FINAL REPORT
SUMMARY OF CHARACTERISTICS
of
MUNICIPAL SLUDGES
DUMPED AT THE 106-MILE SITE
September 1989
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Region II
26 Federal Plaza
New York, New York 10278
Prepared Under Contract No. 68-C8-0105
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
Data Quality
Statistical Summaries Among Plants
Statistical Summaries Within Plants
Page
l
1
4
4
5
7
DISCUSSION
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
i
2
3
Title
Distribution of Number of Samples for Each
Permittee for Each Year
Summary Statistics Across Plants
Summary Statistics for Each Plant and Each Parameter
Page
2
6
9
ii
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INTRODUCTION
In the spring of 1988. nine municipalities in the Greater New York Metropolitan Area
applied to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region II for permits to dump
municipal sludge at the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Site (106-Mile Site). As part of
the application review, data from the applicants were included in a data management system
entitled "Data Management and Reporting for Ocean Dumping of Municipal Sludge." This
report, which accompanies the database, summarizes the procedures used to process the data
and presents summary statistics on several parameters.
The sludge data incorporated Into the database were accumulated as permittee reports on
sludges dumped at the 12-Mile Sewage Sludge Site and the 106-Mile Site. Since regulation of
the dumping of sludge began In 1976. EPA has required periodic reports on the physical and
chemical characteristics of dumped municipal sludges. Ocean dumpers. Initially granted
permits by EPA to dump at the 12-Mile Sewage Sludge Site and then allowed to continue to
dump under court order, are required to submit data periodically on sludge toxicity, metal
concentrations, and several other physical and chemical parameters.
Anticipating applications, EPA Region II issued guidance ("Information and Data
Requirements under .Section 102 of the Marine Protection. Research, and Sanctuaries Act.for
Municipalities Applying for Special Ocean Dumping Permits to Dump Municipal Sewage
Treatment Sludge Into Ocean Waters Governed by EPA Region II") indicating what data were
required in the applications. In addition to the toxicity results and metal concentrations
required under the original dumping permits, additional information was sought on the
concentrations of organic compounds and indicators of pathogenic organisms that might be
present. The database can accept most of these parameters, however, no historical data are
available.
METHODS
Data reports for each permit applicant were obtained from EPA Region II. The reports
were of several types: monthly reports, quarterly reports, semi-annual reports, and
summaries of periodic reports. Reports contained data for one or more sample dates. See
Table 1 for the distribution of sample dates among plants and years. In general, the reports
consisted of a summary page (which differed in format among applicants) that presented
analytical results as single values without quality control information. However.
laboratory records and calculation sheets were included for toxicity tests. One applicant
(Middlesex County Utilities Authority, see below) also routinely submitted reports to the EPA
that were prepared for the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection.
The reports were separated into groups, one for each permit applicant. Within each
applicant, reports were further grouped by laboratory (for most applicants, two or three
laboratories had analyzed sludge samples over the 5-year period). The separation by
laboratory made data entry easier by having several data sheets of the same reporting
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TABLE 1. NUMBER OF SAMPLES INCLUDED IN THE DATABASE BY
PERMITTEE AND PLANT BY YEAR.
Permittee Plant
Bergen County Utilities Authority
New York City 26' 1 Ward
New York City 8- wery Bay
New York City C jney Island
New York City f unts Point
New York City .amaica Bay
New York City Newtown Creek
New York City North River
New York City Oakwood Beach
New York City Owls Head
New York C y Port Richmond
New York C ty Red Hook
New York Git Rockaway
New York C!' Tallman Island
New York C / Ward's Island
County o' \ astchester
Joint Me- ti j Essex and Union Counties
Linden ?-,c slle Sewerage Authority
Middleses County Utilities Authority
Nassau County Department of Public Works
Passac /alley Sewerage Commission
Rahwav Valley Sewerage Authority
Total
1984
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
4
43
1985 1986
7 10
3
3
3
5
3
4
3
4
3
3
4
4
4 4 , ,
5 9
5 5
15 12
6 8
4
84 52
1987
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
&
2
2
1
3
1
4
40
Total
20
8
8
8
1 0
1
•
D
O
g
9
g
9
1 6
I O
1 1
3 1
w 1
1 ft
1 O
8
219
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format together. The reports were copied, and the parameters and values to be entered into
the database were highlighted with a marking pen to further assist in data entry.
All highlighted data were entered Into a free-format date-base twice by two different
operators. The resulting computer files were compared electronically, and entry errors were
corrected by comparing file values with the original data and hanging incorrect values in
the file. Thus the data are an accurate representation of the data that were provided.
Once an error-free database was achieved, summary listings and summary statistics
were obtained using SAS (v 6.03). The summary listing (by applicant, plant, and parameter)
indicated that there were differences in reporting units for several parameters (particularly
metals) and that the sample dates for many reports were not sample dates but dates that
samples were received by the laboratory or dates they were analysed.
Known differences In units were resolved by converting all concentration data to mg/L.
However, for some reports, the reporting units for many parameters were not listed. In these
cases. If reports from the same laboratory were available, the units on those other reports
were used. These units were assumed to be correct if the data with unknown units fell within
the range of data for the reports with known units. If the units could not be resolved, the data
were not Included in the database.
Missing sample dates were resolved by reexamlnlng the entire set of original data
reports. If no sample date was listed anywhere in those reports, the earliest date appearing
on the laboratory report was used (usually the date of receipt of the sample by the laboratory).
This date appeared to be within 2 or 3 days of the date that the sample was taken for those
cases where it was possible to determine both dates.
Once sample dates were resolved, duplicate entries were removed. Duplicate entries were
determined by comparing the time sequence of results for each applicant. If the same values
appeared In sequence, the sample dates were rechecked, and obvious duplicates were
removed.
Summary statistics were then calculated for all parameters for each applicant. The
summary statistics for each plant were based on the lognormal distribution, using the
following formulas:
standard deviation = sqrt { e I 2V + a2 1 [ e°2- 1 ]}
coefficient of variation = jj. / a2
95th percentlle = 6 1 H + 1.645o]
5th percentUe = e ^ " l-645o]
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
-------
where ^ Is the mean of the natural logarithm of Individual observations, Xi is the value of
each observation, n Is the number of observations, a2 is the variance of the logged individual
observations, and e Is the base of the naturei logarithm.
Once the means, standard deviations, coefficients of variation, and percentiles had been
calculated for each parameter for each gppJcant and plant, the data were summarized in a
series of tables, one for each parameter. These tables were then Inspected for consistency to
determine whether the variability of any parameters for a plant exceeded the expected range
of variability for all plants. It was assumed that If the variability of a parameter for any
given plant was much greater than the variability of other plants, the reported value for that
parameter was probably in error. Valt.es that were based on single observations were also
eliminated.
To determine whether the variability of a parameter for a plant was within the expected
range, the data for each plant and parameter whose coefficient of variation was greater than
1.0 were Inspected. When high CVs, were associated with five or more data points, this usually
meant that there was one outlying: data point. Such data points were removed, and the CV
was recalculated. If the resulting CV was less than 1.0. no further action was taken.
Otherwise, other apparent outliers were also removed. If a high CV was associated with two
data points, both data points wsre removed. With three data points, if one point was
substantially different from the other two and that of other plants for the same parameter, it
was removed. Otherwise, all three data points were removed. Data that were eliminated in
this way are presented In Table 2. Eliminated data are not Included in statistical summaries.
Finally, lognormal mesns. standard deviations, and coefficients of variation across all
plants were calculated in a spreadsheet implemented by Microsoft Works (Macintosh v 1.1).
For this analysis, the means, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation were
calculated on all data for tU plants. The results were used as a guide to setting input range
limits for the database.
RESULTS
For the nine applicants, there were a total of 22 individual sewage treatment plants. All
except one applicant dump sewage sludge from only one plant. The other applicant (the City
of New York) dumps sludges from 14 plants.
For organizational purposes, data are reported In three categories: toxiclty tests (for
Mentdia menidia andAfysfctopste bohfa), metals (concentrations of arsenic, cadmium.
chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc), and general parameters (specific gravity.
pH. COD. oil and grease, petroleum hydrocarbons, total nonfilterable residue, and total
residue),
Data Quality
The data Mat are summarized in this report are of unknown quality. Given the lack of
quality control information and the fact that some samples were known to be analyzed
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TABLE 2. DATA NOT INCLUDED IN DATABASE
Parameter
Arsenic
Arsenic
Arsenic
Arsenic
Arsenic
Arsenic
Arsenic
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium
Chromium
Chromium
COD
COD
COO
COD
COD
COD
COD
COD
Copper
Copper
Copper
Lead
Lead
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mysidopsis bahia
Mysidopsis bahia
Mysidopsis bahia
Nickel
Nickel
Nickel
Nickel
Nickel
Nickel
Nickel
Nickel
Oil and Grease
Oil and Grease
Oil and Grease
Oil and Grease
Permittee/Plant
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Rockaway
City of New York/Rockaway
City of New York/Rockaway
Middlesex County Utilities Authority .
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Oakwood Beach
City of New York/Oakwood Beach
City of New York/Oakwood Beach
Joint Meeting Essex and Union Counties
Middlesex County Utilities Authority
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/North River
City of New York/North River
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Oakwood Beach
City of New York/Oakwood Beach
City of New York/Oakwood Beach
Middlesex County Utilities Authority
Linden Rosalie Sewerage Authority
Middlesex County Utilities Authority
Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/Coney Island
City of New York/North River
City of New York/North River
City of New York/Rockaway
City of New York/Rockaway
City of New York/Rockaway
Bergen County Utilities Authority
City of New York/North River
City of New York/North River
City of New York/Port Richmond
Sample Date
6/4/85
6/18/87
12/7/87
6/4/85
6/18/87
12/21/87
7/15/86
. 6/4/85
6/18/87
12/7/87
6/4/85
6/18/87
12/7/87
1/15/88
6/4/85
6/1 8/87
12/7/87
5/20/85
6/18/87
12/3/87
3/9/87
2/15/88
6/4/85
6/18/87
12/7/87
6/18/87
12/7/87
6/4/85
6/1 8/87
12/7/87
5/20/85
6/1 8/87
12/3/87
7/8/86
9/8/86
1/15/87
12/5/86
6/4/85
6/1 8/87
12/7/87
6/1 8/87
12/7/87
6/4/85
6/1 8/87
12/21/87
5/21/86
6/18/87
12/7/87
6/1 8/87
Value
3.50
0.00
0.22
0.77
0.06
0.01
0.01
1.19
0.01
0.37
, 38.00
0.23
5.60
1.62
126000.00
4950.00
37250.00
2625.00
55000.00
10500.00
650.00
55378.00
185.00
52.00
736.00
31.00
1.80
0.46
0.04
0.25
0.00
0.05
0.07
0.00
62.00
550.00
100.00
27.00
0.25
6.20
1.90
0.05
1.90
0.05
0.66
39.41
8880.00
1390.00
19380.00
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TABLE 2. DATA NOT INCLUDED IN DATABASE
_____ (continued)
Parameter
Permittee/Plant
Sample Date
Value
Petroleum hydrocarbons
Petroleum hydrocarbons
Petroleum hydrocarbons
Petroleum hydrocarbons
PH
Total filterable residue
Total filterable residue
Total filterable residue
Total filterable residue
Total filterable residue
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Bergen County Utilities Authority
City of New York/Ward's Island
City of New York/Ward's Island
City of New York/Ward's Island
Middlesex County Utilities Authority
City of New York/North River
CHy of New York/North River
City of New York/Oakwood Beach
City of New York/Oakwood Beach
City of New York/Oakwood Beach
City of New York/Newtown Creek
City of New York/Newtown Creek
City of New York/Newtown Creek
5/21/86
5/31/85
6/18/87
12/21/87
7/8/86
6/18/87
12/7/87
5/20/85
6/18/87
12/3/87
6/5/85
6/18/87
11/30/87
36.79
420.00
1.50
1330.00
6.60
40600.00
4200.00
624.00
16400.00
5000.00
177.00
0.73
47.00
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several months after collection. It Is suspected that data quality is poor. Specific problems
that prevent a good assessment of data quality are presented In the following paragraphs.
Values for all parameters were seldom reported consistently either over time or among
plants. Each of the four laboratories preparing reports had a different format. Applicants
often forwarded the laboratory report with only a cover letter, so data were not consistently
presented. In many cases, it was not clear what analytical methods were used (except for
tojdcity tests). Quality control data (such as detection limits, blanks, spiked samples) were
not presented for any parameter except toxicity. Thus, it is not clear that the data are
accurate or comparable among applicants or plants.
The identity of the waste sampled was also not obvious. In some cases, data sheets were
marked as "composite." According .to one of the applicants, composite samples (at least for
Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission) were taken over a period of 4 days prior to barge
loading. Other data sheets were marked as a "barge sample." However, the barge being
sampled and other sludges that were present in the sample were not identified. The
discrepancies in the data indicate that more than one plant's sludge was probably being
sampled. However, many of the data were not labeled. It was thus not possible to determine,
on a routine basis, whether a report was for a "barge sample." "composite." or other sample
type- .
Finally, as mentioned in the Methods section, results were often reported without units.
Many of the data were eliminated because the appropriate unit?, could not be determined. For
one plant, data for the same parameter were reported in mg/kf,, mg/kg-dry. mg/L. pg/L. and
with no units on different data sheets. Although it is expectf d that concentrations of
pollutants would be much higher in dried sludge, the ranges of concenirations reported as
mg/L and mg/kg overlapped. On a few data sheets where results were reported as mg/kg and •
mg/L. it was not possible to determine the conversion fact jr used (even though there were
several parameters that would allow converting one to ths: other). Thus, even though there
were many data that might have been used in this anafy .is. they were ignored because they
could not be converted to appropriate units with any certainty.
Statistical Summaries Among Plants
Table 3 presents the lognormal mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and
95th and 5th percentiles for the 20 parameters tha* were reported consistently by each plant.
AH of the parameters were reported for the majorit of plants (at least 14 of the 22). Some of
the data were not included in this table because c excessive variability as described in the
previous section. Other parameters that are ava .able in the database were not reported
because data exist for only one or two plants. " ne following paragraphs summarize the data
appearing in this table.
Menidia and Mysidopsls are similar in t" eir responses (as well as in their variability
of response across plants) to the sludges.
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Of the metals measured, zinc has the highest average concentration across plants.
followed by copper, lead, and chromium. Lead and chromium are the most variable across
plants, suggesting industrial sources for these metals.
Of the general parameters. pH and specific gravity are most similar among plants. COD
Is most variable, and the other parameters (oil and grease, petroleum hydrocarbons, and two
forms of residues) are in between.
According to these data, the sewage sludges average about 3.3 percent solids. Total
filterable residue was only 2.5 percent of the sludges, on average.
Statistical Summaries Within Plants
Tables 4-20 present statistical summaries for each parameter for each plant, including
the number of values recorded as nondetectable. less than, or greater than (ND); the number
of samples included; the lognormal mean and standard deviation, the coefficient of
variation, and the 5th and 95th percentiles for each parameter. Arithmetic means and
coefficients of variation for data across all plants are also presented .
There are no data for 13 percent of the cases, and 10 percent of the cases are single values.
In total, about 30 percent of the cases are not usable.
DISCUSSION
In general, these data are of acceptable quality to determine trial permit limits for the
municipal sludges proposed to be dumped at the 106-Mile Municipal Sludge Dumpsite. The
outlier detection routine used for these data was designed to represent the same kind of
scheme that would be used once the data management system for these data is available. It is
therefore reasonable to assume that it was not biased. With this elimination routine, some of
the large variability within plants was reduced, but some was not reduced substantially.
Since lognormal means and percentiles are a function of the standard deviation, high
variability in a parameter for a plant increases the mean and both increases and decreases
the 95th and 5th percentiles. respectively, for that plant. Such variability may substantially
-decrease the allowable sludge dumping rate for that plant.
Because the Ocean Dumping Regulations require data on all chemicals for which there
are marine water quality criteria (see 40 CFR 227). the data in this report are only sufficient
for calculating permit limits for most metals and toxicity for most plants. No data are
available (in appropriate units) for calculation of permit limits based on the marine water
quality criteria for pesticides. Until these data are available, and until sufficient metals data
are available for all plants, final permit limits cannot be determined.
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