United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Great Lakes National
Program Office
536 South Clark Street
Chicago, Illinois 60605
EPA-905/3-84-005
February 1984
&EPA
Bioaccumulation of
Toxic Substances
Associated with
Dredging and
Dredged Material
Disposal
Do not WEED. This document
should be retained in the EPA
Region 5 Library Collection.
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EPA-905/3-84-On5
February 1984
BIOACCUMIJLATION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH
DREDGING AND DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL
A LITERATURE REVIEW
by
James G. Seelye and Michael J. Mac
Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
Final Report
March 1983
Interaaency Aqreement AD-14-F-1-529-9
Proiect Officer
Anthony Kizlauskas
Remedial Program Staff
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
GREAT LAKES NATIONAL PROGRAM OFFICE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
536 SOUTH CLARK STREET, ROOM 958
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60605
VA. Cn
TTWest Jaefcsw ioutevafd,
Chicago, II 60604-3590
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Great Lakes National Program
Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views
and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
The Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO) of the United States Enviro-
nmental Protection Agency was established in Region V, Chicago, to focus
attention on the significant and complex natural resource represented by the
Great Lakes.
GLNPO implements a multi-media environmental management program drawing on
a wide range of expertise represented by universities, private firms, State,
Federal, and Canadian governmental agencies, and the International Joint
Commission. The goal of the GLNPO program is to develop programs, practices
and technology necessary for a better understanding of the Great Lakes Basin
ecosystem and to eliminate or reduce to the maximum extent practicable the
discharge of pollutants into the Great Lakes system. GLNPO also coordinates
U.S. actions in fulfillment of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of
1978 between Canada and the United States of America.
111
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CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Summary 2
Conclusions and Recommendations 4
Appendices
A. Literature Review 8
B. Subject Index 41
C. Author Index 43
IV
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors acknowledge the technical assistance of C.C. Edsall and
C.A. McCauley in the completion of this work. We also acknowledge the
clerical assistance provided by C. Van Cleve. This work was supported in
part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program
Office under Interagency Agreement AD-1M--F-2-529-0 with the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory.
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The annual movement of over 10 million cubic meters of sediment by
dredging activities in the Great Lakes is potentially harmful to the biota of
the Great Lakes, not only due to the physical disruption of the habitat
associated with dredging and dredged material disposal, operation, but also the
relocation and resuspension of sediments often contaminated with toxic organic
and inorganic chemicals. Current regulations regarding approval for dredging
activities require measurement of contaminant levels in the sediment and
comparison of those levels with established criteria. These criteria need to
be correlated with bioavailability and toxic effects of the chemicals. To
date, however, no broadly applicable correlations have been defined. The lack
of a definable relationship between levels of chemicals in the sediment and
bioavailability of the chemicals has led to the proposal that bioassessment
tests (including toxicity and bioaccumulation) be conducted for all proposed
dredging operations; in fact, such procedures are currently being used for
ocean dumping of dredged material. Laboratory studies have shown the potential
bioavailability of both organic and inorganic contaminants from resuspended
sediments, but the procedures used for bioaccumulation studies vary widely and
little information is available relating the accumulation of contaminants by
organisms to overall effects on the ecosystem.
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SECTION 2
SUMMARY
Because of our interest in developing methods for testing the
bioavailability of contaminants, particular attention was given to laboratory
tests that measure bioaccumulation of toxic substances from sediment. Many
of these laboratory tests demonstrated the capability of aquatic organisms
to accumulate toxic substances from sediment (3, 17, 22, 32, 53, 59, 64,
66, 68, 83, 85, 106); however, the precise extent to which this accumulation
can occur remains unclear. Reported bioconcentration factors
(BCF = concentrat±on i-n organisms Qr concentration in organisms
concentration in sediment concentration in water
depending on test) have been quite variable and are often confusing due to
differences in measurement technique. Results of contaminant analysis of
sediments and organisms are either reported as wet weight or as dry weight
concentrations. Due to the differing amounts of water that occurs in sediments
and aquatic organisms, resulting BCPs can vary severalfold depending on the
basis used for calculation. Routine reporting of contaminant levels in
sediments and organisms as dry weight concentrations and calculation of
resulting BCFs based on dry weight concentrations would eliminate the influence
of water content and reduce the variability in reported BCFs.
An additional problem in interpreting the literature is that application
of a BCF in bioaccumulation tests is not always indicative of the true
accumulation potential. For example, tests with highly contaminated sediment
(thus resulting in a large denominator in the BCF equation) may yield a low BCF
even though statistically significant contaminant accumulation is occurring in
the organism. Reported BCFs of less than one are therefore common in the
literature even though bioaccumulation occurred in the test organism. Defining
/concentration in organisms „, . ,
the ratio v ' as a bioaccumulation factor"
concentration in sediment
(BAF) rather than as a BCF (79, 106) improves the semantics of the problem, but
the ultimate solution to the problem appears to involve using bioaccumulation
tests that compare accumulation between organisms exposed to test sediment and
organisms exposed to a control and/or reference sediment. This method of
testing and reporting should produce results that have improved interpretative
value in determining whether contaminants in test sediments are available for
accumulation and, through proper selection of reference sediments, whether such
accumulation would be expected to exceed "background levels" at specific study
sites.
The majority of available literature describing bioaccumulation of
contaminants is directed at organic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs). Research on the bioaccumulation of metals from sediments, particularly
in freshwater systems, is rather limited and the results tend to be
conflicting. The difficulty in differentiating between normal background
levels of metals in aquatic organisms (which can be quite variable) and
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"contaminated" levels of metals further complicates the interpretation of
results. Neff et al. (63) looked at accumulation of 10 metals using five
different species of test organisms and observed statistically significant
uptake in 25% of the tests. Seelye et al. (83) reported that perch accumulated
Pe, As, Cr, Na, Hg, Zn, Cs, and Se from naturally contaminated sediments.
However, Sherwood (85) exposed fish to contaminated sediments and observed no
accumulation of metals, although PCS and DDT uptake did occur. Apparently, the
bioavaliability of metals from sediments is significantly influenced by several
physical and chemical conditions in the sediments and water (86).
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SECTION 3
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on our review of the literature, along with our personal experience
with bioassessment tests and that of investigators at other research
organizations with whom we have discussed the subject, we offer the following
conclusions and recommendations for consideration in the development of
standardized tests of toxicity and bioaccumulation. In so doing, we recognize
that several tests currently employed by various organizations were not
intended to measure bioaccumulation but instead emphasize acute toxicity. We
further recognize that it may not be possible to develop a single standardized
test applicable to all conditions and information needs. Nevertheless, we
offer the following recommendations for developing more standardized and
ecologically sound test procedures for evaluating sediment quality.
1. Static tests should be avoided. Mortality to test organisms has been
attributed to low dissolved oxygen conditions during static tests, a
condition that may not occur in field situations.
2. Elutriate testing appears to be of questionable value in evaluating
sediment quality because few correlations have been measured between the
toxicity of the sediments and results of elutriate tests. In addition, the
elutriate test was designed to provide information on potential "water
column effects" of dredged material disposal, however, the literature we
reviewed did not identify any substantial irreversible effects of dredged
material disposal on planktonic organisms at the disposal site.
3. Toxicity tests on the dissolved or suspended particulate phases of dredged
material appear to be of questionable value due to the lack of serious
"water column effects" as stated in 2. above. The results of acute
toxicity tests on these phases exhibit poor precision in general, with high
mortality to control organisms being reported. As a result, only extremely
high mortality to the exposed organisms will be significantly different
from controls.
4. In bioaccumulation studies, steady state concentrations have rarely been
attained in less than 30 days. However, it may not be necessary to attain
steady state to show bioaccumulation potential. Therefore, we recommend
that the 10-day period be used as recommended in the EPA/COE Implementation
Manual.
5. Whole sediment (unaltered dredged material) bioassays generally show low
toxicity to benthic invertebrates and fish when exposures are 10 days or
less. However, longer exposures (20-50 days) have resulted in mortality of
benthic organisms approaching 50 percent. Use of whole sediment allows
simultaneous collection of data on toxicity and bioaccumulation of
contaminants by organisms, potentially reducing the number of tests
required and therefore the total cost.
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6. Availability of contaminants is greatly affected by physical
characteristics of sediments such as particle size, distribution, total
organic carbon, and mineral composition. Because the relationship between
the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediment and
bioavaliability of contaminants is not well defined, a site by site
evaluation of sediment quality is necessary except where contaminant levels
are very low.
7. Contaminant concentrations based on dry weight should be used to calculate
bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in order
to eliminate the influence of variable and/or changing water content in the
sediments and the organisms.
8. Bioaccumulation studies should emphasize comparing the accumulation (either
as a rate or as total accumulation) among organisms exposed to test
sediments and organisms exposed to a control and/or reference sediment
rather than relying on a BCF or BAF calculated from exposure in the test
sediment.
9. Some sublethal test parameters found in the dredging literature that show
promise as tools for evaluating dredged material includes invertebrate
reproductive success, growth abnormalities and pathology, avoidance
behavior, invertebrate metabolic rate and swimming rate, and changes in
enzyme activity (e.g., catylase).
10. Toxicity data from sediment bioassays using recirculating or static water
conditions are less precise than data collected using flow-through bioassay
systems. .Therefore, the use of flow-through systems for both toxicity and
bioaccumulation studies is recommended.
11. Organisms (including fish) allowed direct contact with sediments accumulate
more contaminants than organisms not allowed direct contact with sediments.
Therefore, exposure procedures that include provisions for contact between
test organisms and both bedded and resuspended sediments would simulate
worst-case conditions both at the dredging site and at the disposal site.
12. Bioassays conducted for ocean dumping of sediments currently must be
conducted according to the methods described in EPA/CE Technical Committee,
1977 (Reference number 101 in Appendix A). Basically the protocol
described in this manual includes three test procedures for laboratory
bioassays: 1) acute toxicity test using elutriate water, 2) acute toxicity
test using suspended particulate material from sediment; and 3) solid-phase
bioassay, including a 10-day exposure of organisms to sediment with
measurements of survival and bioaccumulation. The New York District of the
Corps of Engineers has reported over 100 of these tests. Results from the
static, acute-toxicity tests (procedure 1 and 2 above) were so variable
that the personnel at the District have recommended eliminating these two
procedures. Based on published results of toxicity tests we agree with
this recommendation. In addition, solid-phase testing should be referred
to as whole-sediment testing to insure that the fine sediment particles are
not removed before the tests are conducted.
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In summary, we recommend that: 1) A stronger link must be established
between results of laboratory bioassessment tests and conditions at dredging
and disposal sites. Results of laboratory bioaccumulation tests must be
evaluated by comparisons with data obtained from organisms that were collected
from the dredging and the disposal sites. 2) Since bioassessment procedures
currently approved for use in regulating dredging include only measurements of
toxicity (mortality) and/or bioaccumulation of toxic substances, we believe
chronic bioassay tests should be developed for use in assessing sediment
quality. 3) We recommend that work continue towards development of a single,
standardized procedure for testing sediment quality. This procedure should
include both measurements of toxicity and bioaccumulation in a flowing-water
exposure system using more than one species of aquatic organism. Because the
uptake of organic contaminants and metals is usually most rapid in benthic
invertebrates that live in the sediments and are deposit feeders, we recommend
use of such an organism. In addition to direct accumulation of contaminants,
such as would take place in the benthic invertebrates, we believe that fish
would provide an estimate of the relative amount of contaminant that may be
released from the sediment and thus become available (either directly or
indirectly) to the biota. When feasible, the procedure should include a
species of fish that is ubiquitous in the watershed under consideration and
known to feed, at least in part, on benthic invertebrates. The bioassays
should be conducted with dredged material that is unaltered after collection
from the area to be dredged. The organisms should be exposed to the sediments
for 10 days or more under flowing water conditions. The presence of suspended
solids in the test tanks would provide conditions similar to those at the
dredging and disposal site during the actual dredging activity. The value of
adding suspended solids during the exposure, though, must be tested before a
recommendation can be made.
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APPENDIX A
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1. Armstrong, D. E., J. J. Perry, and D. E. Flatness. 1979. Availability
of Pollutants Associated with Suspended or Settled River Sediments Which
Gain Access to the Great Lakes. EPA-905/4-79-028, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. 102 pp.
Samples of suspended sediment from 5 Great Lakes rivers were collected
and analyzed for total and available concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn.
Two methods were used for measuring available metals: a hydroxylamine
hydrochloride extraction, and a resin desorption. Available metals
usually ranged between 25-45% of the total metals; however, in highly
polluted samples (Menominee River), as much as 76% of the total metal
concentration was estimated to be biologically available.
2. Auld, A. H., and J. R» Schubel. 1978. Effects of Suspended Sediment on
Fish Eggs and Larvae: A Laboratory Assessment. Estuarine Coastal Mar.
Sci., 6:153-164.
"Eggs and larvae of 6 species of anadromous and estuarine fish indigenous
to the Chesapeake Bay were exposed to concentrations of suspended
sediment ranging from a few mg 1-1 to 1000 mg 1-1 to determine the
effects of different concentrations on hatching success and short term
survival. The egg experiments indicated that concentrations of up to
1000 mg 1"1 did not significantly affect the hatching success of yellow
perch, blueback herring, alewife or American shad eggs. Concentrations
of 1000 mg 1"1 significantly reduced (P<0.05) the hatching success of
white perch and striped bass, but lower concentrations did not.
Experiments with larvae indicated that concentrations of >_ 500 mg 1~1
significantly reduced (P<0.05) the survival of striped and yellow perch
larvae exposed for 48-96 h. American shad larvae appeared to be less
tolerant than the other two species tested. Concentrations > 100 mg 1~1
significantly reduced the survival of shad larvae continuously exposed
for 96 h.
The significance of these results are discussed relative to natural and
man-induced changes in sediment loading of estuaries." (author abstract)
3. Bahnick, D. A., W. A. Swenson, T. P. Markee, D. J. Call, C. A. Anderson,
and R. T. Morris. 1981. Development of Bioassay Procedures for Defining
Pollution of Harbor Sediments. Part I. CLSES Contract Publication No.
56. Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of
Wisconsin, Superior.
Laboratory studies were conducted measuring toxicity and bioaccumulation,
including measurements of acute toxicity tests using Daphnia magna, cough
frequencies using bluegills, and bioaccumulation potential using
Hexagenia limbata and chironomids. Metals, PCBs, PAHs, and DDT were
measured in sediment and tissue samples and sediments were screened for
organic contaminants using liquid chromatography procedures. Acute
toxicity tests and bioaccumulation tests were conducted for 96 hours
using either static or recirculating test conditions. Test results for
the 96-hour toxicity test were variable and few differences were measured
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between exposed and control organism survival. There were a few
correlations between survival and chemical content of the sediments, but
no consistent correlations were found between different organisms. The
authors state that results of the acute toxicity tests showed sediments
from more industrialized areas were more toxic than were those from less
industrialized areas.
4. Beasley, T. M., and S. W. Fowler. 1976. Plutonium and Americium:
Uptake from Contaminated Sediments by the Polychaete Nereis diversicolor.
Mar. Biol., 38:95-100.
The polychaete Nereis diversicolor was exposed in the laboratory to
sediments naturally contaminated with plutonium and americium. Sediments
collected near the Marshall Islands were contaminated by an atomic test
and sediments collected from the Irish sea were contaminated from a
nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. Sediments were vigorously rinsed with
clean sea water prior to introduction of the polychaetes. Worms
accumulated about 0.5% of the sediment concentration of both elements
with a preference for plutonium. Tests were run for 40 and 225 days.
5. Birge, W. J., J. A. Black, A. G. Westerman, P. C. Francis, and J. E.
Hudson. 1977. Embryopathic Effects of Waterborne and Sediment-
Accumulated Cadmium, Mercury, and Zinc on Reproduction and Survival of
Fish and Amphibian Populations in Kentucky. Res. Rep. No. 100,
University of Kentucky Water Resources Research Institute, January 1977.
28 pp.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to test the effects of contaminated
sediments on successful hatching of eggs of rainbow trout, goldfish, and
narrow-mouthed toad. Both contaminated and clean sediments were
collected from the Kentucky River system and clean sediments were spiked
with varying levels of Hg, Cd, or Zn. Eyed rainbow trout eggs and newly
fertilized goldfish and toad eggs were hatched in-a static bioassay
system with sediment and clean water. Reduced survival to hatching and
four days post-hatch was observed in all species at the lowest metal
concentrations tested: 0.15, 1.34, and 104.6 yg/g for Hg, Cd, and Zn,
respectively.
6. Bissonnette, P. 1977. Extent of Mercury and Lead Uptake from Lake
Sediments by Chironomids. In: Biological Implications of Metals in the
Environment, Energy Research and Development Administration, June 1977.
pp. 609-622. (available fromNTIS).
Samples of sediments and chironomids were collected monthly for one year
from four freshwater lakes in western Washington and analyzed for mercury
and lead. Chironomids accumulated both metals to higher levels than the
surrounding sediment for both metals. No direct correlation was
observed, however, between metal concentrations in sediments and
organisms.
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7. Boddington, M. J., A. S. W. DeFreitas, and D. R. Miller. 1979. The
Effect of Benthic Invertebrates on the Clearance of Mercury from
Sediments. Ecotox. and Environ. Safety, 3:236-244.
Tubificid worms were capable of removing mercury from artificially spiked
(Hg) freshwater sediments in a laboratory study. The rate of mercury
loss from sediments was dependent on worm density.
8. Brannon, J. M. 1978. Evaluation of Dredged Material Pollution
Potential. Tech. Rep. DS-78-6, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment
Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, August 1978. 39 pp.
This report summarizes the results of seven Dredged Material Research
Program (DMRP) reports. Five of these reports are reviewed separately in
the bibliography. The author's conclusions for this synthesis report are
as follows:
"The short term impact of dredged material on water quality and aquatic
organisms is related to the concentration of chemically mobile, readily
available contaminants rather than the total concentration. .. .The short
term chemical and biological impacts of dredging and disposal have
generally been minimal.
Longer term impacts of dredged material on water quality have generally
been slight and can be evaluated by means of the Elutriate Test and
analysis of the mobile forms of sediment contaminants. No significantly
long term increase in water column contaminant concentrations has been
observed at any aquatic disposal field site. The greatest hazard of
dredged material disposal is the potential effect of the material on
benthic organisms." (author abstract)
9. Brannon, J. M., R. M. Engler, J. R. Rose, P. G. Hunt, and I. Smith.
1976. Selective Analytical Partitioning of Sediments to Evaluate
Potential Mobility of Chemical Constituents During Dredging and Disposal
Operations. Tech. Rep. 76-7, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment
Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, December 1976. 176 pp.
Chemical analyses were performed on sediments collected from freshwater
(Ohio), estuarine (Alabama), and saltwater (Connecticut) environments.
Sediments were divided into several phases; those dissolved: 1) in
interstitial water, 2) adsorbed on sediment (exchangeable), 3) occluded
or co-precipitated with iron and manganese oxide and hydroxide partitions
(easily reducible), 4) bound in organic matter and precipitated as
sulfide salts (organic and sulfide), and 5) found in the mineral
crystalline lattice (residual). Standard elutriate tests were also
performed. No correlation was observed between total metal content of
sediment and metal concentrations in the standard elutriate.
Correlations were observed, however, between metal and nutrient
concentrations in the elutriate and their concentrations in the first
three sediment phases. These three phases are thought to be the most
mobile in the environment.
10
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10. Brewer, G. D. 1976. Resuspended Sediment Elutriate Studies on the
Northern Anchovy. In: Marine Studies of San Pedro Bay, California.
Part 11, Potential Effects on the Biota of Outer Los Angeles Harbor,
Toxicity Bioassay and Recolonization Studies, D. F. Soule and M. Oguri,
eds. University of Southern California, Office of Sea Grant Programs,
Allen Hancock Foundation, Harbor Environmental Projects, pp. 15-32.
"Samples of sediment from three locations in the Los Angeles-Long Beach
Harbors and elutriates resulting from resuspension were assayed for heavy
metals, pesticides, and other pollutants. Juvenile and adult northern
anchovy (Engraulis mordax) were exposed to sediment elutriates prepared
from seawater-sediment ratios between 4:1 and 100:1 for periods up to
fourteen days. Toxicity varied between the three sediment samples; acute
oxygen depletion was suspected as the cause of mortality. Analyses of
muscle, gonad, gill, and liver tissues for silver, cadmium, chromium,
copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc from control and
elutriate-exposed fish showed high levels of cadmium and zinc in fish
exposed to the resuspended sediments. However, the small sample size
precludes any conclusions regarding the rapid uptake of heavy metals.
Sediment elutriate which had been stored for two weeks was not toxic to
anchovy embryos and larvae." (author abstract)
11. Bryan, G. W., and L. G. Hummerstone. 1971. Adaptation of the Polychaete
Nereis diversicolor to Estuarine Sediments Containing High Concentrations
of Heavy Metals: I. General Observations and Adaptation to Copper. J.
Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K., 51:845-863.
Sediments and polychaetes collected from estuaries in southwest England
and varying in the amount of copper pollution were analyzed for copper.
Results showed a correlation in copper concentration between sediment and
worms (after gut clearance). Toxicity testing showed worms in highly
polluted sediments developed a resistance to copper.
12. Buikema, A. L., Jr., C. L. Rutherford, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1980.
Screening Sediments for Potential Toxicity by In Vitro Enzyme Inhibition.
In: Contaminants and Sediments, Vol. 1, R. A. Baker, ed. Ann Arbor
Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 463-476.
Laboratory bioassays were conducted with Dapnia magna and Hexagenia
limbata under static-conditions in which Daphnia were suspended over
sediments in beakers and Hexagenia nymphs were allowed to burrow into the
sediments. Tests were conducted for 24 to 96 hours using sediments from
seven locations in Lake Superior near Duluth, Minnesota. In vitro enzyme
tests with four enzymes were also conducted. Toxicity and enzyme
activities were measured using treated (chemically leached) and untreated
sediments containing elevated levels of metals. Correlations were
examined for sediment particle size, toxicity, and enzyme activity.
Results show a negative correlation between metal content of sediment and
particle size and also between percent inhibition of catalase activity
and particle size. Correlations between percent survival of Daphnia or
Hexagenia and sediment particle size show that fine sediments were
lethal, independent of their metal content.
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13. Canter, L. W., E. H. Klehr, J. W. Laguros, L. E. Streebin, G. D. Miller,
and D. R. Cornell. 1977. An Assessment of Problems Associated with
Evaluating the Physical, Chemical and Biological Impacts of Discharging
Fill Material. Tech. Rep. D-77-29, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, December 1977. 236 pp.
"...This study focused on problems associated with evaluating
environmental changes resulting from fill material discharges. A
weighted-rankings technique was used to established priorities of
permitting (administrative) concerns and technical deficiencies...
A literature survey was conducted to determine technical deficiencies.
Potential physical impacts found include changes in infiltration and flow
regimes, destruction/alteration of natural or man-made habitats, and
creation of habitats. Chemical impacts were found to result from the
release of suspended solids, organics, nutrients, and toxic substances.
Biological impacts ranged from physical barriers to fish migration to
complete "smothering" of entire wetland areas. The effects of leachates
on aquatic biota were found to be complex and diverse, ranging from no
measurable changes to acute toxicity. Technical research needs
identified in decreasing priority include studies on impact
quantification and modeling, verification of predicted long-term impacts,
basic chemical and biological interactions and effects, applicability of
dredged material disposal findings, characterization of wetlands, and
magnitude of fill discharge operations." (author abstract)
14. Cardwell, R. D., C. E. Woelke, M. I. Carr, and E. W. Sanborn. 1976.
Sediment and Elutriate Toxicity to Oyster Larvae. In: Dredging and Its
Environmental Effects, P. A. Krenkel, J. Harrison, and J. C. Burdick III,
eds. Amer. Soc. of Civil Engineers, New York, New York. pp. 684-718.
Acute toxicity tests were conducted with oyster (Crassostrea gigas)
embryos (2 hours old) in the laboratory using sediments and elutriates
from Grays Harbor, Washington. Deleterious effects were observed for
natural sediments and sediment homologues at less than 0.1 g dry wt/1;
however, no toxicity was observed in elutriates diluted by 50%.
Mortality was attributed to a combination of mechanical and chemical
factors.
15. Chamberlain, D. W. 1976. Effects of Los Angeles Harbor Sediment
Elutriate on the California Killifish Fundulus parvipinnis, and White
Croaker, Genyonemus lineatus. In: Marine Studies of San Pedro Bay,
California. Part 11, Potential Effects on the Biota of Outer Los Angeles
Harbor, Toxicity, Bioassay and Recolonization Studies, D. F. Soule and M.
Oguri, eds. University of Southern California, Office of Sea Grant
Programs, Allen Hancock Foundation, Harbor Environmental Projects, pp.
33-48.
Static 96-h bioassays conducted in the laboratory with elutriates of
sediments collected from Los Angeles Harbor showed no significant
mortality to killifish or croaker. Croaker held in elutriates for 28
12
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days showed bioaccumulation of some metals compared to control fish.
Concentration of Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cd in exposed fish were twice as high as
those in control fish.
16. Chu-Fa, T., J. Welch, K. Chang, J. Shaeffer, and L. E. Cronin. 1979.
Bioassay of Baltimore Harbor Sediments. Estuaries, 2(3):141-153.
Laboratory bioassays were performed with two species of fish, mummichogs
(Fundulus heteroclitus) and spot (Leistomus xanthurus) and one mollusc
(Mya arenaria), which were exposed in static systems to a series of
concentrations of suspended sediment for 48 hours. Sediments were
analyzed for Pb, Cr, Zn, Ca, As, PCBs, and hexane extracts. Median
survival times decreased with increasing suspended sediment
concentration. The relationship observed permits use of mummichog data
to index gross toxicity of sediments throughout the harbor. Comparison
of TLm values with benthic species diversity permitted zoning of the
entire harbor into zones of high, moderate, and low toxicity.
17. Courtney, W. A. M., and W. J. Langston. 1980. Accumulation of
Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) from Seawater
Sediments and Food. Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters, 33:333-339.
Juvenile turbot were held in the laboratory for 15 days in laboratory
aquaria containing sandy sediments spiked with PCBs. Turbot readily
accumulated PCBs with concentrations in muscle reaching 2, 59, and 43
pg/g in sediments containing 1, 60, or 100 pg/g respectively.
Concentrations of PCB in liver were 3 to 11 times greater than that in
muse le.
18. DeCoursey, P. J., and W. B. Vernberg. 1975. The Effect of Dredging in a
Polluted Estuary on the Physiology of Larval Zooplankton. Water Res.,
9:149-154.
Laboratory bioassays were conducted with water samples collected from a
dredging site, downstream from the dredging site, and from 3 locations
within a diked disposal site in Charleston Harbor (South Carolina).
Because of changing salinities, Daphnia (freshwater), Paleomonetes and
Polydora (saltwater) species were tested for survival, metabolic rate,
and swimming rate. Water from all sites was more toxic than control
water, and water from the disposal site was most toxic. Decreases in
metabolic rate and swimming activity were also observed in organisms
exposed to test water when compared to controls. Disposal site water
again had the greatest effect.
19. DiSalvo, L. H., H. E. Guard, N. D. Hirsch, and J. Ng. 1977. Assessment
and Significance of Sediment Associated Oil and Grease in Aquatic
Environments. Tech. Rep. D-77-26, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, November 1977. 148 pp.
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Laboratory studies were conducted with mussels (Mytilus edulis), crabs
(Hemigrapsus oregonensis), snails (Acanthina spirata), and freshwater
clams (Corbicula sp.), which were exposed for up to 30 days to sediment
contaminated with oil and grease. Sediments contaminated with 2000 ppm
hydrocarbons produced about 50 to 70 ppm in mussels and crabs. The
analytical procedure for hydrocarbons in tissue included a saponification
procedure. Mortality was low in all tests for up to 30 days. The report
is not clear as to exactly what chemicals were included in the analyses
of total hydrocarbons.
20. Durant, C. J., and R. J. Reimold. 1972. Effects of Estuarine Dredging
of Toxaphene-Contaminated Sediments in Terry Creek, Brunswick, Georgia,
1971. Pestic. Monitor. J., 6(2):94-96.
A field study was conducted examining the concentration of toxaphene in
oysters before and after dredging heavily contaminated sediments in an
estuarine creek. No increase in toxaphene concentration in already
contaminated oysters (3.3 yg/g) was observed. Toxaphene in sediment
ranged from 2.9 to 1,858.3 yg/g.
21. Duyvejonck, J. 1977. Distribution and Movements of Fishes in a Small
Stream. Trans. 111. State Acad. Sci. 70(2):212.
Evidence suggests that dredging disrupts habitat favored by some species
of fish and that they do not readily return to such areas. This was an
abstract of a paper presented in 1977 at a joint meeting of the Illinois
and Missouri Academies of Sciences.
22. Elder, D. L., S. W. Fowler, and G. G. Polikarpov. 1979. Remobilization
of Sediment Associated PCBs by the Worm Nereis diversicolor. Bull.
Environ. Contain. Toxicol., 21:448-452.
Laboratory studies were conducted to study PCB uptake and loss by Nereis
diversicolor using spiked sediment as a PCB source. Worms were placed
directly in sediments under flowing seawater, sampled periodically (guts
were purged of sediments), and analyzed for PCBs. Uptake phase of the
tests lasted for 120 days and the elimination phase lasted 60 days.
Substantial accumulation of PCBs took place, reaching a steady-state
concentration after about 40-60 days. The biological half-time was
calculated for this experiment to be 27 days. The authors conclude that
PCB compounds in the sediment cannot be considered as being isolated from
the biosphere.
23. Emerson, R. R. 1974. Preliminary Investigations of the Effects of
Resuspended Sediment on Two Species of Benthic Polychaetes from Los
Angeles Harbor. In: Marine Studies of San Pedro Bay, California. Part
III, Thermal Tolerance and Sediment Toxicity Studies, D. F. Soule and M.
Oguri, eds. USC-SG-1-74, University of Southern California, Office of
Sea Grant Programs, Allen Hancock Foundation, Harbor Environmental
Projects, pp. 97-110.
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Laboratory bioassays were conducted with two marine polychaetes using
elutriates from sediments collected in Los Angeles Harbor. Ninety-six
hour tests revealed no mortality of Ophryotrocha nr. labronica; however,
mortality was observed during similar tests with Capitella capitata.
Sediments collected from various locations in the harbor yielded a range
of contaminant levels. An apparent correlation was observed between
mortality rates and both organic and inorganic contaminant levels in
sediment. The author suggested that further testing was necessary.
24. Emerson, R. R. 1976. Bioassay and Heavy Metal Uptake Investigations of
Resuspended Sediment on Two Species of Polychaetous Annelids. In:
Marine Studies of San Pedro Bay, California. Part 11, Potential Effects
on the Biota of Outer Los Angeles Harbor, Toxicity, Bioassay and
Recolonization Studies, D. F. Soule and M. Oguri, eds. University of
Southern California, Office of Sea Grant Programs, Allen Hancock
Foundation, Harbor Environmental Projects, pp. 69-90.
"Two species of polychaetous annelids (Capitella capitata and
Ophryotrocha sp.) were used in a series of bioassays to determine the
toxicity of resuspended sediments from fourteen stations in Los Angeles
Harbor. Significant mortality did not occur in either short-term
(96-hour) or long-term (28-day) bioassays using Ophryotrocha sp. Numbers
of offspring were significantly reduced in all sediments except the
outermost harbor station (LNG-1), indicating sublethal effects.
Development success of Capitella capitata larvae ranged from 40% to 95%.
The more grossly contaminated sediments yielded lower numbers of
successfully developing larvae but higher growth rates in the surviving
larvae. Contamination levels of the sediments correlated more closely
with sediment particle size than with distance from the outside harbor.
Heavy metal concentrations in the tissues of Capitella capitata did not
correspond with sediment contamination levels. Resuspended sediment may
result in "scavenging" which lowers the concentration of some heavy
metals in the seawater." (author abstract)
25. Engler, R. M. 1980. Prediction of Pollution Through Geochemical and
Biological Procedures: Development of Regulation Guidelines and Criteria
for the Discharge of Dredged and Fill Material. In: Contaminants and
Sediments, Vol. 1, R. A. Baker, ed. Ann Arbor Sciences Publishers, Inc.,
Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 143-169.
"Guidelines and criteria have been published (13, 14) for the ecological
evaluations of the discharge of dredged and fill material into inland
waters and the transportation of dredged material for dumping into ocean
waters. A history of regulatory criteria development reveals that tests
for describing the pollution-producing characteristics of dredged
sediments were in use in the late 1960s and were similar to those used to
evaluate the bulk characteristics of municipal and industrial wastes.
This approach proved ineffective. Recent evaluative procedures use
leaching tests for specific groups of contaminants; toxicity and
bioaccumulation tests with various aquatic organisms; and general
ecological evaluations of the proposed disposal sites. Implementation
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manuals have subsequently been published and are in use. Field
evaluation and verification have shown these manuals to be effective
environmental management tools." (author summary)
26. Feng, S. Y. 1977. Thames River Hydrography, Phytoplankton, and Trace
Metal Concentrations in Water, Sediment, and Shellfish. Section B in:
Physical, Chemical, and Biological Effects of Dredging in the Thames
River (Connecticut) and Spoil Disposal at the New London (Connecticut)
Dumping Ground, Rep. No. 2 (Final Report). Interagency Scientific
Advisory Subcommittee on Ocean Dredging and Spoiling, Division of
Environmental Assessment, April 1977. 346 pp.
"...Field surveys of the Thames River hydrography, phytoplankton, and
trace metal concentrations in water, sediment, and shellfish suggested
that effects of dredging on primary production were spatially and
temporally limited. The highest concentrations of nickel, lead, cadmium
and mercury in water samples were observed before or during dredging,
while copper was highest after dredging but were generally higher
upriver. Sediment levels of these five metals, plus zinc and organic
carbon, increased in an upriver direction. Dredging related changes in
trace metal body burdens (were observed) in shellfish but were difficult
to separate from normal seasonal variations. No gross pathology was
detected in the shellfish..." (author abstract)
27. Fujiki, M., R. Hirota, and S. Yamaguchi. 1977. The Mechanism of
Methylmercury Accumulation in Fish. In: Management of Bottom Sediments
Containing Toxic Substance, S. A. Peterson and K. K. Randolph, eds. EPA
600/3-77-083, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Corvallis, Oregon, pp. 89-95.
Red sea bream (Chrysophrys major) were held in laboratory aquaria
containing Minamata Bay sediments (0.015 mg Hg/kg dry sediment) for 10
days. Concentrations of Hg in bream exposed to contaminated sediment
were not different than bream held in control tanks.
28. Fulk, R., D. Gruber, and R. Wullschleger. 1975. Laboratory Study of the
Release of Pesticide and PCB Materials to the Water Column During
Dredging and Disposal Operations. Contract Rep. D-75-6, U.S. Army
Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, December
1975. 112 pp.
Sediments, water column water, and interfacial water samples were
collected from five sites (2 salt water, 3 freshwater of which two were
in Lake Michigan) and analyzed for organic contaminants. Laboratory
tests were conducted to estimate the release of organics to the water
column upon resuspension of sediments and to determine settling times for
desorbed contaminants. PCBs, DDT, and dieldrin were the most prevalent
contaminants found in environmental samples. No correlation was found
between PCB concentration and total organic carbon, oil and grease, or
silt and clay in sediments or interstitial water. No measurable
desorption of contaminants was observed at sediment to water ratios of
1:10 or lower, but desorption did occur at 1:5 ratios. PCBs remaining in
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solution after various settling times were related to suspended oil and
grease and suspended solids. The highest concentration of PCBs measured
in settling tests was 0.03 pg/1.
29. Gannon, J. E., and A. M. Beeton. 1969. Studies on the Effects of
Dredged Materials from Selected Great Lakes Harbors on Plankton and
Benthos. Spec. Rep. No. 8, Center for Great Lakes Studies, University of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee. 82 pp.
Laboratory bioassays were conducted with sediments collected from
Buffalo, Calumet, Cleveland, Green Bay, Indiana, Rouge River, and Toledo
harbors. The bioassays measured sediment selectivity by zooplankton,
sediment toxicity to benthos, and effects of sediment on growth of
phytoplankton based on carbon-1 4 uptake. The majority of tests were run
under static conditions, some involved multiple additions of sediment,
and most lasted one week or less. No correlations were evident between
any biological parameter and physical measurement of sediment consisting
of COD, NH4, organic N, PC>4, and volatile solids.
30. Gannon, J. E., and A. M. Beeton. 1971. Procedures for Determining the
Effects of Dredged Sediments on Biota-Benthos Viability and Sediment
Selectivity Tests. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 43(3):392-398.
Laboratory tests were conducted with Pontoporeia affinis and sediments
collected from nine Great Lakes harbors to determine selectivity
(sediment preference) and viability (survival after 24- or 48-h exposure
to sediments). Washed aquarium sand, Fullers Earth, open lake sediments
from Lake Michigan, and sediment from one of the harbors (relatively
unpolluted) were used as control sediments. Although no chemical
analyses were performed on either sediments or overlying water,
Pontoporeia avoided sediments from harbors thought to be highly polluted.
In addition, those sediments considered as polluted caused higher
mortality of Pontoporeia than control sediments.
31. Gillespie, D. C., and D. P. Scott. 1971. Mobilization of Mercuric
Sulfide from Sediment into Fish under Aerobic Conditions. J. Fish Res.
Board Can., 28:1807-1808.
Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were held in laboratory aquaria containing
sediments spiked to 50 yg/g (dry wt.) HgCl2, HgS, or controls (0.24 yg/g
Hg). After 55 days, Hg concentrations were found to be 2.7 yg/g in fish
exposed to Hg Cl2, 1.6 yg/g for fish in the HgS treatment, and 1.1 yg/g
in control fish.
32. Halter, M. T., and H. E. Johnson. 1977. A Model System to Study the
Desorption and Biological Availability of PCS in Hydrosoils. In:
Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation, ASTM STP 634, F. L. Mayer and
J. L. Hamelink, eds. American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pp. 178-195.
Laboratory studies were conducted with fathead minnows exposed to natural
sediments spiked with PCBs (10 yg/g to 500 yg/g). Bioaccumulation tests
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were run under flow-through conditions; and some tests used a screen to
separate the fish from the sediment, while other tests used no screen,
thereby allowing contact between fish and sediment. The maximum duration
of the bioaccumulation tests was 32 days. Fish allowed contact with
contaminated sediment accumulated levels of PCBs (2.7 yg/g - 99.6 yg/g)
six times those of the fish that were screened from contact with the
sediments (0.6 yg/g - 18.5 yg/g). Desorption of PCBs from spiked
sediments was also measured under static and flow-through conditions and
equilibrium concentrations were related to PCB concentrations in the
sediment.
33. Haven, D. S. and R. Morales-Alamo. 1978. Uptake of Kepone from
Suspended Sediments by Oysters, Rangia and Macoma. In: Kepone in the
Marine Environment: Publications and Prepublocations, Appendix C to the
EPA Kepone Mitigation Feasibility Project. EPA-440/5-78-004C, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, pp. 237-288.
Laboratory experiments were conducted exposing oysters (Crassostrea
virginica) and clams (Rangia cuneata) and Macoma balthica) to
kepone-contaminated sediment from the James River (Virginia). These
bivalves concentrated kepone 1000-3000 times the water concentration when
sediment was resuspended. Strong correlations were observed in tests
conducted over a four-week period between concentrations of kepone in
oysters and in sediments and the results indicated a leveling of
concentrations in animals after one week of exposure. When Crassostrea
and Rangia were buried in sediment and low water flow kept sediments from
being resuspended, little kepone accumulation occurred.
34. Heit, M., C. S. Klusek, and K. M. Miller. 1980. Trace Element,
Radionuclide, and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations in
Unionidae Mussels from Northern Lake George. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
14(4):465-468.
Samples of freshwater mussels and associated sediment were collected from
Lake George (New York) and analyzed for levels of trace elements,
radionuclides, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Concentration ratios (CR—muscle tissue concentration/sediment
concentration) for the three species of mussels collected were about 30
for Cd, 10 for Hg, 9 for Se, 7 for Zn, and 2 for Cu. Cr, Ni, and Pb had
CRs of about 1, while As and Sn appeared not to be accumulated.
Radionuclides associated with fallout from weapons tests were accumulated
in Elliptic complanatus« PAH concentrations in mussels were found to
vary greatly between individuals.
35. Herdendorf, C. E., and C. L. Copper. 1976. Investigations of Larval
Fish Populations in Maumee River Estuary and Bay and Assessment of the
Impact of Commercial Sand and Gravel Dredging on These Populations.
Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Ohio State University, Columbus. 86
pp.
Field studies were conducted in conjunction with dredging activity in the
Maumee River estuary. Surface and bottom tows with plankton nets
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collected fish larvae at thirteen stations. Authors concluded that
dredging activities reduce fish larvae densities in the vicinities of the
dredges. Larvae caught in the wash water used to process the dredged
material are destroyed. Larval movements are largely controlled by water
currents.
36. Hirota, R., M. Fujiki, Y. Ikegaki, and S. Tajima. 1978. Accumulation of
Mercury by Fish from Contaminated Sediments. In: Proceedings of the
Fourth U.S.-Japan Experts' Meeting, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 225-240.
Field studies were conducted using fish caged in Minimata Bay. Fish were
reared for up to 6 months with samples collected every 10 days.
Correlations were calculated between mercury and body length of fish.
The authors concluded that all fish species did not accumulate mercury at
the same rate or to the same extent and therefore selected species of
different ages should be used if a mercury monitoring program was
implemented in Minamata Bay.
37. Hirsch, N. D., L. H. DiSalvo, and R. K. Peddicord. 1978. Effects of
Dredging and Disposal on Aquatic Organisms. Tech. Rep. DS-78-5, U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 41 pp.
A synthesis of six DMRP reports dealing with dredging effects on aquatic
organisms. Three of these reports dealt with laboratory studies
examining contaminant effects. This summary report concluded that: (1)
uptake of sediment-associated heavy metals by organisms was rare? (2)
bulk analysis of sediments for metals did not reflect their potential
environmental impact; and (3) oil and grease residues were tightly bound
to sediment, making them mostly unavailable for uptake.
38. Hoke, R. A., and B. L. Prater. 1980. Relationship of Percent Mortality
of Four Species of Aquatic Biota from 96-hour Sediment Bioassays of Five
Lake Michigan Harbors and Elutriate Chemistry of the Sediments. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 25:394-399.
Laboratory bioassays were conducted using sediments collected from five
Lake Michigan harbors: Indiana Harbor (Indiana), Grand Haven (Michigan),
New Buffalo (Michigan), Green Bay (Wisconsin), and Marinette-Menominee
(Wisconsin-Michigan). Pimephales promelas, Hexagenia limbata, Lirceus
fontinalis, and Paphnia magna were held in a recirculating system in the
presence of the sediment. Correlations were tested between 96-hour
mortality (percent) and elutriate chemical data (NH3, COD, TP, TKN,
NO2» Cl~, 804=, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn). Sixty bivariate
correlation analyses revealed only 4 significant correlations: mortality
of P. promelas and chloride concentration, mortality of H. limbata, and
concentrations of chloride, ammonia and nickel. The authors questioned
the utility of elutriate testing in evaluating ecological effects of
dredged material disposal.
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39. International Working Group on the Abatement and Control of Pollution
from Dredging Activities Report. May 1975. International Working Group
on the Abatement and Control of Pollution from Dredging Activities. 227
pp.
The Working Group reviewed existing dredging practices and regulations
and discussed potential environmental effects. The report contains a
literature review on various aspects of dredging and concludes that
present techniques of sediment analysis do not provide adequate
information on bioavaliability of toxic substances.
40. Jernelov, A. 1970. Release of Methylmercury from Sediments with Layers
Containing Inorganic Mercury at Different Depths. Limnol. Oceanogr.,
15(6):958-960.
Laboratory experiments examined Hg uptake by Lebistes reticulatus held
over columns of sediment in which layers were spiked with 100 yg/g HgCl2
at various depths. Along with the fish, either Tubificidae, Anodonta, or
no macrofauna were added to test tanks. With no macrofauna, uptake by
fish only occurred from the spiked surface sediments when mercury was
available at the surface. In the presence of Tubificidae, Hg was
available for accumulation down to a depth of 2 cm, while in the presence
of Anodonta, Hg was available down to a depth of 9 cm.
41. Kneip, T. J., and R. E. Hazen. 1979. Deposit and Mobility of Cadmium in
a Marsh-Cove Ecosystem and the Relation to Cadmium Concentration in
Biota. Environ. Health Perspect., 28:67-73.
"The study reported here presents the results of an investigation of a
marsh-cove ecosystem heavily contaminated by cadmium. The most
contaminated aquatic sediments were dredged in 1972-73, taut the
resuspension of the sediments and recycle of water from the dredge spoil
resulted in reestablishment of a large, contaminated sediment bed with
concentrations very similar to those observed before dredging.
The stability of the sediment concentrations and shallow depth of the
cadmium in the sediments indicate that the deposit is relatively stable
in agreement with the expectations based on the water chemistry of the
system.
Uptake does occur in both marsh and aquatic plants and all species of
animals tested. Significantly elevated concentrations are observed
compared to noncontaminated areas; however, edible portions of most fish
do not appear to present a hazard. Crabs appear to present the most
likely source of a hazard to humans. This potential hazard is still
under investigation.
The dredging removed about 5.5 MT of cadmium, about one-fourth of that
originally estimated to be present, but twice that amount is found to be
in the cove sediments 3 to 4 years after dredging. No appreciable
improvement in the ecosystem has been made, and more careful
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consideration should be given to the need for decontamination and the
method of removal of contaminated aquatic sediments in any future case."
(author abstract)
42. Kudo, A. 1976. Mercury Transfer from Bed Sediments to Freshwater Fish
(Guppies). J. Environ. Qual., 5(4):427-430.
Static bioassays were conducted in the laboratory exposing guppies
(Lebistes reticulata) to sediment containing 523 ng/g (dry weight)
naturally deposited Hg and additional 500 ng/g of spiked 203ng. Four
groups of guppies were consecutively exposed to the same sediment for
periods of 23-51 days. Continuous accumulation was observed in all
groups with high individual variation (600%). No correlation between
uptake and size or sex of fish was observed. In depuration studies,
half-lives ranged between 38 and 75 days.
43. Kudo, A., and D. C. Mortimer. 1979. Pathways for Mercury Uptake by Fish
from Bed Sediments. Environ. Pollut., 19(3):239-245.
Guppies (Lebistes reticulata) were exposed in the laboratory to sediments
collected from the Ottawa River (Canada) to determine the route of
mercury uptake by the fish. Mercury (as mercuric chloride) was added to
the already contaminated (0.523 yg/g Hg) river sediment to attain a Hg
concentration of 1.023 yg/g based on dry weight. Radioactive mercury
(203fjg/ 47 ciays half life) was introduced into the sediment as a tracer
and analysis performed by measuring radioactivity of live fish.
Exposures were conducted in a two-chambered tank connected by two glass
tubes screened at both ends. This allowed water to flow between the
chambers, but fish were restricted to one side or the other. In this
study, sediment was introduced into one chamber and fish into one side or
the other. Analysis revealed that fish in contact with the sediments
accumulated 9 times more mercury than fish exposed to water alone.
44. Lang, C., and B. Lang-Dobler. 1979. The Chemical Environment of
Tubificid and Lumbriculid Worms According to the Pollution Level of the
Sediment. Hydrobiologia, 65(3):273-282.
The authors collected 170 sediment samples from Lake Geneva (Switzerland)
and analyzed the samples for the presence of worms and ten chemical
variables (organic carbon, total P, Cd, Zn, Sn, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cr, and Mn).
Fourteen tubificid and 2 lumbriculid worm species were detected in the
sediment samples that were also classified by physical variables,
percentage of sand, silt, and clay, and depth. Factorial correspondence
analysis described relationships between worm species and chemical and
physical variables. Six worm species groups were identified, each
characterized by different chemical variables indicating varying levels
of pollution.
45. Laskowski-Hoke, R. A., and B. L. Prater. 1981. Relationship of
Mortality of Aquatic Biota from 96-hour Sediment Bioassays and the Change
in Chemical Composition of the Test Water. Bull. Environ. Contain.
Toxicol., 26:323-327.
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Laboratory bioassays were conducted exposing Pimephales promelas,
Hexagenia limbata, Lirceus fontinalis, and Daphnia magna to sediments
collected from five Lake Michigan harbors. Mortality was measured in
these flow-through tests and correlated with a value described as the
"difference chemistry value." The value was the pretest water
concentration subtracted from the posttest water concentration of a
number of water quality parameters. Mortality of P. promelas was
significantly correlated with difference chemical values for NO3 + NO2»
NH3, TKN, and total P. H.limbata mortality was correlated with suspended
solids, NH3» Cd, Cr, CN~, Hg, and Zn. D. magna mortality was correlated
with CM" and Zn, while L. fontinalis was correlated with NH3.
46. Laube, V., S. Ramamoorthy, and D. J. Kushner. 1979. Mobilization and
Accumulation of Sediment Bound Heavy Metals by Algae. Bull. Environ.
Contain. Toxicol., 21 (6) :763-770.
A laboratory experiment was conducted in which two species of algae,
Anabaena and Ankistrodesmus braunii were exposed to Ottawa River (Canada)
sediment and bioaccumulation of Cd and Cu was measured. Sediment, to
which either Cd or Cu nitrate salts were added, and algae were placed in
separate dialysis bags. The bags were suspended in river water and
rotated for 72 hours. Anabaena accumulated 20 ppm Cd and A. braunii
accumulated 9 ppm Cd from sediment containing 100 ppm Cd. From sediment
containing a natural level of 50 ppm Cu (and an added 1 ppm), Anabaena
accumulated 20 ppm and A. braunii 7 ppm.
47. Lee, C. R., R. E. Hbeppel, P. G. Hunt, and C. A. Carlson. 1976.
Feasibility of the Functional Use of Vegetation to Filter, Dewater, and
Remove Contaminants from Dredged Material. Tech. Rep. D-76-4, U.S. Army
Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, June 1976.
107 pp.
This report evaluates the feasibility of using vegetation in dredge spoil
containment areas to improve discharge water quality. The authors
concluded that selected vegetation could remove significant amounts of
nitrogen and phosphorus from the discharge water and improve the quality
of the water, but the use of vegetation to remove heavy metals has
limited feasibility. Included in the report is a literature search with
numerous references on the uptake of metals from contaminated sediments
by plants and the potential for these metals then entering the food
chain.
48. Lee, G. F., J. M. Lopez, and G. M. Mariani. 1976. Leaching and Bioassay
Studies on the Significance of Heavy Metals in Dredged Sediments. Center
for Environmental Studies, University of Texas. 68 pp.
A series of laboratory toxicity tests were conducted using sediments
from: Mobile, Alabama; Ashtabula, Ohio; San Francisco and Los Angeles,
California; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Trinity River, Houston Ship
Channel, Galveston, Texas City, Corpus Christi, Port Aransas, and Port
Lavaca, Texas. These studies were short term U 96-h static toxicity
tests) on dilutions of elutriate water. The authors conclude that "the
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toxicity of the sediment elutriate mixtures was insufficient to be
adverse to aquatic organisms in a typical open water disposal site water
column".
49. Lee, G. F., M. D. Piwoni, J. M. Lopez, G. M. Mariani, J. S. Richardson,
D. H. Homer, and F. Saleh. 1975. Research Study for the Development of
Dredged Material Disposal Criteria. Contract Rep. D-75-4, U.S. Army
Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 381 pp.
This report provides information on elutriate tests run on sediments
collected across the country. Toxicity tests were run on sediments from
two locations and both were basic static exposures. The dissolved oxygen
content of the elutriate influenced the release of chemical contaminants
from the dredged sediments. The authors recommended a modified Elutriate
Test which allowed for aeration during the preliminary mixing period.
They also recommended that the sediment volume be reduced from 20 percent
to 5 percent.
50. Lee, G. F., and R. H. Plumb. 1974. Literature Review on Research Study
for the Development of Dredged Material Disposal Criteria. Contract Rep.
D-74-1 U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,
Mississippi. 145 pp.
This literature review contains 163 references on dredging, disposal, and
their effects. Several references deal with the effects of toxic
substances on biota and none deal with bioaccumulation.
51. Lindberg, S. E., and R. C. Harris. 1977. Release of Mercury and
Organics from Resuspended Near Shore Sediments. J. Water. Pollut.
Control Fed., 49(12):2479-2487.
Sediments were collected from Mobile Bay (Alabama) and the Shark River
(Florida), and placed in 14-1 bottles with their associated overlaying
water. Sediments were resuspended mechanically for 6 hours and water
samples taken and analyzed. In all sediment-water samples tested, large
increases in dissolved Hg were observed shortly after sediment
resuspension. No consistent correlation was found between this increase
and changes in pH, redox potential, total dissolved sulfide, or dissolved
organic carbon.
52. Luoma, S. N., and E. A. Jenne. 1975. Factors Affecting the Availability
of Sediment-Bound Cadmium to the Estuarine, Deposit-Feeding Clam. In:
Radioecology and Energy Resources, C. E. Gushing, Jr., ed. Dowden,
Hutchinson, and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, pp. 283-290.
Laboratory studies were conducted under static water conditions using
estuarine clams (Macoma balthica). The clams were exposed to
TO^Cd-spiked sediment for 14 to 42 days in a number of experiments.
Sediments were chemically extracted to compare results with uptake in
clams. These studies were conducted to estimate the relative
contribution of 109cd to the organism from ingestion of sediment or
direct uptake from the water. Some uptake of Cd by clams through
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ingestion of spiked natural sediment was observed, but the concentrations
of 109cd i*1 th6 clam were never greater than 10 percent of the
concentrations of 109cd in the sediment. No correlations were observed
between chemical entraction of sediment and the bioavailability of lO^Cd.
53. Lyes, M. C. 1979. Bioavailability of a Hydrocarbon from Water and
Sediment to the Marine Worm Arenicola marina. Mar. Biol., 55:121-127.
Worms were collected from Booterstown Strand (Eire) and exposed in the
laboratory to sediments spiked with 14c-1-naphthalene. Sediments were
rinsed with water prior to introduction of organisms. After five hours,
concentration factors (cf) ranged from 0.1 to 4.1 for various tissues
analyzed separately. Stomach wall tissue had the highest cf, while body
wall cf was approximately 0.5.
54. Lynch, T. R., and H. E. Johnson. 1982. The Availability of a
Hexachlorobiphenyl Isomer to Benthic Amphipods from Experimentally-
Contaminated Sediments. In: Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment:
Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology, J. G.
Pearson, R. B. Poster, and W. E. Bishop, eds. American Society for
Testing and Materials. Philadelphia, PA. pp. 273-287.
"The present study was designed to determine the availability of
radiolabeled 2,4,5,2',4',5', -hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP) to taenthic
amphipods from experimentally-contaminated sediments. Amphipods
accumulated HCBP primarily by direct uptake from water as a function of
exposure time. However, organisms that were directly exposed to the
sediments had consistently higher (2.3 to 10.8X) HCBP concentrations than
did organisms exposed only to the sediment-desorbed residues in the
water. Experimental results demonstrated that substrate organic matter
content, particle size, and sediment mineralogy affected the
concentrations of HCBP in the water and, in turn, in the organisms.
Removal of sediment organic matter enhanced HCBP accumulation by both
substrate-exposed and water-exposed organisms. Amphipods accumulated the
least HCBP when exposed to silt-clay particle size fractions which
contained organic matter." (author abstract)
55. Marking, L. L., V. K. Dawson, J. L. Allen, T. D. Bills, and J. J. Rach.
1981. Biological Activity and Chemical Characteristics of Dredged
Material from Ten Sites on the Upper Mississippi River. Summary Report,
National Fishery Research Laboratory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
LaCrosse, Wisconsin. 145 pp.
Laboratory toxicity tests were conducted under static conditions for 96
hours using a variety of freshwater invertebrates and fish. Sediments
were analyzed for nutrients, metals, PCBs, and pesticides by bulk,
suspended particulate, and elutriate procedures. Exposure vessels were
aerated to maintain the sediment in suspension. Over half of the water
volume in each vessel was replaced daily. Sediments from two locations
were toxic and the particulate phase exposures were more toxic than the
solid phase exposures.
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56. McCain, B. B., H. O. Hodgins, W. D. Gronlund, J. W. Hawkes, D. W. Brown,
M. S. Myers, and J. H. Vandermeulen. 1978. Bioavallability of Crude Oil
from Experimentally Oiled Sediments to English Sole (Paraphrys vetulus),
and Pathological Consequences. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 35:657-664.
"English sole (Paraphrys vetulus) were exposed to experimentally oiled
(Alaskan North Slope crude oil) sediments over a 4-mo period to assess
the bioavailability and tissue hydrocarbon distribution kinetics in
flatfish. Data were also obtained on hydrocarbon related physiological
changes and tissue pathology. Crude oil was mixed with aromatic
hydrocarbon-free sediments to a concentration of 700 yg/g dry weight at
the beginning of the experiment. During the 1st mo of the experiment
this concentration decreased to 400 yg/g dry weight, and remained
relatively stable during the remainder of the 4-mo period. Compositional
changes were observed in the alkane and aromatic fractions, with a
differential decrease in the substituted naphthalenes. Flatfish
maintained in such oiled sediments readily took up alkane and aromatic
petroleum hydrocarbons from these sediments, and accumulated these in
skin, muscle, and liver; 1-and 2-methylnaphthalene and
1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene were accumulated to great extent than other
aromatics. Tissue hydrocarbons decreased with time, and after 27-d
continuous exposure to oiled sediments only the liver contained
detectable levels of hydrocarbons. After 2 months, <2% of the initial
aromatic hydrocarbon load could be detected, and only in the liver in
flatfish that were continuously maintained on oiled sediments.
Depuration of tissue aromatics differed for various aromatics,
1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene and 2-methylnaphthalene being most persistent.
Depuration is thought to be due to induction of the aryl hydrocarbon
hydroxylase system during initial exposure to oiled sediments.
Concomitant with the high tissue hydrocarbon period were found enhanced
weight loss and severe hepatocellular lipid vacuolization (HLV).
Although the observations on growth changes and liver pathology are
preliminary, the data indicate the need for further detailed study of
fish growth abnormalities and pathology in the presence of petroleum
hydrocarbons." (author abstract)
57. McConaugha, J. R. 1976. Toxicity and Heavy Metals Uptake in Three
Species of Crustacea from Los Angeles Harbor Sediments. In: Marine
Studies of San Pedro Bay, California. Part 11, Potential Effects on the
Biota of Outer Los Angeles Harbor, Toxicity, Bioassay and Recolonization
Studies, D. F. Soule and M. Oguri, eds. University of Southern
California, Office of Sea Grant Programs, Allen Hancock Foundation,
Harbor Environmental Projects, pp. 49-68.
"Two species of crustaceans, Acartia tonsa and Tisbe sp., were subjected
to the filtrate fraction (<0.45 ) of resuspended sediments from 12
stations in the Los Angeles Harbor. The 96 hour bioassays for A. Tonsa
produced significant reductions in the survival rates of test groups at
stations LNG-6, LNG-7, 16, 17, 18, 24 and 27. In the Tisbe bioassays,
only station LNG-7 had significantly lower survival in the test group
than in controls, while test group survival at stations LNG-4, -25 and
-27 were significantly higher than control survival. This data suggests
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that dredging operations could have an adverse effect on the A. Tonsa
population and consequently an effect on the plankton composition and
food chain in the Los Angeles Harbor. However, the stations with poorest
quality are in the area to be filled.
Additional experiments were conducted to determine if the lined shore
crab, Pachygropsus crassipes, was capable of accumulating heavy metals
from resuspended sediments. Following a 7-day exposure to the sediment
elutriate, the gill tissue was examined for 9 heavy metals. Because of
extreme variations in the data, no discernible trends were observed."
(author abstract)
58. McLeese, D. W., and C. D. Metcalfe. 1980. Toxicities of Eight
Organochlorine Compounds in Sediment and Seawater to Crangon
septemspinosa. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol., 25:921-928.
Beakers of sandy sediment (97% sand, 0.5 to 2.0 mm) were fortified in a
laboratory experiment with various concentrations of one of the following
organochlorines: endrin, endosulfan, DDT, dieldrin, chlordane, Aroclor
1242, Aroclor 1254, and hexachlorobenzene. Static bioassays were
conducted with the shrimp C. septemspinosa to determine LCso values for
the contaminants in water and in sediment. LC5Q values were 10-80 times
higher for contaminants in sediment when compared to values for
contaminants in water.
59. McLeese, D. W., D. C. Metcalfe, and D. S. Pezzack. 1980. Uptake of
PCB's from Sediment by Nereis virens and Crangon septemspinosa. Arch.
Environ. Contain. Toxicol., 9:507-518.
Two polychaete worms (Nereis virens and Glycera dibranchiota) and the
shrimp Crangon septemspinosa were exposed to PCB-fortified sediments in
the laboratory. Sediment PCB levels ranged from 0.04 to 0.58 mg/kg
(dry). Exposure time, organism size, and sediment type were other
variables tested. Authors observed that uptake by organisms was directly
related to sediment concentration and inversely related to organism size.
Equilibrium concentrations were not attained after 32 days of exposure
and concentration factors seemed greater from sandy sediment than from
muddy sediment.
60. Moore, J. W. 1981. Epipelic Algal Communities in a Eutrophic Northern
Lake Contaminated with Nine Wastes. Water Res., 15(1):97:105.
"The effects of contaminated bottom sediments on the species composition,
growth cycles and diversity of epipelic algal communities were determined
between April and November 1978 in a shallow, eutrophic lake (Thompson
Lake) situated in the Canadian subarctic. The sediments had become
contaminated by gold mining wastes, deposited in the lake between 1941
and 1949. Although the concentrations of total mercury, copper, lead and
zinc were high near the mine, averaging 440 g kg"1, and 95, 30 and 115
mg kg~l, respectively, they decreased rapidly beyond this distance and
were near background levels 2.1-3.0 km from the mine. The algal
communities in the zone of heaviest contamination consisted of 63
26
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species, the most common of which were Anomoconeis vitrea, Pinnularia
brebissonii and Cymbella species. There were more taxa (111-132) at
stations situated 1.1-3.0 km from the mine and the main species included
several forms of Achnanthes, Fragilaria, and Navicula. Although epipelic
densities in the zone of heaviest contamination were only about 50% of
those recorded at the other stations, the seasonal growth patterns of the
flora were generally similar thoughout the lake. Based on these data, it
is concluded that: (1) Mine wastes may have a long-term impact on
epipelic algae in northern environments; (2) The effects of heavy metal
pollution on the epipelon in subarctic lakes are similar to those in
temperate zone systems; and (3) No species or group of species could be
designated as indicators of heavy metal contamination." (author
abstract)
61. Morton, J. W. 1977. Ecological Effect of Dredging and Dredge Spoil
Disposal: A Literature Review. Tech. Pap. 94, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. 33 pp.
A literature review on the effects of dredging and disposal in estuarine
environments. Few references are presented dealing with bioaccumulation
or effects of contaminants associated with resuspended sediments.
62. Nathans, T. J., and T. J. Bechtel. 1977. Availability of
Sediments-Absorbed Selected Pesticides to Benthos with Particular
Emphasis on Deposit-Feeding in Fauna. Tech. Rep. D-77-34, U.S. Army
Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 83 pp.
Laboratory studies were conducted in a mobile lab using natural sea
water, either in a flow-through or recycling exposure system. Tests were
run with artificial sediments spiked with radiolabled DDT using 3 species
of invertebrates. Studies were run for a maximum of 25 days. A number
of problems with the study were identified by the authors and the
sponsoring agency. The organisms were not totally depurated before
analysis, no measurements of DDT were made in the organisms before
exposure, and the sediments used were composed sand, clay, and aged
cereal. Accumulation of DDT was measured in all 3 species of
invertebrates.
63. Neff, J. W., R. S. Foster, and J. F. Slowey. 1978. Availability of
Sediment-Adsorbed Heavy Metals to Benthos with Particular Emphasis on
Deposit-Feeding in Fauna. Tech. Rep. D-78-42, U.S. Army Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 311 pp.
Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the availability to benthic
invertebrates of metals associated with sediments. A number of
invertebrates were exposed to natural sediments for 6 weeks, under static
conditions. Statistically significant accumulation of metals was
demonstrated only 36 times out of 136 metal-species-sediment test
combinations. No correlations were measured between accumulation in
organisms and bulk analyses or selective extraction procedures applied to
the sediments.
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64. Nimmo, D. R., P. D. Wilson, R. R. Blackman, and A. J. Wilson, Jr. 1971.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl Absorbed from Sediments by Fiddler Crabs and
Pink Shrimp. Nature, 231:50-52.
Shrimp (Penaeus durarum) and crabs (Uca pugilator) were held in aquaria
containing either contaminated sediments collected from Escambia Bay
(Florida), or control sediment (beach sand). Aroclor 1254 was found to
be accumulated by both species after 30 days of exposure. PCB
concentrations in the organisms correlated with levels of PCBs in
sediment.
65. Peddicord, R. K., and V. A. McFarland. 1978. Effects of Suspended
Dredged Material on Aquatic Animals. Tech. Rep. D-78-29, U.S. Army
Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 115 pp.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of
suspensions of sediments on fish and invertebrates. Studies were
conducted for 21 days and both survival and accumulation of contaminants
were measured when harbor sediments were used. The system used was an
elaborate continuous-flow system. Fish survived suspensions of grams of
sediment per liter while invertebrates survived tens of grams per liter.
Fingerling striped bass showed the greatest sensitivity to sediment
suspension. Accumulation of contaminants was measured in only about one
fourth of the exposures where uptake could possibly have been measured.
66. Peddicord, R., H. Tatem, A. Gibson, and S. Pedron. 1980. Biological
Assessment of Upper Mississippi River Sediments. Misc. Pap. EL-80-5,
U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
82 pp.
Laboratory studies were conducted to examine acute toxicity and the
potential for PCBs and metals to bioaccumulate in fish and invertebrates
when exposed to sediment. These tests were run for 4 to 14 days under
static water conditions (some experiments were done with water
replacement). The sediments used were altered by removal of coarse
grained materials (>200 mesh). Acute toxicity tests were conducted using
mayfly larvae, freshwater amphipods, and Paphnia. Bioaccumulation tests
were run with fish and clams. Fish exposed to sediments accumulated
PCBs, Cd, and Zn while clams only accumulated PCBs. Toxicity data were
quite variable and no correlations were measured between toxicity data
and analyses of chemicals in the sediment or bioaccumulation.
67. Pequegnat, W. E., R. R. Fay, and T. A. Wastler. 1980. Combined
Field-Laboratory Method for Chronic Impact Detection in Marine Organisms
and Its Application to Dredged Material Disposal. In: Estuarine and
Wetland Processes, With Emphasis on Modeling, P. Hamilton and K. B.
MacDonald, eds. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 631-648.
Field exposures of organisms held in "Biotal Ocean Monitor" were
conducted and enzyme activity was measured in the organisms after they
were returned to the laboratory. ATPase, catalase, and cytochrome P-420
and P-450 were measured in exposed organisms. Tests were conducted on
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incineration wastes, sewage and sludge disposal activities. Some changes
in enzyme activity were measured in the studies conducted? however, these
changes must now be related to the operations being studied to establish
a true cause-effect relationship.
68. Petrocelli, S. R., and J. W. Anderson. 1976. Distribution and
Translocation of Residues of Dieldrin—A Chlorinated Hydrocarbon
Insecticide—Among Water, sediments, and Estuarine Organisms from San
Antonio Bay. In: Shell Dredging and Its Influence on Gulf Coast
Environments, A. H. Bouma, ed. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, pp.
185-218.
Clams (Rangia cuneata) and oysters (Grassestrea virginica) were collected
from Hynes Bay, Texas, and exposed to sediment which had been collected
from the same area and later spiked with 86.56 yg/kg 14c-dieldrin. After
exposures of 6 to 96-hours in flow-through systems, clams accumulated up
to 17 pg/kg and oysters accumulated 20 yg/kg dieldrin, which was 20 and
23% of the sediment level of dieldrin, respectively.
69. Plumb, R. H., Jr. 1976. A Bioassay Dilution Technique to Assess the
Significance of Dredged Material Disposal. Misc. Pap. D-76-6, U.S. Army
Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 16 pp.
A modification of a typical algal response test was conducted with
dilution of nutrients throughout the exposure period to simulate the
dilution that takes place during the disposal of dredged material in open
water. The author concluded that the algae was not significantly
affected when the dilution rate at the open-water site was considered.
70. Prater, B. L., and M. A. Anderson. 1977. A 96-hour Sediment Bioassay of
Duluth and Superior Harbor Basins (Minnesota) Using Hexagenia limbata,
Asellus communis, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas as Test
Organisms. Bull. Environ. Contain, and Toxicol., 18(2) :159-169.
Laboratory bioassays were conducted using sediments collected from
Duluth, Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin, harbors in Lake Superior.
Hexagenia limbata, Asellus communis, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales
promelas were held in a recirculating system in the presence of sediment.
Mortality after 96-hour exposures ranged from 0 to 75%, depending on
origin of sediment. D. magna were the most sensitive organisms, followed
by H. limbata, A. communis, and P. promelas. Of the chemical parameters
measured, no one parameter appeared responsible for observed mortality.
71. Prater, B. L., and M. A. Anderson. 1977. A 96-hr Bioassay of Otter
Creek, Ohio. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 49(10):2099-2106.
A recycling bioassay apparatus was developed and tested for use in
exposing aquatic organisms to sediments in the laboratory. After 96-hr
exposure to sediments collected in Otter Creek, Ohio, mortality was
measured in Hexagenia limbata, Asellus communis, and Daphnia magna.
Sediment analysis revealed high concentrations of various metals at
several sampling stations; organic contaminant concentrations were mostly
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below detection limits. The apparatus consisted of a rectangular glass
tank which housed the organism and sediment. Water recirculated through
two, 4-liter glass jars by siphon and into the test tank via an air lift.
Mortality ranged from 0 to 100% in all three organisms with D. magna
being sensitive.
72. Prater, B. L., and R. A. Hoke. 1979. Statistical analyses of bulk
sediment, elutriate, and bioassay sediment evaluation procedures. U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,
Mississippi. Contract No. DACW39-79-M-3098. Final Report 206 p.
Recycling bioassays, bulk chemical analyses and elutriate analyses were
conducted on sediments collected from five Lake Michigan harbors ranging
from lightly to heavily polluted. Results of tests with three species of
invertebrates and one fish species were subjected to bivariate and
canonical correlations to examine which tests and parameters correlate
with one another and to possibly reduce the number of chemical variables
considered. The results indicated that mortality of the three
invertebrate species in bioassay testing was more related to bulk
sediment analyses than to elutriate chemistry. These conclusions were
based mostly on heavy metals present in sediment as organic contaminants
were not analyzed. Total volatile solids, oil and grease, TKN, and NH3,
were found to be related to test organism mortality. Results of these
tests however, may have been affected by the fact that sediments were
frozen prior to testing, which may have altered sediment chemistry.
73. Prouse, N. J., and D. C. Gordon, Jr. 1976. Interactions Between the
Deposit Feeding Polychaete Arenicola marina and Oiled Sediment. In:
Sources, Effects and Sinks of Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment.
American Institute of Biological Sciences, pp. 407-422.
Arenicola worms were tested in the laboratory in sediments artificially
oiled with No. 2 fuel oil. Concentrations over 100 jjg/g oil in sediment
caused worms to leave their burrows, while 10 yg/g concentrations
decreased the rate of cast production.
74. Qasim, S. R., A. T. Armstrong, J. Corn, and B. L. Jordan. 1980. Quality
of Water and Bottom Sediments in the Trinity River. Water Res. Bull.,
16(3):522-531.
Laboratory elutriate tests were conducted using sediments collected from
the Trinity River (Texas). Acute toxicity tests (96-hr) were performed
on Daphnia magna with 6 and 20% elutriates, with raw river water serving
as a control. Results of these static tests revealed lowest survival by
Daphnia in control water. Elutriation improved water quality by lowering
the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon and heavy metals. The
extent to which these substances were removed depended on both the
saturation state and adsorptive capacity of the sediments.
75. Reimold, R. J., and C. J. Durant. 1974. Toxaphene Content of Estuarine
Fauna and Flora Before, During and After Dredging Toxaphene-Contaminated
Sediments. Pestic. Monit. J., 8(1):44-49.
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A field study was conducted in which samples of sediment, cordgrass
(Spartina alterniflora), oysters (Crassostrea virginica), and mummichog
(Fundulus heteroclitus) were collected before, during, and after
dredging. The authors found no increase in toxaphene concentrations in
oysters throughout the period of dredging activity. Some increases were
observed, however, in the cordgrass and mummichogs. Maximum
concentrations measured in cordgrass leaves and mummichogs were 36.3
dry weight and 217.1 yg/g wet weight, respectively.
76. Renfro, W. C. 1973. Transfer of 65zn from Sediments by Marine
Polychaete Worms. Mar. Biol., 21:305-316.
"Silty marine sediments spiked with 65zn lose only small fractions of
their radioactivity when exposed to slowly flowing seawater for several
weeks. However, polychaete worms (Nereis diversicolor), burrowing
through the sediment, cause 65Zn losses 3 to 7 times higher than in
sediment without worms. Long-term experiments on the uptake and loss of
65zn by the polychaete Hermione hystrix indicate that 60 or more days
exposure are required for this worm to approach steady state with 65zn in
the sediment. Biological half-life estimates for 65zn accumulated from
sediment by H. hystrix are extremely variable (52 to 197 days), depending
on the loss-time interval chosen for the calculation. Following 5 days
exposure to 16 cm3 of radioactive sediment, N. diversicolor individuals
contained an average of 0.2% of the total 65Zn in the sediment. When
these worms were transferred to non-radioactive sediment, estimates of
biological half-life for *>^Zn averaged 14 to 17 days during the loss
period Day 3 to Day 15. Based on these experimental results, it is
estimated that a population of N. diversicolor could cause an annual loss
of 3% or more of the 6^Zn in the Upper 2 cm of the sediment of a
hypothetical radioactive estuary." (author abstract)
77. Rose, C. D., and T. J. Ward. 1981. Principles of Aquatic Hazard
evaluation as Applied to Ocean-Disposed Wastes. In: Aquatic Toxicology
and Hazard Assessment: Fourth Conference, ASTM STP 737, D. R. Branson
and K. L. Dickson, eds. American Society for Testing and Materials, pp.
138-158.
"The effects-based criteria identified in the 1977 ocean dumping
regulations and associated guidelines for evaluating potential hazard of
ocean-disposed wastes to aquatic organisms are reviewed. The use of
these criteria, which provide for bioassay-based limiting permissible
concentrations for physical phases of wastes to be compared with
estimated environmental concentrations of the phases, is demonstrated in
case studies of two wastes (acid-iron wastewater and dredged material)
that are dumped in the ocean and one waste (formation water) that is
discharged from an ocean outfall. The case studies present Lagrangian
(exposure-time-dependent) assessments of the potential hazard of
ocean-disposed wastes to plankton, as well as Eulerian (exposure-time-
independent) evaluations of the potential hazard to nonplanktonic
organisms. A plume study and models of different levels of
sophistication are employed to estimate environmental concentrations of
ocean-disposed materials" (author abstract)
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78. Rubinstein, N. I., C. N. Asaro, and C. Sommers. The Effects of
Contaminated Sediments on Representative Estuarine Species and Developing
Benthic Communities. In: Contaminants and Sediments, Vol. 1 , R. A.
Baker, Ed. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 445-461.
Laboratory studies were conducted using 10-gal aquaria receiving
unfiltered sea water in a flow-through system. Tests were conducted for
28 days and measurements were made of survival of tnysids, shell
deposition and bioaccumulation of known contaminants by oysters,
substrate reworking and bioaccumulation by lugworms, and the resiliency
of the benthic community in terms of numbers and variety of macrofaunal
organisms that settled onto test sediments from planktonic larvae within
the exposure period. Sediments containing kepone were used and effects
including mortality, decreased shell growth, decreased sediment
reworking, and less colonization of kepone containing sediments were
observed. Oysters and lugworms accumulated kepone. The author concluded
that "Introduction of this material into the marine environment, even at
the lowest concentration, could have an adverse impact on marine biota at
the disposal site."
79. Rubinstein, N. I., E. Lores, N. R. Gregory. 1983. Accumulation of PCBs,
Mercury and Cadmium by Nereis virens, Mercenaria mercenaria and
Palaemonetes pugio from contaminated harbor sediments. Aquatic
Toxicology. In Press.
"Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), mercury, and cadmium
by sandworms (Nereis virens), hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria), and
grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) exposed to contaminated sediments from
four sites in New York Harbor was studied for a 100-day period. Of the
three contaminants monitored, only PCBs were found to bioaccumulate above
background (control) concentrations. Small increases in PCB body burden
were detected in M. mercenaria and P^. pugio, whereas higher
concentrations were measured in N^. virens. Uptake was affected by the
organic content of the sediment. Bioaccumulation factors (concentration
in tissue/concentration in sediment) for N^. virens ranged from 1 .59 in a
low organic sediment to 0.15 in a high organic sediment. Results from
this study support the contention that sediment concentration alone does
not reflect bioavailability and that toxicity tests (bioassays) and field
monitoring remain the most direct method for estimating bioaccumulation
potential of sediment-bound contaminants." (author abstract)
80. Schiemer, E. W., J. R. Schubel, and G. M. Schmidt. 1971. A Laboratory
Apparatus for Maintaining Uniform Suspensions of Fine-Grained Sediment.
Tech. Rep. 70, Chesapeake Bay Institute, The John Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Maryland. 9 pp.
The system described in this paper was designed to measure the effects of
suspended sediments on fish eggs. The system employed a
vertically-reciprocating, horizontal plate with an intermittent flow of
the sediment slurry through the exposure tanks. No data were provided to
substantiate the performance of the system when eggs were hatched in the
suspension.
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81. Schubel, J. R., A. H. Auld, and G. M. Schmidt. 1974. Effects of
Suspended Sediment on the Development and Hatching Success of Yellow
Perch and Striped Bass Eggs. Spec. Rep. 35, Chesapeake Bay Institute,
March 1974. 1 2 pp.
A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effects of resuspended
sediments on hatching success of yellow perch and striped bass eggs.
Fine grained sediments collected from Chesapeake Bay were resuspended
mechanically before intermittent introduction into aquaria holding eggs.
Suspended solid concentrations of 50,100 and 500 mg/1 had no effect on
hatching success, while 1000 mg/1 significantly reduced success. The
authors stated that the highest concentration tested rarely occurred in
nature, even in areas of dredging activity.
82. Schubel, J. R., and J. C. S. Wang. 1973. The Effects of Suspended
Sediment on the Hatching Success of Perca flavescens (Yellow Perch),
Morone americana (White Perch), Morone saxatilis (Striped Bass), and
Alosa pseudoharengus (Alewife) Eggs. Spec. Rep. 30, Reference 73-3,
Chesapeake Bay Institute, January 1973. 77 pp.
This laboratory study revealed that suspended sediment concentrations of
up to 500 mg/1 had no significant effect on hatching success of these
four species. Sediments were collected from upper Chesapeake Bay;
however, no contaminant analyses were performed on any samples.
83. Seelye, J. G., R. J. Hesselberg, and M. J. Mac. 1982. Accumulation by
Fish of Contaminants Released from Dredged Sediments. Environ. Sci. and
Technol., 16(8):459-464.
"Inasmuch as the process of dredging and disposing of dredged materials
causes a resuspension of these materials and an increase in
bioavailability of associated contaminants, we conducted a series of
experiments to examine the potential accumulation by fish of contaminants
from suspended sediments. In the first experiment we compared
accumulation of contaminants by yellow perch of hatchery and lake origin
and found that after 10 days of exposure to non-aerated sediments, fish
of hatchery origin accumulated PCBs and Fe, while fish of lake origin
accumulated As, Cr, Fe, and Na. Two additional exposures were conducted
to evaluate the effects of aerating the sediments prior to measuring
bioavailability of associated contaminants. Fish of hatchery origin
exposed to non-aerated sediments for 10 days accumulated PCBs and Hg,
while fish of hatchery origin exposed to aerated sediments for 10 days
accumulated PCBs, DDE, Zn, Fe, Cs, and Se. These results not only
demonstrated the potential for uptake of contaminants by fish as a result
of dredging, but also the potential utility of fish bioassays in
evaluating proposed dredging operations." (author abstract)
84. Sherk, J. A., Jr., and L. E. Cronin. 1970. The Effects of Suspended and
Deposited Sediments on Estuarine Organisms. Reference No. 70-19,
University of Maryland Natural Resources Institute. 61 pp.
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This literature review on sediment effects in estuaries contains over 40
references related to dredging activities. The review concentrated on
coastal engineering projects and the authors concluded that little
information was available on biological effects.
85. Sherwood, M. J. 1976. Fin Erosion Disease Induced in the Laboratory.
1976. In: Coastal Water Research Project Annual Report, 1976, Southern
California Coastal Water Research Project, El Segundo, California, pp.
149-153.
Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus) were held in the laboratory for 13
months over either contaminated sediments collected from the Palos Verdes
(California) shelf, or over silica sand. The Palos Verdes sediments were
characterized by high concentrations (mg/dry kg) of DDT (120), PCBs
(5.0), and metals. Fish held in tanks with contaminated sediment showed
early signs in fish erosion as well as elevated levels of DDT and PCBs,
compared to control fish.
86. Shin, E. B., and P. A. Krenkel. 1976. Mercury Uptake by Fish and
Biomethylation Mechanisms. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 48(3):473-501.
A series of laboratory exposures of Poecilia reticulatus and Gambusia
affinis to artificial sediments spiked with HgCl2 or H9S were conducted
to examine the effects of various environmental conditions on
methylmercury uptake. Factors that enhanced methylmercury uptake by fish
included: use of HgCl2 rather than HgS, higher water temperature, Cl~
ion concentration in water of 200 mg/1, and higher sediment
concentrations of mercury. Other factors affecting uptake were sediment
microorganism density, sorption characteristics of sediment and form of
mercury present.
87. Shuba, P. J., J. H. Carroll, and H. E. Tatem. 1976. Bioassessment of
the Standard Elutriate Test. Misc. Pap. D-76-7, U.S. Army Engineers
Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 29 pp.
Laboratory studies were conducted with algae, bacteria and protozoans
exposed to elutriate water. Tests were run for 8 to 14 days under static
conditions. The authors concluded that the algal assay procedure was a
useful method, but the results of the bacteria and protozoa assays were
too variable to be useful.
88. Shuba, P. J., J. H. Carroll, and K. L. Wong. 1977. Biological
Assessment of the Soluble Fraction of the Standard Elutriate Test. Tech.
Rep. D-77-3, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,
Mississippi. 109 pp.
Laboratory studies were conducted using sediments from Ashtabula, Ohio;
Galveston, Texas; and Mobile, Alabama. The tests conducted included
bioassays using algae, bacteria and protozoans with measurements of
biomass change or respiration. Only metals and nutrients were measured
in the elutriate test. Static tests with appropriate dilutions of
34
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elutriate water were used, lasting from 8 to 18 days. The algae did not
respond to elutriate waters, while the response of bacteria and protozoa
was not predictable.
89. Shuba, P. J., S. R. Petrocelli, and R. E. Bentley. 1981. Considerations
in Selecting Bioassay Organisms for Determining the Potential
Environmental Impact of Dredged Material. Tech. Rep. EL-81-8, U.S. Army
Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 94 pp.
The report presents the following factors for consideration in selecting
bioassay organisms:
1. The organism if found at the disposal site.
2. The organism is readily available through field collecting or
purchasing.
3. A toxicological data base exists for the organisms.
4. Response to the same toxicant is reproducible.
5. The organism can be maintained in a healthy condition in the
laboratory.
6. The organism can be cultured and will reproduce under laboratory
conditions.
7. The organism can be used in major types of bioassays.
8. The organism occurs over a wide geographic area.
9. The organism is economically or ecologically important.
10. The organism is compatible with other test species.
The authors present a literature review on a number of topics relative to
biological testing of sediment quality.
90. Shuba, P. J., H. E. Tatem, and J. H. Carroll. 1978. Biological
Assessment Methods to Predict the Impact of Open-Water Disposal of
Dredged Material. Tech. Rep. D-78-50, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 162 pp.
Laboratory toxicity and growth tests were conducted with a variety of
benthic or planktonic invertebrates. Toxicity tests were conducted for
96 hours, while growth studies were run for 33 days. All tests were
conducted under static conditions. Results varied depending on the level
of contaminants in the sediments, the sensitivity of the test organism,
and the duration of the exposure. Clams and shrimp were exposed to PCB
contaminated sediments and both showed significant accumulation of PCBs
after 14 days.
91. Slotta, L. S. 1973. Dredging Problems and Complications. In: Coastal
Zone Management Problems, Oregon State University, January 1974. pp.
39-52.
A brief literature review on dredging effects with emphasis on estuarine
ecosystems. Little information is presented on effects of contaminated
sediments.
35
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92. Southworth, G. R., B. R. Parkhurst, and J. J. Beauchamp. 1979.
Accumulation of Acridine from Water, Food, and Sediment by the Fathead
Minnow Pimephales promelas. Water Air Soil Pollut., 12:331-341.
Fathead minnows were exposed in the laboratory to sediments containing
acridine, a synthetic fuel by-product. Minnows were exposed to sediments
containing 113 _+_ 4 yg/g acridine (dry) for 107 days. Water concentration
of acridine equilibrated at about 10 yg/1. Fish concentrated acridine to
1.4 yg/g for a concentration factor (based on water concentration) of
139.5. This was equal to concentration factors found at higher water
concentrations without sediment.
93. Stout, V. F., and L. G. Lewis. 1977. Aquatic Disposal Field
Investigations, Duwamish Waterway Disposal Site, Puget Sound, Washington,
Appendix B: Role of Disposal of PCB-Contaminated Sediment in the
Accumulation of PCB's by Marine Animals. Tech. Rep. D-77-24, U.S. Army
Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, November
1977. 77 pp.
A field study was conducted to examine PCB uptake by aquatic organisms at
a dredge disposal site. Indigenous animals, English sole (Paraphrys
vetulus) and pink shrimp (Pandolus borealis and P. jordani) analyzed for
PCBs before and after the disposal were not found to be affected by the
disposal. Additional animals were caged at the disposal site and
analyzed for PCBs: spot shrimp (P. platyceros), sea cucumber
(Parastichopus californicus), and mussel (Mytilus edulis). Only mussels
showed a small increase in PCB concentration during disposal and the
authors concluded that no obvious changes in PCB levels were occurring in
Elliot Bay organisms. Initial PCB concentrations in the organisms were
relatively high, however, and the PCB influx from the Duwamish River may
well have masked possible bioaccumulation at the disposal site.
94. Swartz, R. C., W. A. DeBen, and F. A. Cole. 1979. A Bioassay for the
Toxicity of Sediment to Marine Macrobenthos. J. Water Pollut. Control
Fed., 51(5):944-950.
Laboratory toxicity tests were conducted with sediments from 9 areas and
with 5 marine benthic macroinvertebrates. Organisms were acclimated to
control sediments, then covered with a layer of the test sediment. A
continuous flow of seawater was maintained except during a one-hour
period right after the test sediments were added. All tests were
conducted for 10 days as required in the "Ocean Dumping Implementation
Manual." Effects of burial were minimal, with all organisms showing less
than 10% mortality due to burial with no substantial differences in
mortality between depths of burial. The results of toxicity tests appear
quite precise; however, no relationship was measured between toxicity and
contaminants present.
95. Sweeney, R. A. 1978. Aquatic Disposal Field Investigations, Ashtabula
River Disposal Site, Ohio, Appendix A: Planktonic Communities, Benthic
Assemblages, and Fishery. Tech. Rep. D-77-42, U.S. Army Engineers
Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 330 pp.
36
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Gillnets and fathometric surveys were used to determine relative
abundance of fish at nearshore and offshore areas. Pre- and post-larval
disposal surveys were conducted. Effects on adult fish ranged from
slight avoidance of the initial disposal to migrating actively from the
site but returning within 15 min. No long-term effects were noted.
96. Tatem, H. E. 1980. Exposure of Benthic and Epibenthic Estuarine Animals
to Mercury and Contaminated Sediment. Contaminants and Sediments, Vol.
1, R. A. Baker, eds. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp.
537-549.
Laboratory tests were conducted using organisms collected along the Gulf
Coast. Test sediments were collected along the Houston Ship Channel and
other Gulf Coast locations. Exposures of organisms were performed under
static conditions for 8-25 days. Mortality was measured under a variety
of exposure conditions, including exposures of organisms to dissolved
mercury with sediments present, and exposure of organisms to sediments
with high metals and organic contaminants. Results of these exposures
demonstrate high variability of bioassay results.
97. Titus, J. A., J. E. Parsons, and R. M. Pfister. 1980. Translocation of
Mercury and Microtaial Adaptation in a Model Aquatic System. Bull.
Environ. Contam. and Toxicol., 25;456-464.
In a model ecosystem, sediments were spiked with a 1 g lobule of metallic
mercury. Sediment, plankton, gastropods, and goldfish were analyzed to
follow movement of mercury in the system. Mercury had moved through all
sediments in 7 weeks, and had equilibrated in water after 12 weeks.
Detectable levels of mercury were found in plankton after 10 weeks.
During weeks 12 through 40, Hg in snails and goldfish accumulated
concentrations up to 1000 times that in water.
98. Trefry, J. H., R. R. Sims, Jr., and B. J. Presley. 1976. The Effects of
Shell Dredging on Heavy Metal Concentrations in San Antonio Bay. In:
Shell Dredging and Its Influence on Gulf Coast Environments, A. H. Bouma,
ed. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, pp. 161-184.
Sediments, water, and aquatic organisms were collected from dredged and
undredged areas of San Antonio Bay (Texas) and analyzed for heavy metals.
Although no samples were collected during a dredging activity, the
authors concluded that dredging had no effect on metal availability to
organisms. This conclusion was based on the fact that metal levels in
all samples from dredged areas were relatively low compared to undredged
areas.
99. Trident Engineering Associates, Inc. 1977. Evaluation of the Problem
Posed by In-Place Pollutants in Baltimore Harbor and Recommendation of
Corrective Action. EPA 440/5-77-015B, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Water Planning and Standards. 77 pp.
37
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Laboratory toxicity tests were run using 2 species of fish and a species
of clam. Static tests were conducted using a small pump to mix water and
sediment in the tanks. Organisms were screened from contact with bedded
sediment. Tests were run for 48 h with fish and for 96 h with clams.
Bioassay results were significantly correlated with bulk measurements of
metals, PCBs, and hexane extractables. A definite dose response was
measured with the initial effects attributed to chemicals present,
followed by physical effects adding to the chemical effects after a
certain point.
100. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1976. Bioassay Procedures for the
Ocean Disposal Permit Program. Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze-Narragansett-Corvallis. 96 pp.
Nine laboratory procedures are described for testing the toxicity of
waste materials considered for ocean disposal. Both static and
flow-through tests are included. The methods cover the use of a range of
trophic levels as test organisms from algae to fish. Six of the
procedures are for acute toxicity measurements and the other three are
termed "special" or chronic studies that are not recommended for routine
use. None of the methods was designed for measuring bioaccumulation.
101. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Corps of Engineers Technical
Committee on Criteria for Dredged and Fill Material. Ecological
Evaluation of Proposed Discharge of Dredged Material into Ocean Waters;
Implementation Manual for Section 103 of Public Law 92-532 (Marine
Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972). July 1977 (Second
Printing April 1978), Environmental Effects Laboratory, U.S. Army
Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
This manual provides summaries and discussions of the procedures for
evaluation of dredged material prior to disposal in the ocean, as
required by the Federal Register. A general approach section consists of
rationale behind the technical evaluation process which includes tests of
liquid phase, suspended particulate phase, solid phase, bioaccumulation,
initial mixing, trace contaminants, and compatibility with disposal site.
Appendices in the manual provide detailed methods for the various tests.
102. Varanasi, U., and D. J. Gmur. 1981. Hydrocarbons and Metabolites in
English Sole (Paraphrys vetulus) Exposed Simultaneously to 3jj
Benzo[a]Pyrene and 14C Naphthalene in Oil-Contaminated Sediment. Aquat.
Toxicol., 1:49-67.
Sediments artificially oiled with radioactive benzola]pyrene and
naphthalene in Prudhoe Bay crude oil were placed in tanks with English
sole in the laboratory. After 24- and 168-h exposures, both compounds
were present in tissues and major organs. Naphthalene was taken up to a
greater extent than benzo[a]pyrene, although naphthalene concentrations
decreased in many organs between 24 and 168 h. Benzotalpyrene was
metabolized to a great extent in sole tissue.
38
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103. Wentsel, R., A. Mclntosh, and V. Anderson. 1977. Sediment Contamination
and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Distribution in a Metal Impacted Lake.
Environ. Pollut., 14(3):187-193.
Samples of sediment and benthic invertebrates were collected from five
sites in a eutrophic lake in Indiana. Numbers and species of
invertebrates were enumerated and sediments analyzed for Cd, Zn, and Cr.
Two sites near an industrial effluent had extremely high concentrations
of all three metals and were also characterized by large numbers of
Limnodrilus sp. and very few chironomids. The other three sites became
progressively lower in metal concentrations as they increased in distance
from the point source and also exhibited decreasing numbers of
Limnodrilus and increasing numbers of chironomids.
104. Wright, T. D. 1978. Aquatic Dredged Material Disposal Impacts. Tech.
Rep. DS-78-1, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, Mississippi, August 1978. 57 pp.
A summary of the findings obtained from field investigations of five
aquatic disposal projects. The author points out the site-specificity of
impacts, implying that results are not conclusive for all cases.
Releases of some toxic substances were measured (PCBs, manganese,
ammonia); however, no bi©accumulation was measured. No toxic effects
were measured, but the author stated that they could not be ruled out.
105. Wyeth, R. K., and R. A. Sweeney. 1978. Aquatic Disposal Field
Investigations, Ashtabula River Disposal Site, Ohio, Appendix C:
Investigation of Water Quality and Sediment Parameters. Tech. Rep.
D-77-42, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,
Mississippi, July 1978. 344 pp.
A field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a disposal
operation in Lake Erie off Ashtabula, Ohio. Oligochaeta and fish were
analyzed for trace metals before and after disposal. Benthos exhibited
no increase in metals; however, fish showed accumulation of all metals,
especially Fe, Cd, Ni, and Mn. The magnitude of the increase was
correlated with concentrations in sediment. The authors also reported
some unreliability of elutriate test data.
106. Yockim, R. S., A. R. Isensee, and G. E. Jones. 1978. Distribution and
Toxicity of TCDD and 2,4,5-T in an Aquatic Model Ecosystem. Chemosphere,
3:215-220.
Artificial silt loam soil was treated with 14C-TCDD (0.1 yg/g) or
14C-2,4,5-T (0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 yg/g) and placed in a recirculating
ecosystem. Daphnia magna, snails (Helosoma sp.), algae (Oedogonium
cardiacum), and fish (Gambusia affinis) were added to the ecosystem and
sampled periodically from 1-32 days after introduction. Bioaccumulation
ratios (tissue concentration/water concentration) of 2-6 x 10^ were
measured for organisms exposed to TCDD and <50 for organisms exposed to
2,4,5-T. High mortality to G. affinis was observed in the TCDD system.
39
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APPENDIX B
40
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Accumulation s
Chlorinated hydrocarbons - 3, 16, 17, 20, 22, 32, 33, 34, 54, 59, 62, 64,
65, 66, 67, 68, 75, 78, 79, 83, 85, 90, 93,
101, 106
Metals - 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 15, 16, 23, 26, 27, 31, 34, 36, 37, 40, 41,
42, 43, 46, 52, 63, 65, 66, 67, 76, 79, 83, 85, 86, 88, 96, 97,
98, 101, 105
Petroleum products - 3, 16, 19, 37, 53, 56, 92, 101, 102
Acute Toxicity Tests - 3, 5, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 23, 24, 29, 30,
38, 45, 48, 49, 55, 57, 58, 65, 66, 70, 71, 74, 78, 79,
87, 88, 90, 94, 96, 99, 100, 101, 106
Community Changes - 21, 26, 35, 44, 60, 78, 88, 95, 103
Physiological Effects - 3, 12, 18, 24, 26, 29, 56, 60, 67, 73, 78, 85, 90,
100, 102
Reviews - 8, 13, 25, 37, 39, 47, 50, 61, 77, 84, 89, 91, 100, 101, 104
Sediment Chemistry - 1, 9, 28, 32, 40, 41, 51, 52, 54, 72, 83, 86, 97
Test Organisms;
Aquatic plants - 26, 41, 46, 47, 60, 67, 69, 75
Benthic invertebrates - 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 14, 16, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26,
29, 30, 33, 34, 38, 40, 41, 44, 45, 52f 53, 54,
55, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71,
72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 90, 93, 94, 97, 99, 100,
103, 105, 106
Eggs - 2, 5, 67, 80, 81, 82
Fish - 2, 3, 10, 15, 16, 17, 27, 31, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 55,
56, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 75, 83, 85, 86, 92, 93, 97, 99, 100,
102, 105, 106
Zooplankton - 3, 12, 14, 18, 29, 30, 38, 45, 55, 57, 66, 70, 71, 74, 78,
79, 87, 88, 90, 97, 100, 106
41
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APPENDIX C
42
-------
Allen, J. L., 55
Anderson, C. A., 3
Anderson, J. W., 68
Anderson, N. A., 70, 71
Anderson, V., 103
Armstrong, A. T., 74
Armstrong, D. K., 1
Asaro, C. N., 78
Auld, A. H., 2, 81
Bahnick, D. A., 3
Beasley, T. M., 4
Beauchamp, J. J., 92
Bechtel, T. J., 62
Beeton, A. M., 29, 30
Bentley, R. E., 89
Bills, T. D., 55
Birge, W. J., 5
Bissonnette, P., 6
Black, J. A., 5
Blackman, R. R., 64
Boddington, M. J., 7
Brannon, J. M., 8, 9
Brewer, G. D., 10
Brown, D. W., 56
Bryan, G. W., 11
Buikema, A. L., Jr., 12
Cairns, J., Jr., 12
Call, D. J., 3
Carlson, C. A., 47
Carr, M. I., 14
Carroll, J. H., 87, 88, 90
Canter, L. W., 13
Cardwell, R. D., 14
Chamberlain, D. W., 15
Chang, K., 16
Chu-Fa, T., 16
Cole, F. A., 94
Copper, C. L., 35
Corn, J., 74
Cornell, D. R., 13
Courtney, W. A. M., 17
Cronin, L. E., 16, 84
Dawson, V. K., 55
DeBen, W. A., 94
DeCoursey, P. J., 18
DeFreitas, A. S. W., 7
DiSalvo, L. H., 19, 37
Dobler-Lang, B., 44
Durant, C. J., 20, 75
Duyvejondc, J., 21
Elder, D. L., 22
Emerson, R. R., 23, 24
Engler, R. M., 9, 25
Fay, R. R., 67
Feng, S. Y., 26
Flatness, D. E., 1
Foster, R. S., 63
Fowler, S. W., 4, 22
Francis, P. C., 5
Fujiki, M., 27, 36
Fulk, R., 28
Gannon, J. E., 29, 30
Gibson, A., 66
Gillespie, D. C., 31
Gmur, D. J., 102
Gordon, D. C., Jr., 73
Gregory, N. R., 79
Gronlund, W. D., 56
Gruber, R. D., 28
Guard, H. E., 19
Halter, M. T., 32
Harris, R. C., 51
Haven, D. S., 33
Hawkes, J. W., 56
Hazen, R. E., 41
Heit, M., 34
Herdendorf, C. E., 35
Hesselberg, R. J., 83
Hirota, R., 27, 36
Hirsch, N. D., 19, 37
Hodgins, H. O., 56
Hoeppel, R. E., 47
Hoke, R. A., 38, 72
Homer, D. H., 49
Hudson, J. E., 5
Hummerstone, L. G., 11
Hunt, P. G., 9, 47
Ikegaki, N., 36
International Working Group
on the Abatement and
Control of Pollution
from Dredging
Activities, 39
Isensee, A. R., 106
Jenne, E. A., 52
Jernelov, A., 40
Johnson, H. E., 32, 54
Jones, G. E., 106
Jordan, B. L., 74
Klehr, E. H., 13
Klusek, C. S., 34
Kneip, T. J., 41
Krenkel, P. A., 86
Kudo, A., 42, 43
Kushner, D. J., 46
43
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Laguros, J. W., 13
Lang, C., 44
Langston, W. J., 17
Laskowski-Hoke, R. A., 45
Laube, V., 46
Lee, C. R., 47
Lee, G. F., 48, 49, 50
Lewis, L. G., 93
Lindberg, S. E. , 51
Lopez, J. M., 48, 49
Lores, E., 79
Luoma, S. N., 52
Lyes, M. C., 53
Lynch, T. R., 54
Mac, M. J., 83
Mariani, G. M., 48, 49
Markee, T. P., 3
Marking, L. L., 55
McCain, B. B., 56
McConaugha, J. R., 57
McFarland, V. A., 65
Mclntosh, A., 103
McLeese, D. W., 58, 59
Metcalfe, C. D., 58, 59
Miller, D. R., 7
Miller, G. D., 13
Miller, K. M., 34
Moore, J. W., 60
Morales-Alamo, R., 33
Morris, R. T., 3
Mortimer, D. C., 43
Morton, J. W., 61
Myers, M. S., 56
Nathans, T. J., 62
Neff, J. W., 63
Ng, J., 19
Nimmo, D. R., 64
Parkhurst, B. R., 92
Parsons, J. E. , 97
Peddicord, R. K., 37, 65, 66
Pedron, S., 66
Pequegnat, W. E., 67
Perry, J. J., 1
Petrocelli, S. R., 68, 89
Pezzack, D. S., 59
Pfister, R. M., 97
Piwoni, M. D., 49
Plumb, R. H., Jr., 50, 69
Polikarpov, G. G., 22
Prater, B. L., 38, 45, 70, 72
Presley, B. J., 98
Prouse, N. J., 73
Qasim, S. R., 74 ;
Rach, J. J., 55
Ramamoorthy, S., 46
Reimold, R. J., 20, 75
Renfro, W. C., 76
Richardson, J. S., 49
Rose, C. D., 77
Rose, J. R., 9
Rubenstein, N. I., 78, 79
Rutherford, C. L., 12
Saleh, F., 49
Sanborn, E. W., 14
Schiemer, E. W., 80
Schmidt, G. M., 80, 81
Schubel, J. R., 2, 80, 81, 82
Scott, D. P., 31
Seelye, J. G., 83
Shaeffer, J., 16
Sherk, J. A., 84
Sherwood, M. J., 85
Shin, E. B., 86
Shuba, P. J., 87, 88, 89, 90
Sims, R. R., Jr., 98
Slotta, L. S., 91
Slowey, J. F., 63
Smith, I., 9
Sommers, C., 78
Southworth, G. R., 92
Stout, V. F., ,93
Streebin, L. E., 13
Swartz, R. C., 94
Sweeney, R. A., 93, 105
Swenson, W. A., 3
Tajima, S., 36
Tatem, H. E., 66, 87, 90, 96
Titus, J. A., 97
Trefry, J. H., 98
Trident Engineering
Associates, Inc., 99
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 100, 101
Vandermeulen, J. H., 56
Varanasi, U., 102
Vernberg, W. B., 18
Wang, J. C,. S., 82
Ward, T. J., 77
Wastler, T. A., 67
Welch, J., 16
Wentsel, R., 103
Westerman, A. G., 5
Wilson, A. J., Jr., 64
Wilson, P. D., 64
Woelke, C. E., 14
Wong, K. L., 88
44
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Wright, T. D., 104
Wullschleger, R., 28
Wyeth, R. K., 105
Yamaguchi, S., 27
Yockim, R. S., 106
45
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please rcaJ Inumcnom on thi rocru bffort comphtirtfi
1 REPORT NO 2
EPA-905/3-84-005
4 TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Bioaccumulation of Toxic Substances Associated With
Dredging and Dredged Material Disposal
7 AUTHOR(S)
James G. Seel ye and Michael J. Mac
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Great Lakes National Program Office
536 South Clark Street, Room 958
Chicago, Illinois 60605
3 RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
6 REPORT DATE
February 1984
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
IAG AD-14-F-1 -529-0
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Literature Review 1982
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
Great Lakes National Program
Office-U.S. EPA, Region V
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Anthony Kizlauskas
Project Officer
6 ABSTRACT
A literature review of sediment bioassessment was conducted as the first step in the
development of a more standardized and ecologically sound test procedure for
evaluating sediment quality. Based on the review, the authors concluded that
1 )a standardized laboratory bioassessment test should consistof flow-through exposure
of at least 10 days duration using more than one aquatic organism including at
least an infa>unal benthic invertebrate and a fish species. 2) Before adoption of a
laboratory sediment bioassessment procedure, the laboratory results should be
evaluated by comparison with field conditions. 3) Most current sediment bioassessment
regulatory tests measure acute toxicity or bioaccumulation. Development of tests to
evaluate chronic, sublethal effects is needed.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
t DESCRIPTORS
Bioavai lability of metals
Bioassessment test
Inorganic contaminants
Ecosystem
Aquatic organisms
Toxic Substances
Sediments
nparfn \ pq
15 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
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b.lDENTIFIERS'OPEN ENDED TERMS
•\B SECURITY CLASS /This Report,
20 SECURITY CLASS (Tins pafi i
Unclassified
c. COSATl Field.Group
21 NC. OF PAGES
52
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
* U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1984—756-783/43
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