EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
EPA-600/2-79-019f
August 1979
< "3
Research and Development
Source Assessment
Solvent Evaporation
Degreasing Operations
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECH-
NOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and dem-
onstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent en-
vironmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work
provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution-sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-79-019f
August 1979
SOURCE ASSESSMENT:
SOLVENT EVAPORATION - DECREASING OPERATIONS
-.-.: by - ; .;- .--
T, J. Hoogheem, 0. A. Horn, T. W. Hughes, and P. J. Marn
Monsanto Research Corporation
Dayton, Ohio 45407
Contract Mo. 68-02-1874
Project Officer
Charles H. Darvin
Industrial Pollution Control Division
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ^ n CY
REGION 5 LIBRARY (PL-12J)
77 WEST JACKSON BLVD 12TH FLOOR
CHICAGO IL 60604-3590
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory-Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify
that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation f or use> --.,, > ',- ,^-c. - ...
U,S. Environmental Protection Agency
XI
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FOREWORD
When energy and material resources are extracted, processed,
converted, and used, the related pollutional impacts on our
environment and even on our health often require that new and
increasingly more efficient pollution control methods be used.
The Industrial Environmental .Research Laboratory Cincinnati
(lERL-Ci) assists in developing and demonstrating new and ...-
improved methodologies that will meet these needs both
efficiently and economically. - v
This report contains an assessment of air emissions from solvent
evaporation during degreasing operations. This study was con- :
ducted to provide EPA with sufficient information to decide
whether additional control technology needs to be developed for
this emission source. Further information on this subject may
be obtained from the Metals and Inorganic Chemicals Branch,
Industrial Pollution Control Division. :
David <5. Stephan" : ---, - ; .'
' - '; ' ' '-'- ;' ..-'-;. ' ' /. -. .... ..,;; .;.: . Director/': . v.:. . ;'.,..; - ;
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
1 V Cincinnati:
111
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PREFACE
The Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory (IERL) of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the responsibility
for insuring that pollution control technology is available for
stationary sources to meet the requirements of the Clean Air Act,
the Water Act and solid waste legislation. If control technology
is unavailable, inadequate, or ..uneconomical, then financial sup-
port is provided for developing needed control techniques for
industrial and extractive process industries. Approaches con-
sidered include process modifications, feedstock modifications,
add-on control devices, and complete process substitution. The
scale of the control technology programs ranges from bench- to
full-scale demonstration plants.
IERL has the responsibility for developing control technology for
a large number of operations (more than 500) in the chemical and
related industries. As in any technical program, the first step
is to identify the unsolved problems. Each of the industries is
to be examined in detail to determine if there is sufficient
potential environmental risk to justify the development of con-
trol ^technology by IERL. This report contains the data necessary
to make that decision for solvent evaporation-degreasing.
Monsanto Research Corporation has contracted with EPA to investi-
gate the environmental impact of various industries which repre-
sent sources of pollution in accordance with EPA's responsibility
as outlined above. Dr. Robert C. Binning serves as Program
Manager in this overall program, entitled "Source Assessment,"
which includes the investigation of sources in each of four^
categories: combustion, organic materials, inorganic materials,
and open sources. Dr. Dale A. Denny of the Industrial Processes
Division at Research Triangle Park serves as EPA Project Officer
for this series.
This study was initiated by IERL-RTP in November 1974, and Mr.
Kenneth Baker of the Industrial Processes Division served as EPA
Project Leader. Project responsibility was transferred to IERL-
Cincinnati in October 1975, and Mr. Charles H. Darvin of the
Industrial Pollution Control Division served as EPA Project
Leader until the study was completed.
IV
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ABSTRACT
This report describes a study of air emissions from solvent
degreasing and fabric scouring operations. The study was com-
pleted to provide EPA with sufficient information to determine
whether additional control technology needs to be developed for
these emission sources.
Degreasing operations include: 1) cold cleaning; 2) open top
vapor degreasing; 3) conveyorized vapor degreasing; and 4) fabric
scouring. These four types consumed an estimated 943,000 metric
tons of solvent in an estimated 1,255,000 operating locations in
1974.
To assess the potential environmental effect of emissions (hydro-
carbons) resulting from degreasing operations, the source
severity (defined as the ratio of the time-averaged maximum
ground level concentration of a pollutant to a potentially
hazardous concentration) was calculated for each solvent emitted
from each type of representative degreaser. Methylene chloride
(2.2) and perchloroethylene (1.2) from conveyorized vapor
degreasing had the two largest source severities. Solvent con-
sumption for degreasing is expected to grow at an annual rate of
4% through 1980. If the 1980 level of emissions control is the
same as the 1974 level, emissions from degreasing operations will
increase by 26% over that period.
This report was submitted in partial fulfillment of Contract
68-02-1874 by Monsanto Research Corporation under the sponsorship
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
v
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CONTENTS
Foreword ...... ..... .............. .
Preface . . ........ .......... ...... iv
Abstract ..... ..... . . . . '. . . ; . . . . l; ; . . '. v
Figures ............... 4. ...-. .;-j .: .: . .^i ; . . viii
Tables ... ........ : .; . . . . . . . . ... . , . . . ix
Abbreviations and Symbols . ,.'.."... v'.' ..... . . . xi
Conversion Factors and Metric Prefixes .; . ; . ... . , . . . ,xiii
1. Introduction . . . .". . . . .' . ". . . . . . . : ; . ... 1
r 2. Summary ..... . ...;.* . . *- . ,.-;..; ... . . . . ... ,; . . . 2
3. Source Description ... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. 7
Source definition ' j . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . '. 7
' ' j Process description . . > .; . . ; . . . . , . . . . 13
Geographic distribution * . . . . ..... ... 37
4. Emissions .... / . . . . .' . . .' . . .'. . .J . . . . 43
0 Selected pollutants . . ; ;. . iv . . j.; . . , , . . . 43
Location and description of emission points . . .. 44
Emission factors ....... . . ; . . . . ... 49
Definition of a representative source ... . . ,, 50
Criteria for air emissions . . ... ...... . 52
5. Control Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .61
. Controls to retard solvent bath emissions . . . . 61
Controls to minimize carryout . ..... . . . . 72
6. ' Growth and Nature of the Industry . . . . . ;. . . . . . 74
Present technology . . . . ., . . .-..' .... ... . . . 74
Industry production trends . . . ..... . .... - . . , . . . 74
References . . . . . . .......... . . . . . . .... 76
Appendices c r ;_,: -;- :,;:'. .'.-.- -<>_ - -,:_:-, '-_ ...;.-,: . ^,.:. '
o A. .Derivations of source severity equations . , . . . . .86
B . Sample calculation for a representative degreasing
:'::' ; ' ! ' operation .-:-;- .. .-'-"..-'- . '. .".... : . -.;"'..:; j '.. -.-.+ ...":'*' . .-.-.. 95
C. Sample calculations for the state degreasing
capacity weighted population density . . .... . . 97
D. Stabilizers used in halogenated hydrocarbons . . . . ... 99
: E. NEDS emissions data . . ... . . . . . . ... . . . . 103
F. Sample of calculations for geographical distribution
of -cold cleaners . . . . -. . . . . r. . . . ,. :/. . ... 115
Glossary
vi x
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FIGURES
Number .Page
1 Degreaser flow diagrams . ... . . . 13
2 Basic vapor degreaser .............. . 15
3 Vapor-distillate spray machine . . . . . . . . . . , 15
4 Vapor-spray-vapor degreasing unit ... ..... . . 16
5 Liquid-vapor degreaser . . . .... . . . 17
6 Two-chamber immersion degreaser . . . . . ..... .17
7 Multiple immersion degreaser , . , . . . ..... 18
8 Ultrasonic degreaser ... '..' ..-'. 19
9 Cross-rod conveyorized degreaser . . . v . ', . . . .,. 20
10 Monorail conveyorized degreaser . .. . . . -.' * . . . . 20
11 Vibra degreaser . . . . ... . . . . . . ... . . . 21
12 Ferris wheel degreaser . '". . . . . ... . . . . . .21
13 Mesh belt conveyorized degreaser . . . . . . .-. . . 22
14 Textile process flowsheet . . . . . . .-. . ... . . 26
15 Continuous knit fabric scouring ... !. 26
16 Wool scouring process ..... . . . .... . . . . 27
17 Vacuum process for the removal of moisture and
solvents from textiles . . .28
18 Geographic distribution of vapor degreasing
operations .37
19 Geographic distribution of cold cleaning operations .39
20 Geographic distribution of fabric scouring operations 40
21 Cold cleaner emission points . . . . . 44
22 Open top vapor degreaser emission points ... . . . 45
23 Conveyorized degreaser emission points . . . . . . . 47
24 Fabric scourer emission points .... 48
25 schematic representation of degreaser with cold trap
installed ... .......... 64
26 Carbon adsorption system 69
vlii
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TABLES
Number pag(
1 Source Types Utilizing Degreasing . . . . ...... 2
2 Solvents Used in Degreasing ............. 3
3 Representative Degreaser Characteristics ...... 5
4 Source Severities for Uncontrolled Emissions from
Degreasing Operations and their Contribution to
Total U.S. Emissions ............... 6
5 Solvent Degreasing Source Types . . . ... . . . . . 9
6 SIC Major Groups and Definitions for Solvent Uses . . 10
7 Estimated Number of Operations Using Solvents by
Type of Degreasing . . . . . . . .12
8 Boiling Points of Clean and Contaminated Solvents . . 23
9 Boiling Points of Other Common Degreasing Solvents. . 24
10 Properties of Commercially Available Solvents . . . .30
11 Distribtuion of U.S. Solvent Consumption .31
12 Specifications for Some Naphthas .35
13 Geographic Distribution of Vapor (Open Top and
Conveyorizedl Degreasing Operations 38
14 Geographic Distribution of All Cold Cleaning
Operations ....'.' 39
15 Geographic Distribution of Fabric Scouring
Operations ....... ^ 42
16 Selected Pollutants and their Threshold Limit
Values, Health Effects, and Atmospheric
Reactivities 43
17 Fabric Scourer Emission Points . 48
18 Waste Solvent Generation by Type of Degreasing
Operation . . 49
19 Emission Factors for Degreasing Operation Types ... 49
20 Characteristics of Emissions from Representative
Cold Cleaning Operations . . ...... 50
IX
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TABLES (continued)
Number
21 Characteristics of Emissions from Representative
Open Top Vapor Degreasing Operations 51
22 Characteristics of Emissions from Representative
Conveyorized Vapor Degreasing Operations . . . , ,,; 5^.,
23 Characteristics of Emissions from Representative
Fabric Scouring Operations "''.'"-,' ; ;V ..- . 1.;;.; . . j- 51
24 Time-Averaged Maximum Ground Level Concentration's
and Source Severities for Representative .C.ol.d - :
Cleaning Operations . . . .... . . . . ... . . 53
25 ..Time-Averaged Maximum ground. Level Conqentrations
and Source Severities for Representative Open Top
Vapor Degreasing Operations . . . . . . 54
26 Time-Averaged Maximum Ground Level Concentrations
"'- and Source Severities {for Representative "--- ;
Conveyorized, Vapor pegreasing Operations. . ., ,. . , 54
-'27 Time-Averaged Maximum Ground Bevel- Concentrations
. ,and Source Severities for.Representative Fabric
Scouring Operations .. . . . . . . '.." . . . . . . . 54
28 Average Mass Emissions Per Degreaser by Type of
Degreasing Operation J ...;'.. J." ....?.- .; . . 55
29 Contribution of Cold Cleaning Emissions to Total
State and U.S. Hydrpcarbon.Emd.ssions from , ,
Stationary Sources . . . . . . . .' . . . ." . . . . 55
30 Contribution of ppen.Top, Vapor: Degreasing Emissions
to Total' State and U.S. Hydrocarbon Emissions
from Stationary Sources ^ . .^ .;;... ..;.. :-v .; .^'. . .'56
31 Contribution of Conveyorized Vapor Degreasing
Emissions to" TOtal; Stater and U.S. Hydrocarbons':
1 - Emissions from Stationary Sources . '.. .... ... 57
32 Contribution af Fabric Scouring-.Emissions-.-.to Total Jr
State and 'IT. S. Hydro-carbon Emissions: from :
' Stationary Sources ...... .-'-..^' :i.- '..<' ". '". . . ... 58
33 Population Exposed to: source Severities;Greater. -1
than 0,1 and 1.0 Due to Emissions f,rpm. .. -
Representative Degreasing Operations. .... . . . 60
34 Stages, without, Restrictions on Trichloroethylene
Usage . . . ." ....... 7^
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ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
a
A
AAQS
AR
ASTM
b
BR
C .
CO
D
D
Pi
f-
l-3
h
H
m
NEDS
NO
x
OSHA
ppm
P1
-- exponential value of equation
affected area
ambient air quality standard
- Q/acim (variable used in ground level concentration
derivation)
-- American Society of Tests and Materials
~ 0.9031
-H2/2 c2 (variable used in ground level concen-
tration derivation)
coefficient values for equation a_ - ex
ฃ.1
+ f
number of degreasers (each type) of state i
carbon monoxide
+ f
-- coefficient values for equation;a = ex
-- population density
--' mean population density
state population density for state i
--constant; -2 .,7 2 ' > , i
-- coefficient values for equation a = ex + f
-- hazard factor. For criteria pollutants, F is the
primary ambient air quality standard; for non-
criteria pollutants, F is a reduced TLV value; i.e.,
the equation F = TLV(8/24)(1/100).
emission height
effective emission height
-- useable range
National Emissions Data System
nitrogen oxides
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
parts per million
total affected^population
xi.
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ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued)
Q, Q -- mass emission rate
S -- source severity
-- source severity using a hazard factor based on the
AAQS
SIC -- Standard Industrial Classification code
SO sulfur oxides
SmTT7 source severity using a hazard factor based on the
TLV TLV
t -- averaging time
t -- short-term averaging time
TLV -- threshold limit value
u -- wind speed
u -- average wind speed, 4.5 m/s
x -- downwind distance from emission source
xlr x2 -- roots of equation for affected area calculation
y -- horizontal distance from centerline of dispersion,
IT -- constant; 3.14
a -- standard deviation of horizontal dispersion
y
0 -- standard deviation of vertical dispersion
E . summation
X downwind ground level concentration at reference
coordinates x and y
)((x) annual mean ground level concentration as a
function of distance
X maximum ground level concentration (short-term
max *
average)
-- time-averaged maximum ground level concentration
(long-term average)
Xil
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CONVERSION FACTORS AND METRIC PREFIXES
To convert from
CONVERSION FACTORS
to
Degree Celsius (ฐC) Degree Fahrenheit
Multiply by
= 1.8 t.
+ 32
Gram/meter3 (g/m3)
Gram/second (g/s)
Hertz (Hz)
Joules (J)
Joules/second (J/s)
Kilogram (kgv)
Meter (m)
Meter2 (m2)
Meter3 (m3)
Meter3 (m3)
Meter3 (m3)
Meter3 (m3)
Meter/second (m/s)
Metric ton
Pascal (Pa)
Pascal (Pa)
Second (s)
Pound/gallon
Pound/hour
Cycles/second
British thermal unit
Watt
Pound-mass (avoirdupois)
Foot
Inch2
Barrel (42 gallon)
Foot3
Gallon (U.S. liquid)
Liter (ฃ)
Foot/minute
Ton (short, 2,000 pound-
mass)
Pounds-force/inch2 (psi)
Torr (mm Hg, OฐC)
Minute
METRIC PREFIXES
Prefix Symbol Multiplication factor
Kilo
Milli
Micro
k
m
y
103
io-3
io-6
8.344 x IO-6
7.936
1.000
9.482 x I0~k
1.000
2.205
3.281
1.529 x IO3
6.293
3.531 x IO1
2.642 x IO2
1.000 x IO3
1.181 x IO4
1.102
1.450 x 10-^
7.501 x IO-3
1.667 x IO-2
Example
1 kPa = 1 x IO3 pascals
1 mg = 1 x 10-3 meter
1 me = 1 x 10~6 gram
Standard for Metric Practice. ANSI/ASTM Designation:
E 380-76e, IEEE Std 268-1976, American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, February 1976. 37 pp.
xxn
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SECTlON^l
INTRODUCTION
The 'removal of grease, 'wax, ;dirt, -and vOther -undesirable matter
from various materials ranging from metals to textiles ;is , -: --. -:,
practiced in industrial operations. -These industries range from
gasoline service stations to automotive production plants.
Emissions from organic solvents .used'Jin these , decreasing rproc=-;:
esses can represent a significant source of air pollution.
This document presents a detailed study of degreasing operations
from ; the, ;standpoint; of /atmospheric emissions and their potential
environmental impapt., The results of the study, summarized in
Section 2, include:emission factors for solvents emitted to the-
atmosphere from representative degreasing operations. Also
tabulated are several factors designed to measure the environ-
mfntai ;;hazard potential of degreasing operations,'.These consist
of ^ource severities, the contribution of degreasing emissions to
st&te and national emissions of criteria pollutants,: and- the
number of persons"exposed to high contaminant levels from;repre-
sentative types of degreasing. : < , ,_.".
""'"''' ' .-'.'-.' ....-;''"'; :' T .'-.'.'-:',' ' , ^ ' . '':
Section 3 of this report includes detailed descriptions pf?the
types'of degreasing operations. Emission points within each type
of degreasing operation and solvents emitted to the atmosphere
are presented in Section 4. Present and future aspects of Me- "
greasing pollution control technology are provided in Section, 5.
The1 growth rate of solvents used in degreasing, as well as de-
greasing operations,, themselves, are analyzed in both Section 3
and Section 6. .. : ; r, ^ , . ;j
Infprmation and data sources used in preparing this report in-
clude industry trade literature, government*reports, government
arid contractor emission data files, and personal communications
with industry and government representatives.
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SECTION 2
SUMMARY
Solvent degreasing is a physical method of removing grease, wax,
or dirt from metal, glass and fabric surfaces or fabrics by
contacting the material with an organic solvent. Degreasing_is
one of the production steps or service operations performed in
the industries listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1. SOURCE TYPES UTILIZING DEGREASING
; Number of Degreasing
Source type SIC plants operations
Industrial degreasing:
Metal furniture 25 9,233 24,361
Primary metals on'cic ซi AKQ
Fabricated products 34 29,525 ซฑ,4by
Nonelectric machinery 35 ^'l^ oo n?9
Electric equipment 36 'I? 24613
Transportation equipment 37 8,802 ip'o26
Instruments and clocks 38 ^10^7 in idR
Miscellaneous 39 15,187 40,148
Automotive:
Auto repair shops and garages 75 127,203 its'les
Automotive dealers 55 121,369
Gasoline stations 55 226,455 252,753
Maintenance shops _a 320,701 357,945
Textile plants (fabric scouring) 22 7,201 9,451
Total 931'513 1-254,151
No applicable SIC for this category
When assessing emissions from degreasing and.^irq^"^
effects, the type of degreasing operation and the solvent used
it determine the amount of emissions and their environmental
impact ThS type of plant in which the degreasing operation is
JerrSrmed however, has no effect. Therefore emissions from
degreasing have been assessed on the basis of the type of
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degreasing performed and the type of solvent usednot on the
location and nature of the plant.
The types of degreasing performed in the United States fall into
four categories, which are: 1) cold cleaning; 2) open top vapor
degreasing; 3) conveyorized vapor degreasing; and 4) fabric
scouring. Cold cleaning operations involve using organic sol- ,
vents as room temperature liquids. Uses include wiping, spraying
or dipping of parts in a solvent for cleaning purposes. In open
top vapor degreasing, a part is cleaned by contacting it with
solvent vapor. Conveyorized vapor degreasing entails the same
activity as open top vapor degreasing, except the parts to be
cleaned continuously move in and out of the degreaser. In
fabric scouring, a textile fabric is cleaned with a liquid
solvent before fabrication into a finished product.
Each type of degreasing requires specific solvents, as listed in
Table 2. In 1974, an estimated total of 943,000 metric tons3 of
solvent were consumed in 1,255,000 degreasing operations.
TABLE 2. SOLVENTS USED IN DEGREASING
Solvent
Butanol
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Hexane
Naphtha
Mineral spirits
Toluene
Xylenes
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Ethers
Carbon tetrachloride
F luorocarbons
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroe thane
Cold
cleaning
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Type of degreasing
Vapor
(open Vapor
top) (conveyorized)
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
Fabric
scouring
X
X
X
X
1 metric ton equals 10.6 grams; conversion factors and metric
system prefixes are presented in the prefatory material.
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Sources of atmospheric emissions (hydrocarbons) rrom'each'type" ;
of degreasing are: 1) cold cleanihg--bath evaporation, solvent'1
carryout,, agitation and spray evaporation; 2) open top vapor
degreasingdiffusion, solvent carryout, and exhaust; 3) con-'
veyorized vapor degreasing--diffusion, solvent carryout, and
exhaust; and 4) fabric scouringinlet and outlet losses,
solvent carryout, and exhaust. '
Control technology available for reducing these^ emissions
includes improved covers, higher freeboards, refrigerated chil-
lers, and carbon adsorption for solvent bath evaporation and'
exhaust; and drainage facilities and drying tunnels for solvent
carryout. t Reducing emissions by implementing these control
measures relies essentially on manual operating performance and
maintenance activities. Therefore, percent reduction in-t !
emissipns based on these control measures cannot be established
with any" factual certainty. ; >;; " ; :. ..', : ~ ;: ; '"
An emission factor *for each' Of the four types '"ofJ diegreas ing was
computed using solvent,, consumption and waste solvent disposal
data. These, uncontrolled emission factors represent emissions
from the particular degreasing operation itselfand do not
include emissions due to evaporation from waste solvent sludge,
wastewater, or solvent reclaiming. The emission factors and
solvent 'consumption data were used to generate a number of other
factors designed to quantify the-potential environmental hazard
from each type of degreasing. A representative degreasef by^
type of degreasing operation was defined for each type of
solvent. The characteristics of each representative degreaser
are presented in Table 3. The source severity was defined as
the ratio of the time-averaged maximum ground level- concentration
to a potentially hazardous concentration of a given pollutant :
from a given source. Using Gaussian plume dispersion theory-,
source severities were calculated for each type of solvent J'
emitted based on both the threshold limit value (TLVฎ) of the *
specific solvent and the ambient air quality standard (AAQS)- for
hydrocarbons. Results are summarized in Table 4. In addition,
the annual mass emissions from all degreasing operations and the
percent contribution of these emissions to total mass emissions
of hydrocarbons from all stationary sources in the United States
were calculated. Results are also presented in Table 4. Mass
emissions from degreasing on a state-by-state basis ;were also
calculated and are presented in Tables 29 through 32 in Section" 4!
of this report. ' -
"" -.'' .. '.-- (
The average number of persons exposed to high contaminant levels
from each type of degreasing operation was estimated and design-
ated as the "affected population". The calculation was made for
each solvent emitted from each representative type of degreasing
operation, for which the source severity exceeds 0.1 and 1.0 for ~,
a hazard factor base
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methylene chloride emissions from conveyorized vapor .degreasing
(S = 2.2) where the hazard factor is the AAQS and the source
severity exceeds 0.1.
TABLE 3. REPRESENTATIVE DEGREASER CHARACTERISTICS
Degreaser type
d
Representative characteristics
Average solventAverage stackFrequency of
consumption, kg/yr height, m operation, %
Cold cleaning:
Butanol
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Hexane
Naphthas
Mineral spirits
Toluene
Xylenes
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Ethers
Carbon tetrachloride
Fluorocarbons
Methylene Chloride"
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethane
Open top vapor degreasing:
Fluorocarbons
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene ;
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethane
Conveyorized vapor degreasing:
Fluorocarbons
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethane
Fabric scouring:
Benzene
Xylene
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
53.6
126.3
177.6
420.6
454.7
420.6
256.6
420.6
420.6
420.6
3,410.2
68.
89.7
2,187.8
249.2
292.8
568.2
3,806
24,518
10,070
7,165
16,394
9,403
60,053
24,883
17,780
40,468
21,664
21,664
21,664
21,664
10.6
10.6
10. 6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
12.1
10.7
12.0
14.1
10.6
12.1
10.7
12.0
14.1
10.6
12.1
10.7
12.0
14.1
10.6
10.6
10.7
12.0
65
65
65
65
65
65
.6,5
65
65
65
65
65
65
80
78
78
96
65
,80
78
78
96
65
80
78
78
96
65
65
78
Solvent consumption for degreasing totaled 942,710 metric tons
in 1974. Consumption in 1980 is expected to total 1,192,830
metric tons assuming an annual growth rate of 4%. Thus, assuming
that the same level of control- exists .in 1980 as existed in 1974,
emissions from degreasing operations:will increase by 26% over
that period; i.e. , ; ;; ,. ; ; ;; V
^missions in 1980 _' I,,192y830 _ ^ 26
Emissions in 1974 942,710
-------
TABLE 4. SOURCE SEVERITIES FOR UNCONTROLLED EMISSIONS FROM DECREASING
OPERATIONS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO TOTAL U.S. EMISSIONS
Degreaser type Emission factor, g/kg
Material emitted solvent consumed
Cold cleaning: 430 ฑ 30
Butanol
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Hexane
Naphthas
Mineral spirits
Toluene
Xylenes
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Ethers
Carbon tetrachloride
Fluorocarbons
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethane
Open top vapor degreasing: 775+30
Fluorocarbons
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethane
Conveyor ized vapor degreasing: 850 ฑ30
Fluorocarbons
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethane
Fabric scouring: 500 ฑ30
Benzene
Xylene
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Total tall degreasing types)
Emissions from
all operations,
metric tons/yr
203,097
1,420
4,304
3,228
3,012
80,917
12,910
6,024
5,163
430
3,012
2,582
309
2,581
19,883
4 , 907
18,849
33,566
150,788
6,283
5,662
24,357
63,525
50,961
61,286
2,550
: 2,297
9,877
25,889
20,673
102,357
50,033
17,499
27,318
7,507
517,528
Contribution to total Source severity
U.S. hydrocarbon (S)
emissions, %
1.2249
0.0086
0.0260
0.0195
0.0182
0.4880
0.0779
0.0363
0.0310
0.0026
0.0182
0.0156
0.0018
0.0156
0.1199
0.0296
0.1137 "
0.2024
0.9095
0.0379
0.0342
0.1469
0.3831
0.3074
0.3696
0.0154
0.0138
0.0596
0.1561
0.1247
0.6173
0.3018
0.1055
,: 0.1648
0.0452
3.1213
TLV
0.00018
0.00005
0.00030
0.00120
0.00050
0.00076
0.00070
0.00098
0.00041
0.01400
0.0029
0.00100
0.00001
0.00190
0.00031
0. 00036
0.00012
0.0009
0.039
0.023
0.0160
0.0061
0.0025
0.105
0.061
0.046
0.016
0.856
0.059
0.031
0.031
AAQS
0.0016
0.0039
0.0053
0.0130
,0.0140
0.0130
0.0078
0.0130
0.0130
0.0130
0.0078
0.0093
0.0027
0.0410
0.0062
0.0057
0.0066
0.208
0.836
0.450
0.255
0.343
0.564
2.246
1.22
0.693
0.929
0.764
0.764
0.625
0.497
Affected population
For SiO.l
TLV
0
0
0
0
0.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o :.
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0 '
0
128
0
0
0.
AAQS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
b
r 0
0
0
0
0
0
12
92
35
56
22
'
45
273
109
74
143
76
76
62
60
For
TLV
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
"0
0
S^l.O
AAQS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0
18
4
0
0
0
0
.0
0
-
-------
SECTION 3
SOURCE DESCRIPTION
SOURCE DEFINITION
Solvent degreasing is a physical method of removing grease, wax,
or dirt from metal, glass, plastic surfaces, or fabrics by con-
tacting the material with an organic solvent. The source defined
as "solvent evaporationdegreasing operations" includes plants
utilizing industrial degreasing operations in the manufacture of
a finished product; metal or part cleaning activities at auto
repair shops, garages, auto dealer establishments, gasoline
service stations, and plant maintenance shops; and fabric scour-
ing operations at textile fiber plants. Solvents considered
include halogenated hydrocarbons, acetone, ethers, naphthas
(petroleum distillates, Stoddard solvents), and toluene.
The types of plants utilizing degreasing can be grouped into 13
general industrial source types, which are listed in Table 5
(1-1.2) together with the estimated number of degreasing opera-
tions for each type of industry. The number of degreasing
operations per SIC was estimated using percentages calculated
from information presented in Reference 12.
(1) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Volume II, Industry Statistics,
Part 1, SIC Major Groups 20-26. Major Group 22, Textile Mill
Products. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
Washington, D.C., August 1976. pp. 22-1 to 22-3.
(2) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Volume II, Industry Statistics,
Part 1, SIC Major Groups 20-26, Major Group 25, Furniture and
Fixtures. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
Washington, D.C., August 1976. pp. 25-1 to 25-3.
(3) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Volume II, Industry Statistics,
Part 2, SIC Major Groups 27-34. Major Group 33, Primary
Metal Industries. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, Washington, D.C. , August 1976. pp. 33-1 to 33-3.
(4) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Volume II, Industry Statistics,
Part 2, SIC Major Groups 27-34. Major Group 34, Fabricated
Metal Products. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, Washington, D.C., August 1976. pp. 34-1 to 34-3.
(continued)
-------
Table 6 (13) lists the 11 Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) definitions for these 13 major industrial and service
groups that utilize degreasing including textile plants.
The solvents used in degreasing operations are acetone, benzene,
butanol, carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, ethers, fluorocar-
bons, hexane, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, mineral
(continued)
(5) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Volume II, Industry Statistics,
Part 3, SIC Major Groups 35-39. Major Group 35, Machinery,
Except Electrical. U.S. Department pf Commerce, Bureau of
the Census, Washington, D.C., August 1976. pp. 35-1 to 35-3.
(6) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Volume II, Industry Statistics,
Part 3, SIC Major Groups 35-39. Major Group 36, Electric
and Electronic Equipment. U.S. Department of Commerce, .Bur-
eau of the Census, Washington, D.C., August 1976. pp. 36-1
' ... to 36-3. \; : ., ' '..:". ".:. .... .7';;;.,;.; - ' ;
(7) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Volume II, Industry Statistics,
Part 3, SIC Major Groups 35-39. Major Group 37, Transporta-
tion Equipment. U.Sv Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, Washington, D.C., August 1965. pp. 37-1 to 37-3.
(8) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Volume IT, Industry Statistics,
Part 3, SIC'.Major Groups 35-3?.^ Major Group 38, Instruments
and Related Products. U.S. Department of jCpmme'rc'e.y Bureau
of the Census, .Washington, D.C., August 197)6. PP- 38-1 to
38_3; : ., ,, -..- ' ...,,, .....: : ..... ,,. . -^.^-; ;' -
(9) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Volume II, Industry Statistics,
Part 3, SIC Major Groups 35-39. Major Group 39, Miscellane-
o.us .Manufacturing Industries. U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau,of the Census, Washington, D.C. /August 1976.
: pp. r3:9-i to 39-3. '';';'..;,.;: : ".;; ":. "'-; , ' '' : '.'"'.;
(10) 1972 Census:of Selected Service Industries, Miscellaneous
.. ^Subj.ects. ^U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
::. ['.' Census, Washington,, . D. C, , December T975. '\ p. 8-8.
(11) 1-972 ; Census of Retail Trade, Miscellaneous Sub jects. , U. S .
Department of'Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington,
. D,C., ^December 1975. p. 3-3. , .: ,,
(12) Heinz, D. R. , am;d H. W. Krimbill.. Emissions Survey. ; In:
; Study fto Support: New Source Performance Standards : for^^ Sol-
vent Metal=Cleaning Operations, .Appendix Reports, ,D. W.
Richards and K..S. Surprenant, eds. Contract 6r8-02-132,9,
Tas'H 3, U.S." EnyirQnmental .Protection Agehcy, Research
Triangle Park, ^prth Carolina, ^une 3,0, 1976. Apipendix A.
(13) Standard Industrial Classification -Manual. ,U:S. Office of
1 ; 'Mainagement and Budget, Washington, D.C., 1972. 649 pp.
8
-------
TABLE 5. SOLVENT DECREASING SOURCE TYPES (1-12)
Source
SIC
Number
of'
plants
Estimated
number of ,
vapor |
decreasing;
operations
Estimated
number of
;cold
cleaning
operations
Industrial degreasing:
Metal furniture
Primary metals
Fabricated products"
Nonelectric machinery
Electric equipment
Transportation equipment
Instruments "and clocKs
Miscellaneous
Subtotal t
Automotive:
25
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
9,233
6,792
29,525
40^792
12,270
8; 802
:5,983
15,187
128,584
492
1,,547
5,140
15,302
6,302
1,917
2,559
' 886
24,145
I 23,869
i 117,558
,76,329
,105,456
1 31,120
, >22,756
;:i5,467
: ;39,2.62
:332,417
Auto repair shops and garages
Automotive dealers
Subtotal
Gasoline stations '
Maintenance Shops
Textile plants (fabric scourincj)
Total f
75 127,203 ( ;
55 "121,369 ;
, 248,572
55 226,455 ' ' \
320,70ia
22 7,201
931,513 24 ,,145 ;
1141,977
:i35,463
2*77,440
252,753
357,945
! ; 9 , 451
1,230,006
: i ":
.-;
Note. Blanks indicate not applicable. '
3Total number 'of manufacturing plants in United States^
spirits, naphthas (petroleum distillates, Stoddard solvents),
perchloroethylene, toluene, trichloroethy lene, L, I/ 1-trichloro-
ethane, and xylenes. * \ , ;.-
A breakdown of the type of solvent used arid the amount consumed
for degreasing on a type-of-plant basis has not been ^accomplished
(personal communication with J. L. Shumaker, Chemical and; petro-
leum Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, August, 9 ,
1977). An exhaustive industry survey beyond the limits; of this
study would be necessary. Therefore, assessing degreasing emis-
sions on the basis of the type of plant utilizing degreasing and
-------
TABLE 6. SIC MAJOR GROUPS AND DEFINITIONS FOR SOLVENT USES (13)
sic ' ' '" ' ~"' ' ' ! " ' "
major
group ^__j _^ ^_ Definition . ,
25 Metal furnitureThis major group includes establishments engaged in manufacturing household, office, public
building, and restaurant furniture; and office and store fixtures. Establishments primarily engaged in the
production of millwork are classified in Industry 2341,- wood kitchen cabinets in Industry 2434; cut stone and
concrete furniture in Major Group 32; laboratory and hospital furniture in Major Group 38; beauty and barber
shop furniture in-Major Group 39; and woodworking to individual order or in the nature of reconditioning and
repair in nonmanufacturing industries,
33 Primary metalsThis major group includes establishments engaged in the smelting and refining of ferrous and non-
ferrous metals from ore, pig, or scrap; in the rolling, drawing, and alloying of ferrous and nonferrous metals;
in the manufacture of castings and other basic products of ferrous and nonferrous metals; and in the manufac-
ture of nails, spikes, and insulated wire and cable. This major group also includes the production of coke.
Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing metal forgings or stampings are classified in Group 346.
34 Fabricated productsThis major group includes establishments engaged in fabricating ferrous and nonferrous
metal products such as metal cans, tinware, hand tools, cutlery, general hardware, nonelectric heating appara-
tus, fabricated structural metal products, metal forgings, metal stampings, ordinance (except vehicles and
guided missiles), and a variety of metal and wire products not elsewhere classified. Certain important seg-
ments of the metal fabricating industries are classified in other major groups, such as machinery in Major
Groups 35 and 36; transportation equipment, including tanks, in Major Group 37; professional scientific and
controlling instruments, watches, and clocks in Major Group 38; and jewelry and silverware are in Major Group
39. Establishments primarily engaged in producing ferrous and nonferrous metals and their alloys are classi-
fied in Major Group 33.
35 Nonelectric machinery--This major group includes establishments engaged in manufacturing machinery and equipment'
other than electrical equipment (Major Group 36) and transportation equipment (Major Group 37). Machines
powered by built-in or detachable motors ordinarily are included in this major group, with the exception of
electrical household appliances (Major Group 36). Portable tools, both electric and pneumatic powered, are
included in this major group, but hand tools are classified in Major Group 34.
36 Electric equipmentThis major group includes establishments engaged in manufacturing machinery, apparatus, and
supplies for the generation, storage, transmission, transformation, and utilization of electrical energy. The
manufacture of household appliances is included in this group, but industrial machinery and equipment powered
by 'built-in or detachable electric motors are classified in Major Group 35. Establishments primarily engaged
in manufacturing instruments for indicating, measuring, and recording electrical quantities are classified in
Industry 3825.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 6 (continued)
sic
major
group ___^ __^ Definition
37 Transportation equipmentThis major group includes establishments engaged in manufacturing equipment: for trans-
portation of passengers and cargo by land, air, and water. Important products produced by establishments.
Classified in this major group include motor vehicles, aircraft, guided missiles and space-vehicles, ships,
boats, railroad equipment, and-miscellaneous transportation equipment such as motorcycles, bicycles, and snow-
mobiles. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing mobile homes are classified in Industry 2451.
38 Instruments and clocksThis major group includes establishments engaged in manufacturing instruments {including
professional and scientific) for measuring, testing, analyzing, and controlling, and their associated sensors
and accessories; optical instruments and lenses; surveying and drafting instruments; surgical, medical, arid
dental instruments, equipment, and supplies; ophthalmic goods; photographic equipment and supplies, and. watches
and clocks.
39 MiscellaneousThis major group includes establishments primarily engaged in'manufacturing products riot classi-
fied in any other manufacturing major group. Industries in this group fall into the following categories:
jewelry, silverware, and plated ware; musical instruments;.toys, sporting goods and athletic goods;pens, :
pencils, and Other office.and .artists' materials; buttons, costume novelties, arid miscellaneous.notions;
brooms ahd brushes; caskets; and other miscellaneous manufacturing industries. ':''
75 Automotive .repair;, services,,, and garagesThis major group includes establishments primarily engaged in furnish-
ing automotive repair, rental,. leasing, and parking, services to the general public. Automotive repair shops
operated by establishments engaged in the sale of automobiles are classified in Group 551; those operated by
gasoline service stations are classified in Industry 5541. -
55 automotive dealersThis major.group includes retail dealers selling new and used automobiles, boats, recre- ^
ational and utility trailers/ and motorcycles; those selling new automobile parts and accessories; and gasoline
service stations. . . ...
22 Textile plants (fabric, scouring)'This major group includes establishments engaged ,in performing any of the fol-
lowing operations: 1) preparation of fiber and subsequent manufacturing of yarn, thread, braids, twine, and
other cordage; 2) manufacturing broad woven fabric, narrow woven fabric, knit fabric, and carpets and rugs from
yarn; 3) dyeing and finishing fiber., yarn, fabric, and knit apparel; 4) coating, waterproofing, or otherwise
treating fabric; 5) integrated manufacturing of knit apparel and other finished.articles from yarn; and
6) manufacturing of felt goods, lace goods, nonwoven fabrics, and miscellaneous textiles... ,
This classification makes no distinction between the. two types of organizations which operate in the textile
industry; 1) the "integrated" mill which purchases materials, produces textiles and related articles within
the establishment, and sells the finished products; and 2) the "contract" or "Commission" mill which pro-
cesses .materials owned by others. Converters or other nonmanufacturing establishments which assign materials
to contract mills for processing (other than knitting) are classified in nonmanufacturing industries; estab-
lishments which assign yarns to outside contractors or commission, knitters for the production of knit products
are classified in Group 225. ' :
-------
the type of solvent used in the operation is not possible with
existing information. However, information relative to the
tptal number of degreasing operations, the types of degreasing
employed, and the kind of solvent used in each type of degreasing
is available (1, 12, 14). Utilizing this information; a break-
down of the number of operations using each-kind ,of solvent for
each type of degreasing can be.estimated. This breakdown, given
in Table 7, is the basis for the assessment o.f solvent emissions
from degreasing presented in this report. , Thus, the assessment
of degreasing operations is based on the type Of degreasing
rather than on the type of industry using degreasing due to the
nature of the available data. ;l
TABLE 7. ESTIMATED NUMBER OF OPERATIONS USING SOLVENTS
BY TYPE OF DEGREASING (1, 12, 14)a
Number of degreasing operations
Solvent
Butanol
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Hexane
Naphtha
Mineral spirits ' '
Toluene '
Xylenes
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Ethers
Carbon tetrachloride
Fluorocarbons
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroe thane
b - -
Total
Vapor
(open top) Co]d cleaning
61,647
79,261
42,273
16,656
413,854
'71,382
54,602
28,552
2,379
16,656
1,761
10,568
2,130 _ 66,932
298 21,136
3,121 45,795
11,440 " 149,715
4,011 137,386
21,000 1,220,555
Vapor
( conveyorized)
.
319
45
467
1,713
601 "
3,145
Fabric
scouring
: ."
4,619
1,617
2,522
693
9,451
Note.Blanks indicate no use of specified solvent in that type of
degreasing. '
a
1974 basis.
b
1 Total number of degreasers was taken from Reference 14. Number of
degreasers using each type of solvent was estimated using percentages
calculated from information in Reference 12.
(14) Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Organic .Solvent
Metal Cleaning Operations (draft document). U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, April 1977. pp. 1-10.
12
-------
PROCESS DESCRIPTION \ '' ' ."' " '
"."-:.- _-'-}, ; .". '-" '-''.. ,<./...".-, " ; - - ' -'...;."".- .-. - -' * -' - . r. ,-._. r
Degreasers are used to clean all of the common''industrial metals,
including malleable, ductile, and gray cast iron; carbon and-
alloy steel; stainless steel; copper; brass; bronze;- zinc; alum-
inum; magnesium; tin; lead;^nickel; and titanium tl5).: ' '
The degreasing process is adaptable to items of a wide' range 6f
sizes and shapes, from transistor components to aircraft sec-
tions. The process is also used to clean metal strip and wire at
speeds up to -45 m/min to 60 m/min (15).
A general flow diagram for degreasers, regardless of type, is
shown in Figure 1. The work to be cleaned is conveyed either
manually or automatically (stream 1) into the degreaser. After
degreasing is completed, the part is manually withdrawn or auto-
matically conveyed to the next step in the manufacturing process
or servicing operation {stream 2). Solvent may be heated in the
degreaser by either steam, gas, or electricity (stre'am 3) > de-
pending upon fuel availability. Solvent leaves the degreaser
either by diffusion into the atmosphere (stream 4} or by entrain-
ment with the work, so-called "dragout" (stream 5). -Diffused
solvent (stream 4) may be collected by an!exhaust hood and vented
-ฎ
EXHAUST MOOD
.ฉ
ฎ
1ฎ
(D
DEGREASER
HEATER
@
DEGREASER
CONDENSER
COAL GAS
OR FUEL OIL
INDUSTRIAL BOILER
TO AIR | :_, TO AIR
SOLVENT RECOVERY SYSTEM
DRYER
SLUDGE TO WASTE
(e.9. LANDFILL)
IOENSER
TO SOLVENT
STORAGE
CARBON ABSORPTION SYSTEM
Figure 1. Degreaser flow diagrams.
(15) Handbook of Vapor Degreasing. ASTM Special Technical Pub-
lication No. 310, American Society for Testing and Mater-
ials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1962. 33 pp^
13
-------
to either the atmosphere or a carbon adsorption system (stream 6)
Solvent loss is balanced by the periodic addition of solvent
(stream 7) from storage tanks or drums. Finally, "dirty" sol-
vent, /which is solvent contaminated with grease or oil, is
removed from the system as necessary and sent to the solvent
recovery system (stream 8). The distillate is condensed, sent
through a water separator, and finally placed in solvent storage
(stream 9). The boiler, which may be fired with coal, gas, or
fuel oil (stream 10), provides steam if it is required.
Degreasing operating conditions vary with: the application and
depend on the item being cleaned. Degreasing is performed at
atmospheric pressure and at temperatures ranging from 10ฐC to
120ฐC. Mechanical .agitation is sometimes used, to remove soils.
Open Top Vapor:Degreasers
There are seven types of open top vapor degreasers, and they are
described individually below (15-20).
Conventional vapor degreaser-- ,
The simplest type of degreaser is the vapor degreaser (Figure 2)
(20). The unit ,is comprised of a sump that holds solvent and a
heater_that boils solvent to generate solvent vapors. Vapor
level is maintained by a water jacket which encircles the ma-
chine. The body of the degreaser extends above the water jacket
to minimize the escape of solvent vapors. The height of this
"free-board" is equal to one-half the tank width or 0.91 m,
whichever is shorter (15-17).
(16) Kearney, T. J. OSHA and EPA as They Apply to Solvent Vapor
Degreasing. Detrex Chemical Industries, Inc., Detroit,
Michigan, September 1974. 16 pp.
(17) Kearney, T. J., and C. E. Kircher. How to Get the Most from
Solvent'Vapor Degreasing, Part I. Metal Progress,
77(4):87-92, 1960.
(18) Kearney, T, J., and C. E. Kircher. How to Get the Most from
SolventVapor Degreasing, Part II. Metal Progress,
77(5):93-96, 162, 164, 1960.
(19) Surprenarit, K. S., and D. W. Richards. Study to Support New
Source Performance Standards for Solvent Metal Cleaning
Operations, Final Report. Contract 68-02-1329, Task 9, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, June: 30, 1976.
(20) Today's Concepts of Solvent Degreasing. Detrex Chemical
Industries, Inc., Detroit, Michigan. .22 pp.
14
-------
FREE-
BOARD
VAPOR LEVEL
VAPOR ZONE
WATER JACKET
CON DEN SATE
COLLECTING
TROUGH
VAPOR GENERATING
SUMP
HEATER ,
Figure 2. Basic vapor degreaser (20).
Vapor degreasers are satisfactory for .removing oils and greases
that are partially or completely soluble in the degreasing sol-
vent. Work to be cleaned is immersed in the vapor zone. The
solvent condenses on the exposed surface of the part, and the
condensed solvent dissolves the grease. This action continues
until the part is heated to the vapor temperature. The amount of
condensation depends upon, the mass of the part and its specific
heat. For example, aluminum will condense twice as much solvent
vapor as the same weight of steel (15, 17, 21).
Vapor-distillate spray machine-- ; .
Vapor-distillate spray machines combine the basic vapor degreaser
with a spray system (Figure 3). The work is suspended in the
HEATER
VAPOR :
GENERATING SUMP
AUXILIARY
CONDENSER
, COIL
CON DEN SATE
COLLECTING
PAfJV
WATER
SEPARATOR
DISTILLATE
;suMP
SPRAY PUMP
Figure 3. Vapor-distillate spray machine (20)
(21) -Payne, H. F. Organic Coating Technology, Volume II. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.,.New York, New York, 1961. pp. 1019-1020.
15
-------
vapor zone for degreasing. While still in the vapor zone, parts
are flushed with a clean distillate spray which also cools the
work surface, thereby prpmotihg further condensation (15, 17, 21).
As shown in Figure 3, condensed solvent is collected in a separ-
ate sump to one side of ;the work zone where it cannot be contam-
inated by dirt from parts. Distillate flows into the solvent
sump and then overflows-into the boiling sump. The condensate
collection system is equipped with a separator for removing
extraneous water. (Water enters the system from the atmosphere
and with the work.) All solvent.spraying takes place in the
vapor zone (15, 17, 21). .."' : -- >
Vapor-distillate spraying removes dirt that is partially insol-
uble in the solvent (e.g., polishing, buffing, and honing com-
pounds). The mechanical action of the spray helps dislodge and
remove the insoluble portion. The spray also helps in removing
the deposits of soluble materials, assists in1 cleaning the
interior of parts that have cavities containing trapped 'air, and
flushes out passageways (17).
Vapor-spray-vapor degreaser
The vapor-spray-vapor ^ycle (Figure 4) is similar to the vapor-
distillate-spray cycle. In the vapor-spray-vapor cycle, work is
passed through the vapors and into the spray zone before the
soluble portion of the dirt is completely 'removed. The solvent
spray then dislodges the heavy soil and cools the parts enough
for final vapor cleaning (17). ;
MONORAIL
OBT
FREE-
BOARD
^X/MJXILIARY'
S- CONDENSER
cons
VERTICAL
SPEED
NOT TO
EXCEED 3.4m/min
WATER JACKET
CONDENSATE
COLLECTING
PAN
VAPOR GENERATING
SUMP
SOLVENT SPRAY SUMP
SOLVENT SPRAY PUMP
Figure 4. Vapor-spray-vapor degreasing unit <20).
Liquid-vapor degreaser--
A liquid-vapor degreaser (Figure 5) consists of two chambers/
The first chamber contains boiling solvent which generates
vapors. The second chamber is a warm solvent bath in which the
parts are immersed. The condensate collection system returns
the condensate to the warm solvent bath, thereby constantly
16
-------
diluting impurities in the bath. Solvent overflows,from the
immersion chamber into the.,vapor generating sump (17).. ;
AUXILIARY CONDENSER COIL
V
WATER JACKET
CONDENSATE
TROUGH
VAPOR LEVEL \
VAPOR
GENERATING SUMP
HEATER FOR MAINTAINING
BATH TEMPERATURE
Figure 5. Liquid-vapor degreaser (20).
Parts to be cleaned are lowered through the vapors into the im-
mersion chamber where they are washed by the warm solvent. The
parts are then withdrawn and held in the vapor to permit complete
drainage and to undergo vapor cleaning. The immersion bath
temperature is maintained below the boiliWg point of the solvent
so that condensation will occur as the part moves through the
vapor zone to allow for vapor cleaning (17). The vertical speed
through the vapor- zone shbuld riot exceed 3.4 m/min to maintain
the air-vapor interface. Excessive speed causes solvent loss.
Two-chamber immersion degreaser
Twd-chamber immersion degreasers (Figure 6) are"similar to
liquid-vapor degreasers in that they consist of a boiling sump
and a warm solvent bath. In the two-chamber'immersion degreaser,
however, cleaning is accomplished by immersing the parts in
boiling solvent where the mechanical scrubbing action of the
agitated liquid removes insolubles, heavy oils, and greases.
From here the part is transferred to a rinse compartment. The
part is rinsed with warm solvent-which lowers the temperature of
the work sufficiently to permit a finalrvapor cleaning (17).
VAPOR LEVEL
LIQUID LEVEL
/ X
/
BOILING
SOLVENT
oo ooo y _
WARM RINSE
Jx HEATERS
Figure 6. Two-chamber immersion degreaser (20)
17
-------
Multiple immersion degreaser
The multiple immersion degreaser (Figure 7) is a two-chamber
immersion degreaser with a third chamber added. The additional
chamber contains solvent vapor that provides a final vapor
cleaning^ This type of degreaser allows straight line production
VAPOR LEVEL
\
LI QUID LEVEL
LIQUIDLEVEL^ /
VAPOR
Figure 7. Multiple immersion degreaser (20).
Ultrasonic degreaser
Ultrasonic degreasing combines a precleaning cycle, such as
vapor-spray-vapor or immersion cleaning, with a subsequent treat-
ment by immersion in an ultrasonically agitated liquid bath of
th4e degreasing solvent (Figure 8) (22). Transducers which con-
vert electrical energy to mechanical energy are placed in the
bath either at the bottom or on the sides to supply the power for
agitation. Solvent filtration for particle size down to 2 ym,
5 ym, or 10 ym, depending on the type of soil, is provided. The
frequency and intensity of the ultrasonic energy are selected on
the^basis of tests. An application example is the removal of
residual oil from roller bearing cones. The cones are ultrason-
ically cleaned in trichlproethylene at 60ฐC, with the immersed
transducers operating at a frequency of 400 kHz (400 kilocycles).
The average power intensity at the transducer is 2.5 x lO4 W/m2
\ X / )
Conveyorized Vapor Degreaser
Conveyorized vapor degreasers employ the same process techniques
as do open top degreasers; the only significant difference is
material handling. Open top degreasers use hand-held baskets or
(22) Branson's FD & UD Series Ultrasonic Vapor Degreasers. Bran-
son Cleaning Equipment Co., Stamford, Connecticut, April
1974. 6 pp.
18
-------
Figure 8. Ultrasonic degreaser (22).
overhead cranes, powered with either electricity or compressed
air -motors. In conveyorized equipment, most if not all of the
manual parts handling has been eliminated. Conveyorized
degreasers are nearly always hooded or covered,
There are seven main types of conveyorized degreasers; each is
discussed subsequently.
Cross-rod-degreaser--
The cross-rod ;degreaser {Figure 9) (23) obtains its name from the
rods between the two power-driven chains which convey the parts
through the equipment. The parts may be transported in pendant
baskets or, where tumbling of the parts rs desired, they can be
carried in perforated cylinders.
Monorail vapor degreaser
The monorail vapor degreaser (Figure 10) (23} is chosen when the
transportation system between plant manufacturing operations also
employs a monorail conveyor. This design lends itself to auto-
matic cleaning with solvent spray and vapor.
(23) Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Organic Solvent
Metal Cleaning Operations
-------
Figure 9. -Cross-rod conveyorized: degreaser (23)
Figure 10. Monorail jcbnveyorized ^degrea^er (23) .
Vibra degreaser-- ; " f
In a vibra degreaser (Figure 11) (23) , dirty parts are fed
through a chute which directs them into a pan flooded with sol-
vent. The pan is connected immediately toa spiral tray.The
pan and spiral tray are vibrated, causing the parts to move from
the pan up the spiral tray to the exit :chute. The parts condense
solvent vapor as they are vibrated up the spiral; rand dry as soon
as they leave the vapor, zone. ;
20
-------
Workload Discharger Chute
Distillate Return
For Counter-
flow Wash
Figure 11. Vibra degreaser (23).
Ferris .wheel degreaser , ,
The Ferris wheel degreaser (Figure 12) (23) is one. of the,
cheapest and smallest conveyorized degreasers. It enables use
of perforated cylinderical baskets like the cross-rod degreaser
can use.
Figure 12. Ferris wheel degreaser (23).
Belt degreaser-- ,
The belt:degreaser (Figure 13) (23) enables simple and rapid
loading and unloading of parts.
21
-------
Figure 13. Mesh belt conveyorized degreaser (23).
Strip degreaser--
The strip degreaser is an integral step of fabricating.'and coat-
ing various sheet metal products. The strip in a strip degreaser
resembles the belt in a belt degreaser, except the strip itself
is the product to be cleaned.
Circuit board cleaners
The circuit board cleaner type of conveyorized degreaser uses one
of the previously described types of degreasers for the specific
application of producing printed circuit boards. There are three
types of circuit board cleaners: the developer, stripper, and
defluxer. The role of these three circuit board cleaners in the
manufacturing process is described as .follows. Ultraviolet rays
are projected through a film of an electrical circuit pattern to
create an image on a copper sheet covered with resistance. The
developer degreaser dissolves off the unexposed resistance. This
copper-covered board is dipped in an acid bath to etch away the
copper that is not covered by the hard, developed resistance.
Next the stripper degreaser dissolves off the developed resist-
ance. Then a wave of solder passes over the bare copper circuit
and bonds to it. Finally the defluxer degreaser dissolves off
the flux left after the solder hardens. Because of the nature
of the materials being degreased, circuit board cleaners often
use cold (room temperature) solvents.
When a solvent is used as a room temperature liquid rather than
as a vapor, the process is called cold cleaning. This includes
wiping the area to be cleaned, spraying, or dipping in a solvent
tank (19). The total number of cold cleaning operations in the
United States is estimated to be 1,220,555, excluding fabric
scouring (14). It is estimated that 74% of plants using solvents
22
-------
use some form of cold solvent cleaning. The percentage of plants
using cold cleaning varies inversely with-the size of the plant
(19).
Some cold cleaning is done in conveyorized degreasers. Of the
seven types of vapor conveyorized degreasers, belt, strip, and
circuit board degreasers can also use solvents in the liquid
state. Of the estimated 3,700 conveyorized degreasers (14), 550
are room temperature degreasers; e.g., cold conveyorized de-
greasers. Thus they represent less than 15% of all conveyorized
degreasers and less than 0.01% of all cold cleaning operations.
Auxiliary Equipment
In addition to the degreaser unit, auxiliary equipment of the
types described below may be associated with each degreasing
process.
Solvent Recovery System--
As parts are degfeased, the degreasing solvent becomes contami-
nated. The contaminated solvent is purified when the contaminant
level approaches 30%. This level is determined by charigfes in
physical properties such as the solvent boiling point (Tables 8
and 9) (24, 25). The solvent is purified in one of two types of
solvent recovery systems (24).
TABLE 8. BOILING POINTS OF CLEAN AND CONTAMINATED SOLVENTS (24)
~~~ ~~~ ~~ 'Boiling point, ฐC
..... -,... ', . . . -. , : - ' "- ' ' : :' ' 30%' ..' ' ...-'
Solvent Clean Contaminated
Trichloroethylene
Perchloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Methylene chloride
87.2,
121.1
74.1 :
40.0
90.5
126.7
85.0
48.9
One type of recovery system utilizes the degreaser itself as a
solvent still. The condensate is collected in a trough and sent
first to a water separator and then to reclaimed solvent storage.
Contaminants are thus concentrated in the bottom of the degreaser
and cleaned out manually. There are two disadvantages to this
system. First, production time is lost since the degreaser must
be off-line during the cleaning process. Second, as much as 50%
of the sludge removed is solvent (15, 24).
(24) Vapor Degreasers. Branson Equipment Co. , Clarke, New Jer-
sey. 11 pp.
(25) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 47th Edition, Section C.
The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio, 1966.
23
-------
; TABLE 9. BOILING POINTS, OF OTHER COMMON .:.-:.
-..':.- : : DECREASING: SOLVENTS (25) ;
Boiling point,
;/; ;'l.;- ' .""'.:..:.;'./". ; ;' ' :. ; ' . ': ฐc :
; , . ; :SoIvent , , Clean .
Carbon 'tetrachloride : '.. > 76.8
Acetone >..... ' - -- ^ ; 56.5
Butanol : : : 117.2.
Ether : :-: , ' . ;. . .., 35.0
Ethyl isopropyl ether 68.0
Methyl ethyl ketone 80.0
Naphthas (petroleum distillates,
Stoddard solvents) . -.- 150 to 200 /
Chlorofluorocarbons: ; 0 to 5D
n-Hexane 68.9
Toluene 110.6
Mineral spirits 40 to 80
Xylenes . _: -. , ". -138V4 to I44v4
Cyclohexane ;- : ; :..- -, ..- .. 80>0
Benzene -; y - 80.1 :
The second type of solvent recovery system contains a batch dis-
tillation column which may be fed directly from one or moire
degreasers. Contaminated solvent (stream 8) is distilled with
steam, leaving the contaminants as bottoms. Distillate is con-
densed, sent through a water separator, and finally placed in
solvent storage (stream 9). Batch distillation is more efficient
than degreaser concentration since the sludge contains approxi-
mately 10% solvent. Furthermore, the sludge can be stripped
using steam injection to reduce the solvent level to less than
1% (15, 24). It should be noted, however, that due to the forma-
tion of acids, steam stripping of some types of solvents, such
as 1,1,1-trichloroethane can lead to equipment corrosion,
stabilizer depletion, and solvent degradation.
Carbon Adsorption System- :
Degreasers can be fitted with carbon adsorption beds to collect
and recycle escaping solvent vapors (Figure 1, stream 6). Carbon
adsorption systems are discussed in Section 5. ;
Industrial Boiler : ' -' r { :
The steam required by processes with steam-heated degreasers or
solvent stills is supplied by an industrial boiler (Figure 1).
The boiler may be fired with coal, gas, or fuel oil (stream 10).
The environmental impact of industrial boilers is being assessed
in other contract studies and will not be discussed further in
this report.
24
-------
.a '..;
Fabric Scouring . '..'-" ,
Degreasing operations encompass'both"degreasers, as described
above, and; fabrig scouring. Fabrics'are scoured ;to remove waxes,
pectins', dirt, lubricants, warp; sizing; and other foreign sub-
stances remaining on the fibers!or picked up in fabric produc-
tion. Fabrics are scoured with; detergents and water, with
organic solvents, by kierboiling, or by enzyme treatment (26).
This report discusses only the organic:solvent mdthod of fabric
scouring.
Types-- - i '""
Solvent scouring processes fall into three types: textile scour-
ing, wool scouring, and multilayer treatment. All three types
clean with liquid solvent and can be classified as types of cold
conveyorized degreasers.
Textile scouring process--Figure 14 represents a typical flow-
sheet for the textile process. Scouring occurs prior to the dye-
ing step. Figure 15 depicts a fabric scouring machine. Fabric
enters the scouring section by conveyor and moves through the
scouring section where it is sprayed with solvent. The fabric is
supported and tensionless as it is scoured. Still tensionless,
it is fed onto the dryer conveyors, traveling from bottom ,tฐ top.
The fabric is then cooled as it leaves the machine.. It may be
folded, rolled, or fed into the next machine after being scoured
(27, 28). -
Solvent is collected at two points in the machine. Excess sol-
vent spray is collected beneath the conveyor and sent to a sol-
vent holding tank. Solvent vapors collect at the bottom of the
dryer, since this is the coolest point, and are condensed by
solvent condensers.' Condensed solvent is then sent either to the
solvent holding tank or directly to the solvent recovery system
(27, 28).
aAs used in this report, "scouring" is synonymous with "clean-
ing." In some literature sources "scouring" meaps specifically
"cleaning with detergent and water."
(26) Stout, E. E. Introduction to: Textiles. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, New York, 1960. pp. 283-284.
(27) Mathews, J. C., et al. Screening Study on the Justification
of Developing New Source Performance Standards for Various
Textile Processing Operations. Contract 68-02-0607-11, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
: North Carolina, August 1974. 106 pp. . : ..
(28) Solvent Scouring. Circular;No, 721122,; Riggs and Lombard,
Inc., Springfield, Massachusetts, September 1973. 4pp.
25
-------
WOVEN FABRICS, ALL FIBERS, CARPETS
FILAMENT YARN
Figure 14. Textile process flowsheet (27).
COLLECTION HOOD
OUTLET CONVEYOR
TO STILLl
Figure 15. Continuous knit fabric scouring (27).
Wool scouringIn this process, wool is scoured with a solvent
such as trichldroethylene or perchloroethylene. Solvent.is then
removed from wool with a mixture of water and alcohol The
2.6
-------
cleaning agent containing wool grease is separated from the water
and alcohol mixture and recovered in; a low pressure, low tem-
perature distillation plant (see Figure 16) (29).
DRY CLEANING
MACHINES
AND TANKS
COOLING AIR
TO ATMOSPHERE
EVAPORATORS
ISOPROPYL
ALCOHOL
WATER
DRIER
TO DRAIN
Figure 16. Wool scouring process (29).
Multilayer treatmentIn this process, textiles are put through
solvent scouring in several layers to increase throughput.
Organic solvent penetrates these layers, removing both the
grease and adhering solvent. Solvents normally used are trichlo-
roethylene, perchloroethylene, 1,1,2-trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoro-
ethane, or mixtures of these. This process is essentially the
same as that discussed for textiles except the fabric is put
through in multilayer form (30).
Auxiliary Equipment -..''.-...
Vacuum desolvating processThis process involves passing a
textile holding solvent through a vacuum chamber to remove the
(29) Saville, N. Method of Scouring Wool. U.S. Patent 3,619,
116 (to Thomas Burley & Sons, Ltd., London, England),
November 9, 1971.
(30.) Case, J. W., N. F. Crowder, and W. A. S. White. Treatment
of Textiles. U.S. Patent 3,458,273 (to Imperial Chemical
Industries, Ltd., London, England), July 29, 1969.
27
-------
solvent. The time, vacuum, and temperature can be varied as
required. Figure 17 shows, the , apparatus 'far this .process-"; (31)
ROLLERS-*
HEAT CONTROLS
OUTLEf
OPENING
TEXTILE MATERIAL
SOLVENT MEDIA
RUBBER SEALING ROLLERS
NLET OPENING
'!/
.D
/CHAMBER ;
-^'RIGID STRUCTURE
^VACUUM SEAL
f
-COOLING CO 11^
xCONDUIT
CONDUIT
VACUUM PUMP
TANK
Figure 17. ii Vac'uum process for the removal of moisture
and solvents from textiles (31) .
i ' i ,
Carbon adsorption systemThis system is essentially the same as
that to be described in Section 5. .
Ten characteristics are required of solvents used in degreasing
process (15). Solvents must:
(31) Wedlar, F. C. Process for Removal of,Moisture and/pr Spl-
; vents from- .Textile Materials .'., U,sX Patent 3J 63.0 , 660, (to
: " Burlington i|idustries), December 28, 1971. ,, ; , ,;
28
-------
Either dissolve or attack oils,' greases, :and other
contaminants. : ....'. ..
Have a;low latent heat of vaporization and a low specific
heat so that a maximum amount of solvent will condense on
a given weight of metal and keep heat requirements to a
minimum.
Have a high vapor density relative to air and a low rate . "",
of diffusion into the air to minimize solvent losses.
Be chemically stable under conditions of use.
Be essentially noncorrosive to common materials of
construction.
Have a boiling point low enough to permit the solvent to be
easily separated from oil, grease, and other contaminants
by simple distillation.
Not form azeotropes with liquid contaminants or with other!
solvents.
Have a boiling point high enough so that sufficient solvent
vapors will be condensed on the work to insure adequate
cleaning. \ .'
Be available at reasonable cost.
Remain nonexplosive under the operating conditions of vapor
degreasing. , ,
Table LO (32-36) lists the physical properties of commercially
available solvents. Table 11 (19, 33, 34,(-37-41) gives ,the con-
sumption of the estimated 17 solvents used in degreasing opera-
tions. A discussion of each of these solvents follows.
(32) Lange, N. A., and G. M. Porker. Handbook of Chemistry,
Eighth Edition. Handbook Publishers, Inc., 1952. 1998 pp.
(33) Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Segond
Edition, Volume 7. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,; New
York, 1965. pp. 307-326.
(34) ;Kirk-Othmer "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Second
Edition, Volume 13." John Wiley! & Sons, Inc., New York,
New York, 1965. pp. 284-292. ~ ' ' '
(3-5) Moderri Plastics Encyclbpe:di.a, :Vblume 50, No. lOA. "McGraw-
Hill Book Co'. , New York> New Y6rk, 1973-7-4. F pp. 744-757.
(36) He-at Exchanger Tube Manual. Scovill Manufacturing Cp.,
Waterbury, Massachusetts, 1957. 171.;pp. , ,
(37) jChesmical PrQf41e, Trichloroethylene,. Chemical Marketing
;^-. Reporter, ;208 i,i.2)-;: 9, JSeptember 22:, 1975. ^ " t "^ ;-.
(38) Chemical Profile, Fluorocarbons. Chemical Marketing1
(continued)
29
-------
TABLE 10. PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SOLVENTS (32-36)
Solvent
Toluene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Acetone
Carbon tetrachloride
n-Butanol
sec-Butanol
Naphtha, coal tar
Naphtha, safety (stoddard)
Mineral spirits
Ethers (petroleum)
Benzene
o-Xylene
Cyclohexane
Hexane
Trichlorotr if luoroe thane
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethyl ene
Trichloroethylene
1 , 1 , 1-Tr ichloroe thane
Boiling
point (32)
ฐC
110.6 (36)
79.6 (34)
56.7
76.7
117.2
107.2
150 to 200
150 to 200
155 to 175
40 to 70
80.1 (33)
143.9 (34)
80.7 (33)
66.7
74.1
40.0
121.1
87.2
74.1
Latent heat of
vaporization (32) ,
V/4
363.4
443.8
521.3
218.1
591.6
578.2
326 (36)
301.5 (36)
326.6 (36)
288.9 (36)
394
347
358.4
337.0
146.5
330.4
209.4
239.5
221.1
Specific heat
(32),
J/g-c
1.76
2,30
2.22
0.84
2.34
2.34
1.30 (36)
1.34 (36)
1.34 (36)
1.17 (36)
1.72
1.72
1.80
1.55
0.88
1.17
0.88
0.96
1.09
Specific
Liquid
(water = 1)
0.87
0.81
0.79
1.58
0.81
0.81
0.90^
0.86;!
0.87C
0.60C
0.88
0.88
0.78
0166
1.514
1.326
1.623
1.464
1.327
gravity (32)
Vapor
(air - 1)
3.14
2.41
2.00
5.3C
2.55
2.55
4.3C
4'3t
c
2.9ฐ
2.77
3.66
2.90
2.97 :
6.75
2.93
5.73
4.54
4.50
Evaporation
rate (35), .
, (CCli, - 100)
12
45
91
100
3.5
9.4
1.5 to 12
1.5 to 12
0.63
100b
49
5.5
2ฐ
113
280
147
27
69
139
Water solubility
in solvent (35),
(9 20ฐC, g/100 g)
0.05
13.4
Complete
0.08
25.8
57.0
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.05
0.04
<0 .01
<0.01
0.0121*cc
0.15
0.01
0.02
0.05ซ?C
Specific gravity of vapor phase was calculated using the ideal gas law. . .
Assuming boiling points for naphtha coal tar, Stoddard, mineral spirits, and ethers of_175ฐC, 17SฐCf 165ฐC, and 55ฐC, respectively,
along with the densities shown, the molecular weights estimated from Reference 21 are 124, 125, 120, and 85, respectively; the
density of air is assumed to be 1.293 kg/m^.
Latent heats of vaporization were estimated from Reference 36.
Specific heats were estimated from Reference 36 for the temperature range of 0 to 250ฐC, where applicable.
API gravities were assumed for the various petroleum fractions, respective to the list above, to be 25ฐC, 33"C, 31ฐC, and 100ฐAPI.
b
Carbon tetrachloride is the basis for evaporation rate comparisons. Its evaporation rate is given a value of 100.
Estimated value.
Halogenated Solvents
TrichloroethyleneTrichloroethylene (C1CH=CC12) is a stable,
colorless liquid emitting a chloroform-like odor (42). It has
been used because of its high solvency power and its low cost.
From 1961 to 1972, trichloroethylene sold for $0.276/kg (42).
(continued)
Reporter, 208 (9):9, September 1, 1975.
(39) Redksted, G. M. Upheaval in Vapor Degreasing. Factory,
7(1) :27-32, 1974.
(40) Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Second
Edition, Volume 8. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
New York, 1965. pp. 376-377.
(41) Cooper, W. J., et al. Hydrocarbon Pollutant Systems Study,
Volume I, Stationary Sources, Effects and Control. Publi-
cation No. APTD-1499 (PB 219 073), U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
October 1972. 379 pp.
(42) Sax, N. I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials,
Fourth Edition. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, New
York, 1963. 1258 pp.
30
-------
TABLE 11. DISTRIBUTION OF U.S. SOLVENT CONSUMPTION (19, 33, 34, 37-41)
a ,b
U)
Chemical
Halogenated hydrocarbons :
Carbon tetrachloride
Fluorocarboris
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
trichlbroethylene
1,1,1 Trichloroethane
Hydrocarbons :
Hexane
: Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Cyciohexane
Ethers
Mineral spirits
Naphthas
Ketones :
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone'
Cyclohexanone
Alcoho.ls :
.Methanol
Ethanol
Isopropanol
Butyl alcohol
. Amyl alcohbl
Esters : ,
. Amyl , butyl , ethyl acetates
Glycol ethers:
Ethylene glycol -monomethyl
Ethylene glycol monoethyl
Ethylene glycol monobutyl
Diethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
1974 Apparent
U.S .
consumption,
103 metric tons
534.8
428.6
235.4
330.2
173.7
236.3
135
5,307
3,085
2,635
1,066.7
56.3
210
4,450
882.5
237.2
70.2
290
3,233
1,106
802.9
159.6
20.4
137
39.1
86.3
ฃ2.5
30.3
35.5
1974 Apparent
solvent/degreasing 1974 Apparent Metal
j 103 metric tons consumption,, and
0.72 5 0.13
6 11.1 4
46.2 10 24
11. .4 43 54.6 16
43.8 112.7 15 90
78 90 71
7 5
7 35 0.1
14 0.5
12 100 0.5
1 0.1
6 . 11
30 14
188 4 . 2
10 1.1
7.5 3.1
3.3 2.1
Total consumption.
Fabric coating use
43
Paint remover
16 53
Drycleaning
9 .1
6
10 15
0.7
13 ,2
3.8 9 2
60
42 12
10 10
72 8
100
8
16 7
6
22
60
12 13
33 9
41 32
36
wt %c
Chemical
80
10
12
12
23
20
94.2
. 19.7
25
2 .
64
8
76
48
55
54.9
12
49
17
13
50
Aerbsol
21
3
50
: 5. -
58,3
Fuel
70
I some r
4
Anesthetic
86
40
15
8.9
.16
2
39
21
40
63
9
17
64
Comments
6.8.
Fumigant
28
Refrigerant
Q
Blowing agents
17.7
Aerosol
6.8. :
Nonfuel .uses
10
Fuel
27 . ; '
Toiletries and
disinfectants
Note - Blanks indicate not applicable.
Personal communication, J. S.
b
Personal communication, K. S.
CMRC estimates.
Gunin, Shell Ch
Surprenant, DOW
emical Co., Houston, Texas, October 1976.
Chemical Co . , Midland , Michigan , October 1976 .
d
1 metric ton = 10ฐ grams; conversion factors and metric system prefixes are presented in the prefactbry pages.
-------
Trichloroethylene can be vaporized using gas, electric, or steam
heaters (15). Trichloroethylene can be vaporized with low-
pressure (135.7 kPa to 204.6 kPa) steam because of:;its low boil-
ing point (87.2ฐC) (15). Stabilized trichloroethylene is used
for degreasing applications. In 1976, trichloroethylene at
$0.435/kg was the most expensive fabric scouring solvent (43).
FluorocarbonsIn addition to trichlorotrifluoroethane, trichlo-
rofluoromethane and tetrachlorodifluoroethane are also used in
solvent cleaning processes on a small, specialized scale. All
three have high density (1.5 times that of water), low boiling
point (0ฐC to 50ฐC), low viscosity, low surface tension, and
acceptable stability. Fluorocarbons are principally used as
aerosols. Trichlorotrifluoroethane is also used as a solvent
in drycleaning operations.
Methylene chlorideMethylene chloride (CH2C12) is a colorless,
volatile liquid (42). It is a low-volume degreasing solvent with
an estimated annual consumption of 5.6 x 10** metric tons. Methy-
lene chloride is the most active of the degreasing solvents (high
solvency power) (44). It also has the lowest boiling point
(40.0ฐC) and the highest latent heat of vaporization (330.2 J/g)
of these solvents (45). Since methylene chloride attacks some
plastic's and elastomers, it cannot be used as a degreasing sol-
vent for these materials (43). The low boiling point requires
refrigerated water : (12.7ฐC to 15.5ฐC) on the degreaser condensing
coils, and the high latent heat of vaporization requires removal
of more heat than other solvents (16, 44). Methylene chloride^is
stable under degreasing conditions. In 1976, the cost was esti-
mated to be $0.435/kg (43). Methylene chloride consumption in
metal vapor degreasing has more than doubled since 1972, indicat-
ing a switch from other solvents such as trichloroethylene. ,
1,1,1-Trichloroethane1,1,1-Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform,
CH3CC13) is a colorless liquid. It is the largest volume
vapor degreasing solvent, with 1.68 x 105 metric tons/yr being.
consumed. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane is the degreasing solvent most
like trichloroethylene in its degreasing properties. It has a
boiling point of 74.1ฐC and a kauributanol value of 124 compared
to corresponding properties in trichloroethylene of 87.2ฐC and
129. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane also has a low toxicity rating
(43) Chemical Marketing Reporter. 209(12) :46-56 , September 20,
: 1976. : , , .
(44) The United States Environmental Protection Agency and How
Its Regulations Will Affect Vapor Degreasing. Baron- ; -
Blakeslee, Chicago, Illinois, 1971. 19 pp.
(45) Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Fourth Edition. Perry J. H.,
ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, New York, 1963.
pp. 3-23 to 3-42.
32
-------
(TLV = 1,9 g/m3). ( 46) ,_ This solvent can be: heated with gas,: =
electricity:, Q^steam.1135. 7 kPa to 204,6 kPa) .-(is,--. 44)1. It must
be stabilized; for degreasing:' applications because^ it decomposes
in the presence of water to form hydrochloric and acetic acids
(19,, 44). Improperly stabilized, 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane can also
decompose in the presence of aluminum- or magnesium (19, 44)
Stabilizers for 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane (0. 05' g/10Cf g @ 25ฐC) "
require a special separator and desiccant -to remove' water from
the system (44). The estimated 1976 cost was $0.467/kg (43).
Perchloroethylene Perchloroe thy lene (C12C=CC12) is a colorless
liquid discharging a chloroform-like odor (42). - It is the ' third
largest volume vapor degreasing solvent, with '1.1 x 10 5 metric
tons consumed each year. The high boiling point ''(121 1ฐC) of
Perchloroethylene is beneficial for two reasons: 1) it aids in
the removal of high melting waxes and greases and 2) it allows '
the solvent to condense "on the work for a longer period of time
thereby giving a longer cleaning -cycle. Perchloroethylene
degreasers may- be heated by using gas, steam, or electricity,
If vsteam is used, high pressures (344.7 kPa to 413.6 kPa) are
required to attain the boiling point (44). The high' temperature
can/damage certain materials, such as plastics (44)'. Perchloro-
ethylene is also stabilized for degreasing use. In 1976 the'
cost ;was> estimated to be $0.377/kg (43).
Carbon ' tetrachloride--Carbon tetrachloride - (CQl^) -is a heavy, '
colorless liquid with an ethereal odor. It is -used occasionally
as a solvent and diluent, dry cleaning agent, or degreaser. It
is miscible in all proportions with ^alcohol, benzene, Chloroform,
ether;, and petroleum ether. ; Carbon ; tetrachloride has, a bdiling
point -of 76,8s ^: /v --:
ingested or inhaled, it -will cause in jury -dependlng^On J the: 'dose.
Death can result from 'prolonged exposure ttr-higlv concentrations '.
Carbon tetrachloride is not as ' strong a' narcotic as ' chloroform -
(42), The' cost ifi; 1976 :was : estimated to be $0v372/kg (43).- -
Nonhaldgenatedฃ-SQlverits-- V \ . . ;'- " _( '. . .-: -: :; . -^'-. * >. j < --..:-. ,:-,:,, :,--M
Acetone Acetone^ '^CH3GOGH3) ;is-'a colorless- liqiaid ^givihg^ of f -a "';';
fragrant, mintlike odor. Its ; molecular : weight is 58^08 and its
boiling point is 56. 48ฐC. Acetone generally is ;rated m6derately
toxic since it may produce reversible or irreversible changes
in the human body ' but'-not to the extent of threatening life^of^^
producing serious'' permanent :physical. impairment* In industry,
no injurious effects from its use have been reported other than
the occurrence of skin irritations resulting from its defatting
(46) TLVsฎ Threshold Limit Values'for Chemical Substances and
Physical-Agents in the Workroom Environment/with Intended
. Changes for 1976,,', American Conference: of Government a ;L "-
Industrial Hygienists , Cincinnati, Ohio, 1976 . 94 pp..
33
-------
action (42) . It is widely used in industry as a solvent for
fats, oils, waxes, nitrocellulose, and other cellulose deriva-
tions. The cost in 1976 was estimated to be $0 . 110/kg (43) .
Butanol Butyl alcohol (CHsC^CHaCH^OH) is a colorless liquid
emitting a choking odor resembling that of isoamyl alcohol ; It
boils in the range of il5ฐC to 118ฐC. It is used as a solvent
in the manufacture and preparation of various materials such as
airplane dopes, lacquers, and plastics. In industry, it is used
primarily because of its ability as an extender (making sub-
stances soluble in each other) (47). For example, a mixture of
acetone, butyl alcohol, methyl or ethyl alcohol, and methyl ethyl
ketone in methylene chloride is used as a paint stripper. The
1976 cost of bu-ta.no 1 was estimated to be $0.485/kg (43).
Ethers Ethers are organic compounds in which an oxygen atom is
interposed between two carbon atoms in the structure of the
molecule (42). The simpler ethers such as ethyl ether and
isopropyl ether are powerful narcotics which in larger doses can
cause death (42). Most ethers have low flash points, therefore,
great care must be exercised when handling them. The lower
oxygen-containing ethers are notorious peroxide formers. These
peroxides are explosive when concentrated. Also included under
the term "ethers" are low-boiling petroleum fractions with pro-
perties similar to "true" ethers. Isopropyl ether in 1976 was
estimated to cost $0.310/kg, and diethyl ether was estimated to
cost $0.175/kg C42) .
Methyl ethyl ketone ( 2-butanone ) --Methyl ethyl ketone,
CH3GOCH2CH3, is a colorless liquid discharging an odor resembling
acetone. It has a boiling point of 79.57ฐC and a flash point of
-5.5ฐC. Methyl ethyl ketone has a slight to moderate toxicity
rating. Maximum allowable concentration is 250 ppm in air or
735 mg/m3 (45). The estimated 1976 cost was $0. 440/kg (45). It
is used as a solvent in numerous synthetic products industries.
Naphthas (petroleum distillates, Stoddard solvents) If indus-
trial naphtha consists primarily of paraffin and/or naphtha
hydrocarbons, the naphtha is classified as an aliphatic based
on the solvency kauri-butanol test (48).
Petroleum naphthas are composed of approximately 65% hydrocarbons
in the five to eight carbon range, while 35% have nine or more
(47) Jacobs, M. B., and L. Scheflan. Chemical Analysis of
Industrial Solvents. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New
York, New York, 1953. 501 pp.
(48) 1972 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Standard No. D1133.
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 1972.
34
-------
carbon atoms. They contain approximately 2% toluene and a maxi-
mum of 0.5% benzene. Naphthas consist of approximately 10%
aromatics, from 20% to 60% naphthenes, and from 70% to 30% paraf-
fins, depending on whether the naphtha is low naphthenic or high
naphthenic (49). According to ASTM Standard D 838, the boiling
point range of refined solvent naphthas is 130ฐC to 145ฐC and
the specific gravity range is from 0.85 to 0.87 (50). This would
give naphtha an average molecular weight of 105^ Table 12 lists
more specifications of naphthas.
TABLE 12. SPECIFICATIONS FOR SOME NAPHTHAS (33, 34)
Property
ASTM designation
Specific gravity at
15.5ฐC
Distillation, ฐC:
5% Recovered
50% Recovered, maximum
90% Recovered, maximum
End point, maximum
Flash point, minimum, "C
Refined
D 838
0.850 to 0.870
130 minimum
145
155
Solvent naphtha
Crude
Light
D 839 :
0.860 to 0.885 0
130 minimum
160
180
Heavy
D 840
.885 to 0.970
150 to 165
200
220
Stoddard
solvent
D 484
176
190
37.7
Petroleum
spirits
D 235
176
190
37.7
TolueneToluene (C^H^CRs) (methylbenzene or toluol) is a color-
less liquid exuding a benzene-like odor. Its boiling point is
110.4ฐC and its flash point is 4.4ฐC. It is moderately toxic.
Serious effects due to exposure are rare. The maximum allowable
concentration is 200 ppm in air (45). Toluene is derived from
coal tar, and commercial grades usually contain small amounts of
benzene as an impurity. Its cost in 1976 was estimated to be
$0.137/kg (43). It is used as a solvent for the extraction of
various materials, as a diluent in cellulose ether lacquers, and
in the manufacture of benzoic acid, benzaldehyde,. explosives,
dyes, and other organic compounds (47).
Hexane--Hexane [CH$ (CH2) itCH3 ] is a colorless liquid having a
boiling point of 68.7ฐC and a vapor pressure of 13.3 kPa at
15.8ฐC. It has a low toxic hazard rating. Maximum acceptable
concentration is 100 ppm in air and 360 mg/m3 of air. Hexane is
used in gasoline manufacture (45). Its cost in 1976 was esti-
mated to be $0.167/kg (43). ,
(49) Boer, H., and P. Van Arkel. Better Gasoline Chromatography.
Hydrocarbon Processing, 51(2):80-84, 1972.
(50) 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Standard D838. American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania, 1974.
35
-------
Mineral spiritsMineral spirit is 'also called turpentine substi-
tute, white >spirit, or petroluem spirit. It is a clear/ water- :
white refined hydrocarbon solvent with a 'minimum flash point of
21ฐC. It has a boiling point in; the range of 150ฐC to '190ฐC and
a density of 0.80. ' Its toxic hazard rating -is considered to ;be'T
slight to moderate (47 ). , - ^-r : : - :c ^
Xy lene--The xy lenes .' [CsH4 (CH3) 21 are colorlessv liquids' with a ;
boiling range of 138ฐC to 144ฐC. The toxicity is comparable -/!'
to toluene. The maximum allowable concentration of xylene is
200 ppiri'in,air (44) . It is used as a solvent ! for gums and oils
and in the manufacture of dyes and other organic substances (46) .
The cost of xylene in 1976 was estimated at $0 . 182/kg (43) . It
is slightly soluble in water and is miscible with absolute
.alcohol and other common organic solvents (47).
Cyclohexane Cyclohexane (CgH^) / also known as hexahydrobenzene
or hexamethylene, is a colorless mobile liquid giving off a pun-
gent odor. It has a boiling point of 80.7PC and a vapor pressure
of 53.2 kPa at 60.8ฐC. It is moderately Atoxic. In high concen-
trations , it may act as a narcotic and/or skin irritant . -Maximum
allowable concentration is 400 mg/m3 of air. Cyclohexane is a
solvent for resins and rubber. It is also used as a degreasing
agent and a paint thinner. It is insoluble in water but is com-
pletely miscible with alcohol, ethers, hydrocarbons, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, i and most other organic solvents . (47) _.; Its cost : v
was i estimated to' be $0.288/kg in, 1976 (43): . , ;.!'!' : .-> H ' '-JV : f
Benzenes-Benzene- (CgHe) is also called benzol. ,.ซ. It;/ is a .color- _,;
less, clear liquid having a pleasant odor in: lowr concentrations
but unpleasant at higher concentrations. Its boiling ;point is
80.1ฐC. Since benzene evaporates ' at .room temperature, it >is, used
in industrial processes where the dissolved substances are- to be
left unchanged. Benzene is used in oil extraction, dye.s and dye
intermediates,1 and in the manufacture of paints,, varnishesr;:and
stains as well as paint and varnish removers .,; It : is also, used ;
to blend motor fuel (47). In 1976 its cost was estimated to be
$0.286/kg (43} . The tokic hazard rating is high, as delineated
in the latest Occupation Safety and Health Emergency Temporary ;,
Standards (51) . ...... ' .-'.>'. .. . ' - ' : : ' - " ' '
Stabilizers-- : '' " '-'' ' ' ' : ; ': .;.-' .^>" , . ;':.
Stabilizers are added to those solvents that:i are, not chemically,
stable under some conditions encountered in vapor degreasing.
Stabilizers protect the solvent under adverse conditions such as
heat, oxygen, active metal chips and fines, acidic salts, alka-
line and acidic metal working lubricants, and moisture that may
(51) Emergency Temporary Standard for Occupational Exposure to
Benzene," Notice of Hearing." Federal Register, 42(85)22516-
22529, May 3, 1977.
36
-------
occur. A list of stabilizers used with halogenated solvents is
provided in Appendix D. >'-'',
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
Degreasers
Since there is no degreasing industry per se, degreaser sites
have been located by identifying the industries with which they
are associated. A sample calculation of how these distributions
were determined is presented in Appendix F.
Vapor Degreasers--
In 1972 approximately 24,145 vapor, degreasing operations existed.
More than 63% of these operations were found in nine states
(California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New
York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas). The balance of the plants
were located in 40 of the'remaining 41 states.
Figure 18 represents the geographic distribution of vapor de-
greasing operations. Table 13 (1-12, 14, 52) summarizes,by state
the number of such operations.
Cold Cleaning--
The 924,312 plants that performed degreasing in 1972 used
1,220,555 cold cleaning operations. More than half (54%) of
NUMBER OF OPERATIONS
0 to 100
100 to 500
500 to 1,000
>1,000
figure 18.
Geographic distribution of
vapor degreasing operations,
37
-------
TABLE 13. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF VAPOR (OPEN TOP AND
CONVEYORIZED) DECREASING OPERATIONS (1-12, 14, 52)
State
Alabama ,
Alaska :
Arizona ; .
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Number
of plants
247
'.:' 0
169
147
3,313
219
648
29
11
730
315
29
39
1,737
688
225
217
193
174
65
227
923
1,589
426
116
455
State
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Number
of plants
25
102
30
96
1,200
64
2,514
407
20
1,576
255
246
1,346
321
143
25
356
1,119
99
39
218
314
88
604
7
24,145
these operations were located in nine states: California,
Florida, Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Penn-
sylvania, and Texas. The rest of the plants were located in
the other states.
Figure 19 illustrates the geographic distribution of the loca-
tions of cold cleaning operations. Table 14 (1-12, 14, 52)
summarizes by state the number of such operations.
Fabric Scourers
In 1972 there were approximately 7,201 plants using cold cleaning
operations for fabric scouring. More than 90% of these plants
were located in 15 states: Alabama, California, Connecticut,
Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York,
North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina,
Tennessee, and Virginia. The remaining 10% of the plants were
located in the other 35 states.
(52) Hughes, T. W., et al. Source Assessment: Prioritization
of Air Pollution for Industrial Surface Coating Operations.
EPA-650/2-75-Q19-a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Raleigh, North Carolina, February 1975. 303 pp.
38
-------
0 to 5,000
5,000 to 25,000
25,000 to 50,000
> 50,000
Figure 19.
Geographic distribution of
cold cleaning operations.
TABLE 14. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF ALL COLD
CLEANING OPERATIONS (1-12, 14, 52)
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Number
of plants
19,163
1,295
10,063
11,302
130,725
13,021
21,163
2,608
2,514
41,646
28,479
3,137
: 4^492
68,565
31,100
16,416
13,460
15,525
16 , 88 4
6,432
16,884
36,593
56,667
22,690
11,442
27,580
State
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Number
of plants
4,003
8,442
2,791
5,046
47,967
5,492
113,843
32,270
2 , 880
65,533
14,581
15,049
67,320
8,837
14,789
2,185
22,989
66,632
6,322
2,893
21,697
20,298
8,324
28,427
2,099
i, 220, 555
39
-------
Figure 20 depicts the location by state of fabric scouring opera-
tions. Table 15 (1, 14, 53-69) summarizes this information.
NUMBER OF OPERATIONS
0 to 50
50 to 500
500 to 1,000
> 1,000
Figure 20.
Geographic distribution of
fabric scouring operations,
(53) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Industry Series, Preliminary
Report (SIC 2221), Weaving Mills, Manmade Fiber and Silk.
MC72(P)-22A-2, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, Washington, D.C., March 1974. 7 pp. ', ",'.-,' :.i
(54) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Industry Series, Preliminary
Report , (SIC 2231), Weaving and Finishing Mills, Wool.
MC72 (P)'-22A-3, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau Of the
Census, Washington, D.C., March 1974. 7 pp. , f
(55) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Industry Series, Preliminary
Report ;(SIC 2241) ,> Narrow Fabric Mills. MC72 (P)--22A-4 , U.S.
Department of Commerce/ Burlap of the Census, Washington,
D.C.;, December 1973.,' "..'7 pp. ^.'".;}:- "a
(56) 1972 Census of Manufactures, '', Industry Series, Preliminary
Report (SIC 2211), Weaving Mills, Cotton. MC72(P)-22A-1,
U.S.,Department of Cbmmerce^ 'Bureau of the Census, Washing-
ton,; D.C. , March' 1971.,, 10 P&,'; , T; !
(57) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Industry Series, Preliminary
Report;(SIC 2251), Women's Hosiery, Except Socks. MC72(P)-
22B-1, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau:-of the Census,
Washington, D.C., January 1974. 7 pp.
-------
(58) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Industry Series, Preliminary
Report (SIC 2252), Hosiery, N.E.C. MC72(P)-22B-2, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington,
B.C., February 1974. 7 pp.
(59) 1972 Census of Manfactures, Industry Series, Preliminary
Report (SIC 2253), Knit Outerwear Mills. MC72(P)-22B-3,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washing-
ton, D.C., March 1974. 7 pp.
(60) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Industry Series, Preliminary
Report (SIC, 2254), .Knit Underwear Mills. MC72(P)-B-4, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau bf the Census, Washington,
D. C./\January1 1974. 7 pp.
(61) 1972 Census of Manufactures. Industry Series, Preliminary
i Report (SIC 2257), Circular Knit Fabric Mills. MC72(P)-22B-
: 5, U.S. Department of Commerce,; Bureau of the.. Census, Wash-
ington, D.C., January 1974. 7 pp.
(62) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Industry Series, Preliminary .
Report (SIC 2258), Warp Knit Fabric Mills. MC72(P)-22B-6,
l,; U.S. Department pf Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Wasning-
; ton, D.C., January 1974. 7 pp. /";; /
(63;) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Industry Series, Preliminary;
-i Report (SIC 2259) , Knitting Mills', N.E.C. MC72 (P)-2j2B-7,V
; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washing-,
ton, D.C. , .December 1973. 6 pp. ,Jc:uL; : . r -J.
(64) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Industry Series, Preliminary
".'Report (SIC 2261), Finishing Plants, Cotton. MC72 (P) -22C-ly
.U.S. Department Of'Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washing^
ton, D.C. , March';1974. 7 pp. ! !
(65) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Industry Series, Preliminary...,-.
Report (Sip' 2J2;61) ,-,Finishing Plants, Man-Made Fiber and Svilk
Fabric. MC72i(P:)-22C-2, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
,... of the Census, Washington, D.C.., March 1974. 7 pp. .!
(66) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Industry Series, Preliminary
; Report (SIC 2263'), Finishing Plants, N.E.C. MC72 (P)-22C-5,
U.S. Departmen-t of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washing-'
: ton, D.C., March 1974. 6 pp. 'i-.".. ., ' .>.-. -
(67) 1972 Census of.Manufactures, Industry Series, Preliminary
Report (SIC 22T2) ,; Tufted Carpets and Rugs. MC72 (P;)-22D-2,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washing-
ton, D.C., December 1973. 6 pp.
(68) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Industry.Series, Preliminary
Report (SIC 2281], YarnMills, Except Wool. MC72(P)-22E-1,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washing-
ton, D.C., March 1974. 7 pp.
(69) 1972 Census of Manufactures, Industry Series, Preliminary
Report (SIC 2282), Throwing and Winding Mills. MC72(P)-22E-
2, U.S. Department-of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Wash-
ington, D.C., March 1974. 6 pp.
41
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TABLE 15. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF FABRIC
SCOURING OPERATIONS (1, 14, 53-69}
State
Number
of plants
State
Number
of plants
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
199
0
0
24
351
14
156
12
0
109
718
0
3
130
21
13
0
30
16
64
39
428
54
25
45
35
Montana 0:
Nebraska 7
Nevada 22
New Hampshire 85
New Jersey 761
New Mexico 4
New York 1,778
North Carolina 1,832
North Dakota 0
Ohio 94
Oklahoma 20
Oregon 27
Pennsylvania 844
Rhode Island 333
South Carolina 571
South Dakota 0
Tennessee 225
Texas 98
Utah 9
Vermont 18
Virginia 144
Washington 22
West Virginia 9
Wisconsin 77
Wyoming 1
Total 9,451
42
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SECTION 4
EMISSIONS
SELECTED POLLUTANTS
This assessment is concerned strictly with emissions resulting
from the degreasing operation. Indirect emissions, such as sol-
vent evaporation from wastewater and sludge, solvent reclaiming,
and ultimate waste solvent disposal, are not addressed in this
report. Emissions from solvent reclaiming are addressed in a
separate assessment (70) . The pollutants considered during this
study are listed in Table,16 along with the corresponding thres-
hold limit values, reactivities, and health effects.
TABLE 16. SELECTED POLLUTANTS AND THEIR THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES,
: HEALTH EFFECTS, AND' ATMOSPHERIC REACTIVITIES
Solvent
Butane!
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Hexane
Naphthas'
Mineral spirits
^toluene (-
Xylene
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Ethers
Carbon tetrachloride
Fluorocarbons
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
Tr i ch lo r oethy lene
Tri ch loroe thane
TLV (46)
0.30
2.4
O.59
0.36
0.94
0.56
0.375
0.435
1.05
0.03
1.2
0 . 065
5.6
0.72
0.67
0.67
1.9
Atmospheric
reactivity Health effects
Contributes to photo- .
chemical smog. Irritation to the eyes., nose, and throat.
n Narcotic in high concentrations .
" Vocal irritation and narcosis.
" . Ingestion causes vomiting, diarrhea, and drowsine
causes intoxication.
" ; .
" Inhalation causes impairment of coordination and
. "" ' ' ," " '.';"
". Skin irritation; simple asphyxiant.
ss. Inhalation
reaction time.
' " ' . ' : Poisoning through vapor inhalation. Recognized carcinogen of blood-
forming tissues .
" Powerful narcotic.
" Suspected carcinogen.
Depletes the ozone layer. Simple asphyxiant.
Contributes to photo- .
chemical smog, . Dangerous to the eyes; induces narcosis.
11 Toxic by inhalation; affects nervous system/- ' ,"
" Inhalation of high concentrations causes narcosis
" Narcotic in high concentrations.
- .. " > -"
and anesthesia.
Note.Blanks indicate no specific information found.
(70) Tierney, D. R., and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment:
Reclaiming of Waste Solvents, State of the Art. Contract
68-02-1874, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina. (Preliminary document sub-
mitted to the EPA by Monsanto Research Corporation.) 58 pp.
43
-------
LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF EMISSION POINTS
Cold Cleaners -
The emission points from a cold cleaner are 1) bath evaporation,
2) solvent carryout, 3) agitation, and 4) spray evaporation.
These emission points are depicted.,in Figure 21 (71) .
BATH EVAPORATION
MOVABLE
SPRAY
CARRYOUT
CT) .
PUMP
COOLING
COILS
COMPRESSED AIR
AGITATIONS
Figure 21. Cold cleaner emission points.
Bath evaporation occurs from.the solvent surface and from exposed
wet surfaces inside the cleaning tank. Evaporation.is greatest.
when highly volatile solvents are used and when the cover is
open. Solvent heating also increases the bath evaporation. In
addition, excessive drafts in the workshop area will increase
evaporation emissions.
Carryout solvent is the solvent that resides on and exits with
the cleaned part. This liquid solvent eventually evaporates into
the atmosphere except for those drippings which are captured by
means of a drainage facility and reused. The less volatile
solvents are more likely to be emitted by means of liquid
carryout. . ^
(71) Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from.Organic Solvent
Metal Cleaning Operations (draft document). U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, April 1977, pp. 2-11.
44
-------
Agitation increases the evaporation rate from the bath, in some
cases Significantly. The evaporation rate from all,types of
agitation increases with the volatility: of; the solvent (at the
operating temperature). , Emissions frpm agitation are negligible
when the cover is closed,/ ; ' , ,
The last emission point in cold Cleaning is-solvent spray evapor-
ation. Evaporation from solvent spraying will.increase with the
pressure of the spray, the fineness of the spray, the tendency to
splash,:and overspray out of the tank.
One-half to three-fourths of the cold cleaner solvent is estim-
ated to be emitted from wastef solvent evaporation (72) ,
Open Top Vapor Degre.asers "", :
Unlike cold cleaners, open top vapor degreasers emit a relatively
small (approximately 25%) proportion of their solvent as waste
material and/or liquid carryouti. Emissions from open top vapor
degreasing are the vapors that diffuse and convect out of the
degreaser.
Emissions from open top "vapor .degreasers .come from 1) diffusion,
2) carryout, and 3) exhaust. /The first two of these are the most
important. These emission points, are depicted in Figure 22 (73) .
EXHAUST
DIFFUSIONS, CONVECTION.
CARRY OUT
?=-COOLING COILS
HEATING COILS
Figure 22. Open top vapor, degreaser emission, points". (73) .
(72) Control of Volatile Organic Emissions frcsm Organic Solvent
Metal Cleaning Operations (draft document). U.S.' Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, April 1977. pp. 2-12. ,
(73) Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Organic Solvent
Metal Cleaning Operations (draft document) . U,.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park/North
Carolina, April 1977. pp. 2-29.
45
-------
Diffusion is the escaping of solvent vapors from the vapor zone
out of the degreaser. There is an air/vapor interface at the top
of the vapor zone where the solvent mixes with air. This mixing
increases with drafts and with disturbances from cleaned parts
being moved in and out of the vapor zone. The solvent vapors
thus diffuse into the room air and into the atmosphere. These
solvent losses include the convection of warm solvent-laden air
upwards out of the degreaser;'
Solvent vapors should be generated at the same rate at which they
are condensed by work entering the vapor zone. If too little
vapor is generated, the vapor level will drop and air will be
drawn into the degreaser. The resulting air-vapor mixture is
more easily swept from the machine by drafts. If too much vapor
is generated, the vapor level will rise above the condensing
coils and vapor will escape from the machine.
Emissions from the degreaser top include the solvent, solvent
stabilizers, and the grease or oil removed from the parts being
degreased.
Carryout emissions are the liquid and vaporous solvent entrained
on the clean parts as they are taken out of the degreaser.
Crevices and cupped portions of the cleaned parts may capture
liquid and vaporous solvents even after the parts appear to be
dried. Furthermore, as the cleaned part is drawn out of the
vapor zone, it drags up solvent vapors. Simultaneously, the hot,
cleaned part heats solvent-laden air, causing it to convect up-
wards out of the degreaser.
Exhaust systems are often used on large, open top vapor
degreasers. The exhaust system draws in solvent-laden air around
the top perimeter of the degreaser. These exhaust systems are
called lip or lateral exhausts. When the exhaust rate is apprec-
iably larger than that necessary to provide for operator safety
and plant protection, solvent emissions are increased. Some
systems include carbon adsorbers to collect the exhausted sol-
vent for reuse; exhausted emissions are thus nearly eliminated if
the adsorption system is operated properly.
Indirect solvent emissions also result from disposing of waste
solvent in ways where the solvent can evaporate into the atmos-
phere. The volume of waste solvent from vapor degreasers is less
than that from cold cleaners for the same size workload because
the solvent in a vapor degreaser may be used for a longer time.
Vapor degreasing wastes can contain from 15% to 30% oil contamin-
ation, whereas cold cleaning waste solvent can only contain
about 10% oil contamination before it must be replaced. Vapor
degreasing solvents are halogenated and, as such, are generally
less flammable and more expensive; thus, they are more often
distilled and recycled than cold cleaning solvents.
46
-------
Conveyor!zed Degreasers
Conveyorized degreasers have the same basic emissions associated
with open top vapor degreasers: 1) diffusion from the solvent
bath/ 2) carryout, and 3) exhausted vapors. These points are
depicted in Figure 23 (74) .
DIFFUSIONS
CONVECTION
CARRY OUT
Figure 23. Conveyorized degreaser emission points (74).
The diffusion and convection of solvent vapors from the solvent
bath are less for Conveyorized degreasers than for open top
degreasers for an equivalent workload because the Conveyorized
degreasers are normally enclosed except for a relatively small
entrance and exit.
Carryout emissions of vapor and liquid solvent are usually'the
major emission point from Conveyorized degreasers. Reducing
carryout emissions is difficult, because1the amount of workload
is inherently large.
(74) Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Organic Solvent
Metal Cleaning Operations (draft document). U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, April 1977. pp. 2-45.
47
-------
Evaporation from waste solvent disposal is the smallest indirect
emission from conveyorized .degreasers. Conveyorized degreasers
are designed to distill their own solvent. An external still is
attached to the degreaser so that it consistently pumps out used
solvent, distills it, and returns it. Thus the disposed waste
solvent is the still bottoms. .'."..
Fabric Scourers
Fabric scouring processes have three points of emissions.
Figure 24, a sketch of a fabric scourer, identifies these three
points, and Table 17 lists them. Each is discussed separately.
SCOURING MACHINE
WASTE SOLVENT
DISPOSAL
Figure 24. Fabric scourer emission points.
TABLE 17. FABRIC SCOURER EMISSION POINTS
1. Inlet and outlet losses.
2. Dragout.
3. Ventilator exhaust.
Inlet and.Outlet Losses (Emission Point 1)
Fabric, scouring machines are enclosed so that the only sources o:f
emissions from the machine itself are the inlet and outlet
openings.
Solvent Dragout (Emission Point 2)
The fabric leaving the dryer section of the scouring machine
contains unevaporated solvent. All of this solvent eventually
is emitted to the atmosphere if not collected by a drainage trap.
Ventilator Exhaust (Emission Point 3)
Emissions from the scourer inlet and outlet may be collected by
a ventilation system. Exhaust from this system is sent either
directly to the atmosphere or to a carbon adsorption system.^ If
the scourer has an adsorption system, exhaust from the bed will
be emitted to the atmosphere.
48
-------
EMISSION FACTORS
Emission factors for degreasing operations are calculated by
determining the difference between the total amount of solvent
utilized in the specific type of operation and the amount
accountable through degreaser waste solvent activities.
Solvent consumption and the portion used in degreasing (cold
cleaning, open top vapor degreasing, conveyorized vapor degreas-
ing) and fabric scouring were presented in. Table 11. The per-
centages and quantities of solvent used in degreasing and fabric
scouring that leave the operation as waste-solvent are listed in
Table 18. The resultant emission factors for each type of ,
degreasing operation are presented in Table 19. Insufficient
data precluded the calculation of an emission factor on a
solvent-by-solvent basis. Thus all solvents utilized within a
specific degreasing operation are assumed to have the emission
factor calculated for that operation.
TABLE 1;8. WASTE SOLVENT GENERATION BY TYPE
... . . OF DEGREASING OPERATION
Total solvent -consumption,
a
- . , - that becomes waste solvent, % Total waste solvent,
Degreasing operation Range Average 103 metric toris/yr
Cold cleaners:
Manufacturing (44%)
Maintenance (56%)
Open .top vapor degreasers
Conveyorized vapor degreasers
b
Fabric scourers <
40
50
20
10
40
to
to
to
to
to
60 '-
75
25
20
60
; 50.
62.
22.
15.
50
0
5
5
0
- 103.7 :.
165.0
43.
10.
102.
66
9
30;
Personal communication, J. L. Shumaker.
Assumed a conveyorized cold cleaner.
MABLE 19. EMISSION FACTORS FOR DEGREASING OPERATION TYPES,
~Total emissions (solvent '. '.
.'.: , '."'..'.; input - waste solvent) , Emission factor,
Degreasing operation 10 3 metric tons/yr g/kg solvent consumed
Cold cleaning
Open top vapor degreasing
Conveyorized vapor degreasing
Fabric scouring
203. 10a
150.8
61.3
102.3
430 ฑ 30%ฃ
775 ฑ 30% P
850 ฑ 30%ฐ
500 ฑ 30%
[Total cold cleaning solvent consumption - waste solvent (maintenance cold)
- waste solvent (manufacturing cold)] * total cold cleaning solvent'
consumption. ' : ' ,
[471.32 x 10? - 164.96 x 1.03 - 103.69 x 103] *. 471.32 x 10? = 0.430 metric ton
, metric ton
Personal communication, J. L. Shumaker.
49
-------
DEFINITION OF A REPRESENTATIVE SOURCE
A representative degreasing operation was determined for each
solvent type and for each degreasing type by calculating average
degreaser solvent consumption, average stack height, frequency of
operation, and average emission rate. Average degreaser solvent
consumption was calculated by dividing total solvent consumption
by the number of degreasers for each degreasing type. Average
stack height and frequency of operation were determined from data
obtained from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS) (75).
These data are presented in Appendix E of this report.
Average emission rate was obtained by multiplying average solvent
consumption by the appropriate emission factor, and dividing by
the frequency of operation and by seconds per year. The result-
ing emission rates and supporting input data are presented in
Tables 20 through 23. Sample calculations are presented in
Appendix B.
TABLE 20. CHARACTERISTICS OF EMISSIONS FROM
REPRESENTATIVE COLD CLEANING OPERATIONS
Average degreaser
size, kg solvent
Solvent consumed/yr
Butanol
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Hexane
Naphthas
Mineral spirits
Toluene
Xylenes
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Ethers
Carbon tetrachloride
Fluorocarbons
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroe thane
53.6
126,3
177.6
420.6
454.7
420.6
256.6
420.6
420.6
420.6
3,410.2
68.2
89.7
2,187.8
249.2
292.8
568.2
Average Frequency of
height, m operation, %
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
12.1
10.7
12
14.1
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
80
78
78
96
Emission
rate, g/s
0.0011
0.0027
0.0037
0.0088
0.0096
0.0088
0.0054
0.0088
0.0088
0.0088
0.0715
0,0014
0.0019
0.0373
0.0044
0.0051
0.0081
(75) National Emissions Data System (NEDS) via Aerometric and
Emissions Reporting System (AEROS). U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
50
-------
TABLE 21.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EMISSIONS FROM REPRESENTATIVE
OPEN TOP VAPOR DECREASING OPERATIONS
: : : i
Solvent
Fluorocarbons
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
Trichioroethylene
Trichloroe thane
Average degreaser
size, kg solvent
consumed/yr
3,806
24,518
10,07-0
7,165
16,394
Average
height, m
10.6
12.1
10.7
12.0
14.1
Frequency of
operation - %
65
80
78
78
96
Emission
rate, g/s
0. 1439
0. 7532
0. 3173
0.2257
0.4197
TABLE 22. CHARACTERISTICS OF EMISSIONS FROM REPRESENTATIVE
CONVEYORIZED VAPOR DECREASING OPERATIONS
Solvent
Fluorocarbons
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
Trichioroethylene
Trichloroethane
Average degreaser
size, kg solvent
consumed/yr
9,403
60,053
24,883
17,780
40,468
Average
height, m
10.6
12.1
10.7
12.0
14.1
Frequency of
Operation , %
65
80
78
78
96
Emission
rate, g/s
0 3899
2 02T3
0.8598
0 61 44
1.1362
TABLE 23.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EMISSIONS FROM REPRESENTATIVE
FABRIC SCOURING OPERATIONS
Solvent
Benzene
Xylene
Perchloroethylene
Trichioroethylene
Average scourer,
kg solvent
consumed/yr
21,664
21,664
21,664
21,664
_
Average Frequency of Emission
height, m operation, % ratp a/<*
10.6
10.6
10.7
12.0
65
65
78
78
0.5284
0.5284
0.4404
0.4404
51
-------
CRITERIA, FOR AIR;: ESMISSIONS .;. >! '-','''< !"- -- , - '
Maximum Ground Level Concentration
The maximum grourid level concentration /Umax) of each material
emitted-, from-eaoh: type of degreasing;,operation was calculated by
Gaussian plume dispersion modeling. The following formula was .
used for calculating
2 Q;
vmax
(1)
where Qm = mass emission rate, g/s
u = average wind speed = 4.5 m/s
h = height of the solvent emissions, m
e = 2.72
TT = 3.14
Source Severity . . -; / . - - ..- v;/- i'c /!-.;.: '.':. .;."..',
To assess the environmental impact of atmospheric emissions from
degreasing operations, the source severity-of eachsolvent
emitted from each type of degreasing operation was estimated.
Source severity iis defined as the ;pollutant concentration .to
which the population may be exposed divided by an "acceptable
concentration." The exposure concentration is the time^averaged
maximum ground level concentration as determined by^ Gaussian .
plume dispersion methodology. The "acceptable concentration11 Is
that pollutant concentration at which an incipient adv.erse health
effect is assumed to occur. For criteria pollutants, it is the
corresponding primary ambient air quality standard.9 For non-
criteria pollutants, it is a surrogate air quality standard as
determined by reducing TLV's for chemical substances using an
appropriate safety factor. Mathematically, the source severity,
S, was defined as:
S =
(2)
There is no primary ambient air quality standard for hydrocar-
bons. The value of 160 yg/m3 used for hydrocarbons in this
report is a recommended guideline for meeting the primary ambi-
ent air quality standard for photochemical oxidants.
(76) Turner, D. B. Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates,
Public Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-26. U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Cincinnati,
Ohio, May 1970. 84 pp.
52
-------
where Xmax = time*averaged maximum ground level concentration
F = hazard factor, equal to the primary ambient air
quality standard (AAQS) for particulate, sulfur
oxides (SO ), nitrogen oxides (NO ), carbon
X
monoxide (CO) , and hydrocarbons, a~~and equal to
TLV x 8/24 x 1/100 for all other chemical
substances
Snax was calculated using the formula (76, 77)
(3)
where
o
.j- =
maximum ground level concentration
short-term averaging time, 3 min
averaging time, min
For hydrocarbons, averaging time is the same as that used in the
primary ambient air quality standards (to/t = 3/180). The appro-
priate averaging time was 24 hr for all other pollutants (e.g.,
t0/t = 3/1440). Source severity equations are derived in Appen-
dix A. ' ''--
The value of xmax for eacn material emitted from each representa-
tive degreasing type is presented in Tables 24 through 27 along
with the calculated source severity based on the AAQS and: the TLV
for each solvent emitted.
TABLE 24. TIME-AVERAGED MAXIMUM GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS
AND SOURCE SEVERITIES FOR REPRESENTATIVE COLD
CLEANING OPERATIONS
Solvent
Butanol
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Hexane
Naphthas
Mineral spirits
Toluene
Xylene
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Ether
Carbon tetrachloride
Fluorocarbons
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Emission
rate, g/s
0.0011
0.0027
0.0037
0.0088
0.0096
0.0088
0.0054
0.0088
0.0088
0.0088
0.0715
0.0014
0.0019
0.0373
0.0044
0.0051
0.0081
TLV,
g/m3
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
5
0
0
0
1
.3
.4
.59
.36
. 94
.56
.375
.436
.05
.03
.2
.065
.6
.72
.67
.535
.9
^~
Amax'
AAQS
basis
2.5
6.2
8.5
2.0
2.1
2.0
1.2
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.7
3.3
4.4
6.5
9.5
9.1
1.0
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
10~7
ID'7
10~7
10~6
10~6
10~6
10~6
10~6
10"6
10~6
lO-5
lO-7
10~7
10~6
io-7
10- 7
10~6
g/m 3
TLV
basis
1.8
4.4
6.0
1.4
1.5
1.4
8.7
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.2
2.3
3.1
4.6
6.7
6.4
7.4
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
ID'7
10- 7
ID'7
10~6
10"6
10~s
lO-7
10"6
10"6
10~6
10-5
lO-7
lO-7
10~6
lO-7
IO-7
io-7
STLV
1.8
5.5
3.0
1.2
5.0
7.6
7.0
9.8
4.1
1.4
2.9
1.0
1.2
1.9
3.1
3.6
1.2
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
10-"
io-5
IO-4
10-3
io-1*
io--4
io-1*
io-1*
io-1*
IO-2
IO-3
IO-3
IO-5
lO-3
io-4
io-4
io-4
AAQS
1.6 X
3.9 x
5.3 x
1.3 x
1.4 x
1.3 x
7.8 x
1.3 x
1.3 x
1.3 x
9.3 x
2.0 x
2.7 x
4.1 x
6.2 x
5.7 x
6.6 x
IO-3
IO-3
IO-3
IO-2
IO-2
IO-2
IO-3
ID'2
IO-2
ID'2
IO-2
lO-3
lO-3
lO-2
ID'3
io-3
10~3
53
-------
TABLE 25. TIME-AVERAGED MAXIMUM GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS
AND SOURCE SEVERITIES FOR REPRESENTATIVE OPEN TOP
VAPOR DECREASING OPERATIONS
Emission
rate ,
ol -1- rr /Q
Fluorocarbons
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroe thane
0
0
0
0
0
.1439
.7532
.3173
.2257
.4197
TLV,
g/m3
5.6
0.72
0.67
0.535
1.9
Y =
AAQS mQX
basis
3.3 x 10~5
1.3 x 10~"
7.1 x 10-5
4.1 x 10-5
5.4 x 10~5
g/m 3
TLV
basis
2.3 x
9.4 x
5.0 x
2.8 x
3.8 x
1Q-5
io-5
10~5
10~5
10- 5
9
3
2
1
6
S
.2
.9
.3
.6
.1
TLV
x
x
x
x
x
io-"
io-2
io-2
io-2
IO-3
SAAQS
0.208
0.836
0.450
0.255
0.343
TABLE 26 TIME-AVERAGED MAXIMUM GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS
AND SOURCE SEVERITIES FOR REPRESENTATIVE
CONVEYORIZED VAPOR DECREASING OPERATIONS
Emission
rate.
Solvent g/s
Fluorocarbons 0
Methylene chloride 2
Perchloroethylene 0
Trichloroethylene 0
1,1,1-trichloroethane 1
.3899
.0233
.8598
.6144
.1362
TLV
g/m3
5.6
0.72
0.67
0.535
1.9
AAC
basi
8.9
3.5
2.0
1.1
1.4
x
x
X
X
X
-X^x'
.S
io-5
10-"
10-"
10-"
g/m 3
TLV
basis
6.3
2.5
1.4
7.8
1.0
x
x
x
X
X
io-5
10-"
10-"
io-5
10-"
2
1
6
4
1
STLV
.49 x 10~3
.05 x IO-1
.1 x IO-2
.6 x IO-2
.6 x IO-2
SAAQS
0.564
2.246
1.22
0.693
0.929
TABLE 27. TIME-AVERAGED MAXIMUM GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS
AND SOURCE SEVERITIES FOR REPRESENTATIVE FABRIC
SCOURING OPERATIONS
Solvent
Benzene
Xylenes
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Emission
rate,
Q/S
0.5284
0.5284
0.4404
0.4404
TLV
g/m3
0.03
0.436
0.67
0.535
X .'
AAQSma:'
basis
1.2 x 10-"
1.2 x 10-"
1.0 x 10-"
7.9 x IO-5
g/m3
TLV
basis
8.5 x 10~5
8.5 x IO-5
7.0 x IO-5
5.6 x IO-5
STLV
0.856
0.059
0.031
0.031
SAAQS
0.764
0.764
0.625
0.497
Contribution to State and Total U.S. Hydrocarbon Emissions
The contribution of the emissions from various types of degreas-
ing operations to individual state and total U.S. hydrocarbon
emissions from stationary sources was determined utilizing the
geographical distribution of degreasing operations presented in
Tables 13 through 15 and the average mass emission rate per
degreaser type presented in Table 28. Tables 29 through 32 (78)
list the results. It is estimated that 3.12% of the hydrocarbon
emissions in the United States come from degreasing operations
described in this report.
54
-------
TABLE 28. AVERAGE MASS EMISSIONS PER DEGREASER
BY TYPE OF DECREASING OPERATION
Degreaser type
Cold cleaning
Open top vapor degreasing
Conveyorized vapor degreasing
Fabric scouring
Total mass emissions,
metric tons/yr
(1974 basis)
2.03 x 105
1.51 x 105
6.13 x ID1*
1.02 x 105
Number of
operations
1,220,555
21,000
3,145
9,451
Average mass
emissions per
degreaser ,
metric tons/yr
0.17
7.19
19.49
10.82
TABLE 29. CONTRIBUTION OF COLD CLEANING EMISSIONS
TO TOTAL STATE AND U.S. HYDROCARBON
EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES
State
Alabama
Alaska
Ar j zona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Number of
cold cleaning
operations
19,163
1,245
10,003
11,302
130,575
13,011
21,103
2,600
2,514
41,596
28,439
3,137
4,492
68,485
31,100
16,416
13,450
15,525
16,844
6,432
16,844
36,543
56,597
22,690
11,412
27,560
4,003
8,422
2,771
5,016
47,907
5,492
113,743
32,210
2,880
65,458
14,561
15,049
67,240
8,837
14,769
2,185
22,959
66,557
6,322
2,893
21,677
20,298
8,324
28,427
2,099
1974 Hydrocarbon
emissions from
cold cleaning,
metric tons
3,186.8
207.0
1,663.5
1,879.5
21,714.6
. 2,163.7
3,509.4
432.4
418.1
6,917.4
4,729.4
521.7
747.0
11,389.1
5,171.9
2,730.0
2,236.7
2,581.8
2,801.1
1,069.6
2,801.1
6,077.1
9,412.1
3,773.3
1,897.8
4,583.2
665.7
1,400.6
460.8
834.2
7,966.9
913.3
18,915.5
5,356.5
478.9
10,885.7
2,421.5
2,502.6
11,182.0
1,469.6
2,456.1
363.4
3,818.1
11,068.4
1,051.3
481.1
3,604.9
3,375.6
1,384.3
4,727.4
349.1
Total state
hydrocarbon
emissions (78) ,
metric tons
226,700
33,000
98,840
136 ,400
1,423,000
145,600
207,400
65,960
0
426,900
321,800
52,910
57,480
828,600
419,700
187,400
239,700
229,300
1,008,000
57,100
244,500
368,400
537,300
251,100
209,500
309,900
82,820
102,400
23,370
37,210
634,100
115,600
1,096,000
339,700
39,810
838,700
241,100
155,100
902,200
73,060
176,100
35,780
258,200
2,184,000
69,930
21,100
270,800
259,200
162,300
280,600
97,100
Percent of state
hydrocarbon-
emissions
1.4
0.6
1.7
1.5
1.5
1 . 7
0 . 6
0
1.6
1.5
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.5
0.9
1.1
0.3
1.9
1.1
1.6
1. 8
1 . 5
0.9
1 . 5
0.8
1.4
2.0
2.2
1.2
0.8
1.7
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.6
1.2
?* ' *-
2.0
1.4
1.0
1.5
0.5
1.5
2.3
I. 3
1.3
0.8
1. 7
0.4
Total
1,220,555
203,000
16,580,000
1.2
55
-------
TABLE 30. CONTRIBUTION OF OPEN TOP VAPOR DECREASING
EMISSIONS TO TOTAL STATE AND" U.S. HYDROCARBON
EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES
Number of
open top vapor
degreasing
State operations
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas '
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire'
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
215
0
147
128
2,881
190
564
25
9
635
274
25
34
1,511
598
196
189
168
151
56
197
803
1,382
370
101
396
22
89
26
83
1,044
56
2,186
354
17
1,371
222
214
1,171
279
124
22
310
973
86
190
273
76
525
21,000
1974 Hydrocarbon
emissions from
open top vapor
degreasing,
metric tons
1,539.7
0
1,052.8
916.6
20,632.8
1,360:7
4,039.2
179
64.5
4,547.6
1,962.3
179
243.5
10,821.3
4,282.7
1/403.7
1,353.5
1,203.1
1,081.4
:401
1,410.8
5,750.9
9,897.4
2,649.9
745.9
2,836.1
157.6
637.3
186.2
594.5
7,476.8
401
15,655.4
2,535.2
121.7
9,818.7
1,589.9
1,532.6
8,385.9
1,998.1
888
157.6
2,220.1
6,968.3
615.9
243 5
1,360.7
1,955.1
544.2
3,759.9
43
150,800
Total, state
hydrocarbon ; Per cent of state
emissions (78), hydrocarbon
metric tons emissions
226,700
33,000
98,840
136,400
1,423,000
145,600
207,400
65,960
426,900
321,800
52,910
57,480
.,.'. 828,600
419,700
187,400
239,700
229,500
1,008,000
57,100
244,500
368,400
537,300
1 251,100
209,500
309,900
82,820
102,400
23,370
37,210
634,100
115,600
1,096,000
, 339,700
39,810
838,700
241,100
155,100
902,200
73,060
176,100
35,780
258,200
2,184,000
69,930
21,100
270,800
259,200
162,300
280,600
97,100
16,580,000
0.68
0
1.06
0.67
1.45
0.93
1.95
0.27
1.06
0.61
0.34
0.42
1.31
1.02
0.75
0.56
0.52
0.11
0.7
0.58
1.56
1.84
1.05
0.36
0.91
0.19
0.62
0.8
1.6
1.18
0 . 35
: , . 1.43
0.75
0 . 31
1.17
0.66
0.99
0.93
2.73
0.50
0.44
0.86
0.32
0.88
1.15
0.5
0.75
0.33
1.34
0.04
0.91
Note.Blanks indicate no specific information found.
56
-------
TABLE 31.
CONTRIBUTION OF CONVEYORIZEb VAPOR DECREASING
EMISSIONS TO TOTALSTATE AND U.S. HYDROCARBON
EMIS'SXONS FROM STATIONARY SbURCES
State
Alabama _
Alaska
Arizona "
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia -
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii .
Idaho ~
Illinois
Indiana "
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri-
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey . ,
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Number of
conveyor ized
vapor
degreasing,
operations
32
0
22
19
432
29
84
', . ' ,- 4
- \ 2
95
41
'.'..' 4
' - ' ". 5
226
90
29
. . ซ>. ... 2g
25
, 23
9
30
: 120
'- - '' ' 207
'.:" 56
' :'' 15
- ".' i 59
. ' 3
^ . ' 13
. ' 4
13
.-:. '. 156
..; 8
328
53
3
205
- 33
32
175
42
19
3
46
146
13
5
28
41
12
79
/. 1
3,145
1974 Hydrocarbon ' . , . "
-emi-ssions from Total state
conveyprized vapor .. hydrocarbon
degreasing, emissions (78),
metric tons metric tons
629
0'
432.4
' < .373.4
"8,490
570
1,650.9
. ' V 78.6
39.2
1,867.3
f 805.8
78.6
98.1
, 4', 442
1,768.9
570
550.4
",. ' ' 491.4
452
;176.8
589.6
2,358.6
4,068.6
'1,100
294.8
1,159
; 59
- 255.5
78.6
-.'.- 255.5
3,066.2
157.2
6,446.9
1,041
59
4,029.2
648.6
629
3,439.6
825.5
373.4
59
904
2,869.6
255.3
98.2
550.4
805.8
235.8
1,552.7
19.6
61,290
226,700
33,000
98,840
136,400
1,423,000
145,600
207,400
65,960
426,900
: 321,800
52,910
57,480
828,600
419,700
187,400
239,700
229,500
,"..'. 1,008,000
57,100
244,500
368,400
537,300
251,100
209,500
309,900
82,820
102,400
23,370
- 37,210
634,100
115,600
1,096,000
339,700
39,810
838,700
241,100
155,100
902,200
73,060
176,100
35,780
258,200
2,184,000
69,930
21,100
270,800
259,200
162,300
280,600
97,100
16,580,000
Percent qf state
hydrocarbon/
,ฐm' ;;1
o. " : ;
0.44" ...
'J~0.27' ' "
0.;6 '' -
'J : '"" 0.39 '
0^-8 "
Oil2
0.44-
0.25.
0^,15 .
0.17 ..
0.54
0.42
0.3
0.23
0.21
0.04
0.31
0.24
0.64
0.76
0.44
0.14
0.37
0.07
0.25
0 .34
n fiQ
u . D y
OAO
. *ฑ o
0.13
0.59
0.31
0.15
0.48
0.27
0.4
0*3D
.JO.
1.13
0.21
0. 16
0.35
0.13
0.36
0.46
0.2
0.31
0.14
0.55
0.02
0.37
Note.Blanks indicate data not available.
57
-------
TABLE 32. CONTRIBUTION OF FABRIC SCOURING EMISSIONS
TO TOTAL STATE AND U.S. HYDROCARBON
EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES
Number of
fabric
scouring
State operations
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Total (all
degreasing types)
199
0
0
24
351
14
156
12
109
718
0
3
130
21
13
0
30
16
64
39
428
54
25
45
35
0
7
22
85
761
4
1,778
1,832
0
94
20
27
844
333
571
O
225
98
9
18
144
22
9
77
1
9,451
1974 Hydrocarbon
emissions from
fabric scouring,
metric tons
2,156
0
0
260
3,803.6
151.5
1,688.6
129.9
0
1,179.8
7,780.6
0
32.5
1,407.1
227.3
140.7
0
324.7
173.2
692.7
422.1
4638
584.5
270.6
487.1
378.8
0
75.8
238.1
920.1
8,246.6
43.3
19,267.3
19,852.5
0
1,017.5
216.5
292.2
9,146.1
3,604.5
6,180.6
0
2,435.5
1,060.8
97.4
194.8
1,558.7
238.1
97.4
833.5
10.8
102,357
517,000
Total state
hydrocarbon Percent of state
emissions (78) , hydrocarbon
metric tons emissions
226,700
33,000
98,840
136,400
1,423,000
145,600
207,400
65,960
426,900
321,800
52,910
57,480
828,600
419,700
187,400
239,700
229,500
1,008,000
57,100
244,500
368,400
537,300
251,100
209,500
309,900
82,820
102,400
23,370
37,210
634,100
115,600
1,096,000
339,700
39,810
838,700
241,100
155,100
902,200
73,060
176,100
35,780
258,200
2,184,000
69,930
21,100
270,800
259,200
162,300
280,600
97,100
16,580,000
16,580,000
0.9
0
0
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.8
0.2
0
0.3
2.4
0
O.Ofi
0.2
0.05
0.07
0
0.1
0.02
1.2
0.2
1.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0
0.07
1.0
2.5
1.3
0.04
1.8
5.8
0
0.1
0.09
0.2
1.0
4.9
3.5
0
0.9
0.05
0.1
0.9
0.6
0.09
0.06
0.3
0.01
0.6
3.12
Note.Blanks indicate data not available.
58
-------
Affected Population
A measure of the population which is exposed to a high contami-
nant concentration due to the individual type degreasing operat-
ions can be obtained as follows: the values of x for which
'= m (4)
where m = 0.1 and 1.0 are determined by iteration. The value of
X (x) , the annual mean ground level concentration, is computed
from the equation (76)
2.03 Q.
m
/ \ iLL
X (x) = - exp
a ux
z
(5)
where Qm = emission rate, g/s
H = effective emission height, m
x = downwind distance from source, m
u = average wind speed, 4.5 m/s
az = vertical dispersion coefficient, m
For atmospheric stability Class C (neutral conditions), a is
given by (79) z
a = 0.113(xฐ-911) (6)
z
The affected area, A(km2), is then computed as
A = (x22 - X!2) (7)
where x^ and x.2 are the roots of Equation 4 for a given value
of m.
The state degreasing capacity-weighted mean population density,
Dp, is calculated as follows:
i Ci ฐPi
Dp = ^ ฃ-, persons/km2 (8)
(79) Eimutis, E. C., and M. G. Konicek. Derivations of Continu-
ous Functions for the Lateral and Vertical Atmospheric Dis-
persion Coefficients. Atmospheric Environment, 6(11):
859-863, 1972.
59
-------
where C^ = number of degreasers (each type) of,state i
Dp. = state population density for state i
The. product (A)Dp is designated the "affected population." -The
affected population was/computed for reach solvent arid .each de-
greasing operation type for which the source severity for the
representative source exceeds 0.1 and 1.0. This was done for a
hazard factor based on both the AAQS and the TLV. The results
are presented in Table 33. In addition, the mean population
densities (from Equation 8)1 for each type of degreassing qpera-
tion are,presented. : 'A .;.sample calculation -for. the stat:e degreas-
ing is presented in Appendix C. ';.'.; ; !
TABLE 33. POPULATION, EXPOSED TO SOURCE SEVERITIES
GREATER THAN ,Q.1 AND 1.0 DUE TO EMISSIONS
FROM REPRESENTATIVE DECREASING OPERATIONS
Where
Number of persons
F >. 1 0
Where T/F >_ Oil
Degreaser type/Solvent
Population density,
persons/Km2
F based.on
AAQS
F based:.pn.
TLV
F based on
flAQS
F based on
TLV
Cold cleaning:
Butanol
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Hexane i'. ....,
Naptha
Mineral spirits
Toluene
Xylene
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Ether
Carbon Tetrachloride
Fluorobarbons
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Open top vapor degreasing
Fluorocarbons
Methylene chloride.,
Perchloroethylene
Triehloroethylene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Conveyorized vapor degreasing
Fluorocarbons
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Fabric scouring
Benzene
Xylene . .
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene '
88,8'
88.8
88.8
;88;8:
88.8
88.8
88.8
88.8
88.8
88.8
88.8
88.8
88.8
88.8
88 .'8
88.8
88.8
94.6
94.6
94.6
94,6
94.6
95.7
95.7
95.7
95.7
95.7
114.3
114.3
114.3
114 j 3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
4
0
0
0
0
P ,
0 '
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 , .
0
0
0
0
0
0
0'
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
12
92V
.3.5
56
22
45
273
109
74
143
76
7.6
62
60
128
60
-------
SECTION 5
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
CONTROLS TO RETARD SOLVENT BATH EMISSIONS
Five devices can reduce emissions from the solvent bath:
Improved cover
High freeboard
Refrigerated chillers
Carbon adsorption
Safety switches
Improved Cover
The cover is the single most important control device for open
top vapor degreasers. Although covers are normally provided on
open top degreasers as standard equipment, the cover may be
simplified so that it will be more frequently used if it is
either mechanically assisted, powered, or automated.
For vapor degreasers, covers should open and close in horizontal
motion, so that air/vapor interface is not disturbed. Such
covers include roll-type plastic covers, canvas curtains, or
guillotine covers. Automating covers on large open top vapor
degreasers is advantageous. Covers may be powered pneumatically
or electrically and are usually manually controlled with an
automatic cutoff. The most advanced covering systems are auto-
mated in coordination with the hoist or conveyor. Covers can be
designed so they close while parts are cooking and drying; thus
covers would be opened for only a short time while parts are
actually entering or exiting the degreaser.
On cold cleaners, covers are frequently assisted by means of
spring loading or counterweighing. A foot-operated pedal or
powered system can facilitate cover efficiency. Two additional
types of covers may be used: the submerged cover and a water
cover. The submerged cover (commercially termed "turbulence
baffle") is a horizontal sheet of material submerged about 50 mm
below the entire surface of the liquid solvent in a cold cleaner
that is vigorously pump agitated. The water cover is simply a
layer of water about 50 mm to 100 mm thick over a halogenated
solvent. The water cover cannot be used in applications where
water would corrode the metal surface or cause chemical degrada-
tion of the halogenated solvent.
61
-------
Even though conveyorized degreasers include covers in their
design, additional cover-related controls can be used. These
include 1) minimizing openings and 2) covering openings during
shutdown hours. The American Society of Testing and Materials
(ASTM) has recommended that there be no more than 150 mm^clear-
ance between parts on the conveyor and sides of the opening (80).
This clearance is termed the average silhouette clearance and is
defined as the average distance between the side at the opening
and the part beina cleaned.
Covers can be made for the entrance and exit of the conveyorized
degreaser so that they can be closed after degreaser shutdown.
The cover (i.e., "downtime cover") can be any material that
impedes drafts into the degreaser and should cover 80% to 90% of
the opening. This shutdown cover is most important during the
hours immediately after shutdown because the hot solvent is cool-
ing by evaporation. Even after the solvent sump has cooled, the
downtime cover will be effective for the more volatile vapor
degreasing solvents.
A cover on an open top vapor degreaser has been shown to reduce
total emissions by 20% to 40%; effectiveness varies depending
upon the frequency of cover use (80).
Establishing a single control efficiency for a cold cleaning
cover is not possible because emission reduction varies too
greatly with respect to solvent volatility, draft velocity, free-
board ratio, operating temperature and agitation. However, bath
evaporation rate does vary directly with solvent volatility at
normal operating temperature. Although a closed cover can elim-
inate bath evaporation, the cover can do nothing to reduce carry-
out. Thus a normally closed cover becomes an effective control
device only when bath evaporation accounts for the major portion
of total emissions. More specifically, when solvent volatility
is moderate to high (approximately 2.1 kPa at 38ฐC), closing the
cover at all times is an effective control technique when parts
are not being cleaned manually in the cold cleaner. The cover
should always be closed when the bath is agitated or heated. If
none of these conditions apply, the cover should at least be
closed during long periods of disuse, such as shutdown hours and
idle periods greater than 0.5 hr (80).
For conveyorized degreasers, an estimated 18% of total emissions
are due to evaporation during downtime (80) . Most of this loss
can be eliminated by a downtime cover.
(80) Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Organic Solvent
Metal Cleaning Operations (draft document). U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, April 1977. pp. 3-1 to 3-26.
62
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High Freeboard
The freeboard serves primarily to reduce drafts near the air/
solvent interface. An acceptable freeboard height is determined
by its freeboard ratio. Although the conventional freeboard
ratio, which is defined as the freeboard height divided by the
width (not length) of the degreaser's air/solvent area, is simple
and convenient, it does not consider the length of the working
area. Instead of using just the degreaser's width to define the
ratio, including the degreaser's length can be more accurate
because it effects the freeboard height needed to achieve optimum
control. One proposed definition of a modified freeboard ratio
is the freeboard height divided by the square root of the product
of the width and length of the degreaser's area.3
Normally, the conventional freeboard ratio is 0.5 to 0.6 for open
top vapor degreasers, but if more volatile solvents are used,
namely methylene chloride or fluorocarbon solvents, the minimum
freeboard ratio is 0.75 (80). The ASTM has recommended (ASTM D-
26) that a minimum freeboard ratio of 0.75 be an alternative
control for open top degreasers (80).
For degreasers that have a length much greater than their width,
the "modified freeboard ratio" would require an appreciably
higher freeboard height than would an equal conventional free-
board ratio.
For an idling open top vapor degreaser (has no work load), emis-
sion reduction resulting from raising a conventional freeboard
ratio from 0.5 to 0.75 may typically be 25% to 30% (80, 81). An
increase in the ratio from 0.5 to 1.0 may yield a 50% reduction
in emissions (80, 81). For open top vapor degreasers with
normal work loads, total emission reduction will be less than
that given above because the freeboard is less effective in
reducing carryout emissions than solvent bath emissions.
Freeboard height has little effect on cold cleaning solvents with
low volatilities, such as mineral spirits. An increase of free-
board ratio above typical values (e.g., 0-5) yields a benefit
Letting F equal freeboard height, W equal width of degreaser's
opening and L equal length of the opening, then the conventional
freeboard ratio equals F/W, and the modified freeboard ratio
equals F/(W x L) %
(81) Suprenant, K. S. Study of the Emission Control Effectiveness
of Increased Freeboard on Open Top Degreasers. In: Study
to Support New Source Performance Standards for Solvent Metal
Cleaning Operations, Appendix Reports, D. W. Richards and
K. S. Suprenant, eds. Contract 68-02-1329, Task 9, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, June 20, 1976. Appendix C-12.
63
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only for cold cleaners with high volatility solvents, such as
halogenated ones. Nevertheless, the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) requires at least a 150-mm freeboard
(80) .
Refrigerated Chillers
Refrigerated chillers are emission control devices used on vapor
degreasers. The vapors created within a vapor degreaser are
prevented from overflowing out of the equipment by means of
condenser coils and a freeboard water jacket. Refrigerated free-
board chillers are an addition to this basic system. In appear-
ance, they seem to be a second set of condenser coils located
slightly above the primary condenser coils of the degreaser
(Figure 25) (82). Functionally, however, they achieve a different
purpose. Primary condenser coils control the upper limit of the
vapor zone, while refrigerated freeboard chilling coils impede
diffusion of solvent vapors from the vapor zone into the work
COLD TRAP
SLOT EXHAUST
REFRIGERATION
COILS
COOLING WATER
COILS
PARTS SCREEN
BOILING SOLVENT
OUT
Figure 25. Schematic representation of degreaser
with cold trap installed (82).
(82) Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Fifth Edition. J. H. Perry
and C. H. Chilton, eds. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,
New York, 1973.
64
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atmosphere . This is accomplis-hed ; by chilling the air - immediately :
above the vapor zone and creating a cold air blanket.; This
blanket also reduces mixing1- of air and solvent: vapors by narrow^ s
ing the air/vapor mixing zone, which results from a sharper tem-
perature' gradient . In" addition , chilling decreases the upward
convection of warm," solvent-laden air. ,.-' ,
Patent coverage of this emission control" method (the "cold trap."),
is limited to designs that control the refrigerant temperature at
0ฐC or colder (80) .' Manufacturers operating 'within this patent
recommend a heat exchange tempera'tiire cif -23ฐC to -30ฐC. Commer-
cial systems ^operating between 1ฐC to 5ฐC are also available. ',
Most major manufacturers of vapor degreasing; equipment .offer both
types of refrigerated freeboard chillers.
These systems are designed with a timed defrost cycle to remove ,
ice from the -cbils 'and to 'restore heat exchange efficiency.
Although liquid water formed during the defrost cycle is directed
to the water separator, water contamination of the decreasing, -
solvent is not uncommon.
Refrigerated freeboard chillers are normally" qualified by *
specif ying cooling' capacity per length of perimeter. The above- -
freezing Refrigerated freeboard chiller is frequently designed.
to have a minimum of 865 W/m-k cooling capacity per 305 mm of;
air/vapor interface perimeter. The below-freezing refrigerated K
freeboard chiller ' (i.e. , "cold trap") is reported to be normally
designed along the following specifications (80) :
Degreaser width, m Minimum cooling capacity, W/m-k
' ' ':': ' '' >1.'8 -...- :. ::- ' ' . 692 -' '-I . -.: -.-.'
' ' ' ;' >2.4' - ' : -'---.. '-^ ; ;'- > .; 865- " '- : ; -' ':
; >3.o ; :-'' 1,038 - '-.!. ,
Normally, each pass .of finned cooling coil is expected to remove
173 W/m-k (80) . x ;, ; T ; , f
A third type of refrigerated chiller is the refrigerated conden-
ser coil. Rather than provide an extra set of chilling coils as
the freeboard chillers do, refrigerated condenser coils replace
primary condenser coils. If coolant in the condenser "coils is
sufficiently refrigerated, it will create a layer of cold air
above the air/vapor interface. Du Pont and Rucker Ultrasonics
have recommended that the cooling rate of refrigerated condenser
coils be equal to 100% to 120% of the heat input rate in the
boiling sump in order to give optimum emission control - (80) .
Refrigerated condenser coils are normally used only on small open
top vapor degreasers (especially with fluorocarbon solvent).
because energy consumption may be too great for larger open top
65
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vapor degreasers. The refrigerated condenser coil offers porta-
bility of the open top degreaser by excluding the need for
plumbing to cool condenser coils with tap water.
The refrigerated chiller will reduce emissions by approximately
40%. Data are available for below-freezing refrigerated free-
board chillers but not for above-freezing chillers or refriger-
ated condensing coils. Three tests on cold traps measured emis-
sion reductions of 28% to 62% (79, 83, 84). The vendor
guarantees at least 40% emission reduction for the cold trap,
although one test measured a reduction of only 16% (79, 85).
However, this particular chiller was installed in 1968, so the
design was judged to be nonrepresentative of present designs.
No tests have been performed for chillers on cold cleaners. A
chiller on a cold cleaner could have the same effectiveness on a
normally closed cover, though it will cost considerably more.
Carbon Adsorption
Carbon adsorption is used frequently to capture solvent emissions
from metal cleaning operations. Adsorption is the process of
removing molecules from a stream by contacting them with a solid.
Gases, liquids, or solids can be selectively removed from air
streams with materials known as adsorbents. The material which
adheres to the adsorbent is called the adsorbate.
(83) Suprenant, K. S. Evaluation of Two Refrigerated Freeboard
Chillers. In: Study of Support New Source Performance
Standards for Solvent Metal Cleaning Operations, Appendix
Reports, D. W. Richards and K. S. Suprenant, eds. Contract
68-02-1329, Task 9, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 30, 1976.
Appendix C-3.
(84) Bellinger, J. C. Evaluation of Refrigerated Freeboard
Chillers. In: Study to Support New Source Performance
Standards for Solvent Metal Cleaning Operations, Appendix
Report, D. W. Richards and K. S. Suprenant, eds. Contract
68-02-1329, Task 9, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 30, 1976.
Appendix C-7.
(85) Suprenant, K. S. Evaluation of (1) A Pneumatic Cover
(2) Refrigeration. In: Study to Support New Source Perfor-
mance Standards for Solvent Metal Cleaning Operations, App-
endix Reports, D. W. Richards and K. S. Suprenant, eds.
Contract 68-02-1329, Task 9, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 30,
1976. Appendix C-5.
66
-------
p
^^
ฑS U8ed tO ^^n^ate the sorbent
separated from the water b
Activated carbon is capable of adsorbing 95% to 98% of many
orgamc vapors from air at ambient temperature in the presence of
low'va^ ^ gaS Stream (4ฐK BeCaUS ^adsorbed Somp?undfhave
low vapor pressure at ambient temperatures, recovery of solvents
present in air in small concentrations is low.
Urban ^o^i ฐf f SOlyent VaPฐr ln air is Passed over activated
bufas'thr^3 ฐf -Solvent vaPฐr is complete at the beginning,
aDnrnLSS adsorPtlvf capacity of the activated carbon is
approached, traces of vapor appear in the exit air. This situa-
al?honah SV3 bfeakthrough- As the air flow is continued,
although additional amounts of solvent are adsorbed, the concen-
tration of solvent vapor in the exit air increases until it
equals that in the inlet air. The adsorbent is saturated under
these conditions.
th i K.ฐf or^anic vaPฐrs in air is not uniform,
the more easily adsorbed constituents being those with higher
boiling points. When air containing a mixture of organic vapors
is passed over activated carbon, vapors are equally adsorbed at
the start. However, as the amount of the higher boiling con-
stituent in the adsorbent increases, the more volatile constit-
uent revaporizes. Thus the exit vapor consists primarily of the
more volatile constituent after breakthrough has been reached.
mis process continues for each organic constituent until the
highest boiling constituent is present in the exit gas. To
control organic vapor mixtures, the adsorption cycle should be
stopped when the first breakthrough occurs as determined by
detection of vapors in the exit gas. Many theories have been
advanced to explain the selective adsorption of certain vapors or
gases. These theories are discussed by Perry and Chilton (45)
and will not be repeated here.
The quantity of organic vapors adsorbed by activated carbon is a
function of the particular vapor in question, the adsorbent, the
adsorbent temperature, and the vapor concentration. Removal of
67
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_ .- .: ' ;"!' ' '.!'.- j .'
gaseous vapors by physical: adsorption is practical for,gases with
a'molecular weight over 45 (45) . Each type of activated carbon-,
has its own adsorbent properties for a given..yapor,; and the ^
quantity of vapor adsorbed for a particular vapor concentration
in the gas and at a particular temperature is best determined
experimentally. The quantity of vapor adsorbed increases when
vapor concentration increases and adsorbent temperature;-decreases.
After breakthrough has occurred, /the adsorbent is regenerated:by
heating until the adsorbate has been removed. A carrier -gas is
required!to sweep out vapors released. Low,pressure saturated:
stekm is used for activated carbon^as both:the heat source and
carrier gas. Superheated sj:eam (343ฐC) may be necessary to
remove high boiling compounds and return the carbon to its
original condition when the accumulation of high boiling com-
pounds has reduced carbon capacity to the point where complete
regeneration is necessary.
Steam requirements for regeneration are a function pf external
heat losses and the nature of the solvent. The amount of steam
adsorbed per, kilogram of solvent, as a function of elapsed time,
passes through a minimum,, The carbon should be regenerated for
this length of time to permit the minimum use of steam (45).
After, regeneration, the carbon bed is hot (approximately 200ฐC)
and watersaturated. It is cooled and;dryed by blowing solvents
free air through the bed. Water ^evaporation aids carbon cooling.
If high temperature (greater than 300ฐG) steam is used,- other
means of cooling are required. .'-"-'"
Fixed-bed adsorbers arrayed in two or more parallel bed, arrange--
ments are used to remove solvent vapors from air. These are ,...:..<
batch arrangements, where a bed is used until breakthrough occurs
and then regenerates. The simplest adsorber design of this type
is a two-bed system where one carbon bed is regenerating as the
other is adsorbing (see Figure 26) (41). ^A three-bed arrangement
permits a greater quantity of -solvent to be adsorbed per unit of
carbon because effluent passes through two beds in series while -
the .third bed regenerates. This permits activated carbon to be
used after breakthrough since the second bed in the .series
removes solvent vapors from the first bed exit gas. Whenthe
first bed is saturated, it is removed from the stream for regen-
eration; the bed which was used to remove final traces of solvent
vapors from,effluent becomes the new first bed; and the bed which
was regenerated becomes the new second bed. ;
Heat released in;the adsorption process causes the temperature of
the .adsorbent to increase. If the concentration of solvent
vapors is not high, as in the case of degreasing operations, 'the
temperature rise is typically 10ฐC (86).
The pressure drop through a carbon bed is a function of gas
velocity, bed depth, and .particle size. Activated carbon
68
-------
EXHAUST
38 ฐC
ADSORBER II
COOLING
WATER
1 1
1 1
t
38 ฐC
1 |
CONDENSER
COOLING
WATER
CONTAMINATED
STREAM
DECANTER
ORGANIC WASTE
STREAM WATER
Figure 26. Carbon adsorption system (41).
manufacturers supply empirical correlations for pressure drop in
terms of these quantities as well as pressure drop resulting
from directional change of the gas stream at inlet and outlet.
Control of solvent vapor emissions by adsorption on activated
carbon is applied when adsorbate recovery is economically
desirable.
Several aspects of using carbon adsorption with degreasers are
distinctive. For example, solvent mixtures are sometimes used.
Although combinations will be adsorbed, collected solvent vapors
will be rich in the more volatile components so that recovered
solvent is rarely identical in concentration to that used in the
cleaning system. In addition, there are effluent components
that are water soluble, such as acetone or butanol used as cosol-
vents with Fluorocarbon 113 and various stabilizers added to most
solvents to inhibit decomposition. These water soluble compon-
ents will be selectively extracted by the steam during the
desorption process. In such cases, if the recovered solvent has
not decomposed, it can be reused although fresh solvent, stabil-
izers, and/or cosolvents must be added.
Carbon adsorption systems for solvent metal cleaning can be ex-
pected to achieve only 40% to 65% reductionrof the total solvent
69
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emission. This is because the ventilation apparatus of the con-
trol system cannot capture all solvent vapors and deliver them to
the adsorption bed. The major loss areas are dragout on parts,
leaks, spills, and disposal of waste solvent. Improved ventila-
tion design can increase an adsorber's overall emission control
efficiency. Higher ventilation rate alone, however, will not
necessarily be advantageous; it will require large, expensive
adsorbers and may disrupt the air/vapor interface.
Tests performed on carbon adsorption systems controlling both
an open top vapor degreaser and a conveyor!zed nonboiling
degreaser measured 60% and 65% emission reduction, respectively
(80, 87, 88). Many adsorption systems, however, yield less than
40% emission reduction because 1) the inlet collection efficiency
is poor and 2) the carbon adsorber is improperly maintained or
adjusted. The inlet collection efficiency is the percentage of
solvent vapors from the degreaser that are captured by the inlet
duct of the carbon adsorption system. Often less than one-half
of the solvent emissions are captured by the carbon adsorption
system.
Ventilation rates normally should be at least but not much
greater than 0.25 m3/s per square meter of air/vapor area (80).
Preferably, the freeboard height should be enough to satisfy
minimum freeboard ratios of 0.6 to 0.75. The cover should not
close above the inlet vents (lip exhausts) when the adsorber is
running, or excess solvent will be drawn into the adsorber.
Two tests have indicated poor inlet collection efficiency (85,
89). Measured emission reductions were 21% and 25%, respec-
tively. Furthermore, one test showed an 8% emission increase,
(87) Richards, D. W. Evaluation of Carbon Adsorption Recovery.
In: Study to Support New Source Performance Standards for
Solvent Metal Cleaning Operations, Appendix Reports, D. W.
Richards and K. S. Surprenant, eds. Contract 68-02-1329,
Task 9, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 30, 1976. Appendix C-10.
(88) Richards, D. W. Evaluation of Carbon Adsorption Recovery.
In: Study to Support New Source Performance Standards for
Solvent Metal Cleaning Operations, Appendix Reports, D. W.
Richards and K. S. Surprenant, eds. Contract 68-02-1329,
Task 9, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Tri-
angle Park, North Carolina, June 30, 1976. Appendix Oil.
(89) Vivian, T. A. Evaluation of Carbon Adsorption Recovery.
In: Study to Support New Source Performance Standards for
Solvent Metal Cleaning Operations, Appendix Reports, D. W.
Richards and K. S. Surprenant, eds. Contract 68-02-1329,
Task 9, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 30, 1976. Appendix C-4
70
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most likely because freeboard height was extremely short (0.05
to 0.10) and because breakthrough occurred frequently (90).
Safety Switches
Safety switches are preventive devices used only for vapor de-
greasers. They reduce emissions only during malfunctions, not
during normal operation. The five main types of safety switches
are 1) safety vapor thermostat, 2) condenser water flow switch
and thermostat, 3) sump thermostat, 4) solvent level control,
and 5) spray safety switch. Switches one through four turn off
the sump heat, and switch five turns off the spray.
The safety vapor thermostat is the most important switch, which
detects the solvent vapor zone when it rises above the condenser
coils. When hot vapors are sensed, heat is turned off. The
safety thermostats should be the manual reset type and should be
checked frequently for operation. By preventing the vapor level
from rising above the condenser coils and causing emissions, the
safety vapor thermostat reduces emissions and protects the oper-
ator's health. OSHA already requires that open top degreasers
have a safety vapor thermostat.
The condenser water flow switch and thermostat turn off the sump
heat when the condenser water stops circulating or becomes warmer
than specified. If the condenser water flow switch and thermo-
stat are properly adjusted, they will serve as a backup for the
safety vapor thermostat and also assure efficient operation of
the condenser coils.
Both the boiling sump thermostat and solvent level control pre-
vent the sump from overheating and causing solvent decomposition.
The boiling sump thermostat cuts off the sump heat when the sump
temperature rises above the solvent's boiling point. This is
caused by excessive oil concentration. The solvent level control
turns off the heat when the level of the boiling sump drops down
to the height of the sump heater coils (80). Without this con-
trol, heat can break down the solvent. Occasionally it will
undergo an exothermic reaction, emitting noxious fumes, such as
hydrochloric acid, which cause extensive corrosion.
The spray safety switch is not installed as often as other safety
switches. If the vapor level drops below a specified level, then
the pump for the spray will be cut off until the normal vapor
(90) Richards, D. W. Evaluation of Carbon Adsorption Recovery.
In: Study to Support New Source Performance Standards for
Solvent Metal Cleaning Operations, Appendix Reports, D. W.
Richards and K. S. Surprenant, eds. Contract 68-02-1329,
Task 9, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Tri-
angle Park, North Carolina, June 30, 1976. Appendix C-8.
71
-------
level returns. Thus the spray safety switch prevents the_opera-
tor from spraying above the vapor level and causing emissions
(80).
The effectiveness of the five safety switches in reducing emis-
sions .cannot be estimated because their operation results from
poor degreasing maintenance and use.
Incineration /
Incineration conceptually could be used to control emissions from,
degreasing. It could be applied to systems using petroleum
hydrocarbons and oxygenated solvents which readily combust to
carbon dioxide and water. Although chlorinated hydrocarbons are
nonflammable under normal conditions, they can be pyrolyzed at
temperatures in the incineration range. This pyrolytic decompos-
ition will release chlorine, hydrochloric acid, and phosgene,
depending on decomposition conditions. These products would have
to be removed from the off-gas stream of the incinerator before
exhausting to the atmosphere, and this would require sophisti-
cated gas cleaning equipment.
Liquid Absorption
Liquid absorption has been investigated for use in solvent metal
cleaning. For example, trichloroethylene vapors in air can be
reduced by absorption in mineral oil. However, at an absorption
column temperature of 30ฐC, the air stream leaving; the column
can contain about 120 ppm mineral oil. Thus this process can
result in controlling one hydrocarbon but emitting another at an
equal or greater rate (80). It appears that except for recovery
of 1) high concentrations of solvent vapor in air, 2) very
valuable vapors or, 3) highly toxic chemical vapors, this method
of emission control is impractical (80),
CONTROLS TO MINIMIZE CARRYOUT
The main control device for carryout emissions from cold cleaners
is a simple drainage facility. Two types of drainage facilities
are the external and internal drainage racks (or shelves). The
external drainage rack is attached to the top side of the cold
cleaner. The liquid solvent on the cleaned parts drains onto
the drainage shelf and flows back into the cold cleaning bath.
An internal drainage facility is located beneath the cover. It
may be a basket holding parts that is suspended over the solvent
bath or a shelf from which the solvent drains. '
The main control devices for carryout emissions from conveyorized
degreasers are a drying tunnel and rotating baskets. A drying
tunnel is an extention of sheet metal from the exit of the con-
veyorized degreaser. This tunnel extension gives cleaned parts
72
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more time to dry completely. The drying tunnel will work well
in combination with carbon adsorption. Rotating baskets may be
used on cross-rod degreasers and Ferris wheel degreasers. The
rotating basket is a perforated cylinder containing parts to be
cleaned that is slowly rotated through the cleaning system so
that the parts cannot trap liquid solvent.
The effectiveness of these control devices cannot be quantified.
The amount of carryput,depends upon the various -types of work
load (amount of crevices) and the quality of operation. In addi-
tion no information is available on the extent to which any of
the control measures discussed are being utilized in plants
practicing degreasing. --..-
73
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SECTION 6
GROWTH AND NATURE OF THE INDUSTRY
PRESENT TECHNOLOGY
Current technology for degreasing operations (both degreasers and
fabric scourers) is discussed in Section 3 of this report.
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
Technology for degreasing processes is presently static. Recent
patent literature reveals no new processes for either degreasers
or fabric scourers (91).
INDUSTRY PRODUCTION TRENDS
Degreasers
The overall metals cleaning industry is growing at a rate of 3%
to 5%/yr (39). However, metal cleaning is closely connected to
the overall economy. Production cutbacks in basic industries,
particularly in automotive-related industries, could reduce the
overall growth rate.
Distribution of solvent usage may also change in the next several
years, depending upon air pollution regulations. In 1972, the
32 states listed in Table 34 had no restrictions on the use of
trichloroethylene. Los Angeles Rule 66 restricts the use of
trichloroethylene but exempts perchloroethylene and 1,1,1-
trichloroethane from controls. Therefore, in states with
Rule 66-type legislation, the trend has been to restrict solvents
rather than require installation of equipment. Thus if more
states adopt Rule 66-type legislation, the consumption of tri-
chloroethylene will further decline. The trend in solvent usage
is thus dependent upon legislation (16).
(91) Johnson, K. Dry Cleaning and Degreasing Chemicals and Proc-
esses. Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1973.
312 pp.
(92) Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1973, 94th Edi-
tion. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
Washington, D.C., 1973. 1014 pp.
74
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TABLE 34. STATES WITHOUT RESTRICTIONS ON
TRICHLOROETHYLENE USAGE (1972) (16)
Fabric Scourers
Alabama
Alaska
Arkansas
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Iowa
Kansas
Maine ,
Maryland
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Mexico
North Dakota
Oregon
South Carolina
South Dakota
Utah
Vermont
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Illinois APC Board install-
ation permit required if
exhausted.
13 -
Stack exhaust permit
required.
As a whole, the textile industry has been growing at an annual
4% to 5% rate since 1970 (92). The fabric scouring industry can
thus be assumed to be growing at the same rate.
-------
REFERENCES
1. 1972 Census of ManufacturersVVolume II, Industry Statistics,
Part 1, SIC Major Groups', 20-26. Major Group 22, Textile
Mill Products. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, Washington, DvC. ,! August 1976. i;pp. 22-1 to 22-3.
2. 1972 Census of Manufactuers, Volume II,-Industry Statistics,
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and Fixtures. U.S4 Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
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3. 1972 Cqnsus of Manufactuers, Volume II, Industry Statistics,
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Metal Industries. >:;U,S'. Department of Commerce, Bureau of
the Census, Washington, D.C., August 1976. pp. 33-1 to
33-3. ; -"
4. 1972 Census of Manufactuers, Volume II,, Industry Statistics,
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6. 1972 Census of Manufactures, Volume II, Industry Statistics,
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Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C., August 1976.
pp. 36-1 to 37-3.
7. 1972 Census of Manufactures, Volume II, Industry Statistics,
Part 3, SIC Major Groups 35-39. Major Group 37, Transporta-
tion Equipment. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, Washington, D.C., August 1976. pp. 37-1 to 37-3.
8. 1972 Census of Manufactures, Volume II, Industry Statistics,
Part 3, SIC Major Groups 35-39. Major Group 38, Instruments
and Related Products. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
of the Census, Washington, D.C., August 1976. pp. 38-1 to
38-3.
76
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9. 1972 Census of Manufactures, Volume II, .Industry Statistics,
Part 3, SIC Major Groups 35-39. Major Group 39, Miscellane-
ous Manufacturing Industries. U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census,: Washington, D.C., August 1976.
, .. pp. 39-1 to 39-3. - , : ,. . ,
10. 1972 Census of Selected Servide Industries, Miscellaneous
Subjects. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Cen-
sus , Washington, D.C., December 1975. p. 8-8.
11. 1972 Census of Retail Trade, Miscellaneous Subjects. U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of :the Census, Washington,
D.C., December 1975. p. 3^-3.
12. Heinz, D. R., and H. W. Krimbill. Emissions Survey. In:
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77
-------
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69. 1972 Census of Manufactures, Industry Series, Preliminary
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71. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Organic Solvent
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72. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Organic Solvent
Metal Cleaning Operations (draft document). U.S. Environ-
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73. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Organic Solvent
Metal Cleaning Operations (draft document). U.S. Environ-
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74. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Organic Solvent
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76. Turner, D. B. Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates.
Public Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-26. U.S.
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78. Eimutus, E. C., and R. P. Quill. Source Assessment: State-
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79. Eimutus, E. C., and M. G. Konicek. Derivations of Continu-
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859-863, 1972.
80. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Organic Solvent
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ness of Increased Freeboard on Open Top Degreasers. In:
Study to Support New Source Performance Standards for Sol-
vent Metal Cleaning Operations, Appendix Reports, D. W.
Richards and K. S. Suprenant, eds. Contract 68-02-1329,
Task 9, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Tri-
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and C. H. Chilton, eds. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,
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Standards for Solvent Metal Cleaning Operations, Appendix
Reports, D. W. Richards and K. S. Suprenant, eds.
Contract 68-02-1329, Task 9, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 30,
1976. Appendix C-3.
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Chillers. In: Study to Support New Source Performance
Standards for Solvent Metal Cleaning Operations, Appendix
Reports, D. W. Richards and K. S. Suprenant, eds. Contract
68-02-1329, Task 9, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 30, 1976.
Appendix C-7.
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May 1973. 987 pp.
83
-------
87. Richards, D. W. Evaluation of Carbon Adsorption Recovery.
In: Study to Support New Source Performance Standards for
Solvent Metal Cleaning Operations, Appendix Reports, D. W.
Richards and K. S. Suprenant, eds. Contract 68-02-1329,
Task 9, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 30, 1976. Appendix
C-10.
88. Richards, D. W. Evaluation of Carbon Adsorption Recovery.
In: Study to Support New Source Performance Standards for
Solvent Metal Cleaning Operations, Appendix Reports, D. W.
Richards and K. S. Suprenant, eds. Contract 68-02-1329,
Task 9, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 30, 1976. Appendix C-ll,
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Study to Support New Source Performance Standards for Sol-
vent Metal Cleaning Operations, Appendix Reports, D. W.
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Task 9, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 30, 1976. Appendix C-4.
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In: Study to Support New Source Performance Standards for
Solvent Metal Cleaning Operations, Appendix Reports, D. W.
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of One or More Sources. Presented at the 61st Annual
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Minnesota, June 23-27, 1968. 18 pp.
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Vertical and Lateral Dispersion Coefficients in Atmospheric
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the Lower Layers of the Atmosphere. In: Meteorology and
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84
-------
96. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 42 - Public Health,
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Pollution Control for the Petrochemical Industry. Volume I:
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98. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Second Edi-
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85
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APPENDIX A
DERIVATIONS OF SOURCE SEVERITY EQUATIONS3
SUMMARY OF MAXIMUM SEVERITY EQUATIONS
The maximum severity of pollutants may be calculated using the
mass emission rate, Q, the height of the emissions, H, and the
ambient air quality standard or modified TLV. The equations
summarized in Table A-l are developed in detail in this appendix.
TABLE A-l. POLLUTANT SEVERITY EQUATIONS
FOR ELEVATED SOURCES
Pollutant Severity equation
Hydrocarbons S= ^2
Others S= 5>5 Q
TLV Hz
DERIVATION OF x FOR USE WITH U.S. AVERAGE CONDITIONS
ItlclX
The most widely accepted formula for predicting downwind ground
level concentrations from a point source is (76)
X =
Q
TTO a u
y z
exp -
1 /
2 ^o
y)2"
(A-l)
where x = downwind ground level concentration at reference
coordinate x and y with emission height of H, g/m3
Q = mass emission rate, g/s
a = standard deviation of horizontal dispersion, m
y
a = standard deviation of vertical dispersion, m
z
u = wind speed, m/s
aThis appendix was prepared by T. R. Blackwood and E. C. Eimutis
of Monsanto Research Corporation, Dayton, Ohio.
86
-------
y = horizontal distance from centerline of dispersion, m
H = height of emission release, m
x = downwind emission dispersion distance from source of
emission release, m
TT - 3.1416
We assume that Xmax occurs when x is much greater than 0 and when
y equals 0. For a' given stability class, standard deviations of
horizontal and vertical dispersion have often been expressed as
functions of downwind distance by power law relationships as
follows (93) :
ay = axb (A-2)
a = cxd + f (A-3)
Zi
Values for a, b, c, d, and f are given in Tables A-2 (94) and A-3.
Substituting these general equations into Equation A-l yields
exp -I" - 1^ - ] (A-4)
D 12 (ex + f ) 2J
+ aTmfx 12 (ex + f )
Assuming that Xmax occurs when x is less than 100 m or when the
stability class is C, then f equals 0 and Equation A-4 becomes
For convenience, let
AR = il and BR =
exp " * (A~5)
\2 c2x2d/
so that Equation A-5 reduces to
I) (A-6)
x
(93) Martin, D. 0., and J. A. Tikvart. A General Atmospheric
Diffusion Model for Estimating the Effects on Air Quality of
One or More Sources. 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, St. Paul, Minnesota, June 23-27,
1968. 18 pp.
(94) Tadmor, J., and Y. Gur. Analytical Expressions for the Ver-
tical and Lateral Dispersion Coefficients in Atmospheric
Diffusion. Atmospheric Environment, 3(6):688-689, 1969.
87
-------
TABLE A-2.
VALUES OF a FOR THE
COMPUTATION OF a a (94)
Stability class
A
B
C
D
E
F
a
0.3658
0.2751
0.2089
0.1471
0.1046
0.0722
For Equation A-2:
a = ax'
Y
where x = downwind distan
b = 0.9031 (from Reference 94)
TABLE A-3. VALUES OF CONSTANTS USED TO
ESTIMATE VERTICAL DISPERSION (93)
Usable range,
m
Stability
c'lass
Coefficient
>1,000
A
B
C
D
E
F
0.00024
0.055
0.113
1.26
6.73
18.05
2.094
1.098
0.911
0.516
0.305
0.18
9.6
2.0
0.0
-13
-34
-48.6
100 to 1,000
A
B
C
D
E
F
0.0015
0.028
0.113
0.222
0.211
0. 086
1.941
1.149
0.911
0.725
0.678
0.74
9.27
3.3
0.0
-1.7
-1.3
-0.35
<100
aFor Equation A-3:
A
B
C
D
E
F
a
7.
0.192
0.156
0.116
0.079
0.063
0.053
= cxd + f
0.936
0.922
0.905
0.881
0.871
0.814
0
0
0
0
0
0
88
-------
Taking the first derivative of Equation A-6,
exp(BRx-2d)(- b - d)X-b-d-1 (A-7)
and setting this equal to 0 (to determine the roots which give
the minimum and maximum conditions of x with respect to x) yields
- 0 . -eXpBx-- 2 dBx- - b - d (A-8,
Since we define that x is not equal to 0 or infinity at x i the
following expression must be equal to 0: max
- 2 dB x~2d - d - b = 0 (A-9)
or
9rl
(b + d)xzu = - 2 dBw (A-10)
or
. 2d ~ dBR 2 dH2
b + d 2 c2 (b + d) c2 (b + d)
or
c2(b + d)
Hence
V2d
at
.c2 (b + d) '
Thus Equations A-2 and A-3 (at f equals 0) become
a = _. dH2 1b/23
r dH2 -i
= a\ 22
Lc2(d + b)J
d
az =
c2(b + d)J \b + d
89
-------
The maximum will be determined for U.S. average conditions of
stability. According to Gifford (95), this is when a equals az .
Since b equals 0.9031, and upon inspection of Table A-2 under
U.S. average conditions, Oy equals az, it can be seen that 0.881
is less than or equal to d, which is less than or equal to 0.905
(Class C stability3) . Thus, it can be assumed that b is nearly
equal to d in Equations A-14 and A-15 or
a = (A-16)
z /2
and
a = -^ (A-17)
y c/2
Under U.S. average conditions, Cy equals az and a is approxi-
mately equal to c if b is approximately equal to d and if f
equals 0 (between Classes C and D, but closer to belonging in
Class C) .
Then
a = (A-18)
y /2
Substituting for a from Equation A-18 and for GZ from Equation
A-16 into EquationYA-l and letting y equal 0,
x - -^
Amax
or
2 Q
y = =_ (A-20)
max
For U.S. average conditions, u equals 4.47 m/s so that Equation
A-20 reduces to
3The values given in Table A-3 are mean values for stability
class. Class C stability describes these coefficients and
exponents, only within about a factor of two (76).
(95) Gifford, F. A., Jr. An Outline of Theories of Diffusion,in
the Lower Layers of the Atmosphere. In: Meteorology and
Atomic Energy 1968, Chapter 3. Slade, D. A., ed. Publica-
tion No. TID-24190, U.S. ALomic Energy Commission Technical
Information Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, July 1968. p. 113
90
-------
0.0524 Q
H:
*max - : " (A-2D
DEVELOPMENT OF SOURCE SEVERITY EQUATIONS
The general source severity, S, relationship has been defined as
follows:
(A-22)
where Xmax = time-averaged maximum ground level concentration
F = hazard factor defined as the ambient air quality
standard for criteria pollutants and a modified TLV
[i.e., (TLV) (8/24) (1/100)] for noncriteria
pollutants
Noncriteria Emissions
The value of Xmax maY be derived from Xmax' an undefined "short-
term" (t0) concentration. An approximation for longer term (t)
concentration may be made as follows (76):
For a 24-hr time period,
t0\ฐ-17
r / (A-23)
or
,0.17
m n
Y = Y min
x *
^max Amax\1,440 min
or
Since the hazard factor is defined and derived from TLV values as
follows:
F = TT VI - \ I I /A ~~> c \
F TLV\24ArOO/ (A-26)
F = 3.33 x 10~3 TLV (A-27)
then the severity factor, S, is defined as
(A-28)
3.33 x 10~3 TLV
91
-------
(A~29)
If a weekly averaging period is used, then
A:max Amax\10,080/
0.17
l^r" , .., ; (A-3W
or
! ''.' 7 = 0.25 x (A-31)
Amax Amax
and --''-- ' - :
(A-32)
F = 2.38 x 1CT3 TLV (A-33)
and the severity factor, S, is
ฐ-25 X
^
S =
max _ max (A-34)
2.38 x 10-3 TLV
or
TLV
(A-35)
which is entirely consistent, since the TLV is being corrected
for a different exposure period.
Therefore, the severity can be derived from Xmax directly without
regard to averaging time for noncriteria emissions. Thus combin-
ing Equations A-35 and A-21, for elevated sources, gives
' s = 5-5 Q (A-36)
TLV H2
Hydrocarbon Severity
The -primary standard for hydrocarbons is reported for a 3-hr
averaging time.
t = 180 min
3 \ฐ'17 (A-37)
xmax = Xmax \180
Y (A-38)
Amax
92
-------
X
max
= (0.5) (O.Q52)Q
H2
0.026 Q
H2 '
(A-39)
(A-40)
For hydrocarbons, the concentration of 1.6 x 10~^ g/m3 has been
issued as a guideline for achieving oxidant standards (96)
Therefore "
0.026 Q
or
1.6 x 10-It H2
_ 162.5 Q
H2
(A-41)
(A-42)
AFFECTED POPULATION CALCULATION
Another form of the plume dispersion equation is needed to
calculate the affected population since the population is assumed
to be distributed uniformly around the source. If the wind
directions are taken to 16 points and it is assumed that the wind
directions within each sector are distributed randomly over a
period of a month or a season, it can be assumed that the efflu-
ent is uniformly distributed in the horizontal within the sector.
The appropriate equation for average concentration, v, in qrams
per cubic meter is then (97)
v - 2-03 Q
x - -o^nr exp
To find the distance at which x/F equals 1.0, roots are
determined for the following equation:
(A-43)
2.03 Q
exp
2 a
- 1.0
(A-44)
(96) Code of Federal Regulations, Title 42 - Public Health,
Chapter IV - Environmental Protection Agency, Part 410 -
National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards,
April 28, 1971. 16 pp.
(97) Schwartz, W. A., et al. Engineering and Cost Study of Air
Pollution Control for the Petrochemical Industry. Volume I:
Carbon Black Manufacturing by the Furnace Process. EPA-450/
3-73-006-a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 1974. 116 pp.
93
-------
keeping in mind that
a = cxd + f
z
where c, d, and f are functions of atmospheric stability and are
assumed to be selected for stability Class C.
Since Equation A-44 is a transcendental equation, the roots are
found by an iterative technique using the computer.
For a specified emission from a typical source, x/F as a function
of distance might look as follows:
DISTANCE FROM SOURCE
The affected population is contained in the area
A = TT (X22 - X].2)
(A-45)
If the affected population density is Dp, the total affected
population, P', is
P1 = D_A (persons)
(A-46)
94
-------
APPENDIX B
SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR A REPRESENTATIVE DECREASING OPERATION
DECREASING TYPE: OPEN TOP VAPOR DECREASING;
SOLVENT TYPE: TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Total Consumption of Trichloroethylene in Open Top Vapor
Degreasing
From Table 11 total consumption for all vapor degreasing equals
112.7 x 103 metric tons.
From personal communication with J. L. Shumaker, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, the percent of vapor degreasing that is
open top vapor degreasing is 73%. Therefore, total consumption
of trichloroethylene in open top vapor degreasing is
(0.73) (112.7 x 103) = 81.9 x 103 metric tons
Number of open top vapor degreasers using trichloroethylene
From Table 7 the total number of open top vapor degreasers utili-
zing trichloroethylene equals 11,440.
Average open top vapor degreaser solvent consumption
Equals total consumption of trichloroethylene in open top
vapor degreasing divided by number of degreasers using
trichloroethylene.
Equals 81.9 x 103 metric tons/yr divided by 11,440.
Equals 7.165 metric tons/yr.
Equals 7,165 kg/yr.
Average Stack Height of Open Top Vapor Degreasers Using
Trichloroethylene~~~
Using NEDS data in Appendix E for trichloroethylene, the average
stack height equals 12.0 meters.
95
-------
Average Frequency of Operation for Open Top Vapor Degreasers
Using Trichloroethylene
Using NEDS data in Appendix E for trichloroethylene, the average
frequency of operation is 78%.
Average Emission Factor for Open Top Vapor Degreasing
From Table 19 the emission factor is 775 g/kg of solvent
consumed. .....-;.. .
Average Emission Rate of Trichloroethylene from Open Top Vapor
Degreasing _ : . , - '
Average emission rate
Equals average solvent consumption per year multiplied ..by
average emission factor for open top degreasing divided by
average frequency of operation divided by seconds per year.
Equals 7,165 kg/yr multiplied by 775 g/kg divided by 0.78
divided by 3.154 x 107 s/yr.
Equals 0.2257 g/s.
96
-------
APPENDIX,.C ,
; SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR THE:'STATE DECREASING
: ,; CAPACITY WEIGHTED POPULATION DENSITY
EXAMPLE':" COLD CLEANING - ; ;-
State population densities are first determined by using state
areas and state population data (1970, census).
. ';.-!-! ''..
A weighted density for reach state is,then determined by dividing
the total number of cold cleaners in the specific state by the
total number of degreasers in the United States and multiplying
the quotient by the specific state population density.
Each weighted state population density is then added to determine
the degreasing capacity weighted population density.
Table C-l shows state population densities, state degreasing
capacity-weighted densities, and total U.S.-weighted population
density for cold cleaning.
97
-------
TABLE C-l.
WEIGHTED POPULATION DENSITY FOR
COLD CLEANING OPERATIONS
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
TOTAL
Number of cold
cleaning operations
19,163
1,245
10,003
11,302
130,575
13,011
21,103
2,600
2,514
41,596
28,439
3,137
4,492
68,485
31,100
16,416
13,450
15,525
16,844
6,432
16,844
36,543
56,597
22,690
11,412
27,560
4,003
8,422
2,771
5,016
47,907
5,492
113,743
32,210
2,880
65,458
14,561
15,049
67,240
8,837
14,769
2,185
22,959
66,557
6,322
2,893
21,677
20,298
8,324
28,427
2,099
1,220,555
State density,
persons/km2
25.6
0.19
5.94
13.94
48.6
8.1
237.6
105.8
4,723
4.7
29.8
44.98
3.24
75.87
54.86
19.23
10.46
30.62
30.46
12.2
151.23
277.53
59.65
18.34
17.61
25.91
1.82
7.41
1.7
30.89
363.2
3.17
145.02
39.19
3.4
99.23
13.98
8.26
100.08
339.54
32.55
3.36
35.83
16.14
4.98
18.22
44 . 01
19.42
27.3
30.96
1.31
Weighted population
density, persons/km2
0.40
0.0002
0.05
0.13
6.2
0.09
4 . 1.1
0.225
9.73
0.16
0.69
0.115
0.012
4.26
1.40
0.26
0.11
0.39
0.42
0.06
2.09
8.3
2.77
0.34
0.16
0.58
0.006
0.05
0.004
0.13
14.2
0.014
13.5
1.03
0.008
5.32
0.17
0.102
5.. 5
2.46
0.39
0.006
0.67
0.88
0.026
0.043
0.78
0. 32
0. 19
0.72
0.002
98
-------
APPENDIX D
STABILIZERS USED IN HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
TABLE D-l. STABILIZERS USED IN HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
Stabilizing compound
Typical solute
concentration,
wt %
Range of
concentration,
wt %
TLV,
g/m3
U.S. Patent
number
Patent^
issued
Organic mercaptans and disulfides
(Aonyl mercaptan, 2-mercaptoethyl methyl ether,
bis(di-alkoxyphosphinothionyl) disulfide,
bis(1-piperazinylthiocarbonyl) disulfide,
cyclohexyl mercaptan, 2-mercaptoethanol,
2,3-dimercapto-l-propanol, dimethyl disulfide,
di-tert-butyl disulfide, 4,4'-dithiodimorpholine
2,2'-dithiobis(benzothiazole), dibenzyl
disulfide, decamethylene dithiol, furfuryl
Mercaptan)
With butylene oxide
Diakyl sulfoxides
(Glycidol(2,3-epoxy-l-propanol), dimethyl
Sulfoxide, 3-(methylamino)propionitrile,
3-(dimethylamino)propionitrile,
methylethanolamine, morpholine, acetonitrile,
butylene oxide)
1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene
1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene
With l-(diiaethylamino)propene-2
Dipentene (terpene)
Indene
p-Mentha-1,5-diene
a-Methylstyrene
Trimethyl orthoformate (TMOF)
With nitromethane
TMOF
With acetonitrile
TMOF
With trioxane
TMOF
With 1,4-dioxane
TMOF
With acetonitrile
And tert-butyl alcohol
TMOF
With methanol
And methylformate
Benzotriazole
Oxazole
Polyamines (ethylenediamine, triethylenediamine,
4,4 '-ethylenedimorphbline, pyrrole, l,l'-ethyl-
enedipiperidine, diisopropylamine, diethylene-
triamine, tetraethylenepentamine, n-methyl-
pyrrole
N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine
N, N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-o-phenylenediamine
N,N,N',N-Tetramethylbenzidine
MC
MC
MC
0.1
0.13
1.1
0.22
3,641,169
3,641,169
3,535,392
DOW
PPG
PERC, TCENE
PERC, TCENE
AER
AER
AER
AER
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
PERC
MC
PERC, TCENE,
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.5
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.75
0.75
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
0.75
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.25
2.10
0.60
0.30
0.5
2
0.004
3,642,645
3,642,645
3,642,645
3,352,789
0.450 3,352,789
3,352,789
3,352,789
0.250 3,564,061
3,564,061
3,564,061
0.070 3,564,061
3,564,061
3,564,061
3,564,061
0.180 3,564,061
3,564,061
0.070 3,564,061
0.300 3,564,061
3,564,061
0.260 3,564,061
0.250 3,564,061
0.1 to 2.5 3,337,471
1 to 4 3,676,355
0.001 to 0.02 3,424,805
WCGG
WCGG
WCGG
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
PCPSG
PCPSG
PCPSG
PCPSG
PCPSG
PCPSG
PCPSG
PCPSG
PCPSG
PCPSG
PCPSG
PCPSG
PCPSG
PCPSG
DOW
UKF
WCGG
See footnotes at end of table, page 102.
3,546,125 DOW
3,546,125 DOW
3,546,125 DOW
(continued)
99
-------
TABLE D-l (continued)
Stabilizing compound
Quaternary ammonium compounds
With volatile epoxy compounds
And organic amines
(pyridine, picoline, triethylamine , aniline.
dimethylaniline , nalkylmorpholines ,
diisopropylamine, H-methylpyr^irble) . ;.; -"~ . .
2-Methyl-2-oxazoline
2-Phenyl-2-oxazoline
2- (1-Aziridinyl) -2-oxazoline
Diaziridine compounds .and N-ethylpyrrole : , '.,.. ;
(1,2-diethyldiaziridine, N-methylpyrrole)
a-Methyl-1-aziridineethanol . ,
2-(.l-AziridinylXethyl acetate' '
Lactaiiis (Caprolactam) - '
With glycidol (2,3-epoxy-l-propanol)
(2,3, and 4) -Pyridinecarboxaldehyde
(2,3, and 4) -Acetylpyridine
(2,3, and 4) -Cyanopyridine
p-Nitrobenzonitrile
0-Nitrobenzonitrile
( 2-nitro~p-tolunitrile , 4-nitro-m-
tolunitrile, 2 , 3-dimethyl-4-nitrobenzonitrile)
(3 and 8) -Aminoquinoline
Acetaldehyde diinethylhydraaone
With butylene oxide
With butylene oxide
And propylene oxide
And thymol
(or formaldehyde dimethylhydrazone)
Crotonaldehyde dimethylhydrazone
with butylene oxide
And nitrometharte
With p-tert-pentylphenol
p- (Dimethylamino) benzaldehyde
Methoxyacetonitrile
And butylene oxide
And .nitromethane' '
Or propargyl alcohol
Acetonitrile
And tert-butyl alcohol
And 1,4-dioxane
Acetonitrile
And nitromethane ,
And 1,4-dioxane
Acetonitrile ' .
And tert-butyl alcohol
And nitromethane-.
Nitromethane
With butylene oxide
With '2-propanol
3-Methoxy-l , 2-epoxypropane
With 1,4-dioxane
And nitromethane . :"
And methyl glycidyl ether ,
Propylene oxide
With nitromethane
3-Methoxyoxetane
1 , 2-Dimethoxyethylene
See footnotes at end of table, page 102.
Typical solute Range of
concentration, concentration.
Solvent wt % wt %
MC, TCENE, CH 0.005 to 0.2
, , , . , . 0.01 to 1.0
-< *! '"' - ' 0.005 to 0.2
'' ,-: i j. _, " "\ ;; T ;.'; ,': . ;; '; : ".
MC 0.44
MC 0.65
MC 0.25
, 'TCENE, CH :' .";. 6'.8 '' . .. .'. . ' ' .. '
MC V. .'-, - 1.0 to 4.0
MC, CH " 0.5 0.05 to 5
0.25 .
MC 0.25
MC 0.50 0.36 to 0.54
MC 0.35 0.31 to 0.39 >
MC 0.33
MC 0.77
MC 0.32
TCENE, CH 0.025 ,.. ...
0.2 ;- ,ic ...
0.1
0.1
0.05
TCENE 0.025
i " 0.2 -
J 0.05
. 0.002
MC , _.. 0.11 to 11.1
MC. 2.9
0.32
0.44 .
0.35
MC 1.0
5.0
;': 0.7
MC r 3.0
".' ~, 1.0
0.8
MC 0.5
3.0
0.7
MC , 3.0
1.0
3.0
MC '.. " 0.5
2.5
': ' 0.5' '
0.5
CFA 0.5 0.5 to 3.0.
0-05 ,..','.'.".
MC 3.0
MC 2.0 1 to 5
TLV,
g/m3
,0.240
0.240 "
0.002.
0.070
0.300
0.180
0,070
0.250
0.180
0.070
0.300
0.250
0.250
0.980
r
0.180
0.250
,0.250 .
U.S. Patent
number
3,314,892
3,314,892
3,314,892
3,494,968
3,494,968
3,494,968
3', 551,505
3,328,474
3,496,241
3,496,241
*" 3,444,248
\ 444, 248;
3,452,108
3,454,659
3,454,659
3,472,903
3. ,417, 152
3,417,152
,3,417,152
3,417,152
3,417,152
3,403,190
3, 403', 190
. 3,403,190
3,403,190
3,444,247
3,565,811
3,565,811
3,565,811
, 3, .565, 811
3,590,088
3,445,532
3,445,.532
3,445,532
3,445,532
3,445,532
3,445,532
3,445,532
3,445,532
3,549,715
3,549,715
3,549,715
3,536,766
3,536,766
3,536,766
3,536,766
3,445,527
. 3, 445 ,5.27
3,532,761:
3,549,547
Patent^
issued
to
CI
CI
CI
DOW
DOW
DOW
' SCB
DOW
FMC
FMC
DOW ''
DOW'
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
; MES
,MES
MES
. MES
MES
MES
MES
MES ''
MES
DOW ,
. DOW .
DOW
DOW '
.DOW
DNAG '
DNAG :
. DNAG, _
DNAG
DNAG
DNAG
DNAG-
DNAG
DNAG '
PPG
PPG
PPG : '
DOW
DOW
DOW ' "
DOW , .
, DKKK
:DKKK
PPG
DOW
(continued)
100
-------
TABLE D-l (continued)
Stabilizing compound
2-Methoxy-2 , 3-dihydropyran
Or 2-ethoxy-2,3,-dihydropyran
And isopropyl nitrate
4 , 7-Dihydro-l , 3-dioxepin
And nitromethane
Or propargyl alcohol
And butylene oxide
Or epichlorhydrin
Furfuryl alcohol
Furfuryl mercaptan
5-Formylfurfuryl alcohol
2-Thiophenmethanol
2 , 5-Tetrahydrof urandimethanol
2-(2 and 3)-Pyridyl ethanol
o-Aminobenzyl alcohol
p-Methoxybenzyl alcohol
3-Methyl-2-thiophenemethanol
1 , 3-Dioxolane
With phenolic antioxidants
(p-tert-butylphenol , 2 , 6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol ,
ndnylphenol , 4,4' -thiobis ( 6-tert-butyl) m-cresol )
1 , 4-Dioxane
With nitromethane
With butylene oxide
With N-methylpyrrole
With diisopropylamine
3-Methylpropionaldehyde
4-Methyl~2-butanone
Isobutyric acid, methyl ester
And nitromethane
4-Methyl-4-methoxy-2-pentanone ..
With acetonitrile
And tert-butyl alcohol
With tert-butyl alcohol
And mothyl ethyl ketone
1 ,4-Cyclohexanedione ,
1 , 2-Cyclohexanedione
2 , 5-Butanedione
2 , 5-Butanedione
p-Benzoquinone
2 , 3-Dihydro-l , 4-dithiin
(also 5-methyl-2 , 3-dihydro-l , 4-dithiin)
Polysulfones
Trimethylene sulfide
3-Hydroxytrimethylene sulfide
Isopropyl nitrate
With acetonitrile
And nitromethane
And butylene oxide
With acrylonitrile
Any butylene oxide
Iron benzoate
Sodium benzoate
Zinc benzoate
-Solvent9'
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
.MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC, TCENE
PERC
MC
MC
MC
TCENE, PERC
TCENE, PERC
TCENE, PERC
Typical solute Range of
concentration, . concentration,
wt % wt %
1.4
0.5 0.5 to 2
2
4 2 to 10
1 0.25 to 2
0.5 0.25 to 0.5
0.5 0.25 to 1.0
0.5 0.25 to 1.0
0.066
0.11
0..19
0.47
0.29
0.32 0.28 to 0.35
6.37
0.21
0.33
1 to 3
0.01 to 0.1
2.84
0.3921
0.2601
0.005
: 0.003
2
2
1
1
. 1 . .. .
0.5
0.5
1
1
, 0.25
0.33
0.17
0.28
0.24
0.2 to 4.5
0.092
0.17 -
0.20
2 2 to 4
2
1 0.75 to 1
0.25 0.1 to 1
2 0.5 to 4
0.25 0.1 to 1
12 10.2 to 14.3
0.025 0.020 to 0.027
10 0.41 to 38.3
TLV, D.s. Patent
g/m3 number
3,661,788
3,661,788
3,661,788
3,518,202
0.250 3,518,202
0.002 3,518,202
3,518,202
0.019 3,518,202
0.020 3,475,503
3,475,503
3,475,503
3,475,503
3,475,503
3,475,503
3,475,503
3,475,503
3,475,503
Reissue
26,025
0.180ฐ 3,629,128
0.250 3,629,128
3,629,128
3,629,128
3,629,128
3,505,415 :
3,505,415,
3,505,415
0.250 3,505,415
3,505,415
0..070 3,505,415
0.300 3,505,415
0.300 3,505,415
0.590 ' 3,505,415
3,546,305
; 3, 546, 305
3,546,305
3,546,305
0.0004 '. 3,546,305
'3,439,051
3,396,115
3,467,722 ~
3,467,722
3','609-,Q91
3,609,091
3,609,091
'. 3,609,091
3,609,091
0.045 3,609,091
, 3,52.7,703 .
3', 527, 703
3,527,703
Patentb
issued
to
ICI
ICI
ICI
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
AR
ETH
ETH
ETH
' ETH
ETH
. DNAG
DNAG
DNAG
DNAG
DNAG
DNAG
DNAG
DNAG
DNAG
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
ICI
DOW
DOW
'.DOW
ICI
ici
, ici
ICI
ICI
-ICI
DOW
DOW
DOW
See footnotes at end of table, page 102.
(continued)
101
-------
TABLE D-l (continued)
~ Typical solute Range of
concentration, concentration, TLV,
<5t-*hil is-ina comoound Solvent3 wt % wt % g/m
Sodium didecyl phosphate PERC 1-5
(or sodium dioctyl phosphate)
. ;, Mr 0 14 0.82 to 8.2
Benzyl fluoride - u-i
Benzotrifluoride Mc 4'9
Ethyl propargyl ether PERC ฐ'25
Propargyl benzoate PERC ฐ-25
2-Butyne-l, 4-diol-dibenzoate PERC 0.25
With isoeugenol ฐ-01
. ซ.(, o 01 0.002
Propargyl alcohol AE.KU
Nitromethane *&* 2
Nitroethane AER 1 0.1 to 5
2-Nitropropane AER 2 0.1 to 5 ^
Propargyl alcohol . ซ*ป OJ 0.05 to 0.5^ 0.002
A^dSsopropylamine 0.001 0.0005 to 0.01
Methylbutynol (and 2 prior) TCENE 0.1 0.05 to 0.5
1,4-Dioxane CH 1
Nitromethane
Vinylidene chloride ฐ-5
2-Butyn-l,4-diol *EROป CH ฐ-5
3-Methyl-l-butyn-3-ol CH 0-1 to ฐ-5
3-Methyl-l-butyn-3-ol CH ฐ-005 to 0.3
(with thymol, di-tert-butyl-p-cresol.
epichlorohydrin , butylene oxide, amines.
dioxane)
Note. Blanks indicate no data.
MC Methyl chloroform; 1,1,1-trichlorethane CFA chloro-fluoro alkanes
PERC Perchloroethylene CH Chlorinated hydrocarbons
TCENE Trichloroethylene AERO Methylene chloride and methanol (aerosols)
AER Aerosols; trichlorofluoromethane and ethanol
b
DOW Dow Chemical Corporation
PPG PPG Industries , Inc .
WCGG Wacker-Chemie GMBH, Germany
ALL Allied chemical corporation
PCPSG Produits Chimiques Peciney-Saint-Gobain, France
UKF Ugine Kuhlmann, France
CI Canadian Industries , Limited , Canada
SCB Solvay ANC Cie, Belgium
FMC FMC Corporation
MES Montecatini Edison Spa, Italy
DNAG Dynamit Nobel AG , Germany
DKKK Daikin Kogyo K. K., Japan
ICI Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited, Great Britain
AR Argus Chemical Corporation
ETH Ethyl Corporation
STA Stauffer Chemical Corporation
DIA Diamond Alkali Company
DUP E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company
CEL Celanese Corporation
RH Rohm & Haas Co .
AIR Air Reduction Corporation
CTLV for skin contact.
U.S. Patent
number
3,441,620
3,681,469
3,681,469
British
773,447
773,447
773,447
773,447
2,892,725
3,085,116
3,085,116
3,085,116
2,803,676
2,803,676
2,803,676
2,803,676
2,923,747
2,923,747
2,923,747
2,892,725
2,542,551
2,911,449
PatentD
issued
to
STA
DOW
DOW
DIA
DIA
DIA
DIA
DUP
DUP
DUP
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
DOW
CEL
RH
AIR
102
-------
APPENDIX E
NEDS EMISSION DATA
Units in Appendix E are nonmetric to conform with their appear-
ance in the original reference.
TABLE E-l.
SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS DATA CONTAINED IN NATIONAL
EMISSIONS DATA SYSTEM FOR STODDARD SOLVENT
State
Colorado
Connecticut
Kansas
Maine
Maine
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Mississippi
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
North Carolina
Ohio
Oklahoma
Vermont
Washington
West Virginia
Frequency
of
operation,
% of yr
100
67
33
67
67
67
33
33
33
100
67
33
33
67
100
33
Stack
height,
ft
160
21
10
0
0
0
100
0
20
20
10
40
30
0
0
30
10
Emission
rate,
tons/yr
2
281
1
137
144
66
8
4
75
10
15
21
18
168
28
Type of calculation
Guess.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Material balance.
Not applicable.
Emissions factor [AP-42(98) or pending]
Not applicable.
Guess.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Guess.
Emission factor [AP-42(98) or pending].
Emission factor [AP-42(98) or pending].
Guess.
Material balance.
Guess.
Note.Blanks indicate data not available.
TABLE E-2. SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS DATA CONTAINED
IN NATIONAL EMISSIONS DATA SYSTEM
FOR METHYLENE CHLORIDE
State
California
Massachusetts
Vermont
Vermont
Washington
Frequency
of
operation.
% of yr
33
100
67
100
100
Stack
height,
ft
20
30
Emission
rate.
tons/yr
32
6
39
23
1
Type
Guess.
Material
Emission
Material
Material
of calculation
balance .
test measurement.
balance .
balance.
Note.Blanks indicate data not available.
103
-------
TABLE E-3.
SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS DATA CONTAINED IN NATIONAL
EMISSION DATA SYSTEM FOR PERCHLOROETHYLENE
Frequency
of
operation.
State % of yr
California
California
California
California
California
California
Indiana ..
Indiana
Indiana
Maine
Maine
Massachusetts
Massachusetts , i
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Washington
Washington
Washington
67
67
67
67
67
100
: 67
100
67
100
100
, 33
67
100
67
100
100
100
33
Stack
height,
ft
58
0
62
30
25
0
0
90
20
20
20
10
30
35
25
Emission
rate,
tons/yr
250
190
60 ,
16
270
91
201
336
236
8
9
: 4
6
5
11
35
7
6
8
7
Type of calculation
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending] .
Emission test measurement.
Material balance.
Material balance. ' .
Not applicable.
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending].
Material balance.
Material -balance,.:
Material balance.
Material balance. -
Material balance.
Guess.
Material balance. ;
Material balance.
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending] .
Note.Blanks indicate data not available.
TABLE E-4.
SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS DATA CONTAINED IN NATIONAL
EMISSION DATA SYSTEM FOR TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Frequency
of
operation,
State % of'yr
California
California
California
Colorado
Colorado
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
33
33
100
100
33
67
100 : .-.
67
100
100
- 67
100
33
100
100
100
100
- loo '
-' 33
33 :
67
Stack
height,
ft
0
160
140
90
30
20
20
: 0
20
20
20
20
2.0
30 , .
20 ,
35
35
' 30
0
': 25
30
Emission
rate ,
tons/yr
246
125
8
113
20
74
309
8
- 13
95
2
107
1
2
13
1 62
218
: 69
422
3
27
17
33
116
Type of calculation
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending] .
Guess.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission: factor.
Guess.
Guess.
Emission test measurement .
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance., ; ,
Material balance .
Material balance.
; Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance. " ' -
Material balance.
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending] .
Material' balance. '
Note.Blanks indicate data not available.
164
-------
TABLE E-5.
SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS DATA CONTAINED IN NATIONAL
EMISSIONS DATA SYSTEM FOR TRICHLOROETHANE
' - of' '
operation ,
State-' ' % of yr
Arizona:" .' ," ' ' ld-0. . .
"' Arizona """' ' . 1QO'
Arizona .- 10^0 ''
California
California ' '"; '
California "" '' .'
'. California '" '' "' '. '"
California
California
California ".". " .'.;_,..
.; California "" -. ," '' ;
California
. California.. . ,".."'
California ."' , . ',."' , .:..''
California .' '" , ' . ' ;
' California :
California'' . '"_'";
California, . ' , '."'
''_ California"" . \r -
"California ' ''/,'
California ,
California
" California """ . . ' '
, : California . ^ ,
California. , .-
..California ,-....
California . ,.
California .
California, - - , .
California : '
California ..-. . ' , ,
California; , . . -., - ,
..California' . ,
.California - . . ;
.California . ....-...: \.
..California , - , . ' .. ' ..."..
California . r,
_, n . . .
California .-. -.._.. -.-.
California - - - ,
California . . .... .. ..
California .."-. .,,- ,
, California
California
,, -. j- . ' ' - -j
California; (
California , . . ..
Calif orniar - ;- . '
California - . '.
- California . / - . -
California . .-....-.
California ..__-
. California- . , , ; '. ; ,. .
-,- California - ,. , ;;,
California-. . , .... - -- ,,.'".
:, '..California .... .-.. ;. ' ' t
..California . ;.. ' - ,.. :
California . .
.California. v . - - .,
California .< .. t. ,.,,
-California.
California _.. . . - .;. , '. ;i
California . - .
.-California' . .. ;, . .. .- .. ". .
-California :., ,. .,
.California ."-.--_ " ."'
.." Cal i f orn'ia ; . .; ",,....'. .
California , - '" ;
Califprnia
, Califbrnia"- '. - . ' ~ . ."'"
California
'California '..-. .._'.''
California . ' . . ' *'
..Calif gr ni^, ,--:
California" . . ' " ' ," , . '';.
Caiifornia". . , -.
California ' ; .
'i~< -\ c ' ' '
California . - .
.California . ' ' "
C\ ' c ' ' ' ' ''"'-..
. alifornaa , , . . .-... . .
California ',,, . ."... ;"'
^California . ... \ . ' '
California .. ' ' . ..
'California - - - '
C, . ,. ' . -
alifornia - - .. . ,. .
Caiifornia , - .'.".. ,.",: , ;
Stack ' ' Emission
height, rate,
7. ft tons/yr
10 308
. ,10 209
' 20 , 14
4
3
... '11
2
3
-.- - - 1-2
3
1
87
2
3
3
.''".', 8
.:"'-'; 4
v ' 1
i
"" - 4
-: 44
' . -, 55
10
..--- '.4
5
2
- : - 11
, c '- ' 5
----:- 3
4
. - ; -' 3
28
2
-..'' 4
2
4
.";>' '2
9
:--i - 10
2
. - 2
,. -.' ; 5
--- - 5
8
2
2
... 9
- , 3
2
14
5
.; 21
4
8
,- 13
5
"8
1
. . - - 4
2
--... ' 5
1
. 10
.- . . .-. 6
23
31
, 2
, ' - 17
.: i
297
4
2
6
- , . 4
9
6
. '. .: , 1
5
. 4
-: 1
,. ' .5
- 4
: " ' 7
. ,.; " 23
Type of calculation" -
Material balance. ^ ,'
Material balance. , ''..''.,
Material balance. '
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission ^ factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission- factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission. factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission-, factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission.' faqtor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission . factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission . factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission' factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission. factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission faqtor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission, factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission- factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission- factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission faptor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission--, factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission- factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission -- factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission, factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission. factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission; factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission fac,tor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
(continued)
105
-------
TABLE E-5 (continued)
State
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California .
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California .
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
Frequency
of Stack Emission
operation, height, rate,
% of yr ft tons/yr
2
2
4
4
3
31
4
3
60
3
3
2
2
11
11
181
2
6
9
1
3
1
5
2
4
3
3
3
5
2
4
7
1
2
3
3
2
1
37
14
2
3
8
1
2
6
2
4
2
3
4
5
24
2
10
1
4
36
2
27
57
133
8
1
10
3
4
4
5
4
3
11
6
5
14
2
2
7
1
3
5
3
1
14
11
138
3
2
Type of calculation
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADBซ approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved npn-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
(continued]
106
-------
TABLE E-5 (continued)
State
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California '
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Iowa
Iowa
Maine
Maine
Maine
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Michigan
New Hampshire
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Vermont
Vermont
Vermont
Frequency
of
operation,
% of yr
33
67
33
33
33
33
100
67
100
67
67
100
100
67
100
33
100
33
67
100
100
33
100
100
100
67
67
100
67
100
33
33
67
100
100
Stack
height/
ft
30
28
28
28
28
30
26
50
20
20
35
.25
20
30
25
23
46
30
25
10
44
35
20
0
0
20
20
20
20
10
20
30
40
0
0
Emission
rate,
tons/yr
18
1
5
12
16
22
3
45
4
4
7
18
21
4
1
27
3
11
18
2
9
2
5
2
5
2
6
9
3
6
21
2
3
2
3
6
1
5
10
5
21
2
2
2
3
19
170
32
38
38
38
38
61
13
585
149
43
323
11
57
21
28
60
55
36
133
48
0
0
45
3
24
10
141
153
26
51
53
7
16
16
16
65
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approvecl non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
Emission factor (AP-42 or pending) .
Emission test measurement.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance.
Emission factor (AP-42 or pending) .
Emission factor (AP-42 or pending) .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Emission test measurement.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance .
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Emission factor (AP-42 or pending) .
Not applicable.
Emission factor (AP-42 or pending) .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Not applicable.
Guess .
Material balance.
Not applicable.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Note.Blanks indicate data not available.
107
-------
TABLE E-6. SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS DATA CONTAINED
; IN "NATIONAL EMISSIONS DATA SYSTEM
FOR OTHER/NONCLASSIFIED SOLVENTS
State
Arizona
Arizona .-.'.,
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California-
California
California
California
California
-Californi
'-Calif drni
Californi
rCali.forrni
,-Califor-ni
,-Caljif orni .
. Californi
.Californi
Californi
Califorhi
Californi
'California'
'"'California '
California
California
si~ California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California -
California
California
California
California
Californ a
Californ a
Californ a
Californ a'
Californ a
Californ a
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
' Frequency
"" - . of Stack Emission
: operation, . height, . rate,
% of ,yr . ft tons/yr
. .- -67 , ,35 373
10.0. - ,35 2,540
"- . :; 4
. ( '- -'3
,.4
.: ' 13
- : - 9
--'- ' 11
--- -...-.- - 5
'-- ' 5
' ' : - ' 12
-.-.. ..-,' ; i
-' '5
. . i I
.--.-,->- .. . 6
. '. < ::; 59
25
. ., '22
. - - 17
131
. - .2
' ''.,- "31
' ' . " " . 1
13
" " ' ' ' 4
.-- . . /;, .---. .,. - , 76
--;_., - , - -4
: - ' '=.': /. .' 46
' " ' ' '-'" '12
- ' " - -< ; 17
. ' Jl..- ; v '11
: . -. -.- i ' :.' 5
: . . -..23
..,-.--. 4
-.' 2
".".'', , ., 2
.. . ' : -..; i?
. ' . . ' :' .' i
" . - e
--' 64
': - " ' 25
- -: : , . ,:,' -.- 7
- e
21
'---'- ' - ' - - 9
19
.. !
. . . . - ;.81
'. ' ' 37
. - - , . - : .< 4
. - ' .:-" 4
1
-.. ;- 11
. ' 3
2
2
.;.'' .32
- i 4
61
". ' '" ', 6
: . ; 2
-'.-- ' - -' ' :- 13
6
5
; 10
Type of calculation
Material balance - , -.
Material balance.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission. factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission, factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission' factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission' factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission, factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission . factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission" factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission' factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission ' factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission 'factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved .non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission' factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved .non-EPA emission 'factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved "'non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission f acttir .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved 'non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved- non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission, factor .
NADB-approved. -non-EPA emission '.factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor ,
NADB-approved non-EPA emission ; factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved- non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factbr .
NADB-approved . non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission 'factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission' factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
(continued)
108
-------
TABLE.E-6 (continued)
State
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California ;
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California ;
California
Frequency
of Stack Emission
operation , height , rate ,
% of yr ft tons/yr
9
29
4
552
37
- : 36
28
3
. - . -- 5
43
' ' 417
1
63
. -- 3
3
16
5
13
17
29
242
' -' . 7
27
6
6
. '.. . . 5
4
13
2
.19
9
34
' ' ' 4
118
4
16
7
- . 3
' .= 4
1
- - 5
3
1
40
2
9
31
1
72
10
5
' 4
15
64
: '- 9 -
' -. . ' 2
16
--.' i
8
21
" " 9
71
1
- ' " ; >. -,,. 5
- : ' 17.
. - 26 ;
Type of calculation
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor." ,
NADB-approved non-EPA emiss ion factor .
NADB-apprcv^d non-EPA emission factor.,
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission fa_ctpr.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA amiss ion factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA e-.nission factor. '
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emiss ion factor .
NADB-approved non-EVA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-^PA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-Ei'A emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor..
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor..
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor,.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor. ,
NADB-approved non-EPA emi s s ion f ac tor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor. .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission 'factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.'
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor^
(continued)
109
-------
TABLE E-6 (continued)
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
Frequency
of Stack Emission
operation, height, rate,
% of .yr ft tons/yr
2
10
5
67
2
6
17
8
2
6
20
8
5
7
8
7
8
2
7
11
23
2
14
16
5
38
39
4
4
4
7
103
7
73
9
20
61
28
1
85
5
6
9
39
124
6
34
233
131
10
4
19
11
4
33
5
2
9
56
6
9
2
2
30
177
Type of calculation
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
(continued)
110
-------
TABLE E-6 (continued)
State
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
Californi
Californi
Californi
Californi
Californi
Californi
Californi
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
Colorado
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Frequency
of
operation,
% of yr
33
33
67
67
67
100
33
67
67
100
100
100
67
33
33
67
33
67
67
67
33
33
33
100
33
67
100
33
100
67
100
Stack
height,
ft
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
5
35
30
50
28
24
20
22
25
23
20
35
35
50
25
36
36
10
0
14
10
30
10
28
0
60
Emission
rate,
tons/yr
10
10
42
4
5
5
10
2
1
1
5
13
12
12
9
56
26
99
96
15
77
20
205
3
5
21
75
49
72
42
30
60
43
154
400
1,370
940
8
2
30
13,100
350
9
112
88
263
16
48
679
81
263
1
18
96
96
175
297
117
302
356
48
419
168
10
Type of calculation
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Guess .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
Not applicable.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Guess .
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending].
Guess .
Guess .
Guess .
Guess .
Guess .
Guess .
Material balance.
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending] .
Guess .
Guess .
Not applicable.
Guess .
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
Guess .
tiuess.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
(continued)
111
-------
TABLE E-6 (continued)
State
Indiana ;
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana '
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Maine
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Mas sachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Frequency
of
operation,
% of yr
67
' 67 '
67
33
67
33
33
33'
33
100
67 '
67
100
33
67
67
67
33
67
33
33
100
33
67
67
67 '
67
67
33
100
67
33
100
67
" 33
33
67
67
33
33
33
33
67
33
33
. 33
, 33
33
67
33
33
33
33
'' 67 ' '
67
33
100
33
67
33
33
33
33
33
Stack
height,
ft
25 '
46
32
25
"' 12
'33
24
6 -
;27
10
0
0
0
25
16
2
62
20
3" 0
10
10
30
30
26
20
' 37
64
5
20
20
20
20
40
20
20
'" 20
20
20
20
20
20
20
0
20
20
20
15
20
20
20
20
20
20'
20
20
20
20
2-0
20
20
20
20
20
20
Emission
rate,
tons/yr
82
106
60
18
0
0
0
0
0
125
4
31
2
5
18
149
300
245
17
13
66
19
13
18 "
1
0
40 .
14
4
3
193 -
336
5
11
1
20
3
21
8
7
24
17 ..
22
21
8
15
1
10
8
6
8
5
ll
8
60
27
13 .
6
8
77
6
5
7
Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable .
Guess .
Guess .
Guess .
Material balance.
Emission test measurement.
Emission test measurement.
Material balance.
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or
NADB-approved non-EPA emission
NADB-approved non-EPA emission
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance .
Material balance. ,
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance .
Guess.
Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
pending] .
factor .
factor.
(continued)
112
-------
TABLE E-6 (continued)
state
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts " :
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan"
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Frequency
of
operation, ]
% of yr
33
67 .
67 ' ;
33
33
67 ;
33
33
33
67
33
33
33
33
67
33 ' "
., 67
" 67 '
"." 33 .:
33 .
33
- 33
. ..33., ' -
67.
33
33 "",;.' ' ;
33
33
33
67
100 ';'
67
"33"
33 .\ '..-..'.
100 ."'. ;,
100
33
67
67
,3.3
--33,-, ,;:.
67 . ,
100
100
67
33 "
33
100 ' :.
33
100 .
100
.33, . "''
67
67
67
100
100
67
33
67
67 .
100 , .
Stack
height,
ft
20
20
: 20-.
15
20
20-
20
20
20
20
20
- 20
20
20 '
20
20
20
20 .
15
20.
" 20" .
20 :.
2.0
. 20'
22
20 ,
; 2"o '
. 20 .
20 :..
20
20
0
0
, 0
. 30
30 ,:
8
20. -'
20
10
16
.. 10 .
10 .
10 .
10 ,
10 : :
, 10
10
' ..'4'5 .
.. 41
40
" 50 "...
40
, 25
" 35
30
' 30
0 '
0
20
,30
Emissior
rate,
tons/yi
5:
47
36
6
10
20
18
2
4
11 .
25 "
. 40
5 ,"
5 \'
: ,"" 20 .
6
7 :
39 '
- 6
22
116
20
. 27
4 "
41 -
7 '
15
' . . 7 ."
11 ''
: 9."
12
180 ,
390
530
616
1
;.. ' 123
10
... ; 66
' 12
52
78
4 .
79
114
." 21 '
16
49
1
21
7 "."
5
14,600
13
30
42 .
.' 161.
25.
2
... 104 .
3
/ .: 8
i '
''Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance. -
Material balance.
Material balance.
' Material balance. '
Material, balance .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
" . Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance .
:. Material balance .
' " Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance .
Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material, balance . - ,
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance. ...
Material balance.
Material balance .
Guess. ".
Not applicable.
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or.
Not applicable.
Guess.
Guess.
Not applicable.
Material balance .
Material balance .
Not applicable.
Guess.
Not applicable.
Guess .
Material balance.
Material balance .
Guess.
Guess .
Material balance .
Material balance .
Material balance .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Emission test measurement.
Not applicable.
Material balance. :
; Emission test measurement.
Guess. .:
Material balance.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission
Guess . .[ ,
NADB-approved non-EPA emission
Emission factor [AP4.42 (98) or
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or
NADB-approved non-EPA emission
NADB-approved non-EPA emission
1 '
pending] .
1
"
1 "*
factor..
f ac'tor .
pending} .
pending] .
factor.
factor .
(continued)
113
-------
TABLE E- 6 (continued)
]
(
State
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
.Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Frequency
of
operation,
% of yr
67
33
67
67
67
67
67
100
67
100
33
67
&7
33
33
67
&7
67
33
67
33
6-7
100
33
33
100
33
33
33
33
33
33
67
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
100
67
100
100
33
33
33
33
67
33
100
67
100
100
100
100
100
67
33
33
33
33
33
Stack
height,
ft
20
20
40
40
40
0
103
50
148
4
24
7
43
29
29
38
43
29
42
42
36
123
88
0
0
36
25
33
0
0
0
20
35
0
10
30
0
0
35
22
0
6
15
25
30
30
9
9
10
30
20
20
20
35
35
30
30
25
28
45
26
55
Emission
rate,
tons/yr
12
6
29
15
93
2,700
966
21,000
402
1,160
99
387
149
19
24
7
4
5
7
34
21
31
50
12
34
78
13
26
10
17
3
7
9
8
5
3
49
1
3
2
5
13
3
120
7
180
82
36
8
10
115
218
137
45
108
85
120
4
3
95
167
9
0
79
32
Type of calculation
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Guess .
Material balance.
Guess.
Not applicable .
Material balance.
Guess .
Guess.
Guess.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
Material balance.
Emission test measurement.
Emission test measurement .
Emission test measurement.
Emission test Measurement.
Emission test measurement.
Emission test measurement .
Emission test measurement .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending] .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Emission factor [AP-4; (98} or pending] .
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending].
Material balance.
Material balance .
Material balance.
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending] .
Material balance.
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending] .
Material balance.
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending] .
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending].
Material balance.
Material balance.
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending] .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Not applicable.
Material balance.
Not applicable .
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending].
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Emission factor [AP-42 (98) or pending] .
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
Material balance.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
Not applicable.
NADB-approved non-EPA emission factor.
Note.Blanks indicate data not available.
114
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APPENDIX F
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF COLD CLEANERS
To determine the geographical distribution of cold cleaners, the
distribution of cold cleaning plants was first determined by SIC.
As an example, the state of Tennessee will be used.
For SIC 22, Reference 1 lists 172 textile plants for the state of
Tennessee; for SIC 25, Reference 2 lists 288 furniture and fix-
ture plants; for SIC 33, Reference 3 lists 100 primary metal
plants; for SIC 34, Reference 4 lists 416 fabricated metal plants;
for SIC 35, Reference 5 lists 473 nonelectrical machinery plants;
for SIC 36, Reference 6 lists 181 electrical equipment plants;
for SIC 37, Reference 7 lists 159 transportation equipment
plants; for SIC 38, Reference 8 lists 46 instrument plants; and
for SIC 39, Referenced lists 299 miscellaneous manufacturing
plants. Thus for SIC 2-2 through SIC 39, the total number of
plants utilizing industrial degreasing is 2,064.
For auto repair shops, Reference 10 lists 127,203 shops in the
United States. No distribution by state is provided. To deter-
mine the number of auto repair shops in Tennessee, the number of
shops in the United States was assumed to be distributed by popu-
lation. Using 1970 census figures, Tennessee was found to have
2.07% of the total U.S. population. Applying this figure to the
total number of repair shops, Tennessee is estimated to have
2,634 auto repair shops.
From Reference 11, the total number of automotive dealers and gas
stations in the United States are found to be 121,369 and 226,455,
respectively. Again no geographical distribution is available.
As before, assuming both auto dealers and gas stations to be
distributed in the United States by population, the number of
auto dealers and gas stations in Tennessee are estimated to be
2,514 and 4,690, respectively.
For maintenance shops, Reference 1 lists a total of 320,701 manu-
facturing plants in the United States. The assumption is made
that all maintenance shops, as classified here, exist in manufac-
turing plants. The geographical distribution lists 5,647 manu-
facturing plants in Tennessee.
Thus total plants in Tennessee for all categories are 17,549.
115
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From Reference 14, the total number of cold cleaning operations
in the United States is estimated to be 1,220,555. The total
number of U.S. degreasing plants is estimated (using the described
process for all states) to be 931,513. Dividing the number of
operations by the number of plants results in an average of 1.31
degreasers per plant for all plants, regardless of type. Apply-
ing 1.31 to 17,549 plants results in the estimate of 22,989 cold
cleaning operations in the state of Tennessee.
116
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GLOSSARY : L, .. . ' .-:-.-.
affected population: Number of persons around a typical plant
that is utilizing a degreasing operation who are exposed to
a source severity greater than 0.1 or 1.0, as specified.
cold cleaning: Removal of undesirable matter from various metals
or glass with an organic solvent in a liquid rather than a
vapor state.
desiccant: Drying agent.
dragout: In metal degreasing, the solvent entrained with or
contained on the piece of work as it leaves the degreaser.
fabric scouring: Removal of undesirable matter from a textile
fiber with an organic solvent in a liquid state before sub-
sequent fabrication into a saleable product such as carpet,
or yarns.
freeboard chiller: Second set of condenser coils located
slightly above the primary condenser coils of a vapor
degreaser. The chiller impedes diffusion of solvent vapors
from the vapor zone into the work atmosphere.
emission factor: Quantity of a species that is emitted per unit
weight of solvent consumed.
kauri-butanol value: Volume in milliliters at 25ฐC of the sol-
vent required to produce a defined degree of turbidity
when added to 20 g of a standard solution of kauri resin in
normal butyl alcohol.
kier: Large vat or boiler used in bleaching.
mineral spirit: Clear, water-white refined hydrocarbon solvent
and divalent petroleum distillate with a minimum flash
point of 21ฐC.
naphthas: Petroleum distillates used as solvents or fuels con-
taining hydrocarbon chains beginning with pentanes. This
may include small concentrations of heptane, hexane, ben-
zene, xylene, toluene, kerosene, and heavy aromatics. In
this report, the term includes both high-flash and low-flash
naphthas.
117
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solvent degreasing: Physical method of removing grease, wax,
soil, or other undesirable matter from various metal, glass,
plastic, or textile items with an organic solvent.
source severity: Ratio of the ground level concentration of each
emission species to its corresponding ambient air quality
standard (for criteria pollutants) or to a reduced TLV (for
noncriteria emission species).
stabilizer: Any compound when added to another compound de-
creases its ability to decompose.
118
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/ 2-79-019f
2
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
SOURCE ASSESSMENT:
SOLVENT EVAPORATION - DECREASING
OPERATIONS
6. REPORT DATE
August 1979 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
T. J. Hoogheem, D. A. Horn, T. W. Hughes, P. J. Marn
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
MRC-DA-640
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Monsanto Research Corporation
1515 Nicholas Road
Dayton, Ohio 45407
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1 AB 604
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1874
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-Cin., OH
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/12
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES,
IERL-Ci task officer for this report is C. H. Darvin, 513-684-4491
16. ABSTRACT
This report describes a study of air emissions from solvent degreasing and fabric scour-
ing operations. This study was completed to provide EPA with sufficient information to
determine whether additional control technology needs to be developed for these emission
sources.
Degreasing operations include: 1) cold cleaning; 2) open top vapor degreasing; 3) con-
veyorized vapor degreasing; and 4) fabric scouring. These four types consumed an
estimated 943,000 metric tons of solvent in an estimated 1,255,000 operating locations
in 1974.
To assess the potential environmental effect of emissions (hydrocarbons) resulting from
degreasing operations, the source severity (defined as the ratio of the time-averaged
maximum ground level concentration of a pollutant to a potentially hazardous concentra-
tion) was calculated for each solvent emitted from each type of representative degreaser
Methylene chloride (2.2) and perchloroethylene (1.2) from conveyorized vapor degreasing
had the two largest source severities. Solvent consumption for degreasing is expected
to grow at an annual rate of 4% through 1980. If the 1980 level of emissions control is
the same as the 1974 level, emissions from degreasing operations will increase by 26%
over that period.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air Pollution
Assessments
Solvents
b.lDENTIFIERS/QPEN ENDED TERMS
Air Pollution Control
Source Assessment
c. COSATI Field/Group
13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
133
20 SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (t-73)
119
ftUSGPO: 1979 657-060/5371
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