United States Environmental Protection Agency Program Office ^36 South Clark Street Chicago, Illinois 60605 EPA-905/4-78-003 Water Quality Studies Of Lower And Middle Green Bay, 1938-1977 ------- September, 1978 MATER QUALITY STUDIES OF LOWER AND MIDDLE GREEN BAY 1938 - 1977 by Judith Henningson Tim Coughlin Marc Phillips Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Madison, Wisconsin 53707 Grant No. R005332-01 Project Officer David C. Rockwell Great Lakes Surveillance & Research Staff Great Lakes National Program Office U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Chicago, Illinois 60605 GREAT LAKES NATIONAL PROGRAM OFFICE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 536. SOOTH CLSRK STREET, BQCM 932 CHICftGO, ILLINOIS 60605 ------- DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Great Lakes National Program Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ii ------- FOREWORD The Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPQ) of the United States Environmental Protection Agency was established in Region V, Chicago to focus attention on the significant and complex natural resource represented by the Great Lakes. GLNPO implements a multi-media environmental management program drawing on a wide range of expertise represented by Universities, private firms, State, Federal, and Canadian Governmental Agencies and the International Joint Commission. The goal of the GLNPO program is to develop programs, practices and technology necessary for a better understanding of the Great Lakes - Basin Ecosystem and to eliminate or reduce to the maximum extent practicable the discharge of pollutants into the Great Lakes system. The Office also coordi- nates U.S. actions in fulfillment of the Agreement between Canada and the United States of America on Great Lakes Water Quality of 1978. This study was supported by a GLNPO grant to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources to gather data on southern Green Bay and make it avail- able through the medium of a computerized data base. 111 ------- ABSTRACT Research with quantitative water quality data from Green Bay was located and evaluated by objective criteria. Data from "high priority" studies were entered Into Environmental Protection Agency computer systems (chemical data in STORE! and biological data in BIOSTORET). A summary of the data stored is presented. Using this data base, changes in Green Bay water quality were examined, but made difficult by deficiencies and inconsistencies in the different re- searchers sampling locations, frequencies, and methods. A sampling network is proposed that would correct the deficiencies and efficiently monitor water quality conditions in Green Bay. The data stored in the computer systems and the proposed sampling network provide background information for future research on Green Bay water quality. ------- CONTENTS Page Foreword . . . . . iii Abstract iv Figures . vi Tables vli Acknowledgements vi.il 1, Introduction 1 2. Conclusion ......... 2 3. Research data evaluated for computer storage ........ 3 4. Analysis of studies computerized 7 5. Proposed sampling network ..... ..... 34 References . 48 Appendices A. Comments on BIOSTORET 1. Data Entered on STORET C. Data Entered on BIOSTORET ------- FIGURES Number { Page 1. Stations with data in STORET 9 2. Data points in STORET 10 3. Regions of Green Bay for Figures 4-8 11 4. Dissolved ortho phosphates in Green Bay (summer) 12 5. Total phosphorus in Green Bay (summer) ......... 13 6. Transparency of Green Bay (summer) 14 7. Dissolved oxygen in Green Bay (winter) . 15 8. Dissolved oxygen in Green Bay (summer) 16 9. Physical areas of Green Bay 36 10. Proposed sampling network ..... 37 ------- TABLES Number 1. Studies considered for storage in STORE! and BIOSTORET systems . . 4 2. (A-L) Computerized data base 17 3. Physical areas of Green Bay 34 4. Recommended stations for Green Bay monitoring 38 5. (A-H) Proposed sampling network .... 39 Vll ------- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to acknowledge the cooperation of the researchers whose work is reflected here for their willingness to allow sharing of their data through automation, and for their help in bringing together the most pertinent information on Green Bay. People who were especially helpful are Dr. Larry N. Vanderhoef, University of Illinois, Urbana; and Dr. Paul Sager and Dr. James Wiersna, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay. ------- SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION The decline of the water quality of Green Bay and the subsequent aesthetic and economic losses has been a matter of concern for many years. This concern has spurred a great deal of research on the bay, but nowhere has the cream of this work been gathered and made available in one place. The purpose of this project was to store as much of the data as possible in the appropriate Environmental Protection Agency computer systems (chemical data in STORET, and biological data in BIOSTORET). The bulk of the results of this project are not in the pages of this report., but are stored in these systems. It is hoped the work accomplished and described here can be used by subsequent investigators as a quantitative reference. For a qualitative reference, The Green Bay Watershed, Past/Present/Future (Bertrand et al., 1976) gives an excellent review of conclusions of most of the studies computerized. Studies of Green Bay were identified which demit quantitatively with parameters of interest to researchers working on the evaluation of water quality. Within this group of studies, further restrictions were made and the studies most appropriate and valuable for long term computer storage were chosen. The data from these studies was then processed and entered into the STORET and BIOSTORET computer systems. Since some of these studies were either unpublished or unavailable for decades, the increased availability should be valuable. This new and composite data base was examined for strengths and weaknesses. Based on this examination, suggestions for future monitoring that will make better use of the data already available on changes in water quality of Green Bay have been provided. -1- ------- SECTION 2 CONCLUSION The data added to the STORET/BIOSTORET data base documents the changes In water quality In Green Bay from 1938 to 1977, An examination of the research data reveals varied approaches to sampling water quality parameters. By examining these approaches, deficiencies in the data base were detected and rectified in the proposed sampling network. Considerations of station location, sampling frequency, needed information, and monetary limitations were prime factors in assembling the proposed network. The value of this project is primarily for future researchers. If the proposed sampling network is followed and data stored in the computer system is used for comparison to sampled data, the results will have greater value to the scientific community. Thus strengthened, the data base will also be more useful to regulatory and management agencies. -2- ------- SECTION 3 RESEARCH DATA EVALUATED FOR COMPUTER STORAGE The first step of the project was to locate the sources and secure the release of data. Once a data set was secured and the methods of collection and analysis checked, the study was evaluated according to the Importance of its inclusion relative to other studies. A number of "high priority" studies were collected which represented a data base of sufficient breadth and depth to he included in the computer systems. The criteria for choosing the studies to computerize were 1) purpose of the study and subsequent nature and eittensiveness of the data, 2) reliability of the principal investigator, 3) lucidity of the data, and 4) degree of support of the data by previous and subsequent research. All studies considered for inclusion in the STORET and B10STORET systems are listed (Table 1) with the studies finally computerized followed by the system's name in parentheses. Studies not computerized had one or more of the following characteristics: 1) qualitatively valuable data, but quantitatively less precise than is generally considered appropriate for inclusion in computer storage, 2) questionable techniques, 3) inconsistent research data as compared to reliable, relevant data from other sources, 4) few data points for the amount of processing work involved, 5) impossibility of obtaining release of unpublished or unprocessed data from the investigators, and 6) studies unavailable in time for processing. Although the evaluation and ranking of the studies is a subjective procedure, attempts were made to objectify it by fixed criteria. -3- ------- TABLE 1. STUDIES.CONSIDERED FOR STOEAGE IM ST01ET AND BIOSTORET SYSTEMS Adams, M.S. AND W. Stone. 1973. Field studies on photosynthesis of Cladophora glomerata (Chlorophyta) in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Ecology 54(4)853-862. (STORE!) Allen, H.E. 1966. Seasonal variation of nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll a. in Lake Michigan and Green Bay, 1965, Contrib. 471 Great Lakes Fisheries Lab. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife: Tech. Pap. 70, 23 pp. (STORET) Balch, R.F., K.M. Mackenthum, W.M. Van Horn and T.F. Wisniewski. 1956. Biological studies of the Fox River and Green Bay, 1955-1956. Wisconsin State Comm. Water Poll. Bull. WP102, 74 pp. mimeo. Bott, T.L. 1968. Ecology of Clostrldium botullnum type E. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 85 pp. Gannon, J.E. 1972. Contributions to the ecology of zooplankton Crustacea of Lake Michigan and Green Bay. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 257 pp. Holland, R.E. 1969. Seasonal fluctuations of Lake Michigan diatoms. Limnol. and Oceanogr. 4:423-436. . and L.W. Claflln. 1975. Horizontal distribution of plank- tonic diatoms in Green Bay, mid-July 1970. Limnol. and Oceanogr. 20:365-378. Hewlett, G.F. 1974. The rooted aquatic vegetation of Green Bay with reference to environmental change. M.S. thesis, Syracuse University. Howffliller, R.P, 1971. The benthic maerofauna of Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin. 225 pp. (BIOSTOIET) .. and A.M. Beeton. 1972. Report on the cruise of the R/V NEESKAY in central Lake Michigan and Green Bay, 8-14 July, 1971. Center for Great Lake Studies, University of Wisconsin, Spec. Rept. 13, 70 pp. Lee, K.W. and A.I. Goldsby. 1974. Physical and biological interrelationships related to Green Bay Metropolitan sewage discharge plume in a complex coastal zone in lower Green Bay and the Fox River. Report to the Green Bay Metropolitan Sewage District. 75 pp. Leland, H.V. and N.F. Shimp. 1974. Distribution of selected trace metals in southern Lake Michigan and lower Green Bay. University of Illinois Water Resources Center, Research Rept. 84, 28 pp. Maase, M.H. 1978, Chironomldae of Green Bay. Personal communication. Neustadter, R. 1976. Unpublished report on the Fox River. WDNR. . 1977. Unpublished chemical data on the water and sediments of Green Bay. (STORET) Sager, P. and J. Wiersma. 1972. Nutrient discharges to Green Bay, Lake Michigan from the lower Fox River. Proc. 15th Conf. Great Lakes Research. I.A.G.L.R. pp. 132-148. (STORET) -4- ------- . 1975. Phosphorus sources for lower Green Bay, Lake Michigan. J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 47:504-514. (STORET) . 1977. Trophic status - lower Green Bay 1976-1977. Rept. to the Fox Valley Water Quality Planning Agency. 59 pp. (STORET) Schraufnagel, F.H., L.A. Lueschow, G. Karl, L.A. Montie, J. Lissack and J.R. McKersie. 1968. Report on an investigation of the pollution in the lower Fox River and Green Bay made during 1966 and 1967. WDNR, Internal Report. 47 pp. Schwartz, L.J., A.I. Goldsby and J. Wiersma. 1976. Biological, chemical and physical impacts of sewage effluent discharges in lower Green Bay. Rept. to Green Bay Metropolitan Sewage District. 88 pp. Sridharan, N. 1972. Aqueous environmental chemistry of phosphorus in lower Green Bay, Wisconsin. Ph.D. dissertation, water chemistry, University of Wisconsin. (STORET) Stewart, W.D.P., T. Mague, G.P. Fitzgerald and R.H. Burris. 1971. Nitrogenase activity in Wisconsin lakes of differing degrees of eutrophication. New Phytol. 70:497-509. Surber, E.W. and H.L. Cooley. 1952. Bottom fauna studies of Green Bay, Wisconsin in relation to pollution. U.S. Public Health Service and Wisconsin State Comm. Water Pollution, 77 pp. mimeo. (BIOSTORET) U.S. Department of Interior. 1967. Green Bay Pilot Study. Fed. Water Poll. Cont. Adm. Great Lakes Region, Chicago, Illinois. 34 pp. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1969. Green Bay Pilot Study. Appendix A9 in dredging and water quality problems in the Great Lakes. Summary report, Buffalo district. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1975. Maintenance dredging and contained disposal of dredge materials at Green Bay harbor, Wisconsin. Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Chicago District. 28 pp. Vanderhoef, L.N., B. Dana, D. Enerich, and R.M. Burris. 1972. Acetylene reduction in relation to levels of phosphate and fixed nitrogen in Green Bay. New Phytol. 71:1097-1105. (STORET and BIOSTORET) Vanderhoef, L.N, C.Y. Huang, R. Musil and J. Williams. 1974. Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) by phytoplankton in Green Bay, Lake Michigan in relation to nutrient concentrations. Limnol. and Oceanogr. 19:119-125. (STORET and BIOSTORET) Veith, G.D. 1975. Baseline concentrations of polychlorinated blphenyls and DDT in Lake Michigan fish, 1971.* Pesticides Monitoring J. 9(l):21-29. (BIOSTORET) Wisconsin Public Service Corporation. 1974. Effects of Wisconsin's Public Service Corporation's Pulliam power plant on lower Green Bay, January 1973- December 1973. 483 pp. (STORET and BIOSTORET) Wisconsin Public Service Corporation. 1976. J.P. Pulliam power plant 316(a) demonstration type 1: Absence of prior appreciable harm. 378 pp. (STORET and BIOSTORET) ------- Wisconsin State Committee on Water Pollution. 1939. Investigation of the pollution of the Fox and East Rivers and Green Bay in the vicinity of the city of Green Bay. Madison, Wisconsin. 242 pp. (STORET) Yaguchi, E.M., B.J. Walker and J.S. Marshall. 1974. Plutonium distribution in Lake Michigan biota. Proc, 17th Conf. Great Lakes Res., pp. 150-157, I.A.G.L.R. -6- ------- SECTION 4 ANALYSIS OF STUDIES COMPUTERIZED It is only necessary to glance through a few of the studies computerized (summarized in table 2, A-L) to see how difficult an attempt to generate a holistic picture of the Green Bay data base can be. Some problems encountered are: 1) Sample values are not comparable because investigators used different techniques to test for the same parameter. 2) Researchers, thinking of their studies as self contained units rather than in a historical context, were often quite casual in identifying the exact locations of their stations. When in doubt whether to combine two stations or to keep the data sets separate, the latter was done. This deprives the data base of continuity. One excellent data set used three overlapping, but not identical, sets of stations (Vanderhoef, 1972, 1974). 3) Many areas of lower Green Bay have stations every few hundred feet, while other areas have been virtually ignored (Figure 1). During the 1970's there was intensive sampling of Green Bay (Figure 2). The data base for this period is extensive, despite the low efficiency of gathering data. Since 1975, controls on effluents entering Green Bay have been introduced and enforced, but the sampling effort has declined. Improvement in the water quality is not as easily documented because of this. There is little water chemistry data in 1976 and 1977 from north of Long Tail Point and there has been no large scale biological sampling since 1975. It is clear from the data that Green Bay was already experiencing a serious decline in uater quality by 1938. The Burrowing Mayfly •vHexagenia), once so common in the area it was a pest at emergence, was already declining in numbers. By 1952 Hexagenia had nearly disappeared, and even tolerant species such as Sludgeworms (Plesiopora) were being reduced in number by the pollution near the mouth of the Fox River. By 1969 the mouth of the Fox River was a biological desert for invertebrates. Heavy blooms of diatom species characteristic of highly eutrophic waters were no longer confined to inner Green Bay, but extended to the Brown County line. More extensive analysis of the biological data is not presently feasible due to the problems with the BIOSTORET system (see appendix for elaboration of the problems). Comparisons of the water chemistry data can be made for the more extensively sampled parameters. The comparisons reveal short term fluctuations in lower Green Bay values due, in part, to changing levels of the Fox River (a major source of pollutants) and long term trends indicating improved water quality of lower Green Bay. Trends in middle Green Bay are not as distinct and can be Interpreted variously. Figures 4 thru 8 represent the data which showed trends over the periods of the study. For purposes of this analysis, the bay is divided into 10 regions as shown in Figure 3. The graphs show mean values for years where at least 5 measure- ments were available. Lower Green Bay, regions 1-7, is represented by solid lines on the graphs. Regions 8-10, represented by dashed lines, divide middle Green Bay. Orthophosphate levels (Figure 4) show fluctuations relating to Fox River flow values (the lower the flow rate, the greater the concentration of nutrients entering Green Bay), but the dramatic drop between the 1971-72 and 1973-74 periods is due (in part) to phosphorus controls. No return to the high values of 1971-72 occurs in 1975-77 when the flow values again drop. Since little total phosphorus data from before 1973 is stored in STORET, an expected drop in total phosphorus -7- ------- between 1972 and 1973 cannot be detected, and only a gradual increase from 1973 to 1977 due to decreasing Fox River flows is shown (Figure 5). Both total phosphorus and orthophosphate values are generally highest near the Fox River mouth, decrease as the distance from the Fox River increases, and due to the counterclockwise currents in Green Bay are usually higher in eastern Green Bay at comparable distances from the Fox River as compared to western Green Bay. Secchi disc depths for lower Green Bay indicate a relationship to Fox River flow rates (Figure 6). Increased flow rates result in lower concentrations of suspended particulate matter and less extensive algal blooms, causing greater clarity in lower Green Bay. Values generally increased as the distance from the Fox River mouth increased. Dissolved oxygen values (Figure 7) are usually lower in eastern Green Bay away from the Fox River (Regions 5,7,9). During the winter the Fox River has high amounts of dissolved oxygen, but also large amounts of organic compounds. As the organic load moves into eastern Green Bay, its oxygen demand reduces oxygen levels in ice-covered Green Bay. An exception to this pattern occured in the winter of 1976-77 when ice conditions and low Fox River flow rates resulted in low dissolved oxygen values over most of lower Green Bay. There is a trend towards increased dissolved oxygen in summer (Figure 8) indicating the positive effect of effluent controls. The 1977 values for region 1 (near the Fox River mouth) are almost double the values from 1939. -8- ------- SCALES! =375000 Q] s STORE! STATION FIGURE 1. STATIONS WITH DATA IN S1ORET ------- 9000- 8000- 7000- 6000- g, 5000- 1 4000- I 3000- 2000- tooo- l> • * M ' ' ' ' ' ' •••' 1— "1 . —- J ^^••f MHMBMI ••«•••• K»58 IMS 1975 YEAi FIGURE 2, DATA POINTS IN SfORET -10- ------- ^' M / / .'-/ ;' ', '' '" ^^-ao-'' //It' 1-7SLOWER BAY 8-10=MIDDLE BAY OTT FIGURE 3. REGIONS OF GREEN BAY FOR FIGURES 4-8 -11- ------- o « ,••• v p-5000 -4000 -3000 -2300 -WOO «fl z ui J08- £ .06- 6 ! o ,04- .02- •10 JUNE 1-AUGUST 31 FIGURE 4. DISSOLVED ORTHOPHOSPHATES IN GREEN SAY (SUMMER) -12- ------- .25-1 .20- £ to I 8 i ,15- .10- JD5- '-•8 DC •4000 g 1-3000 h2000 £ 2 -1000 '-•10 I 1977 JUNE 1-AUGUST 31 FIGURE 5. TOTAL PHOSPHORUS IN GREEN BAY (SUMMER) -13- ------- o o O O •10 -6000 -4000 CL > at O ft -2000 —0 Z 2— •9 i z ID , 1969 I 1971-72 197: r>74 1975-76 1977 JUNE 1-AUGUST 31 FIGURE 6. TRANSFfcRENCY OF GREEN BAY (SUMMER) -14- ------- 12H ioH Z _J D 6- tu i/t 5 Z 2—i 193*09 197>» 19/4-75 DEC 1-MARCH 31 1976-77 raooo [-6000 MOOO 1-2000 1-0 8 Z I FIGURE 7! WSSCXVED OXYOEN IN GREEN BAY (WINTER) -15- ------- 10- 8-1 0 UJ 5 Z I 2-1 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 00 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 00 1939 I 1972 i - ~r - j— 1975-76 1977 1-6000 DC UJ —2000 «"»"" u- cl 1 Z < LU -0 UNI 1-AUGUST 31 FIGURE 8. DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN GREEN BAY (SUMMER) -16- ------- TABLE 2A. COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE Publication from data: Adams and Stone, 1973. Dates data taken: June 8, 1971 to August 19, 1971. System used: STORET STORET Station Code Number Latitude (deg./win./sec.) Longitude (deg. /min./sec.) 053295 053296 053297 STORET Parameter Code Number 10 30 94 400 410 610 620 665 666 671 44/41/47 44/36/10.4 44/34/20.1 87/59/13.6 87/59/17.3 87/54/04.9 Parameter Tested Water Temperature (°C) Incident Light (C/cro2/D) Specific Field Conductance (umhos/cm) pH (standard units) Total Alkalinity (mg/1 as CaCOs) Ammonia (mg/1 as N) Nitrate (mg/1 as N) Phosphorus (mg/1) Dissolved Phosphorus (mg/1 as P) Dissolved orthophosphate (mg/1 as P) -17- ------- TABLE 2B. COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE Publication from data: Allen, 1966. Dates data taken: April 28, 1965 to November 5, 1965. System used: STORET STORET Station Code Number Latitude (dee./rain./sec.) 153072 Parameter Code Number Longitude (deg. /min./sec._)_ 631 32210 70505 70506 44/48/17.5 87/43/31.9 Parameter Tested Dissolved Nitrite plus Nitrate (mg/1 as N) Chlorophyll A-Trichomatic uncorrected (mg/D Phosphate - Colorimetric (mg/1 as P) Soluble Phosphate - Colorimetric (mg/1 as P) -18- ------- TABLE 2C. COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE Publication from data: Howmiller, 1971. Dates data taken: October 20, 1966 to May 3, 1971. System used: BIOSTORET BIOSTORET Station Code Number Latitude (deg./mln./see.) Longitude (dee./rain./sec.) 053241 053242 053243 053244 053245 053246 053247 053248 053249 053250 053324 053325 053326 053327 053328 053329 053330 053331 053332 053333 053334 053335 053336 053337 053338 053339 053340 053341 053342 053343 053344 053345 053346 053347 053348 053349 053350 053351 053352 053353 053354 053355 153041 44/32/50 44/33/21 44/33/58 44/34/48 44/35/20 44/35/42 44/36/24 44/37/17 44/38/17 44/39/06 44/23/25 44/32/25 44/32/25 44/32/25 44/33/17 44/33/17 44/33/17 44/33/17 44/33/17 44/34/08 44/34/08 44/34/59 44/34/59 44/34/59 44/35/51 44/35/51 44/35/51 44/35/51 44/36/43 44/36/43 44/36/43 44/36/43 44/36/43 44/37/35 44/37/35 44/37/35 44/37/37 44/37/35 44/37/35 44/37/35 44/38/27 44/38/27 44/45/18 88/00/00 87/59/37 87/59/24 87/58/48 87/57/50 87/57/06 87/56/29 87/56/15 87/54/34 87/54/00 88/00/09 87/58/34 87/57/22 87/56/10 87/59/45 87/58/34 87/57/22 87/56/10 87/54/58 87/56/10 87/54/58 87/59/45 87/58/34 87/57/22 87/59/45 87/58/34 87/57/22 87/56/10 87/58/34 87/57/22 87/56/10 87/53/47 87/52/35 87/59/45 87/58/34 87/57/22 87/56/10 87/54/58 87/53/47 87/52/35 87/59/45 87/54/58 87/47/10 -19- ------- BIOSTORET Station Code Number Latitude (deg./min./sec.) Longitude (dee./min./sec.) 153042 153043 153044 153045 153046 153047 153048 433211 433212 433213 433214 433215 433216 433217 433218 433219 44/44/27 44/43/33 44/51/56 44/51/14 44/50/32 44/49/55 44/39/57 44/43/18 44/42/20 44/41/36 44/48/57 44/47/03 44/46/10 44/53/59 44/53/20 44/52/40 87/45/44 87/44/18 87/43/02 87/41/08 87/39/15 87/37/36 87/48/24 87/54/20 87/52/20 87/50/22 87/51/30 87/50/00 87/48/33 87/48/42 87/46/53 87/45/00 -20- ------- TABLE 2D. COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE Publication from data: Neustadter, 1977. Dates data taken: January 31, 1977 to March 3, 1977. System used: STORE! STORIT Station Code Number Latitude (dee./min./sec.) Longitude (deg./min./sec.) 053005 053007 053008 053010 053012 053013 053014 053016 053017 053018 053019 053020 053021 053022 053023 053024 053025 053027 053028 053031 053032 053254 053335 STORE! Parameter Code Number 10 299 1003 1008 1028 1029 1068 1093 1148 71921 44/32/55 87/58/56 44/34/48 87/58/37 44/34/14 87/57/26 44/35/00 87/56/58 44/37/53 87/55/02 44/37/30 87/53/35 44/37/08 87/52/12 44/40/16 87/52/39 44/39/41 87/51/05 44/38/59 87/49/14 44/39/06 87/49/58 44/32/10 87/59/00 44/32/03 87/57/05 44/32/27 87/56/02 44/33/04 8*7/57/08 44/33/26 87/55/37 44/34/16 87/55/05 44/35/44 87/54/16 44/37/34 87/51/02 44/36/43 87/58/21 44/38/10 87/57/39 44/32/37 87/58/00 44/34/59 87/59/45 Parameter tested Water Temperature (°C) Dissolved Oxygen-electrode (mg/1) Arsenic-bottom deposits (rag/kg) Barium-bottom deposits (mg/kg) Cadmium-bottom deposits (mg/kg) Chromium-bottom deposits (mg/kg) Nickel-bottom deposits (mg/kg) Zinc-bottom deposits (mg/kg) Selenium-bottom deposits (mg/kg) Mercury-bottom deposits (mg/kg) -21- ------- TABLE 2E. COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE Publications from data: Sager & Wiersma 1972, 1975, 1977 Dates data taken: June 17, 1969 to August 22, 1977. System used: STORET STORET Station Code Number Latitude (deg. /min../aec. Longitude (dee./min./sec.) 053003 053004 053005 053006 053007 053008 053009 053010 053011 053012 053015 053022 053024 053025 053026 053028 053032 053034 053251 053253 053254 053255 053256 053257 053258 053259 053260 053261 053262 053263 053265 053269 053270 053271 053272 053273 053274 053275 053276 053277 053278 053279 053280 053281 44/32/25 44/33/08 44/32/55 44/33/53 44/34/48 44/34/14 44/35/26 44/35/00 44/36/46 44/37/53 44/39/22 44/32/27 44/33/26 44/34/16 44/35/03 44/37/34 44/38/10 44/37/14 44/33/25 44/32/28 44/32/37 44/35/00 44/33/06 44/34/40 44/35/46 44/36/18 44/38/51 44/37/09 44/36/37 44/40/41 55/35/10 44/39/53 44/38/32 44/32/26 44/32/31 44/32/36 44/32/40 44/32/46 44/32/47 44/32/47 44/32/50 44/33/00 44/33/12 44/33/38 88/00/14 87/59/53 87/58/56 87/59/21 87/58/37 87/57/26 87/59/46 87/56/58 87/55/42 87/55/02 87/53/49 87/56/02 87/55/37 87/55/05 87/55/05 87/51/02 87/57/39 87/59/21 88/00/20 88/00/18 87/58/00 88/00/10 87/50/50 87/55/11 87/56/31 87/57/56 87/59/30 87/54/52 87/53/23 87/57/16 87/57/51.5 87/55/35 87/53/27 87/59/42 87/59/00 87/59/39 87/59/48 88/00/00 87/57/13 88/00/28 87/59/09 87/59/23 88/00/42 87/58/32 -22- ------- STORET Station Code Number Latitude (deg./min./sec.) Longitude (d eg. /tain, /sec.) 053283 053284 053285 053324 053350 433220 44/33/58 44/34/26 44/35/14 44/32/25 44/37/35 44/40/41 87/56/32 87/59/05 87/59/30 88/00/09 87/56/10 87/52/20 STORET Parameter Code Number Parameter tested 10 76 78 94 300 301 340 341 403 410 608 631 660 665 671 32211 32218 71886 71889 Water Temperature (°C) Turbldity-Hach (Formazin Turb Unit) Transparency-Secchi disk (m) Specific Field Conductance (umhos/cm) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/1) Dissolved Oxygen (I saturation) Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/1) Chemical Oxygen Demand-dissolved (mg/1) pH-lab (standard units) Alkalinity (mg/1 as CaCOa) Ammonia (mg/1 as N) Nitrite plus Nitrate (mg/1 as N) Orthophosphate (mg/ as P04) Phosphorus (mg/1 as P) Dissolved Orthophosphate (mg/1 as P) Chlorophyll A-Spectrophotometrie (mg/1) Pheophytin A-Spectrophotometrie (mg/1) Phosphorus (mg/1 as P04) Soluble Orthophosphate (mg/1 as P04) -23- ------- TABLE 2F. COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE Publication from data; Sridharan, 1972. Dates data taken: October 28, 1968 to October 6, 1969. System used: STORET STORET Station Code Numbers Latitude Cdeg./min,/sec.) Longitude (deg./min./s ec.) 053298 053299 053300 053301 053302 053303 053304 053305 053306 053307 053308 053309 053310 433226 433227 433228 STORET Parameter Code Number 10 94 299 400 410 665 667 668 671 673 687 693 916 917 924 927 929 940 1053 1108 1170 70318 44/34/48 88/00/21.1 44/34/48 88/00/43.7 44/34/25 88/01/06.3 44/32/25 87/59/49 44/33/10 87/56/23.8 44/32/23.8 87/57/46.2 44/35/33 88/00/04 44/35/56 87/59/49 44/36/14 87/56/55.5 44/36/50 87/56/52 44/38/10 87/59/08.2 44/38/14 87/54/30 44/40/12 87/50/33 44/45/07.3 87/51/23.5 44/50/26.5 87/48/32.5 44/52/27.4 87/42/30 Parameter tested Water Temperature (°C) Specific Field Conductance (umhos/cm) Dissolved Oxygen-electrode (mg/1) pH (standard units) Total Alkalinity (mg/1 as CaCOa) Phosphorus (mg/1 as P) Phosphorus-suspended (mg/1) Phosphorus-bottom deposits (mg/kg) Dissolved Orthophosphate (mg/1 as P) Dissolved Phosphorus (mg/1 as P) Organic Carbon-bed (gm/kg) Organic and Inorganic Carbon- bottom deposits (gm/kg) Calcium (mg/1) Calcium-bottom deposits (mg/kg) Magnesium-bottom deposits (mg/kg) Magnesium (mg/1) Sodium (mg/1) Chloride (mg/1 as Cl) Manganese-bottom deposits (mg/kg) Aluminum-bottom deposits (mg/kg) Iron-bottom deposits (mg/kg) Solids (% of wet sample) -24- ------- TABLE 2G. COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE Publication from data: Surber and Cooley, 1952. Dates data taken: May 26, 1952 to November 5, 1952. System used: BIOSTORET Latitude BIOSTORST Station Code Number Cdeg./min./sec Longitude (deg./min./sec.) 053241 053242 053243 053244 053245 053246 053247 053248 053249 053250 153041 153042 153043 153044 153045 153046 153047 153048 433211 433212 433213 433214 433215 433216 433217 433218 433219 44/32/50 44/33/21 44/33/58 44/34/48 44/35/20 44/35/42 44/36/24 44/37/17 44/38/17 44/39/06 44/45/18 44/44/27 44/43/33 44/51/56 44/51/14 44/50/32 44/49/55 44/39/57 44/43/18 44/42/20 44/41/36 44/48/57 44/47/03 44/46/10 44/53/59 44/53/20 44/52/40 88/00/00 87/59/37 87/59/24 87/58/48 87/57/50 87/57/06 87/56/29 87/56/15 87/54/34 87/54/00 87/47/10 87/45/44 87/44/18 87/43/02 87/41/08 87/39/15 87/37/36 87/48/24 87/54/20 87/52/20 87/50/22 87/51/30 87/50/00 87/48/33 87/48/42 87/46/53 87/45/00 -25- ------- TABLE 2H. COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE Publications from data: Vanderhoef et al, 1972, 1974. Dates data taken: June 9, 1971 to August 25, 1973. System used: BIOSTORET and STORET BIOSTORET and STORET Station Code Number Latitude Cdeg./min./sec.) Longitude (deg./min./sec.) 053242 053250 053336 053362 053400 153071 153111 433242 44/33/21 44/39/06 44/35/00 44/32/21 44/35/39.7 44/41/12 44/52/02.7 44/59.07.3 87/59/37 87/54/00 87/58/38 88/00/18 87/57/00 87/51/44 87/38/17.8 87/34/26.2 STORET Parameter Code Number Parameter tested 10 20 35 36 94 299 600 610 615 620 671 Water Temperature (°C) Air Temperature (°C) Wind Velocity (M.P.H.) Wind Direction ( ° true North) Specific Field Conductance (umhos/cm) Dissolved Oxygen-electrode (mg/1) Nitrogen (mg/1) Ammonia (mg/1 as N) Nitrite (mg/1 as N) Nitrate (mg/1 as N) Dissolved Orthophosphate (mg/1 as P) -26- ------- TABLE 21. COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE Publication from data: Veith, 1975, Hates data taken: July 21, 1971 to November 1, 1971. System used: BIOSTORET Latitude Longitude BIOSTOSST Station Code Number (deg./min. /sec.) (deg./min./sec.) 153073 45/04/00 87/31/00 433225 44/50/00 87/46/00 -27- ------- TABLE 2J. COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE Publication from data: W.P.S, 1974. Dates data taken: January 25, 1973 to November 11, 1973. System used: BIOSTORET and STOlEf BIOSTORET and STORET Station Code Number Latitude (deg./min.Isec.) Longitude (deg./min./sec.) 053003 053004 053005 053006 053008 053009 053010 053022 053025 053051 053254 053256 053271 053272 053273 053274 053275 053276 053277 053278 053279 053280 053281 053282 053283 053284 053285 STORET Parameter Code Number 10 76 80 94 300 403 410 530 608 613 618 625 44/32/25 88/00/14 44/33/08 87/59/53 44/32/55 87/58/56 44/33/53 87/59/21 44/34/14 87/57/26 44/35/26 87/59/46 44/35/00 87/56/58 44/32/27 87/56/02 44/34/16 87/55/05 44/33/25 88/00/20 44/32/37 87/58/00 44/33/06 87/50/50 44/32/26 87/59/42 44/32/31 87/59/00 44/32/36 87/59/39 44/32/40 87/59/48 44/32/46 87/00/00 44/32/47 87/57/13 44/32/47 88/00/28 44/32/50 87/59/09 44/33/00 87/59/23 44/33/12 88/00/42 44/33/38 87/58/32 44/33/57 88/01/10 44/33/58 87/56/32 44/34/26 87/59/05 44/35/14 87/59/20 Parameter tested Water Temperature (°C) Turbidity-Hach (Formazin Turb. Units) Color (platinum-cobalt units) Specific Field Conductance (umhos/cm) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/1) pH (standard units) Alkalinity (mg/1 as CaCOO Residue-nonfiltrable (mg/1) Ammonia (mg/1 as N) Dissolved Nitrite (mg/1 as N) Dissolved Nitrate (mg/1 as N) Nltrogen-Kjeldahl (mg/1) -28- ------- STORET Parameter Code Number^-:-i__ Parameter tested 665 Phosphorus (mg/1) 671 Dissolved Orthophosphate (mg/1 as P) 680 Organic Carbon (mg/1) 685 Inorganic Carbon (mg/1) 690 Carbon (mg/1) 915 Calcium (mg/1) 925 Dissolved Magnesium (mg/1) 930 Dissolved Sodium (mg/1) 935 Dissolved Potassium (mg/1) 940 Chloride (mg/1) 946 Dissolved Sulfate (mg/1) 955 Dissolved Silica (mg/1) 956 Silica (mg/1) 74010 Iron (mg/1) -29- ------- TABLE 2K. COMPUTERIZE) DATA BASE Publication from data: W.P.S, 1976. Dates data taken: September 17, 1974 to August 18, 1975. System used: BIOST01ET and STORET BIOSTORET and STORET Station Code Number Latitude (deg./mln./sec. Longitude (d_eg. /mln. / s ec.) 053311 053312 053313 053314 053316 053318 053319 053320 053321 053323 44/32/14 44/32/13 44/32/30 44/32/28 44/32/50 44/33/19 44/32/30 44/32/23 44/33/04 44/32/09 88/00/25 88/00/28 88/00/28 88/00/26 88/00/47 88/00/51 87/59/49 87/59/52 87/58/20 87/58/56 STORET Parameter Code Number Parameter tested 10 76 94 300 301 310 370 400 410 530 550 605 610 620 665 671 680 740 745 916 927 929 940 945 Water Temperature (°C) Turbidity-Hach (Fonnazln Turb. Units) Specific Field Conductance (umhos/an) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/1) Dissolved Oxygen (% saturation) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (mg/1/5 day) Chlorine Demand pH (standard units) alkalinity (mg/1 as Residue-nonfiltrable (mg/1) Oil and Grease-Soxhlet (mg/D Organic Nitrogen (mg/1) Ammonia (mg/1 as N) Nitrate (mg/1 as N) Phosphorus (mg/1) Dissolved Orthophosphate (mg/1 as P) Organic Carbon (mg/1) Sulfite (mg/1) Sulfide (mg/1) Calcium (mg/1) Magnesium (mg/1) Sodium (mg/1) Chloride (mg/1) Sulfate (mg/1) -30- ------- STORE! Parameter Code Number Parameter tested 950 955 1002 1012 1022 1027 1032 1034 1042 1045 1051 1055 1067 1092 1147 31613 31673 32730 50060 50064 70300 71900 Dissolved Fluoride (mg/1) Dissolved Silica (mg/1) Arsenic (ug/1) Berylium (ug/1) Boron (ug/J.) Cadmium (ug/1) Chromium-hexavalent (ug/1) Chromium (ug/1) Copper (ug/1) Iron (ug/1) Lead (ug/1) Manganese (ug/1) Nickel (ug/1) Zinc (ug/1) Selenium (ug/1) Fecal Coliform-agar (num./lOO ml) Fecal Streptoeocei-agar (num./lOO ml) Phenolics-recoverable (ug/1) Chlorine-residual (mg/1) Chlorine-free available (mg/1) Residue-filtrable (mg/1) Mercury (ug/1) -31- ------- TABLE 2L. COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE Publication from data: Wisconsin State Committee on Water Pollution, 1939. Dates data taken: October 4, 1938 to October 5, 1939. System used: STORET Latitude STORET Station Code Number (deg./min./sec.) Longitude (deg./min./sec.) 053251 053259 053360 053362 053367 053386 053387 053388 053389 053390 053391 053392 053393 053394 053395 053396 053397 053398 053399 053400 053406 053408 053409 053410 053411 053412 053413 053414 053415 053416 053417 053418 053419 053420 053421 053422 053423 053424 053425 053426 053427 053428 053429 053430 053431 44/33/25 44/36/18 44/39/07 44/32/21 44/32/36 44/33/34.2 44/36/35.2 44.35/48.3 44/35/28 44/36/18 44/36/42 44/35/17 44/38/43.7 44/38/12.9 44/37/58.5 44/34/03.2 44/33/53.6 44/34/56 44/34/30.1 44/35/39.7 44/30/07.5 44/32/06 44/32/58.4 44/33/06.5 44/32/52.3 44/33/18 44/38/51.1 44/36/36.6 48/38/42 44/38/38 44/38/57 44/40/22 44/39/45.5 44/35/00 44/35/17.7 44/34/41.3 44/34/27.6 44/34/24.2 44/34/21.8 44/37/08.4 44/37/27.8 44/38/36.2 44/37/26.4 44/37/47.3 44/38/06.2 88/00/20 87/57/56 87/54/03 88/00/18 87/55/58 87/56/13.3 87/55/00 87/54/09.6 87/54/36.2 87/54/11 87/53/54.1 87/59/24 87/57/37.9 87/56/40.5 88/00/08.6 87/58/25 87/59/00 87/59/27 87/58/00.1 87/57/00.4 88/00/30.3 87/58/36 87/58/52.9 87/59/37.1 87/57/28.6 87/59/50 87/55/48.1 87/58/21.8 87/46/14.4 87/45/59 87/46/44 87/48/33 87/55/11.6 87/57/43.3 87/57/55.5 87/54/58 87/54/47.8 87/55/13.3 87/55/03.1 87/51/47.8 87/50/14.1 87/49/233.8 87/52/16.6 87/52/40.4 87/53/30.9 -32- ------- STORE! Station Code Number Latitude (deg./min./sec.) Longitude (dee./min./sec.) 053432 053433 053434 053435 053436 053437 053438 053439 053440 053441 053442 053443 053444 053445 053446 053447 053448 153098 153099 153100 153101 153102 153103 153104 153105 153106 153107 153108 153109 153110 433226 433233 433234 433235 433236 433237 433238 433239 433240 433241 STORE! Parameter Code Number 10 80 300 301 310 400 410 500 505 613 618 625 44/38/27.4 87/53/30.9 44/38/46.7 87/53/51.7 44/37/20.1 87/55/32 44/34/44.1 87/58/54.1 44/34/30.2 87/58/57.2 44/33/04 87/56/52.1 44/35/47 87/57/06.6 44/35/43 87/55/44.7 44/35/01 87/56/18.2 44/34/20.5 87/57/09.7 44/39/44.1 87/49/30.4 44/39/11.6 87/50/26.9 44/40/00 87/51/48.7 55/50/22 87/45/00 44/32/48.8 87/59/49.5 44/32/00 87/58/38 44/32/40 87/59/34.3 44/46/57.6 87/41/04.3 44/41/34 87/50/16 44/43/15.1 87/49/33.6 44/41/50.9 87/47/09.1 44/44/30.5 87/47/50.3 44/43/03.4 87/45/50.7 41/41/37.3 87/43/42.8 44/45/58.8 87/46/07.1 44/44/50.9 87/44/48.6 44/43/57.2 87/43/20 44/45/24.3 87/52/11.8 44/46/19.1 87/43/28.6 44/47/13.8 87/44/45.7 44/45/07.3 87/51/23.5 44/42/11 87/51/07.4 44/43/57.8 87/53/40.5 44/41/44.7 87/56/58.9 44/40/45 87/53/14 44/42/41.3 87/55/32.8 44/45/10.1 87/52/19.6 44/45/45.6 87/49/34.3 44/47/04.7 87/47/51.4 44/48/22.7 87/46/15.7 Parameter tested Water Temperature (°C) Color (platinum-cobalt units) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/1) Dissolved Oxygen (% saturation) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (mg/1/5 day) pH (standard units) Alkalinity (mg/1 as CaC03) Residue (mg/1) Residue-volatile (mg/1) Dissolved Nitrite (mg/1 as N) Dissolved Nitrate (mg/1 as N) Nitrogen-Kjeldahl (mg/1) -33- ------- SECTION 5 PROPOSED SAMPLING NETWORK The sampling effort used in a Green Bay monitoring program should be constructed to give an adequate, efficient coverage of the water quality of the area. Representation of the different physical, chemical and biological regions of Green Bay must be achieved. Physical regions are shown (Figure 9) and described (Table 3}. The biological and chemical regions of Green Bay (defined by previous biological and chemical sampling) can be identified from the data base (Table 2, A-L). TABLE 3. PHYSICAL AREAS OF BAY Figure 9 Number 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) Description Fox River mouth Fox River mouth to near Bay Beach Park Navigational channel to east shore and Long Tail Point - Point Sable bar Dead Horse Bay and Duck Creek area Point Sable to navigational channel East shore near Red Banks East shore near Dyckesville Near 10 mile entrance light West shore, Long Tall Point to Little Suamico mouth West shore near Pensaukee River mouth 10 mile entrance light to Little Sturgeon Bay East shore southwest of Little Sturgeon Bay East shore near Little Sturgeon Bay West shore near Oconto River mouth West shore near Peshtlgo River mouth West shore of Sturgeon Bay Little Sturgeon Bay to Green Island The network design must be simple to allow dependability of sampling under various weather conditions and increase time and cost efficiency. The safety of personnel and equipment should not be compromised, by sampling stations located near navigational hazards such as reefs and shoals or by water too shallow to be accessable in low water years. Accuracy can be within 100 feet in or near navigational channels, in inner Green Bay or nearshore areas within 500 feet, and in outer Green Bay within 2500 feet. Much of the historical data Is taken along the navigational areas for accuracy of station location, and safe access when deeper draft boats are used. While nearly all of the proposed network would be out of navigational areas, some stations should be sampled in the channel to allow a connection with the historical record. -34- ------- Winter sampling has a different set of criteria. The tracing of the low dissolved oxygen plume along the eastern shore of Green Bay is the main objective. A transect of stations parallel to the shore would be an important part of the network. Stations would be located in safe ice areas with commercial fishermen a possible source of ice information. With the above factors taken into consideration, stations for the proposed network were selected (Figure 10, Table 4} that had the best possible data base. For purposes of water chemistry sampling, they were almost all Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources stations. These stations were frequently used (albeit unknowingly) by Doctors Sager and Wiersma (1972, 1975, 1977) Very little biological data has been collected at these stations. There are several stations, especially in inner Green Bay, which have biological data and nearly overlap with the selected chemical stations. They are listed (Table 4) and could be used in future comparisons: either sampling biological stations and assuming the chemistry is the same as the nearby chemistry station or by sampling the chemical station and using the computerized biological station for historical reference. Far more controversial than the question of where to sample is the question of how often. Every experienced sampler interviewed gave a different answer. Nearly all of the parameters received a wide range of suggested sampling frequencies. Modelers wanted nutrients sampled six times yearly, but suggested biological samples could be taken every five years. Biologists wanted all biological samples taken a minimum of four times a year. Because of this diversity of opinion, it is obvious why the sampling of Green Bay "appears to have been done in a haphazard manner. It is important to note that the modelers' and biologists1 answers are not totally conflicting, but merely show a different orientation. Parameters chosen (Table 5, A-H) are those that are 1) dependable, 2) contain large quantities of implicit data (such as dissolved oxygen), and 3) reflect some critical aspects of Green Bay water quality. If all of the parameters were sampled every year on the monthly basis suggested by some scientists, the costs in manpower, time and money would be prohibitive. While many of the parameters should be sampled several times a year, relatively few of them need to be sampled every year. Only minimal sampling of toxics is suggested here, but there will be an ever increasing need to sample for this aspect of the water quality Program. A more comprehensive toxic sampling scheme may be required and devised in the future and should include present sampling stations. At least once during the summer, an effort should be made to do both vertical (depth) and diurnal profiles. This should be done in the years nutrient sampling is done. -35- ------- FIGURE 9. PHYSICAL AREAS OF GREEN BAY -36. ------- STORET STATION FIGURE 1Q PROPOSED SAMPLING NETWORK -37- ------- TABLE 4. RECOMMENDED STATIONS FOR BAY MONITORING Chemical Sampling Station 053003 053020 053006 053007 053009 053022 053023 053024 053027 053014 053028 053025 053015 053263 053029 153008 153015 153018 153016 383004 433011 433014 153006 Nearby Biological DNR station Latitude station number deg./min./sec. 053241 053242 053244 053250 153043 153047 433214 433217, 433218 433212, 433213 2 10 4 5 6 12 13 13a 15 8c 16 14 9 23 16a 32 40 45 43 42 29 34 31 44/32/25 44/32/10 44/23/53 44/34/48 44/35/46 44/32/27 44/33/04 44/33/26 44/35/44 44/37/08 44/37/34 44/34/16 44/39/22 44/40/41 44/39/11 44/43/51 44/51/18 44/53/44 44/55/08 44/57/05 44/48/15 44/53/15 44/45/30 Latitude deK./min./sec. 88/00/14 87/59/00 87/59/21 87/58/37 87/59/46 87/56/02 87/57/08 87/55/37 87/54/16 87/52/12 87/51/02 87/55/05 87/53/49 87/57/16 87/57/16 87/43/58 87/35/55 87/25/06 87/35/37 87/39/16 87/52/14 87/48/56 87/47/35 -38- ------- TABLE 5A. PROPOSED OPEN WATER SAMPLING Storet ParameterCode Number 10 78 94 300 301 310 400 940 Parameter Description Water Temperature (°C) Transparency, secchi disk (m) Specific conductance (umhos/cm 225°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/1) Dissolved oxygen (% of saturation) Biochemical oxygen demand (mg/1, 5 day -20°C) pH (standard units) Chloride (mg/1 as Cl) — Sampled at Fox River mouth only Frequency: Monthly, ice out until November. Scheduling: All years. Stations to be sampled (STORET code number): 053003, 053006, 053007, 053009, 053015, 053020, 053022, 053025, 053028, 053029, 053263, 153006, 153008, 153015, 153016, 153018, 383004, 433011, 433014. Comments: Open water parameters can be sampled from a small boat with equipment onboard. -39- ------- TABLE 5B. PROPOSED WINTER SAMPLING STORET Parameter Code Number Parameter Description 10 Water Temperature (°C) 300 Dissolved oxygen (mg/1) 301 Dissolved oxygen (% of saturation) Frequency: At least twice during the winter. Scheduling: All years. Stations to be sampled (STORET code number): 053003, 053006, 053007, 053014, 053015, 053020, 053022, 053023, 053024, 053025, 053027, 053029, 053263, 153008, 153015, 153016, 153018, 383004, 433011, 433014. Comments: Taken in the nearshore area on the east side of Green Bay to measure the plume of low dissolved oxygen. -40- ------- TABLE 5C. PROPOSED YEAR ROUND SAMPLING STORET Parameter Code Number Parameter Description 530 Residue, total nonfiltrable (mg/1) 610 Nitrogen, ammonia, total (mg/1 as N) 625 Nitrogen, Kjeldahl, total (mg/1 as N) 630 Nitrite plus nitrate, total (mg/1 as N) 665 Phosphorus, total (mg/1 as P) 671 Phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphate (mg/1 as P) 900 Hardness, total (mg/1 as 956 Silica, total (mg/1 as SI02) 32210 Chlorophyll-A, trichromatic uncorrected (ug/1) Frequency: Monthly during ice-free period along with open water parameters, twice during ice cover period. Scheduling: Alternate years. Stations to be sampled (STORET code number): 053003, 053006, 053007, 053009, 053015, 053020, 053022, 053025, 053028, 053029, 153006, 153008, 153015, 153016, 153018, 383004, 433011, 433014 -41- ------- TABLE 5D. PROPOSED METALS AND TOXICS SAMPLING STORE! Parameter Code Number ParameterDescription 1002 Arsenic, Total (ug/1 as As) 1027 Cadmium, total (ug/1 as Cd) 1034 Chromium, total (ug/1 as Cr) 1042 Copper, total (ug/1 as Cu) 1051 Lead, total (ug/1 as Pb) 1067 Nickel, total (ug/1 as Ni) 1092 Zinc, total (ug/1 as Zn) 1147 Selenium, total (ug/1 as Se) 39516 PCB in whole water sample (ug/1) 71900 Mercury, total (ug/1 as Hg) Frequency: Once per year. Scheduling: Alternate years. Stations to be sampled (STORET code number): 053003, 053007, 053015, 053025, 053028, 053263, 153006, 153016. Comments: Due to high cost of analysis and slow rate of change, metals may not need to be sampled every year, but future developments nay alter this schedule. -42- ------- TABLE 51. PROPOSED SEDIMENT SAMPLING STORET Parameter Code Number 611 627 633 668 1003 1028 1029 1043 1052 1068 1093 1148 39519 70511 71921 Parameter Description Nitrogen, ammonia, bottom deposits (mg/kg-N) Nitrogen, Kjeldahl, total, bottom deposits (dry wt-mg/kg-N) Nitrite plus nitrate, bottom deposits (dry wt-mg/kg-N) Phosphorus, bottom deposits (dry wt-mg/kg-P) Arsenic, bottom deposits (dry wt-mg/kg-As) Cadmium, bottom deposits (dry wt-mg/kg-Cd) Chromium, bottom deposits (dry wt-mg/kg-Cr) Copper, bottom deposits (dry wt-mg/kg-Cu) Lead, bottom deposits (dry wt-mg/kg-Pb) Nickel, bottom deposits (dry wt-mg/kg-Ni) Zinc, bottom deposits (dry wt-mg/kg-Zn) Selenium, bottom deposits (dry wt-mg/kg-Se) PCB, bottom deposits (dry solids-mg/kg) Phosphorus, orthophosphates, bottom deposits (dry wt-mg/kg-P) Mercury, bottom deposits (dry wt-mg/kg-Hg) Frequency: Once per year. Scheduling: Once every four years. Stations to be sampled (STORE! code number): 053003, 053007, 053015, 053025, 053028, 053263, 153006, 153016. Comments: Due to high cost of analysis and slow rate of change, sediments may not need to be sampled every year. -43- ------- TABLE 5F. PROPOSED FISH SAMPLING METHODS Method Gill net Seine Electroshocking Commercial catch record Frequency: Once per year. Scheduling: All years. -44- ------- TABLE 5G. PROPOSED BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING Frequency: Five times per year. Scheduling: Once every four years. Comments: Researcher should be familiar with the BIOSTORET system. -45- ------- TABLE 5H. OPTIONAL SAMPLING TO MEET IJC RECOMMENDATIONS STOIET Parameter Code Number 39330 39380 39350 39327 39320 39315 39310 39305 39300 39390 39410 39420 39782 39480 39400 39110 39100 39755 39560 34225 32730 1045 1077 50064 1105 1170 1078 945 937 929 916 927 955 Frequency: Once per year. Scheduling: Alternate years. Parameter Description Persistent Organic and Toxic Substances Aldrin (in whole water sample, ug/1) Dieldrin " Chlordane " O.P P,P 0,P P,P DDE " DDE " DDE " DDE " 0,P DDT " P,P DDT " Endrin " Heptachlor " Heptachlor epoxide " Lindane " Methoxychlor " Toxaphene " Phthalates, dibutyl " Phthalates, diethylhexyl " Mirex, total (ug/1) Diazinon (in whole water sample, ug/1) Asbestos (fibrous) (tot. w. - ug/1) Phenolics, total recoverable (ug/1) Metals Iron, total (ug/1 as Fe) Silver, total (ug/1 as Ag) Chlorine, free available (mg/1) Aluminum, total Cug/1 as Al) Sediment Iron, bottom deposits (mg/kg as Fe dry wgt) Silver, bottom deposits (mg/kg as Ag dry wgt) Other Sulfate, total (mg/1 as 804) Potassium, total (mg/1 as k) Sodium, total (mg/1 as Na) Calcium, total (mg/1 as Ca) Magnesium, total (iag/1 as Mg) Silica, dissolved (mg/1 as S102) -46- ------- Stations to be sampled (STORET code number); 053003, 053007, 053015, 053025, 053028, 053263, 153006, 153016. Comments: Addition of these parameters would allow a sampling program to meet the requirements of sampling for the International Joint Commission as of May, 1977. -47- ------- SECTION 6 REFERENCES Adams, M.S. and W. Stone. 1973. Field studies on photosynthesis of Cladophora glomerata (Chlorophyta) in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Ecology 54(4)853-862. Allen, H,E. 1966. Seasonal variation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and chlorophyll a_ in Lake Michigan and Green Bay, 1965, Contrib. 471 Great Lakes Fisheries Lab. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife: Tech. Pap. 70, 23 pp. Bertrand, G.t J. Lang and J. Ross. 1976. The Green Bay Watershed, Past/Present/ Future. University of Wisconsin Sea Grant College Program. Tech. Report 229. 300 pp. Howmiller, R.P. 1971. The benthic macrofauna of Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 225 pp. Neustadter, R. 1977. Unpublished chemical data on the water and sediments of Green Bay. Sager, P., and J. Wiersma. 1972. Nutrient discharges to Green Bay, Lake Michigan from the lower Fox River. Proc. 15th Conf. Great Lakes Research. I.A.G.L.R. pp. 132-148. 1975. Phosphorus sources for lower Green Bay, Lake Michigan. J. Water Poll. Control Fed., 47:504-514. 1977. Trophic status - lower Green Bay 1976-1977. Rept. to the Fox River Valley Water Quality Planning Agency. 59 pp. Sridharan, N. 1972. Aqueous environmental chemistry of phosphorus in lower Green Bay, Wisconsin, Ph.D. dissertation, Water Chemistry, University of Wisconsin. Surber, E.W. and H.L. Cooley, 1952. Bottom fauna studies of Green Bay, Wisconsin in relation to pollution. U.S. Public Health Service and Wisconsin State Comm. Water Pollution. 77 pp mimeo. Vanderhoef, L.N., 1. Dana, D. Enerich, R.H. Burris. 1972. Acetylene reduction in relation to levels of phosphate and fixed nitrogen in Green Bay. New Phytol. 71j1097-1105. Vanderhoef, L.N., C.Y. Huang, R. Musil and J. Williams. 1974. Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) by phytoplankton in Green Bay, Lake Michigan in relation to nutrient concentrations. Limnol and Oceanogr. 19:119-125. Veith, G.D. 1975. Baseline concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT in Lake Michigan fish, 1971. Pesticides Monitoring J. 9(1):21-29. Wisconsin Public Service Corporation. 1974. Effects of Wisconsin Public Service Corporation's Pulliam power plant on lower Green Bay, January 1973 - December 1973. 483 pp. -48- ------- Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, 1976. J.P. Pulliam power plant 316Ca) demonstration type 1: Absence of prior appreciable harm. 378 pp. Wisconsin State Committee on Water Pollution. 1939. Investigation of the pollution of the Fox and East Rivers and Green Bay in the vicinity of the city of Green Bay. Madison, Wisconsin. 242 pp. -49- ------- APPENDIX A COMMENTS ON BIOSTORET Because of the problems we encountered with the BIOSTORET system, we feel that a detailed analysis of that system is appropriate as part of this report. Our comments should be useful to the people responsible for development of the system as well as future researchers who may have the opportunity to use BIOSTORET. Implicit to the efficient use of BIOSTORET is a commitment to intensive, well organized, long term biological sampling. If an organization does not have the desires, needs or resources for such a commitment or if the implementation is not well planned, the expected returns will be limited (although possibly valuable). Present information on BIOSTORET is of three types: 1) levels of chlorinated bi-phenyls in fish 2) nitrogen fixation rates in grab samples, and 3) taxonomic investigations of phytoplankton, benthic invertebrates, zooplankton, periphyton, and fish. Numerous concomitant variables were also processed. Most of the biological studies date from the early 1970*s and should provide a strong data base for that period. By the mid 1970's the biological community was fairly stable following the long and often rapid series of changes taking place since before 1910. This data base should be useful for showing water quality changes if comparable biological studies are done in the future. The narrow time frame in which the data was collected limits its usefulness in making general qualitative statements. The only exception to this is the benthic invertebrate data. There is a small amount of reliable data from 1952 (Surber & Cooley, 1952) for comparison to 1969-1970 data (Howmiller, 1971). Problems with BIOSTORET are threefold: 1) data processing inefficiencies, 2) loss of information to fit it in the system and 3) reliability of canned calculations performed on the data in storage. The data processing problems could be largely solved by the user agencies, if quality and quantity of the data justified the expense in time and money. BIOSTORET attempts to catalog the myriad of variables that affect the collection and analysis of biological samples. In cataloging these variables, the filling out of forms becomes a long and tedious process. It is unlikely a casual acquaintance with the system would be successful in storing the data correctly in a reasonable amount of time. Personnel whose primary duties lie elsewhere could not be blamed for giving BIOSTORET a low priority, especially if they have not seen appreciable returns for their efforts. The problem could be solved by the user agency. The first step would be to scrupulously standardize field techniques. The agency could then build a program in their computer system to generate the appropriate variables for the appropriate parameters in response to keys given when the data is processed. This is a simple concept and shouldn't be difficult to someone familiar with BIOSTORET. It would make the system far more accessable to the occasional user. The second problem is conceptual and involves minor additions to the BIOSTORET system. Taxonomy is a useful tool for cataloging systems, but may not be useful in the analysis of a system. Ecologically it may be far more important -51- ------- to know, for example, the larva to adult ratio of a family or order rather than the number of species A versus species B. The system should be more sensitive to variables such as life stages. Problems also exist with the BIOSTORET taxonomic list. Spellings and taxonomic organization are incorrect and often not up to date although it Is possible this type of problem is currently being corrected. Another weakness is that it is not always appropriate to pin a name from such a list on a given specimen. An immature collection could only be reliably listed as representing one of three species or a hybrid collection could not be cataloged as a species. Furthermore, the constant and rapid changes- in the taxonomy of certain groups could outdate a species list shortly after it is published. An override system allowing for the use of names not on the list would be useful. The final problem involves the use of internal BIOSTORET programs to generate desired values. The programs may greatly ease the job of the biologist by performing long, tiresome calculations with far fewer errors. Unfortunately the calculated values may be of questionable usefulness. For example, BIOSTORET produces diversity index values in Shannon-Weiner bits, but values in bits are not comparable between samples of different sizes while values in sits (base dependent on sample size) may be comparable. Users may not be aware of the difference. This problem could be avoided by making available a "blitz" program so that anyone using a data set could look at it in its entirety. Emphasis should be placed on making data arrays flexible and easy to manipulate. This would encourage user analysis in addition to automated canned programs. -52- ------- APPENDIX B DATA ENTERED ON STOREY Data is available in STORET tinder Agency code 21 ¥18 using stations and parameters noted in text. A copy of the data base is available at Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. -53- ------- APPENDIX C Data Entered on BIOSTORET Data is available in BIOSTOEET under agency code 21WIS using stations and parameters listed in text. STOREf USER ASSISTANCE in Washington, B.C. 202-426-7792 should be contacted for data retrieval instruction. -54- ------- TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing) 1. REPORT NO. EPA- 905 /4-78-003 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO. 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Water Quality Studies of Lower and Middle Green Bay, 1938-1977 5. REPORT DATE Septenfcer 1978 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7, AUTHOH(S) Judith Henningson, Tim Cough!in, Hare Phillips 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 4610 University Ave. Box 7921 Madison, WI 53707 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO. 2BA645 11, CONTRACT/GRANT NO. Grant-R005332~01 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS Great Lakes Surveillance & Research Staff Great Lakes National Program Office U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Chicago, IL 60605 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED 14, SPONSORING AGENCY CODE EPA-OGLNP Office of Great Lakes Nationa •Pr 15, SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES uyrani 16. ABSTRACT Research with quantitative water quality data from Green Bay was located and evaluated by objective criteria. Data from "high priority" studies v/ere entered into Environmental Protection Agency computer systems (chemical data in STORE? and biological data in BiOSTORET). A summary of the data stored is presented. Using this data base, changes in Green Bay water quality were examined, but made difficult by deficiencies and inconsistencies in the different researchers' sampling locations, frequencies and methods. A sampling network is proposed that would correct the deficiencies and efficiently monitor water quality conditions in Green Bay. The data stored in the computer systems and the proposed sampling network provide background information for future research on Green Bay water quality. 7. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS DESCRIPTORS b.iDENTlFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group water quality, nutrients, monitoring, nitrogen, phosphorus Green Bay Lake Michigan 8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Available through NTIS, Springfield, VA 22161 19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport) Unclassified 21. NO. OF PAGES 55 20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage) Unclassified 22. PRICE EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73) 55 , GOVERIMErrPMIITNIG OFFICE I1MII ------- |