FINAL REPORT
     SUMMER 1988 106-MILE SITE SURVEY
               August 22, 1990
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
    Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection
               Washington, DC
    Prepared Under Contract No. 68-03-3319

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                                ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The participation of the following persons from Battelle in the preparation of
this report is acknowledged: D. Shea, C.D. Hunt, R.E. Hillman, P. Dragos, D.A.
Lewis,  D.E.. West, and W.G. Steinhauer.

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                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
 1.0 INTRODUCTION  .... 	

 2.0 SURVEY OBJECTIVES . .	v ......

      2.1 NEARFIELD FATE MONITORING	. .
      2.2 SHORT-TERM EFFECTS MONITORING  .......
      2.3 FARFIELD FATE MONITORING   	 .
      2.4 SUPPORT ACTIVITIES   	',

 3.0 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ON-BOARD MEASUREMENTS . . . ,

      3.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION  ......... 	

           3.1.1 Battelle Ocean Sampling System  . .  . ,
           3.1.2 Water Sample Collection in Plumes   . .
           3.1.3 Farfield and Background Hater Sampling
           3.1.4 Sludge Samples from Barges  ......
           3.1.5 Neuston Samples   .  .  	
           3.1,6 Samples for Toxicity Tests  . .  ...  .

     3.2 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS  ....'.

           3.2.1 Water Column Profiles    ...  	
           3.2.2 Current  Measurements  	

     3.3 AUXILIARY MEASUREMENTS    	

     3.4 CETACEAN  OBSERVATIONS   .  	

4.0 ANALYTICAL  METHODS   	

     4.1  TRACE-METAL ANALYSIS IN WATER SAMPLES  . .".
     4.2  TOTAL  SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND  PARTICULATE METALS
     4.3  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS   	 .
     4.4  CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS   	
     4.5  FISH EGG ABNORMALITIES	         *
     4.6  TOXICITY TESTING    ..........!!.".*

          4.6.1 Mysid Acute Toxicity Tests  	
          4.6.2 Indigenous Zooplankton Toxicity Tests
          4.6.3 Sea Urchin Fertilization Tests  . .  . .

5.0 OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS  	

     5.1 WATER MASS CHARACTERISTICS   . . 	

          5.1.1 Satellite Imagery   	. ;  .  . .
          5.1.2 Water Masses	-. .   "
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                          TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
                5.1.2.1  Horizontal Gradients   	
                5.1.2.2  Vertical Gradients   	

           5.1.3 Hydrographic Conditions.at the 106-Mile Site  .

      5.2 NEAR-SURFACE CURRENTS  	

           5.2.1 Near-Surface Drifter Results  .	

                5.2.1.1 Visually Tracked Drogues   	
                5.2.1.2 Satellite Tracked ARGOS Drifters   .  . .

 6.0 NEARFIELD FATE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE ...  	

      6.1 BARGE RECORDS AND DUMPING RATES  	
      6.2 ESTIMATES OF PLUME WIDTH AND HORIZONTAL MIXIXNG  .  . .
      6.3 SLUDGE DILUTION RATES  	

           6.3.1 Sludge Characterization Results    	
           6.3.2 Sludge Dilution Based on TSS Data   	
           6.3.3 Sludge Dilution Based on Total Metal  Data    .  .

      6.4 WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS	
      6.5 COMPARISON OF RESULTS  TO  WATER QUALITY  CRITERIA  .  .  .

 7.0 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS  	

      7.1 CHLOROPHYL RESULTS    	
      7.2 TOXICITY  STUDIES    	

           7.2.1 Results  of Mysid Toxicity Tests    	
           7»2.2 Results  of Zooplankton  Toxicity Tests    ....
           7.2.3 Results  of Sea  Urchin Toxicity Tests  	

      7.3 FISH  EGG  ABNORMALITIES    	
      7.4 ENDANGERED SPECIES   	
      7.5 FLOATABLE DEBRIS    	

8.0 FARFIELD FATE  OF SEWAGE  SLUDGE  	

      8.1 SLUDGE TRANSPORT  BASED ON TURBIDITY DATA   	
      8.2 CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS RESULTS  	
      8.3 CHLOROPHYLL A AND PHAEOPHYTIN  RESULTS  	
      8.4 TRACE-METAL RESULTS  	
     8.5 ORGANIC CONTAMINANT RESULTS  	

9.0 CONCLUSIONS    	 	

      9.1  DISCUSSION  OF NULL HYPOTHESES  	
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                         TABLE OF CONTENTS  (Continued)
           9.1.1 Nearfield Fate  . . .  .	
           9.1.2 Short-Term Effects  	
           9.1.3 Farfield Fate	  .  .
      9.2  EVALUATION OF SLUDGE TRACERS    ......
           9.2.1 Turbidity Profiles	
           9.2.2 Trace-Metal  Measurements  .  .  .  .
           9.2.3 Clostridium  Perfringens    .  .  .  .
           9.2.4 Organic Contaminants and Tracers
10.0  REFERENCES	
APPENDIX A.  Quality Control Data	
APPENDIX B.  Summary of Field Data   	
APPENDIX C.  Analytical  Results .  	 ...
APPENDIX D.  Assessment  of Cetaceans and Seabirds
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.A-l
 B-l
 C-l
 D-l

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                                 LIST OF TABLES
                                                                           Page

 TABLE 3-1.   SUMMARY OF THE TYPES OF HATER SAMPLES COLLECTED
              AND ANALYSES PERFORMED FOR THE SEPTEMBER 1988
              SURVEY AT THE 106-MILE SITE	...-.  .  .        8

 TABLE 3-2.   SUMMARY OF SAMPLING AND TESTING ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED
              WITH SHORT-TERM BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS MONITORING DURING
              THE 106-MILE SITE SURVEY, SEPTEMBER 1988   	        9

 TABLE 3-3.   MEASUREMENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR CTD SENSORS   ......       18

 TABLE .5-1.   SUMMARY OF VISUALLY TRACKED MIXED-LAYER
              DROGUE MOVEMENTS   	  .......       42

 TABLE 5-2.   SUMMARY OF POSITIONS,  TIMES,  AND DEPTHS FOR THE ARGOS DRIFTERS
              DEPLOYED IN THE VICINITY OF THE 106-MILE SITE DURING  THE SUMMER
              1988 SURVEY	        42

 TABLE 6-1.   SUMMARY OF DUMPING INFORMATION FOR PLUME
              STUDIES CONDUCTED DURING SEPTEMBER 1988
              SURVEY AT THE 106-MILE SITE	          48
 TABLE 6-2.   RESULTS OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION
              OF SEWAGE SLUDGE FROM  BARGES  SURVEYED AT THE
              106-MILE SITE DURING THE SEPTEMBER 1988 SURVEY   ....        56

 TABLE 6-3.    INITIAL DILUTION ESTIMATES  OBTAINED DURING  THE
              SEPTEMBER 1988  106-MILE SITE  SURVEY ..........        57

 TABLE 7-1.    RESULTS OF MYSID TESTS  FOR  SAMPLES  BG-21
              AND DB-21  (4  h)	       73

 TABLE 7-2.    RESULTS OF MYSID TESTS  FOR  SAMPLES  BG-22
              AND DB-22,  (3.5  h)	       75

 TABLE 7-3.    RESULTS OF MYSID  TESTS  FOR  SAMPLE DB-23  (4  h)  .....       76

 TABLE 7-4.    RESULTS OF ZOOPLANKTON  TESTS  FOR SAMPLES BG-21
              AND DB-21,  (4 h)	       77

 TABLE 7-5.    RESULTS OF ZOOPLANKTON  TESTS  FOR SAMPLES BG-22
              AND DB-22  (3.5 h)	 .       78

TABLE 7-6.    RESULTS OF ZOOPLANKTON TESTS  FOR SAMPLE DB-23 (4 h) ....       79

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TABLE 7-7.




TABLE 7-8.


TABLE 7-9.
                           LIST  OF  TABLES  (Continued)
RESULTS OF SEA URCHIN FERTILIZATION TESTS COMPLETED
FOR THE DB-21 SAMPLE SERIES-AND BACKGROUND SAMPLES
BG-21 AND BG-22  	
SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS.OF MITOTIC FIGURES IN
FISH EGGS COLLECTED AT THE 106-MILE SITE SEPTEMBER 1988

SUMMARY OF FLOATABLE DEBRIS (ABUNDANCES/100 m2) COLLECTED
WITH A NEUSTON NET DURING THE SUMMER 1988 SURVEY AT THE
106-MILE SITE  	
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  80


  83



  84

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1-1.

FIGURE 3-1.

FIGURE 3-2.

FIGURE 3-3.
FIGURE 5-1.

FIGURE 5-2.

FIGURE 5-3.
FIGURE 5-4.

FIGURE 5-5.

FIGURE 5-6.

FIGURE 5-7.
.
FIGURE 5-8.

FIGURE 5-9.

FIGURE 5-10.


FIGURE 5-11.

FIGURE 5-12.

FIGURE 6-1.

LOCATION OF THE 106-MILE DEEPWATER MUNICIPAL
SLUDGE SITE . . . . 	 	 . 	 	
LOCATION OF FARFIELD AND BACKGROUND STATIONS FOR
THE SEPTEMBER 1988 SURVEY AT THE 106-MILE SITE . . . .
NEAR-SURFACE DRIFTER (DROUGUE) USED TO MONITOR WATER
CURRENTS DURING PLUME TRACKING STUDIES . . . . . . . .
CONFIGURATION OF THE ARGOS SATELLITE TRACKED DRIFTER .
SATELLITE IMAGERY OF OCEAN FRONTAL DATA FOR
SEPTEMBER 7, 1988 	 	 . .
SATELLITE IMAGERY OF OCEAN FRONTAL DATA FOR
SEPTEMBER 20, 1988 	 	
VERTICAL PROFILE OF WATER PROPERTIES AT STATION BG-21 .
CONTOUR PLOT OF MIXED-LAYER AVERAGE SALINITY
OVER THE FARFIELD ARRAY 	 	
CONTOUR PLOT OF MIXED-LAYER AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OVER
THE FARFIELD ARRAY 	
VERTICAL PROFILE OF WATER PROPERTIES
FROM FARFIELD TRANSECT A . 	 	 	
VERTICAL PROFILE OF WATER PROPERTIES
FROM FARFIELD TRANSECT B 	 .
VERTICAL PROFILE OF WATER PROPERTIES
FROM FARFIELD TRANSECT C 	
TRAJECTORIES OF THE VISUALLY TRACKED MIXED-LAYER
DROGUES DEPLOYED DURING THE PLUME TRACKING OPERATIONS .
SHORT-TERM TRAJECTORIES OF THE SATELLITE-
TRACKED MIXED-LAYER DROGUES DEPLOYED DURING
THE PLUME TRACKING OPERATIONS 	
SHORT-TERM TRAJECTORY OF THE SATELLITE-TRACKED 50-m DROGUE
DEPLOYED DURING THE PLUME TRACKING OPERATIONS .....
LONG-TERM TRAJECTORIES OF THE SATELLITE-TRACKED DROGUES
DEPLOYED DURING THE PLUME TRACKING OPERATIONS .....
LOCATION OF HORIZONTAL PROFILES TAKEN DURING BACKGROUND
SAMPLING AND PLUME TRACKING 	 .....
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                           LIST OF FIGURES  (Continued)


  FIGURE 6-2.   HORIZONTAL PROFILE OF MIXED-LAYER TURBIDITY (4 m)
               DURING PLUME TRACK DB-23	        51

  FIGURE 6-3.   PLUME WIDTH VERSUS TIME FOR PLUME DB-23	        52

  FIGURE 6-4.   PLUME WIDTH VERSUS TIME FOR PLUME EVENTS MONITORED IN
               SEPTEMBER 1987 (DB-1,  DB-2.  DB-3,  DB-4),  MARCH 1988
               (DB-10).  AND SEPTEMBER 1988 (DB-21 AND  DB-23)   	        53

  FIGURE 6-5.   CONCENTRATION  OF TSS  IN THE PLUME VERSUS  TIME  FOR
               PLUMES DB-21.  DB-22. AND DB-23    	        53

  FIGURE  6-6.   SLUDGE DILUTION  RATES  BASED ON MEASURED
               TSS CONCENTRATIONS   	       59

 FIGURE 6-7.   SLUDGE PLUME DILUTION  CURVES BASED ON MEASURED
               TOTAL  METAL CONCENTRATIONS   	       61

 FIGURE 6-8.   PLOTS  OF TOTAL CU. CD. AND PB VERSUS TOTAL FE IN SAMPLES
               COLLECTED FROM PLUMES  DB-21. DB-22, AND DB-23  	       63

 FIGURE 6-9.   PLOTS OF TOTAL ZN. NI. AND TSS VERSUS TOTAL FE IN SAMPLES
              COLLECTED FROM PLUMES DB-21. DB-22. AND DB-23  .....       64

 FIGURE 6-10.  CONCENTRATION OF AMMONIA AND pH VALUES MEASURED AT  BACKGROUND
              STATIONS AND DURING PLUME TRACKING OF DB-21  	       66

 FIGURE 6-11.  CONCENTRATION OF AMMONIA AND pH VALUES MEASURED AT  BACKGROUND
              STATIONS AND DURING PLUME TRACKING OF DB-22  	        67

 FIGURE 6-12.  CONCENTRATION OF AMMONIA AND pH VALUES-MEASURED AT  BACKGROUND
              STATIONS AND DURING PLUME TRACKING OF DB-23  	        68

 FIGURE 6-13.  PLOTS  OF COPPER CONCENTRATIONS  IN  THE SLUDGE  PLUME  VERSUS
              TIME FOR PLUMES DB-21,  DB-22, AND  DB-23	        70

 FIGURE 7-1.   RESULTS FROM SEA  URCHIN FERTILIZATION TESTS OF  DB-21 PLUME
              AT  0,  1, 3,  AND 4 h  AFTER DISCHARGE OF SLUDGE	       81

 FIGURE 8-1.   CONTOUR PLOT OF THE  SHALLOW  PARTICLE  MAXIMUM  (PERCENT TURBIDITY)


FIGURE 8-2.   CONTOUR PLOT OF CHLOROPHYLL a AT THE  SHALLOW PARTICLE MAXIMUM
              ON  THE  FARFIELD TRANSECTS	         39

FIGURE 8-3.   CONTOUR PLOT OF PHAEOPHYTIN AT THE SHALLOW  PARTICLE MAXIMUM
              ON  THE  FARFIELD TRANSECTS	       gg

FIGURE 8-4.   CONCENTRATION OF  COPPER AT THE SHALLOW PARTICLE MAXIMUM FOR
              FARFIELD TRANSECT A  (FA) AND BACKGROUND STATIONS (BG)  .       92

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                          LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
FIGURE 8-5.


FIGURE 8-6.


FIGURE 8-7.


FIGURE 8-8.


FIGURE 8-9.


FIGURE 8-10.


FIGURE 8-11.
                                                             Paqe
 CONCENTRATION  OF LEAD AT THE SHALLOW  PARTICLE MAXIMUM FOR   ~~^
 FARFIELD  TRANSECT A (FA)  AND BACKGROUND STATIONS  (BG)   .       93

 CONCENTRATION  OF IRON AT THE SHALLOW  PARTICLE MAXIMUM FOR
 FARFIELD  TRANSECT A (FA)  AND BACKGROUND STATIONS  (BG)   .       94

 CONCENTRATION  OF LEAD AT  THE SHALLOW  PARTICLE MAXIMUM FOR
 FARFIELD  TRANSECT B (FB)  AND BACKGROUND STATIONS  (BG)   .       95

 CONCENTRATION  OF COPPER AT THE SHALLOW PARTICLE MAXIMUM FOR
 FARFIELD  TRANSECT C (FC)  AND BACKGROUND STATIONS  (BG)   .       96

 CONCENTRATION  OF LEAD AT  THE SHALLOW PARTICLE MAXIMUM FOR
 FARFIELD  TRANSECT C (FC)  AND BACKGROUND STATIONS  (BG)   .       97

 CONCENTRATION  OF IRON AT  THE  SHALLOW PARTICLE MAXIMUM FOR
 FARFIELD  TRANSECT  C  (FC) AND  BACKGROUND STATIONS  (BG)  .       98

CONTOUR PLOT OF  DISSOLVED LEAD AT THE SHALLOW PARTICLE
MAXIMUM ON THE FARFIELD TRANSECTS	       99

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                                 1.0 INTRODUCTION

  The United States, Environmental  Protection Agency (EPA),  under the Marine
  Protection,  Research,  and Sanctuaries  Act of 1972,  is  responsible for
  regulating disposal  of sewage sludge in  U.S.  territorial  waters.   This
  responsibility  includes developing and implementing  effective  monitoring
  programs to  assess compliance with permit conditions and  to evaluate  potential
  impacts on the marine  environment.  Ocean disposal of  sewage sludge currently
  is  permitted at the  106-Mile  Deepwater Municipal Sludge Site (106-Mile Site),
  located off the coasts  of  New York  and New Jersey (Figure 1-1).  The  EPA
 monitoring program for  the 106-Mile Site  (   EPA  , 1992a) is being
  implemented according to a four-tiered approach (   EPA  , 1992b) whereby data
 generated in one tier may be used in making management decisions about
 continued site designation, awarding of dumping permits,  and the design and
 implementation of future surveys.

 Tier 1 of the monitoring program, Sludge  Characteristics  and  Disposal
 Operations,  addresses sludge  monitoring and assessment  to  verify that
 conditions  specified  by dumping permits are met and  continue to be adequate
 during the  period  of  site designation and active disposal.  Tier 2 of  the
 monitoring  program, Nearfield  Fate and  Short-Term  Effects, addresses permit
 compliance  and  impact assessment.   Permits for disposal of sludges  at  the  site
 stipulate that water  quality criteria (WQC), where they exist, may  not be
 exceeded within the site 4  h after dumping or  outside the site at any  time.
 Monitoring  the behavior and movement of sludge immediately after disposal  is
 also necessary to  confirm the  assumptions  regarding dispersion and  dilution
 that were made in  issuing permits.   Tier 3, Farfield Fate, is designed to
 determine the transport  and fate of  the sludge dumped at the 106-Mile  Site  in
 areas  outside the  106-Mile Site boundaries.  Tier 4, Long-Term Effects, is
 designed to determine if long-term biological  impacts result from sludge
 disposal at the 106-Mile  Site.

 EPA conducted surveys at  the 106-Mile Site in September 1987  and in March 1988
to examine the nearfield fate of the sludge plumes  at the  106-Mile Site

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40°N
39°N
38°N
                                                 106-Mile Deepwoter
                                                 Municipo! SI udge Site
                                                         I
   76°W         75°W         74°W         73°W         72°W         7I°W
  FIGURE 1-1.    LOCATION OF THE 106-MILE DEEPWATER MUNICIPAL SLUDGE SITE,
                                     2

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 (   EPA   ,  1992c and 1988b).  These studies tested methods for tracking sludge
 plumes and  assessed the behavior and transport of sludge plumes under summer
 and winter  conditions,  respectively.  A third survey to the site was made in
 September .1988 under Work Assignment 1-U8 (EPA Contract No.  68-03-3319)  to
 perform Tier 2 (nearfield fate and short-term effects)  and Tier 3 (farfield
 fate)  activities.   This survey included plume-tracking  studies similar to
 those  performed previously (  EPA   ,  1992c and 1988b)  to further define  the
 behavior of sludge  plumes.

 The September 1988  survey was  carried  out  from September 10 to 20,  1988,
 aboard the  EPA Ocean  Survey  Vessel  Peter tf. Anderson  (OSV Anderson)  under the
 guidelines  of the August  25, 1988,  "Final  Survey  Plan for Summer  1988
 Oceanographic Survey  to the  106-Mile Site"  (   EPA   , 1988c).   A  description
 of  the survey activities  is  presented  in the  Initial Survey Report  for  "Summer
 1988 Oceanographic  Survey  to the 106-Mile  Site" (   EPA    , 1988d).

 This report describes the  activities associated with the September  1988
 survey, presents the  results of laboratory analyses completed  in October  1989,
 and provides  interpretation  of these results as they relate to nearfield and
 farfield fate  and short-term effects of sewage sludge dumped at the 106-Mile
 Site under summer conditions.  The specific objectives of the survey are given
 in Section 2.  The  sample-collection methods and onboard measurements are
 described in Section 3.  The laboratory methods are.discussed  in Section 4.
The physical Oceanographic conditions are described in Section 5.   Results
from the nearfield  fate, short-term effects, and farfield fate studies are
presented and discussed in Sections 6,  7,  and 8, respectively.  The
conclusions  of the  study are presented  in Section 9.

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                             2.0  SURVEY OBJECTIVES

 The general  objectives of the survey were to determine  the  short-term  effects
 and evaluate the nearfield and farfield fate of sewage  sludge  plumes at  the
 106-Mile Site under summer conditions.   Nearfield  fate  monitoring on the
 survey  was conducted to verify and  refine sludge dilution calculations,  thus
 addressing permit-compliance issues.  Short-term effects were  monitored  to
 address the  potential  for impacts within  the 106-Mile Site  during the  first
 day following a  dumping event.   Farfield  fate studies were  conducted to
 determine where  the sludge goes  upon  leaving the site and,  in  particular,
 whether the  sludge  accumulates  in the pycnocline.
                        2.1  NEARFIELD FATE MONITORING
Nearfield fate monitoring on the September 1988 survey addressed the short-
term (<10 h) dispersion and transport of sludge plumes within the 106-Mile
Site boundaries.  Specific nearfield fate monitoring objectives, keyed to null
hypotheses presented in the 106-Mile Site monitoring plan (   EPA  ,  1992a),
were to
   •  Determine the concentration of sludge and sludge constituents in
     sludge plumes outside site boundaries if sludge plumes are observed
     to cross site boundaries
   •  Determine the concentration of sludge and sludge constituents in
     sludge plumes within site boundaries 4 h after sludge disposal
   .  Measure the vertical dispersion of sludge to determine whether
     sludge settles below the seasonal  pycnocline during summer
     conditions
   •  Monitor the concentration of contaminants for which there are marine
     water quality criteria (WQC) in sludge plumes to determine if WQC
     are being exceeded 4 h after disposal, or if they are being exceeded
     outside the site at any time.

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                        2.2   SHORT-TERM  EFFECTS MONITORING


 The objectives of the  short-term effects studies on the September  1988 survey
 were to                                 _          -

    •  Assess potential  changes in primary productivity at and near  the
      106-Mile Site through measurement of chlorophyll a and phaeophytin

    •  Determine the acute and short-term chronic toxicity of seawater
      contaminated with sewage sludge

    «  Assess potential changes in fish populations at the 106-Mile Site by
      examining of fish eggs collected at the site for genetic mutations and
      other developmental abnormalities

    •  Determine the potential for sludge contaminants to concentrate in the
      marine microlayer

    .  Determine whether or not sludge dumping has  a  significant  impact  on
      dissolved oxygen content or pH of  the  seawater in  the  area.


                         2.3  FARFIELD FATE MONITORING


 Farfield  fate  monitoring on  the  survey  assessed the potential of sludge to

 impact  areas and marine resources outside the site boundaries.  The objectives
 of  farfield fate monitoring  on the  September 1988 survey were to

   . Assess the horizontal transport of sludge into the farfield by mappinq
     turbid areas outside the 106-Mile Site  (up to 15 nmi) and by measurinq
     selected  sludge  tracers at  the particle maxima..

   • Evaluate  the potential  for  recirculation of sludge through the 106-
     Mile Site and for  transporting sludge toward the continental  shelf
     (and adjacent shoreline, beach, marine sanctuary, fishery,  or
     shellfishery areas) by monitoring the movement of water masses at the
     site.
                            2.4  SUPPORT ACTIVITIES
To meet the survey objectives, additional activities were required both on
board the survey vessel and on shore.  These activities included  "

   .  Collection of sludge samples from barges dumping at the site for
     analysis of selected sludge constituents to allow accurate calculation
     of sludge dilution

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Acquisition of satellite-derived ocean frontal  analyses;  determination
of conductivity, temperature, oxygen, and depth profiles; and
measurements of current shear to determine oceanographic conditions at
the site that could, affect the movement of the sludge

Acquisition of real-time navigation data to support  plume-tracking
activities

Observations of endangered species of cetaceans, marine turtles, and
seabirds, according to EPA policy, to record observations of these
animals on all surveys to the 106-Mile Site.

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                3.0  SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ON-BOARD MEASURMENTS

 Sample  collection  and  processing  procedures were  similar  to  those followed on
 previous  surveys (EPA,  1988b,  1992c);  they have been described  in detail  in
 the  survey  plan  (   EPA   ,  1988c).   Brief descriptions of these  procedures and
 deviations  from the  survey  plan are  given below.  A description  of the  samples
 collected on the survey is  given  in  the  Initial Survey Report (   EPA
 1988d).  A  summary of  the types of samples collected and  analyses  performed  is
 given in Table 3-1.  A summary of sampling and on-board testing  activities  for
 short-term  biological  effects  monitoring is given in Table 3-2.  All samples
 were transferred to  the analytical laboratory at Battelle Ocean Sciences
 (Battelle)  under strict change-of-custody procedures.

                             3.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION
                     3.1.1 BatteHe Ocean Sampling System

Water column sample collections during both the nearfield and farfield
monitoring phases of the survey were conducted  by  using  the  Battelle Ocean
Sampling System (BOSS).  The BOSS contains a Sea-Bird  Inc.,  high-resolution
conductivity/temperature/depth (CTD) profiling  system  that is attached to a
weighted delta-fin depressor.  The depressor allows the  unit to be  towed
horizontally at speeds up to 4 kn or to be (ised  in a vertical  profiling mode.
The BOSS also houses sensors for determining dissolved oxygen and a 25-cm-
pathlength SeaTech transmissometer for determining turbidity.  All  data are
acquired by an on-board computer and stored on diskette.

In addition to the in situ sensors,  the BOSS  is  equipped with  a custom-built
seawater pump connected to the ship's  laboratory with a Teflon® tube that  is
enclosed in the electromechanical ;cable attaching the sensor package to the
data handling system.  The pump drivers water to the on-board laboratory  at a
minimum rate of 14 L/min.        I                               .,
The BOSS was also connected throu
navigation system.  This system w
ha computer interface to a Loran-C
s used to determine the position of the

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 TABLE 3-1.      SUMMARY OF THE TYPES OF WATER  SAMPLES  COLLECTED  AND  ANALYSES
                PERFORMED FOR THE SEPTEMBER  1988  SURVEY AT  THE 106-MILE  SITE,
 Parameter
       Place of Analysis
                                        Nearfield
                                         Survey
                      Farfield
                       Survey
Trace metals
Organic compounds
Total suspended solids
Clostridium perfringens
Ammonia
PH
Chlorophyll cr/phaeophytin
Toxicity tests
  Batten ea
 ••   NAb
  Battelle
     NCC
OSV Anderson
OSV Anderson
OSV Anderson
OSV Anderson
  Battelle
  Battelle
  Battelle
  Battelle
     NC
     NC-
OS V Anderson
     NC
* Battelle: Duxbury, MA.
D NA: Not analyzed.
c NC: Not collected.
                                      8

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 vessel during all sample-collection operations.   During survey operations,  the
 depth, salinity,  temperature,  and turbidity data acquired during either
 horizontal  towing or vertical  profiling operations were graphically displayed
 in real  time on a color monitor.   Hard copies of the data were plotted  as the
 data were acquired.

 Both the horizontal  and vertical  profiling  capability of the  BOSS were  used
 during the  survey.   Horizontal  towing  was performed primarily during nearfield
 monitoring  exercises.   The  vertical  sample  collection mode was employed during
 the farfield and  background station  sample  collection exercises.  The location
 of sample positions  within  the  sewage-sludge  plumes and  in the pyenocline was
 determined  from real-time turbidity  measurements  by using  an  in situ
 tramsmissometer on the  BOSS.

                    3.1.2 Hater Sample Collection In Plumes

 During horizontal towing operations, the real-time  depth and turbidity data
 were  used to identify the location (depth and horizontal width) of the
 particle maximum  in  the sludge  plumes  as the survey vessel crossed the plume
 axis.  Horizontal towing operations were conducted near the surface drogue
 used  to mark the  initial sampling  (TQ) of the plume.  The procedures used to
mark  the sampling location  in the plume were identical to those used on
 previous surveys  of  sewage  sludge plumes at the 106-Mile Site  (   EPA   , 1992c
 1988b  ) and were based on  the  location of the particle maximum.  Samples were
collected when the BOSS was raised and located within the identified particle
maximum.  After this initial sample collection, the vessel resumed horizontal
towing operations.

During the first  hour after sludge disposal, the depth of sludge penetration
 in the surface waters, the  horizontal extent of the plume, and the width of
the maximum  concentration of sludge in the plume were determined from numerous
horizontal transects of the plume.  Based on this information, the"depth of
the highest  particle concentrations was identified and the BOSS was set  at
that depth to collect water samples in the plume.  Samples from the BOSS pump
outlet were  collected about 1.3 min after reaching the particle maximum  to
                                      10

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   account for the residence time of water in the piping system.   This technique
   allowed relatively easy and accurate  collection of water samples from the
   plume  particle  maximum.

   During  this  operation,  five types  of  samples were  collected: 1 L for trace-
   metal analysis, 4  L for water quality analysis  (ammonia, pH, chlorophyll a
   and phaeophytin),  1 L for total suspended solids, 4 L for analysis of organic
   tracer compounds,  and 3 L for toxicity tests.  In most cases, these samples
  were collected in duplicate.  Samples for the most critical parameters, metals
  and acute toxicity, were collected in parallel  by using the dual  sample-
  collection ports on the BOSS.  The second set of sample duplicates was
  collected sequentially after all samples from the first set of duplicates  had
  been collected.   Most  sample collections were completed in  less than  2 min
  Shipboard analysis  of  ammonia and  pH were performed within  1  h of sample
  collection.

  Total metal samples collected during nearfield plume studies were  collected in
  acid-cleaned  polyethylene bottles and  acidified  (to pH < 2) with HNOo
  immediately after collection.  Samples for total suspended solids  (TSS) were
  vacuum-filtered through acid-cleaned 47-mm 0.4-^m Nuclepore filters   The
 volume.that was filtered was measured by using volumetric cylinders   Filter
 samples were stored in  cleaned,  sealed polycarbonate petri dishes.  Samples
 for organic -contaminants were preserved with 120 ml_,of dichloromethane (DCM).

              3.1.3  Farfield and Background Water Column Sampling

 The locations  of  the farfield and background  sample  stations  are indicated  in
 Figure 3-1.  Water samples  were  collected after  a CTD hydrocast was conducted
 From each hydrocast, the  major oceanographic  features  in the upper 50  m of the
 water column were identified. Upon  completion of this cast, the depth of the
 particle  maximum  was determined  from the  turbidity profile.  The BOSS was then
 positioned  in  the particle maximum  located  in the pycnocline and samples were
 collected.  A  second particle maximum located above the pycnocline was
 observed  at two stations.  Duplicate samples for total metal and Clostridium
perfrwgens determinations were collected from several of these paniculate
                                      11

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   3S*20'N
   33'10'N
   33  O'N
  3B*50*N
  38'40'N
  3B 30'N
  3B 20'N
             FC-6i


            FC-5«

   Farfield
  Transect  FC-4
      C

            FC-3


            FC-2
                                          BG22
                                       • BG21
                                            106-Mile Site
            FC-1 •  FA-1 •  I    •FB'1
                                    FA-2
                       Farfield
                       Transect
                          A
                                    FA-5
                                   FA-6
                                   FA-7
                               • FB-2
                    FA-3»-l   •FB-3
                                   FA-4 •      • FB-4
                                      Farfield
                                     Transect
                                         B
                                 FB-5
                                 FB-6
                                  FB-7
  -,n-10'M I	I	1	1	'	>	'
      72*30'  H    72'20'  H   72*10'  H   72* O1  H   71*50'  H   71*40' H   71*30' W
FIGURE 3-1.
                  STATION LOCATIONS

LOCATION OF FARFIELD AND  BACKGROUND STATIONS FOR THE SEPTEMBER
1988 SURVEY AT THE  106-MILE SITE.
                                        12

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  maxima to determine if they  were  related  to  sludge  disposal  at  the 106-Mile
  Site.

  During this phase of the  study, four sets'of samples were collected:  1  L  for
  dissolved  and particulate trace-metal analysis  (total suspended solids  were
  determined from the particulate trace-metal sample); 4 L for analysis of
  ammonium, pH, chlorophyll a. and phaeophytin; 100 L for analysis of organic
 tracer compounds (particulate phase only); and 2 L for Clostridium perfringens
 analysis.  Duplicate samples were collected sequentially.  Sample collections
 for the small-volume samples (<4 L) were generally completed in Jess than 2
 min; collection of duplicate organic samples (100 L) took about 10 min.

 Samples for total  suspended solids (TSS) and particulate trace-metal
 determination were  vacuum-filtered through acid-cleaned  47-mm 0.4-/
-------
 were  refrigerated  immediately  after  collection.   Samples  for trace metals,
 TSS,  Clostridium perfringens,  and  organic compounds were  returned to Battelle
 for later  analysis.

                       3.1.4 Sludge  Samples from  Barges

 Between September  9 and  18, sewage sludge samples were collected from 11
 barges preparing to depart for the 106-Mile Site.  Samples were collected from
 fully loaded barges or barges completing final loading operations.  Sludge
 samples were obtained from each barge compartment by using a stainless steel
 bomb sampler of 500-mL capacity.   Three grab samples from each barge
 compartment were collected: one from the upper 2 ft, one from middepth, and
 one from 2 ft above the  bottom.  All grab samples were combined in a large
 container  (10 L) and stirred to provide a homogenized, composite sample.
 Subsamples from this composite were then collected and shipped on Blue Ice® to
 the analytical laboratory (Science Applications International  Corporation).
 All samples were held until the barges monitored at the 106-Mile Site were
 identified.  Sludge samples from only the three barges monitored at the 106-
Mile Site were analyzed  for metal contaminants.

                            3.1.5  Neuston Samples

 Ichthyopjankton and plastic debris samples were collected during horizontal
transects by towing a neuston net  (2- x 1-m opening dimensions,  0.3-mm mesh
 size)  through the  sludge plumes at the sea surface.  Each sample tow duration
was less than 1 h.  Samples were rinsed into the cod end of the net and the
whole sample transferred to a 4-L polyethylene jug and preserved with 10%
 buffered formalin.  Samples were stored on board during the cruise and then
 transferred to Battelle  for subsequent analysis of possible chromosome
 abnormalities in the developing fish embryos.   Collections were made on
September 16 at T  = 1 and 3 h;  on September 17 at T = 1 and 2  h; and on
September 18 and 19 at T = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h.  Background samples were taken
on September 16 and 17 at Station BG-21.  A summary of the neuston samples is
given in Table 3-2.
                                      14

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                         3.1.6 Samples  for Toxlcitv Tests

  Cultures  of  test  organisms  (mysids  and  sea  urchins) were  delivered  to  the  OSV
  Anderson  on  September  9  during mobilization for the cruise.  The microbiology
  laboratory on the OSV Anderson was  reorganized for use as a culturing  and
  toxicity  laboratory.  Test organisms were held in static-recirculating
  aquarium  systems, necessitating daily water changes.  A summary of the samples
  collected for toxicity tests  is given in Table 3-2.

 Collections of indigenous zooplankton were made by towing a 1-m-dia conical
 plankton net (0.5-mm Nitex mesh)  for 10 to 20 min just below the. seawater
 surface at Background Station BG-20 (39'07'N,  72°05'W).   Zooplankton were
 rinsed gently into the cod end of the net and then through a series of sieves
 for separation into size groups of 4,  1, and 0.5  mm.   Copepods  retained in  the
 O.Srmm sieve were transferred in  seawater to a plastic tub and  delivered  to
 the testing laboratory.  Copepods were examined with  a dissecting microscope
 and sorted according to apparent  likeness in body  form, color,  and  size.
 Representative samples  of copepods used  for  testing were preserved  in  formalin
 and returned  to  Battelle for taxonomic  identification.

 On  September  11,  a background sample (B6-20) and sludge plume sample (DB-20)
 were collected at  T  = 0  h from the plume of  the barge Sea  Trader.  However,
 the intake bf the  sampling device  may not have been .within the boundaries of
 the plume  when this  sample was collected and, therefore,  tests were not
 performed  on  these samples.   Shipboard electrical problems, which developed
 during the DB-20 sampling attempts,  and  unsuitable sea conditions delayed the
 scheduled  sampling and toxicity tests for several days.  During this time,
 activities centered  on the general maintenance of cultures and the conduct of
 preliminary test trials with  each  test organism.  Although sufficient mysids
were available on  board for the scheduled toxicity tests,  the delay resulted
 in  aging of the existing  mysid culture beyond the optimal  age for testing.  It
 is  standard practice to conduct toxicity  tests with juvenile mysids;
therefore, a decision was  made to ship a new batch of mysids from Battelle.
This shipment was  received in  Cape May,  New Jersey, on September 12.
                                      15

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The first sample  received  for a full suite of toxicity tests was collected on
September 16 at Background Station BG-21  (Figure 3-1).  Later the same day,
plume samples from the Princess B  (event  DB-21) were collected in the plume at
T - 0, 1, 3, and  4 h after sludge disposa-1.  Samples were characterized for
salinity, temperature, pH, and dissolved  oxygen immediately upon receipt in
the laboratory.   Toxicity  tests were initiated on the morning of September 17,
between the hours of 0030  and 0135.  Sea  urchin fertilization tests were
completed on the  T = 4 h sample only.  Seawater collected at 38° 51.2'N, 72°
27.0'W on September 16 was used as a control for the toxicity tests.  The
control water was stored at room temperature and used to assess the responses
of test organisms to test  conditions in uncontaminated seawater.   The
background sample (BG-21) was tested concurrently with the DB-21  samples.

On September 17,  a collection of zooplankton was made to restock  the culture.
Samples were collected for toxicity testing at Background Station BG-22
(Figure 3-1) and  in the plume of the barge Spring Creek (DB-22)  at T = 0, 1,
2, and 3.5 h.  Toxicity tests for these samples were initiated during the
morning of September 18 between the hours of 0030 and 0530.

On September 18 and 19, during the period from 2300 to 0315  h,  plume samples
from DB-23 were collected  in the discharge plume of the barge Lemon  Creek.
Sea urchin fertilization tests and the mysid acute test were initiated on
September 19 between the hours of 0300 and 0600.  In-itiation of the
zooplankton test was delayed until the afternoon of September 19,  when a new
batch of organisms was collected.   Plume sample collection at the 106-Mile
Site was completed with the DB-23 collections on September 19.

The OSV Anderson docked at Woods Hole,  Massachusetts, for demobilization on
September 20, and the ongoing acute tests (mysid and zooplankton)  were
transferred to Battelle for completion of the test period.  All frozen water
samples and ichthyoplankton samples were transferred to Battelle.
                                      16

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                     3.2  PHYSICAL OCEAN06RAPHIC MEASUREMENTS

  Physical  oceanographic data were acquired during  the  survey by  vertical  and
  horizontal..profiling of the water column,.and  by  deploying  near-surface
  visually  tracked and satellite-tracked drifters.   In  addition,  satellite
  images of sea surface  temperature for the area were obtained after the survey
 was completed.

                          3.2.1  Hater Column Profiles

 Vertical and horizontal water column profiling of physical parameters was
 performed by using the BOSS (described in Section 3.1.1)..  Measurement
 specifications for the sensors on the BOSS are presented in Table 3-3.

 Following the survey,  binary  files of the digital  CTD  data were  returned  to
 the laboratory for processing  and review,  including
   °  $onv«:rs.ion  of raw (binary)  CTD  data  into engineering  units:
      depth (IB),  temperature (-C),  salinity  (ppt),  oxygen  (mg/L),  and  light
      transmission  (% light  extinction)
   •  Removal  of  data points that  exceed instrumental full  scale  and lie
      clearly  outside reasonable  ranges for each measurement  parameter
      Electronic  transients  and sensor contact with  suspended material
      (e.g., seaweed) cause  infrequent  (<  1%)  full-scale signals  and are
      removed'.

   •  Retention of data  points only when the depth  series is monotonically
      increasing  (because  good quality CTD data can  be obtained only when
     the sensors are descending through the water column and passinq
     through undisturbed water).

For CTD data files acquired during horizontal profiling operations, the
processing procedures were  identical to those described above, except that
data were not excluded on the basis of depth changes because the sensors are
continually towed through undisturbed water.
                                      17

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TABLE 3-3.  MEASUREMENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR CTD SENSORS
Parameter
Depth
Temperature
Salinity
Oxygen
Light transmission
Range
0 to 3000' m
-5° to 35°C
0 to 40 ppt
0 to 15 mg/L
0% to 100%
Accuracy
±60 cm
±0.004°C
±0.005 ppt
±0.1 mg/L
±0.5%
Resolution
12 cm
0.0003°C
0.0005 ppt
0.01 mg/L
0.01%
Sampling rate: 24 samples per second (averaged to 8 samples per-second)
Vertical resolution during profiling: ~4 cm for 20 m/min lowering speed
Horizontal resolution during towing: ~20 cm at 3-kn ship speed
                                     18

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                           3.2.2  Current Measurements

 Near-surface drifters, designed to maximize the cross-sectional area of the
 drogue while minimizing the surface area.and windage of the surface marker*
 were fabricated for plume-tracking operations.  These drifters are similar to
 those used in previous plume-tracking, surveys (EPA, 1988b, 1992"I).  The
 drifters consisted of a subsurface drag body, a 2-m-long section of sheet
 metal, suspended 5 m below a small surface float (Figure 3-2).  A whip antenna
 kept a marker flag aloft and a strobe light was fitted to the whip to provide
 visibility at night.  To track a plume,  the survey vessel  crossed the path of
 a dumping barge just behind it and,  when in the center of the plume,  deployed
 a drifter.  Drifting freely,  they marked the location of the  plume section
 under study.

 Drifters were tracked  visually from  the  survey vessel.   During horizontal.
 profiling,  the drifter position was  obtained when  the vessel  passed the
 drifter and Loran-C position was recorded  on computer diskette.  Repeated
 transects of  the plume were used to  define the movement  of the drogue.

 Four  satellite-tracked surface  drifters  were deployed during the survey to
 determine the  direction of  mean water-mass  flow and, therefore, the direction
 of  sludge transport  in the  surface waters.   These drifters consisted of a
 surface  float containing a  transmitter and  a 7.5-m-l
-------
                          Strobe
                                               Drogue
FIGURE 3-2.
NEAR-SURFACE DRIFTER (DROUGE) USED TO MONITOR WATER CURRENTS
DURING PLUME TRACKING STUDIES.                      WJKKLHI*
                                         20

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     Drogue
     Tether
    5m.  lOm
     or 5Om
                   O
                     O
                   O
                    O
                   O
                    O
Surface Float
with Satellite
Transmitter
                            Holley Sock Drogue
FIGURE 3-3.    CONFIGURATION OF THE ARGOS SATELLITE-TRACKED DRIFTER.
                               21

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 positions of significant ocean thermal  features such as shelf water,  slope
 water,  the Gulf Stream,  and warm-core/cold-core eddies.  Following the survey,
 the ocean frontal  maps for the month of September 1988 were obtained  for the
 106-Mile Site area.

                           3.4  CETACEAN OBSERVATIONS

•Because of concern for the possible  impact  of  ocean  dumping  activities  on
 endangered or threatened species  of  marine  mammals and  turtles, the presence
 of  these species in  the  area was  recorded.  Observations were made by a
 qualified observer on  the OSV Anderson.  These observations were recorded
 along predetermined  survey paths  in  15-min  periods,  where each period
 represented  a transect.

The data  were recorded according  to  two major  categories: location/
environmental  and  species/behavior.   Information in  each category was recorded
for each  15-min observation  period and both categories were identified by a
unique  survey  and  observation number.  Location/environmental data included
latitude  and  longitude,  start time,  elapsed time, vessel speed and course,
water depth and temperature, barometric pressure trend, visibility, and wind
direction  and  speed.  Species/behavior data included species group (mammal,
turtle),  species identification, number of animals observed,  age,  distance and
angle to  sightings, heading, animal  association, debris association,  and
behavior.
                                      22

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                             4.0 ANALYTICAL METHODS
                   4.1  TRACE-METAL ANALYSIS IN WATER SAMPLES

 Seawater samples  for both total  and dissolved metal  analysis (Cd,  Cu,  Ni,  Fe,
 Pb,  and  Zn)  were  extracted at pH 5 with a 1% solution of purified  ammonium-1-
 pyrrolidine  dithiocarbamate diethyl ammonium diethyldithiocarbamate (APDC-
 ODDC) and  Freon  (Danielsson et al.,  1982).   Each  sample  was  extracted  three  '
 times with 5-mL aliquots  of Freon;  all  Freon extracts were combined.   The
 metals were  back-extracted into  2 mL of 10% nitric acid.  The  nitric acid
 solutions  were analyzed for Cd,  Cu,  Ni,  Fe,  Pb, and  Zn via graphite furnace
 atomic absorption  spectrometry (GFAAS)  with  Zeeman background  correction.
 Nickel and Zn were not determined in all  samples.

               4.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND PARTICULATE METALS

 Samples  for  TSS were  air-dried in  a  Class 100 clean  room.  The TSS
 concentration of each sample was  determined  from the mass of the particles
 retained on  the filter and  the total  volume  of seawater filtered.  After the
mass of the  sample on the  filters was determined,  the filters were digested
for particulate metal determinations.   Each  filter was placed in a Teflon vial
 (20 mL)  and  digested with  5 mL of 3N  nitric  acid by sonicating for 1 h.  Metal
concentrations (Cd, Cu, Ni, Fe, Pb,  and Zn)  in the a'cid digestates were
determined via GFAAS by using Zeeman  background correction.   Potential  matrix
interferences were minimized by using a standard curve prepared by the method
of standard  additions on one of the particulate samples.   Nickel analyses were
performed with the addition of the matrix modifier MgN03; Pb, Cd, and Zn
analyses were performed by  using matrix modification with both MgN03 and
NH4H2P04.

                            4.3  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Particulate  samples were prepared and analyzed for polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), linear  alky!  benzenes (LAB), chlorinated pesticides
 (including DDT and its metabolites),  and polychlorinated  biphenyls (PCB)
                                      23

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  following methods  established  for  sediments by the NOAA National Status  and
  Trends Mussel Watch  Program  (Battelle,  1988 ).  Minor modifications were made
  to those methods for the analysis  of LAB.

  Sample extracts were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with mass
  spectrometry (GC/MS) for PAH and LAB contamination.  GC/MS analysis conditions
  for LAB were derived from those of Eganhouse et al. (1983).  Because the
  levels of PAH and LAB in the extracts were in the very low nanogram range, the
 mass spectrometer was operated in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode to
 achieve the lowest possible detection limits.   Sample extracts were analyzed
 by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD)  for
 pesticide/PCB content.   Any compounds identified  in the samples were
 quantified by using the method of internal  standards.   Results are  reported in
 nanograms per liter of water filtered.   Limits of detection (LOD) were
 calculated as the concentration of the  analyte in the  sample  producing a
 signal  five  times the backround signal  for  that sample.

                          4.4  CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS

 Enumeration  of Clostridium perfringens  in seawater was performed according  to
 the methods  of Bisson and Cabelli  (1979).   Clostridium perfringens  spores were
 collected by filtering  aliquots  of  seawater through 0.4-/
-------
  based  on  what  is  known  of  the  spawning periods of fish  in the  area and on
  characteristics of  the  eggs, such  as the size of the egg and the presence,
  size,  and color of  oil  droplets  in the eggs.  The eggs most resembled those of
  the Atlantic mackerel,  Scomber scombrus...

  Determination of chromosomal abnormalities followed the procedures of Longwell
  and Hughes (1980) with  some modifications.  The embryos in each sample were
 dissected away from the egg membranes with a fine-point dissecting needle, and
 the stage of embryonic development was determined (e.g., morula, blastula,
 gastrula).  The embryos were placed in a small  vial  in a 1.5% orcein solution
 in 45% acetic acid for 45 min.   The stained embryos  were^then placed on a
 slide,  covered with  a cover slip, and squashed.   From one to six embryos  were
 able to fit  on a slide under a  small  coverslip.   The squashed embryos were
 examined with a compound microscope at  400x magnification.   The numbers of
 each mitotic  phase and the  numbers  of normal  and  abnormal mitotic figures were
 determined.

 Several  of the  eggs  contained tail-stage larvae.  The larvae were not examined
 for  abnormalities  because of the  small amount of material and the relative
 lack  of mitotic figures  at  that stage of development.

                             4.6  TOXICITY TESTING

                       4.6.1  Mvsid  Acute Toxlcitv Tests

Approximately 950 juvenile mysids (Mysidopsis bahia), from the shipment
received in Cape May on September 12, were held in a 2.5-gal  aquarium with
aeration to provide water circulation.  Water changes and feeding (<24 h post-
hatch Artemia nauplii) were completed twice daily.  Salinity, water
temperature,  dissolved oxygen, and pH were measured  daily.  At the time of
test initiation, the ages of test mysids ranged from 5 to 10  days.

Procedures for mysid  96-h acute tests were modified  from those outlined in
Peltier and Weber (1985).  Ten mysids were exposed to 200 ml  of test solution!
for approximately 96  h in a glass 12-oz Ball mason jar.   Each sample solution
                                      25

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 was tested in triplicate, resulting in a total of about 30 mysids per
 treatment.  Each test series included a seawater control treatment and a plume
 sample collected at T = 4 h.  Background samples were tested according to the
 same procedures.

 Salinity of the sludge plume samples was adjusted from 34 °/oo to 32 °/oo with
 deionized water.  Mysids in test chambers were fed Artemia nauplii (<24 h
 posthatch) once daily.  Salinity, water temperature,  dissolved oxygen,  and pH
 were measured daily in each test jar.   Surviving mysids were counted daily.
 Aeration was  not provided to test solutions until  it  was observed that
 dissolved oxygen concentrations  were dropping to near 40% of saturation.   Test
 temperatures  were ambient room temperatures.   A lighting cycle was not
 established because of the need  for overhead  lighting during prolonged  work
 periods.   Attempts  were made to  minimize  ambient  laboratory  light during  the
 night  by covering test containers with  aluminum foil.

                  4.6.2  Indigenous Zooplankton Toxicltv Tests

 Copepods  were  examined with  a dissecting microscope and  sorted  according to
 apparent  likeness  in body  form,  color,  and  size.   Individuals were not
 identified taxonomically,  and it is  probable  that test organisms  included more
 than one  species.

 Copepods  were  held  in  a  10-L polycarbonate  carboy in seawater continuously
 stirred with a rotating  glass rod  powered by  a  Dayton model 278088 20-rpm
motor.  Although feeding activity  was not observed, copepods were fed daily
with the  unicellular alga, Isochrysis galbana,  and brine shrimp nauplii,
Artemia salina.  The age of copepods used in  the tests was not determined.

Procedures for the  indigenous zooplankton toxicity tests were a modification
of those  outlined in "Bioassay Procedures for the Ocean Disposal Permit
Program"  (EPA, 1978).  Copepods  were exposed  for approximately 48"h in glass
50-mL jars containing 50 ml of the test solution.  Five to 10 copepods were
distributed to each test jar at  the time of test initiation.   Each test
treatment (sample)  included six  replicate test jars, but only replicates 1,3,
                                      26

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  and  5  were used to calculate % survival,  providing  consistency with  the  mysid
  tests.   A  seawater control  treatment was  tested concurrently with the T = 4  h
  sludge  plume  sample.

  Test chambers were  not aerated.  Test jars, however, were placed on an orbital
  shaker  and gently agitated  to minimize dissolved oxygen depletion.  Salinity,
 water temperature,  dissolved oxygen, and pH were measured once daily.
 Lighting and room temperature were ambient.  Surviving copepods were counted
 daily.

                     4.6.3   Sea Urchin Fertilization Tests

 Adult sea urchins,  Arbacia punctulaia, were held in  a  20-gal  aquarium equipped
 with  a  temperature-controlled Ranco chiller and a  carbon filtration  unit.
 Seawater was continuously circulated through the chiller and  the carbon
 filter.   Animals were  originally obtained  from the Marine Biological
 Laboratory  (MBL), Woods  Hole, Massachusetts.   They were  separated by  sex,  and
 approximately  20 of each  sex were stocked  in  separate  compartments within  the
 aquarium.   A supply of fresh kelp,  Laminaria  sp.,  also obtained from MBL,  was
 distributed to each  compartment  to  provide  a continuous  supply of food
 throughout  the duration of  the  cruise.  Salinity, water  temperature, dissolved
 oxygen,  and pH were  measured daily,  and water exchanges were made daily.

 Procedures  for the  sea urchin fertilization test were based upon those
 described in "Short-term Methods  for Estimating the  Chronic Toxicity of
 Effluents and  Receiving Waters to Marine and Estuarine Organisms" (EPA, 1988).
 Sea urchin  sperm and eggs were exposed to test solutions in 20-mL glass
 scintillation vials  containing 5 mL of test solution.  The test design
 included four dilutions of sludge sample (12.5%, 25%, 50%,  and 100% samples),
 and five replicate test vials for each dilution level.   Sludge samples
collected at approximately T = 0, 1, 2,  3,  and 4 h  were tested.   A seawater
control  treatment was included with  each  sample tested.  In  addition,  Duxbury
Bay seawater controls and a reference toxicant series (copper sulfate)  were
included in each test array.
                                      27

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 Sperm were collected with a 1-mL blunt-tipped syringe by stimulating males to
 release sperm with the electrodes of a 12-V transformer.  Sperm from at least
 four males were combined in a scintillation vial and immediately cooled in
 ice.  The material was then diluted to approximately 7.0 x 106 cells per
 milliliter based upon absorbance readings on a Spectronic 21 spectrophotometer
 at 540 nm and cell counts on a Neubauer hemacytometer.   A 50-/*L aliquot of
 diluted sperm was added to the test solution in each test vial.  Test vials
 were then incubated for 1 h at approximately 20°C.

 Eggs were collected with a 5-mL blunt-tipped syringe by  stimulating  females
 with the electrodes.   Eggs from at  least  four females were combined  and washed
 by gently centrifuging and exchanging  seawater.  The eggs were  then  diluted to
 a  concentration  of approximately 2000  cells  per milliliter based upon egg  cell
 counts  on  a Sedgewick-Rafter cell.  One hour after addition of  the sperm,  a 1-
 mL aliquot of the  egg  suspension  was added to  each test vial, and the test
 array incubated  for an  additional 20 min.  The test was terminated by the
 addition of 2 ml of 10% buffered  formalin.

Some test  vials  were analyzed on  board to determine the number of fertilized
versus unfertilized eggs.  A total of 100 eggs was examined with a compound
microscope at  lOOx magnification.  Fertilized eggs were defined by the
presence of a  fertilization membrane.  Test vials that were not analyzed on
board were returned to Battelle for subsequent analysis.
                                      28

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                          5.0  OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS

                         5.1  WATER MASS CHARACTERISTICS

 The hydrographic data acquired during the survey represent a high-resolution
 data set that is ideal for analyses of water mass characteristics and mixing.
 These data,  which include water temperature, salinity, density, dissolved
 oxygen,  and  turbidity, were acquired with the high-resolution CTD profiling
 system described in Section 3.  These data were analyzed in several  ways to
 provide information relevant to the objectives of the survey.  These include
   .  Analyses of temperature/salinity data for identification of shelf water,
      slope water,  and Gulf Stream warm-core eddies in the vicinity of the 106-
      Mile Site
   •  Comparison  between  shipboard observations of water mass  boundaries and
      those derived  from  satellite thermal  imagery
   •  Analyses of background oxygen and  turbidity  characteristics  at  the site
      for comparison  with  water properties  within  sludge plumes
                           5.1.1  Satellite Imagery

Ocean frontal maps were produced from satellite color thermal images that were
obtained from NOAA.  The sea-surface temperature and ocean frontal structure
for September 7 are shown in Figure 5-1.  The surface expression of the shelf-
slope front advanced onto the continental shelf during this period.  In
addition, two warm-core rings, 88-C and 88-E,  were moving through the area.
Ring 88-C, centered at about 38°N and 73°W,  had apparently spun a tongue of
shelf water into the slope region very near the 106-Mile Site.  This shelf
water tongue was colder (19° to 21eC)  than the surrounding slope water (23°C).
Ring 88-E, centered at about 39'N and 70'W,  was approximately 150 km east of
the Site.

By September 20, the frontal analysis shows significant changes in-the
vicinity of the 106-Mile Site (Figure 5-2).   The 106-Mile Site was surrounded
by a relatively homogeneous slope water mass and was not influenced by any
rings.  The shelf-slope front had relaxed to near its mean position at the
                                      29

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        42N
        41N
                             W&ierWiitMiiiiiS®


                                      Gulf Stream!
        36N
          75U    74U    73U     72U    71U    70U    6QU
                         LONGITUDE ('
FIGURE 5-1.
SATELLITE IMAGERY OF OCEAN FRONTAL DATA FOR SEPTEMBER 7, 1988.
THE SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE IS SHOWN IN DEGREES 'CENTIGRADE.
                                  30

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           42N
                                              Shelf 117
                                              Water
                                              • ••'.	^^^^•IVII	li
            75U
     74U     73U     72U     71U      70U     60U
                               LONGITUDE (°W)
FIGURE 5-2.
SATELLITE IMAGERY OF OCEAN FRONTAL DATA FOR  SEPTEMBER 20
1988.  THE SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE IS SHOWN  IN'DEGREES*
CENTIGRADE.
                                      31

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  shelf break.   Ring  88-C  disappeared  from the  image, being reabsorbed into the
  Gulf  Stream.   The tongue of shelf water also  disappeared.  A remnant of the
  tongue was visible  in an image from  September 12  (not shown).  Ring 88-E moved
  west  slightly  but was still 100 km east of the Site.

                               5.1.2   Hater  Masses

 5.1.2.1  Horizontal Gradients

 The vertical  profile taken at Background Station BG-21 (located about 10 km
 north of the Site on September 16)  shows a  rather typical  summer.profile
 (Figure 5-3).  A shallow mixed layer was observed  to a depth  of 25 m,
 overlaying sharp gradients  in  temperature,  salinity,  and density.   The  mixed-
 layer temperature was 23°C  with  a  salinity  of  35 °/oo.  The surface layer
 temperature is  consistent with the ocean  frontal analysis, indicating the
 presence  of slope water  at  BG-21.  The  turbidity  (L)  is nearly  uniform  at
 about  10% in  the mixed layer.  A turbidity maximum is  apparent  just above the
 pycnocline, showing  the  typically observed accumulation of particles at the
 bottom of the mixed  layer.  The surface layer  exhibits higher turbidity than
 does the  deep layer.   This  structure  of the turbidity profile is consistent
 with observations on  previous  surveys (EPA,  1988b,  1992c).

 Using  CTD profiles  (like  that  shown in  Figure  5-3) from each farfield station,
 horizontal contours of the  mean mixed-layer salinity, temperature, and
 turbidity were  calculated.  Due to sparse grid spacing, contours of equal
 salinity  were subjectively  drawn over the station array (Figure 5-4).  The
 contours  indicate the presence of a mass of fresher water to the southwest of
 the 106-Mile Site, which  is consistent with the tongue of shelf water observed
 in the September  7 satellite image.  These data suggest that  the tongue  of
 shelf water (or a remnant) was still  present during the*farfield survey.

 It is more difficult to draw conclusive contours of constant mixed-layer
temperature over  the station array.  However,  the data (Figure 5-5) indicate
that warmer water is present at the southern end of the 106-Mile Site near
                                      32

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  TURBID! TY (%}  0
10
20
                                                      30
                                                                                 50
  OXYGEN (nl/l)  2

       SICMA-T 20

 .SALINITY (PPT)  30

TEMPERATURE (C)  5

            0
             24      25      26     27     28     29      30
              fe    Temperature
             Sa    Salinity
                    Sigma-T Density
             DO   Dissolved Oxygen D0
                    Turbidity
          60
FIGURE 5-3.     VERTICAL PROFILE OF WATER PROPERTIES AT STATION BG-21.
                                              33

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     39.4
    39.2
    39.0
ui
5
    38.8
    38.6
   38.4  'r
   38.2  <-
Shelf Water
  <  330/oo
                                              Slope Water
                                               > 34°/oo
                                                   Slope Water
                                                    > 34'
      -72.5       -72.3       -72.1       -71.9       -71.7      -71.5


                                LONGITUDE (BW)
FIGURE 5-4.
c            °F MIXED-LAYER AVERAGE SALINITY OVER THE FARFIELD
STATIONS.   SALINITY VALUES ARE SHOWN (IN  °/oo) NEXT TO EACH
STATION SYMBOL.   CONTOURS ARE DRAWN AT 0.5 °/oo INTERVALS
                                       34

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     39.2
    39.0
g
§
    38.8
    38.6
    38.4  -
    38.2
21.3  \


24-rT
                             22.0
                             21.8
                             21.7
      21.4


      21.7
                                          22r
                                        o
                                        b22.1
                                         I

                                        '
                                   22.1   22.0
                                         21.5
                                   21
       -72.5       -72.3       -72.1       -71.9
                                                  Slope Water
                                                     Warmer
                                                     Slope Water
                                                     " Warmer
                                                       -71.7       -71.5
                                LONGITUDE
FIGURE 5-5.
                CONTOUR PLOT OF MIXED-LAYER TEMPERATURE OVER THE FARFIELD
                STATIONS.   TEMPERATURE  VALUES ARE SHOWN (IN DEGREES
                CENTIGRADE) NEXT TO  EACH  STATION SYMBOL.  CONTOURS ARE DRAWN
                AT 0.5°C INTERVALS.
                                         35

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 Stations FA-3 and FB-3, which is consistent with the mixing of shelf and slope
 water masses at the 106-Mile Site.


 5.1.2.2  Vertical Gradients


 Contours of the vertical profiles of .salinity,  temperature,  density,  and light

 transmission along each of the farfield transects are shown  in Figures  5-6
 through 5-8.  These data are consistent with  a  wedge of colder,  fresher,  and

 less  dense  water protruding into the 106-Mile Site from the  west.   Transect A

 shows higher turbidity at the southern  end  of the 106-Mile Site  compared  to

 water outside (particularly north and east) of  the Site.  The  turbidity  hot

 spots increase with  depth toward the south  (Figure 5-6), suggesting a downward

 movement of a plume  (or several  plumes).  Another feature that is visible in

 the B transect  (Figure 5-7)  is the sharp increase in temperature and salinity
 at the  southern  end  of the transect.  Note that it  does not manifest itself at
 the surface,  but  is  clearly present  below about 10 m.  This is probably the
 remnant  of  Ring 88-C after it rejoined the Gulf Stream.


              5.1.3  Hvdroqraphic Conditions at  the 106-Mile  Site


Analysis of the farfield CTD profiles and satellite thermal  imagery  result in

the following conclusions  about the background hydrographic  conditions  in the
region of the 106-Mile Site during the September 1988 survey.

  •  The surface water in the vicinity of the  106-Mile Site was a relatively
     homogeneous mass of slope water, with  a finger of shelf  water protrudina
     into the southern half of the Site.  However, the subsurface water  (down
     to the  pycnocline) was a confusing  mixture  of different  water masses.

  •  There were large horizontal  salinity variations in the upper 50 m of the
     water column owing to the influx of both  highly saline water (Gulf
     Stream) from the periphery of warm-core Ring  88-C  and fresher shelf water
     in the  form of a surface layer tongue.

  •  The seasonal  pycnocline was  situated between  roughly 20  and  45 m and
     coincided with the sharp pycnocline maintained by  the interface between
     the surface  layer of shelf water and the  underlying slope  water in the
     presence of  the  shelf-water  tongue.                        '
                                     36

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                                 TEMPERATURE  CO
                38°50'N
                               TRANSECT  A
FIGURE 5-6.
VERTICAL PROFILE OF WATER  PROPERTIES FROM FARFIELD TRANSECT A
(REFER TO FIGURE 3-1 FOR TRANSECT LOCATIONS).
                                        37

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                                  TEMPERATURE CO
                                  345
                                  SALINITY CPPT)
                                  3       4       5
                SO
                 38°50'N
                                  TURBIDITY  (X)
                                 345
   50
3B°20'N
                30
                38°50'N
                               TRANSECT   B
  30
38°20'N
FIGURE 5-7.     VERTICAL PROFILE OF WATER PROPERTIES FROM FARFIELD TRANSFPT R
               (REFER TO FIGURE 3-1 FOR TRANSECT LOCATIONS).
                                        38

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                                       TEMPERATURE (C)
                                           4        3
                       50
                       39°15'N
                                       SALINITY  
                                          4        3
  so
38°50'N
                      30
                       39°15'N
                                    TRANSECT  C
FIGURE  5-8.
                                                                        TRANSECT c-
                                          39

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       At depths greater than 50 m,  water properties  were representative of
       slope-water conditions.
       A subsurface expression  of the Gulf Stream  was within  15  km  of  the
       southern boundary of the 106-Mile  Site.
                           5.2  NEAR-SURFACE CURRENTS

 Near-surface currents were determined from Lagrangian drifter tracks by using
 both visually tracked and satellite-tracked drogues.  Data from "the expendable
 current profilers are not available due to equipment malfunction.

                       5.2.1   Near-Surface  Drifter Results

 .5.2.1.1  Visually Tracked Drogues

 The trajectories of the visually  tracked mixed-layer drogues  deployed  during
 the nearfield phase of the survey are shown  in  Figure  5-9.  A summary  of the
 drogue  behavior is given in  Table 5-1.   The  drogues  deployed  in  plume  tracks
 DB-21 and  DB-22 move southwest  at an  average speed of  12 cm/s.   The DB-23
 drogue,  on the  other hand, moved  southeast at an average speed of 22 cm/s.
 The general  southerly movement  of the drogues (and the near-surface water
 mass) is consistent  with previous observations and the satellite imagery data.
 The spatial  and  temporal  resolution of the satellite 'imagery and CTD profiles
 were not sufficient  to determine  the exact location of the shelf-slope front.
 However, the data  for the DB-23 drogue indicate that it was deployed in shelf
water, and its movement  to the southeast was driven by the clockwise movement
 of  Ring 88-C.

These measurements indicate that  the surface layer was migrating weakly to  the
southwest,  but the intrusion of the tongue of shelf water introduced a
horizontal  shear, driving a portion of the surface water more  rapidly to the
southeast.
                                      40

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      39  2'N
      38 SB'N
     3B 54'N
     3B 50'N
                   DB21
              SHALLOW DROGUE
                   END
                           OB22
                         SHALLOW
                          DROGUE
                                            DB21
                                       SHALLOW DROGUE   i
                                            BEGIN
                                                           106-MILE SITE
                                                              DB23.
                                                             SHALLOW
                                                             DROGUE
         72  8'  W
                              72  4*  W
                                                   72  0' W
                                                                         71  56' W
FIGURE 5-9.
TRAJECTORIES  OF THE VISUALLY TRACKED MIXED-LAYER DROGUES
DEPLOYED DURING THE PLUME TRACKING OPERATIONS.
                                         41

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                                                    42

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 5.2.1.2  Satellite-Tracked ARGOS Drifters

 The satellite-tracked shallow drogue trajectories in the immediate vicinity of
 the 106-Mile Site are shown in Figure 5-lfl.  Tick marks along the tracks
 indicate the daily noontime position.  All  of the drifters eventually moved to
 the southwest and remained in the slope water during the entire survey.
 Drifter No.  7265, released on September 18, moved eastward and then north of
 the 106-Mile Site and finally to the southwest.   The speed of the drifters is
 apparent in  the daily tick-mark locations.   While the September 17 and 18
 drifters moved rapidly out of the area,  covering  as  much as 40 km in a day,
 the September 16 drifter stalled for about  a week after moving west away from
 the 106-Mile Site.   Eventually,  however,  it continued on its  way  to the
 southwest.

 The satellite-tracked  deep (50  m)  drogue  drifter  trajectory is  shown  in  Figure
 5-11.   This  drifter  was  carried  immediately and rapidly out of  the  Site  and
 toward  the southeast.  The CTD  and turbidity profiles  indicated that the north
 wall of the  Gulf Stream  extended  below the  mixed  layer into the southeastern
 edge of the  farfield station array.  Thus,  the deep-water drifter was probably
 entrained directly into  the Gulf  Stream.

 Long-term movement for all four satellite-tracked drifters is  shown in Figure
 5-12.   Information on the  deployment and last known position of the drifters
 is summarized  in Table 5-2.  As seen in Figure 5-12,  all of the shallow
drifters eventually were carried southwest and became entrained in the Gulf
Stream.  Once  in the Gulf  Stream, they moved quickly out into  the north
Atlantic.  The 50-m drifter was carried from the Site directly into the Gulf
Stream  and then east as far as 42°W before its batteries were  depleted.
                                      43

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  43N-
                            200 m
                                                  AON-
                                                                             200 m'
    fc-S'

    I

   73W
AON-
39N"
                 10-m drogue (#7266)
                 released 9/16/88
                         106-Mile Site
                     72W
                           200 m
              5^ drogue (#7265)
              reteased 9/18/88
                                            10-m drogue (#7264)
                                            released 9/17/88
                                                 39N f
                             3BN'	
                               73W
                                                                     72W
3BN-
  73W
                    72W
                                       71K
   FIGURE 5-10.
SHORT-TERM TRAJECTORIES OF THE SATELLITE-TRACKED MIXED-LAYER
DROGUES DEPLOYED DURING THE PLUME-TRACKING  OPERATIONS.   TICK
MARKS INDICATE THE DAILY 12:00 N  POSITIONS.
                                              44

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                     4 ON
                     3SN
                     38N
                       73W

                                                   ZOO
                                     /
                                      50
-------
            42 H
             i N
            40 N
           39 N  -
           38 N
           37'N
           36 N  -?
           35'N
               5-m drogue (#7265)
               released 9/18/88^
                                                   10-m drogue (#7266)
                                                   released 9/16/88
                                      72 W
                                                  70 W
                                                              68 H
                                                                          66 W
                                                                                     64 W
          .42 N
          41 -H   -
                      10-m drogue (#7264)
                      released 0/17/88
                                             50-rn drogue (#7267)
                                             released 8/11/88
         37 'N
         36 N
         35 N
            76
                                                70 W
                                                            68 W
                                                                        E6 W
                                                                                    64 H
FIGURE 5-12.
LONG-TERM TRAJECTORIES OF  THE SATELLITE-TRACKED DROGUES
DEPLOYED DURING THE PLUME-TRACKING  OPERATIONS.  SHORT-TERM
TRAJECTORIES ARE SHOWN IN  FIGURES 5-10 AND  5-11.
                                            4b

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                      6.0  NEARFIELD FATE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE

'The EPA conducted two previous surveys to monitor the nearfield fate of sewage
 sludge dumped at the 106-Mile Site under'summer (   EPA  ,  1992c) and winter
 (   EPA  ,  1988b) conditions.  The results from these two surveys and
 preliminary results from the September 1988 survey were discussed in detail  in
 the document "Determination of Sludge Dumping Rates for the 106-Mile Site"
 (   EPA   1992d).  Results from the September 1988 survey are summarized
 below.

                      6.1  BARGE RECORDS AND DUMPING RATES

The Ocean Dumping Notification  Forms  submitted  to  EPA  following each dumping
event provide information  on  the volume of  sludge  dumped, the length of  the
plume,  the  speed  of the  barge,  and  the  average  rate of dumping  (volume divided
by  elapsed  time).   This  information is  important to characterize  sludge  plume
behavior because  the initial  size of the plume, the concentration of sludge
within  the  plume,  and the  rate  of initial mixing all depend upon the dumping
characteristics of the barge.   Dumping  information  for the barges studied
during  the  September 1988  survey  is summarized  in Table 6-1.  All three barges
contained similar  volumes  of  sludge and dumped  at approximately the  same rates
(12,000 to .14,000  gal/min).

Of more importance  in the  analysis of plume behavior are the actual  sludge
dumping rates and  the initial concentration of sludge within the plume.  The
average rate of sludge dumping can be calculated from each barge record by
dividing the total volume  of  sludge dumped by the time spent during  dumping.
The initial  concentration  of  sludge within the plume is related to the amount
of sludge that is  dumped along the entire track (plume) length.  The volume of
sludge per foot of track length (i.e., the effective dumping rate) can be
obtained by dividing the volume of sludge by the total  length of the plume.
The effective sludge dumping rates are listed in Table 6-1 as function of both
time and distance.
                                      47

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TABLE 6-1.   SUMMARY OF DUMPING INFORMATION FOR PLUME STUDIES  CONDUCTED DURING
             SEPTEMBER 1988 SURVEY AT THE 106-MILE SITE3
Survey
Date
Tug
Barge
Sludge volume (gal)
Disposal time (h)
Disposal length (nnri)
Barge speed (kn)
Average dump rate (gal /mi n)
(gal/ft)
DB21
09-16
Kate
Princess B
3,125,000
4.3
20
4.65
12,110
30
DB22
09-17
Heide Moron
Spring Creek
3,403,400
4
25
6.25
14,180
26
DB23
09-18
Alice Moron
Lemon Creek
3,516,000
4.1
27
6.6
14,290
25
Data are from Dumping Notification Forms.
                                     48

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              6.2  ESTIMATES OF PLUME WIDTH AND HORIZONTAL HIXIXNG

 Physical  oceanographic and transmissometry (turbidity)  data were collected in
 the nearfield during plume-tracking events to monitor the horizontal  structure
 of the upper water column during plume-tracking operations and to monitor
 plume behavior with measurements of turbidity.   Water column physical
 parameters  were measured with the BOSS and currents  were inferred from drifter
 motions.  The survey vessel  crisscrossed  the  plumes,  towing the BOSS  at
 constant  depth below the surface.   The location of the  horizontal profiling
 activities  during  plume tracking within and near the 106-Mile Site is  shown  in
 Figure 6-1.   Additional  information on tow depth and duration is given in
 Appendix  B.

 Light transmission  data from a 4-m-deep horizontal profile  taken during the
 DB-23 plume  track  (Figure 6-2) are  typical of the transmissometer profiles
 observed  during plume  crosstows.  Beam attenuation (turbidity)  increases  from
 the  background level of about  10% to as much as  50% to 60%  as the BOSS
 traverses the plume  and  then  returns to background level upon exiting the
 plume.

 Plume-width  data were  evaluated  for plume events DB-21 and DB-23.  Estimates
 of plume width  were  determined from horizontal, profiles of turbidity by using
 the  shipboard  profiling  system with the CTD/transmis"someter.  These analyses
 were  conducted  in the  same manner as the analyses of plume width from the
 September 1987  survey  data (EPA   ,  1992c).

 The plume width for  DB-23  increased from roughly 250 to 400 m during the 6 h
 following disposal  (Figure 6-3).  Both the magnitude and rate of change of
 plume width  for DB-23  were similar to the observations during September 1987
 and March 1988  (Figure 6-4).

 In general,  the observed  plume widths for DB-21 and DB-23 during the first
 hour after disposal were  similar to the results of the two previous 106-Mile
 Site surveys conducted  in September 1987 and March 1988 (Figure 6-4).   Plume-
width data shown in  Figure 6-4 were obtained from horizontal profiling for
                                      49

-------
                39 15'N
               39 10'N
                                           3S-22
               39  S'N
          £
          w
              39* O'N
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                                       3Q-21
                                                      106-HILE SITE
                                            QB-22
                     j 08-21
                     I
                 72' 5' H         72* 0* H

                     LONGITUDE ("W)
71'55' W
FIGURE 6-1.
LOCATION OF HORIZONTAL PROFILES TAKEN DURING BACKGROUND
SAMPLING AND PLUME TRACKING.
                                          50

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 five plumes  (DB-2, DB-4, DB-10, DB-21, and DB-23) and from aerial photography
 (   EPA   1992c) for four plumes  (DB-1, DB-2, DB-3, and DB-10).  The magnitude
 and rate of change of plume width during the first hour are similar for the
 three surveys.  All show a sharp  increase-in plume width during the first 15
 min, then a more gradual increase.  Except for DB-4, all plume widths measured
 from 150 to 250 m after 1 h.      •   ..

 The results of the various aerial  and horizontal profiling analyses of plume
 width are summarized below.
   •  Plume widths and rate of horizontal  spreading were similar during the
      three surveys (two conducted  in summer and  one in winter).  Wind and wave
      conditions also were similar.
   •  Horizontal spreading rates were greatest during the first 10 to 15 min
      after dumping owing to  turbulent mixing  in  the wake of the barge.

                           6.3  SLUDGE DILUTION RATES

 Calculations  of sludge  dilution are  necessary to determine that limiting
 permissible concentrations  (LPC) are not exceeded at the site  4 h after sludge
 disposal,  to  estimate concentrations of water quality  criteria  (WQC)
 contaminants  when  those  contaminants cannot be measured directly  in  sludge
 plumes,  and to  develop and verify  dumping rate models  (   EPA    , 1992d).  Data
 for  TSS  and, total metals  in the source sludge and  receiving waters were used
 to calculate  sludge dilution  for plumes monitored  during this survey.  These
 results  are discussed below.  Estimates of dilution for the entire plume using
 plume volume  and transmissometry data were not performed because of the
 uncertainties associated with those  calculations  (   EPA  , 1988b, 1992d).

                    6.3.1  Sludge  Characterization Results

The plumes of three barges were sampled during this survey: Princess B  (Plume
DB-21), Spring Creek (Plume DB-22),  and Lemon Creek (DB-23).   Samples of
source sludge from these barges, and from the barge Udalls Cove were analyzed
for the metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb,  Hg,  and Zn;  and for specific gravity, total
                                      54

-------
 residue, and nonfilterable residue (Table 6-2).  These data are used below ;to
 estimate sludge dilutions.
                    6.3.2  Sludge Dilution Based on TSS Data

 The changes in TSS concentration for plumes DB-21, DB-22, and DB-23 following
 dumping are presented in Figure 6-5.  The initial  TSS values were much higher
 for DB-21 than for the other plumes, and the TSS never reached background
 levels (0.16 to 0.55 mg/L)  during the 9-h sampling period.   Plume DB-22
 reached background levels of TSS within  3 h of initial  disposal,.whereas
 DB-23  required greater than 8 h (based on extrapolation of  plot).

 Dilution was estimated by dividing the measured  TSS concentrations in  the
 source sludge (Table 6-2)  by the mean  plume-TSS  concentration  (listed  in
 Tables C-l  through C-3I; Appendix C)~.   The TSS  concentrations in  sludge plumes
 at  T = 0 h  ranged  from 2.9  to 15 mg/L, corresponding  to initial  sludge
 dilutions ranging  from 880:1  to 1900:1 (Table  6-3).   These  initial  sludge
 dilutions are similar to those  determined  in the summer 1987 survey where
 literature  values  were used  for TSS  in the  source  sludge  (   EPA   , 1992c).

 The rates of  sludge  dilution  are  shown graphically  in Figure 6-6.   As  noted
 above,  the  intial  dilutions  for all three plumes were similar.  However,  plume
 DB-22  exhibits a dramatic increase in the rate of dilution after 2  h,
 indicating  that a more  active mixing process might have occurred.   Dilution
 values  for  DB-21 and  DB-23 after 8 h were both about 3000.  These are  low
 dilutions relative to  DB-22 and previous estimates (EPA, 198.8b, 1992c)  .  The
 variability of the TSS  data  in  this survey was much lower than that found in
 the Winter  1988 survey  (   EPA    1988b).   Thus, these data provide a more
precise estimate of sludge dilution than did the data from the previous
survey.
                                      55

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-------
 TABLE  6-3.      INITIAL  DILUTION  ESTIMATES OBTAINED DURING THE SEPTEMBER  1988
                106-MILE SITE  SURVEY.   INITIAL DILUTIONS ARE CALCULATED FROM
                CONCENTRATIONS IN THE SLUDGE PLUME AT TQ AND IN SOURCE SLUDGE.
PLUME

DB21
DB22
DB23
INITIAL DILUTION
Cu
1700
5400
7900
Pb
970
5000
6000
Cd
1200
1800
1400b
Fe
1100
7000
10,000
Zn
1200
2800
6600
Mean±(SD)a
1200±(280)
4400±(2080)
7600±(1770)
TSS
1000
1900
880
^Standard deviation (SD).
DData not used in calculation of mean.
                                      57

-------
   on

  tn
                                                                               DB21
    15
                                      4               6
                                      TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
                                                                     10
   10 —
  en
  E
  tn
  tn
                                                                              DB22
   15
                                      4               6
                                      TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
                                                                    10
  ,10-4-
  cn

  tn
  tn
    5-1-
                                                                             DB23
                                     4               6
                                     TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
                                                                    10
FIGURE 6-5.
CONCENTRATION OF TSS  IN THE PLUME  VERSUS TIME  FOR PLUMES
DB-21,  DB-22, AND DB-23.
                                          58

-------
        o
        o
        o
        o
        o
        c
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             4000
            3000 --
            2000-•
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     0




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2000 - •




toooi




   0
                                       4          6

                                    TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
                                                  8
                                             2.             3

                                    TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
10
                                                                   DB22
                                                                  DB23
                                    TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
FIGURE 6-6.    SLUDGE  DILUTION  RATES BASED ON MEASURED TSS CONCENTRATIONS,
                                     59

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                 6.3.3   Sludge  Dilution  Based on Total Metal Data

 Cadmium, copper,  iron,  lead,  nickel, and zinc were selected as chemical
 tracers of sludge based on their relatively high concentrations in sludge
 dumped at the site  (Table 6-2), their ease of analysis, and their successful
 use as tracers during previous surveys (EPA, 1988b, 1992c).  The total metal
 concentrations in the three plumes are listed in Tables C-l through C-3 and
 plotted as a function of time in Figures C-l through C-5,  Appendix C.  Sludge
 dilution values based on total metal data are listed in Tables C-4 through C-
 9, Appendix C.  A summary of these data is given below.

 The initial sludge dilution for each plume was  estimated from metal
 concentrations in the sludge plume at time T =  0 and  are listed in Table 6-3.
 The initial dilution factors for each barge vary for  the five metals  that were
 measured.   Coefficients of variation about  the  mean  range  between  20% and 50%.
 There  is  a  factor of 6 difference  between  the mean  initial  dilutions  among the
 three  barges,  with initial  dilution  increasing  in order from  DB21, DB22,  and
 DB23.   This range in initial dilution is consistent with dilution  estimates
 made on previous  surveys and is  discussed  in detail in  the  document
 "Determination of Sludge Dumping Rates  for  the  106-Mile Site"  (   EPA
 1992d).

 Estimates of sludge  plume dilutions over time were determined from the metal
 concentration data up  to the first 9  h following a dumping event.  These data
 are listed  in Appendix C and are shown graphically as dilution curves in
 Figure  6-7.  The  plumes from DB-21 and DB-23 exhibit similar rates of dilution
 that are characteristic of weak mixing, although DB-23  had a greater initial
 dilution (Table 6-3).  A significantly higher rate of dilution was observed
 for plume DB-22,  even though its initial dilution was less than that of DB-
 23.  The higher overall rate of dilution for DB-22 could be due to more active
mixing conditions after disposal (  EPA   , 1992d) or the sludge type
 contained in the Spring Creek  (DB-22).
                                      60

-------
       o
       D
       O
                                                                O •!— O Cadmium
                                                                 	• Cepp«r
                                                                A	A Iron
                                                                A	A Lead
                                                                D	DZInc
                                         4           6
                                      TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
   250,000


   200,000
 i_ .
 g  150,000--
u_
 c
'I  100,000
25
          50,000--
                    O —— O Cadmium
                    • — • Copp«r
                    A	A Iron
                    A	AUod
                    D	O Zinc
                                                        DB22
                                               2              3
                                      TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
           12000
      £
      o
      £
      c
            9000 - -
6000 --
            3000 -•
                      DB23
                                                   O — O Cadmium
                                                   •	• Copper
                                                   A — & Iron
                                                   A	AL«ad
                                                   D	DZinq
                                     TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
FIGURE 6-7.    SLUDGE PLUME  DILUTION CURVES BASED ON  MEASURED TOTAL METAL
                CONCENTRATIONS.
                                        61

-------
 The form of the dilution curves and the relative dilution rates based on
 metals data (Figure 6-7) are similar to those observed for the TSS data
 (Figure 6-6),  but the actual dilution values calculated for TSS are lower than
 those calculated for metals.

 To determine which, if any, parameter was significantly more useful as a
 tracer of sewage sludge, metal  concentrations from individual  samples were
 plotted one against another to  determine how well  the results  for one metal
 predicted the  behavior of the other tracer metals.   Metal  concentrations were
 plotted against those of iron,  the metal  with the  highest  concentration  in the
 sludge (Figures 6-8 and 6-9).  A strong  correlation  (r > 0.90)  was found
 between iron and all  metals for plumes DB-21  and DB-22,  except  for Ni  in plume
 DB-22  (r = 0.41).   In plume DB-23,  a strong correlation  was  found  between Fe
 and Cu,  Pb,  and Zn;   a weaker correlation  (r  < 0.65)  was found  with Ni and Cd.
 Only plume DB-22 exhibited  a strong correlation  (r =  0.98) between  Fe  and TSS.
 These  results  show  striking consistency  in  metal behavior within each  plume
 and tentatively suggest  that analysis of one  metal can be used  to predict the
 nearfield  fate of the other metals  in sludge  plumes over similar time  frames,
 provided metal  ratios  are established for each sludge  load.  This consistent
 metal  behavior was observed on  a previous survey (  EPA   ,  1988b).

 Figures 6-8 and  6-9 also illustrate  that metal ratios may be used to develop
 sludge  'isignatures" that can  be used to trace and identify individual sludge
plumes throughout the  nearfield.  The characteristic ratios have significant
potential for  identification  of individual sludge plumes when multiple barges
are dumping at the site.  The signature concept also has potential for long-
term fate studies (i.e., monitoring the change in sediment trap metal ratios
against oceanic  "control" values) and potential for monitoring the operation
of individual treatment plants in relation to the effectiveness of point-
source control  measures.
                                      62

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   ^^
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     0.500
  -o
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                40        60


                Total Fe. /*g/L
80
                     20
100
             O DB21


             A DB22


             D DB23
                                                              100
                                Total Fe, fig/L
FIGURE 6-8.
PLOTS OF TOTAL  CU,  CD,  AND PB VERSUS TOTAL FE IN SAMPLES

COLLECTED FROM  PLUMES DB-21, DB-22, AND  DB-23.
                                 63

-------
                      A  DB22
               504-    D  DB23
                                     40        60
                                      Total Fe,
                                                     100
            1.500
        z
            1.000--
           0.500 -
           0.000
                                                               O DB21
                                                               A DB22
                                                               O DB23
                          20
                      40         60
                       Total Fe. pg/L
                                                         80
100
              20
15
        in     10 +
        tn
              5-
                     O DB21
                     A DB22
                     D DB23
                              -a o
                          20
                      40        60
                       Total Fe. /xg/L
                                                        80
100
FIGURE 6-9.
  PLOTS OF TOTAL ZN, NI, AND TSS  VERSUS  TOTAL FE IN SAMPLES
  COLLECTED FROM PLUMES DB-21,  DB-22,  AND DB-23.
                                      64

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                        6.4  WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS

 Ammonia and pH were measured in water samples collected  during the plume
 tracking to monitor any changes in  these..common water quality parameters.   The
 values  of ammonia and pH  measured at the background  stations  and  within  the
 plumes  are listed in Appendix  C,  Table C-13.   These  data are  plotted  as  a
 function of time in Figures  6-10  through 6-12 for DB-21,  DB-22, and DB-23,
 respectively.

 At  the  background stations north  of  the  dump  site, the pH  ranged  from 8.11  to
 8.24.   The pH  ranged from 7.95  to 8.17  in plume DB-21, from 8.21..to 8.38 in
 plume DB-22, and from 8.22 to 8.30 in plume DB-23.   The  only  suggestion of  a
 decrease is  in  plume DB-21;  the pH in this plume is  about 0.1  to  0.2  pH units
 lower than the  pH observed at the reference station  and  in the other  plumes.
 This might be due to the  more acidic sludge dumped in plume DB-21.  For the
 dumping  event DB-21,  the  pH  of  the sludge ranges  from 4.3 to 4.6,  whereas the
 pH  of the  sludge  from events DB-22 and DB-23  is  5.4 to 7.0.  Overall,  the pH
 data indicate that  sludge dumping has no impact  on the pH of the  receiving
 waters at  the 106-Mile Site.  This is not suprising considering the rapid
 dilution of the  sludge and the extremely high pH buffer capacity of the ocean
 (Stumm and Morgan,  1981).

 The concentration of  ammonia measured at the background stations and within
the plumes ranged from O.01 to 0.31 mg/L.  The detection limits ranged from
0.01 to 0.1 mg/L, depending on instrument stability.   Thus, most ammonia
concentrations were at or near the detection limit and the small differences
are not significant.  Ammonia concentrations ranged from <0.1  to 0.22  mg/L  at
the background stations, from <0.1 to 0.31 mg/L in plume DB-21, from 0.04 to
0.18 mg/L  in DB-22, and from <0.01 to 0.25 mg/L in DB-23.
                                      65

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        6.5  COMPARISON OF RESULTS AGAINST HATER QUALITY CRITERIA  (WOO

 Results of  analysis  of samples  collected  within  the plumes  indicate that water
 quality criteria  (EPA,  1986)  were met  for-most of  the  parameters measured.
 All of the  pH  values were within the range specified (6.5 to 8.5)  for chronic
 marine criteria.  Comparison  of the metal data against marine WQC  is  shown  in
 Figure 6-13 for Cu and  Figures  C-l through C-5 (Appendix C) for the other
 metals.  Concentrations of Cd,  Ni, and Zn were below chronic marine WQC  (9.3,
 8.3, and 86 /jg/L, respectively) in all samples.  Concentrations of  Pb  were
 below the marine acute WQC (140 pg/L) in all samples, but exceeded  the chronic
marine WQC  (5.6 ftg/l) 4 h after disposal for plume DB-21 and 7 h after
disposal  for plume DB-23.  The samples for DB-23 were collected outside the
boundary of the 106-Mile Site.  Concentrations of Cu exceeded the marine WQC
 (2.9 /ig/L for both acute and chronic)  in the initial samples for all plumes
and 4 h after disposal  for plumes DB-21 and DB-23.   These results are  in
agreement with the previous summer survey to the  106-Mile Site (   EPA
1992c), where WQC were exceeded for Cu  and Pb only.
                                      69

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     15 -r-
    104-
  8
                                                                            DB21
    15
    10

  *
   15

     I
                                     4              6 ,
                                     TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
                                    4               6
                                    TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
                                                                   10
                                                                           DB22
                                                                  10
                                                                           DB23
    5 4-
                                    4              6
                                    TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
                                                                 10
FIGURE 6-13.
PLOTS OF COPPER CONCENTRATIONS IN THE SLUDGE PLUME VERSUS TIMF
FOR PLUMES  DB-21,  DB-22, AND DB-23.  MARINE  WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA FOR  COPPER ARE ACUTE: 2.9 n/L; CHRONIC: 2 9"J/L.

                       70

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                             7.0 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

 To assess  the potential  for biological  impacts within  the 106-Mile Site,  the
 following  activities were completed:
   •  Measurement  of chlorophyll  a and phaeophytin  concentrations  to
      assess  the impact of sludge on primary productivity
   •  Performance  of on-board toxicity tests of sludge  plume  samples with  mysid
      shrimp,  indigenous  zooplankton, and  sea urchin  gametes
   •  Collection of  fish  eggs with a neuston net for  examination of genetic
      mutations  or other  developmental abnormalities
   •  Observations of marine endangered  species
   •  Collection and identification of floatable plastic debris.
                            7.1 CHLOROPHYLL RESULTS

Chlorophyll a was measured as  an estimate of phytoplankton biomass and,
therefore, an indication of primary productivity.  Actual incubation
experiments to measure primary production were not performed.  Chlorophyll a
concentrations from the plume  studies are listed in Table C-12 (Appendix C).
Chlorophyll a concentrations in the water above the pycnocline ranged from
0.17 to 0.46 ftg/L at the background stations and from 0.17 to 0.63 /*g/L within
the sludge plumes.  This range is similar to that observed in surface waters
near the 106-Mile Site during the baseline survey (   EPA  ,  1987).  The
concentrations do not vary considerably within or between plumes or between
the sludge plumes and background stations.

Phaeophytin is the primary product of chlorophyll degradation, which occurs
through phytoplankton death and decomposition.  In addition,  the fluorescence
method used to measure phaeophytin has poor selectivity and sludge components
may contribute to the phaeophytin signal.  These complexities could make it
difficult to use these data to assess changes in primary production that
result from the discharge of sludge.  If one assumes that the sludge does not
contribute significantly to the analytical signal and that zooplankton grazing
remains constant throughout the survey,  then decreases in the chlorophyll a I
                                      71

-------
   phaeophytin  (C/P)  ratio  would  indicate  possible  adverse effects  on  the
   phytoplankton  community.

   Phaeophytin concentrations from the plume studies are listed in  Table C-12
   (Appendix C).  The concentration of phaeophytin  in the surface waters was much
  lower at the background stations than within the plumes.  The background
  stations contained 0.10 to 0.23 pg/L phaeophytin.   Plumes DB-21 and DB-22
  contained similar concentrations of phaeophytin with ranges of 0.32 to 0.87
  pg/L and 0.21 to 0.84 pg/L,  respectively.   Plume DB-23 exhibited higher
  phaeophytin concentrations with a range  of 0.52 to 1.53  pg/L.   The C/P ratios
  which are listed in Table C-12  (Appendix C),  indicate that only p.lume DB-23
  exhibited a significant decrease from  background  C/P,  with about  a fourfold
  reduction in  C/P.   The fact that the decreased  C/P ratio was due  entirely  to
  an  increase  in  the  phaeophytin  signal  (i.e.,  there was no  decrease in
  chlorophyll a)  indicates  that sludge interference is  likely.

                              7.2  TOXICITY  STUDIES

 A summary of the samples collected and tests performed for the toxicity
 studies was presented above in Table 3-2.  Mysid and zooplankton tests were
 completed on background samples  BG-21 and BG-22 and the T = 4 h  sample of the
 three sludge plume samples.  Sea urchin fertilization tests were completed  on
 each of the samples collected.   All  water samples  were frozen  following use in
 the  toxicity tests.

                     7.2.1   Results of Mysid Toxiclty  Tests

 On September  17  at 0130 h,  tests were initiated  on sludge sample DB-21 and
 background sample BG-21.   The test results  (Table  7-1) were  inconclusive
 because of excessive mortality throughout the  test array.  The poor survival
might  have been  the  result  of depressed dissolved  oxygen concentrations,
although all measurements were above 40% saturation, the level recommended in
EPA testing guidelines  for  initiating aeration.  Aeration was supplied to each
test chamber beginning  at approximately 48 h, when it was observed that
                                      72

-------
TABLE  7-1.  RESULTS OF MYSID TESTS FOR SAMPLES BG-21 AND DB-21 (4 h).
Parameter .
Measured3
Dissolved 02 (mg/L)
Salinity(°/00)
Temperature (°C)
PH
Approximate
Observation Time
(h)
24
48
72
96

SW
Control0
5.7±0.92
33.8±0.54
22.1±0.57
7.81±0.18
Water Quality
BG-21
5.6±1.15
33.9±0.20
22.1±0.57
7.80±0.19
Analyses
DB-21. 4 h
5.3±1.30
33.4±0.80
22.1±0.57
7.74±0.20
Percent Survival of Mvsids0
SW -
Control5
100
57
50
50
BG-21
100
70
70
70
DB-21. 4 h
90
80
80
77
Parameters were measured daily in each test chamber,  n = 15 measurements for
each parameter.  Mean ± standard deviation are reported.

bSeawater control sample collected at 38°51.2'N,  72°27.0'W,  on September 16.

cPercent survival: 100 x (number surviving divided by  number of mysids  at time
of test initiation).
                                     73

-------
  significant mortality had already occurred.  Mortalities were minimal
  following aeration.

  The results of tests initiated on samples-DB-22 and BG-22 beginning at 0030 h
  on September 18 are shown in Table 7-2.  Aeration was added to all test
  chambers after the 24-h observation period to prevent dissolved oxygen
  concentrations from dropping below 5.0 mg/L.   Survival  of mysids was > 90%;
  the DB-22 and  B6-22 samples  were considered nontoxic.

  The results  of tests initiated on sludge  sample  DB-23 on  September 19 at  0400
  are shown in Table 7-3.   Survival  of mysids was  > 90% in  this sample and  the
  DB-23 sample was considered  nontoxic.

                  7.2.2  Results of ZoopTankton Toxicitv Tests

 The results (Table 7-4) of acute toxicity tests of sample BG-21 and DB-21 with
 indigenous calanoid copepods,  initiated on September 17 at 0105 h, were
 inconclusive because of excessive mortality observed throughout the test
 array.   Acute toxicity tests  on samples from sludge plumes DB-22 and B6-22
 (indigenous pontellid copepods) also were inconclusive because of excessive
 mortality observed  throughout the test  array (Table 7-5).

 The resujts of  acute toxicity tests of  samples from s-ludge plume  DB-23 on
 indigenous calanoid copepods  are shown  in  Table 7-6.  The  tests were initiated
 on  September  19 at  1345  h. Survival  in the controls was 82%, whereas  survival
 in  sample DB-23 was 80%,  indicating  that there was  no significant  toxicity
 associated with plume DB-23.

           7.2.3  Results of Chronic Toxicitv Tests with  Sea Urchins

A summary  of test results  for the  DB-21  sample dilution series is shown in
Table 7-7  and is graphically  displayed  in Figure 7-1.  Dilutions are
represented by the  percentage of the  original sample concentration by volume
(i.e., percent full  strength).  At T  = 0 h, about 27% of the eggs were
fertilized at 12% and 25%  sample concentration.  At 50% sample concentration,
                                      74

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 TABLE 7-2. RESULTS OF MYSID TEST FOR SAMPLES BG-22 AND DB-22 (3.5 h).
Parameter
Measured3
Dissolved 02 (mg/L)
Salinity(°/00)
Temperature (°C)
PH
Approximate
Observation Time
(h)
24
48
72
96
Water Quality Analyses
SW
Control"
6.27±0.66
32.5±0.63
21.4±0.49
7.94±0.17

SW
Control5
100
97
97
97
B6-22
6.11±0.71
.. 33.7±0.70
21.9±0.34
7.95±0.21
Percent Survival
BG-22
100
97
93
93
DB-22, 3.5 h
6.2±0.64
32.8±0.85
21.7±0.47
7.94±Q.19
of Mysidsc
DB-22. 3.5 h
100
100
100
100
Parameters were measured daily in each test chamber,  n = 15 measurements  for
each parameter.  Mean ± standard deviation are reported.


bSeawater control sample collected at 38°51.2'N,  72°27.0'W,  on September 16.

cPercent survival: 100 x (number surviving divided by  number of mysids  at  time
of test initiation).
                                     75

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 TABLE 7-3.  RESULTS OF MYSID TESTS FOR SAMPLE DB-23 (4 h).
Parameter
Measured3
Dissolved 02 (mg/L)
Salinity(°/00)
Temperature (°C)
PH
Approximate
Observation Time
24
48
72
96
Water Quality Analyses
SW h "
Control0 DB-23, 4 h
6.3±0.60 6.3±0.55
32.2±0.81 32.9±1.02
21.7±0.42 21.9±0.31
7.88±0.17 7.99±0.15
Percent Survival of Mysidsc
SW
Control0 DB-23, 4 h
100 93
100 93
100 93
100 90
Parameters were measured daily in each test chamber,  n = 15 measurements  for
each parameter.  Mean ± standard deviation are reported.


bSeawater control sample collected at 38°51.2'N,  72°27.0'W,  on  September 16.


cPercent survival: 100 x (number surviving divided by  number of mysids  at  time
of test initiation).
                                    76

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 TABLE 7-4.   RESULTS  OF ZOOPLANKTON TESTS  FOR  SAMPLES BG-21 AND DB-21  (4 h)
Parameter
Measured* .
Dissolved 02 (mg/L)
Salinity(°/00)
Temperature (°C)
pH
Approximate
Observation Time
(h)
24
48
Water Quality Analyses
SW
Control
6.3±0.
33.3±0.
22.0±0.
7.9±0.

SW
Control
55
32
b B6-21
44 6.5±0.27
94 34±0.0
0 22.0±0.0
14 7.96±0.08
Percent Survival of
b BG-21
40
7
DB-21, 4 h
6.2±0.47
33.3±0.94
22.0±0.0
7.88±0.09
Zooplankton0
DB-21, 4 h
50
10
Parameters were measured daily in three of six test chambers,  n = 9
measurements for each parameter.  Mean ± standard deviation are reported.

bSeawater control sample collected at 38°51.2'Nf 72°27.0'W,  on  September 16.
f*
^Percent survival: 100 x (number of surviving copepods divided  by number at
time of test initiation).
                                    77

-------
  TABLE 7-5.  RESULTS  OF ZOOPLANKTON TESTS FOR SAMPLES B6-22 AND DB-22  (3.5 h),
Parameter
Measured3
Dissolved 02 (mg/L)
Salinity(°/00)
Temperature (°C)
PH
Approximate
Observation Time
00
24
48
Water
SH
Control0
5.3±0.79
32.0±0.00
23. Oil. 41
7.78±0.23
Percent
sw
Control0
65
26
Quality
BG-22
5.2±0.
34.7±0.
22.9±1.
7.85±0.
Survival
BG-22
67
37
Analyses
DB-22, 3.5 h
89 5.3±0.97
94 34.0±0.00
34 22.9±1.34
24 7.84±0..24
of Zooplankton0
DB-22, 3.5 h
75
50
Parameters were measured daily in three of six test chambers,  n = 9
measurements for  each parameter.  Mean ± standard deviation are reported.


DSeawater control sample collected at 38°51.2'N, 72°27.0'W(  on  September 16.

^Percent survival: 100 x (number of surviving copepods divided  by number at
time of test initiation).
                                     78

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 TABLE 7-6.   RESULTS  OF  ZOOPLANKTON  TESTS  FOR SAMPLE DB-23  (4 h).
Parameter
Measured3
Dissolved 02 (mg/L)
Salinity(°/00)
Temperature (°C)
pH
Approximate
Observation Time
(h)
24
48 '

SW .
Control0
6.4±0.72
34.2±0.63
23.2±0.24
7.9±0.19
Percent
SW
Control
92
82
Water Quality Analyses
DB-23, 4 h
6.2±0.85
35.1±0.44
23.4±0.31
7.87±0.21
Survival of Zooplankton0
DB-23. 4 h
90
80
Parameters were measured daily in three test chambers,  n = 9 measurements  for
each parameter.  Mean ± standard deviation are reported.

bSeawater control sample collected at 38°51.2'N,  72027.0'Wf  on September 16.

cPercent survival: 100 x (number of surviving copepods  divided by number at
time of test initiation) x 100.
                                     79

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   TABLE 7-7.  RESULTS OF SEA URCHIN FERTILIZATION TESTS COMPLETED FOR THE
              DB-21 SAMPLE SERIES AND BACKGROUND SAMPLES B6-21 AND B6-22.
Sample
DB-21, 0 h
Duxbury Bay SW Control
SW 6-1, SW Control
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21, 1 h
SW 6-2, SW Control
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21, 3 h
Duxbury Bay SW Control
SW 6-6 SW Control
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21, 4 h
SW 6-7 'SW Control
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
Background Samples
BG-21, background
BG-22, background
Dilution
(% Sample)

NAa
.. NA
12
25
50
100

NA
12
25
50
100

NA
NA
12
25
50
100

NA
12
25
50
100

NA
NA
Egg
Fertilization

62
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D No data.
                                    80

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  only 17% of the eggs were fertilized;  at 100% sample concentration,  12% of the
  eggs were fertilized.   In the T = 1  h  sample,  fertilization  was  greatly
  reduced  to 3% and 4% at the 12% and  100% sample concentrations,  respectively.
  At T = 3,  fertilization at all  dilutions^except 100% sample  concentration  was
  very good;  at T = 4, there was  little  toxic  effect  at any dilution.

                           7.3  FISH EGG ABNORMALITIES

 The  results of  observations on chromosomal abnormalities in developing fish
 embryos collected at the  106-Mile Site are summarized in Table 7-8.  There
 were relatively few eggs  in any of the samples, probably because of the time
 of year that the samples were collected.  Most of the eggs that were collected
 did not appear to show any embryonic development, but they may have been
 unfertilized.  Many of the squashes contained a great deal  of necrotic
 material.  Those embryos observed were mostly in the late gastrula stage of
 development.  All mitotic figures observed in the squashes were normal.
 Photomicrographs of the mitotic figures are archived at  Battelle.

                             7.4 ENDANGERED SPECIES

 A qualified observer from the  Manomet Bird Observatory performed the cetacean
 and marine turtle population assessment.   The observer collected data on the
 distribution and abundance of  seabirds  at  the study  site.  No unusual
 observations  (or lack of sightings) were  recorded.   The full  report submitted
 by the Manomet  Bird  Observatory  is given  in Appendix  D.
                             7.5 FLOATABLE DEBRIS

The zooplankton and fish egg samples (neuston tows) were sorted for floatable
debris and the observations are summarized in Table 7-9.  The debris found in
the largest quantities were toilet-paper mulch and miscellaneous plastic
pieces that could not be identified.  Other debris included plastic pellets,
filaments, paint chips, and tar balls.   Floatable debris found in
                                       82

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smaller quantities  included caps from crack vials, grease balls, and pieces of
styrofoam, rubber bands, paper bags, and miscellaneous metal pieces.  The
neuston samples also contained an abundance of assorted seeds, but these were
not enumerated.                 .         ..

Samples collected from the sludge plumes had larger quantities of debris than
did the background samples.  For barge DB-23,  the abundance of miscellaneous
plastic pieces decreased about an order of magnitude (38 per 100 m2 to 4 per
100m2) over the first 4 h after disposal.  Abundance values were..too low for
the other categories and barges to show a discernable pattern.
                                     85

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                        8.0  FARFIELD FATE OF SEWAGE  SLUDGE

  Twenty stations along three transects were occupied in and near the 106-Mile
  Site for the farfield fate investigation.,- as shown  in Figure 3-1.   Samples
  were collected from the particle maximum located in the seasonal  pycnocline at
  each station.   The depth of the particle maximum was identified by using CTD
  and  transmissometry profiles generated just prior to sampling.  Samples  were
  collected  for  chlorophyll  a and phaeophytin,  dissolved  and  particulate metals,
  Clostridium perfringens.  and particulate organic  compounds.  At .three of the '
  stations  (FA-1,  FC-1,  and  FC-2),  there was  a  second  particle maximum at  about
  7 to 8 m  (ca.  20 m  above the seasonal  pycnocline).   Additional samples within
  the second particulate maximum  were collected at stations FC-1 and FC-2  for
  Clostridium perfringens and  total metals.

              8.1  SLUDGE TRANSPORT  BASED ON TRANSHISSOMETRY DATA

 Vertical  profiles of transmissometry were made at the background stations and
 at all  stations on the farfield transects.  All  raw  data are archived  at
 Battelle.   Background levels of mixed-layer turbidity in slope water,  measured
 at BG-21,  BG-22,  and BG-23, were very nearly constant at about 11%.  Shelf
 water at  the  106-Mile Site tends to  be more turbid,  varying  between  10% and
 15%.  Therefore,  mixed-layer turbidity levels  greater than 15% usually can be
 attributed  to sewage sludge.   The turbidity range  in -the pycnocline is higher
 than  in the mixed  layer, with typical  values between  12% and  16%.  The
 turbidity values measured  at  the pycnocline  particle  maxima  are shown as  a
 contour plot in Figure 8-1.   A strong  signal above background turbidity is
 visible at the  southern end of the 106-Mile Site centered on station FA-3.
 Turbidity levels at  or above  18% were  detected over the  southern  half of the
 106-Mile Site and extended  into  the adjacent waters.   This signal dropped  to
background levels about 5 nmi outside  the 106-Mile Site.
                                      86

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   39.4
   39.2
   39.0
   38.8
   38.6
   38.4   -
   38.2
      -72.5      -72.3
              -72.1       -71.9

              LONGITUDE (*W)
-71.7      -71.5
FIGURE 8-1.
CONTOUR PLOT OF THE PYCNOCLINE  PARTICLE MAXIMUM (PERCENT
TURBIDITY)  FOR THE FARFIELD TRANSECTS.
                                    87

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                       8.2  CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS RESULTS

  Clostridium perfringens were found at only six sampling stations  during the
  farfield  transects:  FA-2,  FC-1,  FC-2,  FCX3.  FC-5 and  FC-6.   All of these
  samples,  except FC-5 and FC-6, were in the region of  elevated  turbidity
  values.   Clostridium perfringens were  not  found  in several samples that
  exhibited significantly higher turbidity values,  such as  FA-3.  This may have
  resulted  from the collection  of  Clostridium perfringens samples at a point
  above or  below  the measured turdidity  maximum.

                   8.3   CHLOROPHYLL a AND PHAEOPHYTIN RESULTS

 Chlorophyll a was measured as an estimate of phytoplankton biomass and primary
 productivity in the farfield and the results are listed in Table C-12
 (Appendix C).  Chlorophyll a concentrations in the mixed layer ranged from
 0.17 to 0.46 pg/L at the background stations and from  0.11 to > 2.4 ftg/L along
 the farfield transects.  This range is much larger than  that  observed for the
 plume samples.   A contour plot of these data (Figure 8-2)  reveals  a few
 stations with elevated chlorophyll a concentrations (> 2 /
-------
    29 ?D'N
   3S 10'N
   39  O'N
   38  SO'N
  36 40'N
  38 SO'N
  3B SO'N
  38 10'N
                   Farfield
                   Transect
                      C
                                             106-Mile Site
                        Farfield
                       Transect
                          A
 Farfield
Transect
   B
      72*30' H    72*20'  H    72*10' H   72* 0' H   71*50' H    71*40' V"   71*30'  H
                                 CHLOROPHYLL a 0-g/L)
FIGURE 8-2.
                                                  ™E SHALLOH PARTICLE
                                       89

-------
     39 20'N
    39 10'N
    39  O'N
   38'50'N
   38 40'N
   38*30'N
  38 20'N
  38 10'N
                                             106-Mile Site
                        Farfield
                       Transect
                          A
                                       Farfield
                                      Transect
                                         B
                               _L
                           JL
_L
                                                                           -
      72 30' H    72*20'  H    72*10'  H   72* 0' H   71*50' W   71*40*.W    71*30' H
                                  PHAEOPHYTIN
FIGURE 8-3.
CONTOUR PLOT OF PHAEOPHYTIN AT THE SHALLOW PARTICLE MAXIMUM ON
THE FARFIELD TRANSECTS.
                                         90

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                            8.4  TRACE-METAL RESULTS

 The results of the dissolved and participate trace-metal, analysis for the
 farfield transects are listed in Table C-10, Appendix C, and displayed
 graphically for selected metals from transect FA (Figures 8-4 through 8-6)
 (Figure 8-7),  and FC (Figures 8-8 through 8-10).  All of the metal
 concentrations are elevated at Station FA-2, although the levels are well
 below marine chronic WQC.  Station FA-2 is at the southern end of the 106-
 Mile Site,  where higher turbidity and Clostidium perfringens also were
 observed.
FB
 Concentrations  of metals  in  samples  collected  along  transect  FB  do  not
 indicate  any  trend or elevated  levels  at  individual  stations  (Figure 8-7),
 The  range of  concentrations  is  close to that observed  at the  background
 stations  and  is probably  due to natural variability.   These results are  in
 agreement with  the absence of other  sludge  indicators  (e.g.,  Clostridium
perfringens).

Concentrations of  metals  in  samples  collected along transect  FC  (Figures 8-8
through 8-10) indicate elevated  levels occurred only at the two stations where
the  second particle maximum was  observed in the mixed  layer (FC-1 and FC-2).
The  Cu concentrations also are  slightly elevated at Stations  FC-5 and FC-6, in
agreement with the presence of Clostridium perfringens at the northern end of
the  EC transect.

Contour plots of the trace metals did not reveal any dramatic concentration
gradients.  An example is shown  in Figure 8-11 for Pb,  where concentrations.
were highest at the southern end of the 106-Mile Site,  as expected from the
results given above.
                                      91

-------
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   39 20'N
   33 10'N
   3S  O'N
   38 50'N
   38 40'N
   38 30'N
   38'HO'N  -
  38"lO'N
                        -0.02
                   Farfield
                   Transect
                      C
                                                       T	T
                                            BG22
                         • BG21
                                              106-Mile Site
                        Farfield
                        Transect
                           A
                                        Farfield
                                       Transect
                                          B
                     J	I	!	:	L_
      72*30' H    72*20' H    72*10' H '   72* 0' H    71*50'  H    71*40' H    71*30'  H
                                    Pb, dissolved (jtg/L)
FIGURE 8-11.
CONTOUR  PLOT OF DISSOLVED  LEAD AT THE SHALLOW PARTICLE MAXIMUM
ON THE FARFIELD TRANSECTS.
                                        99

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                        8.5  ORGANIC CONTAMINANT RESULTS

 Results  of the analysis for the organic contaminants  PCBs,  pesticides,  PAHs,
 LABs,  and coprostanol  are listed in Tables  C-14 and C-15, Appendix  C.   All
 PAH,  LAB,  PCB,  and pesticide compounds  were either below the  detection  limit
 or below the  lowest standard (values for CL7 and CL4  are probably coeluting
 compounds).   Only  two  samples  had measurable levels of  a significant number of
 the organic contaminants,  Stations  BG-21  and FA-2.  The  latter station  also
 had elevated  levels of other sludge components.   Coprostanol  gave the best
 indication of the  presence of  sludge for  Station  FA-2, with about an order-
 of-magnitude  increase  over background.  These data indicate that coprostanol
 is  the best organic tracer of  sludge tested  in this study,  but is still not as
 sensitive a tracer  as  are  metals (Fe, Cu, Pb) or Clostridium perfringens.
 Note that the analytical detection  limits are very low for the organic
 compounds (0.02 to  0.10 ng/L)  and 100 L of water were filtered to obtain these
 samples.  Therefore, it is not likely that organic contaminants will be of
much use as sludge  tracers, with the possible exception of  coprostanol.
                                     100

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                                9.0 CONCLUSIONS


                      9.1  DISCUSSION OF NULL HYPOTHESES


The 106-Mile Site Monitoring Plan  (   EPA  ,  1992a) focuses on specific

questions or null hypotheses to evaluate the fate, transport, and effects of

sludge dumped at the 106-Mile Site.  The null hypotheses that were addressed

in this survey are discussed below.  The hypotheses are referenced according

to their original designation (e.g. Hn6) in the monitoring plan (   EPA  ,

1992a).


                             9.1.1   Nearfield Fate
   HQ6
   HQ7
   HQ8
   HQ9
Sludge particles do not settle in significant quantities to the
seasonal pycnocline (50 m) in the summer or to the 50 m depth at
any time, within the Site boundaries or in the area adjacent to
the Site.

There was no evidence of accumulation of significant quantities of
sludge at the pycnocline based on the results of the chemical
analyses, microbial tracer measurements, and the transmissometry
profiles.

The concentration of sludge constituents.within the Site does not
exceed the LPC or WQC 4 h after disposal and is not detectable in
the site 1 day after disposal.

WQC for Cu and Pb were exceeded within the site 4 h after
disposal in some of the samples.  WQC were not exceeded 4 h after
disposal for Cd, Ni, and Zn.  Samples were not collected 1 day
after disposal.

The concentration of sludge constituents at the Site boundary or
in the area adjacent to the Site does not exceed the LPC or WQC
at any time and is not detectable 1 day after disposal.

Sludge dumped at the site can be transported outside site
boundaries before Cu and Pb are diluted below the LPC or WQC
values.  All other contaminants that were measured were below
WQC.  Samples were not collected 1 day after disposal, but
dilution rates indicate WQC would be met 1 day after disposal.

The disposal of sludge does not cause a significant depletion in
the dissolved oxygen content of the water column nor a
significant change in the pH of the seawater in the area.
                                      101

-------
             dissolved oxygen concentration did not exhibit a significant
         difference from background levels for any of the profiles
         collected.  The pH of the samples was within the marine WQC ranqe
         and did not change significantly for any samples.
                         9.1.2  Short-Term Effects
 HQ10
 H011
HQ13
HQ15
 No significant biological effects in the water column are measurable
 within the site within 1 day after disposal.

 Results of mysid and zooplankton toxicity tests performed on plume
 samples collected 4 h after disposal were either inconclusive or
 indicated no toxic effects.

 The results of the sea urchin fertilization tests indicated that
 fertilization rates decreased immediately after disposal,  but 4 h
 after disposal there was no  decrease in the fertilization  rate
  u1.-,1sl? eggs were found in the neuston  samples  collected 'at
 the 106-Mile Site,  probably because of the time of the  year.   No
 chromosomal  abnormalities were observed in the  eggs.

 No increase  in  primary productivity or any changes in
 planktonic biomass  or species  composition  will  occur.

 Direct  measurement  of primary  production and  plankton abundance/
 speciation were not performed.   Chlorophyll  a  and phaeophytin were
 measured  as  indicators  of plankton  biomass  and  health.  The results
 were  inconclusive because elevated  phaeophytin  concentrations were
 found in  nearly all  of  the samples,  possibly  due to an  interference
 in  the  analytical method  from  pigments  in  the sludge.

 Sludge  constituents  do  not accumulate  in the  surface microlaver
 in  the  vicinity of  the  Site.

 Although  this hypothesis  was included  in the original
 survey  objectives,  surface micro layer sampling could not
 be  performed because  of the sea conditions.                      '


                   9.1.3   Farfield Fate

Ocean currents .do not transport sludge to any adjacent shorel-ine
beach, marine sanctuary,  fishery; or shellfishery.               '

There was no evidence of  sludge transport to the shoreline or any
fishery area, although the amount of data is not yet sufficient to
conclusively support this hypothesis.
                                    102

-------
          Sludge recirculation through the Site is not significant.
          The results of the chemical analyses and current observations were
          inconclusive with respect to the potential for sludge to recirculate
          through the 106-Mile Site.  There was significant mixing of shelf
          water and slope water in the upper 10 m during the survey.  This
          made it difficult to predict the movement of sludge outside the
          Site.
                       9.2  EVALUATION OF SLUDGE TRACERS

The results of the chemical contaminant analyses, microbial measurements, and
turbidity profiles provided a broad and complimentary data set to estimate
sludge dilutions and track the transport of sludge in the farfield.  However,
it is apparent that certain sludge tracers are a more sensitive and cost-
effective means of detecting sludge than others.

                           9.2.1   Turbidity  Profiles

The transmissometry profiles obtained with the BOSS provided very low cost,
real-time tracking of sludge plumes that are invaluable in measuring the
extent of plume advection and locating sample collection positions.  The
turbidity profiles do not provide the resolution necessary to accurately
calculate sludge dilutions, but do allow reasonable estimates of sludge
dispersion.  Transmissometry profiles appear to be effective in evaluating the
farfield transport of sludge because the elevated turbidity values observed
along the farfield transects correlated well with other tracer measurements,
with a few exceptions.  These exceptions could.be "false positives" caused"by
the nonselective nature of turbidity measurements, but could also result from
collection of chemical tracer samples at a point above or below the particle
maximum (yeilding a sample with a lower contaminant concentration).

                       .9.2.2  Trace-Metal Measurements

In the plume samples, trace metals were a sensitive indicator of the sludge
concentration and, therefore,  the metals results allowed an accurate
                                      103

-------
 estimation of sludge dilution.  The Fe data were highly correlated with the
 data for Cu, Pb, and Zn.  A weaker correlation was found with Ni and Cd, and
 no correlation was found with TSS.  This indicates that Fe measurements alone
 could provide rough estimates of sludge dilution or could be used as a
 screening tool for a tiered analytical approach.  However, Cu measurements are
 probably the best metal tracer of sludge because they provide better precision
 and are directly comparable to marine WQC.

 There are insufficient data to fully evaluate the effectiveness,of metals  as a
 tracer for sludge in the farfield.   The metals were distributed  primarily  in
 the dissolved phase,  with only a small fraction bound to particles.   The few
 samples that had elevated concentrations  of metals  also had  elevated
 particulate indicators  of sludge (i.e.,  turbidity and Clostridium
 perfringens).  There were several  samples that contained nonmetal, particulate
 sludge  indicators,  but  did  not have  elevated  metal  concentrations.  This
 discrepancy could have  resulted  from a faster dilution  of  dissolved metals
 relative to the  particulate bound  indicators.   The  partitioning behavior of
 metals  after  sludge disposal  and the  relative  dilution  rates of particulate
 and dissolved metals  needs to  be investigated  more  thoroughly to
 evaluate the  effectiveness of  metals as a tracer  for  sludge in the farfield.
                                                  1 *• j
                        9.2.3  Clostridium Perfrinoens

Clostridium perfringens were found in  only six samples along the farfield
transects, most of which also  displayed elevated turbidity.  It is apparent
that Clostridium perfringens and turbidity profiles are well  correlated and
both provide-rapid, low-cost data to track sludge movement.  However,  no
empirical relationship has been established between Clostridium perfringens
and pathogens and, therefore,  these results should be used for sludge tracking
purposes only.
                                     104

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                    9.2.4  Organic Contaminants and Tracers

The concentrations of PAHs, LABs, PCBs, and pesticides were either below the
detection limit or below the lowest standard for all samples and, therefore,
were not effective as sludge tracers in this study.  Coprostanol gave the best
indication of the presence of sludge, with about an order-of-magnitude
increase over background for Station FA-2.  These data indicate that
coprostanol is the best organic tracer of sludge tested in this study and
could be used as a screen for the other organic contaminants.  However,
coprostanol is not as sensitive a tracer as are metals (Fe, Cu, Pb)  or
Clostridium perfringens, and it is a more expensive analysis.
                                     105

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                                 10.0 REFERENCES
 Battelle.  1988.  Phase 4 Work/Quality Assurance Project Plan for the
       National Status and Trends Mussel Hatch Program.  Prepared for
       NOAA by Battelle Oceans Sciences.  Contract No. 50-D6NC-5-00263.

 Bisson, J.W. and V.J. Cabelli.  1979.  Membrane Filter Enumeration
       Method of Clostridium perfrinoens.  Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
       37:55—66.

 Danielsson, L., B. Magnusson, S. Westerlund, and K. Zhang.   1982.  Trace
       metal determinations in estuarine waters by electrothermal atomic
       absorption spectrometry after extraction of dithiocarbamate
       complexes into freon.   Anal.  Chim. Acta. 144:183-188.

 Eganhouse,  R.P., E.C. Ruth,  and I.R.  Kaplan.  1983.  Determination of
       Long-Chain Alkylbenzenes in Environmental. Samples  by  Argentation
       Thin-Layer Chromatography/High. Resolution Mass Spectrometry and
       Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.   Anal.  Chem.  55:2120-2126
 EPA.
EPA.
EPA.
EPA.
EPA.
EPA.
EPA.
 1978.   Bioassay Procedures for the Ocean Disposal  Permit Program
 U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency.   EPA/600/9-78-010.

 1986.   Quality Criteria for Water 1986.   U.S.  Environmental
 Protection  Agency Office of Water Regulations  and  Standards.
 EPA/440/5-86-001.

 1987.   Final  Report on  Analysis of Baseline  Seawater  and Sediment
 Samples  from  the,106-Mile Deepwater Municipal  Sludge  Site.
 Environmental  Protection Agency Oceans and Coastal  Protection
 Division  (formerly  OMEP),  Washington, DC.

 1988a.  Short-Term  Methods for  Estimating the  Chronic Toxicity of
 Effluents and  Receiving Waters  to Marine and Estuarine Organisms.
 U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency.  EPA/600/4-87/028.

 1988b.  Final  Report for Nearfield Fate Monitoring  at the 106-Mile
 Deepwater Municipal Sludge Site:   Winter 1988  Oceanographic Survey
 March 1-5,  1988.  Environmental  Protection Agency Oceans and
 Coastal Protection  Division (formerly OMEP), Washington, DC.

 1988c.  Final  Survey Plan  for Summer 1988 Oceanographic  Survey to
 the 106-Mile Site September 10-17,  1988.  Environmental  Protection
Agency Oceans  and Coastal  Protection Division  (formerly  OMEP1
Washington, DC.                                             "

 1988d.  Initial Survey  Report for  Summer 1988  Oceanographic Survey
to the 106-Mile Site September  10-17, 1988.  Environmental
 Protection Agency Oceans and Coastal Protection Division fformerly
OMEP), Washington, DC.
                                      106

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EPA.  1992a.  Final Draft Monitoring  Plan  for  the  106-Mile Deepwater
      Municipal Sludge Site.   Environmental  Protection Agency.   EPA 842-
      S-92-009.
EPA.
EPA.
EPA.
1992b.  Final Draft Implementation Plan for the 106-Mile Deepwater
Municipal Sludge Site Monitoring Program.  Environmental
Protection Agency.  EPA 842-S-92-010.

1992c.  Final Report for Nearfield Monitoring of Sludge Plumes at
the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Site: Results of-a Survey
Conducted August 31 through September 5, 1987.  Environmental
Protection Agency.  EPA 842-S-92-004.

1992d.  Determination of Sludge Dumping Rates for the 106-Mile
Site.   Environmental Protection Agency.  EPA 842-S-92-006.
Longwell, A.C., and J.B. Hughes.  1980.  Cytological, Cytogenetic, and
      Developmental State of Atlantic Mackerel Eggs from Sea Surface
      Waters of the New York Bight, and Prospects for Biological
      Monitoring with Ichthyoplankton.  Rapp. Reun. Cons. Int Explor.
      Mer.  179:257-291.

Peltier, W.H., and C.I. Weber.  1985.  Methods for Measuring the Acute
      Toxicity of Effluents to Freshwater and Marine Organisms.  U.S.
      Environmental Protection Agency.  EPA 600/4-85/013.

Stumm, W., and J.J. Morgan.  1981.  Aquatic Chemistry, 2nd edition, John
      Wiley, New York, NY.  780 pp.
                                     107

-------
     Appendix A
QUALITY CONTROL DATA

-------
TABLE A-l. RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF DUPLICATE SAMPLES.
Sample ID

AAJ785-23
AAJ724rla
AAJ729°
AAJ754&
AAJ77313

Cd
18
10
20
39
12
Relative Percent Difference (RPD)
Cu Fe Ni Pb
17 13 25 23
3 2 49 4
2 20 3 3
5 15 NAC 32
2 24 NA 1

Zn
50
3
18
NA
NA
  Whole water sample.
  Filtered sample.
  Not analyzed.
                                     A-l

-------
TABLE A-2. RESULTS OF FILTER BLANKS ANALYZED WITH TRACE-METAL SAMPLES.
Sample ID
    Filter Blanks (ng)
                Cd
Cu
Fe
                                                        Pb
                                        Zn
GK25-FIB
GK26-FIB
AAJ745-FIB
AAJ746-FIB
AAJ759-FIB
AAJ760-FIB
0.165
0.250
0.590
0.595
1.080
1.235
<3.20
<3.20
2.10
1.15
<1.10
<1.10
10.5
<4.5
17.0
16.0
19.5
<8.5
5.45
6.25
NAa
NA
NA
NA
1.15
1.35
1.495
<0 . 690
0.945
<0.690
23.60
12 35
NA
NA
NA
NA
  Not  analyzed.
                               A-2

-------
TABLE A-3. RESULTS OF PROCEDURAL BLANKS FOR TRACE-METAL ANALYSES.
Sample ID
GI34-PB
6I35-PB
6I38-PB
GI39-PB
GK29-PB
GK30-PB
GK33-PB
GK34-PB
GK37-PB
GK38-PB
Procedural Blanks (ng)
Cd
0.88
1.00
0.92
0.94
1.46
1.36
1.02
1.32
0.72
0.76
Cu
<6.2
<6.2
<3.2
<3.2
<1.68
<1.68
<1.48
<1.48
<1.46

-------
TABLE A-4.  PERCENT RECOVERY OF METALS FROM CERTIFIED STANDARD
            REFERENCE MATERIAL ANALYZED WITH EACH BATCH
 Sample ID
          Recovery (%)
                Cd
Cu
Fe
Ni
Pb
                                                                 Zn
GI32-SRM
6I33-SRM
GI36-SRM
GI37-SRM
GK27-SRM
GK28-SRM
GK31-SRM
GK32-SRM
GK35-SRM
GR36-SRM
97
100
100
69
111
104
90
91
90
78
111
129
103
102
112
113
94
. . 93
94
87
308
277
268
196
134
123
102
111
778
138
109
109
136
121
113
109
NAa
NA •
NA
NA
95
105
105
92
95
95
90
82
' 91
86
180
107
96
73
/ «J
80
.88
NA
NA
iin
NA
NA
 Not analyzed.
                                    A-4

-------
TABLE A-5.  PERCENT RECOVERIES OF METALS FROM SAMPLES SPIKED
            WITH KNOWN AMOUNTS OF METAL
 Sample ID
          Recovery  (%)
               Cd
Cu
Fe
Ni
Pb
Zn
AAJ785-2
AAJ724-1
AAJ729
AAJ754
AAJ773
109
38
100
95
90
112
100
98
109
106
107
101
100
98
130
102
41
100
NAa .
NA
116
102
96
114
100
118
100
96
NA
NA
  Not analyzed.
                                     A-5

-------
TABLE A-6.    METHOD DETECTION LIMITS (MDL) FOR ANALYSIS OF
              SAMPLES FOR TRACE METALS.
Metal
Cadmium
Copper
Iron
Nickel •
Lead
Zinc
Method Detection
Participate3
- te/L)
0.0001
0.0032
0.0090
0.0064
0.0018
0.0110
Limit
Dissolved5
(/»g/U
0.002
0.009 H
0.034
. 0.025
0.006
0.003
 MDL =  (instrument det. limit)(extract vol)/(l L filtrate vol).

 MDL =  (instrument det. limit)(extract vol)/(200 mL sample vol),
                              A-6

-------
TABLE A-7.  SURROGATE PERCENT RECOVERIES FOR PAHa
            AND  LAB.D
Sample ID
HV10 PB
AAJ338
AAJ339
AAJ349
AAJ356
AAJ357
AAJ360
AAJ362
AAJ365
AAJ365
AAJ368
AAJ371
AAJ377
AAJ379
AAJ381
AAJ383
AAJ437
AAJ438
AAJ446
AAJ449
d8-N
46
61
72
86
84
82
82
94
85
85
83
79
64
90
111
54
104
94
138C
115
dlO-A
61
77
99
100
104
108
108
109
97
97
102
109
86
112
129
59
120
103
146C
123
d!2-P
88
112
118
124
108
119
107
107
113
113
116 .
101
114
122
128
106
111
118
124
17C
1-PN
55
38C
45
93
111
33C
120
117
80
80
116
133C
101
97
145C
19C
139C
47
89
53
a PAH Surrogates
    d8-N: d8-naphthalene                      ~
    dlO-A: dlO-acenaphthene
    d!2-P: d!2-perylene

b LAB Surrogate
    1-PN: 1-phenyl nohane

c Value is outside the acceptable recovery range (40% - 130%).
                                 A-7

-------
 TABLE   A-8.   PROCEDURAL BLANK RESULTS AND MATRIX SPIKE (MS), MATRIX
 	SPIIJ
82
\J£-
85

-------
TABLE A-9.  PROCEDURAL  BLANK (PB)  AND  PCB/PESTICIDE-COPROSTANOL MATRIX SPIKE
            (MS) AND MATRIX  SPIKE  DUPLICATE (MSD)  RECOVERIES (%).
Analyte
CL2(08) .
HCB
Lindane
CL3(18)
CL3(28)
Heptachlor
CL4(52)
Aldrin
CL4(44)
Heptachlorep
CL4(66)
OPDDE
CL5(101)
A CH
Transnonachlor
Dieldrin
PPDDE
OPDDD
CL5(118)
PPDDD
OPDDT
CL6(153)
CL5(105)
PPDDT
CL6(138)
CL7(187)
CL6(128)
CL7(180)
Mi rex
CL7(170)
CL8(195)
CL9(206)
CL10(209)
Coprostanol
PB
(ng)
NDb
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.4
0/9
ND
0.8
ND
ND
ND

MS
91
98
111
93
113
. 86
101
145C
110
. 90
107
122
99
122
114
104
127
107
109
130
112
100
• 118
118
113
105
116
112
111
147C
114
115
110
84
Percent
MSD
81
71
136C
81
127
110
102
162C .
121
106
114
122
75
140C
141C
148C -
147C
104
109
167C
154C
97
149C
130
101
108
137C
123
128
190C
130
122
102
• 98
Recovery
Mean
86
85
124
87
120
98
101
153
,116
98 .
•no
122
87
131
127
126
137
106
109
149
133
98
134
124
107
107
127
117
'120
169
122
119
106
91

RPDa
11
32
20
14
11
25
1
• 11
9.
16
6
0
27
14
21
35
14
3
1
25
32
4
23
9
11
3
16
9
15
25
14
6
7
14
aRPD: 2 * [(MS - MSD)/(MS + MSD)] * 100.

bND: Not detected.

cValue is outside the acceptable recovery range (40% -- 130%)
                                     A-9

-------
 TABLE A-10. SURROGATE RECOVERIES (V) FOR   .
             PCB/PESTICIDE3 AND COPROSTANOL.b
Sample ID
HV10 PB
AAJ338
AAJ339
AAJ349
AAJ356
AAJ357
AAJ360
AAJ362
AAJ365
AAJ368
AAJ371
AAJ377
AAJ379
AAJ381
AAJ383
AAJ437
AAJ438
AAJ446
AAJ449
DBOFB
67
53
97
76
82
57
78
73
74
82
74 .
73
75
84
27c
76
51
81
50-
Androstanol
78
71
23C
83
74
67
73
77
71
80
91 . •
' . 74
88
75
86
71
81
83
79
a PCB/Pesticide surrogate is DBOFB.
  Coprostanol surrogate is androstanol.
c Value is outside the acceptable range (40% - 130%)
                                A-10

-------
                      Appendix  B

         FIELD  DATA  FOR  MONITORING ACTIVITIES
CONDUCTED AT THE 106-MILE SITE SEPTEMBER 9-20, 1988

-------

-------
TABLE B-l.  SUMMARY OF TOW  INFORMATION FOR HORIZONTAL PROFILING ACTIVITIES  CONDUCTED AT
            THE 106-MILE SITE DURING THE SUMMER  1988 SURVEY
Survey    Date
 Tow    T=0    Hours Number      Start Tow
Depth   (h)   Towing   of    Lat. (N) Long.(W)
 (m)                  Tows
End Tow
                                                                     Lat.  (N)   Long.  (Wj
DB-21    9-16-88  5-14   1855     9

DB-22.    9-17-88  2-10   1923     4.5

DB-23    9-18-88  2-25   2245     7
                       24   38°57.50' 72°04.20'  38°56.83'  72°07.50'

                        9   38°57.90' 72°03.18'  38°56.81'  72°03.60'

                       18   38°52.09' 72°00.43'  38°50.57'  71°58.18'
                                           B-l

-------
TABLE B-2. SUMMARY OF ORGANIC SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM THE SEWAGE PLUMES SAMPLED AT
           THE 106-MILE SITE DURING THE  SUMMER 1988 SURVEY
Station    Latitude  Longitude  Date  Time  Time  Depth Rep.
              (N)    .   (W)                 Delta        No.
                                             (h)   (n)
 Total    Part
Organic  Organic3
DB-20
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-2L
DB-22
DB-22
DB-22
DB-22
DB-23
DB-23
DB-23
DB-23
DB-23
38°45.84'
38° 56. 68 '
38°56.38'
38°56.16'
38°55.93'
38°56.13'
38°56
38°56
38°57
38°57
38°57
38°57
38°52
38° 52
38° 52
38°52
38°52
.02'
.10'
.90'
.78'
.44'
.01'
.09'
.88'
.68'
.50'
.52'
72°00.40'
72°04.15'
72°04.35'
72°04.84'
72°04.86'
72°04.70'
72°04.
72°04.
72°03.
72°03.
72°03.
72°03.
72°00.
72°00.
72°00.
71°59.
71°58.
68'
60'
18'
08'
or
04'
43'
47'
26'
73'
66'
09/11
09/16
09/16
09/16
09/16
09/17
09/17
09/17
09/17
09/17
09/17
09/17
09/18
09/18
09/19
09/19
09/19
1456
1906
2015
2216
2310
0014
0211
0342
1924
2040
2133
2251
2249
2345
0047
0149
0309
0
0
1
3
4
5
7
8.5
0
1.2
2.2
3.5
0
1
2
3
4.4
5
2
7
5.5
5.5
5
2
1.5
3
3
2.8,
2.5
2
4.5
4.5
4
12
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0
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                                      B-2

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TABLE B-6  SUMMARY OF XCP  (EXPENDABLE CURRENT PROFILER) ANDHYDRO BALL TIMES OF
           DEPLOYMENT, PROFILE DEPTHS, AND STATIONS OCCUPIED AT THE 106-MILE
           SITE DURING THE SUMMER 1988 SURVEY
 Station
 Date
Time     Profi1e Depth
 (h)          (•)
                 Lat.
                 (N)
             Long.
              (W)
XCP-20

HB-1
9-11-88

9-16-88
0630

1658
1500

 250
39°09'

39°03.7
72°03'

72°03.7'
                                       B-6

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-------
TABLE B-9.  SUMMARY OF CTD PROFILES TAKEN AT ALL FARFIELD STATIONS DURING THE
            SUMMER 1988 SURVEY
Station
FA-1
FA-2
FA-3
FA-4
FA-5
FA-6
FA-7
FB-1 .
FB-2
FB-3
FB-4
FB-5
FB-6
FB-7
FA-1A
FC-1
FC-2
FC-3
FC-4
FC-5
FC-6
Date
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/19
09/19
09/19
09/19
Time
0040
0135
0232
0337
0457
0606
0707
1346
1244
1142
1036
0948
0851
0800
1710
1825
1931
0737
0832
0928
1035
Depth
(m)
40
40
44
46
47
41
45
44
45
42
45
47
48
49
45
42
50
43
43
45
44
Lat.
(N)
38°49.83'
38°45.05'
38°40.00'
38°35.04'
38°30.12'
38°25.06'
.38°20.01'
38°50. 30'
38°45.05'
38°40.00'
38°35.06'
38°30.07'
38°25.07'
38°20.00'
38°49.99'
38°50.00'
- 38°54.93'
39°00.04'
39°05.03'
39°10.12'
39°14.99'
Long.
(W)
72°02.47'
72°02.53'
72°02.49'
72°02.45'
72°02.47'
72°02.24'
• '72°02.51'
71°56.07'
71°55.90'
71°55.87'
71°55.99'
71°55.97'
71°56.05'
71°55.74'
72°02.55'
72°09.08'
72°08.90'
72°09.04:'
72°08.95'
72°08.98'
72°09.18'
                                      B-9

-------
TABLE B-10.
SUMMARY OF ORGANIC SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM THE BACKGROUND
AND FARFIELD STATIONS IN THE VICINITY OF THE 106-MILE SITE
DURING THE SEPTEMBER 1988 SURVEY.
Station
B6-21
BG-21
BG-21
BG-22
BG-22
BG-22
FA-1
FA-1
FA-2
FA-2
FA-3
FA-3
FA-4
FA-4
FA-5
FA-5
FA-6
FA-6
FA-7
FA-7
FB-7
FB-7
FB-6
FB-6
FB-5
FB-5
FB-4
FB-4
FB-3
FB-3
FB-2
FB-2
FB-1
FB-1
FA-1 -A
FA-1 -A
FC-1
FC-1
FC-2
FC-2
FC-3
FC-3
FC-4
FC-4
FC-5
FC-5
FC-6
FC-6
Lat.
(N)
39°04.55'
39°03.99'
39°03.99'
39°12.96'
39°12.96'
39°13.19'
38°49.80'
38°49.80'
38°44.98'
38°44.98'
38°40.09'
38°40.09'
38°35.li'
38C35.11'
38°30.04'
38°30.04'
38°25.05'
38°25.05'
38°20.22'
38°20.22'
38°20.18'
38°20.18'
38°25.07'
38°25.07'
38°30.03'
38°30.03'
38°35.05'
38°35.05'
38°40.00'
38°40.01'
38°45.10'
38°45.10'
38°50.26'
38°50.26'
38°49.99'
38°49.99'
38°50.00'
38°50.00'
38°54.93'
38°54.9"3'
39°00.03'
39°00.03'
39°05.03'
39°05.03'
39°10.12'
39°10.12'
39°14.99'
39°14.99'
Long.
(W)
72°02.90'
72°03.72'
72°03.72'
72°02.98'
72°02.98'
72°03.12'
72°02.46'
72°02.46'
72°02.52'
72°02.52'
72°02.53'
72°02.53.'
72°02.43'
72°02.43'
72°02.03'
72°02.03'
72°02.23'
72°02.23'
72°02.35'
72°02.35'
71°55.40'
71°55.40'
71°55.80'
71°55.80'
71°55.94'
71°55.94'
71°55.88'
71°55.88'
71°55.87'
71°55.87'
71°55.68'
71°55.68'
71°56.09'
71°56.09'
72°02.55'
72°02.67'
72°09.08'
72°09.08'
72°08.90'
72°08.90'
72°09.05'
72°09.05'
72°08.95'
72°08.95'
72°08.98'
72°08.98'
72°09.15'
72°09.15'
Date
09/16
09/16
09/16
09/17
09/17
09/17
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
0,9/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/18
09/19
09/19
09/19
09/19
09/19
09/19
09/19
09/19
Time
1459
1528
1528
1622
1622
1643
0041
0041
0145
0145
0246
0246 '
0355
0355
0506
0506
0628
0628
0717
0717
0810
0810
0903
0903
0953
0953
1054
1054
1148
1148
1250
1250
1352
1352
1731
1731
1834
1834
1946
1946
0743
0743
0839
0839
0936
0936
1043
1043
Depth
(m)
10
32
32
34.5
34.5
8
34
34
21
20 •
33
33
26
26
27
27
28
28
14
14
37
37
25
-25
22
22
24
24
27
27
26
26
31
31
29
29
28
28
26
26
33
33
36
36
29
29
21
21
Rep.
No.
1
1
2
1
2 '
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
'2
1
2
1
2
1
1
Total
Organic
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Part
Organic
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
•1-
1
• 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
                                    B-10

-------
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-------
                        Appendix C
ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR TRACE METALS AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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-------
TABLE C-4.  COPPER CONCENTRATIONS IN SLUDGE AND SEAWATER AND DILUTION FACTORS
            FOR SEWAGE PLUMES STUDIED IN SEPTEMBER 1988.
Plume
DB21
Princess B






DB22
Spring Creek



DB23
Lemon Creek





Sample Time
(h)
Sludge
0
1
3
4
5
7
9
Sludge
0
• 1 • •
2
3
Sludge
0
1
2
3
4
7
Cu
0*g/L)
15,000 ± 1600a
8.7°
5'4h
2.3b
4.0C
2.2C
2.8C
2.5C
45,OOQb
8.4B
1.9C
1.5C
0.34C
66,OOQb
8.45
12. 7C
11. 3C
11. Oc
9.5C
5.9C
Dilution
Factor
0
1,700
2,800
6,500
3,800
6,800
5,400
6,000
0
5,400
•24,000
30,000
130,000
0
7,900
5,200
5,800
6,000 '
6,900
11,000
a Mean of triplicate analysis ± standard deviation

  Single sample.

c Mean of duplicate analysis.
                                      C-4

-------
   TABLE C-5.   CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS AND DILUTION FACTORS FOR SEWAGE PLUMES
                STUDIED IN SEPTEMBER 1988.
Plume
DB21
Princess B






DB22
Spring Creek



DB23
Lemon Creek




•
Sample Time
(h)
Sludge
0
1
3
4
5
7
9
Sludge
0
1
. 2-
3
Sludge
0
1
2
3
4
7
Cd
ta/L)
530 ± 60a
0.44°
0.26°
0.09°
0.19C
O.llc
0.14C
0.13C
230° .
0.13°
0.03C
0.03C
0.01C
680° .
0.48b
0.13C
0.12C
0.12C
O.llc
0.07C
Dilution
Factor
0
1200
2000
5900
2800
4800
3800
4100
0
1800
7700 •
7700
23,000
0
1400
5200
5700
5700
6200
9700
a Mean of triplicate analysis ± standard deviation.

  Single sample.

c Mean of duplicate analysis.
                                      C-5

-------
TABLE C-6.  IRON  CONCENTRATIONS  AND  DILUTION  FACTORS  FOR SEWAGE  PLUMES  STUDIED
            IN  SEPTEMBER  1988.
Plume

DB21
Sample Time
(h)
Sludge
Princess B 0






DB22
Spring



DB23
1
3
4
5
7
9
Sludge
Creek 0
1
• 2
3
Sludge
Lemon Creek 0





a Mean
b Sing!
c Mean
1
2
3
4
7
of triplicate analysis ±
e sample.
of duplicate analysis.
Fe
OMJ/L)
120,000 ± 18,000a
106°
71K
29b
73C
33C
46C
41c
500,OQOb
71
13C
llc
2c
450,000b
45B
61C
52C
51C
73C
43C
standard deviation.


Dilution
Factor
0
1100
1700
4100
1600
3600
2600
2900
0
7000
38,000
45,000
250,000
0
10,000
7400
8700
8800
6200
10,000



                                     C-6

-------
TABLE C-7. LEAD.CONCENTRATIONS  AND  DILUTION  FACTORS  FOR SEWAGE  PLUMES STUDIED
           IN  SEPTEMBER 1988.
Plume
DB21
Princess B






DB22
Spring Creek



DB23
Lemon Creek





Sample Time
(h)
Sludge
0
1
3
4
5
7
9
Sludged
0
1
2
'3
Sludge
0
1
2
3
4
7
Pb
0*/L)
15,300 ± l,700a
15.8°
9-8h
3.5°
7.3C
3.7C
4.8C
4.4C
14,000°
2.8B
0.6C
0.4C
.. O.lc
78,000°
12.9°
17. 2C
15. 4C
15. 4C
13. 8C
8.4C
Dilution
Factor
0
970
1600
4400
2100
4100
3200
3500
0
5000
23,000
35,000
140,000
0
6000
4500
5100
5100
5600
9300
Mean  of  triplicate  analysis ± standard  deviation.

Single sample.

Mean  of  duplicate analysis.
                                  C-7

-------
  TABLE C-8. ZINC CONCENTRATIONS  AND  DILUTION  FACTORS  FOR  SEWAGE  PLUMES  STUDIED
            IN SEPTEMBER  1988.
Plume
DB21
Princess B






DB22
Spring Creek



DB23
Lemon Creek





Sample Time
(h)
Sludge
0
1
3
4
5
7
9
Sludge
0
1
2
3
Sludge
0
1
2
3
4
7
Zn
te/ir
80,000 ± 8,800a
66.5°
43. 5 J
13. 3b
29. 8C
14. 9C
18. 7C
16. 5C
37,000b
13. 4B
3.0C
2.1C
0.6C
57fOO~Ob
8.6*
13. 2C
U'7r
11. Oc
13. 4C
8.7C
Dilution
Factor
0
1200
1800
6000
2700
5400
4300
4800
0
2800
12,000
18,000
. 62,000
0
6600
4300
4900
5200
4300
6600
  Mean of triplicate analysis ± standard deviation-.

  Single sample.

c Mean of duplicate analysis.
                                    C-8

-------
 TABLE C-9.   TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) CONCENTRATIONS AND DILUTION FACTORS
             FOR SEWAGE PLUMES STUDIED IN SEPTEMBER 1988
Plume
DB21
Princess B






DB22
Spring Creek



DB23
Lemon Creek





Time
(h)
Sludge
0
1
3
4
5
7
9 . ' •
Sludge
0
1
2
3
Sludge
0
1
2
3 '
4
7
TSS
(mg/L)
15,100
14.97
11.84
4.33
8.55
6.49
4.63
4.27
5,400
2.90
0.74
0.43
0.08
2,900
3.47
3.38
2.56
- 2.10
1.23
1.00
Dilution
Factor
0
1,000
1,300
3,500
1,800
2,300
3,300
3,500
0
1,900
7,300
13,000
68,000
0
800
900
1,100
1,400
2,400
2,900
Background
0 - 0.5
                                      C-9

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-------
TABLE C-ll.
RESULTS OF TOTAL METAL ANALYSES FOR FARFIELD
AND BACKGROUND SAMPLES (/ig/L)
Sample ID
AAJ779
AAJ783
AAJ765-1
AAJ765-2
AAJ723-1
AAJ723-2
Station
FC-1
FC-2
BG-21
BG-21
BG-22
BG-22
Depth
7
8
10
10
8
8
(m) Date
09/18/88
09/18/88
09/16/88
09/16/88
09/17/88
09/17/88
Cd
0.013
0.010
0.003
0.007
0.005
0.005

0
0
0
0
0
0
Cu
.261
.295
.138
.147
.124
.125

1
2
0
1
0
0
Fe
.569
.623
.900
.008
.409
.357

0
0
0
0
0
0
Pb TSS
.127
.122
.014
.014
.014
.015
(mg/L)
NAa
NA
0.990
0.990
NDB
ND
? Not available.
D Not detected.
                                   C-ll

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-------
TABLE C-13.
SUMMARY OF AMMONIA AND pH DATA FROM
PLUME-TRACKING EVENTS AT THE 106-MILE
SITE IN THE SUMMER 1988 SURVEY.
Station
DB-20
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-21
DB-22
DB-22
DB-22
DB-22
DB-23
DB-23
DB-23
DB-23
DB-23
BG-21
BG-21
BG-22
BG-22
Time
(h)
0
0
1
3
4
5
7
9
"o
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
4
NA
NA
NA
NA
Depth
(»)
5
3
7
5.5
5.5
5
2
1.5
3
3
2.8
2.5
4
4.3
4.5
4
12
10
33
33
8
NH-,
(mg/C)
NAa
0.28
0.19
0.23
0.13
0.21
0.31
0.1
0.10
0.18
0.14
0.04
<.01
0.09
0.25
0.16
0.12
O.10
O.10
0.22
0.19
PH
NA
8.01
7.95
8.17
8.13
8.09
8.03
8.14
8.38
8.21
8.24
8.27
8.30
8.25
8.27
8.22
8.22
8.24
8.20
8.11
8.24
 Not available.
                                   C-16

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   0.500
   0.400 -4-
                                                                                 DB21
   0.300
   0.200 4-


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                                         4                6

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                                         TIME AFTER DISPOSAL,-*!
                                                                                      10
                                                                                 DB22
                                                                                      10
                                                                                 DB23
   0.000
                                         4-               6

                                         TIME AFTER DSPOSAL, h
                                                                                      10
  FIGURE C-l.     PLOTS OF CADMIUM  CONCENTRATIONS IN THE  SLUDGE PLUME VERSUS
                   TIME FOR PLUMES DB-21, DB-22,  AND DB-23.   MARINE  WATER QUALITY
                   CRITERIA FOR CADMIUM ARE ACUTE: 43 /*g/L;  CHRONIC: 9.3 /*g/L.
                                           C-21

-------
    20
    15 --  .
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 *  10 +
                                                                           DB21
   20
                                     4               6

                                     TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
                                                                  10
   15 --

   10
£
                                                                           DB22
   20
                                    4               6

                                    TIME AFTER DISPOSAL,
                                                                 10
   15 + '


£
 .10 +
£
    5--
                                                                           DB23
                                    4              5
                                    TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
                                                                 10
 FIGURE C-2.
PLOTS OF LEAD  CONCENTRATIONS IN THE SLUDGE PLUME VERSUS TIME
FOR PLUMES  DB-21,  DB-22, AND DB-23.  MARINE WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA FOR LEAD  ARE ACUTE: 140 /tg/L; CHRONIC:  5.6 /ig/L.
                                       C-22

-------
   1.500
   1.000 -!-

I      i
2  0.500 -i-
                                                                                DB21
  0.000
  1.500
  1.000 --
01
  3.500 -L--
                                       4               6
                                        TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
                                                                   10
                                                                               D822
  0.000
  1.500
                                       4             -6
                                       TIME AETER DISPOSAL, h
                                                                   10
                                                                               DB23
  1.000
o>
  0.500
       t
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                                       4               6
                                       TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
                                                                   10
   FIGURE  C-3.
PLOTS  OF NICKEL CONCENTRATIONS  IN  THE SLUDGE  PLUME VERSUS  TIME
FOR PLUMES OB-21,  DB-22, AND DB-23.   MARINE WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA FOR NICKEL  ARE ACUTE:  75  /ig/L; CHRONIC:  8.3 pg/L.
                                          C-23

-------
   70 y


   60 --


   50 --

   40 --

   30--

   20--


   10^

    0 - —
   70

   60--
                                  4               6

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                                                                                  10
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   10

    0
                                                                         DB22
70

60--

50 --

40

30 --

20 +

10

 0
                                    4 .             6

                                    TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
                                                                               10
                                                                           DB23
                                    4               6

                                    TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
                                                                               10
FIGURE C-4.
              PLOTS OF ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN THE SLUDGE  PLUME VERSUS TIME
              FOR PLUMES DB-21,  DB-22,  AND DB-23.  MARINE WATER QUALITY
              CRITERIA FOR ZINC  ARE ACUTE: 95 /tg/L; CHRONIC:  86 /ig/L.
                                       C-24

-------
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                                     TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
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     T
  80 4-
  20



   0
                                                                             DB23
                                     4               6

                                     TIME AFTER DISPOSAL, h
FIGURE C-5.     PLOTS  OF IRON CONCENTRATIONS IN  THE SLUDGE PLUME VERSUS TIME

                                                              ARE  N° MRINE HATER
                                          C-25

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             Appendix D



ASSESSMENT OF CETACEANS AND SEABIRDS

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ASSESSMENT OF CETACEANS AND SEABIRDS
    Contract No. K2202(8873)-700
        Work Assignment  118
            Prepared by
P. Michael Payne and Bert Nickerson
 Marine Mammal and Seabird Studies
     Manomet  Bird Observatory
              Box 936
        Manomet, MA  02345
                for
    BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
        Duxbury Operations
       397 Washington Street
        Duxbury, MA  02332
           (617) 934-0571
                D-l

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                               TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                          Page
LIST OF FIGURES	,. . .	i
LIST OF TABLES . .	f
INTRODUCTION		j
     Study Area	.2
METHODS	o2
     Sampling Technique	02
     Analyses of Census Data	4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 		 .  . ............. .5
     Cetaceans ..........;...	 .5
     Marine Turtles.	..,...'	.9
     Seabirds		g
     Cetacean Sightings Relative to the 106-Mile Site	.9
LITERATURE CITED	.9
                                      D-2

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Figure 1.


Figure 2.
                      LIST OF FIGURES

 Location of the Deepwater Dutnpsite-106 and the North
 Atlantic Incineration Site 	
Location of Cetacean Sightings Observed Aboard the OSV
Peter H. Anderson. September 9 through 20, 1988 . . . .
.3


.8
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
                      LIST OF TABLES

List of all Marine Mammal Observations in Slope and Shelf
Edge Haters During the Baseline Survey to the Deepwater
Dumpsite 106, September 9 through 20, 1988	
Relative Abundance (SE) of Cetaceans by Species Observed
in Slope and Shelf-Edge Haters, and the Number of 15-min
Transects Conducted Aboard the OSV Peter H. Anderson
During the Baseline Survey to Deepwater Dumpsite-106,
September 9 through 20, 1988	-.	
Densities (SE) of Seabirds by Species and Groups
Observed in Slope and Shelf-Edge Haters, and the Number
of 15-min Transects Conducted Aboard the Deepwater
Dumpsite-106, September 9 through 20, 1988. .  	
                                                                           10
                                  D-3

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INTRODUCTION


           The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is regulating the ocean

disposal of sewage sludge at the 106-Mile Site.  These regulatory activities

included the preparation and implementation of a monitoring program for the

site.  The acquisition of physical, chemical, and biological data on the water

column and sediments will be used to assess farfield and nearfield fate and

short-term effects of ocean disposal of sewage sludge at the 106-Mile Site.  .

These data will include measurements for the following parameters:


     1. Water quality parameters (temperature, depth, dissolved oxygen,
        transmissometry, salinity,  total suspended solids) used to
        characterize the water mass.

     2. Trace metals (Al, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ag, Zn) in the "water column
       " (dissolved and particulate) and sediments.  These selected
        metals are suggested as important sewage sludge tracers.

     3. Organic compounds (PAHs, PCBs) in the water column (dissolved
        and particulate) and sediments.  These selected compounds are
        of specific interest as sewage sludge tracers and pollutants..

     4. Microbiology (Clostridium perfrinqens, enterococci,  coliforms,
        and antibiotic-resistant bacteria)  of the water column and
        sediments.  These organisms are valuable indicators  of sewage
        as well as other sources of pollution.


     Because of the concern for the impact of ocean dumping  and disposal  of

sewage sludge (DS-106) on endangered species of whales and turtles and in

response to requirements of the Endangered Species Act (ESA),  the presence of

these species in the above-mentioned study site was investigated.  During the
cruise, a qualified observer of endangered marine species monitored the

presence of whale and turtle populations at and near DS-106.

     The objectives of the marine mammal and turtle observer were as follows:


     1. To compare the seasonal distribution and abundance (sightings
        per unit-effort) of marine mammals and turtles, and  densities
        (individuals per unit area) of seabirds in the areas
        potentially impacted by activities at the DS-106. .

     2. To determine behavior and directional movements of cetaceans
        relative to the areas impacted by the activities within the
        DS-106.    •

                                      1
                                    D-4

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     3. To determine  the  distribution and abundance of cetaceans and
        turtles'in  the waters  of the DS-106.

     In addition, data on the  distribution and abundance of seabirds will be
collected at the same time as  data on marine mammals and turtles (see Methods).
     This report summarizes the marine mammal, seabird, and turtle observations
made by Bert Nickerson, Manomet Bird Observatory, Marine Mammal and Seabird
Studies, aboard the OSV Peter  W. Anderson during September 9 through 20, 1988^
                                                                           i •)  . . •
Study Area

     The 106-Mile Site is located south of Hudson Canyon over the continental
slope and rise (Figure 1).  It is a rectangular area, 37 x 43 km, bounded by
38°40'N, 39°00'N, 72°00'W, and 72°30'W.  A description of the physical
characteristics of the dumpsite has been provided (NOAA, 1977).  The-physical
oceanographic environment in the site is complex.  However, Gulf Stream
currents, warm-core eddies, and seasonal circulation features found in these
waters have been used to  delimit a potential area of influence (PAI) from
dumping activities  (data  reported in Pearce et al.,  1983).
METHODS

Sampling Technique

     The sampling methods have been designed to allow one observer to collect
information on cetaceans, turtles, and seabirds simultaneously (Powers et al.,
1980).  Observations are recorded continuously along a predetermined cruise
path in 15-min periods where each period represents a transect (following Payne
et al., 1984).  As a result, the duration of each observation period is
constant, but the linear distance surveyed within each 15-min period depends
upon speed of the -vessel.  .
     The data are recorded as two major record types—location/environmental
and species/behavior.  Both record types are recorded for each 15-min
observation period and are linked by a unique cruise and observation number.
Location/environmental data include the following parameters:  latitude-
                                      2
                                    D-5 '

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    NAUTICAL ••*«.<»
 o   10  :o  JO  «o  so J
-   NEW JERSEY  ..
                                                        (06 MILE SITE
                                                           NORTH
                                                           ATLANTIC
                                                           INCINERATION
                                                           SITE
DELAWARE
                                                      ATLANTIC
                                                        OCEAN
                                                                   71'
             FIGURE 1.  LOCATIONS OF THE 106-MILE SITE AND THE
                        NORTH ATLANTIC INCINERATION SITE
                                     3

                                     D-6

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longitude  (deg-min), date, time  (yr-mo-day-hr-min), elapsed time (min), vessel
speed  (kn) and course  (deg N), water depth  (m) and temperature deg C),
visibility, and wind direction (deg N) and  speed  (kn).  Species/behavior data
include the following  information:  species group  (mammal, bird, turtle),
species identification, numbers  seen, age,  color phase (bird only), distance
and angle to sightings  (mammals  and turtles only), animal heading, animal
association, and behavior noted  (see Miller et al., 1980).
     The areas surveyed during this cruise were stratified and combined into
subregions based on bottom depth  (following the research procedure described by
Grosslein  (1969) for the shelf regions north of Cape Hatteras).  The  location
of each 15-min transect (latitude-longitude) and the location and number of
marine mammals, turtles, and seabirds observed were recorded and assigned to
                                                   1 '" ,,!,| i1 "!,'       ,             •   .,]»
appropriate subregions to facilitate direct spatial comparisons between
sightings and the study area of  special concern.   '

Analysis of Census Data

     Estimates of.cetacean and turtle abundance (the number of individuals
observed/linear km) were based on the number of cetacean sightings per
transect.  Confidence intervals about the abundance estimate are the product of
the standard error of the mean, the appropriate student-t level of confidence
(P<0.05), expanded by the area within the study site.
     Payne et al. (1984) found that sightings of marine mammals and turtles
decreased significantly when wind speeds were greater than 17 mph.  Therefore,
only census data collected when wind speed was less than 17 mph were examined
in this report.
     Estimates of seabird density (birds/km2) were derived from a strip
transect procedure (Powers 1982,  1983).  The observer counts all  birds on one
side of the ship out to 300 m and forward of mid-ship to the projected end of
the transect.  The width of the strip sampled was determined with a hand-held
fixed-interval rangefinder (Heinemann, 1981).  A ship-following bird that
passed through the strip for the first timie was counted,  but that bird in all
transects thereafter was considered a recount.  Recounts were tallied
separately and were not included in the density estimates.  This strip-census
method does not eliminate the problem of ship attraction (which varies
                                     D-7

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according to cruise objectives) or chronic ship-following (which varies fay bird
species), but it does minimize its inflationary effect on density estimates
(Powers, 1982).  Differences in the ability of observers to count birds is the
principal source of variability in any estimate of bird density at sea (Powers,
1982).
     Estimates of seabird density were calculated by dividing bird counts from
the sampling strip by the area sampled for each transect.  Area sampled (A) per
transect was calculated as follows:
         speed (nm/h) x 15 min x 1852 m x 300 n x   1 fan
          60 min/h                1 nm             1 x 106
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Cetaceans

     A total of lie cetaceans (16 sightings) representing 6 species were
observed between September 9 through 20, 1988 (Table 1) in shelf-edge and slope
waters near the 106-Mile Site.  Two species of cetacean, the pilot whale
(Globicephala melaena) and the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus),  were observed
in shelf-edge waters (Table 2, Figure 2).  However, these species  were not
observed in slope waters during the survey.  Three other species on non-
endangered dolphins were observed within the boundaries of the site.  These
were the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).  the saddleback  or common
dolphin (Delphinus delphis). and the grampus or Risso's dolphin (Grampus
qriseus) (Figure 2).  The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). an endangered
species, was also observed within the boundaries of the site at 38°47'N,
72°0rw on September 11..
                                     D-8

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      TABLE 1.   LIST OF ALL MARINE MAMMAL OBSERVATIONS  IN SLOPE AND  SHELF-
               EDGE HATERS DURING THE BASELINE SURVEY TO THE DEEPWATER
               DUMPSITE 106, SEPTEMBER 9 THROUGH 20, 1988
Species 1
Pilot whale
(Globicephala melaena)
Bottlenosed dolphin
(Tursiops truncatus)

Grampus or Risso's dolphin
(Grampus griseus)
Common or saddleback dolphin
(Delphinus -del phis)
Sperm whale
(Physeter macrocephalus)
Fin whale
(Balaenoptera physalus)


Unidentified dolphins
(Delphinidae spp.)


Unidentified whale
Number
5(1)

5(1)
20(1)
10(1)
2(1)

5(1)

- 2(1)

KD
2(1)
2(1)
2(1)
3(1)
35(1)
KD
20(1)
KD
Location
39°46

39
39
39
38

38

38

38
38
38
38
38
' 38
38
38
39

o
o
0
o

o

o

o
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
0

07
02
00
50

46

47

44
44
44
44
52
59
49
50
12
'N,

'N,
'N,
'N,
'N,

'N,

'N,

'N,
'N,
'N,
'N,
'N,
'N,
|Nr

'N,
71

72
72
72
72

72

72

73
73
73
73
72
72
71
72
72
°37


°03
°04
°09
o

01

°25

0

0
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

01

09
05
05
01
25
05
55
01
03
'W

'W
'W
'W
'W

'W

'W

'W
'W
'W
'W
'W
'W
'W
'W
'W
Date
09

09
16
18
18

11

11

11
11
11
11
11
16
18
18
17
Sep
W W f*
Sep
Sep.
Sep
Sep

Sep .

Sep

Sep
Sep
Sep
Sep
Sep
Sep
Sep
Sep
Sep
iThis table includes all sightings on the cruise.   Sightings which occurred
 at wind speeds greater than 17 kn, or outside the 15-min transect periods.
 (therefore non-quantitative),  are not reflected in the relative abundances
 of cetaceans presented in Table 2, but are presented in Table 1.
                                      D-9

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       TABLE 2.  RELATIVE ABUNDANCE (SE) OF CETACEANS BY SPECIES OBSERVED
                 IN SLOPE AND SHELF-EDGE HATERS, AND  THE NUMBER OF  15-MIN
                 TRANSECTS CONDUCTED ABOARD THE OSV Peter W. Anderson
                 DURING THE BASELINE SURVEY TO DEEPWATER DUMPSITE-106.
                 SEPTEMBER 9 THROUGH 20, 1988
      Species
                                                    Relative Abundance  (SE)
   5 lope
   (N=69)
                                                                    Shelf-Edge
Pilot whale
Bottlenosed dolphin
Saddleback dolphin
Unidentified dolphin spp.

Total Dolphin sp.
0.271   (0.159)
0.024   (0.024)
0.017   (0.017)

0.312   (0.162)
                    0.250  (0.250)
0.250 (0.250)
Fin whale
Sperm whale

Total Large Whale spp.
                    0.159 (0.074)
0.029  (0.029)

0.029  (0.029)      0.159 (0.074)
                                         7


                                        D-10

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•    I   I    '   •   •   ..
0   10  ZO  JO  40  30  ',
                                                                         4 I
                                                                         40
                                                                        39
                                                         NORTH
                                                         ATLANTIC
                                                         INCINERATION
                                                         SITE
                                                                        33
                                           DOLPHINS
                                           WHALES
                                                     ATLANTIC
                                                       OCEAN
                                                                        37
   75'
74
73
72
71'
      FIGURE 2.  LOCATION  OF CETACEAN SIGHTINGS OBSERVED ABOARD
                 THE OSV Peter H. Anderson. SEPTEMBER 9 THROUGH
                 20, 1988
                                     8
                                   D-ll

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Marine Turtles

     There were no sightings of marine turtles observed during this survey.

Seabirds

     Wilson's storm-petrels, Oceanites oceanicus, were the only species of
seabird observed in shelf-edge waters during this survey (Table 3).  Wilson's
storm-petrels accounted for 75 percent of the total seabird density in slope
waters during this survey.  The largest aggregation of storm-petrels occurred
in slope waters at 39°irN, 72°09'W.
     Three species of shearwaters, the Manx shearwater (Puffinus). Cory's
shearwater (Calonectris diomedea). and Audubon's shearwaters (Puffinus
Iherminieri) were also recorded throughout slope waters;   The Audubon's
shearwater was more abundant than the other two species by an order of
magnitude (Table 3).

Cetacean Sightings Relative to the 106-Mile Site

     This is the third consecutive fall  or spring survey  within the boundaries
of the 106-Mile Site where an endangered species (either  sperm whales or fin
whales) were observed.  Although major concentrations of  sperm whales are  i
generally considered north and east of the site during late summer and fall, it
is apparent that a portion of this population occurs in the slope waters of the
site from spring through fall.
     It is likely that fin whales occur in this location  throughout the year.
The north-south movements of this species occur along shelf-edge and slope
waters adjacent to the dumpsite.

LITERATURE CITED

Heinemann, D.  1981.  A rangefinder for pelagic bird censusinq.   J. Wildl.
     Manage.  45:489-493.
Miller, D.S., P.M. Payne,a nd K.D. Powers.  1980.  Marine Observer Manual,  App.
     B - A Marine Observer Training Program.  Nat.  Mar. Fish.  Service,
     Northeast Fish. Center Contr. NA-80-FA-D-0004.  147  pp.
                                      9
                                     D-12

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       TABLE 3.  DENSITIES (SE) OF SEABIRDS BY SPECIES AND SPECIES GROUPS
                OBSERVED  IN SLOPE AND SHELF-EDGE WATERS, AND THE NUMBER
                OF 15-MIN TRANSECTS CONDUCTED ABOARD THE OSV Peter W. Anderson.
                DURING THE BASELINE SURVEY TO DEEPWATER DUMPSITE-106,	
                SEPTEMBER 9 THROUGH 20, 1988
      Species
Density  (SE)
   Slope
   (N=69)
                                                                 Shelf Edge
Manx shearwater
  (Puffinus puffinus)

Cory's shearwater
  (Calonectris diomedea)

Audubon's shearwater
  (Puffinus Ihermim'eri

Total Shearwater spp.
Herring gull
  (Larus arqentatus)

Ring-billed gull
  (Larus delawarensis)

Total Gull spp.
Wilson's storm-petrel
  (Oceanites oceam'cus)

Common tern
  (Sterna hirundo)

Pomarine jaeger
  (Stercorarius pomarinus)
0.044  (0.035)


0.026. (0.0i9)


0.216  (0.125)


0.286  (0.142)


0.010  (0.010)


0.009  (0.009)
      * •?


0.019  (0.002)


1.151  (0.802)


0.065  (0.041)


0.010  (0.010)
1.630 (0.976)
                                         10
                                       D-13

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Payne, P.M., L.A. Selzer, and A.R. Knowlton.  1984.  Distribution and dens'ftv'
     of cetaceans, marine turtles and seabirds in the shelf waters of the
     northeastern United States, June 1981 - .December 1983, based on shipboard
     observations.  NMFS/NEFC Contract NA-.81-FA-C-00023.  246 p.

Powers, K.D., P.M. Payne, and D.5. Miller.  1980.  A Marine Mammal Observer
     I^iS1?? nrn2nam*  Fina1 Report to NOAA/NMFS/NEFC,  Contract No.
     NA-80-FA-D-0004, Woods Hole, MA.  73 pp.

Powers, K.D.  1982.  A comparison of two methods of counting birds at sea   J
     Field Ormth.  53:209-222.

Powers, K.D.  1983.  Pelagic Distribution of Marine Birds off the Northeastern
     United States.  NOAA Tech. Mem.  NMFS-F/NEC-27.   199 pp.
                                     11
                                     D-14

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