vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Great Lakes
National Program Office
536 South Clark Street
Chicago, Illinois 60605
EPA 905/9-80-006-A
September 1980
Post-Pluarg Evaluation
Of Great Lakes Water
Quality Management
Studies and Programs
Volume I
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FOREWORD
The United States Environmental Protection Agency was created because of
increasing public and governmental concern about the dangers of pollution
to the health and welfare of the American people. Noxious air, foul water,
and spoiled land are tragic testimony to the deterioration of our natural
environment.
The Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO) of the U.S. EPA, was.
established in Region V, Chicago to provide a specific focus on the water
quality concerns of the Great Lakes. GLNPO provides funding and personnel
support to the International Joint Commission activities under the U.S.-
Canada Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.
Under the terms of the Agreement a series of studies were funded to examine
the relationship between land use and water quality. The studies were con-
ducted by the IJC Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group (PLUARG),
In order to further build upon the accomplishments of the PLUARG effort,
GLNPO contracted with the Great Lakes Basin Commission to prepare this
report which describes the work which is continuing to address the problem
of pollution from land.
We hope that the information and data contained herein will help planners
and managers of pollution control agencies make better decisions for
carrying forward their pollution control responsibilities.
Madonna F. McGrath
Director
Great Lakes National Program Office
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EPA-905/9-80-006-A
March 1980
POST-PLUARG EVALUATION OF GREAT LAKES
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND PROGRAMS
Volume I
by
Rose Ann C. Sullivan
Paul A. Sanders
William C. Sonzogni
Great Lakes Basin Commission Staff
Ann Arbor, Michigan
for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Chicago, Illinois
Project Officer
Kent Fuller
Great Lakes National Program Office
Prepared for the Great Lakes National Program
Office, EPA, in partial fulfillment of U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Interagency
Agreement No. EPA-79-D-F0857 with the Great
Lakes Basin Commission.
This report presents information based in part on the result to date of
Great Lakes Water Quality Management studies. Because these studies are
ongoing, the findings and conclusions in this report will need to be
periodically updated to reflect progress that has been made. This report
is intended to promote discussion and further coordination of Great Lake
planning effort.
GREAT LAKES NATIONAL PROGRAM OFFICE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, REGION V
536 SOUTH CLARK STREET, ROOM 932
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60605
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors express their appreciation to Timothy Monteith and
Thomas Heidtke of the Great Lakes Basin Commission staff, and
to William Skimin, formerly of the Basin Commission staff, for
their assistance with this report. We also wish to thank the
numerous federal, state, and regional agency personnel who
contributed information. The secretarial support of Ann Davis
is very much appreciated as well.
DISCLAIMER
This study was carried out by the Great Lakes Basin Commission
staff in partial fulfillment of an Interagency Agreement with
the Great Lakes National Program Office, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). The findings, conclusions and
recommendations are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the views of U.S. EPA or the Great Lakes
Basin Commission.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i:L
DISCLAIMER ii
LIST OF TABLES v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
CONCLUSIONS 5
RECOMMENDATIONS ll
1. INTRODUCTION 15
2. UPDATE ON WATER QUALITY STUDIES AND RESOURCE PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS 19
Pilot Watershed Studies 19
Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study 25
Section 108(a) Demonstration Projects 27
Cuyahoga River Restoration Study 27
The Wisconsin Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Abatement
Program 29
Agricultural Conservation Program 31
Rural Clean Water Program 38
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program . 41
The Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act 41
Update on 208 Water Quality Management Planning 46
Great Lakes Basin Commission 208 Report Bibliography 46
Five Year Strategies 51
U.S. Air Quality Control Programs - Implications for
Improvement of Great Lakes Water Quality 51
Status of the Phosphorus Management Strategies Task Force
Recommendations 54
3. POLLUTANT LOADINGS TO THE LAKES 63
Update on Tributary Monitoring Projects 63
1977-78 River Mouth Loadings 65
Overview Modeling Activities 68
4. SURVEY OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ON THE CAUSES AND CONTROL
OF NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION 73
5. UPDATE ON PLUARG FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 79
REFERENCES 85
ill
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd.)
Page No.
APPENDICES
A. Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study: Honey Creek Watershed
Management Proj ect 39
B. Section 108(a) Demonstration Projects: The Washington County,
Wisconsin, Project 99
C. GLBC 208 Bibliography Retrieval 107
D. 1977-1978 River Mouth Loadings 113
E. Selected Descriptions of Current Agricultural Research Projects
on the Causes and Control of Nonpoint Source Pollution 123
ATTACHMENTS
1. "Pollution from Land Runoff," feature article published in
Environmental Science and Technology on PLUARG
2. "An Update of Water Quality Planning Activities in the Great Lakes
Basin - A Review of State and Areawide Agency Five-Year Strategies,
and Work Programs"
3. "U.S. Air Quality Control Programs - Implications for Improvement
of Great Lakes Water Quality"
4. "Methodology for Choosing Among Alternatives to Reduce Pollutant
Contributions from Watersheds"
IV
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page No.
1 Status of 208 Planning in the Great Lakes Basin 47
2 208 Bibliography Key Word Dictionary 52
3 Documents Received for Final Report of the Phosphorus
Management Strategies Task Force as of December 12, 1979 56
4 "Best" Estimate of 1976 Phosphorus Load 59
5 A Comparison of Total Phosphorus Loadings to the Great Lakes .. 60
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents the results of recent efforts by the Great Lakes
Basin Commission staff to update and integrate the findings and
reconmendations of the International Joint Commission's Pollution from Land
Use Activities Reference Group (PLUARG) with other related studies. It is one
of a series of U.S. Post-PLUARG activities recommended by the Reference Group
to ensure that the initiatives begun under PLUARG are not lost.
The report concentrates on four different areas:
1. update of major water quality studies and resource
planning and management programs and projects related to
Great Lakes water quality concerns;
2. update of pollutant loadings to the Great Lakes from U.S.
sources;
3. results of a survey of current agricultural research into
the causes and control of nonpoint source pollution; and
4. reconsideration of PLUARG findings and recommendations in
light of new information.
Five appendices and four attachments provide detailed discussions and
information to support this report.
The nonpoint source technical findings that have emerged since
completion of PLUARG1s final report generally continue to reaffirm the PLUARG
conclusions. Some local differences in management recommendations have
emerged, however. For example, while minimum or no-tillage techniques show
great promise for reducing sediment and phosphorus losses from northwestern
Ohio, these techniques do not appear as applicable (or as publicly acceptable)
in southwestern Wisconsin.
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Some PLUARG recommendations for information needs still require
attention. Additional data are needed on atmospheric inputs of toxic
substances, since evidence continues to mount that atmospheric fallout is
perhaps the major source of toxic chemicals in the lakes. Additionally,
quantitative comparisons of the incremental water quality benefits and costs
associated with alternative control measures are still required.
A number of national and regional financial assistance programs are
contributing to the development and implementation of nonpoint source remedial
measures throughout the basin. It will be important to integrate results from
these programs into an overall Great Lakes management strategy. An approach
such as the Wisconsin Nonpoint Source Pollution Abatement Program, which
provides state funding for developing and implementing control programs for
priority watersheds, merits consideration for use elsewhere in the basin.
The potential exists for integration of major resource planning and
management programs in the basin. Programs administered under the Clean Air
and Clean Water Acts are an obvious starting point. A closer correspondence
also needs to be developed between state water quality standards and the
objectives established in the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.
The phosphorus management strategy recently suggested by the Great
Lakes Basin Commission, which calls for implementation (at present) of the 1.0
mg/L phosphorus effluent limitation for sewage treatment plants discharging 1
million gallons per day or greater, still appears to be desirable. The
International Joint Commission's Phosphorus Management Strategies Task Force,
which is in the process of determining whether or not a 0.5 mg/L P limit
should be set, may recommend that municipal plants be encouraged to control
phosphorus at an intermediate level (between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L). This
reduction would be achieved through more efficient management of phosphorus
removal processes. Thus, it would involve little additional cost. Such a
recommendation, if made, is consistent with the Basin Commission's suggested
strategy.
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Because of recent changes in federal program direction, Areawide
Water Quality Management (208) programs will likely emphasize projects
addressing nonpoint source pollution. It appears that those programs which
can be developed at low cost (i.e., voluntary programs) are still the most
desirable in terms of cost-effectiveness. Toward this end, transfer of the
information and technology developed by PLUARG and under other studies (both
completed and ongoing) will assume an even higher priority.
While the five-year strategies of state and 208 planning agencies in
the Great Lakes basin generally do not specifically address Great Lakes
concerns, the results of their work will likely have a major impact on the
Great Lakes.
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CONCLUSIONS
NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION MANAGEMENT
1. Results of the Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group (PLUARG)
technical studies recently completed tend to reinforce the PLUARG
recommendations published in 1978.
2. Nonpoint pollution management recommendations resulting from local studies
cannot always be applied to other areas. This is illustrated by the
differences in management recommendations, based on local physical and
social factors, that are evident when comparing the Washington County,
Wisconsin, (108) Project with the partially completed Honey Creek, Ohio,
Project. For example, results from the Washington County (108) Project
indicate that the water quality benefits attributable to grass waterways
and subsurface drainage systems in relatively flat watersheds were
minimal. In contrast, studies in the relatively flat Maumee basin in
northwestern Ohio indicated that such measures had a definite beneficial
water quality impact.
3. Additional information is needed to relate the costs of various
agricultural management practices to the incremental water quality
benefits obtained.
4. The Agricultural Conservation Program, in conjunction with technical
assistance from the Soil Conservation Service, Forest Service, and
agricultural extension services, appears to be an effective means of
implementing many PLUARG recommendations at the local level, especially in
the area of sediment control from agricultural land use.
5. Objectives and activities proposed for the new Soil and Water Resources
Conservation Program concerning soil resources, water quality, and fish
and wildlife habitat (specifically, wetlands) are consistent with
recommendations made by PLUARG. Activities already underway in the basin,
such as the Wisconsin Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Abatement Program,
may serve as useful prototypes for future nationwide efforts under this
program.
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6. The Nationwide Urban Runoff Program is expected to provide needed
information on the benefits and effectiveness of urban controls so that
the necessity for controls beyond those recommended by PLUARG can be
ascertained.
7. Results from the Washington County (108) Project indicate that local
sediment control regulations could put resident fanners and developers at
a competitive disadvantage with those of other areas of the state. Some
type of minimum statewide standard for regulating erosion may, therefore,
be necessary.
8. Minimum or no-till methods, strongly advocated in the U.S. portion of the
Lake Erie basin, may not be applicable in all parts of the Great Lakes
basin. In contrast with preliminary findings from the Honey Creek Project
under the Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study (LEWMS), results of the
Washington County (108) Project indicated that grain yields from no-till
sites were significantly lower than from sites prepared by other plow
methods.
9. PLUARG1s conclusions regarding the significance of the sediment
contribution from developing lands are substantiated by recent modeling
efforts under the Menomonee Pilot Watershed Study and results from the
Washington County (108) Project.
10. PLUARG1s conclusion that streambank erosion does not appear to be a
significant source of sediment or phosphorus to the Great Lakes is
substantiated by the initial results of the Cuyahoga River Restoration
Study which indicate that streambank erosion along the Cuyahoga is a much
less significant source of sediment than was previously thought.
11. Recent work involving PLUARG1s overview modeling process emphasizes the
importance of evaluating remedial programs on a comprehensive basis. For
example, measures to control phosphorus associated with urban runoff may
not be cost-effective strictly in terms of reducing phosphorus loading.
However, urban runoff controls may have other benefits, such as reducing
heavy metal loads, which should be considered in a cost-effectiveness
analysis.
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POINT SOURCE POLLUTION MANAGEMENT
1. Based on recent information, it appears that the August, 1979, resolution
of the Great Lakes Basin Commission is still appropriate. The resolution
calls for a phosphorus management strategy that, at present, emphasizes
implementation of the 1.0 mg/L phosphorus effluent limitation for sewage
treatment plants discharging 1 million gallons per day or greater.
2. The International Joint Commission's Phosphorus Management Strategies Task
Force is in the process of determining whether or not a 0.5 mg/L P limit
should be established. They may recommend that municipal plants be
encouraged to control phosphorus at an intermediate level, between 0.5 and
1.0 mg/L, through more efficient management of phosphorus removal
processes. Such a recommendation, if made, would be consistent with the
Basin Commission's resolution.
AREAWIDE WATER QUALITY PLANNING
1. Areawide Water Quality Management Plans (208 plans) have been prepared and
certified for almost every area of the basin. A sizeable number have
received EPA approval as well. Because they identify management agencies
responsible for water quality improvements at the local level, these plans
form a comprehensive basis on which to build a management program.
2. Generally, the five-year strategies and work programs developed by the
Great Lakes states and areawide planning agencies (208 agencies) focus on
(1) point and nonpoint sources of pollution, (2) residuals and sludge
management, (3) toxics, (4) updating land use and population projections,
and (5) implementation of water quality studies. Few studies are
specifically designed to address Great Lakes issues.
3. Due to recent changes in federal program direction for Section 208 Water
Quality Management, highest funding priority in the future will be
assigned to programs addressing nonpoint source pollution.
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UPDATE ON POLLUTANT LOADINGS TO THE LAKES
1. It appears that the loads developed by PLUARG (given an updated estimate
of the Lake Erie load) will be adopted by the Phosphorus Management
Strategies Task Force as the best estimates of 1976 loadings to the lakes.
2. Evidence to date still confirms PLUARG1s finding that a substantial
portion of the phosphorus in tributary loadings is not biologically
available. This fact must be taken into account as future phosphorus
management strategies are developed.
3. 1975 and 1976 were years of very high flows (relative to the long-term
historical flow) for all of the lakes except Superior. 1977 was a very
low flow year for all of the lakes. In 1978, flows returned to average or
above average conditions. Generally, associated tributary loadings of
total phosphorus, ortho phosphorus, suspended solids, and chloride were
greater during water year 1978 than 1977. In fact, tributary loads for
1977 appear to be the lowest over the period 1975 through 1978. (A more
detailed assessment of 1977 and 1978 tributary loads is planned for a
future report) .
EFFECT OF U.S. AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAMS ON GREAT LAKES WATER QUALITY
1. Air and water pollution control programs in the United States have
developed independently, resulting in separation of enforcement,
monitoring and administrative responsibilities, especially at the state
and local levels. As a result, it may be difficult to reconcile the two
in areas of common concern (for example, toxic substances entering the
Great Lakes via air deposition).
2. Although mechanisms for air and water quality planning coordination are
available, they have been little used. The major involvement of local
agencies, some of which are preparing areawide (208) water quality plans,
has been with respect to transportation-related problems. Coordination at
the federal level has been carried out by the Intermodal Planning Groups
in each federal region.
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3. The Great Lakes states are in various stages of progress in preparing
State Implementation Plans for the criteria air pollutants. There are no
indications at this time that any of the states will not fulfill their
regulatory obligations in this area.
4. It does not appear that the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAPS) program will have a significant effect on reducing
atmospheric inputs of key hazardous substances to the Great Lakes, since
air pollutants regulated under the NESHAPS program do not appear to cause
serious problems in the lakes. At this time, all basin states do not have
authority to enforce current NESHAPS regulations and several do not have
authorization to adopt new standards as they are promulgated by EPA.
5. It does not appear that the release of PCB, an important airborne Great
Lakes contaminant, can be effectively controlled through existing and
proposed air quality regulations. More information is needed on the
relative contribution of PCB from different sources.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
The following are offered as recommendations, in addition to the many
implicit reconmendations included in the "Conclusions".
1. To most effectively reduce nonpoint source pollution, more attention
should be directed toward implementing remedial measures. Toward this
end, improvements should continue to be made in the areas of technology
and information transfer.
2. Nonpoint source control programs which advocate implementation of
voluntary measures should be instituted immediately.
3. Measures should be taken to determine how state, regional, and local
governments can keep the water quality management continuing planning
process active, as federal "208" monies are directed elsewhere.
4. Complete implementation of the 1.0 mg/L phosphorus limitation at municipal
treatment plants of 1 million gallons per day or greater should continue
to be encouraged. The effect of this control measure should be carefully
evaluated.
5. A workshop should be planned for the near future to evaluate the progress
that has been made toward understanding nonpoint source pollution since
the PLUARG report was completed, and to evaluate the progress that has
been made in implementing nonpoint source controls. Invitees should
include key PLUARG investigators as well as representatives from other key
nonpoint source studies, such as the "108" studies, the Lake Erie
Wastewater Management Study, the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, etc.
6. The "overview modeling" process should be adapted for use by land managers
both within and outside of the Great Lakes basin to aid them in
determining the most cost-effective mix of management techniques for a
watershed. This could be accomplished by preparation of a handbook for
the land manager's use.
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7. Information from the large number of ongoing agricultural research
projects addressing nonpoint pollution in the basin should be used to
update PLUARG findings and, if appropriate, to modify strategies for
managing nonpoint inputs to the Great Lakes.
8. To help maximize utilization of "208" planning information in other
Planning and management activities, a bibliography of Great Lakes area
water quality management planning reports should be completed. Such a
bibliography has already been partially prepared by the Great Lakes Basin
Commission staff.
9. Results from the several regional studies and demonstration projects which
will begin or be completed over the next few years (e.g., the Saginaw Bay
Special Project, and the Saline Valley Project) should be utilized in the
evolution and maintenance of a Great Lakes management strategy.
Additionally, as mentioned in the first Post-PLUARG report, the
feasibility of the Wisconsin Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Abatement
Program approach to developing and implementing nonpoint source control
programs for priority watersheds should be evaluated for use elsewhere in
the basin.
10. Results from the U.S. Post-PLUARG tributary monitoring programs, such as
those in Ohio and Wisconsin, should be integrated into the overall PLUARG
data base.
11. Better coordination is needed between air and water quality planning and
management programs. Inclusion of air pollution control programs in state-
EPA agreements and five-year strategies would be an important first step
in achieving this. The potential role of local water quality planning
agencies in air pollution control programs should also be explored.
12. Research and planning activities aimed at clarifying the sources and
impacts of airborne contaminants (particularly PCBs) to the Great Lakes
should be expanded. Of special concern are toxic substances not currently
included or proposed for NESHAPS control. Evidence is mounting that
atmospheric fallout is the major source of toxic substances to the Great
T _ 1
Lakes.
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13. Efforts to reduce atmospheric emissions of PCBs should place additional
emphasis on landfill disposal sites. NESHAPS-type controls should be
implemented where feasible.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The multimillion dollar study conducted by the International Joint
Commission's Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group (PLUARG) was
initiated as a result of the 1972 United States-Canadian Agreement on Great
Lakes Water Quality. It was one of the most extensive studies of nonpoint
sources of pollution ever conducted (see Attachment l). PLUARG's final report
was presented to the U.S.-Canadian International Joint Commission (IJC) in
July of 1978. The IJC has completed their review of PLUARG's findings and
recommendations, but their comments are not yet available.
Under an Interagency Agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), the Great Lakes Basin Commission (GLBC), in cooperation with the
Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO) of EPA, has undertaken a number of
activities to ensure that the findings and recommendations of PLUARG are
considered and incorporated into ongoing water quality planning and management
programs in the basin. The first Post-PLUARG report, entitled "Post-PLUARG
Evaluation of Great Lakes Water Quality Management Studies," was completed in
July of 1979 (Skimin et al._, 1979). This report updates a number of work
efforts initiated under the previous Agreement and provides information on
recent activities, both completed and ongoing.
Chapter 2 of this report provides updated information on a number of
significant studies and programs of relevance to Great Lakes water quality
problems. Results of PLUARG pilot watershed studies that have recently become
available are described. Recent developments from the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers' Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study (LEWMS) are discussed.
Recent efforts under the Wisconsin Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Abatement
Program (Wisconsin Fund) and the Corps of Engineers' Cuyahoga River
Restoration Study are presented.
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A number of nationwide programs are currently addressing the problem
of nonpoint source pollution either directly or indirectly. Chapter 2
includes reviews of projects being conducted in the basin under the auspices
of the Rural Clean Water Program, the Agricultural Conservation Program and
the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program. A draft appraisal and program plan for
soil and water conservation under the Soil and Water Resources Conservation
Act (RCA) of 1977 has recently been released by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture. Objectives and program activities outlined in this report are
reviewed in light of PLUARG's recommendations.
Chapter 2 also presents updated information on the status of Section
208 water quality management planning activities underway in the basin. The
function of the five-year strategies in the planning process is discussed.
The bibliography of 208 documents being prepared by the Basin Commission is
described. This work effort is expected to continue over the next few months.
The potential for improvement of Great Lakes water quality resulting
from implementation of U.S. air quality control programs, is discussed in this
section. Although the final report of the Phosphorus Management Strategies
Task Force has not yet been completed, several preliminary subreports have
been developed. Major conclusions reached in these reports have been
summarized.
Chapter 3 describes current efforts to assess pollutant loadings to
the Great Lakes from U.S. sources. The status of tributary monitoring
programs recommended by PLUARG is discussed. Recent work efforts, under the
Great Lakes Environmental Planning Study (GLEPS), utilizing the overview
modeling process are reviewed and summarized. The modeling process's
potential for use as a planning tool outside of the Great Lakes basin is
discussed. River mouth loadings calculated by GLBC staff for water years 1977
and 1978 are also presented.
The results of a survey of current research efforts into the causes
and control of nonpoint source pollution are presented in Chapter 4. The
survey focused on agricultural research activities being conducted at
universities and research stations, primarily in the Great Lakes basin.
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Findings of projects particularly relevant to Post-PLUARG interests are
discussed and future research needs highlighted.
Finally, Chapter 5 attempts to draw everything together. Study
findings, conclusions and recommendations which support or contradict those of
PLUARG are highlighted.
A great deal of additional information has been included in a series
of five Appendices. Also, because portions of this final report were supplied
to the Great Lakes National Program Office as they were completed, it was
judged to be more expeditious to include these self-contained sub-reports as a
series of four Attachments.
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CHAPTER 2
UPDATE ON WATER QUALITY STUDIES AND RESOURCE PLANNING
AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS
The first Post-PLUARG report (Skimin et al., 1979) discussed a number
of water quality studies and programs in the process of developing detailed
information on the causes and control of nonpoint source pollution. These
included the PLUARG pilot watershed studies, the Lake Erie Wastewater
Management Study, the 108(a) Demonstration Projects and the Wisconsin Nonpoint
Source Water Pollution Abatement Program (Wisconsin Fund) on a regional level;
and the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program and Rural Clean Water Program on a
national level. This chapter updates information contained in the previous
Post-PLUARG report and describes a number of additional studies and programs
which are addressing problems relevant to Post-PLUARG interests.
Additionally, initial information available from the work of the Phosphorus
Management Strategy Task Force is reviewed and summarized.
PILOT WATERSHED STUDIES
Task C of the Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group
(PLUARG) was to determine the locations and characteristics of diffuse sources
of pollutants entering the Great Lakes basin from a range of land use
activities. The relative significance of the pollutants and processes
involved in their transmission to the lakes were to be identified. Pilot
watersheds representative of physiographic features and land uses present in
the basin were selected for intensive investigation. Summaries of these eight
studies were completed at the time PLUARG reported to the International Joint
Commission (IJC). Since then, a number of detailed reports have been
published.
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Menomonee River Pilot Watershed Study
The Menomonee River watershed in Wisconsin was selected to examine
the diffuse source contributions of urban-residential land uses. A summary
report was published in May, 1978. Since then, a number of draft reports of
detailed studies have become available. The draft reports on groundwater
hydrology and atmospheric chemistry were reviewed in "Post-PLUARG Evaluation
of Great Lakes Water Quality Management Studies" (Skitnin et al. , 1979). Two
additional reports have been received since then.
A detailed study was put out in October, 1979, on the effects of
inputs from the Menomonee, Milwaukee and Kinnickinnic Rivers on Lake Michigan
water quality (PLUARG, 1979a). The study focused on the area around the
Milwaukee Harbor. The effect of the Menomonee River on lake water quality
could not be isolated from that of the Milwaukee and Kinnickinnic rivers.
However, estimates indicated that 50 percent of the annual river loadings
reaching the harbor were contributed by the Menomonee.
Water quality surveys were conducted in the inner and outer harbors
and inshore and offshore zones during periods of high and low flow in the
rivers. Surveys indicated that concentrations of nutrients, suspended solids
and metals decreased with increasing distance from the confluence of the
rivers. Wisconsin researchers found that runoff events had an immediate
effect on harbor water quality. Water quality of the inshore zone was usually
not degraded during high flow events.
Mechanisms controlling the transport of pollutants between regions
were studied. It was determined that net transport of event and baseflow
water to the inshore zone was primarily dependent on harbor current patterns,
and that a significant portion of the annual loadings of pollutants from the
Jones Island sewage treatment plant and the rivers were retained in the harbor
due to deposition. Percentages of the total annual loadings entering the
inshore zone were estimated as 45 percent for suspended solids, 61 percent for
total phosphorus, and 35 percent for soluble phosphorus. About 70 percent of
the suspended solids discharged from the Menomonee River were retained
annually in the inner harbor.
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A two-part draft report on studies utilizing the LANDRUN model was
made available in November, 1979 (PLUARG, 1979b) . The model was used to
simulate runoff and sediment loadings from 48 subwatersheds of diverse land
uses and physiographic features in the Menomonee River watershed. Nine
subwatersheds, consisting of 16 percent of the total area, were identified as
critical source areas. Developing lands were identified as the primary
contributors (50-85 percent) of sediments. Thus, management of these sources
can be particularly cost-effective. This confirms PLUARG1s conclusion
regarding the importance of controlling erosion from urban construction sites.
A Model Enhanced Unit Loading method (MEUL) utilizing LANDRUN was
developed to simulate pollutant loadings from urban and non-urban land uses.
Simulated loadings were evaluated as if the land uses were located on four
hydrologically different soils, representative of standard hydrologic
categories. Pollutant loadings varied by several orders of magnitude among
land uses.
Sensitivity analyses tested various parameters as to their effect on
loadings. The most significant facts were found to be the extent of
imperviousness of urban areas, fraction of impervious areas directly connected
to surface runoff, interception and depression storage, average duration of
the dry period before a rain, curb height for urban areas, and soil type,
slope and vegetative cover for pervious urban and non-urban areas. Again,
this further supports the findings of PLUARG.
The applicability of the unit loading data obtained by the MEUL
method was tested on a number of subwatersheds. Simulated and measured values
for sediment and phosphate-P were of the same order of magnitude. The MEUL
model provides a more detailed approach for estimated nonpoint pollutant loads
than the "overview model" approach (Johnson et al. , 1978) used in PLUARG.
However, the data requirements are much more restrictive. As the name
implies, overview modeling is designed to address a large area (i.e., the
entire Great Lakes basin), while MEUL is most appropriately applied to smaller
areas. Because of the urban focus of the Menomonee study, MEUL is likely to
be especially useful in future analyses of urban areas.
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Maumee River Pilot Watershed Study
The Mautnee River Basin is primarily agricultural. Studies by the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Great Lakes Basin Commission have
indicated that nonpoint sources account for about 75 percent of the phosphorus
and nitrogen entering Lake Erie from this watershed. It was thus decided to
emphasize soil and nutrient losses from small agricultural watersheds in this
study and to conduct special investigations on sediment transport. The
project focused on the Ohio portion of the Maumee to supplement work being
conducted in the Black Creek, Indiana, 108(a) Demonstration Project. Black
Creek is tributary to the Maumee.
As reported in Skimin et al. (1979), a summary report of the major
findings from the Maumee Pilot Watershed Study was published in April of 1978.
A two-volume detailed report describing the results was published in March of
last year (Logan and Stiefel, 1979; Logan, 1979). The following is a summary
of the highlights of these recent reports.
Study Objectives. The specific objectives of the study were:
1. "To determine the effects of land-use practices on the
loss of sediment and associated chemicals from
representative small agricultural watersheds in the basin
and to compare these data with downstream reference
samples.
2. To study and determine the physical, chemical, and
mineralogical properties of major soils in the basin and
relate these data to their susceptibility to erosion and
fluvial transport.
3. To determine the physical, chemical, and mineralogical
properties of suspended sediments and bottom sediments in
order to identify fluvial transport mechanisms and to
evaluate equilibrium stabilities of minerals in suspended
and bottom sediments.
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4. To determine phosphate sorption-desorption and
precipitation interactions with sediment characteristics
and concentration levels.
5. To determine heavy metals leaving small agricultural
watersheds as contrasted to downstream reference
sources." (Logan, 1979)
Study Approach. The basic approach of the study was to measure sediment and
nutrient losses from small agricultural watersheds and plots on major soils in
the Maumee River basin and compare these losses with those from larger areas
in the watershed. The study investigated the differences in pollutant
generation on several of the major soils of the Maumee basin and determined
the effects of seasonal changes and soil characteristics on sediment and
nutrient generation. Pollutant transport by tile drainage was also studied
because of the extensive use of this practice in the basin.
Five small sites were chosen in Defiance County to monitor soil and
nutrient losses under the prevailing crop management practices. Each site
chosen was dominated by one of the four most important soil series in the
basin. Surface runoff was monitored from May 1975 to May 1977, using a
continuous flow monitoring system. All sites were fall-plowed and planted in
soybeans. Any differences in sediment and nutrient losses were therefore a
function of differences in soil type.
Results. Monitoring results obtained during 1975 to 1977 indicated that there
were significant differences in sediment and nutrient losses among different
soil types in the Maumee basin. Greatest sediment losses occurred on the
poorly drained, high clay, lake plain soils. Lowest losses were reported on
soils with good internal drainage characteristics which were tile drained.
Total phosphorus content of soils was determined to be high
(approximately 700 ug P/g sediment) as a result of their high clay content and
phosphorus enrichment in the clay fraction of mineral soils. Soils and bottom
sediments demonstrated a large capacity to adsorb phosphorus, while suspended
sediments were high in phosphorus that could be desorbed into solution.
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Stream sediments, therefore, had the capacity to reduce high point source
contributions of soluble phosphorus and were capable of releasing large
amounts of phosphorus to aquatic vegetation.
Heavy metals were measured in soils, sediments, and waters. Levels
of trace metals in the Maumee River were low and reflected background levels
in the soil and normal metal contributions from groundwater. Although
scattered point sources of heavy metals contributed little to the total load,
their effect on near-downstream water quality could be severe. A pesticide
scan of agricultural soils and stream-bottom sediments revealed only traces of
persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons such as DDT and dieldrin.
Recommendations. The authors of the study made several recommendations
concerning the Maumee basin in particular and the Great Lakes system as a
whole:
1. Point source phosphorus reductions must be continued,
with emphasis on lakeshore dischargers (e.g., Toledo) and
those located on main stem tributaries. Point source
phosphorus reductions are vital in the Toledo area if
nearshore water quality problems are to be improved in
Lake Erie.
2. Fertilizer and manure management should more accurately
reflect crop requirements and soil-test levels. Soil
test results should be used to monitor available nutrient
levels in regions of intensive cultivation. Educational
programs should stress the importance of following soil
test recommendations, as plant-available phosphorus
levels in the Maumee soils are generally adequate for
maximum crop production. Fertilizer mismanagement only
results in the enrichment of suspended sediment.
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3. Programs to reduce soil loss resulting from intensive
agriculture activity should be accelerated, with emphasis
on medium- and fine-textured soils on sloping land.
Depending on the particular soil/slope combination,
various agricultural conservation practices are advocated
to reduce transport of the generally fine-grained Maumee
soils. These include no-till plowing, grassed waterways
and buffer strips, subsurface tile drainage, and
establishment of residue cover.
4. Cropland erosion control should be geared to the months
of January through April when snowmelt and runoff result
in maximum erosion and transport of sediment.
Conservation practices which maximize residue cover
during this period are likely to be more effective than
measures to reduce sediment transport.
5. A tributary monitoring program should be developed to
periodically scan water and sediment for toxic chemicals.
LAKE ERIE WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT STUDY
The results of Phases I and II of the Lake Erie Wastewater Management
Study (LEWMS) were discussed in "Post-PLUARG Evaluation of Great Lakes Water
Quality Management Studies" (Skimin et al., 1979). Phase III of LEWMS will
run through October, 1981, when the final report, presenting a management plan
for the U.S. portion of the Lake Erie watershed, will be published. In Phase
III, methods are being developed to implement management practices and to
measure progress in reducing pollutant loading to the lake.
Honey Creek Watershed Management Project
The Honey Creek Watershed Management Project is one of the major
programs of Phase III of LEWMS. The end result will be a work plan for
management of the entire watershed with emphasis on problem identification and
development of site specific management practices.
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As one of the components of the study, mulch-till and no-till
demonstration plots were established on several farms representing a range of
soils and management systems. Crop productivity, time savings, costs, and
effect on water quality are all being documented. In October of 1979, a two-
day seminar/tour was held in Bucyrus, Ohio, in the Honey Creek watershed.
Initial results were presented from several of the demonstration farms in the
area. A summary of the major findings is included in Appendix A, "Lake Erie
Wastewater Management Study: Honey Creek Watershed Management Project."
Generally, time and money-saving benefits were realized by those farmers
utilizing the no-till practice. Improvements in water quality attributable to
implementation of no-till farming are still being monitored.
Information from productivity tests has become available since the
seminar/tour was conducted. The results appear very promising. The 1979 corn
harvest ranged from 90 to 185 bushels per acre, with an average of 135 for no-
till. Yields from conventional farming normally range from 104 to 107 bushels
per acre. The soybean harvest ranged from 25 to 49 bushels per acre, with an
average of 40 bushels per acre reported for no-till. Normal yields ordinarily
range from 33 to 35 bushels per acre (Crumrine and Wurm, 1980).
Five Additional Basin Studies
Because there are many critical land forms, land uses, and soil types
not found in the Honey Creek watershed, five additional watersheds have been
selected to provide complete representation of conditions existing in the Lake
Erie basin. The five watersheds are:
Bean Creek - Michigan
South Branch of the Cattaraugus - New York
West Branch of the Rocky River - Ohio
Sandusky River Basin - Ohio
Ottawa River - Ohio
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Baseline water quality and quantity data are currently being
collected. This data will be utilized to calibrate and verify a diffuse
source model for each watershed. The Land Resource Information System (LRIS),
developed for the Lake Erie drainage basin, is presently being used to
formulate a data base for each watershed. Present basin conditions, potential
gross erosion sources, and opportunities for implementing best management
practices (BMPs) will be summarized in map and tabular form using LRIS.
In the future, model management programs will be developed for each
basin. Final reports will detail opportunities for improving water quality by
altering farm management practices and applying soil conservation practices.
Information will be sufficient for land managers to begin implementation of
select BMPs, perhaps under the auspices of the Rural Clean Water Program.
SECTION 108(a) DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS
Section 108(a) of the 1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act (P.L. 97-500) authorizes the administrator of EPA "to enter into
agreements... to carry out one or more projects to demonstrate new methods and
techniques and to develop preliminary plans for the elimination or control of
pollution, within all or any part of the watersheds of the Great Lakes." The
first Post-PLUARG report (Skimin et al., 1979) discussed the major findings
and recommendations contained in the final reports of three of the 108(a)
demonstration projects which have studied nonpoint source pollution problems
and solutions: Black Creek, Western Lake Superior Red Clay Erosion, and
Rochester, New York. Since then, the final technical report of the Washington
County Project has become available (Madison et al., 1980). A summary of its
major findings, conclusions and recommendations is presented in Appendix B.
CUYAHOGA RIVER RESTORATION STUDY
The Cuyahoga River Restoration Study was initiated by the Flood
Control Act of 1968 (Section 219) which authorized a survey of the river "in
the interest of flood control, pollution abatement, low-flow regulation, and
other allied water purposes." The scope of the study was broadened under
Section 108 of the 1970 Flood Control Act where "water quality, environmental
quality, recreation, fish and wildlife" values were recognized in addition to
flood control.
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The First Interim Report was completed in September of 1971 (U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, 1971). It identified a long-range plan of action and
presented an early-action program to be implemented in 1973. The plan
recommended recreational and aesthetic improvements, debris removal, and flood
control along the river.
The Second Interim Report was published in December, 1975. It
identified significant flooding problems and developed corrective plans for
these areas.
A Revised Plan of Study was issued in July, 1977 (U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, 1977). Study plans for alleviating erosion and sedimentation
problems, flood control, and debris removal were included. A detailed
investigation of the erosion and sediment problem will be made in the Third
Interim Report.
A number of work efforts have already been undertaken. The U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS) completed a sediment sampling program in the Cuyahoga
basin in FY '78 between Old Portage and Independence. The program verified
results of a previous study which indicated that areas within this reach were
contributing inordinate amounts of sediment. They determined the total annual
sediment yield to be expected from this reach.
The U.S. Soil Conservation Service (SCS), under a two-year
Interagency Agreement with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, has recently
completed their portion of the investigation. Their work effort included a
study of streambank and upland erosion on the river and two of its tributaries
(Brandywine Creek and Tinkers Creek). SCS has also analyzed the results of a
stream cross-section survey (designed to determine the relative amounts of
sheet and channel erosion), and the results of the USGS sediment sampling
program.
Study results indicate that streambank erosion is a much less
significant source of sediment than previously thought. It is now estimated
that streambank erosion contributes 52,000 cubic yards of sediment per year to
the river (approximately 78,000 tons annually). Of this, roughly 47,000 cubic
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yards actually reaches the river mouth at the Cleveland Harbor. Dredging
performed by the Corps of Engineers and private interests removes 860,000 tons
of sediment per year from the harbor. Thus, it is estimated that only 5
percent of this dredged material is attributable to streambank erosion.
Future studies have been proposed which will attempt to verify this figure.
The upland erosion study conducted by the SCS divided the reach
between Old Portage and Independence into seven subwatersheds for
investigation. Results were obtained from only five of these subwatersheds at
the conclusion of this portion of the study. Initial results indicate that as
much as 41 percent of the harbor sediment is contributed by upland erosion.
Corps personnel feel that an additional 20 to 40 percent of the sediment may be
derived from point sources such as municipal treatment facilities and steel
mills in the area (Aguglia, 1980). This hypothesis will be addressed in
future work efforts.
The final product of the Cuyahoga Restoration Study will identify the
prime sources of sediment in this reach of the river (between Old Portage and
Independence) and recommend areas where erosion control efforts should be
instigated. Alternative methods for control will be analyzed and the relative
benefits versus cost determined. This is consistent with PLUARG's
recommendation that sedimentation of watercourses be controlled by first
identifying the problem areas, then implementing cost-effective control
measures on a priority basis.
THE WISCONSIN NONPOINT SOURCE WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM (WISCONSIN
FUND)
The Wisconsin Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Abatement Program was
established by the Wisconsin legislature in 1978. The purpose of the program
is to provide the administrative framework and technical and financial
assistance necessary for implementing measures designed to meet the needs
identified in water quality management plans.
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Cost-sharing monies are available to municipalities, land owners and
land operators for installing best management practices. Grants are made on
the basis of expected water quality benefits and financial need. Funding is
concentrated on selected "priority watersheds" where nonpoint source pollution
is a critical problem. Watersheds are selected through a three-step review
process involving planning and pollution control personnel, elected officials
and members of the public. Only those portions of the watersheds impacting
water quality are eligible for funds.
The Wisconsin Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Abatement Program is
probably the first example of implementation of nonpoint control measures
consistent with the PLUARG recommendations. Such an implementation initiative
is related to the direct participation of State of Wisconsin staff in the
PLUARG study. The effectiveness of this program should be watched closely, as
it will likely serve as a prototype for programs in other states.
Lower Manitowoc River Watershed Study
The Lower Manitowoc River watershed is one of the first five
"priority watersheds" selected for inclusion in the 1979 program. A watershed
management plan and implementation program were published in October, 1979
(WDNR, 1979) . The objective of the program is to reduce the amount of
phosphorus entering the nearshore waters of Lake Michigan by 50 percent. This
is consistent with PLUARG1s recommendation that control programs be
implemented to reduce phosphorus loadings to Lake Michigan and that additional
reductions of phosphorus be implemented "to reduce local nearshore water
quality problems and to prevent future degradation."
Manure carried in runoff from barnyards or frozen or saturated fields
was identified as the most serious nonpoint source of phosphorus. Additional
sources of concern included: erosion from streambanks and agricultural and
construction activities; septic system malfunctions; and urban runoff. Best
management practices were identified to control pollution from significant
sources. Projects included installation of barnyard runoff control systems
and storage systems for manure, as well as initiation of reduced tillage
practices, strip-cropping and installation of terraces on cropland.
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The Lower Manitowoc River Watershed study will provide a good
demonstration project to supplement the 108(a) projects sponsored by U.S. EPA.
The focus on manure runoff is important, since this is a key problem in the
Wisconsin portion of the Great Lakes basin where dairy farms abound. Manure
runoff is also a problem in parts of the Canadian basin as well as in other
parts of the U.S. basin.
Anywhere from one to five watersheds will be selected for inclusion
in the program in 1980, depending on the 1980-1981 state legislative budget
appropriations for the program. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
has completed the first phase of selection, identifying the top 20 percent of
the state's 330 watersheds with potential water quality problems caused by
nonpoint sources. Twenty-four of the 63 eligible priority watersheds are
within the Lake Michigan drainage basin.
AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION PROGRAM (AGP)
The Agricultural Conservation Program is the oldest and largest cost-
sharing program for the voluntary implementation of conservation practices on
farms. The ACP is administered by the USDA Agricultural Stabilization and
Conservation Service (ASCS) in each county of a state. Local control of ACP
funds is assured through a county committee composed of agency representatives
and three farmers. The committee has complete responsibility for selecting
the practices to be cost-shared, the rates of cost-sharing, and the proportion
of the county's ACP program to be spent on each practice. Farmers and
ranchers who receive ACP funds are responsible for sharing a portion of the
costs, for completing the practice according to specifications, for complying
with state laws and other regulatory measures, and for maintaining the
practice.
Conservation Practices
Environmentally approved practices for each locality are recommended
by state and county ACP development groups. These practices are in accordance
with PLUARG's recommendations for control programs to reduce sediment loading
to the Great Lakes system. Several categories are listed below:
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• Prevention of Soil Loss
- establishment of long-term grasses and legumes through seeding,
fertilizer, and liming materials
- construction of terraces and use of strip or contour farming
operations
- construction of water runoff diversions
- restoration and establishment of wind breaks
- encouragement of minimum tillage practices and residue management
systems
• Improvement of Water Quality
- installation of sediment retention and water control structures
such as erosion control dams and desilting reservoirs to dispose
of excess water
- establishment of vegetative cover to buffer streambanks
- construction of sod waterways to prevent erosion from excess
water runoff
- installation of animal waste control facilities below feedlots
• Conservation of Soil and Water Through Forestry
- planting of trees and shrubs for forestry purposes and erosion
control
- improvement of established stands
• Water Conservation
- construction of reservoirs and ponds for erosion control,
livestock water, and irrigation
- leveling of land
- installation of structures to conserve water, prevent erosion,
and permit more efficient use of irrigation water (ASCS, 1979).
Any county farmer may apply for cost-sharing funds under the ACP. As
of 1979, an individual could receive a maximum of $3,500 in a given year. The
government's share of the cost ranges from 30 to 80 percent, depending on the
fanner's financial status. Farmers may also request funding as a group, which
is useful for installing practices that involve adjoining parcels of land.
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Small Farmer Projects^
PLUARG recommends that water quality plans be developed for each
farm, and that the plan be "commensurate with the fanner's ability to sustain
an economically viable operation." Although the cost-sharing provisions of
the ACP are generous, many small farmers are still financially excluded from
the program's benefits. This concern is addressed by the Small Farmer
Projects, funded by reserve funds from the ACP. The incentive for low income
farmers to participate is the 90 percent cost share which is paid by the
government under this program.
A Small Fanner Project is underway in the Great Lakes basin in the
upper peninsula of Michigan — one of ten pilot projects nationwide. Farmers
in Baraga and Houghton Counties face severe soil erosion problems due to the
extremely high acidity of the soil which deters the establishment of long-term
vegetative cover. A three-year allocation of $265,000 is being spent on 49
farms. Problems being addressed include: correction of high soil acidity by
the application of liming materials (an average of 4.5 tons/acre versus a
statewide average of 1 ton/acre); erosion control through planting of long-
lived legume cover and development of a forest management plan (where
applicable); and better water control through improved drainage and ponds.
Special Projects
Special projects are designated by the ACP to solve community-wide
agricultural water pollution problems. One of the largest of these projects
is located in the Saginaw Bay basin. This area is highly desirable for
implementation of an agricultural conservation pilot project due to the
intensity of agricultural land use in the area, its relationship to sensitive
portions of Saginaw Bay, and because of the generally degraded nature of the
inner bay.
Saginaw Bay is highly enriched due to excessive nutrient loadings
which result in significant algal growth. Siltation and sedimentation are
creating a problem in the nearshore zone and in the tributaries. This is
evidenced by the proliferation of rough fish species such as carp and
bullhead. Waterfowl habitat has also been degraded due to excessive
sedimentation (ECMPDR, 1980) .
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The ASCS has designated $400,000 for the first year of this project,
less $20,000 which will be transferred to the Soil Conservation Service (SCS)
for technical assistance to farm owners and operators in the area. The
remaining $380,000 will provide cost-share incentives to farmers for utilizing
best management practices to reduce sediment and nutrient runoff from
hydrologically active areas. It is anticipated that project funding will
continue for a total of five years.
This AGP project is designed to provide cost-sharing funds for areas
with severe wind or water erosion problems. Soil loss based on the Universal
Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is estimated to average 2 tons/acre/year for the
flat lakeshore plains. Winds are thought to play a significant role in the
delivery of nutrient enriched sediments to the drainage network and,
ultimately, to Saginaw Bay. In the water erosion areas, the predominant soil
erosion problem is attributable to overland runoff over base soils on moderate
slopes. Prior to this project, this area lacked the necessary conservation
tillage practices and cover cropping as well as control structures for
effectively reducing water-related erosion of these soils.
Three work programs will address the following project objectives:
1. To demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of conservation
tillage practices on the clay loam soils of the area; and
to encourage more widespread, voluntary utilization of
conservation tillage without the availability of cost-
share incentives.
2. To demonstrate that an agricultural nonpoint source
pollution control strategy can measurably improve the
aquatic community of the streams within the project area,
and within the nearshore zone of Saginaw Bay (directly
impacted by the project area).
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3. To demonstrate that the reduction of loadings from
agricultural lands under best management practices
(especially conservation tillage) will result in
measurable improvement of the water quality of Saginaw
Bay; and to project the long term impacts on the water
quality of Saginaw Bay based upon the implementation of a
state agricultural nonpoint source control strategy for
critical areas.
Work elements include:
1. Cost-Effectiveness of Conservation versus Conventional
Tillage
An effective means of reducing sediment loss due to
wind and water transport is through the use of tillage
systems which retain surface cover and promote surface
roughness. In this manner, wind and water energy capable
of eroding the soil is buffered, and a reduction in soil
loss as well as associated nutrients occurs. Although
conservation tillage is now being utilized within the
project area, it appears that farmers will discontinue
this practice once federal cost-share funds run out.
In the hopes of encouraging implaaentation of this
practice without cost-share incentives, the economic
viability of widespread conservation tillage systems in
the Saginaw Bay area will be determined. Model farms
will be characterized and an economic model developed to
study the costs of the farms. Conventional, minimum, and
no-till practices will be analyzed in terms of crop
production on the model farms. A computer program will
be developed, in conjunction with the economic model, to
consider various inflation and interest rates, as well as
changing commodity prices, in order to model future
trends.
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2. Aquatic Community Monitoring
Baseline data of the aquatic community was gathered
during the Fall of 1979. efforts to implement
agricultural best management practices are currently
being intensified in hydrologically active areas (within
1/2 mile of each bank of the stream or drain). This is
consistent with PLUARG management strategy
recommendations for this area, which was identified as a
major contributor of agricultural nonpoint loads to
Saginaw Bay.
Resampling of identical stations will begin in the
Spring of 1982. Data will be analyzed and compared with
the baseline data collected in 1979. Biological sampling
will include: periphyton, benthic organisms, macrophytes,
and fish from tributaries and drains; and phytoplankton,
zooplankton, benthic organisms, macrophytes, and fish
from Saginaw Bay. This project will demonstrate that
best management practices implemented in critical areas
can have a beneficial impact on the aquatic community.
3. Water Quality Monitoring
PLUARG has determined that the most cost-effective
approach for treating agricultural nonpoint source
contributions is to implement best management practices
in hydrologically active areas. The objective of the
final work element is to demonstrate that implementation
of best management practices, especially conservation
tillage, in priority agricultural areas subject to wind
and water erosion will result in measurable improvement
of the water quality of Saginaw Bay.
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Two demonstration plots will be located in the
Wiscoggin Creek watershed on soils representative of the
project area. These plots will be used to analyze the
cost-effectiveness of conservation tillage versus
conventional tillage, and to monitor drain runoff, wind
transport, and incremental loadings of sediment and
nutrients. Wiscoggin Creek will be monitored for
suspended sediments, total phosphorus, dissolved
phosphorus, ortho phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, kjeldahl
nitrogen, and ammonia.
Six sample sites will be established to determine
the current loadings to Saginaw Bay. These will be
compared with the loads developed by the Sea Grant
program from 1973 to 1975. Parameters to be sampled are
the same as for Wiscoggin Creek, with the addition of
dissolved oxygen. The loadings will be incorporated into
the Saginaw Bay nutrient model which will be adjusted for
the zone of the bay adjacent to the project area. The
model will determine the water quality impacts associated
with existing agricultural loadings and impacts
associated with the reduced loads based upon information
from the treated area.
The East Central Michigan Planning and Development
Region has developed a strategy to address their nonpoint
source problem which mirrors PLUARG's recommendations
concerning treatment of high priority areas with best
management practices. The regional staff hopes to
demonstrate to the agricultural producer, the state, and
local units of government that the water quality of
Saginaw Bay can be significantly improved by implementing
best management practices in hydrologically active areas.
Producers will be informed of the savings associated with
minimizing soil erosion and will be encouraged to
implement conservation tillage practices based on the
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results of this project. Government units will be
requested to develop tax incentives and to enact
legislation to further assist individuals in implementing
these practices.
The Long Term Agreement Program
The Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 directs the ASCS to place
greater emphasis on long-term conservation problems. Farmers interested in
improving their entire farm over several years may participate in the Long
Term Agreement Program, in which they agree to follow a comprehensive
conservation plan in return for a guaranteed commitment of ACP funds and SCS
technical assistance. The law requires county committees to provide more
funding for enduring conservation and environmental practices, rather than for
production-oriented practices. Many county committees have responded by
devoting more cost-sharing dollars to practices that will enhance water
quality.
The Agricultural Conservation Program, in conjunction with technical
assistance from the Soil Conservation Service, the Forest Service, and
agricultural extension services, is an effective means of implementing many
PLUARG recommendations at the local level, especially in the areas of sediment
control from agricultural land use.
RURAL CLEAN WATER PROGRAM
Section 208(j) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended, authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture, with the concurrence of the
EPA Administrator, to establish and administer a program to enter into 5 to 10
year contracts with owners or operators of rural lands "for the purpose of
installing and maintaining measures incorporating best management practices to
control nonpoint source pollution." An additional requirement is that BMPs
must be contained in certified and approved Water Quality Management Plans.
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The Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS) has
responsibility for administering the Rural Clean Water Program which has
received initial funding from Congress for FY 80 on a special one-year basis
as part of the USDA budget separate from 208(j). At the time of this review
(February, 1980), final regulations had not been published, but were expected
to be available in the near future.
The Saline Valley Project
The Mill Creek (tributary to the Huron River) and Saline River
(tributary to the River Raisin) watersheds in southeastern Michigan have
recently been designated as project areas under the Rural Clean Water Program.
The Saline Valley Project is one of 13 pilot conservation projects selected
nationwide, and has received initial funding of roughly $2.5 million. It is
expected to run over the next five to six years.
The Mill Creek and Saline River watersheds are predominately
agricultural in land use. They are tributary to heavily-used, polluted
waters. Both the Huron River and River Raisin are public drinking water
sources and are extensively used for partial and total body contact. The
project area was identified as southeast Michigan's most concentrated source
of rural nonpoint pollution in the Southeast Michigan Council of Government's
"208 Water Quality Management Plan." A number of problems currently exist,
including areas subject to inordinate amounts of sedimentation, an area prone
to extreme wind erosion, cases of road and streambank erosion, and many
problems with animal waste management. The area also has a variety of soil,
slope and drainage characteristics.
The objectives of the project are as follows:
1. To improve water use in Mill Creek and the Saline River
for recreational and drinking purposes and to reduce
sediment collection in impoundments.
2. To meet state water quality standards and areawide water
quality goals in the project area.
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3. To reduce nonpoint source contributions to Lake Erie from
the project area to levels consistent with goals set
forth by the International Joint Commission.
4. To meet Soil Conservation District goals for application
of best management practices to the extent that they
contribute to improve water quality in the project area.
5. To achieve a functional, cooperative and continuing
institutional program for solving water quality problems
in the project area.
6. To acquaint local and state level funding bodies of the
potential of local agencies to fulfill the nonpoint
source control requirements as set forth in approved
water quality plans.
A number of pollution abatement practices have been selected for
implementation under this program. All of the BMPs were previously identified
in the 208 planning process as components of a comprehensive water quality
management plan. Practices include strip cropping, minimum tillage,
construction of debris basins, and livestock exclusion, among other things.
Consistent with PLUARG's recommendations, the Saline Valley Project
will reduce the amount of nutrients (especially phosphorus), sediment, and
fecal coliform entering Lake Erie. Reduced levels of pesticide contamination
are also expected. The project is a good example of the type of nonpoint
program recommended by PLUARG to achieve individual lake target phosphorus
loads. Final results are expected to exceed Lake Erie phosphorus loading
reductions substantially, assuming total compliance by landowners. Water
quality in-stream, as well as nearshore Lake Erie, will be improved for
drinking water supplies, total body contact, and recreational activity.
Although no attempt was made to quantify cost-effectiveness, it is certain
that the objectives are manageable and will have benefits to a large
population of users.
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NATIONWIDE URBAN RUNOFF PROGRAM
EPA is continuing its efforts to control nonpoint source pollution
under the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program. As discussed in the first Post-
PLUARG report, the program lists the following objectives (EPA, 1978):
1. To ascertain "what is known about urban runoff
mechanisms, problems and controls" and present "a
holistic view of the current state of the art and a
strategy for action."
2. To present findings to Congress on the nature, crisis
and severity of urban runoff problems and opportunities
for control (i.e., descriptions of control measures will
be included).
In FY 79-80, EPA will be funding 30 urban storm runoff prototype
projects nationwide with 208 grants. The projects will test various best
management practices (e.g., street sweeping, detention basin storage) and
determine the resultant impact on water quality. Projects will generally last
three years, with funding on a year-to-year basis.
By the end of FY 82, EPA hopes to have developed a number of effective
control measures. The program will culminate with a report to Congress in
1983 on effects, causes and controls, and will continue thereafter to assure
implementation.
THE SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES CONSERVATION ACT
The Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act (RCA) of 1977 (P.L. 95-
192) was passed by Congress "(t)o provide for furthering the conservation,
protection, and enhancement of the Nation's soil, water, and related resources
for sustained use." The Act requires USDA conservation programs to be
responsive to the long-term needs of the nation. An appraisal of and program
plan for soil and water conservation were required to be developed by December
31, 1979. The appraisal and program plan are to be updated at five-year
intervals.
41
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A draft Appraisal and Program Report have recently been made
available for public review and comment (USDA, 1980). The draft Appraisal
discusses the status, conditions, and trends of the nation's soil, water, and
related resources and presents a demand analysis for the resources. Data were
analyzed relating to resource supplies and demands in terms of soil resource
quantity and quality, water quality conservation and supply, fish and wildlife
habitat, upstream flood damages, energy conservation and production, and
related natural resources. Of particular interest are the analyses concerning
soil resources, water quality, and fish and wildlife habitat (specifically,
wetlands) .
Objectives proposed for nondegradation of soil resources, based
largely upon factors contained in the Universal Soil Loss Equation, include
the following:
1. On agricultural lands where erosion is currently less
than the T value, mail
does not exceed T value.
than the T value, maintain conditions so that erosion
On lands presently eroding at rates greater than the T
value and less than 14 T/A/Y (tons per acre per year),
utilize the most cost-effective approach to reduce
erosion to a level approaching the T value.
Where erosion exceeds 14 T/A/Y, reduce it to T value.
2. Minimize conversion of prime farmlands to other uses.
1- T value: Soil loss tolerance is defined as the maximum rate of annual soil
erosion that will permit a high level of cropland and rangeland
productivity to be obtained economically and indefinitely. For cropland,
forest land, pastureland, and native pasture, the estimated average is 5
tons per acre per year. For rangeland, the estimated average is 2 tons per
acre per year.
42
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Proposed activities to accomplish the objectives include the
following:
1. Utilize data on soil and water resources to identify
priorities to be addressed by conservation programs .
2. Provide land owners with information and assistance to
evaluate and implement conservation needs.
3. Install conservation practices on 141 million acres of
cropland nationwide losing in excess of 5 tons of soil
per acre per year.
The aforementioned objectives and activities are particularly
relevant to the following PLUARG recommendations:
"...that erosion and sediment control programs be imP^
and expanded to reduce the movement of fine-grained sediment
from land surfaces...;
(retain) for agricultural purposes .. .those farmlands which
have the least natural limitations for this use;
...(develop) regional priorities for implementing management
plans . . . ;
..(strengthen and expand) existing technical assistance .and
extension programs dealing with the protection of water
quality, including rural .. .land management practices.
Objectives proposed for water resources from the RCA draft Appraisal
and Program Report include the following:
1. Approach zero discharge of toxic pollutants at the
earliest date possible.
2. Minimize loadings of organic waste (e.g., animal manure,
urban sewage and sludge applied as fertilizer) by
focusing efforts on critical areas to:
43
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(a) reduce loadings of animal waste 60 percent and total
organic waste loadings by 40 percent from the 1977
level;
(b) emphasize reductions in critical areas above lakes
and reservoirs.
3. Reduce nutrient and dissolved solids loadings from
agricultural sources nationally by 30 percent.
4. Where sediment prevention is critical to the protection
of surface waters, reduce sediment by the amount
necessary to achieve the designated uses as determined by
the states.
Activities proposed to accomplish the objectives include the
following:
1. Research to develop and transfer cost-effective nonpoint
pollution control technology.
2. Elimination of excessive applications of nutrients and
pesticides, use of alternative chemicals, etc.
3. Runoff and control measures to control pollutants
typically attached to soil.
4. Animal waste control measures.
5. Irrigation water management; tailwater recovery; water
conservation.
These activities and objectives are consistent with PLUARG
recommendations that:
"...actions be taken to reduce inputs of toxic substances...;
(c)onsideration (be given to)...all potential nonpoint source
problems related to agricultural practices, including
erosion, fertilizer and pesticide use, livestock operations
and drainage..."
Additionally, PLUARG concluded that future research was needed on remedial
measures and their cost-effectiveness.
44
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The objectives proposed under the analysis of fish and wildlife
habitat include reducing the net loss of wetlands resulting from agricultural
uses to zero. PLUARG recognized the unique pollution-reduction capabilities
of wetlands and also recommended their preservation.
Seven alternative strategies to accomplish the objectives proposed
for each resource area are presented in the draft Appraisal and Program
Report. Detailed studies of these strategies will be made during and
subsequent to the public review and comment period which runs through March
28, 1980.
In comparison with the rest of the nation, the Great Lakes region is
already advanced in recognizing the necessity for, and implementing, both
physical and cultural practices for nonpoint source control. As previously
discussed, the Wisconsin Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Abatement Program and
the Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study are currently addressing the problem
of nonpoint source pollution abatement in different sections of the basin.
Section 108(a) Demonstration Projects have provided the opportunity to
evaluate a wide range of land management practices in terms of their
effectiveness in reducing nonpoint source problems. Specifically, studies at
Black Creek, Allen County, Indiana, and Washington County, Wisconsin, have
focused on best management practices for agricultural activities and rural
sediment control.
Additional efforts have included work with models to investigate
nonpoint source pollution and methods of abatement, as well as to identify
critical areas in the Great Lakes basin watersheds. The "overview modeling"
process, for example, has been used to identify the most cost-effective mix of
point and nonpoint controls for the basin. The research survey, discussed
subsequently in this report, found a considerable number of ongoing studies
into the causes and control of nonpoint pollution located in the Great Lakes
region.
45
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UPDATE ON 208 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING
Since 1973, 208 water quality management agencies have identified
regional water quality problems, developed solutions and identified units of
government responsible for implementation of solutions. During FYs 80-83
emphasis will be placed on filling in the gaps in areawide water quality
management plans. This will be accomplished primarily through the use of
prototype problem-solving projects, with the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) providing funding, technical expertise and information transfer
The Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, previously discussed, is illustrative of
this new, more active management approach.
EPA has established four priority problem areas to be addressed in
FYs 80-84: urban storm runoff, nonpoint sources, groundwater quality and
waste treatment facilities. Generally, highest funding priority will be
assigned to programs addressing urban stormwater runoff, agricultural runoff
and groundwater protection. Programs involving nonpoint source pollution from
construction, mining, or silvicultural activities will generally receive
secondary priority. EPA anticipates completion of the 208 grant program by FY
83, given adequate funding for FYs 81, 82 and 83. At that time, EPA will
decide on the future direction of the Water Quality Management Program.
Table 1 shows the current status of the water quality management
Plans being prepared by each of the agencies carrying out water quality
Planning in the Great Lakes basin. To date, 23 of the completed plans have
received state certification. Of these, 17 have received EPA approval as well.
Great Lakes Basin Commission 208 Report Bibliography
In an effort to maximize the utilization of 208 planning information
in other planning and management activities in the basin, a key-word coded
bibliography of 208 reports is being developed by the Basin Commission staff.
The bibliography of all water quality management planning reports in the Great
Lakes basin is being entered into the Basin Commission's computer. Initially,
the bibliography will contain between 700 to 800 reports, with additions madl
as necessary. This information base will be available for use by the Great
46
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TABLE 1
STATUS OF 208 PLANNING IN THE GREAT LAKES BASIN
DESIG- FINAL
NATION PLAN
AGENCY DATE DATE
ILLINOIS -
NIPC
Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission 6/13/75 5/79
INDIANA -
ISPCB *
Ind iana Stream Pollution Control Board 5/28/76 5/80
MACOG
Michiana Area Council of Governments 6/11/75 5/78
NIRPC
Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Comm. 6/06/75 5/78
MICHIGAN
CUPPAD
Central Upper Peninsula Planning & Develop-
ment Regional Commission 5/28/76 3/78
ECMPDRC
East Central Michigan Planning & Development
Regional Commission 6/06/75 9/78
EUPRPDC
STATE
CERTI-
FICATION EPA
DATE APPROVAL
5/80* 6/80*
8/79 10/79
8/79 9/79
9/78 1/79
10/78 2/79
Development Commission
GLS-V
Genesee-Lapeer-Shiawassee Region V Planning
Commission
NEMCOG
Northeast Michigan Council of Governments
NMRPC
Northwest Michigan Regional Planning &
Development Commission
REG.II
Reg ion II Planning Commission
5/28/76 9/78
6/06/75
5/28/76
5/28/76
6/06/75
9/78
9/78
12/78
9/78
10/78
10/78
10/78
7/78
11/78
3/79
2/79
2/79
11/78
3/79
47
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TABLE 1 (cont'd.)
STATUS OF 208 PLANNING IN THE GREAT LAKES BASIN
AGENCY
MICHIGAN (cont'd.)
SMPC
Southcentral Michigan Planning Council
SEMCOG
Southeast Michigan Council of Governments
SMRPC
Southwestern Michigan Regional Planning Coram.
TCRPC
Tri-County Regional Planning Commission
WMRPC
West Michigan Regional Planning Commission
WMSRDC
West Michigan Shoreline Regional Development
Commission
WUPPDRC
Western Upper Peninsula Planning & Development
Regional Commission
MINNESOTA
MPCA
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
NEW YORK
NYSDEC
New York Department of Environmental
Conservation
CNYRPDB
DESIG-
NATION
DATE
6/06/75
6/06/75
5/28/76
6/19/75
6/19/75
6/19/75
5/28/76
5/28/76
5/28/76
FINAL
PLAN
DATE
10/78
8/78
4/78
4/78
2/78
9/78
9/78
1/80
3/79
STATE
CERTI-
FICATION
DATE
5/78
9/78
9/78
2/78
5/78
11/78
10/78
2/80
12/79
EPA
APPROVAL
9/78
1/79
1/79
7/78
9/78
3/79
2/79
4/80*
Central New York Regional Planning &
Development Board 6/09/75 4/79 1/80
ENCRPB
Erie-Niagara Counties Regional Planning Board 6/23/75 2/79 1/80
3/80
4/80
48
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TABLE 1 (cont'd.)
STATUS OF 208 PLANNING IN THE GREAT LAKES BASIN
AGENCY
OHIO
OEPA
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
NOACA
Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency
TMACOG
Toledo Metropolitan Area Council of
Governments
PENNSYLVANIA
PDER
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Resources
WISCONSIN
WDNR
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
FVWQPA
Fox Valley Water Quality Planning Agency
SEWRPC
Southeast Wisconsin Regional Planning Comm.
DESIG- FINAL
NATION PLAN
DATE DATE
5/28/76
6/16/75
6/25/74 1/77
6/01/76
5/28/76
6/19/75
6/06/75
/80C
6/79
8/79
STATE
CERTI-
FICATION EPA
DATE APPROVAL
3/80
10/79
11/78
/80C
7/79
12/79
3/79
/80C
* Expected Date
a. The OEPA Plan is composed of 13 separate basin reports. Some have already
been certified. All 13 are expected to be certified by 3/80.
b. The Cuyahoga portion of the Plan is expected to be certified 2/80.
c. The WDNR Plan is composed of management plans from 21 different planning
areas. The status of reports from planning areas within the basin is shown
on the following page:
49
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TABLE 1 (cont'd.)
STATUS OF 208 PLANNING IN THE GREAT LAKES BASIN
Planning Area
Upper Green Bay
Wolf River Basin
Upper Fox River Basin
Lower Fox River Basin
Twin-Door-Kewaunee
Manitowoc River Basin
Sheboygan River Basin
Upper Milwaukee River Basin
Southeast Wisconsin Regional
Planning Area
4/80*
4/80
8/79
8/79
(Nonpoint
source
element
only)
9/80*
8/79*
4/80
4/80
8/79
State
Certification EPA
Date Approval
12/79
12/79
(Nonpoint
source
element
only)
9/79
9/79
(Conditional
approval of
nonpoint source
element only)
12/79
50
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Lakes National Program Office, as well as by planning and management agencies
and the general public. The bibliography should be completed and ready for
outside use by September, 1980.
A complete list of the keywords presently in use is included in Table
2. Reports can be selectively retrieved from the system by: (1) state, (2)
lake, (3) river basin group, (4) agency, or (5) topic (key word). Multiple
specification retrievals are also possible. Appendix C contains an example of
a partial retrieval utilizing the keywords: "Remedial Measures", "Unit Area
Loads/Models", and "Costs" under "Nonpoint Sources".
FIVE YEAR STRATEGIES
According to Water Quality Management regulations (40 CFR Part 35,
Subpart G [1979]), each state must prepare and update annually a five-year
strategy for controlling pollution from point and nonpoint sources. In some
instances, designated 208 areawide planning agencies prepare individual five-
year strategies for input to the overall state report. A review of programs
developed by state and areawide planning agencies in the basin (Attachment 2)
identified a number of study proposals with particular relevance to Great
Lakes issues and problems. As results become available from these regional
studi'es and demonstrations, it will be important to incorporate their findings
into the evolution and maintenance of a comprehensive management strategy for
the Great Lakes.
U.S. AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAMS - IMPLICATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF GREAT
LAKES WATER QUALITY
The Great Lakes are particularly susceptible to atmospheric inputs of
pollution. The following factors have been identified as contributing to
their sensitivity:
• the lakes are close to and often downwind of major sources
of pollution;
51
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TABLE 2
208 BIBLIOGRAPHY
KEY WORD DICTIONARY
100 Point Sources
110 Sources
120 Projections
130 Alternatives
140 Recommendations
150 Facility Plans
200 Nonpoint Sources
210 Problems
220 Remedial Measures
230 Recommendations
240 Unit Area Loads/Models
250 Other
260 Costs
300 Toxic Substances
310 Problems
320 Special Studies
330 Management Programs
400 Atmospheric Loads
500 Great Lakes Issues
510 CZM
520 Great Lakes Water Quality
521 Recommendations
600 Land Factors
610Inventory
620 Projections
630 Soils/Geology
700 Population
710 Current
720 Projected
800 Sludge
810 Quantity
820 Disposal Plan
830 Alternatives/Techniques
900 River and Lake Basin
910 Water Quality Assessments
920 Detailed Studies
930 Modeling Activities
940 Wast Load Allocations
950 Other
1000 Biological Studief
1100 Other Special Studies
1110 Groundwater
1120 Water Conservation
1130 Phosphorus
1140 Rainfall
1150 Inland Lakes
1160 Maps
1200 Wetlands^
1300 Dredging
1400 Management Plan
1410 Existing Framework
1420 Alternatives
1430 Recommendations
1440 Objectives
1450 Other
1451 Economics
1452 Implementation
1453 Legislation/Legal Issues
1454 Report Summaries
1500 Public Participation
1600 Work Program/5-yr Strategy
1610 Annual Work Program
1620 Five Year Strategy
1700 Other
1710 Environmental Assessment
52
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• the lakes have comparatively long retention times,
resulting in relatively high concentrations of even low
level inputs;
• atmospheric inputs to the Great Lakes are large and are
readily borne by runoff;
• the low suspended sediment load per unit volume to each of
the Great Lakes, except Lake Erie, may contribute to their
sensitivity. Higher volumetric sediment loads may provide
more opportunity for sorption of toxics and subsequent
settling out of the water column. Higher solids loads may
also serve to "dilute" toxic concentrations in bottom
sediments; and
• The Great Lakes region has considerable potential for
further industrial development with associated deleterious
effects.
The significance of atmospheric pollutant inputs on Great Lakes water
quality makes consideration of air pollution control programs a key element in
the development of a Great Lakes environmental management strategy.
The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978 provided for
consideration of atmospheric inputs in Article Vl(l)(L), stating that "(i)n
cases where significant contributions to Great Lakes pollution from
atmospheric sources are identified, the Parties agree to consult on
appropriate remedial programs." Similar concern was expressed in PLUARG's
recommendation that "the role of atmospheric inputs should be considered in
the evaluation of Great Lakes pollution, with special consideration given to
the sources of major atmospheric pollutants."
The U.S. national air pollution control effort embodies two
complementary approaches: the National Ambient Air Quali"the role of
atmospheric inputs should be considered in the evaluation of Great Lakes
pollution, with special consideration given to the sources of major
atmospheric pollutants."
53
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The U.S. national air pollution control effort embodies two
complementary approaches: the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
program and the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
(NESHAPS) program. Program regulations include provision for coordination
with areawide water quality management planning ("208") programs. However,
these provisions have generally not been implemented. Most inter-program
coordination presently takes place at the federal level through the regional
Intermodal Planning Groups.
Because U.S. air and water pollution control programs have evolved
independently, it may be extremely difficult to reconcile the two in areas of
common concern (e.g., toxic substances pollution via atmospheric deposition).
Attachment 3, "U.S. Air Quality Control Programs - Implications for
Improvement of Great Lakes Water Quality," examines ongoing air quality
control programs, focusing on the statutory and regulatory requirements for
air and water pollution control program coordination. Air quality programs in
each of the Great Lakes states are reviewed. Finally, the efficacy of air
pollution control programs in reducing PCB inputs to the lakes is examined.
STATUS OF THE PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS
In the 1978 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United
States and Canada, the two governments tentatively agreed to the following
target loads for phosphorus entering Great Lakes surface waters:
Target Load
Basin (metric tons/yr)
Lake Superior 3,400
Lake Michigan 5,600
Main Lake Huron 2,800
Georgian Bay 600
North Channel 520
Saginaw Bay 440
Lake Erie 11,000
Lake Ontario 7,000
54
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Annex 3 of the Agreement also specifies that the U.S. and Canadian federal
governments, "in cooperation with the State and Provincial Governments, shall
...confirm the future phosphorus loads, and based on these establish load
allocations and compliance schedules." The confirmed set of phosphorus
loading objectives is due by May 22, 1980.
The Phosphorus Management Strategies Task Force (PMSTF) , a joint
Water Quality Board-Science Advisory Board work group, is currently reviewing
the methodology utilized in determining the loading objectives and the
programs and technology necessary to meet the objectives. The final report of
the Task Force was expected in January, 1980, but has not yet been completed.
However, several preliminary subreports, which presumably will form the basis
of the final report, have been developed. These are listed in Table 3.
The Task Force completed an Interim Report for the International Joint
Commission (UC) in December of 1979. The following is a summary of the major
conclusions reached in this report. It should be noted that these are only
preliminary findings which may be modified as the Task Force continues its
work.
Phosphorus Loadings
Total phosphorus loads to the Great Lakes (for 1976), considered by
the Task Force to be the best estimates, given the available data, are
presented in Table 4 (PMSTF, 1979). These estimates are based on data from a
number of different sources and include any corrections or updates to the data
base not available in previous estimates. These estimates were judged to be
within 10 to 20 percent of the actual load for the sources included in the
estimates.
Several factors were not included in the Task Force's estimate of
variability. These included high flow event sampling data (except for Lake
Erie) and consideration of shoreline erosion contributions. In the case of
shoreline erosion, the total phosphorus loads from this source were given (see
Table 4), although they were not counted as part of the total load.
1. The contribution of shoreline erosion was excluded based on the assumption
that it is primarily a source of unavailable phosphorus.
2. These figures are also based on an accumulation of information from many
summary sources. The majority of the information was available for water
years 1975 and 1976.
55
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TABLE 3
DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOR FINAL REPORT OF
THE PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TASK FORCE
AS OF DECEMBER 12, 1979
Chapter I. BACKGROUND
• The Laurentian Great Lakes - Ecological Perspectives
5 pages. (Beeton - February 19, 1979)
• Phosphorus as Related to Great Lakes Eutrophication -
5 pages. (Beeton - April 3, 1979)
Chapter II. PHOSPHORUS TARGET LOADS
• Development of Target Loads - 23 pages. (Salbach & Rast)
Chapter III. EVALUATION OF PHOSPHORUS INPUTS TO THE GREAT LAKES
• PLUARG Report on Differences in Great Lakes Phosphorus
Load Estimates - 27 pages. (Rast & Gregor - February,
1979)
• Analysis of Phosphorus Loads - 6 pages. (Mancini)
• • Draft of Chapter III - (Mancini et al.) - 25 pages,
December 6, 1979.
Chapter IV. IMPACT OF PHOSPHORUS LOADS ON PHOSPHORUS, ALGAL, OXYGEN LEVELS
IN GREAT LAKES
• Review and Evaluation of Models - 30 pages. (O'Connor)
• • Revised Chapter IV - Review and Evaluation of Models -
38 pages. (O'Connor - November 28, 1979)
Chapter V. COSTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF PHOSPHORUS CONTROL
• Outline - Costs and Technology for Phosphorus Control -
7 pages. (Schmidtke)
• Point Sources - 11 pages. (Van Fleet - November 1, 1979)
• Detergent Phosphorus Substitutes (Carlson - November 1,
1979)
56
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TABLE 3 (cont'd.)
Chapter V. (cont'd.)
Gross Estimates of POTW Phosphorus Load to the Great Lakes
and Cost of Alternative Strategies (U.S. EPA - MERL)
Phosphorus Removal Using Land Treatment Systems -
13 pages. (Loehr - August 17, 1979)
Sludge Production as a Result of Phosphorus Removal -
16 pages. (Loehr & Naylor - September 17, 1979)
Management of Nonpoint Sources of Phosphorus - 17 pages.
(Bangay - October, 1979 - revised draft)
• Chapter V - Costs and Technologies of Phosphorus Control
(Schmidtke) - preliminary consolidation of above reports -
December 5, 1979.
Chapter VI. STRATEGIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• Strategies for Assessing the Social and Economic Impacts
of Great Lakes Phosphorus Management - 13 pages. (Bangay
& Peskin - October, 1979)
Chapter VII. SUMMARY
57
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Table 5 compares the Task Force's initial estimates with annual total
2
phosphorus loads for the mid-1970s compiled by Chapra and Sonzogni (1979).
As shown, the figures are very close in value. In fact, they are within the
+20 percent error noted previously.
Differences between the two estimates may be largely explained by the
time frame difference (1976 versus mid-1970s). As discussed in Sonzogni et
al. (1980), considerable differences exist from year to year in tributary flow
and, therefore, the phosphorus load.
Not surprisingly, the PMSTF loads are, with the exception of Lake
Erie, identical to the loads reported in PLUARG. The difference in the Lake
Erie load can be explained by a revised estimate of point source inputs, as
explained in Sonzogni et al. (1980). Overall, given the update for Lake Erie,
the PMSTF appears to have agreed that the loads developed by PLUARG (the U.S.
loads were compiled by GLBC staff) are the best available at this time.
Phosphorus Availability
The Task Force is also evaluating the question of phosphorus
availability and its significance in formulating management strategies for the
Great Lakes. A review of recent studies concerned with phosphorus
availability highlighted the paucity of research in this area. Additional
information is needed on the relationship of the operationally-defined forms
of phosphorus (non-apatite inorganic P, organic P, apatite inorganic P, NaOH
extractable P, etc.) and their relation to the form utilized by algae.
Studies are needed to compare chemical and biological methods of measuring
phosphorus availability and to determine the correlation between algal
bioassay data and lake biomass response. Additional research efforts are also
needed to determine the significance of the proximity of the phosphorus source
to the receiving water in terms of in-lake phosphorus availability.
Although it did not arrive at a firm conclusion regarding its
significance, the PMSTF has clearly highlighted the importance of considering
phosphorus availability in management decisions. They did not indicate that
evidence to date suggests that a large portion of the phosphorus delivered to
58
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TABLE 4
"BEST" ESTIMATE OF 1976 PHOSPHORUS LOAD
(metric tons)
Direct Direct Tributary Urban Upstream Shoreline
Lake Municipal Industrial Total Atmosphere Direct Load Total Erosion
SUPERIOR
MICHIGAN
HURON
ERIE
ONTARIO
72
1,041
126
6,292
2,093
103
38
38
275
82
2,455
3,596
2,901
9,960
4,047
1,566
1,682
1,129
774
488
16
—
16
44
324
—
—
657
1,080
4,769
4,212
6,357
4,867
18,425
11,803
3,800
3,700
794
10,526
1,280
* consists of indirect point sources and nonpoint sources in tributary basin.
TABLE 5
A COMPARISON OF ESTIMATES OF TOTAL PHOSPHORUS LOADING
TO THE GREAT LAKES
(metric tons/year)
Total Loading Excluding
Shoreline Erosion
PMSTF Chapra & Sonzogni
Lake (1976) (mid 1970s)
Shoreline Erosion
PMSTF Chapra & Sonzogni
(1976) (mid 1970s)
SUPERIOR 4,212 4,000
MICHIGAN 6,357 6,950
HURON 4,867 5,472
ERIE 18,425 19,047
ONTARIO 11,803 10,444
3,800 3,800
3,700 3,700
794 700
10,526 10,450
1,280 1,300
59
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the Great Lakes via tributaries is not biologically available. This point was
made in the PLUARG report as well as in Sonzogni et al. (1980). While it is
agreed that additional research is needed on the biological availability of
phosphorus, there is enough information in existence to indicate that fine-
tuning of our phosphorus management strategies must include the fact that a
significant portion of the nonpoint source phosphorus input is in a non-
available form. Moreover, it would seem to indicate that our current emphasis
on controlling point sources appears to be a correct one. Some additional
information on the effect of phosphorus availability on management strategies
is being prepared as part of the Basin Commission's Great Lakes Environmental
Planning Study (GLEPS). Preliminary information is being supplied to the
PMSTF.
Assessment of Phosphorus Models
As one of its work efforts, the Task Force is conducting an
assessment of the models used in the development of the target loads proposed
in the Agreement. Based on an initial assessment, it has concluded that the
models can provide reasonable estimates of the total phosphorus concentrations
for Lake Ontario and dissolved oxygen concentrations for Lake Erie.
Uncertainties in the model structure are in the range of 10 to 30 percent,
insufficient to preclude their use in the formulation of alternate management
strategies.
Point Source Control
One of the major objectives of the PMSTF's study is to determine
whether or not it would be advisable to require phosphorus removal at
municipal treatment plants in the Erie and Ontario basins to the 0.5 mg/L P
level. At the present time this question is unresolved. However, preliminary
indications are that across-the-board requirements for the 0.5 mg/L limit
would not be practical. Rather, it appears that a stepped or staged approach
will be advocated, wherein the 1.0 mg/L limit is emphasized for the time being
and the effects of this action evaluated. This might be accomplished by using
a demonstration program whereby the effect of phosphorus control on a portion
of the Great Lakes (e.g., Saginaw or Green Bay which have relatively short
60
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response times) could be carefully evaluated. The demonstration program might
include testing of different removal efficiencies at municipal treatment
plants. Another possibility would be to encourage an intermediary control
level between 1.0 or 0.5 mg/L P, since some plants can achieve somewhat less
than 1.0 mg/L simply by efficient plant operation (i.e., no additional cost is
likely to be involved). While this should surely be encouraged, the reduction
in loading which would be achieved is small.
The above possibilities are consistent with the Great Lakes Basin
Conmission's reconmendation (GLBC, 1979a; GLBC 1979b) for phosphorus control
at municipal plants. A staged implementation program designed to meet
regional needs could provide the feedback information necessary to fill the
gaps in the current status of our knowledge regarding effects, costs, and
benefits of various phosphorus control strategies. In this manner, the most
cost-effective control measures could be identified and recommended for
implementation.
Nonpoint Source Control
The PMSTF is also considering how, or to what extent, nonpoint
sources should be reduced. At present, no information is available from the
PMSTF which might result in their reaching a conclusion different from the
PLUARG findings. Furthermore, the IJC's response to the PLUARG
recommendations may have a bearing on any recommendations on nonpoint source
control that the PMSTF may make.1 It is thus expected that the nonpoint
source control recommendations of the PMSTF will be similar to the Basin
Conmission's recommendation regarding implementation of a nonpoint source
control program (i.e., implementation of essentially voluntary measures that
will not require large public or private expenditures).
1. At the time of this writing, the IJC review was complete but not yet
available.
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CHAPTER 3
POLLUTANT LOADINGS TO THE LAKES
UPDATE ON TRIBUTARY MONITORING PROJECTS
PLUARG's final report to the IJC underscored the need for expanding
tributary monitoring programs to improve the accuracy and precision of load
estimates (IJC, 1978). Additionally, such studies would serve to monitor the
effectiveness of point and nonpoint source pollution control programs, aid in
setting priorities for future control programs, and provide baseline data by
which the effectiveness of future programs may be assessed. At this time, a
number of tributary monitoring programs are underway in the basin.
Ohio
The river mouth sampling program for Ohio tributaries to Lake Erie is
approximately 50 percent complete (as of February, 1980) (Baker, 1980). The
sampling program will include the spring runoff events of 1980. In this
study, storm event transport of sediments, nutrients and metals are being
monitored by the USGS at 13 river mouth stations. Sample analysis is being
conducted at the Heidelberg Water Quality Laboratory. The resulting chemical
data, along with the associated stream flow data, will be used to calculate
annual loadings of materials to Lake Erie from Ohio streams. Data from the
program will be incorporated into the USGS annual publication of Water
Resources Data for Ohio. The data will also be placed in the STORET system,
making it available for use by a wide range of agencies, including local and
regional planning authorities.
An important part of the Heidelberg Water Quality Laboratory's Post-
PLUARG work is to generate additional information on the biological
availability of the phosphorus associated with the tributary load. Apparently
no information has been generated to date on phosphorus availability.
Hopefully this information will be forthcoming in the near future.
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As previously mentioned, water quality monitoring is also underway in
the upper Honey Creek watershed to determine the effect of agricultural
pollutant abatement demonstration projects on water quality. The Heidelberg
Water Quality Laboratory, under contract with the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, is conducting a biological survey at six points within the upper
drainage reaches to provide baseline data for subsequent studies of the effect
of widespread adoption of no-till practices on the stream community structure.
The study is scheduled for completion by July 1, 1980, and will also include
information on phosphorus loading from rural septic systems.
The Heidelberg Water Quality Laboratory is also under contract with
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to continue their detailed stream transport
studies of nutrients and sediments at six locations in the Sandusky River
basin for the 1980 water year. A component of the third phase of the Lake
Erie Wastewater Management Study (LEWMS), data will be utilized to evaluate
the water quality effects of tillage demonstration projects and modeling
efforts underway in the basin. Storm transport studies are also scheduled to
be conducted during spring runoff events at Bean Creek, the West Branch of the
Rocky River, and the Ottawa River (three of the five additional basins to be
studied under Phase III of LEWMS).
The final report of Heidelberg College Water Quality Laboratory's two
and one-half year study for EPA on "Fluvial Transport and Processing of
Sediments and Nutrients from Nonpoint Sources" in northwestern Ohio and the
Sandusky basin is currently in preparation. A detailed study of the data will
be conducted utilizing the fluvial transport model developed by the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers. Annual variability in nutrient and sediment yields,
sediment delivery ratios and variations in nutrient/sediment ratios will also
be investigated.
Wisconsin
Another Post-PLUARG tributary monitoring program has recently been
funded for Wisconsin. The activity is being carried out by the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) in cooperation with USGS. The Water
Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin-Madison will also be
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utilized to determine the biological availability of phosphorus and the
particle size distribution in the suspended solids of a select number of
samples.
Runoff event and baseflow samples will be collected at the mouths of
seven Lake Michigan tributaries: the East Twin, Pigeon, Branch, Manitowoc,
Sheboygan, Cedar, and the Milwaukee. EPA is currently considering funding
monitoring activities on the Fox and Menomonee rivers also. Water quality/
quantity monitoring will begin on the first group of tributaries within the
next few months.
All of the tributaries included in the monitoring program drain land
use activities identified as potential contributors of nonpoint source
pollution. Large portions of all of the watersheds support agricultural
activities (identified by PLUARG as the major diffuse source contributor of
phosphorus). Additionally, the Pigeon River watershed is dominated by clay
soils which were identified by PLUARG as contributing the greatest amounts of
phosphorus. Monitoring of the Pigeon River will provide particularly valuable
information on unit phosphorus loadings for agricultural activities on fine-
textured soils.
1977-78 RIVER MOUTH LOADINGS
In 1978, the IJC published a report prepared by the Great Lakes Basin
Commission staff for U.S. EPA, Region V, entitled "United States Great Lakes
Tributary Loadings." In that report, a detailed analysis of 1975 and 1976
U.S. tributary loads was presented. Much valuable information was obtained
from this work, but it was recognized that additional data for future years
were needed to more fully understand the impact of tributary loadings. This
became another task of the Post-PLUARG Agreement: to calculate tributary
loads from U.S. tributaries for water years 1977 and 1978. Appendix D
presents the results of the loading calculations which can be compared
directly with Appendix A of Sonzogni et al. (1978). A more detailed analysis
of these loads will be conducted under the second portion of the Post-PLUARG
Agreement to be completed by September of 1980.
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A quick examination of Appendix D will reveal that there are no loads
for Lake Erie. As was discussed in Sonzogni et al. (1978), it is important to
utilize the Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study (LEWMS) work in obtaining
tributary loads for Lake Erie. Individual river mouth loads were not
available from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at this time, but will be
presented in the upcoming report.
Data Sources
River mouth loads were calculated using the best available
concentration and flow information. Every effort was made to utilize all data
available for any given tributary to maximize the confidence in a loading
estimate. Primary sources of data included state water surveillance programs,
U.S. Geological Survey programs, and other work done by universities and
special state or federal projects.
In general, data on the four parameters considered were available for
major U.S. Great Lakes tributaries. Appendix D indicates the number of flow
and concentration data pairs that were used in each loading calculation.
The primary source of daily and mean annual flow information was U.S.
Geological Survey Water Resources Data reports. Some state surveillance
programs also collected flow data (generally at the time of the sample
collection). These were used where appropriate.
Base Years
All loadings were calculated by water year as standardized by the
U.S. Geological Survey.
Watershed Areas
In this report, tributaries and their watersheds have been organized
according to individual tributaries, hydrologic areas, river basin groups, and
lake basins following the procedure used in Subactivity 2-1 of U.S. Task D,
PLUARG (Hall et al., 1976) . Each of the 72 hydrologic areas consists of a
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single major watershed or a complex of small watersheds draining individual
tributaries. Hydrologic areas are grouped into 15 larger river basin groups
(River Group in Appendix D) which contain anywhere from one to eight
hydrologic areas. Each lake basin consists of two or more river basin groups.
A description of the U.S. tributaries, their organization and maps of their
drainage basins has been previously recorded in Hall et al. (1976).
Additional information on the watershed areas used in this study may
be found in Sonzogni et al. (1978). Watershed area measurements were obtained
primarily from the Great Lakes Basin Framework Study, Appendix 1, "Alternative
Frameworks". Additional drainage area information, especially for areas
containing the smaller rivers, was obtained from a computerized list of
watershed areas compiled for the Conservation Needs Inventory by the U.S. Soil
Conservation Service.
Correcting Loads to the River Mouth
Not all chemical stations and flow gaging stations are located at the
river mouth. In order to present a total river mouth load in these
situations, it was necessary to adjust flow to account for the area below
monitoring stations.
In order to adjust flow measurements to the river mouth, gage flow
was multiplied by the ratio of the total drainage area over the gaged drainage
area. For example, if a river drains a total area of 1,000 square kilometers,
but the farthest downstream flow gage is located 15 river kilometers upstream
from the mouth and accounts for only 900 square kilometers, the gaged flow
would be multiplied by 1,000/900 or 1.11 to provide a corrected flow. All
flows used in loading calculations in this report were corrected in this
manner, if not already reported as accounting for the total watershed drainage
area.
In most cases, chemical monitoring stations were located at or very
near the river mouth. Consequently, no concentration adjustments were made;
and it was assumed that concentrations at the mouth were the same as those
measured at the monitoring station. An exception to this procedure occurred
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if the monitoring station was above a major impoundment. In those few cases,
the load was calculated at the point above the impoundment.
Method of Calculating Loadings
Loadings for this report were calculated using the ratio estimator
method, employing a computer program developed specifically for applying the
calculation method (Clark, 1976). This method has been widely reviewed and is
generally accepted by the Great Lakes research and surveillance community as
the preferred and, importantly, standard method for calculating tributary
loads. For a further explanation of the ratio estimator used, see Sonzogni et
al. (1978).
The quantity of rainfall and runoff varies significantly from year to
year and among the lakes. Because watershed yield is an important factor in
determining the tributary load, runoff conditions should be examined in
ascertaining the significance of the load. A detailed examination of flow
variations will be presented in the next Post-PLUARG report. At present, it
should be noted that the year 1975, and in particular 1976, were years of very
high flows (relative to the long-term historical flow) for all of the lakes
except Superior. 1977 was a very low flow year for all of the lakes. In
1978, flows returned to average or above average conditions.
In calculating river mouth loads, an understanding of the influence
of high flow events is also crucial. For example, for tributaries draining
into parts of Lake Erie it is clear that high flow events have a major impact
on the total load of sediment and certain chemical substances. However, the
relationship between flow and concentration varies widely over the U.S. Great
Lakes basin. It should be noted here that all data, including high flow event
data that were available, were used in calculating river mouth loads.
OVERVIEW MODELING ACTIVITIES
At the request of U.S. EPA's Great Lakes National Program Office,
Basin Commission staff have proposed ways in which the overview modeling
process developed as part of the PLUARG study (Johnson et al., 1978; Heidtke et
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al., 1979a) could be presented for use by local decision makers in choosing
among alternative point and nonpoint pollution control strategies. The unique
potential of this process for use as a planning tool in localized long-term
watershed management, both within and outside the Great Lakes basin, is
discussed in Attachment 4, "Methodology for Choosing Among Alternatives to
Reduce Pollutant Contributions from Watersheds."
The overview modeling process has also recently been used to generate
estimates of U.S. current and future total phosphorus and heavy metal inputs
to the Great Lakes under a variety of management scenarios (Heidtke et a^. ,
1979b; Heidtke et al. , 1980). An updated information base was compiled for
these studies, primarily from local water quality management ("208") plans.
Total Phosphorus Loadings
Results of the study on future U.S. phosphorus loadings reveal that
achievement of a 1.0 mg/L total phosphorus effluent limitation at municipal
sewage treatment plants (greater than 1 mgd) would result in almost a 60
percent reduction in U.S. municipal input of phosphorus between the mid-1970s
and 1990. Although a gradual increase in the annual U.S. municipal load is
expected between 1990 and 2000, the input should remain well below mid-1970
levels. Full implementation of the 1 mg/L phosphorus limitation was
identified as the most critical step in a cost-effective reduction of
phosphorus loadings to the Great Lakes.
Very little change is projected in the total phosphorus load
contributed from rural runoff (assuming no additional runoff control measures
are implemented). Based on projected land use changes, it is expected that
the rural runoff load will exhibit a downward trend in the future with the
greatest decrease expected in the Lake Erie basin. Remedial programs designed
to reduce the input from rural runoff were studied and compared on the basis
of cost-effectiveness (cost per metric ton reduction in lake loading).
Voluntary sound management practices such as proper application of fertilizers
and manure, general conservation plowing techniques, mulching, etc., were
determined to be extremely cost-effective but generally unlikely to
significantly reduce phosphorus loadings. More extensive control programs
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were not determined to be cost-effective. However, preliminary results from
the Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study (LEWMS) have shown that costs may be
much less and that a net benefit may result for some regions.
The study revealed that the phosphorus loading contributed by urban
runoff will remain relatively constant over the next two decades (assuming no
additional remedial measures are implemented). Mechanisms for controlling
urban runoff were not found to be cost-effective in terms of the reduction
achieved in the annual total phosphorus load to the Great Lakes. However,
such programs may significantly reduce heavy metal loadings to the lakes.
Heavy Metal Loadings
The overview modeling process was used to generate annual loadings of
lead, zinc, copper and cadmium to the Great Lakes from U.S. municipal point
sources and land drainage. Estimates revealed that Lake Erie receives the
largest input of heavy metals from municipal point sources and urban runoff,
while Lake Michigan receives the greatest loading from rural land drainage.
Implementation of phosphorus control programs should result in
increased metal removal efficiencies, significantly reducing heavy metal
loadings to Lake Erie and Lake Ontario over the next few years. It is
expected that by the year 1990 municipal inputs to these two lakes will be
roughly 25 to 30 percent less than mid-1970 levels. Municipal inputs of heavy
metals to Lakes Superior, Michigan and Huron are not expected to change
significantly over the next two decades.
Heavy metal loadings from rural runoff are expected to remain
relatively constant (assuming no additional remedial measures are implemented)
over the next few years. Estimates obtained from running a low-cost,
voluntary land management scenario indicate that metal inputs from rural land
would be reduced by less than 7 percent. More extensive management practices
result in an additional load reduction of less than 10 percent. Thus it
appears that remedial programs to control rural runoff, although desirable,
are not likely to significantly reduce metal loadings to the lakes.
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Study results indicate that heavy metal loadings associated with
urban runoff will increase from 10 to 20 percent in the Lake Michigan, Lake
Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario basins (without additional remedial programs
to control urban runoff). While urban runoff controls result in comparatively
small phosphorus load reductions, they appear to be effective in reducing
metal inputs to the lakes. Remedial programs, such as frequent
steeetsweeping, could be expected to reduce metals input by approximately 40
percent by the year 2000. Estimates indicate that more extensive control
programs, such as streetsweeping in conjunction with detention and treatment
of stormwaters and combined sewer overflows, result in a 60 percent reduction
in metal loadings.
These studies emphasize the importance of evaluating remedial
programs on a comprehensive basis . Management programs shown to be
comparatively cost-effective in reducing phosphorus loading from land drainage
may have little effect on the input of heavy metals to the lakes.
Alternatively, measures which may result in significant reductions in metals
loading may not be of critical importance, in view of the current lack of
evidence that metal inputs are creating problems in the Great Lakes. Further,
the high cost of urban runoff control must be considered in relation to the
potential benefit from decreased metal inputs to the Great Lakes.
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CHAPTER 4
SURVEY OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
ON THE CAUSES AND CONTROL OF NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION
A survey was conducted by the Basin Commission staff to summarize
current research efforts on the causes and control of nonpoint source
pollution. The review focused on research activities being carried out at
universities and research stations, primarily in the Great Lakes states.
Several sources were utilized to obtain information on ongoing
2
research projects. A retrieval made on WRE, the Water Resource Research data
base of the Water Resource Scientific Information Center (part of the Office
of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Department of Interior) accessed
information from the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange. Another source
of information was the "Catalog of Federal Ocean Pollution Research
Development and Monitoring Programs, Fiscal Years 1978-1980". Studies funded
by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration programs (Great Lakes
Program, Sea Grant) and Environmental Protection Agency programs (Great Lakes
Program, Great Lakes National Program) were reviewed for research involving
nonpoint source pollution.
The greatest number of ongoing research projects were obtained from a
retrieval made on the Current Research Information System (CRIS), maintained
by the USDA Cooperative State Research Service. The search was limited to the
eight basin states and uncovered a number of pertinent studies (roughly 400)
sponsored or conducted by USDA research agencies, state agricultural
experiment stations, state forestry schools, and other cooperating state
institutions. Approximately 50 of the projects identified, dealing with
1. Atmospheric sources of pollution, with the exception of wind erosion, were
not included in the subject matter. It was felt that this would involve a
whole other realm of study.
2. Projects active during the years 1979-1980 were included.
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phosphorus and sediment control, agricultural land use, and the economics of
implementing pollution control measures, were singled out as being
particularly relevant to Post-PLUARG interests. Descriptions of these
research projects are contained in Appendix E. Detailed information was
requested from the researchers involved in a number of these projects.
POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL LAND USE
Agricultural land use is the major diffuse source contributor of
phosphorus to each of the Great Lakes, with the exception of Lake Superior
(PLUARG, 1978). Its significance is underscored by the proportionally large
number of research projects involving agricultural sources of pollution.
Modeling activities underway include studies of the dynamics of water
and pollutant movement in rural soils, estimation of the volume of runoff and
sediment yield from small agricultural watersheds, and estimation of the
magnitude of nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff from agricultural land. At
Cornell University, modeling of phosphorus inputs to upper New York State's
Finger Lakes is currently underway. Schaffner and Oglesby (1978) determined
phosphorus loadings to the 13 lakes, based on a composite species of
phosphorus and by expressing loadings as the amount added to the lake mixed
zone. Further work by Oglesby and Schaffner (1978) examined lake response to
mixed zone loading as an interrelated series of regression models. The use of
simple components in the models, and the fact that the parameters (e.g.,
transparency) can be directly observed by the public, make this a potentially
useful tool for developing strategies for water quality management.
Other agricultural studies are evaluating various management
techniques' effects on water quality. These include: effects of removal of
crop residues; tillage-mulch effects on erosion and infiltration;
effectiveness of soil and water conservation practices for pollution control;
effects of different feedlot waste management systems on water quality, soil
loss and nutrient transport under various conditions; and the effects of
different pasture and crop management systems on the levels of nutrients,
pesticides, and sediments contributed from watersheds.
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POLLUTION FROM FEEDLQTS
Several projects in the region are investigating the feasibility of
using different management treatments to control the discharge of pollutants
below active feedlots. Runoff from livestock feedlots has long been
recognized as a potential source of pollution, and runoff catchment basins
have been used as the best method of control. However, these basins are
expensive and often require the purchase of additional equipment.
Additionally, they can present odor problems if not maintained properly. The
use of non-structural methods, especially vegetated buffer strips, has proven
effective in reducing both nutrients and microorganisms in feedlot runoff
(Thompson et al._, 1978; Young et al.. 1980). Previous work by Young and Holt
(1977) and Young and Mutchler (1976) indicates that the practice of spreading
manure on frozen soil or on top of snow may not be as hazardous as once
thought, depending on the conditions under which it is applied (soil type,
slope, plowed or unplowed land, cover type, etc.). However, there has been
insufficient research on the extent to which winter spreading causes water
pollution.
The use of buffer strips is considered by many 208 agencies to be one
of the best available management practices for controlling pollution from
livestock waste and agricultural runoff. However, the parameters for the
design of buffer strips are generally unavailable. A study by Aull (1979)
compares two types of buffer configurations. Cropland runoff is viewed on the
scale of one farm or field, in which case runoff acts less like a nonpoint
source and more like an intermittent point source. The use of a discrete
vegetated buffer area, instead of a filter strip along the length of a
watercourse, appears promising for reducing pollution loadings while at the
same time occupying a smaller land area.
ECONOMICS OF CONTROLLING POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
One of PLUARG's recommendations under agricultural land use was that
any water quality plans to be implemented by farmers must be "commensurate
with the farmers' ability to sustain an economically viable operation." The
economics of a number of agricultural source control methods are being
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OI ncuae: aetemmatlon o£ .COM
.H.ei..t methods available to achieve alternate levels of im
an, ysis of eh. af£.ct. of pestic.de ^^.^ ibatement poiici^ •
produce.. costs and £ood and fiber
o e cost_
effective.*.. of various control ..easures for nitrogen and phosphorus runoff
an investigation of alternative ^etnods and rates of disposal ol Micip^
and £eedlot ua8tes „„ agricultural land (to detemine lh. ee
-------
consisting of technical assistance, federal cost sharing, and local level
management. It is assumed that, because SWCPs reduce the amount of eroded
soil and runoff (the principal carriers of potential water pollutants), they
therefore improve water quality. This hypothesis has not been well studied.
While SWCPs may reduce some water pollutants, they may not be cost-effective
mechanisms for nonpoint source control. Cultural measures, such as
controlling the application of manure, fertilizer, and pesticides, may be more
effective and efficient than control of runoff in some situations.
The Section 208 program and several large demonstration projects have
illustrated that BMPs can be planned and that conservation programs can be
implemented. However, the actual water quality benefits attributable to many
of these best management practices, and the impact resulting from their
installation, still remains largely unknown.
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CHAPTER 5
UPDATE ON PLUARG FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The preceding chapters have summarized and provided updated
information on a number of activities and programs concerned with the
abatement of nonpoint source pollution. It is apparent that progress
continues to be made in developing a technical and management base upon which
to build an environmental management strategy for the Great Lakes system.
This chapter will examine the relationship of the activities described earlier
to the findings and recommendations made by PLUARG.
POLLUTION FROM LAND USE ACTIVITIES
PLUARG studies identified a number of diffuse source pollutants which
were either a present or potential water quality problem. These substances
included phosphorus, sediment, PCBs, organochlorine pesticides used in the
past, industrial organic compounds, mercury, and, possibly, heavy metals.
Microorganisms were considered a minor problem. Results made available from
recently completed studies have not changed this finding.
Post-PLUARG tributary monitoring programs in Ohio and Wisconsin will
soon generate additional information on pollutant loadings to the lakes. As
previously mentioned, the Ohio program is already 50 percent complete. An
important function of these sampling programs will be to provide additional
information on the percentage of biologically available phosphorus associated
with the tributary load. Recent evidence indicates that 40 to 50 percent or
more of the total phosphorus contributed by Great Lakes tributaries is
unavailable for plant growth (Sonzogni et al., 1980).
The Phosphorus Management Strategies 'Task Force (PMSTF) has
highlighted the need for additional research on phosphorus availability. Of
particular importance are studies which will identify sources of phosphorus in
terms of their relative bioavailability. It is only with such information
that those activities having the moat substantial impact on Great Lakes water
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quality can be identified and targeted for diffuse source control. Such
information is essential for development of a cost-effective pollution
abatement strategy.
SOURCES OF DIFFUSE POLLUTANTS
A major conclusion of the PLUARG study was that land factors such as
land form (e.g., soil texture and type, physiography, etc.), land use
intensity and materials usage must be considered along with land use in
determining the relative magnitude of pollution to be expected from any given
area. Meteorological conditions also need to be considered in determining
those portions of a watershed which are "hydrologically active". A great deal
of attention is being focused on this set of factors affecting pollution from
land.
The research survey highlighted a number of efforts underway in the
basin which are addressing such things as the influence of soil type on
pollutant loadings, mitigating effects of various crop cultivation practices,
and the effects of silvicultural practices on water quality. Computer
modeling to describe pollutant loading and transport and the effects of
alternate management strategies is also receiving considerable attention.
Additional information from PLUARG1s Menomonee and Maumee pilot
watershed studies has contributed to our knowledge of fluvial transport
mechanisms, the effectiveness of various BMPs in controlling erosion, and the
effects of seasonal changes on nutrient and sediment loading. These studies
have also underscored the importance of considering soil characteristics when
evaluating the diffuse source contribution to be expected from any given area.
Results obtained from the technical studies conducted under the
Washington County 108(a) Demonstration Project generally supported and
reinforced the conclusions of PLUARG (i.e., significance of construction
activities in urbanizing areas). It will be important to integrate study
results concerning the feasibility and acceptability of, and water quality
improvements associated with, conservation tillage practices with those of the
Honey Creek study and the Saginaw Bay ACP Special Project as more information
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becomes available. Results obtained from the Honey Creek water quality
monitoring activity will be of special interest in light of the Demonstration
Project's finding that the highest available phosphorus losses were associated
with the no-till sites.
PLUARG concluded that streambank erosion was not a major pollutant
source to the lakes, accounting for only about 7 percent of the estimated
total tributary load. Initial results from the Cuyahoga River Restoration
Study support this finding, albeit on a localized level. It will be important
to monitor future efforts conducted under this study and an additional study
proposed by the Corps of Engineers to reduce sediment transport to the
Lorraine Harbor. The study would focus on Ohio's Black River, closely
paralleling work conducted under the Cuyahoga River Study.
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Progress continues to be made toward development of a Great Lakes
environmental management strategy. The IJC has completed its review of
PLUARG's recommendations and will soon be transmitting its comments to
governments. The PMSTF will be completing its work within the next few
months. Establishment of final target loads, coupled with the IJC
recommendations, should provide a strong framework for development of a
management strategy.
As previously discussed, future funding under the 208 program will be
primarily directed toward prototype projects for control of nonpoint source
pollution. The study conducted by Heidtke et al. (1979b) utilizing the
overview modeling process, found that mechanisms to control urban runoff were
not cost-effective in terms of the reduction achieved in the annual total
phosphorus load to the Great Lakes, but may significantly reduce heavy metal
loadings. The capability of urban controls for reducing heavy metal inputs
must be further evaluated from the standpoint of cost and the potential
benefits to be derived from decreased metal inputs. There is still
insufficient evidence that metal inputs are creating problems in the lakes.
Results of the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program should provide needed
information on the benefits and cost-effectiveness of urban controls. With
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this additional information, the need for further controls beyond those
recommended by PLUARG can be ascertained.
As 208 monies are directed away from point source control and general
planning activities, state and local governments should be encouraged to
provide additional funding to maintain the regional water quality management
programs. This will help ensure that the solutions to water quality problems
developed in the management plans are implemented by the network of local
designated management agencies. A continuing planning process is necessary to
address new water quality problems as they arise.
State and regional five year strategies recommended only a small
number of programs specific to the Great Lakes. However, a number of studies
were identified which are of particular relevance to Great Lakes concerns and
which would address water quality problems utilizing a systems approach (e.g.,
studies of atmospheric sources of pollutants). A number of these studies will
likely receive low priority for 208 funding in the immediate future. Funding
from alternate sources should be encouraged.
PLUARG concluded that "atmospheric loads are a significant source of
many pollutants to the Great Lakes and constitute a potentially controllable
source." It is, therefore, important that additional efforts be made by U.S.
EPA and the states to coordinate air and water quality planning and management
programs. Inclusion of air pollution control programs in some state-EPA
agreements and state and regional five year strategies is an important first
step in achieving this. Additional efforts are also needed to expand
international cooperation in the area of air pollution control.
A number of financial assistance programs are now available to
provide funds for the implementation of nonpoint source remedial measures.
These include the Rural Clean Water Program and the Agricultural Conservation
Program on a national level, and the Wisconsin Nonpoint Source Water Pollution
Abatement Program on a regional level. Projects such as the Washington County
Demonstration Project and the Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study have
provided considerable technical information on BMPs and developed model
management programs. The Washington Project went on to explore local legal
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and institutional arrangements for effecting nonpoint source control and
public relations programs. PLUARG recognized both of these as essential
activities.
Proposed objectives and activities under the new Soil and Water
Reosurces Conservation Program are consistant with a number of PLUARG s
recommendations, as previously discussed. This developing program will
provide an additional framework within which to develop components of a
management strategy.
PLUARG included wetland preservation in its recommendations for
development of an environmental management strategy. An important development
in this area occurred in January of this year when the Michigan Wetland
Protection Act (Act No. 203) was signed into law. The State Department of
Natural Resources, working with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Seryice, is
proceeding with an inventory of wetland areas. It is expected that, by the
end of 1980, 60 percent of the state will be completed. Prompt completion of
the inventory is imperative in counties of 100,000 people or less. Inland
wetlands in these areas are generally not subject to the requirements of the
Act prior to completion of the inventory.
The following recommendations were recently included in the Great
Lakes Basin Plan's water quality element. They effectively summarize areas
where emphasis should be directed in the coming months in light of information
currently available.
1. Rapid implementation of the 1 mg/L phosphorus limitation
(for sewage treatment plants 1 mgd or greater) should be
encouraged. Further evaluation of more stringent control
options should continue to be evaluated via research and
demonstration projects.
2. Nonpoint source control programs which emphasize minimal
costs should be implemented immediately.
3. Additional study of the significance of atmospheric
inputs of toxics is necessary.
83
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4. Additional resources should be provided to state and
regional water quality planning agencies to assist them
in participating more fully in Great Lakes planning.
5. Major resource planning and management programs (such as
those under the Clean Air and Water Acts) should be
integrated.
6. Remedial programs should be evaluated on a comprehensive
basis to fairly compare their overall cost-effectiveness
(e.g., urban runoff controls to reduce phosphorus or
metals loadings).
84
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REFERENCES
Aguglia, D., Project Manager, Cuyahoga River Restoration Study, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, Buffalo District, New York (1980). Personal
communication.
Aull, G.H., Loudon, T.L., and J.B. Gerrish (1979). "Cropland, Buffer, and
Stream: A Field Study," Paper No. 79-2010. Joint meeting of American
Society of Agricultural Engineers and Canadian Society of Agricultural
Engineering, Winnipeg, Canada.
Baker, D.B., Director, Water Quality Laboratory, Heidelberg College, Tiffin,
Ohio (1980). Personal communication.
Chapra, S.C., and W.C. Sonzogni (1979). "Great Lakes Total Phosphorus Budget
for the Mid 1970s." JWPCF, 5J_(10), p. 2524.
Clark, J., International Joint Commission, Great Lakes Regional Office,
Windsor, Ontario (1976). Personal communication.
Corbett, E.S., Lynch, J.A., and W.E. Sopper (1978). "Timber Harvesting
Practices and Water Quality in the Eastern United States." Journal of
Forestry, 76(8) .
Crumrine, J., Honey Creek Project Manager, and D. Wurm, Project
Conservationist, Honey Creek, Tiffin, Ohio (1980). Personal communication.
East Central Michigan Planning and Development Region (ECMPDR) (1980). "Work
Plan for EPA Continuing Planning Monies." Saginaw, Michigan, 26 p.
Great Lakes Basin Commission (1979a). "Water Quality Recommendations - As
Adopted, August, 1979." Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Great Lakes Basin Commission (1979b). "Great Lakes Basin Plan, Water Quality
Plan and Draft Environmental Impact Statement (90-Day Review Document)."
Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 119 p.
Hall, J.R., Jarecki, E.A., Monteith, T.J., Skimin, W.E., and W.C. Sonzogni
(1976). "Existing River Mouth Loading Data in the U.S. Great Lakes
Basin." Prepared by the Great Lakes Basin Commission staff for the
International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario, 713 p.
Heidtke, T.M., Sonzogni, W.C., and T.J. Monteith (1979a). "Management
Information Base and Overview Modeling: Update of Projected Loadings to
the Great Lakes." Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 38 p.
Heidtke, T.M., Monteith, T.J., Sullivan R.A., Scheflow, D.J., Skimin, W.E.,
and W.C. Sonzogni (1979b). "Future U.S. Phosphorus Loadings to the Great
Lakes: An Integration of Water Quality Management Planning Information."
Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 71 p.
85
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Heidtke, T.M., Scheflow, D.J., and W.C. Sonzogni (1980). "U.S. Heavy Metal
Loadings to the Great Lakes: Estimates of Point and Nonpoint
Contributions." Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 34 p.
International Joint Commission Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference
Group (PLUARG) (1978). "Environmental Management Strategy for the Great
Lakes System." International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario, 173 p.
(1979a). "Menomonee River Pilot Watershed Study - Effects of Tributary
Inputs on Lake Michigan During High Flows, Draft Final Report, Vol. 10."
International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario, 7 p.
(1979b). "Menomonee River Pilot Watershed Study - Simulation of Pollutant
Loadings and Runoff Quality, Draft Final Report, Vol. 5." International
Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario.
Johnson, M.G., Comeau, J.C., Heidtke, T.M., Sonzogni, W.C., and B.W. Stahlbaum
(1978). "Management Information Base and Overview Modelling." Prepared
for the International Joint Commission Pollution from Land Use Activities
Reference Group (PLUARG), International Joint Commission, Windsor,
Ontario, 90 p.
Joint Water Quality/Science Advisory Boards' Task Force on Phosphorus
Management Strategies (PMSTF) (1979). "Interim Report on Several
Phosphorus Issues." International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario,
Unpublished, 8 p.
Logan, T.J., and R.C. Stiefel (1979). "The Maumee River Basin Pilot Watershed
Study, Volume I: Watershed Characteristics and Pollutant Loadings." U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region V, Great Lakes National Program
Office, Chicago, Illinois, 135 p.
Logan, T.J. (1979). "The Maumee River Basin Pilot Watershed Study, Volume II:
Sediment, Phosphates, and Heavy Metal Transport." U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Region V, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago,
Illinois, 133 p.
Madison, F.W., Arts, J., Berkowitz, S., Salmon, E., and B. Hagman (1980).
"The Washington County Project: A Final Report." Unpublished.
Oglesby, R.T., and W.R. Schaffner (1978). "Phosphorus Loadings to Lakes and
Some of Their Responses, Part 2 - Regression Models of Summer
Phytoplankton Standing Crops, Winter Total P, and Transparency of New York
Lakes with Known Phosphorus Loadings." Limnology and Oceanography, 23(1) .
Schaffner, W.R., and R.T. Oglesby (1978). "Phosphorus Loadings to Lakes and
Some of Their Responses, Part 1 - A New Calculation of Phosphorus Loading
and Its Application to 13 New York Lakes." Limnology and Oceanography,
23U).
Skimin, W.E., Stevenson, R.W., and W.C. Sonzogni (1979). "Post-PLUARG
Evaluation of Great Lakes Water Quality Management Studies." Great Lakes
Basin Commission, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 129 p.
86
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Sonzogni, W.C., Monteith, T.J., Bach, W.N., and V.G. Hughes (1978). "United
States Great Lakes Tributary Loadings." Prepared for the International
Joint Comnission, Windsor, Ontario, 187 p.
Thompson, D.B., Loudon, T.L., and J.B. Gerrish (1978). "Winter and Spring
Runoff from Manure Application Plots." ASAE Technical Paper No. 78-2032,
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan, 19 p.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (1980). "Summary of Appraisal, Parts I and II,
and Program Report - RCA, Review Draft." Washington, D.C., 35 p.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation
Service (1979). "The Agricultural Conservation Program." Washington,
D.C.', 29 p.
U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo District (1971).
"Cuyahoga River Basin - Ohio - Restoration Study, First Interim Report."
Buffalo, New York, 104 p.
(1977). "Cuyahoga River Restoration Study - Revised Plan of Study."
Buffalo, New York, 44 p.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1978). "1978-1983 Work Plan for the
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program." Washington, D.C., 74 p.
Washtenaw County Soil Conservation District and Monroe County Soil
Conservation District (1979). "Nonpoint Source Control Measures for
Portions of the Huron and Raisin River Basins - The Saline Valley Project
- A Proposal." 81 p.
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (1979). "The Lower Manitowoc River
Priority Watershed Plan." Madison, Wisconsin, 63 p.
Young, R.A., and C.K. Mutchler (1976). "Pollution Potential of Manure Spread
on Frozen Ground." Journal of Environmental Quality, 5J.2) .
Young, R.A., and R.F. Holt (1977). "Winter-Applied Manure: Effects on Annual
Runoff, Erosion and Nutrient Movement." Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation, 32(5).
Young, R.A., Huntrods, T., and W. Anderson (1980). "Effectiveness of
Vegetated Buffer Strips in Controlling Pollution." Accepted for
publication in Journal of Environmental Quality.
87
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APPENDIX A
LAKE ERIE WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT STUDY:
HONEY CREEK WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT
The following is an informal GLBC staff summary of the Honey Creek
Watershed Management Seminar/Tour held in Bucyrus, Ohio, on October 22nd and
23rd, 1979. Data and information were presented on the initial results from
several farms in the area that had used the no-till or mulch-till approach to
fanning. A complete list of attendees is attached.
INTRODUCTION
As part of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Lake Erie Wastewater
Management Study, funds were made available to examine the feasibility of
reducing pollution runoff from agricultural land. To evaluate various farming
practices and their impact upon water quality as well as the economics of
farming, a joint board of supervisors was formed representing the Soil and
Water Conservation Districts of three counties in Ohio. These counties
contain a 187-square-mile watershed called Honey Creek, tributary to the
Sandusky River. The Corps of Engineers helped finance farmers to plant crops
using conventional tillage, mulch-till and no-till procedures in the spring of
1979.
MULCH-TILL
The term "mulch-till" is used to describe the practice of maintaining
a ground cover over a field as long as possible over the year. If a mulch is
present, it will protect the ground from raindrop impact and soil movement
during heavy rainfalls. There is no other significant difference between
mulch-till and conventional-till in terms of farming practices, machinery
needed or, apparently, costs (although only one farm reported costs for mulch-
till). There will still be times when the entire field will be plowed and
produce significant pollution runoff.
89
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NO-TILL
No-till farming differs significantly from conventional tillage. A
comparison of the two practices shows that expenditures for seed, lime, and
miscellaneous overhead are roughly the same, along with dollars outlaid for
various fertilizers. The no-till approach requires several different
chemicals, such as a herbicide designed to burn off the ground cover at the
time of planting. There is no appreciable difference in insecticide
expenditures. The machinery requirements, and thus capital outlay, interest
payment, and depreciation, vary significantly. The no-till approach requires
planter equipment, spray equipment, and harvesting equipment, while the
conventional-till requires a plow, tandem disc, harogator, planter, spray,
cultivator, and harvesting equipment. Conventional-till also requires a much
larger tractor to pull the plows.
The cost per acre for conventional-till ranges from $201/acre to
$224/acre, and for no-till, from $183 to $209/acre (see attachments).
Depending upon the chemicals required or chemical availability, the no-till
operation is almost always less than the conventional-till approach in terms
of cost per acre (data were obtained from three test farms and presented at
the seminar). Two figures that were not presented, but came out in
discussion, were the amount of time required to perform the two operations and
the fuel consumption difference between the two procedures. One farmer
reported that it took him six hours and 20 minutes (not including harvesting)
for a 15-acre plot in no-till, and 34 hours for the same size plot in
conventional-till. The no-till accomplished about the same yield (harvesting
had not yet occurred, although standing crops looked very similar for both
practices) for just under 20 percent of the time needed to perform
conventional-till operations. For 15 acres of no-till planting, 15 gallons of
fuel oil were needed. For 15 acres of conventional planting, 99 gallons of
fuel oil were needed. This was primarily due to the number of extra passes
the tractor must make and the horsepower required to pull a conventional plow
through the soil.
90
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The no-till planter performs several operations in one. It has a
disc or chisel device that separates a ridge down the field approximately two
to three inches wide and several inches deep. This disc is then followed by
fertilizer, seed application, and usually a herbicide to burn off the cover
that may be competing with the new seedlings (cover is replanted in the fall).
No other soil is disturbed other than the small opening needed to plant the
seed. The burned cover acts as a mulch over the summer. Conventional
operations turn over all of the soil to much greater depths, and pass with
discs and harogators to smooth out the soil before the planter inserts seed.
An interesting fact was brought up concerning the planters. Some of
the farmers in the area have a planter that could now be used for the no-till
operation. Some equipment manufacturers have begun to make no-till planters
available by modifying existing planters. A no-till planter can be used in
both no-till and conventional-till practices, while the conventional planter
can only be used under conventional settings. As a result, to gain
flexibility for future development, a number of farmers have bought a no-till
planter, although they had not used it in no-till before.
Because of the large difference in equipment requirements, both in
size and in number of pieces, equipment manufacturers have been somewhat
reluctant to promote this form of farming. A no-till farmer would no longer
need a huge $80,000 four-wheel-drive tractor to perform his plowing operation;
nor would he need a number of the additional implements that are used for
grooming the fields. On the other hand, chemical manufacturers and fertilizer
producers have been most helpful in developing no-till farming. More
chemicals are required to promote the no-till approach.
It is possible that no-till farming could be promoted on energy and
time savings. With the tremendous rise in fuel oil and gasoline prices, a
considerable savings can be realized using lighter tractors and fewer runs
across a field. As mentioned earlier, an 85 percent fuel savings was realized
between two test plots. Additionally, because of the tremendous time savings,
a fanner can have time to crop more land or to diversify into livestock or
other farm-related business.
91
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The farmers who participated in the program were very optimistic and
encouraged about the no-till approach. A number of their neighbors were
somewhat skeptical. It was interesting to note that, as the crop came up and
the time and money savings were documented, a number of the neighboring
farmers were won over to the program and are interested in participating next
year. A program such as this may significantly improve water quality without
issuance of stringent water quality regulations or laws designed to direct
farming activities because of the economic benefits that a farmer can grasp.
Productivity tests had not yet been completed at the time of the
tour. However, it appeared that crop emergence and the health of the crop was
virtually identical between the conventional field and the no-till field.
IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER QUALITY
Heidelberg College (Tiffin, Ohio), along with the Corps of Engineers,
has set up sampling stations in Honey Creek watershed. They will be
attempting to document change over years in sediment, phosphorus, and other
parameter concentrations and loads due to no-till approaches. Because of
limited funding, they were not able to significantly sample conventional
fields before they went to no-till. Because of the wide fluctuations in
rainfall, the loading data have been extremely erratic and do not allow for an
interpretation of the effect of no-till farming. Some general observations
were offered. From May through October, 1979, a record 32 inches of rainfall
fell on the Honey Creek watershed. A survey of two fields side by side — one
no-till, one conventional-till — showed that significant soil movement and
loss occurred in the conventional-till field relative to the no-till. This is
particularly noticeable on sloping fields in the area.
It may be difficult to produce numbers for some time on the
improvement in water quality due to no-till farming. The participants in this
program feel very strongly that more time and much more money should be put
into this project or similar projects to do a proper analysis of the effects
of no-till farming on water quality and on the long-term effects on soil.
92
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The biggest questions facing farmers at this time are:
- What will happen to the soil after 10 or 20 years of no-till?
- What will happen after repeated herbicide applications?
- How will the soil behave without being turned over after a long
time?
- What will cover crops do to the soil over time?
These and other questions can only be answered by future research.
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HONEY CREEK WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Seminar Participants
Adams, John, COE, Chemist, 17?6 Niagara St<» B-.'Jfalo, N.Y. 14127
Angelo, C. G,, Geological Survey, Water Rer.rv.,^ss Oiv., 975 West Third Ave.
Columbus, Ohio 43212
Baker, David, Heidelberg College, Tiffin, Ohio .''4833
Baltes, Gene, B.C., S.C.S., 155 E, Perry Ctr'.-et, Tiffin, Ohio 44883
Bishop, Dolloff F., 6995 Goldengate D.rire, Cincinnati, Ohio 45244
Bernard, Charles, 6801 S. SR 231, Tiffin, Ohio 44333 (ASCS - Seneca Co.)
Bone, Samuel, 1885 Neil Ave., Dept. of Agronomy, OSU, Columbus, Ohio 43210
Burns, Dennie, SCS, Director, Office of Hater Duality, Washington, D.C.
Clark, John, Ohio State ASCS, USDA, Columbus, Ohio 43215
Crumrine, John, Honey Creek Project Mgr., 155 E. Perry St., Tiffin, OH 44883
Davis, Steve, SCS, AI, 219 W. Northern Ave,, Lima, Ohio 45801
DeGrand, M. J», Geological Survey, Hater Resources Div., 975 W. Third Ave,,Cols,,
Fleischer, Fred C., Ontario Ministry of Environment, Water Resources Branch,
135 St, Glair Ave. W, Toronto Ontario M4V195
Drynan, W, R., 100 Ouellette Ave., Windsor Ontario Canada N9J 1C9
Forster, D, Lynn, Dept. of Agricultural Economics, OSU, Columbus, Ohio 43210
Foster, James H., Ohio Dept. of Agriculture, 65 Front St., Columbus, Ohio 43215
Fuller, Kent, EPA, 230 South Dearborn, CVticago, Illinois 60604
Gist, George R,, 2120 Fyffe Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210
Haddan, William J., P. 0. Bos 2, Danville, Ohio 43014, (Chevron Chemical)
Hale, Phil, Long Point Region Conservation Authority, Simcoe Ontario
Haskett, Tom, Gen. Supt,, Long Point Region Conservation Authority, Route 1,
Vittoria, Canada
Hastings, Charles L,, Fremont Area Extension Center, 1401 Walter Ave,
Fremont, Ohio 43420
Heft, Floyd, ODNR, Fountain Square, Columbus, Ohio 43214
Hooker, John E», D.C., SCS, Medina, Ohio
Iliffe, Frank J., Ministry of the Environment, Queen's Park, Toronot, Ontario
Kile, SCS, Columbus, Ohio
King, Arnold, SCS, Washington, D.C.
KLeman, Bill, Extension Service, Court House, Bucyrus, Ohio 44820
Kline, Phillip A., Heidelberg College, Tiffin, Ohio 44883
Krieger, Dr, Kenneth A., Research Associate, Water Quality Laboratory,
Heidelberg College, Tiffin, Ohio 44883
Krueger, Charles R,, OARDC, Wooster, Ohio
Lake, Jim, NACD, Program Specialist, Route 1, Woodburn, Ind,
Logan, John D., Ohio State ASCS, USDA, Columbus, Ohio 43215
Logan, Terry J., Agronomy Dept., OSU, Columbus, Ohio
MacMuilen, Michael, EPA, Chicago, Illinois
McClusky, Jim, SCS, AI, Route 2, Box 11, 66N, Defiance, Ohio 43512
McCormack, Donald, SCS, Director, Soil Survey Interpretations Division,
Washington, D.C.
Manz, William L., Ohio EPA/OPC, Box 1049, 361 E. Broad St., Columbus, OH 43216
Monteith, Timothy, Great Lakes Basin Commission, 3475 Plymouth Road, P.O.
Box 944, Ann Arbor, MI 48106
Moon, Robert W,, Ohio State ASCS, USDA, Columbus, Ohio 43215
Noonan, Kenneth, SCS, P, 0, Box 549, Clarion, PA 16214
Pow, John, Long Point Region Conservation Authority, Route 3, Simcoe, Ontario
Reinhart, Floyd, ASCS County Exec. Dir,, 4950 Marion Melmore Rd., Sycamore, OH
Sallee, William J., Chief, Env. Activities Br., Cons, & Envir, Protection
Division, ASCS, Washington, D.C.
Savory, Frank, Long Point Region Cons. Authority, Timcoe, Ontario
Schindler, Ray, Area Extension Service, 1401 Walter Ave,, Franont, OH 43420
94
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HONE* CREEK WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (con't)
Seminar Parti cap
Schmidt, Berlie L., Dept. of Aaraeny, U.-U. 1*33 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210
Schmidt, John V., As at. Extension Editor. '^1-: -bJcn, Cooperative Extension
Servi.ce, 2120 i'y?f> Hca-j, C^-rouc, Ohio 43210
Schultz, Thomas J., 7KACCG, Suite 725, A-"' 'n.=.o:l»oa Ave., Toledo, Ohio 43604
Smith, Bill E., 10685 E TP. 10o, AtLicr*. Ciiio 44^7 (Seneca SHOD)
Smith, Robert U., D.C., SCS, Crawford Corjay, aicj-na, Ohio 44820
Smith, Robert E,, Jr., BttlS Court >cuse .;.-. ;-'9d. Bldg., 100 S. Clinton St.,
Roon 771, Syracuse, N/f. "0260
Stamatel, Henry 3-, US Courthouse & Fed. BJ.dg., 100 S. Clinton St., Room
77If Syracuse, N.Y. 15^60
Stem, George, Resource Conservationist, SCS, Medina, Ohio
Tootle, Dick, Ohio Stats ASCS, UoDA, Colxir/oas, Ohio 43215
Urban, Don, SCS, SPA, Cbicft/p, Uiinois 60172
Wager, Jerry, Ohio EPA. 36! a. Brcid Sti( Columbus, Ohio A'2l6
Wallace, Dave, Ohio State ASCS, 'JSDA., Colvrob'is, Ohio ^3215
Weaver, Willis, Long Point Region Ccnservaoion Author5.ty, Simcoe, Ontario
VJelsh, Gerald B., SCS, Wa.«hii-.«?ton, D»C. 20013
Wilson, Carl, EPA, Chicago, ILtinoio
Wittmann, Warren L., CourAy B".'.d.^c #:., 3^37 W. Main Rd., Batavia N.Y. 14020
Wurm, Dave, Project Consarvaiiocist, Honey Creek, 155 E. Perry St., Tiffin, OH
Yaksich, Steve, Corps of Engineers, 1776 Niagara St., Buffalo, Nex^r York, 14207
Young, Paul, 2979 Lakewood Av-., Iaaa.y Ohio 45B05
Zech, Mike, 7870 Olentangy liiver Rd., Uorthington, Ohio (Chevron Chemical Co.)
95
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STOP #1
Honey Creek Seminar-Tour
October 22, 23, 1979
Bill Smith (no-till)
Seed, lime, misc.
Fertilizer: 30-18-13 (blend)
9-27-3+2
Chemicals: 1 qt. Paraquat 2 CL
X-77 Spreader 302/ac
1-5 qt. Aatrex 4L
2-5 qt. Bladex 4L
Insecticide: Diazinon ssed treater
15iP Furadon 106
TOTAL VARIABLE COSTS
$40.00
66.00
9.36
10.00
.30
4.31
8.16
.50
11.25
$149.88
Bill Smith (conventional)
Seed, lime, misc. $40.00
Fertilizer: Broad same 66.00
Starter sane 9.36
Chemicals: 3.3 pt Dual 6E 10.93
2.5 qt. Bladex 4L 8.16
Insecticide: Diazinon seed tre. .50
10i? Furadon 106 w/plane
11.00
TOTAL VARIABLE COSTS $145.95
Machinery
(custom rates)
Plant
Harvest
Spray 1
Spread fertilizer
10.00
18.00
3.00
2.50
TOTAL MACHINERY
TOTAL COSTS
Time:
1 hr. 40 min. fertilize
3 hr. 40 min. plant
1 hr. 00 min. spray
TOTAL
6 hr. 20 min. for 15 ac.
/J 5«.l fuel •£•«/- IS" nt.
Machinery (custom rates)
Plant 7,00
Harvest 18.00
Spray 1 3.00
Spread fertilizer 1 2.50
Plow 10.00
Hardgator w/packer 4.50
Disc w/packer 4.00
Rotary hoe 2.50
Cultivate 4.00
TOTAL MACHINERY $55.50
TOTAL COSTS $201.45
Time:
32 hr. 00 min. plo , till, plant, etc.
2 hr. 00 min. spr 7 Furadan
TOTAL
34 hours for 15 ac.
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PAUL PRICE
TILLAGE SYSTEMS ECONOMIC COMPARISONS
Expense Items
-' Per Acre Costs
No Till Mulch Till Convent.
Till
Seed, Lime, Misc.;
(Soil Test, Phones/etc.)
40.00
40.00
Fertilizer;
N P IL
223 196 139
Start 240* 9 - 27 - 3+2s 21.60
Broadcast 600# 7-26-26 48.00
W/ Herb. (53gal.) 28-0-0 31.42
Sub Total: 101.02
Chemicals;
2 qt. Roundup 4 EC
2 qt. Bladex 4L
2 qt. Attrex 4L
29.00I/
7.50
6.50
21.60
48.00
31.42
101.02
7.50
6.50
Insecticides;
Isotox "F" Seed Treater
14# Furadan 10E
Total Variable Costs:
Machinery (Custom Rates)
Plow
Tandem Disk
Harogator
Plant
Spray, Spread Fert.
Cultivate
Harvest
Total :
10.00
8.00
18.00
36.00
$232.47
Conv.
No-Till (w/ Roundup)
223.97
- 232.47
( '' 223.97
' M
^N.T. w/ Paraquat - 209.47 *
14,SO< }
ConV
I/ - Roundup used to control quackgrass. Would __
1 qt. of Paraquat instead. (Paraquat costs normally
$6.00, this would be $23.00 less.)
2/ - Using No Till with paraquat instead of Roundup would be
$14.50 cheaper than conventional.
97
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DON PHENICIE
TILLAGE SYSTEMS ECONOMIC COMPARISONS
Expense Items
Per Acre Costs
No Till Mulch Till Convent.
Till
Seed, Lime, Misc.
(soil test.phones/etc.)
4QOO
4QOO
4QOO
Fertilizer;
200# 0-44-0
joo* 0-0-60
Starter 225* 14-21-9
w/Herb. (65gal:) 28-0-0
Chemicals;
2 qt. Roundup 4 EC*
2.5 qt. Bladex 4L
2 qt. Attrex 4L
Post Apply - 3oz.-3anvel
3300
15.75
39.27
87.02
87.02
87.02
29.00-Mlpt.Para)
6.00
8.13(3.3pt.Dual)
10.93(2qt.) 8.13
5.50 5.50 5.50
4.16 4.16
46.79
22.43
17.79
Insecticides:
Diazinon
14# Furadan
4# Sevin
Total Variable Costs;
1.25 1.25
11.20 11.20
5.40
1.25
11.20
186.26
167.30
157.00
Macninerv (Custom Rates) :
Plow
Tandem Disk
Cultimulcher
Plant
Spray, Spread Pert.
Cultivate
Harvest
Total Costs
l/_- _Rgundup used to con-crol
(1-F;
_ ___
10.00
11.00
la.oo
39.00
$225.26
Quackgrass
i n ns\
111)4.00 (2) 8.00
10.00
8.00
18.00
40.00
$207.30
- normally
4.00
7.00
8.00
3.50
18.00
58.50
$215.76
use 1 qt.
215.76 215.76
^N.T. w/Para. 207.26 vN.T. w/ Roundup 225.26
8.50rconv; 9.50>Co
Conv.
N.T. w/ Roundup
6 215.76
225.26 M.T. w/ Para207.30
9.50>Conv. 8.46
-------
APPENDIX B
SECTION 108(a) DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS:
THE WASHINGTON COUNTY, WISCONSIN, PROJECT
Washington County is located in southeastern Wisconsin, just
northwest of Milwaukee. Farmland currently accounts for 60 percent of the
land area, but is under intense urbanizing pressure from the nearby
metropolitan area. Washington County was selected as an excellent location
for developing rural and urban sediment control programs transferrable to
similar developing areas in the basin.
The project was composed of three ongoing studies: legal and
institutional arrangements, technical study, and development of an education
and information program. Summaries of their final reports are presented below.
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL UNIT
The goal of this unit was to design and implement programs to control
pollution caused by sedimentation. The project was designed to determine
whether local governments would be likely to enact and implement sediment
control programs given both technical and financial support. The
effectiveness of such programs was also studied.
Programs were designed to control the two major sources of sediment
in the county: construction site erosion and erosion from cropland. Their
development followed these general guidelines:
1. Programs must be developed with the advice and consent of
local officials who would eventually be responsible for
their implementation.
2. Ordinances should be easy to understand and administer.
3. Regulation should only be imposed to control excessive
sedimentation.
99
-------
4. Programs should be developed which could readily be
adopted by local governments lacking the financial and
technical support which makes this project unique.
5. Programs must be within the scope of existing enabling
legislation.
Project personnel reviewed local sediment control and zoning
ordinances and recommended modifications. New ordinances were also drafted.
Their effort was only partially successful. For example, the county board
enacted a construction site erosion control ordinance, but was unwilling to
proceed with an ordinance for rural erosion control. The experience suggests
that local governments will enact sediment control regulations only in limited
circumstances.
The construction site ordinance required little additional
administrative expense, added a small cost to developers and home buyers, and
would have successfuly controlled erosion. Conversely, the rural ordinance
was perceived as imposing an additional cost on the county as well as on some
farmers, requiring them to operate at a competitive disadvantage with farmers
from other parts of the state. Local officials did not perceive a benefit to
match this extra cost. Researchers felt that this experience indicated the
need for minimum statewide standards to regulate erosion from farmland.
The researchers also investigated the roles of the various agencies
with responsibility for programs dealing with sediment control. To
effectively coordinate programs in the county, the authority for and resources
available to the agenices needed to be defined and, in some instances, new
interagency relationships designed. A common situation emerged. Although
several agencies were involved in programs clearly related to sediment
control, the goal of improvement of water quality was not actively pursued.
State and federal agencies generally held responsibility for water quality
protection, with responsibility for land use control held at the local level.
The researchers emphasized that, in the future, effective sediment control
programs for improvement of water quality will require that these separate
functions be united in some manner.
100
-------
At the conclusion of their review, project personnel were able to
develop an institutional arrangement considered to be the most desirable for
achieving sediment control goals. The following requirements were viewed as
necessary for effective administration of a sediment control program:
1. Recognition that local personnel, familiar with local
social and physical conditions, are the key to the
success of either a voluntary or a regulatory program.
Funding for local technical and administrative personnel
should receive high priority.
2. The state should provide financial assistance to local
agencies for the manpower necessary to implement their
program.
3. Training programs are necessary for local agency
personnel unfamiliar with methods for controlling
sediment pollution problems.
4. Ongoing conservation programs should be instigated
statewide. Short-term programs to control pollution in
priority areas are not the final solution to a long-term
problem.
5. Local personnel must be sensitive to the concerns of the
farmer and developer if they hope to convince them to
adopt alternative management practices.
Consistent with PLUARG's recommendations, the researchers advocated
focusing institutional resources on "critical areas" first. In this manner,
the maximum improvement in water quality will be obtained for each investment
dollar. Land use and water quality data, as well as public input, were
recognized as essential information for identifying "critical areas".
101
-------
TECHNICAL UNIT
The primary goal of this portion of the study was "to demonstrate the
relationship of certain land uses to water pollution and - in specific areas -
to determine the effectiveness of several sediment and erosion control
techniques for improving water quality." Major objectives were as follows:
1. "To measure the amount of water and the concentrations of
sediment and associated pollutants in surface runoff from
agricultural and urbanizing areas, and to compute
pollutant loadings.
2. To identify those characteristics of different land uses
and management practices that contribute to sediment-
related water pollution problems.
3. To investigate the effectiveness of erosion control
measures in reducing runoff and pollutant discharges from
specific agricultural sources — particularly cropped
fields and barnyards — by using a "before and after"
treatment approach.
4. To examine methods for reducing soil erosion and
sedimentation from housing construction in a residential
subdivision."
The researchers collected and analyzed data for two years from eight
monitoring stations established in the agricultural and developing residential
watersheds in Washington County. Relationships between precipitation, runoff,
land use and water quality were studied. A series of farm best management
practices were implemented and their effectiveness and acceptability
evaluated. Methods of erosion control at construction sites were also
evaluated. Study findings included the following:
102
-------
1. "Well-managed croplands on dairy farms showed relatively
low losses. Contour strip-cropping proved to be a highly
effective sediment and nutrient control practice on
steep-sloped croplands. The water quality benefits of
grass waterways and subsurface drainage systems in
relatively flat watersheds, however, were questionable."
(This conclusion differs from studies in the Maumee basin
in northwestern Ohio, where these measures on flat
watersheds were judged to be benefical to water quality.)
2. "Unmanaged barnyards were the largest contributors of
pollutant loads in the dairy farming watersheds. The
experimental management system installed in one watershed
demonstrated that effective management is possible.
3. Sediment carried most of the phosphorus and nitrogen
measured in runoff from rural and urbanizing sites.
However, land management practices could successfully
reduce loads of sediment and their associated pollutants,
although dissolved loads were often increased.
4. Excessive sedimentation and other water quality problems
associated with intensive housing construction were
documented. Pollutant concentrations and loads
diminished as the monitored subdivisions stabilized.
Erosion control alternatives were identified but the
effectiveness of the control measures were not
successfully demonstrated during the most critical phases
of development.
5. The feasibility and acceptability of conservation tillage
practices were evaluated in detail. "No-tillage" has
been poorly received in Wisconsin. On research plots in
Washington County, technical limitations were observed
with the "no-tillage" system. Other reduced tillage
103
-------
systems, in particular chisel-plow systems, showed
greater promise. Water quality improvements are possible
but dependent on how the previous year's residue was
managed. Yield reductions were small, and most
importantly, farmers expressed more interest in these
systems because of their labor and soil saving features.
6. Models and predictive methods addressing many
agricultural aspects of sediment and related water
quality problems were developed and applied. These
included: (a) a series of computer programs to predict
watershed sediment yield using the USLE; (b) an
optimization model that predicts farm-level impacts of
alternative sediment control policies; (c) a hydrologic
model for predicting watershed soil losses on an event
basis; (d) a multiple-regression model for predicting
annual soluble phosphorus losses from cropped fields; and
(e) a methodology for predicting total phosphorus losses
from confined livestock and winter-spread manure."
The study of conservation tillage systems is particularly interesting
in light of current work in the Honey Creek watershed under LEWMS. The
systems evaluated in the Washington County Project were: conventional tillage
(moldboard plowed and disked prior to planting), chisel plow (soil chisel
plowed only prior to planting), and no-till (no tillage operations prior to
planting). Effects of applying manure prior to tillage operations were also
studied with reference to sediment and nutrient losses.
Results indicated that the manured, no-till plots had the lowest
sediment and total phosphorus losses. However, a significant finding was that
the highest available phosphorus losses were from the no-till sites. Grain
yields at no-till sites were significantly lower; however, it was not
determined whether the difference in yield was due to the effect of tillage on
yield or an effect on population. In contrast, preliminary findings at Honey
Creek indicate more favorable yields from no-till operations.
104
-------
Large or consistent differences were not observed in runoff, sediment
or phosphorus losses between the chisel and conventional plow methods.
However, it was noted that several factors may have masked differences which
would ordinarily have occurred. Chisel plowed sites were found to have
somewhat lesser crop yields than conventionally tilled sites.
A survey was conducted of 50 farmers who had participated in a cost-
sharing program for conservation tillage in Dane County, Wisconsin. The
purpose of the survey was to assess farmers' experiences with and attitudes
toward conservation tillage systems. Results indicated that farmers were
generally pleased with conservation tillage, but somewhat dissatisfied with
the no-till method. Most farmers did not experience significant yield
reductions from conservation tillage as compared to conventional tillage.
Forty percent of those surveyed experienced a significant yield reduction with
no-till (however, this may have been attributable to severe drought
conditions). Generally, the farmers felt that conservation tillage saved time
and soil. Forty percent felt there was no financial saving over conventional
tillage. It was noted that an average reduction of only one tillage operation
(compared to conventional tillage) was achieved with the conservation methods
employed by those interviewed. Further reduction is possible and would result
in larger time, soil, and money savings.
EDUCATION AND INFORMATION PROGRAM
The goal of this phase of the Washington County Project was "to have
a diverse group of target audiences made aware of the magnitude of and
alternative solutions to the sediment problem in rural and urbanizing areas."
The program was divided into informational and interactional activities.
Informational strategies included the publication of brochures describing
nonpoint source problems and the project in general; displays for state and
county fairs; a slide program and short film; press releases, etc.
Interactional activities included numerous presentations before various
community groups, public participation meetings, workshops, etc. Results of
the educational and information program were generally very satisfactory.
105
-------
-------
APPENDIX C
GLBC 208 BIBLIOGRAPHY RETRIEVAL
The following is a sample of a retrieval made from the GLBC "208"
Bibliography discussed in Chapter IV. As previously mentioned, only a very
limited number of entries have been made into the system thus far. The
keywords chosen for this example were nonpoint sources: "remedial measures"
(key word #220), "unit area loads/models" (key word #240) and "costs" (key
word #260) . The search included reports from every 208 agency for which
information has been entered. The format selected for this sample retrieval
included specification of the 208 agency acronym, state of location,
applicable lake basin(s) and the title and date of the report.
STATE: Minnesota
LAKE(S): Superior
208 AGENCY: MPCA
Forestry. Package 1. August, 1979,
STATE: Minnesota
LAKE(S): Superior
208 AGENCY: MPCA
Preliminary Identification of Literature Models and Data for
Evaluating Rural Nonpoint Nutrient, Sediment and Pathogen Sources
May, 1977.
STATE: Minnesota
LAKE(S): Superior
208 AGENCY: MPCA
Construction Activities. Package 1. August, 1978.
STATE: Minnesota
LAKE(S): Superior
208 AGENCY: MPCA
Highway De-icing Chemicals. Package 1, Supplement. June, 1978.
107
-------
STATE: Minnesota
LAKE(S): Superior
208 AGENCY: MPCA
Highway De-icing Chemicals. Package 2. May, 1978.
STATE: Minnesota
LAKE(S): Superior
208 AGENCY: MPCA
Roadside Erosion. Package 2, Supplement to: Description of
Existing Institutions and Programs Related to Water Quality
Management Planning Study Topics. January, 1979.
STATE: Wisconsin
LAKE(S): Michigan
208 AGENCY: WDNR
Upper Fox River Basin Water Quality Management Plan. Appendix D:
Nonpoint Source Information. 1977.
STATE: Wisconsin
LAKE(S): Michigan
208 AGENCY: FVWQPA
Report No. 5: Instream Alteration Study. October, 1977.
STATE: Wisconsin
LAKE(S): Michigan
208 AGENCY: SEWRPC
Technical Report No. 18: State of the Art of Water Pollution
Control in Southeastern Wisconsin. Volume 4: Rural Stormwater
Runoff. December, 1976.
STATE: Illinois
LAKE(S): Michigan
208 AGENCY: NIPC
Areawide Water Quality Management Plan Part I Chapters 1-10
June, 1978.
STATE: Illinois
LAKE(S): Michigan
208 AGENCY: NIPC
Areawide Water Quality Management Plan, Summary. (Adopted by
Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission, January 4 1979)
March, 1979.
108
-------
STATE: Indiana
LAKE(S): Michigan
208 AGENCY: MACOG
Plate Book. 1978.
STATE: Michigan
LAKE(S): Huron
208 AGENCY: ECMPDR
Development of Management Alternatives: Control of Pollution from
Individual Waste Treatment Systems (Preliminary Draft). July,
1977.
STATE: Michigan
LAKE(S): Huron
208 AGENCY: ECMPDR
Alternative Structural and Non-Structural Tactics (Preliminary
Draft). Region VII Areawide Waste Treatment Management Study.
September, 1977.
STATE: Michigan
LAKE(S): Huron
208 AGENCY: ECMPDR
Alternative Structural and Non-Structural Plans and Their
Consequences (Preliminary Draft). Region VII Areawide Waste
Treatment Management Study. March, 1978.
STATE: Michigan
LAKE(S): Huron Erie
208 AGENCY: GLS-V
Urban Nonpoint Source Pollution in GLS Region V - A Background
Report (First Draft). February, 1978.
STATE: Michigan
LAKE(S): Huron Erie
208 AGENCY: GLS-V
208 Areawide Water Quality Plan. Volume I - Plan Summary (Draft)
May, 1978 (Revised, August, 1978).
109
-------
STATE: Michigan
LAKE(S): Huron Erie
208 AGENCY: GLS-V
Urban Nonpoint Source Pollution in GLS Region V - A Background
Report (Draft). April, 1978.
STATE: Michigan
LAKE(S): Huron Erie
208 AGENCY: GLS-V
Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution in GLS Region V - A
Background Report (Draft). April, 1978.
STATE: Michigan
LAKE(S): Huron Erie
208 AGENCY: GLS-V
The Impact of Unsewered Development on Water Quality in Region V
(Draft). May, 1978.
STATE: Michigan
LAKE(S): Huron
208 AGENCY: NEMCOG
Appendices 1-9: Working Papers of the Clean Water Program. 1978,
STATE: Michigan
LAKE(S): Michigan Huron
208 AGENCY: NMRPDC
Working Papers .
STATE: Michigan
LAKE(S): Michigan Huron
208 AGENCY: Reg II
Selected 208 Plan. December, 1977 (Revised, April, 1978).
STATE: Michigan
LAKE(S): Michigan Erie
208 AGENCY: Reg II
Nonpoint Source Inventory (Draft). March, 1977.
110
-------
STATE: Michigan
LAKE(S): Michigan Erie
208 AGENCY: Reg II
Relationships Between Regional Activities and Water Quality
Conditions (Preliminary Draft). May, 1977.
Ill
-------
-------
APPENDIX D
1977-1978 RIVER MOUTH LOADINGS
The following are the results of the loading calculations described
in Chapter 3. Information given is for water years 1977 and 1978. As
previously mentioned, a more detailed analysis of these loads will be
conducted under the next portion of the Post-PLUARG Agreement. Information is
presented by tributary and the associated lake basin and river group (as
explained in Chapter 3) . The load is presented in metric tons per year
(mt/yr) followed by the mean square error (in mt/yr) squared. Finally, the
number of samples utilized to calculate the load is specified.
113
-------
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS 1977
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
.11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
TO
X-, *—
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
TRIBUTARY
NAME
ST LOUIS
BO IS BRULE
NEMADJI
BAD
NEMADJI
MONTREAL
TAHttUAMENON
LAKE
BASIN
SUPE
SUPE
SUPE
SUPE
SUPE
SUPE
SUPE
RI
GR
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
PRESQUE ISLESUPE 2
STURGEON
CARP
ON TON AG AN
FORD
0 CON TO
SHEBOYGAN
PESHTIGO
FOX
PENSAUKEE
MANITOWOC
KEWAUNEE
E TWIN
SHEBOYGAN
ROOT
MENOMINEE
MILWAUKEE
ST JOSEPH
KALAMAZOO
GRAND
MUSKEGON
MANISTEE
BOARDMAN
*MANISTIQUE
WHITEFISH
ESCANABA
THUNDER BAY
RIFLE
AU GRES
CHEBOYGAN
AU SABLE
PINE
SAGINAW
GENESEE
OS W EGO
BLACK NY
RAQUETTE
GRASS
OSWEGATCHIE
SUPE
SUPE
SUPE
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
HURO
HURO
HURO
HURO
HURO
HURO
HURO
ONTA
ONTA
ONTA
ONTA
ONTA
ONTA
2
2
2
.1.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
*i.
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
LOAD
MT\YR
70,3
9,5
37.2
52.9
37.2
34.9
21.2
5.9
37,3
21,1
141,1
7.5
45,6
33,4
20,8
356,0
1.8
18.4
4.7
18.0
335.7
17.6
50.6
38.4
305.1
173.8
513.3
38,4
50,4
4,0
39,5
4,4
33,0
10,8
13.2
1.9
18,0
14.5
84,9
510.6
298.9
799,4
146,0
91,1
78,1
69.0
SQUARE
F\YR>**2
44,0
8.7
80,4
308.2
88.0
23.0
10.2
1.6
31.8,0
20,4
2667.5
2.0
196.8
7.4
3.0
1708.0
0.0
8.6
0.1
1,0
7.4
14.0
79,6
31,2
716.2
136.6
1094.2
18.9
30,8
0,4
12.8
1.2
24.9
1,1
16,9
0,1
9.2
4.4
1779,1
2282.4
2233.0
71146.0
167.7
435.0
129.2
260.8
NUM OF
SAMPLES
13
9
23
23
'->'•)
12
24
12
12
8
24
24
11
11
11
25
11
1.1
10
11
11
10
12
12
12
24
242
24
24
12
24
12
24
12
24
12
24
12
12
36
17
22
21
8
8
8
114
-------
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS 1978
1
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
TRIBUTARY LAKE
NAME BASIN
ST LOUIS SUF'E
NEMAEUI SUPE
BO IS BRULE SUPE
MONTREAL SUPE
BAD SUPE
OCONTO SUPE
PRESQUE ISLESUPE
STURGEON SUPE
TAHQUAMENON SUPE
ONTONAGON SUPE
FORD MICH
MENOMINEE MICH
PESHTIGO MICH
PENSAUKEE MICH
KEWAUNEE MICH
E. TWIN MICH
MANITOWOC MICH
SHEBOYGAN MICH
ROOT MICH
FOX MICH
MILWAUKEE MICH
ST JOSEPH MICH
KALAMAZOO MICH
GRAND MICH
MUSKEGON MICH
BOARDMAN MICH
WHITEFISH MICH
MANISITEE MICH
*MANISTIQUE MICH
ESCANABA MICH
THUNDER BAY HURO
AU GRES HURO
AU SABLE HURO
PINE HURO
RIFLE HURO
CHEBOYGAN HURO
SAGINAW HURO
GENESEE ONTA
OSWEGO ONTA
BLACK NY ONTA
RIVER
GROUP
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
o
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
LOAD
MTXYR
307,2
86.8
9.8
13.7
54.9
42.0
6.4
29.4
24.5
119.0
10.6
102.6
27.2
5.3
22.1
12.9
86.0
93.0
50.3
779.9
97.4
296.2
200.0
478.9
33.7
3.4
6.4
60.5
52.5
38.3
10.8
7.1
22.4
72.0
15.8
30.5
602.3
481.8
605.2
113.9
MEAN SQUARE
ERR(MTXYR)**2
NUM OF
SAMPLES
9983.4
274 . 0
19,5
2.5
49.1
46.2
0.2
71.1
8.4
1060.5
2.4
216,9
8.0
0.4
55.2
1,5
685,9
576.3
251.6
5948.4
99.0
1504.2
150.6
2891,8
43.0
0.1
2.6
81.4
26.0
49.8
1.3
1,3
3,6
1689.5
12.0
163.2
7070,2
3845,9
1746,1
397.4
8
24
7
12
12
14
11
11
24
23
24
12
4
12
27
12
12
12
12
24
12
12
24
22
24
12
12
24
24
24
12
12
12
12
23
23
35
a
11
11
115
-------
SOLUBLE ORTHO PHOSPHORUS 1977
1
3
A
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
TRIBUTARY
NAME
ST LOUIS
BOIS BRULE
NEMADJI
BAD
NEMADJI
MONTREAL Wl
TAHQUAMENOf
ONTONAGAN
PRESQUE I SI.
STURGEON
CARP
ONTONAGAN
0CONTO
PESHTIGO
FOX
PENSAUKEE
MANITOWOC
KEWAUNEE
E TWIN
SHEBOYGAN
ROOT
MENOMINEE
ST JOSEPH
KALAMAZOO
GRAND
MUSKEGON
MANISTEE
BOARDMAN
*MANISTIGUE
UHITEFISH
ESCANABA
FORD
THUNDER-
RIFLE
AU GRES
CHEBOYGAN
AU SABLE
PINE
SAGINAW
GENESEE
OSWEGO
BLACK NY
RAQUETTE
GRASS
LAKE RIVER-
BASIN GROUP
SURE
SURE
SURE
SURE
SURE
SSUPE
SURE
SURE
ZSUPE
SURE
SURE
SURE
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
HURO
HURO
HURO
HURO
HURO
HURO
HURO
ONTA
ONTA
ONTA
ONTA
ONTA
ONTA
1
1.
1
1
1
1
2
'-t
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
LOAD
MT\YR
17.2
3.3
3.5
15.9
3.5
4.2
2.6
17.1
0.8
2.5
13.5
17.1
10.0
5.0
69,6
0.5
7,2
10,7
8.0
13,5
6,7
6,6
61,0
72,0
268.5
6.5
16.2
1.2
7.2
0.7
16,2
1.2
2,1
2.0
0,6
2.0
4,5
7,1
292,4
90.9
714,8
26,6
13.5
28.6
14.8
MEAN SQUARE
ERR(MT\YR>**2
136.6
0.2
0.5
213.8
0.6
0,9
0,9
5,8
0,0
0,2
17,7
5,8
83,5
4,3
227,2
0,0
13.4
19,5
0,6
18.8
14,7
0,8
382,4
39,0
108,5
1.9
9.5
0.1
3.2
0,0
36,3
1,2
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.1
0,9
0.2
2589.3
237.8
114769.9
78,1
35.4
6,7
17.5
NUM OF
SAMPLES
4
9
10
10
9
9
12
12
12
12
8
12
11
11
12
11
11
10
11
11
10
12
12
12
243
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
24
9
11
8
7
7
8
116
-------
SOLUBLE ORTHO PHOSPHORUS 1978
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
TRIBUTARY LAKE
NAME BASIN
BOIS BRULE SURE
NEMADJI SURE
MONTREAL SURE
OCONTO SURE
BAD SURE
TAHQUAMENON SURE
PRESQUE ISLESUPE
STURGEON SURE
ONTONAGAN SURE
FORD MICH
MENOMINEE MICH
PESHTIGO MICH
PENSAUKEE MICH
KEWAUNEE MICH
E. TWIN MICH
MANITOWOC MICH
SHEBOYGAN MICH
ROOT MICH
FOX MICH
ST JOSEPH MICH
KALAMAZOO MICH
GRAND MICH
MANISTEE MICH
MUSKEGON MICH
BOARDMAN MICH
*MANISTIQUE MICH
WHITEFISH MICH
ESCANABA MICH
THUNDER BAY HURO
RIFLE HURO
AU GRES HURO
AU SABLE HURO
PINE HURO
CHEBOYGAN HURO
SAGINAU HURO
RIV
GRO
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
LOAD
MTXYR
3.5
5.4
6.2
3.1
10.6
4.7
0.6
6.2
16.4
0.5
18.9
31.6
2.9
11.6
5.4
41.3
44,0
29.4
189.1
48.7
66.9
232.9
12.2
11.4
1.5
11.0
0.4
16,0
1.8
2.8
2.0
3.8
12.3
2.7
240.0
MEAN SQUARE
ERR**2
NUM OF
SAMPLES
1,1
0.7
0.2
0.0
1.5
1.4
0.0
4.3
9.3
0,0
25,9
394,0
0,4
4,2
5,7
102,4
188,9
115,8
1188.7
139.4
51,9
568,5
3.0
4,1
0,1
15,1
0,0
41.0
0.2
0.2
0,2
0,2
5.0
0.3
859.5
7
8
12
13
12
12
11
11
11
12
12
4
12
13
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
22
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
23
•\T!
-------
SUSPENDED SOLIDS 1977
1
2
3
A
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
TRIBUTARY
NAME
ST LOUIS
BO IS BRULE
BAD
NEMADJI
MONTREAL
TAHQUAMENON
LAKE
BASIN
SUPE
SUPE
SUPE
SUPE
SUPE
SUPE
PRESQUE ISLESUPE
STURGEON
CARP
ONTONAGAN
FORD
OCONTO
PESHTIGO
FOX
PENSAUKEE
MANITOWOC
KEUAUNEE
E TWIN
SHEBOYGAN
ROOT
MENOMINEE
MILWAUKEE
ST JOSEPH
KALAMAZOO
GRAND
MUSKEGON
MANISTEE
BOARDMAN
*MANISTIQUE
WHITEFISH
ESCANABA
THUNDER BAY
RIFLE
AU ORES
CHEBOYGAN
AU SABLE
PINE
SAGINAW
GENESEE
OSWEGO
BLACK NY
RAQUETTE
GRASS
OSUEGATCHIE
SUPE
SUPE
SUPE
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
MICH
HURO
HURO
HURO
HURO
HURO
HURO
HURO
ONTA
ONTA
ONTA
ONTA
ONTA
ONTA
RIVER
GROUP
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
r>
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
LOAD
MTXYR
9089,7
2063,6
42851,0
62033,4
1185,1
20875,6
1079,9
40503,2
483.8
217354.5
2313,1
7690,8
3506,9
46105,8
214,7
1464,9
544,3
.1.943,6
4334,8
4762.2
7275,4
9960,1
68767.9
23008.2
47046.9
15583,7
12903.0
483.3
10855.1
2131.6
3382.1
2548.7
5807,2
1168,1
4331,3
2735,2
114697,8
64408,5
331790,0
85778,8
24756,8
4693,8
3853,2
11446,0
MEAN SQUARE
ERR ( MTXYR )**2
1948354,0
83040.6
835567872.0
1.0
89920,0
72768160,0
2:1.2137.1
672361472,0
36500,6
6751281152.0
202748,8
11942845.0
1544790.0
50877792.0
6347.7
24563,6
15974,4
21974,4
1090685,0
9028218.0
1492029,0
2908796.0
181685968.0
6343270,0
8685259,0
29611.1.04,0
2009144,0
9383,2
7513681,0
404750,7
185289,4
295204,1
1185211,0
63280.9
770389.8
259207,5
3859277312,0
149306144.0
8261558272.0
286345472.0
10119396.0
1426200.0
85489.8
731309.7
NUM OF
SAMPLES
1 2
1.1.
24
365
12
24
12
1 2
8
24
24
1 .1.
11
25
11
11
10
11
11
12
12
12
12
24
'~>A'~>
A- **T AU
24
24
12
24
12
24
12
24
12
.23
12
12
36
9
16
15
3
8
8
118
-------
SUSPENDED SOLIDS 1978
1
TRIBUTARY
NAME
LAKE RIVER
BASIN GROUP
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
O'!>
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
BOIS BRULE SUPE 1
MONTREAL SUPE 1
OCONTO SUPE 1
BAD SUPE 1
ST LOUIS SUPE 1
NEMADJI SUPE 1
PRESQUE ISLESUPE 2
STURGEON SUPE 2
TAHQUAMENON SUPE 2
ONTONAGON SUPE 2
MENOMINEE MICH 1
FORD MICH 1
PESHTIGO MICH 1
PENSAUKEE MICH 1
KEWAUNEE MICH 1
E. TWIN MICH 1
MANITOWOC MICH 1
SHEBOYGAN MICH 1
ROOT MICH 1
FOX MICH 1
MILWAUKEE MICH 2
ST JOSEPH MICH 3
KALAMAZOO MICH 3
GRAND MICH 3
MUSKEGON MICH 4
MANISITEE MICH 4
*MANISTIQUE MICH 4
ESCANABA MICH 4
BOARDMAN MICH 4
WHITEFISH MICH 4
CHEBOYGAN HURO 1
THUNDER BAY HURO 1
AU GRES HURO 1
AU SABLE HURO 1
PINE HURO 1
RIFLE HURO 1
SAGINAW HURO 2
GENESEE ONTA 1
OSWEGO ONTA 2
BLACK NY ONTA 3
LOAD
MTXYR
3858,1
873.7
4361.1
19835,1
102791,1
122145,8
1510,2
18867,8
4367.5
119178.6
20842,6
8840.4
5970.7
357.3
3543.0
2521.4
13622.2
18632.5
5481.1
170370.8
38988.7
71771.6
30821.8
62931.4
24107.8
14997.8
11905.7
6376.8
710,2
2397,6
3175.1
2445,6
3761.2
5864,1
81048.3
13906.1
148927.7
541773.8
1754859.0
97522,0
MEAN SQUARE
ERR < MTXYR >**2
6293354.0
39486.0
3574437.0
14110186.0
404097280.0
1.0
386464,1
75845680,0
851029,6
4508045312.0
47809648.0
18321872.0
13177562.0
19902.6
7616410.0
2319370.0
75933712.0
62755536.0
6395605,0
1519745024.0
457587712.0
206378240.0
7821415.0
615050496.0
101734000.0
2351714.0
2462751.0
3067304.0
44856.0
651620.2
136764.1
232684.2
403842.3
530202,6
3366283520,0
15346037.0
1682731264.0
5814403072.0
1063638466560.0
2624797696.0
NUM OF
SAMPLES
7
12
9
12
8
365
11
11
22
19
12
24
4
12
27
12
12
12
12
23
12
12
24
22
24
24
23
23
12
12
23
12
12
12
12
23
35
8
7
12
119
-------
CHLORIDE 1977
.1.
2
1
2
3
A
5
6
7
&
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
TRIBUTARY LAKE
NAME BASIN
ST LOUIS SURE
BO IS BRULE SURE
NEMADJI SURE
BAD SURE
MONTREAL SURE
TAHQUAMENON SURE
PRESQUE ISLESURE
STURGEON SURE
CARP SURE
ONTONAGAN SURF
FORD MICH
OCONTO MICH
FOX MICH
PESHTIGO MICH
MANITOWOC MICH
PENSAUKEE MICH
SHEBOYGAN MICH
KEWAUNEE MICH
E TWIN MICH
ROOT MICH
MENOMINEE MICH
ST JOSEPH MICH
KALAMAZOO MICH
GRAND MICH
MUSKEGON MICH
MANISTEE MICH
BOARDMAN MICH
*MANISTIQUE MICH
WHITEFISH MICH
ESCANABA MICH
THUNDER BAY HURO
RIFLE HURO
AU ORES HURO
CHEBOYGAN HURO
AU SABLE HURO
PINE HURO
SAG IN AW HURO
GENESEE ONTA
OSWEGO ONTA
BLACK NY ONTA
RAQUETTE ONTA
GRASS ONTA
OSWEGATCHIE ONTA
RIVER
GROUP
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
LOAD
MTXYR
15616*9
159,6
809,5
1993,5
5659,4
2037,5
411,4
1054,5
922, 2
2435.1
552 , 4
4759,6
36054,1
2487,1
1265,7
407,8
3402,8
662,1
1649,1
3826,1
5254,4
68252,9
48568,1
95561,2
35364,2
74895,2
1698,0
2983,9
916,8
6994,9
3107,2
3788,5
2465,1
5197.5
6900,1
509,7
156433,6
141060.0
965441,2
10050,5
3106,1
4131,3
5738,6
MEAN SQUARE
ERR
.1 *•_
24
12
23
12
24
12
12
36
17
23
21
8
8
8
120
-------
CHLORIDE 1978
2
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
TRIBUTARY LAKE
NAME BASIN
ST LOUIS SURE
NEMADJI SUPE
TAHQUAMENON SUPE
ONTONAGON SUPE
PRESQUE ISLESUPE
STURGEON SUPE
FORD MICH
MENOMINEE MICH
FOX MICH
MILWAUKEE MICH
ST JOSEPH MICH
KALAMAZOO MICH
GRAND MICH
MUSKEGON MICH
MANISITEE MICH
*MANISTIQUE MICH
ESCANABA MICH
BOARDMAN MICH
UHITEFISH MICH
THUNDER BAY HURO
AU GRES HURO
AU SABLE HURO
PINE HURO
RIFLE HURO
CHEBOYGAN HURO
SAGINAW HURO
GENESEE ONTA
OSUEGO ONTA
BLACK NY ONTA
RIVER
GROUP
1
1
o
2
2
r>
1
1
1
^
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
ti*
1
2
3
LOAD
MT\YR
25044*5
1125*0
2453*3
4075*3
606*5
2353*3
1028.0
7793*5
52688*1
17144.2
73069.6
57381*6
115942*4
39154*7
71765.8
4202.0
7636.0
2114.3
659.9
3825.4
3959.6
7838.7
689.2
5678.2
6821.5
202946.5
180482.2
1154653.0
9404.4
MEAN SQUARE
ERR(MT\YR)**2
10710756.0
31860.7
273370.9
426324*8
5766.9
372009.9
7504.1
555200.3
4387524.0
37398480.0
40175392*0
7487332*0
417755904*0
1905141.0
11505364.0
176220.2
3358910.0
1329.6
3983.9
142194*7
369314.9
273.79.3
15867.4
38973.6
158284.5
1172546560.0
3400893440*0
6204534784.0
1990879.0
NUM OF
SAMPLES
8
12
24
23
11
11
24
12
24
12
12
24
??
24
24
24
24
12
12
12
12
12
12
23
24
35
8
12
12
121
-------
-------
APPENDIX E
SELECTED DESCRIPTIONS OF CURRENT AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH PROJECTS
ON THE CAUSES AND CONTROL OF NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION
This Appendix contains descriptions of the select group of research
projects referred to in Chapter 4. All of the listings, with the exception of
the first two, were obtained from CRIS and are presented in the format of the
original retrieval. Information given includes:
1. sponsoring agency
2. period of investigation
3. name of the researcher
4. project location
5. description of project objectives, approach and progress; and
6. recent publications.
123
-------
AGENCY: NOAA (SEA GRANT)
PERIOD: FY 78, FY 79
INVEST: BROMLEY D W
LOCATION: UNIV OF WISCONSIN
NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION IN GREEN BAY AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT
OBJECTIVES: To analyze the implications of current and conservation-oriented
land use practices on the quality of receiving waterways in the Green Bay
area. To simulate alternative comprehensive management policies and evaluate
their impact on water quality in the lower Fox River-Green area.
AGENCY: OHIO STATE GOVERNMENT
INVEST: NOLTE B
PERF ORG: OHIO AGRI R&D CTR
LOCATION: COLUMBUS OHIO
PHOSPHORUS BIOAVAILABILITY STUDY FOR LAKE ERIE TRIBUTARIES
OBJECTIVE: Determine the fraction of total P in suspended sediments entering
Lake Erie that is biologically available. Develop a simple model to predict
available P loadings to Lake Erie from suspended sediments.
APPROACH: Suspended sediments will be sampled during storm events in eight
tributaries draining into Lake Erie. The biologically available P in the
sediment will be determined by algae bioassay and chemical extraction
procedures and the results correlated. P bioavailability will also be
correlated with routine sediment characteristics and predictive equations for
available P flux will be developed.
1. Project description obtained from the publication, Catalog of Federal Ocean
Pollution Research Development and Monitoring Programs, Fiscal Years 1978-
T98?T — _
2. Project description obtained from WRE.
124
-------
DIALOG FileGO: USDA/CRIS 75-79/OEC (Item 29 of 263) User 2oS1 IBjanBO
205
0073469
AGENCY: CSRS wis
PERIOD: 01 JUL 77 TO so SEP 79
INVEST: HILSENHOFF w L
PROJECT*: WIS0233B
PERF ORG: ENTOMOLOGY
LOCATION: UN IV OF WISCONSIN
MADISON WIS
EFFECTS OF LIVESTOCK GRAZING PRACTICES ON THE WATER QUALITY OF
STREAMS
OBJECTIVES: Document effects of pasturing cattle on the fauna
and water quality of streams. Determine factors associated
with the congregation of cattle In streams. Determine
relationships of cattle weight. stream flow, cattle access.
and water quality.
APPROACH: Replicated laboratory tests will be carried out in
artificial streams at various temperatures and current
velocities to determine effects of different amounts of cattle
manure in the water on selected aquatic insects known to be
sensitive to organic pollution. The arthropod rauna of a
stream from which cattle have been fenced will be compared
before and after fenci.ng and with a control stream. Other
streams will be observed to determine how many'catt1e cun be
pastured and under what conditions before the ecosystem of a
stream is altered.
KEYWORDS: CATTLE MANURE WATER-QUALITY STREAMS INSECTS
POLLUTION LIVESTOCK GRAZING WATER WATER-POLLUTION
PASIEURIZATION AQUAT1C-INSECTS WATER-FLOW ANIMAL-WASTE
PROGRESS:77/01 77/12
One artificial stream with two 8-foot sections has been
constructed from 3/4 inch plywood covered with several layers
of fiberglass to maUe it waterproof. (he stream channels are
supported. one above the other. on a frame of 2-inch ingle
iron with a movable support that allows the pitch of each
stream to be varied, thus changing the current. Plastic pipe
and rubber hoses have been used for the circulation of water
to avoid contact with metal ions.
PUBLICAT10NS:77/01 77/12
NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
AGENCY: CSRS HLU
PERIOD; 12 JUL 70 10 so SEP 79
INVEST: VANDERHOI.M D n
PROJECT*'! ILLU-10-031 I
PERF ORG: AGRl ENGINEERING
LOCATION: UNIV OF ILLINOIS
URDANA ILL
HOME SEWAGE SYSTEMS FOR AREAS WITH SOILS UNSUITABLE FOR
SUBSURFACE SEEPAGE FIELDS
OBJECTIVES: Identify alternative home sewage systems which
indicate potential for satisfactory performance in area-, where
soil conditions are unsuitable for subsurface seepage fields.
Evaluate the performance of alternative homo sowjiuo •..yslcms
under field conditions. Modify and adapt promising home
sewage systems to enhance their performance and acceptability.
If necessary, develop home sewage systems with new concepts
,,.i,,i,i^, fnr. ,,oo uhone »iiih«,iir f ace disooi>al is unfeasible or
use where subsurface disposal
suitable for
impract ical .
APPROACH: Install and monitor sewage systems identified in 1
above. Augment field studies with laboratory study of
individual components or processes. Modify systems v.h^ .
monitoring indicates changes are adv i sen!) I u .
KF.YWORDS: SEWAGE AEROBIC-TREATMENT SEPTIC-TANKS SEWAGE-TREATM-
ENT OXIDATION LAGOONS SAND FILTERS ALTERNATIVES PERFORMANCE
SEPTIC-SYSTEMS SOILS EVALUATION WATER-POLLUTION SO I L-F-OL LUT 1 ON
WASTE-DISPOSAL
PROGRESS:?7/Ot 77/12
Two commercial aerobic treatment units and one rec i rc.u 1 a t i ng
sand filler treatment unit were installer! at Dixon Springs
These are being tested under different
for evaluating acceptability of treated
Several filter sands with different
are being tested, both in laboratory
the field system. Operational problems
new systems are being solved and the
Agricultural Center.
operating conditions
sewage for discharge.
s\ ze characteristics
column studies ond in
associated with the
coming
data.
year will be
devoted to collection and analysis of
PUBLICATIONS:77/01 77/12
NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
0070930
-------
DIALOG File60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 127 of 263) User 26t1 18Jan80
290
0058307
AGENCY: SAES NY.C
PERIOD: 01 JUL ?o TO 03 OCT 79
INVEST: OGLESBY R T
PROJECT*: NYC-14730B
PERF ORG: NATURAL RESOURCES
LOCATION: CORNELL UNIV
ITHACA NY
EUTROPHICATION AND COMPERATIVE LIMNOLOGY OF THE FINGER LAKES
OBJECTIVES: Develop quantitative models applicable to the
marvtgenent of Phytoplankton levels, water clarity and fish
production in the Finger Lakes. Continue verification of
hypothesis that soluble phosphorus inputs are the principal
determinants of water quality. Continue work with
interdisciplinary group studying the origins of phosphorus
entering lakes with emphasis on diffuse sources.
APPROACH: Intensive review of information on globally
distributed lakes to ascertain validity of models developed
for the Finger Lakes. Institute a new surveillance program
for the Finger Lakes to determine if the 1973 abolition of
Phosphate containing detergents In New York State has produced
the predicted changes. Participated in exchanges with other
scientists and administrators of water quality programs
through special conferences and workshops.
KEYWORDS: MODELS ALGAE PLANKTON WATER-QUALITY STREAMS
NUTlilENTS WATER-POLLUTION LIMNOLOGY RUNOFF EUTROPHICATION
LAKES NITROGEN MANAGEMENT NUTRIENT-MOVEMENT WATERSHEDS
PHYTOPLANKTON 200PLANKTON PHOSPHORUS SOURCES DETERGENTS
WATERSHED-MODELS WATERSHED-MANAGEMENT
PROGRESS:77/OI 77/12
The principal activities carried out under this project
during 1977 consisted of additional data analyses and the
final preparation of material for publishing. Samples were
collected from nine of the lakes on one occasion during the
winter for total phosphorus analysis and on three occasions in
the summer for more complete chemical and biological
examination. The objective was to determine what effects, if
any, the New York State 1973 ban on phosphorus in household
laundry detergents may have had on water quality. Results
were ambiguous. A study of data collected in previous years
suggests that levels of variability due to causes other than
phosphorus loading are high enough to mask effects unless a
number of years of data are obtained.
PUBLICATIONS:77/01 77/12
OGLESBY, R. T. 1977. Phytoplankton summer standing crop and
annual productivity as functions of phosphorus loading and
various physical factors. J. Fish. Res. Board Can.
34:2255-2270.
OGLESBY. R. T. 1977. Relationships of fish yield to lake
Phytoplankton standing crop, production, and morphoedaphic
factors. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34:2271-2279
BOULDIN. D. R.; CAPENER. H. R.j CASLEH. G. L.; DURFEE A E'
LOEHR. R. C.; OGLESBY, R. T.; and YOUNG, R. J. 1977
Lakes and phosphorus input: a focus on management'
Information Bulletin 127. N.Y. State College of
Agriculture and
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DIALOG File60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/OEC (Item 26 of 28) Usoi- 2691 11JanBO
2416
0001617
AGENCY: CSRS wis
PERIOD: 01 JUL 63 TO 30 SEP BO
INVEST: CONVERSE J C; BUBENZER G 0
PROJECT*: WIS05000-6008
PERT ORG: AGRI ENGINEERING
LOCATION: UNIV OF WISCONSIN
MADISON WIS
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR THE 1980'S
OBJECTIVES: Develop optimal animal manure management systems
to meet the evolving environmental and economic requirements
and be compatible with the increasing needs of our nation and
the world for animal protein. Investigate use of by-products
of animal manure management systems for energy source feed
ingredients, plant nutrients for crop production and other
potential uses with consideration of the human, animal and
plant health factors. Characterize the non-point population
water runoff sources from livestock and poultry enterprises on
pasture production systems and land areas with manure
application and to further develop guidelines for abatement of
non-pollution sources from animal manure.
h-"
-j APPROACH: Anaerobic digesters for poultry and ''dairy cuttle
manure are being evaluated for energy inputs and outputs,
solids degradation, of gas composition and fertilizer volue.
A liquid manure handling system is being developed for dairy
replacements utilizing manure scraping with and without
slatted floors. A manure nutrient runoff model is being
developed to predict nutrient movement of winter applied
manure during spring runoff. Barnyard runoff and nutrient
movement is bt-ing evaluated for medium size dairy herd'., on
earthen lots for five different soil conditions. Protein
production utilizing photosynethic bacteria and anaerobic
digested effluents is being evaluated.
KEYWORDS: MANURE MANURE-MANAGEMENT WASTE-COLLECTION
WASl E-TRANSI'DRr WASTE-MANAiUMENT WAS 1 E- 1 TREATMENT WAST E-UT I L 1 Z~
ATIuN WASTE-DISPOSAL ANIMAL-WASTE ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION
POULTRY-MANURE ENERGY *ENS LIQUID-MANURES PROTEINS METHANE
ANIMAL-NUTRITION PLANI-NUTRITION RUNOFF POLLUTION PASTURES
LAND-APPLICATION BYPRODUCTS *ERP
obtain a range of expected concetrat ions. Liquid manure is
being applied at rates of 30 tons/acre (equivalent to 5, 2.5
and 5 fert.) to corn land with fall and spring applications.
Manure is applied by surface spreading and without
incorporation and injection. 150 Ibs. of 18-40-0 starter
fertilizer is applied. Corn yields and soil fertility v/i I I be
evaluated over a 3 years period. A 96 m(3) layer poultry
digester with floating cover and operated at 35 degrees C has
been operating for 2 years. Detention tSHIPS range from 30-50
days with loading rates of 1.6 - 2.9 kg vs/m./d. Total solids
of leed ranged from 8 - 13% with 63-67% V.S. NH(3)
concentration was 6500-8000 nig/1 and pH of 7.7 - 8.0. Gas
production ranged from 0.6 - 0.8 m./m./d. Net energy output
ranged from 49)£ during winter to 75% during summer.
PUBLICAT10NS:77/01 77/12
STEENHIJ1S, T.S., BUBENZER, G.D. and WALTER, M.F. 1977. Water
movement and infiltration in frozen soil: theoretical and
experimental considerations. ASAE Paper No. 77.2545.
CONVERSE, J.C., GRAVES, R.E., and EVANS, G.W. 1977.
Aneaerobic degradation of dairy manure under mesophilic
and thermophiIic temperatures. Trans of ASAE 20:336-340.
CONVERSE, J.C., EVANS. G.W., VERHOEVCN, C.R. 1977.
Performance of large size anaerobic digester for poultry
manure. ASAE Paper No. 77-0451.
STEENHUIS, T.S. 1978. Modeling nigrogen and other nutrient
losses from winter spread manure PHD Thesis, University of
Wisconsin - Madison.
PROC.UESS: 77/01 77/12
Sediment dcpsition patterns and nutrient reductions in a
gra;->s filter loaded >vith dairy barnyard runoff is ho i nij
evaluated on a runoff table 1 meter wide and '5 meters long.
The grass filter is cut sod, placed over 100 mm of sand and
soil incorporating a suction system to approximate actual
infiltration characteristics. Barnyard sediment is applied at
rates of 0.5 and 1.0% total solids concentration. Preliminary
analysis of runoff indicates removal of 87-95% total solids,
88-98%. of Kheldahl nitrogen and 90-97% total phosphoruous t>\
the grass filter. Solid, liquid and semi- i>olid manure
storages arc- being evaluated for nutrient concentration to
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DIALOG File60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 14 of 28) User 2691 lljanBO
2406
NJ
oo
0057926
AGENCY: CSRS MICL
PERIOD: 01 JUL 70 TO 30 SEP BO
INVEST: GERRISH j e
PROJECT*: MICL01066
PERF ORG: AGRI ENGINEERING
LOCATION: MICHIGAN STATE UNIV
EAST LANSING MIC
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR THE 1980'S
OBJECTIVES: Develop optimal animal manure management systems.
Characterize atmospheric contaminants and develop abatement
methods to eliminate the contaminants' potentially harmful
effects on human and animal health. Investigate us* of
by-products of animal manure management systems for energy
sources, feed ingredients, plant-nutrients and other potential
uses. Characterize the non-point pollution water runoff
sources from livestock and poultry enterprises on pasture
production systems and land areas with manure application and
to further develop guidelines for abatement of non-point
pollution sources from animal manures.
APPROACH: Study hydraulic transport of manure as practiced in
flushing systems. This will lead to design -rocommendaI ions
and workable plans. Modelling studies are already well
underway. In odor control, we are studying the- effects of
ozone on swine waste. Also studying the culture of purple
sulfur bacteria as an odor modifier in anaerobic lagoons.
Hope to develop procedures to foster such a culture under
Michigan climatic conditions. Studying liquid-solid
separation for its potential as a step in a fermentation
process leading to a re-fed product. Have two year's data
from some spring-thaw runoff events at a system of 12 plots
where manure was applied on the frozen ground. This study
will continue in an attempt to develop control strategies
which would minimize non-point source pollution. (20% basic
research; 60% applied research; 20% development effort).
KEYWORDS: POLLUTION-ABATEMENT DAIRY-CATTLE MANURES
WATER-POLLUTION AIR-POLLUTION ODOR-CONIROL TRANSPORT SWINE
RUNOFF WASTE-MANAGEMENT OZONE ANIMAL-WASTE ANAER011IC-CONDITIO-
NS MODELING ENERGY-SOURCES »ENS FEED PLANT-NUTRIENTS LAGOONS
SOIL-APPLICATION FROZEN-SOILS BYPRODUCTS #ERP
PROGRESS:78/01 78/12
Woi-k with the anaerobic swine waste lagoons at MSU has led to
new insights in design and management of such lagoons. A
system involving two lagoons has been shown effective in
reducing the time during which odors can be produced; the
basic features of the system include a strategy to preserve a
population of purple sulfur bacteria during the cold Michigan
winter by maintaining one of the two lagoons in a lightly
loaded state throughout the winter. In the spring It has
little scum, good light penetration, and warms up quickly so
bacteria become active early. A mathematical model has been
developed to provide a quantitative analysis of the purple
sulfur bacterial processes in a lagoon. The model predicts
hydrogen sulfide production. Purple sulfur bacteria show
promise of being a useful odor control mechanism for lagoons
even in our cold Michigan climate. Analysis of data from an
iconic model of under slat swine waste flushing has led to the
development of a mathematical approach for designing under
slat flushing systems. This approach should be a valuable
tool for accurately predicting the performance of
before it is bu i I t .
PUBLICATIONS:78/01 78/12
system
VAN LOTR1NGEN,
Odors from
Unpublished
T.J.M. (1978). Control of Hydrogen Sulfide
Anaerobic Lagoons by Purple Sulfur Bacteria.
Ph.D. Thesis. Agricultural Englnaorlng
Department, Michigan State University.
T.J.M. and GERRISH, J.B. (1970). H2S Removal
VAN LOTRINGEN,
by Purple Sulfur Bacteria in Swine Waste Lagoons.
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DIALOG File60: USDA/CR1S 75-79/DEC (Item
7 of 28) User 2691 lljanBO
2399
NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
007P425
AGENCY: SAES OHO
PERIOD: 01 NOV 76 TO 31 OCT 79
INVEST: WHITE R K; VAN KEUREN R w; EDWARDS w
PROJECT*: OH000255
PERI ORG: AGR1 ENGINEERING
LOCATION: OHIO AGRICULTURAL R AND D CENTER
COLUMBUS OHO
EFFLCT OF PASTURING ON NON-POINT SURFACE RUN-OFF
03JLCTIVES: Establish the contribution of pollutants from
livestock pasturing (non-point sources), to identify
man.ige iient practices that can be used lo significantly reduce
non-point surface runoff pollution and to predict what will
happen to hydrologic and water Duality parameters ir> non-point
surl.ice runoff from livestock pastures. The following
specific objectives will be addressed: Obtain hydrologic and
chemical data for each runoff event on selected watershed.
Evaluate hydro-chemical data for selected watersheds and
compare with hydrologic history of the watersheds to identify
hydi-uloglc factors and management practices that contribute to
or decrease contribution of pollutants to non-point surface
runoff. Establish the degree of bacterial pollution present
in non-point surface runoff from cattle pastures during
different periods of the year.
APPROACH: Samples will be taken periodically throughout storm
events from watersheds where beef cattle are pastured as
follows: Summer rotational pasturing and winter feeding with
hay brought lo the cattle; only summer rotational pasturing
and winter feeding on field stored hay and saved autumn
regrowth. The samples will be analyzed for N,P, TOC, BOD,
COD, sediment yield and sediment N and P.
KEYWORDS: WATER-CHEMISTRY ROTATIONAL-GRAZING MANAGEMENT
SEDIMENT-YIELD BACTERIA WATER-POLLUTION PREDICTION SEASONAL-H-
ISTORY NON-POINT-POLLUTION WATERSHEDS SURFACE-WATER POLLUTION
F'HO:;(WJRUS HYDROLOGY NITROGEN WATER-QUALITY WASTE-MANAGEMENT
CATTLE PASTURES SEDIMENTS RUNOFF
PROGR£SS:70/OI 70/12
Two years of data have been collected on three watersheds
with different pasturing regimes. A control watershed is also
being monitored. Runoff samples are being analyzed for N
(NH(3), N0(2)/N0(3), and total N), total P. TOC. COD, BOD.
sediment yield and sediment N and P. Also monthly samples for
microbiological analyses are collected and testc-d for total
coliform, fecal col I form and fecal streptococci. A complete
record of pasture and livestock management is being kept.
Data are being analyzed for effects of pasturing on runoff
quantity and quality. Data collection will end on October 31,
1979. Project will continue for an additional five months to
allow for data reduction, summarization and evaluation.
PUBLICATIONS:78/01 78/12
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DIALOG Flle60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 81 of 263) User 2ti91 ISJanBO
249
U)
o
0064026
AGENCY: CSRS PEN
PERIOD: 01 JUL 74 TO 30 SEP 79
INVEST: SOPPER W E; LYNCH J A; CORBETT E S
PROJECT*: PEN02113
PERF ORG: FOREST RESOURCES
LOCATION: PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY PARK PA
EFFECTS OF FOREST
YIELD AND QUALITY
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON WATER
OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the effects of forest clearcutting and
herbicide vegetation control on water yield and water quality.
APPROACH: Three completely instrumented experimental forested
watersheds will be used in the study. One of the watersheds
is approximately 50 percent clearcut. Herbicides are being
used to control vegetation regrowth. Streamflow and
precipitation records will be used to determine changes in
water yield quantity. Water samples will be collected weekly
at four locations along the stream channel in each watershed
to evaluate the effects of the progressive cleancutting on
water qua'i ty.
KEYWORDS: REVEGETATION WATER HYDROLOGY PRECIPITATION
MANAGEMENT RUNOFF FORESTRY WATERSHEDS FOREST-CLEARCUTT1NG
HERBICIDES CLEARCUTTING WATERSHED-MANAGEMENT FOREST-MANAGEMENT
WATER-QUALITY WATER-YIELD FOREST-WATERSHEDS STREAM-FLOW
PROGRESS:78/01 78/12
1978 nutrient concentration data indicated that N0(sub 3)-N
and K continued to be significantly higher on the
clearcut-herbicided watershed than on the undisturbed
watershed, but at levels lower than recorded in 1977.
Interestingly, the highest N0(oub 3)-N data occurred at the
headwaters and progressively decreased towards the mouth of
the watershed. This apparently resulted because of the larger
amount of logging residue and undecomposed organic matter on
the more recently cut-herbicided upper portion of the
watershed than on the lower portion and the greater potential
for increased nutrient leaching due to soil condition. In
addition, some dilution occurred batween the headwaters and
the mouth of the watershed due to increasing streamflow. Mg,
Na. Ca, and SO(sub 4) concentration data and trends did not
appear to be significantly different from those previously
reported. Turbidity continued to be significantly higher on
the treated watershed as a result of increased channel erosion
due to increased stream discharge. This is partly due to
increased stability of the stream channel. Monitoring of Na,
Mg, K. N0(sub 3)-N, SOfsub 4), Ca. turbidity. alkalinity,
specific conductance, and stream temperatures is continuing.
PUBLICATIONS:78/01 78/12
CORBETT. E. S.. J. A. LYNCH, W. E. SOPPER. 1978. Timber
harvesting practices as related to water quality i"
eastern United States. J. For. 76(8): 484-488.
K- p- 1978. Local perceptions of problem-solving
auspices. NE-89 Working LULOFF, A. E.. STOKES, C. S.
1977. A Note on Population Size and Community
Differentiation in NonmetropoIitan Communities. Soc. and
Social Res. 61(4):486-496.
MILLER. M. K.. STOKES, C. S. 1978. Health Status. Health
Resources and Consolidated Structural Parameters:
Implications for Public Health Care Policy. J. Health and
Social Behavior 19(3):263-279.
WILKINSON, K. p. 1978. Rural Community Change. Chapter 7
in T. R. Ford (ed.), Rural USA: Persistence and Change.
Iowa State University Press, pp. 115-125.
WILKINSON, K. p. 1979. Social Well-Ueing and Community.
J. Community pevulopinent Society 10(Juno) (In
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DIALOG File60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 239 of 263) User 26£1 18jan80
385
0010833
AGENCY: SAES MIN
PERIOD: 01 c;ipacities of
Minnesota's forest, apply procedures to selected counties or
regions in Minnesota, and analyze the forest policy
implications of results obtained when procedure is applied.
Problen analysis will involve' review of literature,
consultation with researchers, administrators and others, and
preparation of report specifying problems and the research
needed to alleviate such problems.
KEYWORDS: POLICY-FORMULATION COSTS OPPORTUNITIES FINANCIAL-AN-
ALYSIS ECONOMICS FOREST-PRODUCTION POLICIES lA'.V LEGISLATION
FORESTRY ECONOMIC-IMPACT ANALYSIS MLASUREMENI PRODUCTIVITY
FORES I-ECONOMICS WATER-POLLUTION
PROGRESS:77/01 77/12
Two public timber sales are being evaluated for economic
consequences of managing non-point sources of water pollution.
Costs of pollution curbing practices have been gathered and
related to timber sale revenues. 17 state forest practice
acts and implementing rules are being analyzed to determine
forest practices addressed, notification system employed,
composition of forest practice board and nature of agency
authority- 25 personal interviews to identify preference for
a state forest practice and means of implementing it have been
completed. Final reports on the biological and economic
timber producing potential of Minnesota's forests and on
Minnesota special interest groups important to forest policy
development are being prepared. Problem analysis of political
forces important to development of forest policies has
identified agenda-building, criteria, methods of policy
research, information sources and types, and institutions (eg.
special Interest groups) as broad research areas. Peliminary
report on use and management of forest 1 and sold by Itasca
County has been completed. 474 individuals purchased 13355
ha. between 1960 and 1977. 72 corporations purchased 37232
ha. during same period. Research has been undertaken \.u
define status of vertical and horizontal integration in the
wood-based industry, analyze consequences of such integration
and identify problems in need of research.
PUBLICATIONS:77/01 77/12
ELLEFSON, P.V. and SPUHR. S.H. "Forest Policy Research: An
Examination of Research Needs". (1977). In: Rese.jrch in
Forest Economics and Forest Policy Resources for the
Future. Washington, D.C.
PALM. S.L. and ELLQFSOM, P.V. Paricipants In the Youth
Conservation Corps: Case Study of the Bald Eagle Camp.
Minnesota Forestry Note No. 265. June 1977.
WALLING, T.K. 1977. Special Interest Groups and Forest Policy
Formation: A Case Study of Minnesota. (M.S. Manuscript)
Univ. of Minn., St. P.iul, MN 70 p.
JAKES, P.J- 1977. The UioIogicaI and Economic Potential of
Minnesota's Commercial Forest Land to Produce Timber.
(M.S. Manuscript) Univ. of Minn., St.
Paul, MN 76 p.
ELLEFSON, P.V. "Focus on Forest Investments: What Policy for
SAF?" 1977. Journal of Forestry 75:429-430
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DIALOG Flle60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 25 of 28) User 2691 11JanBO
2415
LO
0010830
AGENCY: SAES MIN
PERIOD: 01 JUL 68 TO 30 JUN 79
INVEST: BROOKS K N
PROJECT*: MIN-42-035
PERF ORG: FORESTRY
LOCATION: UNIV OF MINNESOTA
ST PAUL MIN
FOREST-WATERSHED MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF
RUNOFF
OBJECTIVES:
Develop methodology to evaluate and
-j""t>_ i i vcj. ueveiop meinoaoiogy to evaluate and predict
quantity of runoff from forested and other wildland watersheds
in Minnesota. Assess forest management and related land use
impacts on the quality of runoff in order to develop
management guidelines to minimize non-point sources of
pollution from forested lands.
APPROACH: Snowmeit and rainfa I 1-runoff prediction models for
forested watersheds will be evaluated and modified as needed
to conform with data/information availability and Minnesota
conditions. Model sensitivity will be tested to determine if
land nanagement impacts on the quantity of runoff can be
predicted. Non-point pollution problems associated with
forestry will be assessed initially on a broad-scale to
identify types of quality problems and locations of problem
areas in Minnesota. Water quality of runoff from undisturbed
forests will be evaluated and contrasted to quality of runoff
from managed forests and causative factors will be identified.
Prediction models will be developed to facilitate the
establishment of management guidelines.
KEYWORDS: FORESTRY FOREST-MANAGEMENT RUNOFF RAINFALL-RUNOIF-R-
ELATION WATER-QUALIIY WATER-POLLUTION LAND-USE MODELS
PREDICTION WATERSHEDS LAND-MANAGEMENT HYDROLOGY
PROGRESS:77/OI 77/12
Study of applications of aerial photography to assess lake
water quality on trophic state is completed. B&W aerial
photography was used to predict Seechi disk transparency.
turbidity, and color. Procedures were developed to use film
transmitlance—Secchi disk relationships to estimate Carlson's
Trophic State Index (TS1). Predicted TSI value for 6 lakes
were not different from TSI values determined directly from
field data. Methods of evaluating base-line water qu.ility
data from undisturbed watersheds are being studied. In
addition. onsite evaluation procedures for identifying areas
"sensitive" to forest management activities are being
developed. Applications of aerial photography will be
investigated. Meteorological and hydorlogic measurements will
be made for an undisturbed peat land and for sites which will
undergo changes associated with peat I and drainage and
harvesting. Study sites have been selected and
instrunentation is in place for the next field season.
Stormflow, water yield and water quality will be studied.
Three snowmelt prediction models have been tested under
different vegetation types in Minnesota. An accumulated
degree-d iy approach. a modified Corps of Engineer generalized
snowmelt equation approach. ancl a modified Leaf-Brink model
were investigated. Survival and growth of vegetation planted
on iron-ore overburden material which was irrigated with
secondary sewage effluent will continue to be measured. 3 to
4 years ol data will be collected.
PUBLICAIIONS:77/01 77/12
BROOKS. K.N. et al. 1977. FeasibiIity of using iron-ore
overburden material as a media for disposal of secondary
sewage effluent in northeastern Minnesota.
Bulletin 93, Water Resources Research Center. Univ. of
Mlnnsota.
BROOKS, K.N. et al. 1977. Assessment of water quality status
and trends in Minnesota by remote sensing techniques. OWRT
Project Completion Report. College of Forestry. University
of Minnesota.
WERTH. L.. MEYER. M. and BROOKS. K.N. 1977. A wetlands survey
of the Twin Cities 7-County Metropolitan Area-West Half.
Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Home Economics.
Remote Sensing Laboratory Re^cu, v,,. n^,j^, i 77-10.
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DIALOG F1le60: USDA/CR1S 75-79/DEC (Item 182 of 263) User 2091 18janOO
333
00422-10
AGENCY: ARS 3505
PERIOD: 2? FEB 75 TO 27 FEB 79
INVLST: YOUNG R A; ONSTAO c A; HOLT
PROJECT*: 3505-20000-002
PERF ORG: USOA-ARS TILLAGE WATER USE &
SOIL-PLANT-ATMOS RES
LOCATION: MC SOIL CONSERVATION RES LAB
MORRIS WIN
R F
MECHANICS AND CONTROL
ASSOCIATED SOILS
OF SOIL EROSION BY tfATER-BARNES AND
OBJECTIVES: Particle size distribution of Soil oroclecl from
rill and interrill zones and the deposition characteristics of
soil particles of various sizes. Study the effect of
impacting raindrops on the erosion process in a small rill.
Provide data for developing and verifying a comprehensive
erosion mode I.
APPROACH: Using simulated rainfall on laboratory and field
plots, study erosion, runoff, and infiltration on a.t least
throe soils in a fallow condition on slopes ranging from 4 to
10%. Instrument the outlets and distributed upland points of
two small watersheds, one primarily agricufturaI and one
forested, and collect soil, water, and nutrient movement data.
KEYWORDS: DEPOSITION INFILTRATION SLOPES SOIL-EROSION EROSION
EROSION-CONTROL SOIL-TRANSPORT SOIL-PARTICLES SOIL-LOSS RUNOFF
RAINFALL RAINDROP-EROSION SOIL-PROPERTIES SPLASH-EROSION SOILS
WATERSHEDS RILL-EROSION MODELS PARTICLE-SIZE
PROGRESS-.77/01 77/12
Soil loss from 3 different soils subjected to simulated
rainfall was separated into that portion originating in rills
and that originating in interrill areas. The relative amounts
of rill and interril eroded soil were related to soil
properties such as aggregation, aggregate stability, organic
matter, and particle size distribution. A modified rainulator
combined with a sprinkler system was used to measure soil loss
and runoff from 22.9 in, 15.7 in, 91.4 m, and 137.2 m long
plots. Results will be used to modify the slope length
exponent of the USLE for long slope lengths. Three Pacific
Northwest soils were tested under simulated rainf.ill in the
laboratory. Erosion from rill and interrill areas was
measured separately and sediment characteristics determined
for compariosn with midwest soils. Techniques to estimate
sediment yields from watersheds have undergone limited testing
with good success. In addition to predicting sediment
quantities, magnitudes of upland sources are a I ;.o predicted
for the purpose of economic application of conservation
pract ices.
PUBLICATIONS:77/01 77/12
YOUNG. R.A. and MUTCHLER, C.K. Erodibility of some Minnesota
soils. Jour. Soil and W.;Uer Consev. 32( 1977) : UiO-102.
GILLEY. J.E., GEE. G.W., BAUER, A.. WILLIS W.O. and YOUNG.
R.A. Infiltration at surface-mined sites in western North
Dakota. North Dakota Farm Research 34(1976):32-34.
GILLEY. J.E., GEE, G.W., I1AUER, A., WILLIS, W.O. and YOUNG,
R.A. Runol f ciruJ erosion characteristics of surface-mined
sites in western North Dakota. Trans. ASAE
20 ( I 377) :6>J7-700-
ONSTAD, C.A.. YOUNG, R.A.. and MOLDENHAUER. W.C. Implementing
soil loss limits: some considerations. In Soil Erosion:
Prediction and Control. SCSA, Ankeny, Iowa (1977):332-335.
FOSTER. G.R., MEYER, L.D. and ONSTAD, C.A. An erosion
equation derived from basic erosion principles. Trans.
ASAE 20(4):67B-6B2. (1977).
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DIALOG File60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 157 of 263) User 2691 IBjanBO
311
0075177
AGENCY: SAES wis
PERIOD: 01 JUL 77 TO 30 JUN BO
INVEST: PETERSON A E; CONVERSE J c; SWANSON R A
PROJECT*: WIS00023-M
PERF ORG: SOIL SCIENCE
LOCATION: UNIV OF WISCONSIN
MADISON WIS
EFFECTIVENESS OF WATER CONTROL PRACTICES FOR PROTECTING RUNOFF
WATER QUALITY FROM TURKEY EXERCISE YA
OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the sediment, nutrient and fecal coliform
bacteria contributions to surface waters from surface runoff
associated with animal feeding/exercise nreas. Evaluate
movement of nitrates in ground waters in the vicinity of
storage ponds, disposal fields used for Irrigation purposes or
in the grassed waterways. Evaluate changes in physical and
chemical properties of soils.
APPROACH: A nutrient budget will be determined by measuring
and calculating turkey manure production in the exercise areas
and by measuring nutrient losses by runoff and leaching.
Measure the nutrients lost by runoff, wator stage recorders
will be installed in the waterways at both protluction unite, to
measure total runoff volume. Ths runoff will be sampled with
an I SCO automatic sampler to get uniform sampling of the
runoff In the waterway when it occurs. Monitor leaching of
nutr i ent s observalion we 1 1s w i I 1 be estab I i shed in e !
analysis. Water analysis will be done, using the "Standard
Methods of Water Analysis" of the American Public Health
Association. All soil samples will be analyzed through the
routine procedure for pH, organic matter, avail. P, avail K
and S.
KEYWORDS: RUNOFF WATER-POLLUTION FECAL-COLIFORMS IURKEYS
NITRATES GROUND-WATER WATER-QUALITY HYDROLOGY SOIL-CHEMISTRY
SOIL-PHYSICS NUTRIENT-BUDGET ANIMAL-WASTE POULTRY-MANURE
NUTRIENT-LOSSES WATER-ANALYSIS SOIL-ANALYSIS SEDIMENTS
0040370
AGENCY: ERS NRE
PERIOD: 17 JUL 74 TO 17 JUL ?e
INVEST: MCDRITT J
PROJECT*: NRE-41-300-26-01
PERF ORG: NATURAL RESOURCE ECON DIV ERS
LOCATION: MICHIGAN STATE UNIV
EAST LANSING MIC
ECONOMICS OF CONTROLLING AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT POLLUTION
OBJECTIVES: Analyze the aggregate level, alternative sediment,
plant nutrient and nestirine mil lut 1nn nhatf>cnr»:it nniirinc m\
production costs, food and fiber prices. and comparative
production advantages among regions; determine economically
efficient methods available to farmers to achieve alternative
levels of pollution control; and develop information
prospective effects of nonpoint pollution abatement
agriculturally related sectors.
on
on
APPROACH: Information will be collected on the extent of
agricultural nonpoint pollutants and measures to control it.
Analytical techniques will range from a partial analysis of
the cost effectiveness of various control techniques to
regional and national linear programming model. Included in
the one. lysis will ho on evaluation of I oast-cost nHorm. t I ve-»
for limiting nonpoint pollutants and an appraisal of regional
and Interregional production effects resulting from pollution
control.
KEYWORDS: LEAST-COST ALTERNATIVES POLICIES PRODUCTION-COSTS
PRICES POLLUTANTS COMPARATIVE-ADVANTAGE POLLUTION-ABATEMENT
ECONOMICS POLLUTION PESTICIDES SEDIMENTATION PLANT-NUTRIENTS
PRODUCTION-EFFICIENCY WATER-POLLUTION SOIL-POLLUTION
0043994
AGENCY: ARS 3502
PERIOD: 23 AUG ?/ TO 23 AUG 92
INVEST: LARSON w E; HOLT R f; ONSTAD C A
PROJECT*: 3502-20700-OO3
PERF ORG: USDA-ARS SOIL & WATER RESEARCH
RM201 SOIL SCIENCE BLDG
LOCATION: UNIV OF MINNESOTA
ST PAUL MIN
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF REMOVAL OF CHOP RESIDUES
OBJECTIVES: Determine the environmental impact of removing
crop residue from the land for the major Land Resource Areas
of the United States.
APPROACH: Crop residue production will be computed. Water and
wind erosion, water runoff, and nutrient removal will be
calculated for five ti I I age-res I due management systems. Crop
production data will be obtained from Agricultural Statistics.
The Universal Soil Loss Equation, the Wind Trosion Equation,
and the SCS runoff procedure will be used. Areas where crop
residues can be safely removed will be determined.
KEYWORDS: MANAGEMENT SOIL-EROSION SOIL-LOSS WATER WIND-EROSION
EROSION ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPACT CROP-RESIDUES SOIL-MANAGEMENT
NUTRIENT-REMOVAL RUNOFF TILLAGE EROSION-CONTROL
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DIALOG FileGO: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 27 of 263) User 2o9l IBjanOO
204
007H)59
AGENCY: CSRS MIN
PERIOD: 01 DEC 76 TO 30 JUN 82
INVEST: SCHULER R T; BLAKE G R; CROOKSTON
PROJECT*: MIN-12-028
PERF ORG: AGRI ENGINEERING
LOCATION: UNIV OF MINNESOTA
ST PAUL MIN
REDUCED TILLAGE STUDIES EMPHASIZING ENERGY.
CONSERVATION ON A SANDY LOAM SOIL
R K
SOIL, AND WATER
OBJECTIVES: To develop reduced tillage practices with low
energy requirements, erosion control, moisture con&orvntI on
and maxtmum yield. Reduced tillage systems will be compared
to conventional methods. Special emphasis will be placed on
corn, soybeans and potato production on sandy loam soils.
APPROACH: Four tillage treatments with five cropping syste
will be established. All test plots will be irrigated a
chemical weed control will be utilized.
water consumption, soil water levels,
will be collected. Susceptibility to wind
evaIuated.
t eniG
nil
Data on energy use,
temperature and yield
eros i on will be
KEYWORDS: #EMP 0EMR EROSION-CONTROL CROP-YIELDS
SANDY-LOAM-SOILS CROPP1NG-SYSTEMS HERBICIDES SOIL-WATER
TEMPERATURE ENERGY-REQUIREMENTS NON-TILLAGE IRRIGATION
CONSERVATION TILLAGE WATER-CONSERVATION MINIMUM-TILLAGE
SOIL-CONSERVATION ENERGY-CONSERVATION REDUCED-TILLAGE SOYBEANS
CORN EROSION ENERGY POTATOES
PROC,RESS:77/OI 77/12
The cropping systems and tillage treatments have been
established at the OecKer Experiment Farm. Data wero
collected from field plots and analyzed but niay not be
meaningful as all plots had been fall plowed and seeded to
winter rye. Data collected were yield (potatoes, corn, and
soybeans), plant population (corn and soybeans) and early
plant growth (corn). The yield for the two potato varieties
(Norland and Russet Bur-bank) and the soybeans was not affected
significantly by tillage treatments. Tillage did affect corn
yield at the 90% significance level where the chisel treatment
yield was higher than trie other tillage treatments of
nioldooard plow, till plant and no till. Equipment and
Instrumentation were obtained or fabricated which will t>e used
to evaluate the energy requirement of the field operations.
PUBLICATIONS:77/01 77/12
NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
006G720
AGENCY: SAES NY.C
PERIOD: o« OCT 74 TO 30 SEP 79
INVEST: HAITH D A
PROJECT*: NYC-123325
PERF OH(j: AGRI ENGINEERING
LOCATION: CORNELL UNIV
ITHACA NY
LAND USE AND WATER QUALITY
OBJtCTIVES: Methods will be developed to estimate the
magnitudes of nonpoint sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in
runoff waters from agricultural and rural land. Control
measures will be evaluated for effectiveness and costs.
APPROACH: A linear programming model will be used to determine
cost-effective management plans. The general approach will
rely on existing and readily available data and will be
suitable for use in regional water quality and land management
planning. Particular attention will be given to crop
selection and management practices, suitable to New York,
which can reduce runoff and improve runoff quality. The use
of buffer areas along waterways to filter nutrients from
runoff will be investigated. The project will utilize data
from previous and ongoing studies. No field experimental work
will be undertaken. Data requirements for implementation of
the approach in any given study are land use, soils and
topographic maps and agricultural census and daily
precipitation summaries.
KEYWORDS: BUFFERS ENGINEERING SOILS TOPOGRAPHY PRECIPITATION
RUNOFF COSTS LINEAR-PROGRAMMING LAND-MANAGEMENT WATER-POLLUTI-
ON MODELS WATER-QUALITY PLANNING NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS LAND-USE
PROGRESS:77/01 77/12
The accuracy of a simple loading function approach to
estimating nutrient losses from agricultural land in rainfall
and snoa.melt runoff has been tested using water quality data
from a 330 km. watershed. A continuous simulation model has
been developed to predict losses of nitrogen and phosphorus in
cropland runoff and percolation. The model does not require
calibration and has been validated using data from monitored
field plots.
PUBLICAT10NS:77/01 77/12
TUBBS. L. J. and HA1FH. D. A. 1977. Simulation of nutrient
losses from cropland. Amer. Soc. of Agr. Engineers. Paper
No. 77-2502.
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DIALOG FileGO: USDA/CR1S 75-79/DEC (Item II of 263) Use
2G<)1 IBJanfJO
193
UJ
007-1954
AGENCY: CSRS ILLU
PERIOD: 01 APR 70 TO 30 SEP 79
INVEST: SCOTT d T OR
PROJECT*: 1LIU-05-0320
PCiJF ORG: AGRI ECONOMICS
LOCATION: UNIV OF ILLINOIS
UROANA ILL
ECONOMIC
ILLINOIS
FEASIBLITY OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION IN SOU liltRN
OBJECTIVES: Collect and project a set of phys
uat,, for on-fonm r;i|n-fnl| c,,i tr.hmont
supple nen t a I irrigation costs based on a p
I oc.it (ons In the claynan soils in southern Il
yield ctata on corn and soybeans and rainfall
project yields for adequate water- availabi
potential reduction in pollutants into stre
of catchment reservoirs for water reuse.
reduction of risk when adequate water is a
production. Estimate aggregate supply respo
at different levels of water availability a
benefit to society as a whole.
ical and economic
rueorvolrs ,inU
robability sample
linois. Col loot
pattern data
-------
2411
DIALOG Ftle60: USOA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 21 of 28) User 2691 IIJanBO
0040644
AGENCY: ARS 3505
PERIOD: 02 NOV 73 TO 02 NOV 79
INVEST: YOUNG R A; ONSTAD c A
PROJECT*: 3505-20790-001
PERF ORG: USDA-ARS POLLUTION SEROSION RE
S
LOCATION: NC SOIL CONSERVATION RES LAB
MORRIS MIN
FIELD DETERMINATION OF NUTRIENTS AND SEDIMENT FROM NON-I'OINT
SOURCES
OBJECTIVES: Assess the impact of man on nutrient enrichment of
lakes and streams. Develop hydro logic arid nutrient budget fop
agricultural and nonagricultural watersheds. Relate -taler
quality and sediment yield to watershed land use practices.
Model agricultural chemical transport.
APPROACH: Locate and map watersheds one square mile or less
that contain agricultural, nonagricultural, and urban land use
practices. Ontain soil surveys, from plans, animal, cropping.
and other use practices. and environmental parameters.
Hydrological, soil, and water quality will be monitored at
points of cultural, geological. ands topographic
di scout inui t ies.
KEYWORDS: EUTROPHICATION LAKES STREAMS POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION WATER-RESOURCES WATER NUTRIENT-CYCLE
HYDROLOGIC-BUDGET WATER-QUALITY SEDIMENT-YI ELD LAND-USE MODELS
SOIL-SURVEYS NUTRIENTS SEDIMENTS RUNOFF WATERSHEDS
PROGRESS:77/01 77/12
The forested watershed was closed out in the spring of IS//
after three years of data accumulation. Watershed monitoring
and data collection continued on the agricultrual watershed.
although, due to extremely dry conditions going into 1977.
there was almost no snowmelt runoff and rainfall from only
three rainfall events. Data analysis from both watersheds is
underway and will be used to develop water and nutrient
budgets for the watersheds. relate water quality and sediment
yield to land use practices, and to provide test data for
watershed modeling.
PUBL1CATIONS:77/01 77/12
NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
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DIALOG File60: USOA/CR1S 75-79/DEC (Item 11 of 28) User 2691 lljanBO
2403
0060255
AGENCY: CSRS OHO
PERIOD: 01 JUL 75 TO so SEP 79
INVLST: FORSTER D L
PROJECT*: OH000539
PERF ORG: AGRI ECONOMICS & RURAL SOCIOL
LOCATION: OHIO AGRICULTURAL R AND D CENTER
COLUMBUS OHO
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION IN
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES: Investigate alternative methods of disposing
municipal and feedlot waste on agricultural land, determine
economic optimum allocation of resources for the disposal of
feeulot and municipal wastes on agricultural lands, evaluate
alternative policy mechanisms to be used in the control of
water pollution from feedlot and municipal waste disposal.
APPROACH: Identify and evaluate the cost structure of disposal
techno Iogies and identify the effects of the disposal
technologies on the characteristics of waste. Identify the
input/output relationship between waste and crop production.
Determine economic optimum waste disposal systems and rates of
application for farmers and municipalities^ Evaluate
alternative mechanisms to control water pollution from animal
and municipal wastes.
KEYWORDS: COSTS CROP-PliODUCTION INPUT-OUTPUT-ANALYSIS POLICIES
LAND-DISPOSAL APPLICATION-RATE RESOURCE-ALLOCATION ANIMAL-WAS-
TE MUNICIPAL-WASTE WASTE-DISPOSAL WATER-POLLUTION MANURES
ALTERNATIVES FARM-MANAGEMENT SLUDGE ECONOMICS
PROGHESS:78/01 78/12
The focus of this research is on three separate areas:
livestock waste disposal, 1andspreading sewage sludge, and
non-point pollution control. In the livestock wai.te disposal
area, work was completed which describes and analy/es
alternative systems used to handle waste from livestock
facilities. Some of the conclusions from the study are, a)
substantial economies of size are present for nearly all 'Maste
disposal systems; b) waste management costa are substantial to
producers and vary widely between waste disposal systems; c)
waste is a source of plant nutrients and benefits from these
nutrients accrue to the producer; and d) a large number of
waste nanagemont technologies are available to control 'later
pollution and odor; thus, design standards to meet
environmental goals are Impractical. The second area of
study, landspreading of sewage sludge, focuses primarily on a
four city sludge landspreading demonstration project. This
demonstration porject is a muIti-discip1inary effort aimed at
demonstrating acceptable management systems in landspreading
sewage sludge. A computer algorithm is available to recommend
appropriate sludge application rates for Individual farmers
and to value the benefits of sludge for these farmers. The
third area of research, non-point pollution control, is
concerned with the economic impacts of reducing soil loss in
the Lake Erie Basin. One study investigates the effects of
reducing soil loss in the Honey Creek Watershed.
PUBLICATIONS:78/01 78/12
FORSTER, D.L. and BECKER, G.S. 1979. Costs and ln,-ome affects
of alternative erosion control strategies: The Honey Creek
Watershed. North Central Journal of Agricultural Economics
1978. Landsprading an alternative
American Journa I of Agricultural
OTT, S. and FORSTER, D.L.
for sludge disposal.
Economics G0:555-b50.
FORSTER, D.L. 1978. Economic comparisons of alternative waste
management systems for swine and d.iiry. American Dairy
Science Association annual meetings. East Lansing,
Mi chi gan.
FORSTER, D.L. 1978. Economic impacts of changing tillage
practices in the Lake Erie Basin. Technical Report Series.
U.S. Army Engineer District, Buffalo, N.Y.
FORSTER, D.L. 1978. Higher energy prices, where are they
leading agriculture.
Ohio Soil and Water Conservation Districts annual meetings,
Columbus, Ohio.
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DIALOG FlleBO: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Hen, 8 of 28) User 2691 11JanBO
2400
0071887
AGENCY: SAES NY.C
PERIOD: as OCT 76 TO so SEP 79
INVEST: WALTER M E; STEENHUIS T s; LOEHR
PROJECT*: NYC-1 23379
PERF ORG: AGIH ENGINEERING
LOCATION: CORNELL UNIV
ITHACA NY
EFFECTIVENESS OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICES FOR
POLLUTION CONTROL
OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the impacts of soil and
conservation practices (SWCP) on nonpoint source poll ut,
non-irrigated cropland agriculture m the Easte. n
" the cost-effectiveness of SWCP in preventing or
source water pollution. Assess the
and costs of implementing SWCP.
ute
reducing nonpolnt
environmental impacts
U.S.
mdirect
APPROACH: First develop a general methodology for estmating
the envirOiunontal or economic parameters of interest. I he
second step is to apply the methodologies to examples or crises
of Tnleres?, using'avai > ab, e data from previous and on-«o,no
studies. The basic unit of ana I ys i s w. I I bea so i /cover
complex- i.e., a field-size plot with homogenebu-i soil and
p°a cover characteristics. Pollutant losses v, , 1 thus be
•edge-of-fleld- and cost analyses will be partial rather than
full farm or regional budgets. Project Phasing: Phase l
development of the technical information (pollutant losses.
.) and methods needed to evaluate the effectiveness
in controlling nonpolnt source po I 1 ut i on f or HI
son/cover complexes. Phase II - cost-ef f ec t i veness of S.WCP .
This will include systematic evaluation of comb. nat .Oho of
SWCP, pollutant transport and indirect impacts.
KEYWORDS: ESTIMATES ECONOMICS METHODOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPACT
EVALUATION TRANSPORT ENGINEERING COST-EFFECT I VtNESS COSTS
WATER-CONSERVATION IMPACT NON-POINT-POLLUTION CONSERVATION
POLLUTION PLANNING WATER-QUALITY WATER-POLLUTION SOI L-CONbL-RV-
AT10N
coss ec.
of SWCP
had indicated that soil and ,«ter
conservation practices can be effective mean, of con , ro llmg
water oollution associated with sediment and pollutants which
are strongly adsorbed to sediment (e.g.. DDT). The practices
may be considerably -ess effective in controlling poll., .on
due to dissolved chemicals (nitrates) or moderately ads< , bed
chemicals (most pesticides currently .n use). Cost ana yses
indicate that except for terracing and sod-based ro tat ons
most soil and water conservation pract.ces are not likely to
significantly increase former costs.
PUBLICATIONS:77/01 77/12 U.ITIJ n . 1077 Soil
WALTER M. f., STEENHUIS. T.S., and HAITH. D. A. 1977. So I
and'waier conservation practices for pollution control.
Amer.
Soc. of Agr. Engineers Paper No. 77-2506.
-------
DIALOG File60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 167 of 263) User 2691 IBjanBO
318
0043388
AGENCY: ARS 3305
PERIOD: 12 OCT 76 TO 12 OCT ai
INVEST: OWEN L B; EDWARDS w M
PROJECT*: 3305-20790-001
PERF ORG: USDA-ARS N APPALACHIAN EXP
LOCATION: WATERSHED RESEARCH
COSHOCTON OHO
RELATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE TO WATER QUALITY IN NORTH
APPALACHIAN REGION
OBJECTIVES: Bolter define the significance of fertilizer *
pesticide treatments associated with beef-cattle production
on downstream water quality.
APPROACH: Measure
pesticide residues
sediments, 4 spring waters & relate
treat.nents. Treat pasture watersheds
nitrogen fertilizer, grass species &
plus alternate winter occupancy.
quality to antecedent soil moisture,
concentrations of plant nutrients &
in samples of soil, plants, runoff,
& relate to chemical management
with different rates ot
gazing concentrations.
Relate runoff amount &
surface roughness, soil
compaction. rainfall & cattle management. Evaluate
persistence & runoff transport of herbicides & * insecticides
protecting corn & meadow crops, following surface application
on watersheds & 1ysimeters. Use findings to develop & refine
hydro-chemical models.
KEYWORDS: ANIMAL-WASTE NON-POINT-POLLUTION GRAZING PASTURES
MODELS TRANSPORT WATER-QUALITY PHOSPHORUS NITROGEN GROUNDWATER
SURFACE-WATER INSECTICIDES PESTICIDES WATERSHEDS WATER
POLLUTION SEDIMENTS WATER-POLLUTION FERTILIZERS RUNOFF
WATERSHED-MANAGEMENT EUTROPH1CATION
PROr.RESS:77/01 77/12
The pathway and amount of chemicals transported from
watersheds were affected by different pasture feeding systems.
For the pasture used for winter feeding, significant chemical
sediment transport occurred over the surface flow. but the
chemical concentrations did not exceed water quality
standards. Little impairment to water quality occurred on the
pastures used only for summer graz-ng. The persistence of
prominent herbicides were studied under field conditions.
Atrazine and simazine under conventional and no-tillago
managenent, degraded through 3 or A ha If-lines during the
160-day growing season. Degradation rates were consistently
high during the warm months and slowed markedly under cool,
fall temperatures. Under similar soil pH conditions, there
was no consistent effect of surface mulch on the herbicide
degradation rate. On 0.4 to 3.5 ha agricultural watersheds.
hignest concentrations of atrazine (0.48 ppm) and siimizine
(1.2 ppm) were present in runoff occurring soon after
application and declined rapidly for later events. A maximum
of 6% and an average of about 2% of the applied herbicides
were transported in the runoff. Less runoff and herbicide
loss occurred from no-tillage than from conventionally-tilled
corn. Herbicide concentration in runoff was predicted from
data on days after application and a tillage times
rate. Proper management of herbicide
information on probable transport in
use
runoff.
applicat ion
requires such
PU8LICATIONS:77/01 77/12
CHICHESIER. F.H. 1977. Effects of increased fertilizer rates
on nitrogen content of runoff and percolate from monolith
Iysimeters. Journal of Environmental Quality G(2)'2I1-217
OWENS. L.B.. NELSON. D.W. and SOMMEHS. L.E. 197?!
Determination of inorganic phosphorus In oxalate extracts
of soils. Soil Scl. Soc. Am. J. Vol. 41. No. 1. Jan.-Feb.
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*? 1 7
DIALOG File60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 166 of 263) User 2fi£1 IBJanOO
0043423
AGENCY: ARS 3305
PERIOD: 12 OCT 76 TO 12 OCT 79
INVC.ST : EDWARDS W M
PROJECT*: 3305-20790-002
PERF ORG: USDA-ARS N APPALACHIAN EXP
LOCATION: WATERSHED RESEARCH
COSHOCTON OHO
MANAGEMENT OF WASTES AND WASTE WATERS FROM SMALL FEEDLOTS
OBJECTIVLS°. Determine the amounts and concentrations of animal
wasios in runoff from small cattIc-confiiiouent operations
typical of the Eastern U.S. Evaluate effects on downstream
water quality from runoff management systems below the lots a
from manure spreading.
APPROACH: Evaluate runoff quality from a 30-cow herd wintered
on a high-roughage ration in an unpavecl barnlot & from <\
50-itoor fattening operation in a paved feedlot. Study effects
of lot management & runoff management treatments below the
lots. Measure i sample runoff Immediately below: Lots,
settling ba-oliis, different lengths of grassed ,/ateruays &
small watersheds whore manure is applied. Relate nutrient
transport to management practices & use results "plus long-term
hydrologic records to improve water-quality models.
KEYWORDS: BARNYARDS MODELS HYDROLOGY NUTRIENT-TRANSPORT
CONFINEMENT WASTE-WATER CATTLE MANURES hASlE-MANAGEMENT
WATER-QUALITY SURFACE-WATER AN IMAL-V. ASTE WATERSrlEDS WATER
FEEDI.OTS WATER-POLLUTION RUNOFF
PROGRESS:77/01 77/12
Construction was completed on feedlot (2650 sq. ft.) with
addition of a concrete wanure push-off; on settling basin (300
ft.). including a semi-automatic gate for release of feecllot
effluent after settling of solids; and on two grass filter
strips (I51 x 100'). Each of these four units were
instrunented for measuring and sampling runoff. Sampling and
analysis has begun. The parameters initially being measured
are: total solids, total N. N0(3). -N, NH(4).. -N. soluble-
(ortho) P, total P, soluble K, COD, Total C, inorganic C, and
BOD.
PUBLICATIONS:77/01 77/12
NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
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DIALOG Flle60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 164 of 263) User 2691 18JanBO
315
0043733
AGENCY: ARS 3505
PERIOD: 03 MAY 77 TO 03 MAY 82
INVtST: YOUNG R A; HOLT R F
PROJECT*: 3505-20790-006
PERF ORG: USDA-ARS POLLUTION SEROSION RE
S
LOCATION: NC SOIL CONSERVATION RES LAB
MORRIS MIN
EFFECT OF ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON RUNOFF.
AND WATER
YOUNG. R. A. AND R. F. HOLT. Effect of winter applied manure
on annual runoff, erosion, and nutrient movement. Jour.
Soil and Water Conserv. 32 (1977):219-222.
EROSION,
OQJLCTIVES: Determine the effect of various animal >««3to
inan.,geiient systems on quality and quantity of surface runoff
and soil loss. Evaluate the ability of various land and
cropping treatments to absorb and retain pollutants in runoff
from livestock feedlols. Evaluate the effectiveness of these
land treatments in controlling the discharge of pollutants
from a livestock feedlot under spring snow melt conditions.
APPROACH: Use simulated and natural rainfall to induce runoff
and erosion on standai-d runoff plots and four small watersheds
2 to 4 acres in size. Both runoff plots and watersheds will
be fully instrumented to measure and sample soil and ^/ater
losses. Systems to be tested will be disposal of manure on
frozen ground at different times during the winter. different
rates of manure application, and various cropping treatments
below feedlots to absorb and retain pollutants in runoff.
KEYWORDS: CONTROL MANAGEMENT CROPPING-SYSTEMS ABSORPTION
WIN1ER WASTE-DISPOSAL LAND-APPLICATION MEASUREMENT RAINFALL
SOIL-LOSS SOILS POLLUTION fEEDLOTS EROSION RUNOFF
WASTE-MANAGEMENT WATER-QUALITY MANURES ANIMAL-WASTE
PROGI(ESS:77/01 77/12
Duo to extremely dry soil conditions going into 1977, there
was very little snoiume I t runoff from plots to which 0.33",
0.7', and 1.1" of dairy manure had been applied in midwinter.'
Relative amounts of runoff, however, were the same as in the
two previous years with the check plot having the greatest
runoff and the two heaviest manure applications having the
least. Four small watersheds, 2 to 4 acres in size, were
treated with the same manure applications in midwinter as the
runoff plots. Again, the lest amount of runoff from sno/melt
or sunnier rainfall was from the 2 acres with the highest
manure applications. Three different cropping treatments were
tested under simulated rainfall to determine their ability to
absorb and retain pollutants in runoff. Runoff and sediment
were reduced 80% and 93%, respectively. by passing from the
feedlot through 90 feet of vegetated buffer strip. TN and TP
were reduced 70% and 73%, respectively. There was also of a
significant reduction in the movement of coliform organisms in
the feedlot as it passed through the vegetated buffer strips.
PUBLICATIONS:77/01 77/12
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DIALOG Flle60: USDA/CR1S 75-79/DEC (Item 49 of 263) User 26£1 IBJanBO
221
0068692
AGENCY: CSRS OHO
PERIOD: 01 JUL 75 TO 30 JUN uo
INVEST: VAN KEUREN R w; OWENS L B; WHITE
PROJECT*: OH000545
PERF ORG: AGRONOMY
LOCATION: OHIO AGRIC RES AND DEVLP CENTER
WOOSTER OHO
WATER QUALITY AFFECTED BY CROP CULTURE AND ANIMAL OCCUPANCY
OBJECTIVES: Determine pretreatment levels of N, P, K, Cl,
pesticides, sediment BOD. COD, TVS, TOC from watersheds.
Determine post-treatment levels of some materials from summer
and winter pastures, barnlots, and cropped watersheds.
Compare the effectivenes of pasture management systems,
barnlot runoff handling systems and cropping systems for
maintenance of water quality.
APPROACH: Instrumented watersheds will be used to measure and
sample runoff and ground water from beef cattle pastures.
barnlots. and cropping systems. Water samples will be
analyzed as appropriate to determine water quality.
KEYWORDS: QUALITY-MAINTENANCE WATER GROUNDWATER' CROPPING-SYST-
EMS PASTURES RUNOFF OXYGEN-DEMAND WATER-POLLUTION WATERSHEDS
WATER-QUALITY ANIMAL-WASTE NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS PASTURE-MANAGE-
MENT POTASSIUM CHLORINE PESTICIDES
PROGRESS:78/01 78/12
Smill watersheds (.25 to 3 ha) were used in a summer grazing
(May-Nov.) and winter feeding (Nov.-May) program for beef
cows. The levels of N fertiI'zation used were 56 and 22*
kg/ha/yr Water flow measurements were made for each
watershed and chemical analyses were performed on
precipitation, surface runoff and sediment, and subsurface
water samples. Data from the 1974-77 study period show N an.1
P losses ranging from 16 to 34 Kg/ha/yr and 0.5 to 2.b
kg/ha/yr, respectively. Approximately 00% of the N and 67^ of
the P was lost during the November through April period.
These preliminary results indicate that N and P losses were
negligible during the summer grazing period. During the
winter feeding period when cattle were concentrated in a
smaller area and for longer periods and when there was '1tll<:
or no vegetative growth, N and P losses were higher. with P
losses much smaller than N losses. N was lost in --ater
running off the surface and in water than filtered through the
soil (subsurface flow). When the greatest losses occurred
most of the nutrients lost came off in the surface water. but
at these times. soil erosion was almost nonexistent. It
appears that cattle grazing managed pastures are not
contributing significantly to surface or ground 'later
pollut ion.
of medium and high fertility small pastured watersheds.
Amer. Soc. Agron. Abst.:33. Chicago. IL. Dec. 3-0. 1978.
PUBL1CAT10NS-.78/01 78/12
OWENS. L.B. and VAN KEUREN. R.W.
1978. Water quality aspects
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DIALOG File60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 48 of 263) User 2CS1 18jan80
220
0060970
AGENCY: CSRS wis
PERIOD: 30 SEP 75 TO 30 SEP 79
INVEST: DANIEL T c; PETERSON j o; POWELL R D
PROJECT*: WIS05112
PERF ORG: SOIL SCIENCE
LOCATION: UNIV OF WISCONSIN
MADISON WIS
DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR THE CONTROL
OF BARNYARD EFFLUENT
OBJECTIVES: Develop and demonstrate on selected soil types
cost-effective methodology for controlling nutrients and
sediment in runoff water from barnyards, rest areas and
feedlots associated with 40 to 100 cow dairy operations.
APPROACH: Study involves research and extension personnel from
the University as well as representatives of the state
regulatory agency (DNR) and the Federal agency responsible for
with conservation practices (ASCS/USDA).
county Extension and SCS-ASCS personnel will
Monitoring will quantify water, nutrient and
before and after control methodology is
designed and installed to assess the effectiveness of the
control measures. Laboratory analyses will be made to
determine species of nitrogen. phosphorus, chlorides,
electrical conductivity, oxidant demand and residue.
Cost/benefit analyses will weigh the effectiveness of the
abatement methodology vis-a-vis improvements in water
and economic effects on fanners.
PUBLICATIONS!76/01 76/12
NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
age
assisting farmers
Local farmers,
also participate.
sediment movement
qua Ii t y
KEYWORDS: ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY ECONOMICS SOIL-IYPES
OXIDANTS NITROGEN CHLORIDES POLLUTION-ABATEMENT PHOSPHORUS
SEDIMENTS RUNOFF DAIRY-CATTLE WATER-QUALITY NUIRIENTS FEEDLOTS
ANIMAL-WASTE WATER-POLLUTION COST-BENEFIT-ANALYSIS MONITORING
METHODOLOGY EFFLUENTS
PROGRESS:76/01 76/12
The Barnyard Effluent Project was set up to evaluate the
effectiveness of various management techniques for reducing
the outflow of sediments and nutrients from barnyards and
feedlots commonly associated with Wisconsin dairy operations.
During spring runoff samples were collected from the five
monitoring sites which had been established in the Fall of
1975. Generally speaking, rainfall ceased statewide after the
16th of May so only a very few samples were collected during
the summer and fall months. It was determined by project
personnel that because of the lack of good background data
(due to the lack of rainfall) that all sites would be
maintained as untreated through the Spring of 1977 at "/hidi
time management practices would be installed. Management plans
were developed for each barnyard site. In the Fall of 1976 an
additional site was added on coarse sandy soils in Waupaca
County in accordance with the project plan.
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DIALOG FileGO: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 42 of 263) User 2691 IBjanBO
214
0069209
AGENCY: SAGS MICL
PERIOD: 02 SEP 75 TO 01 SEP oo
INVEST: LOUDON T L
PROJECT*: MICL03142
PERF ORG: AuMl ENGINEERING
LOCATION: MICHIGAN STATE UNIV
EAST LANSING MIC
LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL WASTE
OBJECTIVES: Apply animal wastes of known composition to
agricultural soils. Evaluate crop response to waste applied
In various quantities and at various times. Identify
satisfactory methods of applying liquid waste to growing crops
through irrigation systems. Identify practices which will
minimize water pollution resulting from application of animal
wasle to frozen soil.
APPROACH:
nuti- ient
Liquid swine arid dairy waste are analyzed for
content and applied to growing crops through
irrigation systems with application rate, amount and
distribution measured. Crop response is monitored by visual
observations and final yield. Various types of irrigation
equipment are being tried. Plots 400 ft. in area receive
bedded dairy manure during wintor months. Various soil
surface conditions are included. Runoff is monitored
quantitatively and qualitatively at intervals down 3-5X slopes
for up to 200 ft.
KEYWORDS: MANURE LAND-APPLICATION WATER-POLLUTION RUNOFF
IRRIGATION ANIMAL-WASTE WASTE-DISPOSAL SOILS WASTE-UTILIZATION
LIQUID-MANURES LIQUID-WASTE WINTER FROZEN-SOILS NUIRIENT-CONT-
ENT APPLICATION-RATE NUTRIENT-LOSSES CROP-RESPONSE PLANT-RESP-
ONSE
significant difference in background runoff quality among
control P'ots of the three surface conditions. The project
has been expanded to look at the influence of buffer area
associated with field scale livestock waste spreading. This
type of information is needed for non-point pollution control
pianning*
PUBLICATIONS:77/01 77/12
THOMPSON. O.R. (1977). Nutrient Movement During Winter Runoff
from Manure Treated Plots. unpublished M.S. Thesis,
Agricultural Engineering Department. Michigan State
University.
j:77/01 77/12
Field plot runoff from manured and control areas was sampled
for three different plot surface conditions during sno-jmelt
and spring rainfall events. Runoff was coI Itcted at two
locations downslope from the manured area. Twelve meters
dpwnslope from the manured area, water quality data show a
high reduction in nutrient concentration. Runoff collected 34
meters downslope was comparable to control-plot quality- For-
grass, the data indicates that soluble nitrogen and phosphorus
forms are removed more readily from runoff than materials
which contribute to COD. This is also true for corn stubble
plot surfaces. Variation in concentrations among the
different surface conditions was generally small and
statistically insignificant at sampling locations 34 meters
down slope from the area receiving the manure application;
however, significant differences in ammonia and COD were noted
within 'the manured area for different surface conditions.
Compared with other surface conditions. a shorter buffer
length of disked corn stubble was required to reduce all
nutrient parameters to background levels. There was o-
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DIALOG Flle60: USOA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 51 of 263, User 2691 18Jan80
223
0068255
AGENCY: CSRS OHO
PERIOD: Ot JUL 75 TO 30 SEP 79
INVEST: FORSTER o u
PROJECT*: OH000539
PERF ORG: AGHI ECONOMICS & RURAL SOCIOL
LOCATION: OHIO AGRICULTURAL R AND D CENTER
COLUMBUS OHO
OBJECTIVES: Investigate alternative methods of disposing
municipal and feedlot waste on agricultural land. d«te«ni ne
economic optimum allocation of resources for the disposal of
feedlot and municipal wastes on agricultural land*, evaluate
alternative policy mechanisms to be used in the control of
water pollution from feedlot and municipal waste disposal.
APPROACH: Identify and evaluate the cost structure of disposal
techno ogies and identify the effects of the disposal
technologies on the characteristics of waste. Identify the
input/output relationship between waste and crop production
Determine economic optimum waste disposal systems and rates of
application for farmers and municipalities. Evaluate
alternative mechanisms to control water pollution from animal
and municipal wastes.
KEYWORDS: COSTS CROP-PRODUCTION INPUT-OUTPUT-ANALYSIS POLICIES
LAND-DISPOSAL APPLICATION-RATE RESOURCE-ALLOCATION ANIMAL-WAS-
TE MUNICIPAL-WASTE WASTE-DISPOSAL WATER-POLLUTION MANURES
ALTERNATIVES FARM-MANAGEMENT SLUDGE ECONOMICS MANURES
PROGRESS:78/01 78/12
The focus of this research is on three separate areas:
livestock waste disposal, landspreading sewage sludge. and
non-point pollution control. In the livestock waste disposal
area, work was completed which describes and analyzes
alternative systems used to handle waste from livestock
facilities. Some of the conclusions from the study are a)
substantial economies of size are present for nearly all *aste
disposal systems; b) waste management costa are substantial to
producers and vary widely between waste disposal systems' c)
waste is a source of plant nutrients and benefits from these
nutrients accrue to the producer; and d) a |arc,e number of
waste .nanagement technologies are available to control vater
pollution and odor; thus, design standards to meet
environmental goals are impractical. The second area of
study, landspreading of sewage sludge. focuses primarily on a
four city sludge landspreading demonstration prouct. This
demonstration porject is a n.ul t i -di scipl inary effort aimed at
demonstrating acceptable management systems in landspreading
sewage sludge. A computer algorithm is available to reco ...... end
appropriate sludge application rates for individual farmers
and to value the benefits of sludge for these farmers. The
third area of research. non-point pol I ut ion control , i -,
concerned with the economic impacts of reducing son loss in
the Lake Erie Basin. One study Investigates the effects of
reducing soil loss in the Honey Creek Watershed. effect* of
PUBLICATIONS:78/OI 78/12
FORSTER D.L. and BECKER. G.S. 1979. Costs nnd income affects
2L UhArt M™ enosion c°ntrol strategies: The Honey Creek
Watershed. North Centra. Journal of Agricultural Economics
OTT' S" aild°RSTER> D-U '97B- "-andsprading an alternative
.
FORSTER. D.L. 1978. Economic comparisons of alternative waste
manj-jcmont systems for swine and dairy. Aroeric.n
FORSTER, D.L. 1978. Economic impacts of changing tillage
practices ,n the Lake Erie Basin. Technical Report Series
U.S. Army Engineer District, Buffalo, N Y
°" Districts annual meetings.
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DIALOG Flle60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 65 of 263) User 2661 18jan80
0065448
AGENCY: CSRS wis
PERIOD: 01 OCT 78 TO 30 SEP 8i
INVEST: BUBENZER G o
PROJECT*: WIS05090
PERF ORG: AGRI ENGINEERING
LOCATION: UNIV OF WISCONSIN
MADISON WIS
SEDIMENT SOURCE AREA DETERMINATION USING CESIUM 137
OBJECTIVES:
137-sccliment
erosin rules
balances fop
Investigate the mechanics of the Cesiur.i
erosion process in order to predict more reliably
from Cesium 137 observations. Dc-velop sediment
small watersheds using Cesium 137 levels.
APPROACH" Tilled and unt i I I ed plots wi 1 1 be establ i shed to
stud? the mechanics of the Cesium 137-sediment transport
process Rill patterns will be imposed on a portion of the
P?ms? Sediment and Cesium loss will be determ.ned for the
two tillage conditions and type of erosion pattern deveoped
on the pots Cesium 137 and sediment balances will be
developed for seven small agricultural watershed, Sedunent
yie\d estimates will be made for each of the watersheds based
upon the loss of cesium 137. The est imatecT sediment y i e I ds
wm be compared with the sediment trapped in the farm ponds
at the outlets of the watersheds.
KEYWORDS' WATERSHEDS SEDIMENTS SEDIMENT-YIELD S°< L-
RUNUFF CESIUM SOIL-LOSS MECHANICS EROSION SEDIMENT-
TILLAGE SEDIMENT-TRAPS RADIOISOTOPES
o^'ldiments on an agricultural watershed in
and*^^
has been established for the watershed based upon -a,ured
concentration levels and land use patterns. soil Cesium u/
levels were u-arsh greater than forest greater than pas ure
greater than cultivated land. Excluding natural decay. . t i s
Lifted that 94% of the Cesium-137 deposited on the
waterthed is still within the watershed. "s^-137 Jeve s «„
the marsh indicate that the marsh is acting as a filtei and
deposition area which prevents fine sediments '™™ '"^J^
the take. There is little evidence of a bu.ldup ol Ces.u.n 13
in the lake. Within the cultivated area, Cesium- 137 >CVV"
appro imite, ,
or Cesium-137 analysis. All watersheds drain into farm ponds
with very high trap efficiencies. Cesium-137 samples have
been collected from the watersheds and ponds ana
being analyzed. Erosion rates and sediment
correlated to land use.
an, J.C. 1077. Estimating
erosion losses from fallout Cesium-137 measurements.
of Sym. Sedimentation of Inland Waters.
Int. Assoc. of Sci. Hydr. Paris, France.
233
f lei J
Proc.
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DIALOG Flle60: USDA/CHIS 75-79/DEC (Item 113 of 263) User 2691 lajanBO
277
-P-
oo
OOC03G2
AGENCY: CSRS IND
PERIOD: 01 JUL 71 TO 30 SEP ei
INVEST: WHEATON R z
PROJECT*: IND046029
PERF ORG: AGRI ENGINEERING
LOCATION: PURDUE UNIV
LAFAYETTE IND
WATER MANAGEMENT IN A RURAL-URBAN COMMUNITY
OBJECTIVES: Apply conservation measures to the land.
Determine the effects of these measures on the runoff -later
quality. Dot ermine in so far as is posalble the eourcoa of
the pollutants which are measured in Number 2. Learn what
factors encourage or prevent land owners from applying
conservation measures to the land. Evaluate the various
methods for stabilization of stream channels.
APPROACH: Soil conservation measures will be designed and
installed. Stream gauging and stream sampling sites will bo
established. The water analysis will be made in the
laboratory. Insofar as possible pollutants identified will be
traced to find their source. Subsurface drainage plans will
be analyzed to determine their contribution. Land owners will
be surveyed to determine their attitudes adbut the need for
soil conservation. Various vegetative and mechanical
approaches to stabilize stream channels will be installed and
studied to determine their effectiveness.
KEYWORDS: WATER WATER-ANALYSIS SUBSURFACE-DRAINAGE
STABILIZATION SOURCES CHANNELS-(WATERCOURSES) CHANNEL-STAU1LI-
ZATION ENGINEERING RUNOFF STREAM-FLOW-RECORDS DRAINAGE-SYSTEMS
CONSERVATION WATER-QUALITY EROSION SEDIMENTATION WATER-POLLUT-
ION SOIL-CONSERVATION POLLUTANTS
PROGRESS:78/01 78/12
The second phase of the project which involves the
application of Land Treatment Measures came to an end in
October of 1977. Monitoring for water quality evaluation is.
Also, more detailed monitoring to evaluate the
individual practices has been initiated
being installed. The year 1978 was a very
most no water samples were obtained after
Spring storms. Of additional interest is the
pract ices in
cont i nu i ng.
effect of
equipment is
year and a
initial
owners'
keeping, (nstalI ing add!tional.
and
dry
the
land
or
plowing up some of the land treatment measures that wore
installed in Phase 2. All the contracts with the land o-vners
for the installation of materials have expired, therefore the
results of their activities may be very valuable in
determining what may happen when 208 Plans start to be
implemented. A review in the Fall of 1978 indicated that the
original practices as installed are being maintained. There
does not seem to be an additional land treatment being
installed now that the promotional activities have ceased.
There does appear however, to be a need for an educational
program to encourage maintenance of the various measures.
PUBLICATIONS:78/OI 78/12
MORRISON. J. (Editor). 1978. August. Environmental Impact of
Land Use on Water Quality Project Data. EPA -
905/9-77-007C. 274 pages.
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DIALOG F1le60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 129 of 263) User 2091 IBjanOO
292
005RI59
AGENCY: CSRS IND
PERIOD: 01 JUL 70 TO 30 SEP 80
INVEST: NELSON o w
PROJECT*: 1ND050054A
PERF ORG: AGRONOMY
LOCATION: PURDUE UNIV
LAFAYETTE IND
ENVIRONMENTAL ACCUMULATION
AND CROP MANAGEMENT
OF NUTRIENTS AS AFFECTED BY SOIL
and
OBJECTIVES: Evaluate tho contribution of soil erosion
water runoff to nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment of 'vater
resources; seek management techniques to control nutrient
enrichnent of sediments; evaluate the availability of nitrogen
and phosphorus associated with eroded soil materials to
aquatic organisms.
APPROACH! A rainfall simulator will be used apply water at a
specified rate and intensity to fertilized field plots.
Samples of runoff water and sediment will be collected
throughout each rainstorm and subsequently analyzed for
nitrogen and phosphorus components. Factors to be evaluated
in the study include soil type, soil slope.* fertilizer rate
and form. methods of fertilizer application. methods of soil
tillage rate of mulching. and intensity and duration of
simulated rainstorm. Based on data obtained. management
practices which reduce soil nutrient losses in surface runoff
will be developed and tested. Laboratory incubation studies
using algae as an indicator organism will be established to
determine the availability of nutrients attached to soil
particles entering natural waters through erosion.
KEYWORDS: WATER-QUALITY AQUATIC-LIFE ALGAE NUTRIENTS
FERTILIZER-RATES MULCHING WATER MANAGEMENT SOIL-MANAGLMENf
RAINFALL SEDIMENTS SOIL-EROSION RUNOFF NITROGEN
WATtR-RESOURCES SOIL-TYPES SLOPE TILLAGE FERTILIZERS
NUTRIENT-LOSSES SOILS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION-METHODS
PROGR£SS:7B/01 78/12
Monitoring studies in a 5000 ha watershed in Allen County,
IN continued. Soil and nutrient losses during 1978 were low
because of limited rainfall and runoff. Laboratory studies of
the avilability of P in the suspended sediments in streams of
the Black Creek Watershed established that about 20% of tho
total sediment P and 30% of the sediment inorganic P -/ould
ultimately be available to algal cells. Phosphorus associated
with anorphous iron and aluminum in sediments was the source
of the majority of P assimilated by algal cells unda
substantial proportion of the P (60%) present in this fraction
was taken up by algal cells during a 2 week incubation.
Rainfall simulator trials showed that (1) surface runoff
losses of animal waste-derived nutrients (N and P) will be
high if intense rainstorms occur soon after waste application,
(2) incorporation of applied animal wastes will markedly
reduce nutrient losses in runoff. (3) waste application tends
to reduce soil loss because of a mulch effect, (4) sediment
eroded from animal waste-treated areas is highly enriched with
nutrients because of manure particles in transported solids.
and (5) concentrations of soluble N and P compounds in runoff
from waste treated areas are high enough to create water
quality problems. /9-78-001. pp. 179-198.
PUBLICAT10NS:78/01 78/12
DOR1CH. R.A. and NELSON. D.W. 1978. AIgal ava,lab,I,ty of
soluble and sediment phosphorous in drainage water of the
Black Creek Watershed. In: Voluntary or Regulatory
Approaches to Nonpoint Pollution Control. Proceedings of a
USEPA
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293
Ln
O
0057984
AGENCY: CSRS wis
PERIOD: 01 JUL 70 TO so SEP eo
INVEST: KECNEY 0 R; HARRIS R
PROJECT*: WIS01722
PERF ORG: SOIL SCIENCE
LOCATION: UNIV OF WISCONSIN
MADISON WIS
ENVIRONMENTAL ACCUMULATION
AND CROP MANAGEMENT
OF NUTRIENTS AS AFFECTED BY SOIL
OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the nonpoint sources of nutrients
(primarily N and P) to waters and develop management systems
that .pinimize nutrient losses and thereby reduce the
environmental impact of man's activities and maximize
efficiency of resource use. Specific objectives are:
Evaluate agricultural production practices controlling
mobility and transport of N and P in soiI-plant-water systems.
Develop management techniques to control nutrient enrichment
of waters and maximize N and P fertilizer use efficiency.
APPROACH: Determination of the relative phosphate
intensity-capacity and phosphate uptake characteristics of
soils and algal cells will be stressed. factors affecting
availability of P In soil runoff will be evaluated as a
function of the relative rate and extent of inorganic P
release from soil particulates and uptake by algae.
Managenent recommendations on the use of N-sei ve to increase N
fertilizer efficiency and reduce N losses through
den Itrification and I eachi fig will be evaluated in field
trials and periodic sampling of the fertilizer band.
KEYWORDS: NUTRIENT-UPTAKE NUTRI£NT-UPTAKE-(PLANTS) ALGAE SOILS
MANAGEMENT FERTILIZERS WATER WATER-QUALITY MATER-POLLUTION
NITROGEN RUNOFF NUTRIENT-LOSSES DENITRIFICATI0f4 LEACHING
PHOSPHORUS EUTROPHICATION NITROGEN-TRANSFORMATIONS NUTRIENT-T-
RANSPORT
PROGRESS:77/01 77/12
Analyses of runoff from 20 rainfal!-simulator plots in
microwatersheds with different land uses showed highest total
P. but lowest soluble P concentrations were associated with
row crops and highest soluble P but lowest total P with
alfalfa fields after frost in October. A routine method for
estimating "algal-available" P was developed. in this method
a 1:1000 suspension of the less than 20Mu size fraciton of a
soil is shaken for 24 hrs with a 20-40 mesh cation exchange
resin containing adsorbed polynuclear complexes of hydroxy-AI.
After a sieve separation. the P adsorbed on the resin complex
is determined. Resin extractable P was highly related (r equal
to 0.98) with algal extractable P, with mean values of 162
Mug/g for resin, 169 Mug/g by algal extraction. Field studies
with Nitrapyrin (NI) have shown good inhibition of
nitrification on a silt loam and a sandy soil. However, in an
experiment with fall and spring applied anhydrous NH(3), NI
did not affect yield or N uptake by corn. Potato yields on an
irrigated sand were consitently depressed by NI This
apparently was due to the excess of NH(4) to N0(3), which
interfered with plant nutrition. Laboratory studies sho*tj
that sorption to organic matter is a major factor decreasing
NI effectiveness. Chemical hydrolysis is the dominant
hydrolysis mechanism .ind is not affected by PH or sorption to
organic surgaces. but decreases with water content and
increases with temperature.
and WALSH, L.M. 1977.
in irrigated sands with
Agron.
PUBLICATIONS:77/01 77/12
HENDRICKSON, L.L., KEENEY, D.R.
Improving nitrogen efficiency
Nitrapyrin or suIfur-conted urea
Abstroctb 1977, p. 159.
HENDRICKSON, L.L. 1977. Persistence and activity of
Nitrapyrin and its effect on nitrification and plant
growth. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Wisconsin-Madison. 217 p
SAFFIGNA. P.G.. KEENEY. D.R. and TANNER. C.B. 1977. Nitrogen.
chloride and water balance with irrigated Russet Bur-bank
potatoes in central Wisconsin. Agron. J. 69:251-257
SAFFIGNA, P.G. and KEENEY, D.R. 1977. Nitrogen and chloride
uptake by irrigated Russet Buruai,* potatoes. Agron J
69:258-264
SAFFIGNA. P.G.. KEENEY, D.R. and TANNER, C.B. 1977. Lysimeter
and field measurements of chloride and bromide leaching in
an uncultivated loamy sand. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J
41:478-482.
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DIALOG File60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 146 of 263) User 2691 IBjanOO
306
005b253
AGENCY: CSRS NY.G
PERIOD: 01 OCT 77 TO 30 SEP 02
INVtST: PECK N H; VITTUM M T
PROJECT*: NYG33480
PERF ORG: SEED & VEGETABLE SCIENCES
LOCATION: N Y AGRICULTURE EXPT STATION
GENEVA NY
ORIGIN, TRANSFORMATION,
WATERS, AND PLANTS
AND MANAGEMENT OF NITROGEN IN SOILS,
OBJECTIVES: Develop management practices for
enrichnent of waters and optimizing nitrogen
product ion.
minimizing
use In crop
APPROACH: Several aspects of vegetable production relating to
optimal nitrogen fertilization and cultural practices will be
Investigated. Emphasis will be given to evaluating rate, time,
and placement of urea, ammonium nitrate, diamraonium phosphate,
and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer as base-.; for achieving
optimil I nitrogen nutrition of certain vegetable crops. Use of
cover crops and interplanted crops to minimize losses and
maximize carry-over of nitrogen will be studied. The nitrogen
contribution of legumes (snap beans, peas, and alfalfa) in
rotation as revealed in nitrogen release and availability
during the growing season will receive some attention.
Evaluation of experiments will include nitrate tissue analysis
to monitor the balance between rates of nitrate uptake and
assimilation by plants at variour growth stages. Intensity and
duration of solar radiation and other site variables will be
measured as a basis for interpreting optimal nitrogen needs.
KEYWORDS: NITROGEN NITRATES FERTILIZATION PLANT-NUTRIENTS
WATER-POLLUTION VEGETABLES SOILS WATER CULTURAL-PRACTICES
FERULIZER-APPLICATION UREA AMMONIUM-NITRATE AMMONIUM-PHOSPHA-
TE SLOW-RELEASE-FERTILIZERS COVER-CROPS INTER-PLANTING
NUTRIENT-LOSSES NUTRIENT-UPTAKE-(PLANTS) PLANT-NUTRITION
LEGUMES CROP-ROTATION
PROGRESS:77/OI 77/12
Seedling responses to sources of N fertilizers were
determined for sweet corn variety Jubilee. Ammonium nitrate
(AN), urea (U), ammonium sulfate (AS), and calcium nitrate
(CN) were applied in a band zone & cm to the side and 5 cm
below the steeds at planting time, at rates of 0 to 20 g N per
m of row. Constant rates of 5 g P from CSP plus 5 g K from KOI
per m of row were also applied in the band. The soil was a
fine sandy loam derived from calcareous glacial till. AS
caused the lowest concentration of nitrate in the plants. AN
and AS produced seedlings with greater dry weight than U or
CN. Plants grown with CN had high concentration of Ca and low
concentration of P. Rates of about 4 g N per m row produced
the greatest dry weight per plant and the highest
concentration of P in the plants. Equipment was constructed
in a greenhouse to expose plants to gradually increasing or
decreasing light coming from different angles or directions,
thus simulating natural outdoor conditions, in order to study
the diurnal variation of nitrate in plants. Responses of
vegetable;, to nitrogen will be determined by measuring plant
growth and uptake of nitrate-N and total N during growth,
development, and maturation.
PUBLICATIONS:77/01 77/12
NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
0015395
AGENCY: ARS 3505
PERIOD; 25 JUN 79 TO 25 JUN ea
INVEST: LINDSTROM M J: HOLT R F
PROJECT*: 3505-20750-008
PERF ORG: USDA-ARS TILLAGE WATER USE &
SOIL-PLANT-ATMOS RES
LOCATION: NC SOIL CONSERVATION RES LAB
MORRIS MIN
ASSESSMENT
SYSTEM
OF THE EFFECT OF RESIDUE HARVESTING ON THE SOIL
OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of residue removal for
energy production on water runoff, soil erosion, nutrient
transport, and soil physical and chemical changes.
APPROACH: Triplicate runoff plots equipped to measure runoff,
sediment, and nutrient transport will be established at
Madison, South Dakota and Morris, Minnesota. Residue removal
will be based on the calculated (USLE) amounts of residue
needed (Y) to maintain soil loss levels at the soil loss
tolerance (T) level for a conservation tillage system.
Residue levels will be Y, 2Y, and 1/2Y. Tillage systems will
include a conventional fall plow, spring disk, and harrow, a
conservation, and a no till system. Base soil physical and
chemical properties will be measured at the initiation of the
experiment and monitored for changes with time for the various
residue and tillage systems.
KEYWORDS: *REVIEW-PENDING-79228
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DIALOG FII.60I USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item ,55 of 263) U.ar 269, ,8janao
310
004/1004
AGENCY: ARS 3302
PERIOD: 02 OCT va TO 02 OCT ei
INVEST: BRADFORD j M
PROJECT*: 3302-20000-004
PERF ORG: USDA-ARS-WATER EROSION RES
AGRONOMY DEPT
LOCATION: PURDUE UNIV
LAFAYETTE IND
SOIL CHARACTERIZATION FOR ERODIBILITY
and
detachment
which reduce
procedure* to measure thu
- ....,, to resist soil detachment. Determine soil
properties responsible for differences In
processes. Define tillage or management me
soil erod.biMty and surface runoff and improve seedling
env.ronn.cnt. Relate erosion processes to soil
strength differences within a. particular soil profile
different strat(graphic and geomorphic settings. Separate
rill and interill erodibility factors on the P^'aie
propert ies.
hoi- i zoo
and for
basi s of soiI
APPROACH: Laboratory shear strength determinations and
raindrop impact studies will be used to study sol. detachment.
Field studies will Include a characterization of hydiulic
properties in relation to soil detachment. Stress-deformation
propert.es of soils under various loading conditions will bo
determ.ned for particular soil horizons within a particular
son profile and for soils under different st rat i graphic and
geo,,,orphic settings. These proper t i es will be related to
tes?TtnPn0<;eS5e8',, Manaaenlent °r tillagesystemswll.be
tested to reduce soil erosion and surface water-runoff.
MFASUPPMPMTn LABOHATOHY-TECHN.QUES
MEASUREMENT SOIL-PROPERTIES DETACHMENT-MECHANISMS
TILLAGE EROSION-CONTROL RUNOFF SOIL-HORIZONS SOIL-PROF LES
IMPACT RAIN RAINDROP-EROSION SURFACE-WATER SOI L-BULK-DENS 1 T\
SOU-STRUCTURE RILL-EROSION SOI L-CHARACTERIST ICS CHARACTER ul-
eroslon and infiltration. Determine the effect of
on infiltration and hydraulic conductivity Deve op a
component for an agricultural chemical transport mod
Deve op so,) conditioners and stabilizers for contro? of
eros.on on critical areas. Determine size distribution of
transport"'^'3' .""?, '"" """"»"« «f this dtstMbuUon on
transport of agricultural chemicals. Develop practical
farming systems for conservation. ^veiop practical
measuring soi ! *' V^' " "'" ' "C ' Ude "Se °f a "a'nulator for
measur ng soil and water losses and a sprinkling i nf i I trometer
-
maera size di str ibut ion of eroded
materials. and for chemical and physical analyses. Crosion
Cs?na0on-oo ^MVeneSS °f f a-" "9 =VS«e,,,s w i H be deter^ned
using on going experiments at Purdue University and Woosler,
KEYWORDS: TILLAGE MULCHES SOILS EROSION son-rnnci,
INFILTRATION COMPACTION SOIL-COMPACTION MODELS TRAr SPOR^
^^
004-1803
AGENCY: ARS 3302
PERIOD: 02 OCT ?a TO 02 OCT ei
INVEST: MOLDENHAUER w c
PROJECT*: 3302-20800-003
PERF ORG: USDA-ARS-WATER EROSION RES
AGRONOMY DEPT
LOCATION: PURDUE UNIV
LAFAYETTE IND
TILLAGE-MULCH EFFECTS ON EROSION AND INFILTRATION
OBJECTIVES: Determine the tillage-mulch Interaction on soil
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DIALOG File60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 161 of 263) User 2691 IBjanBO
313
0043789
AGENCY: ARS 3505
PERIOD: 23 MAY 77 TO 23 MAY oo
INVEST: ONSTAD C A; HOLT R F; YOUNG R A
PROJECT*: 3505-20800-004
PERF ORG: USDA-ARS POLLUTION 4EROSIQN RE
S
LOCATION: NC SOIL CONSERVATION RES LAB
MORRIS WIN
ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT ATTRIBUTED TO UPLAND EROSION IN
MINNESOTA AGRICULTURAL AREAS
OBJECTIVES: Develop, tost, and i-eftne mathematical modeling
techniques for estimating erosion and sediment yields from
ung^ged agricultural watersheds for time periods ranging from
a single storm to annual amounts. Soil, physical,
hydrological and meteorological characteristics and cultural
practices will also be related to sediment source areas for
given basins.
APPROACH: This study will rely heavily on the use of readily
available data for the model watershed parameters. These data
include the Conservation Needs Inventory data county land use
data. geomorphlc soil landscape descriptions, fegional soil
associations, and USGS topographic maps. Other model Inputs
include the traditional USLE parameters. Existing data
obtained from state and federal agencies will be used to
calibrate the models so that they can be used on ungagcd
watersheds. When satisfactory validation Is reached on large
basins, smaller areas will be investigated with the intent of
isolating and characterizing sediment sources for county or
sub-county sized areas.
KEYWORDS: STREAMS GULLIES SEDIMENT-SOURCES SOILS SEOIMENTAIION
MATHEMATICAL-MODELS DATA-COLLECTION HYDROLOGY CALIBRATION
RILL-EROSION MODELS WATERSHEDS SEDIMENTS EROSION PRECIPITATION
SEDIMENT-TRANSPORT RUNOFF
PROGRESS:77/04 77/12
Average annual sediment yields have been determined for broad
areas in Minnesota. These determinations were made using
estaolished techniques with available land use, soils,
streamHow, and sedimentation data.
yield of of over 1050 kg/ha occurs In
extreme southeast Minnesota. In general,
of southeastern Minnesota had the
agricultural areas of southern and western Minnesota range
from 56 kg/ha in the lower rainfall areas of West Central
Minnesota to 560 kg/ha in South Central Minnesota. Thoughout
the state, the largest amount of sealment is lost in the
months of March through June. This amounts to about 75
percent of the total yield. Nearly 30 percent of the average
annual sediment !oss occurs in the month of April alone. The
sediment yield peak does not coincide with that of rainfall
but more closely coincides with streamflow. The time of
The highest sediment
the Root River in
the ariftless area
highest intensive
highest sediment yield coincides with the occurrence of spring
tillage operations, however, channel cleanout from streambank
or gully erosion also occurs during high flow periods.
Detailed investigation of the sediment sources are continuing.
PUBLICATIONS:77/04 77/12
NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
0043788
AGENCY: AHS 3505
PERIOD: 01 JUN 77 TO 01 JUN BO
INVEST: YOUNG R A: VOQRHEES w B
PROJECT*! 3505-20800-003
PEHF ORG: USDA-ARS TILLAGE WATER USE A-
SOIL-PLANT-ATMOS RES
LOCATION: NC SOIL CONSERVATION RES LAB
MORRIS MIN
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL WHEEL TRAFFIC ON SOIL EROSION AND
RUNOFF
OBJECTIVES: Study the effect of controlled wheel traffic a.-1
subsequent soil compaction on infiltration, runoff, surface
sealing, and soil erosion.
APPROACH: A rainulator will be used to apply known amounts of
rainfall energy on plots in which a history of wheel traffic
has been established. Standard runoff collection procedures
will be modified to separate wheel track erosion and runoff
from that occurring in the non-tracked areas. Various field
and laboratory measurements will be made to determine basic
cause and effect relationships between wheel traffic soil
compaction, and erosion. This includes the density and
stability of soil clotls, surface roughness and porosity. clod
size distribution etc.
KEYWORDS: SOIL-POROSITY CLODS SOILS TRAFFIC WHEELS
SOIL-SURFACE SOIL-ERODIBIL1TY SOIL-CHARACTERISTICS SOIL-EROSI-
ON INFILTRATION SOIL-COMPACTION RUNOFF EROSION
PROGRESS '.77/OB 77/12
Sixteen plots were established and planted to soybeans.
Particle size distributions and aggregate size distributions
were determined and random roughness was measured for the
soil areas within the wheel tracks and between the wheel
tracks. Runoff and soil loss from these areas will be studied
under simulated rainfall in 1978.
PUBLICATIONS-.77/OB 77/12
NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
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DIALOG FlleGO: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 206 of 263) User 2G£ 1 ISjanBO
353
0032529
AGENCY: CSRS OHO
PERIOD: 01 OCT ea TO 31 DEC BO
INVEST: SCHWAB G o; FAUSEY N R; TAYLOR
PROJECT*: OH000064
PERT ORG: AGRI ENGINEERING
LOCATION: OHIO AGRICULTURAL R AND D CENTER
COLUMBUS OHO
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS DESIGN FOR POLLUTION CONTROL AND CROP
PRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES: Determine the effectiveness of various systems on
crop production under field conditions. Determine tile
outflow, surface runoff, and the quantity and kinds, of soluble
and suspended materials in drainage water resulting from
pesticide, and fertilizer applications. Compare crop yields
with and without irrigation in order to adjust prior yield
data for excess water.
APPROACH: Proposed crop, and water management practices to end
of project are a rotation of corn, oats and soybeans in split
plot design, using no irrigation on one group and 6 inches of
water applied in two applications on the others. Rainfall,
surface runoff, tile flow, solar radiation, and temperature of
soil and air will be recorded as has been done for several
years. Drainage water and sediment in the water will be
analyzed for plant nutrients (N0(3)., P0(4)., K., Ca.., Mg..,
Na., C1.). Sediment content, pH and electrical conductivity
will also be measured. A high, uniform fertilization rate
will be maintained on all plots. Crop response will be
measured by stand counts and crop yields. Lysimeters of
undisturbed soil from 4 soil types - Toledo, Hoytville,
Brookston and Genesee, will be used also.
KEYWORDS: DRAINAGE; DRAINAGE-SYSTEMS CROP-PRODUCTION
CROP-YIELDS TILE-DRAINAGE WATER-QUALITY SEDIMENTS WATER-POLLU-
TION RUNOFF PESTICIDES FERTILIZERS IRRIGATION CORN OATS
SOYBEANS CROP-RESPONSE SOILS ENGINEERING NUTRIENTS
PROGRESS:78/01 70/12
The tile drainage field experiment was in corn, soybeans, and
oats (split plot). Average corn yields in 1978 were 75B9
kgs/ha for surface drainage only. 87B1 kgs/ha for tile
drainage only, and 9283 kgs/ha for combination of tile and
surface drainage. These are more than 30% higher than the-
10-year average, partly due to higher nitrogen fertilization.
Soybean yields were 2680, 3226, and 3360 kgs/ha, respectively.
They were nearly the same as the 3-year average. Oat yields
were 2688, 3405, and 3620 kgs/ha, respectively. These were
all more than 85% higher than the 4-year average. Average
annual sediment losses for the 9-year period (1969-1977) were
2678 and 1676 kgs/ha for surface runoff and tile flow,
respectively. Corresponding losses for NO(3)-N for the same
period were 16 and 25 kgs/ha; for P, 2.2 and 1.2 kgs/ha; and
for K, 32 and 24 kgs/ha. Lysimeter plots were in corn in 1973
with yields varying from 8655 to 11,164 kgs/ha among the four
soil types. Yields were nearly the same for the two water
table levels.
PUBLICATIONS:78/01 78/12
SCHWAB. G.O. 1978. Effect of openings on drain inflow.
Drainage Contractor 4(12):40. June.
SCHWAB, G.O. 1978. Age effects on sub-surface drain flow
Drainage Contractor 4(12):24. June.
SCHWAB. G.O. 1978. Environmental water management research
and practices in Ohio. FuIbright-Hays lecture given at
University of Ljubljana, Yugoslovia. May.
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DIALOG File60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 213 of 263) User 2o91 18jan80
360
0027533
AGENCY: CSRS ILLU
PERIOD: 01 MAY 78 TO 30 SEP 02
INVEST: LEMBKE W D; MITCHELL J K; WALKER P N
PROJECT*: ILLU-10-0319
PERF ORG: AGRI ENGINEERING
LOCATION: UN IV OF ILLINOIS
URBANA ILL
SOIL AND WATER CONTROL SYSTEMS APPLIED TO ILLINOIS
OBJECTIVES: Study soil and water control systems fop Illinois
in order to optimize crop production while preserving soil and
water resources.
APPROACH: Develop and use mathematical, electrical, hydraulic
and hydrologic models of evaluate the performance of soil and
water control systems in Illinois. Evaluate the benefits of
irrigation and drainage systems on Illinois soils. Surface
depression storage will be quantified as a function of soil
permeability, rainfall intensity-duration and runoff. Erosion
and deposition of soil aggregates and soil particles will be
studied in the laboratory and in the field to define
manage nent conditions causing excessive erosion ^and depostion.
Crusting of soil will be studied as a factor determined by the
soil aggregate stability and rainfall energy.
KEYWORDS: SOIL WATER CONTROL MODELS HYDROLOGY
HYDKOLOGIC-MOOELS IRRIGATION-SYSTEMS DRAINAGE-SYSTEMS SOIL-PE-
RMEABILITY EROSION SOIL-PARHCLES DRAINAGE IRRIGATION
CONTROL-SYSTEMS ENGINEERING RESOURCE-CONSERVATION RAINFALL
RUNOFF WATER-STORAGE
PROGRESS-.77/01 77/12
A cooperative project between the Department of Agricultural
Engineering and the Department of Agronomy has been initiated
to study irrigation and drainage on claypan so1Is. Irrigation
treatments are sprinkler, furrow and no irrigation. Drainage
treatments are surface, Subsurface, surface plu'^ subsurface
and no drainage. During 1977 irrigated plot yields averaged
9.3 tonnes/ha. while nonirrigated plot yields averageJ 4.3
tonnes/ha. A study was also initiated to determine at what
vertical deflection failure of corrugated plastic drain tubing
occurs. This study includes the determination of hydraulic
capacity, tubing stiffness and load carrying capacitv as
functions of tubing deflection. A study of soil crusting
involved the emergence of soybean plants through a crust
formed by the application of simulated rainfall. Soil
texture, organic matter, rainfall intensity and rainfall
energy are the independent variables being controlled in this
study.
PUBLICATIONS:77/01 77/12
DRAULOS, C.J.W., WALKER, P.N. and SCARBOROUGH. J.N. 1977.
Field Evaluation of Corrugated Plastic Drain Tubing.
Proceedings of Third National Drainage Symposium. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. ASAE, St. Joseph,
WALKER, P.N. and LEMBKE, W.D. 1977. Recycling Agricultural
Runoff. University of Illinois Water Resources Center
Research Report No. 119. 88 pages.
ELLIOTT, R.L., LEMBKE, W.D. and HUNT, D.R. 1977. A Simulation
Model for Predicting Available Days for Soil Tillage.
Transactions of ASAE 20(1):4-8.
VOORHEES, M.L. and WALKER, P.N. 1977. TractionabiIity as a
Function of Soil Moisture. Transactions of ASAE
20(5):006-809.
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DIALOG File60: USDA/CfllS 75-79/DEC (Hera 253 of 263) User 2S91 ISjanBO
400
0001860
AGENCY: CSRS ILLU
PERIOD: 13 JUL 55 TO 30 SEP 79
INVEST: MITCHELL d K; DICKEY, E c
PROJECT*: ILLU-10-0312
PERF ORG: AGRI ENGINEERING
LOCATION: UNIV OF ILLINOIS
URBANA ILL
RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN ILLINOIS
OBJECTIVES: Determine the frequencies of peak rates and
volumes of runoff from agricultural watersheds of 25 to 1000
acres located on permeable soils with mild slopes In Central
Illinois. Test and evaluate the usefulness of mathematical
hydro logic models to small agricultural watersheds with mild
topography. Provide benchmark watersheds in Central Illinois
for the study of the quality of runoff water.
APPROACH: Four fully instrumented watersheds are being
maintained near Monticello, Illinois. To supplement data
obtained at Monticello, maximum stage recorders are installed
on watersheds ranging in size from 45 to 1400 acres. Model
studies and field calibrations have been conducted on several
field structures.
KEYWORDS: MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS SOIL-PERMEABILITY MATHEMATICAL-M-
ODELS FREQUENCY SOIL-WATER-RELATIONS RATE-DETERMINATION VOLUME
WATER-FLOW WATER-QUALITY HYDROLOGY CROPPING-SYSTEMS WATERSHEDS
RUNOFF ENGINEERING SLOPES
PROGRESS:77/01 77/12
The 1975 and 1976 rainfall and runoff data from the Allerton
watersheds have been reduced, tabulated, and assembled fop
analysis. The temperature-humidity data is transcribed
through 1970. The total rainfall for 1975 was 1080 nun -«hich
was 130 mm greater than normal. The rainfall for 1976 was 820
mm, a lower than normal rainfall total. Runoff events were
quite numerous in 1975 with 59 mm of runoff recorded from
Watershed B1. However, only 12 mm of runoff was recorded from
Watershed A1. Although total rainfall was less than normal in
1976, runoff from Watershed A1 and B1 was 32 and 26 nun
respectively. The rainfall deficiencies occurred in January,
April, November and December. Rainfalls occurring the last of
February and in March produced 95 percent of the runoff. A
study was completed that provides rainfall iritensi ty-aiid
runoff depth-duration frequency data for the rainfall and
runoff events at the Allerton Watersheds. Statistical
analysis were conducted on rainfall and runoff data through
1975. These analysis indicated that the length of record for
annual rainfall, annual maximum intensity, annual exceeclance
runoff and other weather data is adequate. The length of
record is not adequate for monthly rainfall analyses and
annual exceedance runoff analysis for Watershed W1. A study is
in progress using the rainfall-runoff records from Watersheds
A1 and B1 as a basis for comparing watershed models for
agricultural areas of mild topography.
POBLICATIONS:77/01 77/12
HAROJOAMIDJOJO, S. 1977. Hydro logic frequency study and
analyses for Allerton agricultural watersheds. Unpublished
M.S. Thesis, Library, University of Illinois at
Ur bana-Chair.pa i gn.
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CIALOG FileGO: USDA/CHIS 75-79/OEC (Item 258 of 263) User 2li£ 1 iBjanSO
404
ui
--j
000)407
AGENCY: CSRS IND
PERIOD: 01 JUL 68 TO 110 SEP 03
INVESI: MONKE E J
PROJECT*: INDO-1C020
PEHF ORG: AGRI ENGINECRING
LOCATION: PURDUE UNIV
LAFAYETTE IND
IMPROVING THE QUALITY Of LLAND AND WATER RESOURCES
OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of drainage practices on
cropping management, crop response. and water, sediment and
nutrient yields, to Investigate factors affecting soil erosion
and crusting, to measure and predict sediment and
related-chemical pollution of streams and lakes from rural
sources, and to study the dynamics of water 31,d pollutant
movement in so I 1 .
APPROACtl: The general approach is to simulate the movement and
reactions of w3ter and waterborne pollutants through the soil
and overland into streams or lakes. The models will be used
to establish field experiments to validate the models or to
suggest ir.od-j I changes. In addition, seperate laboratory
expert ne'-,ts will be conducted to study specific factors
concerning soil erosion and crusting.
KEYWORDS: /'REV I EW--PUN!) 1110-7921 1
PROGRESS:va/oi 78/12
Collection ,-:nd analysis tit runoff. sediment yield arid
nutrient loisr. data fro,:, a 4900 ha agricultural watershed have
been cunt inus'J. A computer model was developed to identify
source areas of the sediment and related chemical pollutants
baootl on the output data. soils and topographic information,
and land use. Several smaller, single practice water-.ned:.
have n.iw been i n ~> triur.ente-d within the larger water-shod to
verify the model results and to provide baseline inrorm.il ion
for effects of land use in runoff water quality.
Ba t lery-powtirod sampling instrumentation w' developed
and tested. Di sch.urg-.- of sedin.ent from tile outfalls dra \ r, i ng
heavy lakebed soils in the Maumeo Das in has boon previously
no led. Subsequently discharge from a 17 ha subsurface
drainaoo system in Hoytville silty clay was monitored. After
an initial flush which did not always occur, soil iment
concentrations tended to remain uniform i rreripec t t ve of
c)iscji.-irge rates. A computer mod-.'1 was ca I i Cr,3 li-rj and verified
using this discharge data. A coir.r-ar i son laboratory experiment
employing intermittent wetting 2nd drying of soil columns
showed that Hoytville «ilty trlay (a I akebed-a-.iioc i a ted soil,
44% clr.y) and Latty silty clay (a lakebed soil, 48% clay)
discharged approximately 6 and 8 times, respectively, the
weight of sediment a=> discharged from a column of Blount soi'
loan (a glacial till soil, 30% clay).
MONKE, E.J. and WHEATON, R.Z. 1978. Sediment contributions to
the Mauinee River.
What level of sediment control is feasible? EPA-905/9-78-001.
Proc. of Conference on Voluntary and Regulatory Approach^..
for Nonpomt Source Pollution MONKE, E.J. and BOUCHER,
A.B. 1978. Tile drainage studies. In: EnvironmenlcI Impact
of Land Use on Water Quality - Final Report un the Black
Creek Project.
d. Lake (dir.) and J. Morrison (ed). EPA-905/9-77-007-B.
USEPA, Region V, 130TTCHER, A.B. 1978. Si n.ua I t i on of a tile
drainage system with associated sediment transport. Ph.D.
Thesis. Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 137p.
/9-77-007-B, USEPA, Region V. Chicago, IL. pp. 2S2-272.
MONKE, E.J., NELSON, O.W.. DOTTCHER, A.B. find 50MMERS, L.E.
1978- Sources of sediment and related pollutants *
Comparison of subwatershods. In: Environmental Impact of
Land Use on Water Quality - Final Report on the black
PUBL1CATIONS:70/OI 79/12
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DIALOG Flle60: USDA/CRIS 75-79/DEC (Item 15 of 28) User 2S'J1 MjanUO
2407
Ln
CO
0057925
AGENCY: CSRS MICL
PERIOD: 01 JUL 70 TO 30 SEP eo
INVEST: ZINOEL H C
PROJECT*: M1CL01064
PERF ORG: POULTRY SCIENCE
LOCATION: MICHIGAN STATE UNIV
EAST LANSING MIC
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR THE 1900'S
OBJECTIVES: Develop optimal animal manure management systems
to meet evolving environmental and economic requirements and
be conpatible with increasing needs for animal protein.
Characterize atmospheric contaminants and develop abatement
methods to eliminate contaminants potentially harmful effects
on human and animal health. Investigate use of by products of
animal manure management systems for energy sources, feed
ingredients, plant nutrients for crop production and other
potential uses. Characterize non-point population 'vater
runoff sources from Iivestock and poultry enterprises on
pasture production systems and land areas with m.inure
application and further develop guidelines for abatement of
non-point pollution sources from animal manures.
APPROACH: Waste management systems presently employed in
Michigan will be monitored and evaluated for improved design
for machinery management technique and collection alleyways.
Determine the influence of feeding an odor suppressant to
broilers and laying hens in relationship to feed efficiency,
weight gain, and fecal odors. Study of anaerobic organisms in
poultry anaphage. Upgrading the crude protein of anaphage.
Study the calcium and postasium availability from poultry
anaphage. Study the amino acid availability by employing
turn-over rate estimates, involving radio labeled iimino acids.
KEYWORDS: MANURE-MANAGEMENT POLLUTION #EWU POULTRY
ANIMAL-WASTE ODOR WASTE-UTILIZATION ANIMAL-NUTRITION
POULTRY-MANURE CALCIUM RUNOFF PASTURES ENERGY-SOURCES
POTASSIUM PliOTEIN-SOUUCES WASTE-MANAGEMENT FEED GUIDELINES
PLANI-NUTR1TION AMINO-ACIDS FEED-EFFICIENCY WEIGHT-CAINS
WATER-POLLUTION BYPRODUCTS flERP
PROGI)ESS:78/OI 78/12
A flat-plate 110m 2 solar collector was used for supplemental
heating of ventilation air entering a poultry layer house.
This supplemental heat made it possible to maintain higher
in—house temperatures in Michigan without temperature
stratification. Further work is underway to establish the
humidity gradient across the house.
PUBLICATIONS:78/01 7B/12
HALL, F.W., ESMAY, M.L., FLEGAL, C.J., SHEPPARD, C.C. and
ZINDEL, H.C. 1978.
Solar heating; impact on poultry layer house. Paper number
78-4550, 1978.
Annual Meeting, American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
RICHMOND. D. and CHANG, T.S. 1978. A comparison of drop-plate
and pour-plate methods for bacterial population counts of
poultry anaphage (dehydrated caged layer excreta). Poultry
Science 57:293-295.
0070237
AGENCY: CSRS ILLU
TO 30 SEP 79
INVEST: WALTERS c s; GILMORE A R
PROJECT*: ILLU-55-033G
PERF ORG: FORESTRY
LOCATION: UNIV OF ILLINOIS
URBANA ILL
POLLUTION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER BY WOOD PRESERVATIVES AS A
FUNCTION OF RAINFALL
OBJECTIVES: Determine the amount of arsenic leached from wood
treated with four commercially-important. water-soluble
preservatives. Determine the extent of pollution of soil,
surface runoff, and soil filtrate by woods treated with
chruinated copper preservatives containing arsenic or a
fluor-chrome-arsenate-phenol formulation.
APPROACH: Pressure treated pine post stubs with a known amount
of preservative will be exposed in a teflon box. The box will
permit the collection of surface runoff, filtrate and soil for
quantitative analyses. Three soil types will be exposed to
"rain" from a raintowcr facility to facilitate leaching of
arsenic from the wood.
KEYWORDS: SOIL-WATER GROUNDWATER WOOD-TREATMENT RUNOFF RAIN
RAINFALL PRECIPITATION SOILS SOIL-POLLUTION PRESERVATIVES
ARSENIC LEACHING POLLUTION
PROGRESS:77/01 77/12
Soil pans were constructed so that Douglas fir plywood
specimens treated with copperized chrome arsenate wood
preservatives could be exposed in a raintower. Samples of
surface runoff and leachate were collected at intervals
ranging from 15 minutes to 27 hours. About 600 samples of
soil, wood, cheesecloth (filter), leachate, and surface runoff
were collected for arsenic analysis. The arsenic
determinations will be completed by February 1978.
PUQLICATIONS:77/01 77/12
NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Pleate nad Instructions on the went before completing)
.REPORT NO.
EPA 905/9-80-006-B
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Post-PLUARG Evaluation of Great Lakes
Water Quality Management Studies and Programs
6. REPORT DATE
March 1980
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTMOR(S)
Rose Ann C. Sullivan,
Paul A. Sanders and
Nil 1 tarn
i. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENt NO.
A42B2A
H.C6KITRAC1V6RANTN6.
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Great Lakes Basin Commission
3475 Plymouth Road
P.O. Box 999
Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106
ADDRESS
EPA-79-D-F0857
12. SPONSORING AOENCV NAME AND ADDRESS
Great Lakes National Program Office
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
536 South Clark Street, Rm 932
Chicago. Ill Inn-i
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Progress Oct. 79'/Mar. 80'
14. SPONSORING AOENCV CODE
U.S. EPA-GLNPO
IB. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
This study is to provide an update of activities since PLLIARG was presented to the
Water Quality Board.
IB. ABSTRACT
This report represents the results of recent efforts by the Great Lakes Basin
Commission staff to update and integrate the findings and recommendations of
the International Joint Commission's Pollution from Land Use Activities.
17.
KEV WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATl Field/Group
Sediment
Phosphorus
Atmospheric inputs
Toxic substances
Nonpoint source pollution
Lake Erie Wastewater
Management
Honey Creek
Washington County
River Mouth Loading
Cyuahoga River
Restoration Study
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Document is avail-
able to the public through the National
Technical Information Service, Springfield
VA 22161
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report}
None
21. NO. OF PAGES
166
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
None
22. PRICE
EPA Fwn 2220-1 (R»v. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1981-750-744/79
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