OCRM is responsible for programs that protect and
manage U.S. coastal resources.
The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) established the Coastal Zone
Management Program (CZMP) to provide financial and technical assistance
and policy guidance to states and territorial governments to prepare and
implement programs which balance the use and conservation of coastal and
marine resources. OCRM seeks to ensure that the state programs remain in
compliance with national standards by providing oversight and evaluation of
state performance. Currently, 29 of the 35 eligible coastal states and
territories, covering 93% of the nation's shoreline, have federally approved
coastal zone management programs. Two other states Ohio and Minnesota -
- have expressed interest in developing CZM programs.
OCRM administers the National Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP)
and the National Estuarine Research Reserve Program (NERRP), both
mandated by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. In addition, OCRM
manages the National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) and the Ocean
Minerals and Energy Program.
Authorized by CZMA Section 315, the NERRP consists of reserves owned and
managed by states with OCRM providing oversight and national program
guidance and support. The reserves focus on the protection and management
of estuarine land and water resources, including wetlands and watersheds,
environmental education and interpretation, and monitoring and research.
Presently, there are 18 designated reserves in 16 states. These reserves protect
more than 300,000 acres of estuarine lands and waters.
The NERRP was also bolstered by the 1990 CZMA Amendments, which
increased the amount of Federal financial assistance for land or water
acquisition of individual National Estuarine Research Reserves. In addition,
the maximum Federal share of costs for managing reserves and supporting
educational activities was increased. These new provisions provide added
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Coastal
Zone
Management
Program
National
Marine
Sanctuary
Program
(NMSP)
Ocean
Minerals
and Energy
Program
incentive for the designation of new reserves at a time when states are
increasing their interest in the program.
The 1990 CZMA Amendments, reauthorized the coastal zone management and
estuarine research reserve programs for five years. Designed to modernize
and strengthen the CZMA to address new and emerging coastal issues, the
1990 Amendments modify the Act in a number of ways. A new Coastal
Nonpoint Pollution Control Program was established which requires coastal
states to develop a program to protect coastal waters from nonpoint source
pollution from adjacent coastal land uses. In addition, a new enhancement
grants program encourages each coastal state to improve its CZM program in
one or more of eight identified national priority areas. Other changes to
CZMA include:
the addition of Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas lease sales to the
Federal consistency provisions;
new requirements for expanded public participation opportunities in the
program evaluation process;
new authority to impose interim sanctions for up to three years if the
state is failing to adhere to its federally approved program or estuarine
reserve management plan; and
a new requirement for the Secretary of Commerce to provide technical
assistance and management-oriented research to support the
development and implementation of state CZM programs.
The NMSP designates and manages offshore marine areas for the purpose of
preserving or restoring their ecological, historical, recreational, or aesthetic
values. National marine sanctuaries may be designated in coastal and ocean
waters, in submerged lands, and in the Great Lakes and their connecting
waters. Research and educational programs have important roles in the
management of sanctuaries. OCRM administers eight marine sanctuaries; six
additional sites are now being evaluated for possible designation. In 1990,
President Bush signed the Florida Keys Marine Sanctuary and Protection Act,
whicn created a new 2,600 square nautical mile sanctuary in the coastal waters
off the Florida Keys.
This program administers the Ocean and Thermal Fjiergy Conversion (OTEC)
Act and the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act. The OTEC Act
provides for licensing of OTEC facilities within U.S. waters. The Deep Seabed
Hard Mineral Resources Act provides for licensing deep seabed mining
exploration and commercial recovery operations and for the establishment of
bilateral and multilateral agreements to provide a stable international legal
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CONTACT
framework for deep seabed mining activities. Regulations are in place for both
programs, but world energy and metal prices to date have not been sufficient
to trigger license applications. Work is now focused on joint seabed mining
environmental studies with other countries to determine the impacts of deep
seabed mining and on international mineral activities including enforcement of
the Antarctic Treaty provision. In addition, there is renewed interest in
reconsidering the seabed mining provisions in the Law of the Sea Treaty.
National Ocean Service
Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20235 202-606-4111
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Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Ocean Service
Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences (OES)
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Conservation
OVERVIEW
OES operates several programs dealing with marine conservation and resource
management. OES is not mandated, but, among others, the Magnuson Fishery
Conservation and Management Act, the National Weather Service Organic
Act, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey Act all provide enabling legislation
to carry out office activities.
OES organizes its data primarily through access to raw and processed data and
information, in addition to technical and scientific papers, newsletters, and
general press articles. .
PROGRAMS OES's four programs/divisions are:
1. Joint Ice Center (JIC);
2. Center for Ocean Analysis and Prediction (COAP);
3. Ocean Products Center (OPC); and
4. Ocean Observations Division (OOD).
Joint Ice In existence since 1975, JIC seeks to provide general and tailored support of
Center ice analysis and guidance products which relate to life and property. It seeks
to notify of hazards of navigation (i.e. icing) and to provide information useful
to the climate change program. The Center is currently the only one of its
kind in the world.
JIC goals are to render support for arctic, antarctic, and Great Lakes research
and to supply accurate forecasts and efficient guidance products. The JIC also
works on ice climatology issues and designs ice observation arrays.
JIC holds two major meetings a year in addition to one with Canadian officials
at least once a year. JIC frequently performs liaison activities with the NSF*
and ONR*.
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Center for COAP, established in 1989 and composed of all the NOAA line organizations,
Ocean ^ was designed to be a national NOAA center for the development, exchange,
Analysis integration, and dissemination of biological, chemical, and physical oceano-
and Prediction graphic products and services for effective management of living marine
resources.
COAP conducts scientific research and monitoring and is involved with public
outreach, policy making and environmental law enforcement. COAP provides
support for the collection, processing, analysis and production of ocean
information in support of living marine resources and NOAA's climate change
and coastal ocean programs. It focuses on operational ocean modelling,
information display and analysis workstations, and providing access to
environmental data.
COAP interagency coordination is administered with EPA*, MMS*, ONR*
the Oceanographer of the Navy, DOE*, NSF*, and the Army Corps of
Engineers*, in addition to participation with many university research
activities.
Ocean
Products
Center
Ocean
Observations
Division
CONTACT
OPC was established in 1985 to provide operational support for marine weather
activities and for NOAA's coastal ocean programs. It performs applied
scientific research and monitoring, and engages in environmental law enforce-
ment and policy making.
OPC seeks to provide product guidance of marine flux events such as wind,
waves, circulation, and thermal structures. OPC is in primary support of
NOAA's National Weather Service. OPC program coordination is frequently
conducted with ONR*, the Oceanographer of the Navy, NSF*, and the U S
Coast Guard*.
OOD, designed in 1984, develops and implements a routine, global ocean
observing network. OOD is involved with many aspects of marine
management including issues of fisheries, marine waste disposal, and coastal
observations. Through design, monitoring, policy making and enforcement
assistance, OOD seeks to coordinate routine global ocean observing array
design and operation with coordination from almost all of the federal agencies
and many universities.
National Ocean Service
Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences
6001 Executive Blvd, Room 808
Rockville, MD 20852 301-443-8105
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Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Conservation
OVERVIEW
NMFS has responsibility by Congressional mandate for conserving and
managing marine, estuarine, and anadromous fishery resources throughout its
range. The Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976,
among other legislative measures, requires the Secretary of Commerce to
initiate comprehensive programs of fishery research on issues such as the
impacts of pollution on the abundance and availability of fishery resources.
NMFS goals are:
to understand the effects of pollutant loadings and habitat alterations on
living marine resources;
to develop methods for assessing the viability of fishery stocks and
habitats;
to develop methods for predicting the effect of man's activities on
marine ecosystems and their components;
to understand effects of physical perturbations on coastal ecosystems;
and
to develop efficient systems for transfer and dissemination of habitat
and marine pollution information.
All NMFS offices seek effective implementation of the NMFS mission. The
Headquarter offices are policy orientated and act as liaisons between the
NMFS Administrator and the regional offices. The regional offices are
separately funded, and develop their own individual programs. However, as
the NMFS headquarter offices must review all regional activity for agency
coordination, headquarters is considered to be the primary contact.
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PROGRAMS
National
Fishery
Ecology
Program
CONTACT
NMFS conducts research directed toward understanding the effects of man-
induced and natural changes on the abundance, distribution, and health of
living marine resources of commercial and recreational importance. The goal
of the program is to provide high quality research information for resource
managers in NMFS and other Federal agencies in order to conserve living
marine resources and their habitats.
National Marine Fisheries Service
1335 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-713-2239
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Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management (OFCM)
KEYWORDS
OVERVIEW
COORD
Plans and
Regulation
Division
Recreational
& Interjuris-
dictional
Fisheries
Division
Coordination
Policy
OFCM operates three divisions which provide the management oversight and
coordination for NMFS' five regional branches. Although all program activity
is managed at a regional level, the NMFS Headquarters office is responsible
for reviewing regional fisheries management strategies for consistency with
national policy.
NMFS frequently coordinates with the U.S. Coast Guard* as NMFS has no
"at sea" enforcement capabilities.
The Plans and Regulation Division receives management plans from eight
fishery councils nationwide and makes appropriate recommendations. Plans
must fully comport with federal laws and standards of the Magnuson Act. If
adjustments are needed, the Division is responsible for providing policy advice
and technical assistance so that compliance is reached. The Division also
facilitates the processing of regulatory actions for other NMFS offices and
serves as liaison with the Office of Federal Register for publication of all
notices and rulemakings.
This Division serves as the principal agency focus for marine recreational and
and interjurisdictional policy and program coordination. It identifies the
research and management needs of recreational and interjurisdictional fisheries
and monitors and coordinates fishery management interactions between the
states and federal government. The Division investigates, develops, and
recommends policies to strengthen federal and state involvement in recreational
and interjurisdictional fisheries conservation and management. It administers
grant-in-aid programs to improve the capability of the states and other non-
federal interests to coordinate fishery research, development, and enhancement
to provide improved biological, social, and economic information required for
conservation and management of fishery resources.
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at
CONTACT
°n nad°rai
other federal
interpretation
also provided concerning tte ecraronriL
management, including r
Permits and fees to
routinely reviewed and
counterparts. Under the
(GIFAS), specified »
that there are adequate
«ist between the U.S.
European nations.
Nonal Marine Fisheries Service
Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-713-2334
office
» «» **»« and
6*1" »1 advice is
aspects rf fi*ery
fish in U.S. .
u ? ""' JOim Ventures
u-s- fishermen and foreign
, and some
^"'^""'"^
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Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
Office of International Affairs (OIA)
KEYWORDS Policy
Coordination
Monitoring/Research
OVERVIEW OIA is responsible for coordinating departmental and NOAA international
fishery policies with other U.S. government departments and with international
organizations. OIA seeks to effectively carry out the NMFS mission in the
international arena, and provide analysis of current international policy.
OIA's goals are:
to develop policy positions for the Department of State and NOAA;
to provide analysis of foreign fisheries and policies regarding
international or transboundary resources;
to participate in international forums and decision-making processes;
to monitor and coordinate support from the international commissions
addressing living marine resources;
to conduct analytical economic research on foreign fisheries; and
to monitor international science activities.
COORD OIA is involved with many international groups, both on a multilateral and
bilateral basis. NMFS interacts with the International Whaling Commission
(IWC), Commission on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
(CCAMLR), and seven other marine resource commissions. NMFS is also
involved with bilateral agreements with the People's Republic of China,
Canada, and Mexico.
NMFS and the Department of State's Bureau of Oceans and International
Environmental Science collaborate frequently on matters of international
policy.
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CONTACT National Marine Fisheries Service
Office of International Affairs
1335 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-713-2272
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Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
Office of Enforcement
KEYWORDS Enforcement
Law
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
CONTACT
The Office of Enforcement is one of the only NOAA offices that transcends
the organizational boundaries of the separate services. Since 1970, the office
has been responsible for enforcing U.S. law and regulations and international
treaties with respect to U.S. living and non-living resources.
The office operates under several mandates, including the Magnuson Act, the
Marine Mammal Protection Act, and the Endangered Species Act. Although
nearly all of the enforcement activities are related to fisheries, the office is
also responsible for monitoring compliance for coastal zone management and
other NOAA efforts.
International cooperative efforts are undertaken with Canada, Japan and
Mexico on issues of anadromous and other species management. Special
interest is focused now on the Drift Net Act of 1987 which required the United
States to enter into agreements with the governments of Taiwan, Japan, and
Korea regarding their drift net fisheries. Under these agreements, NMFS has
100 percent satellite transmitter coverage of all vessels from these countries
using driftnets in the North Pacific and is gathering information on incidental
catch and impacts on the marine ecosystem.
Primary interagency coordination is with U.S. Coast Guard, Customs, Fish
and Wildlife Service, and coastal state marine enforcement agencies.
Primary involvement also continues with the enforcement of regulatory
protection for whales, porpoises, and other protected species. Enforcement
methods, performed through 44 field offices, include criminal investigations
of regulatory breaches and the employment of aboard-ship observers
nationwide.
National Marine Fisheries Service
Office of Enforcement
1335 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-427-2300
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Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
Office of Protected Resources (OPR)
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Conservation
Policy
OVERVIEW OPR provides advice and guidance on the conservation and protection of those
marine mammals and endangered species under the jurisdiction of the Marine
Mammal Protection Act. The office:
works toward the conservation, restoration, and enhancement of living
resources and habitats;
* develops national guidelines and policies for relevant research
programs;
provides oversight and advice on the scientific aspects of managing
species and habitats; and
manages specific projects as assigned by the Assistant Administrator.
In general, OPR works in coastal area management and habitat alteration,
marine waste disposal, marine mining, oil and gas and other energy
development, non-point source pollution, fisheries, traditional and recreational
uses of ocean areas, marine policy, marine protected area planning,
endangered species management, and international coordination of marine
programs.
OPR is divided into four divisions:
1. Permits and Documentation;
2. Protected Species Management;
3. Habitat Policy and Conservation; and
4. Conservation Science.
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PROGRAMS In its protected species work, the office:
Protected prepares public hearings and meetings;
Species
prepares and reviews management and recovery plans and
environmental impact statements (EIS);
processes ESA Section 7 consultations (federal project impacts on
endangered species);
coordinates national level projects;
issues permits, provides technical support for international programs;
and
acts as a liaison with NOAA's Office of Enforcement, the Marine
Mammal Commission, national environmental organizations, industry,
and other federal agencies.
Habitat In its habitat conservation work, OPR:
Conservation
develops national program priorities, plans, and budget justifications;
* initiates national efforts to conserve habitats;
reviews and advances NMFS positions on proposed federal projects;
reviews the adequacy of NMFS comments on EISs and federal
proposals to develop outer continental shelf resources;
develops NMFS positions on proposed policies, programs, and
regulations of other agencies; and
serves as principal liaison with other federal agencies and organizations
on habitat issues.
OPR organizes scientific and policy conferences and symposia on endangered
species and habitat conservation, and has recently started a newsletter
describing its activities.
CONTACT National Marine Fisheries Service
Office of Protected Resources
1335 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-713-2332
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Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Assessment
OVERVIEW
COORD
CONTACT
OAR endeavors to strengthen the scientific basis for national policy in the
areas of climate change, ocean and Great Lakes resources, and atmospheric
research. OAR identifies strategies that will enhance U.S. strength and
provide the knowledge base upon which to pursue these strategies. Within
OAR, there are several environmental research laboratories (ERL) and the
Office of Oceanic Research Programs (ORP). ORP operates both the National
Sea Grant College Program* and the National Undersea Research Program.
With respect to ocean science, OAR seeks to understand the natural ocean
system to a degree at which they can begin to develop predictive capabilities.
OAR is involved, through both the ERLs and the Sea Grant program, in
NOAA's Coastal Oceans Program, which crosses over several of the line
organizations. OAR's focus is on nutrient enhanced productivity, habitat
production, and habitat structure and function studies.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Ocean and Atmospheric Research
1335 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-713-2458
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Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Ocean and Atmospheric Research
Environmental Research Laboratories (ERLs)
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Assessment
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
Four of the environmental research laboratories within OAR are prominent in
ocean research:
Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL);
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML);
Pacific Marine Environmental Research Laboratory (PMEL); and
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.
OAR conducts research with several other agencies, institutions, and nations
and funds collaborative studies. ERLs also conduct research through
cooperative agreements or arrangements with academia. Interagency efforts
include arctic research, hurricane research with the Navy, and the research
conducted under the Climate and Global Change and Coastal Ocean Programs.
Internationally, the climate program is coordinated with several other nations.
Examples of other international efforts include a joint study by PMEL and the
(former) Soviet Union's Arctic/Antarctic Institute (Leningrad) that will
concentrate on physical oceanography properties, circulation processes, and
nutrients in the Bering/Chukchi Seas. AOML and the NOAA Undersea
Research Program (NURP) have worked with Japanese scientists on deep-sea
vents in the Izu-Bonin back-arc basin. GLERL conducts Great Lakes research
in coordination with Canadian efforts.
OAR conducts research in the international program to understand, monitor,
and predict climate and global changes in the atmosphere and oceans, which
is coordinated by OAR's Office of Global Programs. Studies include a diverse
suite of measurements over a wide range of time and space scales extending
from the equator to the poles. OAR maintains a large network of in situ
measuring devices.
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El Nino Examples of ongoing research include El Nino Southern Oscillation and the
ocean circulation of heat from low to high latitudes, which is believed to be
a critical process affecting the earth's climate. The effect of climatic change
on sea level and ecosystems is being studied. Exchange of several chemicals
between the ocean and atmosphere, including greenhouse gasses, is another
important focus of OAR climate research.
Coastal Ocean Research on fluctuations in the coastal ocean environment is conducted by
Environment scientists at GLERL, AOML, and PMEL. Individual projects are coordinated
Fluctuation and funded with studies conducted by other parts of NOAA and at non-NOAA
institutions by NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program. Areas of study include
fisheries; ecosystems; toxic chemical contaminants; productivity; and the
impact of severe weather, tides, and waves.
ERLs are involved in marine environmental assessment with studies on
estuarine circulation, contaminant transport, and transport modeling.
Arctic
Research is conducted in the Arctic on oceanic and atmospheric circulation;
air-sea-ice interaction; ventilation; vessel icing; and ice formation,
deformation, and motion.
Hydrothermal ERL operated a project on sea-floor hydrothermal vents that studies chemical
Vents and thermal effects of deep-sea venting including heat flux and plume
composition.
Fishery
Recruitment
Great Lakes
An important new area of multi-disciplinary research is the study of processes
that determine fishery recruitment. There are presently cooperative projects
underway in the Gulf of Alaska and Florida with NOAA's National Marine
Fisheries Service and several universities. OAR is extending the program to
the Bering Sea, Great Lakes, and the South Atlantic Bight. Fisheries-
oceanography requires collaborative support from other NOAA elements and
other agencies.
In the Great Lakes, research focuses on water quality and quantity, ecology,
geochemistry, hydrology, sediment transport, toxicity studies, and nutrient
fluxes (GLERL). GLERL is also beginning an exotic species research
program in response to the accidental introduction of several new species to
the Great Lakes Region. The new species are competing for existing food
supply and could cause great imbalances in the food web. The Zebra Mussel
is one of the exotic species of great concern at the present time.
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Ocean
Circulation
CONTACTS
In addition to modeling efforts at AOML, PMEL and GLERL, ocean
circulation modeling is conducted at ERL's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Laboratory. Models are used to examine processes, trends, and anomalies in
several areas of oceanic research including: circulation, coupled ocean and
atmospheric interaction, the Gulf Stream, response to changing COj
concentrations, ice-ocean interaction, heat content of the turbulent surface
layer, and coastal zone response to storms.
Headquarters
Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
Program Development Coordination
1335 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-713-2465
Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab
2205 Commonwealth Blvd
Ann Arbor, MI 48105 313-668-2235
Pacific Marine Environmental Lab
7600 Sand Point Way NE
Seattle, WA 98115-0070 206-526-6800
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Lab
4301 Rickenbacker Causeway
Miami, FL 33149 305-361-4300
Geophysical Fluids Dynamics Lab
Princeton University
P.O. Box 308
Princeton, NJ 08542 609-452-6502
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Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Office of Oceanic Research Programs
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Education
OVERVIEW
The National Sea Grant Program was established under the National Sea Grant
College and Program Act of 1966. Transferred to NOAA from the NSF in
1970, the program presently operates under the Sea Grant Program
Improvement Act of 1976.
The program's mission is to enhance coastal ocean research in the nation's
interest. The basic goal of the National Sea Grant College Program is to
foster the wise use of the nation's estuarine, coastal, and oceanic resources
through the application of academic expertise in directed and coordinated
research, education, and advisory service efforts.
PROGRAMS The Sea Grant Program manages five divisions:
Sea Grant
Program
1. Environmental Studies;
2. Technology and Commercial Studies;
3. Living Resources;
4. Non-Living Resources; and
5. Human Resources.
Virtually every marine issue is covered under one of the five divisions.
There are currently 29 Sea Grant Colleges operating on 300 campuses which
perform research on various issues of national interest. One of the Sea Grant
program's primary responsibilities is to disseminate research findings
effectively among the federal government agencies for enhancement of
inter/intra-agency coordination.
Written research proposals are submitted to the Sea Grant program and
subjected to a peer-review selection process. Quarterly abstract reports on
research findings are published and circulated among the agencies for program
use.
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CONTACT
Oceanic Research Programs
NOAA/Sea Grant
MS R-OR
1335 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-447-2431
^^^""^^^
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Department of Defense
Department of the Army
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Assessment
Policy
Enforcement
OVERVIEW The Corps of Engineers is assigned by many Public Laws, dating as far back
as the 1875 Rivers and Harbors Act. Since then, many public laws have
affected Corps activities, including:
1970 Rivers and Harbors and Hood Control Act;
1972 Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act;
1975 Water Resources Development Act; and
1986 Water Resources Development Act.
In the 1986 Act, Congress comprehensively reestablished and redefined the
federal interest in water resources development. The 1986 Act also instituted
requirements for proportionately greater non-federal cost sharing in Corps
projects.
The Corps is to assume responsibility for management, research and
development efforts of U.S. inland waters, nearshore area, and ocean
environments. Through the Directorate of Civil Works, the Directorate of
Research and Development, and their divisions, the Corps:
regulates 99 percent of all dredged material disposal;
conducts research on contaminant sediment management;
develops management strategies for ocean disposal;
manages programs in the reconstruction of wetlands;
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designates sites fcr future disposal; and
evaluates environmental effects of dredged material disposal.
In essence, the Corps seeks to maintain a safe, reliable and economical federal
interstate navigational system.
COORD, International cooperation through technical exchange has been undertaken with
Japan and the Netherlands on contaminated sediment management, but primary
international focus is the London Dumping Convention of which the Corps is
a U.S. participant.
Interagency cooperation is maintained with EPA, FWS, NMFS, and state and
local officials.
CONTACT Department of Defense
Department of the Army
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
20 Massachusetts Ave, NW
Casimir Pulaski Building
Washington, DC 20314 202-272-0001
Operations, The Operations, Construction and Readiness Division is responsible for
Construction program execution and issuance of permits. Projects include habitat
and construction, shoreline erosion prevention (e.g., offshore berm development),
Readiness island creation, and experiments in thin-layer disposal exposure to ocean
Division surface waters. Many of the Corps' marine constructions are built with
environmentally safe dredged material.
CONTACT Department of Defense
Department of the Army
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CECW-O)
Operations, Construction, and Readiness Division
20 Massachusetts Ave, NW
Washington, DC 20314 202-272-0196
Policy and The Policy and Planning Division assesses ocean disposal sites and produces
Planning pollution reports for policy review. This division makes long-term decisions
Division regarding site designation and controls policy issues of ocean disposal.
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CONTACT
Ocean
Disposal
Program
Research and
Development
Division
Waterways
Experimental
Station
Coastal
Engineering
Research
Center
Department of Defense
Department of the Army
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CECW-P)
Policy and Planning Division
20 Massachusetts Ave, NW
Washington, DC 20314 202-272-0115
Since the early 1980's, both of the above divisions have collaborated on an
ocean disposal program under the guidance of EPA (Office of Wetlands,
Oceans and Watersheds, Oceans and Coastal Protection Division). EPA
provides the oversight on site designation and works with the Corps to regulate
safe ocean dumping.
There are essentially three steps in ocean disposal planning:
1) EPA designates appropriate sites for ocean dumping;
2) the Corps issues permits to potential users of the site, and EPA decides
if the material needs to be managed after dumping; and
3) either the Corps or the industry users operate management and
monitoring programs within specific sites. There are presently about
103 interim designated sites. About 65 of these are permanent.
Both divisions are now working on a regulatory manual with EPA* that will
identify the types of bioassays needed to determine if material is suitable for
dumping and what management techniques may be necessary.
The R&D Division performs research on the environmental effects of ocean
disposed dredged material. Examination of beach erosion and coastal
processes is prominent among studies performed currently. R&D also
performs wetland testing and growth rate studies in dredged material.
The Waterways Experimental Station conducts studies through the operation
of a complex of laboratories including the fields of nearshore oceanography,
hydraulics, engineering geology, rock mechanics and environmental
relationships. The lab provides specialized consulting services and training in
coastal engineering.
CERC offers alternative engineering strategies for ocean disposal. Current
research is performed on productive uses of clean dredged materials. It also
represents the Corps in the London Dumping Convention.
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CONTACT Department of Defense
Department of the Army
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CEWES-EP-D)
Waterways Experiment Station
3909 Halls Ferry Road
Vicksburg, MI 39180 601-634-3624
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Department of Defense
U.S. Department of the Navy
Office of Naval Research (ONR)
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Education
OVERVIEW
ONR, established in 1946 by Public Law No. 588, was the first U.S.
government agency created to fund basic research. ONR's mission is "to plan,
foster and encourage scientific research (in ocean sciences). ONR looks
toward the future in assessing the Navy's ability to meet its mission, in
recognition of its paramount importance as related to the maintenance of future
naval power, and the preservation of national security..." and provides the
basic research needed for applicable environmental protection techniques.
ONR supports the scientific community by funding basic science research
deemed to be of Navy interest. Areas of involvement for the ocean component
include:
marine meteorology;
marine geophysics and geology;
oceanic chemistry, biology, optics and acoustics;
physical oceanography, arctic sciences;
marine engineering;
remote sensing;
coastal sciences; and
meso/large small scale research facilities necessary for conducting
research.
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COORD Most times, ONR will award grants independently. On occasion, interagency
coordination is performed through group funding for a project of common
interest. Interagency interaction most often occurs at the grass-roots level.
ONR participates in interagency panel reviews and invites others to do the
same. Principle interaction is with NASA* and NSF*, but there is also minor
involvement with NOAA*, USGS*, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers*.
International contacts are numerous, but are actually a small part of ONR's
activities. A foreign group must provide a unique aspect to the Navy program
in order to receive ONR support. Foreign groups currently receiving ONR
funding are from Norway, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, India, and Japan,
among others.
PROGRAMS There are 30 major accelerated research efforts in ocean sciences, including:
1. mixed layer marine light, which seeks to understand aspects of
biological/physical coupling important in bioluminescence, optical
properties and ecological dynamics;
2. ocean subduction, which studies thermocline formation and advection;
3. marine stratocumulus cloud formation and dissipation; and
4. ocean bottom and subbottom acoustic reverberation.
ONR recently received authorization to conduct limited, focused projects
involved in global change topics. Several of the projects listed above are
included in this new direction.
ONR is closely linked to the research community to assess the state of the art
and to encourage proposals in various areas. Projects are accepted according
to scientific merit, programmatic needs, Navy interests, and costs.
Success is measured through published material in peer reviewed journals and
technical publications, the involvement of new students and post-doctoral
investigators in the field, and greater understanding of the issue at hand.
CONTACT Department of Defense
Department of the Navy
Ocean Sciences
Code 112
Office of Naval Research
Arlington, VA 22217-5000 703-696-4398
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Department of Energy (DOE)
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Coordination
OVERVIEW
DOE plans and manages federal energy programs. Since 1977, under the
Department of Energy's Organizational Act, one of DOE's objectives is to
carry out these programs in compliance with national environmental goals and
policies. The Act provided for the incorporation of national environmental
protection goals in formulation of energy programs and to advance the goals
of restoring, protecting, and enhancing environmental quality in the pursuit of
energy development. In addition, DOE is responsible for following legislation
which mandates that DOE perform research on the environmental effects of
energy development. The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and the Federal Non-
Nuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 1974 also provide
authoritative legislation.
PROGRAMS DOE's marine conservation interests are peripheral in comparison to more
energy related concerns.
Although not conservation oriented, another division program monitors the
ocean content of PCO2 in relation to climate change.
DOE's program on subseabed disposal no longer exists.
DOE ocean research is also performed at the energy development level, but
it does not focus on environmental concerns. The Wind, Hydrological and
Oceans Technology Division examines the concept of ocean thermal energy
and its future as an electrical source.
CONTACT Department of Energy
1000 Independence Ave, SW
Washington, DC 20585 202-586-6210
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Department of Energy
Office of Energy Research
Office of Health and Environmental Research
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
OVERVIEW Ocean research is supported by the Atmospheric and Climate Research
Division (ACRD) to assist in 1) predicting future climate change resulting
from energy use and 2) predicting future atmospheric concentration of carbon
dioxide. These objectives support the primary goal to develop the knowledge
needed to factor climate change into energy policies and strategies. DOE
sponsored ocean research is part of the agency's contribution to the U.S.
Global Climate Change Research Program coordinated by the Committee of
Earth and Environmental Sciences.
Marine research seeks to provide scientific information on major
environmental issues facing development and expansion of most energy
technologies and energy policy. These issues include waste disposal,
siting/operations, and possible long-term effects on global systems.
COORD DOE coordinates its marine program with other agencies such as NSF* in
connection with the Global Oceans Flux Study and NOAA Federal Plan for
Ocean Pollution. Program managers from NSF*, NOAA*, ONR* and NASA
have participated in panel reviews of regional DOE* studies.
PROGRAMS The Ocean Research Program at ACRD is comprised of three elements:
Ocean
Research
Program
a global survey of the spatial and temporal distribution of carbon
dioxide in the ocean;
development of advanced models of the carbon cycle; and
process studies to improve the predictive capability of ocean circulation
models used for climate research.
Together these three elements are aimed at generating sound scientific
understanding about oceanic mechanisms that are rate-limiting during climatic
changes or which may control climate stability, and oceanic sources and sinks
of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide.
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Coastal
Ocean
Margins
Program
The objective of the first element is to predict the future net exchange of
carbon between the ocean atmosphere and to provide an essential component
of a larger model of carbon exchanges among the principal carbon reservoirs -
- the ocean, atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere. The global survey of ocean
carbon chemistry is coordinated with the World Ocean Circulation Experiment
(WOCE) to provide a comprehensive data set for the calibration and
verification of ocean carbon cycles models. Research on deep convection,
surface mixed-layer dynamics, and physical processes controlling gas exchange
are being carried out to improve the representation of these processes in ocean
models.
Interagency coordination is a strong foundation of the ACRD research
program. The global survey of ocean carbon chemistry is a collaborative
effort with the National Science Foundation and the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration and includes activities in parallel with WOCE and
the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Research on gas exchange involves
collaboration with NASA and NOAA. DOE is an interagency partner with
ONR, NSF, and NOAA in the Heard Island Experiment to demonstrate the
feasibility of detecting secular changes in upper ocean temperature by
monitoring variation in the propagation speeds of low frequency sound in the
oceanic sound channel.
The Coastal Ocean Margins Program operates out of the Ecological Research
Division. With the assistance of regional University and research institu-
tions, the program seeks to identify the impact of both present and future
energy development on three major marine coastal systems: the continental
shelves in the Northeast, the Southeast, and the Southwest. Program
objectives are to determine the movement of water masses and modification of
movement patterns by natural factors in order to explain how nutrients,
energy-related chemicals, and living and non-living particles will be
transported, distributed and deposited. Studies include watermass movements,
currents and upwelling dynamics; flux and formation of organic and mineral
particles in water column and sediment; and biologic productivity including
nutrients and lower level food chains.
Spain, France, and Israel have invited collaboration and exchange with
scientists in DOE's Coastal Ocean Margins Program. To determine cross-shelf
transport in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Western Mediterranean Sea, and
off the coast of Mauritania underlying the Sahara Dust Plume.
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CONTACT Office of Energy Research (ER-74)
Environmental Sciences Division
Washington, DC 20585 301-903-4375
Department of Energy, ER-75
Office of Energy Research
Washington, DC 20545 301-903-5548
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Department of Energy
Office of International Research and Development Policy
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Policy
Law
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
CONTACT
The Office of International Research and Development Policy does not have
an extensive marine portfolio, but does act as the DOE representative to the
London Dumping Convention (LDC), and represents DOE in other areas of
ocean policy and law. DOE is most concerned with the future possibilities of
nuclear waste ocean disposal. Although not ready to perceive it as a viable
alternative to land-based disposal, DOE seeks to keep the options open within
the LDC should on-shore disposal prove not viable for political or technical
reasons.
DOE's Subseabed Disposal Program conducted research into disposal of high-
level radioactive waste in stable ocean sediment in conjunction with other
country members of the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). The program has
been recently dropped as a result of funding cutbacks.
Department of Energy
Office of International R&D Policy (EP-70)
Forrestal Building
Washington, DC 20585 202-586-6777
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
KEYWORDS
OVERVIEW
CONTACT
Conservation
Regulatory
Monitoring/Research
Policy
Coordination
DOI is the federal agency mandated to protect wildlands and manage terrestrial
resource use.
Divisions within DOI with jurisdiction over coastal or marine resources
include MMS*, NFS*, and FWS*.
In addition, DOI personnel work in regional or local offices throughout the
country. For instance, FWS has programmatic activities which are
administered through specific offices in Washington, but also has independent
programs which are managed by the Southeast, Southwest, Northeast, or
Northwest Regional Office Directors. A similar situation exists for the
Minerals Management Service. NFS, in addition to its national programs
administered by the Washington Headquarters, also has independent research
and monitoring programs in each of its national parks and Park Service Offices
located in the major cities of the United States. Field and regional office
personnel thus have some autonomy, and may be undertaking marine or coastal
programs not described in this document.
Department of the Interior
1849 C St., NW
Washington, DC 20240 202-208-7351
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Department of the Interior
Minerals Management Service (MMS)
KEYWORDS
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
Environ-
mental
Studies
Program
Monitoring/Research
Regulatory
MMS is a regulatory agency dealing with mining activities of all types,
including exploration and recovery of terrestrial ores, oil and gas fields, and
outer continental shelf oil and gas deposits.
MMS is programmatically divided into two major offices: Offshore Minerals
Management and Royalty Management.
The Offshore Minerals Management Office oversees all minerals mining
activities, including oil and gas, sand and gravel, sulfur, etc. on the Outer
Continental Shelf. The Royalty Management Office handles oil and gas, coal,
and other mineral receipts from leasing operations on all federal lands, onshore
and offshore.
The Offshore Minerals Management Office is divided up into several divisions
and offices. At its headquarters, these units overview environmental,
geologic, petroleum and mining engineering sciences, leasing activities, and
inspections of industry operations. In addition, MMS has regional offices for
Outer Continental Shelf regions in Alaska, Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and
Pacific.
This program began in 1973 to support DOI's offshore oil and gas leasing
program. The Environmental Assessment Division is the primary office dealing
with marine environmental protection issues. Under the Outer Continental
Lands Act and through the development of regulatory mechanisms,the program
seeks to minimize the effects on marine life from offshore drilling and mining
activities. The Division works to protect marine mammals, endangered
species, fisheries, marine sanctuaries, coastal zones and any marine element
that could possibly be affected by oil, gas and mineral deposits.
In its studies of the Outer Continental Shelf, MMS studies circulation patterns
and the mechanisms creating those patterns. An understanding of the general
dynamics allows for the support of diagnostic and predictive modeling efforts.
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MMS also performs biological research to describe the distribution and
interactions of benthic and pelagic communities and populations. The studies
describe the biological aspects of fisheries, birds, turtles and non-endangered
species, as well as the dynamics of population changes. Monitoring is long-
term and reflects population and community response to changing climatic and
marine conditions.
The Headquarters office provides oversight for regional activities nationwide.
Through information from the Environmental Studies Program, the MMS
prepares Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) and reviews and monitors
industry offshore activities.
MMS monitors activities in all U.S. coastal areas. Development activity occurs
in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific Regions, and exploration continues in the
Arctic.
CONTACT Department of the Interior
Minerals Management Service
1849 C Street, NW
Room 4212
Washington, DC 20240 202-208-3500
Department of the Interior
Environmental Assessment Division
Minerals Management Service
381 Elden Street
Herndon, VA 22070 703-787-1656
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Department of the Interior
National Park Service (NFS)
KEYWORDS Regulatory
Monitoring/Research
Conservation
Coordination
OVERVIEW
CONTACT
In the National Park Service Organic Act of 1916, Congress created NFS
within DOI to promote, regulate, and conserve the use of national parks,
monuments, and reservations.
Research of the NFS is primarily directed at providing needed information to
support the management and conservation of resources at the individual
national park units. Research and studies are undertaken to:
provide a sound basis for park management policy;
develop effective strategies to avoid or minimize adverse impacts to
park resources;
determine the causes of resource management problems; and
increase understanding of park ecosystems.
NFS undertakes three major initiatives, among a host of projects: visibility
resources, fire ecology, and coastal barrier dynamics. The Coastal Barrier
Dynamics Program is administered by Natural Resource Management* (NRM)
in the Wildlife and Vegetation Division; research activities are carried out in
the NFS' ten regional field stations.
Department of the Interior
National Park Service
1849 C Street, NW
Washington, DC 20240 202-208-4621
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Department of the Interior
National Park Service
Natural Resources Management
KEYWORDS
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
Wildlife and
Vegetation
Division
Monitoring/Research
Policy
The Associate Director, Natural Resources (ADNR) is responsible for
implementing and coordinating research in the biological, physical, and social
sciences relating to understanding, assessment and management of the natural
resources of the national parks, and the development of national policy. The
ADNR directly administers a national research program on issues of
Servicewide concern regarding air, water, and biological resources, and a
program to develop geographic information systems. Additional research on
issues of primarily regional or local concern is coordinated and implemented
through regional offices and individual parks. These national, regional and
local programs together involve substantial research that includes marine
ecosystems, shorelines, and coastal ecological communities influenced by
oceanic processes.
The Wildlife and Vegetation Division coordinates the National Park Service
research relating to national biological and ecological resources issues, and to
the formulation of NPS policies for the conservation, management, and
restoration of ecosystems, ecological communities, and plant and animal
populations in units of the National Park System. Important program
components include global change, biological diversity, integrated pest
management, and threatened and endangered species.
The Division is responsible for developing a framework to obtain baseline data
for assessing the status of park biological resources and detecting ecological
and biological changes.
The Division also coordinates NPS participation in the interagency U.S. Man
and Biosphere Program, with emphasis on cooperative research and
demonstration projects involving NPS units of the International Network of
Biosphere Reserves. Nine of the 46 U.S. biosphere reserves contain one or
more NPS coastal marine units.
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Geographic
Information
Systems
Division
The Division coordinates NFS participation in the U.S. Global Change
Research Program. Research to be initiated in FY91 in coastal and marine
ecosystems emphasizes experimental studies on potentially sensitive species of
coral and research on the potential effects of sea level rise and changes in the
frequency and intensity of coastal storms on the dynamics of coastal barriers.
These initiatives are coordinated with FWS, U.S. Geological Survey, NOAA,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and cooperating universities.
In cooperation with the NMFS, the Division coordinates NFS participation in
a national program for monitoring types and amounts of marine debris on
ocean beaches. Eight national parks units on the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific
coasts are participating.
The GIS Division provides technical support for developing, testing, and
implementing remote sensing and GIS technologies, and coordinating the
the management of spatially referenced resource data. The Division is
providing technical assistance on remote sensing techniques in data analysis for
detecting and modeling change in several coastal barrier parks.
The national programs supplement field observation and research coordinated
through regional offices and individual parks to collect baseline resource data
on park resources and concuct research to address regional or local
management issues. These programs include numerous projects involving
coastal and marine ecosystems. Major projects include:
a long-term integrated ecological monitoring program for terrestrial and
marine ecosystems at Channel Islands National Park;
cooperative research on the effects of channel dredging (Cumberland
Island National Seashore), beach nourishment (Gulf Islands National
Seashore), and structural shoreline modification (Cape Hatteras
National Seashore) on coastal barriers;
dynamics of coral reef and sea grass ecosystems (Virgin Islands
National Park and Florida Keys);
management and restoration of sea turtle populations (Padre Island
National Seashore and areas in Mexico); and
population dynamics and prey interaction of the endangered humpback
whale (Glacier Bay National Park).
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CONTACT Department of the Interior
National Park Service (470)
Natural Resources
P.O. Box 37127
Washington, DC 20013-7127 202-208-5193
National Park Service
Wildlife and Vegetation Division
800 N. Capitol Street, NW
Suite 500
Washington, DC 20002 202-343-8100
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Department of the Interior
National Park Service
Office of International Affairs (OIA)
KEYWORDS Coordination
Development
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
OIA, in existence since 1960, coordinates all NPS international efforts and
effectively transcends the boundaries of other Park Service areas and activities.
OIA is instrumental in planning and designing national parks in other
countries, coordinates training for the scientific and management staffs, and
implements several U.S. treaties and statutory commitments for international
conservation assistance.
OIA coordinates its efforts with the U.S. State Department Information
Agency, AID, private conservation foundations, state programs, and interested
universities. OIA works with the EPA's Office of International Activities* in
. support of its project under the former US-USSR Environmental Agreement.
OIA goals include expanded coordination with U.S. neighboring countries on
shared resources and migratory species, for more effective management of the
U.S. natural and cultural heritage. NPS also wants to continue .to respond to
foreign requests for assistance in developing World Heritage resources, in
keeping with the purposes of UNESCO's World Heritage Convention and
foreign and domestic parks and reserves. NPS goals are consistent with and
directly supportive of those of the World Heritage Convention.
Although there is no separate marine program within the NPS, the
international office operates several marine related activities. OIA recently
helped initiate a marine park in Madhurai, India on the Gulf of Manar. OIA
is also partner to a joint project under the former US-USSR Cooperative
Agreement in the Field of Environmental Protection (Area V, "Protection of
. Nature and the Organization of Preserves") on Beringia and the proposal for
an international park in the Bering Land Bridge region. Under the Cartegena
Convention, OIA is participating in developing a Protocol on Specially
Protected Areas and Wildlife in the wider Caribbean. Most international
projects are funded by the participant country, with AID and multilateral
(governmental and non-governmental) sources playing an increasing role.
NPS is involved in resource management and protection and visitor services
in respect to their own management areas, and its parks house research centers
in which ecosystem monitoring is performed.
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CONTACT Department of the Interior
National Park Service
Office of International Affairs
PO Box 37127
Washington, DC 20013-7127
202-343-7063
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Department of the Interior
Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
KEYWORDS Regulatory
Monitoring/Research
Conservation
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) of 1972 gave DOI responsibility
for marine mammals (manatees, polar bears, walruses, sea and marine otters,
and dugongs). Within DOI, FWS is responsible for managing these marine
mammals and for enforcing the moratorium on taking and importing marine
mammals and marine mammal parts. FWS has general responsibility for
perpetuating and providing public use and enjoyment of fish and wildlife of the
United States.
FWS operates in the entire coastal zone, the contiguous lands, and the waters
that flow into the zone. Through the Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife
and Parks, the Service acts as principal environmental protection advisor in
reviewing various departmental policy and option documents for energy
development programs including those in the coastal zone.
FWS issues permits, conducts research programs, enforces provisions of the
MMPA, publishes rules and regulations to manage marine mammals,
cooperates with the states, and participates in international activities and
agreements. In addition, FWS lists and delists species as endangered or
threatened and undertakes other Endangered Species Act-related responsibilities
and maintains a close working relationship with the Marine Mammal
Commission and its Committee of Scientific Advisors.
FWS conducts major studies in wetland loss and biological diversity on
preserves. FWS studies and documents the rate and location of loss of coastal
wetlands in Louisiana, especially the Mississippi Delta. Although this loss has
been the result of many factors, the Environmental Protection Agency has used
these loss rates to project nationwide losses. FWS is now looking at changes
in the rate of loss and attempting to quantify the contributions to the loss rate
from various courses (channelization and subsequent erosional subsidence from
oil and gas production; loss of sediments from construction of levees; sea level
rise).
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CONTACT
diversity to identify
wildlife, including
The Global Oceans Directory
FWS has
Species .nchne« and
a"d man^ment of
Department of the Interior
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1849 C Street, NW
Washington, DC 20240 202-208-4717
-^«^.^^
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Department of the Interior
Fish and Wildlife Service
Office of International Affairs (OIA)
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Coordination
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
Most FWS offices operate species-specific programs, so to evaluate distinctive
marine programs would be difficult because there is no centralized marine
mammal program office. OIA is, however, organized on a country-specific
basis and therefore crosses over several marine mammal issues within one
office.
OIA studies the biology and ecological dynamics of virtually all marine
mammal species and their habitats. The Soviet/China desk currently operates
marine programs under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. These programs
focus on:
protection and management of migratory birds, marine mammals,
marine ecosystems, and fish husbandry;
preservation of biological diversity; and
management of wetlands.
As well as being mandated by the 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act,
OIA's Soviet/China desk also sponsors its programs under Area V of the 1972
former US-USSR Cooperative Agreement in the Field of Environmental
Protection, "Protection of Nature and the Organization of Preserves". Some
of these shared activities include monitoring studies of the fauna, flora and
natural ecosystems of Sikhote-Alin (former USSR) and Olympic (US)
Biosphere Reserves, the conservation of marine mammals and migratory birds,
and ichthyology and aquaculture. Conservation priorities for the two countries
in the coming decade was addressed in a Conference on Conservation Research
and Management Strategies for the 1990's, convened in the United States in
June 1990.
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Other OIA activities include a new program to monitor the activities of walrus,
seals and polar bears. Through the application of transmitter collars, species
information will be communicated to both the U.S. and the former Soviet
Union via satellite. Species monitoring studies involve surveys, counts and
dynamics. OIA seeks in the future the ability to study populations virtually
any time of the year to determine their annual cycles and geographical limits.
Documentation of former US-USSR activity has been produced in a section in
the Memorandum of the Twelfth US-USSR Joint Committee Meeting on
Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection. Other international
contacts include China and India; interagency coordination exists with EPA
(FWS/OIA coordinates with EPA's Office of International Activities* in
administration of its joint Soviet project), NMFS*, and the State of Alaska
Fish and Game Service.
CONTACT Department of the Interior
Fish and Wildlife Service
Office of International Affairs
ARLSQ - 860
1849 C Street, NW
Washington, DC 20240 703-358-1762
FWS is developing a National Coastal Program for intra- and interagency
coordination of FWS' coastal and nearshore activities. FWS has trust resource
responsibilities for migratory birds, anadromous fish, endangered species,
marine mammals, and the Nation's National Wildlife Refuge. In fulfilling its
trust resource responsibilities, FWS conducts many coastal activities including
fish and wildlife resource management, monitoring, research and public
education. Technical assistance, provided to other federal, state, and local
agencies and private citizens, facilitates the protection, conservation and
management of coastal resources.
CONTACT Fish and Wildlife Service
Office of International Affairs
Room 860 - ARLSQ
4401 N. Fairfax Drive
Arlington, VA 22203-1610 703-358-1754
National
Coastal
Program
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Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
Office of Energy and Marine Geology
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Assessment
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
USGS's Office of Energy and Marine Geology seeks to understand
offshore/coastal geology and geological processes in order to characterize the
potential energy, mineral resources, and environmental geohazards.
Some offshore activities are in collaboration with the former Soviet Union,
Germany, Korea, United Kingdom, Canada, Spain and Italy. Regions of study
include the Mid-Atlantic ridge, the Pacific Basin, Polar regions and Lake
Baikal. No formal international agreements exist within the coastal program,
but technical exchanges between U.S. and foreign scientists occur frequently.
Interagency coordination in both programs is maintained with EPA*, NOAA*,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers*, NSF* and the Navy*. The coastal program,
in addition, has direct contact with state geological surveys.
Authorized by law to map all Federal lands, USGS operates two programs
within this office to do so: the Coastal Geology Program and the Program for
Offshore Geological Framework.
The Coastal Geology Program concentrates on the geological composition and
erosion of nearshore and wetlands regions while the offshore program studies
U.S. waters with special attention to the EEZ. Both programs monitor the
geology and geologic processes of sediment transport and sediment
distribution.
Activities include sonar mapping of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ),
mineral and energy resource characterization, Boston Harbor restoration,
mapping of the shelf and slope off San Francisco Bay, and the assessment of
geohazards. The offshore program hopes to complete, within the next five
years, a reconnaissance-scale survey of the entire EEZ sea floor. The coastal
program has recently submitted to Congress a plan for a national coastal
geology program which will entail a phased study approach on a regional
scale.
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CONTACT
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geological atlases and maps.
Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey
Office of Energy and Marine Geology
915 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 22092 703-648-6472
used to produce paper
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Department of State
Bureau of Oceans, International Environmental
and Scientific Affairs (OES)
KEYWORDS Policy
Conservation
Law
OVERVIEW
CONTACT
The Department of State's mission is to support U.S. foreign policy abroad.
OES is assigned to examine policy issues of international environmental
importance and formulate policy in the best U.S. interest. Federal technical
agencies such as NOAA, EPA, and U.S. Coast Guard support the Bureau with
technical input that assists DOS draft U.S. policy. OES is sectioned into
several divisions; the Oceans and Fisheries Affairs* and Environment, Health
and Natural Resources* divisions deal with marine environmental policy
issues.
Department of State
Office of Public Affairs
2201 C St., NW
Washington, DC 20520 202-647-6575
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Department of State
Bureau of Oceans, International Environmental
and Scientific Affairs
Oceans and Fisheries Affairs (OFA)
KEYWORDS Conservation
Policy
Law
OVERVIEW
OFA is responsible for achieving the statutory obligations of the Department
of State over a range of fisheries issues. OFA activities include:
negotiations with Japan, the former USSR, and Canada concerning
Pacific Salmon and is the Department lead in negotiating and
implementing agreements with Japan, Korea, and Taiwan regarding
high seas driftnet fisheries.
in response to recently passed legislation, efforts aimed at ensuring the
conservation of threatened and endangered sea turtles.
being the Department's focus for developing a workable fisheries
relationship with Canada on the Atlantic coast, in the context of the
Free Trade Agreement. This effort is complicated by the different
approaches to management of fish stocks which the U.S. and Canada
have chosen, by declining stocks of fish, and by fisheries law
enforcement problems.
negotiating access arrangements for U.S. fishermen in other nations'
waters.
negotiating and implementing the South Pacific Tuna Treaty, which
involves 16 island nations.
administering a key provision of the Fishermen's Protective Act, which
indemnifies U.S. fishermen from enforcement actions by other states
due to claims of jurisdiction not recognized by the United States.
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PROGRAMS
Division
of Ocean
Law and
Policy
Division
of Marine
Science
negotiating and implementing of governing international fishery
agreements (GIFAs) for fisheries access in the U.S. 200-mile zone
Eight such agreements are now in force. A similar, but reciprocal
agreement termed the Comprehensive Fisheries Agreement was
negotiated 1 with the former USSR in 1988. In addition to negotiating
GIF A s, OFA plays a major role in their implementation through
determination of allocations of surplus U.S. fishery resources to foreign
states, processing foreign fishing permits and coordination of US
actions regarding vessels seizures for violations of U.S. law.
supporting and participating in the work of six existing international
fishery conservation and management commissions, the work of other
international bodies such as FAO* and OECD and is as a non-voting
member of the eight domestic Regional Fishery Management councils!
OFA is divided into three divisions, focusing on ocean law, marine science
and polar affairs OFA is designed to ensure coordination of aHS
± T10nS formUlate U'S- forei*n P0^' ^ «" from other
agencies, and represent U.S. interests in the international arena
OLP develops international policy mechanisms to govern the open seas OLP
K^f^ many ktetional organizations and conventions, including:
SliSS^ Envm)nment Protection Committee, the Legal Coimnittee
MARPOLof the!MO*,andUNEP'sRegional Seas Program. OPWresented
fte Department of State at the 1990 Bergen ConferencJ and fce 19*)
Economic Summit; OLP will also be present at the 1992 United Nations
Conference on the Environment and Development. Bilateral agreSiente a?e
maintained with the former Soviet Union, Canada, and Mexico £^ "
division's responsibilities derive from problems in the framework of the
of °KS?T°nS £ :"* *" U'S- P«WP- ^r example,
°h gOVemS ^ disposal of ^h Md ^ris
S} is not ***** to deal J^p^y with ^p^
worWuH. Of1re?)0nsibility ^lude freedom of navigation, review of
worldwide maritime legislation, marine geographic and boundary issues
shipwrecks, offshore platforms, and ocean mining. '
TWs Division develops policy regarding the promotion of marine science. n,e
dmsion focuses on international organizations such as Intergovernmental
C^ic Commission of UNESCO, International Council on Exploration of the
Sea^ UN Law of the Sea, UNEP Regional Seas Program*, aSd vir
other organizations with an international marine science component
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Division This Division focuses on the arctic and antarctic regions as well as the
of Polar conservation of whales and other marine mammals through such organizations
Affairs as the Antarctic Treaty, Seal Convention, Commission on Conservation for
Antarctic Marine Living Resources, and the pending Antarctic Minerals
Convention.
CONTACT Department of State
Office of Oceans and Fisheries Affairs
2201 C Street, NW
Washington, DC 20520 202-647-2335
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Department of State
Bureau of Oceans, International Environmental
and Scientific Affairs
Environment, Health and Natural Resources
KEYWORDS Policy
Coordination
OVERVIEW
CONTACT
This Division is responsible for developing and implementing U.S. foreign
policy on environmental issues and coordinating U.S. participation in
international environmental organizations.
The Office of Environmental Protection, within this division, deals with air
and sea pollution, bilateral environment agreements especially involving
Canada and Mexico, and with hazardous substances and wastes. Its
responsibilities on marine issues include the support for UNEP* programs,
particularly regional seas programs affecting U.S. territory. The office is
especially active in the Caribbean (Caribbean Action Plan and Cartagena
Convention) and the South Pacific (South Pacific Regional Environment
Program and SPREP Convention, signed but not yet ratified by the U.S.).
The Office of Environmental Protection also handles the London Dumping
Convention.
Department of State
Office of Environmental Protection
OES/ENV Room 4325
2201 C Street, NW
Washington, DC 20520 202-647-9266
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Department of Transportation
U.S. Coast Guard
Office of Merchant Marine Safety, Security,
and Environmental Protection
KEYWORDS Coordination
Enforcement
Monitoring/Reserach
Regulatory
OVERVIEW
The Marine Environmental Protection Division (MEP) is responsible for
marine pollution prevention. Division goals include: establishing and
maintaining a downward trend in accidents and spills caused by unsafe cargo
transfer, handling or stowage practices; and reducing pollution in the offshore
marine environment by:
ensuring that all ocean dumping operations are conducted in approved
dump sites at prescribed levels
reducing the volume of oil released annually in the outer continental
shelf region of the U.S. by commercial vessel operations
reducing the amount of noxious liquid substances discharged annually
from U.S. flag vessels
maintaining pollution levels from offshore lightering at current level of
8 spills per 1000 transfer operations, and
maintaining a spill rate at a loop no greater than 20 spills per 1000
transfers and spill incidence under .15 BBL spills per 100,000 BBL
transferred per year.
PROGRAMS This branch within MEP is responsible for the MPRSA mandates. The branch
seeks to prevent pollution of the marine environment from discharges of oil,
Prevention, hazardous substances, dredged spoils, sewage, and wastes from vessels.
Enforcement
and Standards Activities include:
Branch
enforcement monitoring of a 106 mile ocean dumpsite off of New
Jersey;
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s-efflance of U.S. ^ Colps
_
On ocean damping
Wetlands, Oceans andai?' If ^ ** ***'* ^ <*
prevent the increase in zebra musikinT? LaJ«l««y » their effort to
and Bermuda on issues'of 'mu^h^T**** ^ **
Environmental Coordination Branch goals are:
to assess spills and incidents to ensure appropriate response;
to ensure that responsible parties clean up spills whenever possible;
to mitigate the effects of spills that do occur;
of
Division
"^"^~"^^M^
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CONTACTS
U.S. Coast Guard, G-MEP
Marine Environmental Protection Division
2100 2nd St, SW
Washington, DC 20593 202-267-0518
U.S. Coast Guard
Commandant (G-MEP-1)
Prevention, Enforcement and Standards Branch
2100 2nd St, SW
Washington, DC 20593 202-267-6714
U.S. Coast Guard
Commandant (G-MEP-3)
Environmental Coordination Branch
2100 2nd St, SW
Washington, DC 20593 202-267-0419
U.S. Coast Guard, G-MPS-1
Port Operations Branch
Washington, DC 20593 202-267-0498
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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
KEYWORDS Regulatory
Policy
Monitoring/Research
Enforcement
Conservation
Coordination
Education
CONTACT
elements of the EPA mission are:
. to reduce public exposure to harmful pollutants;
to protect sensitive ecosystems; and
. to improve management of environmental regulatory programs.
* purview of EPA «^^
freshwater, estuanne, court, «***&* ^^- to me need exhibited
1970 by Reorganization ^ j^!^3' e^Stal protection. Specific
nationally for a federal c dudin *e Federal Water
EPA mandates are
in *ȣ- ^C a, s
contribute to these ocean programs.
Environmental Protection Agency
DC 20460 202-260-20*,
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Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water
Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds (OWOW)
KEYWORDS
OVERVIEW
COORD
Oceans and
Coastal
Protection
Division
(OCPD)
Policy
Regulatory
Conservation
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Wetlands, Oceans and
Watersheds (OWOW) is one of four offices within EPA's Office of Water.
It was created in April 1991 to bring together agency programs that manage
and protect the aquatic ecosystems of inland and coastal watersheds. OWOW
combines EPA Headquarters' responsibilities for addressing nonpoint source
pollution; restoring and protecting wetland, river, lake, coastal, and marine
environments; and leading surface water monitoring and water quality
assessment activities. OWOW assists EPA regional offices in implementing
these programs by developing policies and regulations, providing technical
support, and serving as an advocate for the programs with Congress and the
public at large. OWOW is organized into three divisions and a Director's
Office.
The three divisions of OWOW respond to a host of international, legislative,
and regulatory directives, including the Clean Water Act, the Marine
Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, the Shore Protection Act, the
Coastal Zone Management Reauthorization Act of 1990, the Marine Plastics
Pollution Research and Control Act, the London Dumping Convention, and
MARPOL 73/78.
OCPD serves as the coordination point for interagency activities to protect the
coastal and marine environment, and it works closely with other federal
agencies, including NOAA*, Army Corps of Engineers*, U.S. Coast Guard*,
WWS*. and MMS*, that have marine protection and regulatory responsibilities
to develop and implement cooperative strategies and programs. OCPD serves
as a representative to the London Dumping Convention and MARPOL.
OCPD is responsible for:
Developing regulations and criteria for ocean dumping, including
sewage sludge and dredged material;
Producing criteria for assessing the environmental impact of ocean
discharges;
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Supporting international efforts to address ocean dumping under the
London Dumping Convention;
Supporting coastal protection efforts under the National Estuary
Program and Near Coastal Waters Program;
Identifying and assessing the sources and nature of marine debris to
develop a national marine debris control strategy;
Regulating transportation of waste in coastal areas and marine sanitation
devices (boat toilets) with the U.S. Coast Guard;
Developing enforcement guidance and training for marine programs;
Providing technical and scientific support to local, State, and Federal
activities for ocean and coastal protection; and
Fostering public awareness of coastal and marine resources and
problems.
Assessment AWPD is responsible for:
and Watershed
Protection
Division
(AWPD)
Directing and overseeing nonpoint source control programs;
Designing and coordinating information systems on water quality;
Designing and implementing surface water monitoring and assessment
programs;
* Compiling data to produce a national water quality inventory;
Providing technical support for water quality planning, including
targeting priority watersheds and establishing Total Maximum Daily
Loads (TMDLs); and
Administering the Clean Lakes Program, which provides technical and
financial support for lake restoration projects.
Wetlands Wetlands Division responsibilities include:
Division (WD)
Developing strategies to assist State and local governments in wetlands
protection efforts;
Conducting public outreach activities and developing information
materials on wetlands values, function, and protection;
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CONTACTS
. Supporting interagency and international wetlands protection activities;
. Acting as liaison to the Office of Research and Development on
wetlands research issues;
. Generating regulations, policies, and guidance under Clean Water Act
Section 404;
Managing "elevated" Section 404 cases; and
. Mainstreaming wetlands protection into other EPA programs.
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
401 M Street SW
Washington, DC 20460
Oceans and Coastal Protection Division (WH-556F)
202-260-1952
Assessment and Watershed Protection Division (WH-553)
202-260-7040
Wetlands Division (A-104-F)
202-260-7791
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Environmental Protection Agency
Office of International Activities (OIA)
KEYWORDS Policy
Coordination
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
OIA is responsible for formulating and coordinating EPA's international
policy. The office assumes lead responsibility for working with other U.S.
agencies and international organizations in developing international
environmental policy initiatives and defining U.S. positions. The office also
invests limited funds in the evaluation of existing international agreements and
other projects aimed at furthering international environmental policy.
EPA's involvement in international marine policy is undertaken through
various international organizations, such as IMO*, UNEP*, and other global
and regional multi-lateral organizations. In addition, selected programs and
assistance are carried out through direct bi-lateral relations.
OIA is involved in the coordination of international marine affairs through the
relevant multi-lateral organizations, but also through bi-lateral relations with
Canada and Mexico.
OIA, together with EPA's Oceans and Coastal Protection Division (OCPD)*,
support U.S. participation in IMO* activities. EPA provides technical and
policy advice to the Department of State* on formulating U.S. positions under
the LDC. EPA also supports U.S. involvement in numerous other IMO
activities, such as the Marine Environment Protection Committee and the
Legal Committee. Technical and policy support is often provided to the U.S.
Coast Guard* in the development of new maritime conventions that directly
impact the health of the marine environment.
OIA is involved in a wide variety of activities pertaining to marine pollution,
particularly those issues discussed under the London Dumping Convention and
other bodies of IMO*. OIA supports U.S. involvement in two Regional Seas
Programs: the Caribbean and the South Pacific.
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Caribbean
Regional
Seas
Program
South
Regional
Seas
Program
CONTACTS
EPA, under the direction of OLA, is working to establish a comprehensive
program for dealing with land-based sources of marine pollution in the
region. This includes efforts to draft an LBS protocol under the Cartagena
Convention, the development of appropriate water quality standards, various
forms of technology transfer, and a variety of programs aimed at improved
environmental quality in the Caribbean. This includes support of the
Caribbean Environment Program in Pollution (CEPPOL), the Caribbean
Environment Program Network for data management (CEPNET), and other
related programs.
EPA, through OIA and the Regional Office of Pacific Islands and Native
American Affairs, carries out a variety of environmental programs in the South
Pacific. Assistance and grant programs are administered for American Samoa,
Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and other American Territories as well
as assistance to the Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and
Palau ~ all of which retain special status with the United States.
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of International Activities (A-106)
International Marine Policy
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460 202-260-6983
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Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air and Radiation (OAR)
Office of Radiation Programs (ORP)
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Coordination
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
COORD
OAR/ORP's Environmental Studies and Statistics Branch has been in existence
since 1974 to manage and conduct monitoring, regulation development and
international cooperation in assessment and remediation of contaminated
radiation sites including marine disposal rites. The branch seeks to provide
ecological assessments and environmental monitoring results for releases of
radioactive materials into the marine environment.
Major programmatic studies include the joint Black Sea study under the US-
USSR Cooperative Agreement in the Field of Environmental Protection.
Project 02.06-31, Transport, Partitioning, and Effects of Radioactivity
Releases in a Marine Ecosystem, operates under Area VI of the Agreement,
"Protection of the Marine Environment from Pollution". The project examines
the movement and partitioning of radionuclides resulting from the Chernobyl
nuclear incident in 1986, as they are carried from the Dnieper and Danube
River Systems into the northern Black Sea. ORP is also revising regulations
for ocean disposal of radioactive materials. ORP has also issued many
technical reports documenting the results of studies at former U.S. deepsea
radioactive waste disposal sites in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans using both
manned and unmanned submersibles and conventional survey ships. These
research results can be obtained through the Department of Commerce's
National Technical Information Service (NTIS).
ORP coordinates with many international agencies such as IAEA*, IMO*,
Commission of the European Communities, and the Ukranian Academy of
Sciences Institute of Biology of Southern Seas (BBSS). Interagency cooperation
is highlighted with NOAA*'s National Status and Trends (NS&T) program,
the DOE*, and MMS*.
Although the program is involved in some revisions of regulations, it does not
participate in any enforcement activities. ORP participates in several
environmental monitoring programs which are described in published study
reports.
ORP operates under the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, and
Section 424 of the Surface Transportation and Assistance Act.
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CONTACT
The Global Oceans Directory
Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Studies and Statistics Branch
Office of Radiation Programs (ANR-461)
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460 202-475-9630
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Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER)
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR)
KEYWORDS Enforcement
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
CONTACT
OERR's Oil Spills Program was implemented under the Clean Water Act,
Section 311, to implement a spill and response agenda. The program,
responsible for devising action plans for oil and hazardous waste clean-up,
operates in the CWA's jurisdictional waters (inland waters).
Program representatives will participate in the Oil Spill Conference, the
Hazardous Substance Spills Conference and in IMO related conferences. In
addition, the program is partner to a joint contingency plan with Mexico and
Canada.
Via the National Response Team, interagency cooperation is coordinated with
NOAA, DOI, and the U.S. Coast Guard.
The program monitors up to 1,000 cleanup inspections a year. The program
also seeks to update oil dispersion regulations and update preventive
regulations for above-ground storage tanks. Present data collected is found in
program spill reports.
Problems focus on EPA's inability to delegate the program to the states due
to Clean Water Act legislation. If allowed to do so, much pressure could be
alleviated from Superfund.
Environmental Protection Agency
Superfund (OS-210)
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460 202-382-4130
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Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development (ORD)
KEYWORDS Assessment
Monitoring/Research
OVERVIEW
operates in many EPA fi
to marine issues, the office
«-
PROGRAMS
Office of
Research and
Development, In-house
Marine
Methods These analytical
other agency programs.
provide methods for
and
<***»>
has been tavoe
Wattr matrix'
"« in EPA's
^ytical methods.
performed by
program.
international facet of ,
Contact
Environmental Protection Agency
Inorganic Chemistry Branch
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 513-569-7301
Ocean
Disposal
Program
, Research and
Act (Sections 301h
Office of Water in
and environmental
involvement include:
* Narragansett, this
Under Ae Mari"e
3) "" ^ Clean Water
PK)gram ^^ to SUPPO« the
Cliteria on waste d%osal
assessme«t methods. AreaVof
risk assessment methods for ocean dumping;
ocean outfall assessment methodologies;
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Contact
National
Estuary
Program
(NEP)
ocean outfall technical assistance; and
assessment methods for dredged materials, bioaccumulation of
contaminar.is, and disposal of hazardous drilling fluids.
Data is collected and analyzed in terms of effects and residue and documented
through quarterly and final reports as well as peer review publications.
The program will develop predictive methodologies for assessing ecological
impacts of ocean disposal and, in upcoming years, will provide an updated
ecological risk assessment.
The Ocean Disposal Program coordinates with the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, NOAA and FWS. Monitoring activities are implemented through
EPA/EMAP. International cooperation does not currently exist, but program
representatives participate in international symposia on related issues.
Environmental Protection Agency
Exposure Branch
ERL-N
27 Tarzwell Drive
Narragansett, PJ 02882-1154 401-782-3000
The NEP was established under the 1987 amendments to the Clean Water Act.
The program's goals are protection and improvement of water quality, and
enhancement of living resources. NEP shows how estuaries (and other
ecosystems) can be protected through comprehensive management that:
identifies probable causes of environmental problems in estuaries of
national significance;
promotes state and local coordination to solving the problems;
advocates public participation;
focuses existing regulatory measures to act on identified problems; and
encourages innovative management approaches.
The types of environmental problems the program faces include habitat
degradation, contamination of sediments by toxic materials, nutrient over-
enrichment, and hypoxia. The NEP currently administers 17 estuary
programs, nationwide.
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The
Areas of invnW mentsfor
Contact
(Energy
Delated)
-
27
ss. ^S^yssfz^K^ ^
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CONTACT
Project.
demonstrate the feasibility of augment inX^ -^ Sp'U' EPA ^^ *>
shoreline cleanup through the XX S ^heonmentaUy safe manner,
processes by the application JnES £T2?' f ^^ ^ ***"*»!
monitoring prograra was i^*^1 ^f^horus- Concurrently, a
environmental effects from nutrient addition p^i P0^16 «**»
bioremediation would be a mS^LSZ t J*** on ^^ ^
Prince William Sound »d fc£X ** ^^ CleanuP efforts
presently exists. Scientis
implement current
, toch«*«y and no cure-all
C°n*ined u^ and must still
of bioremediation is far more
Bivironmental Protection Agency
Gulf Breeze, FL 32561-5299 904-934-9378
Environmental Protection Agency
Chemistry Research Division
26 W. Martin Luther King Dr
Cincinnati, OH 45268 516-569-7586
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Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
assess condition.
the question of whether these ecosystems are improving.
EMAP presently operates out of Headquarters and several EPA laboratories
o^ch NarragaiStt, Las Vegas and ^^'^f.SS^
Near Coastal Program is managed in Narragansett. The Gulf Breeze lab
take the lead for activities in the Gulf of Mexico.
. *" program -* »
area nation-wide with programs implemented in the
- Acadian ProvillCe "ld *' PM
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CONTACT
Protection Agency
Wl M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460 202-260-7238
27 Tarzwell Drive
401-782-3000
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Coordination
OVERVIEW
Act of 1958 %_
remote sensing technology
development of these t-1
Interagency coordination
are initiated through proposals
th
the
. Research involves the
^^s.
, and projects
*
in climate.
KASA isreorgani^g ..
related activities are focused
programs
to
ocean's relation to climate change.
numerical modeling.
'
Color
European ERS1 satellite.
Ocean H»x Study.
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Polar
Program
CONTACTS
300 E Street, SW
Washington, DC 20546 202-358-1700
^^M^^H^^B,
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National Science Foundation (NSF)
KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
Policy
Coordination
OVERVIEW
COORD
NSF, an independent agency operating under authority of the National Science
Foundation Act of 1950 (amended), supports scientific research to maintain
and increase the nation's vital ability to advance in scientific and technological
areas. NSF does not conduct research, but provides funding for scientists in
the private sector, mostly in academic institutions. The objectives, methods,
ultimate goals and pace of the research are all determined largely by the
scientists proposing the research. Research projects are selected through a
rigorous peer review process.
The Division of Polar Programs (DPP) and the Division of Ocean Sciences,
two of the four divisions comprising the Geosciences Directorate (GEO), are
responsible for supporting research in marine-related areas. Other Directorates
in support of marine-related research are the Directorates of Biology
Behavioral and Social Sciences (marine biology and social sciences) and
Engineering (ocean engineering).
Compared to "mission agencies," NSF does not have a marine pollution effort,
because there are no activities which are narrowly focused by internal
mandates or policy. Most of the research supported can be categorized as
basic research. However, NSF supported research findings contributes
significantly as a basis for further investigation supported by the mission
agencies.
The Polar Oceans and Climate Systems Program participates in the Global
Oceans Flux Study and World Oceans Circulation Experiment as well as
bilateral activity with virtually every country interested in antarctic, arctic and
polar research. Antarctic joint studies are performed with Germany, Australia,
France, Chile and Argentina. DPP participates in an interagency committee
chaired by the State Department for antarctic and arctic research. The other
agency participants are USGS*, NASA*, NOAA*, and ONR*.
Agency cooperation is coordinated with agencies such as NASA*, DOE*,
NOAA*, ONR*, and IOC*.
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PROGRAMS The Division of Ocean Sciences is composed of two sections: the Ocean
Sciences Research Section (OSRS) and the Oceanographic Centers and
Facilities Sections (OCFS).
Division of
Ocean
Sciences
OSRS supports research through its four programs in:
1.
2.
3.
physical;
chemical;
geological and geophysical; and
4. biological oceanography
to improve understanding of, and interrelationships between, processes in the
ocean.
OCFS supports the development, acquisition, and operation of the
^mentation and facilities needed to carry out these research programs.
Within OCFS is the Ocean Drilling Program, which provides for the operation
and maintenance of the ocean drilling ship Joides Resolution, and research
lunds.
In addition to the two sections within the Division of Ocean Sciences major
scientific initiatives provide additional new foci to scientific efforts They may
require intragency collaboration or require resources beyond the scope of
individual investigators or institutions. The development of large programs
involves government actions ranging from program-office decisions in the
early planning phase, through agency level planning and budget decisions to
decisions at high political levels.
Most of the initiatives that are presently part of the Long Range Plan for the
Division of Ocean Sciences are components of the NSF Global Geosciences
Program, part of the national effort to contribute to the International
Geosphere/Biosphere Program (K3BP). The six major initiatives are:
1. World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE);
2. Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA);
3. Global Ocean Flux Study (GOFS);
4.
Ridge Interdisciplinary Global Experiments (RIDGE);
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5. Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamic (GLOBEC); and
6. Land Margin Ecosystems Research (LMER).
Division of DPP administers the Polar Oceans and Climate Systems Program; it supports
Polar basic research in the antarctic and arctic regions, including their adjacent seas.
Programs The Arctic program coordinates and extends U.S. research under the Arctic
Research and Policy Act of 1984 and directs the development, implementation,
and coordination of national policies and research plans. NSF leads the
Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee that directs U.S. research
efforts in the Arctic. Activities focus on the global impact of Arctic processes
and include the effect of sea ice and seasonal snow cover on global radiation,
the consequences of atmospheric carbon dioxide stored in Arctic land and
waters, the effect of transferring heat from the ocean to the atmosphere, and
how the shift in mass between regional glaciers and ice sheets might change
global sea levels.
NSF also manages U.S. research activities in Antarctica through DPP.
Programs emphasize several disciplines including marine biology, marine
geology and geophysics, and physical and chemical oceanography.
CONTACT National Science Foundation
Polar Oceans and Climate Systems
Division of Polar Programs
1800 GSt, NW
Room 620
Washington, D.C. 20550 202-357-7894
National Science Foundation
Division of Ocean Sciences
1800 G St, NW
Room 609
Washington, DC 20550 202-357-9639
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Ocean Principals Group
KEYWORDS Coordination
Policy
OVERVIEW The Ocean Principals Group, established in 1979, seeks to provide an informal
OVERVIEW ^^disamoinent and emerging policy issues with multiple agency
jurisdiction.
Several agencies within the Executive Branch of the Federal Government have
significant responsibilities in the development and implementation_ of national
ocean-related policies and programs., These interests include, but are not
limited to:
marine transportation;
offshore mineral extraction;
deep seabed mineral development;
maritime safety;
maritime law enforcement;
fisheries management;
environmental protection;
national defense;
Law of the Sea and other foreign policies;
applied research and development; and
overall basic scientific pursuits.
The Ocean Principals Group meets quarterly to discuss and exchange views on
current marine issues. The regular members consist of the senior decision-
making officials accountable for ocean-related programs from the following
departments, agencies of Executive components:
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CONTACT
National Security Council
Office of Science and Technology Policy
National Science Foundation
Chief of Naval Operations
U.S. Navy General Counsel's Office (Law of the Sea)
U.S. Navy Politico Military Policy and Current Plans Office
Oceanographer of the Navy
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
NOAA
DOE
Department of State
U.S. Coast Guard
U.S. Maritime Administration
DOI
(Office of Water and Science)
U.S. Geological Survey
MMS
EPA
NASA
By consensus, the group may designate other federal officials to be included
as regular members.
U.S. Coast Guard
Commandant (G-CPP)
2100 2nd Street, SW
Washington, DC 20593-0001 202-267-1124
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National Security Council
Policy Coordinating Committee
Inter-Agency Coordinating Committee
KEYWORDS Policy
Coordination
Law
OVERVIEW
COORD
One of three inter-agency coordinating committees, the Policy Coordinating
Committee for Law of the Sea and Ocean Policy, established in the early
1970s, is tasked by the National Security Council to review international
oceans policy and provide background information for appropriate decision
making. Chaired by the Oceans Policy Office at the Department of State*,
this formal committee provides a forum for inter-agency coordination of
international marine issues.
Participating agencies are:
Department of State;
Environmental Protection Agency;
Department of Commerce;
National Science Foundation;
Department of Energy;
Department of the Interior;
Office of Management and Budget;
Department of Transportation;
Department of Treasury; and
White House National Security Council
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PROGRAMS Any participating U.S. Department or Agency may raise a topic for committee
review. The Committee focus includes issues of the Law of the Sea, Regional
Seas Program, London Dumping Convention, and international oceans policy.
Past considerations have included:
background information for the implementation of the Exclusive
Economic Zone;
recommendations for the U.S. decision to deny passage of the Law of
the Sea; and
review process for the extension of the territorial sea.
CONTACT Department of State
Oceans Affairs
Oceans Policy Coordinating Committe
OES/OA Room 5801
Washington, DC 20520-7818 202-647-3262 '
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ft . .
*act of
^tion l^tution is
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public Through the Center, the Institution seeks to encourage a broader
°f
Contact
National
Zoological
Park
The Man and the Biosphere Biological Diversity Program promotes greater
understanding of the cultural and biological diversity of developing countries
The program conducts training, both in the field and in museums, and in the
areas of conservation biology, natural resource management, the management
of species and habitats and research methodologies.
During 1989, a partnership was established among representatives in Bolivia
Peru, Ecuador, and Puerto Rico. An effort is under way to expand the
program to ten countries by 1996.
The program has grown considerably, largely because of the support of
international organizations such as the Smithsonian-UNESCO Man and
Biosphere Program, AID, WWF, the World Heritage Program, and other
organizations that have cosponsored its activities during the last three years.
Smithsonian Institution
1000 Jefferson Drive, SW
Washington, DC 20560 202-357-2700
NZP's mission includes:
conservation of wildlife and living systems;
research in the life sciences;
education of the public, staff, and students; and
recreation for visitors.
The research mission is pivotal to the success of other functions and provides
the foundation for all other major programs.
NZP does not operate a formal marine program, but marine mammal research
and conservation efforts have been carried out by individuals in the
Department of Zoological Research since 1979. Focused in behavioral and
physiological ecology, the goals of NZP marine research are to advance the
understanding of ecological and social factors which contribute to the evolution
of marine mammals and to provide a scientific basis for present and future
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Contact
Smithsonian
Environ-
mental
Research
Center
Contact
Smithsonian
Tropical
Research
Center
NZP coordinates with FWS and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans,
Canada.
Department of Zoological Research
National Zoological Park
3000 Connecticut Ave, NW
Washington, DC 20008 202-673-4826
Scientists at SERC are on the cutting edge of studies contributing to a better
understanding of complex environmental phenomena and problems.
Through regular seminars, center researchers and their counterparts from
universities and governmental laboratories keep each other abreast of work and
issues in areas of mutual interest. In addition, the center organizes and hosts
scientific workshops on a variety of issues.
Currently under way are projects which study the greenhouse effect on tidal
marshes, forest and water protection, and the ecology of the Rhode River
estuary.
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
P.O. Box 28
Edgewater, MD 21037 301-261-4190
Located in Panama, STRI is devoted to promoting basic research in the
tropics, training students for such research, and supporting efforts in
conservation and public education to ensure the future existence of
tropical environments for people to enjoy and for scientists to study. The
Institute's scientific staff carries out basic research on the ecology, behavior
and evolution of tropical plants and animals. The Institute is also concerned
with man's past and continuing activities in the tropics and the way those
activities affect biological processes.
STRI is custodian of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument, its centerpiece
being the Barro Colorado Island, and operates a host of laboratories and field
offices.
STRI scientists also conduct research elsewhere in the tropics and collaborate
with colleagues at research institutions throughout the world. The Institute's
reference library is one of the most extensive resources in the world on
tropical biology and conservation. It is also connected to the Dialog periodical
database and to the full bibliographic sources at the Smithsonian Institution
libraries in Washington, D.C.
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Contact
Smithsonian
Marine
Station at
Link Port
Contact
Current studies include the evolutionary consequences of dividing the ocean
wriich looks at how the division of previously homogenous populations of
marine organisms affected the evolution of populations involved, STRI also
studies environmental effects of major oil spills in the Caribbean coastal
waters.
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
APO Miami 34002-0011
Balboa, Panama (507) 62.32.15
The Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port acts as one of the primary marine
research facilities for Smithsonian scientists. Under the administration of the
National Museum of Natural History, the station facilitates in-house research
projects of a diverse nature. The station is funded by a trust fund provided by
Seward Johnson Sr. for the purposes of promoting marine science.
Serving the research needs of Smithsonian scientists, the station focuses on
studies of biodiversity, systematics, life histories and ecology of marine
organisms. In addition, occasional studies are carried out on geological and
physical marine processes. The Smithsonian group numbers from 15-20
scientists, who submit proposals annually for use of the research facility and
for limited funding.
Examples of projects are:
ecology of foraminifera;
systematics of certain gastropod mollusks;
systematics and life history of smaller phyla;
biology of oceanic larvae; and
ecology of marine plants.
Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port
56:1 Old Dixie Highway
Fort Pierce, FL 34946 407-465-6630
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UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Fisheries Department
Fishery Policy and Planning Division (FIP)
Fishery Resources and Environment Division (FIR)
International Atomic Energy Administration (IAEA)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)
Man and Biosphere Program (MAS)
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
United Nations Law of the Sea and Ocean Affairs
World Bank
Environment Department
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
UN-1
UN-2
UN-3
UN-4
UN-5
UN-6
UN-7
UN-8
UN-9
UN- 10
UN- 11
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Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Fisheries Department
KEYWORDS Coordination
Development
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
FAO, established in 1945, provides training and consultation to the world
nations on natural resources development. It plays an especially active role in
promoting economic and technical cooperation among developing countries.
The Fisheries Department is responsible for implementing FAO objectives
stipulated in the preamble of its constitution. Activities include:
promoting national and international action for the rational management
and development of world fisheries;
assisting member nations to formulate objectives, policies, and
programs; and, where needed,
establishing institutions which will enable them to make optimum use
of their living aquatic resources.
The Fisheries Department is organized into three divisions, two of which focus
on fisheries and management: Fishery Policy and Planning* and Fishery
Resources and Environment*. Programs cover all aspects of the fisheries
sector, economic and social as well as biological and technical; all types of
fisheries - marine, freshwater and aquaculture; and all stages of operations,
including resource surveys and stock assessments, allocation of access,
catching, processing, reduction of post-harvest losses, distribution and
marketing, and international trade.
The priorities for fishery programs are designed to achieve FAO's overall
objective of responding to external factors and implementing the outcomes of
the FAO World Conference on Fisheries Management and Development held
in Rome in 1984.
The FAO World Fisheries Conference Strategy has eight main elements:
1. the contribution of fisheries to national economic, social and nutritional
goals;
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CONTACT
2. improved national self-reliance in fishery management and
development;
3. principles and practices for the rational management and optimum use
of fishery resources;
4. the special role and needs of small-scale fisheries and rural fishing and
fish-farming communities;
5. international trade in fish and fishery products;
6. investment in fishery management;
7. economic and technical cooperation in fishery management and
development; and
8. international cooperation in fishery management and development.
The major problem in program execution lies in convincing governments to
implement fishery management and provide adequate compensation/protection
for inland fisheries resulting from expanded agricultural and forestry practices.
Food and Agriculture Organization
Via delle Terme di Caracalla
00100 Rome, Italy 57.97.1, ext. 66423
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Food and Agriculture Organization
Fisheries Department
Fishery Policy and Planning Division (FIP)
KEYWORDS Policy
Development
Research
Coordination
OVERVIEW
FIP provides advice and assistance to member governments on policies, plans,
and programs for fishery management and development. As a basis for this
advice, the Division undertakes studies of the major economic, social,
technical and institutional issues involved in fishery management and
development. Special attention is given to key issues such as:
monitoring, control, and surveillance of fisheries;
training fishery administrators and others in the concepts and
methodologies of planning fishery development;
investment and management; and
the socio-economic aspects of small-scale fishery development.
Technical backstopping and guidance in economic planning, analysis, and
research is provided to field projects. The Division is also responsible for
providing secretariat support to, and the development of policies and programs
for, FAO regional fishery bodies and for ensuring liaison with international,
inter-governmental, and non-governmental organizations concerned with
fisheries. In collaboration with the Department of General Affairs and
Information, it organizes the sessions of the Committee on Fisheries.
The Division has three components: the Office of the Director (FIPD), the
Development Planning Service (FIPP) and the International Institutions and
Liaison Service (FIPL). It coordinates the planning and execution of the
Programme of Action No.l (Planning, Management and Development of
Fisheries) approved by the 1984 World Fisheries Conference. It is also
responsible for coordinating the Fisheries Department's review of progress
achieved in implementing the Strategy for Fisheries Management and
Development advised by that Conference.
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PROGRAMS
COORD Through FIP, FAO maintains close liaison and collaboration with UNEP*,
IOC*, IMO*, and WHO*, as well as some regional economic groups which
have shown interest in fishery development programs (EEC, ECOWAS,
WAEC, CARICOM). Contacts are also pursued with other international
organizations through participation in their meetings as well as regular
consultations and general liaison designed to promote joint programming and
appropriate division of responsibilities.
FIP also administers the FAO umbrella for inter-country collaboration in
fishery development and management through nine regional fishery bodies.
These bodies and their subsidiary committees and working parties not only
provide a regular forum for exchanging views and for joint actions regarding
fishery management and development, but also have important functions as
advisory bodies to the associated network of FAO-executed inter-regional,
regional, and sub-regional technical assistance programs. The regional fishery
bodies and their associated technical assistance units are thus a vital channel
for the delivery of international assistance to the fisheries of the developing
world.
CONTACT Food and Agriculture Organization
Fishery Policy and Planning
Via delle Terme di Caracalla
00100 Rome, Italy 57.97.1, ext. 6421
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Food and Agriculture Organization
Fisheries Department
Fishery Resources and Environment Division. (FIR)
KEYWORDS
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
Marine
Resources
Service
Development
Education
FIR provides advice and assistance to member governments on fishery
resource and environmental concerns. It promotes the effective appraisal,
management, and development of marine and inland living resources as well
as for aquaculture; it is also concerned with setting and maintaining
appropriate standards for protecting the environment of fish. FIR provides
technical backstopping to the field program by assisting in project formulation
and evaluation and in direct assistance to project activities. It also supports the
technical secretariat for the resources-oriented activities of the FAO regional
fishery bodies and collaboration with other UN organizations' fishery resources
and environmental matters. In addition, FIR is responsible for developing and
disseminating technical and scientific knowledge on fishery resources and
environment.
FIR administers the Marine Resources Service (FIRM) and Inland Water
Resources and Aquaculture Service (FIRI).
FIRM aims to improve knowledge of the magnitude, distribution and potential
harvest of marine fish stocks and the use of this knowledge to optimize
exploitation of the world's fishery resources, either by developing fisheries on
under-utilized stocks or by better management of heavily fished stocks.
FIRM focuses on the effective dissemination of information and provision of
technical advice to the member nations in order to promote better methods of
resources identification, evaluation and management. This service is
responsible for monitoring the state of the resources on a worldwide basis.
Regional reviews are regularly produced. A bi-annual review of the state of
the world's fish resources is presented to FAO's Committee on Fisheries and
is regularly revised in FAO Fisheries Circular No. 710; Revision 7 is
scheduled to be issued in March 1991. Information on distribution of marine
resources is available in the Atlas of the Living Resources of the Seas. The
latest edition was published in 1982. The Service is also preparing a
Geographical Information System for Marine Living Resources, Fisheries and
their Environment.
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Inland
Water
Resources
and
Aquaculture
Service
CONTACT
The Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service reviews and evaluates
the use of inland water resources for fisheries, and promotes: better manage-
ment; use of improved techniques and systems for the culture of fish and
other aquatic organisms in fresh, brackish and marine waters; and sound
environmental conservation practices in lakes, rivers, and coastal areas.
FIRI is interested in increasing understanding of environmental and/or
ecological changes caused by pollution. Li particular, FIRI seeks under-
standing of pollution effects on aquatic living resources, strengthened national
institutions for monitoring and control of aquatic pollution and related research
and improved communication and cooperation among such institutions at both
regional and global levels.
In carrying out its activities, FIRI arranges formal and informal consultations
with experts in relevant fields, writes and/or edits technical papers, training
manuals, and reports for publication by FAO or in technical journals.
Food and Agriculture Organization
Fishery Resources and Environment
Via delle Terme di Caracalla
00100 Rome, Italy 57.97.1, ext. 6467
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International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
KEYWORDS Development
Coordination
Research
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
Though primarily interested in promoting nuclear energy, IAEA also seeks to
protect human health, enforce proper waste disposal, and ensure sound
environmental management. As more countries become involved in
international shipping and their need increases for strategic waste disposal, the
IAEA offers technical support for the development of sophisticated
environmental management strategies. IAEA also assists in creating better
frameworks within which to evaluate options of waste disposal management.
With respect to marine issues, IAEA is involved with ocean dumping and
radioactive waste contamination.
The Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Management is responsible for
marine-related issues. The Division of Research and Laboratories is a
Monaco-based technical lab which engages in marine contaminant research for
IAEA (as well as UNEP*).
The IAEA Assembly, comprised of member state representatives, is directed
by a board of governors which is seated by competitively selected countries.
Current efforts include the servicing of the IMO's* secretariat London
Dumping Convention. Engaged in LDC negotiations since its initiation, IAEA
acts as the technical expert body for ocean dumping of radioactive and non-
radioactive materials. IAEA seeks to ensure environmental safety from
radioactive contamination for both animal and human populations.
The focal issue of debate is whether the LDC should altogether prohibit the
ocean dumping of radioactive waste. Many questions have been raised about
the differences between radioactive and non-radioactive materials.
In addition, IAEA participates in other UN agency operations, such as
UNEP's* GEMS and Regional Seas Programs and through the Joint Group of
Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP), sponsored
by various UN agencies.
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CONTACT International Atomic Energy Agency
Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
Post Office Box 100
Wagramerstrasse 5
A-1400 Vienna Austria (43)(1) 23.60.26.67
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International Maritime Organization (IMO)
KEYWORDS Coordination
Policy
Law
OVERVIEW
Created under the United Nations in 1959, IMO provides the machinery for
cooperation among governments in the field of governmental regulation in
regards to technical matters affecting shipping in international trade. IMO
seeks to initiate standards for maritime safety, efficiency of navigation, and
prevention and control of maritime pollution from ships.
Cleaner oceans is the goal for the 1990s and the assurance of implementation
and compliance with IMO standards. In order to achieve its objectives IMO
promotes the adoption of over 600 codes and recommendations concerning
maritime safety, the prevention of pollution, and related matters.
The fundamental components of IMO's strategy for the protection of the
marine environment are:
to provide an effective machinery for technical, legal, and scientific
cooperation among governments in the field of protection of the marine
environment from pollution by ships and related activities and the
mitigation of the environmental effects of such pollution and
compensation;
to adopt the highest practicable international standards in matters
concerning maritime safety and prevention and control of marine
pollution from ships and related activities;
to encourage the widest possible acceptance and effective
implementation of these standards;
to strengthen the capacity for national and regional action to prevent,
control, combat, and mitigate marine pollution and to promote technical
cooperation to this end; and
to cooperate fully with other organizations within the United Nations
family and relevant international, regional, and non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) to ensure a coordinated approach and avoid
duplication of efforts.
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IMO also has consultative mechanisms with which to coordinate environmental
endeavors with other regional groups and NGOs, e.g., South Pacific Regional
Environment Program, Friends of the Earth International, International Union
for the Conservation of Nature, and the Oslo, Paris and Helsinki
Commissions.
is organized by a General Secretariat and several different committees.
There are 132 member states and one associate member in the Assembly,
supervised by the council. Two committees and several conventions/protocols
will be discussed in further detail.
Marine MEPC, established by the IMO Assembly in 1973, is the main IMO body
Environment dealing with environmental protection. MEPC is concerned with prevention
Committee and control of pollution from ships and the adoption of conventions and other
regulations to ensure their enforcement. MEPC's chief concern is with the
development and implementation of the International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). MARPOL, adopted in 1973
deals with pollution by oil, as well as pollution from chemicals and other
harmful substances, garbage, and sewage. MARPOL regulates the amount of
oil which can be discharged into the sea by ships and bans such discharges
completely in certain areas. Other main elements of MARPOL include:
establishment of shore-based reception facilities for oil and chemical
residues, garbage, and sewage;
strict ship construction and equipment standards which minimize to the
extent practical, the release of oil and chemicals in case of an accident;
mandatory provision for ship inspections and surveys to ensure
compliance with international standards;
rapid "tacit amendment" procedures to take account of changes in
technology and international seaborne trade; and
promotion of technical cooperation.
Technical problems made ratification by many states difficult. The Protocol
of 1978 includes modifications and'absorbs the parent Convention Thus this
combined measure is commonly referred to as MARPOL 73/78.
A typical agenda for this expert body would include:
uniform interpretation of rules and standards;
prevention of pollution by noxious solid and liquid substances;
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Technical
Cooperation
Committee
arrangements for combating major incidents of marine pollution;
identification of the source of discharged oil;
technical assistance and shipboard and shore-based management for
maritime safety and prevention of marine pollution;
reporting oil spills;
violation of conventions and penalties imposed; and
manuals on oil and chemical pollution.
Organized in 1977, the Committee implements technical cooperation projects
for which the Organization acts as executing or cooperating agency. This
committee was designed to help governments implement the requirements of
IMO conventions and other measures. Each year, the Organization arranges
seminars and workshops designed to assist the member states in
implementation.
Key elements of IMO technical assistance are:
preparation of national legislation, rules, and regulations;
technical and legal advisory services and establishment of regional
marine pollution advisers;
training offered at the World Maritime University, IMO International
Maritime Academy, and several other centers and regional facilities;
promotion of regional anti-pollution arrangements in combating marine
pollution emergencies and establishment and management of regional
combating/training centers and specialized anti-pollution equipment
stockpiles; and
special studies dealing with such matters as evaluation of the level of
risk from marine pollution in specific sea areas and the actions
necessary to mitigate the effects of marine pollution in such areas, and
regional overview studies of the status of marine pollution and its
control.
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IMO, through this committee, actively participates with UNEP's* Regional
Seas Program to offer technical assistance to those states in need. IMO
supports special technical assistance projects worldwide and coordinates
training workshops so that local specialists can develop contingency planning
on their own. .
IMO's Global Programme for the Protection of the Marine Environment was
launched in January 1990, bringing IMO environmental technical assistance
activities under a single entity.
London The LDC, formally named the Convention on the Prevention of Marine
Dumping Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matters, entered into force in 1975.
Convention IMO was designated for secretariat duties in relation to the Convention. Sixty-
five States have ratified or acceded to the Convention as of 1 October 1990.
The Convention controls and regulates the disposal at sea of harmful waste and
other materials. Certain substances known to be harmful to the ocean are
prohibited and regulations exist to prevent the dumping of other materials
which may present a risk to the marine environment and human health. In
addition, the Convention controls the incinerations of wastes on board ships
and sets out criteria for the selection of dumping and incineration sites at sea.
Current activity within the LDC centers around two main issues. The first
involves a re-evaluation of incineration at sea as an effective waste disposal
option. Phase-out of incineration by 1994 is possible if it can be demonstrated
that environmentally preferable land-based alternatives are available
worldwide. The second issue involves a review of radioactive waste disposal
that is concerning scientific, technical, political, legal, economic and social
aspects of the issue. The dumping of radioactive wastes and incineration at
sea are likely to remain the focus of attention in the short term.
In the longer term, issues such as export of hazardous wastes, monitoring and
surveillance of disposal operations, sub-seabed emplacement of wastes,
disposal of offshore platforms and development of a liability regime are likely
to require increased attention.
The contracting parties to the Convention have recently begun discussion on
the future role of the Convention. These discussions are the result of the
possible elimination of certain disposal practices (i.e. incineration at sea and
radioactive waste dumping), the development of broad interest regarding the
health of the global ocean, and the desire to protect the marine environment
from all sources of pollution.
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The Convention and its permanent advisory board, the Scientific Group on
Dumping, meet every year. Several ad hoc meetings also occur throughout the
year. All meetings are attended by many United States officials.
CONTACT International Maritime Organization
Technical Cooperation Committee
4 Albert Embankment
London SE1 7SR (44)717357611
International Maritime Organization
Marine Environment Committee
4 Albert Embankment
London SE1 7SR (44) 71 735 7611
International Maritime Organization
Office of London Dumping Convention
4 Albert Embankment
London SE1 7SR (44) 71 735 7611
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United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Man and the Biosphere Program (MAB)
KEYWORDS Research
OVERVIEW MAB grew out of the 1968 International Biosphere Conference. The program
was officially launched by UNESCO in 1971 and was strongly endorsed by the
1972 UN conference on the Human Environment.
MAB's outputs include new scientific knowledge, guidelines for sustained land
management, quantitative and qualitative improvement in trained manpower,
and syntheses of information.
COORD MAB regularly cooperates with international organizations such as UNEP*,
FAO*, WHO*, World Meteorological Organization, International Council on
the Exploration of the Seas, and International. Union for the Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources*.
PROGRAMS There are MAB National Committees in more than one hundred countries.
The International Coordinating Council identifies program priorities. MAB's
fourteen international themes or project areas cover the spectrum of terrestrial,
freshwater, and coastal ecosystems from the tropics to the polar zones. Some
themes deal with man's interactions with ecosystems or physiographic units,
while others are concerned with processes or impacts of anthropogenic activity
on the natural world.
New research orientations adopted by MAB in 1986 include:
ecosystem functioning under different intensities of human impact;
management and restoration of human-impacted resources;
human investment and resources use; and
human response to environmental stress.
MAB currently oversees some 285 Biosphere Reserves in 72 countries, some
of which are coastal.
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CONTACT UNESCO
Man and Biosphere Program
7 Rue du Fontenoy
Paris 75015 France (33)(1)45.68.10.00
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PROGRAMS
Global
Investigation
in the Marine
Environment
Marine
Pollution
Monitoring
System
Marine
Debris
Monitoring
Sub-
Commission
for the
Caribbean
and Adjacent
Regions
GIPME was established in 1972 in response to Recommendation 90 of the
1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment. GIPME's objective is to
provide a scientifically sound basis for the assessment and regulation of marine
contamination and pollution. Areas of involvement include:
coastal area management;
marine waste disposal;
non-point source pollution;
accidental substance release;
risk assessment;
recreational uses of ocean space;
alteration of coastal habitats;
monitoring;
protected areas and species; and
international coordination of marine programs.
A Joint IOC-UNEP Intergovernmental Panel for GIPME was established
recently. The first session of the panel is being planned for the second quarter
of 1991.
MARPOLMON operates in several IOC regions and collaborates with other
bodies and networks. Data is collected from the South-East Pacific,
Caribbean, West and Central Africa, and the Mediterranean and delivered
regularly to regional data banks and to the IOC. These data are used for
regional assessments and reviews on the state of the marine environment. The
data cover petroleum hydrocarbon contamination and in some cases, trace
metals and physical oceanography parameters.
In the Mediterranean, a pilot project on monitoring marine debris (litter) on
beaches and in the coastal zone has been carried out as a joint activity between
the IOC, FAO*, and MAP/UNEP.
The IOCARJJBE Secretariat is in the process of consolidating the GIPME
/MARPOLMON-CARIPOL Institutional Network for Marine Pollution
Research and Monitoring in the Caribbean. IOC, jointly with UNEP,
initiated a major Marine Pollution Assessment and Control Programme for the
Wider Caribbean Region (CEPPOL) in early 1990. For further information
see IOC Workshop Report No. 59 "IOC-UNEP Regional Workshop to Review
Priorities for Marine Pollution Monitoring, Research, Control and Abatement
in the Wider Caribbean," (San Jose, Costa Rica, 24-30 August 1989). The
IOCARJJBE Region has been selected to implement the first training course in
remote sensing for adequate training of future users of remotely sensed marine
data in connection with the development of a global integrated ocean observing
system (University of Simon Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela, 24028 September
1990).
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United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)
KEYWORDS Research
Assessment
OVERVIEW
Founded in 1961, IOC's purpose is to promote scientific investigation with the
intent of learning more about the nature and resources of the oceans. IOC
carries out numerous activities in the field of ocean science (e.g., ocean
mapping in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (GAPA), the Black and
Mediterranean Seas (ffiCM), the Caribbean (IBCCA), the Western Indian
Ocean (ffiCWIO), the Central Eastern Atlantic (ffiCEA)), as well as ocean
services (e.g. the International Tsunami Warning System (TTSU)).
r
' " '* " » -
Strengthening of the regional subsidiary bodies, integrated implementation of
global programs, and inter-regional cooperation are continuously important
elements of IOC activities. Essential to the realization of those elements is an
accelerated implementation and consolidation of the .UNESCO-IOC
"Comprehensive Plan for a Major Assistance Program to Enhance the Marine
Science Capabilities of Developing Countries" to ensure that coastal states will
attain sufficient capability in marine research and ocean services.
IOC's subsidiary bodies include:
Subcommission for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (IOCAREBE)*;
Regional Committee for the Central Indian Ocean (IOCINDIO);
Regional Committee for the Cooperative Investigations in the North and
Central Western Indian Ocean (IOCINCWIO);
Program Group for the Central Eastern Atlantic (IOCEA);
Joint IOC-WMO-CPPS Working Group on the Investigations of El
Nino;
Joint CCOP (SOPAQ-IOC Working Group on South Pacific Tectonics
and Resources (STAR); and
Joint CCOP-IOC Working Group on Studies of East Asian Tectonics
and Resources (SEATAR).
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CONTACT UNESCO
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
7, Place de Fontenoy
75700 Paris
France (33)(1) 45.68.39.83
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pollution and by the negative impact of climatic change;
development and testing of procedures for environmental impact
assessment;
training policy-makers, environmental managers, scientists and
technicians in subjects relevant to the protection of coastal and marine
areas;
raising public awareness about the environmental problems facing the
marine and coastal areas; and
strengthening linkages between existing action plans through inter-
regional activities, exchange of information and transfer of experiences.
Consolidation of the existing action plans for the Eastern Africa and East
Asian Seas and adoption of the action plan for the South Asian Seas will be
seen as first priority. The possible development of action plans for the South-
West Atlantic, the North-West Pacific, and the Black Sea will be further
explored.
UNEP is the only UN organization of the four principal groups involved in
marine affairs that has an integrated, trans-sectoral approach to regional
cooperation. Through its Oceans and Coastal Areas Program, UNEP brings
together existing marine resource management. The Regional Seas Program
is the primary component of the Oceans and Coastal Areas Program (OCA)
and is coordinated under the OCA Program Activity Center.
The Regional Seas Program, launched in 1974, and conceived as a global
program implemented through regional components, at present includes ten
regional action plans and has over 120 coastal states participating in it.
Each regional action plan is formulated to the needs of the region as perceived
by the governments concerned. It is designed to link assessment of the quality
of the marine environment and the cases of its deterioration with activities for
the management and development of the marine and coastal environment. The
action plans promote the parallel development of regional legal agreements and
of action-oriented program activities.
All action plans are designed in a similar way, although the specific activities
for any region are dependent on the needs and priorities of that region. An
action plan usually includes: environmental assessment; environmental
management; environmental legislation; institutional arrangements; and
financial arrangements.
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United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
KEYWORDS Coordination
Development
Policy
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
Global
Marine
Problems
Regional
Seas
Program
The; 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment adopted the Action Plan
for the Human Environment, including the General Principles for Assessment
and Control of Marine Pollution. In light of the results of the Conference, the
UN General Assembly decided to establish UNEP to serve as a focal point for
environmental action and coordination within the UN system. Subsequently,
the governing council of UNEP chose oceans as one of the priority areas in
which it would focus efforts to fulfill its catalytic and coordinating role.
The Ocean and Coastal Areas Program focuses on the global marine
environment, regional marine environments, and living marine resources.
Special attention is given to the control of pollution in regional seas and proper
management of their coastal areas within that concentration area.
A globally coordinated marine pollution monitoring system is presently being
elaborated, as a contribution to GEMS and Earthwateh. In addition, the
launching of a project on global,monitoring of climate-related changes relevant
to the marine and coastal environment is being negotiated with IOC* and
WMO*.
This program will remain the centerpiece of the oceans program. It is an
action-orientated program addressing both the consequences and the causes
of environmental degradation. The program encompasses a comprehensive
approach to combating environmental problems through marine and coastal
areas management based on the needs and concerns of the regional
governments. In all regional action plans greater emphasis will be placed on:
integrated coastal zone management;
formulation, adoption, and implementation of pollution control
measures;
analysis of problems which may be associated with the expected impact
of climatic change on marine and coastal ecosystems and on socio-
economic structures and activities;
direct assistance to governments in defining and implementing policies
and measures which may mitigate or eliminate problems caused by
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Mediter-
ranean
Action
Plan
The Regional Seas Program Action Plans span:
1. Mediterranean;
2. Kuwait;
3. West and Central Africa;
4. Caribbean; :
5. East Asian Sea;
6. South-East Pacific;
7. Red Sea and Gulf of Aden;
8. :South Pacific;
9. Eastern Africa; and
10. South Asian Seas.
.
The vastness of the program and the number of organizations participating in
various capacities in its implementation requires efficient coordination
mechanisms well adapted to the specific needs of each regional component.
Although the program is under general coordination of OCA/PAC, the
program's success depends on the work of specialized organizations and
centers dealing either with specific regions covered by the program or with
specific subjects common to most or all of the regions.
All of the Regional Seas Program instruments install policy-making bodies
known as Conferences of Contracting Parties arid assign secretariat functions
to either outposted UNEP units to already existing local organization. UNEP
Regional Coordinating Units operate in the Mediterranean, Caribbean,.
West/Central African, and Eastern African regions.
Organizations which are or have been involved in the Regional Seas Program
are: UNDP, ECE, FAO, UNESCO, IOC*, WHO*, WMO*, IMO*, UNIDO,
IAEA*, IUCN*, EEC, ICES.
United Nations Environment Programme
Program Activity Center
Oceans and Coastal Areas
Post Office Box 30552
Nairobi Kenya (25)(42) 33.39.30
MAP, adopted in 1975, provided the foundation for the Barcelona Convention
for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution. A five-member
bureau, elected by MAP'S contracting parties meet semi-annually.
The Coordinating Unit is located in Athens and a Regional Oil Combatting
Center (ROCC) in Malta provides emergency response assistance for oil spills
and other harmful substances and contingency planning aid. The Specially
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Protected Areas Regional Activity Center, in Tunis, identifies preservation
sites and produces guidelines for these areas.
MAP's priorities have included cooperation on coastal management topics such
as land-based pollution control, historic site preservation, and planning for
environmentally sound economic growth. Environmental monitoring and data
quality assurance programs are established through the coordination of station
networks and new marine research laboratories. MAP has recently been
involved in the monitoring of atmospheric source pollutants reaching the
Mediterranean.
United Nations Environment Program
Program Activity Center
Oceans and Coastal Areas
Post Office Box 30552
Nairobi Kenya (25)(42) 33.39.30
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United Nations Law of the Sea and Ocean Affairs
KEYWORDS Education
Law
Development
Research
OVERVIEW
General Assembly resolution 38/227 of December 1983 adopted a major
program on marine affairs, which included, within a single chapter, activities
on the law of the sea and ocean affairs, consistent with the comprehensive
nature of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Until now, the activities under the program have been directed primarily at the
provision on information, advice, and assistance to states in order to facilitate
a better understanding by states of the Convention, assisting them in ratifying
or acceding to it, and promoting its wider acceptance and rational
implementation, as well as ensuring that the application of its provision by
states is uniform and consistent with the Convention.
The program has also provided methodological approaches to and formulated
guidelines for integrated ocean management, marine policy making, and
program development and has assessed the modalities of their application in
specific instances at the regional and national levels. Technical studies and
training courses covering general issues and broad implication pertaining to
sea-use planning, development of the marine areas under national jurisdiction,
marine scientific research and the assessment of offshore non-fuel mineral
resources were also implemented at the regional level.
The thrust of the program during the period 1992-97 will be to continue to
advise and assist states in:
their acceptance of the Convention;
applying it uniformly and consistently;
implementing the Convention rationally;
focusing national ocean policy and management appropriately; and
developing their marine capabilities for the purposes of the fuller
attainment of their benefits under the Convention.
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The program will also respond to the need for support of marine related
activities of organizations within the UN system and ^c^S^
in order to ensure that the specialized sectoral activities mtem-wkte
Of
n or
adoption *$.
CONTACT
charts and geographical coordinates demarcating maritime zones of
national junsdiction and sovereignty following the recordingTf luch
information according to estabUshed mechanisms; and
advisory services on a subregional or national basis to assist states in
!±rg *trnati°nal l6fiiSlation *«««*» extend^ a^ of
mantime jurisdiction in a manner consistent with the new legal regime
Papers can be found in the specialized law and sea library
United Nations
Office of the Law of the Sea and Ocean Affairs
New York, NY 10017 212-963-3977
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World Bank
Environment Department
KEYWORDS Development
Policy
Research
OVERVIEW
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), or World
Bank's main activity since its inception in 1946 is to lend for specific projects,
carefully selected and prepared, thoroughly appraised, closely supervised, and
systematically evaluated. The concentration of project lending is directed at
ensuring that Bank funds are invested in sound, productive projects that
contribute to the development of a borrowing country's economy as well as to
its capacity to repay the loan. The Bank is both a developmental and financial
institution and each project for which it lends must satisfy both features of the
institution.
Bank projects and amounts loaned have increased over the years, and the
character of projects has changed to become increasingly development
oriented. Lending is directed more toward poor and less developed countries
in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Program emphases are aimed at growth,
provision of basic services, and improvement of income distribution.
The 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development (the
Brundtland Commission) report emphasized the need for an international
organization involved in the process of environmental management. The
World Bank has developed a more comprehensive strategy in which to play
that role. The Environment Department expanded and environmental issues
are now addressed as part of an overall economic policy rather than project by
project. The Bank aims at addressing the environmental consequences of
individual projects and identifying projects specifically aimed at environmental
problems. In addition, the Bank stresses the development of policy
interventions to influence environmental-related behavior on a large scale.
Special attention is paid to the severe environmental problems in Sub-Saharan
Africa, to the threat of deforestation, and to regional problems such as the
pollution of the Mediterranean.
The Environment Department consists of three divisions and contains about
thirty staff members and consultants. Its functions are to conduct policy and
research activities in a range of technical, economic, and social areas, to
support regional staff with conceptual guidance or specialized expertise, and
to establish and maintain information systems and data bases. The department
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COORD
PROGRAMS
also participates in training and informing Bank staff on environmental issues
through seminars, workshops, and briefings.
As the Bank addresses broad environmental issues ranging from deforestation
to global wanning and improving project design and implementation, it is
making a special effort to reconcile different views on important scientific and
technological issues that cut across sectors and to better integrate these
considerations into its work.
In recognition of the importance of non-governmental organizations in the
development process, the Bank is developing operational collaboration with
NGOs, particularly those in developing countries. The Bank also works in
conjunction with AID* activities.
The Environment Department produces papers to introduce new methods for
environmental management strategy and engages in country-studies, in
response to government requests, to evaluate the critical environmental
problems in that country. The Bank also joins forces with other governments
and organizations to address issues common to an entire region. For example,
the Environmental Program for the Mediterranean is being undertaken by the
World Bank in partnership with the European Investment Bank as well as other
agencies (including UNEP) and with the Mediterranean countries.
The Bank is now addressing a number of primary environmental problems, of
which efforts for conservation of biological diversity are most related to
marine issues. In this respect, the Bank is concerned particularly in tropical
rainforests, wetlands, and marine environments.
The Bank seeks to reduce pressures on these ecosystems through its lending
policies in transport, agriculture, energy, industry, and other sectors.
Research will concentrate on developing better knowledge of the location of
the ecosystems and the economic reasons for protecting them.
Again in support of biological diversity, the Bank is engaged with efforts to
preserve and manage wildlands, especially those of rare or endangered
.ecosystems such as wetlands, coastal marshes and estuaries, coral reefs, small
oceanic islands, and mangrove swamps.
Wildland management components have two principal objectives: to prevent,
minimize, or partially compensate for wildland elimination, thereby conserving
biological diversity; and to preserve or improve the environmental services
provided by wildlands, thereby enhancing the project's economic or social
benefits.
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As a result of in-house studies, it has been recommended that the following
will increase wildland project effectiveness:
Wildland management components should be routinely and
systematically incorporated into certain types of Bank projects. Up to
now, this has not always been done, and some projects which would
have benefitted from wildland components have not included them.
Wildland components should be incorporated as early as possible within
the project cycle to minimize costs and facilitate implementation.
.4} ,-*» .-
Meeting wildland management goals requires effective management "on
the ground," not simply on paper. The wildland management
objectives have to be translated into specific measures with a budget for
their implementation to reduce the risk of the establishment of "paper
parks."
The multiple objectives of wildland management are most successfully
attained if the wildland management area (WMA) is carefully designed.
The success of a WMA, as of other project components, is contingent
upon government commitment. By taking measures to ensure
counterpart financing, or by providing the financing itself, the Bank can
- help ensure the availability of the relatively modest sums necessary for
WMA establishment and continuation.
Wildland areas of special marine concern are: Amazon River and associated
wetlands (including Varzea Forest); Orinoc River and Delta (Venezuela and
Columbia); Lake Atitian (Guatemala); and several others.
World Bank
Environment Department
1818HSt.,NW
Washington, DC 20433 202-473-3202
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World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
KEYWORDS
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
Marine
Meterology
Program
Coordination
Research
Education
Policy
WMO has three Regional Offices for Africa, the Americas, and for Asia and
the South-West Pacific and Six Regional Associations which coordinate
meteorological activity in the respective regions. Each region is covered by
activities of the WMO Regional Meteorological Training Centers.
WMO operates two marine research related programs (with the exception of
its World Climate Research Program).
Originating in 1907, this program seeks to provide marine meteorological and
oceanographic data and services in support of the safety of life and property
at sea and the efficient monitoring and management of marine resources and
the marine environment. .
Via this program, WMO manages public outreach and education programs,
performs policy analysis, participates in policy making negotiations, prepares
and disseminates regulatory materials, and is involved in international
coordination of data collection, services and research.
Program data collected is produced in technical and white paper, review
articles, general press articles, newsletters, regulatory and guidance material,
and meeting reports.
Program goals are:
to provide effective meteorological and oceanographic services for the
marine user community;
to develop and maintain a composite global marine meteorological and
oceanographic observing system; and
to facilitate the incorporation of scientific and technological advances;
and to assist member states in their development of WMO services.
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SS-
I332S3SS3S3
The project is coordinated with efforts from UNEP* and IOC* via the Joint
SSteiSSS oni ?e Scientific Aspects of Marine Pouution S?
Another international forum in which the project participates is ICSPRa
o f°r imPlementati°n of the Convention for the
of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution from Land-BasJ
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CONTACT World Meteorological Organization
Ocean Affairs Division
Case Postale 2300
1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland (41)(22) 73.08.23.7
World Meteorological Organization
WMO Technical Secretary of GESAMP
Case Postale 2300
1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland (41)(22)73.43.32.6
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NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
American Oceans Campaign (AOC)
Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCQ
Center for Marine Conservation (CMC)
Conservation International (CI)
Council on Ocean Law (COL)
The Cousteau Society, Inc.
Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)
Friends of the Earth / Ocean Society (FOE/OS)
Greenpeace
International Game Fish Association (IGFA)
Island Resources Foundation (IRF)
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
National Audubon Society
The Nature Conservancy (TNC)
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)
National Wildlife Federation (NWF)
The Sierra Club
Wildlife Conservation International (WCD
World Resources Institute (WRD
World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
NGO-1
NGO-2
NGO - 3
NGO-4
NGO-5
NGO - 6
NGO -1
NGO-8
NGO-9
NGO - 10
NGO - 11
NGO - 12
NGO - 13
NGO - 14
NGO - 15
NGO - 16
NGO - 17
NGO - 18
NGO - 19
NGO - 20
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International Union for the Conservation of Nature
and Natural Resources (IUCN)
.-
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)
NGO - 21
NGO - 22
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American Oceans Campaign (AOC)
KEYWORDS Advocacy
Education
Policy
Research
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
AOC has been an advocacy group promoting wise use of the oceans since
1987. AOC's mission is to focus attention on the growing threats to the
100,000 miles of ocean, bays, harbors, and estuaries that border our
continental states, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Trust Territories, the
Virgin Islands, and the Great Lakes. AOC feels that the United States lacks
policies to deal with this growing environmental problem; it is dedicated to
promulgating policies through a national coalition of environmental
organizations, businesses, community groups, and the entertainment industry.
AOC has sponsored several conferences on the protection of the marine
environment, and intends to take a lead role in NGO involvement in the 1992
UN Meeting on Global Change and the Environment.
AOC's primary activities include public education and outreach, lobbying and
advocacy work, supporting scientific research on environmental degradation,
and helping formulate effective marine policy.
General areas of AOC involvement have included:
coastal zone management;
endangered species protection;
fisheries management;
global climate change (an increasingly important focus of interest);
general marine policy;
marine protected area planning;
non-point source pollution monitoring;
ocean dumping issues;
ocean energy development;
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CONTACT
oil and gas exploration and recovery impacts on coastal ecosystems;
and
recreational use of ocean space.
Specific AOC objectives include:
funding for coastal and oceans research;
enactment of a national oceans and coastal protection policy;
seeking to enact new comprehensive legislation to designate and protect
ecologically sensitive areas; and
promoting the Clean Water, Endangered Species, Toxic Substances
Control, Resource Conservation Recovery, Coastal Zone Management,
and other Acts.
American Oceans Campaign
Washington Office
235 Pennsylvania Ave, SE
Washington, DC 20003 202-544-3526
Non-Governmental Organizations
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Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCC)
KEYWORDS Law
Education
OVERVIEW
CCC is a Florida-based, non-profit organization founded in 1959 in response
to the alarm sounded in Dr. Archie Carr's book, The Windward Road. The
initial focus of the organization's activities was to remedy the plight of sea
turtles.
PROGRAMS CCC's activities are worldwide but concentrate on the Caribbean and Atlantic.
Activities include:
studies of sea turtle life history and population monitoring;
marine conservation;
watershed-wide ecological studies;
public education about the importance of a healthy coastal system; and
promotion of adoption and compliance with conservation laws and
international treaties.
The CCC operates the Green Turtle Research Station at Tortuguero, Costa
Rica, the site of the 35-year ongoing green turtle tagging program. It also
manages a four square-mile marine impoundment on Great Iguana Island,
Bahamas, used in long term marine turtle growth and nutrition studies.
CONTACT Caribbean Conservation Corporation
P.O. Box 3942
Tallahassee, FL 32315 904-385-3306
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Center for Marine Conservation (CMC)
KEYWORDS Policy
Research
Education
Law
Conservation
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
CMC, formerly the Center for Environmental Education, was established in
1972 as a nonprofit membership organization dedicated to protecting marine'
wildlife and habitats and to conserving coastal and ocean resources. CMC
conducts policy-oriented research, promotes public education and citizen
involvement, and supports domestic and international laws and programs for
marine conservation.
CMC works from its headquarters in Washington, DC and regional offices in
VA, FL, TX, and CA. With more than 100,000 members worldwide, CMC
works with private industry, conservation groups, government, and private
citizens, and supports international efforts to protect all wildlife species
threatened by international trade.
CMC is organized according to programs, which currently include the Sea
Turtle Program, Marine Debris and Entanglement Program, Marine Protected
Areas Program, and Marine Mammal Program. These programs focus on the
following themes:
conserving marine habitats (reauthorization of the Marine Sanctuary
Act, new sanctuaries, Caribbean conservation);
preventing marine pollution (national marine debris database,
sponsoring beach cleanups, environmental quality in the Gulf of
Mexico, and education);
managing fisheries for conservation (Marine Mammal Protection Act,
driftnets in the North Pacific, sea turtles and shrimp trawls);
protecting endangered marine species (Endangered Species Act, the
International Whaling Commission, whalewatching, fur seals, sea turtle
conservation);
controlling international wildlife trade; and
educating the public and encouraging citizen participation.
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Recent activities include:
worked with local conservationists and government leaders in California
and Florida to establish marine sanctuaries in Monterey Bay, CA, and
the Florida Keys;
coordinated the 1989 and 1990 national beach cleanups, providing
materials and guidance to tens of thousands of volunteers nationwide;
led efforts to promote regulations requiring Turtle Excluder Devices on
shrimp nets;
d
worked to prevent the deaths of dolphins in tuna nets;
worked with many Florida counties and cities to control artificial
lighting on sea turtle nesting beaches to prevent disorientation of
hatchlings;
helped establish and maintain a moratorium on commercial whaling
adopted by the International Whaling Commission; and
forced Exxon to establish sea otter rescue and rehabilitation efforts in
the wake of the Prince William Sound Spill.
CMC publishes two quarterly newsletters, Marine Conservation News, and
Sanctuary Currents, a biannual newsletter called Coastal Connection, and
numerous public education brochures, reports, and books on specific marine
environmental issues.
Center for Marine Conservation
1725 De Sales St. NW
Washington, DC 20036 202-429-5609
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Conservation International (CI)
KEYWORDS Development
Conservation
OVERVIEW CI was founded in 1987 by a group of prominent international conservation
scientists. CI's general mission is to help protect biological diversity by
combining scientific information and political leverage to solve conservation
problems. CI helps to foster local capacity to design and implement
community-based ecosystem conservation and sustainable development.
PROGRAMS Early projects conducted or supported by CI were restricted to sustainable-use
planning in Latin America. CI's sphere of influence is spreading and new areas
of involvement include Malagasy Republic, other parts of Africa, and parts of
Asia.
CI does not have a formal marine program. Current projects with a marine
component include:
a survey of the condition of the Sea of Cortes ecosystem and plans to
promote conservation in the area;
a sustainable development strategy for Clayoqout Sound, British
Columbia;
joint activities with the Coastal Coalition and the Prince William Sound
Science Center in Cordova, Alaska; and
mariculture and ecological restoration in Willapa Bay, Washington.
Other marine conservation activities are planned in Madagascar, Papua New
Guinea, and the South Pacific.
CI has approximately 75 full-time staff working in the main offices and the
field. Headquarters are in Washington, DC, and Portland, Oregon.
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CONTACT Conservation International
1015 18th St, NW
Suite 1000
Washington, DC 20036 202-429-5660
Vice-President, North America
Ecotrust
1200 NW Front Ave
Suite 470
Portland, OR 97209 503-227-6225
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Council on Ocean Law (COL)
KEYWORDS Law
Policy
Education
OVERVIEW COL was founded in 1980 to promote the development of widely accepted
international law for the world's oceans. To advance its mission, COL's goals
are:
to overcome the obstacles preventing universal participation in the 1982
Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS
m);
to support the further evolution of oceans laws based on the framework
of UNCLOS HI; and
to provide accurate and timely information on international law
developments to government officials, marine policy specialists, and
interested members of the public.
PROGRAMS Specific areas of interest include:
national law and policy implementing UNCLOS IE;
the role of ocean policy institutions in addressing large-scale
environmental change;
development of UNEP programs;
elaboration of ocean pollution control treaties and regulations under the
auspices of IMO;
evolution of policies governing marine scientific research; and
development of fisheries agreements.
COL also sponsors The Panel on the Law of the Ocean, composed of
distinguished ocean law and policy experts. The Panel produces statements on
leading ocean law topics.
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The COL newsletter, Ocean Policy News, is distributed to more than one
thousand subscribers in the United States and abroad. Occasional papers and
reports of international meetings are also disseminated by COL.
CONTACT Council on Ocean Law
1709 New York Aye., NW
Suite 800
Washington, DC 20006 202-347-3766
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The Cousteau Society, Inc.
KEYWORDS Education
Research
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
The Cousteau Society is a non-profit, membership-supported organization
dedicated to the protection and improvement of the quality of life. The Society
was created in 1973 by Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau and his son Jean-
Michel Cousteau and became fully operational in 1974.
The Society believes that only an informed and alerted public can best make
the choices to provide a healthier and more productive way of life for itself
and for future generations. To this end, the Society conducts an array of
investigative programs documenting the fragility of the world's oceans.
The Society increases awareness of the planet's natural resources through
public outreach programs, film production, books and articles, syndicated
columns, and lecture series. The Calypso Log, for adults, and the Dolphin
Log, for children, are two Society periodicals which explain scientific and
environmental issues while also covering news of Cousteau expeditions. The
Society also offers Project Ocean Search, which enables the public to
participate in summer field study and provides on-the-scene educational
experiences.
Research is conducted by in-house teams in collaboration with local scientists
and agencies, as well as with independent scientists from institutions and
universities. Cousteau crews have worked on specific projects with NASA,
the International Commission for the Scientific Exploration of the
Mediterranean (ICSEM), and NOAA*. Society staff have also participated in
UNEP* meetings to formulate international standards for Mediterranean water
quality, and in the NMFS's* establishment of a Marine Mammal Stranding
Program.
The Society collaborates in international scientific studies to gauge the health
of the marine environment and the nature of the water system both locally and
globally. Results of these research programs are published in scientific
journals and are made available to governments as a means of promoting wise
management policies. The Society performs two kinds of research. The first
is fundamental studies that help the scientific community to better understand
the nature of a particular region or phenomenon. The second kind of research
is application analyses designed to provide local resource managers and policy
makers with guidelines for creating programs to protect the environment while
promoting reasonable development.
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CONTACT
Currently, Cousteau teams are engaged in a new series called "Rediscovery of
the World," running from 1985-1991. Both RV Calypso and RV Alcyone are
circling the globe while their crews document a rapidly changing planet. Their
goal is to provide a fresh look at a world most people believe they already
know. Scientific teams will attempt to make a variety of measurements of:
ocean productivity;
the contributions of rivers to ocean vitality;
the health of marine and freshwater habitats; and
i'
the broad global connections between such major components of the
biosphere as tropical forests, rivers, the atmosphere, oceans, and
humankind.
Production teams are filming the research process to help others understand
more about oceanography and the importance of the oceans' resources. Film
production is the Society's primary public outreach activity.
The Society's current membership is approximately 252,000 persons
worldwide.
The Cousteau Society
Research and Communication
870 Greenbrier Circle
Suite 402
Chesapeake, VA 23320 804-523-9335
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Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)
KEYWORDS
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
Wildlife
Eastern
Water
Atmospheric
Advocacy
EDF was established in 1967 in response to scientists' concern about the use
of DDT in Long Island, New York. Since then EDF has grown to support the
public and scientific community through advocacy of various environmental
issues. EDF operates seven offices nationwide and has its headquarters in
New York.
Today, EDF is comprised of lawyers, scientists, and economists who seek to
identify scientifically and economically sound solutions with which to propel
the advancement and implementation of environmental legislation.
EDF does not maintain bilateral international contacts on oceanic issues, but
is involved with multilateral organizations such as UNEP*. In addition, EDF
is concerned with the negotiation of several international agreements on the
Antarctic region.
Although EDF does not operate a direct marine program, four of its existing
programs manage marine related projects.
The wildlife program has a substantial interest in the implementation of the
Endangered Species Act and Clean Water Act. EDF lobbies for the mandatory
inclusion of turtle excluder devices in shrimp nets and has been a major
contributor to the listing of the northern steller sea lion as a threatened species.
As part of a broader effort for the protection of coastal wetlands, EDF seeks
to protect fisheries on the west coast and, in Louisiana, to redistribute
Mississippi River sediment.
The eastern water program advocates the designation of a Florida Keys
marine sanctuary.
The atmospheric program has examined how atmospheric deposition
contributes to the problem of nullification of the Chesapeake..
Initiatives are staff-generated and considered according to funding availability.
If possible, some proposals are undertaken even without appropriate funding.
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-7
August 1992
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CONTACT Environmental Defense Fund
Wildlife Program
1875 Connecticut Ave, NW
Suite 1016
Washington, DC 20009 202-387-3500
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-7
August 1992
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Friends of the Earth (FOE)
The Ocean Society (OS)
KEYWORDS Advocacy
Law
OVERVIEW FOE acts as an advocacy group to influence legislation on environmental
issues. FOE recently merged with the Ocean Society to strengthen its Oceans
Program, which manages projects on virtually all marine environmental issues
worldwide.
FOE is affiliated with governmental agencies and non-governmental
organizations in 38 countries and houses its secretariat in London. FOE
produces status reports on current project activities and submits proposals to
Congress for new project initiation.
COORD Cooperation is common with NOAA*, EPA*, and FWS*.
PROGRAMS The areas of interest for the marine-related advocacy work include:
entanglement of marine organisms in debris;
estuarine and wetland protection;
non-point source pollution impacts;
ocean dumping; and
ocean incineration and disposal of hazardous materials at sea.
CONTACT Friends of the Earth
218 D St., SE
Washington, DC 20003 202-544-2600
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-8
August 1992
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Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-8
August 1992
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The Global Oceans Directory
Greenpeace
KEYWORDS Advocacy
OVERVIEW Greenpeace is an international advocacy group for environmental protection.
Started in 1971, Greenpeace is now the largest environmental action group in
the world. Greenpeace has regional offices in Washington, London, Sydney,
Amsterdam, Japan, and other locations, with 24 field offices worldwide.
Greenpeace lobbies the U.S. Congress for better environmental regulations and'
initiates positive, non-violent action to save the planet from environmental
misuse. Areas of concern range from toxic pollution to the slaughter of
whales. Protests and confrontations led by Greenpeace bring threats to the
environment to the public's attention.
PROGRAMS Marine activities fall under the Ocean Ecology branch. Five campaigns have
direct bearing on marine conservation:
Sea Turtle Campaign;
Tuna/Dolphin Campaign;
Japanese Whaling Campaign;
Outer Continental Shelf Drilling Campaign; and
Antarctica Campaign.
The focus of each campaign is to build advocacy for the protection of the
particular resource and to facilitate collection of scientific information critical
to its conservation.
Other areas of interest are:
coastal area management;
marine waste disposal (international campaign);
oil and gas exploration;
fisheries management;
marine endangered species and habitats;
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-9
August 1992
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CONTACT
marine policy;
marine parks planning; and
international coordination of marine programs.
Greenpeace U.S.
Ocean Ecology Campaign
1436 U St., NW
Washington, DC 20009 202-462-1177
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-9
August 1992
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International Game Fish Association (IGFA)
KEYWORDS Law
Education
Policy
OVERVIEW
IGFA was founded in 1939 to establish ethical international angling regulations
and to serve as a central processing center for world record catch data. In
1972, IGFA expanded its goals to bring anglers into closer organization and
better awareness of problems facing sport fishing and game fishes.
The major objectives of IGFA are:
to encourage and further the study of angling, species, and species
requirements;
to work at all levels of government and industry for the preservation of
species and the protection of their natural habitat;
to compile and distribute game fish information to IGFA members, the
public, and scientific and legislative government bodies for the wise use
and conservation of fish species;
to ensure that the recreational angler is adequately represented at all
management meetings;
to assist and participate in domestic and international game fish
seminars;
to develop and support game fish tagging programs and other data
collection efforts, and to aid scientific institutions which provide vital
instruction and research;
to maintain and promote fair angling regulations;
to develop an international museum and reference library on game fish
species, angling, and related subjects; and
to accumulate a global history of the sport of game fishing for the use
and benefit of the public.
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO -10
August 1992
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PROGRAMS Although the IGFA's activities include both marine and freshwater fishing and
fish management, most of its conservation focus is on marine fish, especially
tuna and billfish.
CONTACT International Game Fish Association
1301 East Atlantic Blvd.
Pompano Beach, FL 333060 305-941-3474
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-10
August 1992
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Island Resources Foundation (IRF)
KEYWORDS Policy
Research
Education
OVERVIEW IRF, established in the early 1970s, is based in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin
Islands, with an additional office in Washington, DC. IRF's mission is to
assist tropical island nations in planning for sustainable and ecologically sound
use. IRF achieves this through:
sponsoring and undertaking research on environmentally sensitive areas
and commercially important natural resources;
developing policy guidelines for planning;
producing country-wide and regional profiles on resources and their
uses; and
training and apprenticeships.
PROGRAMS Although many of its findings and guidelines have universal application, IRF's
work has centered on the Antilles Islands of the Caribbean.
The bulk of IRF's work focuses on coastal planning and marine resource use,
although visiting scientists often do research on other topics and then publish
under IRF auspices. Areas of involvement include:
fisheries management;
traditional and recreational uses of marine resources;
marine mining and oil and gas exploration, recovery, refining, and
shipping;
marine policy and international cooperation; and
marine endangered species management and biodiversity protection.
IRF publishes research reports, books, pamphlets, and scientific articles and
operates its own publications series. Lists of publications made available by
IRF are sent to the several hundred people who are on IRF's mailing list.
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-11
August 1992
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CONTACT Island Resources Foundation
Red Hook Box 33, St. Thomas
Charlotte Amalie, VI 00802 809-775-6225
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-11
August 1992
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National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
KEYWORDS Research
Policy
OVERVIEW
NAS is a private, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars in
scientific and engineering research, dedicated to furthering science in the
United States. NAS was established by President Lincoln in 1863 via
Congressional Charter to act as a national body for scientific consultation,
guidance, and funding of special projects. '
In 1916, The National Research Council was created to act as the operational
arm of the Academy. In 1964, a separate National Academy of Engineering
(NAE) was established under charter of NAS to act as a parallel organization.
NAS and NAE share responsibility for advising the federal government on
science policy. Most of the activities undertaken by the two Academies are
carried out through Commissions, Offices, and Boards of the National
Research Council, which draws upon a wide cross-section of the nation's
leading scientists and engineers.
NAS membership is divided into 25 sections: mathematics; astronomy;
physics; chemistry; geology; geophysics; biochemistry; cellular and
developmental biology; physiology and pharmacology; neurobiology; botany;
genetics; population biology, evolution, and ecology; engineering; applied
mathematics, computer sciences and statistics; applied physical sciences;
medical genetics, hematology, and oncology; medical physiology and
metabolism; microbiology and immunology; anthropology; psychology; social
and political sciences; economics; applied biological sciences; and agricultural
sciences.
PROGRAMS Three permanent NAS boards have direct involvement with ocean conservation
and marine management issues.
Marine
Board
The Marine Board has a technological focus and concentrates on marine
instrumentation and research operations. The Marine Board, customarily
comprised of 18 members, analyzes technical and policy issues in order to:
improve the technical basis for ocean and coastal developments and
uses;
ensure safety, environmental protection, and competitive engineering
and operation of marine structures and systems; and
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-12
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advance the marine engineering and technology base as a resource in
policy formulation, program planning, and management.
The Board also appraises the feasibility of proposals to use the oceans and its
resources, reviews government policy alternatives, and evaluates the influence
of technical advances on public policy. It often reviews the status of research,
engineering, and technology in relevant fields, and projects future needs,
including long-range research programs.
Environmental The Environmental Studies and Toxicology Board occasionally touches on
Studies and marine issues, as during its recent investigation into the status and management
Toxicology of sea turtles.
Board
Ocean Formed in July, 1985, the Ocean Studies Board focuses on marine ecology and
Studies Board marine species. The Board's mission is to:
contribute to the advancement of scientific understanding of oceans by
maintaining continuous oversight of the health of ocean sciences;
foster the application of scientific knowledge to the wise use of the
ocean and its resources;
provide leadership for the formulation of national and international
policy and to clarify scientific issues that affect ocean policy; and
. address scientific issues in cooperative international oceanographic
research.
The Ocean Studies Board performed six major activities in 1989, including:
the Navy Panel's advice to the Navy on long-range planning for ocean
sciences;
the CO2 Panel's work on the investigation of the role of oceanic carbon
in maintaining the earth's climatic stability;
the Committee on the Ocean's Role in Global Climate Change's
oversight activities;
the Committee on the Coastal Ocean's work on identifying gaps in
coastal research;
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-12
August 1992
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the Continental Margins Workshop investigating the long term dynamic
interaction between oceanic and continental lithosphere; and
a Workshop on Issues of U.S. Fisheries.
Future areas of study include:
tactical oceanography;
molecular biology's applications in ocean studies;
further work on continental margins;
ocean acoustics;
ocean flux studies; and
interpretation of satellite information for studies of global change.
CONTACT National Academy of Sciences
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20418 202-334-2000
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-12
August 1992
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Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-12
August 1992
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The Global Oceans Directory
National Audubon Society
KEYWORDS Conservation
Education
Research
OVERVIEW The Audubon Society has been in existence since 1886, making it one of the
oldest and most established conservation groups in the world. The Society is
dedicated to the long term protection of natural resources by promoting
rational strategies for energy use and development, protecting nature from
pollutants, and solving the problems caused by global overpopulation.
With the support of over 500,000 members, the Society manages wildlife
sanctuaries, maintains strong ties to government agencies involved in managing
natural resources, provides educational materials on environmental issues and
wildlife, performs ecosystem research, and produces numerous publications,
including Audubon magazine.
PROGRAMS The Audubon Society is involved in a vast number of environmental issues,
but has streamlined its participation into five high priority campaigns:
Ancient Forests of the Northwest;
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge;
Clean Air;
Platte River; and
Wetlands.
Nearly all of the Audubon Society's coastal and marine related work falls
under the high-priority Wetlands campaign. The Society is working actively
in the protection of salt marshes and barrier beaches. Other marine-related
projects include work in the Gulf of Mexico, the Intercoastal Waterway, Long
Island, and sea turtle conservation.
CONTACT National Audubon Society
2525 Wallingwood
Suite 1505
Austin, TX 78746 512-327-1943
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-13
August 1992
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Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-13
August 1992
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The Global Oceans Directory
The Nature Conservancy (TNC)
KEYWORDS Research
Conservation
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
CONTACT
TNC's mission is to identify rare and endangered species and habitats and
attempt to protect them through acquisition of critical lands. TNC has
acquired land for conservation and sponsored research on wildlife and its
ecology since its inception in 1951. TNC distributes a monthly magazine to
keep its members apprised of acquisitions and conservation projects in all U.S."
regions.
Marine activities are restricted to conservation in coastal and insular areas.
TNC has purchased and maintains several important coastal islands in the
northeastern United States, in the barrier beach area of the mid-Atlantic States,
in Florida, and on the West Coast. TNC also has programs in Latin America,
the Caribbean, and fledgling programs in the South Pacific.
Through its conservation work, TNC:
practices coastal area management;
ensures the continued recreational use of natural areas;
studies risk and benefit/cost assessment;
determines environmental monitoring needs; and
works to establish larger scale, multiple-use coastal protected areas.
The Nature Conservancy
1815 North Lynn St.
Arlington, VA 22209 703-841-5300
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-14
August 1992
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Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDQ
KEYWORDS Advocacy
Conservation
Policy
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
Law
NRDC has actively worked to defend the environment since 1970 by using a
combination of law, science, and people in their efforts to protect nature.
Most of NRDC's activity centers on environmental litigation complemented by
conservation, lobbying, and advocacy, although policy analyses and
assessments are also undertaken.
NRDC works closely with federal agencies, including EPA*, NOAA*, DOI*,
DOE*, Department of Agriculture, and Department of State*.
Three NRDC projects have direct involvement with marine and coastal
environmental protection and management:
The Water Project'focuses on non-point source pollution in near shore
and estuarine environments. Litigation is an important component.
The Coastal Project, involving NRDC's New York, San Francisco, and
Los Angeles offices, works in coastal management and oil and gas
issues through policy analysis, advocacy, and litigation.
The Energy Project focuses on alternative energy sources and involves
both research and advocacy.
General areas of interest for NRDC include:
coastal area management;
economic analyses;
fisheries management;
global climate change;
marine waste disposal;
marine mining;
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NGO-15
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non-point source pollution;
oil and gas exploration;
recreational uses of ocean space;
risk assessment and accidental substance releases; and
most importantly, enforcement and environmental monitoring.
CONTACT Natural Resource Defense Council
1350 New York Ave, NW
Suite 300
Washington, DC 20005 202-783-7800
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO - 15
August 1992
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National Wildlife Federation (NWF)
KEYWORDS Advocacy
Conservation
Education
OVERVIEW NWF has been one of the United States' most prominent wildlife conservation
and public education organizations since its inception in the 1930s. Through
its magazines National Wildlife and Ranger Rick, the organization informs its
members of conservation and research activities across the country.
PROGRAMS
Coastal
Barrier
Project
CONTACT
Since NWF focuses on terrestrial issues, no formal program exists for marine
conservation activities. Wetlands issues are also addressed through the fish
and wildlife division.
NWF has been involved with this project since 1987. A recurring difficulty
in carrying out the project's goals is opposition from a strong real estate
industry. NWF is working to guide development away from environmentally
sensitive areas through lobbying and grass roots education. Special grass roots
workshops are occasionally organized by NWF and news from the Coastal
Project is made available through the free Barrier Island Newsletter, published
approximately four times a year.
NWF also lobbies Congress for better legislative initiatives to protect coastal
areas, as in recent work toward reformation of the National Flood Insurance
Program and ongoing work to strengthen the Coastal Zone Management Act.
National Wildlife Federation
Coastal Project
1400 16th Street, NW
Washington, DC 20036 202-797-6839
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-16
August 1992
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Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-16
August 1992
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The Global Oceans Directory
The Sierra Club
KEYWORDS Advocacy
Conservation
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
The Sierra Club is a conservation organization that was founded in 1892 by
John Muir. The mission of the organization is to protect, preserve, and
promote the enjoyment of the natural environment. Lobbying for stronger
environmental legislation accounts for approximately twenty to thirty percent
of the organization's activities. Project activities include:
lobbying for better legislation;
constituency-building;
encouraging state conservation land purchases;
coordinating environmental strategies; and
boosting legislative support for important coastal issues.
The Sierra Club's geographical area of interest includes all of the United
States, including the territories, and the wider Caribbean area. Some
international work is done by the International Committee, which involves
itself in U.N. issues such as adherence to MARPOL.
The Club's National Coastal and Continental Shelf Committee focuses on
marine and coastal environmental issues. Topics include:
coastal and estuarine pollution;
coastal zone management;
coastal barriers;
marine mining;
marine sanctuaries; and
offshore oil and gas activity.
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-17
August 1992
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CONTACT
Sierra Club
Coastal Committee
11194 Douglas Avenue
Marriotsvffle, MD 21104
410-442-5639
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-17
August 1992
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Wildlife Conservation International (WCI)
KEYWORDS Conservation
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
CONTACT
WCI is the field research and conservation branch of the New York Zoological
Society. Its nineteenth century genesis, marked by an 1897 survey of the
condition of Alaskan wildlife, makes it the world's senior conservation
organization. Since its inception, WCI scientists and conservationists have
helped:
to establish parks and reserves;
to train park administrators and scientists;
to study the status and requirements of vanishing species;
to plan for conservation in concert with economic development; and
to create special conservation and education programs.
WCI headquarters are in the Bronx Zoo facility in New York City. Grant
proposal reviews and program directives are decided by the headquarters
office, with input from resident staff.
With over ten full-time zoologists, WCI sponsors some 70 projects a year in
35 countries. No official marine program exists, but it is notable that one of
the most significant projects supported by WCI in the last several years, and
which won the prestigious Crawford prize in environmentalism in 1990, was
the program to help save Belize's barrier reef ecosystem. Approximately 20
percent of WCI's field projects have links to marine and coastal ecosystem
study and conservation.
Wildlife Conservation International
NY Zoological Society
Bronx Zoo
185th Street & Southern Blvd.
Bronx, NY 10460 212-220-5155
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-18
August 1992
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Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-18
August 1992
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World Resources Institute (WRI)
KEYWORDS Research
Policy
Coordination
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
WRI is a multidisciplinary, issue-oriented research organization and think tank
that was established in 1985 through a $25 million grant from the John D. and
Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation of Chicago. Policy analysis and research
on resource use and management is WRI's primary activity. WRI develops
position papers and hosts conferences on legal mechanisms and decision
making for science and environmental policy.
With regard to marine issues, WRI works directly with IMO* and UNEP*.
In addition to studying their policy-setting mechanisms, WRI provides
education programs and assistance to member states in local implementation
of UN conventions and protocols. WRI also gives assistance to less developed
countries in the formulation of law and policy which will enable them to lead
more effective, independent environmental management strategies.
WRI does not currently direct specific policy activities, but instead operates
within the existing general framework of international organizations that have
resource management authority. Special emphasis is placed on working within
the United Nations structure. WRI makes recommendations to these
international organizations on a variety of issues, including pollution control
compliance and verification, education, program implementation, and
environmental decision-making. The bulk of WRI's work concentrates on
international agreements and developing ways in which to improve their
effectiveness.
New projects will focus on mechanisms to coordinate agency priorities in order
to develop more effective implementation of common goals and interests.
Organizations will be analyzed to develop more effective structures for policy-
making.
WRI has no formal marine program, although marine issues are often
addressed on a case-by-case basis. Projects which are not solely marine
related but have marine components include analyses of biodiversity priorities
and assessments of global wanning and global change.
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-19
August 1992
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CONTACT World Resources Institute
1709 New York Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20006 202-638-6300
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-19
August 1992
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World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
KEYWORDS Conservation
Policy
Coordination
OVERVIEW The U.S. WWF is a member of the worldwide WWF family, headquartered
in Gland, Switzerland. WWF has more than one million members.
WWF's mission is the conservation of nature. Using the best available"
scientific knowledge and advancing that knowledge wherever possible, WWF
works to preserve biological diversity and the health of ecological systems.
WWF:
helps to protect natural areas and wild population of plants and animals;
fosters sustainable approaches to the use of renewable natural
resources; and
promotes more efficient use of resources and energy, with the
maximum reduction of pollution.
The World Wildlife Fund and Conservation Foundation affiliated in 1985 and
merged in 1990. WWF/CF also makes recommendations to marine policy
decision-makers and works with government agencies and non-governmental
organizations to create and implement marine projects. These agencies include
UNEP*, U.S. ADD*, and numerous South American and African
organizations.
PROGRAMS WWF is in the process of developing a formal marine program. The
organization's marine interests relate primarily to the protection of marine
biological diversity from both pollution and overexploitation. Areas of
involvement include:
protecting living marine resources, (e.g., marine. mammals and
fisheries);
preventing and mitigating pollution in the marine environment, with
special emphasis on U.S. estuarine resources; and
protecting special marine areas (e.g., marine parks, sanctuaries, coral
reefs, and mangroves).
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-20
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WWF participates in a joint venture with The Nature Conservancy (TNC)* and
the World Resources Institute's* Center for International Development and
Environment.
Biodiversity As the lead organization, WWF houses the USAID-funded Biodiversity
Support . Support Program (ESP). BSP facilitates conservation activities in USAID
Program -assisted countries and has active marine interests. BSP has five major
components:
technical assistance;
small grants for biodiversity research;
training to improve countries capacities to conserve biological
resources;
information collection and dissemination network; and
pilot demonstration projects.
CONTACT World Wildlife Fund
Science
1250 24th St, NW
Washington, DC 20037 202-778-9600
Conservation Foundation
Environmental Quality
1250 24th St., NW
Washington DC, 20037 202-778-9645
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-20
August 1992
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International Union for the Conservation
of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
World Conservation Union
KEYWORDS Conservation
Coordination
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
Coastal
and Marine
Programme
CONTACT
IUCN is a non-governmental, non-profit membership organization representing
all major conservation agencies and groups worldwide. lUCN's current
membership stands at approximately 380 organizations. IUCN members meet
at three year intervals to define priorities for action under IUCN general
assembly recommendations.
IUCN is also responsible for drafting the highly acclaimed World Conservation
Strategy. The document summarizes the priorities and recommends effective
means to combat global environmental problems.
The activities carried out by the IUCN Secretariat and its members in support
of conservation comprise the IUCN Program. IUCN has an extensive network
of physical and natural scientists, resource managers, planners, lawyers and
other specialists who work with the IUCN Commissions, specialized centers,
programs, and field projects. Many of them deal with marine and coastal
planning, marine conservation, and marine resource management issues.
This program's mission is to develop and apply the principles and methods
needed for the sustainable use and management of critical ocean and coastal
ecosystems and species. The Coastal and Marine Programme was established
in the IUCN Secretariat to facilitate the application of the wide-ranging
expertise in formulating the marine components of national, regional, and
international conservation strategies and action plans. Once these strategies
and plans are formulated, the Marine Programme office promotes their
implementation in collaboration with the IUCN network and other
organizations. The program's goal is to achieve significant improvements in
the conservation and sustainable use of marine living resources worldwide.
International Union for the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Coastal and Marine Programme
IUCN
Ave. du Mont Blanc
Gland, Switzerland CH 1196 41.22.649.114
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-21
August 1992
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Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-21
August 1992
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International Council for the Exploration
of the Sea (ICES)
KEYWORDS
OVERVIEW
COORD
PROGRAMS
Coordination
Education
Research
ICES is the oldest inter-governmental organization in the world concerned with
marine and fishery sciences. Since its inception in 1902, ICES has been a
scientific forum for exchanging information and ideas on the seas and marine
living resources.
ICES works on the premise that international cooperation in research is vital
if marine resources are to be conserved and exploited rationally. In keeping
with this belief, it works to promote and coordinate research undertaken by
experts within its seventeen member countries.
Present members of ICES include Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany,
Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States. The ICES Secretariat
is based in Copenhagen, and oversees the administration of ICES activities.
The scientific staff of member country laboratories have a long tradition of
working together at ICES. The council also works closely with fisheries
regulatory commissions in the North Sea, Baltic Sea, and North Atlantic.
ICES is involved with all aspects of oceanographic and marine biological
research, including:
physical and chemical properties of the sea;
biology, ecology, and population dynamics of exploited fish and
shellfish stocks;
contamination and quality of the marine environment;
fishing techniques;
marine mammal studies; and
mariculture.
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-22
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ICES publishes extensive literature on all of the above subjects. In addition"
ICES organizes standing committees, working groups, ad hoc teams, special
meetings, and symposia on special issues. Annual Statutory Meetings allow.
member states to stay informed on new research findings and current topics of
interest.
The programmatic work of ICES is divided into twelve overseeing committees:
Anadromous and Catadromous Fish;
Baltic Fish;
Biological Oceanography;
Demersal Fish;
Fish Capture;
Hydrography;
Mariculture;
Marine Environmental Quality;
Marine Mammals;
Pelagic Fish;
Shellfish; and
Statistics.
CONTACT U.S. Delegate to International Council
for the Exploration of the Sea
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole, MA 02543 508-548-1400
General Secretary
International Council for the
Exploration of the Sea
Palaegade 2-4
DK-1261 Copenhagen K Denmark
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGO-22
August 1992
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CANADIAN AGENCIES
Environment Canada
CAN-1
Canadian Agencies
August 1992
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Canadian Agencies
August 1992
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Environment Canada
KEYWORDS
OVERVIEW
PROGRAMS
Assessment
Conservation
Coordination
Enforcement
Law
Regulatory
Monitoring/Research
Policy
The federal Minister of Environment's responsibilities are defined by such
policies as Canada Water Act, Canada Wildlife Act, Candian Environmental
Protection Act, Migratory Birds Convention Act, and National Parks Act.
Activities carried out through departmental programs, include:
promotion of objectives or standards relating to environmental quality
or to controlling pollution;
wise management and use of renewable resources;
environmental impact assessments of new federal projects; and
preservation of nationally significant natural and cultural heritage.
Environment Canada is active in the preservation of biological diversity and
promotion of international consensus for global action.
The department is also involved with international partners in identifying ways
to assist developing countries to meet international environmental standards.
Environment Canada participates in a growing number of international
meetings, summits, conferences, and other environmental fora and complies
with numerous conventions, protocols, and international agreements. The
department is active in technical exchange with organizations such as UNEP*,
Economic Commission for Europe, Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development, and WMO*.
Environment Canada's marine-focused activities are conducted under two of
its central line organizations: Conservation and Protection Service (C&P) and
Canadian Parks Service. Management is carried out at the headquarters level,
with implementation organized at each of the five regional centers.
Canadian Agencies
CAN-1
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The centers are located in the Atlantic region, Ontario, Quebec, the Western
& Northern region, and the Pacific & Yukon territory.
Conservation The Conservation and Protection Service is responsibile for the conservation,
and Protection enhancement and management of Canada's renewable resources of water, land,
Service and wildlife. This responsibility includes water quantity and quality
monitoring, aquatic research, management of migratory birds and the
protection of threatened or endangered species.
In addition, the Conservation and Protection Service is responsible for
protecting environmental quality. This includes preventing, reducing, or
eliminating adverse environmental effects for new developments, releases of
pollutants, and the use of hazardous chemicals. It also involves cleaning up
harmful substances that have been spilled.
Three directorates under C&P implement marine activities:
Environmental Protection
Inland Waters Directorate
Canadian Wildlife Service
Environmental The Marine Environmental Protection (MEP) Branch of the Office of Waste
Protection - Management implements national regulatory policy for land-based marine
Office of pollution, shellfish harvesting, ocean dumping, and marine environmental
Waste quality standards.
Management
Ocean
Dumping
Shellfish
Sanitation
Land Based
Sources of
Marine
Pollution
The MEP implements a permit system for safe ocean disposal of industrial
wastes and dredged materials.
The Canadian Shellfish Sanitation Program (CSSP) is jointly administered by
Environment Canada, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and the
Department of Energy. The objective of the program is to protect public
health from contaminated molluscan shellfish by controlling recreational and
commercial shellfish harvesting. CSSP is conducted according to procedures
jointly agreed to by Canada and U.S. in a 1948 Bilateral Agreement.
As part of the Federal Green plan, Canadian initiatives include remedial action
plans for at least 11 Atlantic harbours and coastal areas and Canada's National
Waste Reduction Plan seeking to cut the amount of waste produced by 50%
by the year 2000.
Canadian Agencies
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London MEP representatives participate in the London Dumping Convention and are
Dumping also actively involved in the global control of land based sources of
Convention marine pollution.
Inland Waters The Inland Waters Directorates (IWD) marine programs are focused in estuary
Directorate and near coastal regions. Also mandated by the Canadian Environmental
Protection Act, primary marine related responsiblity lies in the development
of marine quality guidelines and will soon be involved in research and
monitoring programs as well.
Environmental The Environmental Emergency Branch, administered under IWD is responsible
Emergency for environmental mitigation of oil and contaminated waste spills. Specific
Branch programs include crisis management, spill preparedness, and prevention of
spills. The National Environmental Emergency Center is involved directly in
spill clean up activities.
Canadian
Wildlife
Service
The Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS) is committed to the management and
conservation of migratory and waterfowl stocks. With the aid of research and
monitoring programs administered in regional centers around Canada, CWS
protects endangered seabirds and develops management plans for the controlled
take of waterfowl.
Priorities for wildlife conservation include:
identification and protection of habitat critical to wildlife;
research on biology and dynamics of wildlife populations and on
habitat, as the basis for effective management;
development and enforcement of appropriate regulations for wildlife
protection; and
partnerships with other levels of government, non-government
organizations, and the private sector in cooperative protection and
conservation efforts.
In addition, research continues on the levels and effects of contaminants in
seabirds, birds of prey and other wildlife. Data is also used as an indicator for
environmental quality.
Canadian Agencies
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Canada Parks Parks Canada's marine programs are primarily terrestrial. However, in
Service - 1986 Canada adopted a policy governing national marine parks. Parks Canada
National . intends to represent each of the 29 marine natural regions which characterize
Parks the diversity of Canada's coastal zone and surrounding oceans within a system
Directorate of national marine parks.
Parks Canada is very active in the St Lawrence and Sagueney regions. The
St. Lawrence Centre is the primary instrument created to support the St.
Lawrence Action Plan. The centre seeks to act as both a catalyst and
integrator for collective action for the development of expertise in the
management of large river systems.
CONTACTS
Minister of Environment
Environment Canada
Place Vincent Massey
351 St. Joseph Blvd.
Hull, Quebec K1A OH3
Assistant Deputy Minister
Conservation and Protection
819-997-1575
Chief, Marine Environment Division
Office of Waste Management
Conservation and Protection
819-953-1699
Director General
Ecosystem Science and Evaluation Directorate
Conservation and Protection
819-997-2019
Director, Migratory Birds & Wildlife Conservation
Canadian Wildlife Service
Conservation and Protection
819-947-2957
Director General
National Parks Directorate
Parks Canada
7th Floor
7425 Eddy Street
Hull, Quebec K1A OH3
819-994-2657
Canadian Agencies
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APPENDIX A - MARINE POLICY CENTERS - North America
Center for Oceans Law & Policy
University of Virginia
School of Law
Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
Telephone: (804)924-7441
FAX: (804) 924-7362
Center for the Study of Marine Policy
College of Marine Studies
University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware 19716-3501
Telephone: (302)831-8086
FAX: (302)831-3668
The East West Center (EWC)
1777 East-West Road
Honolulu, Hawaii 96848
Telephone: (808) 944-7111
FAX: (808)944-7376
Graduate Program in Marine Affairs
The Marine Affairs Program
The University of Rhode Island, Washburn Hall
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881-0817
Telephone: (401)792-2596
FAX: (401)792-2156
Institute for Coastal and Marine Resources
East Carolina University
Mamie Jenkins Building
Greenville, NC 27858-4353
Telephone: (919)757-6779
FAX: (919)757-4265
Marine Law Institute
University of Maine School of Law
246 Deering Ave
Portland, ME 04102
Telephone: (207)780-4474
FAX: (207)780-4913
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Marine Option Program
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Marine Sciences Building Room 229
1000 Pope Road
Honolulu, ffl 96822-9987
Telephone: (808) 956-8433
FAX: (808)956-2417
Marine Policy Center
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole, MA 02543
Telephone: (508)457-2000, ext. 2774
FAX: (508)457-2184
Marine Resource Management Graduate Program
College of Oceanography
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Telephone: (503)737-3504
FAX: (503)737-2064 '
Ocean and Coastal Law Center
School of Law University of Oregon
Eugene, Oregon 97403-1221
Telephone: (503)346-3845
FAX: (503)346-1564
Oceans Institute of Canada/
Institut canadien des oceans
1236 Henry St., 5th floor
Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5
Telephone: (902)494-3879
FAX: (902)494-1334
Ocean Systems Management Program
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Room 5-207
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02139
Telephone: (617)253-5151
FAX: (617)253-8125
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School of Marine Affairs
University of Washington HF-05
3707 Brooklyn Avenue NE
Seattle, Washington 98195
Telephone: (206)543-7004
FAX: (206)543-1417
Technology and Policy Program
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Room E40-252
Cambridge, MA 02139
Telephone: (617)253-7693
FAX: (617)253-7140
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