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OlJ
LIMNOLOGY OF MICHIGAN'S
NEARSHORE WATERS OF LAKE MICHIGAN
-4,
O
by
David E. Kenaga
William S. Creal
Robert E. Basch
Water Quality Division
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Lansing, Michigan 48909
Project Officer
Nelson A. Thomas
Large Lakes Branch
Large Lakes Research Station
Grosse lie, Michigan 48148
Project No. R005146-01
GREAT LAKES NATIONAL PROGRAM OFFICE
REGION V
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60605
and
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DULUTH, MINNESOTA 55840
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Research Laboratory,
Large Lakes Research Station, Environmental Protection Agency, Grosse lie,
Michigan, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
—i _
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FOREWORD
The Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO) of the United States
Environmental Protection Agency was established In Region V, Chicago to focus
attention on the significant and complex natural resource represented by the
Great Lakes.
GLNPO Implements a multi-media environmental management program drawing
on a wide range of expertise represented by Universities, private firms, State,
Federal and Canadian Governmental Agencies and the International Joint Commis-
sion. The goal of the GLNPO program is to develop programs, practices and
technology necessary for a better understanding of the Great Lakes system and
to eliminate or reduce to the maximum extent practicable the discharge of
pollutants into the Great Lakes system. The Office also coordinates U.S. actions
in fulfillment of the Agreement between Canada and the United States of American
on Great Lakes Water Quality of 1978.
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ABSTRACT
Limnological assessments, including water and sediment cht- and
benthic macrolnvertebrate community structure, were performed based on
samples collected at 16 locations in Michigan's nearshore waters of
Lake Michigan in 1976. Tributary influence on Lake Michigan's water chemistry
were detectable only out to 0.5 km from shore. Tributary impacts on sediment
chemistry and macroinvertebrate communities were inconsistent. Based on the
water sampling and benthic macroinvertebrate communities results, the near-
shore .waters were classified as oligotrophic in the central and northern
sections, and mesotrophic in southern Lake Michigan and Green Bay. Sediment
concentrations of heavy metals and nutrients were greatest in Green Bay and
southern Lake Michigan and were related to the percentage of fine sediment
(<0.05 mm diameter) present. Ninety benthic macroinvertebrate taxa were
identified with the amphipod Pontoporeia hoyi the most abundant macroinverte-
brate, followed by the oligochaete Stylodrilus heringianus. Substrate and
water depth exerted major influences on benthic macroinvertebrate communities.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract iii
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
List of Tables Appended ~ .• vii
Acknowledgments viii
Section
1 Conclusions 1
II Recommendations 2
III Introduction 3
IV Methods
Sampling Design 4
Water Samples 4
Sediment and Benthic Macroinvertebrate
Samples 4
V Results and Discussion
Water
General 8
Physical and General Chemical Data 8
Nutrients and Chlorophyll a_ 10
Effect of Rivers and Lake Outlets 11
Trophic Status 14
Sediment
Physical Analysis 14
Chemical Analysis 16
Particle Size-Chemistry Relationships 18
Benthic Macroinvertebrates
General 18
Effect of Substrate 20
Effect of Depth 24
Effect of Sediment Chemistry 24
Distance From Shore 26
Influence of Rivers 26
Assessment of Lake Quality 28
Eastern Shore 28
Northern Shore 30
VI Literature Cited 33
VII Appendices 37
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page
1 Sampling locations in the nearshore waters,
Lake Michigan, 1976
2 Sampling array for locations sampled in the nearshore
waters of Lake Michigan, 1976
3 Mole percentages for major cations from surface water
samples, Lake Michigan, 1976 12
4 Mole percentages for major onions from surface water
samples, Lake Michigan, 1976 13
5 Average abundance of total benthic macroinvertebrate
and Pontoporeia hoyi versus depth, Lake Michigan,
1976 25
6 Percent Oligochaeta at eleven locations, Lake Michigan,
1976 29
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LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
Classification of 16 locations using Dobson et al
(1974) criteria for physical-chemical water
characteristics, Lake Michigan, 1976 15
Correlation between selected chemical constituents
and percentage silt/clay composition of sediment at
16 locations, Lake Michigan, 1976 19
Correlation of selected variables with Pontoporeia
hoyi and oligochaete abundance at 16 locations,
Lake Michigan, 1976 22
Benthic macroinvertebrate abundance versus distance
from shore, Lake Michigan, 1976 27
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LIST OF TABLES APPENDED
Table Page
A-l , Locations sampled with their associated station numbers,
- STORET numbers, latitudes and longitudes, 1976 38
A-2 Methods used to analyze selected water constituents,
Lake Michigan, 1976 40
A-3 Methods used to analyze selected sediment constituents,
Lake Michigan, 1976 42
A-4 Descriptive statistics for selected water constituents,
Lake Michigan, 1976 43
A-5 Water sample chemical and physical results, Lake Michigan,
1976 47
A-6 Selected river sampling results, Michigan Department of
Natural Resources, 1976 53
A-7 Water column physical-chemical results at 16 locations,
Lake Michigan, 1976 55
A-8 Sediment particle size percent composition at 16 locations,
Lake Michigan, 1976 65
A-9 Sediment chemistry results from 16 locations, Lake Michigan,
1976 73
A-10 Sediment concentrations of pesticides, hexane extractables,
and other organics at 16 locations, Lake Michigan,
1976 77
A-ll Number of benthic macroinvertebrates collected at 16
locations in the nearshore waters, Lake Michigan,
1976 81
•sH i -
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to acknowledge and sincerely thank the following people who
participated in this project.
Ronald Waybrant for his assistance in the field and for his involve-
ment in the project design. John Shauver for his assistance in the field
collections, identification of benthic macroinvertebrate organisms and
assistance in early report preparation. Thomas Hornshaw and James Hare for
their assistance in the field collections and also their assistance along
with Maureen Wilson and Ginger Kohl in the sorting and identification of
benthic macroinvertebrates. Carey Johnson for her assistance in tabulating
the data. Penny Stockel for her patience and typing skills that were essential
in completing this report.
-viii-
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
1. The detectable influence of rivers and lake outlets on water chemistry
was found up to 0.5 km from shore. This influence was generally exhibited
near the water surface and resulted in elevated concentrations of con-
ductivity, chloride, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a_, alkalinity, chemical
oxygen demand, total organic carbon, total dissolved solids, organic
nitrogen, sodium, magnesium and calcium.
2. The influences of rivers on sediment chemistry was not detectable at the
stations nearest shore. Since sediments were not contaminated at stations
nearest shore, the contaminants entering via rivers were apparently either
dissolved in the water or attached to finer particles carried further
offshore and deposited.
3. No conclusions could be drawn concerning the impacts of rivers on the
benthic macroinvertebrate community at stations nearest to shore due to
the extreme variability found in these communities.
4. Based on water sampling and benthic macroinvertebrate communities, loc-
cations in the northern section of the lake, from the Pere Marquette
River mouth to the Manistique River were classified as oligotrophic;
locations in the southern section of the lake from the Galien River north
to the White Lake outlet were classified as mesotrophic; and locations in
Green Bay were mesotrophic approaching eutrophic conditions.
5. Medium to fine sand (0.10-0.50 mm diameter) was the major sediment component
at all depths at locations on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. In
contrast, locations on the northern shore were generally more diverse with
locations in Green Bay containing more silty clay substrates and locations
on the northern portion of the lake dominated by medium to fine sand.
6. Concentrations of heavy metals, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus,
chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and volatile solids in sedi-
ments generally increased with increasing percentages of fine sediments
C<0.05 mm diameter). The highest concentrations were generally found within
Green Bay (locations 14-16) while the lowest concentrations were found at
the Pere Marquette River, Manistee River and Betsie Lake locations (9-11).
7. Ninety benthic macroinvertebrate taxa were found with community densities
ranging from 0 to 21,482/m2. Pontoporeia hoyi^ was the most abundant form,
averaging 2846/m2. Oligochaetes, primarily Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and
Stylodrilus heringianus, were the next most abundant group averaging 672/m2.
Substrate and depth exerted the major influences on benthic macroinvertebrate
communities. Of the other factors examined, sediment chemistry, distance
from shore and rivers exerted relatively minor influences on benthic
macroinvertebrate communities.
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SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. ~ie benthic macroinvertebrate communities at the Galien, St. Joseph and
B.ack River locations in southern Lake Michigan and Manistique and the
G-.^en Bay locations in northern Lake Michigan should be monitored every
:.ve to seven years to determine if the conditions improve.
2. hmitoring should occur in the tributaries at these locations to determine
aid eliminate sources of contaminants.
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
The Great Lakes collectively constitute the world's largest reservoir
of fresh water and are a critical resource for both the United States and
Canada. Increasing population densities in the watershed will require
increased volumes of high quality water for municipal, industrial, commercial
and agricultural expansion. At the same time, there will be increasing
demands for high quality water for drinking, swimming, boating, fishing and
other recreational pursuits. The necessity for high quality water to maintain
existing natural aquatic ecosystems overlays these interwoven and often con-
flicting uses.
Future management strategies designed to utilize, protect and, where needed,
improve the Great Lakes water resources must be based on up-to-date and com-
prehensive information. To provide such information the Michigan Department
of Natural Resources (MDNR) surveyed the water and sediment quality and benthic
macroinvertebrate communities at 16 locations in Michigan's nearshore waters
of Lake Michigan during the summer of 1976. The objectives of this survey
were (1) to assess the impacts of river and lake outlets and (2) to identify
existing or background lake quality. In this report, lake quality is defined
as the quality of the aquatic ecosystem, with emphasis on water chemistry,
sediment chemistry, and benthic macroinvertebrate communities.
Lake Michigan has a volume of 4920 km3, a maximum depth of 281 m, and a
surface area of 57,580 km2. The Michigan portion of its shoreline is approx-
imately 2250 km. The nearshore waters, the focal point of this survey, were
defined as those waters from the shore to the 45 m depth contour. These
waters comprise roughly 35 percent of the lake's total volume. In the southern
portion of Lake Michigan, the 45 m contour occurs from 10 to 12 km offshore,
while in the northern portion the distance decreases to 4 to 5 km offshore.
Nearshore waters often exhibit chemical and physical characteristics quite
different from the open lake waters. Since the nearshore waters are a very
productive habitat for benthic macroinvertebrates (Alley and Mozley, 1975),
fish spawning, rearing and feeding CO'Gorman, 1978), they are the most sen-
sitive to subtal changes in water quality. Consequently, the nearshore waters
are the first to be adversely impacted by man's activities and can thereby
serve as an early warning of impacts on whole lake quality.
-3-
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SECTION IV
METHODS
Sampling Design
Sixteen locations in the nearshore waters of Lake Michigan were sampled
during the summer of 1976 (Figure 1). All locations but one (Naubinway)
were at or near major river mouths or lake outlets which are tributaries to
Lake. Michigan. Sampling started at the southernmost location (Galien River)
on July 6,1976 and progressed northward, ending at the Cedar River location
on August 19, 1976. Due to difficulties at the St. Joseph River on July 14,
this location was sampled on September 16, 1976 at the 30 m contour. Precise
locations for each station sampled are presented in Table A-l.
The sampling design at each location was based on information gathered by
Mozley and Garcia (1972) and Mozley (1975) near the Donald C. Cook nuclear
power plant which is located in southern Lake Michigan near Stevensville,
Michigan. Mozley (1975) described sediment composition and benthic macro-
invertebrate populations in the nearshore waters near this plant. His
description of low benthic macroinvertebrate populations in water less than
eight meters and more stable and abundant populations in deeper waters prompted
a three tier sampling design (Figure 2). Tier one consisted of one station
(station 1) located at the interface of the river mouth and the lake in
approximately 6 m of water. Stations in this tier were not located in the
dredged channel at harbor mouths. Tier two consisted of three stations
(stations 2, 3 and 4) located along the 15 m contour and tier three consisted
of three stations (stations 5, 6 and 7) located along the 30 m contour.
Locations 3 (Black River) and 11 (Betsie Lake) each contained three additional
stations (stations 8, 9 and 10) at the 45 m contour. Location 13 (Manistique
River) contained three additional stations (stations 8, 9 and 10) located
within the harbor (Figure 2).
Water Samples
Water samples were collected one meter below the water surface and one
meter off the bottom with a PVC Van Dorn water bottle at stations 1, 3, 6
and 9. The samples were preserved, iced and shipped via air to the MDNR
Environmental Laboratory in Lansing, Michigan for analysis. The parameters
analyzed for, analytical techniques used, and laboratory sensitivities are
described in Table A-2. Selected constituents (temperature, pH, dissolved
oxygen, conductivity) were measured on-site at 2 m intervals from surface
to the bottom with a Martek Mark II water quality analyzer.
Sediment and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Samples
Bottom sediments and benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected with
a Ponar grab samples (522 cm2) at all stations. Sediments for chemical
analysis were packaged in glass jars, placed on ice and shipped via air to the
-4-
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MANISTIQUE
RIVER
I
ESCANABA
RIVER
CEDA
RIVtR
MENOMINEE
RIVER
BETSIE LAKE OUTLET
10 MANISTEE RIVER
9 PERE MARQUETTE RIVER
MICHIGAN
WISCONSIN
WHITE LAKE OUTLET
MUSKEGONLAKE OUTLET
GRAND RIVER
GAl
!5 LAKE MACATAWA OUTLET
'4 KALAMAZOO RIVER
BLACK RIVER
ST. JOSEPH RIVER
.IEN RIVER
INDIANA
Figure 1.
Sampling locations in the. nearshore waters, Lake Michigan, 1976.
-5-
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MDNR Environmental Laboratory in Lansing. Sediment samples for analysis of
particle size composition were collected as above and delivered to the Soil
Science Laboratory at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
The sediment constituents measured, analytical techniques used and labora-
tory sensitivities are described in Table A-3.
Benthic macroinvertebrate samples were sieved through a U.S. standard
#30 mesh sieve. The residue was placed in a quart jar in 5% buffered
formalin and returned to the MDNR Aquatic Biology Laboratory for enumeration
and Identification to the lowest possible taxon.
Oligochaetes were keyed primarily according to Brinkhurst and Jamison
(1971) and Hiltunen (1967). Chironomids were identified primarily according
to a preliminary key prepared by Hamilton et al. (unpublished). Pelecypoda
were classified according to Walter and Burch (unpublished), and Gastropoda
according to Heard and Burch (1966). Trichoptera were identified following
Wiggins (1977) with other macroinvertebrates identified following Pennak
(1953).
-7-
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SECTION V
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
WATER
General
All data are summarized in Tables A-4, A-,5 and A-7. The following two
sections highlight these results and compare them to other studies. Station 1
data was excluded from the analyses due to the close proximity of this station
to rivermouths and lake outlets. Data from station 1 are discussed and compared
in a subsequent section relating to the effects of rivers on Lake Michigan.
Physical and General Chemical Data
Temperatures ranged from 6.0 to 25.2°C. Mean lakewide surface temperature
was 20.1°C, with a mean of 20.6°C at locations 1-11 on the eastern shore and
19.1°C at locations 12-16 on the north shore. A thennocline was generally
found at the 20-25 m depth.
Dissolved oxygen values ranged from 7.7 to 12.2 mg/1. All values were
greater than the minimum level required by Michigan's Water Quality Standards
(6.0 mg/1). Values were normally near the 100% saturation level with slight
reductions in some bottom samples.
Turbidity values ranged from less than 1 to 13 fonnazin turbidity units
(FTU). Average location values ranged from 0.5 to 3.5 FTU with a lakewide
average of 1.8 FTU. Measurements of water transparency were also made with
a secchi disc. Secchi disc transparency ranged from 0.4 m at location 6 to
9.8 m at location 13. There was a general trend of increasing secchi disc
reading from south to north, excluding Green Bay, with northern locations
averaging 2 to 4 times greater transparency than locations in the southern
lake. Secchi disc readings usually increased with distance from shore with
these changes more obvious in the southern basin. Secehi disc readings were
comparable to results reported by Schelske and Callender (1970) and Schelske
and Roth (1973).
Average suspended solids values ranged from 1 mg/1 at locations 13 and 14
to 9 mg/1 at locations 7 and 15. Suspended solids values are partially re-
flected in turbidity and secchi disc readings. Suspended solids also showed
a decrease from south to north, excluding Green Bay, indicating increased
transparency in the northern section of the lake.
Total dissolved solids ranged from a mean of 147 mg/1 at location 12 to
164 mg/1 at location 3 with a lakewide average of 157 mg/1. These values were
very close to the average summer values (154-156 mg/1) found by Powers and
Ayers (1967).
-8-
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Mean specific conductance ranged from 256 Umhos/cm at the Galein River
(location 1) to 278 umhos/cm at White Lake (location 8) with a lakewide
average of 270 umhos/cm. These values were similar to values reported by
other authors (Torrey, 1976; Auer et al., 1976).
Mean chloride concentrations ranged from 7.6 mg/1 at locations 13 and 14
to 9.1 mg/1 at location 1 with a lakewide mean of 8.3 mg/1. These concentra-
tions were higher than those found by Beeton and Moffett (1964) and correspond
well with predicted increases of others (U.S. EPA, 1980). The concentration
of chlorides has been reported as increasing in Lake Michigan over the past
century with an acceleration in the rate of increase in the recent years
(Beeton, 1965). Chloride sources include municipal and industrial effluents,
atmospheric and tributary inputs. Several major Michigan industries dis-
charging high salt concentrations recently reduced their salt inputs to
Lake Michigan. However, road salt, which may account for 40 to 45% of the
total chloride loadings to Lake Michigan has not decreased (U.S. EPA, 1980).
Average sulfate concentrations ranged between 19 to 24 mg/1 with a lake-
wide mean of 22 mg/1. Results for both chlorides and sulfates were similar
to concentrations reported by other authors (USDOI, 1968; Powers and Ayers,
1967; Torrey, 1976).
Mean sodium concentrations ranged from 4.2 to 5.0 mg/1 with a lakewide
mean of 4.5 mg/1. Potassium location means varied little, ranging from 0.9
to 1.4 mg/1 with a lakewide mean of 1.0 mg/1. These values fell within the
'range of concentrations reported for Lake Michigan by Torrey (1976). Beeton ,
(1965) concluded that sodium and potassium concentrations remained constant
from 1907 to 1962.
Calcium and magnesium are the main elements comprising hardness in
Lake Michigan. Calcium location means ranged from 31 to 37 mg/1 as CaC03,
with a lakewide average of 34 mg/1 as CaCOs- Concentrations were similar to
Lake Michigan results reported by Torrey (1976). Magnesium concentrations were
also very consistent throughout the lake with location means ranging from 12
to 14 mg/1 and a lakewide mean of 12.5 mg/1. As with calcium, results were
similar to other reported values (Copeland and Ayers, 1972; Industrial Bio-
Test 1972; and Limnetics, 1974).
Hydrogen ion concentrations (pH) ranged from 7.8 to 8.9 pH units. The
majority of values were between 8.4 and 8.8 pH units. Generally surface
waters were more alkaline than bottom waters. These pH values were similar
to values reported in other studies (Torrey, 1976). Alkalinity, an indirect
measurement of the buffering capacity of water, averaged 107 mg/1 as CaC03
throughout the lake while location means ranged from 99 mg/1 at Naubinway
(location 12) to 114 mg/1 at the Grand River (location 6).
Total iron location means ranged from 10 to 188 mg/1 with a lakewide mean
of 87 mg/1. Two values, one each at locations 1 and 14, were greater than
300 yg/1, indicating possible exceedance of the Michigan Water Quality Standarc
for filterable Iron (300 pg/1).
-9-
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Chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements ranged from 2.1 to 12.1 mg/1.
Location means ranged from 4.2 to 9.4 mg/1 with a lakewide mean of 6.8 mg/1.
Most of the values reported by Torrey (1976) from various intakes in the
southern lake basin were similar to these concentrations.
Total organic carbon (TOC) location means ranged from 1.6 to 3.7 mg/1
with a lakewide mean of 2.2 mg/1. Concentrations of TOC decreased from south
to north, except for Green Bay locations.
Nutrients and Chlorophyll a
Location means for nitrate plus nitrite ranged from 0.06 to 0.24 mg/1 with
a lakewide mean of 0.17 mg/1. These concentrations were slightly higher than
most reported open lake summer values summarized by Torrey (1976). The values
from locations 14-16 in Green Bay were considerably lower than concentrations
elsewhere in Lake Michigan.
Total ammonia location means ranged from 0.002 to 0.016 mg/1 with a lake-
wide average of 0.007 mg/1. Concentrations were highest in southern Lake
Michigan and lowest in Green Bay. These values were similar to concentrations
from previous studies summarized by Torrey (1976).
Organic nitrogen location means ranged from 0.15 mg/1 at locations 10 and
11 to 0.32 mg/1 at locations 15 and 16 with a lakewide average of 0.21 mg/1.
These values were similar to results reported by USDOI (1968) and Robertson
and Powers (1968). Highest concentrations of organic nitrogen were found in
Green Bay along with the lowest concentrations of inorganic nitrogen (nitrate,
nitrite and ammonia). Excluding the Green Bay locations, there was a general
decrease in organic nitrogen concentrations from the southern to northern
locations.
Mean total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), the sum of organic nitrogen and ammonia
nitrogen, ranged from 0.15 mg/1 at locations 10 and 11 to 0.33 mg/1 at location
15. As indicated, organic nitrogen concentrations were an order of magnitude
greater than the ammonia concentrations. Since total Kjeldahl nitrogen was
comprised primarily of organic nitrogen, TKN varied similar to organic nitrogen.
Total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.003 to 0.035 mg/1 with a lake-
vide mean of 0.010 mg/1. Location means ranged from 0.005 mg/1 at locations 10
and 11 to 0.016 mg/1 at location 15. Concentrations were highest in Green Bay
(locations 14-16); somewhat lower at the southern locations; and lowest at the
northern locations 9-13. These results were similar to those summarized by
Torrey (1976) for Lake Michigan.
Total orthophosphorus location means ranged from 0.001 to 0.005 mg/1 with
a lakewide average of 0.002 mg/1. Orthophosphorus concentrations followed a
pattern similar to total phosphorus, with greatest concentrations at locations
in Green Bay. Orthophosphorus concentrations were similar to those summarized
for Lake Michigan by Torrey (1976).
-10-
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Mean dissolved silica concentrations ranged from 0.2 mg/1 at location 13
to 1.1 mg/1 at location 2 with a lakewide mean of 0.6 mg/1. These concen-
trations were less than values reported in lakewide surveys by Beeton and
Moffett (1964) and were greater than those found by Schelske and Callender
(1970).
Mean chlorophyll a_ values ranged from 1.1 yg/1 at location 13 to 4.8 yg/1
at location 2. The lakewide mean value was 2.2 yg/1.
In summary, locations 9-13 had the greatest water clarity as indicated by
secchi disc readings, total dissolved solids, suspended solids and turbidity,
the least nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and silica), and the lowest phyto-
plankton productivity (chlorophyll a). Water quality at locations 1-8 was
not as good as that at locations 9-13. Water clarity at locations 1-8 was
reduced, while nutrient levels and chlorophyll a. values increased. Reduced
water quality was even more pronounced at locations 14-16. In addition to
reduced water clarity and Increased nutrients and chlorophyll ji at locations
14-16, there was a reduction In Inorganic nitrogen relative to the other
locations. The nitrogen .'phosphorus ratio at locations 14-16 was less than
15:1, indicating a nitrogen limited system (U.S. EPA, 1974a). Conditions
deteriorated with distance Into Green Bay. The Menomlnee River stations,
furthest Into Green Bay, had the lowest nitrogen:phosphorus ratios of all
stations.
Effect^ ojMlivers and Lake Outlets
Chemical constituents in the nearshore waters of Lake Michigan varied con-
siderably among stations 1, 3 and 6 in 1976. Conductivity, chlorides, total
phosphorus, chlorophyll _a, alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand, total organic
carbon, total dissolved solids, organic nitrogen, sodium, magnesium and calciu
were generally higher at station 1 than stations 3 and 6. Nine of sixteen
locations (1, 2, 4, 6-10 and 14) generally had higher concentrations at
station 1 than at stations 3 and 6. This may reflect the influence of rivers
at these locations. Available MBNR water chemistry monitoring data for July,
1976 for locations 2, 4, 6-10, and 14 (Table A-14 In the appendix) showed
higher concentrations of the elevated constituents in the rivers than at
station 1, implicating the rivers as the source of these constituents.
To analyze the effects of rivers the ratios of the mole percentages of
major cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium) and anions (chloride, sulfate,
biocarbonate) were plotted for all stations sampled in Lake Michigan (Figures
3 and 4). Generally, the cation composition in Lake Michigan was about 54%
calcium, 33% magnesium and 13% sodium (Figure 3) while the anion composition
was about 70% bicarbonate, 15% sulfate and 15%chlorlde (Figure 4). Distinct
outliers were evident for station 1 samples from locations 4 and 6-10. These
locations, especially location 10, had elevated percentages of Cl and Na,
indicating the Influence of rivers at station 1 at these locations.
Of the seven locations which exhibited no elevated constitutents at
station 1, one location (Naubinway) had no rivermouth nearby. MDNR water
chemistry monitoring data was available for three (locations 11, 13, 16) of
-11-
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100% CALCIUM
IMIND
«-| « LOCATION - fTATION
3. Holt ptrcintagcs for Mjor citlont trot lurftct MUr impMng, Lakt H1ch1s»n. 1976.
-------
-CT-
5
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the remaining six locations. The available MDNR water chemistry monitoring
data for July, 1976 indicated elevated concentrations of most constituents in
the Betsie and Manistique Rivers (locations 11 and 13, respectively), relatively
to nearshore Lake Michigan values, with no discernable difference in the
Menominee River (location 16) (Table A-15). At Manistique, the Manistique
River elevated concentrations of most constituents at station 9, situated
in the harbor, but not at station 1, situated about 0.5 km southeast of the
rivermouth.
The magnitude of impact upon Lake Michigan by a river largely depends on
river volume and type of watershed. For example, large rivers with industri-
alized and urbanized watersheds have much greater impacts than smaller rivers
with rural watersheds. The locations where station 1 constituents were most
influenced by rivers were the St. Joseph, Kalamazoo and Grand Rivers, all of
which are large rivers with industrialized and urbanized watersheds.
The influence of rivers did not extend very far into Lake Michigan. At
the river-influenced locations, station 1 was less than 0.5 km from the
rivermouth, while station 3, the station closest to station 1, was located
between 2 and 4 km from the rivermouth. Since concentrations of most consti-
tuents were less at stations 3 and 6 than at station 1 and station 3 was not
significantly different than station 6 (P<0.01), the influence on Lake Michigan
rivers appeared to extend at least 0.5 km but less than 2 km from the river-
mouth. Further, this influence appeared to be mainly confined to the surface.
All river influenced locations exhibited elevated concentrations at the 1 m
depth but not at the bottom, except for the Escanaba and Manistique locations.
At these two locations, concentrations were elevated at the bottom depth but
not at the 1 m depth, indicating subsurface river influence.
Trophic Statues
Since impacts from rivers on Lake Michigan were not discernable beyond
0.5 km from the rivermouth, results from stations 3 and 6 at all locations
were analyzed to assess lakewlde trophic status. Dobson et al. (1974)
defined trophic status in Great Lakes on the basis of nutrient levels, tur-
bidity Csecchi disc reading), and phytoplankton productivity (chlorophyll a_
values). Using the Dobson et al. (1974) criteria, locations 9-13 in central
Lake Michigan were classified as oligotrophic, locations 1-8 in southern
Lake Michigan mesotrophic and location 14-16 in Green Bay were mesotrophic,
bordering on eutrophic (Table 1).
SEDIMENT
Physical Analysis^
Medium to fine sand (0,10-0.50 mm diameter) was the major sediment com-
ponent at all depths for locations on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan
(locations 1-11} (Table A-7). At these locations medium to fine sand comprised
over 80% by weight of the substrate at most stations. Since sediment particle
size was very consistent at all depths, sufficient energy apparently existed
-14-
-------
Table 1 Classification of 16 locations in Lake Michigan using Dobson et al.
(1974) criteria for physical-chemical water characteristics. Criteria
and mean concentrations calculated by pooling data from stations 3 and 6
for each location. The trophic classification is based on the following
criteria:
Trophic classification
Oligotrophic (0)
Mesotrophic (M)
Eutrophic (E)
Secchi
On)
disc Chlorophyll a_
>6.0
3.0-6.0
<3.0
<4.4
4.4-8.8
>8.8
Particulate Phosphorus
( pg/1 as P)
<5.9
5.9-11.8
Location Mean
1
2
3
- 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Secchi
disc
(m)
3.0{M)
3.8(M)
0.9(E)
4.0(M)
3.6(M)
1.6(E)
4.3(M)
4.0(M)
4.6(M)
7.0{0)
6.7(0)
7.0(0)
9.8(0)
4.2(M)
5.5(M)
3.2(M)
Chlorophyll a
(iiq/1)
1.2(0)
4.8{M)*
(no sample)
2.2(0)
3.2(0)
3.2(0)
2.2(0)
2.8(0)
2.6(0)
2.5(0)
2.4(0)
1.8(0)
1.1(0)
2.2(0)
1.8(0)
2.4(0)
Particulate
Phosphorus
(WJ/1 as P)
6(M)
8(M)
7(M)
5(0)
8(M)
8(M)
18(E)
8(M)
5(0)
3(0)
2(0)
6(M)
3(0)
13(E)
10(M)
10(M)
Approximate
Trophic
Other Notes Classification
M
M
M
0/M
M
M
M
M
0/M
0
0
0
0
Reduction of inorganic Nitrogen M .
Reduction of inorganic Nitrogen M
Reduction of inorganic Nitrogen M
*September 16 value, all other values July and August, 1976
-15-
-------
fr.ni wave-induced turbulence or alongshore currents to prevent the settling of
ti.e suspended particles at these locations. Exceptions of this trend were
t.i- predominant silty-clay substrates (<0.05 mm diameter) found at the
S . Joseph River at the 30 m contour and the Black River at the 45 m contour
siuated 11 and 12 km offshore, respectively. The silty-clay substrates at
t.f>se two locations indicated that sufficient depth was present to avoid wave-
ii-ruced turbulence and distance from shore was adequate to avoid alongshore
currents.
In contrast to the eastern shore, locations 12-16 on the northern shore of
1-oce Michigan had variable substrate types. ~ Substrates at each of these loca-
tnns were generally more diverse than at locations 1-11. Two general patterns
o substrate composition were found: the locations in Green Bay (14-16)
contained more silty-clay substrate while locations 12-13 outside of Green Bay
w-re dominated by medium to fine sand.
The three locations in Green Bay, the Escanaba, Cedar and Menominee Rivers,
a", contained stations which were dominated by silty-clay substrates. It
shears these bays generally reduce turbulence and currents thereby allowing
settling of finer sediments from the water column. Silty-clay substrates were
especially pronounced at the Escanaba River where four of the seven stations
wure dominated by silty-clay substrates. Since all stations at this location
w»re situated within Little Bay De Noc at distances less than 2 km from shore,
tte Bay evidently reduced turbulence and currents at this location.
The Naubinway and Manistique River locations (locations 12 and 13) were
generally dominated by medium to fine sand, similar to sediments along the
eastern shore of Lake Michigan. The percentage of coarser sediments increased
MtA some stations containing over 50% gravel. This may have been due to the
usrty islands and submerged reefs in this area which contribute to localized
tu-faulence and areas of gravel sediments. The Manistique harbor at stations
S-iO had a unique substrate composed primarily of wood chips. This substrate
contained high percentages of organic matter (.12-40%) due to the presence of
chips in the substrate.
gieaical Analysis
The highest sediment concentrations of heavy metals, total Kjeldahl
nxrogen (TKN) , total phosphorus (IP) , chemical oxygen demand (COD) , and
cttal organic carbon (TOC) , were generally found within Green Bay (locations
i-, 15, 16). The lowest concentrations of heavy metals, TKN, TP, COD and
TV£ were found at the Pere Marquette River, Manistee River and Betsie Lake
Iftations (9-11) . Concentrations nearly as low were found at the Galien and
fcfcnistique Rivers (outside of the harbor at stations 1-7) .
Concentrations at station 1 were generally lower than the concentrations
a- jther stations further offshore. Station 1 was the station most impacted
b- rivers, based on the water chemistry results. The general lack of sediment
contamination at station 1 indicates that the contaminants entering via rivers
w>ra either dissolved in the water or attached to finer particles carried
fu-ther offshore before deposition.
-16-
-------
Total copper concentrations ranged from 0,1 to 71 mg/kg with most concen-
trations less than 10 tng/kg (Table A-9). Sediments at locations 3 (45 m) and
14 (15 m) were greater than 40 mg/kg, while the mean lakewide concentration,
excluding these stations, was 3.5 mg/kg.
Total mercury concentrations ranged from <0.01 to 0.38 mg/kg. Highest
concentrations were found at locations 3 (45 m) and 14 (6 and 15 m).
Total cadmium concentrations ranged from <0.1 to 3.7 mg/kg. Highest
concentrations were found at locations within Green Bay (locations 14-16),
where nine of twenty-one samples were greater than 1 mg/kg.
Total chromium concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 52 mg/kg. Sediments at
locations 3 (45 m) and 14 (15 m) contained greater than 30 mg/kg, while the
mean lakewide concentration, excluding these stations, was 4.6 mg/kg.
Total zinc concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 350 mg/kg. Sediments at
locations 2 (30 m), 3 (45 m), 12 (20 m), 14 (15 m), and 16 (30 m) exceeded
90 mg/kg. Lowest concentrations were found at locations 9-11, where all
values were less than 20 mg/kg.
Total nickel concentrations ranged from <0.1 to 140 mg/kg, with most con-
centrations less than 20 mg/kg. Concentrations were greatest within Green Bay
at locations 14 (15 m), 15 (30 m), and 16 (30 m).
Total lead concentrations ranged from <0.2 to 190 mg/kg with most values
less than 20 mg/kg. Concentrations were greatest at locations 3 (45 m) and
14 (15 m).
Total iron concentrations ranged from 610 to 140,000 mg/kg, with most
values less than 7,000 mg/kg. Highest concentrations were found at location
15 (15 and 30 m). Concentrations were generally lower at locations 1-11 than
locations 12-16.
Total manganese concentrations ranged from 3.3 to 47,000 mg/kg and were
extremely variable. Lowest concentrations were found at location 1, with a
location mean of 9 mg/kg. Highest concentrations were found at locations 15
and 16, with location means of 6930 and 9673 mg/kg, respectively.
Total Kjeldalil nitrogen (TKN) station concentrations ranged from 14 to
13,400 mg/kg. Mean concentrations were lowest at location 9 (41 mg/kg) and
highest at location 14 (4471 mg/kg).
Total phosphorus (TP) concentrations ranged from 21 to 1900 mg/kg, with
most concentrations less than 200 ing/kg. Highest concentrations were found
at location 14, with a mean of 4471 mg/kg.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) ranged from 480 to 460,000 mg/kg, with most
values less than 10,000 mg/kg. Concentrations were greatest at locations 13
(within the breakwall) and 14 (6 and 15 m). Concentrations were generally
lower on the eastern shore (locations 1-11) than the northern shore (locations
12-16).
-17-
-------
Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations ranged from 0.21 to 5 g/kg with
a lakewide mean of A.2 g/kg. Concentrations greater than 10 g/kg were found
at locations 3 (45 m) , 13 (6 m) , 14 (6 and 15 m), and 16 (30 m). Lowest
concentrations were found at locations 1, 8, 9, 10, and 11, where location
means were all less than 1 g/kg.
Total volatile solids values ranged from 0.1 to 40%, with the vast majority
of values less than 2%. Generally, higher values were found at locations 13
C6 m), 14 (15 m), and 16 (15 m).
Concentrations of hexane-extractable oils ranged from <10 to 3440 nig/kg,
with concentrations generally less than 300 mg/kg (Table A-10). Concentrations
were higher at north shore locations (12-14) than at eastern shore locations
(1-11). Sediments at locations 2 (30 m) and 13 (6 m) contained the highest
levels,
The pesticides dieldrin, chlordane, DDD, DDE, and DDT were not found in
detectable concentrations except for DDT at locations 4 (4 stations, x =
6.1 yg/kg) and 8 (1 station at 7.4 yg/kg) (Table A-10).
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were found only at locations 13 and 14
(Table A-10). Both areas of PCB contamination were located close to shore,
indicating the rivers as the source of contamination. At location 13, sampling
in 1977-78 (Kenaga, 1981) of fish and sediments showed that the source of PCBs
was the Manistique Pulp and Paper Company.
Partic 1 e Size -^jChgmis.try^JRelatjlojisT-iip
Concentrations of heavy metals, TKN, TP, COD TOC and volatile solids generally
increased with increasing percentages of fine sediment (<0.5 mm diameter) in
the substrate. The concentrations of all parameters were highly correlated
(P<0.01) with the percent silt/clay content of the sediment at the 15 and 30 m
contour, except for lead (15 and 30 m), manganese (15 ra) and iron (15 m)
(Table 2). Mercury and cadmium were not included in the correlateions because
most concentrations were below the level of detection. Concentrations also
increased with increasing depth (Table A-9). This trend was especially pro-
nounced where the percentage of fine sediments also increased, indicating
an association between the settling of fine sediments, water depth and sedi-
ment concentration. The Escanaba River at the 15 m contour was an exception
to this association since the 15 m contour sediments contained a high percent-
age C>44%) of fine materials. This location was well within Little Bay De Noc,
which probably reduced the turbulence and allowed fine sediments to settle at
this contour.
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES
General
A total of ninety taxa were identified from the sixteen locations sampled
and these taxa consisted of 39 Oligochaeta, 25 Chironomidae, 6 Gastropoda,
-18-
-------
Table 2 Correlation between selec-ed chemical parameters and percent silt/
clay composition of sediment at 16 locations, Lake Michigan, 1976.
Parameter
Total Organic Carbon
Total Volatile Solids
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Total Phosphorus
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Total Solids
Iron
Manganese
Copper
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Number
Sampled
15
16
15
15
16
15
16
16
16
16
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
Depth (m)
15
30
15
30
15
30
15
30
15
30
15
30
15
30
15
30
15
30
15
30
15
30
15
30
15
30
Correlation
Coefficient (r)
*0.98
*0.84
*0.91
*0.73
*0.98
*0.89
*0.79
*0.86
*0.98
*0.80
*0.99
*0.89
0.28
*0.70
0.06
*0.65
*0.98
*0.87
*0.96
*0.82
0.24
0.30
*0.96
*0.77
*0.96
*0.78
*Highly significant correlation (P<0.01)
-19-
-------
3 Pelecypoda and Amphipoda, 2 Hirudinea, Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, and
Trichoptera, and 1 Mysidacea, Isopoda, Turbellaria, Nematoda, Polychaeta and
Corixidae. The mean number of taxa per station was 9 with a range from
0 to 26.
The lakewide mean number of organisms was 4012/m2 with location means
ranging from 979 to 8943,/m2. Pontoporeia hoyi was the most abundant taxon
found, averaging 2846/m2 lakewide with location means ranging from 96 to
5565/m2. Oligochaetes were the next most abundant group, averaging 672/m
lakewide with location means ranging from 71 to 1700/m2. Oligochaetes were
primarily represented by Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Stylodrilus heringianus.
The abundance, diversity and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates
is dependent on various factors including water depth, turbulence, temperature,
sediment composition, light intensity, chemical composition of water and sedi-
ment, availability of food, and interspecific and intraspecific behavior.
Oftentimes these factors are interrelated such that it is impossible to
identify the effect of each factor on abundance, diversity and distribution.
To delineate the relative importance of factors influencing the benthic macro-
invertebrate community, the influence of substrate composition, water depth,
sediment chemistry, distance from shore and river influence upon the benthic
macroinvertebrate communities were examined in this report.
Although it has been difficult to determine specific physical-chemical
influences, benthic species composition, abundance and distribution have been
used as indicators of lake quality in Lake Michigan (Brinkhurst, 1974; Mozley
and Howmiller, 1977). These authors found changes in the oligochaete community
which they related to lake quality. They found communities dominated by
Stylodrilus heringianus in high quality which changed to communities dominated
by Aulodrilus spp. and Peloscolex ferox in moderately degraded lake quality and
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri dominated communities in severely polluted waters.
In this report, relative abundance of Oligochaetes and other taxonomic groups,
particularly Pontoporeia hoy± and oligochaete community species composition,
were used as primary indicators of lake quality.
Effect of Substrate
Substrate composition definitely affected benthic macroinvertebrate species
diversity, density and distribution. When substrates were similar, benthic
macroinvertebrate communities were also similar. As discussed in the sediment
section, substrate composition was primarily medium and fine sand (0.1-0.5 mm
diameter) at all locations on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan (locations 1-11)
At these locations there were no differences in the composition and abundance
of benthic macroinvertebrate communities at the 30 m contour. Differences in
community composition at the 6 and 15 m contours were not related to changes in
substrate composition because the substrate composition did not vary greatly.
The greatest influence of the medium and fine sand substrates on the benthic
community was found at locations 9-11, where substrate was least variable. The
highly uniform sandy substrate at these locations resulted in fewer organisms
and the lowest average number of taxa per station (5). These findings were
-20-
-------
expected since sand is considered the poorest benthic macroinvertebrate
habitat (Hynes, 1970). Since these locations had the best water quality
(high clarity, well oxygenated, low nutrients and primary productivity) and
no sediment contamination, substrate composition appeared to be the limiting
factor for the benthic community.
As substrate became more diverse at the northern shore locations (12-16),
benthic macroinvertebrate communities also became more diverse. The number
of taxa increased to an average of 14 per station versus 7.5 per station at
locations 1-11. Location 12 (Naubinway) had the highest mean number of taxa
per station (22), the most total taxa (48) and one of the most diverse sub-
strates.
Some authors have found increases in benthic macroinvertebrate numbers
associated with increases in finer sediments in Lake Michigan (Mozley and
Alley, 1973). In this project, abundance did not always increase with increas-
ing silt and clay content. High numbers or organisms were generally associated
with increased amounts of silt and clay in the substrate. The substrates with
the greatest amounts of silt and clay (St. Joseph River location, stations
5-7; Escanaba River location, stations 2-4), however, did not have the highest
numbers of organisms.
<
Since Pontoporeia hoyi was the most abundant benthic organism found at
most stations, the relationship between P_. hoyi abundance and substrate type
was examined. Both P_. hoyi abundance and percent silt/clay content of the
substrate generally increased with depth, suggesting a relationship between
these variables. At seven of the sixteen locations, increases in P_. hoyi
abundance correlated significantly (P<0.05) with increases in the percent
silt/clay content of the substrate (Table 3). At six of the seven locations,
significant (P<0.05) positive correlations were also found between P_. hoyi
and total organic carbon concentration in the substrate (Table 3). Fine
sediments rich in organic matter may serve as food for benthic organisms.
However, large proportions of the organic matter in Great Lakes sediment were
found to be composed of barely digestible humic acids and kerogen (Kemp, 1969).
Oligochaete abundance was also significantly positively correlated
CP<0.05) with the silt/clay content of the substrate at seven locations (1,
4-7, 13, 15). Oligochaete abundance was significantly (P<0.05) correlated
with both TOC concentrations and silt/clay content of the substrate at four
locations (4-7). At four locations (5-7 and 15), similar increases in
Pontoporeia hoyi, abundance occurred, indicating that substrates may have been
a primary factor controlling abundance at these locations. At five of the
seven locations (1, 4-7), the Oligochaete community was dominated by
Stylodrilus heringianus.
Both Pontoporeia hoyi and Oligochaete abundances were significantly
negatively correlated (P<0.05) with medium to fine sand (0.1-0.5 mm) at seven
locations (Table 3). At four of the seven locations (4-6, 13) oligochaetes
vere negatively correlated with medium to fine sand and positively correlated
with the silt/clay content. Similar results were found for £. hoyi at
four locations (.2, 5, 6, 8). At two locations (5, 6) similar correlations
existed for both P_. hoyi and oligochaetes, indicating substrate to be a primary
-21-
-------
lible 3
Correlation coefficient! of lelected vtrlatilet Kith POTterra re11 hurt
«nd ollgoctuete ibundtno >t 16 locttlons, L»kt KfcKJgim, 19;E
NJ
NJ
I
Locitlon Nwber: 12341 ( 1 8
St. Joseph KiliMioo Nuskegon
locltton; fallen m»er Hlver tlirt River Rlvtr Lite Hoctttxa Cr»n«
Virttbli
Dtpth
Percent Cruvel
Percent Medlut S«nd
Percent Fine Unt
Percent Silt
Percent CUy
Sediment IttU', (Jeldihl Nitrogen COM.
SedlMAt Toul Pnoipnonn Cone.
Stdlmt COO Cone. I
Sodlemt TOC Cone.
0.85 0.72 0.83 0.69
O.M 0.04 0.10 0.08
-O.S4 -0.71 -0.82~-O.U
«.45 0.63 -O.SI -O.lf
-0.53 0.07 0.92**O.SI
O.SI 0.81* O.B8*V48
0.8»**0.88** 0.77* O.S3
O.M**0.80* 0.80* O.S6
0.8«'*0.8S* O.»3**0.5l
0.84* 0.70 0.9I**O.S4
0.40 0.41
-O.Zi -O.B3"
0.05 0.01
-0.19 0.26
0.30 0.1S
0.27 0.16
0.24 0.13
0.21 0.17
e.ia 0.12
0.30 O.I*
0.77 O.BO'
O.S8 11.26
0.92" 0.04"
-0.61 -0.4S
-0.80 -0.97 -0.94 -0.94"
0.74 0.97** 0.90**0.»2*
0.7S 0.05* 0.95**0.90*
0.51 0.74 0.9Z**0.89*
0.19 O.S7
0.79* 0.89"
0.47 0.73
0.73 0.82*
0.93" 0.9?'
-0.20 -0.11
-o.ar-o.78'
0.99" 0.97'
0.9Z*' 0.99*
-0.40 -0.69
0.71 0.67 -0.04 0.23
„«»
0.84* 0.91" 0.99"0.97" 0.86"n.96'
W9S** 0.0(1* 0.9Z»
O.«2"0.99*
0.98" 0.83'
0.6S 0.80*
-0.87'-0.4S
0.76* 0.33
0.6« 0.3S
0.99**0.74
0.94M0.71
0.9»**0.75
O.«6**0.68
0.8S* 0.55
i? 2
f
»
fo
£
I §
I f
i i
p»ltl«e correUtlon it P
-------
TtbU J (coiittmirt}
OJ
I
Depth
LMitlon Umber:
location:
9
tin HtrquttU
Rl«r
10 11
Minis tec
Utf Bets It Lilt
0.74 0.65 - 0.94**0.76* 0.79**0.6«*
Criv.l
Circuit HedtM Sud
Percent
Percent
Nrcint
StdlKnt
SetflMnt
Mlnent
Mlimt
Flm Sand
Silt
et,,
Totil MwlAM NItrogm COM.
T«ul nmoftoral Cone.
COD Cone.
TOC Cone.
-0.0) 0.56 -0.69 -0.56 0'M' »•«*
O.M 0.75 -1
-0.11 -0.71 -(
I.W-O.W '
1.39 -0.32 "'
1.63 0.71*
W-0.75"
o.w o.oo o.oo e.oo °>M °-0'
o.oo o.w o.oo o.oo 9-°° °-oa
0.95**0.32 (
l.91**0.71 °-4' 9-M
0.4! -0.4! e.w*V«z* -0-'e -°'J8
0.81* 0.49 (
1 92**0.74 0'" °'ZS
0.21 0.29 tW«
-------
determining factor at these locations.
Effect of Depth
Average benthic macroinvertebrate abundance increased with depth at all
locations except Manistique, primarily due to increases in Pontoporeia hoyi
CFigure 5). The numbers of P_. hoyi were significantly positively correlated
(P<0.05) with depth at 11 of 16 locations (Table 1) , attesting to the
influence of depth on this species' distribution.
The pattern of community composition and abundance found at the various
depths agreed well with patterns described by Mozley and Howmiller (1977).
Station 1 averaged 6 m in depth over the 16 locations in this project and was
comparable to Mozley and Howmiller's (1977) first zone (.0-8 m). The community
at station 1 was dominated by chironomids and oligochaetes at all locations
except the Grand River location which was dominated by Pontoporeia hoyi.
Numbers of organisms were variable between 0 (location 2) and 2415/nr
(location 15) and were most often less than the number found at the deeper
stations (2-7). The lower numbers reflected the harsh conditions present in
this shallow zone.
Stations 2-4 were located at approximately the 15 m contour, comparable
to Mozley and Howmiller (1977) second zone (8-25 m). Abundance at stations
2-4 were usually greater than at station 1 and the communities were generally
dominated by Pontoporeia hoy_i. Abundance and composition were less variable
at stations 2-4 than at station 1.
Stations 5-7, located at the 30 m contour, and stations 8-10 at 45 m
(locations 3 and 11 only), were within Mozley and Howmiller's (1977) 24-54 m
zone. These deeper stations had greater abundance than stations 1-4 and
relatively stable species composition. Ponjto£0£ei§ h°Zi numerically dominated
most samples while Stylodrilus herringianus was the predominant oligochaete
found in this zone.
Since consistent changes in benthic community composition were found with
depth, depth was a major factor in determining the types and abundances of
nearshore macroinvertebrates in Lake Michigan.
Effect of Sediment Chemistry
On the eastern shore where substrates were generally similar, no impacts
were detected from elevated heavy metal concentrations in the sediments.
Generally, a macroinvertebrate community has fewer taxa and lower abundance
when impacted by a toxicant (Hynes, 1960; Warren, 1971). Neither the number
of taxa nor abundance were reduced at the stations which contained elevated
heavy metal concentrations, indicating no toxicity from these sediments.
On the north shore, four of the five locations contained sediments with
elevated levels of heavy metals at cither the 15 m or 30 m contour. At the
-24-
-------
I
N)
10, 000 i
8,000.
6 ,000.
(VI
K
U!
US
9
V.
S 4,000.
0
ID
2
<
% 2 , 00 0 •
0.
•
i!
*
•
I •
"*
•
»
' i
1
f
"f
i V
M
>v
.'
^ *
, •
•n
T
*w
i
LEGEND ONE
STANDARD
- DEVIATION
f-U TOTAL
j NUMBER
u
1 J PQNTOPORfclA
1 '. "°y.!-
_M_
i
] /
j
\
DEPTH 6m 15m 20m 30m 45m
No. SAMPLES 16 48 6 42 6
Figure 5.
Average abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates and Pontoporeia hoyi versus denth.
Lake Michigan, 1976.
-------
10 m contour at location 12, stations 5 and 7 contained elevated levels of
iianganese, iron, zinc and nickel. Essentially no differences in benthic
nacroinvertebrate composition, abundance of diversity were found among stations
i, 6 and 7 at location 12, indicating no toxicity from these sediments.
Minimal impacts from heavy metal concentrations may have occurred at locations
14 (15 m), 15 C30 m) and 16 (30 m). At these locations abundance of
llmnodrilus sp. plus immature tubificids without hair setae (possible
limnpdrilus) increased. Wentsel (1977) examined sediment contamination and
jenthic macroinvertebrate abundance in an Indiana lake and found that
limnodrilus spp. were relatively abundant in the most heavily impacted areas
;f the lake. However, concentrations of heavy metals were roughly twenty
crimes higher than concentrations present at locations 14-16. Although
Limnodrilus abundance increased, total abundance, composition and diversity
*as not dramatically different, indicating only slight effects from these
leavy metal concentrations.
Concentrations of nutrients in sediments (TKN, TP or TOC) were positively
iorrelated(P£ 0.05) with Pontoporeia hoyj^ and oligochaete numbers at ten and
seven locations respectively (Table 3). However, of the four locations (3,
14-16) which contained the highest nutrient concentration, three locations
(3, 14, 16) had no significant (P<_ 0.05) correlation between TKN, TP or TOC
and P_. hoyi or oligochaete numbers.
For stations located at similar depths but at different distances from
shore, those stations closest to shore generally contained fewer organisms
(Table 4) . Benthos abundance was quite variable at these stations and may
have been influenced by other factors such as depth, upwelling, or geograph-
ical location. Alley and Mozley (1975) had similar results and they concluded
that the impacts of distance from shore were minor realtive to other factors.
The close interrelationship between substrate composition and distance from
shore was pointed out for locations 2 and 3 in the Sediment (Physical Analysis)
Section. Distance from shore was an influencing factor at some locations, but
was considered overall to be a minor factor influencing benthos.
As noted in the Water Sampling Section, station 1 at locations 1, 2, 4,
S-10, and 14 were considered to be influenced by rivers. The macroinvertebrate
results from station 1 were not consistently different between locations
Influenced by rivers and locations that were not. Variations in numbers at
station 1 were extreme, with abundance ranging from 2415/m2 at the Cedar River
location to 0 organisms/m3 at the St. Joseph River location.
Station 1 communities were more variable in composition and abundance than
eosfflunities at other stations, perhaps indicating the effects on station 1 of
the turbulent zone and rivers combined. However, no conclusions could be
drawn concerning the impact of rivers due to this variability and the lack of
-26-
-------
Table 4 Mean benthic macroinvertebrate abundance versus distance from shore
at 16 locations, Lake Michigan, 1976.
_ # orqanisms/m2
Depth Distance from shore (km) (x + 1std. deviation) No. of samples
15 m
20 m
i
1 30 m
45 m
1.5-2.0
2.5-3.0
3.5-4.0
6
20
2
4- 6
6.5- 8
10.5-13
5
12
1748 + 678
2428 + 2392
2404 + 2487
5836 + 273
7566 + 1547
2409 + 262
8299 + 3391
6357 + 2790
5714 + 5994
3746 + 1276
6724 + 5652
9
27
12
3
3
3
15
12
12
3
3
-------
replicate samples in this zone.
Assessment of Lake Quality
Substrate composition was decidedly different between locations 1-11 and
locations 12-16. Other factors, such as geographical location and orientation
to prevailing winds, were also different between these groups of locations.
Therefore, comparisons of benthic macroinvertebrate communities were made
within locations 1-11 and 12-16 to assess lake quality. Further, due to the
variability encountered in communities at the 6 m contour and the lack of
replicate samples at this depth, only the communities at the 15 and 30 m
contour were considered in this assessment.
Eastern Shore (locations 1-11)
At stations greater than or equal to 30 m in depth, the amphipod
Fontoporeia hoyi was the numerically dominant benthic macroinvertebrate at
all locations with ^ty_lodrilu£ h§rin^ianus_ the numerically dominant
oligochaete. This assemblage has been typically associated with good lake
quality in Lake Michigan (Mozley and Howmiller, 1977), thereby indicating
good lake quality at the 30 m contour throughout the lake's eastern nearshore
waters.
At the 15 m contour different benthic macroinvertebrate communities were
found between locations. Oligochaetes, especially Limnodtj.lus^ ho£fmeiste^r^,
increased in importance at locations 1-3 in the southern end of Lake Michigan.
At these three southern locations, oligochaetes averaged 595/m2 which was 34%
of the total macroinvertebrate numbers. At locations 4-11 oligochaete numbers
decreased to 215/m2 which was 15% of the total numbers. Correspondingly,
Pontoporeia hovjl decreased from an average of 75% of the macroinvertebrate
numbers at locations 4-11 (x = 1224/m2) to an average of 48% at locations 1-3
(x= 1080/m2). This pattern agreed well with the findings Alley and Mozley
(1975) reported in their lakewide study.
Most of the increase in oligochaete numbers was through increases in
Lianodrilus hoffmeisteri and immature tubificids without hair setae. The
feaature tubificids without hair setae include all Limnodrilu^ species,
gontamothrix moldavignsj.s^, Peloscpjlex j[reyj._ and perhaps very small numbers of
other taxa. Since JL. hoffmeisteri was the numerically dominant form, L^.
boffmeisteri and immature tubificids without hair setae were grouped together
for comparative purposes and termed "probable" L. hoffmeistgr^ (Figure 6).
Probable L. lioffmeistgri increased to 87% (519/m2) of the oligochaete community
at locations 1-3 versus 56% (120/m2) at locations 4-11. Correspondingly,
probable L. hoffmeisteri increased to 25% of the total macroinvertebrate
community numerically at locations 1-3 from 7% at locations 4-11. Probable
I" ho f fmeisteri reached their greatest abundance at location 3 (886/m2) but
were numerically dominant only at location 2. At location 2, they comprised
36% (443/ai2) of the macroinvertebrate community, versus 31% of Pontop_or^ia
hoy_i, the next most abundant form.
-28-
-------
-63-
PERCENT OP TOTAL COMMUNITY ABUNDANCE
_ N C* .b
O C o O O
3
er>
M
2
8 -«
£6
a)
WD
s
00
(0
Ol
O
S^jjjs^wS^xX^^CS^^^v^
^T^r^^rr"
? AKSJyMtaff :
-------
This pattern of replacement of Pontoporeia hoyi by oligochaetes,
especially Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, has been shown to indicate organic
enrichment (Howmiller and Beeton, 1970; Mozley and Howmiller, 1977). Since
substrate was remarkably uniform among these locations and other factors
appear negligible, the benthic macroinvertebrate communities at the 15 m contour
indicated degraded lake quality from organic enrichment in southern Lake Michigan.
The greatest enrichment was noted at the St. Joseph River location.
Two other locations, White Lake and Betsie Lake (locations 8 and 11,
respectively), on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan exhibited similar
organic enrichment at the 15 m contour. At these two locations, the abundance
of oligochaetes increased to an average of 424/m2, compared to the average of
145/m2 at locations 4-7 and 9-10. This increased abundance was mainly due to
increased numbers of Limnodrilus spp. and immature tubificids without hair
setae. Probable Limnodrilus spp. comprised 16% of the macroinvertebrate
numbers at location 8 and 25% at location 11, compared to an average of 4% at
locations 4-7 and 9-10. Even though oligochaete abundance increased at
locations 8 and 10, their proportions of the total macroinvertebrate community
did not increase relative to locations 4-7 and 9-10 (Figure 6). Although
oligochaetes did not replace Pontoporeia hoyi at locations 8 and 11, the
change in oligochaete community composition to dominance by Limnodrilus spp.
indicated slight organic enrichment, according to previous work in Lake
Michigan by Howmiller and Beeton (1970), Mozley and Howmiller (1977),
Brinkhurst (1974) and Hiltunen (1967). The source of enrichment found at
locations 8 and 11 was unknown. As discussed in the Water Section, impacts
from rivers were found at location 8 but not at location 11. Therefore, the
benthic community at these two locations indicated isolated cases of slight
organic enrichment.
In conclusion, the nearshore portions of Lake Michigan's eastern shore-
line were organically enriched at the southern locations from the Galein River
to Black River, with improved lake quality from the Kalamazoo River to Betsie
Lake except for isolated instances of slight organic enrichment at the White
Lake and Betsie Lake locations. All signs of enrichment were noted only at
the 15 m contour and not at the 30 m contour, indicating that the effects were
localized nearshore.
Northern Shore (locations 12-16)
Although locations 1-11 and 12-16 were not compared to assess lake quality,
a general comparison was made to evaluate benthic community differences. As
pointed out in the Sediment (Physical Analysis) Section, more taxa on a per
station basis were found at locations 12-16, perhaps in response to the increased
diversity of substrate composition. Different macroinvertebrate forms were also
consistently found at the north shore locations. The tubificid oligochaetes
Peloscolex ferpx and Aulodrilus spp., the isopod Asellus, and the chironomids
Tanytarsus and Procladius were well represented at locations 12-16 but were
sparse to non-existent at locations 1-11. Chrionomid numbers also increased
greatly at the north shore locations to an average of 470/m2 from 62/m2 at
locations 1-11.
-30-
-------
In general, based on the benthlc macroinvertebrate results, lake quality
at the north shore locations declined from east to west with the worst
quality within Green Bay (locations 14-16) and Manistique harbor.
The Naubinway location contained the most diverse macroinvertebrate
community, averaged 21 taxa per station, and was dominated by Pontoporeia
hoyi at the 15 and 30 m contours. Oligochaete communities at this location
were dominated by Peloscolex ferox and Stylodrilus heringianus. As earlier
noted, benthic macroinvertebrate communities dominated by P_. hoyi and
£. heringianus in Lake Michigan indicate good lake quality with little organic
enrichment present (Mozley and Howmiller, 1977). The fairly high numbers of
P_. ferox found may indicate some organic enrichment. This oligochaete is
generally found in mesotrophic or slightly enriched conditions (Brinkhurst,
1974; Mozley and Howmiller, 1977; Howmiller and Beeton, 1970). Howmiller
and Beeton (1970) and Brinkhurst (1969) also concluded that P_. ferox
preferred sediments with a large sand component while avoiding more organic
sediments and heavily polluted areas. Therefore, the macroinvertebrate
community dominated by Pontoporeia hoyi, ^. heringianus, and P_. ferox at
Naubinway indicated good lake quality that may be slightly enriched. As
previously discussed in the Water Section, this location would be classified
as oligotrophic based on criteria presented by Dobson et al. (1974).
The Manistique location was dominated by oligochaetes or chironomids at
all stations. The 15 m contour was numerically dominated by chironomids
(63%), mainly Heterotrissocladius. Average abundance for stations 1-4
(981/m2) was similar to comparable samples taken by Willson (1969) in August,
1968 (1262/m2). However, Willson (1969) found the benthic macroinvertebrate
communities numerically dominated by Pontoporeia hoyi which averaged 50% of
the community. P_. hoyjl^ was the second most numerically abundant form at 15 m
in this survey (89/m2)7 but comprised only 16% of the community.
The 30 m contour at Manistique had lower numbers of benthic macroinverte-
brates (x = 716/m ) than other north shore locations at this contour (range of
means 2409 to 12,393/m2). The community at this depth was dominated numer-
ically by Stylodrilus heringianus (31%) and Pontoporeia hoyi (27%), organisms
typically associated with good lake quality (Mozley and Howmiller, 1977).
Since the sediment and water chemistry results indicated no evidence of
contamination, the reason for the reduced abundance at this depth was unknown.
Conditions within Manistique harbor (stations 8, 9, 10) were distinctly
different than at the other stations. The macroinvertebrate community was
dominated numerically by oligochaetes (67%), mainly Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri
and immature tubificids without hair setae. Chironomids were the next
most abundant group, comrpising 27% of the community with Chironomus the
dominant chironomid form. This assemblage of macroinvertebrates dominated
by pollution-tolerant oligochaetes and chironomids indicates degraded condi-
tions in Manistique harbor. Since a similar pollution-tolerant macro-
invertebrate assemblage was not found outside the harbor breakwater, the
impacts did not extend into Lake Michigan. Willson (1969) also concluded
that little impact was discernable outside of Manistique harbor.
-31-
-------
Benthic macroinvertebrate communities at location 14 (Escanaba River)
were numerically dominated by oligochaetes at both the 15 and 30 m contours.
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri plus immature tubificids without hair setae
(probable L. hoffmeisteri) were the dominant forms at 15 m. These organisms
averaged 473/m* and comprised 29% of the benthos while Pontoporeia hoyi
averaged 441/m2 and comprised 27%. The tubificid Aulodilus pluriseta and
the chironomid Procladius were also abundant at this location. The
replacement of P. hoyi and Stylodrilus heringianus by probable L. hoffmeisteri
forms-indicated organic enrichment and degraded conditions. The impacts
appear moderate since P. hoyi was still present, as was Aulodrilus pluriseta.
a taxon generally not tolerant of severe pollution (Brinkhurst, 1969, 1974;
Howmiller and Beeton, 1970).
At 30 m, the benthic macroinvertebrate community was dominated by
oligochaetes and Peloscolex ferox replaced Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri as the
numerically dominant form (25%). This community resembled the 30 m community
at Naubinway in that Pontoporeia hoyi, Stylodrilus herringianus, and ¥_. ferox
were the numerically major forms. The high numbers of Aulodrilus pluriseta
and Asellus here may reflect the impacts of the embayment since these forms
were only found in abundance at other locations at the 15 m contour.
The benthic macroinvertebrate communities at location 14 indicated degraded
and enriched lake quality, with effects lessening at the 30 m contour.
Based on the water physical-chemical criteria established by Dobson et al.
(1974), this location was classified as mesotrophic, approaching eutrophic which
was consistent with the benthic macroinvertebrate results.
The Cedar River and Menominee River, locations 15 and 16, respectively,
exhibited classical signs of eutrophication with large increases in numbers of
benthic macroinvertebrates especially at the 30 m contour. There were shifts
to an oligochaete community dominated by Aulodrilus pluriseta and Peloscolex
ferox at 6 and 15 m contours and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri at the 30 m contour.
Stylodrilus heringianus was replaced by these forms, indicating enriched
conditions. Howmiller and Beeton (1970) predicted that increased eutrophica-
tion of Green Bay would result in jS. herringianus being replaced by
Aulodrilus americanus, P_. ferox and Potamothrix moldaviensis. The results of
this survey agree well with their predictions. Based on the water physical-
chemical criteria established by Dobson et al. (1974), this area was classified
as raesotrophic, approaching the eutrophic category, which agrees with the
benthic macroinvertebrate results.
In conclusion, locations along the north shore declined in lake quality
fros Naubinway to Green Bay, with the poorest quality within Green Bay and
Manistique harbor. Locations within bays (14-16) were worse in quality than
those not in bays. The benthic macroinvertebrate communities indicated
oligotrophic conditions at location 12 (Naubinway) with perhaps slight
enrichment, while communities at locations 14-16 indicated mesotrophic con-
ditions, approaching eutrophic conditions.
-32-
-------
SECTION VI
LITERATURE CITED
Alley, W. P. and S. Mozley, 1975. Seasonal abundance and spatial distri-
bution of Lake Michigan macrobenthos, 1964-1967. Univ. Michigan, Great
Lakes Res. Div. Spec. Rep. 54. 103 p.
American Public Health Association. 1975. Standard methods for the examina-
tion of water and wastewater. Fourteenth edition. 1193 p.
American Soceity of Testing and Materials. 1975. Annual book of standards,
Part 31, Water. 673 p.
Auer, M. T., R. P. Canale, and P. L. Freedman. 1976. The limnology of
Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan. Tech. Report No. 47, MICHU-SG-76-200,
Michigan Sea Grant Program. 244 p.
Beeton, A. M. 1965. Eutrophication of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 10:240-254.
, and J. W. Moffett. 1964. Lake Michigan chemical data, 1954-
55, 1960-61. U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv. Data Rep. No. 6. 102 p.
Brinkhurst, R. 0. 1969. Changes in the benthos of Lake Erie and Ontario.
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Natur. Sci. 24:45-65.
. 1974. The benthos of lakes. McMillan Press. 190 p.
, and B. G. M. Jamieson. 1971. Aquatic Oligochaeta of
the world. Univ. of Toronto Press. 860 p.
Copeland, R. A. and J. C. Ayers. 1972. Trace element distributions in
water, sediments, phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos of Lake Michigan:
a baseline study with calculations of concentration factors and buildup
of radioisotopes in the food web. Environmental Research Group, Inc.,
Ann Arbor. Spec. Rep. No. 1. 271 p.
Dobson, H. F. H., M. Gilbertson, and P. G. Sly. 1974. A summary and
comparison of nutrients and related water quality in Lakes Erie, Ontario,
Huron and Superior. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 31:731-738.
Hamilton, A. L., 0. A. Saether, and D. R. Oliver. Key to chironomid genera.
Unpublished.
Heard, W. H. and J. B. Burch. 1966. Key to the genera of freshwater
Pelecypoda of Michigan. Museum of Zoology, Univ. Michigan, Circular No. 4.
Siltunen, J. 1967. Sone oligochaetes from Lake Michigan. Trans. Am. MJ.crosc.
Soc. 86:433-454.
-33-
-------
Bovailler, R. and A. M. Beeton. 1970. The oligochaete fauna of Green Bay,
Lake Michigan. Proc. 13th Conf. Great Lakes Res. Int. Assoc. Great Lakes
Res., p. 15-46.
Hyaes, H. B. N. 1960. The biology of polluted waters. Liverpool Univ.
Press. 202 p.
. 1970. The ecology of running waters. Univ. Toronto Press.
555 p.
Industrial Bio-Test. 1972. Evaluation of thermal effects in southwestern
Lake Michigan (January 1970-April 1971). Field Sampling Program, Project
VII, IBT, No. W8960, Part D - Offshore Water Quality, February, 1970-
April, 1971. Report to Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago. 140 p.
Keap, A. L. W. 1969. Organic matter in the sediments of Lake Ontario and
Erie. Proc. 12th Conf. Great Lakes Res., Int. Assoc. Great Lakes Res.
p. 237-249.
Kenaga, D. 1981. A biological, sediment and water survey of the Manistique
River near Manistique, Schoolcraft County, Michigan, August, 1976 and
July, 1978. Mich. Dept. Nat. Res. Unpublished.
Lismetics, Inc. 1974. An environmental study of the ecological effects of
the thermal discharges from Point Beach, Oak Creek, and Lakeside Power
Plants on Lake Michigan. Commissioned by Wisconsin Electric Power Co.,
Milwaukee. 2 Vol.
Mozley, S. C. 1975. Preoperational investigations of zoobenthos in south-
eastern Lake Michigan near the Cook nuclear plant. Univ. Michigan,
Great Lakes Res. Div. Spec. Rep. 56. 132 p.
, and L. C. Garcia. 1972. Benthic macrofauna in the coastal
zone of southeastern Lake Michigan. Proc. 15th Conf. Great Lakes Res.,
Ing. Assoc. Great Lakes., p. 102-116.
, and W. P. Alley. 1973. Distribution of benthic invertebrate
in the south end of Lake Michigan. Proc. 16th Conf. Great Lakes Res.,
Ing. Assoc. Great Lakes Res. p. 87-96.
_, and R. Howmiller. 1977. Environmental status of Lake Michigan,
Volume 6: Zoobenthos of Lake Michigan. ANL/ES-40 Vol. 6, Argonne
National Lab., Argonne.
OfGorman, R. 1978. Distribution of larval fish in the nearshore waters of
western Lake Huron, April-August, 1975, and an overview of three
successive years of sampling. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Great Lakes
Fishery Lab. 20 p.
Pennak, R. W. 1953. Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. John
Wiley and Sons. 803 p.
-34-
-------
Powers, C. F. and J. C. Ayers. 1967. Water quality and eutrophication trends
in southern Lake Michigan. In: J= C. Ayers and D. C. Chandler (eds),
Studies on the environment and eutrophication of Lake Michigan. Univ.
Michigan, Great Lakes Res. Div. Spec. Rep. 30. p. 142-176.
Robertson, A. and C. F. Powers. 1968. The distribution of organic nitrogen
in Lake Michigan. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 53:137-151.
Schelske, C. L. and E. Callender. 1970. Survey of phytoplankton productivity
and nutrients in Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. Proc. 13th Conf. Great
Lakes Res., Int. Assoc. Great Lakes. Res.* p. 93-105.
, and J. C. Roth. 1973. Limnological survey of Lakes Michigan,
Superior, Huron and Erie. Univ. Michigan, Great Lakes Res. Div. Publ.
No. 17. 108 p.
Torrey, M. 1976. Environmental status of the Lake Michigan region, Volume 3:
Chemistry of Lake Michigan. ANL/ES-40 Vol. 3, Argonne National Lab.,
Argonne.
U.S. Dept. of Interior. 1968. Water quality investigations, Lake Michigan
Basin: Physical and chemical quality conditions. Federal Water Pollut.
Control Admin. Tech. Rep. Great Lakes Div. Madison. 81 p.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1973. Method for polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) in industrial effluents. National pollutants discharge
elimination system. Appendix A. Fed. Reg. 38(75) Part II.
____________ .-.._._• 1974a. The relationships of phosphorus
and nitrogen to the trophic state of northeast and northcentral lakes and
reservoirs. Working paper No. 23. Pacific N.W. Env. Res. Lab., Corvallis,
Ore.
. 1974b. Manual of methods for chemical
analysis of water and wastes. Wash., D.C. 289 p.
1980. Lake Michigan Intensive Survey
1976-1977. EPA 905/4-80-003-A.
Walter, H. J. and J. B. Burch. Key to the genera of freshwater Gastropoda
occurring in Michigan. Univ. Michigan, Dept. of Zoology. Unpublished.
Warren, C. E. 1971. Biology and water pollution control. W. B. Saunders
Company. 434 p.
Wentsel, R. and A. Mclntosh. 1977. Sediment contamination and benthic
macroinvertebrate distribution in a metal-impacted lake. Environ.
Pollut. 14:187-193.
Wiggins, G. B. 1977. Larvae of the North American Caddisfly genera
(Trichoptera). Univ. of Toronto Press, 401 p.
-35-
-------
Willson, R. 1969. Biological studies on the lower Manistique River and in-
shore waters of Lake Michigan, Manistique, Michigan. Mich. Water Res.
Comm. Unpublished. 17 p.
-36-
-------
APPENDICES
-37-
-------
Table A-t locations sewlpd with associated «l«tlon niMtwri. 5TOBET nwl*n. latitudes and longitudes, take Hlehlqan. 1976.
00
location Station STORI7
Number location Number Number
1 Cellen Slvtr
t St. Joseph
Diver
) Stack River
1
4 KataMaffoo
River
S late Nacitaue
Outlet
110429
iiono
110431
110432
110433
1 10434
110435
110416
110437
110138
1104)9
110440
I1IH41
HM12
!5(KI?JO
8('i?3l
800? 12
J)0t).'13
8M1J37
5 '10? ID
flfW 39
800214
800? 55
8002 16
0)02 16
010217
0)U21@
010219
0)0220
0)0??S
030???
• 700356
?U035»
7WJC8
7003S9
700)60
700161
700302
la
DCS
41
41
49
41
41
41
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
4?
42
42
42
4?
42
42
41
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
41
42
tltu(
Hln
48
49
49
4S
50
50
SO
6
6
24
23
24
24
24
24
J4
24
24
24
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
44
46
46
46
46
46
e N
Sec
10
39
44
48
27
30
34
55
4?
5?
58
42
46
53
t
SS
1
S
3
9
16
e
16
23
39
31
3?
40
I!
37
42
2«
n
19
24
IS
17
21
Innoltude 8
Dei Hln Sec
86 45 «
86 47 J
86 4i> 56
So 46 49
66 4B 4
86 il 55
06 47 48
g« 29 59
66 31 44
86 31 44
86 31 44
86 37 32
86 37 32
96 37 32
66 17 23
86 18 51
8« IB 5!
96 18 S1
86 23 14
86 23 14
86 23 1«
86 26 1
86 ?6 I
86 26 0
«6 13 4
66 14 48
86 14 48
3i 14 48
66 17 40
(IS 17 39
% 17 39
36 11 5
96 14 36
an u 3«
66 14 J6
96 16 48
86 16 46
84 16 40
Dlitance
frog location Station STORtr
shore (b»i Number location dumber Number
• 1.1 4 Grand River 700163
$
4
4
6
6
&
0.5 7 Muslte^on laxe
1 Outlet
3
3
11
11
tl
a.* 6 Mtlto lake
2.5 Outlet
2.5
2.5
8
8
a
12 » Pera HanjueUs
12 Blver
12
O.S
2.5
2.5
Z.S
6.5 1$ Hanfstee
6.5 {39ver
i.5
0.5
2.5
?.S
S.i
700364
700J65
7003C6
700367
700368
700369
61 0298
61029?
610)00
610301
610)02
610)03
610J04
SI0305
6103U6
610307
610301)
610301
610)10
610)11
530112
530113
530114
5)0115
530116
530117
S3oiia
510143
510144
510145
510149
5)0147
510148
510149
5.5
9.5
4.5
Latitude N
Peg Kin Sec
43 3 28
43 9 24
43 3 28
43 3 34
43 3 25
43 3 31
43 3 3S
43 1) 38
43 13 34
43 13 38
43 13 45
43 13 36
43 13 43
43 13 47
43 22 40
43 22 30
43 22 36
43 22 39
43 22 30
4) 22 35
43 22 42
43 57 11
43 57 5
43 57 12
43 37 19
43 SS 54
43 57 t
43 57 8
4« 15 U
4« n n
44 U It
44 U 29
4« 15 15
44 IS 24
44 15 32
loflgltu
Peg Hln
•6 15
66 17
86 17
86 17
86 19
86 19
86 19
86 20
86 22
88 22
86 22
86 25
86 25
86 2S
86 25
86 27
86 27
86 27
86 28
86 28
86 21
86 !t
86 n
S6 29
86 29
86 33
6* 33
66 31
86 21
Si 24
36 24
K 24
as 25
86 n
86 25
Distance
de M from
Sec shore [to)
27 n
0
0
0
17
17
17
55
9
g
22
22
22
57
2
2
25
25
25
27
23
23
24
J9
39
1)
23
2)
2J
7
7
7
,s
2
'
•
-------
hi..
1
L
a
• EI ^.MmvMxa^
Xil
III
id tfitftM
S*0
s
§"€' SSS£35=:S~""~C:5&C'^C'=:C
*«je] *— — — ™ — — — —^-«-^«r5»»r<»5^.^p
SM
I
I
IS
II
II
s
-39-
-------
IttU A-l
Mcthadt used to mlyra MlKtri wet«r constituent*, lafct Mlcftlfan, t«K.
O
Parameter
Tata! Phoiptarm
ftMctlvt, Photphorvi
Particular Phosphorut
Silicon Dloxlto*
Chiomphyl! 4
Total Or«anlc Rltrovn
Iota) UetAiht Kltrostn
Toll) Nitres*
Nitrite
Nltrat.
taMU
Choalcal Qxygan DaautR^
Tetal Organic Cerowt
AikalMly
Sptxfflc ConductaiK*
Hinen
fl.OOI-0.5i' ng/!
O.OOI-O.W ««/!
G.01-10.0 no/1
•.I.»«fl
C.OI-fO nit/I
8.01-2.0 *?/i
0.»t-4.6^,,
r
-------
Trtlt A-2 (contlnwd)
r"«r««t«r
Turbidity
ToUl Dlisolvnl Solfdt
Mildw. ToUl riUtrtblt
lotil Iron
CktorMn
Svlftto
Soo'lM
NlOnollW
Cilclrn
lUnqa
o.i-ioo nv
50-350 mo/1
1-100 Kg/1
s-soo i>g
0.1-100 Kg/1
0.1-100 HJ/1
O.I-SOino/l
O.t-25 "t/l
10-100 Of/I
Method
KtphcloMtrk
65« SpKlflc
Conduct jnc« it 2S*C
Sn«liwtrlc
550'C
Atonic
Absorption
Autoi»te4
F«rrlcyjnid«
ilrlm
CMorldt
TurblMtrtc
Atoxic
Absorption
Atoxic
Absorption
COTA
Tltntlon
5ftnJ.nl HtUmtt
API1A
214A
p. 132
—
2oec
p. 95
30IA
P. Ml
802
P. «11
427C
p. 49«
"
301A
p. 141
30*C
p. 18*
««f«r»ne«
IP* HethoJi
1974
p. 295
--
p. 272
p. 110
P. 11
p. 177
p. 147
p. 114
». I»
A5TN (>irt ]1
1975
01889-71
p. 223
~
--
D257«-70
p. 345
"
05K-MI
p. 425
--
D2S7I-M
P. 345
"
-------
A-3
Methods used to analyze selected sediment constituents, Lake Michigan, 1976.
Parameter
Method
.Sensitivity.
Reference
NJ
i
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Total Solids
Volatile Solids
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Total Organic Carbon
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Dieldrin
DDT (total)
OOP
DDE
PCB (1242, 1254, 1260)
DBP
DEHP
Chlordane
HC8
HCBD
Oil and Grease
Block Digester
Automated Salicylate
Ascorbic acid reduction
Moisture determination
balance
Moisture determination
balance
Bichromate reflex
Sealed Ampul
Atomic Absorption
Atomic Absorption
Atomic Absorption
Atomic Absorption
Atomic Absorption
Atomic Absorption
Cold vapor method
Atomic Absorption
Atomic Absorption
Gas chromatograph
Gas chromatograph
Gas chromatoqraph
Gas chromatograph
Gas chromatograph
Gas chromatoqraph
Gas chromatograph
Gas chromatograph
Gas chromatograph
Gas chromatograph
Hexane extraction
1 mg/kg
1 mg/kg
n
0.1%
10 mg/kg
0.1 mg/kg
0.1 mg/kg
0.1 mg/kg
1 mg/kg
0.1 mg/kg
0.1 mg/kg
0.01 mg/kg
1 mg/kg
0.1 nig/ kg
<10 ug/kg
<20 yg/kg
<20 yg/kg
<20 yg/kg
<200 yg/kg
100 yg/kg
100 yg/kg
<50
<100
<50
100 mg/kg
Std. Methods, 14th edition
p. 91
Std. Methods, 14th edition
p. 95
Std. Methods, 14th edition
Std. Methods, 14th edition
EPA (1974), p. 101
EPA (1974), p. 105
EPA (1974), p. 108
EPA (1974), p. 110
EPA (1974), p. 112
EPA (1974), p. 116
EPA (1974), p. 118,
RPA (1974), p. 141.
EPA (1974), p. 155
EPA (1973), Fed. Reg. 38
EPA (1973), Fed. Reg. 38
EPA (1973), Fed. Reg. 38
EPA (1973), Fed. Reg. 38
EPA (1973), Fed. Reg. 38
EPA (1973), Fed. Reg.. 38
EPA (1973), Fed. Req. 38
EPA (1973), Fed. Reg. 38
EPA (1973), Fed. Reg. 38
EPA (1973), Fed. Reg. 38
EPA (1973)
-------
Tibia A-4
Descriptive stttlstlcs for selected water constituents, Uko Michigan, 1976.
Organic nitrogen M/1
iniorophfli a.
U>
Location
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Location
_ Mean
0.24
0.20
0.19
0.22
0.19
0.19
0.26
0. 18
0.16
O.r5
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.25
0.32
0.32
0.21
Total
Standard Location
Deviation H Mean
0.04 4 0.25
0.01 4 0.2!
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.09
o.ol
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.02
O.JO
' 0.22
0.10
0.20
•0.27
020
0.16
0.15
0.15
, 0.16
0.16
0.26
0.07 4 0.33
0.05 4 0.32
i. 0.06 0.21
rhoiphorus m/l Total
Standard Location
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.09
0.11
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.0)
0.02
0.07
0.05
1.2
4.8
si
2.2
2.8
3.2
2.3
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.4
1.8
I.I
1.2
2.2
2.5
Standard
Deviation
0.1
4.0
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.2
0 1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
1.1
1.4
Jl_
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
j
2
2
2
2
2
I
r
iO.06 2.2 1.0.9 SL - Sample lost
DrCfio'DhospluU'MSI ' Articulate
Phosphorus mq/1
Location
(lumber
10
II
12
II
14
location
Mean
0.007
0.011
o.nio
0.008
0.009
0.009
0.019
0.009
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.007
0.006
0.014
0.116
0.013
0.010
Standard
Deviation _j
0.003
0.003
0.003
O.f03
0.001
0.002
0.011
0.00?
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.001
0 OOfl
0.000
(I.OA2
10.004
Location
Mean
0.102
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.10!
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.00!
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
o.oos
0.003
0.002
0.002
Standard
Deviation _H
0.001
0.003 !
0.001
0.000
o.ooo
0.000
0.000 •
0.000
0.000
0.00!
0.001
0.001
(1. 001
0.001
n.ooi
0.002 4
10.001
Location
__ llean
C.006
0.008
0.007
0.005
o.ooa
1.006
P. 016
0.008
0.005
0.003
0.004
0.006
0.003
0.010
0.013
0.011
0.008
Standard
DeYtatlpri
0,001
0.001
0.005
0.005
0,001
(/.004
0.011
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.008
0.008
0.003
10.004
_Jt
4
4
4
4
^
4
4
4
4
4
4
6
4
4
4
4
-------
Table A-4 (continued)
Location
Kiiriitr
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
S
9
10
11
12
11
14
15
16
Location
Total Nltrooen nra/1
Location Standard
Mean Deviation _J
Hltrate t Nitrite «n>l
Location
_ . %.«", ...
0.4S 0.06 4 0.19
0.44 0.09
0.43 0.06
0.43 0.04
0.12 0.06
0.39 0.02
0.4) 0.03
0.39 0.04
0.36 0.01
0.32 0.03
0.32 0.05
0.33 0.02
0.32 0.01
0.35 0.05
0.42 0.09
0.38 0.02
0.38 10.16
Suspended Sol us ma/1
location Standard
U««H flait 4 *t>4nn
0.23
.0.24
0.21
o.ao
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.10
o.to
0.06
0.17
"-' ' ' Vft'f
TB"
Location '
t . Mean
Mufflbgl*^ _ ';«ftyii — „, g^j "*JMT^ J* • -^i — iifm«
i »2.4 laa
2
3
4
g
y
. *|
10
12
13
|4
IS
If
4 4 US
$
2
£
S
A
,
3
2
2
2
*
*
9 &
S I
*. * 3
1 140
! 68
1 112
72
es
43
71
34
10
19
40
136
57
67
Standard Location
Deviation _H JlSSSL-
0.02 4 0.016
o.oa 4 0.012
0.05
0.04
0.06
0.02
0.03
P.'*
P. 05
O.M
0.07
• 0.04
0.01
0.07
0.31
0."8
0.007
0.003
0.010
0.011
0.007
0.106
0.005
0.004
O.'XM
0.003
O."05
0.008
O.nos
0.102
Anonla mg/1
Standard
Deviation H
0.013 4
0.010
0.004
0.001
0.004
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.005
0.005
O.Q04
0.001
10.05 0.007 10.004
Standard Location Standard
DevljHpn 0 Mean Deviation K
Z36 1.4
12S
92
27
57
4
65
SB .
19
67
IS
5
£
27
I Si
22
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
.0
.0
.1
.0
.2
4 68
0.09
0.23
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.0
0.02
0.0
0.04
0.0
0.1
O.OS
0.06
0.05
1.0 * 0.!4
-------
Tabli A-4 (contfiHMd)'
.p-
Ul
I
Dissolved Silica m/t Wriflr
location
BuinlXf
1
2
3
*
S .,
6
;
8
9
10
II
u
!)
14
it
It
location
fte*t£_
1
2
3
4-
S
6
1
e
i
10
ii
12
»J
14
Ii
It
I oca I ton
Mean
(1.5
1.1
1.0
o.»
0.8
O.S
0.6
O.S
0.6
o.»
O.S
O.S
0.?
0.1
0.8
. 0.0
O.f
Ch
i oca! Ion
Him _
9.1
8.7
6.6
6,1
8.S
,8.7
e.i>
6.7
a.i
8.5
a.;
e.a
7.6
7.r.
O.S
7.9
a.i
SUmiari) location
Deviation N He»n
0.2 4 256
0.7 4 278
0.5 276
0.3 274
0.4 278
0.0 269
O.Z 374
0.2 279
0.3 260
0.1 265
O.J 265
0.4 261
0.1 26S
0.4 270
0.1 270
0.9 4 270
i 0.2 2(9
prjdps OTI/I
Standard Location
B«i!«i!sa » Mc.n-
0.2
0.4
0.2
(!. 1
0 1
O.I
0.?
0.2
0 2
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.9
U.I
O.J
0.1
li
22
25
21
25
19
20
24
22
Zl
n
21
22
22
72
23
10.6 22
St.lnwd
Oevlstfon H
2 4
a
4
2
e
5
2
?
j
0
0
2
0
5
S
0
16
Sylfate «/>
Standard
Deviation l>
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0 4
0 4
1 0
0 4
0 4
1 4
\ 4
a
Toll) Dlsiolved Sol Ids ng/1
(iwJor Ions)
Location Standard
Mean Deviation 11
151 14'
1S6 8 4
164 2 4
160 J
Ii7 1
ISO 1
UU 3
161 ' 2
156 3
155 1
is4 r
147 6
ISI 2
158 1
154 ?
15t 1
156 i »
Sodium mq/l
Location Standard
.Mean Oevla.tjon H
6.0 0.3
.7 0.2
.3 0.2
.t 0.1
.5 0.1
.4 O.I
.6 0.1
.* 0.2
.4 0.1
.3 0.1
.2 0.1
.1 0.2
.S 0.2
.} 0.5
.a o.t
.2 0.1
4.5 iO.Z
-------
Tab1« A-4 (contlmttd)
nosIUHI. bg/l'.
TctaV Organic Carbon »a/]
location
"""*""•
»
10
11
12
13
14
15
li
Location
Number
1
2
to
II
11
IS
H
II
14
Location
Hran
13.0
U.I
u.a
1Z.5
12.0
u.a
12. a
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.1
11.9
U.I
u.a
12.5 »
Chrafca
location
Hc
-------
TrtU »-S
K«««r impU chwilcai and physical results, Lake Michigan, 1976.
location SUtlon Deplli;
flwlur lotttton Number (ml
1
2
3
4
(
Ctllwi Diver i
1
3
1
6
6
St. Jaitfh Mwi" i
1
2
3
$
S
Stick Klnr 1
'l
3
3
6
C
KllMtzoo Rlvtr 1
1
}
1
£
6
Ilk* MiCttMB I
1
3
3
C
C
1
4
!
14
1
19
!.
4
1
H
)
29
1
4
1
H
1
29
1
4
1
14
!
29
1
6
!
14
i
29
CheralMl
Oxygen
Di-nsniS
-(i»g/1)
9.0
6.1
5.4
4.4
4.4
4.1
10.$
S.8
3.S
4.4
}.«
1.1
8.7
5.1
8.5
S.)
4.6
a.s
14.0
s.;
9.6
6.0
3,9
S.2
«.
«.
0.
•1.
• 6.
S.
TsUl
Organic Turbidity Nitrite ant toiwita
C»rbon Conduct i»Hx (foreuiin Kltrfte Nitroiien Nltroicn
(«")/!) (i«*o/ci»> units) SmqN/1! (mti/l)
4.S
3.3
2.B
2.9
3.0
2.7
5.7
3.?
?.i
2.3
J.O
1.9
i.i
3.5
2.3
8.1
2.0
S.4
S.i
Z.S t
1.9
I.?
1.7
i.8
2.0
1.9
i.8
i.a
2.4
1.1
360
?85
255
265
255
261)
445
29!)
275
28&
265
285
JBO
275
280
27S
270
275
410
?85
275
??5
270
275
27$
275
290
ZflO
J70
270
1.0
• 4.0
1.5
2.9
1.6
2.2
7.4
9.5
2.«
6.4
l.Z
1.7
7.8
5.5
6.0
2.S
1.6
3.8
13
8.!
2.S
J.2
l.Z
2.6
4.5
3.2
2.2
I.J
2.0
J.8
0.59
O.J7
0.18
0.19
0.18
a. 22
0,46
0.25
O.ZO
0.25
0.13
0.33
0.24
0.26
0.22
0.27
0.17
0.28
0.73
0.21
0.19
0.20
0. 17
0.27
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.10
0.16
0.2«
0.017
0.012
0.004
0.010
0.005
0.021
0 026
O.HI4
0.008
0.026
0.007
O.OOC
o.ona
0.015
0.010
0.010
0 005
0.0113
0.002
a.m
0.004
0.004
0.001
0.003
n.ois
0.014
0.009
0.016
0.009
0.007
OrgdMc
Kluon
(ngN/iL
0.74
O.J1
0.21
0.27
0.20
0.27
0 62
0.29
0.20
0.24
0.17
0.18
0.23
0.26
0 20
0 24
0.16
0.15
0.64
O.)l
0.25
0.22
0.20
0.20
0.26
0.21
0.19
0.1?
0.59
0.19
Total
KJeldahl Total
Nitrogen Phosphorus
_JmjN/T)_ (m9P/l)
0.78
0.32
0.21
0.30
0.21
0.29
0 65
0.30
0.2!
O.J7
o.ia
0 19
0.24
0.28
0.21
0.75
O.I/
0.15
0.64
0.31
0.25
0.22
0.20
0.20
0.2B
0.22
0.20
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.038
0.019
0.006
0.008
0.004
•0.010
0.065
0.076
0.811
0.014
0.008
0.009
0.016
0.018
0.012
o on
0.006
0.008
0.073
0.022
0.012
0.007
0.005
0.007
0.016
0.011
0.007
0.009
0.008
0.010
-------
M«rqatf>(*«cg » O M O O Ch ng M O O Q £ O » o O o> «
r-- -- O C1 O O o "»•»* — •— O w .— •- M. o— O <— O •—«— O 3
I-
Si
£
S=
"5.1
I-
IE
£
I!
•8-
II
•8
% .
»«MtO— OM
« «y sp f
r~ ey «W *>
«o<9- «e&« tn v
sssass
^2"
i
_S=j
I III
iil§i§ siiiii liiiil §§§§§§ sills!
SOOOO COOOOO d£
-48-
-------
table A-5
(continued)
VO
Location Station Depth
Number loot ton Hunter («)
t Grind River
7 Mulkegon like
( MilU Uke
1 reie Narnmtu Hiver
10 Kanlite* Diver
11 Settle Uke
MitlMubl* result*
1
6
I
14
1
29
I
6
1
14
\
29
1
6
i
14
]
29
t
7
1
14
1
29
1.
9
?
14
1.
.29
1
7
14
1
29
1
39
ChcnlCil
0»ygen
Demand
(im/tl
10.6
6.3
5.3
4.8
5.1
5.3
(0.6
6.6
5.3
7.1
4.B
(.3
9.9
9.9
4.3
6.8
6.6
6.1
9.3
8.3
5.3
5.9
5.6
15.8
6.1
5.9
I2.<
6.7
10.1
6.9
9.9
7.5
6.1
6.7
13.6
12.1
5.9
9.6
Total
Organic
Carbon
(iKi/ll
4.1
2.6
I.S
i.e
1.6
1.6
3.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
1.8
1.8
3.2
3.3
2.0
2.0
1.9
2.11
2.8
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
2.
t
i
is
.5
.S
Conductivity
dmho/ca)
345
290
270
270
2/5
260
290
290
275
275
270
275
300
280
270
200
275
290
310
205
265
265
270
270
360
285
?65
265
265
265
265
205
265
265
265
266
265
265
Turbidity . Nitrate and
(forum i In Nitrite Nltroqen
units) (ni'lN/l)
4.4
3.2
2.5
2.5
l.l
2.0
3.0
3.0
2.5
5.5
2.1
2.0
5.0
9.0
2.2
3.3
1.6
2.7
3.6
3.5
1.2
1.3
1.2
i.a
3.2
1.9
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.0
l.t
" 1.0
1.2
0.21
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.21
0.16
0.19
0.19
0.18
0.25*
0.18*
0.17
0.19
0.18
0.19
0.17
0.25
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.19
0.17
0.28
0.14
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.21
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.15
. 0.14
0.21
0.14
0.10
Amxuili
Nltroten
(nmN/1)
0.061
0.009
a. 009
0.010
O.flll
0.012
0.010
0.009
0.007
0.008
0.007*
0.007'
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.007
0.005
0.006
0.003
0.006
0.002
0.000
0.003
0.005
0.014
0.004
0.002
0.003
0.002
0.010
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.006
0.0111
0.007
0.003
0.005
Organic
Nitrogen
(mall/1 1_
0.37
0.21
0.20
0.20
o.i;
0.19
0.30
0.22
0.18
0.24
0.38*
0.23*
0.36
0.39
0.18
0.20 ,.
0.18
0.19
0.22
0.17
0.15
0.15
0.19
0.14
0.18
0.18
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.17
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.17
O.IS
0.14
Total
KJcldaM Tola!
Nitrogen Phosplarus
_fel!!/LL tal'/l)
0.43
0.24
0.21
0.21
0 18
0.20
0.31
0.23
0.19
0.25
0.39*
0.24*
0.37
0.40
o.ia
0.21
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.18
0.15
0.16
0.19
0.15
0.19
0.18
0.15
0.15
0 15
0.16
0.15
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.13
0.18
0.15
0.14
0.037
0.011
0.008
0.008
O.P07
0.011
0.020
0.014
0.008
0.015
0.035*
0.019*
0,023
0.035
0.007
0.010
0.008
0.010
0.021
0.010
0.007
0.005
0.006
0.005
0.011
0.007
0.004
0.005
0.005
0.007
0.003
0.005
o.onj
0.004
0.003
0.000
0.004
0.005
-------
=1
I-
f>fc O» t£ f f tf
Moooo*
p»oeteto>o OCT.O,»W» p c* tn <^ a* e»99.a-9> — e*o*e«et» SCN^», eo«. ^.^
^•^-ooo— —o—ooo ^-ooooo koodoo — do'cridd dddddddd
3 n n "J^*0}^^0 >«eotnte\Bto m«/i i« mm 10 ooooo eaoooo dooooo oo'oocse ddeidcsd eddcsdoda
2
ll
-50-
-------
(continued)
I
Ui
location Station Dppth
dunber location dumber (*)
12 ' Nauolnuay
1) Hanlstlqut River
14 Euenaba River
It Cedar Riser
1* NtimliMM Hlver
\
7
1
14
1
19
1
5
1
14
1
. ?®
1
6'
1
5
1
M
. 1
22
1
5
1
14
1
29
1
S
1
14
1
it
Chmlca
Holland
(fflg/1)
a. s
3.4
11.0
2.7
7.2
9.6
6.9
5.3
5.1
3.2
2.1
6.4
' 12.0
23.0
6.4
II. J
8.0
5.9
6.2
7.2
13.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
B.B
8.1
11.9
13.4
B.B
12.1
to.a
5.9
Total
Qcqanlc
Carbon
(«1/1)
2.3
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.2
2.8
1 .8
1.9
2.1
i.a
5. a
2.6
J.I
5.7
3.1
2.9
3.1
3.5
3.8
3.3
3.S
3.1
2.'s
5.6
5.9
4.2
S.7
4.1
t.J
Turbidity Ultrate and Anmonla
Condoctlvlly (formalin Nitrite Nitrogen Kltroqon
(unho/oaj units) / (m
-------
-35-
*
II
•s
o
§§1111 Illlll III
A
-S2_
*„„ »=w- bs.ssss- ass,.*,. isas
o
ftspepp-- -"ppp — p —ppppp pweppppp pp — pop 1*^^"
w — ^ w 9 ^ A fsj .^TS*
^^MM_ r£
— rt
-1
-^ at
Ss
?
^n^Cki^ bSnc^b "^^rcn b°bS^bSb bbbSSs 0
-f
_ r|
S° S ° G S o o —' — — o OOOOOQ a^ioooooa o o CD o -*s o ^ —
*^S ->fSm 5 *fl © O O O ChAtOihnknA u^fv3a(^*-*>iK w u* ^3 — * 3 H —
I
i
-------
T6i.ll A-6
Selected river sailing result!, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 1976.
Clmilctl Tats! merits
Oy«gen Organic and feaonlt Organic Total
I
Ui
co
I
t
t
7
8
9
10
11
1)
14
16
St. Jutcpn Hfver at
CIO railroad bridge,
St. Joseph
US-31 bridge. Sauqatuck
Grand River at mouth,
Grand Haven
'luskcijon Uk* at South
bank of otitlst. Muskegon
White River at mirth
bouid US 21 brlcho,
Pere tarquctte River,
north channel at Pere
Marqoette Id, Pere
Marquette Txp.
Nanluee River >t
Haple St. bridge,
Ian It tee
Sets it diver at lettft
Bridie, Crystal lake Tup.
tanhtlque River at (ml
or Herbvtm Dr. at iwuth,
Manlitlque
ticanaba River it
US-2 bridge, mill Tup.
MenoMlim Rlvar it 26th
Street, Henonltm
STORFT
110039
030009
700026
610010
610178
53003}
510014
10WI67
770003
210010
650011
Date
7/76
7/76
7//6
7/76
7/76
7 78
7/76
7/76
im
7/76
7/76
Denund
an/!
18.0
17.0
27.0
15.9
11.2
12.9
8.!
10.4
22.0
32.0
14. «
Ctrbon
OQ/i
9.0
«.4
11.7
S.9
7.1
' J.t
4.8
8.5
13.4
6.7
Conductivity'
nlcramlw/cn
sen
520
500
320
3SO
345
419
310
190
340
220
T'jrbHit?
FTU
7.6
6.6
7.2
1.9
3.5
9.3
5.4
7.2
8.2
8.0
1.0
NUrtti
tm/t H
1.120
0.740
1.514
0.040
0.220
0.170
0.150
0.160
0.190
o.;oo
0.050
flUroigeit
nq/l N
0.028
0.010
0.058
0.019
0.029
n.o«i
0.064
0.007
0.061
0.087
0.045
"iS/rs"
1.170
0.890
1.770
0.7UO
0.640
1.000
4.130
0.160
0.870
0.610
0.400
Phosnhorut
•"I/I P
0.101
0.121
0.156
0.016
0.055
0.059
0.010
0.029
0.030
0.078
0.021
-------
Trtlt A-6 (cnttfmwl)
Total
TOUT Ot«so!s*i OftsoiVfi Catetui AU.IinHy
8rtho-f>lK>iptwt« So It/is Stli» Chtortd* SuH«t.e-dis« So4SwMls» tonnes iu»-
-------
T«bi» «-7
Station I
— Hater col urn phystcal-chwtMl muIU'at 16 locations. Lake Hlchlgan, 1976.
locitton
Nu«*er
1
2
)
4
5
6
;
»
9
10
Location
blten Rlwr
St. Join* River
Black «lv«r
Kataaaioo River
•
like fecitmi nutlit
Grand Hlver
fetkegon Lake
White l«ki
Pere Harquetle
ftanlitoe «l»er
Depth
!»)
0
2
4
-
-
a
2
4
0
z
4
6
0
2
4
6
0
2
4
6
0
2
4
6
0
2
4
e
7
0
2
4
6
8
9
'7
24.1
22.0
20. 5
-
-
24.0
2Z.n
21. 8
20.9
20.5
20.0
20.0
20.5
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.9
20. n
15.5
',9.3
20.0
19.0
19.0
19.0
21.5
20. 5
20.0
20.0
20.0
22.0
20.0
19.0
19. «
19.1
18.9
Dissolve
Oxygen
(nn/1)
.
.
-
-
-
a. <
9.4
8.6
9.1
8.9
a. t
8.7
9.8
9.8
H.2
11.3
S.9
8.)
3.2
8.1
9.1
9.8
9.4
9.5
t
1 '.
IO'.D
S Oxygen
Saturation
.
-
-
-
-
102
102
101
103
131
90
98
111
111
127
129
101
94
91
90
103
119
104
1CS
73
87
96
106
113
101
107
109
110
110
111
Conductivity
DM uaho/cm*
7.7
8.2
8.3
-
-,
3.4
8.6
B.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
fi.4
8.5
8.6
9.6
8.6
8.6
8.7
8.6
8.6
8.7
D.«
8.6
8.6
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
5.7
8.5
8.6
8. 7
8.7
8.7
8.7
369
280
220
-
-
350
240
225
2Z5
225
225
225
295
230
225
225
240
230
230
225
240
235
2)0
230
275
240
225
235
235
J40
2«0
245
?W
225
225
StccM
Cnlor t Disc Date
fin/1) (*) Sampled Tine
k
«.l(3») 2.7 7/6 1430
e.9(i«J 0.6 7/14 310
0.8 7/13 930
4.1(Sn) 0.9 7/19 1210
3.3(5m) !.» 7/22 725
S.6(5») 1.5 7/21 700
5.8(Sm) 2.1 7/21 1250
«.»(5») l.S 7/21 1750
2.1(5n) l.S 7/26 1430
1.1(50) -- 7/27 1925
-------
Tible A-7 (continued)
Stitton 1 (continued)
locitton
Number Loci t Ion
11 Betileltke
12 Haublimy
13 Ninlitlqiie River
14 iicanaba River
IS Cedtr River
It Heimlnee River
Depth
!«i
0
2
4
6
7
0
2
4
6
7
0
2
4
S
0
2
4
0
2
4
«
0
I
4
S
<7
22.2
70.0
19.S
19.3
11.8
16.8
is. a
16.5
n.s
13.0
19.1
18.$
14.2
18.1
lo.o
17.8
17.8
19.0
18.5
1 15.5
15.5
20.0
20.9
19.5
19.0
Dissolved
Oxygen
toi/1
.8
.0
.2
.9
.9
.6
.6
.$
.5
.0
10.1
10.4
10.)
11. 5
11.2
10.0
9.S
S Oxygen
Saturation
10)
102
104
101
101
92
92
90
84
88
110
in
112
128
122
10)
97
PH
B.7
8.7
8.8
8.8
a. 8
8.5
a. s
a. 5
S.5
8.5
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.7
8.7
8.6
8.8
8.6
3.3
8.2
3.8
a.s
a. 3
8.7
Eonductlvlt
_jffi!a/fliL.
230
220
220
220
221
-
-
-
-
198
ZOO
210
210
212
212
210
215
215
20Q
200
245
24]
243
243
Secchl
i Chlor e Disc Date
(ua/1) (») Sampled Tine
!.«(!») 6.5 7/27 1400
3.6(!») 4.3 d/lo 10*1
Z.t(Sn) -- 8/17 830
5.3(4.) 4.3 a/13 1630
«.a(5») 3.0 6/19 815
6.9(5*} 2.3 8/18 830
-------
I
Ul
UMi *-7 (continued)
SUtton }
i. notion
Kimher Loeitton
1 ftiU»n «l«r
I St. Joiipd Klvtr
1 Hick »lwr
4 Ulwuioe Hlvtr
S lika NtciUtM
f Grind ftlvir
Depth
W
. 0
2
4
6
8
14
14
.
-
0
j
4
6
a
10
14
0
2
4
6
8
10
14
0
2
4
6
a
10
14
25.2
22.2
21.8
21.2
20.4
18.8
17.5
.
-
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
19.0
24.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
•20.0
Dissolve*
Oyxgen
tM/Vl
8.5
8.5
8.8
8.8
9.0
9.3
9.7
.
-
9.2
10.8
10.9
12.0
11.6
11.8
12.2
.2 .
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.8
10.5
10.0
9.2
10.2
10.6
10. 4
13.4
I Oxygen
Saturation
105
100
103
101
102
103
104
-
.
104
122
123
136
131
133
133
104
105
105
105
104
105
109
119
11]
104
US
120
118
118
P»
8 i
8 .
B (
8 3
8
a
8
.
.
8.
8.
8
8.
8.
8.
8.
B.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
B.
8.
8.
t.
3.
B.
8
Conductivity
who/car
240
230
1 225
220
1 220
210
210
-
.
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
220
225
225
225
224
225
I2S
224
Sccchl
rChlar • 01 u Oite
IMO/U- M Smrolei) Tfee
1.1 (&») 3.1 7/6 UM
7.6(4«) 1.8 7/14 930
0.9 7/!ll 1010
2.0(4«) 2.7 7/19 1300
3.1(5.) 3.4 7/22 830
).](*•) t.1 7/21 800
-------
-8S-
f
I
rf
o o o S o
I"o in «iInf-a
\s
ooo
21
tf
I"
-------
t
Ln
<£>
I
Table A-7 (continued)
Station 3 (continued)
.
location
Nwber location
13 llanltttquo
14 Euanaba «lwr
IS Cedar River
It NenMlnoe diver
Depth
0
2
4
6
a
10
14
0
2 .
4
6
8
10
14
0
2
4
6
8
. 10
i4
0
2
4
(
8
10
14
Tenp.
•C
19.0
19.1
19.1
19.0
17.0
15.0
13.0
19.1
18.8
18.6
IS. 4
18.1
1B.O
11. •
20.0
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
16.0
9.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
2(1.0
19.0
13.0
17.3
Dissolved
Sffi
9.8
10.0
10.0
.8
.5
.5
.8
.6
.6
.5
.5
.5
a.o
7.7
Saturation
109
111
111
107
104
104
73
109
107
105
105
lOi
84
69
ft
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
9.
8.
8.
8.
a.
1.
8.
a.
a.
8.
s.
6.
9.
8.
H.
8.
8.
a.
f
.
Seech 1
Conductivity Chlor i Dtic Dtte
umo/cn' dm/I) tin) Suipled TIM
210 l.i(Sl) 9.8 4/17 930
215
215
215
210
190
105
225 3.3(6n) 4.3 8/18 1730
225
222
222
225
222
195
230 1.7(S») 1.2 8/19 915
210
230
?25
225
208
175
220 1.1(6ii) 1.0 8/18 930
220
220
220
220
215
210
-------
*•
1
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-------
Table A-7 (continued)
Station 6 (continued)
Location
(timber Location
14 Cscanaba River
IS Cedir River
li Nenmlnm River
Depth
(ml
0
2
4
6
8
10
IS
20
22
0
2
4
6
6
10
15
20
25
29
0
2
4
6
8
10
15
20
25
29
Tcn.p
•c
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
15.5
15 0
13 0
20.0
20 0
20.0
2o.o
20 0
20.0
19.0
13.0
80
80
20.5
20.5
10 0
20 0
20-0
20.0
19.5
14.5
12. S
10.0
Dissolved
Oxygen
(mtj/l)
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
10.9
ln.1
9 3
9.2
8.8
9.8
10.0
to."
9 8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.0
8.0
8.0
t Oxygen
Saturation
lib
105
105
105
107
108
100
94
86
111
113
113
111
ni
111
109
88
70
70
Secchl
Conductivity Chlor a Disc Date
pll umWcn' (ijq/1) (») Sampled Time
8 1
S 1
8.3
8 3
8.3
8.2
8 2
B.O
3.0
8.9
8.9
8.8
8.9
3.8
8.8
8.8
8.2
8 1
8.0
8.4
3.4
8.4
8.4
8.3
8.4
8.2
B.O
7.8
7.8
210 l.l(Sm) 4.0 8/18 1630
210
210
210
210
205
2'IO
110
175
225 Z.O(Sn) 5.9 8/19 SIS
225
2Z6
225
221
225
220
191
162
160
225 3.8(6.) 3.4 8/18 830
225
270
220
221
220
215
200
185
US
-------
libli »-7 (continued)
SUtlon »
Locittan BepM"
Number location t«0
1 Bl«ck Rt«er
" Belli* Uku 0
4
<
8
10
IS
20
•K
30
15
39
T
21.3
20.0
20.0
14.9
59.6
15.5
19.0
u.s
14.0
s.a
6.S
(.0
SlssoJved
Oxyaen
(OT/1)
8.5
9.1
.0
.1
.1
.3
.1
9.6
10.3
11.9
11.4
11.9
S Oxygen
S«tur»Uon
103
103
102
101
103
105
103
103
103
104
95
94
P
B
8
B
B
B
8
8
a
«
B
a
s
«
6
8
S
S
e
8
»
>
6
s
4
«
Sicchl
onduct<«Uv Chlor t Disc Dtte
(CTho/cni1 Ui/1) M Sanpled »l«
4.0 7/13/76 1130
220 1.8(ta) 8.S 7/27/76 1800
220
220
220
21S
2IS
214
205
19S
165
1SS
155
-------
Tablt A-a
Stdlmnt particle «l« percent conpoiltlon ct 16 locations, lak» Michigan, 1976.
Location Station
Number Location Number
1 eat ten River
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
2 St. Joseph »!»«r
g
2
4
5
7
} Bllct Rlviif
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
9
10
4 (alumina River 1
2
4
S
6
, 7
Total
Solids Volatile Gravel
Depth Tatil So! Us >2 n»
ISj » Wet Ht, S T,S, t dry wt.
S
IS
IS
IS
20
20
20
5
IS
19
15
30
3d
30
S
15
15
IS
30
30
10
4S
45
45
S
IS
15
15
30
1 30
30
8K3
81.2
80. 4
81.8
81.9
81.1
79.6
80.2
SI. 1
81. 8
81. S
74.0
72. «
75.0
83.9
79.9
80.4
81. S
80.8
82.3
81.1
41.1
42.4
40. 8
84.1
84.4
85.0
85.1
83.3
82.8
82.0
0.1
0.1
O.I
0.1
0.1
Q.I
O.I
O.I
O.I
0.1
O.I
O.I
0.2
O.I
18.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
O.I
0.0
n.o
0.0
0.0
0.4
O.I
n.o
Very
Coarse
Sand
1-2 no
S dry ut.
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.2
11.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.5
0.$
2.5
n.l
0.2
0.3
1.2
1.0
0.8
n.l
n.l
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
i.a
o.s
n.i
Coarse
Sand
O.S-I im
% dry »t.
1.6
3.7
2.1
2.5
3.2
J.I
3.6
O.S
3.8
6.9
2.6
1.4
1.3
1.3
46.2
1.6
2.5
2.1
7.8
14.7
o.a
0.7
0.6
0.6
2.0
1.4
3.2
4.8
a.o
2.3
1.1
Nedlin
Sand
0,25-0.5 tm
« dry Ht.
41.1
2?. 8
11.5
IB.O
111.3
11. 8
20.1
33.2
11.8
57.0
37.9
3.4
3.5
2.7
21.8
5.5
6.7
6.8
17.0
24.6
40.6
1.6
1.5
1.6
81 .4
38.3
76.0
71.3
11.1
20.2
10.0
Fine
Sand
0.10-0. 25 *•
S dry tit.
56.3
70 8
80.0
76.2
' 73.0
79.2
71.2
63.9
5B.4
32.7
53.9
4.7
9.7
10. 1
8.4
85.1
84.3
82.2
45.5
37.2
29.1
2.9
2.4
2.7
15. S
56.3
18.7
20.3
47. S
46.9
42.6
-------
Ttbli A-l (contlniMil)
location
Number Station
1 Cillen River
2 St. Jo«e»h Rivsr
1 8Uck Hlver
4 KaliauM Rtvtr
Station
Hunter
1
2
3
4
S
e
i
i
s
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
«
5
6
7
a
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
g
1
»ery
Fine
Si IK)
0.09-0.10 «
1 dry wt.
0.5
0.8
2.2
1.4
2.2
? «
2.1
0.8
2.3
1.3
2.2
J3.1
38.0
38.9
D.2
3.0
2.5
3.8
10.1
7.4
S.4
2.1
i.r
2.2
O.J
3.2
1.1
1.2
26. it
17.?
33.6
Silt
0.002-0. OS m
I dry Ht.
0.2
n.7
1.7
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.3
0.9
2.0
1.1
2.0
32.3
26.8
?5.0
n.i
2.8
2.2
2.0
11. 0
9.0
6.0
58.8
66. 0
S8.S
<0.1
0.6
0.2
0.3
9.2
8.0
7.7
City
<0.002 m
I ilr» wt.
0.1
0.7
2.1
o.e
1.5
i.« •
1.3
0.6
1.4
0.9
i.2
24.2
20.0
21.4
0.1
.0
.7
.8
.8
.6
.8
33.5
37. S
34.1
.
<0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
3.1
4.3
4.8
-------
I
a?
e £ o > ~"- •
"I-
O
ceivik. ", ,~. .... *• e *• ~* * "* ~ * .".'..... X~°"*B»IM
• oi^ita o tw^ey o o o" OC3OO--OO ooooooo oeoooco eo o o o«
3=*«
" "S (3 «
AJ ifi o> i/* C" <> '•— «? w f^i f°> C" •— *4
eea c? K> sc eo «o to eo K o BO ro «o «-o ® co »
t**«»»«s«g®g f^UlJiftirtOgO **.4«jgfcf»ggO ^u>*/t t« O OO OsflM»*ft O OO
s.
I
«
I
•
-67-
-------
Tib). A-R (continued)
oo
Location
Kwber Locitton
C H>« M««tiM
f Grand diver
•
7 Muskegon Uke
I Mhlte laU
S Pere HirantU iU»er
SUtlon
Number
I
2
3
4
S
6
7
1
I
3
4
S
6
7
i
2
3
4
S
6
7
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
I
a
3
4
$
6
7
Fine
»ery
Sand
O.OS-0.10 w
t dry «t.
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.4
32.2
3i-6
2S.4
0.1
0.2
O.i
0.1
!9.4
12.6
14.2
0.1
(5.5
0.1
1.0
15.3
6.S
16.9
1.1
0.3
o.«
0.3
2.7
2.1
3.4
2.6
ffi.l
0.1
0.2
O.t
0.2
O.i
Silt
0.00?-0.05 m
% dry «t. ._
<0.
0.
0.
<0.
9.
B.7
9.9
-------
Tabli A-8 (continued)
I
ON
VO
location
Munber (.otitloH
10 ManUtte Rlvor
!) Bet$l« lain
12 mubirway
13 ftonlitlque Hlw
Station
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
a
4
5
5
7
a
$
10
i
i
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Depth
{•)
10
!5
IS
IS
30
30
30
e
15
IS
IS
30
30
30
40
40
40
a
is
is
IS
20
20
20
6
IS
IS
IS
30
30
30
e
e
c
Solids
Total
X wet Ht.
83.3
84.1
84.0
84.8
B1.3
01.0
81.8
82. 5
82. 3
83.8
81.0
83.0
84.3
84.3
04.3
83.8
83.5
es.o
81.8
84. S
79.0
83.0
se.o
79.0
86.8
85.0
84.8
04.5
82.8
82.8
83. 5
24. S
66.8
58.8
Total
Volatile Gravel
Solids ' >2 m
! T.S. I dry Ht.
0.1
0.1
0.2
O.S
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.0
O.S
4.6
0.0
S.S
0.0
6.6
0.0
4.Z 61.7
S3.S
0.1
O.I
0.0 •
0.5
0.1
0.2
41.t 0.0
14.3 • 0.0
12.0 9.0
Very
Coarse
Sand
1-2 UK
S dry Kt.
0.1
0.9
0.9
2.6
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
O.I
0.7
0.9
0.3
1.4
0.3
0.2
14.8
0.1
2.1
0.4
3.3
0.7
12.2
20.2
0.8
• 0.2
0.4
0.6
O.I
0.2
0.0
0.1
o.a
Coarte
Sand
O.S-1 mi
S dry Ht.
0.9
IS. 8
21. S
24.6
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.6
0.7
4.2
0.1
11.7
15.9
17.7
14.1
12.9
9.2
22.2
3.4
23.1
1.8
4.7
e.o
in. 6
20.1
44.6
16.1
31.7
1.8
0.8
3.5
1.0
0.9
0.0
Medium
Sand
0.21-0. 5 mi
I dry Ht.
57.2
71.6
69.4
6S.O
17.1
28 8
23.2
46.8
29.0
70.5
13.8
68.6
73.8
74.0
72.4
74. S
71.9
13.5
(9.8
41.1
6.8
21.2
11.4
8.7
0.0
51.6
77.5
64.8
49.9
41.8
58.5
3.7
2.9
11.2
Fine
Sand
O.lO-n.ZSm
» dry Ht.
39.7
9.6
7.0
7.4
80.2
63 4
71.9
51.7
69.3
25.2
83.0
16.2
8.7
7.9
7.9
11. 1
10.1
25.5
50.4
24.6
59.5
41.8
ss.a
1.8
1.0
2.8
6.0
3.0
46.7
56.4
17.1
77.0
72.5
79.0
-------
° OO •—«"•• ® v v v v w v
o- doeeeod o c» c e d e d d <•'o' » ««' ~ ;£ «-' - o doeooept
o »•
e
i
= ^
?j
S«
li
3!
-70-
-------
tab). A-8 (continued)
-sj
M
I
Very
Tola! Coarse Coarse Nedlwi
Solids Volatile travel Sand Sand Sand
location Station Depth Total Sollai >2 im 1-2 m 0.1-1 n> 0.25-0.5 n»
14 [tcanaba Hlvir
1 « 65.0 0.0 n.O 0.3 26.1
2 IS 14.1 1.6 4.4 6.0 S.4
1 li 14.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 3.1
4 IS IS. 0.0 0.0 S.4 7.2
S 23 82. 4.3 4.7 20.11 SO.S
6 23 C6. 0.0 0.0, o.C 2.3
7 23 81. 1.9 4.S 27.0 >48.l
1 6 77. 0.0 0.1 0.4 12.8
2 IS 69. 0.9 1.3 13. S 24. 5
3 IS 79. 3.S S.3 14.4 30.1
4 IS 72. 3.) t.B 13.7 29.4
S 30 6S.O 0.8 0.9 2.4 11. S
8 30 63. B 0.4 0.9 3.2 12.8
7 30 sa.o o.s o.e 2.7 9.7
II Honwiinn Blur
1 « 8«.0 27.9 7.6 JO.S 30.7
Z 15 62.5 S.J 1.0 \A 2.4 9.7
3 IS 66.8 S.O 0.6 1.6 6.3 24.7
4 IS 77.8 2.6 3.2 11.2 S4.S
S 30 4S.3 0.3 O.C 5.2 19.1
6 30 S8.3 2.0 I.S 3.5 l.l
7 30 61.0 0.1 1.0 }.4 19. 1
Fine
Sand
0.10-0. 25 n»
6S.9
9.7
16.7
23.6
17. S
4.3
IS. 3
78.5
44.)
33.6
33.8
29. S
2.2
20.4
2.8
49.5
44.2
26.9
20.9
2.5
17.1
-------
!i
i
I
k
i
-72-
-------
Table A-9
Sediment chemistry results from 16 locations, Lake Michigan, 1976.
except where otherwise indicated.
Concentrations expi essed as n«|/kg dry weight
U)
I
Locat ion
Number
I
2
3
4
5
Lotat inn
Gal ion River
St,H I'm 1
Stalnm 2
St,lt inn 3
St.'! inn 1
Mat it'" 'j
Mat ion 6
Station 7
St. Joseph River
"Station T
St.it ion 2
SMI ion 3
St.it ion 4
St<3t icn 5
Station 6
Station 7
Black Rivrr
Slat inn 1
Station 2
Station 3
SLdtion 4
Station 5
Station 6
Station 7
Station 8
Station 9
Station 10
Ka lama zoo River
Stat ion V~
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
Station 6
Station 7
Lake Macatawa
Station 1
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
Station 6
Station 7
Depth
(„,)
5
15
15
Ib
20
20
20
6
15
15
15
30
30
30
5
15
15
15
30
30
30
45
45
45
5
15
15
15
30
30
30
7
15
15
15
30
30
30
Total
Copper
0.8
0.7
1 2
1.1
3 0
2 9
2.4
1.1
2.2
0.9
1 .4
14
14
15
1.4
1.6
1.1
1.7
6.9
5.3
4.7
40
50
40
1 0
0.9
0.8
0.8
7.1
6.3
8.6
0.5
1.0
0.9
1.0
5.9
6.6
7.3
Total Total
Mercury Cadmium
0.02
-------
Tabl« A-9 (continued)
Location
Number
£
7
9
10
location
Grand Klver
"ItaVlon T
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
Station 6
Station 7
Muskegon lake
StationT
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
Station 6
Station 7
White Lake
~~ Stalfon""!
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
Station 6
Station 7
ftre Harquette River
Station t
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
Station 6
Station 7
Hanlstee River
Station V
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
Station 6
Station 7
Depth
\n)
7
15
15
15
30
30
30
7
15
15
15
30
30
30
7
15
15
15
30
30
30
8
15
IS
15
30
JO
30
10
15
15
15
30
30
30
Total
Copper
1.2
0.9
0.7
0.8
7.8
9.0
9.0
0.5
0.8
0.8
0.6
8.0
7.1
7.5
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
3.8
4.0
4.3
0.5
3.2
0.4
0.3
0.7
0.6
1.4
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.4
1.9
2.0
2.4
Total Total
Mercury ^aunuwn
0.01 <0.1
-------
Tahle A-9 (continued)
location
Ul
I
13
1 ocat ion
Station
Stat ion
St.it.ion
St.it ion
Station
St.it ion
St.i t ion
Station
SMI inn
Stat ion
Naulnnw.iy
Station
St.lt I0»
Station
St.il ion
St.it ion
Station
Stat ion
ManKtic|u.
" Station
Sta t ion
Station
Statnn
Slat Ion
Stat Ion
Station
Stat ion
Slat ion
Station
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
'
? River
1
2
1
4
r
6
7
a
9
10
[ippth
8
15
15
15
30
30
30
40
40
40
8
15
15
Ib
20
20
20
6
15
15
15
30
30
30
6
7
6
Total Total Total Total Total lotal Total Total
Cojijior Mercury Cadmium Chromium Zinc_ Nickel Lccd Iron
0.7
0 6
0 6
1.0
1.2
0.4
0.4
3.4
? 4
1 5
2.7
2.7
2 4
3.5
4.1
i.7
11
4.2
0.1
0.3
0.3
0 7
0.9
0 6
1.6
1.8
3.5
0 01
0 01
• 0 01
0 02
'0.01
0.02
0 01
<0 01
0.01
0.01
<0.01
'0 0)
'0.01
0.01
'0.01
0.01
0.01
0 0)
'0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
'0.01
0 01
0.04
0.06
0.04
,
'P.I
<0. 1
<0. 1
<0.1
<0.1
'0. 1
'0.1
<0. 1
'0 1
<0. 1
0.3
0.1
<0.1
o.z
<0.1
'0.1
1.0
0.7
<0 1
'0.1
<0. 1
<0 1
'0.1
'0.2
'0.2
'0.1
1.1
1.5
0.8
1.8
1.1
0.8
0.7
3.3
2. 1
1.6
4.4
3.5
3.2
3.8
6.8
1.8
12
7.5
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.7
1 0
1.3
3.2
4.6
2.4
2.8
4.4
3.1
4 1
7.4
4.2
3.5
19
13
8.1
15
14
18
20
31
11
110
11
2.0
2.8
2.4
8 0
7.8
10
52
66
28
3.7
4.3
3.2
5.0
3.5
1.9
2.3
7.9
7.5
3.8
8.0
5.5
5 4
7.4
13
5.0
23
18
<\
2.0
'1
3.1
3.9
3.0
11
8.4
3.2
2 2
?.6
1 6
3-3
3.0
0.9
0.4
12
6.9
3.1
7.1
11
8.6
12
8.5
9.6
21
15
'0.2
<0.2
0.7
3.8
2.9
4.1
14
46
5.7
6?0
7HO
610
9?0
1300
850
8JO
2300
1600
1200
3000
191)0
2600
2400
18000
2000
53000
10000
8/0
880
810
2400
2000
2300
7000
5700
3600
Total
Total So'''1'
Manqanese (M
14
24
14
2H
50
30
21
170
190
71
53
43
46
57
1500
74
4500
34
7.7
8.0
7.3
150
79
91
72
92
53
85
81
85
78
78
83
81
81
70
no
85
80
8?
74
85
80
79
86
88
86
87
82
80
84
32
32
62
Total
Volatile
Sol UK
(il S.) T.K H.
0 5
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.4
1 0
0.4
0 5
'0.1
0.1
0 2
0.1
0.5
0.3
0 5
0.2
1 0
O.I
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.2
40
12
11
19
39
34
45
84
Gi?
29
210
140
109
310
410
2GO
410
210
210
360
85
43
49
43
80
88
79
1770
2400
670
T P
39
81
55
81
56
39
28
73
72
4R
133
167
121
184
104
58
300
97
28
21
21
61
79
66
240
320
167
. COD
560
960
730
2000
3100
noo
2600
5300
3700
2?00
7600
8800
7400
II 000
4000
5900
7700
I 7000
WOO
1700
1000
2100
1BOO
1700
530000
240JOO
250000
I 0 C.
,|i»/kq
0 21
0 79
0.50
0 79
0 51
0.31
1.1
1 7
1.2
0 83
3 7
4 6
4.4
3 3
2 0
1 8
4.2
2 2
0 31
0 38
0.33
0.54
0.41
0 43
28
22
30
Escanaba River
Stat ion
Station
Station
Station
Station
Station
Station
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
(5
15
15
23
23
23
7.3
48
71
52
2.7
7.9
2.3
0.16
0.15
0.12
0.10
0.01
0.03
0.02
<0.1
2.0
3.0
2.0
<0. 1
0.4
<0.1
4.2
35
52
38
3.2
9.5
2.6
38
260
350
260
10
22
11
7.3
36
65
64
5.6
8.7
2.6
9.2
110
190
120
5.7
12
4.1
6300
37000
51000
40000
3200
9300
3300
140
530
680
460
77
310
51
62
12
12
12
86
75
74
3.4
5.0
7.2
7.6
9.4
0.3
0.3
570
8700
13400
BIOO
103
135
290
270
1210
1900
HBO
145
270
300
1 1 0000
420000
460000
350000
3700
4800
8900
25
55
32
44
1 .1
1 .7
1.7
-------
Table A-9 (continued)
Location
Number Location
15 Cedar River
YtitTonT
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
Station 6
Station 7
16 Menomlnee River
StatlbiTT
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
Station 6
Station 7
Depth
(m)
6
15
15
15
20
30
30
6
15
15
15
30
30
30
Total Total Total
Copper Mercury Cadmium
2A
5.5
3.1
5.2
H
14
13
6.4
6.9
4.2
1.9
1)
14
8.9
0.02
0.0«
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.09
0.06
0.03
0.07
0.03
0.06
0.2
0.3
0.7
1.1
2.8
1.6
1.2
<0 1
o!s
0.2
<0. 1
3.7
0.5
1.9
Total
Chromium
4.3
13
9.3
13
12
21
19
5.0
4.6
4.6
3.2
8.7
15
7.7
Total Total Total
Zinc_ N.ickel Lead
10
40
79
12
no
88
95
15 •
32
26
18
110
38
71
4.7
24
12
18
1 10
56
54
9.3
12
11
6.1
HO
26
22
8.5
29
130
18
20
13
17
3.1
12
B.2
4.6
24
13
14
Total
Total Total Sol ids
I_rpjn Manoanese (7.1
2400
140000
95000
130000
43000
32000
27000
6900
6500
10000
7700
20000
151)00
16000
11
1000
4300
10000
17000
8000
8200
200
250
290
170
47000
1800
18000
72
70
83
75
48
52
80
70
78
78
47
61
55
Total
Volatile
So) ids
OtT.S.l T.K.N. T .p, c.O. Dj_
0.4
2.9
2.0
1.6
1.3
1.3
0.8
0.1
8.4
0.8
0.4
2.6
1.3
2.0
290 210
6?0 1370
290 7PO
780 1260
1780 740
1480 670
1710 780
74 89
460 230
250 240
118 127
1160 720
660 500
1330 850
7900
17000
5700
13000
27000
26000
37000
12000
43000
19000
4200
18000
23000
33000
T.O.C.
gm/kq
2.6
4.7
2.5
5.5
9.1
7.6
8.8
0.61
9.9
4.0
1.1
8.7
12
9.6
-------
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V V V VVVVVVV- VVVVVVV
5 i
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-------
UM* * Mi
oo
i
location Station
Number Location Number
6 Grand Rlvir 1
2
3
4
5
S
7
7 Huskegon Lake 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
B HMte Lak« 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9 r>r< Mirquette 1
fclVer 2
3
4
5
6
7
10 ManUtec River 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Depth
(m)
7
IS
IS
IS
30
30
30
7
15
IS
IS
30
3D
30
7
15
15
15
33
30
30
S
15
15
15
30
30
30
10
15
IS
15
30
30
30
Dli-ldrln
LIT/ kg
<5
<5
<5
<5
'-5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
*5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
'5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
-.5
<5
Chlordane '
liq/Vq
<20
9
<500
-------
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«n
~t
3O
|
» <•»
^t
x
3
e>
v
*
3D
A
•n
?
3
to
r*
1
s
i£
A
-S
(N»
I
« S^co-.o,
_r
"*
1
1
r i—
f 8
"3 A
If
.
c= v»
sssssssss™
-ro 1*3 r\» fsj ro i^j f» rsirsirorororoi^j po(\>poiMiN>rvjNfs3r%jr>j rof>ji^jporvjrenis)CT»ivjj>
-------
Table A-10 (continued)
00
O
I
location
Numbei Location
1C Menpmlnec River
Station
t* under
1
2
3
4
5
6
Depth
(ml
e
15
15
15
30
30
30
Dioldrln Chlordane DUO OOf o,p DOT p.p DOT HCf
uq/kq vig/kq jiq/kg i'9/kq ugAq viq/kq g/
<10 <20 <10 <10 <10
<)0 <20 <10 <10 <10 <10
-------
Table *-11
Number of benthlc Mcrolnvertebrates collected in Lake Michigan near the Gallen River mvth. Location I,
July 6t 1976. Results are expressed as number or organisms per square meter.
00
M
I
Station Number:
Taxa Depth (m):
Hcmdtuda
Mysls re H eta
llyalplla azlpca ,
PnntO|Hirt:ia htiyl
01 tijochiicta
Auloilril'is tilouptl
Lin.nmtrlliis h.)(lmc'lstert
I. profunjltola
I'ot.imnthrU mofdavlensls
K ve plnvsKyl
Styhnlrf lus Serlnjlanus
InitMture tublficids u/o hair setae
IniMtme tublflclds H/halr setae
Dlptora
Chi rou'fnus
ltonuij!.imrsi
Parat liid'ipclma
('nlyjipilt turn
ProL Ja'lt'is "
Rnl^tkta dcraeljergl
trtny tarsus
pupae
reletytiotla
P 1 s i d i utn
Sphdcrtum
Gas tropoila
Arinlcola
Valvata slncera
Station Totat
Total number taxa
1 2
S 15
19 19
1343
19
11
19
19
19
115
216
38
19
19
57 19
38
133 1648
4 11
3
115
710
171
77
77
652
19
990
57
19
11
77
18
288
2B21
11
4
15
77
2302
38
•30
19
38
2474
5
5
20
19
4296
38
11
115
441
192
805
19
19
192
153
18
5541
12
6
20
96
19
464?
19
921
19
959
19
38
115
MD8
9
7
20
19
4565
19
19
767
58
8B2
38
19
151
384
19
607*
12
-------
Iiblt A-ll (conttnu(d)
Number of bentMc Mcralnvertetiratt collected In like Hlchtgm Mar ".he St. Joseph Rlvir Booth. tocttlM 2,
July 14 (Station 1-4) nu»bjr of on;anlun
per square wtcr.
t
oo
Station Kunben 1
Taxa Depth (ah 6
hytlrfatea
Mysls relkta
Amphlpoda
Pqntfij-on'i£ hf)£l_
Ollinc'haeu
ItrmodrHiis clapareJeUnus
C. ti'i fi mo Is If ri
P«l?«°.ls« muTUsetosut
PotamoUtr!* moldavfemls
P". v«j.Jo«sl/T*
5ty I ir 1 a" l_acus.trji
Stylu'lrl lus h*1 rin^lanus ,
l.i».atur* sub'ITlcldi «7o hair Mtao
Intciture tublflclds M/hair setae
HeloWcXla, staonalls.
Chlronoflius
Kunodlamfss
f'flrdf r*(JogellM
Polyi^ijriuin
Sphaerjun
Station Toul 9
Tottl Hunbor T»i . 0
2
15
19
748
64
19
n
505
19
288
19
19
235S
S
J
15
249
38
211
us
19
38
57
7Z7
6
4
15
134
211
19
173
19
19
994
«
5
US
3165
19
8%
19
11
19
4162
$
6
30
1181
19
959
19
18
19
Z43S
4
7
30
• 4
1956
19
S7
974
57
28SS
4
-------
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9 BKti jaqwnu ttio|
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l"li"*i"N
ua3U|t ?UA|pJ
snw( ^t)j)
pfoi|itu)y
Jn'sju/Tuij
ill jajaf (auwj) vjjjeifuy
snjpppoJ^
un| f gjiKioj
PUpJ'lpf | JVJ?j{
Bfaiijijipout^
£5^ 8niUOtlOjl[l4_5o)oAJ5
sn»u"oj|]J3
_Tj)3«io;.B ?|M(i*}J"1
s^im&8)i if {(i>m<'iiM(
vdu|pnj|){
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61 *•)•> Jl"l O/N SOJJIJl'inj £in]iMiu|
^ p^pupun ^^euptiQ
C^( '5KuFjjBy|jsn &n|^pju|/i^
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sttua'uvCLipfiii ri'|dj]i)nGM
¥u()U3Uj!li S^CU||it^tlQ
61 ' _*L?31 ruiijoj? 'J
t |j;is(j>iijjoij •_•)
„ 1TOH .-(ilwoJlSj10
ttjajit ffi'ioi*^)
vpodjijiluiy
7)5*1 1 A J f j S^H
V33Pp}SX|j
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i* SiiiisuB '9/6t *Cl AW
iuj&j3f« 3it|)u»(| ;o jaqwnN (panunuo?) tl-V »iq»i
oo
-------
table A-ll (construed) Number of bmthte Mcrolnvtrttlnratci collected In Like Michigan neir the blmroo River with, Locitlon 4,
July 19, 1976. Results in mpresstxl n nunbtr of organises n«r square Deter.
I
00
Sutlon Nurixr:
Tax Depth («):
HwBlcda
Isopoda
Asetlus
Hysls re.U5J«
iljiileili aH?c»
PontnporcU hg/t_
01 Jgocharu ~
Himochaeta nsfdlna •
1 ~ft mod r ij uVlioTimetstert
r.'profufidFcola
I. spiral Is
POjtic'Uein[ mlchlganciisis
PotB'notii'i I? Ve^dTjvjiJyHr
Si^larjV 1 ecu's tr{(
5 1 / Jmlrl jus It'crtnglamn
Iiun.itVe tubiflciili M/out hair satae
innature tuulflcidi M/halr iaU<
tllrudlnea
Dlptera
CMronomus
£rvpochlronom)S
Ik'lprotrTisocladlyi
Procladlus
t'scu^odlamese pertjnan
8oliirin<~3CTi;llerej
PeWcypadj
Husctil lum
Msldlui~
StiKdcr^un
Gastrbpoiir"
Ljwnaea
isiiiu
Station totel
Totel nuadwr uu
I
19
134
19
19
77
19
19
.106
7
2
IS
38
19
3491
38
19
S3
77
19
460
38
19
19
19
195
173
98
47S4
U
3
IS
19
211
1419
19
S7
!•
19
19
1802
8
4
IS
38
19
20S2
38
77
19
.18
19
19
2338
a
3D 30
19
6888 39SI
19
19
57
67 f S75
173 S7
96 19
19
57
7864 47S4
t 8
7
30
.
2762
65J
96
SI
57
M24
S
-------
fible A-11 (continued)
00
Ul
I
Number of benthle MCrolnvtrteltritn collected In Like tMchlgu ne.r tnt Uk« Nu«tim outlet. iK.tlon 5.
July 22, 1976. ReiulU ire MprtiMd it nunber of orgtnlMS per iqiura neter.
SUtlon ftaber: J
t«» Depth Ml 7
Mytls rellctl
AmpMpmla ~"
HyslrtU azteci
PontoporeTj hoyl_ If
llmnodrjlus hoffmeliter)
r' i i ~ 'i — —
L- (lu^rriTiiafiijs
FljiietTnila inlchlgamnsls
PpjamoifirijT ve,|ife«s^T
lubifi-x kessVcVl 4merTc*nus
iBMlilfe tuClllclds w/o hair utu
Innulurs tublflcldl K/hllr utle
Hlrudfne*
"''S^JJH «t«an»IU
Chi ronomus
f^/ptoeh^onwffus >f
Ncterotr ri$ocl73ltt>
^ardcladnpeTniA
rilypcdl lum'filltn gp.
rS>!IJitniilttnclA
fioliacFJ* o'effJeUerei 19
Trlcho|>teri
Knlaitna
G«Vtropo
-------
Ttblt A-il
Number of tentMe Mcrolnnrtebretei eollecieil IB Ukt MtcMgw iw«r tlx «»nd River wxitti, locitlw 6.
July 2), 1976. Reitil t> «r» npraxwl In mxbtr of argtnlutt p*r squire twter.
1
CO
Station Kunber:
Uxa Depth (•):
Hmaloda
Itopoda
M/sf^rea
Hirsts rellcta
G
-------
liable A-11 (continued) Hunter of benthlc Mcrotiwertebrates collected In l«k« Michigan near tno Hinkcgon Lake outUt, Loutlm 7,
Mi 21. 1976. Rnutts urt upraised «> muter of orqanlsan per sonar* utter.
I
00
Station number:
Ta»a Ofoth (•):
Ntnutiida
•mphlpoda
Pontoporefa hovl
OllgochaeU
Itamxlrljin hoffaettttrl
I. pro/utttlTcola
Pelo^coleiT Terox
PV vai-rcnajuj'
5 tylodi Hii TijrljMttiMrt
ImMiurt tublftclds M/O hair setae
tnaure tublfklds N/halr >eta«
Hlrudlnca
Offitera
Chlrofiomus
Crypt rr)i rronmus
jli> tc r o ir j sso'claSlm
Plrachlrojgnius
^arAclidoptflna"
ficttrbclajtus
ftokvUa deaeTjerej
Coleoptera
Dubf rapble
Ephpiiicroptera
Oaetls
Castropoda
Valvata
'elecypoda
Pllldlio
gBaerlm
Station total <«/•)
Total mnoer ta>a
1 2
7 IS
1»
III 2589
19
19
18
77
38
38
*
96
19
19
14
536 2703
9 C
J 4 5
IS 15 30
3145 2013 5505
38
19
34 19 844
19 57 2V)
19
19
19
19
19 19 • 57
1221 2147 6W
« ( 10
6
30
173
6387
19
38
940
153
19
57
344
81 SO
9
7
30
19
619S
77
19
77
901
192
38
19
19
96
76S2
11
-------
Table A-ll (continued)
Number of benthlc macrolnvertebrates collected 1n Lake Michigan near the White Lake outlet, Location 8,
July 21, 1976. Results are expressed as number of organisms per square meter
Station (lumber: 1
laxa Depth (m): 7
Hirudinea
Hysldacea
Mysis rellcta
Ampnipoda
Pontoporela hoyl 19
Ollgochaeta
Llmnodrllus angustl penis
L. hbffmelsterl
L. profundlcola
Peloscolex superiorensls
Plguetiella inlchlganensis
^ Potamothrlx moldaviensis
oo Stylodrilus herlnglanus
i • Immature tublficlds w/o hair setae 19
Immature tubifldds w/ha1r setae
Dlptera
Chlronomus 173
Cladotanytarsus
Cryptochironomus
He terotrissocladlus
PQ Typed Hum fallax gp.
Robackia demel jerel 537
Tanytarsus
Pelecypoda
Plsidium
Sphaerlum
Station total 743
Total number taxa 4
2
15
1975
57
38
38
19
57
575
19
19
77
2874
10
3
15
1880
30
57
19
115
263
77
19
19
19
2511
10
4 5
15 30
19
19
1756 10,434
19
134 690
115 96
57
2005 11,334
3 7
6
30
19
10,453
19
806
57
19
96
134
11,603
8
7
30
19
9456
19
19
19
748
96
19
134
10,529
9
-------
Table A-ll (continued) Numoer of benthic macrolovertebrates collected In Lake Michigan near the Pere Harquette River mouth,
Location 9, Ouly 26, 1976. Results are expressed as number of organisms per square meter.
Station Number:
Taxa Depth (m):
Amphlpoda
Pontqporela hpyl
Olfgocliaeta"
Llnwodrllus hoffmelsterl
CTurbfundfcoTa
S ty.lb'drDus he r i ngla nu s
Tinnatlire tuVTfTclds w/o hair setae
Hirudtnea
Helpbdelja stagnalls
00 Dlptefa"
to. Chi ronomus
1 CTado ta ny ta r s u s
PoTypedTlum fall ax gp.
Robackla darnel jerel
' Stlchtochi ronomus
Tanytarsus
Coleoptera
Ancyronyx varlegata
Gastropoda"
Valvata
PeTecypo3a
Plsldlum
JpliaerTujti
Station totals
Total number taxa
1
8
19
19
33
19
38
19
19
171
7
2 3
15 15
748 1169
19
19
19
19
38
862 1688
6 Z
456 7
15 30 30 30
825 2206 1899 5696
19
249 115 38
19 19
19
19
19
19 19 364
863 2512 2052 6117
354 4
-------
Uble A-ll (continued)
Number of benthlc macrolnvertebrates collected 1n Lake Michigan near the Hanlstee Lake outlet,
Location 10, July 27, 1976. Results are expressed as number of organisms per square meter.
Station Number:
Taxa Depth (m):
Neinatoda
Amphipoda
PontoporeJa hoyi ,
Oligochaeta
PjmDAt! simplex
Pfguetiella michiganensls
| Stylodrflus heringianus
Immature tublflclds w/o hair setae
•\ Immature tublficlds w/ha)r setae
i Dlfitera
* Chlrqnomus
, CTa'dotanytarsus
1 CuViefTerielTa
Phaenopsectra
f'ojypjedj 5 urn
Tanytarsus
pupae
Ephemeroptera
Hexatjenla
Gastropoda
Vajvata
PeTecypoJa
Pisldiuin
SghaerTum
Total number taxa
Station total
1
10
19
58
38
96
19
19
57
6
306
2
15
307
19
38
57
19
19
58
58
38
9
613
3 4
15 15
38
230 173
19
96
19
115
38
3 5
345 383
5 6
30 30
7077 4431
1285 326
19
96
38
480 230
96 134
7 4
9091 5121
7
30
19
6790
614
115
134
5
7672
-------
Tibia A-ll (continued)
Number of bentMc macroinvertebrates collected In Lake Michigan near the Betsle Lake outlet,
Location 11, July 27, 1976. Results are expressed as number of organisms per square meter.
r
Station Mumber:
Taxa Depth (m):
Hematoda
Amphlpoda
Gamma rus
Pbntopofeia hoyl
OlTgochaeta
Aulodrilus americanus
LTmnb~d"riTus hoffmeisterl
[". spiral Is
L . udekeSFianus
PitjuteTTTa niichiganensis
StylodVilus herlngjanus
Immature tublflcids w/o hair setae
Immature tubiflcids w/hair setae
Oiptera
Chjrqnpmuis
Cl ado taiiy tarsus
CryjHocm ronomus
He terotrlssocladius
PaTacladopelma
PoYypipTum fall ax gp.
ftobackia demeljerel
pupae
Pelecypoda
5pFa"erTiJm
GastropoHa"
Lymnaea
VaTTata
Station total
Total number taxa
- 1 2
8 15
38 710
19
153
19
38
19
19
38
57
76 1034
3 7
3
15
978
33
19
115
19
307
19
39
19
1552
9
4
15
19
614
19
38
57
230
153
19
77
19
1245
10
5
30
3529
786
19
19
422
153
19
4947
7
6
30
1093
1151
38
19
19
33
19
2377
7
789
30 40 40
19
2358 1976 2819
38
690 288 997
19
268 19
96 77 230
3988 2341 4065
7 3 4
10
40
3587
19
901
288
38
4833
5
-------
Table A-ll (continued)
Number of benthlc macrolnvertebrates collected In Lake Michigan near Naubinway, Location 12,
July 16, 1976. Results are expressed as number of orqanlsms per square meter.
N>
I'
Station Number:
Tana Depth (m):
TurbellaHa
Nematoda
Isopoda
Asellus
Amphfpoda
Gaiijmarus_
Pqntoporeia hoyl
Hyalena azteca
Oligochaeta
Allgnais lardl
Arcteonais lomondi
1
8
173
38
192
1419
58
2
15
77
19
2666
19
77
77
3
15
19
19
2839
38
4
15
3702
115
192
5
20
134
211
5907
6
19
19
38
3165
19
Aulodrilus amerlcanus
Aulodrilus limnobius
PjAuetl.
Mais sp.
Peloscolex ferox
F. multisetosus longidentus
5pecaria Josinae
Stylarla Tacustris
5ty1 odrTlus herfnglanus
ilncjjjail Jhcjnata
Immature tubifields w/o hair setae
Inmature tublficids w/hair setae
Hlrudlnea
Helobdella stagnalis
Olptera
Cjiironomus
ConstenipeTlina
Cryplbcni ronomus
Diamesa
Heterotrlssocladlus
Honodiamesa
Paracl adop'elitia
PTralauterbornIel la
PpTypedTTum
P. faVUx gp.
FrocTaduTs
Psec trotanypus
StIctochlronQmus
Tanytarsu^
^avreTTTa
pupae
19
19
211
19
38
595
38
499
19
19
19
19
19
211
19
58
345
19
96
288
38
441
19
19
58
326
19
19
58
19
1112
363
19
403
19
19
19
96
58
58
19
326
19
192
77
19
211
19
19
268
173
19
537
19
115
19
19
249
19
19
58
58
38
19
1438
19
728
19
38
19
19
115
19
824
728
38
38
38
19
19
7
20
77
5581
19
19
1035
314
19
19
19
19
19
19
38
-------
Table A-11 (continued)
Station Number:
Taxa Depth (n):
Gastropoda
Rulimus
Campeloma In teg rum
Physa
Valvata slncera
Valvata' tricaHnata
•^ PeTecypoda ~
•n Musculium
ti> PfsTlj um
pi Sphaerfum
Trichoptera
Umnophilus
Hemlptera
Corlxldae
Station total
Total number taxa
1
8
58
19
230
19
134
4161
26
2
15
19
153
192
19
38
384
345
5830
25
3
15
38
58
38
58
6425
24
4
15
19
480
268
6616
24
5
30
19
38
38
58
153
19
9048
20
6
30
19
19
58
326
537
5961
19
7
30
19
115
307
7688
15
-------
l«bl* A- 1 1 (cunUntMd)
Number or Mnthlc mtcrotnverttbrates collected In Lake Michigan naar the Manlstique Klvvr mouth,
Location 13, August 17, 1976. Results are expressed as number of organisms per square meter.
Station Number:
Taxa Depth (m):
Mematoda
Amphtpoda
Ganmarus
Pontoporela hoyi
1 sbpoda
Asa* lus
OlTgochaeta
Arcteonais lomondl
AuTocfrjTu? pi uH seta
Lininodrllus hoffmeisteri
L~] spjraHs
Na 1 s ~
N. barbata
N. communfs
Pel os coll ex multisetosus
Flquetlella ralchlganensls
RhyacodrTI'js cocdneus
^2?<-iPa josjnae
^tyDirJ? lacustrls
Stylodrflus herlnglanus
Tu_b_jlex tublfex
Unclnais uhclnata
Immature tiiFTfTcTds w/o hair setae
Immature tub1f1c1ds w/ha1r setat
Hlrudlnae
Helobdella stannalis
Heihiptera
Corixldae
Dlotera
Chironomus
CTaTJotanytarsus
Cryptochi ronomus
Djamesa
Heterotrlssocladlus
nTcrotendipes
"•ionodiamesa
Paracladopelma
Paratauterborniella
Polypedllum falTax gp.
Procladlus
Potthastfa lonqlmanus
?t1ctpc¥j ronomus
tany tarsus
pupae
Adults
1
6
<•>
115
96
19
96
441
38
211
58
19
19
58
19
19
345
19
153
38
38
19
38
58
153
153
2
15
19
19
19
19
19
38
19
153
19
19
38
38
58
3
15
134
19
19
53
19
173
58
19
58
456
15 30 30
115 173 334
19
19
19 38
38
19
38
19 230 422
38
19
19
173
19
115
230 19
58 19
7 8
30 6
96 134
38
96 115
19
19 58
19
19
19
96 499
153
58
19
38
19
19
77
19
38
77
9
6
19
153
19
19
19
38
633
288
19
269
19
33
58
38
10
6
77
77
19
77
19
-------
Table A-l) (continued)
Number of'benthic macrolnvertebrates collected In Lake Michigan near the Escanaba River mouth,
Location 14, August 16, 1976. Results are expressed as number of organisms per meter.
',
•••* ^
f,
1
VO
in
i
Station Number:
Taxa Depth (m):
Turbellarla
Neinatoda
Isopoda
Asellus
AmpTiTpcda
Gamma rus
MyaleTla azteca
Ppntoporefa hoyj_
Epheniei-optera
Hex ag en ia
Coleoptera
Dubirajphia
OlTgbThaeta
AJJonajs^ lardi
ftr'cteonal i"Tomondi
Aulodrllus amerlcanus
A. pluriseta
LimnbdrTTus hoffmelsterl
rr^pfralT?
Nais simplex
PeTbscolex ferox
PTIiiuTfi setosus
^h^acodrllus montanus
Jtylodrlfus herlnglanus
TiSnature tublfldds w/o hair setae
Immature tublfldds w/hair setae
1
6
58
19
230
882
19
19
19
19
96
134
230
19
2
15
288
19
19
19
38
192
153
19
19
441
3 4
15 15
19
38
19
326 710
38
38 38
288 38
115 58
19
77
556 96
5
30
19
96
19
19
728
96
978
38
172
96
19
6
30
728
173
268
19
441
58
96
7
30
249
38
690
19
345
115
556
19
19
211
Polycheata
Han^unjda^ speclosa
Olptera
Ab|_abesmy1a
dTfronprnus
Cry£toc]i 1 ronomus
Fte te rotrTssocTadlus
HfcrotendTpes
Ph'aenospectra tribe!os
PrpcTadjus
Tanytarsus
pupae
Station total
Total nunber taxa
19
19
38
19
1858
18
173
153
1533
12
96
307
58
1956
13
96
307
38
19
1433
10
19
96
96
19
2529
17
19
38
19
96
19
2108
15
33
173
77
2590
14
-------
Table A-ll (continued)
Station Number:
Taxa Depth (m):
Pelecypoda
Pisidlum
Station total
Total number taxa
1
6
2222
25
2
15
477
n
3
15
557
9
4
15
670
12
5
30
134
805
8
6
30
77
978
8
7
30
364
6
a
6
1380
n
Q
6
1629
10
10
6
269
5
-------
Table A-11 (continued)
Number of benthlc macrolnvertebrates collected In Lake Michigan near the Cedar River mouth,
Location 15, August 19, 1976. Results are expressed as number of organisms per meter.
-J
I,
Station Number: •*
Taxa Depth (m):
Nematoda
Nysidacae
Mysjs relicta
Amphipoda
Gamma rus
Pontopbrela ho^1
Olfgochaets
Auk>drjHus ainerlcanus
A. glurlseta
1. ImnodTTTus'cl aparedt anus
L. TioTfmeT?ter1
Mais ^Implex
PeTo^scbTexTerox
Potamothrlx vejdoyskyi
itXliCli lacustrls
Tubifex tubffex
Immature tubiflclds w/o hair satae
Immature tublflclds w/halr satae
Diptera
Chlronomus
C : rypjpc h fro nomu s
PJcrptendjpes
EukTfferTelTa
Heferotrlssocladlus
Monodl ante 3 a •
Paracladopelma
Phaenopsectra
Procladlus
Protanypus cfr ramosus
Tany tarsus
pupae
Corlxldae
Pelecypoda
Plsldlym
Sphaerlum
Station total
Total nuMber taxa
1
6
249
364
38
77
633
173
38
19
19
19
19
192
480
19
38
19
2396
17
2
15
38
38
33
38
96
19
77
19
19
19
19
58
478
12
3
15
19
19
230
77
38
58
19
19
19
115
652
19
38
1322
1,1
4
15
19
19
38
96
19
269
58
19
19
96
58
729
12
5
30
38
38
5581
38
518
19
901
77
19
19
7229
9
6
30
19
58
3987
19
288
58
786
96
58
19
6388
q
7
30
38
38
4143
403
921
249
19
19
38
5868
9
-------
Table A-11 (continued)
Number of benthlc macro-invertebrates collected in Lake Michigan near the Menominee River mouth,
Location 16, August 18, 1976. Results are expressed as number of organisms per square meter.
Station Number:
Taxa Depth (m):
Nematoda
Hlrudinae
Helobdella stagnalls
Isopdda
AseJHus
Amphipoda
Gammarus
HyTi¥TT§ azteca
Pontoporeia fioyi
lysldacae
Mysjs rellcta
OliqocKaeta
AulodHlus piguetl
A. THurTseta
Haplotaxis denticulatus
Unmodrl lusHhof fmel steri
Hai s conmiunis
N. elinguTs
Peloscolex ferox
P. tenujj;
Pi^uetTeTla mlchlganensis
Pbtamofhrfx yejHbvsliyi
StylodrTlus herlnglanus
Tub if ex tublfex
Immature tubiflcids w/o hair setae
Immature tubiflcids w/hair setae
Dlptera
Chironomus
CTypTocTiTronomus
0 fames Inae
Dlcrotendipes modestus
ileterotrlssocladlus
Paracladqpelma
PoiypedTl um
FotthaTOa longimanus
P'rocladius
Tanytarsus
Th'fcneiiiannlmyia
pupae
Pelecypoda
Pisjdium
Sphaerfum
Station total
Total number taxa
1
6
.,
38
19
19
38
77
38
268
38
19
19
19
345
19
38
38
1032
15
2
15
38
1592
134
767
172
58
652
19
19
134
96
58
1496
77
5313
14
3
15
2244
230
1937
901
19
19
268
38
249
58
77
2321
38
77
8476
14
4
15
38
4124
38
1880
19
767
77
403
58
211
77
77
19
96
2339
19
19
38
10,299
18
5 6
30 30
2819 21,175
77
192 77
19 19
48 38
499 96
77
38
3702 21,482
7 6
7
30
19
10,376
38
230
173
77
1055
192
58
19
38
12,294
10
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-905/3-83-003
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIO^NC.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
Limnology of Michigan's Nearshore Waters of
Lake Michigan
August 1984
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
David E. Kenaga, William S_. Creal and Robert E. Basch
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Ottawa Building, South Tower
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, Michigan 48909
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Grant R005H6-01
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Great Lakes National Program Office
536 South Clark Street
Chicago, Illinois 60605
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Research 1976
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
Great Lakes National Program
Office, USEPA, Region V
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Nelson A. Thomas
Project Officer
16. ABSTRACT : : ———.———_ : _ _ : :
Limnological assessments, including water and sediment chemistry and benthic
macroinvertebrate community structure, were performed based on samples collected
at 16 locations in Michigan's nearshore waters of Lake Michigan in 1976. Tributary
influence on Lake Michigan's water chemistry were detectable only out to 0.5 km from
shore. Tributary impacts on sediment chemistry and macroinvertebrate communities
were inconsistent. Based on the water sampling and benthic macroinvertebrate
communities result, the nearshore waters were classified as oligotrophic in the
central and northern sections, and mesotrophic in southern Lake Michigan and
Green Bay. Sediment concentrations of heavy metals and nutrients were greatest
in Green Bay and southern Lake Michigan and were related to the percentage of
fine sediment (<0.5 mm deimeter) present. Ninety benthic macroinvertebrate taxa
were identified with the arnphipod Pontoporela hoyi the most abundant macro-
invertebrate, followed by the oligochaete Styjpdrjlu_s herijigiaruis. Substrate
and water depth exerted major influences on benthic macroinvertebrate communities.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS \C. COSATI Field Group
Benthic
Chemistry
Heavy metals
Oligotrophic
Mesotrophic
Nutrients
Macroinvertebrate
Monitoring
Turbidity
Sediment
Contaminants
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