vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Great Lakes National
Program Office
536 South Clark Street
Chicago, Illinois 60605
EPA-905/3-84-006
October 1984
Polychlorinated Dioxins
And Polychlorinated
Furans in Fish From the
Great Lakes and
Midwest
Do not WEED. This document
should be retained in the EPA
Region 5 Library Collection.
-------
EPA 905/3-84-006
October 1984
POLYCHLORINATED DIOXINS AND POLYCHLORIMATED FURANS IN FISH
FROM THE
GREAT LAKES AND MIDWEST
by
David DeVault
for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
GREAT LAKES NATIONAL PROGRAM OFFICE
536 SOUTH CLARK STREET
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60605
-------
DISCLAIMER
"This report has completed the EPA peer and publications review process
and is approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade
names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recom-
mendation by EPA."
-------
FOREWORD
The Great Lakes National Program Office (RLNPO) of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency was established in Region V, Chicago to focus attention
on the significant and complex natural resource represented by the Great
Lakes.
GLNPO implements a multi-media environmental management program drawing on
a wide ranqe of expertise represented by universities, private firms, State,
Federal and Canadian governmental agencies and the International Joint Com-
mission. The goal of the GLNPO program is to develop programs, practices
and technology necessary for a better understanding of the Great Lakes
system and to eliminate or reduce to the maximum extent practicable the
discharge of pollutants into the Great Lakes system. The GLNPO also
coordinates U.S. actions in fulfillment of the Agreement between Canada
and the United States of America on Great Lakes Water Quality of 1978.
ii
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ABSTRACT
Data on concentrations of polychlorlnated dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated
furans (PCDF) in fish from the Great Lakes and midwest were compiled from
several sources. While differences in study design precluded rigorus
analysis several observation were possible.
While most samples have been analyzed for only 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-
p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), those samples which were analyzed for other
congeners indicate that penta and hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins are more
common than 2,3,7,8-TCDD. PCDD, while monitored infrequently, may be
ubiquitous in fish from the Great Lakes and midwest, occurring above
detection limits in over 80 percent of the samples analyzed. One of
several sites at which 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo furan (2,3,7,8-TCDF)
was detected is Siskwit Lake (Isle Royal, Lake Superior), which given
its remote location and lack of point sources, suggests atmospheric
deposition of PCDFs.
Areas of Concern (due to 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations) include the entire
Lake Ontario Basin, Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and the Saginaw River System,
Grand River (Lake Michigan), Niagara River (Lake Ontario), Lake Erie (at
Woodtick, Michigan), Huron River, Michigan (Lake Erie), Port Clinton, Michigan
(Lake Erie), Wisconsin River (at Pentenwell Flowage), and the Mississippi
River (St. Louis, MO.).
iii
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CONTENTS
Foreword lii
Abstract 1v
Tahles vl
Acknowledgements vii
Introduction 1
Data Presentation 2
Polychlorinated Dloxlns 4
Polychlorinated Furans 25
Discussion 35
Literature Cited 39
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TABLES
PAGE
Table 1: Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 5
Dioxin in Lake Superior Fish
Table 2: Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 6
Dioxin in Lake Huron Fish
Table 3: Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 8
Dioxin in Lake Saginaw Bay Fish
Table 4: Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 12
Dioxin in Lake Michigan Fish
Table 5: Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 15
Dioxin in Lake Erie Fish
Table 6: Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 18
Dioxin in Lake Ontario Fish
Table 7: Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 21
in Fish From Midwest Rivers and Lakes
Table 8: Polychlorinated Dibenzo Dioxins in Great Lakes and 24
Midwest Fish
Table 9: Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo Furan 26
in Lake Superior Fish
Table 10: Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo Furan 27
in Lake Huron Fish
Table 11: Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo Furan 28
in Lake Michigan Fish
Table 12: Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo Furan 30
in Lake Erie Fish
Table 13: Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo Furan 31
in Lake Ontario Fish
Table 14: Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo Furan 32
in Fish From Midwest Rivers and Lakes
Table 15: Polychlorinated Dibenzo Furans in Great Lakes and 33
Midwest Fish
Table 16: Data Contributors 38
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and Foremost, I thank the many individuals and organizations who
made this report possible by sharing their data. I also would like to
thank Mr. Lee Liebenstein (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources),
Mr.'Dennis Swanson (Michigan Department of Natural Resources) and
Dr. John Estenik (Ohio EPA) for reviewing and commenting on the manuscript,
I also thank Ms. Gaynell Whatley for her patience in typing the manuscript,
vi
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INTRODUCTION
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans
(PCDF) are two groups of tricyclic aromatic compounds with similar
chemical, biological and toxicological properties (Poland et at. 1979,
Rappe et al. 1979). The occurrence of both classes of compounds in
environmental samples have been the subject of much concern in recent
years, primarily due to the extremely high mammalian toxicity of some of
the specific isomers (Poland et al. 1979). This concern has resulted
in several studies to monitor levels of these compounds in fish from
the Great Lakes and other waterways since 1978. While most studies
have monitored concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin,
(the most toxic isomer of either group), limited data are available for
other dioxin congeners, as well as PCDF's. Unfortunately, with the
exception of 2,3,7,8,-TCDD and 2,3,7,8-TCDF, the existing data are not
isomer specific.
This report was prepared as a part of the USEPA Region V, Dioxin Task Force's
contribution to USEPA1s National Dioxin Strategy. Its purposes are to,
1) compile the existing data on PCDD and PCDF in fish from the Great Lakes
and Midwest, 2) identify areas with existing PCDD and PCDF fish contaminant
problems, and 3) identify additional data requirements.
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DATA PRESENTATION
The data are presented by lake or river basin. Due to the large quantity of
data and concern over PCDD in Saginaw Bay and its tributaries, that information
has been presented as a separate basin.
Within each basin, the data is subdivided into an "open lake" and a "nearshore
and tributary" section. This is an artifical division based on the habits
of the species analyzed rather than the area in which it was collected.
"Open lake" species are those which range over large geographical areas and
thus may acquire contaminants from numerous sources. Included in this
category are species such as brown trout which, while usually remaining
nearshore, cover long stretches of coast line as well as coho salmon and
lake trout which move about the open waters of the Great Lakes. The "near-
shore and tributary" category includes species which are likely to remain
in a fairly confined geographical area for substantial periods of time.
These would include bass and carp from river mouths and embayments as well
as carp and catfish from specific sites in the open waters of Saginaw Bay.
The number of samples represented by mean values and the number of fish
in composite samples are given when such information was available. When
it was not, it was omitted and each data point was considered a single
sample. Omission of this data is not important, given the heterogenicity
of sample type, species and analytical methodologies used in the various
studies.
The sample portion analyzed has been indicated for each data point. For
whole fish this is self explanatory, however edible portions vary from agency
to agency. The Ontario Ministry of the Environment analyzes a skinless
dorsal fillet, while the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) analyzes a
-------
skin-on lateral fillet for most species. The USFDA analyzes a skin-off lateral
fillet for species such as bullheads and catfish for which the skin is con-
sidered inedible. The data furnished by Michigan State University (MSU 1979),
as well as samples analyzed by the New York State Departments of Environmental
Conservation and Health (NYDEC/NYDOH) were analyzed as skin-off fillets
(O'keefe et al. 1983). Based on PCB and DDT analysis of coho and Chinook
salmon, a skin-off fillet can be expected to yield results one third to
one half that found in a skin-on fillet (Rohrer et al. 1981).
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), the New York State Department
of Health (NYSDOH) and Health and Welfare Canada (HWC) have established
guidelines or action limits for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in edible
portions of fish and shellfish. These guidelines are:
USFDA - limit consumption to 1 meal (1/2 Ib) per week at concentrations
J> 25 ng/kg and avoid consumption at concentrations 2. 50 ng/kg
NYDOH - avoid consumption at concentrations j> 10 ng/kg.
Health and Welfare Canada - avoid consumption at concentrations
j> 20 ng/kg.
Due to the differences in edible portion analyzed, the USFDA and HWC limits
probably represent similar human exposure. The NYDOH limit is substantially
more conservative. There are presently no guidelines for other dioxin
isomers or furans.
As much of the data has not been published in the scientific literature and
was frequently produced under contract to government agencies, the organization
supplying the data and the year of the study are indicated in the data
tables rather than individual authors. Table 16 lists the organizations
supplying data.
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POLYCHLORINATEDIBENZO DIOXINS
Tables 1 through 7 contain the data on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(2,3,7,8-TCDD) and, where data is available, total tetrachlorodibenzo-p-
dioxins (TCPD) and total polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD). Table 8
contains the data on those samples which were analyzed for individual congeners.
Lake Superior
Fifteen samples representing 8 areas of the open waters of Lake Superior were
analyzed between 1979 and 1983 (Table 1). Two samples representative of
St. Louis River and Bay were also analyzed. Of the 15 samples from Lake
Superior which have been analyzed, only 1 sample of whole lake trout taken
off Ontonagon yeilded TCDD or PCDD above detection limits. This sample con-
tained 8 ng/kg total PCDD of which 5 ng/kg was pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(penta-CDD) (Table 8). The St. Louis River samples were also below detection
limits for 2,3,7,8-TCDD. However, analysis was not conducted for congeners
other than 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
Lake Huron
The Lake Huron (not including Saginaw Bay) data base consists of 22 samples
from 7 open lake areas and 9 samples from 6 nearshore and tributary sites
(Table 2). With the exception of 1 edible portion sample from Alpena, Michigan
concentrations were below detection limits, which ranged from 8 to 88 ng/kg.
No whole fish have been analyzed for dioxin nor have samples been analyzed
for dioxins other than 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
Saginaw Bay
The 10 edible portion samples from the open waters did not contain TCDD
above detection limits which ranged from 10 to 16 ng/kg. Concentrations
in nearshore and tributary fish from the Bay were also typically low with
-------
Table 1
Concentration of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
In Lake Superior Fish (ng/kg)
Location
Open Lake
Keweenaw
Apostle Islands
Ontonagon
Grand Marais
Copper Harbor
Thunder Bay
French River
St. Louis Bay
Sampl e
Species Type
Bl oater
Lake Trout
Lake Trout
Lake Trout
Lake Trout/Salmon
Lake Trout
Lake Trout
Lake Trout
Walleye
Walleye
W
W
E
W
W
W
E
E
E
E
#of Samples/ 2,3,7,8 Total
#Fish per Sample TCDD TCDD
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/1
1/3+3
1/2
6/1
1/6
1/5
1/5
NA
NA
<10
NA
NA
NA
<10
<5
<5
<10
ND
ND
ND
1
<1
<1
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total
PCDD Source
ND USFWS 1979 (1)
ND USFWS 1979 (1)
NA GLNPO/USFDA 1982
8 USEPA-Duluth 1980 (1)
<1 USEPA-Duluth 1980 (1)
<1 USEPA-Duluth 1980 (1)
NA MOE 1980
NA USEPA-Duluth 1983
NA USEPA-Duluth 1983
NA WDNR 1983
Nearshore and Tributary
St. Louis River
Thompson Res.
Upper Bay
White Sucker
White Sucker
E
E
1/6
1/5
<5
<5
NA
NA
NA USEPA-Duluth 1983
NA USEPA-Duluth 1983
NA = Not Analyzed
ND = Not Detected
U = Unknown
(1) Data for Additional Congeners in Table 8
E = Edible portion
W = Whole fish
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Table 2
Concentration of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
In Lake Huron Fish (ng/kg)
Location
Open Lake
Tawas Pt.
Grid 1509
Pt. Edward
Owen Sound
St. Joseph Is.
Tawas River
Alpena, Michigan
Nearshore and Tributary
Au Gres
Sebewaing
Sand Pt.
Tawas Pt.
Black River
at Tower, MI
Au Sable River
Sampl e
Species Type
Yellow Perch
Yellow Perch
Lake Trout
Rainbow Trout
Wai 1 eye
Coho Salmon
Lake Trout
Catfish
Carp
Catfish
Carp
Catfish
Carp
White Sucker
White Sucker
Carp
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
#of Samples/
#Fish per Sampl
1/U
1/U
6/1
6/1
6/1
1/5
1/5
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
i/u
i/u
i/u
i/u
1/8
2,3,7,8 Total
e TCDD TCDD
<8 NA
<11 NA
<10 NA
<10 NA
<10 NA
<10 NA
6 NA
<8 NA
<14 NA
<11 NA
<5 NA
<30 NA
<25 NA
<88 NA
<13 NA
<10 NA
Total
PCDD Source
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
WSU 1979
WSU 1979
MOE 1980
MOE 1980
MOE 1980
GLNPO/USFDA 1982
GLNPO/USFDA 1982
WSU 1979
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/
1506
I
1606
\
s
VJ""*
1507
1607
1707
• -x
1508
1608
/*
\f*
1 509 *"^
/• Bay
1609
f
-/
1708
\
Harbor
Beach
Bay
City
Lake Huron
Sampling Zones
Collingwood
Goderich
Port •
Sanilac
Hu?on" Sarnia
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Table 3
Concentration of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
In Saginaw Bay Fish (ng/kg)
Location
Open Lake
Grid 1509
Grid 1507
Grid 1509
Grid 1509
Shebewaing
Aus Gres
Nearshore and
Grid 1506
Grid 1506
Grid 1506
Grid 1506
Grid 1506
Grid 1506
Grid 1507
Grid 1507
Grid 1507
Grid 1507
Grid 1507
Grid 1507
Grid 1507
Grid 1507
Grid 1507
Grid 1507
Grid 1507
Grid 1509
Grid 1509
Grid 1509
Grid 1509
Grid 1509
Grid 1509
Grid 1509
Grid 1509
Grid 1509
Grid 1509
Grid 1509
Grid 1509
Grid 1509
Species
Yellow Perch
Yellow Perch
Bowfin
Wai 1 eye
Yellow Perch
Yellow Perch
Whitefish
Buffalo
Yellow Perch
Yellow Perch
Tributary
Sucker
Sucker ..
Catfish
Catfish
Carp
Carp
Sucker
Carp
Carp
Catfish
Carp
Carp
Sucker
Crappie
Rockbass
Bullhead
Bui 1 head
Sucker
Carp
Carp
Catfish
Catfish
Catfish
Carp
Sucker
Bui 1 head
Bui 1 head
Catfish
Catfish
Carp
Sampl e
Type
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
W
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
#of Samples/
#Fish Per Sample
1/24
1/24
1/1
1/1
1/24
1/5
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/12
1/13
1/7
1/14
1/2
1/2
1/10
1/7
1/2
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/2
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/12
1/1
1/3-5
1/1
1/1
1/3
1/3
1/2
1/1
1/1
1/10
1/10
1/3
2,3,7,8
TCDD
^10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<16
<15
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Location
Table 3 con't
Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-rHoxin
In Saginaw Bay Fish (ng/kq)
Sample #of Samples/ 2,3,7,8 Total Total
Species Type #Fish Per Sample TCDD TCDD PCDD
Source
Nearshore and Tributary
Near Saginaw River
Near Saginaw River
Near Saginaw River
Near Saginaw River
Bay City
Tittabawasse River
5 Miles upstream of DOW
Tittabawasse Rd.
Freeland Rd.
Smith's Crossing Rd.
State Street
Above Dow Dam
Dublin Rd.
Below Dow
Consumers Power Plant
Below Saginaw WWTP
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
White Sucker
Carp
White Sucker
Carp
Yellow Perch
Carp
Carp
Yellow Perch
Carp
Channel Cat
Carp
Channel Cat
Carp
Sucker
Sucker
Yellow Perch
Carp
E
E
E
E
W
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
Channel Catfish E
Carp E
Carp E
Channel Catfish E
Yellow Perch E
Carp E
Carp W
Carp E
Carp E
Carp E
Carp E
Carp E
Carp E
White Sucker E
Carp E
Carp E
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/1
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/U
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/2
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/3-2
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
43
173
28
<50
NA
287
20
<63
52
20
93
32
10
66
273
22
695
49
8
21
20
93
42
<5
<9
28
<4
<9
NA
17
39
83
<54
301
129
64
126
135
NA
NA
NA
NA
94
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
81
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
385
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
223
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MSU
MSU
MSU
MSU
USFWS
MSU
MSU
MSU
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
MSU
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USFWS
MSU
MSU
MSU
MSU
MSU
MSU
MSU
MSU
MSU
1979
1979
1979
1979
1981 (1)
1979
1979
1979
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1979
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1979 (1)
1979
1979
1979
1979
1979
1979
1979
1979
1979
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Table 3 con't
Concentration of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
In Saginaw Bay Fish
Open Lake
Location
Saginaw River
Saginaw WWTP
Wickes Park
Wicks Park
Blocks Marina
Mouth
Mouth
Sand Point
Chippewa River
10 miles upstream of
Dow
Pine River
Below St. Louis
Alma
Cass River
Frankenmurth
Flint River
Below Flint
Holloway Reservoir
Shiawassee River
Chesning
Sample #of Samples/
Species Type #Fish Per Sample
Carp
Carp
Yellow Perch
Carp
Channel Catfish
Channel Catfish
Carp
Channel Catfish
Carp
Yellow Perch
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
White Sucker
Carp
Redhorse Sucker
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
White Sucker
Carp
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
i/u
1/1
1/2
i/u
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/2
i/u
i/u
1/8
i/u
i/u
1/U
i/u
i/u
i/u
1/8
i/u
1/8
i/u
1/8
2,3,7,8
TCDD
319
62
<11
<35
105
52
28
30
153
11
288
<14
<10
136
322
85
<10
<40
< 9
<10
<100
<10
<24
<10
Total
TCDD
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total
PCDD
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Sources
MSU
USEPA
USEPA
MSU
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
USEPA
MSU
MSU
USFDA
MSU
MSU
MSU
USFDA
MSU
MSU
USFDA
MSU
USFDA
MSU
USFDA
1979
1978
1978
1979
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1979
1979
1983
1979
1979
1979
1983
1979
1979
1983
1979
1983
1979
1983
NA = Not Analyzed
ND = Not Detected
U = Unknown
(1) Data for Addition Congeners in Table 8
E = Edible portion
W = Whole fish
-------
most samples below 10 ng/kg (Table 3). However, elevated concentrations
occurred in fillets and whole fish from grids 1506, 1507, 1509 and at the
mouth of the Saginaw River (Figure 1). The most seriously contaminated area
of the Bay was grid 1509 where 80 percent of the catfish and 60 percent
of the carp which have been analyzed exceeded 10 ng/kg.
Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in Saginaw Bay tributaries ranged from <4
ng/kg in yellow perch above the Dow Dam in the Tittabawasse to 695 ng/kg
in channel catfish at Smiths Crossing Road. Elevated concentrations of
2,3,7,8-TCDD have been monitored in fish at all sites in the Tittabawasse
and Saginaw Rivers.
Three samples, a composite of whole carp from grid 1509, a single whole
carp taken off Bay City, Michigan, and a whole carp composite from below
Dow in the Tittabawasse River, have been analyzed for dioxins other than
2,3,7,8-TCDD. The Tittabawasse River sample was dominated by TCDD while
the Bay City and Grid 1509 sample were dominated by Penta (Penta CDD) and
Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin respectively (Octa CDD) (Table 8).
Lake Michigan
Despite the active sport fishery and large concentration of industry in the
Lake Michigan basin, only 12 samples from 6 open lake areas have been analyzed.
Concentrations in those open lake samples which have beee analyzed are low,
with only a single whole lake trout composite exceeding detection limits
(Table 4).
11
-------
Table 4
Concentration of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
In Lake Michigan Fish (ng/kq)
Location
Open Lake
Saugatuck
St. Joseph River
Platte River
Kellogg River
Sheboygan River
Kenosha
Green Bay
Fox River
Grid 1001
Little Sturgeon Bay
Nearshore and Tributary
White River
White Lake
Muskegon River
Muskegon Lake
US Rt. 131
Bridgetown
Cobb Power Plant
Rodgers Dam
Grand River
Grand Ledge
Eagle
lona
Sample
Species Type
Lake Trout
Lake Trout
Lake Trout
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Chinook
Lake Trout
Walleye
Walleye
Walleye
White Sucker
Carp
Carp
White Sucker
Carp
Redhorse
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
Channel Catfish
Small mouth Bass
Small mouth Bass
Carp
Sucker
E
W
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
W
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
#of Samples/ 2,3,7,8
#Fish Per Sample TCDD
1/1
1/5
1/5
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/5
1/5
1/1
1/2
1/5
1/2
1/5
i/u
i/u
i/u
i/u
i/u
i/u
i/u
i/u
i/u
i/u
1/8
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
<7.9
NA
<10
<4.8
<3.1
<4.0
<4.9
<2.0
<10
<10
<5.0
<25.0
<5
<5
<5
<48
<34
<10
<56
237
123
<10
<51
<10
298
<10
20
41
29
7
8
<2
<2
Total
TCDD
NA
5.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total
PCDD Source
NA
5.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
USEPA 1978
USFWS 1979(1)
GLNPO/USFDA 1982
NYDOH 1979
NYDOH 1979
NYDOH 1979
NYDOH 1979
NYDOH 1979
GLNPO/USFDA 1982
GLNPO/USFDA 1982
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
USEPA-Duluth 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
MSU 1979
MSU 1979
USFDA 1984
MSU 1979
MSU 1979
MSU 1979
USFDA 1983
MSU 1979
USFDA 1984
MSU 1979
USFDA 1983
USEPA 1979
USEPA 1979
USEPA 1979
USEPA 1979
USEPA 1979
USEPA 1979
USEPA 1979
CVI
-------
Table 4 con't
Concentration of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
In Lake Michigan Fish (ng/kq)
Location
Spring! ake
Waukegan Harbor
Kalamazoo River
Saugatuck
Milwaukee River
(below N. Ave.)
Sheboygan River
Green Bay
DePere
Little Lake Butte
Des Mortes
Grid 1001
Kidney Island
Little Sturgeon Bay
Sampl e
Species Type
Carp
Carp
Carp
Redhorse
Carp
Largemouth Bass
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
White Sucker
White Sucker
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
Walleye
Carp
Carp
Carp
E
E
E
E
W
W
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
W
E
E
E
E
E
#of Samples/ 2,3,7,8
#Fish Per Sample TCDD
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/1
1/1
1/U
i/u
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/3
1/U
1/3
1/U
1/5
1/6
1/5
1/5
1/2
1/5
324
<38
<173
<20
NA
NA
2.4
<21
<5
<115
<33
<76
<10
<10
< 5
< 6
< 9
< 5
<15
<13
Total
TCDD
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total
PCDD Source
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
37
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MSU 1979
MSU 1979
MSU 1979
MSU 1979
USFWS 1981(1)
USFWS 1981(1)
MSU 1979
MSU 1979
MSU 1979
MSU 1979
MSU 1979
MSU 1979
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
USEPA-Duluth 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
NA = Not Analyzed
ND = Not Detected
U = Unknown
(1) Data for Additional Congeners in Table 8
E = Edible portion
W = Whole fish
-------
Analysis of nearshore and tributary areas of Lake Michigan consist of
samples from White Lake (MI), Muskegon River (MI), Grand River (MI),
Waukegan Harbor (IL), and the Kalmazoo River (MI). Concentrations of total
PCDD in Waukegan Harbor were ND and 37 ng/kg in whole carp and largemouth
bass respectively. Neither Waukegan Harbor sample contained detectable
concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. In the Muskegan River, 2,3,7,8-TCDD
ranged from <56 ng/kg in white sucker fillets at U.S. Route 131 to 237
ng/kg in carp fillets at Bridgetown. Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in
White Lake and the Kalamazoo River were below detection limits in both
carp and suckers.
Several sites on the Grand River from Grand Ledge to Spring Lake have been
sampled. Concentrations of TCDD ranged from 20 ng/kg to 298 ng/kg in carp
fillets at Grand Ledge and Eagle. At Spring Lake concentrations in redhorse
sucker and carp fillets ranged from <20 ng/kg TCDD to 324 ng/kg TCDD. At
the intermediate Ionia site, carp and suckers both yeilded <2.0 ng/kg TCDD,
indicating that contamination may be confined to specific river reaches.
Three composite samples from 3 open water areas of Green Bay were collected
in 1983 (Table 4). All contained <3 ng/kg 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Nearshore and
tributary samples from the Fox River and Green Bay were also below detection
limits that ranged from 5 to 13 ng/kg. No samples from Green Bay have been
analyzed for dioxins other than 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
Lake Erie
Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in open lake fish from Lake Erie were low,
ranging from 0.9 ng/kg to <10 ng/kg (Table 5). Most nearshore and tributary
fish from Lake Erie also contained only low levels of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. However,
14
-------
Table 5
Concentration of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
In Lake Erie Fish (ng/kq)
Location
Open Lake
Belle Isle
Belle Isle
Belle Isle
Belle Isle
Belle Isle
Belle Isle
Belle Isle
Belle Isle
Monroe, MI
Monroe, MI
Dunkirk
Dunkirk
Dunkirk
Port Dover
Detroit River
Upper Niagara
Detroit River
Huron River, Ohio
Trout River, Pa.
Charqin River, Ohio
Nearshore and Tributary
Belle River
Gratiot Road
Clinton River, MI
Avon Road
Huron River, MI
Superior Road
Flat Road
Raisin River
Monroe
Species
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Wai 1 eye
Wai 1 eye
Walleye
Walleye
Walleye
Rainbow Trout
Yellow Perch
Yellow Perch
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
White Sucker
White Sucker
Carp
Catfish
Carp
Carp
Carp
Sampl e
Type
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
#of Samples
#Fish Per Sample
i/u
l/'J
1/U
i/u
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
3/1
3/1
6/1
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
2,3,7,8
TCDD
0.9
1.9
1.4
<1.0
<5.0
-------
Table 5 con't
Concentration of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
In Lake Erie Fish (ng/kg)
Location
Athol Springs
Port Clinton, MI
St. Clair River
Lake St. Clair
Woodtick, MI
Upper Niagara
Upper Niagara
Fort Erie
Love Canal
Cayuga Creek
Nanticoke
Grand River
Diamond Shamrock
Corporation
Fields Brook
Ashtabula, Ohio
Sampl e
Species Type
Small mouth Bass E
Small mouth Bass E
Small mouth Bass E
Carp/Goldfish E
Carp W
Carp E
Carp E
Carp E
Carp E
Carp E
Catfish W
Carp W
White Sucker E
Small mouth Bass E
Spottail Shinners W
Spottail Shinners W
Spottail Shinners W
Spottail Shinners W
Carp
Black Redhorse
Rockbass
Small mouth Bass
Pumpkinseed
Largemouth Bass
Goldfish
#of Samples/
#Fish Per Sample
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/3-5
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/8
1/2
1/3
1/1
1/1
7/10
7/10
7/10
7/10
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
2,3,7,8
TCDD
<1.5
<3.2
1.6
<2.6
ND
<30
<18
<11
75
<10
NA
NA
<10
<10
15
7.5
59
ND
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
Total
TCDD
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7
12
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total
PCDD
NA
NA
NA
NA
50
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
35
106
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Source
NYDEC/NYDOH 1979
NYDEC/NYDOH 1979
NYDEC/NYDOH 1979
NYDEC/NYDOH 1979
USFWS 1979(1)
MSU 1979
MSU 1979
MSU 1979
MSU 1979
USFDA 1983
USEPA-Duluth 1980(1)
USEPA-Duluth 1980(1)
MOE 1980
MOE 1980
MOE 1980
MOE 1980
MOE 1980
MOE 1980
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
NA = Not Analyzed
ND = Not Detected
U = Unknown
(1) Data for Additional Congeners in Table 8
E = Edible portion
W = Whole Fish
-------
samples from Lake St. Clair, Port Clinton (MI), Woodtick (MI) and the Huron
River (MI) contained TCDD in concentrations ranging from 7 ng/kg in Lake
St. Clair to 246 ng/kg in the Huron River. Three Lake Erie samples (Woodtick
(MI), Port Clinton (MI), and Lake St. Clair) have been analyzed for dioxins
other than 2,3,7,8-TCDD. In all three samples hepta and octachlorodibenzo-p-
dioxins were the dominant congeners (Table 8).
Lake Ontario
Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD were above detection limits in 38 of the 51
edible portion samples of open lake data points. The concentrations
ranged from <3.2 ng/kg 2,3,7,8-TCDD in suckers at Fort Niagara, NY to
162 ng/kg TCDD in brown trout at St. Catharines, Ontario (Table 6).
Fourteen data points exceeded the applicable USFDA and Canadian guidelines
of 25 and 20 ng/kg while the New York State Department of Health's guide-
line of 10 ng/kg was exceeded by 59 percent of the edible portion samples
analyzed.
Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in whole open lake fish ranged from 28 ng/kg
in brook trout at Roosevelt Beach to 107 ng/kg in lake trout at Gallo Island.
The concentrations in nearshore and tributary samples ranged from ND to 13.5
ng/kg with no clear distribution patterns. The presence of 2,3,7,8-TCDD at
7 ng/kg and 13.5 ng/kg in the young of the year spottail shiners from the
Niagara River indicates site specific contamination problems, given the
small size and short (6 to 8 months) exposure period of these fish. Only
one sample from Lake Ontario (Roosevelt Beach) has been analyzed for dioxins
other than TCDD. That sample was dominated by TCDD.
17
-------
Table 6
Concentration of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
In Lake Ontario Fish (nq/kg)
Location
Open Lake
Cape Vincent
Gallo Island
Salmon River
Credit River
St. Catharines
Rochester
Nine Mile Point
Cape Vincent
Salmon River
Geren Point
Wilson
Ft. Niagara
Lewiston
Salmon River
Springbrook
Roosevelt Beach
Lower Niagara
Jordan Harbor
Credit River
Hearn Generating
Station
Sample
Species Type
White Perch
White Perch
White Perch
Lake Trout
Chinook Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Brown Trout
Brown Trout
Brown Trout
Brown Trout
White Perch
Rainbow Trout
Rainbow Trout
Rainbow Trout
Rainbow Trout
White Perch
White Perch
White Perch
White Perch
White Perch
White Sucker
White Sucker
White Sucker
White Sucker
White Sucker
Chinook Salmon
Chinook Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Brook Trout
American eel
Walleye
Rainbow Trout
Yellow Perch
Brown Trout
White Bass
Coho Salmon
Smelt
E
E
E
W
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
W
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
#of Samples/ 2,3,7,8
#Fish Per Sample TCDD
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
i/u
i/u
1/U
i/u
1/U
i/u
1/U
i/u
i/u
i/u
5/1
1/1
1/1
6/1
13/1
6/1
8/1
8/1
16
36
4.9
107
39
20
19
162
30
11,11
8
9.9
20,21
20
9
17,18
14
31
22
7.7
45
4.7
18
<3.2
9.6
9.1
39
26
31
19
28
NA
<10
-------
concentration or z,j,/,H-letrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
In Lake Ontario Fish (ng/kg)
Location
Scarborough
Bay of Quinte
Port Credit
Toronto
Port Hope
Lower Niagara
Burlington
Pt. Pet re
Niagara
Springhrook
Sampl e
Species Type
Lake Trout
Yellow Perch
White Perch
Lake Trout
Lake Trout
Smelt
Rainbow Trout
Rainbow Trout
Yellow Perch
Lake Trout
Lake Trout
Lake Trout
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
Coho Salmon
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
W
W
W
E
E
E
E
#of Samples/
#Fish Per Sample
5/1
6/1
6/1
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/5
1/5
2,3,7,8
TCDD
<10-19
<10
<10-16
24.4
17.8
8.0
32
8.3
6.6
72
42
41
22
20
<10
33/35
Nearshore and Tributary
Lower Niagara
Pultneyvil le
Rays Bay
Littel Fox Creek
Sodus Bay
Niagara River,
Lewiston
Peggys Eddy
Queenston
Niagara-on-the
Northern Pike
Muskellunge
Small mouth Bass
Rock Bass
Small mouth Bass
Small mouth Bass
Small mouth Bass
Brown Bui 1 head
Brown Bui 1 head
Brown Bui Ihead
Spotatil Shinner
Spottail Shinner
Spottail Shinner
Lake Spottail Shinner
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
W
W
W
W
6/1
1/1
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
7/10
7/10
7/10
7/10
<10
<10
12.7
2.4
7
4.8
5.9
5
3.8
2
ND
7
ND
13.5
Total
TCDD
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total
PCDD Source
NA MOE 1980
NA MOE 1980
NA MOE 1980
NA MOE 1980
NA MOE 1980
NA MOE 1980
NA NYDEC/NYDOH 1980
NA MOE 1980
NA NOE 1980
NA NYDEC/NYDOH 1980
NA NYDEC/NYDOH 1980
NA NYDEC/NYDOH 1980
NA NYDEC/NYDOH 1980
NA NYDEC/NYDOH 1980
NA GLNPO/USFOA 1981
NA GLNPO/USFDA 1982
NA MOE 1980
NA MOE 1980
NA MOE 1980
NA MOE 1980
NA NYDEC/NYDOH 1979
NA NYDEC/NYDOH 1979
NA NYDEC/NYDOH 1979
NA NYDEC/NYDOH 1979
NA NYDEC/NYDOH 1979
NA NYDEC/NYDOH 1979
NA MOE 1981
NA MOE 1981
NA MOE 1981
NA MOE 1981
NA = Not Analyzed
ND = Not Detected
U = Unknown
(1) Data for Additional Congeners in Table 8
E = Edible portion
W = Whole fish
-------
Midwest Lakes and Rivers
Samples from several Region V sites (other than the Great Lakes) have been
analyzed for 2,3,7,8-TCDD and, in a limited number of cases, other dioxins.
With the exception of the Mississippi and Wisconsin Rivers, 2,3,7,8-TCDD con-
centrations were below or near detection levels (Table 7). Composite samples
of buffalo and channel catfish from the Mississippi River at St. Louis, Mo.
contained 2,3,7,8-TCDD at 40 ng/kg and 100 ng/kg respectively. In the
Wisconsin River, 2,3,7,8-TCDD in carp fillets ranged from 35 to 65 ng/kg
at Pentenwell Flowage. Contamination of Wisconsin River fish with
2,3,7,8-TCDD has resulted in the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
closing a large portion of the commerical fishery and advising sports
fishmen not to consume the affected species.
20
-------
Table 7
Concentration of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin in Fish From
Midwest Rivers and Lakes (ng/kg)
Location
Kaskusia River
(Illinois)
Great Miami River
Green Ml Is, OH
Hooven, OH
Species
Channel Cat/
Carp
Carp
Channel Cat/
Carp
Sampl e
Type
W
W
W
#of Samples/
#Fish Per Sample
1/1 & 1
1/4
1/4 ft 12
2,3,7,8
TCDD
NA
NA
NA
Total
TCDD
ND
4
2
Total
PCDD
14
18
18
17
Source
USEPA-Duluth
USEPA-Dul uth
USEPA-Dul uth
1980(1}
1980(1)
1980(1)
Scioto River
Columbus, OH
(Southwest of)
Columbus, OH
(Northwest of)
ChillIcothe East, OH
Mississippi River
St. Louis, Mo.
St. Louis, Mo.
St. Louis, Mo.
Below St. Louis, Mo.
Below St. Louis, Mo.
Below St. Louis, Mo.
Below St. Louis, Mo.
St. Genevieve, Mo.
Chester, II.
Sartell, MN.
Red Wing, MN.
Spring Lake
Pool 1011
Tuscarasus River
RM 56.6. OH
Sugar Cr.
RM 0.15, OH
Ohio River
Marietta, OH
Black Crappie/ W
Carp
Sucker/Bass W
Carp W
Carp E
Buffalo E
Channel Cat E
Buffalo E
Buffalo E
Buffalo E
Catfish E
Buffalo E
Buffalo E
Carp E
Carp E
Carp E
Carp W
Carp E
Channel Catfish E
Carp E
BrownBul1 head E
Channel Catfish E
Suger E
Carp E
Channel Catfish E
1/1 ft 1
1/2 & 2
1/2
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
NA
NA
NA
<7
40
100
<5
<5
<5
ND
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
24 USEPA-Duluth 1980(1)
17
30
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
USEPA-Duluth
USEPA-Duluth
Syntex Corp.
Syntex Corp.
Syntex Corp.
USFDA
USFDA
USFDA
USFDA
USFDA
USFDA
USEPA-Duluth
USEPA-Duluth
USFWS
USEPA-Duluth
USEPA-Dul uth
USEPA-Dul uth
1980(1)
1980(1)
1982
1982
1982
1982
1982
1982
1982
1982
1982
1983
1983
1983
1983
1984
1984
CSJ
NA USEPA-Duluth 1984
NA USEPA-Duluth 1984
NA USEPA-Duluth 1984
NA USEPA-Duluth 1984
NA USEPA-Duluth 1984
-------
Table 7 con't
Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin in Fish
USEPA Region V Rivers and Lakes (ng/kq)
From
Location
Little Beaver Cr.
Middle Fork, OH
Sunfish Cr.
RM 5.0, OH
Hocking River
Sugar Grove, OH
Little Scioto River
RM 12.6, OH
Little Muskinqum River
Dart, OH
Clear Creek
RM 2.0, OH
Still Water River
RM 51.2, OH
North Fort Paint Ck.
RM 17.6, OH
White Oak Cr.
RM 12.8, OH
Blachard River
RM 62.1, OH
Lake Delevan, WI
Lake Koshkonong, WI
Satnpl e
Species Type
Creek Chub
Stone Roller
White Sucker
Black Redhorse
Small mouth Bass
White Sucker
Carp
Spotted Bass
Golden Redhorse
Black Redhorse
Rockbass
Spotted Bass
Black Redhorse
Small mouth Bass
Golden Redhorse
White Sucker
Smallmouth Bass
Carp
Rockbass
Carp
Smallmouth Bass
Golden Redhorse
Smallmouth Bass
White Sucker
Rock Bass
Carp
Carp
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
# of Samples/ 2,3,7,8
#Fish Per Sample TCDD
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/U
1/3
1/5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<2.0
<5.0
Total
TCDD
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total
PCDD
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Source
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 198
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
USEPA-Duluth 1984
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
-------
Table 7 con't
Concentration of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin in Fish From
USEPA Region V Rivers and Lakes (ng/kg)
Location
Lake Tichigan, WI
Peddock Lake, WI
Lac LaBelle, WI
Fox River
Portage, WI
Wisconsin R., WI
Below Merrill Dam
Mosinee Flowage
Wisconsin River
Pentennell Flowage
Castle Rock Flowage
Lake Wisconsin
Agate Lake, MN.
Minnesota River, MN.
Zumbro Lake, MN.
Species
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
Largemouth Bass
Carp
Wai 1 eye
Carp
Walleye
Buffalo
Walleye
Wai 1 eye
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
Walleye
Walleye
Carp
Carp
Northern Pike
Carp
Channel Cat
bampie
Type
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
# of Samples/
#Fish Per Sample
1/5
1/3
1/2
1/7
1/6
1/3
1/2
1/5
1/5
1/7
1/5
1/1
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/6
1/3
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/5
2,3,7,8
TCDD
<5.0
<3.0
<8.0
<12.0
<10.0
<5
<2
<3
<4
<2
<2
<10
35
65
60
65
56
<5
<2
<5
<20
21
<5
<5
<5
Total
TCDD
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total
PCDD Source
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983 <*•
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
USEPA-Duluth 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
WDNR 1983
USEPA-Duluth 1983
USEPA-Duluth 1983
USEPA-Duluth 1983
USEPA-Duluth 1983
NA = Not Analyzed
NO = Not Detected
U = Unknown
(1) Data for Additional Congeners in Table 8
E = Edible portion
W = Whole fish
-------
Location
Roosevelt Beach
Table 8
Polychlorinated Dibenzo Dioxions 1n Great Lakes and Midwest Fish (ng/kg)
Species
Source
2cl 3cl 4cl 5cl
6cl
7cl 8cl
Brook Trout
Region V Rivers and Lakes
Kaskusia River
Great Miami River
Greenhills, OH
Hooven, OH
Scioto River
Columbus, OH
(Southwest of)
(Northwest of)
Chillicothe East
NA = Not Analyzed
ND = Not Detected
Thannelcat/Carp
Carp
Channel cat/Carp
Black crappie/carp
Sucker/bass
Carp
USFWS 1979 NA NA 33 ND
USEPA-Duluth 1980 ND 1 ND ND
USEPA-Duluth 1980
USEPA-Duluth 1980
USEPA-Duluth 1980
USEPA-Duluth 1980
USEPA-Duluth 1980 ND <1 ND ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
13
17
Total
Lake Superior
Keweenaw
Apostle Islands
Grand Marais
Copper Harbor
Ontonogon
Saginaw Bay
Bay City
Grid 1509
Tittabawass River
(Below Dow)
Lake Michigan
Sagatuck
Waukegan Harbor
Lake Erie
Port Clinton, MI
Lake St. Clair
Woodtick, MI
Lake Ontario
Bloater
Lake Trout
Lake Trout/Salmon
Lake Trout
Lake Trout
Carp
Carp
Carp
Lake Trout
Carp
Largemouth Bass
Carp
Catfish
Carp
USFWS
USFWS
USEPA-Duluth
USEPA-Duluth
USEPA-Duluth
USFWS
USFWS
USFWS
USFWS
USFWS
USFWS
USFWS
USEPA-Duluth
USEPA-Duluth
1979
1979
1980
1980
1980
1981
1979
1979
1979
1981
1981
1979
1980
1980
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
7
NA
NA
<1
<1
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
11
ND
ND
ND
ND
1
94
27
81
5
ND
ND
ND
7
12
ND
ND
ND
ND
5
157
21
31
ND
ND
ND
9
5
13
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
122
ND
44
ND
ND
3
ND
6
17
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
12
31
53
ND
ND
ND
11
17
20
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
32
14
ND
ND
34
30
ND
26
ND
ND
<1
<1
8
385
111
223
5
ND
37
e\
50
35
106
33
14
5
ND
ND
ND
2
2
<1
ND
4
2
2
ND
7
3
12
ND
ND
4
ND
ND
ND
6
ND
ND
ND
ND
10
17
18
17
24
17
30
(Data is not isomer specific)
-------
POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO FURANS
Tables 9 through 14 contain the data on 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo furans
(2,3,7,8-TCDF) and, where data on additional congeners is available, total
tetrachlorodibenzo furans (TCDF) and total polychlorinated dibenzo furans
(PCDF). Table 15 contains the available data on individual PCDF congeners.
Lake Superior
Five open lake samples from 5 locations in Lake Superior and Isle Royal
have been analyzed for PCDF's. Concentrations of TCDF ranged from ND
at Ontonogon to 26 ng/kg in Keweenaw Bay with 4 of the 5 samples above
detection limits (Table 9). Total PCDF ranged from ND to 40 ng/kg with TCDD
predominant. Lake trout from Si ski wet Lake (Isle Royal) contained 15 ng/kg
total PCDF, 10 ng/kg of which was TCDF (Table 15).
Lake Huron
The entire Lake Huron open lake data base consists of one composite sample
of lake trout taken off Rockport (Alpena, Michigan). That sample contained
25.5 ng/kg TCDF and 80.5 ng/kg total PCDF (Table 10). The primary PCDF
was penta CDF (Table 15). Saginaw Bay and its tributaries are represented
by 3 carp composites with TCDF concentrations ranging from 5 to 37 ng/kg.
PCDF in Saginaw Bay samples ranged from 29 to 290 ng/kg (Table 10) with
penta and hexa CDF's the dominant congeners (Table 15).
Lake Michigan
A total of 7 samples from 7 open lake areas of Lake Michigan and Green Bay
have been analyzed for PCDFs. The nearshore and tributary data base
consists of 7 samples from 6 sites. 2,3,7,8-TCDF was found in all open
lake samples at concentrations ranging from 22 ng/kg to 90 ng/kg (Table 11).
25
-------
Table 9
Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo Furans
In Lake Superior Fish (ng/kg)
Location
Species
Sample
Type
#of Samples/
#Fish Per Sample
2,3,7,8
TCDF
Total
TCDF
Total
PCDF
Source
Open Lake
Keweenaw Bay
Apostle Islands
Isle Royale
Lake Si skiwit
Ontonogon
Copper Harbor
Bloater
Lake Trout
Lake Trout
Lake Trout
Lake Trout
W
W
W
W
W
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/1
1/2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
26
19
10
ND
2
40 USFWS 1979(1)
40 USFWS 1979(1)
15 USFWS 1980(1)
ND USEPA-Duluth 1980(1)
2 USEPA-Duluth 1980(1)
NA = Not Analyzed
ND = Not Detected
U = Unknown
(1) Data for Additional congeners in Table 15
E = Edible portion
W = Whole fish
VO
evi
-------
Table 10
Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo Furan
In Lake Huron Fish (ng/kg)
Location
Sample #of Samples/ 2,3,7,8 Total Total
Species Type fFish Per Sample TCDF TCDF PCDF
Source
Open Lake
Rockport, MI Lake Trout
Nearshore and Tributary
Tittabawasse River Carp
(Below Dow)
W
W
1/5
Sag in aw Bay
Bay city
Grid 1509
Carp
Carp
W
W
1/1
1/U
i/u
NA 25.5 80.5 USFWS 1981(1)
27 NA 153 USFWS 1981
5 NA 29 USFWS 1979
37 NA 290 USFWS 1979
NA = Not Analyzed
ND = Not Detected
U = Unknown
(1) Data for Additional Congeners in Table 15
E = Edible portion
W = Whole fish
CM
-------
Table 11
Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo Furan
In Lake Michigan Fish (ng/kg)
Location
Open Lake
Saugatuck
Green Bay
Grid 1001
Little Sturgen Bay
Strawberry Ck. WI
Gills Rock, WI
Sheboygan River
Kenosha, WI
Nearshore and Tributary
Waukegan Harbor
Green Bay
Kidney Is.
Little Sturgeon Bay
Milwaukee River
North Avenue
Sheboygan River
Fox River
Sampl e
Species Type
Lake Trout
Walleye
Walleye
Chinook
Lake Trout
Chinook
Lake Trout
Carp
Largemouth Bass
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
Carp
W
E
E
E
E
E
E
W
W
E
E
E
E
E
#of Samples/
#Fish Per Sampl
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/2
1/2
1/1
1/2
1/1
1/1
1/2
1/5
1/3
1/3
1/7
2,3,7,8
e TCDF
35
56
35
22
80
24
90
NA
NA
10
<10
<8
<10
<10
Total
TCDF
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
29
68
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total
PCDF
86
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
32
98
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Source
USFWS 1979(1)
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
USFWS 1981(1)
USFWS 1981(1)
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
NA = Not Analyzed
NO = Not Detected
U = Unknown
(1) Data for Additional Congeners in Table 15
E = Edible portion
W = Whole fish
-------
Nearshore and tributary samples were above detection limits for TCDF at
Waukegan Harbor (IL), and Kidney Island (Green Bay), ranging from in to
68 ng/kg (Table 11). Total PCDF was 32 and 98 ng/kg in the 2 samples in
which other PCDFs were analyzed. Tetra and penta PCDF were the dominant
congeners in these samples (Table 15).
Lake Erie
Two open lake (whole walleye) samples from Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair
contained 18 and 4 ng/kg TCDD and 40 and 12 ng/kg PCDF, respectively.
Nearshore and tributary samples from Port Clinton (MI), Woodtick (MI)
and Lake St. Clair yielded TCDD results ranging from 5 to 16 ng/kg
(Table 12). Total PCDF in the nearshore and tributary samples ranged
from 18 to 37 ng/kg with tetra and penta PCDF the dominant forms (Table
15).
Lake Ontario
The two open lake samples from Lake Ontario contained 19 and 34 ng/kg
TCDF (Table 13) respectively with total PCDF concentrations of 32 and
119 ng/kg, tetra CDF and penta CDF were the most abundant congeners.
No nearshore and tributary samples from Lake Ontario have been analyzed
for PCDF.
Midwestern Rivers and Lakes
Fish from 8 sites in Wisconsin, Illinois and Ohio have been analyzed for
PCDF (Table 14). Concentrations of TCDF range from ND in the single sample
from the Great Miami River to 45 ng/kg in Petenwell Flowage, Wisconsin.
The contribution of the various congeners to the total PCDF is given in
Table 15.
29
-------
Table 12
Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo Furan
In Lake Erie Fish (ng/kg)
Location
Open Lake
Cedar Point
Lake St. Clair
Anchor Bay
Nearshore and Tributary
Port Clinton, MI
Lake St. Clair
Woodtick, MI
Species
Walleye
Wai 1 ey
Carp
Catfish
Carp
Sampl e
Type
W
W
W
W
W
#of Samples/
#Fish Per Sample
1/5
1/5
1/3-5
1/U
1/3
2,3,7,8
TCDF
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total
TCDF
18
4
5
16
8
Total
PCDF
40
12
18
33
37
Source
USFWS
USFWS
USFWS
USEPA-Duluth
USEPA-Duluth
1979
1981
1979
1980
1980
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
NA = Not Analyzed
ND = Not Detected
U = Unknown
(1) Data for Additional Congeners in Table 15
E = Edible portion
W = Whole fish
-------
Table 13
Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo Furan
In Lake Ontario Fish (ng/kg)
Location
Open Lake
Oswego, N.Y
Roosevelt Beach
Species
Lake Trout
Brook Trout
Sampl e
Type
W
w
#of Samples/
#Fish Per Sample
1/5
1/1
2,3,7,8
TCDF
NA
NA
Total
TCDF
34
19
Total
PCDF
119
32
Source
USFWS 1979(1)
USFWS 1979(1)
NA = Not Analyzed
ND = Not Detected
U = Unknown
(1) Data for Additional Congeners in Table 15
E = Edible portion
W = Whole fish
-------
Table 14
Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo Furans
In Fish From Midwest Rivers and Lakes (ng/kg)
Location
Lake Pepin, WI
Wisconsin River
Mosinee Flowage
Petenwell Flowage
Castle Rock Flowage
Kaskusia River
Red Bud, OH
Scioto River
Chill icothe East, OH
Columbus, OH
(Southwest of)
(Northwest of)
Sample #of Samples/
Species Type #Fish Per Sample
Walleye
Carp
Carp
Buffalo
Walleye
Walleye
Carp
Carp
Carp
Walleye
Channel Cat/
Cat
Carp
Black Crappie/
Carp
Sucker/bass
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
1/3
1/3
1/5
1/7
1/1
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/6
1/U
1/U
i/u
1/U
2,3,7,8
TCDF
25
20
<15
15
15
45
25
25
30
16
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total
TCDF
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4
3
4
ND
Total
PCDF
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7
3
32
ND
Source
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
WDNR 1984
CM
USEPA-Duluth 1980(1) m
USEPA-Duluth 1980(1)
USEPA-Duluth 1980(1)
USEPA-Duluth 1980(1)
Great Miami River
Hooven, OH
Channel Cat/Carp E
1/U
NA
ND
USEPA-Duluth 1980(1)
NA = Not Analyzed
ND = Not Detected
U = Unknwon
(1) Data for Additional Congeners in Table 15
E = Edible portion
W = Whole fish
-------
ib
Location
Tittabawasse R.
(Below Dow)
Lake Michigan
Sagatuck
Waukegan Harbor
Lake Erie
Cedar Point
Port Clinton, MI
Lake St. Clair
Anchor Bay
St. Clair
Woodtick, MI
Lake Ontario
Roosevelt Beach
Oswego, NY
Polychlorinated Dibenzo Furans in Great Lakes and Midwest Fish (ng/kg)
Species __ Source 2cl 3d 4cl 5cl 6cl 7cl
8cl
Total
Lake Superior
Keweenaw
Apostle Islands
Isle Royal
Lake Siskiwit
Ontonogon
Copper Harbor
Lake Huron
Rockport
Saginaw Bay
Bay City
Grid 1509
Bloater
Lake
Lake
Lake
Lake
Lake
Carp
Carp
Trout
Trout
Trout
Trout
Trout
USFWS 1979
USFWS 1979
USFWS 1980
USEPA-Duluth 1980
USEPA-Duluth 1980
USFWS 1981
USFWS 1981
USFWS 1979
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
26
19
10
ND
2
25.5
27
5
9
5
5
ND
ND
28.5
44
12
2
5
ND
ND
ND
16
34
5
1
4
ND
ND
ND
6.5
44
6
2
3
Trace
ND
ND
4
4
1
40
40
15
ND
2
80.5
153
29
Carp
Lake Trout
Carp
Largemouth Bass
Walleye
Carp
Walleye
Catfish
Carp
Brook Trout
Lake Trout
USFWS 1979
NA NA
37
73
145
USFWS 1979
USFWS 1979
NA
NA
NA
NA
19
34
4
48
3
29
31
3
6
3
2
290
USFWS
USFWS
USFWS
USFWS
USFWS
USFWS
USEPA-Duluth
USEPA-Duluth
1979
1981
1981
1979
1979
1979
1980
1980
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
35
29
68
18
5
4
16
8
41
3
28
9
5
4
17
29
8
ND
2
6
2
<1
ND
ND
1
ND
ND
5
4
<1
ND
ND
1
ND
ND
2
2
3
ND
ND
86
32
98
40
18
12
33
37
32
119
00
ro
-------
Location
Table 15 Con't
Polychlorinated Dibenzo Furans in Great Lakes and Midwest Fish (ng/kg)
Species Source 2cl 3d 4cl 5cl 6cl 7cl
8cl
NA = Not Analyzed
ND = Not Detected
Total
Region V Rivers & Lakes
Kaskusia River
Red Bud, OH
Great Miami River
Hooven, OH
Scioto River
Columbus, OH
(Southwest of)
(Northwest of)
Chill icothe East, OH
Channel Cat/Carp
Channel Cat/Carp
Black Crappie/Carp
Sucker/Bass
Carp
USEPA-Duluth
USEPA-Duluth
USEPA-Dul uth
USEPA-Duluth
USEPA-Duluth
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
ND
2
1
ND
ND
3
ND
ND
ND
ND
4
ND
4
ND
ND
ND
ND
13
ND
3
ND
ND
9
ND
ND
ND
ND
5
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
7
2
32
ND
3
CO
-------
DISCUSSION
The collective PCDD and PCDF data base, while substantial, suffers from severe
limitations. Little coordination has existed between studies, resulting in
differences in species, sample portion, sample size, collection season and
parameters monitored. This is exacerbated in many cases by the absence of
accurate ancillary data such as length, weight and lipid content. The
emphasis of many studies on criteria compliance has resulted in most samples
being analyzed for only 2,3,7,8-TCDD, the only isomer of either group for
which criteria exist. The data for PCDD's and PCDF's other than 2,3,7,8-
tetra, is congener specific with no information on specific isomers.
These limitations preclude any rigorous analysis of data, however, some
generalizations may be made.
With the exception of Lake Ontario and Saginaw Bay, concentrations of 2,3,7,8-
TCDD in open lake samples are low, being at or near analytical detection
limits. Contamination in Saginaw Bay appears confined to the southern portion
of the Bay, primarily near and in the current pattern of the Saginaw River.
All areas of Lake Ontario were contaminated, with 59 percent of the samples
analyzed exceeding the NYDOH guideline of 10 ng/kg. The nearshore and
tributary data for TCDD indicate several localized areas of concern. These
include Grand River (Lake Michigan) Niagara River (Lake Ontario), Woodtick,
(Lake Erie), Huron River, MI, (Lake Erie), Port Clinton, MI (Lake Erie)
and Saginaw Bay and its tributaries the Saginaw, Tittabawassee and Pine
Rivers. Additional problem areas outside the Great Lakes Basin include
the Petenwell Flowage, area of the Wisconsin River and the Mississippi
River at St. Louis, Mo.
Beyond a level of consistency in study design that would allow geographical and
temporal comparisons, the most serious short comings of the existing data base are
the absence of isomer specific data on PCDD's other than 2,3,7,8-TCDD and a
lack of PCDF data.
35
-------
While most studies have been directed at 2,3,7,8-TCDD the limited data on
other PCDD congeners indicate that the contribution of TCDD to the total
PCDD varies widely and that frequently that contribution is small. In 18
of the 21 samples which have been analyzed for additional PCDD congeners,
TCDD represents less than 30 percent of the total PCDD concentration.
Penta CDD concentrations are frequently higher than TCDD.
Few samples have been analyzed for 2,3,7,8-TCDF and even fewer for other
PCDF congeners. However, those samples which have been analyzed indicate
that 2,3,7,8-TCDF occurs with alarming frequency. Over 80 percent of the
samples which have been analyzed contained 2,3,7,8-TCDF above analytical
detection limits. PCDF's occurred in both "nearshore and tributary" and
"open lake" species from each of the Great Lakes suggesting that PCDF's
may be ubiquitous in the Great Lakes system. This is also suggested
by its occurrence in fish from Lake Siskiwit (Isle Royal, Lake Superior)
(Stalling et at. 1983) where the most likely input route is atmospheric
deposition (Swain 1980).
The significance of the absence of data for PCDFs and for PCDDs other than
2,3,7,8-TCDD lies in the toxicity of specific isomers within each group.
It is well known that both dioxins and furans having 4 to 6 chlorines and
at least 3 lateral (2,3,7,8) positions substituted with chlorine are extremely
toxic (Jones 1981). Included in this group are 2,3,7,8-tetra-CDD, 1,2,3,7,8-
penta-CDD, 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexa-CDD, 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexa-CDD 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexa-CDD
as well as 2,3,7,8-tetra-CDF, 1,2,3,7,8-penta-CDF, 2,3,4,7,8-penta-CDF,
1,2,3,6,7,8-hexa-CDF 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexa-CDF and 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexa-CDF (Rappe
1984). Of these 2,3,7,8-tetra-CDD, 1,2,3,7,8-penta-CDD, 2,3,7,8-tetra-
CDF and 2,3,4,7,8-penta-CDF are particularly toxic with LD50 values for
guinea pigs less than 10 ug/kg (Rappe 1984).
36
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Due to the toxicity of PCDD's other than TCDD (partlcuarly penta CDD)
and the apparent wide spread occurrence of PCDF's, efforts should be
made to develop criteria and expand monitoring programs to include these
compounds.
37
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Table 16
Data Contributors
GLNPO/USFDA = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (Great Lakes National
Program Office) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Great Lakes Fish Monitoring Program, Great Lakes National
Program Office Chicago, Illinois
MOE = Ministry of the Environment Ontario,
Toronto, Ontario Canada
MSU = Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
NYDEC/NYDOH = State of New York Department of Environmental Conservation,
New York Department of Health
Albany, New York
Syntex Corp = Syntex Corp.
Palo Alto, California
USEPA-Duluth = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Research Laboratory
Duluth, Minnesota
USEPA = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
USFDA = U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Detroit, Michigan
USFWS = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Columia National Fisheries Laboratory
Columia, Missouri
WDNR = Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Madison, Wisconsin
WSU = Wright State University
Dayton, Ohio
38
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Literature Cited
Jones, P.A. 1981. Chlorophenol and their imparities in the Canadian Environment
Report EPA 3-EC-81-2. Environment Canada, Ottawa, Canada. 434 p.
O'Keefe, P., C. Meyer, D. Hilker, K. Aldous, B. Jelus-Tyror, K. Dillion,
R. Donnelly, E. Horn and R. Sloan. 1983. Analysis of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro-
Dibenzo-p-Dioxin in Great Lakes Fish. Chemosphere. 12: 325-332.
Poland, A., W.F. Greenlee and A.S. Kende. 1979. Studies on the Mechanism
of Action of the Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and related compounds.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 320: 214-230.
Rappe, C., H.R. Buser and H.P. Bosshardt. 1979. Dioxins, dibenzofurans
and other polyhalogenated Aromatics; Production, use, Formation and
destruction. Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci. 320:1-18.
Rappe, C. 1984. Analysis of Polychlorinated Dioxins and Furans. Eviron.
Sci. Technol. 18:78-91.
Rohrer, T.K., J.H. Hartig and j.C. Forney. 1981. Organochlorine and Heavy
Metal Residues inCoho an Chinook Salmon of the Great Lakes - 1980. MDNR
Publ. No. 3730-0031. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 23p.
Stalling, D.L., L.M. Smith, J.D. Petty, J.W. Hogan, J.L. Johnson, C. Rappe,
and H.R. Buser. 1983. Residues of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and
Dibenzofurans in Laurentian Great Lakes Fish. in. Human and Environmental
Risks of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds. R.E. Tucker, Alvin L.
Young and Allan P. Gray, Eds. Plenum Publishing Co.
Swain, W.R. 1980. Chlorinated Organic Residues in Fish, Water and Precipi-
tations From the Vicinity of Isle Royal, Lake Superior. J. Great Lakes
4:398-407.
39
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA - 905/3-84-006
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Polychlorinated Dioxins and Polychlorinated Furans
In Fish From The Great Lakes Midwest
5. REPORT DATE
October 1984
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
5GL
7. AUTHOR(S)
David DeVault III
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Great Lakes National Program Office
536 South Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois 60605
Chicago, Illinois 60605
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Great Lakes National Program Office
536 South Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois 60605
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Monitoring 1979-1983
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
Great Lakes National Program
Office, U.S. EPA, Region V
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
David DeVault, Project Officer
ABSTRACT "" "
Data on concentrations of polychlorinated dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated furans
(PCDF) in fish from the Great Lakes and midwest were compiled. While differences
in study design precluded rigorus analysis several observation were possible.
Most samples have been analyzed for only 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(2,3,7,8-TCDD). Those samples which were analyzed for other congeners indicate
that penta and hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins are more common than 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
PCDD may be ubiquitous in fish from the Great Lakes and midwest, occurring above
detection limits in over 80 percent of the samples analyzed. One of several
sites at which 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo furan (2,3,7,8-TCDF) was detected is Siswi
Lake (Isle Royal, Lake Superior), which suggests atmospheric deposition of PCDFs.
Areas of Concern (due to 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations) include the entire Lake
Ontario Basin, Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and the Saginaw River System, Grand
River (Lake Michigan), Niagara River (Lake Ontario), Lake Erie (at Woodtick,
Michigan), Huron River, Michigan (Lake Erie), Port Clinton, Michigan (Lake Erie),
Wisconsin River (at Pentenwell Flowage), and the Mississippi River (St. Louis, MO.).
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATl Field/Group
Polychlorinated furans
Polychlorinated dioxins
Fish contaminant
\ 19. SECURITY CLASS f This Report/
laTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Document is available to the public
through the National Technical ;20 SECURITY CLASSi,
Information Service (NTIS), Springfield,7A 22161
21. NO OF PAGES
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
ft U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1985-55S-S47/531
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