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move long distances and this mobility is probably related to movements of fish
schools.

     2.   Shallow Shelves and Open Shorelines

     Shallow areas off open shorelines, as at Jamestown or "outer" Boundary
Bay east of Point Roberts, supported populations comparable in density to
those in more protected bays or enclosed harbors.  There were relatively few
of these subregions in the study area, but they were quite important to bird
populations.  Average winter populations at Jamestown were projected at about
25,000 during this peak season (Appendix Table 1-3).

     Narrow shelf habitats along open shorelines generally supported lower
populations of marine birds, partly due to the limited area available.
Vegetation, substrate types and associated biological communities varied
primarily in relation to degree of exposure to wind and wave energy.  Some
severe wave action shorelines, like Ediz Hook, appeared to have very low
numbers of birds associated with the substrate itself, though flocks of fish-
eating species were observed foraging there on a number of occasions.  Winter-
season populations in the Ediz Hook subregion in 1979 averaged about 38/km2
(Appendix Table 1-3).  When data for birds directly associated with fish
and/or roosting on the beach (gulls and terns) were subtracted (data in
Appendix Table F-12), the number engaged in foraging solely on the shoreline
or on nearshore bottom organisms was about 24/km .  These were among the
lowest of any nearshore densities in the study area.

     Open shorelines with adjacent kelp communities, as found along the
western shoreline of Whidbey Island, have locally high populations of several
species (such as Red-necked, Horned and Western Grebes, Pelagic Cormorant,
Harlequin Duck and other diving ducks, Heermann's Gull [in summer and fall]
and other species) which appear to associate frequently with this habitat
type.  Populations in 1978-1979 along the Whidbey Island subregion shoreline
were about 126/km^ in winter, and 200/km2 in fall (Appendix Table 1-3).

     In contrast, "no-shelf" open shorelines which  drop almost vertically to
deep water have relatively low bird populations  associated with them.  This is
not a widespread habitat type but is found in the San Juan Islands, such as
along  the northeastern shoreline of Orcas Island  (Table 6).  If one flock of
Western Grebes and one of Bonaparte's Gulls feeding within 75 m of shore in
tidal  convergences were excluded from these figures, densities of birds
observed foraging immediately along this shoreline  itself in the 1979 aerial
censuses ranged from about 10-70/km^.

     3.   Fronts or Convergences

     Relatively low densities of birds used the  deeper, open-water habitats
exemplified by the offshore  components of Juan de Fuca, Georgia, Rosario, and
Haro Straits.  However, within these  large areas, foraging birds concentrate
in many  localized areas of  tidal convergence which  in  effect are transitory,
consistently  recurring subhabitats within the larger water bodies.


                                       66

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     Active Pass, in the Canadian Gulf Islands, is perhaps the most outstanding
example of this phenomenon within the inland waters area.  Because of the
constriction of strong currents flowing between Mayne and Galiano Islands, the
effect is more extreme here than in open water current boundary areas.  As an
example of variation within tidal cycles, however, data from censuses done
within about 2.2 hours on round-trip ferry runs showed regular variations in
densities of birds of about 50-230%, with an extreme variation of 3,700%.
Other areas illustrating this phenomenon are Deception Pass, southern San Juan
Channel, and Wasp, Obstruction and Thatcher Passes.  Tidal currents attract
birds around many rocks, islands, and "points" in the study area.  Examples
include the Peapods in Rosario Strait, the southern shore of Lopez Island, and
the western points of Patos and Stuart Islands in particular.  Convergences
form and attract birds in open waters and broad channels in many locations
including Rosario Strait, Admiralty Inlet, Point Roberts, Point Wilson, Ediz
Hook, Speiden Channel, San Juan Channel, Upright Channel, Guemes Channel,
Bellingham Channel, and Hale Passage.

     4.   Offshore Kelp Beds

     While bird densities in open waters were generally low relative to near-
shore areas or shallow bays (Table 6), birds often concentrated well offshore
at relatively shallow rises and kelp beds.  While quantitative data are limited,
cormorants and other species of nearshore affinities were observed foraging
over Alden Bank, southwest of Cherry Point, during regular census flights over
eastern Georgia Strait offshore waters.

     During an aerial survey of Rhinoceros Auklet distribution in July 1979
(Figure 6), we observed Rhinoceros Auklets and other birds concentrated in
kelp beds over Partridge and Hein Banks in the Strait of Juan de Fuca-Inner
(Figure 26).  This habitat, along with areas of tidal convergence, likely
supports an important proportion of birds foraging away from shallow bays and
shorelines of the study area.

     5.   Herring Spawning Beaches

     A phenomenon observed in 1978 involved large concentrations of birds,
primarily scoters, gathering to feed on herring spawn during late winter-early
spring.  Herring spawn in several areas in Washington's inland waters (Trumble
et al. 1977), though within this study area its effects on bird populations
were observed only in Discovery Bay and Georgia Strait-Eastern.  Trumble et
al. (1977) indicate that the northern Whatcom County shoreline (Georgia
Strait-Eastern) is the most productive herring spawning habitat in Washington,
and the only area which supports a sac roe fishery.  We observed very large
flocks of birds, particularly near Cherry Point, Whatcom County, in April-May
1978.  For example, about 25,000 scoters were observed feeding at Point
Whitehorn (Cherry Point subregion 0602) on one occasion.  We flew five flights
about one week apart around the perimeter of Georgia Strait-Eastern in April-
May 1979 to further assess the extent of this concentration.  Separate census
data from these flights could not be presented in this report and detailed
analysis will be given elsewhere.  However, high seasonal projections in


                                      67

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Appendices D-I of waterfowl (Table F-38) and all species (Table 1-6) in spring
result primarily from scoters observed from these supplemental flights.

     With the exception of breeding birds on Protection Island and foraging
Black Brant and ducks or roosting gulls and shorebirds, the spring season
density of 1,370/km  at Cherry Point (Table 1-6) was the highest seasonal
density calculated during the study.  We emphasize, however, that these projec-
tions characterize average seasonal populations not peak numbers.  This density
can be compared to the spring density of 27 birds/km^ at Whidbey Island (0313),
a somewhat similar cobble beach habitat where herring spawning does not occur.
It can also be seen that densities at Cherry Point in summer, fall, and winter—
when the attraction of herring spawn is lacking—were much lower than spring
density and were particularly low when compared to adjacent protected embay-
ments like Lummi Bay (0601) and Birch Bay (0603).

     While locations and amounts of herring spawn are variable from year to
year (Trumble et al. 1977), the largest 1978-1979 bird concentrations observed
in herring spawning areas were along the Georgia Strait-Eastern shoreline from
Sandy Point north to Point Whitehorn and from Birch Point to Semiahmoo Spit
(Birch Point-Semiahmoo subregion 0604).  Other than Surf Scoters, which were
by far the predominant species, and White-winged and Black Scoters, several
other species were observed directly associated with herring spawn.  These
included Harlequin Ducks, Oldsquaws, and Glaucous-winged, Mew and Bonaparte's
Gulls.  Some of the study area's largest concentrations of these species were
observed at herring spawn locations.  In addition, large numbers of several
other species occurred in Georgia Strait-Eastern at this season, and were
almost certainly involved with the herring run itself.  These were fish-eating
species such as the Arctic Loon, Common Murre, and Marbled Murrelet (see
Appendix K).  The importance of herring spawn to marine bird populations and
implications of perturbances on herring spawn deserve further, intensive
study.

F.   Movements

     Marine birds are extremely mobile.  The main types of movements observed
included seasonal migrations into and out of the study area, and regular
movements relating to foraging and roosting/breeding areas.

     1.   Migration

     The study area lies in the Pacific Flyway, which means that many birds
pass through the area on their way north or south.  The study area does repre-
sent an important southern terminus of migration for many northern breeding
species.

     Migration was generally not obvious during  censuses within  the study
area.  Unlike open coastal areas where vast numbers of loons or waterfowl may
be  observed passing, the effects of migration in the geographically complex
study  area were noted primarily through the presence or absence  of species or
large  variations in numbers observed on consecutive censuses.  Obvious migra-
tion was exemplified by flocks of Oldsquaws flying south past Point Roberts,

                                      68

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and flocks of Snow Geese (seldom observed within the study area itself) drop-
ping from high altitude to almost water level over Padilla Bay and continuing
south over the Swinomish Flats to wintering grounds in the Skagit Delta.
Undoubtedly, dawn-to-dark sea watches at strategic points during migration
seasons would show migration patterns.  That type of intense sampling effort
was beyond the scope of the present study.

     2.   Daily Movements

     Daily movements of birds from roosts and colonies to foraging areas were
quite often observed both during sea watches and incidentally at other times.
These involved both direct daily movements which were quite regular, and
subsequent opportunistic movements responding to local feeding conditions.
The initial movements appeared to take place from first light for about two
hours, with a similar pattern, perhaps more prolonged, for about two to three
hours before dark.  Rhinoceros Auklets, for example, left Protection Island
before first light and did not return until well after dark, spending some
time in "staging" areas near the colony just before dark.

     During nesting seasons, most of the movements were between colonies and
foraging areas (Figure 24).  Some of these were on a very large scale, as in
the case of Rhinoceros Auklets (Figure 25), which, because 97% nest on one
colony, were obvious as to origin and destinations.  The interrelationship of
nesting and foraging areas is extremely important, and these habitats cannot
be considered separately.  The importance of Admiralty Inlet to the nesting
birds of Protection Island is reflected by our estimate of one-third of the
Protection Island Rhinoceros Auklets being present in Admiralty Inlet on one
occasion (Figure 26).  After nestlings leave the colonies the necessity for
daily returns to colonies ceases, and more distant foraging areas may be used.

     The location and use of roost sites  (see V-G) are important features of
the study area that are involved in the movements of birds.  During non-
breeding seasons, almost all the nesting colony sites (except those of burrow-
nesters) are used as night roosts.  Since winter populations are larger,
winter usage of roost sites is likely heavier than in summer.  In addition, a
number of sites used as roosts alone contribute substantial numbers of birds
into a web of movement routes throughout the study area.

     Observed movements of cormorants between roosts and foraging areas in
northern subregions are shown in Figure 27.  These are not all the routes
used, though certainly the major ones.  Note that some movements are extensive,
with the extreme case being that of Double-crested Cormorants which roost
along the south shore of Lopez Island and on rocks within Rosario Strait and
perform daily flights as far as Skagit Bay and up Rosario Strait and Guemes
Channel (or over Anacortes) into Fidalgo, Padilla and Samish Bays.  Some
Brandt's Cormorants, on the other hand, roost on Whale and Mummy Rocks and
forage within a few hundred meters away in San Juan Channel.  Whether the same
individual birds travel to the same foraging areas each day, or indeed return
to the same roost rock each night is unknown, but observations showed the
general movements were quite consistent.


                                      69

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                                                                       Boundary Bay
49°-
       40'
        Figure 24.  Map showing routes of  daily major movements of  Rhinoceros Auklets
                    foraging away from Protection Island, during  chick rearing stage.

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               WEST
                           EAST
            Calculated
            Estimated
2100-
        4000
2000         0          2000
 NUMBER OF BIRDS/HOUR
4000
      Figure  25.  Figure showing  the magnitude, direction, and time
                 of movements of Rhinoceros Auklets passing Point
                 Wilson going to and from foraging areas and
                 Protection Island, during chick rearing, July 1979.
                               71

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                                                                                 Boundary Bay
to
      49°-
                 Areas  where auklets were
            \   \  observed  North of the Strait of
                 Juan de Fuca
                 % of total estimated auklets
                 Areas of observed concentration
                 in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and
                 Admiralty  Inlet
      IO'
            Figure 26.  Map  showing the  locations of major foraging areas of  Rhinoceros  Auklets
                         feeding chicks on  Protection Island, July 1979.

-------
                                                                             Boundary Bay
UJ
                      Observed Routes
                      Likely Routes
                      Cormorant Roosts
     10'-
           40'
                        20'
            Figure 27.   Map showing the locations of important  cormorant roost  sites and
                         routes of significant  daily movements.

-------
     Many diving birds like loons, grebes, and alcids spend the night on the
water.  Some grebes, for example, were not observed moving in regular patterns
and apparently roosted essentially near foraging areas.  Other species, partic-
ularly some alcids like the Common Murre, were observed performing regular
morning and evening flights.  Common Murres moved up Rosario Strait each
morning where many were observed landing to feed in tidal convergences, espe-
cially in Southern Rosario Strait.  These birds may spend the night somewhere
offshore in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, perhaps feeding on nocturnally avail-
able plankton, and moving to Rosario Strait and other areas during the day.

     Observed movements have implications as to the numbers of birds censused
during daylight hours at a given location.  Censuses made during the day
understate maximum numbers using roosts, colony-sites, and offshore nocturnal
concentration sites.  Likewise, many foraging areas may be relatively unpopu-
lated during the night, though this latter possibility is much less certain
than the first.  Bird movements may affect relative numbers projected to
different subregions.  For example, Double-crested Cormorants roosting on Bird
Rocks in Rosario Strait flew to forage in Padilla Bay.  Some Double-crested
Cormorants from Bird Rocks appeared to leave the study area through Deception
Pass.  The daily movement of Rhinoceros Auklets from Admiralty Inlet into
Puget Sound also takes them out of the study area.

     Largest movements observed during the study were those of birds (primarily
Rhinoceros Auklets) moving between Protection Island and Admiralty Inlet,
cormorants and Common Murres in Rosario Strait, and cormorants dispersing from
Mandarte Island, British Columbia, to Speiden Channel and San Juan Channel and
unknown foraging areas.  Large-scale daily movements of Arctic Loons and
Common Murres are likely, but other than those in Rosario Strait such flights
were not documented in the study area.

G.   Roosts

     When not feeding, marine birds spend much of their time roosting on land
or water.  This aspect of the life history of birds is often overlooked and
understated.  Nevertheless, where birds are harassed  (so as to reduce their
roosting time) increased mortality and dispersal have been observed.

     1.   Types of Roosts

     There are several types of roosts utilized by marine birds.  In the study
area, we recognized the following seven types of roosts:  rocks/islands,
spits, beaches, mudflats, log booms, man-made objects, and the water surface
itself.  These roosts may be used during the night or day, depending on the
activity patterns of the birds and their response to tidal fluctuations.  Our
knowledge of roost utilization is primarily from daylight hours since very few
night observations were made during this investigation.

          a.   Rocks and Islands.  Rocks and islands were used as roosts by
Glaucous-winged Gulls, Double-crested Cormorants, Pelagic Cormorants, Brandt's
Cormorants, and Black Oystercatchers.  All of the islands which had breeding
colonies (Figure 21) also supported roosting populations during the nonbreeding

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seasons.  In addition, Willow Island, Whale and Mummy Rocks, and the southeast
tip of Guemes Island were used as roosting sites by cormorants.  The rocks on
the south shore of Lopez Island were also important as roosts for cormorants.
Many of the cormorants roosting in this area commuted daily around and over
Shannon Point/Anacortes to spend the day feeding in Samish, Fidalgo and
Padilla Bays.  Seasonal migrants such as the Heermann's Gull and Mew Gull used
islands for roosting.  Winter residents, i.e., Black Turnstones, Surfbirds,
and Harlequin Ducks, used exposed rocks as roost sites.  In many cases the
birds roosted at high tide, then left the rocks during low tide to forage.
Even small rocks were extensively utilized as roost sites.

          k*   Spits.  Spits were very important roost sites.  In many cases
birds used a roost site because there was a decreased chance of predation
there.  The ends of spits, for instance, provide areas where birds are exposed
to potential ground predators from only one direction.  Dungeness Spit was
used by Glaucous-winged, Mew, California and Heermann's Gulls, and Black-
bellied Plovers, Sanderlings, and Dunlin as a roosting site during high tides
of the daylight hours.  In addition, Spencer Spit on Lopez Island, Sidney Spit
and Kirby Spit in Samish Bay were used as roost sites by gulls and shorebirds
as was the spit at the entrance to Sequim Bay.  There were very few large
spits in our study area, but small points of land also served as roost sites.
A "disturbed" spit such as Ediz Hook with its heavily used road and Coast
Guard station was utilized less as a roosting area by birds.

          c.   Beaches.  Extensive gravel and sand beaches were used as
roosting sites but the birds were generally not as concentrated as in the
previous two types.  Bald Eagles occasionally roosted on intertidal zones and
in trees adjacent to the beach.  Shorebirds and gulls roosted on the upper
intertidal zones, particularly on undisturbed areas.  Beach areas with large
concentrations of roosting birds included the south shore of San Juan and
Lopez Islands, and smaller numbers at the mouths of rivers such as the Dunge-
ness, Twin, and Nooksack Rivers.  Dabbling Ducks such as Mallards, Green-
winged Teal, and Pintail often used the beaches for both daytime and nighttime
roosts, particularly in estuaries such as Drayton Harbor.  Gulls used beaches
as roosts during low tide.

          d.   Mudflats.  Mudflats were occasionally used as roost sites by
gulls, but were used more heavily as foraging areas.  Waterfowl often roosted
on exposed mudflats.

          e.   Log Booms.  While not a traditional type of roost, log booms
are now important, perhaps due to disturbance on many traditional roost sites.
In Port Angeles along Ediz Hook there is virtually no undisturbed shoreline
remaining.  In such areas the log booms are used by thousands of birds as
roost sites.  These included Brandt's and Pelagic Cormorants, Mew, California,
Glaucous-winged, and Bonaparte's Gulls, Black-bellied Plovers, Black Turn-
stones, Dunlins, Common and Barrow's Goldeneyes, scaup, dabbling ducks, and
Great Blue Herons.  Log booms used as roosts were also found in Neah Bay,
Sequim Bay, Bellingham Bay, and near March Point in Padilla Bay.  Individual
floating logs, both moored and free-floating, were also used as roosts.
                                      75

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          f.   Man-made Objects.  Man-made objects such as buoys, jetties,
piers, pilings, dolphins, and even buildings were utilized by cormorants and
gulls as roost sites.  These structures are scattered throughout the study
area.  Examples include dolphins in Port Angeles and Drayton Harbors, a dete-
riorating pier at Jamestown, the jetty at Neah Bay and Port Angeles, and buoys
in the shipping lanes.

          g.   Water Surface.  The water surface itself was used for roosting
by many species.  Diving ducks, including Bufflehead, Common Goldeneye, scaup,
scoters and Oldsquaw all used the water surface for roosting.  Very large
numbers of loons, grebes, and alcids spend their nonbreeding lives in the
study area and these diving birds spend virtually all their day cycles forag-
ing underwater and resting on the surface.  Many species fed in nearshore
areas and then moved offshore to roost at night; other species both fed and
roosted in the same area, such as in the center of bays.

     2.   Importance of Roost Sites

     In general, roosts had distinct patterns of attendance.  Rocks and
islands were used primarily at night and daytime and during high tides.  Spits
were used at night and at high tide.  Beaches were used at any time.  Mudflats
were used at low tide.  Log booms and man-made objects were used at all times,
and the surface of the water was used primarily at night by seaducks and
during the morning hours by loons, grebes, and alcids.

     Roosts may also have distinct seasonal patterns of use.  Log booms,
spits, and beaches had the highest gull attendance during the migration and
wintering periods.  When birds were nesting during the summer months, only the
immature and nonbreeding birds remained to use the roost areas.  These sites
were important to all species of birds in the study area.  They provided areas
for birds to rest, preen, and dry their plumage.

          a.   Night Roosting of Scoters.  This study provided opportunities
for some observations of nighttime behavior of scoters.  From a total of 4
hours of dusk observations on different days, and 2 hours of night observations
the following results were obtained.  White-winged Scoters stopped feeding at
sunset and began to move offshore.  If the birds were in a bay they swam
slowly to the center of the bay.  If they were along a coast line they swam
offshore.  In the half hour before they swam offshore, preening/sleeping
activity increased significantly.  Surf Scoters and Black Scoters were also
observed to swim away from the shoreline areas that they frequented during
daylight.  From two hours of night observation done from a boat in Sequim Bay,
it was concluded that these ducks were not present along the shore.

     From three hours of dawn and pre-dawn observations it was concluded that
the three species of scoters remain in offshore roosting ares until about 10
minutes before sunrise.  The birds were then observed to swim to shoreline
feeding areas and feed, intensively for the first one hour of daylight.
Although actual night roosting areas were not seen, scoters most likely roost
in large concentrations in the center of bays, and offshore from their daytime
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feeding areas.  They would potentially be exposed to oil at all times, like
other divers, since they are essentially confined to the water from fall until
leaving on spring migration.

          b.   Effect of Disturbance on Roosting Birds.  Birds often returned
to a site after being temporarily disturbed.  In areas where there was contin-
ual disturbance, such as in a busy commercial harbor or near heavily used
marinas, birds were less apt to fly when approached.  However, in areas such
as Jamestown with less traffic, a raft of 15,000 wigeons could be flushed by
merely the passing of a boat.  Also, certain species were more easily disturbed
than others.  Hunted species of diving and dabbling ducks flushed very easily
from their roost sites as did shorebirds.  Brant and Snow Geese also were very
susceptible to disturbance.  Brant did not return to a feeding or roosting
area once they had been disturbed.  Cormorants were easily frightened and flew
off roosting rocks when approached.  Gulls, Harlequin Ducks, and grebes
appeared to have shorter 'flight distances' and were less easily disturbed.

          c.   Loss of Roost Sites.  If the roosts are destroyed or otherwise
made unavailable, it is uncertain what effect this would have.  In areas such
as Ediz Hook where spit roosts were unavailable, the birds used other objects
such as piers and log booms.  In areas such as Bird Rocks which was bombed
extensively in the past, birds have recolonized and now use the site for both
nesting and roosting.  This evidence suggests some adaptability in terms of
use of roost sites.  However, the vital importance of roost areas in terms of
safety from predation and nesting must not be understated.

     In many management plans, only breeding sites are considered noteworthy.
We stress the importance of roosts.  They provide areas where essential activ-
ities such as preening and resting can occur.  Roosts also serve as "concentra-
tion" points for birds and consequently as locations of special vulnerability.

H.   Marine Bird Mortality

     An index of bird mortality was obtained by recording the number of dead
birds observed on beach walks, ferry transects, and aerial transects.  Obvi-
ously, not all dead birds were seen, and some were consumed by scavengers or
decomposed offshore.  Furthermore, not all dead birds floated or washed ashore
and those that did were often eaten by the numerous scavengers, such as Bald
Eagles, gulls, crows, several carnivorous wild mammals, and domestic dogs.
Losses from scavengers result in a bias toward underestimating the number of
dead birds.  Storms and high tides either deposited dead birds on beaches or
washed them off beaches, thus contributing additional biases to dead bird
censusing.  Nevertheless, these censuses provide trend values which can be
used for comparison in the event of an oil spill.  See Figure 5 for locations
of beaches censused for dead birds.

     1.   Mortality Rates Derived from Beach Walks

     The number of dead birds recorded in the study area in 1978 and 1979 is
typically low (Tables 8 and 9; Figure 28).  Any sizable number of dead birds
found in a relatively small area at the same time is an indication of abnormally

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          Table 8.  Frequency of dead birds found on beach walks at selected beaches in 1978 and 1979.
oo
Site
Bellingham Bay No. 1 (I)2
Bellingham Bay No. 2 (2)
Birch Bay No. 1 (3)
Cherry Point No. 1 (4)
Cherry Point No. 2 (5)
Clallam Bay No. 2 (6)
Clallam Bay No. 3 (7)
Crescent Bay No. 1 (8)
Deception Pass No. 1 (9)
Deep Creek No. 1 (10)
Deep Creek No. 2 ( )
Dray ton Harbor No. 1 (11)
Dray ton Harbor No. 2 (12)
Dungeness Spit No. 1 (13)
Dungeness Spit No. 2 (14)
Dungeness Spit No. 3 (15)
Dungeness Spit No. 4 (16)
Dungeness Spit No. 5 (17)
Dungeness Spit No. 6 (18)
Green Point No. 1 (19)
Padilla Bay No. 1 (20)
Padilla Bay No. 2 (21)
Padilla Bay No. 3 (22)
Point Roberts No. 1 (23)
Point Roberts No. 2 (24)
Point Roberts No. 3 (25)
San Juan No. 1 (26)
San Juan No. 2 (27)
Voice of America (28)
Mean
Beach Number of
Length (km) censuses
1978 1979
1.0
2.3
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.7
1.3
2.0
1.1
0.3
1.2
1.9
1.9
5.4
2.6
2.6
2.2
2.0
4.8
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.9
1.4
0.6
1.9
1.1
0.9

13
14
3
3
4
3
4
1
11
1

5
4
14
10
10
7
7
15
4
5
8
4
5
9
1
8
2
10



3
3


3
4
4
3
4
2

2
11
3
1
3





Number of
birds
1978 1979
1
2
0
0
2
0
1
0
1
0

14
0
6
9
7
2
3
15
2
1
0
2
163
2
0
1
0
3



0
1


4
1
3
2
4
2

0
0
1
1
0





Number of
months
1978 1979
8
10
2
1
3
1
2
1
8
1

5
4
8
6
6
6
6
9
4
5
7
4
5
8
1
4
1
7



3
3


3
4
4
3
4
2

2
8
3
1
2





Censuses
per month
1978 1979
1.6
1.4
1.5
3.0
1.3
3.0
2.0
1.0
1.4
1.0

1.0
1.0
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.2
1.2
1.7
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.4



1.0
1.0


1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

1.0
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.5





Rate1
(Birds /km/ census)
1978 1979
0.08
0.06
0
0
0.25
0
0.19
0
0.08
0

1.47
0
0.08
0.35
0.27
0.13
0.21
0.21
0.83
0.40
0
1.00
3.56
0.16
0
0.07
0
0.33
0.24


0
0.27


0.25
0.10
0.29
0.30
0.50
0.21

0
0
0.67
1.11
0




0.28
           Rate:  Number dead birds  found  per km of beach per census.  This unit is independent of time, i.e., week or month.  At
           present,  there  is no way  to  calculate the number of dead birds that actually reach a stretch of beach on any unit of time.

           See  text  for explanation.
          2
           Numbers in parentheses  refer to specific numbered locations in Figure 4.
          o
           Includes  12 Western Grebes found on  26 August, 1978 that probably died in fishing net.

-------
Table 9.  Numbers and species composition of dead birds  found
          on beach walks in 1978 and 1979 (N=110 birds).
Percent of Total
Species Group Number of Birds
LOONS 5%



GREBES 23%



PROCELLARIIDS <1%

CORMORANTS <1%

HERONS 2%

DUCKS 20%









SHOREBIRDS <1%

JAEGERS <1%

GULLS, TERNS 30%






ALCIDS 15%




OTHER 4%

TOTAL
Number
Species Found

Loon Sp.
Common Loon
Arctic Loon

Grebe Sp.
Horned Grebe
Western Grebe

Northern Fulmar

Pelagic Cormorant

Great Blue Heron

Mallard
Green-winged Teal
American Wigeon
Greater Scaup
Scaup Sp.
Bufflehead
White-winged Scoter
Surf Scoter
Scoter Sp.

Pectoral Sandpiper

Parasitic Jaeger

Glaucous-winged Gull
Gull Sp.
Herring Gull
California Gull
Mew Gull
Common Tern

Common Murre
Marbled Murrelet
Ancient Murrelet
Rhinoceros Auklet

Bird


1
3
2

3
2
20

1

1

2

1
1
1
2
1
7
1
3
5

5

1

22
7
1
1
1
1

8
1
1
6

4
110
                              79

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    <2 250,000-
    cr
    § 200,000-

    § 150,000-
    o 100,000-
    o
    o 50,000-
    cc
    m   1,000-
                   FMAMJJASOND
                         MONTHS
Figure 28.   Figure showing the numbers of Common Murres
           in the Strait of Juan de Fuca during 1978.
                      80

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high mortality.  Such mortality in the study area is now presumed to be mostly
caused by disease or parasite infestations or by fish-net kills.  Oiled birds
were rarely found in 1978 and 1979.  Time and personnel limitations did not
allow us to conduct extensive beach walks except at a few strategic locations
where local volunteers provided regular intensive effort.  Data from beach
walks indicate that under present conditions, the rate of occurrence varies
from 0 to 3.56 dead birds/km/census.  These values are generally lower than
values obtained in a similar study in 1975-1976 in southern California
(K. Briggs, pers. comm.) but there is considerable overlap.  The southern
California data are presented as the number of dead birds/km/month and are
often directly comparable to our data.  The mean rate in our study varied from
0.24 in 1978 to 0.28 birds/km/census in 1979.  The rates in 1978 and 1979 are
not statistically different (Wilcoxon t-test, p=.05).

     2.   Mortality Rates Derived from Ferries and Aerial Surveys

     Dead birds can be easily seen by trained observers from ferries and
aircraft, although the cause of death cannot usually be determined.  Neverthe-
less, these data provide a reliable index of dead birds seen floating on the
water.  Numbers of ferry and aircraft surveys during 1978 and 1979 were sea-
sonally extensive and dead birds observed on these are shown in Tables 10-13.
The sightings-rate of floating dead birds is low, similar to the dead-birds-
observed rate from the beach walks, with highest numbers found during the fall
and winter months.

     3.   Incidence of Oiled Birds

     The incidence of oiling in the study area during 1978 and 1979 was very
low, particularly when considering the large, volume of shipping traffic and
the large number of birds (Tables 14 and 15).  Our analysis of the causes of
death is inconclusive although we are certain that nearly all the birds
examined did not suffer from the direct effects of oil contamination.

     If there was a major oil spill, beached bird censuses and airplane/ferry
surveys would certainly document the general amount of oiling when compared to
the baseline established during this investigation.

!•   Natural Variation in Marine Bird Numbers

     1.   Spatial Variation

     Short-term variations in bird numbers are often very great and these have
implications for interpreting any census results.  Patchiness of prey species
(in the case of fish-eating birds), disturbance, and effects of weather often
result in large local variations within a brief period of time.

     Birds on nesting colonies and roosting rocks left these areas at first
sign of daybreak, so numbers observed during our mid-day censuses usually
represented only a fraction of the birds actually using these sites at night.
The effect of this variation is to underestimate numbers actually using col-
onies and roosts.  We attempted to take this into account when rating these

                                      81

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Table 10.  Characteristics of ferry-shoreline dead bird transects
           and numbers of dead birds observed, 1978-1979.
Season
Winter 1978
Spring 1978
Summer 1978
Fall 1978
Winter 1978-1979
Spring 1979
Summer 1979
Fall 1979
Winter 1979
Transect
Length (km)
144.3
119.0
15.8
141.2
215.9
108.1
57.5
167.5
185.4
Total 2
Area (km )
77.4
68.4
13.0
108.7
122.9
93.3
50.5
148.6
68.3
Birds /km
.0069
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0059
.0054
Birds /km2
.0129
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0067
.0146
Table 11.  Characteristics of ferry-open water dead bird transects
           and numbers of dead birds observed, 1978-1979.

Season
Winter 1978
Spring 1978
Summer 1978
Fall 1978 ,
Winter 1978-1979
Spring 1979
Summer 1979
Fall 1979
Winter 1979
Transect
Length (km)
617.6
792.9
491.2
986.9
1,417.2
562.1
277.2
1,147.7
558.6
Total „
Area (km )
355.5
534.5
359.0
743.9
822.0
475.6
234.6
1,015.7
521.8

Birds/km
0
0
0
.0071
.0093
0
•o
0
0
f\
Birds /km
0
0
0
.0091
.0160
0
0
0
0
                                   82

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Table 12.  Characteristics of aerial-shoreline dead bird transects
           and numbers of dead birds observed, 1978-1979.
Season
Winter 1978
Spring 1978
Summer 1978
Fall 1978
Winter 1978-1979
Spring 1979
Summer 1979
Fall 1979
Winter 1979
Transect
Length (km)
883.9
1,709.9
404.1
1,275.4
1,661.6
796.5
418.3
810.7
418.6
Total 2
Area (km )
83.9
191.3
54.4
157.3
239.5
111.1
57.5
113.0
66.5
Birds /km
0
0
0
.0047
.0012
0
0
0
.0047
Birds /km2
0
0
0
.0380
.0083
0
0
0
.0300
Table 13.  Characteristics of aerial-open water dead bird transects
           and numbers of dead birds observed, 1978-1979.
Season
Winter 1978
Spring 1978
Summer 1978
Fall 1978
Winter 1978-1979
Spring 1979
Summer 1979
Fall 1979
Winter 1979
Transect
Length (km)
812.2
1,076.9
393.1
1,205.3
1,775.0
1,119.9
524.4
1,079.7
643.8
Total 2
Area (km )
83.4
120.6
70.2
144.6
232.3
135.4
69.8
144.3
74.7
Birds /km
0
.0018
0
.0041
.0011
0
0
.0009
0
Birds /km2
0
.0165
0
.034
.014
0
0
.0069
0
                                   83

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Table 14.  Water and beach conditions of census locations
           where dead birds were found in 1978 and 1979.
     Water                              Year
                              1978                1979
     No oil                    58%                 57%
     Thin oil slick             2                   0
     Fish oil slick             1                  12
     Unknown slick              1                   3
     Unknown                   36                  27
Beach
No oil
Unknown

77
23

73
27
Table 15.  Amount of oiling and cause of death of birds found on
           beach walks.
                              1978 (N=72)      1979 (N=33)
   Oiling

   No oil                          57%            27%
   Trace of oil                     1              0
   Unknown                         43             73

   Cause of Death

   Gunshot                         <1              3
   Bacterial                       <1              0
   Trauma                           0              6
   Predation                        0             18
   Unknown                         99             73
                             84

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areas, particularly by using nest counts in the case of breeding birds or sea
watch observations of birds leaving roosts.  This allowance is especially
important when burrow-nesting species are present.  Projected summer popula-
tions based on birds observed during regular aircraft or boat censuses at
Protection Island, for example, represent only about 20% of the actual breed-
ing population on the island.  Of course at least some of these birds might
well have been censused later while they were foraging or at day-roost areas,
and this demonstrates the importance of foraging areas away from colonies and
roosts.  In July 1979 we estimated about 33% of the Rhinoceros Auklet popula-
tion—almost all based at Protection island—were foraging simultaneously in
Admiralty Inlet (Figure 26).

     Some indications of hourly variation were evident from replicate samples.
The Admiralty Inlet ferry route between Keystone, Whidbey Island, and Port
Townsend was normally censused in both directions, round-trip, within a period
of about 1.5 hours.  Strong tidal currents were usually present there, and
feeding birds censused within transect width on one crossing often drifted
well out of transect on the return.  This obvious, drifting "patchiness-" in
distribution resulted in large variations in numbers observed, densities, and
subsequent estimates.  Variation observed for the most abundant species during
the Admiralty Inlet crossings is clearly shown in Table 16.
         Table 16.  Variation in birds/km  observed in replicate
                   transects on the  Admiralty Inlet Ferry in 1979.


Species
Gulls
Common Murre
Rhinoceros Auklet
All Species

Number of
Replicates
10
7
8
10
Range of
Variation
(no. of birds)
0-107
0-62
0-114
6-192


S.D.
29.1
15.7
42.5
75.5
     We also replicated censuses from shore locations during the course of a
brief Rhinoceros Auklet distribution survey in July 1979.  These counts
represented birds censused in a complete scan from a fixed point during a
reasonably brief period of time.  All birds, including those in flight, were
included.  Many birds passed these locations (Point Wilson, Table 17, and
Green Point, Table 18) on their way to feeding areas, and other birds foraged
in tide rips within the area.  Data in Tables 17 and 18 show how the time of
day may affect census results.
                                       85

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Table 17.  Variation in numbers of seabirds observed during 15 point
           censuses at Pt. Wilson, 13 July 1979.
Species
Cormorants
Large Gulls
Bonaparte's Gulls
Pigeon Guillemot
Marbled Murrelet
Rhinoceros Auklet
All Species
Total Birds
Censused
6
796
117
28
2
744
1,784
Range of
Variation Mean
(no. of birds) Variation
0-1
0-132
0-44
0-11
0-2
0-277
0-309
0.4
53.0
7.8
1.9
0.1
49.6
118.9
Hour of Max.
Census Count

0700
0504
1600
0800
0917
0917
Table 18.  Variation in numbers of seabirds observed during 17 point
           censuses at Green Point, Anacortes, 14 July 1979.
Species
               Range of
Total Birds    Variation       Mean
 Censused   (no. of birds)  Variation
         Hour of Max.
         Census Count
Cormorants              46
Large Gulls            163
Bonaparte's Gull        84
Pigeon Guillemot         9
Marbled Murrelet        74
Rhinoceros Auklet       84
All Species            467
                 0-25
                 0-107
                 0-25
                 0-3
                 0-12
                 0-20
                 0-153
 2.7
 9.6
 4.9
 0.5
 4.4
 4.9
27.5
  1900
  0920
  0700
  1010
0920, 1655
  0920
  0920
                                    86

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     2.   Temporal Variations

     There are natural variations in seabird populations on an annual, sea-
sonal, and daily basis.  Patchiness and mobility of birds and their prey make
the measurement of these variations difficult.  Census results will vary by
time of day, stage of tide, weather, and feeding opportunities.  Numbers
observed will vary from day to day and week to week, even during relatively
"stable" periods like mid-winter or during the nesting season.

     Over a short-term study such as this, annual comparisons are difficult.
Nevertheless, our data indicate that large variations in numbers are probably
typical of marine bird populations in the study area.  When the 1979 projected
total numbers for the subregions are compared with 1978 numbers, only 13% of
the comparisons show 10% less variation between years (Table 19).  Of the
three seasons tested, the largest population changes occur in the summer when
the 1979 population mean was 186% of the 1978 population.  This may reflect
the influence of a late spring migration, an early fall migration, or larger
numbers of nonbreeding northern birds present in the area in 1979.  More
analysis is required to explain the large difference in numbers between years.

     In general, birds were concentrated in the same areas during both years
of this study, although absolute numbers showed some dramatic annual variation
(Table 19 and Appendices D and E).

     Seasonal variations are clearly evident, at least in broad-scale terms
(i.e., see Figures 22 and 23).  In 1979 largest numbers of Western Grebes and
Common Murres entering the study area for the winter appeared to arrive about
two weeks later than in 1978.  Measurement of daily variations were often
quite difficult for any but the most sedentary species (see Tables 17 and 18).
This was due to local conditions of weather (affecting both bird distribution
and conditions of observation), feeding opportunities, and displacement due to
disturbance.

     Accurate measurement of seasonal movements could require at least weekly
censusing.  It should also be emphasized that we cannot say whether our
censuses were taken during high, "average," or low points on long-term natural
population cycles.  While some studies have indicated long-term increases in
some gulls (Drury 1973), there were few data regarding such trends for most
species or total populations in our study area.  Therefore, frequent censusing
is necessary to document the natural cycles of annual, seasonal, and daily
variation.

J.   Species-level Discussion

     1.   Major Species

     We observed a total of 116 species during this two-year study (see
Appendix Table C-5).  Throughout this study, however, we have most often
discussed birds as family groups rather than on a species level.  There are
several species which make up significant, specialized members of the popula-
tions using the Washington inland marine ecosystem.  They are discussed below


                                      87

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Table 19.  Annual variation in bird numbers in subregions
           of the study area; 1979 is compared with 1978.*
Subregion
0201
0202
0203
0204
0205
0206
0207
0208
0209
0301
0302
0303
0304
0305
0306
0307
0308
0309
0310
0311
0312
0313
0314
0315
0316
0317
0401
0501
0502
0503
0504
0505
0506
0507
0601
0602
0603
0604
0605
0606
0607
0608
Spring
201
loot
178
72
282
129
64
67
54
171
110
109
52
97
113
82
121
107
171
148
144

84
86
43
44
223
53
38
65
89
115
225
210
39
58
63
75
178

262
354
Season
Summer





177
107


561
560
126
113

179








39





79


204
367

159


173



Fall
109

70

267
123
310
235
176
258
261
100
106
56
84
30
59
147
113
139
97
246
302
66
54
50
263
24

92
44
29
26
169
165
114
93
68
93

104
88
                             88

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Table 19.  (continued)
Subregion
0701
0702
0703
0801
0802
0901
0902
0903
1001
1002
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1108
1201
1202
1203
1210
1301
1302
1303
Mean
S.D.
N=
Spring
83
17
166
218
71
117
121
112
93
29
117

53
47
53
100
186
169
400
283

52
100
143
117
71
62
Season
Summer
278
29
75
70

160

163








94
491
700


123
42
7
186
161
23
Fall
143
41
74
81
68
25
35
24
193
221
50
71
102
110
74
78
96
17
61

48
117
54
119
109
76
60
 A value of 100 means that the projected total numbers for
 1978 and 1979 were identical.  Values below 100 means
 that there were fewer birds in 1979 compared with 1978.
tValues underlined are <10% above or below the 1978
 projected total.
                                89

-------
in Appendix K-I in order to (1) highlight specific problems, and (2) to gener-
ally illustrate their vulnerability to human activities.  We have not discussed
many species (such as gulls and Mallards) which apparently easily adapt to
changes caused by humans.  Several of these adaptable species have received
protection through "management" (game species) and we feel these do not pres-
ently require special treatment in the species accounts below.  Our discus-
sions attempt to highlight the species present status within the study area.
The "Blue List" designation is applied by the National Audubon Society to
"species recently or currently giving indications of noncyclical population
declines or range contractions, either locally or widespread" (Arbib  1979).
This designation serves as an early warning that the species may become "threat-
ened."  This status is applied at three classes:  I. widespread species with
widespread support (by regional observers) for inclusion as Blue-listed;
II. species with more restricted range; III. marginally designated species.

     2.   Additional Species

     Many other species using the area are of interest and concern.  They are
not numerous- Several are very localized while in the study area or quite
specialized in habitat requirements, and several are designated as endangered
or are on the Blue List at the continental level (Appendix K-II).  These
include various swans, geese, ducks, shorebirds, gulls, and terns which are
important components of the avifauna and are vulnerable as individuals.
Further, the Bald Eagle is an important predator/scavenger within the study
area, and the Peregrine Falcon occurs regularly but in relatively small numbers.
These species are often only peripherally involved with the water and shore
edge, yet there is no doubt that they are part of the overall food chain
dynamics.  Populations of the Bald Eagle and Peregrine Falcon in our study
area are probably larger than in other marine ecosystems in populated North
America.  They would certainly, and likely seriously, be affected by major oil
spills.  We discuss them briefly in Appendix K in order to update their status
based on our two-years' field work in the study area.
                                      90

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                  VI.  GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS OF VULNERABILITY

A.   Data Base Development

     The projected total seasonal marine bird populations for each of the 68
subregions (Appendices G, H and I) reveal a measure of the significance of a
particular location.  From another perspective, the BOI values (Appendices G,
H and I) reflect the vulnerability of the species mix of any particular
subregion.
                                                             2
     Each subregion was rated in terms of both BOI and BOI/km  (Appendix J).
We averaged these ratings and ranked each subregion in one of five rankings
(Table 20).  The averaged rating intervals for each rank are 1:0-2; 2:>2-5;
3:>5-7; 4>7-10; and 5:>10, with 5 being the highest rank.  Rankings represent
averaged conditions observed in 1978 and 1979.  Subregions with a rank of 5
are those in which birds were highly abundant, very important to the total
population in the area, and primarily occupied by species susceptible to the
effects of oil.  Subregions with a rank of 1 are those in which few vulnerable
species are present.

     A subregion's rank was increased by one if it contained significant
nesting colonies, roosting sites, or foraging areas, the values  of which
could not be reflected through regular census methods.  The seasonal subregion
rankings for each region are displayed in Figures 29-38.

     Distribution, behavior, mortality, and variation in bird numbers (dis-
cussed in V, above) also influence subregional ratings.  In addition, we point
out that there is daily interchange between subregions and interpretation of
ratings, derived from data acquired in mid-day, may be biased.  We also stress
that these ratings were derived from seasonally averaged population projec-
tions.  Evaluation of biological habitats should properly be based on maximum
annual use, and our projections are thus quite conservative.  Differences in
projected totals and BOI values between high and low-ranked subregions would
be much greater if maximum numbers were used.

B.   Subregions of Importance

     Those termed "significantly .important" are subregions with a seasonal
ranking of 5 (Table 20 and Appendix Tables J-l and J-2).  Those termed "highly
important" are those subregions with a seasonal ranking of 4.
                                      91

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Table 20.  Seasonal rankings of the subregions of the study area,  1978/1979.
Subregion
Code
0201
0203
0204
0205
0206
0207
0208
0209
0301
0302
0303
0304
0305
0306
0307
0308
0309
0310
0311
0312
0313
0314
0315
0316
0317
0401
0501
0502
0503
0504
0505
0506
0507
0601
0602
0603
0604
0605
0607
0608
0701
0702
0703
0801
0802
0901
0902
0903
1001
1002
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1201
1202
1203
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
Name
Strait of Juan de Fuca-Outer
Cape Flattery
Neah Bay
Neah Bay to Clallam Bay
Clallam Bay
Clallam Bay to Crescent Bay
Crescent Bay
Crescent Bay to Ediz Hook
Strait of Juan de Fuca-Inner
Ediz Hook
Port Angeles
Voice of America
Dungeness Spit
Dungeness Bay/Harbor
Jamestown
Sequim Bay
Miller Peninsula
Protection Island
Discovery Bay
Quimper Peninsula
Whidbey Island
Smith Island
Deception Pass
Lopez Island (south shore)
San Juan Island (south shore)
Admiralty Inlet
Bellingham Channel
Guemes Channel
Fidalgo Bay
Padilla Bay
Samish Bay
Bellingham Bay
Hale Passage
Lummi Bay
Cherry Point
Birch Bay
Semiahoo Spit
Drayton Harbor
San Juan Islands-Northern Tier
Georgia Strait-Eastern
Pt. Roberts
Tsawwassen Bay
Georgia Strait-Western
Northern Haro Strait
Southern Haro Strait
Southern Rosario Strait
Central Rosario Strait
Northern Rosario Strait
President Channel
Northern Areas
Speiden Channel
Northern San Juan Channel
Southern San Juan Channel
Wasp Pass
Upright Channel
Harney Channel
Obstruction Pass
Thatcher Pass
Mosquito/Roche Complex
Friday Harbor
Griffin Bay
Fisherman Bay
Swifts /Shoal Bays
Deer Harbor
West Sound
East Sound
Lopez Sound
Spring
3
(4)1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
2
2
2
4
[5]2
2
2
4
3
2
1
3
2
[5]
2
3
2
2
2
5
5
4
[3]
5
5
4
4
3
3
4
4
4
2
2
1
[3]
[3]
[5]
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
Season
Summer Fall
2
(3)
2
(3)
2
(3)
2
2
3
1
(3)
2
2
2
[5]
1
2
5
1
3
2
[(5)]
2
(4)
2
[5]
(3)
2
1
(3)
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
(3)
(2)
2
2
2
2
(3)
1
(3)
(2)
(4)
(2)
2
1
1 _
[5]F
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
(2)
1
1
1
2
5
4
2
3
2
3
2
3
5
2
2
3
3
3
4
2
2
4
2
4
3
4
2
4
3
[5]
4
1
2
4
4
4
2
3
2
3
4
3
2
4
2
2
2
4
1
[3]
[5]
C5]
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
Winter
4
3
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
1
2
2
3
3
[5]
2
3
3
4
4
2
3
2
3
2
2
4
[3]
3
5
5
5
2
4
2
3
4
4
4
4
4
3
2
3
2
[5]
[4]
[4]
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
2
2
1
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
4
*( ) Breeding colony effect.
2[ ] Concentrations, roosting, local movement, foraging.

                                           92

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  40
                                                                                                      - 30
        STRAIT  OF
   JUAN  DE  FUCA
                                     Legend
                                   Subregion No
                                  O Spring
  Figure 30.   Seasonal  subregional BOI rankings, 1978 and 1979  combined,  for  the  Strait of
              Juan  de Fuca, Inner region, region no.  3,  and Admiralty  Inlet region,
*             region no. 4.

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                                                                          -49°
20
  Figure 31.   Seasonal subregional BOI rankings, 1978 and 1979 combined,
              for the Anacortes to Hale Passage region, region no. 5.
                                      95

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10
     20
         STRAY?   VISLAND
 20
      20
   Figure  32.   Seasonal  subregional  BOI  rankings,  1978 and  1979  combined,
               for  the Georgia Strait, Eastern region, region no.  6.
                                       96

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10
                                                                           -49°
20
  Figure 33.  Seasonal subregional BOI rankings,  1978  and  1979  combined,
              for the Georgia Strait, Western region,  region no.  7.
                                      97

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     20
                                                                           -49°
                                                  O
                                           ROSARIOO
                                            STRAIT
30' -
20
     20
                 10
  Figure  34.   Seasonal  subregional BOI rankings, 1978 and 1979 combined,
               for  the Haro Strait region, region no. 8.
                                      98

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                                                                         -49"
Figure 35.  Seasonal subregional BOI rankings, 1978 and 1979 combined,
            for the Rosario Strait region, region no. 9.
                                   99

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                  123"
tf*      l~  SAN
  HARO  } JUAN
siKS?  VISLAND
                                     -  <3
                                 ROSARIO^
                                  STRAIT
    Seasonal subregional BOI rankings,  1978 and  1979  combined,

    for the San Juan Islands, Northern  Waters  region,  region no.  10.
                          100

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                                              *   a
                                          ROSARIO'O
                                            STRAIT'
20
               Seasonal subregional BOI rankings, 1978 and 1979 combined,
               for the San Juan Islands, Interior Channels and Passages
               region, region no.  11.
                                     101

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   20
                                                            l I i  i I i I  i I  i i  i I  10
                                                           6  7 8  9  10
                                                           .^•fc. _ ^^. J^K.
                                                               >^ ^^ \~/ wr" "'y  -


                                                               D ® (2) Summer  .
                                                               5?\ /^N x^v _
  20
              10
                           123'
                                       50
                                                    40
                                                                30
Figure  38.   Seasonal subregional BOI rankings, 1978 and 1979 combined,

             for the San  Juan Islands,  Interior Bays and Harbors region,

             region no. 12.
                                   102

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     1.   Significantly Important Subregions

     The areas described below (graphically presented in Figure 39) are rated
as Significantly Important because of high seasonal bird populations and
vulnerability to oil spill impacts.  These areas fall into two types.

     The first type of area includes easily definable geographic units such as
bays, specific lengths of shoreline, or island habitats.  These lend themselves
easily to planning, management, and protection.

     The second type is essentially large, open bodies of water which do not
lend themselves to the usual concepts of geographic management.  We emphasize
they still must be considered in the protection of marine birds.  Vulnerable
birds using these large areas of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Admiralty
Inlet are specialized feeders, often occurring in large flocks, and usually
have a patchy distribution associated with tidal convergence areas.  These
types of areas that are high in importance and vulnerability are briefly
described below (see also Table 20).  There are other areas adjacent to the
study area that we rate as being "significantly important."  These decisions
are based on published accounts of birds there and on our own observations.

          a.   Tatoosh Island.  More species breed on Tatoosh Island than at
the inland colonies to the east.  This island is typical of colonies found
along the outer coast of Washington where the birds feed primarily in the
offshore waters.  Tatoosh Island, like many breeding colonies in the study
area, has suffered from continual human disturbance.  The island has been
relatively free from disturbance only recently.  The Glaucous-winged Gull is
the most abundant species nesting on Tatoosh, with about 2,000 pairs present
(Table 5).  Five nesting species are extremely vulnerable to effects of catas-
trophic oil spills.  These are the Common Murre, Pigeon Guillemot, Cassin's
Auklet, Rhinoceros Auklet, and Tufted Puffin.  Two of these—the Murre and
Cassin's Auklet—and two other pelagic species, the Fork-tailed and Leach's
Storm-petrels, nest nowhere else in the study area.  Percentages of study area
nesting populations nesting here are given in Table 21.  The island is also
used as a roosting site for several thousand gulls during the summer months,
and by lesser numbers of birds at other times of the year.

          b.   Open Waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca.   This large area
ranks very high in vulnerability almost completely due to the seasonal presence
of the Common Murre.  The vast numbers of murres that are found in the Strait
of Juan de Fuca at various seasons are composed of migrants and winter resi-
dents.  These birds comprise a large percentage of the avian standing crop
biomass in the Strait of Juan de Fuca.  Table 22 gives average seasonal per-
centages of study area populations of murres in the offshore waters in the
Strait of Juan de Fuca.  These percentages are only partly indicative of the
importance of the Strait since virtually all Common Murres enter the study
area through the Strait of Juan de Fuca.  The projected totals from which
these percentages were derived are mean averages over several months, not
seasonal peaks (see Appendix K).   This species and the Rhinoceros Auklet are
offshore inhabitants in the study area and are highly vulnerable to oiling and


                                      103

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Table 21.
Tatoosh Island:
area.
importance to nesting birds in study
   Nesting Species
                        Percentage of study area
                            nesting population
Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel
Leach's Storm-Petrel
Pelagic Cormorant
Black Oystercatcher
Glaucous-winged Gull
Common Murre
Pigeon Guillemot
Cas sin's Auklet
Rhinoceros Auklet
Tufted Puffin
Total All Species
100
100
19
6
14
100
2
100
2
55
10
Table 22.  Average seasonal percentages of study area Common
           Murre populations in the offshore components of the
           Strait of Juan de Fuca (Subregions 0201 and 0301).*
Season
                             Percentage of projected
                             study area Common Murre
                                  population
Common Murre, projected fall
     (July-October) average population

Common Murre, projected winter
     (November-March) average population
                                       70
                                       41
 This represents 62% of the offshore component in the study area.
                               104

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49"-
50'-
A  Strait of Juan de Fuca
B  Jamestown
C  Protection Island
D  Admiraltv Inlet
   Smith Island
   Penn Cove —Crescent Harbor
   Port Susan
H  Skagit Bay
I   Northern Bays
J   Rosario Strait
K  South shore Lopez Island
L  San Juan Island
M  Mandarte Island
                               N  Active Pass
                               0  Roberts  Bank
                               P  Boundary Bay
                               Q  Cherry  Point
                               R  Lummi  Bay
        40'
                      20'
    Figure 39.   Map  showing the  areas of significant importance  and vulnerability  in the
                  study area, 1978 and 1979 combined.

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fish-net entanglement.  Large numbers of some other species like phalaropes
and Bonaparte's Gulls also forage along tidal convergences during migrations.

          c.  Jamestown.  Protected from prevailing winds by Dungeness Spit,
with productive shallow waters extending offshore, this is the single most
important subregion for wintering waterfowl along the shoreline of the Strait
of Juan de Fuca.  Large numbers of diving ducks such as scoters, grebes, other
shallow water divers, and large flocks of American Wigeon using the eelgrass
beds, account for much of the high importance-vulnerability rating of the area
between Dungeness and the mouth of Sequim Bay.  Black Brant add significantly
to the bird population and thus the vulnerability rating during spring migra-
tion.  Table 23 gives percentage of seasonal use of the subregion by certain
species.  These percentages do not represent peak numbers.

      Table 23. Jamestown (Subregion 0307):  importance to several
                species (Area = <1% of Study Area).


                                         Percentage of projected
       Season                            study area population


       Black Brant, projected spring
             (April-May) average population       12

       Waterfowl (ducks, geese) projected
             winter (November-March) total         9*

       Great Blue Heron, summer (June)
             projected total                       7


       With population at Dungeness Bay and Harbor added, 16%.
      This subregion is a major foraging area.  Many of the species mentioned
in the previous section spend the night on the water. Some feed at night,
while others remain in the area to feed during the day.  Most species either
feed on the bottom (like dabbling and diving ducks), or capture free-swimming
prey (grebes).  Shoreline areas are often used by flocks of roosting gulls and
terns.  While numbers of birds decreased during the summer, the subregion was
used extensively as a foraging area by birds breeding on  Protection Island
and other colonies.  Rhinoceros Auklets fed in the waters farther offshore,
and in the late afternoon and evening some of the birds in the Jamestown area
were observed flying toward the Protection Island colony.  Pelagic Cormorants
from Protection Island also foraged offshore here.  The abandoned pier off
Dungeness was the site of a breeding colony of Glaucous-winged Gulls and Pelagic
Cormorants.  Both species fed at least part of the time within the subregion.

      The large numbers of birds using the area, the seasonal concentrations of
highly vulnerable species like diving ducks, cormorants, grebes, brant and
alcids, especially Rhinoceros Auklets, make the area very important to regional
                                       106

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bird populations and highly vulnerable to oil spills and perturbations result-
ing from habitat alteration and disturbance.

          d.   Protection Island.  Protection Island is the single most
important seabird breeding colony in the study area and one of the major
colonies in Washington.  About 56% of all known breeding birds in the study
area nest here (Table 5, Figures 8-21).  About 22,000 pairs of six species
currently nest here.  Of this total, the Rhinoceros Auklet makes up about
17,000 pairs:  this is about 95% of known pairs of these auklets nesting in
Washington's inside waters.  Furthermore, this one colony probably contains
about 50% of all known nesting pairs in the contiguous United States.  Nearly
all the remainder are confined to Destruction Island, on the outer coast of
Washington.  From early spring through late summer, this species was present
on Protection Island and foraged in waters in the Strait of Juan de Fuca-
Inner, Admiralty Inlet, Rosario Strait, and San Juan Channel.

     Almost all the Tufted Puffins east of Tatoosh Island nest on Protection
Island.  The Pelagic Cormorant colony here was the study area's single-largest
colony east of Tatoosh Island.  These three species, along with the Rhinoceros
Auklet, are highly vulnerable to oil.  The largest Glaucous-winged Gull colony
in the study area also adds to the importance of this island colony.  In
addition to potential impacts of oil spills in the immediate area of the
island, displacement of the colony by recreational development or disruption
of bird breeding cycles by human activities represent very serious threats to
the Protection Island populations.  Furthermore, the introduction of rats,
cats, dogs, or other predators attendant to humans would have extremely serious
effects in this colony, as have such introductions to many seabird colony
islands (Jones and Byrd 1979).  There are also direct relationships between
Protection Island, which provides nesting and roosting habitat, and foraging
areas in adjacent subregions.  Protection Island's importance for nesting
populations in the study area is summarized in Table 24.
       Table 24.  Protection Island (Subregion 0310):
                  nesting seabirds.
             importance to
       Nesting species
Percentage of study area
     nesting birds
       Double-crested Cormorant
       Pelagic Cormorant
       Black Oystercatcher
       Glaucous-winged Gull
       Pigeon Guillemot
       Rhinoceros Auklet
       Tufted Puffin
       Total All Species
           15
           10
           31
           14
           95
           24
           56
                                     107

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          e.   Admiralty Inlet.  The deep water area of strong tidal currents
located generally between Point Wilson, Admiralty Head and Point Marrowstone
is one of the most heavily used foraging areas for birds in Washington's
inland waters.  Large numbers of many species, particularly Rhinoceros Auklets
in summer, are attracted to this area of extensive tidal currents.  Many
others pass through on daily movements between Puget Sound and Hood Canal and
areas to the north, as well as during seasonal migrations.

     The availability of the Edmonds-Port Townsend ferry in 1979 allowed more
representative offshore sampling of this region than in 1978 when we observed
consistent concentrations of birds feeding outside our census transects.  Main
concentrations of birds generally occurred at this northern constriction of
Admiralty Inlet, and most birds foraged in the western-most one-third of this
area.  Rhinoceros Auklets, Common Murres, Ancient Murrelets, Marbled Murrelets,
Pigeon Guillemots, Red-necked Grebes, Arctic Loons, Glaucous-winged Gulls,
Heermann's Gulls, Bonaparte's Gulls, and other species foraged here in season.
We estimated that in July 1979 as many as one-third of the Protection Island
breeding Rhinoceros Auklet population passed Point Wilson as they traveled to
feeding areas in tide-rips in Admiralty Inlet and adjacent areas to the south
(Figure 25-26).  This phenomenon, when added to similar feeding activities of
other species, is responsible for one of the study area's highest importance-
vulnerability ratings during the summer.

     Nearshore habitats were seasonally important for several species.  Grebes,
Pelagic Cormorants, alcids, and other diving birds, Harlequin Ducks, scoters,
and gulls used the kelp beds fringing the shore.  Black Brant foraged along
the shoreline, particularly at Point Hudson.

     Many birds passed south through Admiralty Inlet daily, though their
possible foraging areas in Puget Sound or Hood Canal are not presently known.

          f.   Smith Island.  The Smith Island/Minor Island area is a nesting
complex for five species of marine birds.  It is the third of only three known
Rhinoceros Auklet colony sites within the study area, and it also has an
important Pelagic Cormorant colony  (Tables 5 and 25).  The foraging areas in
the nearshore shallows were important for nesting species, for summering
nonbreeders, and for migrants visiting the region.  During the summer as many
as 200 Harlequin Ducks used Smith Island as a resting place while they were
temporarily flightless during the post-breeding moult.

          g.   Rocks and Islands on the South Shore of Lopez Island.  Seven
islands along the south shore of Lopez Island supported nesting colonies
(Table 5).  These, and adjacent foraging areas, formed a subregion of year-
round importance to bird populations.  Dispersed nesting colonies reduce
dependence  on just a few major sites and serve as a population "reservoir" for
some species in the event of a catastrophic event occurring at a location such
as Protection Island.  Colville Island ranked as an important colony, even in
comparison with Protection Island and Tatoosh Island, with the second largest
gull colony within the study area,  one of only six Double-crested Cormorant
breeding colonies, one of a very few nest sites for Tufted Puffins, and a


                                     108

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relatively important nesting location for Pigeon Guillemots and Pelagic
Cormorants (Figures 10-21, Table 26).

         Table 25.  Smith Island (Subregion 0314):  importance to
                    nesting seabirds.
                                            Percentage of study
         Nesting species                    area nesting birds
         Pelagic Cormorant                            5
         Black Oystercatcher                         10
         Glaucous-winged Gull                         1
         Pigeon Guillemot                             2
         Rhinoceros Auklet                            3
         Tufted Puffin                                +
         Total All Species                            2
         Table 26.  Lopez Island (south shore, Subregion 0316):
                    importance to nesting seabirds.
                                            Percentage of study area
         Nesting species                       nesting birds
         Double-crested Cormorant                     3
         Pelagic Cormorant                            7
         Black Oystercatcher                         19
         Glaucous-winged Gull                        11
         Pigeon Guillemot                             4
         Tufted Puffin                                2
         Total All Species                            5
     Additionally, the subregion was one of the most important winter roosting
areas in the entire study area.  A major proportion of all cormorants wintering
in the study area roosted on Whale and Mummy Rocks and on other islands and
rocks off Lopez Island.  Many of these birds foraged near the shore, and
others like gulls, oystercatchers, and Harlequin Ducks fed along the intertidal
zone.  Some cormorants commuted daily between this subregion and shallow
inland areas of Fidalgo, Padilla and Samish Bays, and others were observed to
move into Skagit Bay to forage (Figure 27).  We estimate that as many as 15-20%
of the study area's cormorants may use this subregion for roosting.


                                     109

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          h.   Southern San Juan Channel.  The area between Friday Harbo.r and
the entrance of San Juan Channel south of Cattle Point includes  very important
foraging areas and several roosting areas.  The areas of strong currents
attract seasonally large numbers of convergence specialists like Arctic Loons,
Brandt's Cormorants, Ancient Murrelets, and Common Murres in winter.  The
tidal fronts here were among the most important foraging areas used by Rhinoc-
eros Auklets and Glaucous-winged Gulls in summer.  During migrations, large
numbers of Bonaparte's Gulls, Heermann's Gulls, Common Terns, and Northern
Phalaropes forage here also.  Flocks of birds which roosted on the rocks off
the south shore of Lopez Island foraged in San Juan Channel.

          i.   Rosario Strait.  This region contained a number of small
islands which serve as important nesting colonies and roosting sites (Table 5,
Figures 10-21 and 27).  Nine separate colony sites included three of the study
area's six Double-crested Cormorant nesting locations, and two Pelagic Cormo-
rant nesting sites.  Table 27 summarizes these features relative to the study
area.  Many of these birds, along with resident gulls and guillemots, foraged
within the numerous, rich tidal convergences that occur in Rosario Strait
itself.  This situation was amplified in the winter when large numbers of
cormorants roosted on the islands.  In winter also, great numbers of murres
entered the region daily to feed in the tidal convergence areas.  These highly
vulnerable murres and cormorants make up large populations in the subregion.
These are also among the most important foraging subregions for Bonaparte's
Gulls during their migrations.  Large numbers of fish-eating loons, Heermann's
Gulls, and other species of alcids also forage in Rosario Strait.


         Table 27.  Rosario Strait (Subregions 0901-0903):
                    importance to nesting seabirds.
         Nesting species
Percentage of study area
     nesting birds
         Double-crested Cormorant
         Pelagic Cormorant
         Black Oystercatcher
         Glaucous-winged Gull
         Pigeon Guillemot
         Total All Species
          16
           3
          13
           9
           3
           4
          j.   Padilla Bay.  The three shallow embayments of Padilla, Samish,
and Bellingham Bays were among the most important areas for wintering water
birds in  the entire study area.  Padilla Bay itself may support about 10% of
the birds wintering in the study area.  The extensive shallow waters and tidal
flats were used by many birds, including bottom-feeding diving ducks, dabbling
ducks, grazing birds such as brant and wigeon, and shorebirds.  Deeper parts
of the bays were populated by other diving birds like loons, grebes, and
                                     110

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cormorants.  Large numbers of many species arrived in fall and stayed through
the spring, making populations high for several months.

     Many of the birds associated with the area spend their entire nonbreeding
lives on the water.  These include many diving ducks, loons, and grebes.
Large flocks of many species were present in the area, where they fed on the
surface, in the water column or on the bottom.  Other species, like American
Wigeon, roosted on the water at night and fed at the shoreline during the day
or left the bay to feed in the uplands.  Still other species fed on the exposed
tidal flats and roosted on the water during high tide stages.  Padilla Bay was
the most important habitat in the study area for Black Brant.  Maximum numbers
of up to 50,000 stopped to feed at one time during spring migration, and the
wintering flock here of about 7,000 was the largest in the study area.  The
importance of the extensive eelgrass (Zostera sp.) habitat is likely essential
to the maintenance of the entire population of this species.

     Double-crested Cormorants which roosted off the south shore of Lopez
Island or on rocks in Rosario Strait foraged daily in Padilla Bay and adjacent
Fidalgo Bay.  Up to 300 Great Blue Herons fed in the shallows at low tide.
This subregion represents one of the few consistently used locations where
many nonbreeding diving ducks remain to summer in the study area.  Large
numbers of scaup, scoters, and smaller numbers of mergansers used the dredge-
spoil islands adjacent to the Swinomish Slough at this critical season.  The
third largest Glaucous-winged Gull colony in the study area was also located
here (Table 5).  The south end of Padilla Bay was one of the study area's
important shorebird habitats.  Merlins and Peregrine Falcons wintered here
where they preyed on shorebirds and small ducks.  Bald Eagles nested in two or
three locations around Padilla Bay, and winter numbers were high.  Table 28
summarizes important features of Padilla Bay relative to the study area as a
whole.

         Table 28.  Padilla Bay (Subregion 0504):  seasonal importance
                    to several species of seabirds.


                                            Percentage of projected
         Season                             study area populations


         Black Brant, projected spring
              (April-May) average population          46
         Waterfowl (ducks, geese), projected
              wint er (November-March)
              average population                      30
         Great Blue Heron, projected summer (June)
              average population                      21
         Western Grebe, projected winter
              (November-March) average
              population                               3
                                     111

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     The Padilla Bay habitat and bird populations are subjected to many
uncertainties and potential impacts.  Vessel traffic through the Swinomish
Slough is often heavy and is immediately adjacent to the gull colony and
roosting area for diving ducks and Black Brant.  There are also projects
involving dredge-and-fill developments, and navigation channel dredging and
spoil disposal projects planned for the sensitive Swinomish Slough area.  The
presence of two oil refineries and loading piers on March Point also represents
potential perturbations of major scale.  Recreation activities, such as boating
centered at Bayview State Park, are sources of potentially major impacts
particularly on Padilla Bay's very large wintering populations of Black Brant
and American Wigeon.

          k.   Samish Bay.  Saraish Bay shares features with both Padilla Bay,
to the south, and Bellingham Bay, to the north.  Important concentrations of
Black Brant and very large numbers of wintering waterfowl and diving birds
gave nearshore Samish Bay species diversity, densities, and vulnerability
ratings similar to Padilla Bay.  The offshore component included large numbers
of Red-throated Loons and Western Grebes which apparently interchange with
Bellingham Bay.

     The south end of Samish Bay is one of the most important shorebird habitats
remaining in the eastern part of the study area.  With Padilla Bay, it also
supported the largest known Great Blue Heron population in the study area, and
the numbers of wintering Bald Eagles along southern Bellingham, Samish and
Padilla Bays were the largest in the mainland portion of the study area.  The
largest known wintering population of Peregrine Falcons in populated North
America occurred in the Samish-Padilla Bays complex.  Important features of
Samish Bay are noted in Table 29.

        Table 29.  Samish Bay  (Subregion 0505):  seasonal importance
                   to several species of seabirds.


                                           Percentage of projected
        Season                             study area populations


        Black Brant, projected spring
             (April-May) average population         21

        Waterfowl (ducks, geese), projected
             winter  (November-March) average
             population                             15

        Great Blue Heron, projected summer
             (June) population                      28

        Western Grebe, projected winter
             (November-March) population             6
                                     112

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          1.   Bellingham Bay.  This subregion, along with Port Angeles Bay,
has been the most heavily-impacted by human activities in the study area.
Dredge-and-fill of tidelands has been extensive along the north end of the
bay.  Disposal of large volumes of industrial effluents for many years has
affected water quality.  Log raft storage in the north bay has affected
bottom sediments and water quality.  Logging practices in the Nooksack River
watershed have probably increased siltation rates and this, along with the
diversion of the Nooksack River outfall from Lummi Bay into Bellingham Bay
many years ago, has undoubtedly affected the extent and quality of marine bird
habitats.  While numbers of dabbling ducks, geese, swans, and shorebirds using
the intertidal areas of the bay have unquestionably declined greatly since
settlement began, the condition of some of the remaining nearshore areas along
the southern shores and the offshore waters evidently remains productive.

     Presently, seasonally large numbers of diving ducks and fish-eating
species, particularly Western Grebes, attest to Bellingham Bay's importance.
One of the largest known flocks of Western Grebes anywhere within that species'
range wintered regularly in Bellingham Bay (see Appendix K-5).  This flock is
estimated to be 33% of all Western Grebes wintering in the study area.  The
subregion's high vulnerability ratings reflect this.

     The Nooksack Delta is one of the most important estuaries in the study
area.  The study area's only flock of wintering Whistling Swans occurred here,
and important numbers of Bald Eagles concentrate here as well.

          m.   Lummi Bay.  This productive, shallow bay with extensive eelgrass
beds supported very important wintering bird populations, particularly of
diving and surface-feeding ducks, gulls, and shorebirds.  Sizable flocks of
migrating Black Brant stopped and foraged at Lummi Bay during the spring, and
additional shorebird flocks were important migrants using the flats in spring
and fall.  There were also occasional herring spawn concentrations within the
outer portion of Lummi Bay, off Sandy Point.  The relatively high numbers of
birds and the vulnerability of brant contributed to high importance-vulner-
ability ratings of Lummi Bay.  Large numbers of Double-crested Cormorants and
Great Blue Herons were also present in season.  Bald Eagles and Peregrine
Falcons wintered in the subregion, utilizing both adjacent diked farmlands and
marine habitats for feeding.  Features contributing to high importance-
vulnerability ratings are given in Table 30.

          n.   Cherry Point.  The open shorelines along the eastern perimeter
of the Georgia Strait from Sandy Point to Point Whitehorn were important bird
habitats during all seasons, featuring high numbers of fish-eating loons,
grebes and alcids, along with diving ducks.  Peak numbers occurred in late
winter and early spring.  Highest importance-vulnerability ratings resulted
from the effects of herring spawning activities in March-May when huge concen-
trations of birds, particularly scoters and gulls, fed along the shoreline
(see Table 31).  This phenomenon varied somewhat in location each year, but
largest numbers of associated birds were observed in 1978 and 1979 between
Sandy Point and Point Whitehorn.  The highest census density of birds observed
anywhere in the study area—almost 13,000 per km2—was within this subregion,
                                     113

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Table 30.  Lummi Bay (Subregion 0601):   seasonal importance
           to several species of seabirds.
Season
Percentage of projected
study area populations
Black Brant, projected spring (April-May)
     average population

Waterfowl (ducks and geese)
     projected winter (November-March)
     average population

Great Blue Heron, projected summer
     (June) population
Table 31.  Cherry Point (Subregion 0602):  seasonal importance to
           several species of seabirds.
Season
Percentage of projected
study area populations
Scoters, projected spring (April-
     May) average population

Arctic Loon, projected spring (April-
     May) average population
         24
         21
 Includes flock immediately adjacent off Lummi Bay.
                             114

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off Point Whitehorn, in April 1978.  Effects of oil spills and other impacts
on herring spawn and subsequently on bird populations, especially during the
migration season, could be very extensive.

     Some of the study's highest concentrations of Arctic Loons occurred in
this subregion during the herring spawn season.  Summer populations of several
species, such as scoters and Harlequin Ducks, along this shoreline were also
important.  There are presently two oil refineries and an aluminum smelter
located in this subregion and other sizable developments are proposed.

          o.   Boundary Bay, British Columbia.  Boundary Bay is one of several
very important subregions adjacent to our study area.  These sites are biolog-
ically important units of the inland waters and impacts occurring within the
MESA study area, depending on scale and duration, will also impact these
areas.  We regularly sampled a small section of shoreline along the east side
of Point Roberts and one transect across the outer open waters of Boundary Bay
between Point Roberts and Semiahmoo Spit.  Results of this sampling effort are
given (Appendix Tables D-42, E-42 and F-42).  Based on these data, personal
observations along the northern shoreline, and data from Vermeer and Levings
(1977), we place Boundary Bay within the highest importance-vulnerability
rankings in inland Canada-United States waters.  The subregion was extremely
important for loons, grebes, geese, dabbling and diving ducks, gulls, and
shorebirds.  Numbers of Great Blue Herons, Bald Eagles, and falcons occurred
here also.  Large numbers of Black Brant utilize Boundary Bay's extensive
eelgrass beds, particularly during spring migration.

          p.   Roberts and Sturgeon Banks, British Columbia.  The nearshore
shallow area north from the Tsawwassen ferry terminal to lona Island was among
the most important wintering waterfowl areas in Canada and certainly in United
States-Canada inland waters (Vermeer and Levings 1977).  Very large numbers of
dabbling ducks and shorebirds utilized this area in migration and winter.  A
large flock of Snow Geese (see Appendix K) wintered on the Westham Island
foreshore, and a flock of Trumpeter and Whistling Swans wintered on Roberts
Bank.  Black Brant also gathered to forage in large numbers along southern
Roberts Bank during the northward spring migration.

          q.   Active Pass, British Columbia.  Strong tidal currents in this
narrow passage concentrate prey items for very large numbers of marine birds
and mammals.  Peak densities here were probably greater during winter than in
any other location of similar size in United States or Canadian inland waters
(see Appendix Tables G-I, and also Edwards 1964, and Vermeer 1977).  Three
highly-vulnerable species—Arctic Loon, Brandt's Cormorant and Common Murre—
were censused here in maximum numbers of up to 3,000 each in peak winter
seasons.  Table 32 illustrates some important features relative to the study
area as a whole.  Large flocks of Thayer's Gulls, Mew Gulls, Bonaparte's
Gulls, and mergansers fed here also.  Ten or more Bald Eagles and large groups
of Northern or California sea lions were often present in winter.  Killer
whales frequently transit Active Pass.

          r.   Mandarte Island, British Columbia.  Mandarte Island is the
largest nesting colony in the British Columbia Gulf Islands area (Manuwal and


                                      115

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        Table 32.  Active Pass (Subregion 1301):  seasonal importance
                   to several species of seabirds.
        Season
    Percentage of  projected
    study area populations
        Arctic Loon, projected spring (April-
             May) average population

        Brandt's Cormorant, projected spring
             (April-May) average population
              16
              62
Campbell 1979).   Nesting populations of many species were comparable there to
the highest in inland Washington waters, and the numbers of cormorants nesting
on Mandarte are much greater than any other inland site in Washington or
British Columbia (see Table 5).   Its importance relative to nesting populations
of the study area is shown in Table 33.  Sidney Approach subregion was sampled
incidentally to censuses in U.S. waters via the Anacortes-Sidney ferry.  The
marine areas near Mandarte Island, Sidney Island, along Sidney Spit and in
Sidney Harbor had high species diversity and seasonally large numbers of
vulnerable birds including Black Brant, Arctic Loon, Red-necked Grebes, Brandt's
Cormorants, scoters, Oldsquaws,  Common Murres, Pigeon Guillemots, and other
species.
        Table  33.  Mandarte Island  (Subregion 1303):
                   nesting seabirds.
           importance to
        Nesting  species
Percentage of study area
     nesting seabirds
        Double-crested Cormorant
        Pelagic  Cormorant
        Black Oystercatcher
        Glaucous-winged Gull
        Pigeon Guillemot
        Tufted Puffin
        Total All  Species
            80
            26
            10
            12
             4
             1
             8
                                      116

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          s.   Skagit and Port Susan Bays.  The MESA study area did not
include areas east of Whidbey Island.  Subsequent development proposals linking
the study area with these areas make it necessary for us to draw attention to
specific locations there.

     The delta areas of the Skagit and Stilliguamish Rivers support very large
populations of wintering waterfowl (Washington Department of Game unpub. data)
and are among the most important habitats in Washington-British Columbia
inland waters.  This complex is comparable to Padilla Bay, Samish Bay and
Boundary Bay, British Columbia in importance-vulnerability.  A flock of about
300 Whistling Swans, up to 30,000 Snow Geese (see Appendix K),and large flocks
of dabbling ducks wintered here, along wth many shorebirds and other species.
These estuarine areas are quite vulnerable to catastrophic or chronic pollution
or developments which would eliminate or degrade habitats.

          t.   Penn Cove and Crescent Harbor Area.  There were high winter
densities of diving ducks, particularly scoters, in these productive habitats
near Oak Harbor.  A large number of other diving birds, gulls and shorebirds
were also present during migration and winter seasons.  This is one of the few
locations where sizable numbers of nonbreeding scoters spend the summer (see
Appendix K).  While disturbance, habitat loss, or degradation appears minimal
at present, review of any future development plans should place high value on
the biological importance of this area.

     2.   Highly Important Areas

     There are several other areas or subregions which, while not scoring as
high as those areas previously described as significantly important due to
smaller size, are biologically very productive, heavily used by marine birds,
vulnerable to the effects of oil, and highly important components of the study
area.  Many of these areas show species diversity and bird densities comparable
to Significantly Important areas.  Taken together, the sum of these smaller
areas would easily rank as a major important area.

     Many of these areas are the smaller embayments, estuaries, and other
shallow water areas.  The Significantly Important areas, plus this "second
level" group of subregions represent the majority of highly productive marine
bird habitats in the study area.

          a.   Crescent Bay to Ediz Hook Shoreline.  Large numbers of gulls
foraged along the shoreline and roosted on the beaches, particularly at the
mouth of the Elwha River.  Many alcids and grebes foraged along the nearshore
area.

          b.   Dungeness Bay and Dungeness Spit.  Large numbers of waterfowl
used the protected Dungeness Bay and Harbor habitats. Black Brant fed over the
eelgrass beds during migration; and large numbers of shorebirds, particularly
Black-bellied Plovers, were found in the area.  Large numbers of gulls roosted
on Dungeness Spit between foraging flights over the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
                                      117

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          c.   Discovery Bay.  Discovery Bay supported large numbers of scoters,
Western Grebes, and Common Murres during the winter, and attracted additional
birds during herring spawns.

          d.   Quimper Peninsula Shoreline.  The nearshore area along the
peninsula's northern shoreline was used by many diving birds.  Large flocks of
gulls occurred here, particularly in late summer-early fall when'migrant gulls
foraged over the Strait of Juan de Fuca.

          e.   Bellingham Channel.  Flocks of Bonaparte's Gulls, Western
Grebes, and Common Murres foraged in tidal convergences in the deep offshore
areas of Bellingham Channel.  The Viti Rocks colony supported a large number
of Glaucous-winged Gulls and cormorants.

          f•   Birch Bay.  Birch Bay is an important shallow bay supporting
large numbers of wintering and migrant birds, including Black Brant, dabbling
ducks, diving ducks, gulls, and shorebirds.  As in a number of subregions,
human recreation use of Birch Bay is extremely heavy, but occurs primarily
during the season when few birds are using the area.

          g.   Birch Point to Semiahmoo Spit Shoreline.  This shoreline
supports important numbers of birds all year.  Like the open shoreline to the
south from Point Whitehorn to Sandy Point, very large numbers of scoters
occurred there when herring spawned during late winter-early spring (see
Table K-5).  Herring spawning there is historically significant, though our
samples in this subregion in 1978 and 1979 did not show scoter densities
comparable to those at Cherry Point.  Based on data from over a longer period
of years, this subregion would almost certainly be rated as of Significant
Importance.

          h.   Drayton Harbor.  High species diversity, high densities, and
impressive numbers of loons, diving ducks, dabbling ducks, Black Brant, shore-
birds, and gulls characterize Drayton Harbor.  Densities of Common Loons at
Drayton Harbor, for example, were the highest within the study area.  Drayton
Harbor and the adjacent Semiahmoo Bay area are an important summering habitat
for diving ducks.

          i.   Open Waters of Eastern Southern Georgia Strait.  Though the
offshore waters often had low densities of birds, the eastern section of
Georgia Strait seasonally supports  large numbers of birds, apparently
often coincident with fish runs.  During the spring herring spawn, large
numbers of Arctic Loons, Common Murres, other alcids, diving birds, and
Oldsquaws were found offshore.

          J•   Point Roberts—Tsawwassen Bay.  The shoreline along southern
Point Roberts and north to Tsawwassen Bay is an important wintering area for
many diving ducks and other species of diving birds.  Large flocks of loons,
cormorants, alcids, gulls, and terns feed during fish runs in deep waters just
offshore.  Herring spawn attracts birds during the spring to this shoreline
also.
                                      118

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          k.   Northern Haro Strait.  Open water densities of Haro Strait were
usually low, but large numbers of birds occurring along productive shorelines
of Waldron Island and concentrations at several colonies and roosts resulted
in a high overall rating.

          1.   Patos, Sucia, Matia Islands, and Rocks.  Numbers of wintering
birds foraging along shorelines and in convergence lines in the channels and
offshore areas resulted in a high rating for this subregion.  Some of the
study area's highest nesting season densities of Pigeon Guillemots were
observed here.

          m.   Lopez Sound.  The protected waters of Lopez Sound, particularly
the shallow southern area, provided winter habitat for the largest number of
birds found in the interior of the San Juans.  Wintering birds appeared
relatively undisturbed in Lopez Sound.  Species richness was high, with loons,
grebes, cormorants, alcids, diving ducks, and gulls being well represented.

          n.   Race Rocks, British Columbia.  These rocks were an important
roosting site for cormorants along the Strait of Juan de Fuca.  Approximately
23% of all known nesting Pelagic Cormorants of the region nested on these
rocks, thus making it an important nesting site.

     3.   Other Important Areas

     Small size and/or patchiness of bird flocks during censuses resulted in
lower ratings of a number of obviously biologically rich subregions.   These
included the Neah Bay to Clallam Bay shoreline; Clallam Bay to Crescent Bay
shoreline; Voice of America, Sequim Bay, Miller Peninsula shoreline;  Whidbey
Island shoreline; south shore of San Juan Island; Guemes Channel; Fidalgo Bay;
Hales Passage; northern waters of the San Juans; Obstruction Pass; Mosquito
Pass-Roche Harbor area; Griffin Bay and Fisherman Bay.  Several of these
areas, particularly the bays, rate very high in species "richness" of birds
per knr or BOI rating per km .
                                      119

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                             VII.  LITERATURE CITED


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                                      125

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               APPENDIX  A
REGIONS AND SUBREGIONS, CODES, AND AREAS
                  126

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TABLE A-1.   BREAKDOWN OF REGIONS AND SUBREGIONS,  THEIR CODES AND AREAS (KM )
                    FOR NEARSHORE AND OFFSHORE COMPONENTS


Region
Subregion

Reg i on
Subregion
ii
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

Region
Subregion
n
ii
n
ii
n
n
n
n

Swiftsure Bank
Swiftsure Bank

Strait of Juan de Fuca — Outer
Strait of Juan de Fuca (outer)
Vancouver Island
Cape Flattery
Neah Bay
Neah Bay to Clallam Bay
Clal lam Bay
Clallam Bay to Crescent Bay
Crescent Bay
Crescent Bay to Ediz Hook

Strait of Juan de Fuca — Inner
Strait of Juan de Fuca (inner)
Ediz Hook
Port Angeles
Voice of America
Dungeness Spit
Dungeness Bay/Harbor
Jamestown
Sequim Bay
Mi 1 ler Peninsula
Region/
Subregion
Code
01 —
0101

02—
0201
0202
0203
0204
0205
0206
020?
0208
0209

03"
0301
0302
0303
0304
0305
0306
0307
0308
0309
2
Area (km )
Near shore


Tota 1 s


51.5
5.4
4.5
12.9
3.2
20.8
1.1
9.0
Totals 108.4


0.4
10.4
24.0
4.0
12.0
21.4
11.8
4.8
Offshore Total

840.8 840.8
840.8 840.8

1,883.7 1,883-7
51.5
5.4
4.5
12.9
3.2
20.8
1.1
9.0
1,883.7 1,992.1

1,630.8 1,630.8
0.4
10.4
24.0
4.0
12.0
21.4
2.0 13-8
4.8

-------
    TABLE A-l   (continued).
00

Subreglon
ii
n
n
n
n
n
ii
n

Region
Subregion

Region
Subregion
n
ii
n
n
n
ii


Protection Island
Discovery Bay
Quimper Peninsula
Whidbey Island
Smith Island
Deception Pass
Lopez Island (south shore)
San Juan Island (south shore)
Victoria, Vancouver Island

Admiralty Inlet
Admiralty Inlet

Anacortes to Hale Passage
Bel 1 ingham Channel
Guemes Channel
Fidalgo Bay
Pad ilia Bay
Samish Bay
Bel 1 ingham Bay
Hale Passage

Region/
Subregion
Code
0310
0311
0312
0313
0314
0315
0316
0317
0318

04-
0401

05"
0501
0502
0503
0504
0505
0506
0507

2
Area (km )
Nearshore
3.1
13.0
10.7
21.0
0.3
5.6
8.9
3.5
6.9
Totals 161.8

15-5
Totals 15-5

4.7
10.2
11.5
55.0
29.0
36.0
16.1
Totals 162.5
Offshore

24.1







1,656.9

25.4
25.4

69.2


25.0
37.0
122.0
	
253.2
Total
3.1
37.1
10.7
21.0
0.3
5.6
8.9
3.5

1,818.7

40.9
40.9

73.9
10.2
11.5
80.0
66.0
158.0
16.1
415.7

-------
     TABLE A-l   (continued)
ts>
vo


Region
Subregion
ii
n
n
n
n
n
n

Region
Subregion
n
n

Reg i on
Subregion
n

Reg i on
Subregion
n
n


Georgia Strait — Eastern
Lummi Bay
Cherry Point
Bi rch Bay
Semiahmoo Spit
Dray ton Harbor,
Boundary Bay
San Juan Islands — Northern Tier
Georgia Strait

Georgia Strait — Western
Pt. Roberts
Tsawwassen Bay
Georgia Strait

Haro Strait
Northern Haro Strait
Southern Haro Strait

Rosario Strait
Southern Rosario Strait
Central Rosario Strait
Northern Rosario Strait

Region/
Subregion
Code
06—
0601
0602
0603
0604
0605
0606
0607
0608

07-
0701
0702
0703

08-
0801
0802

09-
0901
0902
0903

2
Area (km )
Near shore

17
14
9
, 9
12
75
5

Totals 142

16
6

Totals 22

9
_5
Totals 14

10
3
_3
Totals 17

.0
.1
.0
.5
.8
.0
.0

.4

.3
.1

.4

.6
JL
.6

.8
.7
il
.8
Offshore

8

10


82
29
288
•imMHM
417



364
364

329
219
548

112
79
88
280

.0

.0


.0
.4
il
.7



Jj.
.5

.1
Jj_
.5

.4
.4
ii
• 7
Total

25
14
19
9
12
157
34
288
560

16
6
364
386

338
224
563

123
83
92
298

.0
.1
.0
.5
.8
.0
.4
.j.
.1

.3
.1
i5_
.9

.7
Jj_
.1

.2
.1
,2_
.5

-------
TABLE A-l  (continued)

Reg i on
Subregion
11

Region

Subregion
• i
n
n
n
"
n
n

Region
Subregion
n
it
n
n
n
n

San Juan Islands— Northern Waters
President Channel
Northern Areas

San Juan Islands — Interior Channels
and Passages
Speiden Channel
Northern San Juan Channel
Southern San Juan Channel
Wasp Pass
Upright Channel
Harney Channel ^
Obstruction Pass
Thatcher Pass

San Juan Islands— Interior Bays
Mosquito/Roche Complex
Friday Harbor
Griffin Bay
Fisherman Bay
Swifts/Shoal Bays
Deer Harbor
West Sound
Region/
Subregion
Code
10—
1001
1002


11 —
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108

12—
1201
1202
1203
1205
1206
1207
1208
2
Area (km )
Near shore

3.2
2.0
Totals 5.2
'

1.1
2.9
5.0
2.5

2.2
2.5
•0.9
Totals 17.1

6.0
1.5
7.5
1.9
4.6
2.0
9.1
Offshore

100.4
48.0
148.4


12.6
33.2
43.5

8.8
30.7


128.8



7.5




Total

103.6
50.0
153-6


13.7
36.1
48.5
2.5
8.8
32.9
2.5
0.9
145.9

6.0
1.5
15.0
1.9
4.6
2.0
9.1

-------
TABLE A-l   (continued).




Subreglon
ii

Reg i on
Sub region
ii
M





East Sound
Lopez Sound

Canadian Waters
Active Pass
Canadian Gulf Islands
Sidney Approach


Region/
Subregion
Code
1209
1210
Totals
13-
1301
1302
1303
Totals
Grand Totals

i

Area (km')
Near shore
3.1
23.9
59.6

10.5


10.5
737.8
Offshore
26.5
. 	
34.0


142.9
1J7.5
260.4
6,843.0
Total
29.6
23.9
93.6

10.5
142.9
117.5
270.9
7,580.8

-------
                                   APPENDIX B

                 BIRD OIL  INDEX VALUES AND METHODS OF DERIVATION


                      Derivation of Bird Oil  Index Ratings

There are three components in the individual species Bird Oil  Index  (BOIs)
value and each is equally weighted as given by

           l     5         i     5        ,4
BOIs  =  (y!,    Z   X.MyV    E   Y.Mi    Z   Z )                 (1)
          *°   i = l   '   *•'*   i = l    '  *'°   j = i    '

or

BOIs  =  X'Y'Z                                                         (2)

with respective components as above (1).  The elements of the  three
components X, Y, Z are defined below.

     X.   Vulnerability of species as determined by habits of  individual
          bi rds.

          X..  Roosting, night
               Score 5:  Nearly always roosts on water
                 "   3:   Spends moderate time roosting on water
                 "   1:   Spends minimal time roosting on water
                 "   0:  Never roosts on water

          X_.  Escape behavior
               Score 5'  Dives from danger
                 "   3:  Swim for danger
                 "   1:   Flies from danger

          X,.  Flocking on water
               Score 5:  Forms large  flocks
                 "   3:   Variable
                 "   1:  Forms small  flocks
                 "   0:  Does not flock (in water)

          X..  Nesting concentration
               Score 5:  Forms large  colonies
                 11   3:  Forms small  colonies
                 "   1 :  Nests solitary
                                    132

-------
X_.  Feeding (foraging)  specialization
     Score 5s  Highly specialized  (narrow)
       "   3:  Moderately adaptable
       "   1:  Generalist

Vulnerability of species as  determined  by  total  population
characteristics.
V
Population size
Score 5:  Small population,  limited  numbers
  "   3:  Population of medium  numbers
  "   1:  A large population
V
Reproductive potential
Score 5'-  Low reproductive capacity
  "   3:  Moderate reproductive  capacity
  11   1:  Highly prolific
V
Breeding distribution
Score 5:  Localized
  "   3'  Moderately widespread
  "   1:  Widespread
V
Winter distribution
Score S'  Concentrated
  "   3:  Moderately scattered  (concentrated)
  11   1:  Widely scattered
V
Seasonal exposure in marine habitats
Score 5:  All  year
  11   3-  Moderate time on marine  water
  11   1:  Minimal time on marine waters
Significance of our area to whole population.
I!
  Spring
  Summer
  Fall
  Winter
     Score 5:
       "   3:
       "   1:

       11   0:
          Large proportion of  population  utilizes area
          Moderate  "      "      "         "       "
          Relatively small proportion  of  population utilizes
          area
          Area not ut i1ized
                           133

-------
               TABLE B-1.  BIRD OIL  INDEX VALUES FOR SPECIES OCCURRING  IN THE  STUDY  AREA,
                                MARINE WATERS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
OJ
        Species
Vulnerabi11ty of Species as Determined by
  habits of           total population
  individual           characteristics
Significance of
our area to the
 total species
  populations
BO I

LOONS
Common Loon
Yel low-bi 1 led Loon
Arctic Loon
Red- throated Loon
Large Loon1
Sma 1 1 Loon2
Loon (species)
GREBES
Red-necked Grebe
Horned Grebe
Eared Grebe
Western Grebe
Pied-billed Grebe
Large Grebe3
Small Grebe4
Grebe (species)
ALBATROSS
Black-footed Albatross
Albatross (species)
X1X2X3X4X5

55115
55115
55415
55315
55115
55315
55115

55215
55315
55315
55515
55115
55315
55315
55315

53154
53154
2X./2.5

6.8
6.8
8.0
7.6
6.8
7.6
6.8

7.2
7.6
7,6
8.4
6.8
7.6
7.6
7.6

7.2
7.2
VzWs

15123
55353
35123
15335
15223
25234
15223

13143
13143
13122
13335
13111
13334
13143
13133

35515
35515
ZY./2.5

4.4
8.4
5.6
6.8
5.2
6.4
5.2

4.8
4.8
3.6
6.0
2.8
5.6
4.8
4.4

7.6
7.6
W3Z4

3133
0001
3033
3033
3133
3033
3133

3033
3033
0001
3135
0001
3135
3033
3133

111
111
EI./2.0

5.0
0.5
4.5
4.5
5.0
4.5
5.0

4.5
4.5
0.5
6.0
0.5
6.0
4.5
5.0

2.0
2.0


149.6
28.6
201.6
232.6
176.8
218.9
176.8

155.5
164.2
13.7
302.4
9.5
255.4
164.2
167.2

109.4
109.4

-------
     TABLE  B-1  (continued)
CO
Ui
Vulnerability of Species as Determined by S
gnificance of j.
Species habits of total population our area to the BOI
individual characteristics total species
populations
SHEARWATERS AND FULMARS
Northern Fulmar 53353 7.6 15115 5-2
Pink-footed Shearwater 53353 7.6 15315 6.0
Buller's Shearwater 53353 7.6 35545 8.8 (
Sooty Shearwater 53553 8.4 15115 5.2
Light-bellied Shearwater5 53353 7-6 15315 6.0
Shearwater (species) 53553 8.4 15115 5.2
STORM-PETRELS
Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel 53355 8.4 15335 6.8
Storm-Petrel (species) 53355 8.4 15335 6.8
Ill 2.0 79.0
110 1.5 68.4
)010 0.5 33.4
110 1.5 65.5
110 1.5 68.4
110 1.5 65.5
1110 1.5 85.7
1110 1.5 85.7
     PELICANS
         Brown  Pel ican
53253
7.2
34435
                                                                7.6
0010
0.5
27.4
     CORMORANTS
Double-crested Cormorant     13242       4.8
Brandt's Cormorant           13453       6.4
Pelagic Cormorant            13343       5.6
Cormorant sp.                13343       5.6
Large Cormorant              13343       5.6
Small Cormorant              13343       5.6
                                                             33123
                                                             43445
                                                             33335
                                                             33335
                                                             33334
                                                             33335
                                   4.8
                                   8.0
                                   6.8
                                   6.8
                                   6.4
                                   6.8
                                 3333
                                 1034
                                 3333
                                 3333
                                 3333
                                 3333
                                 6.0
                                 4.0
                                 6.0
                                 6.0
                                 6.0
                                 6.0
                   138.2
                   204.8
                   228.5
                   228.5
                   215.0
                   228.5
     HERONS  AND BITTERNS
         Great  Blue  Heron
         Green  Heron
         American  Bittern
11131
11113
11113
2.8
2.8
2.8
33111
23111
23111
                                                                3-6
                                                                3.2
                                                                3.2
3331
2220
1001
5.0
3.0
1.0
50.4
26.9
 9.0

-------
TABLE B-l  (continued),






Vulnerability of Species as Determined by


Species
SWANS, GEESE, AND DUCKS
Whistl ing Swan
Trumpeter Swan





i


















Swan sp.
Canada Goose
American Brant
Black Brant
White- fronted Goose
Small Goose
M Goose sp.
<* Snow Goose
Mallard
Gadwall
Northern Pintail
American Green-winged Teal
Blue-winged Teal
European Wigeon
American Wigeon
Northern Shoveler
Dabbl ing Duck
Teal sp.
Canvasback
Greater Scaup
Lesser Scaup
Scaup sp.
Anatinine Ducks
Common Goldeneye
habits of
individual

51413
51413
51413
31311
53433
53433
11311
33331
33331
11441
33311
33311
33411
33311
33211
33211
33411
33311
33311
33311
35413
35413
35413
35413
35413
55313

5.6
5.6
5.6
8.6
7-2
7.2
2.8
5.2
5.2
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.8
4.4
4.0
4.0
4.8
4.4
4.4
4.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.8
total population
characteristics

33343
53541
33343
33111
33335
43335
33331
33331
33335
3341
3111
3131
3111
3111
3111
3151
3111
3111
3111
3111
53113
13115
13113
13115
13111
13113

6.4
7.2
6.4
3.6
6.8
7.2
5.2
5.2
6.8
4.8
2.8
3.6
2.8
2.8
2.8
4.4
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
5.2
4.4
3.6
4.4
2.8
3.6


Significance of
our area to the
total species
populations

1013
1011
1011
1111
0010
5044
2020
5044
3033
3035
1112
1011
3033
1013
0110
1013
3033
3033
3033
1013
1012
3134
1011
3134
3134
3033

2.5
1.5
1.5
2.0
0.5
6.5
2.0
6.5
4.5
5.5
2.5
1.5
4.5
2.5
1.0
2.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
2.5
2.0
5.5
1.5
5.5
5.5
4.5

A
BOI

83.6
60.5
53.8
25.9
24.5
337.0
29.1
175-8
159.1
116.2
30.8
23.8
60.5
30.8
11.2
44.0
60.5
55.4
55.4
30.8
66.6
154.9
34.6
154.9
98.6
110.2

-------
TABLE B-l  (continued)
Species
Barrow's Goldeneye
Goldeneye sp.
Bufflehead
Oldsquaw
Harlequin Duck
King Eider
White-winged Scoter
Surf Scoter
Black Scoter
Scoter sp.
Ruddy Duck
Diving Duck
Hooded Merganser
Common Merganser
Red-breasted Merganser
Merganser sp.
Duck sp.
HAWKS AND EAGLES
Golden Eagle
Bald Eagle
Eagle sp.
OSPREYS
Os prey
Vulnerability
habits of
individual
55413
55313
55313
55313
13313
55513
55513
55513
55513
55513
55513
55413
33113
35413
35313
35313
33313

01011
01012
01012

01014
of Species as Determined

7.2
6.8
6.8
6.8
4.4
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.2
4.4
6.4
6.0
6.0
5.2

1.2
1.6
1.6

2.4
total population
characteristics
13313
13H3
13113
13115
13335
13335
13314
13315
13315
13315
11113
13315
33111
13113
13115
13115
13113

55111
55121
55121

55111
by

4.4
3.6
3.6
4.4
6.0
6.0
4.8
5.2
5.2
5.2
2.8
5.2
3.6
3.6
4.4
4.4
3.6

5.2
5.6
5.6

5.2
Significance of
our area to the
total species
populations
3035
3033
3033
3033
3434
0001
3234
4234
3034
3234
1013
3134
3034
3034
3034
3034
3033

0001
4444
4444

1110
5.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
7.0
0.5
6.0
6.5
5.0
6.0
2.5
5.5
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.5

0.5
8.0
8.0

1.5
*
BOI
174.2
110.2
110.2
134.6
184.8
22.8
218.9
256.9
197-6
237.1
53.2
205.9
79.2
115-2
132.0
132.0
84.2

3.1
71.7
71.7

18.7

-------
TABLE B-l (continued)

Vulnerability of Species as Determined by
Species


FALCONS
Peregrine Falcon
Me r 1 in
Falcon sp.
habits of
individual


01013 2.0
01013 2.0
01013 2.0
total population
characteristics


55111 5-2
55111 5.2
55111 5-2
Significance of
our area to the
total species
populations

4045 6.5
3034 5.0
3034 5.0
*
BOI



67.6
52.0
52.0
RAILS
    American Coot

OYSTERCATCHERS
31211
3.2
1111
2.0
3033
28.8
1
I
1
(
,













i-1 Black Oystercatcher 1
oo
PLOVERS
Charadriidae 1
Semipalmated Plover 1
Kill deer 1
American Golden Plover 1
Black-bellied Plover 1
Pluvial is sp. 1
Plover sp. 1
SANDPIPERS AND OTHER SHORES IRDS
Scolopacidae sp. 1
Ruddy Turnstone 1
Black Turnstone 1
Turnstone sp. 1
Common Sn i pe 1
Long-billed Curlew 1
Whimbrel 1
125 4.0
113 2.8
112 2.4
111 2.0
113 2.8
113 2.8
113 2.8
113 2.8

112 2.4
113 2.8
113 2.8
113 2.8
111 2.0
112 2.4
113 2.8
35555
33123
13111
13111
33113
33115
33115
33113

33213
33135
33535
33535
13111
33311
33H3
9.2
4.8
2.8
2.8
4.4
5.2
5.2
4.4

4.8
6.0
7.6
7.6
• 2.8
4.4
4.4
3333
2132
3030
3332
1010
3031
3031
3031

3032
2020
4043
4043
1011
1010
3130
6.0
4.0
3.0
5.5
1.0
3.5
3-5
3.5

4.0
2.0
5.5
5.5
1.5
1.0
3.5
220.8
53.8
20.2
30.8
12.3
51.0
51.0
43.1

46.1
33.6
117.0
117-0
8.4
10.6
43.1

-------
    TABLE B-l  (continued)
w
Vulnerability
Species habits of
individual
Curlew sp.
Spotted Sandpiper
Greater Yellowlegs
Lesser Yel lowlegs
Yellowlegs sp.
Wandering Tattler
Willet
Surfbird
Red Knot
Rock Sandpiper
Pectoral Sandpiper
Baird's Sandpiper
Least Sandpiper
Dunl in
Western Sandpiper
Sanderl ing
Cal idris Sandpiper
Peep
Short-billed Dowitcher
Long-billed Dowitcher
Dowitcher sp.
Marbled Godwit






















13
11
11
11
11
13
12
13
12
13
13
12
12
12
12
13
13
12
13
13
13
13
PHALAROPES
Red Phalarope 51114
Northern Phalarope 51514
Phalarope sp. 51514
of Species as Determined

2.8
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.8
2.4
2.8
2.4
2.8
2.8
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.8
2.8
2.4
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8

4.8
6.4
6.4
total population
characteristics
33313
13111
33111
33111
33111
53515
33313
33555
33115
33535
33131
33131
13133
13115
13535
33315
33313
13114
33333
33533
33433
33313

13315
13315
13315
by

5.2
2.8
3.6
3.6
3.6
7.6
5.2
8.4
5.2
7.6
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
6.8
6.0
5.2
4.0
6.0
6.8
6.4
5.2

5.2
5.2
5.2
Significance of
our area to the
total species
populations
3130
1110
3030
3030
3030
1020
1110
3033
0010
0001
1030
1030
3131
3034
3031
2022
3033
3031
3030
3030
3030
0010

0010
1030
1030
3.5
1.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
1.5
1.5
4.5
0.5
0.5
2.0
2.0
4.0
5.0
3.5
3.0
4.5
3.5
3.0
3-0
3.0
0.5

0.5
2.0
2.0
A
BOI
51.0
8.4
21.6
21.6
21.6
31.9
18.7
105.8
6.2
10.6
24.6
21.1
42.2
52.8
57.1
50.4
65.5
33.6
50.4
57.1
53.8
7-3

12.5
66.6
66.6

-------
TABLE B-l (continued)
    Species
Vulnerability of Species as Determined by
  habits of           total population
  individual           characteristics
Significance of
our area to the
 total species
  populations
BO I








j
i
s
i
j
j
1
!














JAEGERS AND SKUAS
Pomarine Jaeger
Parasitic Jaeger
Long-tailed Jaeger
Jaeger sp.
Large Jaeger
Small Jaeger
Skua

£ GULLS AND TERNS
0 Glaucous Gul 1
Glaucous-winged Gull
Western Gull
Western x Gl aucous-w. Gull
Herring Gul 1
Thayer ' s Gul 1
California Gull
Dark Immature Gull
Ring-bi lied Gull
Mew Gull
Dark Wing-tipped Gull
Franklin's Gull
Bonaparte's Gull
Little Gull
Heerman's Gul 1
Black- legged Kittiwake
Sabine's Gull
Small Gull

31213
31213
31213
31213
31213
31213
31113


31331
31351
m51
31351
31341
31351
31351
31351
31351
31331
31351
31352
31512
31312
31351
31353
31333
31322

4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.6


4.4
5.2
5.2
5.2
4.8
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
4.4
5.2
5.6
4.8
4.0
5.2
6.0
5.2
4.4

13115
13115
13113
13115
13115
13113
13115


13135
13235
2WS
13335
13113
33353
13323
13333
13123
13123
13233
23313
13123
53553
33525
13115
13335
13335

4.4
4.4
3.6
4.4
4.4
3.6
4.4


5.2
5.6
6.4
6.0
3.6
6.8
4.8
5.2
4.0
4.0
4.8
4.8
4.0
8.4
7.2
4.4
6.0
6.0

0010
2020
0010
2020
2020
2020
0010


0001
3334
1111
3334
1012
3034
2041
2032
1010
3033
3033
0010
4141
0010
0240
1011
1010
3131

0.5
1.0
0.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
0.5


0.5
6.5
2.0
6.5
2.0
5.0
3.5
3.5
1.0
4.5
4.5
0.5
5.0
0.5
3.0
1.5
1.0
4.0

8.8
17-6
7.2
35.2
35.2
28.8
7.9


11.4
189.3
66.6
202.8
34.6
176.8
87.4
94.6
20.8
79.2
112.3
13.4
96.0
16.8
112.3
39.6
31.2
105.6

-------
TABLE B-l (continued).

Species
Common Tern
Arctic Tern
Sma 11 Te rn
Caspian Tern
Tern sp.
Laridae sp.
Gull sp.
AUKS, MURRES, AND PUFFINS
Common Murre
Thick-billed Murre
Marbled Murrelet
Ancient Murrelet
Xantus Murrelet
Cassin's Auklet
Rhinoceros Auklet
Tufted Puffin
Large Alcid
Small Alcid
Murrelet sp.
Alcid sp.
Vulnerabil ity
habits of
individual
11343
11343
11343
11353
11343
313*1
313*1

5555*
5555*
55*15
55*55
55245
55555
55555
55355
55355
55555
55454
55455
of

4.
4.
4.
5.
4.
4.
4.

9.
9.
8.
9.
8.
10.
10.
9.
9.
10.
9.
9.
Spec!

8
8
8
2
8
8
8

6
6
0
6
4
0
0
2
2
0
2
6
es as Determined
total population
characteristics
13H3
13115
13113
13313
13113
13333
13333

15125
15125
25445
13445
33545
15445
15435
15315
15335
15445
25**5
1*335


3
4
3
4
3
5
5

5
S
8
6
8
7
7
6
6
7
8
6
by

.6
.4
.6
.4
.6
.2
.2

.6
.6
.0
.8
.0
.6
.2
.0
.8
.6
.0
.4
Significance of
our area to the
total species
populations
3030
1010
3030
0110
3030
3333
3333

3-144
0010
4444
2024
0010
1110
4541
1110
3331
4444
4444
3333
3-
1.
3.
1.
3.
6.
6.

6.
0.
8.
4.
0.
1.
7.
1.
5.
8.
8.
6.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
5
5
0
5
5
0
5
0
0
0
0
BOl
51.
21.
51.
22.
51.
149.
149.

322.
26.
544.
261.
33.
114.
504.
82.
312.
608.
588.
368.
A
8
1
8
9
8
8
8

6
9
0
1
6
0
0
8
8
0
8
6

*Bird Oil  Index (BOl).   B.O.I.  =

1Arctic/Red-throated  Loon
2Common/Ye 1low-bi1 led Loon
3Red-necked/Western Grebe
^Horned/Eared Grebe
5Pink-footed/Buller's Shearwater
rX.i.)(ZYl)(ZZl)
CD
 2.5
      rr
See Appendix B,  equation  1.

-------
                            APPENDIX
SEASONAL OCCURRENCES AND TAXONOMIC LI
                 IN STUDY AREA, 1978
5T OF BIRD
    1979
                              142
SPECIES OBSERVED

-------
        TABLE C-l.   REGIONAL OCCURRENCES OF BIRD SPECIES IN SPRING 1978 AND 1979
Species
1*23
                                                            Region
                                                     56789
10  11   12  13
LOONS
    Common Loon
    Yellow-billed Loon
    Arctic Loon
    Red-throated Loon

GREBES
    Red-necked Grebe
    Horned Grebe
    Eared Grebe
    Western Grebe
    Pied-billed Grebe

CORMORANTS
    Double-crested Cormorant
    Brandt's Cormorant
    Pelagic Cormorant

HERONS AND BITTERNS
    Great Blue Heron
    Green Heron

SWANS, GEESE, AND DUCKS
    Canada Goose
    Black Brant
    Mallard
    Gadwall
    Northern Pintail
    XXXXXXXX       XXX
        X       X
    xxxxxxxxxxxx
    XXXXXX       X       XXX
                                         xxxxxxxxxxxx
                                         xxxxxxxxxxxx
                                             XXX                   X
                                         xxxxxxxxxxxx
                                                                     X
                                         XXXXXXXX
                                         XXXXXXXX
                                         XXXXXXXX
                                             XXX           X
                                         XXXXXXXX
                                         X   X   X   X   X
                                                         X
                                             X       XX
                                        XXX
                                        XXX

                                        XXX
                                                     xxxxxxxxx
                                                     X
                                        X
                                        X

-------
         TABLE C-l   (continued).
H
.p-
-F-

Species
American Green-winged Teal
European Wigeon
American Wigeon
Northern Shove ier
Canvasback
Greater Scaup
Lesser Scaup
Common Goldeneye
Barrow's Goldeneye
Buff lehead
Oldsquaw
Harlequin Duck
White-winged Scoter
Surf Scoter
Black Scoter
Ruddy Duck
Hooded Merganser
Common Merganser
Red-breasted Merganser
HAWKS AND EAGLES
Bald Eagle
OSPREYS
1* 2
X

X


X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X

3 A
X
X
X
X

X X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X

X

5
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

Reg i on
678
X

X
X
X
X X

XXX
X
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
X X
X

X
XXX

X X

9 10 11 12 13
X


X

X XXX

X X X X X
X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X XXX
X X X X X
X X X X X
X
X

X
X X X X X

X X X X X

             Os prey


         RAILS

             American Coot

-------
        TABLE C-l   (continued).
Ul
Species
OYSTERCATCHERS
Black Oystercatcher
PLOVERS
Semi pal ma ted Plover
Kill deer
Black-bell ied Plover
SANDPIPERS AND OTHER SHORES IRDS
Ruddy Turnstone
Black Turnstone
Common Snipe
Long-bil led Curlew
Whimbrel
Spotted Sandpiper
Greater Yellowlegs
Lesser Yel lowlegs
Wandering Tattler
Willet
Surf bird
Rock Sandpiper
Least Sandpiper
Dunl in
Western Sandpiper
Sander] ing
Short-b i 1 1 ed Dowi tcher
Long-billed Dowitcher
1* 2

X


X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
3 k

X

X
X X
X

X
X


X
X
X
X
X


X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reg i on
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

XX XX

X
XXX X
X X

X
XXX X X
X

XX X
X X
X X
X


X X
X X

X X
XXX X
X X
XX X

-------
TABLE C-l  (continued).

Species
PHALAROPES
Northern Phalarope
JAEGERS AND SKUAS
Parasitic Jaeger
GULLS AND TERNS
Glaucous Gull
Glaucous-winged Gull
Western Gull
Herring Gull
Thayer's Gull
Cal ifornia Gull
Ring-billed Gull
Mew Gul 1
Bonaparte's Gull
Heermann1 s Gul 1
Black-legged Kittiwake
Common Tern
Caspian Tern
ALCIDS
Common Murre
Pigeon Gui 1 lemot
Marbled Murrelet
Cassin's Auklet
Rhinoceros Auklet
Tufted Puffin
1* 2

X




X
X
X
X


X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
3






X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X


X


X
X
X
X
X
X
A 5



X


X X


X
X X
X
X X
X X


X


X X
X X
X X

X X
X
Region
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

X

X

X
xxxxxxxx

X X X X X X X
XX X
XX X X X
X
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx


X X X X


xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
X
X XX XXX


Note:  *Not censused during period.

-------
       TABLE C-2.  REGIONAL OCCURRENCES OF BIRD SPECIES IN SUMMER 1978 AND 1979
Species
    Sooty Shearwater
STORM-PETRELS
    Fork-tailed Storm-Pet re 1

CORMORANTS
    Double-crested Cormorant
    Brandt's Cormorant
    Pelagic Cormorant

HERONS AND BITTERNS
    Great Blue Heron
                                                           Region

                                                         6789
10  11   12  13
LOONS
Common Loon
Arctic Loon
Red-throated Loon
GREBES
Red-necked Grebe
Horned Grebe
Western Grebe
SHEARWATERS
Northern Fulmar
Pink-footed Shearwater

XX XXXXX XX
XX XXX X XX
X XX

X X
XX X
X X X X X

X
X
                                         xx       xxxxxxxxx
                                         xx       x           xx       x       x
                                         xxxxxxxxxxxx

-------
         TABLE C-2   (continued).
00

Species
SWANS, GEESE, AND DUCKS
Canada Goose
Black Brant
Snow Goose
Mallard
Gadwal 1
Northern Pintail
American Wigeon
Greater Scaup
Common Goldeneye
Barrow's Goldeneye
Buff lehead
Oldsquaw
Harlequin Duck
Wh-i te-winged Scoter
Surf Scoter
Black Scoter
Ruddy Duck
Hooded Merganser
Common Merganser
Red-breasted Merganser
HAWKS AND EAGLES
Bald Eagle
OSPREYS
Os prey
1 2 3

X
X
X
X

X
X
X X


X
X
X X
X X
X X
X


X
X

X X

X
k 5




X
X
X

X
X


X
X X
X X
X X



X
X

X


Reg 5 on
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13


X

X

X

X X
X
X
X X
X
X X X X XX
XX X XX
X X X X XXX
X
X
X
X
X

X X X X XXX

-------
TABLE C-2  (continued).
Species
RAILS
American Coot
OYSTERCATCHERS
Black Oystercatcher
PLOVERS
Semi pal ma ted Plover
Kill deer
Black-bellied Plover
SANDPIPERS AND OTHER SHORES IRDS
Ruddy Turnstone
Black Turnstone
Common Sn i pe
Wh 5 mb re 1
Spotted Sandpiper
Greater Yel lowlegs
Wandering Tattler
Least Sandpiper
Dunl in
Western Sandpiper
Sanderl ing
Short-billed Dowitcher
JAEGERS AND SKUAS
Region
1 2 3 ^ 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
X
XX X X X X
XXX
X X X X X X
X XX
X
X
X
XX X
XX XX
XX XX
X
X XX
X
XX XX
X
X X X X
    Parasitic Jaeger

-------
         TABLE  C-2   (continued).
01
o
Species
GULLS AND TERNS
Glaucous-winged Gull
Western Gull
Herring Gul 1
Thayer's Gull
Cal ifornia Gull
Ring-bil led Gull
Mew Gull
Bonaparte's Gull
Heermann's Gull
Black-legged Kittiwake
Common Tern
Caspian Tern
ALCIDS
Common Murre
Pi geon Gui 1 lemot
Marbled Murrelet
Cassin's Auklet
Rhinoceros Auklet
Tufted Puffin
1 2

X X
X X
X

X X
X
X
X
X


X

X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
3

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X


X

X
X
X

X
X
k

X

X


X

X
X


X

X
X
X

X

5

X



X
X
X
X


X
X

X
X
X

X

6

X



X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X



Reg i on
7 8 9 10 11 12 13

X X X X X X X
X
X

X X X X X
X
X X
X X X X X
X X
X X



XXX XXX
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
X
X X X X X X X
X X

-------
TABLE C-3.  REGIONAL OCCURRENCES OF BIRD SPECIES IN FALL 1978 AND 1979

Species
LOONS
Common Loon
Yellow-billed Loon
Arctic Loon
Red-throated Loon
GREBES
Red-necked Grebe
Horned Grebe
Eared Grebe
Western Grebe
Pied-billed Grebe
ALBATROSS
Black-footed Albatross
SHEARWATERS
Northern Fulmar
Pink-footed Shearwater
Buller's Shearwater
Sooty Shearwater
STORM-PETRELS
Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel
CORMORANTS
Double-crested Cormorant
Brandt's Cormorant
Pelagic Cormorant
Region
1 2 3 A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
xxxxxxxxxxxxx
X
xxxxxxxxxxxxx
XXX XXXXX XXX
XXXXXXXXX XXX
xxxxxxxxxxxxx
X XX
xxxxxxxxxxxxx
X XX
X
X X
X
X
XXX
XXX
xxxxxxxxxxxx
XXXXXXXX XXX
xxxxxxxxxxxxx

-------
       TABLE C-3  (continued).
G
to
Species
HERONS AND BITTERNS
Great Blue Heron
Green Heron
American Bittern
SWANS, GEESE, AND DUCKS
Canada Goose
Black Brant
White-fronted Goose
Snow Goose
Mai lard
Gadwal 1
Northern Pintai 1
American Green-winged Teal
European Wigeon
American Wigeon
Northern Shoveler
Canvasback
Greater Scaup
Common Goldeneye
Barrow's Goldeneye
Buff lehead
01 dsquaw
Harlequin Duck
White-winged Scoter
Surf Scoter
Black Scoter
Ruddy Duck
1 2

X X







X X

X
X

X X


X


X
X
X
X X
X X
X

3

X



X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4 5

X X
X
X


X

X
X

X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
Region
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

xxxxxxxx



X



XXX

XX X
X
X
XX XX

X
XX XX
X
X
X XXX
XX XXX
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
XX X XX
X

-------
TABLE C-3 (continued).
Species
                                                           Reg i on
                                     1    2   3   A   5   6   7   8   9   10  11  12  13
    Hooded Merganser
    Common Merganser
    Red-breasted Merganser

HAWKS AND EAGLES
    Golden Eagle
    Bald Eagle

OSPREYS
    Osprey

FALCONS
    Peregrine Falcon
    Merlin

RAILS
    American Coot

OYSTERCATCHERS
    Black Oystercatcher

PLOVERS
    Semi pal mated Plover
    Kill deer
    American Golden Plover
    Black-bellied Plover
                                         x   x       x   x                   xx
                                         xx       xxx       x       xxx
                                         XX       XXXXXXXXX
                                         X   X
                                         X   X
                                         X   X
                                                     XXXXXXXXX
                                                     X   X
                                                     X   X
                                                     X   X
                                                                 X   X
                                         XX       XX
                                         X   X   X   X   X   X   X
                                                     X
                                         XX       XX
                                                                             xxx

-------
        TABLE  C-3  (continued).
Ul

Species
SANDPIPERS AND OTHER SHORES IRDS
Ruddy Turnstone
Black Turnstone
Common Sn i pe
Whimbrel
Spotted Sandpiper
Greater Yel lowlegs
Lesser Yel lowlegs
Wandering Tattler
Surfbird
Red Knot
Pectoral Sandpiper
Baird's Sandpiper
Least Sandpiper
Dunl in
Western Sandpiper
Sander 1 ing
Short-billed Dowitcher
Long-billed Dowitcher
Marbled Godwit
PHALAROPES
1 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X


3 4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X

5
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X


Reg i on
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
X XXX
X X
XX X
X
X
X XXX

X
X
X
X XX
X X
X X
X

             Red Phalarope
             Northern Phalarope

        JAEGERS AND SKUAS
             Pomarine Jaeger
             Parasitic Jaeger
             Long-tailed Jaeger
             Skua
x       x
X   X   X   X
                        X   X   X   X   X
X
X
        xxxxxxxxxxx
                                        X

-------
         TABLE C-3 (continued).
Ln
Ui

Species
GULLS AND TERNS
Glaucous-winged Gull
Western Gull
Herring Gull
Thayer ' s Gul 1
Cal ifornia Gull
Ring-billed Gull
Mew Gu 1 1
Franklin's Gull
Bonaparte's Gul 1
Little Gull
Heermann's Gull
Black- legged Kittiwake
Sabine's Gul 1
Common Tern
Arctic Tern
Caspian Tern
ALC1DS
Common Murre
P i geon Gu i 1 1 emot
Marbled Murrelet
Ancient Murrelet
Cassin's Auklet
Rhinoceros Auklet
Tufted Puffin
1

X
X
X

X

X

X

X
X
X
X
X


X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X

X

X
X
X


X
X
3

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X


X

X

X
X

X
X
X
X
k

X

X
X
X

X

X

X


X



X
X
X


X
X
5

X

X

X
X
X
X
X

X


X

X

X
X
X


X

Region
678

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X


X

X

X
X
X


X


X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X

X X

X X


X X



X X
X X
X X


X X

9 10 11

XXX

X X X
X
XXX
X
XXX

XXX
X
XXX


XXX
X


XXX
XXX
XXX


XXX

12

X


X
X

X

X

X


X



X
X
X


X

13

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X


X



X
X
X
X

X

-------
               TABLE C-4.   REGIONAL OCCURRENCES  OF BIRD SPECIES IN WINTER 1978 AND 1979
H
Ul
Species
LOONS
Common Loon
Yel low-bi ! led Loon
Arctic Loon
Red -throated Loon
GREBES
Red-necked Grebe
Horned Grebe
Eared Grebe
Western Grebe
Pied-billed Grebe
STORM-PETRELS
Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel
CORMORANTS
Double-crested Cormorant
Brandt's Cormorant
Pelagic Cormorant
HERONS AND BITTERNS
Great Blue Heron
SWANS, GEESE, AND DUCKS
Region
1* 2 3 A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

xxxxxxxxxxxx
X X X X X
xxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxx
XX XXX XX
xxxxxxxxxxxx
XXX XX

X

xxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxx

            Wh istling  Swan
            Trumpeter  Swan
            Canada Goose
x       xx

        x

X       XXX

-------
         TABLE C-k  (continued).
Ln

Species
American Brant
Black Brant
White-fronted Goose
Snow Goose
Mallard
Gadwall
Northern Pintail
American Green-winged Teal
Blue-winged Teal
European Wigeon
American Wigeon
Northern Shoveler
Canvasback
Greater Scaup
Lesser Scaup
Common Goldeneye
Barrow's Goldeneye
Buff lehead
Oldsquaw
Harlequin Duck
King Eider
White-winged Scoter
Surf Scoter
Black Scoter
Ruddy Duck
Hooded Merganser
Common Merganser
Red-breasted Merganser
1* 2

X


X

X
X


X


X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
3
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
A

X


X








X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X



X
5
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
6

X
X

X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
7

X


X


X


X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

*
X
Reg
8

X








X


X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X


X
X
ion
9

X











X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
10

X




X






X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X


X
X
11

X


X

X



X


X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
12

X


X

X



X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
13

X








X


X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

-------
         TABLE C-4  (continued).
Ul
oo

Species
HAWKS AND EAGLES
Golden Eagle
Bald Eagle
OSPREYS
Osprey
FALCONS
Peregrine Falcon
Me r 1 i n
RAILS
American Coot
OYSTERCATCHERS
Black Oystercatcher
PLOVERS
Kill deer
Black-bel 1 ied Plover
SANDPIPERS AND OTHER SHORES IRDS
Ruddy Turnstone
Black Turnstone
Common Sn i pe
Whimbrel
Spotted Sandpiper
Greater Yel lowlegs
Willet
Surf bird
Reg i on
1* 2 3 A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
XX X
X X XXXXXXXXX
X
XXX X
X XX X
XX XX
XX XX XXXXXX
XX XXX XX X
XX XX XX XX
XXX
XX XXXXXXXXX
X
X
X XX X
XXX X
X
XX XX XXX X

-------
       TABLE C-4  (continued).
       Species
}*  2   3
                                                               Reg i on
                                                     5   6   7   8   9   10  11  12  13
01
    Rock Sandpiper
    Least Sandpiper
    Dunl in
    Western Sandpiper
    Sanderling
    Long-billed Dowitcher

PHALAROPES
    Red Phalarope
    Northern Phalarope

JAEGERS AND SKUAS
    Parasitic Jaeger

GULLS AND TERNS
    Glaucous Gul1
    Glaucous-winged Gull
    Western Gull
    Herring Gul1
    Thayer's Gull
    California Gul1
    Ring-billed Gull
    Mew Gu11
    Franklin's Gull
    Bonaparte1s Gul1
    Heermann's Gull
    Black-legged Kittiwake
    Common Tern
                                                XX       X
                                                    X       X
                                                XX       XXX
                                                    X       XX
                                                X   X   X   X   X   X
                                                    X
                                                X   X
                                                X   X
                                                                            X   X
                                                    X   X   X   X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X

X
X


X


X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X


X
X
X
X


X

X
X


X

X
X
X

X

X
X


X


X
X

X

X
X
X
                                        XXX
                                    XXX
                                                                                     X
                                                                                     X
                                                                                     X
                                                                                     X
                                                                                     X
                                                                                     X

                                                                                     X
                                            X
                                            X


                                            X

                                            X
                                                X
                                                X

                                                X
X
X

-------
TABLE C-A (continued)
H
O


Species
ALCIDS
Common Murre
Pigeon Gui 1 lemot
Marbled Murre let
Ancient Murre let
Cassin's Auklet
Rhinoceros Auklet
Tufted Puffin

1* 2

X
X
X
X
X
X


3

X
X
X
X

X
X
Reg i on
k 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

xxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxx


Note:  «Not censused during period.

-------
TABLE C-5.  TAXONOMIC LIST OF SPECIES OBSERVED  IN STUDY AREA,  1978 AND  1979
LOONS
     Common Loon
     Yellow-billed Loon
     Arctic Loon
     Red-throated Loon
GaviIdae
     Gavia immer
     G_. adamsi i
     —• arctlea
     G. stellata
GREBES
     Red-necked Grebe
     Horned Grebe
     Eared Grebe
     Western Grebe
     Pied-billed Grebe

ALBATROSSES
     Black-footed Albatross

SHEARWATERS AND FULMARS
     Northern Fulmar
     Pink-footed Shearwater
     Buller's Shearwater
     Sooty Shearwater

STORM-PETRELS
     Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel
CORMORANTS
Podicipedidae
     Podiceps grisegena
     P_. auritus
     P_. nigricoll is
     Aechmophorus occidental is
     Podilymbus podiceps'

Diomedeidae
     Diomedea nigripes
Procellari idae
     Fulmarus glacial is
     Puffinus creatopus
     P_. bulleri
     P. griseus
     Double-crested Cormorant
     Brandt's Cormorant
     Pelagic Cormorant

HERONS AND BITTERNS
     Great Blue Heron
     Green Heron
     American Bittern

SWANS, GEESE, AND  DUCKS
     Whistling Swan
     Trumpeter Swan
     Canada Goose
     American Brant
     Black Brant
     White-fronted Goose
     Snow Goose
Hydrobatidae
     Oceanodroma furcata

Phalacrocorax
     Phalacrocorax auritus
     P_. penici llatus
     P. pelagicus
Ardeidae
     Ardea
herodias
     Butorides vi rescens
     Botaurus lentiginosus

Anatidae
     Olor Columbianus
     0. buccinator
     Branta canadensis
     B_. bernicla
     B. bernicla
      hrota
      nlgricans
     Anser albifrons
     Chen caerulescens
                                      161

-------
TABLE C-5  (continued).
SWANS, GEESE, AND DUCKS
     Mallard
     Gadwal1
     Northern Pintai1
     American Green-winged Teal
     Blue-winged Teal
     European Wigeon
     American Wigeon
     Northern Shoveler
     Canvasback
     Greater Scaup
     Lesser Scaup
     Common Goldeneye
     Barrow's Goldeneye
     Bufflehead
     Oldsquaw
     Harlequin Duck
     King Eider
     Wh i te-w inged Scote r
     Surf Scoter
     Black Scoter
     Ruddy Duck
     Hooded Merganser
     Common Merganser
     Red-breasted Merganser

HAWKS AND EAGLES
Anatidae
     Anas platyrhynchos
     A_. strepera
     A. acuta
        crecca ca ro1i nens i s
        discors
        penelope
        americana
A.
A.
A.
A. 	
A_. clypeata
Aythya valisineria
A_. mari la
A. affinis
Bucephala clangula
B. islandica
B_. albeola
Clangula hyema1i s
Histrionicus histrionicus
Somateria spectabi1 is
Melanitta deglandi
M. perspicillata
M_. nigra
Oxyura j<
             amaicensis
     Golden Eagle
     Bald Eagle

OSPREYS
     Osprey
     Lophodytes cucullatus
     Mergus merganser
     M_. serrator

Accipitridae
     Aquila chrysaetos
     Haliaeetus leucocephalus

Pandion idae
     Pandion haliaetus
FALCONS
     Peregrine Falcon
     Me r1i n
Fa 1 con i dae
     Fa Ico peregrinus
     F.  co lumbar ius
RAILS
     American Coot
OYSTERCATCHERS
     Black Oystercatcher
PLOVERS
     Semipalmated Plover
     Kill deer
Rail idae
     Fu 1 i ca americana

Haematopodidae
     Haematopus bachmani

Charadri idae
     Charadrf us semipalmatus
     C. vociferus
                                    162

-------
TABLE C-5  (continued)
PLOVERS
     American Golden Plover
     Black-bellied Plover

SANDPIPERS AND OTHER SHORES IRDS
     Ruddy Turnstone
     Black Turnstone
     Common Sn i pe
     Long-billed Curlew
     Whimbrel
     Spotted Sandpiper
     Greater Yellowlegs
     Lesser Yellowlegs
     Wandering Tattler
     WMlet
     Surfbird
     Red Knot
     Rock Sandpiper
     Pectoral Sandpiper
     Baird's Sandpiper
     Least Sandpiper
     Dunlin
     Western Sandpiper
     Sanderling
     Short-billed Dowitcher
     Long-billed Dowitcher
     Marbled Godwit

PHALAROPES
                        Charadri idae
                             P1uv i ali s
               domi n i ca
                             P. squatarola
                        Scolopacidae
                             Arenaria
              mterpres
                             A. melanocephala
                             Capella gal 1inago
                             Numenius americanus
                             H. phaeopus
                             Actiti s macularia
                             Trinqa melanoleucus
       T»
                             T_. flavipes
                             Heteroscelus incanum
                             Catoptrophorus semipalmatus
                             Aphriza vi rgata
                             Calidris canutus
C. ptilocnemis
C. melanotos
C. bairdii
C. minutilla
C. alpina
C. mauri
C. alba
Limnodromus gri
seus
                             L. scolopaceus
                             Limosa fedoa
     Red Phalarope
     Northern Phalarope

JAEGERS AND SKUAS
     Pomarine Jaeger
     Parasitic Jaeger
     Long-tailed Jaeger
     Skua
                        Phalaropodidae
                             Phalaropus
                fulicarius
                             Lob i pes lobatus
                        Stercorari idae
                             Stercorarius
                  pomarinus
GULLS AND TERNS
     Glaucous Gull
     Glaucous-winged
     Western Gull
     Herring Gull
     Thayer's Gull
     California Gull
     Ring-billed Gull
Gul
     .§.•  paras i ticus
     _S_.  longicaudus
     Catharacta skua

Laridae
     Larus hyperboreus
     L.  glaucescens
     L.  occidental is
     JL_.  argentatus
     L.  thayeri
     —•  ca^ i^orr|icus
     L.  delawarensis
                                    163

-------
TABLE C-5  (continued)
GULLS AND TERNS
     Mew Gull
     Franklin's Gull
     Bonaparte1s Gul1
     Little Gull
     Heermann's Gull
     Black-legged Kittiwake
     Sabine's Gull
     Common Tern
     Arctic Tern
     Caspian Tern

AUKS. MURRES, AND PUFFINS
     Common Murre
     Thick-billed Murre
     Pigeon Gui1lemot
     Marbled Murrelet
     Ancient Murrelet
     Cassin's Auklet
     Rhinoceros Auklet
     Tufted Puffin
     _  philadelphia
     J^. minutus
     L. heermanni
     Rissa tridactyla
     Xema sabini
     Sterna hirundo
     i-
     S.
paradisaea
caspia
Alcidae
     Uria aalge
     U_. 1 omv i a
     Cepphus columba
     Brachyrumphus marmoratus
     Synthliboramphus antiquus
     Ptychoramphus aleuticus
     Cerorhinca monocerata
     Lunda cirrhata
                                    164

-------
                                 APPENDIX G

                  REGIONAL AND SUBREGIONAL SUMMARIES,  1978


     Seasonal  monthly grouping for 1978 are as follows:  Spring—April  and
May, 1978; Summer—June, 1978; Fall—July, August,  September,  and October,
1978; and Wintei—November and December, 1978, and  January,  February,  and
March, 1979-
                                    679

-------
                                 TABLE G-l.  SWIFTSURE BANK REGION  (01--), SUMMARIES OF  SUBREGIONS,  1978
Subregion
Code Name
0101 Swiftsure Bank




Area
Region D
total PT
BOI
BOI/km
Season
Spring Summer Fall Winter
51.0
* * -3,000
830
1.0
                    '-No data are available.
             °°
1
I

-------
           TABLE G-2.  STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA--OUTER REGION (02—), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS,  1978
09

Subregion
Code Name Area
0201 Strait of Juan de Offshore
Fuca—Outer


0202 Vancouver Island Nearshore



0203 Cape Flattery Nearshore



0204 Neah Bay Nearshore



0205 Neah Bay to Clallam Nearshore
Bay


0206 Clallam Bay Nearshore




D
PT
BOI .
BO 1 /km
D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
D
PT
BOI „
BO I/ km
D
PT
BOI .
BO 1 /km
D
PT
BOI
BOI /km

Spring
2.1
3,900
100
<0.1
85.6
4,400
90
1.8
737.1
4,000
78
14.5
120.5
540
9.2
2.0
86.1
1,100
23
1.8
52.0
170
3.2
1.0

S umme r

j.



*



sV


54.7
250
4.6
1.0

*


30.0
96
2.3
0.7
Season
Fall
69.5
130,000
3,700
2.0
255.2
13,000
230
4.6
1,646.9
8,900
160
30.4
270.5
1 ,200
20
4.4
370.8
4,800
90
7.0
194.1
620
7.4
2.3

Winter
21 .4
40,000
1,300
0.7

*


440.5
2,400
45
8.3
144.1
650
11
2.3
259.2
3,300
56
4.3
68.3
220
4.2
1.3

-------
TABLE G-2  (continued).

Sub region
Code Name Area
0207 Clallam Bay to Nearshore D
Crescent Bay PT
BOI
BO 1 /km
0208 Crescent Bay Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI /km
g 0209 Crescent Bay to Nearshore D
"» Ediz Hook PT
BOI „
BO 1 /km
Reg i on D
total PT
BOI
BOI /km
Season
Spring
158.7
3,300
81
3-9
217.0
240
5.2
4.8
538.6
^, 800
70
6.3
12.0
24,000
460
0.2
Summer
35.5
740
17
0.8

A



*



1,100
2k

Fall
200.1
A. 200
" 5k
2.6
181.9
200
2.6
2. A
408.5
3,700
63
7.0
85.3
170,000
k,kOQ
2.2
Winter
258.2
5.400
78
3.7
212.5
230
4.3
3.9
890.3
8,000
130
14.9
30.1
60,000
1 ,600
0.8

 *No data are available.

-------
          TABLE G-3.  STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA--INNER  REGION  (03"),  SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1978
oo
to


Code
0301



0302



0303



0304



0305



0306



Subregion
Name Area
Strait of Juan de Offshore D
Fuca-- Inner PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Ediz Hook Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Port Angeles Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Voice of America Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Dungeness Spit Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Dungeness Bay/ Nearshore D
Harbor PT
BOI
BOI/km
Season
Spring
8.4
14,000
390
0.3
34.1
10
0.32
0.8
65.3
680
14.4
1.4
128.2
3,100
76
7-3
161.0
640
14
1.4
512.0 '
6,100
120
12
Summer
2.5
4,100
130
<0.1
11.4
5
0.12
0.3
30.2
310
6.8
0.6
130.4
3,100
71
2.9

*


119.8
1,400
25
2.1
Fall
19.0
31,000
740
0.4
76.6
31
0.65
1.6
270.3
2,800
40
3.9
198.3
4,800
91
3-8
1,067.3
4,300
61
15.2
563.5
6,800
85
7.1
Winter
27-3
45,000
900
0.6
41.7
17
0.30
0.8
203.3
2,100
39
3.8
141.9
3,400
52
2.2
1,046.0
4,200
32
8.0
565.0
6,800
78
6.5

-------
      TABLE G-3   (continued).
oo

Sub region
Code Name
0307 Jamestown



0308 Sequim Bay











0309 Miller Peninsula



0310 Protection Island




Area
Near shore D
PT
BOI 7
BO 1 /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BO I/ km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BO I/ km
Nearshore 0
PT
BOI
BOI /km

Spring
789.4
17,000
350
16.3
203.4
2,400
40
3-4
140.0
280
6.3
3.2
201.9
2,700
46
3.3
116.8
560
12
2.6
169.1
2,400
54
17-5
Season
Summer Fall
1,887.4
40,000
350
16.2
363.5
* 4,300
68
5.7
400.7
-v 800
22
10.8
365.3
* 5,100
89
6.4
142.4
680
11
2.2
1,736.5
* 5,400
100
32.1

Winter
1,014.6
2,200
260
12.1
272.7
3,200
45
3.8
161 .2
320
6.0
3.0
269.1
3,500
51
3.7
570.9
2,700
51
10.7
1,150.0
3,600
61
19.5

-------
TABLE G-3   (continued).

Subregion
Code Name Area
0311 Discovery Bay Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/kni
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Sum D
8 PT
01 BOI .
BO 1 /km
0312 Quimper Peninsula Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BO I/ km
0313 Whidbey Island Nearshore D
PT
BOI.
BO I/ km
0314 Smith Island Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI /km

Spring
177-6
1,900
42
3.2
112.0
2,700
72.3
3-0
146.2
4,600
110
3-1
170.2
1 ,800
34
3-2

•k


1,436.7 .
430
12
40.3
Season
Summe r Fa 1 1
14.0 102.8
150 1,100
3.3 22
0.3 1.7
82.6
2,000
55
2.3
86.0
3,100
77
2.1
715.4
* 7,700
110
10.1
115.4
* 2,400
44
2.1
1,430.0
* 430
8.4
27.9

Wilnter
429.9
4,600
86
6.6
224.5
5,400
130
5.5
287.3
10,000
220
6.3
728.1
7,800
130
11.9
127.8
2,700
45
2.1
6,969.2
2,100
16
52.0

-------
TABLE G-3  (continued).
Subregion
Code Name Area
0315 Deception Pass Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
0316 Lopez Island Nearshore D
(south shore) PT
BOI »
BOI/km
0317 San Juan Island Nearshore D
c* (south shore) PT
S BOI
BOI/km
0318 Victoria, Vancouver Nearshore D
Island PT
BOI j
BOI/km
Region D
total PT
BOI 9
BOI/km

Spring
51.1
290
7.0
1.2
1,047.8
9,300
180
20.6
258.5
910
11
3.3

*


35.7
65,000
1,500
0.8
Season
Summer Fall
64.2 175.2
360 980
11 21
2.0 3.8
1,286.4
11,000
220
24.9
732.0
2,600
42
12.0

* *


5.2 71.5
9,400 130,000
250 2,900
0.1 1.6

Winter
98.8
550
12
2.2
324.8
2,900
54
6.0
312.3
1,100
15
4.3

*


55.0
100,000
2,000
1.1
 *No data are available.

-------
                  TABLE G-l».   ADMIRALTY INLET REGION (0^—), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1978
                    Subregion                                                     Season
      Code            Name           Area                     Spring       Summer       Fall       Winter
                       The data for this region are not compatible with those of 1979,
                                    due to differences in census methods.
oo

-------
            TABLE G-5.  ANACORTES TO HALES PASSAGE REGION  (05"), SUMMARIES  OF  SUBREGIONS,  1978
oo
oo

Sub region
Code Name
0501 Bellingham
Channel










0502 Guemes Channel



0503 Fidalgo Bay



0504 Pad! 1 la Bay



Season
Area
Nearshore D
PT
BOI 7
BO I/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI . -
BOI /km
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BO I/ km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BO I/ km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI 9
BOI /km
Spring
224.6
1,100
20
4.3
56.6
3,900
84
1.2
60.9
4,500
100
1.4
101.4
1,000
24
2.4
173.8
2,000
49
4.3
290.9
1 6 , 000
460
8.4
Summer
240.9
1,100
23
4.9









j.


33.2
380
6.8
0.6
45.5
2,500
48
0.9
Fall
413.0
1,900
34
7.3
164.2
11,000
330
4.8
175.9
13,000
360
4.9

j-


107.1
1,200
19
1.6
191.4
11,000
100
1.9
Winter
419.8
2,000
30
6.3
120.9
8,300
190
2.8
135.3
10,000
220
3.0
181.5
1,900
42
4.1
353.7
4,100
52
4.6
345.5
19,000
350
6.3

-------
      TABLE G-5   (continued).
0\

Subregion
Code Name
0504 Pad ilia Bay







0505 Samish Bay











0506 Bellingham Bay




Area
Offshore D
PT
BOI ?
- BOI /km
Sum D
PT
BOI ?
BO I/ km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI ?
BOI /km
Offshore D
PT
BOI _
BOI /km
Sum D
PT
BOI .
BO 1 /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km

Spring
1,240.0
31 ,000
620
24.7
587.5
47,000
1,100
13.8
379-3
11,000
440
15.4
567.4
21,000
480
13.0
500
33,000
930
14.1
97.2
3,500
62
1.7
Season
Summer Fall
1,019.2
25,000
400
16.2
450.0
36,000
510
6.4
38.4 581.9
1,100 17,000
13 190
0.5 6.5
224.0
8,300
230
6.2
378.8
25,000
420
6.4
52.9 78.4
1,900 2,800
38 56
1.1 1.5

Winter
2,864.2
72,000
1,100
43.3
1,137.5
91,000
1,400
17.5
698.2
20,000
250
8.6
995.1
37 ',000
540
14.6
863.6
57,000
790
12.0
143.8
5,200
85
2.4

-------
      TABLE G-5   (continued).
VO
o
Subregion
Code Name
0506 Bel 1 ingham Bay







0507 Hales Passage







Season
Area
Offshore D
PT
BOI 2
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Near shore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Region D
total PT
BOI »
BOI/km
Spring
67.2
8,200
200
1.7
75.2
12,000
266
1.7
126.2
2,000
30
1.9
240.6
100,000
2,500
6.0
Summer
4.0
490
9.4
<0.1
45.1
2,400
47
0.3
18.4
300
7.4
0.5
28.9
12,000
150
0.4
Fall
115.5
14,000
400
3.3
107.6
17,000
460
2.9
26.2
420
7.9
0.5
221.3
92,000
1,800
4.3
Winter
324.0
40,000
1 ,100
9.0
284.8
45,000
1,200
7.6
60.2
970
17
1.1
505.2
210,000
3,700
8.9

       -No  data  are  available.

-------
               TABLE  G^-6.   GEORGIA  STRAIT—EASTERN REGION (06—), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS,  1978
VO
Subregion
Code Name
0601 Lummi Bay











0602 Cherry Point



0603 Birch Bay







Season
Area
Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI »
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Spring
2,346.4
42,000
550
30.6
925.0
7,400
160
20.0
1,960.0
49,000
710
28.4
1,695.7
24,000
580
41.4
755.6
6,800
150
17.2
270.0
2,700
56
5.6
Summer
13-7
230
3.8
0.2








31.5
440
10
0.7
44.7
400
7.8
0.9




Fall
233-4
4,000
40
2.3
137-7
1 ,100
22
2.8
204.0
5,100
62
2.5
35.9
510
10
0.7
388.4
3,500
56
6.2
71.0
700
17
1.7
Winter
855.4
15,000
120
7.1
204.2
1,600
26
3-3
640.0
16,000
150
6.0
117.8
1,700
30
2.1
379.8
3,400
55
6.1
210.5
2,100
43
4.3

-------
       TABLE G-6  (continued).
VO

Subregion
Code Name
0603 Birch Bay



0604 Semiahmoo Spit



0605 Dray ton Harbor



0606 Boundary Bay












Area
Sum D
PT
BOI ?
BO I/ km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BO I/ km
Offshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI /km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI /km

Spring
500.0
9,500
210
11.1
1,147.4
1 1 ,000
220
23.2
355.4
4,500
68
5.3




231.7
19,000
290
4.2




Season
Summer Fall
221.1
4,200
73
3.8
74.4 853.7
710 8,100
10 210
1.1 22.6
85.6 532.1
1,100 6,800
16 73
1.3 5.7




118.1
* 9,700
230
2.9





Winter
289.5
5,500
98
5.2
1,318.7
13,000
190
19.8
856.7
11,000
130
10.1
486.7
36,000
580
7.8
615.5
50,000
1,100
13.0
554.1
87,000
1,700
10.8

-------
      TABLE G-6  (continued).
VD
OJ

Sub region
Code Name Area
0607 San Juan Islands-- Nearshore D
Northern Tier PT
BOI
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI .
BOI/km
0608 Georgia Strait Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Region D
total PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Season
Spring
151.7
760
12
2.5
116.7
3,1*00
55
1.9
122.0
4,200
68
2.0
45
13,000
280
1.0
250.0
140,000
2,500
4.5
Summer
75.7
380
9-0
1.8
1.4
42
0.79
<0.1
12.2
420
9.8
0.3

A


5.9
3,300
58
1.0
Fall
388.2
1,900
34
6.8
30.0
880
26
0.9
81.4
2,800
60
1.7
90.9
26,000
570
2.0
112.5
63,000
1,300
2.3
Winter
274.0
1 ,400
27
5.3
408.3
12,000
280
9.4
377.6
13,000
300
8.7
88.2
25,000
590
2.0
303.5
170,000
3,100
5.5

      *No data are available.

-------
TABLE G-7.  GEORGIA STRAIT--WESTERN REGION (07"), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGION, 1978

Sub region
Code Name Area
0701 Pt. Roberts Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
0702 Tsawwassen Bay Nearshore D
PT
BOI
<£ > BOI/kni
•P-
0703 Georgia Strait Offshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Region D
total PT
BOI
BOI/km
Season
Spring
489.1
8,000
180
11.0
2,130.6
13,000
260
42.6

8.0
2,900
63
0.2
62.0
24,000
500
1.3
Summer
44.4
720
16
1.0
233.1
1,400
27
4.5

1.2
440
8.3
<0.1
6.5
2,500
51
0.1
Fall
142.2
2,300
39
2.4
476.6
2,900
44
7.2

2.9
1,100
16
<0.1
16.3
6,300
99
0.3
Winter
377.9
6,200
110
6.7
458.4
2,800
37
6.1

11.5
4,200
82
0.2
33.6
13,000
230
0.6

-------
                  TABLE G-8.  HARD STRAIT REGION  (08—),  SUMMARIES OF SUBREGION, 1978
VO
Ui

Sub region
Code Name Area
0801 Northern Haro Nearshore D
Strait PT
BOI ?
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
0802 Southern Haro Nearshore D
Strait PT
BOI
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Season
Spring
179.7
1,700
31
3.3
3.3
1,100
23
0.1
8.3
2,800
55
0.2
50.7
250
3.8
0.8
4.8
1,100
23
0.1
6.2
1,400
27
O.I
Summer
179.6
1,700
53
5.5
7.1
2,300
55
0.2
11.8
4,000
110
0.3




1.3
290
7.5
<0.1




Fall
367.1
3,500
60
6.3
68.7
23,000
260
0.8
76.8
26,000
320
0.9
292.4
1,500
23
4.6
4.5
990
22
0.1
11.1
2,500
45
0.2
Winter
312.5
3,000
48
5.0
28.3
9,300
170
0.5
35.4
12,000
220
0.6
102.3
510
8.2
1.6
11.9
2,600
55
0.3
13.8
3,100
63
0.3

-------
   TABLE  G-8   (continued).

Subregion
Code Name
0802 Southern Haro
Strait


Season
Area
Region
total



D
FT
BOI
BOI/km
Spring
7-5
4,200
82
0.1
Summer
7.6
4,300
120
0.2
Fall
51.5
23,000
370
0.7
Winter
28.4
16,000
280
0.5
CTi
VO

-------
                TABLE G-9.  ROSARIO STRAIT REGION (09 — ), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS,  1978
VO
Subregion
Code Name Area
0901 Southern Rosario Nearshore D
Strait PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ?
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
0902 Central Rosario Nearshore D
Strait PT
BOI 7
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI 2
BOI/km
Season
Spring
95.4
1,000
21
1.9
7-1
800
17
0.2
14.6
1,800
38
0.3
117.1
430
7.7
2.1
12.0
950
24
0.3
16.8
1,400
32
0.4
Summer
103.7
1,100
30
2.8
3-0
340
5.6
<0.1
12.2
1,500
36
0.3

j.



J;



*


Fall
366.3
4,000
87
8.1
59.2
6,700
150
1.3
89.3
11,000
230
1.9
572.0
2,100
34
9.1
216.5
17,000
360
4.5
228.6
19,000
390
4.7
Winter
207.5
2,200
54
5.0
85-2
9,600
250
2.3
97.4
12,000
310
2.5
365.7
1,400
18
4.9
112.3
8,900
210
2.6
120.3
10,000
230
2.8

-------
TABLE G-9   (continued).

Subregion
Code Name Area
0903 Northern Rosario Nearshore D
Strait FT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
o\
vo
00 Sum D
PT
BOI
BO 1 /km
Region D
total PT
BOI
BOI/km
Season
Spring
**55.3
1,500
26
7.8
74.4
6,600
130
1.4


87.8
8,100
150
1.6
36.8
1 1 ,000
220
0.7
Summer
128.8
420
8.7
2.6
4.2
370
7.1
<0.1


8.7
800
16
0.2
7.7
2,300
52
0.2
Fall
259.6
860
13
3.9
137.9
12,000
320
3.6


141.0
13,000
330
3.6
144.1
43,000
950
3.2
Winter
251.4
830
13
4.0
51.3
4,600
120
1.4


58.6
5,400
140
1.5
90.5
27,000
670
2.2
»No data are available.

-------
TABLE G-10.  SAN JUAN ISLANDS—NORTHERN WATERS REGION (10--),  SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1978

Sub region
Code Name Area
1001 President Channel Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI -
BOI/km
1002 Northern Areas Nearshore D
PT
BOI .
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km

Spring
157-2
500
9.6
3.0
8.6
860
19
0.2
13.5
1,400
29
0.3
15.7
30
0.64
0.3
39.2
1,900
29
0.6
Season
Summer Fall
209.9
* 670
11
3.5
21.2
* 2,100
51
0.5
27.0
* 2,800
62
0.6
138.7
* 280
3.4
1.7
43.8
* 2,100
35
0.7

Winter
219.6
700
12
3-7
35.0
3,500
76
0.8
40.5
4,200
88
0.8
64.4
130
2.3
1.2
130
6,300
120
2.5

-------
TABLE G-10  (continued).

Subregion
Code Name Area
1002 Northern Areas Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Region D
total pf
BOI ,
BOI/km

o

Spring
39.0
1,900
30
0.6
21.5
3,300
58
0.4


Season
Summer Fall
48.0
2,400
38
0.7
33.9
* 5,200
100
0.7



Winter
128.0
6,400
120
2.4
71.6
1 1 ,000
210
1.4


*No data are available.

-------
TABLE G-11.   SAN JUAN ISLANDS—INTERIOR CHANNELS AND PASSAGES REGION (11—),
                      SUMMARIES OF SUBREGION, 1978

Subregion
Code Name Area
1101 Speiden Channel Near shore D
PT
BOI ,
BO I/ km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BO 1 /km
Sum D
PT
BOI „
BO 1 /km
1102 Northern San Juan Nearshore D
Channel PT
BOI
BOI /km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ?
BO I/ km

Spring
66.2
70
1.6
1.5
8.9
110
3.4
0.3
13.1
180
5.0
0.4




2.7
90
2.1
<0.1
Season
Summer Fall
438.8
480
7.5
6.9
1.9 88.6
24 1 , 1 00
0.52 12
<0.1 1.0
116.8
1,600
20
1.4
12.3
36
0.38
0.1
0.3 11.4
9 380
0.14 5.0
<0.1 0.1

Winter
224.0
250
4.8
4.4
84.5
1,100
20
1.6
94.9
1,300
24
1.8
42.0
120
1.5
0.5
22.0
730
19
0.6

-------
    TABLE G-11   (continued).
o
to

Code
1102




1103











1104



1105



Subregion
Name Area
Northern San Juan Sum D
Channel PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
ft
Southern San Juan Nearshore D
Channel PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Wasp Pass Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BO 1 /km
Upright Channel Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km

Spring





280.7
1 ,400
29
5.8
2.3
100
2.3

30.9
1,500
31
0.6
37.3
100
2.1
0.8
7.5
70
1.9
0.2
Season
Summer Fall
11.5
410
5.4
0.1

470.2
2,400
45
8.9
292.0 52.5
13,000 2,300
370 47
8.4 1.1
94.8
4,600
92
1.9
27.5
j. 69
1.1
0.4
52.2 38.6
460 340
12 6.0
1.4 0.7

Winter
24.5
850
20
0.6

159.8
800
16
3-2
94.5
4,100
98
2.3
101.0
4,900
110
2.3
83.4
210
4.4
1.7
36.2
320
6.5
0.7

-------
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-------
       TABLE  G-12.   SAN  JUAN  ISLANDS—INTERIOR BAYS  REGION  (12—),  SUMMARIES  OF  SUBREGIONS,  1978
o
JN

Subregion
Code Name
1201 Mosquito/Roche
Complex


1202 Friday Harbor



1203 Griffin Bay











1205 Fisherman Bay




Area
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km

Spring
124.7
1,300
21
3.5
12.2
20
0.35
0.2
112.0
840
18
1.5
10.9
80
1.7
0.2
61.3
920
19
1.3

*


Season
Summer Fall
10.6 386.5
110 3,900
2.7 74
0.5 12.3
3.3 116.8
5 180
0.09 2.2
<0.1 1.5

is *



A *



?V *



* *



Winter
421.6
4,300
59
9.8
346.4
520
7.5
5.0
786.7
5,900
97
12.9
93-5
700
14
1.9
440.0
6,600
110
7-3
476.0
900
12
6.5

-------
   TABLE G-12   (continued),
Oi
Subregion
Code Name
1206 Swift's/Shoal
Bays


1207 Deer Harbor



1208 West Sound



1209 East Sound












Area Spring
Nearshore D
PT
BO 1 .
BO I/ km
Nearshore D
PT
BO 1 „
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BO 1 ,
BOI/kni
Nearshore D
PT .v
BOI „
BO I/ km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI /km
Sum D
PT
BOI 7
BOI /km
Season
Summer Fall Winter
116.4
* * 542 c
8.6
1.9
67.0
* 134
1.8
0.9
108.4
* * ] '°°°
26
2.9
21.5
* * 6?
1 . 2
0.4
138.1
3,700
110
4.1
128.4
3,800
110
3.7

-------
   TABLE G-12   (continued).
o
Oi

Subregion
Code Name Area Spring
1210 Lopez Sound Nearshore D
PT *
BOi
BOI/km
Region D 22.5
total PT 2,300
BOI „ 41
BOI/km 0.4
Season
Summer Fall
305.4
* 7,300
165
6.9
1.1 107.5
115 11,000
2.8 240
<0.1 2.3

Winter
336.4
8,000
150
6.1
244.4
25,000
480
4.7

   *No data are available.

-------
                  TABLE G-13.  CANADIAN WATERS REGION (13"), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS,  1978
o
~-l

Subregion
Code Name Area
1301 Active Pass Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BO I/ km
1302 Canadian Gulf Offshore D
Islands PT
BOI .
BO I/ km
1303 Sidney Approach Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI /km
Region D
total PT
BOI
BOI /km
Season
Spring
674.8
7,100
140
12.9
18.1
2,600
36
0.2
19.7
2,300
55
0.5
148.2
12,000
210
0.8
Summer
12.4
130
2.5
0.2
2.6
360
7.4
<0.1
55.0
6,500
140
1.2
25.7
7,000
150
1.4
Fall
89.3
940
13
1.2
12.1
1,700
32
0.2
27.0
3,200
57
0.5
31.6
5,800
100
1.9
Winter
304.0
3,200
59
5.6
29.9
4,300
72
0.5
87.1
10,000
210
1.8
100.8
18,000
350
7.9

-------
                                 APPENDIX H

                  REGIONAL AND SUBREGIONAL SUMMARIES, 1979
     Seasonal  monthly grouping for 1979 are as follows:  Spring—Apri 1  and
May; Summel—June; and Fall—July, August, September, and October.
                                    708

-------
o
VO
               TABLE H-l.  SWIFTSURE BANK REGION (01—), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1979

Subregion
Code Name Area
0101 Swiftsure Bank Region
total



Spring
D
PT *
BOI _
BOI/km
Season
Summer Fall
375.8
* 320,000
3,300
4.0

      *No data are available.

-------
TABLE H-2.  STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA--OUTER REGION (02--),  SUMMARIES  OF SUBREGIONS,  1979


Code
0201



0202



0203



0204



0205



0206



Subregion
Name Area
Strait of Juan de Offshore D
Fuca--0uter PT
BOI ?
BO I/ km
Vancouver Island Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Cape Flattery Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI /km
Neah Bay Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Neah Bay to Nearshore D
Clallam Bay PT
BOI 7
BOI /km
Clallam Bay Nearshore D
PT
BOI 2
BOI /km

Spring
4.4
8,200
200
0.1

A


1,318.6
7,100
130
24.7
87.3
390
5.6
1.2
241.0
3,100
57
4.4
69.6
220
4.1
1.3
Season
Summer
1.2
2,400
56
<0.1

*


60.9
330
6.9
1.3
32.2
140
2.1
0.5
140.3
1 ,800
36
2.8
52.5
170
3.8
1.2

Fall
75.2
142,000
4,100
2.2

*


1,150.7
6,200
120
21.6
624.7
2,800
38
8.4
937.3
12,000
170
13-3
237.5
760
11
3.4

-------
TABLE H-2 (continued).

Subregion
Code Name
0207 Clal lam Bay to
Crescent Bay


0208 Crescent Bay



0209 Crescent Bay to
Ediz Hook







Area
Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BO I/ km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI j
BO I/ km
Region D
total PT
BOI
BOI /km

Spring
101.5
2,100
39
1.9
145.6
160
3-0
2.7
288. 4
2,600
44
4.9
12.0
24,000
480
0.2
Season
Summer
37.8
790
14
0.7
41.7
46
1.1
1.0
57.7
520
12
1.4
3.1
6,200
130
0.1

Fall
632.3
13,000
180
8.4
431.1
470
6.7
6.1
726.6
6,500
97
10.8
90.4
180,000
4,700
2.4

"No data are available.

-------
        TABLE H-3-   STRAIT OF JUAN DE  FUCA—INNER  REGION  (03"),  SUMMARIES  OF  SUBREGIONS,  1979
to


Code
0301



0302



0303



0304



0305



0306



Subregion
Name Area
Strait of Juan de Offshore D
Fuca — Inner PT
BOI
BOI/km
Ediz Hook Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Port Angeles Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Voice of America Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Dungeness Spit Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Dungeness Bay/ Nearshore D
Harbor PT
BOI „
BOI/km

Spring
14.9
24.000
'510
0.8
28.3
11
0.26
0.6
71.1
740
16
1.5
65.4
1,600
37
1.5
153.8
620
13
3.2
571.8
6,900
130
11.2
Season
Summer
13.9
23,000
550
0.7
69.0
28
0.71
1.8
37.8
390
7.8
0.8
144.6
3,500
85
3.5
277.0
1,100
22
5.4
208.0
2,500
40
3-3

Fall
49.1
80,000
1,900
1.7
201 .9
81
1.9
4.9
265.7
2,800
39
3.7
214.8
5,100
100
4.2
604.3
2,400
39
9.7
474.3
5,700
70
5.8

-------
TABLE H-3 (continued).

Subregion
Code Name Area
0307 Jamestown Nearshore



0308 Sequim Bay Nearshore



Offshore



Sum



0309 Miller Peninsula Nearshore



0310 Protection Island Nearshore




D
PT
BOI 7
BOI/km
D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
D
PT
BOI
BOI/km

Spring
649.0
14,000
300
14.1
207.3
2,400
34
2.9
230.8
460
6.6
3.3
208.2
2,900
40
2.9
124.9
600
14
2.9
1,300.0
4,100
95
76.2
Season
Summer
525.9
11,000
200
9.3
2.9
34
0.83
<0.1
1.7
3
0.06
-------
TABLE H-3 (continued).

Subregion
Code Name
0311 Discovery Bay











0312 Quimper Peninsula



0313 Whidbey Island



0314 Smith Island




Area
Nearshore D
PT
BO 1
BO I/ km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BO 1 /km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI 7
BO I/ km

Spring
486.2
6,300
140
11.0
20.6
500
13
0.5
195.4
6,800
160
4.6
245.0
2,600
44
4.1
27.2
570
11
0.5
1,210.0
360
7.2
24.0
Season
Summer
31.1
400
8.0
0.6
8.0
190
3.7
0.2
17.2
600
12
0.3
340.8
3,600
81
7.6
26.0
550
15
0.7
2,643.3
790
16
54.4

Fall
202.2
2,600
45
3.5
69.7
1,700
46
1.9
123.6
4,300
91
2.6
701.2
7,500
110
10.5
280.9
5,900
130
6.4
4,453.3
1,300
23
76.0
-------
TABLE H-3 (continued).

Code
0315



0316



0317



0318







Subregion
Name Area
Deception Pass Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Lopez Island Nearshore D
(south shore) PT
BOI „
BO 1 /km
San Juan Island Nearshore D
(south shore) PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Victoria, Vancouver Nearshore D
Island PT
BOI ?
BOI/km
Region D
total PT
BOI ?
BOI/km

Spring
44.2
250
5.9
1.1
451.6
4,000
81
9.1
115.4
400
5.7
1.6

A


60.5
110,000
2,400
1.3
Season
Summer
25.4
140
3.1
0.6
529.9
4,700
95
10.7
48.2
170
3.0
0.9

*


47.8
87,000
1,900
1.0

Fall
116.5
650
13
2.4
658.1
5,900
120
13-2
366.8
1,300
25
7.2

*


88.0
160,000
3,800
2.1

"No data are available.
-------
TABLE H-4.  ADMIRALTY INLET REGION (04--), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS,  1979

Subregion
Code Name
0401 Admiralty Inlet




Area
Reg i on
total




D
PT
BOI
BOI/km

Spring
65.9
4,900
160
2.2
Season
Summer
100.7
7,600
330
4.4

Fall
84.6
6,300
190
2.6
-------
TABLE H-5.  ANACORTES TO HALES PASSAGE REGION (05"),  SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1979

Code
0501











0502



0503



0504



Subregion
Name Area
Bellingham Channel Nearshore D
PT
BOI 7
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,,
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km''
Guemes Channel Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Fidalgo Bay Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Pad! 1 la Bay Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km

Spring
176.4
830
15
3.2
22.5
1 ,600 .
39
0.6
32.5
2,400
54
0.7
37.5
380
12
1.2
116.1
1,300
26
2.3
393.5
22,000 '
460
8.5
Season
Summer
129.2
610
12
2.5
15.6
1,100
25
0.4
23.0
1,700
37
0.5
27.9
280
10
1.0
26.2
300
5.2
0.4
52.7
2,900
52
0.9

Fall
237.2
1 ,100
21
4.5
29.6
2,000
44
0.6
41.9
3,100
65
0.9
28.3
290
3.7
0.4
99.5
1,100
14
1.2
150.5
8,300
120
2.1
-------
00
TABLE H-5 (continued).
Subregion
Code Name
0504 Pad ilia Bay







0505 Samish Bay











0506 Bel 1 ingham Bay




Area
Offshore D
PT
BOI 9
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI .
BOI/kni
Nearshore D
PT
BOI j
BO 1 /km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI 9
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI -
BOI/km

Spring
825.0
21 ,000
510
20.6
525.0
42,000
980
13.3
306.2
8,900
140
5.0
774.6
29,000
660
17.8
575-8
38,000
800
12.1
136.9
4,900
110
3.0
Season
Summer
83.9
2,100
39
1.5
62.5
5,000
90
1.1
62.3
1 ,800
33
1.1
30.3
1 ,100
29
0.8
43.9
2,900
62
0.9
67.9
2,400
49
1.4

Fall
319.6
8,000
150
6.0
200.0
16,000
270
3.^
179.5
5,200
75
2.6
55.6
2,100
45
1.2
110.6
7,300
120
1.8
79.1
2,800
49
1.4
-------
TABLE H-5 (continued).

Subregion
Code Name
0506 Bell ingham Bay







0507 Hales Passage








Area
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI .
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Reg i on D
total PT
BOI ,
BOI/km

Spring
177-3
22,000
590
4.8
170.9
27,000
700
4.4
258.5
4,200
95
5.9
228.5
95,000
2,200
5.3
Season
Summer
20.0
2,400
44
0.4
31.0
4,900
93
0.6
65.8
1 ,100
38
2.4
43.3
18,000
370
0.9

Fall
12.9
1,600
24
0.2
27.8
4,400
73
0.5
44.2
710
18
1.1
84.2
35,000
560
1.3
-------
TABLE H-6.  GEORGIA STRAIT—EASTERN REGION (06--), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1979

Subregion
Code Name
0601 Lummi Bay











0602 Cherry Point



0603 Birch Bay








Area
Nearshore D
PT
BOI ?
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI/krn
Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI _
BOI/km

Spring
1,000.0
17,000
210
12.5
300.0
2,400
46
8.4
760.0
19,000
260
10.4
1,023.5
14,000
320
23.0
599.7
5,400
83
9.2
63-5
640
14
1.4
Season
Summer
113.1
1,900
31
1.8
45.6
360
6.5
0.8
92.0
2,300
38
1.5
49.7
700
16
1.1
115.3
1,000
15
1.6
30.0
300
4.4
0.4

Fall
401.9
6,800
74
4.4
200.0
1,600
30
3.8
336.0
8,400
100
4.0
41.4
580
12
0.9
375.1
3,400
55
6.1
53.0
530
14
1.4
-------
N)
TABLE H-6 (continued).
Subregion
Code Name
0603 Birch Bay



0604 Semiahmoo Spit



0605 Dray ton Harbor



0606 Boundary Bay












Area
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/krn
Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI 7
BO 1 /km
Offshore D
PT
BOI -
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI y
BOI/km

Spring
315.8
6,000
97
5.1
861.7
8,200
170
1S.O
621.2
8,000
110
8.5
705.8
53,000
780
10. A
282.5
23,000
430
5.3
484.1
76,000 ,
1,200
7.6
Season
Summer
68.4
1,300
19
1.0
523.5
5,000
90
9.5
150.9
1,900
28
2.2
270.0
20,000
360
4.8
38.4
3,200
55
0.7
146.5
23,000
410
2.6

Fall
205.3
3,900
69
3.6
578.8
5,500
130
13.2
495.2
6,300
75
5.8
438.3
33,000
480
6.4
235.5
19,000
460
5.7
331.2
52,000
940
6.0
-------
         TABLE  H-6 (continued).
•vl
ISS


Code
0607












0608







Subregion
Name Area
San Juan Islands — Nearshore D
Northern Tier PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI .
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
\
Georgia Strait Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Reg i on D
total PT
BOI ,
BOI/km

Spring
378.2
1,900
29
5.9
304.2
9,000
140
4.7
319.8
11,000
170
4.9

158.3
46,000
820
2.8
344.6
193,000
3,100
5.5
Season
Summer
72.6
360
8.7
1.7









11.8
3,400
68
0.2
67.8
38,000
680
1.2

Fall
309.4
1,500
27
5.3
46.7
1,400
20
0.7
84.3
2,900
46
1.3

81.2
23,000
590
2.1
178.5
100,000
2,000
3.6
-------
TABLE H-7.  GEORGIA STRAIT—WESTERN REGION (07"), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1979
Subregion
Code Name
0701 Pt. Roberts



0702 Tsawwassen Bay



0703 Georgia Strait








Area
Nearshore D
PT
BOI 7
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Reg i on D
total PT
BOI ,
BOI/ktn

Spring
402.4
6,600
140
8.9
361.8
2,200
47
28.5
13.2
4,800
110
0.66
72.4
28,000
560
1.4
Season
Summer
123.8
2,000
45
2.8
65.4
400
7.4
4.5
0.9
330
6.2
<0.1
12.1
4,700
91
0.2

Fall
204.7
3,300
54
3.3
199.0
1,200
22
13.5
2.2
810
14
<0.1
23.3
9,000
160
0.4
-------
TABLE H-8.  HARD STRAIT REGION (08—),  SUMMARIES OF SUBREGION, 1979

Subregion
Code Name Area
0801 Northern Haro Nearshore D
Strait PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BO 1 /km
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
0802 Southern Haro Nearshore D
Strait PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI .
BOI/km

Spring
375.0
3,600
64
6.6
7.6
2,500
46
0.1
18.0
6,100
110
0.3
12.0
60
1.1
0.2
4.5
990
19
0.1
4.4
1,000
21
0.1
Season
Summe r
172.4
1,700
41
4.2
3.3
1,100
21
<0.1
8.3
2,800
62
0.2
4.2
21
0.43
<0.1
2.1
460
8.2
<0.1
2.1
480
8.6


Fall
675.4
6,500
110
11.3
42.9
14,000
330
1.0
62.0
21 ,000
440
1.3
129.6
650
8.0
1.6
4.8
1 ,000
20
0.1
7.6
1,700
28
0.1
-------
        TABLE  H-8 (continued).

Subregion
Code Name Area
Reg i on
total




D
PT
BOI „
BO I/ km

Spring
12.8
7,200
130
0.2
Season
Summer
5.7
3,200
70.6
0.1

Fall
39.0
22,000
460
0.8
ro
Ui
-------
                 TABLE H-9.  ROSARIO STRAIT REGION (09"), SUMMARIES OF  SUBREGIONS,  1979
to

Subreglon
Code Name Area
0901 Southern Rosario Nearshore D
Strait PT
BOI .
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI 7
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
0902 Central Rosario Nearshore D
St ra i t PT
BOI ?
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km

Spring
144.0
1,600
32
3.0
5.2
590
13
0.1
17-0
2,100
45
0.4
261.3
1,000
18
4.9
8.8
700
18
0.2
20.5
1 ,700 ,
36
0.3
Season
Summer
189.3
2,100
4o
3.7
3.3
370
12
0.1
19.5
2,400
52
0.4
199.8
740
15
3.9
0.3
25
0.47
<0.1
9.1
760
15
0.1

Fall
64.7
700
14
1.3
19.0
2,100
55
0.5
22.7
2,800
69
0.6
485.0
1,800
25
6.7
60.0
4,800
120
1.5
79.4
6,600
140
1.1
-------
       TABLE  H-9  (continued).
Si
•vj

Subregion
Code Name Area
0903 Northern Rosario Nearshore D
Strait PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Reg i on D
total PT
BOI ,
BOI/km

Spring
166.8
550
10
3.0
96.0
8,500
150
6.0
98.7
9,100
160
1.7
43.6
13,000
240
0.8
Season
Summer
145.0
480
9-1
2.7
9.4
830
18
4.0
14.1
1,300
27
0.3
15.1
4,500
94
0.3

Fall
91.7
300
7.1
2.1
31.3
2,800
71
0.8
33.6
3,100
78
0.8
40.2
12,000
290
1.0
-------
       TABLE  H-10.   SAN  JUAN  ISLANDS—NORTHERN WATERS  REGION  (10--),  SUMMARIES  OF SUBREGIONS,  1979
NJ
oo

Sub region
Code Name Area
1001 President Channel Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BO I/ km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ?
BOI /km
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BOI /km
1002 Northern Areas Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BO I/ km

Spring
257.8
820
15
4.8
4.4
440
8.6
0.1
12.5
1,300
24
0.2
37.1
74
1.7
0.8
10.0
480
8.7
0.2
Season
Summer
369.2
1,200
23
4.9
2.0
200
3-4
<0.1
13.5
1,400
26
0.3
15.9
32
0.71
0.4
5.0
240
4.5
0.1

Fall
241.3
770
13
4.1
46.6
4,700
140
1.4
52.1
5,400
150
1.4
152.2
300
6.5
3.3
103.5
5,000
94
2.0
-------
        TABLE H-10 (continued).
Sub region
Code Name Area
1002 Northern Areas Sum



Region
total




D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km

Spring
11.0
550
10
0.2
12.4
1,900
35
0.2
Season
Summe r
5.4
270
5.2
0.1
8.5
1,300
24.2
0.2

Fall
106.0
5,300
100
2.0
71.6
11,000
250
1.6
N5
IO
-------
                 TABLE  H-ll.  SAN JUAN ISLANDS—INTERIOR CHANNELS AND PASSAGES REGION  (11 — ),

                                         SUMMARIES OF SUBREGION, 1979
u>
o

Subregion
Code Name Area
1101 Speiden Channel Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
1102 Northern San Juan Nearshore D
Channel PT
BOI
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI/km

Spring
96.7
110
2.3
2.1
8.0
100
2. if
0.2
15.3
210
4.7
0.3
5.3
15
0.30
0.1
7.0
230
3.7
0.1
6.8
250
4.0
0.1
Season
Summer
10.0
11
0.32
0.3
4.5
57
1.4
0.1
5.0
68
1.7
0.1
1.9
6
0.10
<0.1
1.2
38
0.83
<0.1
1.2
44
0.93
<0.1

Fall
77.5
85
1.3
1.2
56.7
710
8.1
0.6
58.4
800
9.4
0.7
27.9
81
1.5
0.5
6.2
210
3.8
0.1
8.0
290
5.3
0.1
-------
        TABLE H-ll  (continued).
to

Subregion
Code Name Area
1103 Southern San Juan Nearshore D
Channel PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BO 1 /kni
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
1104 Wasp Pass Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
1105 Upright Channel Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/krn
1106 Harney Channel Nearshore D
PT
BOI .
BOI/km

Spring
65.4
330
6.6
1.3
10.8
470
12
0.3
16.5
800
18
0.4
18.7
47
1.0
0.4
4.2
37
0.85
0.1
7.0
15
0.34
0.2
Season
Summer
143.5
720
15
2.9
46.2
2,000
39
0.9
55.7
2,700
53
1.1
8.4
21
0.50
0.2

?v


1.3
3
0.08
<0.1

Fall
249.2
1,200
19
3.8
78.9
3,400
79
1.8
96.9
4,700
98
2.0
30.4
76
1.1
0.4
28.0
250
6.3
0.7
16.7
37
0.57
0.3
-------
TABLE H-11 (continued).

Subregion
Code Name Area
1106 Harney Channel Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI .
BOI/km
^ 1107 Obstruction Pass Nearshore D
to pT
BOI
BOI/km
1108 Thatcher Pass Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Region D
total PT
BOI
BOI/km

Spring
12.2
380
9.9
0.3
11.0
390
10
0.3
31.7
79
2.0
0.8
12.8
67
1.4
0.3
12.3
1,800
41
0.3
Season
Summer
1.8
55
1.6
<0.1
1.6
58
1.6
<0.1
15.8
40
0.85
0.3
3.3
17
0.40
<0.1
20.6
3,000
59
0.4

Fall
13.4
410
9.4
0.3
13.7
450
9-9
0.3
529.8
1,300
36
14.3
22.9
120
1.6
0.3
54.1
7,900
170
1.2
*No data are available.
-------
        TABLE H-12. SAN JUAN ISLANDS--INTERIOR BAYS REGION (12--), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1979
w

Subregion
Code Name Area
3201 Mosquito/Roche Nearshore D
Complex PT
BOI
BO I/ km
1202 Friday Harbor Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI /km
1203 Griffin Bay Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BOI /km
1205 Fisherman Bay Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BO I/ km

Spring
218.7
2,200
40
6.6
53.2
80
1.5
1.0
313.2
2,300
6.3
0.83
43.6
330
10
1.3
173.3
2,600
16
l.l
264.7
500
6:6
3.5
Season
Summer
52.6
540
10
1.7
23.4
35
0.66
0.4
116.2
870
16.8
2.2
2.7
20
0.87
0.1
59.3
890
17.7
1.2
83.3
160
2.9
1.5

Fall
66.9
680
11
1.8
72.0
110
2.2
1.4
269.0
2,000
35
4.6
62.7
470
16
2.1
166.7
2,500
51
3.4
223.3
420
5.1
2.7
-------
TABLE H-12  (continued).

Subregion
Code Name
1206 Swift's/Shoal
Bays


1207 Deer Harbor



1208 West Sound



1209 East Sound












Area
Nearshore D
PT
BOI ?
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km

Spring
104.8
480
11
2.5
32.0
64
1.3
0.6
16.5
150
3-1
0.3
59.0
180
3-8
1.2








Season
Summer
18.1
83
1.8
0.1*
17.5
35
0.74
0.4
5.6
51
0.87
0.1
7.7
24
0.44
0.1
0.9
24
0.45
<0.1
1.6
48
0.89
<0.1

Fall
110.9
510
9-9
2.2
81.0
160
3.5
1.8
132.6
1,200
34
3-7
55-3
170
4.3
1.4
5.4
140
3.2
0.1
10.5
310
7.5
0.3
-------
TABLE H-12 (continued).

Subregion
Code Name . Area
1210 Lopez Sound Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Region D
total PT
BOI ,
BOI/km

Spring
75.4
1,800
40
1.7
79.2
8,100
120
1 .2
Season
Summer
27.5
660
13
0.6
24.4
2,500
49
0.5

Fall
145.1
3,500
85
3.6
91.9
9,400
210
2.1
-------
TABLE H-13.  CANADIAN WATERS REGION (13"), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1979

Subregion
Code , Name Area
1301 Active Pass Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BO I/ km
1302 Canadian Gulf Offshore D
Islands PT
BOI
BOI /km
1303 Sidney Approach Offshore D
w PT
BOI ,
BOI/krri
Reg i on D
total PT
BOI
BOI /km

Spring
3^8.5
3,700
62
5.9
18.1
2,600
29
0.2
27.8
3,300
81
0.7
88.1
9,500
170
6.8
Season
Summer
15.6
160
3.0
0.3
1.0
150
2.7
<0.1
3.6
430
12
0.1
4.5
740
18
0.4

Fall
107.3
1,100
14
1.3
6.4
920
16
0.1
32.3
3,800
78
0.7
33.2
5,800
110
2.1
-------
                               APPENDIX I

       REGIONAL AND SUBREGIONAL SUMMARIES,  1978 AND 1979,  COMBINED
     Seasonal  monthly groupings for 1978 and 1979 combined are as  follows:
Spring—April  and May; Summer—June;  Fall—July,  August,  September,  and
October; and Wintel—January,  February,  March,  November,  and December.
                                    737
-------
               TABLE  1-1.   SWIFTSURE  BANK REGION  (01 — ),  SUMMARIES OF  SUBREGiONS,  1978  AND  1979

Subregion
Code Name
0101 Swiftsure Bank




Area
Region
total




D
PT
BOI
BO I/ km
Season
Spring Summer Fal 1
165.3
14,000
1,700
2.0

Winter

*


w
00
-------
TABLE 1-2.  STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA—OUTER REGION (02—), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1978 AND 1979
Sub region
Code Name Area
0201 Strait of Juan Offshore D
de Fuca—Outer PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
0202 Vancouver Island Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BO 1 /km
w 0203 Cape Flattery Nearshore D
PT
BOI 7
BOI/km
0204 Neah Bay Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
0205 Neah Bay to Nearshore D
Clallam Bay PT
BOI ?
BOI/km
0206 Clallam Bay Nearshore D
PT
BOI .
BOI/km
Season
Spring
3.5
6,600
170
0.1
85.6
MOO
90
1.7
916.0
^, 900
95
17-7
103-9
470
7.4
1.6
128.9
1,700
32
2.5
60.5
190
3-7
1.1
Summer
1.2
2,400
56
<0.1

j-


60.9
330
7
1.3
43.4
200
3.3
0.7
140.3
1 ,800
36
2.8
45.3
140
3.3
1.0
Fall
71-5
130,000
3,900
2.1
255.2
13,000
230
4.6
1,471.0
7,900
150
27.3
483.0
2,200
31
6.8
575.0
7,400
120
9.3
222.0
710
10
3.0
Winter
19.6
37,000
1 ,000
0.5
80.9
4,200
83
1.6
488.8
2,600
50
9-3
154.0
690
12
2.6
210.6
2,700
48
3.7
84.1
270
5.3
1.7
-------
TABLE 1-2 (continued).

Subregion
Code Name
0207 Clal lam Bay to
Crescent Bay


0208 Crescent Bay



0209 Crescent Bay to
Ediz Hook






Season
Area
Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BO 1 /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI .
BO I/ km
Region D
total PT
BOI
BO I/ km
Spring
134.2
2,800
63
3.0
178.1
200
4.0
3.6
442.0
4,000
60
6.7
12.5
25,000
530
0.3
Summer
37.4
780
15
0.7
41.7
46
1.1
1.0
57.7
520
12
1.4
3.1
6,200
130
0.1
Fall
392.2
8,200
110
5.2
321.1
350
4.9
4.4
509.2
4,600
74
8.2
90.4
180,000
4,600
2.3
Winter
225.7
4,700
71
3.4
238.8
260
4.8
4.4
861.1
7,800
130
14.5
30.1
60,000
1,400
0.7
 *No data  are  available.
-------
TABLE 1-3.  STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA—INNER REGION (03") ,  SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1978 AND 1979


Code
0301



0302



0303



0304



0305



0306



Subregion
Name Area
Strait of Juan de Offshore D
Fuca-- Inner PT
BOI
BO 1 /km
Ediz Hook Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BO 1 /km
Port Angeles Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Voice of America Nearshore D
PT
BOI .
BO 1 /km
Dungeness Spit Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BO I/ km
Dungeness Bay/ Nearshore D
Harbor PT
BOI
BOI /km
Season
Spring
11.1
18,000
490
0.3
31.4
13
0.29
0.7
68.6
710
15
1.5
98.9
2,400
58
2.4
158.1
630
14
3-5
539.1
6,500
130
10.5
Summer
10.5
17,000
420
0.3
31.7
13
0.33
0.8
34.0
350
7.3
0.7
134.8
3,200
75
3.1
277.0
1,100
22
5.4
179.1
2,100
35
2.9
Fall
42.0
69,000
1,700
1 .0
140.3
56
1.3
3.3
267.8
2,800
39
3.8
205.9
4,900
95
4.0
939.3
3,800
55
13.7
518.8
6,200
78
6.5
Winter
22.1
36,000
750
0.5
38.0
15
0.27
0.7
203.8
2,100
39
3.7
130.3
3,100
50
2.1
747.3
3,000
32
7.9
575.1
6,900
78
6.5
-------
TABLE 1-3 (continued).

Subregion
Code Name Area
0307 Jamestown Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BO I/ km
0308 Sequim Bay Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
** Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BO I/ km
0309 Miller Peninsula Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BO I/ km
0310 Protection Island Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Season
Spring
720.5
15,000
330
15.2
206.1
2, AGO
37
3-2
130.0
260
6.0
3.0
202.9
2,800
44
3.2
120.1
580
13
2.7
1,452.2
4,500
120
39.0
Summe r
525-9
1 1 ,000
200
9.3
2.9
34
0.83
<0.1
1.7
3
0.06
<0.1
2.7
37
0.90
0.1
290.0
1 ,400
31
6.4
2,680.0
8,300
170
53.5
Fall
1,305.8
28,000
270
12.8
215.5
2,540
41
3.4
266.7
530
14
7.1
224.6
3,100
55
4.0
170.7
820
14
2.8
1,857.5
5,800
120
37.8
Winter
1,164.5
25,000
320
14.7
285.8
3,400
46
3.9
236.1
470
7.5
3-7
275.4
3,800
54
3.9
454.2
2,200
39
8.1
1,189.6
3,700
64
20.7
-------
TABLE 1-3 (continued).

Subregion
Code Name Area
0311 Discovery Bay Nearshore



Offshore



Sum



0312 Quimper Peninsula Nearshore



0313 Whidbey Island Nearshore



0314 Smith Island Nearshore



Season

D
PT
BOI
BO I/ km
D
PT
BOI j
BOI /km
D
PT
BOI ,
BOI /km
D
PT
BOI ,
BOI /km
D
PT
BOI „
BOI /km
D
PT
BOI 2
BOI /km
Spring
173.3
2,300
50
3.8
62.4
1,500
40
1.7
109.2
3,800
90
2.6
199-7
2,100
38
3.6
27.2
570
11
0.5
1,285.6
390
8.8
29.3
Summer
13.4
170
3.8
0.3
8.0
190
3.7
0.2
10.6
370
7.5
0.2
340.8
3,600
81
7.6
26.0
550
15
0.7
2,643.3
1,000
16
54.4
Fall
93.2
1,200
23
1.8
79.7
1,900
53
2.2
89.1
3,100
76
2.2
709.2
7,600
no
10.3
203.7
4,300
92
4.4
3,400.0
1,000
18
60.0
Winter
401.8
5,200
96
7.4
212.8
5,100
130
5.6
287.4
10,000
230
6.6
640.6
6,900
110
10.3
126.2
2,700
45
2.2
4,858.0
1,500
14
45.5
-------
TABLE  1-3 (continued).


Code
0315



0316



0317



0318







Subregion
Name Area
Deception Pass Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BO 1 /km
Lopez Island Nearshore D
(south shore) PT
BOI .
BOI /km
San Juan Island Nearshore D
(south shore) PT
BOI 2
BO 1 /km
Victoria, Vancouver Nearshore D
Island PT
BOI
BOI /km
Region D
total PT
BOI
BOI /km
Season
Spring
49.4
280
6.7
1.2
724.9
6,500
130
14.4
192.8
670
8.6
2.5

A


35.7
65,000
5,200
2.9
Summer
45.0
250
7.3
1.3
529.9
4,800
95
10.7
48.2
170
3.0
0.9

*


30.8
56,000
1,200
0.7
Fall
145.9
820
17
3.1
841.6
7,500
150
16.6
514.6
1,800
32
9.2

*


82.5
150,000
2,900
1.6
Winter
106.9
600
13
2.4
431.0
3,800
76
8.5
353.0
1 ,200
15
4.2
1,110.0
7,700
140
20.4
66.0
120,000
2,100
1.2
*No data are available.
-------
       TABLE 1-4.   ADMIRALTY  INLET REGION (04--),  SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1979 DATA ONLY*

Subregion
Code Name Area
0401 Admiralty Inlet Region D
total PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Season
Spring
65-9
4,900
160
2.2
Summer
100.7
7,600
330
4.4
Fall
84.6
6,300
190
2.6
Winter
57.7
4,300
97
1.3

"Based on census transects used in 1978 supplemented with data from Edmonds-Port Townsend ferry in
 1979.
-------
TABLE 1-5.  ANACORTES TO HALES PASSAGE REGION (05—), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1978 AND 1979
Subreglon
Code Name
0501 Bellingham
Channel










0502 Guemes Channel



0503 Fidalgo Bay



0504 Pad ilia Bay



Season
Area
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BO 1 /km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BO I/ km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI /km
Spring
201.3
950
18
3.7
39-7
2,700
62
0.9
50.1
3,700
79
1.1
61.0
620
17
1.6
145.0
1,700
38
3-3
369.1
20,000
if 70
8.5
Summer
124.9
590
12
2.6
15.6
1,100
25
0.4
23.0
1,700
37
0.5
27.9
280
10
1.0
29.7
340
6.0
0.5
50.5
2,800
50
0.9
Fall
345.3
1,600
29
6.2
151.7
10,000
300
4.3
162.4
12,000
320
4.5
28.3
290
3-7
0.4
103.3
1 ,200
16
1.4
165.5
9,100
110
2.0
Winter
344.2
1 ,600
25
5.3
135.6
9,400
220
3.1
148.8
1 1 ,000
240
3.2
160.4
1 ,600
42
4.1
391.1
4,500
61
5.3
. 414.1
23,000
370
6.7
-------
TABLE 1-5 (continued).

Subregion
Code Name
0504 Pad ilia Bay







0505 Samish Bay











0506 Bellingham Bay



Season
Area
Offshore D
PT
BOI .
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI _
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BO 1 /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BO 1 /km
Spring
1,050.5
26,000
570
22.9
575.0
46,000
1,000
12.5
342.6
9,900
290
10.0
667.9
25,000
570
22.8
530.3
35,000
860
13.0
113.3
4,100
81
2.2
Summe r
83.9
2,100
39
1.5
61.3
4,900
89
1.1
53.1
1,500
25
0.9
23.0
850
17
0.7
36.4
2,400
42
0.6
65.1
2,300
47
1.3
Fall
649.6
16,000
270
10.8
312.5
25,000
380
4.8
273.7
7,900
110
3.8
182.7
6,800
180
6.2
227.3
15,000
290
4.4
78.7
2,800
53
1.5
Winter
2,424.9
61 ,000
1,200
48.0
1 ,050.0
84,000
1,600
20.0
745.8
22,000
280
4.6
783.8
29,000
430
17.2
772.7
51,000
710
10.8
243.0
8,700
190
5.3
-------
      TABLE  1-5  (continued).
oo

Subregion
Code Name
0506 Bel 1 Ingham Bay







0507 Hales Passage







Season
Area
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BO I/ km
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BOI /km
Near shore D
PT
BOI .
BO 1 /km
Region D
total PT
BOI
BO 1 /km
Spring
121.2
15.000
390
3.2
120.3
19,000
470
3.0
182.9
2,900
58
3.6
264.6
110,000
2,500
6.0
Summer
16.6
2.000
37
0.3
27.8
4,400
83
0.5
38.5
620
21
1.3
36.1
15,000
290
0.7
Fall
73.9
9,000
250
2.0
75.9
12,000
300
1.9
35.6
570
13
0.8
158.8
66,000
1,300
3.1
Winter
258.7
32.000
860
7-0
259.5
41,000
1 ,000
6.3
77.8
1,300
25
1.6
457.1
190,000
3,700
8.9
-------
TABLE 1-6. GEORGIA STRAIT—EASTERN REGION (06—) , SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1978 AND  1979

Sub region
Code Name
0601 Lummi Bay











0602 Cherry Point



0603 Birch Bay







Season
Area
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BO I/ km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BO I/ km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI/krri
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI /km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BO 1 /km
Spring
1,578.8
27,000
350
20.6
576.3
4,600
96
12.0
1 ,280.0
32,000
450
18.0
1,370.1
19,000
460
32.5
784.2
7,100
140
15.6
149.0
1,500
32
3.2
Summer
54.9
930
15
0.9
45.6
360
6.5
0.8
52.0
1,300
22
0.9
38.8
550
12
0.9
73.8
660
11
1.2
30.0
300
4.4
0.4
Fall
357.8
6,100
68
4.0
151.3
1,200
25
3.1
292.0
7,300
93
3.7
38.5
540
11
0.8
535.0
4,800
77
8.6
91.3
910
23
2.3
Winter
731.7
12,000
120
7.1
529.6
4,200
110
13.7
680.0
17,000
220
8.8
126.9
1 ,800
34
2.4
411.3
3,700
55
6.1
217.7
2,200
47
4.7
-------
      TABLE 1-6 (continued).
Ui
o

Sub region
Code Name-
0603 Birch Bay



0604 Semiahmoo



0605 Drayton Harbor



0606 Boundary Bay











Season
Area
Sum D
PT
BO I „
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI _
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI .
BO 1 /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI ?
BOI/km
Spring
452.6
8,600
170
8.9
984.5
9,400
190
20.2
540.6
6,900
96
7.5
706.7
53,000
780
10.4
221.8
18,000
340
4.2
452.2
71,000
1,100
7-0
Summe r
50.5
960
15
0.8
435.8
4,100
74
7.8
137.7
1,800
26
2.0
270.0
20,000
360
4.8
39-5
3,200
56
0.7
146.5
23,000
410
2.6
Fall
300.0
5,700
100
5.3
671.6
6,400
160
16.4
506.2
6,500
74
5.8
438.3
33,000
480
6.4
165.0
14,000
330
4.0
293-0
46,000
810
5.2
Winter
310.5
5,900
100
5.3
1,159.0
11,000
180
18.6
877.1
11,000
130
9.9
306.7
23,000
380
5.1
702.2
58,000
1 ,400
16.7
515.9
81,000
1,800
11.5
-------
      TABLE 1-6 (continued).
Ul

Subregion
Code Name Area
0607 San Juan Islands — Nearshore D
Northern Tier PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
0608 Georgia Strait Offshore D
PT
BOI .
BOI/km
Region D
tota 1 PT
BOI ,
BO 1 /km
Season
Spring
281.2
MOO
22
4.4
223.8
6,600
100
3.5
232.6
8,000
120
3-5
130.3
38,000
680
2.4
339-2
190,000
3,300
5.9
Summer
74.8
370
8.9
1.8
1.0
29
0.56
<0.1
11.6
400
9.4
0.3
11.8
3,400
68
0.2
64.3
36,000
640
1.1
Fall
362.0
1,800
32
6.3
35.6
1,000
24
0.8
84.3
2,900
56
1.6
61.4
18,000
510
1.4
167.8
94,000
1,800
3.2
Winter
233.4
1 ,200
23
4.5
259-2
7,600
170
5-9
255.8
8,800
200
5.8
76.6
22,000
540
1.9
285.7
160,000
3,200
5-7
-------
TABLE 1-7-  GEORGIA STRAIT—WESTERN REGION (07--), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGION, 1978 AND 1979

Subregion
Code Name
0701 Pt. Roberts



0702 Tsawwassen Bay



0703 Georgia Strait







Season
Area
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI ?
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Region D
total PT
BOI .
BOI/km
Spring
461.4
7,500
170
10.3
1,069.3
6,500
130
21 .3
9-2
3,400
82
0.2
43.9
17,000
380
1.0
S umme r
100.7
1,600
37
2.2
64.3
390
7.4
1.2
2.7
970
15
<0.1
7.8
3,000
59
0.1
Fall
163.2
2,700
44
2.7
238.7
1,500
25
4.1
2.5
910
15
<0.1
13.2
5,100
84
0.2
Winter
518.4
8,400
160
9.6
868.9
5,300
56
9.2
3-5
1,300
32
0.1
38.8
15,000
250
0.6
-------
                  TABLE  1-8.   HARD  STRAIT REGION (08~),  SUMMARIES OF SUBREGION,  1978 AND  1979
Ul
CO

Subregion
Code Name Area
0801 Northern Haro Nearshore D
Strait PT
BOI .
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
0802 Southern Haro Nearshore D
Strait PT
BOI
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI/kni
Season
Spring
212.2
2,000
37
3.8
6.7
2,200
41
0.1
12.4
4,200
78
0.2
34.2
170
2.6
0.5
4.7
I ,000
21
0.1
5.3
1,200
24
0.1
Summer
274.2
2,600
61
6.3
5.0
1,600
36
0.1
12.7
4,300
97
0.3
4.2
21
0.43
<0.1
1.7
380
7.9
<0.1
1.8
400
8.3
<0.1
Fall
465.8
4,500
76
7.9
38.9
13,000
290
0.9
53.1
18,000
370
1 .1
198.4
990
14
2.9
4.6
1 ,000
21
0.1
8.9
2,000
35
0.2
Winter
312.4
3,000
47
4.9
19.8
6,500
130
0.4
28.0
9,500
180
0.5
95.9
480
7.8
1.6
9.9
2,200
49
0.2
12.0
2,700
57
0.3
-------
       TABLE 1-8 (continued).

Sub region
Code Name
0802 Southern Haro
Strait


Season
Area
Region
total



D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Spring
9.6
5?400
100
0.2
Summer
8.3
4S700
110
0.2
Fall
35.4
20 , 000
410
0.7
Winter
21 .2
12,000
240
0.4
Ul
js
-------
                TABLE  1-9-  ROSARIO STRAIT  REGION  (09"),  SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS 1978 AND 1979
Ui
Oi

Sub region
Code Name Area
0901 Southern Rosario Nearshore D
Strait PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI .
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
0902 Central Rosario Nearshore D
Strait PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Season
Spring
109.0
1,200
24
2.2
6.2
700
15
0.1
15.4
1,900
39
0.3
174.8
650
12
3.2
10.1
800
20
0.3
18.1
1,500
32
0.4
Summer
167.8
1 ,800
38
3.5
3.2
360
9.4
<0.1
17.9
2,200
47
0.4
199.8
740
15
3.9
0.3
25
0.47
<0.1
9.1
760
15
0.2
Fall
138.0
1,500
32
3.0
35.6
4,000
93
0.8
44.6
5,500
120
1.0
533-9
2,000
30
8.0
92.7
7,400
190
2.4
113.1
9,400
220
2.6
Winter
264.0
2,900
72
6.6
84.8
9,500
250
2.2
97.4
12,000
320
2.6
299.8
1,100
16
4.4
64.7
5,100
120
1.6
74.6
6,200
140
1.7
-------
       TABLE  1-9  (continued).
Ui
ON

Subregion
Code Name Area
0903 Northern Rosario Nearshore D
Strait PT
BOI
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Region D
total PT
BOI
BOI/km
Season
Spring
352.7
1,100
20
6.1
266.0
24,000
310
3.5
271.1
25,000
330
3.6
93.8
28,000
4oo
1.3
Summer
135.9
450
8.9
2.7
75.4
6,700
130
1.5
78.1
7,200
140
1.5
33-5
10,000
200
0.7
Fall
203.6
670
11
3-3
86.1
7,600
200
2.2
90.0
8,300
210
2.3
77.1
23,000
550
1.8
Winter
218.8
720
12
3.7
36.9
3,300
87
1.0
43.4
4,000
99
1.1
73.7
22,000
560
1.8
-------
TABLE 1-10.   SAN JUAN ISLANDS—NORTHERN WATERS REGION (10--),
           SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1978 AND 1979

Subregion
Code Name Area
1001 President Channel Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BO 1 /km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BO I/km
Sum D
PT
BOI „
BO 1 /km
1002 Northern Areas Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BO I/ km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI /km
Season
Spring
182.4
580
11
3.5
7.6
760
16
0.2
12.5
1,300
27
0.3
22.7
45
0.97
0.5
31.9
1,500
2k
0.5
Summer
245.4
790
15.6
4.9
2.0
200
3-4
<0.1
9.6
990
19
0.2
15.9
32
0.71
0.4
5.0
240
4.5
<0.1
Fall
220.4
710
12
3.7
29-7
3,000
80
0.8
35.7
3,700
92
0.9
141.5
280
4.0
2.0
74.6
3,600
65
1.3
Winter
253.0
810
14
4.4
37.9
3,800
81
0.8
44.4
4,600
95
0.9
69.4
140
2.8
1.4
168.4
8,100
170
2.2
-------
       TABLE  1-10 (continued).

Subregion
Code Name Area
1002 Northern Areas Sum D
PT
BOI .
BOI /km
Reg i on D
total PT
BOI
BOI /km
Season
Spring
32.0
1,600
25
0.5
18.9
2,900
52
0.3
Summer
5.4
270
5.2
0.1
8.5
1,300
24
0.2
Fall
78.0
3,900
70
1.4
48.8
7,500
160
1.0
Winter
164.0
8,200
170
3.4
83.3
12,800
270
1.8
(J\
00
-------
                 TABLE 1-11.   SAN  JUAN  ISLANDS—INTERIOR CHANNELS AND PASSAGES REGION (11--),

                                     SUMMARIES  OF SUBREGION 1978 AND 1979
Ul
vo
Subregion
Code Name Area
1101 Speiden Channel Nearshore D
PT
BOI ?
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI ?
BOI/km
1102 Northern San Juan Nearshore D
Channel PT
BOI .
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI .
BOI/km
Season
Spring
74.6
82
1.8
1.7
8.4
110
2.9
0.2
13.9
190
4.7
0.3
5.3
15
0.30
0.1
5.2
170
3.0

Summer
10.0
11
0.32
0.3
3.1
39
0.91
<0.1
3.6
50
1.2
0.1
1.9
6
0.10
<0.1
0.8
26
0.53

Fall
318.3
350
5-5
5-0
70.2
890
9.8
0.8
87.6
1,200
15
1.1
21.5
62
1.0
0.4
8.1
270
4.2
0.1
Winter
251.2
280
5.6
5.1
76.4
960
17
1.4
87.6
1,200
23
1.7
28.6
83
1.2
0.4
16.6
550
14
0.4
-------
TABLE 1-11  (continued).
Sub region
Code Name Area
1102 Northern San Juan Sum D
Channel py
BOI
BOI/km
1103 Southern San Juan Nearshore D
Channel PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI _
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
1104 Wasp Pass Nearshore D
PT
BOI .
BOI/km
1105 Upright Channel Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Season
Spring
5.2
190
3.3
0.1
193.6
970
19
3.8
3.6
160
3.7

22.7
1,100
23
0.5
21.5
54
1.3
0.5
6.7
59
1.6
0.2
Summer
0.8
31
0.63
<0.1
143.5
720
15
2.9
272.3
12,000
340
7.8
268.0
13,000
350
7.2
8.4
21
0.50
0.2
52.2
460
12
1.4
Fall
9.1
330
5.3
0.1
336.0
1,700
29
5.8
67.3
2,900
65
1.5
94.8
4,600
94
1.9
29.0
72
1 .1
0.4
32.4
280
6.2
0.7
Winter
17.5
630
16
0.4
188.7
940
18
3.5
88.5
3,800
100
2.4
96.9
4,700
120
2.5
70.6
180
3.8
1.5
63.6
560
13
1.5
-------
TABLE 1-11  (continued).

Subregion
Code Name Area
1106 Harney Channel Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Offshore D
PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
1107 Obstruction Pass Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
1108 Thatcher Pass Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/krri
Reg i on D
total PT
BOI _
BOI/km
Season
Spring
8.2
18
0.41
0.2
11.9
370
9.2
0.3
11.6
380
9.6
0.3
35.6
89
2.1
0.8
10.2
53
1.2
0.1
14.4
2,100
47
0.3
Summer
1.3
3
0.08
<0.1
4.2
130
2.9
<0.1
4.0
130
3.0
0.1
15.8
40
0.85
0.3
3.4
18
0.43
<0.1
96.0
14,000
370
2.5
Fall
17.6
39
0.57
0.3
15.0
460
10
0.3
15.2
500
11
0.3
529.2
1,300
36
14.3
34.0
180
2.3
0.3
57.6
8,400
170
1.2
Winter
37.1
82
1.3
0.6
61.0
1,900
46
1.5
60.8
2,000
48
1.5
229.3
570
11
4.3
26.9
140
3.1
0.3
68.5
10,000
230
1.6
-------
                          TABLE  1-12.   SAN  JUAN  ISLANDS—INTERIOR BAYS REGION (12--),
                                    SUMMARIES  OF SUBREGIONS,  1978 AND 1979
ro

Subregion
Code Name
1201 Mosquito/Roche
Comp 1 ex


1202 Friday Harbor



1203 Griffin Bay











Season
Area
Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI/km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BO 1 /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/kni
Offshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/krri
Sum D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
Spring
156.3
1 ,600
27
4.5
38.6
58
1.1
0.7
115.2
870
18
2.4
21.8
160
4.4
0.6
66.7
1 ,000
22
1.5
Summer
48.9
500
9.6
1.6
17.4
26
0.49
0.3
115.3
870
17
2.3
2.7
20
0.87
0.1
59.3
890
18
1.2
Fall
228.4
2,300
44
7.3
88.6
130
2.2
1.5
269.0
2,000
35
4.7
62.7
470
16
2.1
166.7
2,500
51
3.4
Winter
440.0
4,500
65
10.8
246.6
370
5.6
3.7
696.0
5,200
84
11.2
63.1
470
10
1.4
380.0
5,700
94
6.3
-------
   TABLE  1-12  (continued).

OJ
Sub region
Code Name
1205 Fisherman Bay



1206 Swift's/Shoal
Bay


1207 Deer Harbor



1208 West Sound



1209 East Sound







Seasfcn
Area
Nearshore D
PT
BOI ,
BO I/ km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BO I/ km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI „
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI 2
BO I/ km
Offshore D
PT
BOI .
BOI /km
Spring
264.7
500
6.6
3.5
104.8
480
11
2.5
32.0
64
1.3
0.6
16.5
150
3.1
0.3
58.1
180
3.8
1.2




Summer
83.3
160
2.9
1.5
18.1
83
1.8
0.4
17.5
35
0.74
0.4
5.6
51
0.87
0.1
8.1
25
0.42
0.13
0.9
24
0.45
<0.1
Fall
223.3
420
5.1
2.7
110.9
510
9.9
2.2
81.0
160
3.5
1.8
132.6
1,200
34
3.7
54.8
170
4.3
1.4
5.4
140
3.2
0.1
Winter
705.5
1,300
20
10.7
153.6
710
13
2.7
118.2
240
4.0
2.0
115.4
1,000
19
2.1
38.7
120
2.2
0.7
72.0
1,900
57
2.1
-------
TABLE 1-12  (continued)
Sub region
Code Name
1209 East Sound



1210 Lopez Sound







Season
Area
Sum D
PT
BOI _
BOI /km
Nearshore D
PT
BOI 7
BO 1 /km
Region D
total PT
BOI .
BOI/kni
Spring




75.4
1,800
40
1.7
56.7
5,800
120
1.2
Summer
1.7
49
0.87
<0.1
27.5
660
13
0.6
24.4
2,500
48
0.5
Fall
10.5
310
7.5
0.3
225.2
5,400
130
5.2
127.1
13,000
290
2.8
Winter
67.6
2,000
59
2.0
383.2
9,200
160
6.6
244.4
25,000
440
4.3
-------
TABLE 1-13. CANADIAN WATERS REGION (13—), SUMMARIES OF SUBREGIONS, 1978 AND 1979

Subregion
Code Name Area
1301 Active Pass Nearshore D
PT
BOI
BOI/km
1302 Canadian Gulf Offshore D
Islands PT
BOI ,
BOI/km
CT! 1303 Sidney Approach Offshore D
PT
BOI _
BO 1 /km
Region D
total PT
BOI
BO 1 /km
Season
Spring
537.0
5,600
100
9.9
18.1
2,600
33
0.2
23.8
2,800
68
0.6
123.2
11,000
210
10.7
Summer
14.5
150
2.8
0.3
1.5
220
4.3
<0.1
29.3
3,400
74
0.6
12.8
3,800
81
0.9
Fall
99.4
1,000
14
1.3
8.9
1,300
23
0.2
29.9
3,500
68
0.6
32.5
5,800
100
2.0
Winter
385-5
4,000
76
7.2
32.6
4,700
97
0.7
86.3
10,000
200
1.7
115.8
19,000
380
9.7
-------
                    APPENDIX J
BIRD-OIL INDICES AND BIRD-OIL INDICES/KM2 RATINGS




              OF SUBREGIONS BY SEASON
                         766
-------
TABLE J-l.  SEASONAL BIRD-OIL RATINGS FOR EACH SUBREGION,  1978/1979

Code
0201

0203
0204
0205
0206
0207
0208
0209
0301

0302
0303
0304
0305
0306
0307
0308
0309
0310
0311
0312
0313
0314
0315
0316
0317
Subregion
Name
Strait of Juan de Fuca —
Outer
Cape Flattery
Neah Bay
Neah Bay to Clallam Bay
Clallam Bay
Clallam Bay to Crescent Bay
Crescent Bay
Crescent Bay to Ediz Hook
Strait of Juan de Fuca--
Inner
Ed i z Hook
Port Angeles
Voice of America
Dungeness Spit
Dungeness Bay/Harbor
Jamestown
Sequim Bay
Mi 1 ler Peninsula
Protection Island
Discovery Bay
Quimper Peninsula
Whidbey Island
Smith Island
Deception Pass
Lopez Island (south shore)
San Juan Island (south shore)
Season
Spring „
BO 1 BO 1 /km

8
5
2
3
2
4
2
**

12
1
2
4
2
7
11
3
2
6
5
3
2
2
2
7
5

1
9
5
5
5
6
6
7

2
3
5
5
6
9
9
6
6
11
6
6
2
10
5
9
5
Summer _
BO 1 BO 1 /km

4
2
2
3
2
2
2
2

12
1
2
4
2
3
9
1
3
8
2
5
2
2
2
5
2

1
5
3
6
4
3
4
5

2
3
3
6
7
6
8
1
7
13
1
8
3
13
5
9
4
Fall 7
BO 1 BO 1 /km

20
7
3
6
2
6
2
4

18
2
3
5
4
5
10
4
2
6
5
6
5
2
2
7
3

5
10
7
8
6
7
6
8

4
6
6
6
9
7
9
6
6
11
5
9
6
13
6
9
8
Winter _
BOI BOI/km

17
3
2
3
2
4
2
7

15
1
3
3
3
5
11
4
3
4
10
6
3
2
2
5
2

2
8
6
6
5
6
6
9

2
3
6
5
8
7
9
6
8
10
7
9
5
12
5
8
6
-------
TABLE J-1  (continued).

Code
0401 ]
0401
0502
0503
0504
0505
0506
0507
S 0601
00 0602
0603
0604
0605
0606
0607

0608
0701
0702
0703
0801
0802
Subregion
Name
Admiralty Inlet
Bellingham Channel
Guemes Channel
Fidalgo Bay
Padil la Bay
Samish Bay
Bel 1 ingham Bay
Hales Passage
Lumtni Bay
Cherry Point
Birch Bay
Semiahmoo Spit
Drayton Harbor
Boundary Bay
San Juan Islands —
Northern Tier
Georgia Strait — Eastern
Pt. Roberts
Tsawwassen Bay
Georgia Strait — Western
Northern Haro Strait
Southern Haro Strait
Season
Spring „
BOI BOI/km
8
5
2
3
17
16
12
4
12
12
8
9
5
18

7
14
8
7
5
5
2
5
5
5
6
9
9
6
6
9
11
8
10
7
7

6
5
9
10
1
1
1
Summer 7
BOI BOI/km
11
3
2
2
5
3
5
2
2
2
2
4
3
12

2
4
3
2
2
5
2
6
2
4
2
5
3
2
5
4
4
4
8
5
6

2
1
5
5
1
3
1
Fall
BOI BOI/km
9
1!
2
2
11
10
10
2
5
2
5
8
4
9

4
13
3
2
2
11
3
6
6
2
5
6
6
5
4
6
4
7
9
7
7

5
5
6
6
1
5
1
Wi
BOI
5
10
3
4
18
15
17
2
10
3
5
9
7
18

9
13
8
4
3
9
4
nter 9
BOI/km
5
6
6
7
9
9
7
5
8
5
7
9
8
9

7
5
8
8
1
2
2
-------
     TABLE J-l   (continued).
•^1
-------
          APPENDIX K
Analysis of Individual Species
                 770
-------
A.   Major Species

     1.   Loons

     All four species of loons occurred in the study area, primarily as winter
visitors.  While populations are of concern on a continental basis,  indica-
tions were that numbers are relatively stable here.  Most loons spend all
their nonbreeding lives on salt water and are among the most vulnerable species
to oiling.

          a.   Common Loon.  This large loon has been extirpated from much of
its former breeding range due to human activities and development.  Conse-
quently, it is Blue Listed, Class I ("widespread concern"; see Section VI-J-I
for explanation).  It is locally common from fall through spring in marine
waters in Washington, though data are insufficient for adequate historical
comparison.  Usually observed singly or in pairs, loon concentrations (likely
coincidental with prey concentrations) were seen primarily in protected waters.
Sample seasonal maximum counts (individuals) by locations are:  Birch Bay 70,
Dungeness Bay 103, Drayton Harbor 142, Padilla Bay 37, Hales Passage 32, Lummi
Bay 22, Port Angeles 13, and Voice of America 16 (counts for large bays like
Bellingham, Padilla and Samish represent samples, not complete censuses).

     While the species was present all winter, numbers at Drayton Harbor show
apparent peaks due to presence of migrants (Table K-l).  Decreased numbers in
March and May may reflect movement of birds outside Drayton Harbor to sites of
herring spawn feeding activities which occur at that season on exposed shore-
lines at nearby Cherry Point and Semiahmoo subregions.  Presence of many fish-
eating divers like loons indicates high productivity for an area and should
guide both land-use and shoreline planning as well as oil spill contingency
plans.

          b.   Yellow-billed Loon.  This species has the most northerly
breeding range of the loons.  In recent years, probably in part due to better
knowledge of winter identification marks by more observers (Binford and Remsen
1974), it has been reported each winter along the West Coast of North America,
as far south as Baja California (see Remsen and Binford 1975).  It appears
that the study area is perhaps one of the most important wintering areas south
of Alaska, with almost all winter records occurring locally in the area from
Padilla Bay to Point Roberts, west to Sidney, British Columbia.  Individuals
occurring on a wintering location one year may regularly return to the same
location in following winters.  Ratios of adult to immature age classes
appear to be roughly equal.  Locations where birds have been noted several
times include Point Roberts, south Bellingham, Padilla Bay, Sidney, B.C., and
Dungeness Bay.  During November and December 1979 thirteen individual birds
were recorded representing the largest number yet reported in any winter.

                                     771
-------
      Table K-l.  Monthly mean average numbers and densities of Common
                  Loons censused at Drayton Harbor, 1979.
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Number of
Censuses
2
3
3
3
4
4
3
4
4
3
3
1
Mean Number
of Birds
26
58
24
53
22
6
8
29
65
112
52
39
Birds/km2
Density
4.1
4.5
1.9
4.1
1.7
0.5
0.6
2.3
5.1
8.8
4.1
3.0
Eleven of these were within the study area and most of these were located
during project censuses.  Other additional birds were probably present.   The
consistent presence of this species within the study area attests to the
importance of the area to marine birds.

          c*  Arctic Loon.  This species is a common to abundant winter
resident along the Pacific Coast and was locally common in winter within the
study area.  Individuals were seen near shore and occasionally in relatively
shallow waters along the outer edge of kelp beds (as off Whidbey Island).
However, it was most often found in flocks, and in relatively deep waters,
especially associating with tidal convergence areas.  Birds arrive in September
and leave in May.

     Major concentrations occurred at:  Active Pass 3,600  (individuals),
Speiden Channel 190, southern Rosario Strait 500, near Sidney, B.C. 300,
Point Roberts 260, Northern Rosario Strait 240, Lopez Island (southshore) 350,
and Mosquito Pass 220.  Coincident with the herring spawn in late winter-early
spring, large flocks were observed several times in 1978 and 1979 off the
shoreline from Sandy Point to Point Whitehorn, Whatcom County.  Maximum flock
size was 1,800 in 1978, and 1,600 in 1979.  The occurrence of large flocks of
Arctic Loons in the study area appeared to be associated with areas of tidal
convergence and with phenomena like herring spawn.

          d.   Red-throated Loon.  This small loon winters along both American
coasts.  It was widespread in small numbers during the winter in the study
area, and large flocks were found in several locations.  Birds arrive in
September and leave in April.  Whereas flocks of Arctic Loons were generally


                                    772
-------
found in deep, tidal convergence areas, Red-throated Loon flocks were smaller,
less compact and generally found in shallower waters like bays, though flocks
(or at least aggregations of individuals) were consistently observed in
winter at Deception Pass and small numbers were noted in the middle of Haro
Strait over water about 260 m deep.  Largest numbers (individuals) recorded
within census units:  650 at Drayton Harbor, 170 at Dungeness Bay, 90 at
Deception Pass, 45 at Fidalgo Bay, 70 at Bellingham Bay, 96 in Hales Passage,
and 50 in Lopez Sound.  In addition, aerial transect samples indicated large
numbers in Boundary Bay (133 maximum in census), outer Samish Bay (326), and
Bellingham Bay (64).

     Populations of all loons are dependent upon preservation of food webs.
Their vulnerability to oiling is reflected in high BOI ratings (Appendix B).
They may be locally vulnerable to fish net entanglement.

     Projected populations of loons by region during winter of 1978-1979 are
given in Table K-2.  These are projected from mean densities for the winter
season.

     Table K-2.  Projected total numbers of all species of loons by
                 region, winter 1978-1979.


     Region                                  Projected Total


     Strait of Juan de Fuca-Outer                   280
     Strait of Juan de Fuca-Inner                   980
     Admiralty Inlet                                 50
     Anacortes-Hales Passage                      2,200
     Georgia Strait-Eastern                       4,500
     Georgia Strait-Western                         100
     Haro Strait                                  1,500
     Rosario Strait                               1,100
     San Juans-Northern Waters                      490
     San Juans-Interior Channels and Passages       630
     San Juans-Interior Bays                        260

     TOTAL                                       12,000
     2.   Western Grebe

     This piscivorous diving bird was the most common grebe in the study area.
It is Blue Listed as a species of concern with a restricted range.  It was
locally abundant and its status in the study area may be relatively stable though
recent population trends are unknown.  Where it occurs in large numbers it
often forms an important component of the avian population and may serve as an


                                     773
-------
indicator species of productivity within the area.   The Western Grebe was one
of the first species observed to suffer from chemical contamination of inland
nesting lakes (Rudd 1964), it is one of the most frequently killed species in
fish nets and oil spills on the West Coast (Smail et al. 1972).  Western
Grebes spend virtually their entire lives in the water, except during brief
incubation periods on floating nests in inland lakes and marshes.  They are
seldom seen flying during their extended stay on salt water wintering habitat,
and when observed it is primarily just prior to spring migration.  It is one
of the most specialized and vulnerable species (to oil spills) in the study
area (Appendix B).

     Western Grebe showed some apparent preferences for offshore waters of the
shallow embayments in the study area (see Table K-3).  Most flocks occurred
outside the 20 m depth contour, though individuals and small flocks may occur
almost anywhere from fresh water lakes, tidal creeks and to 40 km off the
Washington coast over the continental shelf.  Several sizable flocks regularly
winter in deep water passages in the San Juan Islands.

      Table K-3.   Projected total numbers of Western Grebes by region,
                  winter 1978-1979.
      Region                                  Projected  Total
      Strait of Juan de Fuca-Outer                    350
      Strait of Juan de Fuca-Inner                  4,700
      Admiralty Inlet                                 10
      Anacortes-Hales Passage                     38,000
      Georgia Strait-Eastern                      10,000
      Georgia Strait-Western                         350
      Haro Strait                                    160
      Rosario Strait                                 950
      San Juans-Northern Waters                    1,000
      San Juans-Interior Channels and Passages       900
      San Juans-Interior Bays                      5,500
      TOTAL                                       62,000
     Western Grebes generally arrived in the study area in early September and
most left in May.  Nonbreeding flocks of 600-1,000 birds were observed in
Bellingham Bay.

     Projected wintering populations of Western Grebes by regions are given in
Table K-3.  These are conservative estimates, based on census averages.  The
Anacortes-Hales Passage region, with its shallow bays, had the vast majority
of the study area total.  Bellingham and Samish Bays, with a relatively large
offshore water component, had about 50% of all Western Grebes wintering in

                                     774
-------
 the  study area, and high vulnerability ratings of Bellingham Bay, in particular,
 reflect  this  (see Appendices D through I).  Western Grebes may comprise 60% of
 all  birds wintering on Bellingham Bay.  Other locations where high counts of
 over 1,000 birds were observed in winter  are Birch Bay, Discovery Bay, Fidalgo
 Bay,  Padilla  Bay, Samish Bay, Sequim Bay, and East Sound.  Our Boundary Bay
 samples  of up to 3,000 birds indicate high numbers there—the actual popula-
 tion may be several times that large.  Flocks of 300-1,000 birds were observed
 in eight other locations:  Dungeness Bay, Drayton Harbor, Deception Pass, Port
 Angeles, Point Roberts, Lopez Sound, Harney Channel, Whidbey shoreline,
 Cherry Point, Voice of America, and West  Sound.

      3.   Cormorants

      Cormorants were relatively common and sometimes locally numerous in the
 study area.   Because of the requirement that they leave the water to dry their
 plumage, cormorants congregate at night on roosts which are free from predators
 and  human disturbance (see Figure 27 for  locations of some roosts).  They also
 require  daytime roosts near foraging areas.  They are diving birds, often
 concentrated  by feeding and roosting opportunities, and are among the most
 easily disturbed of all marine species.   Since their populations are generally
 stressed directly by human activities and indirectly by effects on food webs
 and  reproductive success, they rank high  in vulnerability (Appendix B).  The
 three species occurring in the study area appear to prefer different foraging
 habitats.  Two species nested in the study area and reside here year round
 (Table 5, Figures 10 and 11), and the third was an important winter visitor
 and  local nonbreeder in summer.

          a.   Double-crested Cormorant.  This species is Blue Listed (Class I)
 and while Double-crested Cormorants are numerous in the  subregions of the
 study area, this species is of concern here because of its very localized
 breeding distribution and high vulnerability to oil pollution (Appendix B).
 Double-crested Cormorants were known to nest in just six locations in the
 study area:  five of these were adjacent to shipping routes in and along
 Rosario Strait and the sixth was on an abandoned concrete structure in Drayton
 Harbor which is immediately adjacent to planned shoreline development.  The
most  important colony was on Mandarte Island, in Canadian waters of Haro
 Strait (see Table 5, Figure 11; Manuwal and Campbell 1979; and Campbell 1979),
 and a significant number of birds censused away from colonies in the study
 area were probably from the Mandarte colony.

     Wintering and nonbreeding Double-crested Cormorants apparently roost at
night primarily on colony sites and a few other roost islands.  They performed
daily commuting flights of considerable distances to foraging areas (see
Figure 27).  Hundreds of birds were noted passing Green Point, Anacortes,
 traveling from Rosario Strait roosts to the shallow bays to the east.   Birds
apparently from Mandarte Island were observed in late evening moving north up
 San Juan Channel and west through Speiden Channel.   Others were observed going
north up Haro Strait off Deadman Bay,  San Juan Island.   Birds from Mandarte
regularly travel between there and Speiden Channel, crossing Haro Strait
during hours of daylight.   On one occasion,  flocks  totalling 145 birds were


                                     775
-------
observed at dusk flying west from the Skagit Bay area, under the Deception
Pass bridge, heading for Bird Rocks.

     Preferred foraging areas appeared to be the shallower estuaries and bays
within the study area.  Double-crested Cormorants were often observed at river
mouths, and this is the only cormorant species occurring on fresh water lakes
or streams.  Locations and size of noteworthy counts made during daylight
hours away from night roosts are:  Bellingham Bay 60, Portage Bay 93, Lummi
Bay 114, Drayton Harbor 140, Fidalgo Bay 286, Padilla Bay 224, Samish Bay 103,
Discovery Bay 70, Dungeness Bay 120, and Tsawwassen Bay 120.  These represent
counts of birds near foraging areas, and most birds were out of the water,
roosting on log-booms, pilings, isolated gravel spits, or sand bars.  Small
groups and individuals were observed almost anywhere in the study area where
roosts were available and disturbance minimal.

          b.   Brandt's Cormorant.  The study area and adjacent Canadian
waters are apparently a very important winter range for this cormorant.
Brandt's Cormorants nest in very small numbers along the outer coast of
Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia (Manuwal and Campbell 1979), and
large numbers in California and Baja California, Mexico (Palmer 1962), but
very large local winter concentrations were observed during this study and by
others (Vermeer 1977).  Especially important roosting sites were Whale and
Mummy Rocks, where 2,300 birds were observed in mid-day in winter 1979.
Brandt's Cormorants also probably roost at night in winter on almost all other
islands used by cormorants.

     This cormorant was most often observed foraging in flocks, in deeper
waters than the other two species, and often in areas of important tidal
convergences.

     In American waters, flocks of up to 600 were observed in Rosario Strait,
in deeper waters of Bellingham Bay, Guemes Channel, off Ediz Hook, and off the
south San Juan Channel.  A major component of the dramatic movement was
comprised of Brandt's Cormorants moving from roosts along the south shore of
Lopez and in Rosario Strait to daytime foraging areas (Figure 27).  The major
regional foraging area for this species is in Active Pass, British Columbia
(Vermeer 1977).  Very large numbers fed in the strong tidal convergences and
roosted during the day on adjacent shoreline rocks.  Numbers observed were
extremely variable, presumably dependent on tidal stage.  Our maximum number
observed in Active Pass was about 3,600 in late winter of 1978.

     Nonbreeding birds remain in the study area through the summer after
adults have departed, presumably to nesting colonies, as far south as the
Farallon Islands, off San Francisco (Ainley in Vermeer 1977).  Nonbreeders
appeared to concentrate at night on Whale and Mummy Rocks, San Juan Channel.

          c.   Pelagic Cormorant.  The Pelagic Cormorant nests in several
locations in the study area  (Figure 10).  Major nest sites were Tatoosh
Island, Protection Island, Smith Island, Colville Island, Viti Rocks, Bare
Island, and Williamson Rocks (Table 3).  It was seldom observed in flocks away


                                     776
-------
from colonies or roosts, though a group of birds may congregate in feeding
situations.  Pelagic Cormorants apparently prefer to forage along a variety of
shorelines and bays, and to some extent in tidal convergences, and they were a
characteristic species of the kelp communities along many shorelines within
the study area.  As was the case with the Double-crested Cormorant, this
species was observed only infrequently and then only in very small numbers in
Active Pass, British Columbia, even though large numbers of Brandt's Cormorants
were present.

     4.   Great Blue Heron

     The Great Blue Heron is Blue Listed for North America as a species of
widespread concern.  It was a widely distributed, locally common species in
the study area, and it was observed in a wide range of habitats from kelp beds
to rocky shores and gull colony rocks to shallow estuaries with extensive
intertidal exposure where the largest concentrations were observed.  It is not
strictly a marine species, though relatively large numbers use marine habitats.
It roosts in trees along shore and on log booms.

     In addition to general food-web concerns, problems faced by the species
in the study area include threats of conversion of alder-stand nesting colony
sites into housing developments.  Several nesting locations have been docu-
mented near foraging grounds where larger counts of birds are recorded.  One
such location was at Padilla and Samish Bays and the well-known rookery on
Samish Island.  From incidental observations during censusing it appeared
likely that many small rookeries are located generally near preferred estuaries
and other foraging sites.  Conversations with residents in addition to flight
observations suggest a rookery of about 100 nests near the mouth of the
Nooksack River.  In addition, there may be relatively large undiscovered
rookeries within the study area.  Our censuses of Great Blue Herons were not
as thorough as for other strictly marine species, nor were nesting rookeries
or roosts sought out.

     Census numbers can vary considerably due to stage of tide.  Numbers of
Great Blue Herons apparently decrease during the winter, but birds are present
during all seasons.  High counts of Great Blue Herons at the most heavily-used
locations were:  Birch Bay 75, Bellingham Bay 47, Portage Bay 40, Drayton
Harbor 224, Lummi Bay 140, Samish Bay 304, Padilla Bay 317, Fidalgo Bay 60,
Jamestown 24, Dungeness Spit 40, and Sequim Bay 32.  High counts occurred in
shallow water habitats and illustrate the need for preservation of these
types.

     5.   Black Brant

     This small marine goose is a species of widespread concern due to its
vulnerability on wintering grounds, loss of historically important wintering
areas in California and Mexico, hunting while wintering in Mexico, and uncer-
tainties about its reproductive success in far northern nesting grounds
(Einarsen  1965).   It is also a game species, and management of harvest by
humans, both through sport hunting and subsistence take by indigenous populations


                                     777
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in the Arctic, is critical.  Pacific flyway Black Brant populations decreased
significantly during 1979-1980 (R.  Parker pers.  com.).

     Black Brant in this area appeared dependent on eelgrass (Zostera marina).
The Black Brant is perhaps the most easily disturbed of all species studied
since it was easily flushed by small vessels and low-flying aircraft.

     There are yearly population variations within the study area (Figure 22),
and the species' presence, even during peaks of spring migration, is not
consistent in some embayments.  Portage Bay, near Bellingham, for example, has
had large spring numbers in the past, but none were observed there during
1978-1979 censuses.

     Sizeable over-wintering flocks of a few hundred or more were observed in
Lummi Bay and Dungeness Bay, and to about 7,000 in Padilla Bay.   Spring
migration resulted in larger numbers of birds dispersed in virtually all
eelgrass habitats in bays and along shorelines.   The maximum spring populations
at Padilla and Samish Bays, in particular, represented a significant proportion
of the species' total population.  Our averaged-estimates for spring 1978 were
about 24,000 for Padilla Bay and 17,000 for Samish Bay, though numbers present
at peak times in Padilla Bay ranged as high as 50,000.   Other peak census
counts during 1978 and 1979 were:  Drayton Harbor 3,900, Birch Bay 2,000,
Lummi Bay 4,000, Fidalgo Bay 2,200, Jamestown 1,600, Dungeness Spit 2,600,
Dungeness Bay 4,000, and Low Point Area 1,400.

     Padilla Bay represents a very important wintering-spring migration
habitat for this species.  However, it should be pointed out that there is
potential habitat loss due to land-fill for industrial purposes or dredge-
spoil disposal.  There are two oil refineries with attendant tanker traffic
adjacent to the area, and birds suffered disturbance from intense boat traffic
alongside their primary preening/roost/graveling area on dredge-spoil gravel
bars at the Swinomish Slough, as well as possible pressure from hunting from
floating blinds.

     Drayton Harbor, representing one of the important smaller habitats, has a
number of marina development projects proposed for it which would eliminate
habitat or introduce new magnitudes of disturbance by vessels into presently
undisturbed eelgrass habitat.  There is a marina proposed for Sequim Bay—
another shallow eelgrass habitat.

     Large numbers of Black Brant occur immediately outside the study area in
Boundary Bay and at Roberts Bank, British Columbia.  Virtually none appear to
occur in the Skagit Delta area.

     6.   American Wigeon

     The American Wigeon is widespread throughout North America  (A.O.U. 1957).
It is included because it tended to concentrate in very large numbers in a few
localities in the study area.  It was a fall-through-winter visitor, with none
recorded in censuses in 1979 between 15 May and 29 August.  More vegetarian


                                     778
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than some other dabbling ducks (Kortright 1953), wigeon move inland from salt
water embayments to graze in fields and marshes, especially at night during
the hunting season.  After hunting season ends they do so during daylight
hours and so our day-time censuses made then may drastically understate
numbers using marine habitats.  Maximum counts of wigeon in locations where
more than 1,000 were observed are:  Drayton Harbor 4,500, Birch Bay 2,300,
Lummi Bay 6,400, Jamestown 10,000, Sequim Bay 1,300, Dungeness Bay 9,600, and
Dungeness Spit 4,600.  Our maximum sample counts for Samish Bay were 4,100,
and for Padilla Bay, 6,500.  These latter two shore samples represented only a
portion of wigeon habitat in these subregions and large numbers of unidentified
dabbling ducks and duck sp. were also recorded.  Actual peak numbers using
these bays were probably several times these figures.  Washington Dept. of
Game long-term average figures for seasonal peaks were 50,000 dabbling ducks
in Samish-Padilla-Fidalgo Bays and many of these were wigeon (R. Jeffrey,
pers. comm.).

     Figure 23 shows seasonal counts of American Wigeon at Drayton Harbor and
Dungeness in 1978-1979.  While stage of tide and weather may influence both
numbers present and numbers observed, the low counts in early 1979 appear to
represent post-hunting movements into fields.  There was an influx in early
spring and again in fall reaching a peak in November-December.  (Note;  Number
of European Wigeon reported in the study area, particularly the Samish-Padilla
Bays area, indicate a likely larger population wintering here [and in Fraser
River Delta area] than in other parts of North America.  Based on numbers of
males observed in American Wigeon flocks, various observers [N. Lavers,
P. deBruyn, J. Fackler, T. Wahl, pers. comms.] have estimated up to 5% of some
wigeon flocks in the Samish Flats are composed of European Wigeon).

     7.   Harlequin Duck

     This small diving duck was found along rocky shores and reefs in the
study area during much of the year.  The species is particularly vulnerable to
oiling during this flightless season.  The largest known Harlequin moulting
area in the study area was at Protection Island, where 171 birds were observed
during one census.  Other observers have reported similar concentrations
during this season (A. & A. Benedict, pers. comm.).  Based on mid-summer
censuses, other moulting sites appear to be Smith Island (Manuwal, pers.
obs.), Cherry Point, Birch Point-Semiahmoo Spit, Waldron Island, Mosquito
Pass, Boulder Reef (off Sinclair Island), Parker Reef, and Dungeness Spit.

     The highest single census was 205 Harlequins at Point Whitehorn in April
1978.  These birds were associated with a flock of 25,000 scoters, Oldsquaws,
and other species feeding on herring spawn.  Shoreline censuses from Cherry
Point to Point Whitehorn and from Birch Point to Semiahmoo Spit consistently
had from 24 to 34 Harlequins.  However, this species was one of the least
easily observed from the air and numbers observed on aerial censuses here and
at other locations significantly understate numbers actually present.

     Wintering flocks of 10-100 Harlequins were observed in many locations,
including Point Roberts, Birch Bay, Cherry Point, South Bellingham, Chuckanut


                                     779
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Bay, Samish Bay, several Whidbey Island locations, Dungeness Spit, Quimper
Peninsula, Sequim Bay, Voice of America, Port Angeles, Crescent Bay, and
Clallam Bay.  Flocks of 30-40 were observed at many locations throughout the
San Juan Islands, with concentrations around reefs where the birds forage in
intertidal areas.

     8.   Scoters

     The three scoter species form a large component of the diving duck
population of the study area.  Scoters are widespread in distribution although
largest concentrations were consistently found in regions along the eastern
boundary of the study area:  Anacortes-Hales Passage Bays, Georgia Strait-
Eastern bays and shorelines, and in Dungeness and Voice of America areas.
Flocks totalling hundreds of birds winter in bays and passages within the San
Juan Islands.  Table K-4 gives regional projected totals of scoters by region
for winter and spring.  Concentrations of nonbreeders spent mid-summer in
several important locations:  Boundary Bay, Drayton Harbor, Cherry Point,
Bellingham Bay, Padilla Bay, Dungeness Bay, and Voice of America.  Another
similarly important area was at Penn Cove, Whidbey Island, just outside the
study area.


     Table K-4.   Projected total numbers of scoters  by region,  winter
                 1978-1979 and spring 1979.
     Region
Projected Total
     Strait of Juan de Fuca-Outer
     Strait of Juan de Fuca-Inner
     Admiralty Inlet
     Anacortes-Hales Passage
     Georgia Strait-Eastern
     Georgia Strait-Western
     Haro Strait
     Rosario Strait
     San Juans-Northerri Waters
     San Juans-Interior Channels and
         Passages
     San Juans-Interior Bays

     Total
 Winter   %
 1,700    4
 8,700   19
   100    +
 6,000   17
21,000   45
 2,000    6
   200    +
   400    1
    30    +

   600    1
 5,200   11

46,000
               Spring

               1,400
               8,300
                 100
               8,500
              25,000
               7,300
                 400
                 200
                  30
 3
16

16
47
14
 1
                  20   +
               1,800   3
              53,000
     + = present, less than 1%
                                     780
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     Late winter-spring populations of scoters were associated with herring
spawning activity in Discovery Bay and particularly in Georgia Strait-Eastern,
(Table K-5 and Section V-E).   Our data suggest seasonal shifts in relative
distribution of scoters during this season, and concentrations within sub-
regions where spawn takes place.


    Table K-5.  Distribution of scoters and herring spawn by subregions
                in Georgia Strait region, spring 1979.

                                         1                          2
                                  Scoters              Herring Spawn
    Subregion                                              (tons)
Hales Passage
Lummi Bay
Cherry Point
Birch Bay
Birch Point-Semiahmoo
Drayton Harbor
Point Roberts
Totals
2,700
1,400
10,500
1,300
5,000
600
2,900
24,400
11
6
43
5
20
12
12

1,200
+
4,700
_4
1,500
-
800
8,100
15
+3
57
-
19
-
10

     Projected numbers.
    o
     Source:  Washington Dept. of Fisheries data.
    2
     + = present, less than 1%.
    4
     - = no data.


     Scoters are vulnerable to impacts of oil spills.  They spend their entire
nonbreeding lives in marine waters:  they dive for food and they congregate in
flocks.  In Europe, diving ducks, particularly scoters, made up the largest
percent of birds killed in oil spills (Joensen 1972).

          a.   White-winged Scoter.  This was the second most abundant scoter
in the study area.  This species was a winter resident, but populations of
nonbreeding males remained in the study area during the summer.  Most birds
arrived in September, and the breeders left in April.  While in Washington
they spent 100% of their time on the water.  Their food consisted primarily of
little neck clams (Venerupis staminea), soft shell clams (Macoma inguinata),
and small univalves.  Their diving habits and behavior make them vulnerable to
oil contamination.  White-winged Scoters apparently have a somewhat more
localized distribution than Surf Scoters, but they winter in many areas.
While in some locations White-winged Scoters preferred shallower habitats than
Surf Scoters (as at Birch Bay), flocks were also consistently found in deep


                                     781
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water areas (Discovery Bay, Harney Channel).  Censuses of 400 or more birds
were obtained at Drayton Harbor, Birch Bay, Point Whitehorn, Samish Bay,
Harney Channel, Discovery Bay, and Sequim Bay.  Flocks ranging from 200-400
individuals were observed at Tsawwassen Bay, Semiahmoo Spit, Cherry Point,
Lummi Bay, Padilla Bay, East Sound, Griffin Bay, Dungeness Bay, and Jamestown.
The largest census totals were 2,300 at Discovery Bay and 2,500 at Point
Whitehorn;  both were associated with herring spawn.

          b.   Surf Scoter.  Surf Scoter were common to abundant and wide-
spread in distribution.  Flocks were found in deeper waters of most bays
within the study area, and along many open shorelines as well.  Surf Scoters
made up the great majority of the large scoter flocks foraging on herring
spawn, outnumbering White-winged Scoters at Cherry Point by about 10:1.  High
census counts of Surf Scoters included four observations of 20,000-22,000
between Sandy Point and Point Whitehorn in the spring of 1978, and 16,000
during a census along the same shoreline at Cherry Point in spring 1979.  All
shorelines and bays around the Georgia Strait-Eastern perimeter from Point
Roberts to Hales Passage had sizeable wintering flocks.  Censuses of up to 500
birds were recorded in virtually all areas from Bellingham Bay to south
Whidbey Island and along the Olympic Peninsula to Voice of America, at Neah
Bay, and in the San Juan Islands, particularly at Mosquito Pass/Roche Harbor,
and Lopez Sound.

          c.   Black Scoter.  This scoter was common only locally.  Flocks of
50 to 100 birds were consistent both winters at Semiahmoo Spit, Drayton
Harbor, Birch Point, Birch Bay, and Hales Passage.  The largest groups seen
outside the herring spawn season in both winters was 160-240 seen at Lummi
Bay.  Herring spawn attracted 500 Lo Point Whitehorn in April 1978.  Thirty
seen at Voice of America in 1979 was the largest number censused on the
Olympic Peninsula.

     9.   Common Murre

     While Common Murres nested only at Tatoosh Island at the western edge of
the study area (Figure 14), this species represented a significant portion of
the wintering seabird population in Washington's inside waters and was certainly
the most abundant species of the family Alcidae at that season.

     Table K-6 shows mean seasonal projected totals (1978 and 1979 combined)
by regions.  This depicts the movement of murres into the Strait of Juan de
Fuca and Haro Strait, with numbers then decreasing there and increasing in
regions farther from the ocean.  Lower total numbers in winter than in fall
likely reflect movement of some birds through the study area into Puget Sound
or Canadian waters to the north.  Note the numbers in both Georgia Strait
regions in spring 1979—this is the season of herring spawn in these regions.
Figure 28 depicts the monthly projected totals of Common Murres in Regions 2
and 3 in 1978, illustrating the movement of birds into and out of the regions.

     Birds are observed moving north along the Washington coast during post-
breeding dispersal (Speich, pers. obs.) and there is reason to believe birds


                                      782
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      Table K-6.    Seasonal projected  totals of Common Murres by region
                   in  the study area,  1978 and 1979, averaged.
     Region                   Spring    Summer    Fall      Winter
Western Strait of
Juan de Fuca
Eastern Strait of
Juan de Fuca
Admiralty Inlet
Anacortes-Hales Pass
Georgia Strait-Eastern
Georgia Strait-Western
Haro Strait
Rosario Strait
Northern Waters
San Juan's Passages
San Juan's Bays
Canadian Waters

1,400

1,100
40
330
7,400
1,300
170
610
20
50
10
70

1,200

1,300
2
40
460
20
10
3
—
40
4
1

110,000

24,000
450
9,200
9,000
70
7,100
11,000
1,700
940
330
280

26,000

12,000
1,200
5,800
17,000
710
1,600
11,000
5,300
2,700
200
2,500
from as far south as the Farallon Islands may winter in the study area (Jewett
et al. 1953).  It is also possible, however, that birds from northern waters,
including Alaska, may also winter here (observation of one Thick-billed Murre
in San Juan Channel and two more near Ocean Shores in late 1979, plus regular
wintering presence of the Ancient Murrelet, another alcid nesting to the
north, are indications of this possibility).

     Common Murres were primarily found in deeper water within the study area,
and hence in offshore components of subregions.  Largest numbers recorded on
censuses were observed in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Rosario Strait, Haro
Strait, Georgia Strait, Admiralty Inlet, in deep channels of the San Juan
Islands and off the shore of Lopez Island and Deception Pass.  Most Murres
probably spent the night in offshore waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca,
since large numbers were regularly observed flying north past Green Point in
early morning and landing to forage in tidal convergences in Rosario Strait.

     Because of its large numbers and life history characteristics the Common
Murre is one of the most vulnerable species to oil spills in the study area
(Appendix B).  Murres are also among the species most frequently caught in
fish nets in the northern hemisphere (Tull et al. 1972; Pacific Seabird Group
1975; Manuwal 1978).

     10.  Marbled Murrelet

     This small alcid was relatively common in the study area, though concen-
trations were seen rather locally in foraging areas such as nearshore tidal

                                      783
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convergences.   In addition to being a member of the vulnerable family Alcidae,
the status of this species is noteworthy in that no nest has yet been found in
Washington State despite its summer abundance.  This has implications for
assessments of oil transportation and coastal land-use decisions.  Very few
Marbled Murrelet nests have been found anywhere over its northeastern Pacific
range.  A nest was found in the top of a tall conifer in Northern California
(Binford et al. 1975), two nests were found on open hillsides in the Barren
Islands, Alaska (Simons 1980), and in larch trees in Siberia (see Binford et
al. 1975).  There are undocumented reports for Washington (see Jewett et al.
1953) and British Columbia.

     This species was often locally concentrated, especially during the nesting
season.  While it has been suggested Marbled Murrelets nest inland in mountain
forests or talus slopes (Jewett et al. 1953), some observations during the
MESA study suggest concentrations near possible nest sites.  These included
sightings (usually of pairs) of 50 or more during censuses off Green Point
near Anacortes, in Hughes-McCardle-Aleck Bays, Wasp Pass, Lopez Sound, and off
the west sides of Lummi and Cypress islands.  Concentrations during other
seasons were at these locations and also at Bellingham Bay, Hales Passage,
Point Roberts, Samish Bay, Obstruction Pass, Guemes Channel, and Voice of
America.  Single census concentrations of 199 at South Bellingham, 287 in
Hales Passage, 235 at Voice of America and 177 in Obstruction Pass were .
noteworthy.  This species apparently concentrated in the study area in larger
numbers as is indicated by 5,200 Marbled Murrelets observed passing south off
Point Roberts at first light in January 1978.  This also suggests especially
high vulnerability in such circumstances.  The species is one of the least
conspicuous from the air, and our seasonal estimates are likely conservative.

     11-  Rhinoceros Auklet

     This species represented about 60% of all marine birds nesting in the
study area (Table 5), although it nested only at Protection Island, Smith
Island, and Tatoosh Island.  It comprised a large proportion of all marine
birds present in the study area from late spring through early fall.  Rhinoceros
Auklets often occur in large numbers in localized feeding areas.  They are
highly vulnerable to oiling and habitat loss.  The Washington population of
this species is an important part of the known northeastern Pacific population
(Manuwal and Campbell, 1979).

     The species' very limited nesting distribution (Figure 19) and localized
foraging distribution (Figures 24 and 26), especially during the nesting
season in relation to existing shipping and oil transportation routes and
proposed oil port and pipeline facilities, prompted us to try to specifically
outline its distribution during the critical period when adults are feeding
young in the nest.  This survey showed that Rhinoceros Auklets were essentially
found within the Strait of Juan de Fuca east of a line from Port Angeles to
Victoria, in San Juan Channel north to Friday Harbor, in Upright Channel,
Rosario Strait north to Anacortes, and particularly in northern Admiralty
Inlet, where an estimated one-third of the total breeding population was
foraging in mid-day.  Other concentrations were between Smith Island and the


                                     784
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Whidbey Island shoreline, over Salmon Bank off San Juan Island, San Juan
Channel, offshore from Voice of America, and over offshore Hein and Partridge
Banks (Figure 26).  Large numbers were observed during individual censuses in
these foraging areas.  Highest counts were during sea watches when, for
example, 3,800/hr passed Point Wilson on return flights from foraging areas
(Figure 25).  After the young left the colonies, the foraging range appeared
to expand somewhat, although the main part of the population remained in the
Strait of Juan de Fuca-Inner, Rosario Strait, San Juan, and Upright channels,
and Admiralty Inlet.  Some birds moved south of Admiralty Inlet into Puget
Sound and perhaps into Hood Canal) but comparative densities are unknown
there.  A relatively small percentage of the population remained in winter,
when most of the population apparently migrates south along Pacific Coast from
southern Oregon to southern California.  The only winter concentrations appear
to be in the southern Puget Sound where a few hundred birds appear to forage
on herring schools (Wash. Dept. of Fish, pers. comm.).  U. Wilson (pers.
comm.) observed flightless adults both in southern Puget Sound and in waters
east of Protection Island during fall.  Our censuses showed small numbers of
Rhinoceros Auklets were present in the study area in winter, with a few birds
scattered through the San Juan Island passages and often a small flock in
Friday Harbor.

     In addition to threats of oil impacts shared in common with other species
of diving birds, this species faces serious impacts on its Protection Island
nesting colony, where 97% of the study area population nests (Table 5).
Destruction of the colony due to possible housing development, and virtually
inevitable introduction of man-associated predators are two major threats,
along with other impacts such as food-web perturbations and high vulnerability
when large numbers of moulting birds are flightless.

B.   Additional Species


          a.   Red-necked Grebe.  This species, designated as Blue List, Class I,
was a relatively widespread winter visitor within the study area.  Concentra-
tions of 50-100 were observed in many shallow estuaries and tidal channels:
in Admiralty Inlet, Bellingham Bay, Drayton Harbor, Hale Passage, Padilla Bay,
Samish Bay, and Lopez Sound.  Though the species seldom occurred in tight
flocks, concentrations of 300-400 were noted in Sequim Bay and Voice of
America subregions (Wahl observed 600 off Green Point, Voice of America sub-
region before this study).  Our study area supports an important, apparently
stable part of the North American population of this species and, like other
divers, it is quite vulnerable to oil spills.

          b.   Eared Grebe.   This small grebe is classed as Blue List, Class III.
It occurred sporadically in very small numbers in many bays and other habitats
frequented by grebes in the study area.  It was a migrant and scarce winter
visitor.  It generally prefers relatively shallow waters.  The only relatively
consistent population near the study area appeared to be an annual wintering
flock of 50-100 in Penn Cove, on the east side of Whidbey Island.
                                      785
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          c.   Whistling Swan.  Now a relatively abundant species over North
America, the Whistling Swan has a very local distribution in the study area.
Small migrating groups were observed in several locations in the San Juan
Islands, Drayton Harbor, Lummi Bay, Voice of America, and Neah Bay areas.  The
only wintering area was at the Nooksack Delta, on the north end of Bellingham
Bay, where 61 birds were the maximum censused in 1979.  This and two other
flocks in the general region (50+ at Roberts Bank, British Columbia; and 300±
at the Skagit River Delta, Skagit County) accounted for almost all of the
known wintering population of the species for the inland waters area.  There
was some interchange between flocks, at least between the Nooksack and Skagit
areas.  Since Whistling Swan distribution is clumped, the species is especially
vulnerable to habitat loss or damage.

          d.   Trumpeter Swan.  Listed as Blue List, Class II, this species
winters in very significant numbers in fresh water habitats adjacent to the
eastern perimeter of the study area.  The largest flock, 300+ birds, wintered
near Clear Lake, Skagit County; smaller groups now winter in inland Whatcom
County lakes near Lynden and Sumas.  This range will likely expand as the
species' population recovers from its endangered levels of the 1930s.  Small
groups and individuals were observed in marine areas during migration and when
severe winter weather froze inland fresh water, especially in Whatcom County.
Three birds were observed with Whistling Swans at Bellingham Bay in 1979, and
in addition there have been sightings of adults and immatures at Lummi Bay,
northwest of Bellingham, and in Clallam County.  The main Skagit County
wintering area is threatened by development.  The dispersal of this population
may increase species* occurrence in the marine ecosystem.

          e.   Snow Goose.  While observed only infrequently within the study
area itself, Snow Geese winter on the Skagit Delta and pass through the study
area during migration to and from the Siberian Arctic, and flocks frequently
interchange between the Skagit River Delta and the Fraser River Delta, British
Columbia.  The species is very localized in winter, and suffers from extreme
"boom and bust" swings of population cycles (7,000-26,000 range in the Skagit
flock), apparently due to marginal nesting conditions in the Arctic.  It is
thus extremely vulnerable to habitat loss or damage either through development
or oil spills.  An impact during a low point on the population cycle when
virtually all birds are the next season's potential breeding adults could be
disasterous.

          f.   Canvasback.  The distribution of this diving duck in the study
area was extremely limited.  The only consistent wintering flocks in 1979 were
about 25 in Birch Bay, 350 in Drayton Harbor, 280 in Padilla Bay, and 60 in
Samish Bay.  A perennial concern to game management agencies due to varying
reproductive conditions in inland North America, this species is locally
vulnerable in the study area.
                                      786
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          g.   Ruddy Duck.  This small diving duck winters very locally in the
study area.  The only flocks of 100 or more birds observed in 1979 were
maximum counts of 2,300 at Drayton Harbor, 300 at Birch Bay and 700 at Fidalgo
Bay.  A flock of 35 at Sequim Bay was the only concentration observed in the
Olympic Peninsula part of the study area.

          h.   Hooded Merganser.  This Blue-Listed, Class III species is
widespread in small numbers in the study area during the winter.  It was
usually found in relatively protected waters, among log booms and along
shorelines.  Ten or more birds during a census were observed only in Bellingham
Bay, Port Angeles, Friday Harbor, Wasp Pass, Sequim Bay, Chuckanut Bay, Lopez
Sound, and Mosquito Pass/Roche Harbor area.

          i.   Bald Eagle.  While it is a species of concern ("threatened")
over much of North America, the Bald Eagle is relatively common over much of
the study area.  We did not intensively search for this species, but we
observed many birds along the shoreline.  To possibly supplement data compiled
by others (Grubb et al. 1976) regarding nest sites and San Juan Islands and
inland winter distribution especially along the Nooksack and Skagit Rivers
(Servheen 1975), we include the Bald Eagle in this report.

     Maximum numbers of more than 10 birds/census were observed only at Matia
Island, Skipjack Island area, Padilla Bay, Active Pass, and Bellingham Bay
where a high count in late winter-early spring of 19 included 15 immatures at
Nooksack Delta (other counts of 11, 11 and 13 were made there).  We consistently
observed birds on seabird rocks (Bird Rocks, Peapods for example) and along
much of the shorelines of the San Juan Islands as well as the Canadian Gulf
Island and mainland shorelines particularly in the Anacortes-Hales the study
area is 260.

          j.   Peregrine Falcon.  The eastern part of the study area includes
one of the most important wintering areas for Peregrines in populated North
America.  Until recently, all these birds were considered to be Peale's
Falcon, Falco peregrinus pealei, the subspecies residing along the British
Columbia coast.  It is now evident that at least some of the wintering Pere-
grines in the area are F_. £. ana turn, the endangered subspecies  (C.M. Anderson,
pers. comm.).  Since Peregrines are linked to marine food webs, feeding on
ducks, shorebirds and alcids in the study area, we stress that habitat protec-
tion is essential.  Further, Peregrines historically nested within the study
area and do so now in the Gulf Islands, British Columbia.  If nesting within
the study area is documented, immediate protection of the nest site and study
of the situation relative to disturbance, food webs, and pollution sources is
imperative.  Like Bald Eagles, Peregrine Falcons are more numerous than our
eight incidental sightings indicate.  Single birds were observed at Jamestown,
Sucia Island, Bellingham Bay and Cattle Point; and twice each at Dungeness
Spit and Padilla Bay.  Padilla and Samish Bays in particular have several
wintering birds each year.

          k.   Gyrfalcon.  The Gyrfalcon is often sympatric with the Peregrine
in Washington.  It is rare in populated North America and is irregularly noted
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in delta-estuarine areas like Lummi Bay, Samish Bay, Padilla Bay,  and Skagit
Bay.  We noted one bird at Green Point, west of Anacortes, in November 1979.

          •*•*   Merlin.  Merlins were only infrequently observed during censuses
but are relatively regular in small numbers particularly in river  delta areas
where they often prey on shorebirds, especially Dunlins.  We had six sightings
during censuses in addition to incidental observations while we traveled
between census locations.

          m.   Black Oystercatcher.  This locally-distributed nesting species
(see Table 5 and Figure 12) occurs in limited suitable habitat, chiefly on
offshore rocks and small islands.  Because of its small total population and
vulnerability to damage of its specialized, rocky intertidal habitat, we list
locations and sizes of wintering flocks observed.  Crescent Bay 56, Green
Point (Anacortes) 16, Protection Island 35, Black Rock (Rosario Strait) 12,
Harbor Rock (San Juan Channel) 14, Mummy Rocks 41, Peapods 12, Rock south of
Turn Island (San Juan Channel) 24, Sequim Bay 10, and Mandarte Island 20.

          n.   Shorebirds.  The families Charadridae and Scolopacidae are
represented by several species in the study area.  We briefly discuss them
because of habitat considerations.

     A small number of Surfbirds, Black Turnstones, and Rock Sandpipers winter
on the geographically-limited rocks, reefs, jetties, and rocky shorelines of
the area.  Many of these locations are probably secure from alteration because
of their exposed nature or seasonal inaccessibility to human use.   Log-booms
(at Port Angeles and Bellingham) have provided roosts and supplemental foraging
habitat.  This habitat is being reduced at Bellingham and numbers of Black
Turnstones observed there have also declined in recent years.  As in the case
of Black Oystercatchers, all foraging habitat used by these specialized
feeders is vulnerable to contamination by oil.

     The remainder of the shorebird species recorded in the area have somewhat
wider range of foraging surfaces, occurring in saltmarsh, intertidal sand and
mud habitats and fields at certain seasons.  Their marine habitats are vulner-
able not only to oiling and other contamination of habitats and food, but also
to human developments which alter estuarine habitats.  Suitable foraging
habitat for this group of birds has been reduced in the study area due to
dredge-and-fill type operations and is now relatively limited.  Some areas
were partially inaccessible for censusing, and data for this group are relatively
limited and irregular in scope.  However, Important habitats within the study
area include Dungeness Bay, Sequim Bay, False Bay  (San Juan Island), Fisherman
Bay (Lopez Island), Crockett's Lake (Whidbey Island), Fidalgo Bay, Padilla
Bay, Samish Bay, Nooksack Delta, Lummi Bay, Birch Bay, and Drayton Harbor.
Boundary Bay and the Fraser River foreshore in British Columbia are also very
important shorebird locations, as are Skagit and Port Susan Bays which are
adjacent the study area, east of Whidbey Island.

     These habitats are important for migrating and wintering populations and
there is a continuing need for protection.  Populations of shorebirds, along


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with waterfowl and Peregrine Falcons, are dependent upon these fragile estua-
rine areas.  Species recorded in the study area are noted in Appendix C.

          o.   Common Tern.  The Common Tern is a locally common to abundant
migrant in western Washington.  It is Blue Listed, Class I, by National
Audubon Society (Arbib 1979).  It was observed most often foraging in tidal
convergences throughout the study area, and was often observed resting on
adjacent shorelines and floating kelp and drift logs.  It also foraged to some
extent in bays and estuaries and roosts on exposed tide flats, beaches and log
booms.  In view of its North American designation as a species of concern, its
abundance within the study area probably reflects the biological health of the
ecosystem.  Significant numbers of this species were observed at:  Birch Bay 80,
Drayton Harbor 360, Port Angeles 1,000, Dungeness Bay 360, Point Roberts 130,
Portage Bay 113, Speiden Channel 480, south shore of San Juan Island 530,
Thatcher Pass 160, Rosario Strait 90, Cattle Point 450, Sequim Bay 350, Friday
Harbor 510, Roche Harbor/Mosquito Pass 160, Clallam Bay 180, and Crescent Bay
180.  The species occurred at many other locations in flocks of up to 100.
There is evidence, because of mid-June observations, that Drayton Harbor is an
important location for nonbreeding birds in summer.

          p.   Caspian Tern.  This species ranges nearly worldwide (A.O.U.,
1957), but occurs only in small numbers within the study area.  Large nesting
colonies have been established at Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor on the Washington
coast (Peters et al. 1978), and small numbers were observed each summer and
early fall along the Strait of Juan de Fuca and in inland waters.  We recorded
a total of 15 sightings in 1978 and 20 in 1979.  Most were of singles or small
groups of birds.  However, a flock of up to 24 birds was observed in summer
1979 roosting on dredged material islands along the Swinomish Slough and
fishing over Padilla Bay.  This location, site of a Glaucous-winged Gull
colony, is the most likely, and perhaps the only, potential site where this
species may attempt to nest in study area.  This location is potentially
subject to alteration by channel dredging which could affect nesting
possibilities.

          q.   Ancient Murrelet.  Ancient Murrelets nest, if at all, in only
very small numbers along the outer coast of Washington (Speich, pers. obs.),
but the study area represents important wintering range for this small North
Pacific alcid.  It was present in largest numbers from about early November
through early January, though we recorded numbers until late winter in Georgia
Strait, when large numbers were also reported in the Strait of Juan de Fuca
near Victoria (S. Sealy, pers. comm.).

     Ancient Murrelets usually occurred in small groups of up to 25-30 birds,
concentrated in deeper channels and tidal convergences.  These concentrations
frequently occurred in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Haro Strait, Rosario
Strait, Georgia Strait, Admiralty Inlet, San Juan Channel, and peripheral
nearshore areas like Port Angeles and along the south shore of Lopez Island.
Large early-winter feeding flocks of Arctic Loons, cormorants, gulls, and
Common Murres often included groups of Ancient Murrelets.
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