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Surface Water Quality From 1975 To 1979
Volume 12
by
Roger Bannerman
Michael F. Bohn
John G. Konrad
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
6.V. Simsiman, Wisconsin Water Resources Center
for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Grant Number R005345010
Grants Officer
Ralph S. Christensen
Great Lake National Program Office
This study, funded by a Great Lakes Program
grant from the U.S. EPA, was a continuation
of the Menominee River Pilot Watershed Project
Great Lakes National Program Office
EPA Region V
536 S. Clark St.
Chicago, IL 60605
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boutevard, 12th Floor
Chicago, It 60604*3590
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Great Lakes National Program
Office of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V Chicago,
and approved for publication. Mention of trade names of commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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PREFACE
The intent of this volume is to present a documentation of two years
of supplemental monitoring and a summary and analysis of the surface
water monitoring data from 1975 to 1979. The continuation of the
monitoring program in 1978 and 1979 was designed to enhance the
assessment of the amounts of critical pollutants washed off mixed and
predominantly single land uses in the Menomonee River Watershed.
Suspended solids, total-P, and lead were determined to be the
pollutants of principal concern in the 1975 to 1977 monitoring program
and the same pollutants are used in this volume to illustrate the
behavior and amounts of contaminants during events, seasons and years.
The summary of the surface water quality presents mean seasonal
baseflow and event flow weighted concentration values for 1975 to
1979. The analysis of the surface water quality describes the
variability in the seasonal and annual loading values and evaluates
the major factors affecting the differences in loading values between
watersheds and seasons for 1975 to 1979.
m
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Contents
Title Page
Disclaimer
Preface
Contents
Acknowledgements
i i i
iv
v
*Part I Surface Water Quality for 1978 and
1979
*Part II Summary and Analysis of Surface
Water Quality from 1975 to 1979
I-i
I I-i
*Detailed contents are presented at the beginning of each part,
iv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many individuals contributed to the completion of this work. The
authors greatly acknowledge the assistance of Mark Sessing for
conducting the field sampling activities, David Balsiger and Diana
Kocurek for developing and running the computer programs used in data
reduction and analysis.
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PART I
SURFACE WATER QUALITY FOR 1978 AND 1979
by
ROGER BANNERMAN
MICHAEL F. BONN
JOHN G. KONRAD
I-i
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Abstract
The quality of runoff from three mainstem river stations and eight
predominantly single land use sites were monitored in 1978 and 1979.
Automatic flow recording and sampling equipment were used at all the
stations. Seasonal concentration data are documented for the
suspended solids, total-P, soluble-P, chloride, lead, cadmium,
conductivity and 8005. Bacteria counts determined at 28 sites are
also included. Evaluations made on the concentration data include:
1) behavior of pollutant concentrations during events in the
Watershed, and 2) determination of the source of high bacteria counts
using the ratio of fecal coliform to fecal streptococcus.
Seasonal event and baseflow loadings are presented for both the
pollutants and water. The loadings were estimated by a stratified
random sampling model enhanced by a ratio estimator. The
contributions of events to the total seasonal and annual loadings are
evaluated. The land use factors affecting the variation in loadings
between watersheds are also discussed. The event unit area loadings
are generally higher from the more urbanized areas.
I-ii
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CONTENTS - PART I
Title Page
Abstract
Contents
Figures
Tables
I-i
I-ii
I-iii
I-iv
I-v
1-1 Introduction 1-1
1-2 Conclusions 1-2
1-3 Materials and Procedure 1-4
Study Sites 1-4
Sampling Equipment 1-4
Sampling Procedures 1-9
Laboratory Analysis 1-12
Method of Calculating Loadings 1-12
1-4 Results and Discussion 1-13
Flow and Concentrations 1-13
Seasonal Concentration 1-13
Individual Event Concentration and Flows 1-14
Bacteriological Pollutants 1-15
Monitored Loading Data 1-15
Seasonal Loading 1-15
References 1-18
Appendix
I-A Surface Water Quality 1-19
I -i i i
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FIGURES
Number Page
1-1 Location of Monitoring Stations within the Menomonee
River Watershed 1-5
I-iv
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TABLES
Number Page
1-1 Land use categories (1975) in areas tributary to the
monitoring stations 1-6
1-2 Descriptions of bacterial monitoring sites 1-7
1-3 Dates, rainfall and number of samples collected for
runoff events during 1978 I-10
1-4 Dates, rainfall and number of samples collected for
runoff events during 1979 I-11
I-A-1 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard
deviations and frequency of sampling for BOD-5 during
1978 baseflow 1-20
I-A-2 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations
and frequency of sampling for BOD-5 during 1978 events 1-21
I-A-3 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations
and frequency of sampling for suspended solids during
1978 baseflow 1-22
I-A-4 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations
and frequency of sampling for suspended solids during
1978 events 1-23
I-A-5 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations
and frequency of sampling for total-P during 1978
baseflow 1-24
I-A-6 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard
deviations and frequency of sampling for total-P
during 1978 events 1-25
I-A-7 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations
and frequency of sampling for soluble-P during 1978
baseflow 1-26
I-A-8 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations
and frequency of sampling for soluble-P during 1978
events 1-27
I-A-9 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations
and frequency of sampling for chlorides during 1978
baseflow 1-28
I-A-10 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard
deviations and frequency of sampling for chlorides
during 1978 events 1-29
I-v
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Number Page
I-A-11 Seasonal mean concentrations (umhos/cm), standard
deviations, and frequency of sampling for conductivity
during 1979 baseflow 1-30
I-A-12 Seasonal mean concentrations (umhos/cm), standard
deviations, and frequency of sampling for conductivity
during 1979 events 1-31
I-A-13 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard
deviations, and frequency of sampling for suspended
solids during 1979 baseflow 1-32
I-A-14 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard
deviations, and frequency of sampling for suspended
solids during 1979 events 1-33
I-A-15 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard
deviations, and frequency of sampling for total-P
during 1979 baseflow 1-34
I-A-16 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard
deviations, and frequency of sampling for total-P
during 1979 events 1-35
I-A-17 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard
deviations, and frequency of sampling for soluble-P
during 1979 baseflow 1-36
I-A-18 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard
deviations, and frequency of sampling for soluble-P
during 1979 events 1-37
I-A-19 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard
deviations, and frequency of sampling for chlorides
during 1979 baseflow 1-38
I-A-20 Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard
deviations, and frequency of sampling for chlorides
during 1979 events 1-39
I-A-21 Seasonal mean concentrations (ug/L), standard
deviations, and frequency of sampling for lead during
1979 events and baseflow 1-40
I-A-22 Seasonal mean concentrations (ug/L), standard
deviations, and frequency of cadmium during 1979
events and baseflow 1-40
I-A-23 Bacterial counts in baseflow samples collected
during the spring and fall of 1978 1-42
I-vi
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Number Page
I-A-24 Bacterial counts in event samples collected during
the spring of 1978 1-43
I-A-25 Bacterial counts in event samples collected during
the summer of 1978 1-44
I-A-26 Flows (cms) and pollutant concentrations (mg/L) at
413005 for selected events and baseflow samples
collected in 1978 1-45
I-A-27 Flows (cms) and pollutant concentrations (mg/L) at
413005 for selected events and baseflow samples
collected in the spring of 1979 1-46
I-A-28 Flows (cms) and pollutant concentrations (mg/L) at
413005 for selected events and baseflow samples
collected in summer 1979 1-47
I-A-29 1978 seasonal and annual total and event unit area
center loadings 1-48
I-A-30 1978 seasonal and annual total event unit area
loadings and flow-weighted concentrations of
suspended solids 1-49
I-A-31 1978 seasonal and annual total event unit area
loadings and flow-weighted concentrations of total-P 1-50
I-A-32 1978 seasonal and annual total event unit area
loadings and flow-weighted concentrations of
soluble-P 1-51
I-A-33 1979 seasonal and annual total and event unit area
water loadings 1-52
I-A-34 1979 seasonal and annual total and event unit area
loadings and flow-weighted concentrations of
suspended solids 1-53
I-A-35 1979 seasonal and annual total and event unit area
loadings and flow-weighted concentrations of total-P 1-54
I-A-36 1979 seasonal and annual total and event unit area
loadings and flow-weighted concentrations of
soluble-P 1-55
I-A-37 1979 seasonal and annual total and event unit area
water and pollutant loadings at 413616 1-56
I-vii
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1-1. INTRODUCTION
Water quality monitoring was continued for 1978 and 1979 at eight of
the predominantly single and three of the mixed land use sites
(mainste'm river sites) in the Menomonee River Watershed. The
objective of the additional monitoring was to enhance the water
quality data collected between 1975 and 1977 and described in Volume 3
(1). The drought of 1976, equipment failure and delays in
establishing sampling sites limited the collection of data at some of
the critical land use tributary areas to one year. The monitoring
program was continued at the eight predominantly single land use sites
yielding the largest unit area loading values of the key parameters
(suspended solids, total-P and lead). Three mainstem sites
represented the integrated pollutant loadings from individual land use
activities. The monitoring program in 1978 and 1979 also emphasized
collection of samples during runoff events. The purpose of Part I of
Volume 12 is to describe the monitoring program and the data collected
in 1978 and 1979. Part I presents detailed summaries of the
concentration and loading data. The statistical analysis of the
factors affecting variations in unit loadings is reserved for Part II
of Volume 12. Part II combines data from 1978 and 1979 with the first
3 years to provide a more meaningful long term analysis of the
variations in unit loadings.
1-1
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1-2 CONCLUSIONS
Mean seasonal event concentrations were similar for many stations
during a given season, but the values usually fluctuated between
seasons for each station. The mean event concentration for each
season formed one or two groups containing three or more similar
concentrations. Five or more total-P and soluble-P concentrations
were similar for each season. Exceptionally high concentrations of
soluble-!P were usually found at Station 463001 and low concentrations
were usually observed for Station 413011. Relatively high
concentrations of chloride were found for Station 413615 while Station
463001 recorded the lowest chloride levels. The mean seasonal event
concentrations for the mainstem river stations were in the same range
as values measured at the predominantly single land use sites. The
trends in the mean event concentrations between seasons reveals that
cadmium* lead, chloride, suspended solids, conductivity, and 8005
were usually highest in the spring and lowest in the fall. The spring
levels of chloride and conductivity were much larger than summer and
fall levels. The higher mean event concentrations of total-P and
soluble-P occurred either in the spring or fall. The mean event
concentrations were always higher than mean baseflow concentrations
except for chloride and conductivity. The chloride and conductivity
levels were usually lower or about the same as baseflow levels. The
importance of the nonpoint source contribution to the level of lead,
cadmium, suspended solids, total-P, soluble-P, and BODs in the river
system is clearly demonstrated by the relatively high seasonal mean
concentrations observed for events. The agricultural land use areas
are a relatively important sources of soluble-P and highways
contributed the highest levels of chloride.
The levels of suspended solids, total-P, soluble-P, and lead increased
in the raising stage of an event hydrograph, while the levels of
chloride usually decrease with increasing flow values. The
variability of all the pollutants indicates that events can accurately
be characterized only by collecting samples across the entire
hydrograph.
The bacterial counts in the Menomonee River almost always exceeded the
levels considered safe for bathing waters. Both human and animal
fecal pollution were evident in the Watershed. Evidence of human
fecal pollution was found for both the event and baseflow samples
collected near combined sewer overflows and septic waste filter beds.
Animals were determined to be the source of fecal bacteria in some of
the agricultural and mixed land use drainage areas. High bacteria
counts in the Menomonee River were observed near combined sewer flows,
septic waste filter beds and feed lots. High counts were also
observed in the highly urbanized Honey Creek subwatershed and in the
ditches draining industrial sites.
1-2
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Seasonal event unit area loadings varied between seasons for each
station, but were similar between stations during a given season. The
event unit area loadings were usually highest 1n spring and lowest In
the fall. The water event unit area loadings 1n 1978 were the only
exception with the highest loadings in the summer. Most of the sites
had higher pollutant loadings in the spring. Ranking the stations
during a given season revealed that the stations with the highest
event unit area loadings usually contained the greatest amounts of
connected imperviousness area. The larger percentages of connected
imperviousness were associated with the more densely urbanized
watershed. The stations with the highest pollutant loadings also had
the highest water loadings.
The seasonal event unit area loadings measured at the mouth of the
Menomonee River (413005) represented between 20 and 50 % of the total
seasonal pollutant loadings in the spring and greater than 50 % of the
total loadings in the summer and fall. The lower contribution of
pollutants in the spring of 1978 and 1979 is related to the lower
percent event water loading observed during the same period. The
large portion of total loadings contributed by events indicated that
land drainage is an important source of pollutants to the Menomonee
River. The percent event pollutant and water loadings determined for
four drainage areas of the Menomonee River (463001, 413007, 413006 and
413011) was highest at stations with the highest percent connected
imperviousness. The percent event pollutant loading was usually
greater than 75% for Stations 413011 and 413006. Remedial measures
should be based on controlling land use activities which produce high
pollutant concentrations and on those areas which, because of their
high degree of connected imperviousness (urbanization) generate
persistently high pollutant loadings.
1-3
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1-3. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES
Study Sites
Monitoring was continued in the Menomonee River Watershed during 1978
to 1979 at three mainstem river sites and at eight predominantly
single land use sites. Between 1975 and 1977 the Menomonee River
Pilot Watershed Project collected samples from nine mainstem river
sites and ten predominantly single land use sites (1). The three
mainstem river sites were chosen 1) to obtain loadings for the
watershed as a whole and two of the principal tributaries and 2) to
allow comparisons of loadings between the mixed land use areas and the
predominantly single land use sites. The eight predominantly single
land use sites -- representing the major land uses in the Menomonee
River Watershed -- were selected for continued monitoring to allow
further comparisons of loadings for the major land uses. Land use
distributions at each of the eleven sites are shown in Table 1-1.
Other land use information has also been summarized in (2). The
location of the monitoring stations is displayed in Fig. 1-1. The
sites are numbered according to the format used for the U.S. EPA
STORET Data Base. In addition to the eleven automatic monitoring
sites, 28 grab sampling sites were established for bacteriological
surveys. The grab sampling sites were located above and below
suspected sources of fecal bacteria. The description and location of
the grab sampling sites is presented in Table 1-2.
Sampling Equipment
The structures and automatic sampling equipment used between 1975 and
1977 were also used in 1978 and 1979. A detailed description of the
sampling equipment is presented in Volume 3 (1). The three mainstem
river stations (413005, 413006, 413007) and three of the predominantly
single land use sites (463001, 413011, 413010) consisted of water and
flow sampling equipment housed in a 3 x 3 meter stone or aluminum
shelter. The sites were supplied with electricity and heated in the
winter. The USGS PS-69 water sampler uses an impeller pump to draw
water samples through a two centimeters plastic and copper intake line
positioned about 15 centimeters above the stream bed. The height of
the intake corresponded to the average water depth during summer base
flows. A rotating arm on the sampler distributed the water to 72-wide
mouth 1 liter polypropylene bottles. Stage height of the stream was
measured using manometers manufactured by Scientific Instruments and
recorded on a digital tape recorder (Fisher Porter). The microswitch
on each manometer was set to actuate the sampler with small increases
in stage height. The microswitch was adjusted for seasonal changes
and baseflow levels. The samples were collected at hourly intervals
and the sampling time was marked on the digital recorded tape.
Each predominantly single land use sampling site (413625, 413615,
683089, 413034, and 413616) consisted of a control structure, stage
recorder, stilling well, automatic water sampler and a smal.l
protective enclosure. H flumes were used as control structures for
sites 413625 and 413616 located in open ditches and Palmer-Bowlus
flumes for sites 413615, 683089, and 413034 located in sewer pipes.
An Instrument Specialties Company (ISCO) model 1680 automatic water
1-4
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683089
463001
mixed land use stations
A predominantly single land
use stations
0 1 2
miles
2
Km
413615
413625
Figure 1-1. Locations of monitoring stations within the Menomonee River
Watershed.
1-5
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Table 1-1.
Land use categories (1975) In areas tributary to the monitoring stations*
STORET
Number
4WUUI
41 301 1
41 3007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413616
41 3625
41 3034
683089
Area
Location (ha)
Donges Bay Z.144
Road, Mequon
Noyes Creek 522
at 91st Street
Underwood Creek 4,974
above Hwy. 45
off North Ave.
Honey Creek 2,803
140m above
confluence
with MR
70th Street 32,205
Bridge on MR
Schoonmaker 179
Creek at
VI let Street
Stadium 64
Interchange, 1-94
AIHs Chalmers 49
Corp., City of
West All 1s
New Berlin 224
at 124th Street
and Greenfield Ave.
Wauwatosa, off 110
Ferrlck St.
Brookfleld Square 61
Shopping Center
Land use** distribution (%}
1 2 34 567 8 9 10
0.0 0.8 1.9 0.1 6.9 1.5 1.6 43.8 30.2 9.8
1.8 15.0 19.7 3.8 30.3 0.2 2.7 0.2 22.8 0.4
2.4 8.8 2.3 1.7 46.0 0.2 3.4 0.6 27 3.9
1.5 7.8 2.2 5.9 59.0 0.0 2.3 0.5 20 0.5
2.0 6.5 1.7 1.9 28.0 0.8 3.3 15 30 6.1
0.0 4.5 22.3 0.6 65.9 0.0 1.7 0.0 5.0 0.0
0.0 14.0 40.6 0.0 17.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 28.1 0.0
78.0 20.4 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 2.7 11.2 0.9 0.0 56.6 2.7 0.0 25.0 0.9
22.7 49.1 8.2 0.0 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.7 0.0
0.0 60.7 4.9 0.0 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.2 0.0
11
2.3
0.1
2.8
0.3
3.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12 13 14
0.6 0.0 0.6
0.0 2.7 0.4
0.0 0.5 0.1
0.0 0.5 0.1
0.1 0.3 0.4
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0. 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
Impend ousness (%)
Total Connected
4
35
27
45
22
54
45
54
22
74
50
1
28
7
28
9
33
43
33
0.3
32
45
** Land use categories 1n 1975 are: 1-lndustrlal, 2-commerclal, 3-roads, 4-h1gh density residential, 5-medlum density residential, 6-low
density residential, 7-1and under development, 8-row crops, 9-pasture and small grains {Include park, recreational, Institutional and
unused land), 10-fcrested land and wood lots, 11-wetlands, 12-feedlots, 13-1andf1ll and dumps, 14-water areas.
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TABLE 1-2. Descriptions of bacteria monitoring sites
Station Potential
Number Pollutant Sources
Site Descriptions
1
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Feed Lots and Septic Tanks
Agricultural Runoff
Agricultural Runoff and
Industrial Discharges
Agricultural Runoff
Agricultural Runoff
Residential Runoff
Residential Runoff
Residential and Commercial
Runoff
Residential and Industrial
Runoff
Industrial Discharge
Industrial Discharge
Industrial Discharge
Industrial Discharge
West Branch of Menomonee
River downstream from cattle
feed lot and residential
septic systems.
West Branch of Menomonee
River, upstream from cattle
feed lot and residential
septic systems.
Drainage ditch receiving
agricultural and industrial
discharges.
Menomonee River at Highway Q
downstream from agricultural
landuse activities.
Menomonee River at
Friedstadt Road upstream
from Germantown WWTP.
Honey Creek at McCarty Park.
Storm sewer outfall from
residential area.
Center Street storm sewer.
124th Street storm sewer
outfal1.
Seaman Company
Drainage ditch in area of
industrial septic system.
Drainage ditch in area of
industrial septic system.
Drainage ditch in area of
industrial septic system.
1-7
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TABLE 1-2. (continued)
Station Potential
Number Pollutant Sources
Site Descriptions
14
15
16
17
673001
463001
413008
413005
683002
683001
413011
413007
413010
413006
413009
Industrial Runoff
Residential Runoff
Drainage ditch in Germantown
Industrial Park.
Residential and Agricultural
Runoff
Industrial, Commercial,
Residential and CSO
Agricultural and Residential
Agricultural Runoff
Residential and Agricultural
All Types Land Uses and
Some Sanitary By-passes
Most Types of Land Uses
Most Types of Land Uses
Residential
Most Types of Land Uses
Residential
Residential and Commercial
and Sanitary By-passes
Combined Sewer Overflow
Street gutter near Honey
Creek station.
Menomonee River at Mill Road.
Menomonee Falls WWTP are
upstream.
Menomonee River at 13th
Street
in the Industrial Valley.
Menomonee River at River
Lane. Germantown WWTP
upstream.
Donges Bay Station
Appleton Avenue Station
70th Street Station
124th Street Station,
downtown WWTP.
Pilgram Road Station,
upstream WWTP.
Noyes Creek Station
Underwood Creek Station
Schoonmacher Creek Station
Honey Creek Station
Hawley Road Station
1-8
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sampler fitted with a high speed pump drew samples through a one
centimeter plastic tube positioned just above the bottom of the ditch
or pipe and upstream from the control structure. The strainer on the
end of the intake tube was removed because suspended solids were
observed to accumulate on it. The water sampler was activated by a
level actuator placed just above the level of the base flow in the
ditch or storm sewer pipe. The sampler was set to collect samples at
intervals determined by the event response of the site for each season
and ranged from 10 min. to 2 hrs. The longest time intervals usually
were applied to Station 413625 and the shortest to Station 413615 and
683089. A Steven's type A model 71 stage recorder was used to measure
stage height in the stilling well. The sampling times were documented
with a mark on the stage recorder strip chart.
Sampling Procedures
The objective of the project dictated that the emphasis be placed on
sampling runoff events. During the course of runoff event sampling,
collections were made to delineate the entire hydrograph and its
corresponding pollutograph.
Sampling dates and numbers of samples collected for events sampled in
1978 and 1979 are presented in Tables 1-3 and 1-4. The relative
magnitude of the events is represented by the rainfall amounts
recorded at station 413005. Between five and seven samples were
usually selected from the bottles available in the automatic water
samplers. Selection was based on observation of the field
hydrograph. An equal number of samples were chosen for the rising,
peak and falling stages of the hydrograph. Samples were removed
during or as quickly as possible after the event terminated. The
samplers were manually turned off after the event was over.
For transport to the laboratory for analysis, the samples were placed
in narrow mouth polypropylene bottles and mailed immediately. All
samples were mailed in styrofoam containers fitted with an ice
compartment. The wide-mouth bottles were replaced in the automatic
samplers after washing with phosphorus- free detergent and rinsing
with distilled water. Periodic baseflow samples were collected from
Stations 463001, 413011, 413010, 413007, 413006, and 413005. Baseflow
samples were not collected at the other stations because of
intermittent or no flow during dry periods. The baseflow samples were
collected by manually activating the automatic samplers.
The stage height was recorded continuously at all the sites. The
stage recorder was periodically calibrated at stations without control
structures. The stage heights on digital tape were translated into
the flow values by the USGS and the strip charts were analyzed by the
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR). The flow values for
all the sites were stored on computer tape.
1-9
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Table 1-3.
Dates, rainfalI
1978*
and number of samples collected for runoff events during
Date
1978*
4/3
4/5
5/29
6/16
6/23
6/25
6/30
7/12
7/17
7/20
7/26
7/31
8/15
8/18
8/24
8/27
9/1 1
9/20
10/2
10/5
10/15
10/22
10/25
1 1/13
11/17
Rainfal 1
cm***
1.4
3.5
0.2
7.9
6.3
0.8
9.4
0.5
0.5
2.4
1.6
2.6
1.6
3.4
0.5
1.6
6.5
2.7
0.9
1 .7
2.2
0.4
0.3
1.0
1 .8
413005 41
5
6(B)
12
5
4
(38)
(3B)
4(B)
5
6
5
7
3006 41
5
6(B)
6
5
5
(3B)
(4B)
(4B)
5(B)
5
4
Number of samples* collected at station:
3007 413010 41 3011 413034 413615 413625 463001 683089
22 10 5 3
4(B) 6(B) 5(B) 6(B) 5(B) 5(B) 4(B)
5
5 10
5
554
86 4 855
7
4
554
5 5
(2B) (38)
(3B)
5
5
5 5
5(B)
4 5(B) 5 5 5(B)
7 5
6
5
3
6 7
4
* All samples analyzed for suspended solids, total P, soluble P, chloride and
conductivity. The letter (B) represents 5 day BOD and a number inside the ( )
indicates it was the only parameter.
** Event starting dates at 413005 (70th Street).
*** Rainfall amounts at 413005 (70th Street).
"*" Samples for 413005 represent 12 events out of 42 events observed on the flow
record.
1-10
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Table 1-4. Dates, rainfall and number of samples collected for runoff events during 1979*
Date
1978*
3/2
3/6
3/13
3/16
3/23
3/29
4/11
4/20
4/24
5/2
5/13
5/30
6/5
6/7
6/18
6/20
6/28
7/3
7/|l
7/22
7/30
8/3
8/4
8/8
8/17
8/22
8/27
10/19
10/22
10/31
11/6
Rainfall
cm***
Snowmelt
Snowmelt
Snowmelt
Snowmel t
1.4
3.2
3.2
0.3
4.6
0.9
0.8
2.8
O.I
2.1
0.4
0.7
2.4
1.7
1.3
O.I
0.9
0.8
2.1
6.0
2.8
1.8
1.8
2.0
1.3
0.2
0.5
413005
5
2
8
II
9
4
7
6
6
6
6
6
13
6
7
7
7
6
Number of samples*
413006 413010 413007 463001
4
5
7 7
16 18 6
7 16
6 56
6 66
6
6 4
6 66
6
6
6
7 7
6
7
6
766
6 66
6 14 12
6 6
7 614
7 6
7
collected at station:
41 3011
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
13
6
6
413615
6
5
15
2
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
41 3625
6
18
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
6
6
683089
7
II
6
6
6
6
5
6
5
6
6
6
7
7
6
41 3034
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
* All samples analyzed for suspended solids, total P, soluble P, and chloride.
samples at 413005 (70th Street) were also analyzed for lead and cadmium.
** Event starting dates at 413005 (70th Street).
*** Rainfall amounts at 413005 (70th Street).
+ Samples for 413005 represent 18 events out of 32 events observed on the flow
record.
The
1-11
-------
Grab samples for bacteriological analysis were collected by hand
holding a 300 ml plastic bottle in the stream. These samples were
collected during events on April 6, April 18, May 12, May 15, June 20,
August 18, and September 13 and 14 in 1978. Baseflow grab samples
were collected on March 29, May 2 and November 1 in 1978. The samples
were immediately mailed to the laboratory in ice-filled styrofoam
containers.
Laboratory Analysis
The parameter list for the continued monitoring program focuses on the
key pollutants identified in the results of the 1975 to 1977
monitoring program (1). All the samples collected in 1978 and 1979
were analysed for suspended solids, total-P, soluble-P, and chloride.
Conductivity was measured on all the samples in 1978 and BODs was
determined on a few samples in 1978. Lead and cadmium concentrations
were determined for all the samples collected at Station 413005 in
1979. A separate bottle was sent to the laboratory for the metals
analysis. All analyses were conducted at the Wisconsin State Hygiene
Laboratory located at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, some 130
km from the sampling sites. The parameters likely to undergo rapid
transformations were processed upon arrival at the laboratory.
Analytical procedures used for analysis of phosphorus forms, lead, and
cadmium were those recommended by the USEPA (3). Phosphorus forms
were determined by approved autoanalyzer techniques (3). Atomic
absorption spectroscopy utilizing a graphite furnance was chosen as
the method of determination in most cases for metals (3). Procedures
for determination of suspended solids, chloride, and BODs are
described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater
(4). Conductivity was determined using a conductivity meter.
The data were filed in the storage data base in the WDNR computer mass
storage files for reporting and statistical analysis.
Method of Calculating Loadings
A stratified random sampling model enhanced by a ratio estimator was
used to estimate pollutant loading values at all the sites. The
assumptions of the model are:
1. Simple random sampling of water quality within non-overlapping
subpopulation or strata is possible.
2. Supplemental flow information is available rather than
instantaneous flow values taken at those times when water quality
samples were taken. The model produces load and variance
estimates for each stratum and for the sum of the stratum. The
same model was used to estimate loadings for the 1975 to 1977
monitoring data. The calculations were performed using a computer
program developed by the WDNR. The method is described in more
detail in Volume 3 (1).
1-12
-------
1-4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Flow and Concentration
Seasonal Concentration
Concentrations of eight parameters were monitored during runoff events
and baseflow at 11 sites in 1978 and 1979. Flow was recorded
continuously at the monitoring stations. These stations included
three mainstem river sites and eight predominantly single land use
sites that were included in the 1975 to 1977 Menomonee River Watershed
monitoring program. The monitoring was begun in the spring of 1978
and ended in the fall of 1979. The concentration data were compiled
and stored in the EPA STORET system. Flow records were maintained on
computer tape and are available from the WDNR. The mean, daily, and
monthly flow values for Stations 413005, 413010, 413006, 413007,
413011 and 463001 were tabulated in the U.S. Geological Survey Water
Data Report for Wisconsin (5 and 6). Seasonal mean concentrations
during runoff events and baseflow in 1978 and 1979 are presented in
the appendix (Tables I-A-1 to I-A-22). The rainfall data for 1978 and
1979 is presented in Part II of Volume 12. Concentration data
presented in the tables include the number of samples (frequency) used
in the calculation of the seasonal mean values and the standard
deviation about each mean. Seasons were defined as follows:
Summer - the period from June 1 to September 30.
Fall - the period from October 1 to December 21.
Winter - the period from December 22 to the onset of spring.
Spring - initiated by observation of the onset of sustained high
flows. Varies from year to year and between stations in a
particular year. Dates for the onset of spring were around April
3 for 1978 and March 2 for 1979 and always terminated on May 30 of
each year.
Mean seasonal event concentrations of suspended solids, chloride,
BOD , lead, cadmium and conductivity were usually highest in the
spring and lowest in the fall for all sites. This trend was not
observed for total-P and soluble-P. The highest soluble-P
concentrations occurred either in the spring or the fall and the
second highest concentration value always occurred in the summer. The
total-P concentrations in 1978 were always highest in the spring,
while the highest values occurred either in the summer or the fall in
1979. Mean seasonal concentrations are a function of the amount of
pollutant available for washoff, and the volume of runoff. The
higher mean seasonal concentrations in the spring suggest greater
availability of pollutants because of the accumulation which occurs
over the winter and a lack of protective vegetative cover on many of
the pervious surfaces. The accumulation of road salt on the road
surfaces during the winter is a definite factor in the higher levels
of chloride and conductivity observed in the spring.
1-13
-------
Although most of the mean seasonal event concentrations were similar
among stations in a given season one or two sites in each season had
an exceptionally high or low value. The highest soluble-P values were
always observed at the agricultural site (463001) and the lowest
total and soluble-P values were usually observed at the medium
density residential site (413011). As was expected, the highest
chloride concentrations were recorded at the freeway interchange site
(413615) and the lowest in the agricultural sites (463001). Results
from two sites (413625 and 413616) were not used in the ranking of the
sites, because of contamination from point sources. The results from
one station (413616) was affected by the discharge from the industrial
waste treatment system on the site and the concentration of the
phosphorus forms for station 413625 in the summer of 1979 was probably
elevated by the direct dumping of fertilizer into the channel.
Because of the point source discharge at station 413616 the site was
not monitored in 1979.
The mean seasonal event concentrations were always higher than the
baseflow values for suspended solids, total-P, soluble-P, cadmium,
lead and 8005. However, the chloride and conductivity values were
always higher for baseflow. The lower chloride values during events
indicated that chloride on the streets is extensively diluted by
runoff. High baseflow concentrations might reflect contamination of
the groundwater by chloride. Evaluation of groundwater quality in
Volume 7(7) revealed high concentration of chlorides in the
qroundwater of the Menomonee River Watershed. The average ratio of
all seasons" mean event concentrations to baseflow concentrations
range between 3 and 4 for suspended solids, total-P, soluble-P,
cadmium and 8005. The importance of the nonpoint source
contributions to the level of most of the pollutants in the river
system is clearly documented by the relatively high concentrations of
the key parameters during events.
Individual Event Flow and Concentrations
Discreet concentrations of suspended solids, total-P, soluble-P, and
lead increased with increasing flows during individual events at
Station 413005 (Tables I-A-26, I-A-27, & I-A-28). Again the chloride
concentration decreased during events to levels about the same or less
than baseflow values. The discreet concentration values for all the
parameters except chloride were usually higher than the base flow
values nearest the date of the event. The variability of all the
parameters indicates that event concentrations can only be
characterized by collecting samples across the entire hydrograph. The
variabilities in the concentrations are reflected in the high standard
deviation associated with the mean seasonal event concentrations.
Although the impact of the higher event concentrations on beneficial
uses of the receiving water cannot be quantified, nonpoint source
pollution clearly makes an important contribution to the levels of the
pollutants in the river system.
1-14
-------
Bacterial Pollutants
Grab samples were obtained during events and baseflow at 28 locations
to evaluate the levels and sources of fecal bacteria in the Menomonee
River Watershed. The grab sampling sites were located above and below
potential sources of fecal contamination; e.g. feedlots, combined
sewer flows and septic drain fields. The fecal coliform and fecal
streptococcus counts were recorded during the spring and summer of
1978 and are presented in Tables I-A-23, I-A-24, and I-A-25.
Relative to a bathing water criteria of 400 MFFCC/100 ML, the fecal
coliform counts from the Menomonee River Watershed almost always
exceeded the criteria during events. Less than half the values exceed
the criteria during base flow. The event bacteria counts were usually
higher than most of the base flow values. The Menomonee River system
would be considered unsafe for body contact during events and for some
periods of baseflow.
It has been found that the ratio of fecal coliform to fecal
steptococcus varies by fecal source. A ratio in water of 4 or above
suggests the fecal contamination is human and if below 0.7 the source
is considered nonhuman. Both human and animal fecal pollution were
evident in the watershed (Tables I-A-23, I-A-24, and I-A-25). High
ratios indicated human fecal pollution was present for both event and
base flow samples collected near combined sewer overflows and septic
waste filter beds. Animals were the source of fecal bacteria in some
of the agricultural and mixed land use drainage areas. High bacterial
counts in the river system were observed near combined sewer
overflows, septic waste filter beds and feedlots. High counts were
also observed in the highly urbanized Honey Creek subwatershed and in
ditches draining industrial sites.
Monitored Loading Data
Seasonal Loading
Seasonal loadings of water, suspended solids, total-P, and soluble-P
were estimated for events and baseflow during 1978 to 1979. Most
event loadings did not include baseflow loadings during events and
thus provided estimates of nonpoint source pollution from the
different land use areas. Seasonal baseflow loadings were calculated
for both the times during and in between events as defined by the
start and stop timers of the events. The event loadings were
calculated by subtracting the seasonal baseflow loadings during events
from the total seasonal event loading. Seasonal baseflow loadings
were added to seasonal event loadings to estimate total seasonal
loadings. The importance of nonpoint source pollution in the
Watershed was determined by comparing total seasonal loadings with
seasonal event loadings. Pollutant loadings were determined using the
stratified random sampling model enhanced by a ratio estimator. The
1-15
-------
method is described in detail in Volume 3 (1). Water loadings were
calculated by integration of flow values with time. Seasonal total
loadings and event unit area loadings of water suspended solids,
total-P, and soluble-P are presented in Tables I-A-29 to I-A-40. The
percent event loading was determined by dividing the seasonal event
loading by the total seasonal loading. The error estimated for each
pollutant is presented as a 95% confidence interval. The mean flow
weighted concentration for the season was calculated by dividing the
seasonal event pollutant loading by seasonal event water loading. The
event unit area loadings between seasons at each site were usually
highest in the spring and lowest in the fall except for the water
loadings in 1978. The event unit area loadings of water at six sites
in 1978 were highest in the summer instead of the spring. However,
four of the sites (413011, 413010, 413006, and 683089) with the
highest water loading in the summer still maintained the highest
pollutant loading in the spring. The mean seasonal event
concentrations at the same sites were also highest in the spring. The
event unit loadings were highest in the spring because the spring
concentration values in 1978 were high enough to compensate for the
lower water loadings in the spring. The spring was clearly the most
critical time of the year for nonpoint source pollution during 1978
and 1979 in the Menomonee River Watershed. The total loadings had
similar trends between seasons at a given site.
The seasonal event unit area pollutant loadings in a given season were
compared to determine the most critical type of drainage areas in the
Watershed. Many of the sites had similar loadings in the spring and
summer. Stations 413005, 463001, 413007 and 413625 show lower event
unit area loadings than other stations. These stations also have the
lowest values of percent connected imperviousness (Table 1-1).
Station 413615 usually had the highest event unit area loading. The
rankings of the sites revealed that the highly urbanized drainage
areas in the Menomonee River Watershed are the most critical sources
of nonpoint source pollution. The event unit area loadings for
stations 413034 and 413616 were not used in the ranking analyses. The
concentration values from 413616 were elevated by point source
contamination and the flow values at 413034 were modified by a large
cooling water system in the storm sewer.
The seasonal event loadings represent the contribution of nonpoint
source pollution to the total seasonal loading. The importance of the
nonpoint source contribution for the entire watershed was measured at
the mainstem station 413005. This site is at the mouth of the
Menomonee River. The percent of the pollutant event loadings at
station 413005 was between 20 and 50 percent in the spring and usually
greater than 50 % in the summer and fall. The lower percent event
water and pollutant loadings were expected in the spring since snow
melt and higher ground water tables sustained relatively high base
flows in the spring. The high percent event values indicate land
drainage from the Watershed is an important source of pollution to the
Menomonee River.
1-16
-------
The percent of the total loadings contributed by events were also
determined for four of the sites (413011, 413006, 413007, and 463001)
located on the perennial streams tributary to the Menomonee River.
The percent event water loadings were always higher for Stations
413011 and 413006 which drain more highly urbanized subwatersheds.
The events produced more runoff per unit area from the subwatersheds
with a greater amount of percent connected imperviousness. The
percent event loading of suspended solids, total-P, and soluble-P was
almost always greater than 50 % at all the sites except for Station
463001 in 1979. The percent event was less than 50 % for all
suspended solid loadings and the fall phosphorus loadings at Station
463001 in 1979 because of the low percent event water loading in all
the seasons and the similarity of the event and baseflow suspended
solids concentrations. The percent event loading was usually greater
than 75 % in the most urbanized drainage areas (413011 and 413006).
The high contributions of event loadings observed at the four
tributary drainage areas further emphasize the importance of nonpoint
source pollution in the Menomonee River Watershed, which is .
representative of most urbanized areas.
1-17
-------
REFERENCES - I
1. Simsiman, G. V., et al. Surface Water Monitoring Data. Final
Report of the Menomonee River Pilot Watershed Study, Vol. 3, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1979.
2. Sims'iman, G. V., J. Goodrich-Mahoney, G. Chesters and R.
Bannerman. Land Use, Population and Physical Characteristics of
the'Menomonee River Watershed. Part III: Description of the
Watershed. Final Report of the Menomonee River Pilot Watershed
Study, Vol. 2, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1979.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Manual of Methods for
Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, 2nd ed. EPA-625/5-76-003,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976. 317 pp.
4. American Public Health Assoc. Rand, R. C., A. E. Greenberg and M,
J. Taras (eds.). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater, 14th ed. Washington, D.C., 1975.
5. U. S. Geological Survey. Water Resources Data for Wisconsin,
1978. U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WI-78-1, 1976.
582 pp.
6. U.S. Geological Survey. Water Resources Data for Wisconsin,
1979. U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WI-79-1, 1977.
607 pp.
7. Eisen, C.E., Anderson, M.P. Groundwater Hydrology. Final Report
of the Menomonee River Pilot Watershed Study, Vol. 7, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1979.
1-18
-------
Appendix A. Surface Water Quality for 1978 and 1979.
Appendix I-A contains tabular materials which are grouped in the
following manner to correspond to the order shown in the main text.
Table Nos. Description
I-A-1 to I-A-22 Seasonal mean concentrations of
pollutants during baseflow and
events.
I-A-23 to I-A-25 Bacterial counts in baseflow and
event samples.
I-A-26 to I-A-28 Flow and pollutant concentrations
for selected events and baseflow at
station 413005.
I-A-29 to I-A-37 Seasonal and annual total loading
and event unit area loading for
water, suspended solids, total-P and
soluble-P.
1-19
-------
Table I-A-I. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency
of sampling for BOD-5 day during 1978 baseflow
STORE!
NUMBER
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
SPR 78
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
1.20
1.20
1.60
.12
5.60
10.60
.00
.00
.00
.00
5.09
13.29
SUM 78 FALL 78
Frequency
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
4.
Mean concentration
2.90
2.50
4.10
2.90
3.30
14.00
Standard deviation
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
5.23
ALL
SEASONS
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
6.
2.05
1.85
2.85
1.51
4.83
12.87
1.20
.92
1.77
1.97
3.84
7.41
1-20
-------
Table l-A-2. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for BOD-5 day during 1978 events
STORE! -
NUMBER
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
41 3005
413010
413615
413616
413625
413034
683089
463001
41301 1
4(3007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413616
413625
413034
683089
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413616
413625
413034
683089
SPR 78 SUM 78 FALL 78
Frequency
4.
4.
5.
10. II. 2.
10. 10. 2.
7. 8. 4.
II.
II.
8. 9. 3.
Mean concentration
9.37
7.75
12.36
13.59 10.83 7.10
9.99 11.12 6.10
27.33 13.64 14-10
15.65
5.75
16.87 15.71 7.37
Standard deviation
3.08
2.94
4.98
9.28 3.91 .14
1.81 6.49 .57
13.93 8.81 5.10
10.81
4.63
8.99 11.26 .75
ALL
SEASONS
4.
4.
5.
23.
22.
19.
II.
II.
20
9.37
7.75
12.36
11.70
10.15
18.78
15.65
5.75
14.92
3.08
2.94
4.98
6.79
4.64
12.01
10.81
4.63
9.70
1-21
-------
Table l-A-3. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for suspended solids during 1978 baseflow
STORE!
NUMBER
463001
4I30M
413007
413006
413005
413010
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
SPR 78
3.
3.
6.
3.
4,
4.
10.0
B.6
54.6
8.6
92.0
113.0
7.2
7.0
46.2
8.0
144.5
166.4
SUM 78
Frequency
3.
8.
3.
12.
2.
Mean concentration
66.0
69.1
50.6
34.3
10.0
Standard deviation
49.1
58.3
40.8
14.3
1.4
FALL 78
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
4.
140.0
119.0
101.0
82.0
141.5
82.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
14.8
64.0
ALL
SEASONS
7.
12.
10.
16.
8.
8.
52.5
58.1
58.1
32.5
83.7
97.5
55.6
57.1
42.2
20.9
107.3
1 17.9
1-22
-------
Table l-A-4. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for suspended solids during 1978 events
STORE!
NUMBER ,
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413616
413625
413034
683089
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413616
413625
413034
683089
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413616
413625
413034
683089
SPR 78
5.
6.
9.
II.
II.
18.
16.
4.
15.
II.
220.6
265.0
262.2
400.6
321.8
812.6
752.3
42.5
381.1
223.82
178.2
350.9
255.0
361.9
128.5
634.1
861.0
29.8
580.2
341.0
SUM 78
Frequency
19.
15.
8.
24.
21.
23.
13.
20.
17.
9.
15.
Mean concentration
224.4
79.4
338.6
97.1
196.9
179.7
142.6
74.9
347.4
89.0
147.6
Standard deviation
304.5
52.9
571.1
117.5
1 14.8
133.8
125.3
43.4
365.8
87.2
169.9
FALL 78
14.
27.
4.
21.
5.
17.
4.
25.
50.3
102.1
82.0
87.2
25.6
160.6
68.5
294.9
39.4
45.3
64.0
74.8
5.6
1 16.0
21.2
225.3
ALL
SEASONS
24.
21.
17.
49.
59.
45.
50.
29.
49.
13.
51.
223.6
132.4
298.1
151.9
176.8
424.2
314.4
61.9
292.9
82.6
187.2
279.4
200.3
420.4
230.2
122.6
517.9
570.6
42.3
396.1
72.7
237.7
1-23
-------
Table l-A-5. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for total-P during 1978 baseflow
STORE!
NUMBER
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
SPR 78
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
.10
.07
.10
.09
.23
.21
.07
.05
.06
.06
.19
.20
SUM 78
Frequency
3.
8.
3.
4.
2.
Mean concentration
.10
.11
.06
.09
.19
Standard deviation
.02
.13
.02
.03
.08
FALL 78
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
4.
.04
.06
.02
.12
.14
.32
.00
.00
.00
.00
.06
.14
ALL
SEASONS
7.
12.
7.
8.
8.
8.
.09
.10
.07
.09
.19
.23
.05
.10
.05
.04
.13
.23
1-24
-------
Table l-A-6. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for total-P during 1978 events
STORE!
NUMBER ,
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
4136(6
413625
413034
683089
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
41 3005
413010
413615
413616
413625
413034
683089
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413616
413625
413034
683089
SPR 78
5.
6.
6.
II.
II.
18.
16.
4.
16.
II.
.45
.28
.50
.64
.47
1.57
.70
.45
.38
.40
.26
.23
.32
.29
13
1.19
.70
.23
.41
.33
SUM 78
Frequency
19.
15.
8.
16.
21.
23.
13.
20.
17.
9.
15.
Mean concentration
.43
.09
.33
.25
.28
.41
.24
.33
.34
.23
.19
Standard deviation
.33
.05
.37
.25
.12
.23
.18
.11
.21
.10
.14
FALL 78
14.
27.
4.
21.
5.
17.
4.
25.
.19
.26
.32
.19
.29
.27
.19
.14
.17
.26
.14
.11
.04
.16
.03
.10
ALL
SEASONS
24.
21.
14.
41.
59.
45.
50.
29.
50.
13.
51.
.43
14
.40
.34
.30
.87
.37
.34
.33
.22
.21
.32
.15
35
.30
.21
.96
.47
13
! -27
.08
.21
1-25
-------
Table l-A-7. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for soluble-P during 1978 baseflow
STORE!
NUMBER
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
SPR 78
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
.06
.02
.03
.05
.05
.03
.05
.01
.02
.05
.03
.02
SUM 78
Frequency
3.
8.
3.
4.
2.
Mean concentration
.04
.01
.01
.03
.09
Standard deviation
.02
.01
.01
.02
.03
FALL 78
i.
i.
i.
i.
2.
4.
.01
.01
.00
.04
.03
.05
.00
.00
.00
.00
.02
.02
ALL
SEASONS
7.
12.
7.
8.
8.
8.
.04
.01
.02
.04
.05
.04
03
.01
.02
.03
.03
.02
1-26
-------
Table l-A-8. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for soluble-P during 1978 events
STORE!
NUMBER ,
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413616
413625
41 3034
683089
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413616
413625
413034
683089
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413616
413625
413034
683089
SPR 78
5.
6.
6.
II.
1 1.
18.
16.
4.
16.
II.
.10
.03
.04
.13
.05
.05
.01
.17
.04
.07
.03
.02
.03
.07
.02
.04
.02
.07
.02
.07
SUM 78
Frequency
19.
15.
8.
16.
21.
23.
13.
20.
17.
9.
15.
Mean Concentration
.20
.01
.04
.04
.06
.05
.03
.16
.05
.07
.04
Standard deviation
.30
.01
.02
.03
.02
.06
.03
.08
.04
.04
.02
FALL 78
14.
27.
4.
21.
5.
17.
4.
25.
.07
.08
.05
.03
.14
.11
.04
.03
.10
.09
.02
.03
.02
.09
.00
.03
ALL
SEASONS
24.
21.
14.
41.
59.
45.
50.
29.
50.
13.
51.
.18
.02
.04
.07
.07
.05
.03
.16
.07
.06
.04
.27
.02
.02
.08
.06
.05
.03
.07
.06
.03
.04
1-27
-------
Table l-A-9. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for chlorides during 1978 baseflow
STORE!
NUMBER
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
463001
41301 1
413007
4I30Q6
413005
413010
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
SPR 78
3.
3.
6.
3.
4.
4.
36,33
285.00
192.50
286.67
137.50
447.50
12.50
39.69
49.97
43.68
18.48
251.45
SUM 78
Frequency
3.
8.
3.
4.
2.
Mean concentration
38.67
97.38
208.33
155.00
122.50
Standard deviation
1,53
53.74
18.93
40.93
17.68
FALL 78
1.
1.
I.
1.
2.
4.
32.00
175.00
235.00
105.00
134.00
18,00
.00
.00
.00
.00
15.56
15.68
ALL
SEASONS
7-
!?
10.
8.
8,
8.
36.29
150.75
201.50
197.50
132.88
232.75
7.72
95.74
40.76
82.16
16.40
282.68
1-28
-------
Table I-A-IO. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for chlorides during 1978 events
STORE!
NUMBER .
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413616
413625
413034
683089
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413616
413625
413034
683089
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413616
413625
413034
683089
SPR 78
5.
6.
9.
II.
II.
18.
16.
4.
16.
II.
56.00
148.67
183.00
1 10.27
134.82
128.1 1
314.94
51.50
102.94
232.55
7.48
63.33
42.31
47.17
27.39
132.15
420.97
11.12
32.81
245.22
SUM 78
Frequency
19.
15.
8.
16.
21.
23.
13.
20.
17.
9.
15.
Mean concentration
33.84
82.20
49.12
69.00
60.48
26.54
63.54
31.30
54.12
13.67
103.40
Standard deviation
8.21
30.89
14.09
44.08
33.60
24.06
62.53
9.61
44.76
10.84
358.97
FALL 78
14.
27.
4.
20.
5.
16.
4.
25.
40.00
111.15
18.00
60.50
42.80
101.12
36.00
24.56
31.72
21.21
15.68
79.25
4.32
27.65
5.94
24.46
ALL
SEASONS
24.
21.
17.
41.
59.
45.
49.
29.
49.
I3i
51.
38.46
101.19
120.00
70.17
97.53
66.41
144.39
36.07
85-41
20.54
92.61
12.13
51.16
75.67
48.72
39.59
98.26
270.63
11.70
42.13
14.22
234.63
1-29
-------
Table I-A-II. Seasonal mean concentrations (umhos/on), standard deviations, and
frequency of sampling for conductivity during 1979 baseflow
STORE!
NUMBER
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
463001
41301 1
41 3007
413006
413005
SPR 79
6.
7.
7.
6.
5.
626.33
1437.00
1249.14
1435.33
883.40
87.87
375.10
252.84
292.95
53.65
SUM 79
Frequency
5.
3.
5.
6.
4.
Mean concentration
641.80
1148.00
1155.00
826.33
990.50
Standard deviation
41.14
28.62
256.19
89.33
103.70
FALL 79
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
690.50
782.00
986.00
764.00
1020.00
28.99
0.00
1 18.79
104.65
.00
ALL
SEASONS
13.
12.
14.
14.
II.
642.15
1255.00
1177.93
1078.43
947. 1 8
66.07
376.53
243.69
374.50
90.68
1-30
-------
Table I-A-I2. Seasonal mean concentrations (umhos/cm), standard deviations, and
frequency of sampling for conductivity during 1979 events
STORE!
NUMBER ,
463001
41301 1
413007
41 3006
413005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
SPR 79
38.
39.
52.
55.
33.
28.
58.
24.
36.
524.13
608.28
759.79
936.64
800.94
1105.07
486.21
205.79
931.92
101.22
276.99
178.79
596.91
378.99
681 .82
1 19.61
113.72
1014.47
SUM 79
Frequency
10.
43.
18.
24.
45.
46.
42.
30.
28.
40.
Mean concentration
603.00
518.53
404. 1 7
342.54
636.33
212.54
477.93
444.07
206.64
454.55
Standard deviation
49.90
219.62
120.15
175.21
123.84
112.01
580.15
249.40
88.62
466.90
FALL 79
19.
38.
6.
19.
32.
32.
700.53
514.29
505.00
266. 1 6
797.66
237.03
28.77
224.96
63.17
111.37
150.81
305.41
ALL
SEASONS
67.
120.
76.
98.
no.
46.
70.
88.
52.
108.
585.93
546.36
655.45
662.84
732.65
212.54
728.79
471.84
206.25
549.22
111.05
243.16
223.13
554.60
247.61
112.01
691.13
174.68
99.95
724.49
1-31
-------
Table I-A-I3. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/l), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for suspended solids during 1979 baseflow
STORE!
NUMBER
463001
41 3011
413007
4) 3006
413005
463001
413011
413007
413006
413005
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
SPR 79
6.
7.
7.
6.
5.
126.3
133.2
125.7
129.3
164.0
37.1
30.9
20.3
44.6
45.1
SUM 79
Frequency
5.
3.
5.
6.
4.
Mean concentration
1 18.0
85.0
66.4
62.1
68.2
Standard deviation
31.5
48.1
40.4
21.2
17.4
FALL 79
2.
2.
2.
2.
4.
124.0
92.5
86.0
72.5
58.2
4.2
7.7
22.6
9.1
61.3
ALL
SEASONS
13.
12.
14.
14.
13.
122.7
114.4
98.8
92.4
102.0
30.3
38.7
39.4
45.3
65.6
1-32
-------
Table I-A-I4. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for suspended solids during 1979 events
STORE!
NUMBER
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
SPR 79
38.
39.
52.
56.
33.
30.
58.
24.
36.
112.3
179.0
226.5
189.3
209.6
229.1
502.5
309.0
158.4
73.7
210.2
122.4
186.2
104.6
214.7
480.3
345.9
164.2
SUM 79
Frequency
10.
43.
18.
25.
45.
46.
43.
30.
29.
40.
Mean concentration
128.9
133.7
222.5
133.0
123.4
202.7
176.6
346.0
455.9
142.0
Standard deviation
62.8
230.4
216.1
123.2
71.1
209.6
165.3
467.2
832.1
193.2
FALL 79
19.
38.
6.
20.
32.
32.
102.6
96.1
72.1
273.4
91.5
45.6
18.1
126.3
28.4
238.0
31.3
37.4
ALL
SEASONS
67.
120.
76.
101.
110.
46.
73.
88.
53.
108.
112.0
136.5
213.3
192.0
140.0
202.7
198.2
449.1
389.4
1 18.9
61.2
197.3
150.2
188.9
88.3
209.6
187.6
479.0
656.6
158.6
1-33
-------
Table t-A-15. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for total-P during 1979 baseflow
STORE!
NUMBER
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
SPR 79
6.
7.
7.
6.
5.
.08
.02
.07
.06
.08
.06
.01
.05
.06
.01
SUM 79
Frequency
5.
3.
5.
6.
4.
Mean concentration
.09
.04
.05
.06
.10
Standard deviation
.01
.01
.02
.04
.04
FALL 79
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
.06
.05
.05
.03
.07
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
ALL
SEASONS
13.
12.
14.
14.
II.
.08
.03
.06
.06
.09
.04
.01
.04
.05
.03
1-34
-------
Table I-A-I6. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for total-P during 1979 events
STORE!
NUMBER
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
463001
41301 1
4 1 3007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
SPR 79
38.
39.
52.
56.
33.
30.
58.
24.
36.
.22
.14
.26
.23
.18
.22
.29
.18
.12
.09
.11
.18
.11
.12
.13
.23
.14
.09
SUM 79
Frequency
10.
43.
18.
25.
45.
46.
43.
30.
29.
40.
Mean concentration
.32
.13
.30
.25
.20
.29
.25
2.66
.42
.23
Standard deviation
.13
.12
.14
.20
.07
.16
.15
5.62
.57
.16
FALL 79
19.
38.
6.
20.
32.
32.
.13
.16
.17
.34
.19
.16
.04
.12
.04
.17
.16
.20
ALL
SEASONS
67.
120.
76.
101.
110.
46.
73.
88.
53.
108.
.21
14
.26
.25
.19
.29
.24
1.10
.31
17
II
.12
.17
16
.12
.16
.14
3.44
.44
.16
1-35
-------
Table I-A-I7. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for soluble-P during 1979 baseflow
STORET
NUMBER
463001
4I30IJ
413007
413006
4I300P
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
463001
4)30)1
413007
413006
413005
SPR 79
6.
7.
7.
6.
5.
.02
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
.02
.02
.01
SUM 79
Frequency
5.
3.
5.
6.
4.
Mean concentration
.02
.00
.01
.01
.03
Standard deviation
.01
.00
.00
.01
.01
FALL 79
2.
2.
2.
2.
8.
.01
.01
.01
.00
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
ALL
SEASONS
!I3.
12.
14.
14.
17.
.02
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
.01
.01
.01
1-36
-------
Table I-A-I8. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for soluble-P during 1979 events
STORE!
NUMBER '
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
41 3625
413034
683089
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
SPR 79
38.
39.
52.
56.
33.
30.
58.
24.
36.
.12
.02
.06
.06
.02
.04
.03
.02
.01
.08
.01
.05
.03
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
SUM 79 FALL 79
Frequency
10. 19.
43. 38.
18. 6.
25. 20.
45. 32.
46.
43.
30.
29.
40. 31.
Mean concentration
.09 .03
.02 .04
.04 .03
.04 .03
.04 .05
.05
.04
1.64
.03
.04 .06
Standard deviation
.06 .02
.01 .03
.01 .01
.03 .02
.01 .08
.03
.03
3.59
.02
.04 .12
ALL
SEASONS
67.
120.
76.
101.
110.
46.
73.
88.
53.
107.
.09
.03
.05
.05
.04
.05
.04
.58
.03
.04
.08
.02
.04
03
.04
03
.03
2.21
.02
.07
1-37
-------
Table I-A-I9. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for chlorides during 1979 baseflow
STORET
NUMBER
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
SPR 79
6.
7.
7.
6.
5.
40.17
294.71
196.57
314.83
133.00
1.47
121.81
88.70
86.94
18.23
SUM 79
Frequency
5.
3.
5.
6.
4.
Mean concentration
29.40
220.00
201.00
138.00
150.00
Standard deviation
5.55
13.23
79.09
27.93
24.49
FALL 79
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
32.00
1 30.00
132.50
102.50
160.00
1.41
0.00
24.75
17.68
.00
ALL
SEASONS
13.
12.
14.
14.
1).
34.77
248.58
189.00
208.71
144.09
6.26
1 10.72
78.61
111.68
20.95
1-38
-------
Table l-A-20. Seasonal mean concentrations (mg/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling, for chlorides during 1979 events
STORE!
NUMBER
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
463001
41 301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
41 3625
413034
683089
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
SPR 79
37.
39.
52.
56.
33.
28.
58.
24.
36.
34.70
105.95
115.04
210.95
141.06
329.39
63.83
21.00
225.72
7.73
60.88
43.46
214.51
120.86
236.93
31.87
17.04
295.55
SUM 79
Frequency
10.
43.
18.
25.
45.
46.
43.
29.
28.
40.
Mean concentration
30.80
80.60
47.39
45.92
88.64
16.04
83.42
46.45
13.00
60.35
Standard deviation
4.66
49.92
24.59
36.18
21.85
15.99
132.03
34.90
9.68
87.86
FALL 79
19.
38.
6.
19.
32.
32.
36.16
73.00
51.17
25.89
109.53
25.97
6.73
44.92
6.15
16.49
43.90
50.06
ALL
SEASONS
66.
120.
76.
100.
110.
46.
71.
87.
52.
108.
34.53
86.43
93.97
134.53
110.45
16.04
180.42
58.03
16.69
105.29
7.18
53.71
48.98
182.98
74.22
15.99
216.26
33.73
14.03
199.07
1-39
-------
Table I-A-2I« Seasonal mean concentrations (ug/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for lead during 1979 events and baseflow
STORE!
NUMBER
SPR 79
SUM 79
FALL 79
ALL
SEASONS
413005
413005
413005
413005
413005
413005
EVENT SAMPLES
Frequency
34. 38.
Mean concentration
76.71 61.92
Standard Deviation
147.57 52.73
BASEFLOW SAMPLES
Frequency
4. 3.
Mean concentration
.23 .10
Standard deviation
.25 .00
31,
48.27
38.09
.10
.00
103.
62.69
92.79
8.
16
18
1-40
-------
Table l-A-22. Seasonal mean concentrations (ug/L), standard deviations, and frequency of
sampling for cadmium during 1979 events and baseflow
STORE!
NUMBER '
SPR 79
SUM 79
FALL 79
ALL
SEASONS
413005
413005
413005
413005
413005
413005
EVENT SAMPLES
Frequency
34. 38.
Mean concentration
.84 .52
Standard Deviation
1.50 .61
BASEFLOW SAMPLES
Frequency
4. 3.
Mean concentration
.23 .10
Standard deviation
.25 .00
32.
.32
.39
.10
.00
104.
.52
.99
8.
.16
.18
1-41
-------
Table l-A-23. Bacterial counts In baseflow samples collected during the spring and fall
of 1978*
Station**
1
2
5
6
3
9
10
U
12
13
16
17
673001
463001
413008
413005
683002
683001
413011
413007
413010
413006
413009
Bacteria Counts (XI 00)
Feca 1 Co 1 1 form
3/29 5/2
1.2
52
400
4.4
O.I
78
1.3
2.5
I.I
0.4
15 19
14
O.I
O.I
O.I
1.0 2.7
400
(FC) Fecal Streptococcus (FS)
ll/l
32
O.I
0.6
0.7
38
50
3.3
O.I
0.7
12
5.0
2.7
9.0
5/2 l|/l
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.2
1.7
1.2 5.6
300
1.7
O.I
6.0
0.2 6.0
0.5
O.I
0.2 O.I
1 .0 1 .0
7.0
1.3 0.4
0.3 2.1
200
FC/FS Ratio
5/2
0.7
43
1.3
2.6
1.0
13
6.5
2
19
II
9
2
ll/l
32
0.5
1.5
3.5
6.8
8.3
6.6
1.0
7
12
7.1
6.8
4.3
* Fecal collform corresponds to MFFCC/tOO ml and FS are In counts/100 ml.
** Station descriptions In Table 1-26-A.
1-42
-------
Table l-A-24. Bacterial counts In event samples collected during the spring of 1978*
Station**
1
2
3
4
5
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
16
17
673001
463001
413008
413005
413009
683002
683001
41301 1
413001
413010
413006
Fecal Collform (FC)
4/6 4/18 5/12 5/15
2.4
1.0
0.7
1.5
0.6
3.4
3.3
100
0.4
O.I
2.9
6.2
6.1
40
2.0
3.2 0.2
3.4
20 4.5 3.6
100.0
4.0
1.7
0.9 1.0
1.8 1.2
0.9 2.6
40 2.1 3.1
Bacteria Counts (XI 000)
Fecal Streptococcus (FS)
5/12 5/15
0.4
0.2
1.8
0.9
0.3
3.8
6.3
100
1.0
O.I
4.4
3.9
2.0
0.6
3.2
2.0
80
1.4
0.8
2.0
FC/FS
5/12
0.4
0.9
0.5
1.0
0.4
1.0
0.6
3.0
I.I
1.5
1.2
2.1
1.5
Ratio
5/15
6.0
0.2
1.7
2.0
1.6
3.3
2.8
* Fecal collform corresponds to MFFCC/IOO ml and FS are In counts/100 ml.
** Station descriptions In Table 1-2.
1-43
-------
Table l-A-25. Bacterial counts in event samples collected during the summer of 1978*
Station**
Bacteria Counts
Fecal Oolfform (FC)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
II
15
16
17
673001
413008
413005
463001
413006
7/20 8/18
30 100
0.5 1.8
5.5
0.2
0.6
22
25
16
18
0.5
30
100
9/13 9/14
25
12
3.2
35
7.5
II
4.7
11
20
250
1.5
20
10
(XI 000)
Fecal Streptococcus (FS)
7/20 8/18
1.0 100
1.7 4.5
II
0.3
1.6
36
17
0.6
2.8
0.2
65
80
9/13 9/14
6.0
10
21
37
6.5
23
2.0
1.9
15
41
0.5
36
38
FC/FS Ratio
7/2Q 8/18 9/13
30 1.0 4.1
0.3 0.4 1.2
0.5 0.2
0.7
0.4
0.6
1.2
1.5
0.3
2.3
27
1.3
6.4
2.5
0.5
0.5
0.3
1.2
9/14
0.9
0.4
6.0
3.0
* Fecal coliform corresponds to MFFCC/IOO ml and FS are In counts/100 ml.
** Station descriptions In Table 1-2.
1-44
-------
Table l-A-26. Flows (cms) and pollutant concentrations (mg/L) at 413005 for selected
event and baseflow samples collected In 1978
Baseflow. Event Times Flows Suspended
Sampling Start and Samples
Dates Stop Date Time
780329
7804052100
780406 051 5
0915
1315
1515
1715
780407 0900
7804090100
780523
7806160200
780616 0300
1200
2100
780617 0600
1500
2000
2359
780618 0900
1800
780619 1200
780620 0500
2300
7806210200
780628
7806300900
780701 0210
2110
780702 1710
780703 1310
6.3
22.8
21.1
41.3
33.9
29.0
18.3
2.2
3.6
11.9
5.0
26.0
33.6
30.2
28.9
31.9
21.0
13.3
10.6
8.9
1.6
7.2
15.5
38.6
27.1
Solids
20
368
262
452
234
256
94
4
308
200
176
328
390
338
230
95
64
142
138
136
9
468
115
314
151
Total
P
12
.53
.44
.64
.37
.49
.18
.09
.52
.37
.37
.44
.44
.44
.44
.31
.24
.24
.23
.20
.24
.20
.23
.20
.30
Soluble
P
.048
.045
.065
.071
.045
.090
.048
.023
.071
.035
.067
.029
.046
.063
.089
.095
.096
.048
.088
.068
114
.038
.073
.063
.095
Chloride
140
120
150
100
150
120
100
135
165
45
95
32
38
36
32
34
46
43
63
54
HO
50
57
24
32
7807072100
780928
1.2
.13
.067
135
1-45
-------
Table l-A-27. Flows (cms) and pollutant concentrations (mg/L) at 413005 for selected
events and baseflow samples collected In the spring of 1979
Baseflow
Samp 1 1 ng
Dates
790328
790411
790502
Event Times
Flows
Start and Samples
Stop Date
7903160800 790316
79031 7
790318
790319
7903201300 790320
7903281500 790329
790330
790331
7904011800
7905022100
790503
Time
1740
0140
0940
1740
0140
0940
1740
0140
0940
1740
0140
2130
0530
0550
1310
1330
2110
2130
0510
1310
0040
0440
0840
1240
1640
2040
11.0
10.4
8.7
12.2
12.5
13.2
30.0
48.4
52.1
53.5
46.8
7.6
16.7
25.7
25.1
41.7
42.6
42.3
42.3
37.8
26.6
3.4
5.8
12.0
13.3
11.5
9.7
8.7
8.2
Suspended
Solids
150
131
178
175
164
157
335
134
168
150
102
140
162
179
400
250
173
368
190
310
241
198
99
154
140
120
102
124
117
Total
P
.10
.11
.10
.12
.12
.11
.20
.14
.42
.20
.17
.10
.10
.10
.27
.16
.12
.29
.12
.23
.24
.08
.06
.09
.10
.11
.07
.06
.08
Soluble
P
.016
.020
.021
.018
.026
.021
.027
.022
.046
.042
.036
.021
.017
.019
.021
.015
.016
.026
.022
.019
.020
.017
.016
.012
.015
.018
.0(2
.01 1
.008
Chloride
128
120
112
145
120
100
90
95
75
70
58
130
145
140
120
100
135
68
115
72
60
140
105
85
80
92
88
95
90
Tota I *
Lead
14
12
9
38
18
12
37
48
20
10
12
2
16
(0
180
55
86
55
27
80
19
2
2
12
10
4
2
2
4
7905051600
790522
1.4
173
.09
.008
135
»ug/l
1-46
-------
Table l-A-28. Flows Ccms) and pollutants concentrations Ong/L) at 413005 for selected
events and baseflow samples collected in the summer of 1979
Baseflow
Samp 1 1 ng
Dates
790719
790815
Event Times
Start and Samples
Stop Date Time
7907220700 790724 2155
2355
790725 0155
0355
0555
7907260400 0755
7908080500 790808 0720
0920
1120
1320
1520
1720
790809 1910
1110
1310
1510
1710
1910
7908112200 2190
7908170200 790822 1855
2055
2255
790823 0055
0255
7908251700 0455
Flows
.5
6.2
5.2
2.4
1.8
1.3
1.8
3.9
3.8
2.2
1.5
1.2
1.0
1.6
2.5
2.4
1.9
1.5
1.2
I.I
.6
14.3
19.1
10.2
10.4
8.1
7.2
Suspended
Solids
51
250
198
109
69
57
68
143
81
79
65
64
54
69
86
87
72
62
58
47
72
79
97
188
220
115
97
Total
P
.09
.41
.36
.24
.22
.20
.23
.22
.16
.14
.12
.12
.12
.15
.18
.18
.16
.14
.14
.13
.16
.14
.17
.28
.20
.20
.16
Soluble
P
.022
.056
.043
.032
.026
.024
.040
.054
.046
.044
.041
.031
.035
.036
.036
.033
.031
.032
.030
.033
.040
.043
.027
.035
.035
.044
.037
Chloride
160
90
75
80
85
85
85
110
108
90
88
82
90
105
95
95
95
95
100
100
130
68
70
52
45
46
46
Total*
Lead
6
220
159
61
41
34
38
81
44
36
29
21
id
34
44
44
34
25
23
20
5
id
id
id
id
id
Id
id insufficient data
*ug/l
1-47
-------
Table l-A-29. 1978 Seasonal and annual total and event unit area water loadings
STORET
NUMBER
463001
41 3011
41 3007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
Season
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annua 1
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annua 1
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annua 1
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spr I ng
Summer
Fall
Annua 1
Spr i ng
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spr 1 ng
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spr 1 ng
Summer
Fall
Annua 1
Total Water
M3x 1000
2,002
1,849
414
4,265
692
1,024
340
2,056
4,071
4,039
1,254
9,365
3,143
4,012
1,023
8,179
44,993
38,960
9,066
92,909
174
209
id
383*
128
86
10
224
25
69
7
101
id
51
1
52*
68
90
13
171
% Event
20
47
5
30
62
93
22
71
47
50
24
45
69
72
37
66
21
51
25
34
70
67
Id
68
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Id
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Event Unit Load
M3/ha
189
403
10
602
771
1,727
135
2,633
389
405
60
854
780
1,033
134
1,947
294
613
70
978
599
696
Id
1,295
1,997
1 ,350
153
3,500
1 10
308
32
450
Id
462
10
472*
1,113
1,482
214
2,809
id Data Insufficieiil far determination of loading.
* Annual loading A.. Hmated from only two seasons - o
sn Is missing flow values.
1-48
-------
Table l-A-30. 1978 Seasonal and annual total and event unit area loadings and
flow-weighted concentrations of suspended sol Ids
STORE!
NUMBER
463001
41 3011
41 3007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
41 3034
683089
1 d Data
* Annn
Season
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spri ng
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Total Load
kg x 1000
198.9
464.6
Id
663.5
156.6
43.1
Id
293.7*
615.3
931.6
id
2,019.9*
1,029.0
688.1
612.3
2,330.3
10,358.0
5,856.3
4,336.1
20,551.1
108.3
55.8
id
165.2**
72.2
19.6
.9
92.6
21.7
28.4
I.I
51.3
Id
3.7
.1
3.8**
23.1
14.1
3.7
41.0
% Event
Unit Event
Load (CD
kg/ha
97
81
id
86
100
89
Id
97
99
90
id
93
93
94
91
93
31
92
84
60
73
53
id
66
too
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Id
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Insufficient for determination of
ft 1 1 ("inH »c4" t mA't-fkH 1 1 1 I nn c- 1 immAr* 9 nH
89.7
174.8
id
264.6
281.8
69.6
id
515.1
121.8
(68.8
Id
377.7
343.9
231.1
200.9
776.1
99.3
166.7
1 13.6
379.7
392.1
146.0
Id
538.1
1,127.5
305.5
13.5
1,446.6
97.0
126.8
5.0
228.9
id
33.8
.7
34.6
379.4
231.3
60.6
671.4
loading.
fftr* \ mr\ s*f\nr+£*.n + *a-4-
(141 .4) +
(193.5)
( .0)
(207.6)*
(306.3)
( 54.1 )
( .0)
(309.6)*
(137.9)
(591.3)
( .0)
(589.9)*
(270.2)
(191.9)
( 6.2)
(356.9)
(181.9)
( 48.7)
( 20.0)
(198.4)
(143.8)
( 83.7)
( .0)
(172.1 )**
(630.6)
( 54.7)
( 8.6)
(651.8)
( 71.4)
( 67.5)
( 1.8)
( 87.8)
( .0)
( 26.8)
( .3)
( 28.0)**
(654.5)
(166.1 )
( 42.8)
(476.7)
Mean Event
Cone. mg/L
474.9
433.9
id
447.0
365.6
40.3
Id
140.7
313.3
416.8
id
366.1
441.0
223.8
1,499.6
398.6
338.0
271.9
1,624.0
388.7
654.6
209.7
id
415.5
564.6
226.3
88.5
413.3
882.1
411.8
158.7
508.8
id
73.2
77.6
73.3
340.9
156.1
283.3
239.0
summer and fall flows.
** Annual loadings estimated from two seasons - one season is missing flow values.
95$ confidence interval.
1-49
-------
Table I-A-3I . 1978 Seasonal and annual total and event unit area loadings and
flow-weighted concentrations of Total-P
STORET
NUMBER
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
41 3005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
Season
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Total Load
kg
460.3
846.3
id
1,861.1*
170.5
122.7
id
415.1*
966.2
937.9
id
2,525.8*
1,655.4
1054.0
989.1
3,698.5
16,953.0
9,905.9
2,376.8
29,235.7
181 .8
73.3
id
255.2**
66.8
33.5
1.9
102.1
17.8
27.4
1 .9
47.0
id
10.7
.2
10.9**
28.9
16.0
2.3
47.2
% Event
83
88
id
86
95
96
id
95
88
87
id
88
80
90
80
83
25
67
60
42
70
96
id
77
100
100
99
100
100
100
99
100
id
100
95
100
100
100
100
100
Unit Event
kg/ha
.17 (
.34 (
id (
.74 (
.29 (
.21 (
id (
.71 (
.17 (
.16 (
id (
.44 (
.47 (
.34 (
.28 I
1 .10 (
.13 1
.20 (
.04 1
.38 (
.62 i
.34 (
Id i
.97 (
1.04 *
.52 1
.02
1.59 1
.07
.12 I
.00
.21
id
.09
.00
.09
.47
.26
.04
.77
Load (CD
.I9) +
.26)
.00)
.28)*
.17)
.03)
.00)
.17)*
.15)
.39)
.00)
.40)*
: .38)
.34)
i .20)
.53)
! .16)
; .03)
[ .03)
.19)
[ .39)
: .18)
I .00)
; .38)**
t .33)
; .in
( .01)
; .34)
( .36)
[ .03)
( .00)
( .48)
( .00)
( .07)
( .00)
( .05)**
( .63)
( .12)
( .01)
( .46)
Mean Event
Cone. mg/L
.93
.85
id
.88
.37
.12
id
.20
.45
.40
id
.42
.61
.32
2.11
.56
.45
.33
.63
.39
1.04
.50
id
.75
.52
.38
.19
.45
.72
.39
.26
.46
id
2.02
.18
1.70
.42
.17
.17
.27
Id Data Insufficient for determination of loading.
* Annual load estimated using summer and spring concentrations applied to spring,
summer and falI flows.
** Annual loading estimated from two seasons - one season is missing flow values.
+ 95$ confidence interval.
1-50
-------
Table l-A-32. 1978 Seasonal and annual total and event unit area loadings and
flow-weighted concentrations of Soluble-P
STORET
NUMBER
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
41 3625
41 3034
683089
Season
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Total Load
kg
117.4
316.3
Id
645.2*
17.1
37.2
Id
72.7*
117.0
121.6
Id
325.3*
397.0
127.9
267.7
792.5
2,147.1
2,703.2
709.7
5,560.1
35.3
9.3
id
44.6**
4.5
3.1
.3
7.9
1.3
4.5
.7
6.5
Id
4.0
.0
4.1**
5.2
3.4
.4
9.0
% Event
74
89
Id
85
94
96
Id
96
90
81
Id
85
67
77
70
70
56
44
65
51
96
100
id
97
100
100
97
100
99
100
98
100
Id
100
75
99
100
100
98
100
Unit Event
kg/ha
.041 (
131 (
Id (
.259 (
.029 (
.065 (
Id (
.126 (
.021 (
.020 <
Id (
.056 (
.095 (
.036 (
.067 (
.198 (
.037 (
.037 (
.014 (
.088 (
.168 (
.046 (
id (
.214 (
.069 (
.048 (
.005 (
.122 (
.069 (
.020 (
.003 (
.029 (
Id (
.037 (
.000 (
.037 (
.085 {
.056 (
.007 (
.148 (
Load (CD
.020)+
.126)
.000)
.127)*
.016)
.028)
.000)
.027)*
.017)
.021 )
.000)
.025)*
.087)
.025)
.015)
.1 10)
.090)
.012)
.010)
.034)
.046)
.054)
.000)
.056)**
.043)
.020)
.004)
.048)
.001 )
.008)
.002)
.01 1)
.000)
.031)
.000)
.024)**
.050)
.017)
.005)
.060)
Mean Event
Gone. mg/|
.214
.325
Id
.290
.038
.038
id
.038
.054
.049
id
.052
.122
.034
.500
.102
.126
.060
.203
.090
.281
.066
Id
.166
.035
.036
.031
.035
.053
.065
,091
.064
Id
.079
.028
.078
.076
.038
.032
.053
Id Data insufficient for determination of loading.
* Annual load estimated using summer and spring concentrations applied to spring,
summer and fal I flows.
** Annual loading estimated from two seasons - one season is missing flow values.
95$ confidence interval.
1-51
-------
Table l-A-33. 1979 Seasonal and annual total and event unit area water loadings
STORET
NUMBER
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
Season
Spr 1 ng
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spr I ng
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spr 1 ng
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spr 1 ng
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Total Water
M3x 1000
4,891
312
162
5,365
1,061
468
121
1,650
9,704
2,629
1,101
13,434
5,952
2,052
910
8,914
75,218
13,532
6,078
94,828
253
151
310
714
113
54
10
176
250
16
4
271
30
15
13
58
51
45
16
III
% Event
30
8
3
28
55
72
78
62
30
26
31
29
57
32
54
51
16
39
31
20
22
63
2
22
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Event Unit Load
M3/ha
687
12
3
702
1,054
611
170
1,836
581
136
69
786
1,2)6
238
175
1,630
376
165
58
599
277
471
32
781
1,764
837
156
2,757
1,118
73
19
1,210
269
133
122
524
829
731
265
1,825
1-52
-------
Table l-A-34. 1979 Seasonal and annual total and event unit area loadings and
flow-weighted concentrations of suspended sol Ids
STORET
NUMBER
463001
41301 1
41 3007
41 3006
41 3005
413010
413615
413625
413034
683089
Season
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Total Load
kg x 1000
650.6
40.4
20.1
711. 1
226.3
74.2
15.0
315.6
1,695.2
361.6
84.5
2,141.3
1,243.3
283.6
238.5
1,765.3
12,325.7
1,542.4
476.4
14,344.5
id
28.2
id
57.5*
26.4
10.4
Id
40.0*
249.1
5.0
Id
260.0*
5.5
9.0
id
17.6*
9.2
II. 1
.8
21.1
% Event
24
II
1
23
74
88
83
78
52
57
19
52
73
64
87
74
26
67
44
31
id
100
Id
100
100
100
id
100
100
100
Id
100
100
100
id
100
100
100
100
100
Unit Event Load (CD
kg/ha
74.3
2.1
.1
76.5
302.7
118.6
22.6
444.0
178.5
41.4
3.1
223.1
326.6
65.4
74.8
466.9
100.7
32.0
6.4
139.2
id
139.5
Id
284.6
412.6
162.1
Id
625.0
1,111.8
22.4
id
1,160.7
49.8
81.9
Id
160.0
151. 1
181.6
12.9
345.7
( 3I.D+
( 3.7)
( .0)
( 37.3)
(168.3)
( 95.3)
( 12.8)
(177.8)
( 44.4)
( 28.0)
( 6.7)
( 69.0)
(242.7)
( 36.5)
( 46.0)
(246.2)
( 34.2)
( 10.6)
( 17.8)
( 40.4
( .0)
( 53.6)
( .0)
( 78.0)*
(192.8)
( 42.9)
( .0)
(219.2)*
(444.7)
( 8.2)
( .0)
(446.5)*
( 57.9)
( 93,0)
( .0)
(128.4)*
( 77.0)
( 48.5)
( 5.0)
( 95.3)
Mean Event
tone. mg/L
108.1
176.0
41.7
109.0
287.2
194.1
133.0
241.9
307.2
304.7
45.8
283.8
268.6
274.9
427.8
286.6
267.8
194.2
III.!
232.4
Id
296.1
Id
296.1
233.9
193.7
id
221.0
994.5
307.7
Id
952.4
185.2
616.4
Id
327.9
182.2
248.5
48.9
189.4
Id Data insufficient for determination of loading.
* Annual load estimated using summer and spring concentrations applied to spring,
summer and fall flows.
+ 95| confidence Interval.
1-53
-------
Table l-A-35. 1979 Seasonal and annual total and event unit area loadings and
flow-weighted concentrations of Total-P
STORET
NUMBER
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
41 3034
683089
Season
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Total Load
kg
915.5
44.6
1 1.2
971.4
153.5
78.4
22.1
254.0
1,810.6
455.0
105.8
2,371.4
1,192.8
466.8
244.1
1,903.6
9,094.7
2,449.5
841.8
12,386.0
Id
33.8
id
84.7*
27.0
14.8
id
45.3*
136.7
39.6
Id
191.6*
3.8
6.8
id
13.6*
6.2
11.3
2.2
19.8
% Event
66
43
14
65
91
93
94
92
64
75
62
66
81
80
95
82
40
57
64
45
Id
100
id
100
100
100
id
100
100
100
Id
100
100
100
id
100
100
100
100
100
Unit Event Load (CD
kg/ha
.28 (
.01 (
.00 (
.29 (
.25 (
.13 (
.03 (
.42 (
.23 (
.06 (
.01 (
.31 (
.34 (
.13 (
.08 (
.56 (
.11 (
.04 (
.01 (
.17 (
id (
.16 (
Id (
.41 (
.42 (
.23 (
Id (
.70 (
.61 (
.17 (
id (
.85 (
.03 (
.06 (
Id (
.12 (
.10 (
.18 (
.03 (
.32 (
.03) +
.00)
.00)
.04)
.07)
.03)
.01)
.08)
.03)
.02)
.01)
.06)
.08)
.06)
.03)
.11)
.03)
.01)
.00)
.03)
.00)
.06)
.00)
.09)*
.10)
.04)
.00)
.13)*
.16)
.14)
.00)
.21)*
.03)
.04)
.00)
.06)*
.03)
.03)
.01)
.04)
Mean Event
Cone. mg/L
.41
.74
.25
.42
.24
.21
.22
.23
.40
.50
19
.40
.28
.56
.47
.34
.30
.26
.28
.29
Id
.35
Id
.35
.23
.27
Id
.25
.54
2.42
Id
.66
.13
.46
Id
.24
.12
.25
.13
.17
Id Data Insufficient for determination of loading*
* Annual load estimated using summer and spring concentrations applied to spring,
summer and falI flows.
+ 95? confidence Interval.
1-54
-------
Table l-A-36. 1979 Seasonal and annual total and event unit area loadings and
flow-weighted concentrations of Soluble-P
STORET
NUMBER
463001
41 3011
41 3007
41 3006
413005
413010
41 361 5
41 3625
413034
683089
Season
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annua 1
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal i
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annua 1
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
Annual
Spr I ng
Summer
Fall
Annual
Tota 1 Load
kg
370.8
10.2
1.7
382.8
20.6
12.1
5.0
37.6
377.0
69.9
19.1
466.0
334.4
64.6
16.6
415.6
1,481.3
480.3
153.9
2,115.5
id
5.5
id
18.8*
5.7
1.6
id
7.5*
10.5
24.0
id
43.6*
.9
.5
id
1.6*
.7
.9
.8
2.4
% Event
83
50
19
82
54
98
98
74
72
79
74
73
84
73
92
83
22
46
81
32
id
100
id
too
100
100
id
100
100
100
id
100
100
100
id
99
100
too
100
100
Unit Event
kg/ha
.14 (
.00 (
.00 (
.14 (
.02 (
.02 (
.00 (
.05 (
.05 (
.01 (
.00 (
.06 (
.10 (
.01 (
.00 (
.12 (
.01 (
.00 (
.00 (
.02 (
id (
.02 (
id (
.09 (
.08 (
.02 (
Id (
.1 1 (
.04 (
.10 (
id (
.19 (
.00 (
.00 (
id (
.01 (
.01 (
.01 (
.01 (
.04 (
Load (CD
.02)+
.00)
.00)
.02)
.01 )
.00)
.00)
.01)
.01)
.00)
.00)
.02)
.03)
.00)
.00)
.03)
.00)
.00)
.00)
.00)
.00)
.01 )
.00)
.02)*
.03)
.00)
.00)
.03)*
.00)
.09)
.00)
.09)*
.01 )
.00)
.00)
.01 )*
.00)
.00)
.00)
.00)
Mean Event
(tone. mg/L
.20
.19
.05
.20
.01
.03
.05
.02
.09
.08
.04
.08
.08
.07
.03
.07
.02
.04
.06
.03
id
.05
Id
.05
.05
.03
id
.04
.04
1 .46
Id
.12
.02
.03
id
.03
.01
.02
.04
.02
id Data Insufficient for determination of loading.
* Annual load estimated using summer and spring concentrations applied to spring.
summer and fal I flows.
95)6 confidence interval.
1-55
-------
Table l-A-37. 1979 Seasonal and annual total and event unit area water and pollutant
loadings at 413616
Category
Total loading, M3 x 100
% Event
Event loading, M3/ha
Spr i ng
31
100
623
Summer
Water
H48
100
3,021
Fall
5
100
1 1 1
Annual
184
1,00
3,755
Suspended Sol ids
Total loading kg x 1000
% Event
Event loading, kg/ha
Mean concentration, mg/L
Tota 1 1 oad I ng , kg
% fvent
Event Loading, kg/ha
0.24)
Mean concentration, mg/L
Total loading, kg
% Event
Event Loading., kg/ha
O.I 1 )
Mean concentration, mg/L
1 .
100
30(22)
49
15
100
0.
0.
5
100
0.
0.
5 12.6
100
256K55)
84
Total P
35
100
3(0.17) 0.71(0.22)
50 0.23
Soluble P
13
I'QO
IKO.,05) 0.26(0.10)
18 0.08
O.I
100
3(1 )
25
2
99
0.04(0.00)
0*32
1
99
0.02(0.00)
0.14
14.2
100
289(54)
77
51
100
I.05C
0.28
19
100
0.39 (
0.10
( )95% confidence Internal
I-56
-------
Part II
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE
WATER QUALITY FROM 1975 TO 1979
By
MICHAEL F. BONN
ROGER T. BANNERMAN
JOHN KONRAD
Il-i
-------
Abstract
The quality of runoff from three mixed (mainstem) and six
predominantly single land use sites was monitored between 1975 and
1979 using automatic flow recording and water sampling equipment. Six
of the sites were monitored for five years and the others for four
years. Suspended solids, total-P, soluble-P and chloride were
monitored throughout the study at all sites while lead and cadmium
were measured for 4 years at the river mouth. Concentration data of
all pollutants except chloride are summarized as mean seasonal flow
weighted concentrations. Seasonal mean event pollutant concentration
are generally higher than mean baseflow concentrations. The duration
of event flows during a season is approximately equivalent to the
duration of elevated pollutant concentrations in the Menomonee River
system. The highest concentrations usually occur in the spring at
stations with smaller drainage areas and occur most often in summer or
fall at stations with the larger watersheds. Runoff from the
agricultural watershed usually had the highest concentrations of
suspended solids, total-P and soluble-P in summer; these pollutants
also had high concentrations in spring.
Seasonal and annual event unit area loadings were estimated for water,
suspended solids, total-P and soluble-P throughout the study using a
stratified random sampling model enhanced by a ratio estimator. Lead
event unit area loadings were estimated for 4 years at the river
mouth. Summaries of the seasonal water and pollutant event unit area
loadings are presented. Seasonal baseflow loadings are also
summarized for sites with perennial streams. The high event loadings
demonstrate the importance of nonpoint source pollution in the
Menomonee River Watershed. The connected imperviousness was found to
be the main hydro!ogic factor affecting the variation in loadings
between drainage areas. The degree of connected imperviousness
affects the amount of runoff and the transport of pollutants.
Generally runoff and pollutant loading increase with greater connected
imperviousness. Remedial measures should be oriented to those urban
land uses (freeways, shopping centers, and developing areas), which
because of their high amounts of connected imperviousness and
pollutants available for wash-off, generate large amounts of runoff
and high pollutant concentrations. Similarities of total-P and
suspended solids event unit area loadings between urban drainage areas
in the Menomonee River Watershed and agricultural watersheds in
different parts of Wisconsin, suggest the importance of remedial
measures in any watershed with a significant amount of urbanization.
Rainfall was found to be the major meteorological factor affecting
variations in seasonal event unit area loadings from year to year at a
given station. The effect of rainfall on loading was increased in a
spring with an extended period of frozen ground.
Il-ii
-------
CONTENTS - PART II
Title Page Il-i
Abstract II-ii
Contents II-iii
Figures Il-iv
Tables II-viii
II-l. Introduction II-l
II-2. Conclusions 11-2
11-3. Materials and Procedures II-3
Study Sites II-3
Sampling Equipment II-3
Sampling Procedure I1-4
Laboratory Analysis 11-5
Method of Calculating Loading II-5
11-4. Results and Discussion 11-6
Flow and Concentration II-6
Seasonal concentration II-6
Individual event flow and concentration II-8
Duration of elevated flow and concentration 11-8
Monitored Loading Data 11-10
Seasonal loadings 11-10
Factors affecting loading 11-12
Connected imperviousness and loading 11-13
Rainfall and loading 11-19
Comparison with agricultural watersheds 11-20
References 11-27
Appendix
II-A Monitoring data from 1975 to 1979 11-28
II-iii
-------
FIGURES
Number Page
II-l Relationship of average seasonal event unit area
loadings with degree of connected imperviousness for
years 1977 to 1979. 11-16
II-2 Relationship of average seasonal event unit area
loadings with degree of connected imperviousness for
years 1977 to 1979. 11-17
II-A-1. Relationship of selected seasonal event unit area
water loadings with degree of connected imperviousness
for 1975 and 1976. 11-37
II-A-2, Relationship of selected seasonal event unit area
water loadings with degree of connected imperviousness
for 1977 and 1978. 11-38
II-A-3. Relationship of selected seasonal event unit area
water loadings with degree of connected imperviousness
for 1979. 11-39
II-A-4. Relationship of selected seasonal event unit area
suspended solids loadings with degree of connected
imperviousness for 1975 and 1976. 11-40
II-A-5. Relationship of selected seasonal event unit area
suspended solids loadings with degree of connected
imperviousness for 1977 and 1978. 11-41
II-A-6. Relationship of selected seasonal event unit area
suspended solids loadings with degree of connected
imperviousness for 1979. 11-42
II-A-7. Relationship of selected seasonal event unit area
total P loadings with degree of connected imperviousness
for 1976 and 1977. 11-43
II-A-8. Relationship of selected seasonal event unit area
total P loadings with degree of connected imperviousness
for 1978 and 1979. 11-44
Il-iv
-------
Number Page
II-A-9. Seasonal event unit area loadings of water
at 413005 (70th Street). II-45
II-A-10. Seasonal event unit area loadings of water
, at 413006 (Honey Creek). 11-46
II-A-11. Seasonal event unit area loadings of water
at (Noyes Creek). 11-47
II-A-12. Seasonal event unit area loadings of water
at 413615 (Stadium). 11-48
II-A-13. Seasonal event unit area loadings of water
at 683089 (Brookfield). 11-49
II-A-14. Seasonal event unit area loadings of suspended solids
at 413005 (70th Street). 11-50
II-A-15. Seasonal event unit area loadings of suspended solids
at 413006 (Honey Creek). 11-51
II-A-16. Seasonal event unit area loadings of suspended solids
at 413011 (Noyes Creek). 11-52
II-A-17. Seasonal event unit area loadings of suspended solids
at 413615 (Stadium). 11-53
II-A-18. Seasonal event unit area loadings of suspended solids
at 683089 (Brookfield). 11-54
II-A-19. Seasonal event unit area loadings of total-P
at 413005 (70th Street). 11-55
II-A-20. Seasonal event unit area loadings of total-P
at 413006 (Honey Creek). 11-56
II-A-21. Seasonal event unit area loadings of total-P
at 413011 (Noyes Creek). 11-57
II-A-22. Seasonal event unit area loadings of total-P
at 413615 (Stadium). 11-58
II-A-23. Seasonal event unit area loadings of total-P
at 683089 (Brookfield). 11-59
II-A-24. Seasonal event unit area loadings of soluble-P
at 413005 (70th Street). 11-60
II-A-25. Seasonal event unit area loadings of soluble-P
at 413006 (Honey Creek). 11-61
II-v
-------
Number Page
II-A-26. Seasonal event unit area loadings of soluble-P
at 413011 (Noyes Creek). 11-62
II-A-27. Seasonal event unit area loadings of soluble-P
at 413615 (Stadium). 11-63
II-A-28. Seasonal event unit area loadings of soluble-P
at 683089 (Brookfield). 11-64
II-A-29. Relationship of seasonal event unit area water
loadings and rainfall at 70th St. (413005) and
Honey Creek (413006). 11-66
II-A-30. Relationship of seasonal event unit area water
loadings and rainfall at Underwood creek (413007)
and Schoonmaker Creek (413010). 11-67
II-A-31. Relationship of seasonal event unit area water
loadings and rainfall at Noyes Creek (413011) and
Stadium Interchange (413615). 11-68
II-A-32. Relationship of seasonal event unit area water
loadings and rainfall at New Berlin (413625) and
Donges Bay Rd. (463001). 11-69
II-A-33. Relationship of seasonal event unit area water
loadings and rainfall at Brookfield Square (683089). 11-70
II-A-34. Relationship of seasonal event unit area suspended
solids loadings and rainfall at 70th St. (413005) and
Honey Creek (413006). 11-71
II-A-35. Relationship of seasonal event unit area suspended
solids loadings and rainfall at Underwood Creek
(413007) and Schoonmaker Creek (413010). 11-72
II-A-36. Relationship of seasonal event unit area suspended
solids loadings and rainfall at Noyes Creek
(413011) and Stadium (413615). 11-73
II-A-37. Relationship of seasonal event unit area suspended
solids loadings and rainfall at New Berlin (413625)
and Donges Bay Rd. (463001). 11-74
II-A-38. Relationship of seasonal event unit area suspended
solids loadings and rainfall at Brookfield Square
(683089). H-75
II-A-39. Relationship of seasonal event unit area total P
loadings and rainfall at 70th St. (413005) and Honey
Creek (413006). 11-76
Il-vi
-------
Number Page
II-A-40. Relationship of seasonal event unit area total-P
loadings and rainfall at Underwoood Creek (413007)
and Schoonmaker Creek (413010). 11-77
II-A-41. Relationship of seasonal event unit area total-P
loadings and rainfall at Noyes Creek (413001) and
Stadium Interchange (413615). 11-78
II-A-42. Relationship of seasonal event unit area total-P
loadings and rainfall at New Berlin (413625) and
Donges Bay Rd. (463001). 11-79
II-A-43. Relationship of seasonal event unit area total-P
loadings and rainfall at Brookfield Square (683089). 11-80
II-A-44. Relationship of seasonal event unit area soluble-P
loadings and rainfall at 70th St. (413005) and Honey
Creek (413006). 11-81
II-A-45. Relationship of seasonal event unit area soluble-P
loadings and rainfall at Underwood Creek (413007) and
Schoonmaker Creek (413010). 11-82
II-A-46. Relationship of seasonal event unit area soluble-P
loadings and rainfall at Noyes Creek (413011) and
Stadium Interchange (413615). 11-83
II-A-47. Relationship of seasonal event unit area soluble-P
loadings and rainfall at New Berlin (413625) and
Donges Bay Rd. (463001). 11-84
II-A-48. Relationship of seasonal event unit area soluble-P
loadings and rainfall at Brookfield Square (683089). 11-85
-------
TABLES
Number
II-l Seasonal event and baseflow mean flow-weighted
concentrations for 1975 to 1979 II-7
11-2 Percent event days in each season for 1975 to 1979 11-9
II-3 Average seasonal and annual total loadings of water
and pollutants from 1975 to 1979 11-11
II-4 Average seasonal and annual event unit area loadings
of water and suspended solids for 1976 to 1979 ranked
by each station percent connected imperviousness 11-14
I1-5 Average seasonal and annual unit area event loadings
of total-P and soluble-P for 1976 to 1979 ranked by
each stationjs percent connected imperviousness 11-15
II-6 Correlation coefficients (r) and regression equation
for average seasonal event unit area loadings for 1976
to 1979 and percent connected imperviousness with
anomalous data points deleted 11-18
I1-7 Seasonal and annual precipitation (cm) for 1975
to 1979 11-21
II-8 Correlation coefficients (r) and regression equations
for event unit area water loadings and rainfall by
seasons for 1975 to 1979 11-22
II-9 Correlation coefficients (r) and regression equations
for event unit area suspended solids loadings and
rainfall by seasons for 1975 to 1979 11-23
11-10 Correlation coefficients (r) and regression equations
for event unit area total-P loadings and rainfall by
seasons for 1975 to 1979 11-24
11-11 Correlation coefficients (r) and regression equations
for event unit area soluble-P loadings and rainfall
by seasons for 1976 to 1979 11-25
11-12 Annual unit area loadings of suspended solids and
total-P in urban and agricultural watersheds 11-26
-------
TABLES
Number Page
II-A-1 Flow (cms) and pollutant concentrations (mg/1) at
413005 (70th Street) for selected events and baseflow
in 1976 11-29
II-A-2 Flow (cms) and pollutant concentrations (mg/1) at
413005 for selected events in 1977 11-30
II-A-3 Number of seasonal event days for 1975 to 1979 11-31
II-A-4 Summary of seasonal event unit area water loadings
ranked by each stations percent connected
imperviousness 11-32
II-A-5 Summary of seasonal event unit area loadings (kg/ha)
of suspended solids ranked by each stations percent
connected imperviousness 11-33
II-A-6 Summary of seasonal event unit area loadings of
total-P (kg/ha) ranked by each stations percent
connected imperviousness 11-34
II-A-7 Summary of (kg/ha) seasonal event unit area loadings
of soluble-P ranked by each stations percent connected
imperviousness 11-35
II-A-8 Summary of seasonal event unit area loadings of lead
at 413005 (70th Street) 11-36
II-A-9 Correlation coefficients (r) and regression equations
for selected event unit area parameter loadings and
percent connected imperviousness by season for 1976
to 1979 11-65
II-A-10 Snow and frost depth for 1975 to 1979 11-86
II-A-11 Snowfall and rainfall on frozen ground for 1975
to 1979 11-86
Il-ix
-------
I1-1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of Part II is to summarize and analyze the surface water
quality data collected at nine sites in the Menomonee River Watershed
between 1975 and 1979. The nine sites were chosen for continued
monitoring in 1978 and 1979 and were included in the 19 sites sampled
between 1975 and 1977. The monitoring results from 1975 to 1977 and
the data collected in 1978 and 1979 were documented in separate
volumes: Volume 3 (1) and Part I of Reference Volume 12(2),
respectively. The monitoring was continued in 1978 and 1979 to
enhance the assessment in Volume 3 of the quality and quantity of
runoff from mixed and predominantly single land use areas. In Part
II, the five years of data are consolidated and analyzed to define
more precisely the variability of seasonal concentrations and loadings
from various land use sites. An analysis is presented of factors
effecting differences in seasonal event unit area loadings between
stations in a given season and between seasons at a given station.
II-l
-------
11-2. CONCLUSIONS
Nonpoint source pollution is an important factor influencing stream
water quality in the Menomonee River basin -- concentrations of
pollutants are generally higher during runoff events than during
baseflow. The average number of seasonal event days shows ranges in
duration of elevated flow and concentration from approximately 10 to
50 days in spring, 10 to 30 days in summer and 10 to 20 days in fall
for different subwatersheds. The average percentages of event days
within a season at the river mouth are 49, 31 and 17 for spring,
summer and fall, respectively. This indicates that elevated pollutant
concentrations are present in the downstream segments of the Menomonee
River for significant parts of spring, summer and fall.
Event unit area water and pollutant loadings for a given subwatershed
varied among seasons in the same year and within the same seasons for
different years. In general, spring seasonal loadings are higher than
summer loadings with fall loadings being the lowest. Rainfall is the
most important meterological factor affecting the differences in
seasonal loadings. The inherent variability of rainfall and other
meteorological conditions must be considered in the design and
evaluation of nonpoint source management strategies.
The addition of 1978 and 1979 monitoring data to the analysis
presented in Volume 3 (1) illustrates potential problems in attempts
to characterize seasonal event loadings with only 1 or 2 years of
monitoring data. For example, the conclusions for loadings from
predominantly single land use sites presented in Volume 3 were derived
from one year of monitoring in 1977 -- a year with an unusually dry
spring and wet summer.
Event unit area loadings of water and pollutants varied among
watersheds within a given season. The more urbanized subwatersheds
generally have higher event unit area loadings. The percentage of
impervious surfaces directly connected to the drainage system was
found to be the most important hydro!ogic factor affecting the
variability of event unit area loadings among the subwatersheds in the
Menomonee River Watershed. Both the hydro!ogic factors affecting
pollutant transport and the land use activities contributing to high
concentrations of pollutants should be considered in the development
of management strategies for urban areas. Perhaps the problem may be
best addressed through the hydrologic factors affecting pollutant
transport, i.e., by disconnecting impervious areas from the drainage
system.
Unit area suspended solids and total-P loadings from urban
subwatersheds in the Menomonee River Watershed were within the range
of contributions from agricultural watersheds in southwestern
Wisconsin. When considering the impact on a stream from adjacent land
uses on a unit area basis, nonpoint source contributions from urban
areas may be equal or greater in importance than those from,
agricultural areas depending upon the type of pollutant.
II-2
-------
II-3. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES
Study Sites
Between 1975 and 1979, a nonpoint source monitoring program was
conducted at three sites for five years and six sites for four years
in the Menomonee River Watershed. The nine sites included three mixed
land use sites (mainstem stations) and six predominantly single land
use sites. Another ten sites were also monitored between 1975 and
1977, but eight of these sites were not selected for continued
monitoring or had a limited sampling program in 1978 and 1979. The
other two stations were only monitored in 1978. The monitoring was
continued at the nine sites to further assess the variability in the
quality and quantity of stormwater in the Watershed. The three
mainstem sites were chosen to characterize water quality from the
Watershed as a whole (413005) and two of the tributaries (413006 and
413007). The sites were also selected to allow a comparison between
drainage from mixed land uses and predominantly single land uses. The
six predominantly single land use sites (413010, 683089, 413625,
413011, 413615, 463001) represent the major land uses in the Menomonee
River Watershed.
Land use distributions adjacent to the nine monitoring sites is shown
in Table 1-1 of Part I, Volume 12(2). Other land use information has
been summarized (3).
The location of the monitoring sites is displayed in Fig. 1-1 of Part
I, Volume 12(2). The sites are numbered according to the format used
for the U.S. EPA STORET data base.
Sampling Equipment
The equipment originally installed at each station was used throughout
the study. Three of the predominantly single land use sites (413625,
413615, and 683089) consisted of a control structure, stage recorder,
stilling well, automatic water sampler and a small protective
enclosure. Samples were collected either from an open ditch (413625)
or a storm sewer pipe (413615 and 683089). An Instrument Specialties
Company (ISCO) 1680 automatic water sampler was used to collect the
samples and the stage height of the stilling well was recorded using a
Stevens type A, model 71 stage recorder. A flow mode was used to
collect samples in 1976 and 1977 and a time mode was selected to
collect samples in 1978 and 1979. The sampling interval in the time
mode was set after evaluating the event response at the sites for each
season and ranged from 10 minutes to 2 hours. The samples were
collected proportionate to flow rate in the flow mode.
II-3
-------
Three mainstem river sites (413005, 413006, 413007) and three of the
predominantly single land use sites (463001, 413011, 413010) consisted
of water and flow sampling equipment housed in a 3x3 m stone or
aluminum shelter that was supplied with electricity and heated in the
winter. All the sites were located on perennial streams. The water
samples were collected with a USGS PS-69 water sampler and the stage
height of the stream was measured using a manometer manufactured by
Scientific Instruments and recorded on a digital tape recorder
(Fisher-Porter). The samples were usually collected at one hour time
intervals. A more detailed description of the sampling equipment at
all the sites is presented in Volume 3 (1) and Part I of Volume 12(2).
Sampling Procedures
The sampling procedures were generally the same throughout the study
and emphasized samples collected during runoff events. The sampling
procedure was designed to delineate the entire event hydrograph and
its corresponding pollutograph. Sampling was initiated at stations
413005, 413006 and 413007 in 1975 and stations 413011, 413010, 463001,
413089, 413615 and 413625 were available for sampling in 1976. The
event sampling dates for 1976 and 1977 are shown in Tables 1-2, 1-3
and II-3 of Volume 3 (1) and the events sampled in 1978 and 1979 are
documented in Tables 1-3 and 1-4 of Volume 12(2). The magnitude of
the events can be appreciated from the rain data presented in Volume 3
Part 1(1) and Volume 12 Part 1(2). Depending on the size of the
event, five or more samples were selected for analysis; larger sample
numbers were selected during the period of spring runoff. Selection
was based on observation of the field-drawn hydrograph and samples
were selected on the rising, peak and falling stages of the
hydrograph. Actual time of sampling was recorded on the stage
record. Samples were removed during the event or as quickly as
possible after the event terminated.
For transport to the laboratory for analysis, the samples were placed
in narrow mouth polypropylene bottles and mailed immediately. All
samples were mailed in Styrofoam containers (4 samples each) fitted
with an ice compartment. Periodic baseflow samples were collected
from station numbers 463001, 413011, 413010, 413007, 413006 and
413005. The baseflow samples were collected by manually activating
the automatic sampler.
The stage height was recorded continuously at all of the sites. The
USGS was responsible for determining the flow values for all the sites
with digital tapes. The strip charts were processed by the Wisconsin
Water Resources Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison and the
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. The flow values for all
the sites were stored on computer tape and are available from the WDNR.
II-4
-------
Laboratory Analysis
The summary and analysis of the water quality data from 1975 to 1979
focuses on key parameters in the Menomonee River Watershed. The key
parameters were selected from the list of over 20 pollutants routinely
monitored from 1975 to 1977. The pollutants deemed to be of greatest
importance in the watershed are: suspended solids, total-P, lead and
cadmium (1). The key parameters except cadmium were monitored
throughout the study.
All the analyses were conducted at the Wisconsin State Hygiene
Laboratory located at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, some 130
km from the sampling sites. The pollutants likely to undergo rapid
transformation were processed upon arrival at the laboratory.
Analytical procedures are described in Part I of Volume 12(2).
The data were filed in the STORET data base and in the WDNR computer
mass storage files for reporting and statistical analysis.
Methods for Calculating Loading
A stratified random sampling model enhanced by a ratio estimator was
used to estimate pollutant loading values at all the sites. The
assumptions of the model are: 1) simple random sampling of water
quality within the nonoverlapping subpopulations or strata is
possible, and 2) supplemental flow information is available rather
than instantaneous flow values taken only at those times the water
quality samples were taken. The model produces load and variance
estimates for each station and for the sum of the strata. The same
model was used to estimate loads for 1975 to 1977 monitoring data.
The calculations were performed using a computer program developed by
the WDNR. The method is described in more detail in Volume 3(1).
II-5
-------
11-4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Flow and Concentration
Seasonal concentrations
Concentrations of suspended solids and total-P and soluble-P were
monitored during runoff events at nine automatic stations, and during
baseflow at those stations with perennial streams. Flow was recorded
continuously at the automatic stations. Monitoring of flow and
suspended solids concentrations began at three stations in 1975. Flow
and concentrations of suspended solids, total-P and soluble-P were
monitored at all nine stations in 1976 through 1979. Lead
concentration was monitored at the river mouth in 1976 through 1979.
Flow records were maintained on computer tape and are available from
the WDNR. Concentration records were stored in the U.S. EPA STORE!
System. Mean daily and monthly flow values were tabulated for each
station in the U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Reports for Wisconsin
(4 to 8).
A summary of seasonal runoff event and baseflow mean flow-weighted
pollutant concentrations is presented in Table II-l. Concentration
data for other pollutants were obtained during the study and they are
presented in Volume 3(1) and Volume 12 Part 1(2). Seasons were
defined as follows:
Summer - the period from June 1 to September 30 of each year.
Fall - the period from October 1 to December 21 of each year.
Winter - the period from December 22 to the onset of spring.
Spring - Initiated by observing the onset of sustained high flows
and varied from year to year and between stations in a particular
year.
Mean event pollutant concentrations were generally higher than mean
non-event concentrations within a given station in spring, summer and
fall for suspended solids and total-P and soluble-P. Mean
concentrations of suspended solids and total-P were five and nine
times greater, respectively, during events than during baseflow in any
season. Soluble-P also showed a trend of elevated concentration
during events, but variations between event and baseflow
concentrations were generally small.
The highest seasonal mean flow-weighted concentrations of pollutants
at a given station may occur in any season in a given year, but
occurred most often in spring at those stations with smaller
subwatersheds; 413011, 413010, 413615, 413625, and 683089, and in
summer or fall at those stations with larger subwatersheds; 463001,
413007, 413006, and 413005.
II-6
-------
Table ll-l. Seasonal event and baseflow mean flow-weighted concentrations (mg/l) for
1976 to 1979
STORE!
Number
463001
41 3011
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
683089
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
683089
463001
41301 1
413007
413006
413005
413010
413613
413625
683089
413005
Spring
Event
167
379
345
426
192
490
421
918
353
.42
.35
.39
.44
.36
.80
.40
.55
.32
.14
.05
.05
.06
.08
.17
.04
.06
.04
. 1 95+++
Summer
Basef low Event Basef low
Suspended Sol Ids
100+ 578 101
80+ 274 67
85+ 468* 50*
104* 365* 64*
1 1 5* 360* 86*
324
300
388
178
Total -P
.08+ .95 .10+
.03+ .28 .05+
.09 .43 .07
.47 .46 .12
.20 .47 .21
.51
.36
.75
.20
Soluble-P
.02+ .28 .03+
.01+ .04 .01+
.02 .05 .01
.05 .04 .03
.04 .05 .09
.06
.03
.31
.03
Lead
.387+++ .087++
Fal
Event
161
99
191*
468*
520*
120
170
139
124
.33
.20
.27
.85
.45
.36
.25
.25
.15
.00
.06
.07
.16
.11
.09
.03
.09
.04
1
Basef low
127
96
59**
52*
49*
.06++
.05++
.09***
.36
.21
.01++
.00++
.00+++
.07
.08
+ 1979 and 1979 only
++ 1979 only
+++ 1976 and 1979 only
* 1975 thorugh 1979
** 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979 only
*** 1976, 1977, 1979 only
II-7
-------
Examination of seasonal mean flow-weighted concentrations for
individual years and for all years shows that the highest
concentrations tended to occur at certain stations. During fall, the
highest event mean flow-weighted concentrations of suspended solids,
total-P and soluble-P were generally found at stations 413006 and
413005. Similiarly, the highest event mean flow-weighted
concentrations of these pollutants were generally found at stations
463001 and 413625 during summer months, and at stations 413010 and
413006 during spring seasons.
Stations 413005 and 413006 generally had the highest seasonal baseflow
mean flow-weighted concentrations of total-P and soluble-P during
spring, summer and fall and suspended solids during spring. Station
463001, draining a predominantly agricultural watershed, generally had
the highest baseflow mean flow-weighted suspended solids
concentrations during summer and fall and had high suspended solids
concentrations during spring as well.
Individual event flow and concentration
Tables II-A-1 and II-A-2 and Tables I-A-26 through I-A-28 of Part I,
Volume 12(2) show flow and pollutant concentration data for selected
baseflow periods and runoff events at station 413005. Concentrations
of suspended solids, total-P and lead showed a positive relationship
with flow during runoff events. Concentrations of these pollutants
generally increased most rapidly at the onset of a runoff event, and
the lowest concentrations were usually found during baseflow periods
or toward the end of events. The relationship between flow and
concentration of soluble-P appeared generally positive, but soluble-P
concentrations tended to fluctuate with time during event periods.
Duration of elevated flow and concentration
Table II-A-3 shows the number of seasonal event days for different
stations. The number of event days was computed by dividing the total
number of hours of elevated flow during seasonal runoff events by 24.
The duration of elevated flow for a runoff event depends upon
precipitation magnitude and intensity, watershed area and other
hydraulic factors such as connected imperviousness and soil
infiltration capacity. Station 413005, with the largest watershed
area, generally had the most runoff event days within a season,
followed by 413006. Stations 413010 and 463001, located in
tributaries, generally had the fewest runoff event days of those
stations with both event flow and baseflow.
Except for 1977, spring runoff event days generally exceed the number
of summer runoff event days. Table II-2, which shows the percent of
runoff event days within seasons, further illustrates the longer
duration in elevated flow occurring during spring. Fall usually had
the least number of event days and the lowest seasonal percent event
days. The number of event days for each season at different stations
ranged from 10 to 50 days in spring, 10 to 30 days in summer and 10 to
20 days in fall.
II-8
-------
Table 11-2. Percent event days In each season for 1975 to 1979
Season
Spr I ng
Summer
Fall
Spring
Summer
Fall
Spring
Summer
Fall
Spr i ng
Summer
Fall
Spring
Summer
Fall
413005
65
44
21
62
13
II
25
39
II
62
31
27
32
30
16
413006
32
25
22
36
13
6
25
27
10
43
22
16
40
26
13
413007
1975
30
19
16
1976
46
7
4
1977
20
22
7
1978
53
21
15
[979
26
19
14
463001
25
20
9
54
6
5
13
16
5
17
II
18
26
10
II
41301 1
51
17
27
28
II
5
I
j
i1
! 20
25
II
28
22
16
36
25
32
413010
19
6
9
8
3
1
5
5
2
30
II
15
35
13
8
413615
na*
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
17
8
5
22
5
10
Average of Five Years
Spring
Summer
Fal 1
49
31
17
35
23
13
35
18
II
27
13
10
33
20
18
19
8
7
id
id
id
* Not available.
id Insufficient data.
II-9
-------
The seasonal duration of elevated concentrations of suspended solids,
total-P and lead may be approximated by the duration of elevated flow
during events. At station 413005, the percent event days of elevated
flow and concentration ranged from 25 to 65 in spring, 13 to 44 in
summer and 11 to 27 in fall, with seasonal averages of 49, 31 and 17,
respectively. This indicates that elevated concentrations are present
in the downstream segments of Menomonee River for significant parts of
the spring, summer and fall.
Monitored Loading Data
Seasonal 1 oadi ngs
Seasonal water and pollutant loading estimates were computed for
runoff events and baseflow when sufficient flow and concentration data
were available. Water loadings were calculated by integration of flow
values with time. Concentration and flow data were used to calculate
pollutant loadings using a stratified random sampling model enhanced
by a ratio estimator. This method is extensively explained in Section
1-3, MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES, of Volume 3(1).
Runoff event loadings do not include baseflow loadings during event
periods and thus, provide estimates of nonpoint source pollution from
land uses within the Watershed. Seasonal total water and pollutant
loadings for a station were obtained by adding seasonal runoff event
and baseflow loadings.
Summaries of seasonal event unit area loadings of water, suspended
solids, total-P and soluble-P and lead at all monitored stations for
each year are presented in Tables II-A-4 through II-A-8. Seasonal
event unit area water and pollutant loadings for stations 413005,
413006, 413011, 413615, and 683089 are also presented graphically in
Figs. II-A-19 through II-A-3C, Average seasonal and annual total
water and pollutant loadings and percentage of total load attributed
to runoff events for stations 413005, 413006, 413007 and 463001 are
presented in Table 11-3. The high percentage of event loadings
compared with total loadings indicates the importance of nonpoint
source pollution in the Watershed.
Event unit area water and pollutant loadings at a given station varied
among seasons in the same year and in same season for different
years. Event unit area loadings also varied among stations in a given
season. Much of this variability can be explained by the connected
imperviousness and the inherent seasonal and yearly variation in
rainfall.
11-10
-------
Table 11-3. Average seasonal and annual total loadings of water and pollutants from
1975 to 1979 for all monitored seasons
STORE!
Number
Spr i ng
Total % Event*
Summer
Total jT
Event
FaH
Tota 1 %
Event
Annua[
Tota 1 %
Event
Water (m3x I03)
413006
413005
413007
463001
4.162
52,475
5,769
3,735
47
42
40
25
2,540
20,580
2,527
1,080
65
44
40
41
Suspended Sol ids (Kg
413006
413005
413007
463001
413006
41 3005
413007
463001
413006
413005
41 3007
463001
1,317
7,315
1,035
425
1,474
13,324
1,300
733
216
3,229
173
269
89
57
71
41
86
53
77
67
78
40
57
21
608
4,450
571
253
Total
952
6,509
536
445
Soluble
98
1,423
67
163
95
73
72
75
P (Kg)
80
64
84
85
P (Kg)
86
:i 45
75
87
892
16,059
974
288
x I03)
233
1,513
95
20
519
2,230
138
II
98
720
10
2
47
13
31
5
91
79
64
5
70
43
72
18
57
45
90
50
7,307
79,202
9,044
7,365
2,053
13,252 !
1,771
687
2,784
21,569
2,026
1,417
430
4,723
275
514
66
36
41
19
90
65
78
53
86
52
79
79
72
41
72
84
Portion of total loading due to event.
11-11
-------
Factors affecti_n£_j_oadi ng
Pollutant loadings during runoff events are generally considered to
come from nonpoint sources. Usually, in the Menomonee River
Watershed, the majority (>60%) of total pollutant loadings were
attributed to runoff events. However, generally =- 50% of the stream
water discharged was event runoff, as shown by averages of water
loadings in Table II-3. The event water and pollutant loadings were a
greater proportion of total loadings in the more urbanized
subwatersheds than in the more rural subwatersheds. Pollutant loading
is a product of two components the pollutant concentration and
water volume.
Hydro!ogic factors affecting the volume of runoff water include
snowmelt, rainfall quantity and intensity, slope, soil permeability,
land cover, impervious area, and depression storage. The most
important hydrologic factor affecting urban runoff is the area of
impervious surfaces directly connected to the stream or drainage
system. Most types of urban development in the Menomonee River
Watershed have impervious areas directly connected to a subsurface
storm sewer system which drains to a stream. The street surfaces and
parking lots are usually about 90% connected and roof tops about 25%
connected to a storm sewer. The result of connecting impervious areas
to storm sewers or rivers is an increase in the amounts and intensity
of runoff.
The concentration component is largely affected by the land use
activities because land use determines the potential amount of
material available for transport. Construction activities disturb
vegetative covers and expose soils to erosion. Heavy traffic and air
pollution in industrial, commercial and residential areas increase the
accumulation of pollutants on impervious surfaces. The observed
increases in concentrations of suspended solids, total-P and lead
during events suggest that a source of these pollutants exists in the
Watershed. Because of the multiple land uses in each tributary area,
attempts to isolate the important sources of these pollutants is
difficult. It is assumed that the largest sources of suspended solids
in an urban area are construction sites while lead originates largely
from vehicular emissions deposited in streets and parking lot surfaces.
Hydrologic factors affecting delivery of pollutants are important in
controlling the concentrations of materials transported. Increasing
the amount of runoff by any of the hydrologic factors will increase
the transport of many of the pollutants. Large areas of connected
impervious surfaces affect the transport of pollutants from urban
areas by increasing scouring energy and velocity of overland flow.
Thus, both the hydrologic factors affecting transport and the land use
activities contributing to high concentrations of pollutants should be
11-12
-------
considered in the development of management strategies for urban
areas. Both components of pollutant loadings affect the level of
nonpoint source pollution, but the problem may be best addressed by
considering the hydrology of the system; that is, by disconnecting
impervious areas from the drainage system. Reducing the degree of
connected impervious area would also be most beneficial in developing
areas.
i
Connected imperviousness and loading
The percentage of impervious area connected to the drainage system is
a useful factor in analyzing the differences in unit area water and
pollutant loadings arising from various subwatersheds. Tables 11-4
and I1-5 present average seasonal and annual event unit area loadings
for stations ranked by the percentage of connected impervious area in
the watershed. Figures II-l and II-2 graphically show the
relationship of average seasonal event unit area loading with the
stations! percentage connected impervious area. Table II-6 shows
correlation coefficients and regression equations for average seasonal
loadings and connected imperviousness, with anomalous data points
deleted. There was good correlation (r=- 0.7) between average water
loadings and connected imperviousness for spring, summer and fall.
Average suspended solids and total-P loadings showed good correlation
with connected imperviousness in spring and summer.
Computed loading estimates were classified as anomalous and not used
in the regression and correlation analysis of connected imperviousness
if the loading estimate was considered inaccurate because of
inadequate monitoring, or if the loading estimate was considered
nonrepresentative because of unusual land use or stream conditions.
Stations with anomalies are described as follows:
413010 - Water loading values are low because the rating curves
were not developed for peak event flows. The peak event flows
were estimated by extrapolation of measurements made during lower
event flows.
683089 - The pollutant loading values are lower than expected
because the flat commercial roof acts as a detention basin. The
loadings are more representative of an area with approximately 30%
connected imperviousness. The flat roof could effectively reduce
the amount of connectedness by detaining the particulate
pollutants. The water loadings would not be affected
substantially, which is consistent with the relatively high water
loadings observed. Also, the parking lot area has few channels
and water movement is primarily through sheet flow, which is less
effective in transporting particulates.
11-13
-------
Table 11-4. Average seasonal and annual event unit area loadings of water and
suspended solids for 1976 to 1979 ranked by each station's percent
connected Impervlousness
STORET
Number
% Connected
Imperviousness
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
683089
413615
413010
413006
41301 I
413005
413007
463001
413625
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
I
0.3
jfater _(m_3/ha)
853+
1,347
346+
822
718
271
350
488
471 +
954+
977
490+
590
929
282
202
143
103
168
140
47
150
132
64
60
35
16
1,778+
2,216
953+
1,729
2,383
879
742
818
450+
Suspended Solids (Kg/ha)
683089
413615
413010
413006
41 301 I
413005
413007
463001
413625
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
I
0.3
285+
541
263
265
205
79
109
79
433+
169+
293+
156
206
255+
101
83
75
40
21
23
6
83
15
43
15
5
2
410+
778
374
693
816
262
231
197
352+
* Weighted average for 1977, 1978 and 1979.
+ Anomalous data deleted or modified during determination of correleation coefficients
for average unit area event loads and percent connected Impervlousness.
11-14
-------
Table N-5. Average seasonal and annual event unit area loadings of total P- and
soluble-P for 1976 to 1979 ranked by each station's percent connected
fmpervlousness
STORET
Number
683089
413615
413010
413006
41 301 1
413005
413007
463001
413625
683089
413615
413010
413006
41 3011
413005
413007
463001
41 3625
* Vtelghted
+ Anomalous
% Connected
Imperviousness
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
average for 1977, 1978
data deleted or modlfl
Spring*
Total P (Kg/ha)
.280+
.520
.400
.360
.200
.100
.150
.240
.270+
Soluble P (Kg/ha)
.040
.050
.080
.070
.020
.020
.030
.100
.030
and 1979.
led during determln
Summer
190+
.350
.250
.270
.260+
.130
.090
.140
.080
.020
.030
.030
.030
.040
.020
.010
.040
.040
at ton of cor
Fall
.030
.030
.020
.130
.030
.030
.020
.010
.004
.010
Id
id
.020
Id
.01
.004
.000
.001
relation coeffl
Annual
.500
.840
.610
.850
.800
.350
.320
.470
.280+
.060
.080
.110
.1 10
.110
.060
.040
.150
.060
'dents
for average unit area event loads and percent connected Imperviousness.
id Insufficient data.
11-15
-------
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Table 11-6. Correlation coefficients (r) and regression equations for average seasonal
event unit area loadings for 1976 to 1979 and percent connected
Imperviousness with anomalous data points deleted
_____^ Spring Summer Fa 11
~ ^^ ^| ,
Water
i" - Value 0.931 0.957 0.755
Regression eq. Y=I9I+23.7X Y=IOO+2I.7X Y=35.3+2.42X
Suspended Sol ids
r - Value 0.918 0.808 .273
Regressic-n eq. Y=28.3+9.I5X Y=36.9+5.58X Y=I5.5+.457X
TotaI Phgsphoru s
f ~ Value 0.856 0.881 0.383
Regression eq. Y=.0965t.0084X Y=.0727+.0056X Y=.OI67+.0009
Spring is weighted average for 1977, 1978 and 1979.
11-18
-------
413011 - The particulate pollutant loadings are considered
excessively high in 1977 because 1.2 km of road was constructed
during the summer of 1977.
413625 - High water and pollutant loadings in spring of 1979 are
difficult to explain, and are considered questionable. There is
evidence that sedimentation at the control structure may have
affected the flow record. Dumping of fertilizer from an adjacent
golf course might have contributed to high total-P values and
observed bank erosion upstream might have elevated suspended
solids loadings.
The relationships of selected seasonal event unit area water and
pollutant loadings with percent connected impervious area, with the
anomalous data deleted are presented in Figs. II-A-1 through II-A-8.
Correlation coefficients and regression equations for the selected
seasonal loadings and connected imperviousness are presented in Table
II-A-9. Examination of the table reveals good correlation of unit
water loads and connected imperviousness in three of four springs and
two of four falls and in all summers. Good correlations of event unit
area loadings of suspended solids and total P with connected
imperviousness were found in three of four years for spring and
summer. Correlation coefficients were generally low for pollutant
unit load and connected imperviousness in fall. Poor correlations of
event unit area loadings of water and pollutants with connected
imperviousness were observed in the spring of 1976. This is probably
due to the prolonged frozen ground condition during this year. The
impermeable frozen ground would alter the hydrology of the Watershed
by temporarily increasing the impervious area.
Rainfall and loading
Pollutant loadings are best estimated and compared on a seasonal basis
in the Menomonee River Watershed because of seasonal variations in
weather, land cover and land use activities. For example, in the
Menomonee River Watershed, spring is characterized by thawing of
frozen ground, snowmelt, the emergence of vegetative cover and stable
frontal weather systems. Summer is characterized by established
vegetative cover and scattered intense rainstorms.
Figures II-A-9 through II-A-28 show seasonal event unit area loadings
of water, suspended solids, total-P and soluble-P at stations 413005,
413006, 413011, 413615, and 683089. In general, average seasonal
event unit area loadings of water and pollutants were highest in
spring followed by summer and fall in decreasing order. This
corresponds with the seasonal variation and number of runoff event
days shown in Table II-A-1. Seasons in certain years stand out with
especially high or low water and pollutant loads. Loadings were
highest in spring 1976, fall 1978 and summer 1975 and 1977; lowest in
spring 1977 and summer and fall 1976. Seasons in these years also
show correspondingly high and low percentages of runoff event days.
11-19
-------
The spring of 1976, in addition to high rainfall as shown in Table
I1-7, also exhibited deep frost and more rain and snow on frozen
ground, as indicated in Tables II-A-10 and 11. The frozen ground
reduced soil permeability and increased the magnitude and duration of
runoff events.
The rainfall data presented in Table 11-7 was obtained from rainfall
gauging stations located within the subwatersheds and from the
National Weather Service at Mitchell Field. For those subwatersheds
without a rain gauging station, rain data from the nearest gauging
station was used.
Figures II-A-29 through II-A-48 show relationships between seasonal
event unit area water, suspended solids, total-P and soluble-P
loadings and rainfall. For many stations, good linear relationships
exist, especially fn spring and summer. Regression equations and
correlation coefficients for seasonal loading and rainfall are
presented in Tables II-8 through 11-11. The correlation coefficients
are at low significance levels because they were obtained from only 4
or 5 data points in each season at a given station. However, 80% of
the correlation coefficients obtained with at least 4 data points in
the spring and summer were good (r=>0.7). All stations except 413625
showed good correlations between event unit area water loading and
rainfall during spring and summer. The scarcity of good correlations
of loading with rainfall in fall is due in part to insufficient data
and the generally small range in rainfall and loadings.
Comparison with agricultural watersheds
Management of nonpoint source pollution should not focus too narrowly
on agricultural contributions to the exclusion of urban areas within
any watershed. Comparison of the average seasonal total and event
water and pollutant loadings shows that station 463001, with a
predominantly agricultural subwatershed with gently roiling topography
similar to that found throughout the Menomonee River Watershed,
generally had lower loadings than other stations representing more
urbanized subwatersheds (Tables II-3 through II-5).
Table 11-12 presents unit area suspended solids and total-P loadings
from other Wisconsin agricultural watersheds. Watersheds in Southwest
Wisconsin generally have greater relief and steeper slopes than those
in the southeastern part of the state. The suspended solids loadings
from Southwest Wisconsin are more variable from year to year, but the
urban area loadings lie well within the range of the agricultural area
loadings. Total-P unit area loadings for the urban and agricultural
areas were roughly similar. Considered on a unit area basis, nonpoint
source contributions from urban areas may be equal or greater than
those from agricultural areas.
11-20
-------
Table 11-7. Seasonal and annual precipitation (cm) for 1975 to 1979*
STORE!**
Number
463001
41 3011
413007
41 3006
41 3005
Mitchell
463001
41 301 1
41 3007
413006
413005
Mitchell
463001
41301 1
41 3007
41 3006
413005
Mitchell
463001
41 3011
41 3007
413006
41 3005
Mitchell
463001
41 3011
413007
41 3006
413005
Mitchell
Spr 1 ng
12.3
15.3
18.3
18.3
16.1
20.1
30.7
38.6
42.3
37.2
36.6
46.5
17.2
14.9
14.7
17.7
15.8
17.0
20.0
20.1
17.9
17.9
21.0
22.4
18.3
19.3
20.1
19.0
23.4
28.9
Summer
1975
42.8
39.2
36.9
33.4
36.9
25.4
1976
16.5
16.4
13.7
18.3
16.2
20.7
1977
46.4
46.2
46.3
45.6
44.5
45.0
1978
41.9
49.7
44.5
46.0
55.3
52.7
1979
21.7
26.8
22.4
23.9
26.2
22.3
Fall
9.6
12.6
11.7
10.5
11.3
20.1
5.5
6.9
6.6
7.5
6.7
7.3
10.3
9.9
9.7
8.4
10.2
8.6
9.3
7.6
9.6
9.5
II .1
8.9
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
8.9
Annual
73.7
78.5
80.8
74.6
75.9
74.0
56.1
64.4
65.1
66.0
62.5
79.8
75.7
73.9
75.5
76.2
75.1
76.9
71 .2
77.4
72.0
73.4
73.4
103.5
57.0
63.1
59.5
59.9
66.6
78.4
* Historical average precipitation values summarized from long term rain gauging
stations near the watershed were 5.8, 19.7, 33.6, 14.7 and 73.8 cm for winter, spring,
summer, fall and annual respectively.
** 413010 and 413615 use rainfall records from 413005; 413625 and 413089 use rainfall
records from 413007.
11-21
-------
Table Il-8« Correlation coefficients (r) and regression equations for event unit area
water loadings and rainfall by seasons for 1975 to 1979
STORET
Number
463001
41 3011
41 3007
41 3006
41 3005
413010
413615
41 3625
41 3089
Spring
r-value
(Regression equation)
0.998
(Y=-I20I+63.6X)
0.986
(Y=-I5IO+99.8X)
0.961
(Y=245+25.)X)
0.953
(Y=-l 83+40. 3X)
0.718
(Y=-208+30.8X)
0.564
(Y=I72+8.93X)
id
Id
Id
Summer
i value
(Regression equation)
0.838
(Y=-I99+I I.8X)
0.985
(Y=-4 70+41 .8X)
0.821
Fall
I value
(Regression equation)
Id
Id
0.829
(Y=-48.9+l2.IX)
0.641
(Y=88.4+28.0X)
0.858
(Y=-57.6+l3.4X)
Id
0.693
(Y=-38.4+2l.5X)
0.651
(Y=-34.4+5.78X)
0.433
(Y=-56.6+25.9X)
Id Insufficient data.
11-22
-------
Table 11-9. Correlation coefficients (r) and regression equations for event unit area
suspended solids loadings and rainfall by seasons for 1975 to 1979
STORE!
Number
Spring
Summer
Fall
ivalue
(Regression equation)
ivalue
(Regression equation)
r-value
(Regression equation)
463001
Id
0.968
CY=-II3+6.75X)
Id
41301
0.971
(Y=-825+46.7X)
0.372
(Y=-7.53+3.34X)
Id
(Y=I0.4+.209X)
413006
0.967
(Y=-205+2I .9X)
0.834
(Y-037.9+4.I3X)
0.392
(Y=-96.3+l3.9X)
4(3010
Id
0.578
(Y=69.5+2.50X)
Id
413615
Id
0.678
(Y=-I09+II.3X)
Id
413625
id
0.552
CY=-23.I+I.99X)
Id
41 3089
Id
0.820
(Y=-65.4+3.29X)
0.403
(Y=-45+7.57X)
Id Insufficient data
11-23
-------
Table 11-10. Correlation coefficients (r) and regression equations for event unit area
total-P loadings and rainfall by seasons for 1975 to 1979
STQRET
Number
Spring
Summer
r-va-l ue
(Regression equation)
r-value
(Regression equation)
Fall
ivalue
(Regression equation)
463001
id
0.921
0.910
(Y=-.03I3+.0037X)
Id
41 30.06
0.845
(Y=-.I37+.OI05X)
0.931
(Y=-.I09+.OI33X)
0.81 I
(Y-0.742+.I02X)
413005
0.956
(Y=-.2QO+.OI36X)
0.908
(Y=-.0327+.0046X>
0.881
(Y=-.0305+.0065X>
413.010
id
0.961
(Y=-.OI38+.0066X)
Id
41 361 5
id
0.914
(Y=-.I59+.I44X)
Id
413625
Id
0.017
(Y=-.0752t.OOOIX)
id
413089
Id
0.890
(Y=-.0665+.0039X>
-.051
(Y=-.0303-.OQ05X)
Id Insufficient data
11-24
-------
Table 11-11. Correlation coefficients (r) and regression equations for event unit area
soluble-P loadings and rainfall by seasons for 1976 to 1979
STORET
Number
SprIng
Summer
Fall
r-value
(Regression equation)
r-value
(Regression equation)
r-va I ue
(Regression equation)
463001
41301
413007
413006
413005
413010
413615
413625
41 3089
Id
0.941
(Y=-II8+.0062X)
0.129
(Y=-OI79+.0002X)
-.391
(Y=-0988-.OOI4X)
0.885
(Y=-.0497+.003IX)
id
Id
id
Id
0.768
(Y=-.0670+.0037X)
0.979
(Y=-.237+.OOI9X>
0.657
(Y=.OOOI+.0003X)
0.991
(Y=-.0005+.0007X)
0.864
id Insufficient data.
11-25
-------
Table 11-12. Annual unit area loadings* of suspended solids and total-P in urban and
a grIcuItu ra I waters hed s
Watershed
Area
(ml2)
Urban
Suspended Sol Ids
(Tons/ml 2)
1 978 1 979
Total Phosphorus
(Tons/mi2)
1978 1979
Ye I lowstone River 28.5
Stelner Branch 5.9
Onion River 100
Grant River 26.9
Little Menomonee 8.0
Agricultural areas**
0
0
2
5
12
220
369
970
96
Urban areas***
54
85
90
310
275
0.4
0.2
O.I
0.2
O.I
Menomonee River
123
44
128
179
0.05
Underwood Creek
Honey Creek
No yes Creek
18.2
10.3
2,2
65
79
90
122
179
150
115
237
160
O.I
0.3
0.2
O.I
0.2
0.1
* Suspended solids values Included event and nonevent loadings and total phosphorus
values are only event loadings.
** The Yellowstone, Stelner Branch and Grant Watersheds are In southwest Wisconsin, and
the Onion and Little Menomonee watersheds are in southeast Wisconsin.
*** The urban watersheds are in southeast Wisconsin.
11-26
-------
REFERENCES - I
1. Simsiman, G. V., et al. Surface Water Monitoring Data. Final
Report of the Menomonee River Pilot Watershed Study, Vol. 3, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1979.
2. Bannerman, R., Michael F. Bonn, John G. Konrad and G.V. Simsiman.
Surface Water Quality from 1975 to 1979. Final Report of the
Menomonee River Pilot Watershed Study. Vol. 12, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1982.
3. Simsiman, G. V., J. Goodrich-Mahoney, G. Chesters and R.
Bannerman. Land Use, Population and Physical Characteristics of
the Menomonee River Watershed. Part III: Description of the
Watershed. Final Report of the Menomonee River Pilot Watershed
Study, Vol. 2, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1979.
4. U.S. Geological Survey. Water Resources Data for Wisconsin,
1975. U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WI-75-1, 1976.
582 pp.
5. U.S. Geological Survey. Water Resources Data for Wisconsin,
1976. U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WI-76-1, 1977.
607 pp.
6. U.S. Geological Survey. Water Resources Data for Wisconsin,
1977. U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WI-77-1, 1978.
7. U.S. Geological Survey. Water Resources Data for Wisconsin,
1978. U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WI-78-1, 1979.
8. U.S. Geological Survey. Water Resources Data for Wisconsin,
1979. U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WI-79-1, 1980.
11-27
-------
Appendix A
Monitoring Data from 1975 to 1979
Appendix II-A contain tabular and fictural material which are grouped
in the following manner to correspond to the order shown in the main
text.
Table or Figure Nos.
Tables II-A-1 and II-A-2
Table II-A-3
Tables II-A-4 to II-A-8
Figure II-A-1 to II-A-8
Figures II-A-9 to II-A-28
Tables II-A-9
Figures II-A-29 to II-A-48
Tables II-A-10 to II-A-11
Description
Individual event flow and
concentrations at 413005
Number of seasonal event days for
1975 to 1979
Seasonal event unit area loadings of
pollutants ranked by the amount of
connected imperviousness
Relationship of selected seasonal
event unit area water and pollutant
loadings with degree connected
imperviousness for all years
Seasonal event unit area loadings of
water and pollutants for selected
stations
Correlation coefficients and
regression equations for selected
event unit area water and pollutant
loadings and percent connected
imperviousness by season for 1975 to
1979
Relationship of seasonal event unit
area water and pollutant loadings
and rainfall
Snow and frost depth, and snowfall
and rainfall on frozen ground for
1975 to 1979
11-28
-------
Table II-A-I. Flow (cms) and pollutant concentrations (mg/l ) at 413005
for selected events and base-flow in 1976-
(70th Street)
Non-Event
Sam pi i ng
Dates
760429
76051 1
760721
760804
Event Times
Start and Samples
Stop Date Ti me
76050,51700 760505 1755
1855
1955
2050
2340
7605082000 760506 1 020
7607280700 760728 0728
0808
0810
0833
0903
0932
0935
1000
1003
1701
7607300800 1 704
Flows
4.8
4.4
26.9
47.9
47.3
19.4
8.9
3.2
.4
.5
1.2
1.2
2.2
5.0
6.9
7.1
6.7
6.6
1.6
1.6
.4
Suspended
Sol ids
32
120
540
594
432
226
72
21
21
98
150
180
294
544
8T6
708
477
508
55
62
82
Total
P
0.24
0.35
0.67
0.62
0.58
0.42
0.29
0.26
0.27
0.54
0.62
0.63
0.81
2.10
1.60
1.30
0.97
1.00
0.38
0.34
0.27
Soluble
P
O.I 10
0.080
0.038
0.039
0.060
0.093
0.120
0.120
0.090
0.076
O.I 10
0.007
0.062
0.510
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.085
0..087
0.060
Chloride
85
90
38
26
30
36
78
115
180
145
140
140
115
70
95
1 10
130
1 10
90
85
170
11-29
-------
Table I l-A-2. Flows (cms) and pollutant concentrations (mg/t) at 413005 for selected
events in 1977
Start and
Stop Times
7706300700 '
770701 2200
77080321 00
7708060600
Sampl Ing Sampl Ing
Date Time
770630 0720
0825
0900
0925
1025
1125
1325
1410
770701 1035
770803 2145
2240
2310
770804 0010
0110
0340
0635
1035
Flows
0.5
id
17.7
15.9
24.6
id
5.5
id
I.I
2.1
11.4
14.3
12.1
7.3
3.6
2.1
1.8
Suspended
Solids
88
455
652
608
509
276
147
171
42
101
196
442
1034
520
216
128
46
Total
P
0.32
0.64
1.06
0.76
0.66
0.48
0.42
0.30
0.26
0.29
0.74
1.09
0.52
0.65
0.35
0.30
0.20
Soluble
P
O.I 01
0.074
0.074
0.058
0.057
0.069
0.068
0.078
0.133
0.029
0.036
0.017
0.048
0.046
0.055
0.085
0.073
Chloride
105
69
88
65
36
36
35
38
158
130
109
63
50
33
35
86
60
Total*
Lead
91
Id
349
247
225
id
89
id
2
id
id
id
id
id
id
id
id
* ug/l
Id Insufficient data.
11-30
-------
Table Il-A-3. Number of seasonal event days for years 1975 to 1979
Season
Spring
Summer
Fall
Spring
Sia'mmer
Pali
Spring
Su filter
Fal 1
Spring
Summer
Fall
Spring
Summer
Fall
Spring
Summer
Fall
41 3005
50
54
16
74
16
8
21
47
9
37
38
22
29
36
13
42
38
14
41 3006
24
30
17
40
16
5
20
33
8
26
27
13
39
32
II
30
28
II
413007 463001 41301 1
24
20
13
50
8
3
17
27
6
32
26
12
24
23
9
29
21
9
19
24
7
61
7
4
7
19
4
10
14
15
23
12
9
Average
24
15
8
J975
40
21
22
1976
32
14
4
1977
16
31
9
1978
17
27
13
1979
29
31
18
of Five Years
27
25
13
413010
15
7
6
13
4
1
4
6
2
18
14
12
31
16
4
16
9
5
683089
na*
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
10
10
4
20
6
5
id
Id
Id
413615
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
9
10
3
21
7
4
id
Id
id
41 3625
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
2
10
5
18
8
2
Id
Id
id
* Not available.
Id Insufficient data.
II
-------
Table ll-A-4. Summary of seasonal event unit area water loadings (m-^/ha) ranked by
each station's percent connected imperviousness
STORET
Number
683089
413615
413010
413006
41301 1
413005
413007
463001
413625
683089
413615
413010
413006
41 3011
413005
413007
463001
413625
683089
413615
413010
413006
41 3011
413005
413007
463001
413625
683089
413615
413010
413006
41 3011
413005
413007
463001
413625
% Connected
Imperviousness
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
1975
Id
Id
id
560
id
980
240
id
id
id
Id
id
300
id
400
280
id
id
id
id
id
210
id
100
80
id
id
id
id
id
1070
id
1490
600
id
id
1976
Spr i ng
id
id
607+
1,590
3,253
1,320
870
1,745
id
Summer
357
127
I45+
280
235
70
60
24
I.I
Fall
90
14
46
90
91
30
20
0
3
Annual
447
233
798+
I960
3579
1420
950
1769
4
1977
683+
443
229"1"
370
342
140
80
id
96
1246
1593
647+
810
1145
280
210
132
32
103
237
62
200
id
100
90
67
9
2033
2373
938+
1380
1487
520
380
199
138
1978
1,1 I3+
1,997
599+
780
771
294
389
189
100
1482
1350
696+
1033
1727
613
405
403
308
214
153
id
134
135
70
60
10
32
2809
3500
1295+
1947
2633
978
854
602
450
1979
829+
1,764
27 7+
1,216
1,054
376
581
687
1,1 18+
731
837
47I +
238
611
165
136
12
73
265
156
32
175
170
58
69
3
19
1825
2757
781 +
1630
1836
599
786
702
1210+
id Insufficient data.
+ Anomolous data deleted during determination of correlation coefficients
for selected event loads unit area and percent connected imperviousness.
11-32
-------
Table Il-A-5. Summary of seasonal event unit area loadings* of suspended solids (kg/ha)
ranked by each station's percent connected imperviousness
STORE!
Number
683089
413615
413010
413006
41301 1
413005
413007
463001
413625
683089
413615
413010
413006
41301 1
413005
413007
463001
413625
683089
413615
413010
413006
41 3011
413005
413007
463001
413625
683089
413615
413010
413006
41 3011
413005
413007
463001
413625
% Connected
Imperviousness
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
1975
id
id
Id
288
Id
127
286
id
id
id
id
id
142
id
147
178
id
Id
Id
id
id
46
id
14
3
Id
id
id
id
id
486
id
288
466
id
id
1976
Spr i ng
id
id
142
835
1423
230
133
275
id
Summer
78+
I0+
83
77
51
36
38
8
0.2
Fall
6
4
4
10
3
4
7
1
O.I
Annua 1
84+
51
230
922
1477
271
178
283
0.3
1977
350*
230
169
129
49
41
26
id
7
I88+
695
265
452
780+
168
84
115
II
4
51
9
47
Id
48
36
13
1
541 +
990
443
628
829
257
146
128
19
1978
379+
1128
392
344
282
99
122
90
97
231 +
305
146
231
70
167
169
175
127
60
14
Id
201
id
114
Id
id
5
671 +
1446
538
776
515
380
378
299
229
1979
151 +
413
id
327
303
101
179
74
III2+
182+
162
140
65
119
32
41
2 f
22
13
id
id
75
27
6
3
.1
id
346*
625
285
467
444
139
223
77
II6I +
* 95% confidence limits presented in tables l-A-48 and Il-A-44 of volume 3 and
table I-A-3I and l-A-35 of volume 12.
id Insufficient data.
* Anomalous data deleted during determination of correlation coefficients
for unit area event loads and percent connected Imperviousness.
11-33
-------
Table ll-A-6. Summary of seasonal event unit area loadings* of total-P (kg/ha) ranked
by each station's percent connected Imperviousness
STORE!
Number
683089
413615
413010
413006
41 3011
413005
413007
463001
413625
683089
413615
413010
413006
41301 1
413005
413007
463001
413625
683089
413615
413010
413006
41301 1
413005
413007
463001
413625
683089
413615
413010
413006
41301 1
413005
413007
463001
413625
% Connected
Imperviousness
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
1976
Spring
Id
Id
0.276
0.641
1.287
0.459
0.307
0.633
id
Summer
0.095+
0.022
0.122
0.119
0.069
0*065
0.006
0.014
0.001
Fall
0.024
0.013
0.017
0.048
0.015
0.017
0.004
0.000
0.001
Annual
0.4I9+
O.I II
0.415
0.883
1.372
0.541
0.317
0.647
0.001
1977
0.263+
0.239
0.243
0.282
0.075
0.055
0.040
Id
0.039
0.216+
0.629
0.352
0.485
0.614+
0.21 1
0.110
0.174
0.012
0.007
0.060
0.022
0.095
id
0.038
0.031
0.025
0.002
0.486+
0.946
0.617
0.862
0.689
0.304
0.181
0.200
0.054
1978
0.473+
1.044
0.628
0.479
0.292
0.134
0.177
0.177
0.079
0.263+
0.523
0.349
0.340
0.213
0.207
0.163
0.346
0.122
0.037
0.029
Id
0.284
id
0.044
id
id
0.008
0.773+
1.596
0.978
1 .102
0.713
0.385
0.447
0.746
0.210
1979
0-102+
0.422
id
0.346
0.253
O.I 13
0.233
0.283
0.610+
0.186+
0.231
0.167
0.134
0.132
0.044
0.069
0.009
0.177+
0.036
id
id
0.083
0.037
0.017
0.013
0.001
id
0.324+
0.708
0.419
0.563
0.422
0.174
0.315
0.293
0.855+
* 95% confidence limits presented in tables l-A-49 and Il-A-46 of volume 3
and tables l-A-32 and l-A-36 of volume 12.
+ Anomalous data deleted during determination of correlation coefficients
for selected unit area event loads and percent connected imperviousness.
11-34
-------
Table Il-A-7. Summary of seasonal event unit area loadings* of soluble-P (kg/ha) ranked
by each station's percent connected imperviousness
STORE!
Number
683089
413615
413010
413006
413001
413005
413007
463001
413625
683089
413615
413010
413006
41301 1
413005
413007
463001
413625
683089
413615
413010
413006
41 3011
413005
413007
463001
413625
683089
413615
413010
413006
41 3011
413005
413007
463001
413625
% Connected
Imperviousness
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
45
43
33
28
28
9
7
1
0.3
1976
Spring
id
id
0.066
0.009
0.188
0.106
0.016
0.178
id
Summer
0.010
0.003
0.013
0.015
0.007
0.005
0.001
0.002
0.000
Fall
0.002
0.000
0.004
0.009
0.006
0.003
0.001
0.000
0.000
Annual
0.012
0.025
0.083
0.033
0.201
0.113
0.016
0.179
0.001
1977
0.007
0.010
0.010
0.025
0.008
0.009
0.005
td
0.022
0.017
0.026
0.037
0.033
0.062
0.012
0.008
0.023
0.003
Id
id
id
0.014
Id
0.008
0.009
0.000
id
0.023
0.036
0.047
0.070
0.070
0.030
0.022
0.023
0.025
1978
0.085
0.069
0.168
0.095
0.029
0.037
0.021
0.041
0.006
0.056
0.048
0.046
0.036
0.065
0.037
0.020
0.131
0.020
0.007
0.005
id
0.067
id
0.014
id
id
0.003
0.148
0.122
0.214
0.198
0.126
0.088
0.056
0.259
0.029
1979
0.012
0.089
id
0.101
0.020
0.010
0.054
0.144
0.047
0.015
0.026
0.027
0.017
0.021
0.007
0.01 1
0.002
0. 1 07+
0.013
Id
Id
0.005
0.009
0.004
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.040
0.117
0.093
0.124
0.050
0.021
0.068
0.146
0.195
* 95$ confidence limits presented In tables l-A-50 and Il-A-47 of volume 3
and table l-A-33 and l-A-37 of volume 12.
+ Anomalous data deleted during determination of correlative coefficients for selected
unit area event loads and percent connected Imperviousness.
11-35
-------
Table ll-A-8. Summary of seasonal event unft area loadings of lead (kg/ha) at
413005 (70th Street)
STORE! % Connected
Number Impervlousness 1975 1976 1977 1973 1979*
Spring
413005 9 id 0.289 id id 0.041
Summer
413005 9 0.168 O.I 01 0.063 id 0.022
Fall
413005 9 id id id id 0.006
id Insufficient data.
* Cadmium loading for spring, summer, and fall was 0.421, 0.114 and 0.025 kg/ha,
respectively.
11-36
-------
1200. *
1975
A
9QC.+
600.
300. + B
« A
-».
* - C
3 C
C.+
2 6.0 12.0
o
-i 4000. +
B
C
18. Q 24.0 30.0 36
1976
3000.+
to -
2000.+
A
1000.
B
2 B
C.+ 22 22 2 C C C
+ ---_«..,,,- -4. ......... ^._._..... 4 «__«_- + -_-_--.---+ (
0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50,
% CONNECTED IMPERVIOUS AREA
Fig. II-A-1. Relationship of selected seasonal event unit area
water loadings with degree of corrected imperviousness
for 1975 and 1976. (A » Spring* B * Summer, C » Fall)
11-37
-------
2000.*
500.*
1000.
5 00.+
2100. +
£ 1430.+
1977
<
*
C
3
-
6
B
- A2 22
0.+ 2
0. 10.
A A
A
C C
C C
20. 30. 40. 50
1978
LU
700. +
8
2
B
- B
- AA
0.+ CC
+ -
0.
A
C
1U.
20.
30.
._ + _.
40.
-*
50
CONNECTED IMPERVIOUS AREA
Ffg. II-A-2. Relationship of selected seasonal event unit area
water loadings with degree of connected imperviousness
for 1977 and 1978.
(A = Spring, B = Summer, C = Fall)
11-38
-------
SELECTED HATER LOADS CU.M/HA
i
to
vo
^ »
3>
II
CO
-a
-j
j.
3
-
00
II
CO
c
-1
o
II
-n
01
w4
-- -
*
1
1 <
1
CO
0 *
-t> « ;o
o o> n>
* Ct
eo o>
vo *
**^4 ^^ ^3
0
^m ^
0. 0 0 f\J
fb n- c> <
tQ (-1
rt> V> "°
n m
O tu X
-h (/> <
O M
03 £
00) 2
31 _j C C*s
3 C/> O !
rt> n> *
0 < T,
rt- fD J
«D 3 ^
CL c-t- m
>
-J. c
-i 2.
n» <-«
-» *^
< o» o >
o 3
5 *
3
n>
5"
V*
O M OO
O O O
O O 0 0
* * *+ *
*
h r> tr
ro .»
rv j»
«!
«£>
VO
fV) ID CD > >
n
.
«-» O3 >
O CT>
O +
-------
SELECTED SUSPENDED SOLIDS LOADS KG/HA
<£>
* 1
HH
i
i
^
O (
9
*~* ' VI TO
:»= 3 C fD
II (t> T7 Q) v,
~S fD r+
"O * Q o f~>
-S O fD 3 O
-* c a. t/> j- _»
3 {/> 3" ; ^-~
to 3 t/> -i. * *-- H
« fD O ~O m
DO «/>-" O (
d- ~*> m
II -h «/>
0 W °
C/1 -j i fD
. . CO* »-<
«-i 3 ' o» ro 35
1 3 VO 0. 0 -o rvi
0 T t?J 3' fD m 0 -1
« t-<
°-is °
- n- w c
TJ to 3" O CO
O> ««J 3
' >
~ ' *i T " o H
fD < >
fD fD
3
0 r+
~*tl
0§
O -«
3 c*
3 ^»
O T ° ^
C+ fD
fD O>
a.
ui
vi O vn
a o o
O 0 O O
+ IIII + IIII + IIII +
o
k r\j »
CD j» o
rv) > rj
0
a
~"J
%^ CD
C7^
**
O
o rv
OJ
O
h
O
o
O
_» fx; W
O O O
c.- o o o
+ 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 +
<-> a; >
«-> J» CP
Jo
^^J
U1
0 CD >
-------
300.*
600.*
4QO.
1977
X
^»
2 2
<
o
_i
00
x%
Ct
1 *
4*
;00* +
- 8
-
-
Or* 3C
0.
B
E?
2 2
1u.
a
A
A
2 C
c c
2U. 30. 40. 5
1200. *
UJ
a.
1978
800.+
AOO.+
- BB 2 B
- AA 2
Q.+ C
0.
10.
20.
2
2
30.
40.
50
X CONNECTED IMPERVIOUS AREA
F1g. II-A-5. Relationship of selected seasonal event unit area
suspended solids loadings with degree of connected
impendousness for 1977 and 1978.
(A » Spring, B - Summer, C = Fall)
11-41
-------
42G.+
CO
o
in
UJ
o
Ul
o.
o
Ul
1979
280.
140.
0.
-
-
»
A
f
A
A
-
-fa B B
+ 2 C C
0* 1U.
A
A
B
B
C
B
C
20. 30.
B
C
40. 50
tu
t/5
'H CONNECTED IMPERVIOUS AREA
F1g. II-A-6. Relationship of selected seasonal event unit area
suspended solids loadings with degree of connected
imperviousness for 1979.
(A * Spring, B - Summer, C » Fall)
11-42
-------
to
o
0.
o
UJ
1.60*
1976
1.20 +
A
6
. vO+ 22 2 C
0. 1U.
20.
9
3
C C
30.
2 C
40.
50
.80 +
1977
« .60 +
uj
_j
UJ
.40 +
B
A
A A
,20+ e
B
B
2 C
- AC 2 2 C
.DO+ 2 C
f-- ---* ___-----. 4------ + -__ + _^__ .+
0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50
X CONNECTED IMPERVIOUS AREA
Fig. II-A-7. Relationship of selected seasonal event unit area
total-P loadings with degree of connected imperviousness
for 1976 and 1977. (A = Spring, B = Summer, C = Fall)
11-43
-------
1.20 +
I 1978
.90*
.60 +
<
X
19
*
<
O
.
o.
_J
<
h-
o
-
.30 +
-
-
-
-
.00 +
.45 +
-
-
-
R
A
B
A
C
0.
2 B
A
C
10.
B B
2
B
C
C
20. 30. 40. 50
A
1979
A
a .30 +
"* A
»- *
« - A A B
LU
_J -
"* _ n
or> B
.15 +
A 2
C
6
2 C C
.00+ 2 C
4_________^. _ -__ _+. __.__-__. 4. __..__ _4 .._._.. _^
0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50
X CONNECTED IMPERVIOUS AREA
Ffg. II-A-8. Relationship of selected seasonal event unit area
total P loadings with degree of connected imperviousness
for 1978 and 1979.
(A = Spring, B = Summer, C - Fall)
11-44
-------
75 76 77 76 79
75 76 77 78 79
SUMMER
75 76 77 78 79
FALL
Fig. II-A-9. Seasonal event unit area loadings of water
at 413005 (70th Street).
11-45
-------
1600-
MOO-
200-
75 76 77 78 79
SPRING
75 76 77 78 79 /Vs. 75" 76 77 78 79
SUHMER.
FALL
F1g. II-A-10. Seasonal event unit area loadings of water
at 413006 (Honey Creek).
11-46
-------
76 77 78 79
SPRING
76 77 78 79 AVG. 76
SUMMER.
79
FALL
F1g. II-A-11. Seasonal event unit area loadings of water
at (Noyes Creek).
11-47
-------
77 78 79 Ave.
5PM NG
76 77 78 79
SUMMER
76 77 78 79 Avo.
FALL
Fig. II-A-12. Seasonal event unit area loadings of water
at 413615 (Stadium).
11-48
-------
77 78 79
SPRING
76 77 73 79
SUMMER
76 77 76 79 Ava.
FALL
F1g. II-A-13. Seasonal event unit area loadings of water
at 683089 (Brookfield).
11-49
-------
300-
ZOO
IOO
75 76 77 78 79 Ava. 75 76 77 78 79
SPRING SUMMER.
75 76 77 79 79
FALL
F1g. II-A-14. Seasonal event unit area loadings of suspended solids
at 413005 (70th Street).
11-50
-------
75 76 77 78 79 -
SPRING
75 76 77 7B 79 AV«,
SUMMER
75 76 77 78 79
FALL
F1g. II-A-15. Seasonal event unit area loadings of suspended solids
at 413006 (Honey Creek).
11-51
-------
76 77 76 79
SPRING
F1g. II-A-16. Seasonal event unit area loadings of suspended solids
at 413011 (Noyes Creek).
11-52
-------
1200
77 78 79 Av«.
SPRING
76 77 7S 79 Ave.
SUMMLR.
75 77 78
FALL
Fig. II-A-17. Seasonal event unit area loadings of suspe'nded solids
at 413615 (Stadium).
11-53
-------
6OO
77 1& 79
SPRING
76 77 7S 79 /Ws.
SUMMER
76 77 78 79 Avs.
FALL
Fig. II-A-18. Seasonal event unit area loadings of suspended solids
at 683089 (Brookfield).
11-54
-------
76 77 78
SPRIHG
76 77 7B 79
SUMMER.
Fig. II-A-19. Seasonal event unit area loadings of total-P
at 413005 (70th Street).
11-55
-------
76 77 7& 79
SPRIMG
76 77 76 79 Av*.
SUMME.R.
76 77 78 79
FALL
F1g. II-A-20. Seasonal event unit area loadings of total-P
at 413006 (Honey Creek).
11-56
-------
76 77 78 79 Ave.
SPRING
77 76 79
SUMMER
79 4v
-------
77 73 79
SPRING
76 77 76 79
SUMMER
76 77 78
FALL
Fig. II-A-22. Seasonal event unit area loadings of total-P
at 413615 (Stadium).
11-58
-------
as-
3
I
g
77 TB 79 Ava.
SPRING
76 77 7B 79
FALL
F1g. II-A-23. Seasonal event unit area loadltifs of total-P
at 683089
II-59
-------
JQO-
.000
76 77 70 79
SPRING
76 77 78 79
SUMMER
76 77 73 79 Ave.
FAIL
Fig. II-A-24. Seasonal event unit area loadings of soluble-P
at 413005 (70th Street).
11-60
-------
.780-
.000
76 77 78 79
SPRING
76 77 78 79 Ave.
SUMMER
76 77 78 79
FALL
F1g. II-A-25. Seasonal event unit area loadings of soluble-P
at 413006 (Honey Creek).
11-61
-------
JBO-
.OOO
76 77 75 79
SPRING
76 77 78 79 Ave.
SUMMER
FALL
Fig. II-A-26. Seasonal event unit area loadings of soluble-P
at 413011 (Noyes Creek).
11-62
-------
./ao
.000
77 76 79
SPRING
76 77 76 79 Avs.
SUMME.R
Fig. II-A-27. Seasonal event unit area loadings of soluble-P
at 413615 (Stadium).
11-63
-------
./80-
.150-
./20-
4
v» .090-
£
o
.060 -J
f
.030
.000
77 78 79
SPRING
76 77 78 79
SUMMER.
76 78 79
FALL
Fig. II-A-28. Seasonal event unit area loadings of soluble-P
at 683089 (Brookfield).
11-64
-------
Table Il-A-9. Correlation coefficients (r) and regression equations for selected event
unit area parameter loadings and percent connected tmperviousness by
seasons for 1976 to 1979
Year
1976
1977
1978
1979
1976
1977
1978
1979
1976
.0005X)
1977
.0004X)
1978
.0007X)
1979
.001 IX)
Spring
r - value
(Regression equation)
0.599
(Y = 1 129. + 42. 9X)
0.975
(Y = 64.2 + 9.40X)
0.931
(Y = 34.2 + 36.8X)
0.925
(Y = 388. + 28. 9X)
0.504
(Y = 164. + I9.5X)
0.907
(Y = -9.40 + 4.83X)
0.839
(Y = -16.1 + 18. OX)
0.971
(Y = 75.7 + 8. IX)
0.259
(Y = .475 + .0072X)
0.813
(Y = .0194 + .0057X)
0.904
(Y = .037 + .OI82X)
0.702
(Y = .187 + .0045X)
Summer
r - value
(Regression equation)
Water
0.822
(Y = 25.2 + 5.9X)
0.969
(Y = 41.3 + 31. 7X)
0.892
(Y = 366. + 27.2X)
0.936
(Y = 14.8 + I6.6X)
Suspended Sol ids
0.934
(Y = 10.0 + 2. MX)
0.913
(Y = 32.7 + (2.9X)
0.422
(Y = 140. + I.82X)
0.948
(Y = 8.34 + 3.47X)
Total P
0.545
(Y = .0215 + .OOI6X)
0.936
(Y = .0748 + .OI20X)
0.715
(Y = .175 + .0058X)
0.983
(Y = .01 + .0048X)
Fall
r - value
(Regression equation)
0.623
(Y = 13.3 + I.36X)
0.611
(Y = 59.2 + 2.43)
0.967
(Y =27.1 + 3.66X)
0.791
(Y = 18.3 + 4.03X)
0.274
(Y = 3.73 + .0463X)
0.127
(Y = 23. + .I47X)
0.012
(Y = 77.6 + .Q486X)
0.439
(Y = 5.58 + .735X)
0.555
(Y = .0054 +
0.269
(Y = .0259 +
0.129
(Y = .0619 +
0.693
(Y = .0094 +
11-65
-------
1600.+
413005
1200.'+
800. +
400.
A
x A 6
* CC2 B
0 . + C
" 5. 1i. 25.
o 20-00.+
^f
^^ w
B
35. 45. 55
1500.
COO.+
-
500. +
-
-
-
-
C.+
0.
B
A B
A
A
b B
CC C B
C C
10. 20. 30. 40. 50
RAINFALL - CM
F1g. II-A-29. Relationship of seasonal event unit area water loadings
and rainfall at 70th St. (413005) and Honey Creek
(413006).(A = Spring, B = Summer, C = Fall)
11-66
-------
900. +
' 413007
600. +
*
A
300* +
A
< c a
x ~ CC C B A
JE * *
3 0. 1U. 2u. 30.
i
* 800. +
0 .
3 2 413010
-------
3000. +
2000.+
100C.+
0.*
2 2100.-
o
-------
QC
1200.*
413625
900.+
600.*
300.*
X
"^
JE
3
(j
1
-
-
0.*
0.
c
C CC B
10.
A A
B
20.
30.
40.
B
5C
2 1800.+
o -
463001
1200.*
600.*
B
A
C B
0.* C 2 B B
*---- ---». ----- --- + --------- + -_«,-----_ 4 _-_----- +
0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50
RAINFALL - CM
Ftg. II-A-32. Relationship of seasonal event unit area water loadings
and rainfall at New Berlin (413625) and Donges Bay Rd.
(463001). (A » Spring, B = Summer, C « Fall)
11-69
-------
1600.*
683089
1200.+
X
£
=>
(J
1
-------
SUSPENDED SOLIDS - KG/HA
OJ
0 0
O cs>
» a-
-r-3
*
ro
is
CD
R
L' +
r r\j
I *
O
O
ft
y< i
Q +
en
C3
CD
0)
CD
c»
r>
i i i i + i
o
t
CTl
ut
'
03
CD
03
03
iy
O
-------
SUSPENDED SOLIDS LOADS - KG/HA
-p> O (0
ii (*) < O)
BO. <«
-j o "" f^
«>J f» 7T Ol 3 > W
t\> -t n -> o> r~
» -J 3 ' ,_
o o o» ro
II fD ^^ (0
d> 3 r>
m ?c o» rt -»
o» c* 3
Sfifl. £
O> CL P«- *
O O>
-J Oi
O 0>
0.
0 C
J I/I ._
flj -0 **
fD CO *"
^T3
O.
(D
O.
vn
* r\j 1^1 ^,
^ 0 0 0 o
o a o o o
+ IIII+IIII+IIII4-IIII +
+ OH
<->
r>
O
CD
>
^ f\j
^^ CD '
CD CO
o
O
p
CD *»
O
VS1
-* PO OJ
o o o
0 O 0 O
* 1 1 1 1 » 1 1 1 1 «. 1 t 1 1 +
t.
r~ \
r-t
0
>
a >
j>
» w
8
^j
CD
k
O5 >
a>
-------
SUSPENDED SOLIDS LOADS - KG/HA
(£>
("^
I 1
1
CO
tl
tt
±
CO
*
^^- W 70
3» 4*0 m
tt CO -" O>
o a. ri-
l/j i (/» -i.
a _ o
i r* 2 _.
' O W> ~*
3 01 Ol 3T Vn H
tQ 3 Q. -. ,
w O- w*'^3
3
CO U3 O
ft W> -h _
II » 5°
0. 0) W> >
i/> »* 3 re >-i
1 -» P 7* >v
re -~* o» 3 * vn . o> r «
_i 3 i ,_
W-+I
o o^ o> re .
it en ' re
T| Ol f+ X
Z 3 W
~ - O -J- t/i ^
«< c* .
re
V> O)
o re
« du
7C C
V)
a *
re ui -i
g.
re
Q.
*^ GO f\J
0 0 O
o o o o
+ iiit+iiii + tiii +
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O
o
r>
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c <
CD
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>
rv)
0 H
03 *
>
-c>.
a?
a "-^
in G <
OP
O -i
vji O V/i
O O O
a o o o
# » »
+ i i i i + i i i i + i i i i +
K
< ,
<->
S
» CO
o
.«*
-^
>
3»
k
03
>
o «
-------
SUSPENDED SOLIDS LOADS - KG/HA
-n
10
O
O
0
CXJ
O
fU
->|
O
o
o
o
O
o
o
O
o
o
a
a
co
3> 3 o n
a. '
(I -« O>
o a. «-»
t/> o «/> ,->
-03 O
-j tQ _j 3
-». (D O tf)
3 t/» O> 3-
in a. -*
.0) 3
CO *< «£> O
Wt -t)
II 70
o. a> vi
3 (0
C CX ft)
-j CO -> Ql
» O 3 '
O -h
f-j -J Oi (15
II
-n
Q>
O>
n>
3
I
at
CO Da
O> -J
T rt>
O
a> o-
ro ro
un o.
vn
O
OJ
g
O +
CD
O
CP
ro
tr
£
ro
in
CD
03
-------
400.*
I A 683089
A
300.+
1 200. +
o 100. +
tu
o B
5 - c
Q. -
S - c
«» 0.+ C C
0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50
RAINFALL - CM
Ftg. II-A-38. Relationship of seasonal event unit area suspended
solids loadings and rainfall at Brookfield Square
(683089). (A * Spring, B = Summer, C = Fall)
11-75
-------
-n
-i,
to
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS - KG/HA
-vl
en
CO
IO
O 73
-j o n>
fO Q. Oi
7T -« rt-
3 -
« 3
V)
CO B> 3*
O 3 -'
O Q.T3
cn
S» -h fD
Q| ft,
II ' V)
-o 01 su
** ~*
"3 O <
- S3
CO r*-
(/>
II C* C
o
II 0» rt
3 Oi
-n ex
cv
c "* **
ooo
* I I I I * I I I I *
o o
I I + I I I I *
O
3E
O
O
CD
o
o
+ I I
o
o
o
CD
>
o
OJ
o
o
in
CD
-------
-n
>.
§32
~o 3 "*
«O "« 3 -« I"
Q.T3 *
O
ro 2 "* ° ^n
(B B» -h ^
i "11 ^
js o s» oi r* *
o S "^ i
^* 3 <
li Si n o
~n '
at c
-* OS
-i o 3 W
^ a^
o »
tfl»
0>
*-^ o
±sr
> O) ^»
J*J ""* l/»
%^?
0*
w«
V/l ^
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS -
* *
o f^i f^ o- fx>
o o o a o
+ iiii+iiii + iiii+iiit +
o
o
o
_t
0
IA, *
5»
>
4k f\>
S ?
2
o
(jj
0
*
CD ^
0
» .
'
vt
* <= o -<
KG/HA
* * *
a -» ro
o o o
+ 1111+1111+111
«-
o
o
^ r-i
»
45"
to
cn > 0
*vj
J»
-------
1.60 +
413011
1.20 +
A
A
B
o
i .00 +
"* r
3 0.
oc
S .i.za+
a.
CO
0
X
OL ~
e A
C C
1U. 20. 30. 40.
413615
A
50
.60 +
.30 +
C
.00+ C C B
5. 15. 35. 35. 45. 55
RAINFALL - CM
Ftg. II-A-41. Relationship of seasonal event unit area total-P
loadings and rainfall at Noyes Creek (413001) and
Stadium Interchange (413615). (A = Spring, B = Summer,
C - Fall)
11-78
-------
.60 +
413625
.20
I
5
*
1
CO
X
o
X
Q.
in
O
8
B
A
A
.03+ C i B B
0. 10. 20. 30. 40.
.hO +
463001
RAINFALL - CK
Ffg. II-A-42. Relationship of seasonal event unit area total-P
loadings and rainfall at New Berlin (413625) and
Donges Bay Rd. (463001).
(A = Spring, B = Summer, C = Fall)
II-79
50
00 +
0.
C
C C B B
10. 20.
30.
40. SO
-------
-n
-*
ua
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS - KG/HA
o
o
w» O *-"
ll + lltl + ltlt+l
o
o
- * «?
^> O TO
tu
|| Q. D)
CO 3 -
XJ *Q O
-< t/1 3
-i. t/l
i
oo
o
CD
-i
O
II
O.T3
-$ o
O> -h
31/1
(D
O rt>
O 3
-n TT c+
Oi ~*>
± » 3
^_, J «
& r+
CO pi
Oi O>
n> ct
o
C1 * O <~r
O *
o +
TO
co
o
00
VO
CD
o *
-------
SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS - KG/HA
to
1 1
1
o>
tt
tt
j.
-P» O 4
C") J JO
J O i
3 *
* 3
GOBI 3" 0
O 3 -* *
oo. -o
21-j O
fl» -h TO
""^sT V» **
» 2L * ^
o*., g r o
~ B> ,
^i
" §1 «
^W ^t *
» c? c
C*^». rt ° '
H "^ *
?IE
_ 3 C *
Jo. o; o <
. *^
**"*^ 3 "O
o o o a -
o w 0 o rv.1
o o o o o
k tn *
o
00 -»
k vn »
>
_C» INJ
CO
> §
CD
> OJ
^/i
«
<^
k V/l
> CO to
o a o o -*
O *-^ C^
0 _. .
o
o
ro
"
>
^
a g
a
o
>
o *
CO
-------
.960+ .
.045'+
413007
.015 +
&
^ ~» r
X l
^ A :
2 C
, .000+ C B
£ 0. 1J. 20. 30.
-------
PHOSPHORUS < KG/HA
fl
II Q- CX £u
-* *4« Ft
4£i 3 *
T3 3 tO O
1 t/l 3 _^
3 "5* Btt 3T ^
-* p
' -^£2 *
Of V« .
3 o
& i
i
» » t
0 O p (Ji
O *-^ O" *O
Q o o tp
> 0 ^
*
-
r»
F
w .
»
>
EF> * 0
W!*
SB
£3
*
"
Q
*
f * * *
O O r-* -*
O O ^' Or
O 0 Q O
* 1 1 1 | * 1 1 1 J + 1 1 » 1 * 1 1 1
h
?"**
e^i
T)
*
d
W
55*
~-
m
m
>
Ml
TO
vn i
-------
SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS - KG/HA
t ,
1 1
>
^ OH
CO ' 3O
ft> O (B
^C CU ^^
CX (V
50 -^ ft
CL 3 -"
(O O
V) 3
« . (/> "*
-p.. CU 3 O H
CTl 3 -
CO O.-0
0
o -J o
' O> -b
3 W> _
^^-h fl> **
00 " 3 ^ O '
2.== n> r-
_ OO Ol
* ro v>
o if! 2>
c **
" ai o* OH
_ 3 ' .
O» °" f
-^ O T3
-^ o
-J
*
h O -I
o
CD
CO *
Qj > O
3
> w
0
CD
J^
t. 0
CD
4 ^
Vfl
». 0 '
O O O 0 -*
O OJ 0 ^ iv
00000
h
l->
0
CD
>
±
CO
cr g
CB
CD
k
-------
SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS - KG/HA
i
oo
on
j»
1
-p.
oo
4
">oS"
Of _i
II 0. 01
^* A
*~" rr
l/» 3 _i.
TO <£» 0
1 «/» 3
_i. yj
3 O) 3-
to 3 -«
ctts
03 I 0
0> -t,
II -
3 ««
(/I -h rt>
C O> Oi
3 ' vi
1 - o
m 3
-j O> Q)
, t+ ->
a *& (i>
"3 <
II O «
O 3
-n x- r+
fit -ts
_,_.£
_* «e 3
^^ ^^ ^j*
00 Bt
§3
o> a>
fD l/>
O
en c
oo 2
^fl»
g^
*
O *
^t
C
*
3t»
^
14
^
"" f\»
> O
r- *
f-
I
_^
jC
0
*s
o
'
o o
O IV)
O ui
* I I I I + I I
O
Ln
O
I + I
O
I I I
I I I
O
c:
ot
00
co
o
00
ui
C3
-------
Table 11-A-10. Snow and frost depth* for 1975 to 1979
Year
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
Spring
Starting
Dates**
3/15
2/2
3/9
4/3
3/2
Frost
Days of
frozen ground
in spring
33
25
23
0
0
Records
Depth at
start of
spring (cm)
27
42
14
0
0
Snow
Depth at
start of
spring (cm)
13
25
0
0
25
* Source "Wisconsin Snow and Frost Depth Report", USDA Statistical Reporting
Service.
** Start of spring is defined as beginning of sustained high flows and the
end of spring is always May 31.
Table II-A-II. Snowfall and rainfall* on frozen ground for 1975 to 1979
Year
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
Spring**
Starting
Dates
3/15
2/2
3/9
4/3
3/2
Snowfal
start of
Snowfal 1
36
23
36
0
18
1 after
spring (cm)
Water Equivalent
4
7
4
0
3
Rainfall
on Frozen
Ground (cm)
3.6
15.7
1.0
0
0
* NOAA records from General Mitchell Field in Milwaukee.
** Start of spring is defined as beginning of sustained high flows anf'
May 31 was defined as the end of spring.
11-86
------- |