United States
EnvironmentalProtection
Agency
Office of Water
(4504F)
EPA/842SB-96/O01
June 1996
svEPA Treasured Waters: Protecting
Our Coastal And Marine
Resources
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REASURED WATER
Treasuredliters:
PROTECTING OUR COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES
Most fresh water eventually flows
to the ocean. Whatever affects
water inland, even far away from
coastal areas, eventually impacts
the health and quality of coastal and marine
waters. Picture a clean, clear mountain stream,
tumbling downhill and flowing into a small river.
The river grows as other streams flow into it,
and eventually nears a coast where the fresh
water mixes with salt water and becomes an
estuary, which finally flows into the ocean.
Stream water may start out clean, but how
clean is it when it finally reaches the ocean?
To answer this question, it is necessary to track
the water's path. As water moves downstream, it
may absorb sulfur dioxide from acid rain that falls
onto the landscape and into the stream. It may
contain bacteria from farm animal waste, or
nitrogen from fertilizers washed into the water
as it flows through agricultural and residential
areas. Sediments flow into the river from eroding
stream banks or nearby development/construc-
tion sites. Oil, trash, and raw sewage can wash
into the water from combined sewer and
stormwater systems during a rain storm.
A mixture of toxic chemicals and heavy metals
might enter the waterway as by-products from
industrial operations or from street runoff.
Most pollutants will end up in coastal and
marine waters, potentially causing alteration
or loss of habitat, reductions in numbers
of species that live in these waters, and
increases in floatingltrash and debris. In turn,
fish and shellfish may disappear or may be
too contaminated to eat, swimming may be
prohibited or restricted, and other recreational
and commercial opportunities may be lost.
Why is it so important that we ensure the
health and quality of our coastal and marine
environments? The answer can be found
by examining the many benefits we derive
from these resources. Coastal and marine
waters provide some of the most diverse
and biologically productive species habitat
in the country.This is especially apparent in
estuaries, where fresh water and salt water
mix.The variety of species supported by these
areas, including a large number of endangered
species, is unparalleled.
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2 TREASURED WATERS
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In addition, coastal and marine waters are
valued by many people in the United States,
both as a place to live and as a place to play.
Coastal areas are also a favorite recreational
destination for many vacationers. Large
commercial segments of the U.S. economy
are dependent, at least partially, on coastal
resources, among them aquaculture, fisheries,
shellfishing, mineral extraction, tourism, and ship-
ping. Because so many people are drawn to, or
dependent on, coastal and marine waters, they
are under considerable environmental stress,
and protecting these resources is important.
How do we protect our coastal and marine
environments from pollution in order to
preserve benefits such as these? To effectively
protect these resources, we must search for
both sources of pollution and potential solu-
tions. Many of the Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA) water protection programs are
managed to account for activities occurring
throughout the watershed. A watershed is a
geographic area in which all sources of water,
including lakes, rivers, estuaries, wetlands, and
streams, as well as ground water, drain to a
common surface water body, carrying along any
pollutants that are present. Using watersheds
as the basis for identifying environmental
impacts on coastal and marine waters allows us
"Coastal waters support
28.3 million jobs and gen-
erate $54 biUian in goods
and services each year."
"More than half the U.S.
population lives in the
nation's 411 coastal coun-
ties which accounts for
11% of the land area
(excluding Alaska)."
to gain a better understanding of the pollutant
problems we are confronting, and helps point
us in the right direction to find solutions.
EPA manages a wide array of programs
designed to protect the health of the nation's
coastal and marine waters. A number of these
programs focus specifically on protecting coastal
and marine waters, others on pollutant sources
that are found inland, far from coastal areas, but
which nevertheless have a profound impact
on coastal and marine ecosystems.This pub-
lication highlights both types, briefly describing
programs designed to protect upstream
resources, and focusing in more detail on those
that directly affect coastal and marine waters.
Most importantly, it will illustrate how using a
comprehensive watershed protection approach
helps these programs work in concert to
protect coastal and marine waters.
"The recreational fishing
industry contributes
$30 billion to the U.S.
economy annually."
"Tourism-related businesses
serve 180 million
Americans visiting the
coast each year for
recreation."
Source: NOAATestimony to the U.S. House of Representatives; 3/21/96
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REASU.RED WATERS
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Upstream Watershed Programs
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he goal of EPA's watershed protec-
tion efforts is to promote the effec-
tive use and integration of a broad
range of programs, information, and
tools for protecting water quality throughout
the system. Some EPA programs, by their
nature, have a special emphasis upstream.The
point source protection program controls
pollutants by issuing permits to industries and
sewage treatment plants that discharge directly
into our nation's inland waters.The nonpoint
source program controls pollutants such as
nitrogen and sediments that run off land and
into the nation's waters when it rains. Wetlands
programs focus on the preservation and
creation of wetlands, which play a critical role
in improving water quality and providing habitat
for wildlife. Collaborative efforts among these
programs improve stream and river conditions,
thus reducing the amount of pollution that
eventually reaches; estuaries and coastal and
marine waters.
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TREASU.RED
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COASTAL NONPOINT SOURCES
Coastal waters are affected by
both point and nonpoint sources
of pollution, with the latter a
significant and, in many cases,
dominant form of pollution impacting coastal
water bodies. Discharges from pipes are point
sources of pollution. Nonpoint source pollu-
tion occurs when rain water washes over
streets, yards, and farmlands and carries oils,
pesticides, and fertilizers into rivers, estuaries,
and oceans. Recognizing the negative impacts
these pollutant sources have on estuarine
and coastal water quality, Congress passed
the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization
Amendments in 1990.This Act requires states
to develop plans and management measures
to protect coastal waters from nonpoint
pollution impacts. It further requires that
plans must be coordinated with other existing
federal and state water quality protection
programs, so that all protection efforts are
integrated and potential overlap is reduced.
The Coastal Nonpoint Source Program also
requires that states provide ample opportunities
for the public to be Involved in developing and
implementing protection plans. States have
been working on their plans since 1993, and,
after approval by EPA and the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
implementation will begin.
Effects of nonpoint source sediment run-off on Colonial Deep Water Port of Rladensburg, MD in Prince George's County.
Credit: S.C. Delaney/EPA
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6 TREASURED WATERS
VESSEL SEWAGE DISCHARGES
Commercial and recreational boating
play an important economic role
in the U.S. Unfortunately, such
activities contribute to environ-
mental degradation and public health problems.
The combined effects of waste discharges from
many boaters, especially in confined areas of
water, can result in significant increases in levels
of pollution. In particular, discharges of human
waste from boats contribute to an increase in
viral and bacterial contamination, which in turn
results in beach closings or restricted commercial
and recreational shellfish harvesting.
The Vessel Sewage Discharge Program' requires
EPA to regulate the discharge of vessel sewage
by requiring most vessels to use marine sanitation
devices (MSDs), commonly referred to as boat
toilets, when operating in U.S. navigable and
territorial waters. EPA or states may request a
'No Discharge Zone' designation that prohibits
the discharge of sewage (whether treated or
not) from all vessels into specified waters.
Currently, 14 states have'No Discharge Zone'
designations for some or all of their waters:
California, Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire,
New Mexico, New York, Rhode Island.Texas,
Vermont and Wisconsin.
EPA supports several efforts that focus on vessel
sewage discharge. Fact sheets and brochures
have been developed to increase public aware-
ness about the proper use and maintenance of
MSDs, the environmental threats incurred from
vessel sewage discharges, and the availability of
marina pumpout stations to allow boaters to
dispose of sewage properly. Funding to States
for the construction, renovation, operation and
maintenance of pumpout stations and sanitary
waste reception facilities at marinas and other
vessel facilities is provided through the Clean
Vessel Act. In addition, the NEPs have been
instrumental in bringing boating issues to public
attention by providing funding for marina
pumpouts and garnering support for the "No
Discharge Zone."
Through the following simple actions, you can help keep our waters healthy and pleasurable:
Use on-shore sanitary facilities before boarding your vessel.
Install a Coast Guard-certified MSD appropriate for your vessel and type of waterbody where the vessel will be operated.
Learn how to use and maintain your MSD properly, including the use of marina pumpout stations when appropriate.
Report violations to the nearest Coast Guard station (listed in the telephone book).
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TREASURED WATERS
MARINE DEBRIS
Marine debris is the litter found
floating in the ocean or washed
up on a beach. It accounts for
much of the visible pollution
in the marine environment. Although some
marine debris results from the illegal dumping
of trash from ships, almost eighty percent of it
can be traced to land-based sources such as
inadequately treated municipal waste, storm
water runoff, beach use, and littering.This trash
is washed, blown or dumped on land, eventually
ending up on our beaches or floating out to
sea, where ocean currents may take it hundreds
of miles from its launching point.
The effects of this trash on coastal and open
ocean ecosystems can be devastating. Many
people are familiar with pictures of, or have
actually seen, wildlife ensnared by a piece of
debris. Seagulls dragging a piece of fishing line,
pelicans with six-pack rings around their necks,
or sea lions struggling to remove a piece of
discarded fishnet are some common examples
of the problems marine debris causes wildlife.
In addition, sea birds, sea turtles and whales have
been known to mistake floating plastic pellets
and plastic bags for natural prey, such as fish
eggs, jellyfish, and squid. Ingesting plastic can
cause internal injury, blockage of the digestive
tract, and starvation in these animals. Other
impacts of marine debris include navigation haz-
ards, such as plastic rope or line that may entangle
propellers, or plastic bags and sheeting that may
clog vessel intakes, resulting in engine failure.
EPA participates in several efforts to help control
aquatic debris. In a joint initiative with the Society
of the Plastics Industry, EPA helped identify the
ways plastic pellets enter the environment and
how to prevent their occurrence. As a result of
the initiative, the plastics industry has developed
plastics transport management plans, and changed
its packaging practices to reduce the amount of
pellets released into the environment
In a cooperative effort among EPA, other
federal agencies, and the Center for Marine
Conservation, the National Marine Debris
Monitoring Program documents the amounts
and origins of marine debris along U.S. coasts,
including the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto
Rico.The program generates statistical data
on marine debris that helps countries clean
up debris and prevent pollution.
The Center far Marine Conservation's 1994 beach clean up
involved 215,468 volunteers from 61 different countries
who collected 4,010,532 pounds of marine debris.
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8 TREASURED WATERS
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OCEAN DISCHARGE
Point Source Discharge from
Sewage Treatment Plants
Sewage may not be discharged into a waterway
until the levels of pollutants have been reduced.
Publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) are
facilities that remove the pollutants from waste-
water prior to releasing it into the environment.
No water may be discharged from a treatment
plant without a permit, and to obtain a permit, a
POTW must demonstrate that the water to be
discharged meets a specific level of treatment.
There are three established levels of treatment
for contaminated water: primary, secondary and
tertiary.The treatment levels become more
protective from primary to secondary to tertiary
because each successive treatment method
removes more pollutants.The Clean Water Act
(CWA) originally required that all POTWs achieve
a minimum of secondary treatment by 1977 to
remove specific amounts of suspended solid waste
and waste that depletes the oxygen in water.
After passage of the CWA in 1972, some large
cities with POTWs discharging into marine
waters maintained that the requirement for
secondary treatment may be unnecessary since
discharging into deep oceanic waters with
strong currents allows for greater mixing and
dispersion of pollutants than POTWs that
discharge into shallow fresh waters. As a result,
Congress amended the CWA in 1977 to allow
for a case-by-case review of treatment require-
ments for marine dischargers2. After the review,
EPA may waive the requirements and allow a
POTW that discharges into marine waters to
do less than secondary treatment if it meets
certain environmental criteria, such as showing
that the discharge will not harm the habitat and
community of marine life. Currently, 36 commu-
nities have waivers from EPA allowing them to
operate at less than secondary treatment levels
without harming the marine environment.
Point Source Discharge of Pollutants
EPA regulates point source discharges of pollu-
tants into marine waters by requiring discharging
facilities to obtain a permit that ensures the
removal of anything that would degrade the
marine environment3. In addition, the program
provides for an ecological assessment of the area
around the discharge.
The program is designed to reduce the effects of
point source discharges on human health, and
preserve the quality of the ocean waters for
swimming, fishing, and other recreational or
commercial uses. It protects endangered or
threatened animals and plants, and provides
protection for the habitats in which these and
other organisms live. These habitats include
places where animals reproduce and where their
young develop, and routes that migratory animals
use during their life cycle from juvenile to adult.
Marine refuges, parks, monuments, seashores,
wilderness areas, and coral reefs are also pro-
tected.The program's flexibility has proven to be
valuable in restoring and maintaining the quality
of the ocean and coastal environment.
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TREASURED WATERS
CORAL REEFS
Coral reefs are among the world's richest
ecosystems, second only to rainforests in the
diversity of plants and animals they support.
They are also fragile ecosystems, whose health
can be affected by even slight natural or man-
made changes in temperature, salinity, light,
available oxygen and nutrients, or sediments
flowing from the upstream parts of watersheds.
Marine sanctuaries and parks have been estab-
lished in response to the continuing threats
to coral reefs.This is an important first step,
but because coral reefs are influenced by activi-
ties in areas beyond the protective boundaries
of sanctuaries or parks, they are susceptible
to activities occurring throughout the
watershed, in many cases well beyond the park
or sanctuary limits.
An integrated approach is needed, therefore, to
gain control over pollutants from distant sources.
It is only recently, however, that coral reefs
have been regarded as part of a watershed. In
In the Florida Keys, a local conservation group
has demonstrated how a small number of
individuals can achieve significant gains in coral
reef protection using a limited budget and volun-
teers. Reef Relief, a non-profit organization
founded in Key West, has been instrumental in
the development of community-based reef
protection programs. Addressing the significant
damage boat anchors can cause to corah,
Reef Relief installed buoys for boats to tie up
to instead of using their anchors in waters
containing reefs. This effort has been supported
by concerned citizens and the business commu-
nity who realized the connection between
a healthy coral ecosystem and the local
economy. Reef Relief also launched a public
education program that dissuades divers from
making physical contact with corah.
this context, effective coral reef management
must consider all waters and activities which
influence the reef ecosystem. In addition to the
coral reefs themselves, surrounding mangrove
and sea grass bed communities, for example,
should also be considered as major compo-
nents of the reef ecosystem.
i
To help ensure the protection of coral ecosys-
tems on a watershed basis, local communities
have started to integrate and balance their
needs and activities with protection of coral
ecosystems. EPA has developed a guidance
document on protection of coral reefs through
watershed management planning.This document
presents a framework for coral reef manage-
ment which can be used at the local level.
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OCEAN DUMPING
About 400 million cubic yards of
sediment are dredged each year in
the United States by federal, state
and local governments, and private
interests such as marinas, in order to keep the
nation's waterways open to boat traffic for
recreation, commerce, and defense. One
method for disposing of this dredged material
is dumping it in the ocean. Some of the material
dredged from ports and harbors is contaminated
by pollutants and does not meet the environ-
mental criteria which allow it to be dumped
into the ocean. If the material is determined
to be acceptable, a permit must be issued to
authorize the dumping.
EPA regulates both the conditions for obtaining
a permit, and the designation of ocean dumping
sites.The regulations are written to protect the
marine environment by providing environmental
criteria and other factors for evaluating dredged
materials proposed for dumping.These factors
include the potential effects of dumping on
human health, economic concerns, and marine
resources such as fisheries and recreational
areas.The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
which issues ocean dumping permits, is
required to use EPA's environmental criteria
when evaluating permit applications for the
disposal of dredged material.
EPA encourages dredged material management
planning on a watershed basis.Through com-
prehensive planning, all of the dredging needs
of a region can be considered at once, a variety
of dredged material disposal alternatives can
be considered, and a long-term plan to meet
future dredging needs and promote protection
of the environment can be developed. Linking
these efforts to watershed planning helps
maximize the benefits of comprehensive
dredged material management. Dredged material
managers can work with watershed planners
and pollution control managers to identify
and address point and nonpoint sources of
sediment and sediment pollution within a
watershed that may have an adverse impact
on port and harbor sediments.This approach
may also be used to identify beneficial uses
of uncontaminated dredged material, such as
replenishing beaches, or creating wetlands
and islands.
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REASURED WATERS
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OCEAN SURVEYVESSEL PETERW. ANDERSON
PA's ocean survey vessel, the
Peter W. Anderson, collects crucial
marine information in support
of coastal and marine protection
programs. The Anderson sails year-round
along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, collecting
information from harbors, ports, and off-shore
waters to identify and monitor the environ-
mental problems affecting our oceans, bays,
and estuaries.
The Anderson's operating crew works with
a staff of up to IS scientists from around the
country to conduct various surveys.The ship
is equipped with chemistry and microbiology
laboratories, a wet lab for biological sample
processing, an underwater video camera
system, a sonar system to map the sea floor,
and custom-made equipment designed to
sample the ocean at all depths.
The Anderson conducts surveys
to assist in the selection of new
dump sites for dredged material,
and monitors existing sites for
any negative impacts the
dredged material may have on
the environment. It is also
involved in efforts to track and
identify sources of marine
debris, and to determine the
sources and impacts of pollu-
tants deposited in coastal and
marine waters through the air.
In addition, the Anderson has
been called upon to respond to emergencies
resulting from accidental spills of pollutants.
For example, in June 1989, the Anderson aided
in the location and quantification of an oil
spill in the Delaware River.The Anderson was
able to help determine how much oil spilled,
how far it had reached beneath the surface of
the water, and the direction in which the slick
i
was moving. This information helped clean-up
crews move quickly to remediate the spill.
In January 1992, the Anderson located drums
of arsenic in the Atlantic that had been swept
off of a cargo ship in a storm. Using its
underwater TV camera, the Anderson was able
to locate the drumssomething the Navy and
Coast Guard could not do because they lacked
the needed equipment.
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12 TREASURED WATERS
Everyone Can Help
Irotecting our coastal and marine
waters also means protecting the
smallest mountain streams, swiftly
flowing rivers, dynamic estuaries,
and the vast oceans. From nonpoint source
protection measures far inland, to the National
Estuary Program in estuarine and near coastal
waters, to discharge permitting and coral reef
protection in our oceans, EPA's programs to
protect coastal and marine waters recognize and
address problems throughout watersheds. Each
of the programs described in this document
make substantial contributions to protecting
coastal and marine resources, and EPA is realiz-
ing even greater environmental gains by managing
these programs within a watershed framework.
How can you help in ocean and coastal protection efforts? How about:
Participating in your local National Estuary Program's Citizen Advisory Committee;
Reducing the amount of fertilizers applied to your lawn;
Becoming a responsible boater by following the suggestions on page 6 of this document;
Getting involved in a local beach or stream clean-up;
Using biodegradable products;
Cutting six-pack rings;
Reporting suspicious water pollution activities;
Viewing but not touching or collecting live coral;
Using designated boat buoys to anchor in coral reef areas; and
Visiting the Anderson at a port near you.
Please call the Oceans and Coastal Protection Division for additional information at (202) 260-1952, or
visit the Office of Water Home Page at http://www.epa.gov/ow.
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TREASURED WATERS J3
References
I. Clean Water Act §312 Program
2. Clean Water Act §301 (h)
3. Clean Water Act §403(c) Program
The documents and programs listed below offer more information on
the topics discussed in Treasured Waters. Documents marked with an
* can be requested from EPA's National Center for Education and
Public Information (NCEPI) at 11029 Kenwood Road, Building 5,
Cincinnati, OH 45242 (phone: 513-489-8695). Please be sure to use
the EPA reference number when ordering publications from NCEPI.
Watershed Protection
Watershed Approach Framework, US EPA, 1996,
* EPA 840/S-96-001, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
Watershed Protection: A Statewide Approach, US EPA, 1995,
* EPA 841 /R-95-004, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
Watershed Protection: A Project Focus, US EPA, 1995,
* EPA 84I/R-95-003, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
Know Your Watershed Information Kit, Conservation Technology Information Center,
1220 Potter Drive, Room 170,West Lafayette, IN 47906-1383
(phone: 317-494-9555, fax: 317-494-5969).
National Estuary Program ;
The National Estuary Program, US EPA, The Office of Water,
Oceans and Coastal Protection Division, (4504F),40I M St., SW,Washington, DC 20460.
The National Estuary Program After Four Years: A Report to Congress, US EPA, 1992,
* EPA 503/9-92-007, Office of Water, Washington, DC
Saving Bays and Estuaries: A Primer for Establishing and Managing Estuary Projects, US EPA, 1989,
* EPA 503/8-89-001, Office of Water, Washington, DC. .
National Estuary Program Guidance: Comprehensive Conservation
and Management Plans Content and Approval Guidance, US EPA, 1992, '.
* EPA 842/B-92-002, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
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14 TREASURED WATERS
Coastal Nonpoint Sources/Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments
Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program, US EPA, 1993,
* EPA 84I/B-93-003, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources
of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters, US EPA, 1993,
* EPA 840/B-92-002A (3-hole punch) or EPA 840/B-92-002B (bound),
Office of Water, Washington, DC.
Vessel Sewage Discharges
Vessel Sewage Discharge Program, US EPA,The Office of Water,
Oceans and Coastal Protection Division, (4504F),40I M St., SW, Washington, DC 20460.
Protecting Coastal Waters from Vessel and Marina Discharges: A Guide for State and Local Officials,
Volume I Establishing No Discharge Areas Under Section 312 of the Clean Water Act, 1994, US EPA,
* EPA 842/B-94-004, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
Marine Debris
National Marine Debris Monitoring Program, US EPA, The Office of Water, Oceans and Coastal
Protection Division, (4504F),40I M St., SW, Washington, DC 20460.
Plastic Pellets in the Aquatic Environment: Sources and Recommendations (A Summary), US EPA, 1993 ,
* EPA 842/S-93-001, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
Citizens Guide to Plastics in the Ocean, 1991, Center for Marine Conservation,
1725 DeSaies Street, NW,Washington, DC 20036 (phone: 202-429-5609, fax: 202-872-0619).
Seos of Debris: A Summary oftheThird International Conference on Marine Debris, 1995, NC Sea Grant,
for copies write National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 7600 Sand Point Way, NE,
Seattle,WA 98115.
Ocean Discharges
Morine Protection & Planning Team, US EPA,The Office of Water, Oceans and Coastal Protection
Division, (4504F),40I M St., SW.Washington, DC 20460.
The Clean Water Act Section 301 (h) Program: Amendments to Regulations Issued, US EPA, 1994,
* EPA 794-301-002, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
Design of 301 (h) Monitoring Programs for Municipal Wastewater Discharges to Marine Waters. US EPA, 1982a,
* EPA 430/9-82-010, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
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TREASURED WATERS 15
Revised Sect/on 30 / (h) Technical Support Document US EPA,
* EPA 430/9-82-011, Office of Water, Washington, DC. '
Report on the Implementation of Section 301 (h), US EPA,
* EPA 430/9-84-007, Office of Water, Washington, DC. i
Training Manual for NPDES Permit Writers, US EPA, 1993a,
* EPA , Office of Water, Washington, DC.
Water Quality Standards Handbook, 2nd. Ed., US EPA, I993b, '.
* EPA 823/B-93-002, Office ofWater,Washington, DC.
Clean Water Act Section 403 Procedural and Monitoring Guidance, US EPA, 1994,
* EPA 842/B-94-003, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
Report to Congress on Implementation of Section 403 (c) of the FederalWater Pollution Control Act, US EPA, 1990,
* EPA 503/6-90-001, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
Clean Water Act Section 403: A Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment, US EPA, 1990,
*EPA I842/F-94-OOI, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
Coral Reefs
State of the Reefs: Regional and Global Perspectives. US Dept of Commerce, 1995, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management,
1305 East - West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910. ;
The Greenpeace Book of Coral Reefs, 1992, Wells, S.M. and Hanna, N., Sterling Publishing Company.
Coral Reefs of the World, 1988, Wells, S.M. United Nations Environment Program/International
Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Cambridge, U.K.
i
Ecological Impacts of Sewage Discharges on Coral Reef Communities, US EPA,
* EPA 430/9-83-010, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
Ocean Dumping
Ocean Dumping Program, US EPA, The Office of Water, Oceans and Coastal
Protection Division, (4504F),40I M St., SW,Washington, DC 20460.
Dredging is for the Birds. US Army Corps of Engineers,
Water Resources Support Center, Dredging Division, Ft. Belvoir.VA 22060-5586.
i
Report to the Secretary of Transportation.The Dredging Process in the United States: An Action Plan for
Improvement US Dept of Transportation, Maritime Administration, 400 7th St, SW.Washington, DC 20590.
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16 TREASURED WATERS
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'Si'-lti, i.ii,
Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material: A Practical Guide, 1992, Permanent International Association of
Navigation Congresses (PIANC), General Secretariat,WTC Tower 3,26th Floor, Boulevard Simon
Bolivar 30, Brussels, Belgium.
For more information on the case studies cited in this document, you may contact the
following organizations:
National Estuary Program
Sarasota Bay National Estuary Program: (941) 359-5841
Massachusetts Bays Program Office: (617) 727-9530
Puget Sound Action Team: (360) 407-7300
Marine Debris
Society of the Plastics Industry
Center for Marine Conservation: (202) 429-5609
Coral Reefs
Reef Relief, P.O. Box 430, Key West, FL 33041. Contact: Dee Von Quirolo.
Phone: (305) 294-3000, fax: (305)293-9515,
emaihwww.arch.usf.edu/FICUS/ conserve/groups/reefrel/contacts/contacts.html
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, P.O. Box 500368, Marathon, FL 33050
Contact: Billy Causey, Superintendent. Phone: (305) 743-2437, email: www.FKNMS.nos.noaa.gov
Ocean Dumping
National Dredging Team: US EPA (4504 F), Oceans and Coastal Protection Division, 401 M St., SW,
Washington, DC 20460, or HQ, US Army Corps of Engineers, Policy Division, 20 Massachusetts
Avenue, NW.Washington, DC
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