EPA-600/2-81- 175
September 1981
LITERATURE STUDY OF THE BIODEGRADABILITY
OF -CHEMICALS IN WATER
Volume 1. Biodegradability Prediction,
Advances in and Chemical Interferences
with Wastewater Treatment
by
John Geating
Franklin Research Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
EPA Grant No. R806699-01
Project Officer
Sidney A. Hannah
Wastewater Research Division
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI ^_OHIO 45268
REPRODUCED BY
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE
us. otfmiKNi of COMMESCE
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Chicago,
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FROM THE BEST COPY FURNISHED US BY
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X.
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-81- 175
ORD Report
4. TITLSANDSUSTITLS LITERATURE STUDY OF THE BIODEGRADABILm)
OF CHEMICALS IN WATER. Vol. 1. Biodegradability prer
diction, Advances in_ & Chemical Jnterf erences._with
Wastewater Treatment
3. REPORT OATS
September 1981 (issuing Date)
a PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7, AUTHOR(S)
3. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
John Geating
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND AOORSSS
Franklin Research Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory - Cin., OH
Office of Research & Development
.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESS!Of*NO.
?882 10034 3
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R806699
AE/Q9
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final, 7/79 to 4/81 -
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/14
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Project Officer - S. A. Hannah (513-684-7651) ..SeelalsojlVolume 2. (EPA^600/2-8l-175 ).
16. ABSTRACT
Post-1974 literature on wastewater treatment was retrieved by on-line searching of
eight databases. From 1,000 articles critically examined, 600 were used to generate a
three-tiered permutated index'keyed to, and presented with the 600 article biblio'graphy
in Volume 2; the three levels of the index are name of chemical, name of microbe affect-
ing or affected by said chemical, 'and treatment process involved. These same 600 arti-
cles were used to generate separate biodegradable and nonbiodegradable lists of chemi-
cals, on which a successful feasibility study was carried out to create an algorithm to
predict biodegradability using only substructural fragments and molecular weight. The
results of this study, in Volume 1, indicated 93% accuracy for biodegradables, but only
,70% for nonbiodegradables due to the inadequate selection available. Also in Volume 1
is a report .on technological advances in wastewater treatment gleaned from the 1,000
documents. In the same section, in tabular format, are references to commercial litera-
ture and some journal articles, supplied with this report to EPA, obtained by canvassinq
Japanese and West German manufacturers in this field. Rounding out Volume 1 is a con-
densation of abstracts from the 1913-1974 literature dealing only with adverse effects
of chemicals on wastewater treatment, also in tabular format; it is intended to comple-
ment references to this topic in the permutated index.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Biodeterioration
Chemical removal
Indexes (documentation)
Mathematical prediction
Sewage treatment
Waste treatment
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
b.lOSNTIFlSRS/OPEiV €NO£D T=RMS
Permutated index
19. SECURITY CLASS fThts Report!
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS /This page)
Unclassified
c. COSATI Field/Group
Field -" Groat
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68
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B
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22. PRICE
SPA Form 2320-1 (9-73)
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory, u. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publica-
tion. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or re-
commendation for use.
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FOREWORD
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency was created because of in-
creasing public and government concern about the dangers of pollution to the
health and welfare of the American people. Noxious air, foul water, and
spoiled land are tragic testimonies to the deterioration of our natural en-
vironment. The complexity of that environment and the interplay of its com-
ponents require a concentrated and integrated attack on the problem.
Research and development is that necessary first step in problem solu-
tion; it involves defining the problem, measuring its impact, and searching
for solutions. The Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory develops new
and improved technology and systems to prevent, treat, and manage wastewater
and solid and hazardous waste pollutant discharges from municipal and commu-
nity sources, to preserve and treat public drinking water supplies, and to
minimize the adverse economic, social, health, and aesthetic effects of pol-
lution. This publication is one of the products of that research and pro-
vides a most vital communications link between the researcher and the user
community.
Franklin Research Center has collaborated with Genesee Computer- Center
to demonstrate the feasibility of developing a statistical model of chemi-
cals based on certain substructural elements and molecular weight, for the
eventual purpose of enabling industrial chemists, water treatment plant en-
gineers, and other environmentalists to predict biodegradability. In addi-
tion Franklin Research Center has collected wastewater treatment technology
advances over the period 1974-1979, and in a separate volume, created a
three-tiered permutated index of the world's literature over the same time
period correlating chemical, degrading microorganism, and wastewater treat-
ment process.
Francis T. Mayo, Director
Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory
111
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ABSTRACT
This report is. mainly the result of a compilation of post-1974 wastewa-
ter treatment literature to study correlation of chemical biodegradability
with molecular substructure, discover technological advances, and create a
three-tiered permutated index.
The first volume of the report contains sections on (1) a feasibility
study of using discriminant equations for distinguishing biodegradable from
nonbiodegradable chemicals, (2) review of post-1974 wastewater treatment
techniques, and (3) examination of inhibitory effects of chemicals on waste-
water treatment techniques during the period 1913-1974. The second volume
contains the three-tiered permutated index. A brief description of each
volume follows.
Volume 1 contains three autonomous sections outlined as follows:
1. Supplied with three lists of chemicals, selected from the arti-
cles used to create the permutated index, and given biodegradability rank-
ings of "yes", "no", and "no-uncertain", Genesee Computer Center of Roches-
ter, NY applied repetitive discriminant analysis and ridge regression using
molecular weight and Wiswesser Line Notation-based substructural fragments
to derive an algorithm with a predictability, accuracy of 93% for biodegrada-
bility and 70% for nonbiodegradability.
2. This section is concerned with post-1974 developments in wastewa-
ter treatment techniques. In addition tabular presentations are made of
Japanese and West German commercial literature.
3. The toxic or inhibitory effects of chemicals on wastewater treat-
ment from 1913-1974 literature are presented as abstracts appended to an al-
phabetical listing of chemicals. The list is intended to complement more
recent references presented in the permutated index in Volume 2.
Volume 2 consists of a. permutated index structured around chemical
wastes in water, microbial activity in wastewater treatment systems, and
specific wastewater treatment schemes, all keyed to a bibliography of 600
articles.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant No. R806699-01 by
Franklin Research Center under the sponsorship of the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency. This report covers the period July 15, 1979 to April 30,
1981, and work was completed as of April 30, 1981.
IV
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Acknowledgement vi
1. Introduction 1
Structure-Activity Study . . 1
Recent Technology Appendix 1
Table of Chemical Contaminants with Adverse Effects
on Water Treatment Processes 2
2. Structure-Activity Study 4
Conclusions 13
3, Recent Technology Appendix . 24
4. Table of Chemical Contaminants with Adverse Effects
on Water Treatment Processes (1913-1974) 63
Appendices
A. Data base, all compounds 151
B. Substructural keys 160
C. Data in final model 189
D. Group classification functions for final model 197
E. Examples of calculation of probability of biodegradation 199
F. Alphabetical list of compounds from Appendix A 202
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Section 2, Structure-Activity Analysis, was prepared under subcontract
to the Genesee Computer Center, Rochester, N.Y., Mr. Kurt Enslein, director.
The chemical compounds provided for their evaluation were selected and cat-
egorized by Dr. Richard Mason, Principal Literature Scientist, of the Frank-
lin Research Center staff. Dr. Mason was also responsible for furnishing
Wiswesser Line Notations (WLN) for the compounds.
Mr. John Geating, Senior Information Analyst of the Franklin staff, was
responsible for the Section 3, Recent Technology Appendix, which includes
new technologies and processes in wastewater treatment, Mr. Geating also
compiled the information included' in Section 4, the chemical contaminants
and water treatment section.
vi
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The task of providing a literature study of the biodegradability of
chemicals in water was divided into three separate sections to provide easy
access. The three approaches are discussed in more detail in the following
subsections.
STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY STUDY
A major aspect of the subject of the biodegradability of waste chemical
substances in water is the potential correlation which may exist between var-
ious structures, functional groups, or positional relationships within the
structure. The obvious advantages of foretelling the potential of any specif-
ic compound to degrade (or not) in a specific wastewater treatment system is
sufficient reason to conduct such a study.
The raw material needed to obtain chemical compounds for the study was
derived from the articles obtained for the Permutated Index found in Volume
2 of this report. A total of eight databases (see Table 1) were accessed re-
sulting in 6,861 citations ordered. These citations were perused, duplicate
articles eliminated, and ultimately, approximately 1,000 hard copies obtained.
Each one of these papers was critically examined for all compounds with ade-
quate data for the structure-activity study.
These data were originally intended to be presented for substructural
analysis as a list of compounds designated degradable, and a list designated
non-degradable. Unfortunately, it became immediately obvious that the liter-
ature in this field is not presented in such a manner as to allow such clear-
cut interpretations of results. Consequently, a third list of compounds,
designated non-degradable/qualified, was created. Its entries were trans-
ferred to the other two lists when more reliable data came to light. The re-
maining entries on this third list were of no use in constructing the predict-
ability algorithm.
Compounds were placed in the biodegradable category when sufficient evi-
dence was presented by the author to infer this. The author need not have
specifically commented on each compound presented, no matter how oblique the
"presentation." Complete mineralization or complete conversion to a partial-
ly degraded metabolite was not required, as there are too many factors which
could legitimately interfere with this and not be necessary to the author's
purpose. Essentially the only requirement for acceptance of the data was
that the author had taken precaution against mere physical removal of the com-
pound from the detection/assay device.
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Compounds were placed in the nondegradable category when degradation
was limited to 0-5% in a time period exceeding 10 days. The nondegradable/
qualified category was reserved for observations of 0% degradation in a time
period below 10 days. Use by the author of adapted microbe(s) or co-study
of similar compounds occasionally influenced otherwise borderline decisions.
RECENT TECHNOLOGY APPENDIX
The previous EPA Report, issued in May 1975 (OTIS PB-243-825), entitled
"Review and Evaluation of Available Techniques for Determining Persistence
and Routes of Degradation of Chemical Substances in the Environment" was up-
dated by inclusion of new or re-clustered wastewater treatment processes and
equipment. These inclusions were uncovered through searches of published
literature reports, review of manufacturers' advertisements and material on
file in a national professional association, Water Pollution Control Federa-
tion in Washington, DC, and through recommendations as a result of direct
contact with professionals, e.g., manufacturer's representatives, consultants
and operating engineers.
In addition, the literature of commercial wastewater technology from
West Germany and Japan was searched for relevant contributions.
TABLE 1. DATA BASES ACCESSED FOR LITERATURE STUDY
Time Periods
Data Base File No. Searched
1. ERIC 1 66 thru Nov. 79
2. DISS ABST - 1861 thru Nov. 79
3. AQUATIC - 78 thru Oct. 79
Citations
Ordered
• 81
119
430
SCI ABST
4. AGRICOLA
5. CAB ABST
6. CA
7. BIOSIS
110
10
70 thru 78
79 thru Nov.
74 thru Sept. 79
74 thru 76
77 thru Mar. 80
74 thru Dec. 78
775
100
264
820
1,908
1,216
8.
SCI SEARCH
Total
94
34
74 thru 77
78 thru Mar 80
675
473
6.861
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TABLE OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS WITH ADVERSE EFFECTS ON WATER TREATMENT
PROCESSES (1913-1974)
This compilation focused on specific chemical contaminants found in
wastewaters and reported in earlier publications (1913-1974) to have had
negative impact, i.e., toxicity and/or inhibition, within municipal or
industrial wastewater treatment systems. The list of chemicals was derived
from two sources:
a. A database prepared to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
entitled: Oil and Hazardous Materials- Technical Assistance Data
System (OHM • TADS);
b. A report prepared for the EPA by the Allegheny County Sanitary
Authority entitled: Effect of Hazardous Material Spills on
Biological Treatment Process, Dec. 1977.
These reports did not contain solely nonbiodegradable and/or toxic
chemicals; therefore, it was necessary to eliminate the "non-problem"
chemicals.
The retained chemicals, their CAS Registry Number, effects, and the
literature sources, where given, were intermeshed alphabetically for ease
of accession by the user.
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SECTION 2
STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY STUDY
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the work to be described in this report was to determine
the feasibility of developing a structure-activity model that would distin-
guish between biodegradable and nonbiodegradable chemicals. Similar struc-
ture-activity models have been developed in the past for a variety of biolog-
ical endpoints, including rat oral LD50(1), mutagenicity(2), carcinogenicity
(3), and teratogenicity(4). While one usually does not consider biodegrada-
bility as a single-endpoint due to the diverse nature of the reactions, if
one considers that, for example in rat oral LD50, the animals can die due to
a large variety of reasons, and that for teratogenicity the endpoint can be
positive for any number of reasons, the distinction between biodegradability
and these endpoints is very much reduced. Thus we feel confident that biode-
gradability can be handled as an endpoint, though one would, of course, wish
to have different models for different modes of action. This is, however,
not .possible due to the'relative scarcity of data. ,
THE DATA SET • " ,
Generally, compounds were classified into three categories:
biodegradable
nonbiodegradable
nonbiodegradable/qualified
Obviously, the degree of confidence that a compound was not biodegradable in
the qualified set is less than for a compound in the unqualified category.
By far the largest number of compounds were found to be biodegradable.
For this reason a subset of these compounds was selected at random and was
used in the structure-activity models. Thus we have the following number of
compounds in each one of the categories:
biodegradable 296
nonbiodegradable 61
nonbiodegradable/qualified 73
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PARAMETERS
Three types of parameters were considered in the models to be described:
Molecular weight
The octanol-water partition coefficient (log p)
Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN)-based substructural keys
Molecular weight is, of course, self-evident. The partition coefficient was
to be used initially, but due to the great difficulty in obtaining accurate
numbers for a sufficient number of compounds in time for completion of the
project, was not used in the finally developed models. The WLN-based keys are
based on a major modification of the CROSSBOW program(S) and are fully des-
cribed in Appendix B.
STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY
The statistical methodology employed in the development of these models
consisted of stepwise discriminant analysis(6) and ridge regression(7) proce-
dures. Typically, in stepwise discriminant analysis variables are allowed to
enter the equation with very low F to enter and high F to remove. After all
the possible candidate variables are entered into the equation, backward
stepping is begun and those variables which contribute least to the discrim-
ination are removed, one variable at a time, until no variable with an F to
remove less than 1.7 is left in the equation. After the more important vari-
ables are thus identified a ridge regression experiment is performed to de-
termine those parameters which contribute to instability of the discriminant
equation. At the same time, compounds which appear to be consistent outliers
in both the ridge regression and discriminant analysis are removed. Finally,
after the ridge regression and discriminant analysis results are combined, a
final discriminant analysis is performed.
THE MODEL
In view of the fact that there are two categories of nonblodegradables,
it is possible to develop three separate models, i.e., biodegradables vs. the
nonbiodegradables, biodegradables vs.. the nonbiodegradables/qualified, and
biodegradables vs. the two nonbiodegradables combined. It became evident
during the development of these three different models that the nonbiodegrad-
able/qualified group was responsible for the introduction of a fair amount of
noise, i.e., led to relatively poor discriminability between the two sets of
compounds. This, of course, is not too surprising since the qualified group
was composed of compounds for which a clear distinction between biodegrada-
bility and nonbiodegradability could not as readily be made. Thus the more
elaborate model development was limited to contrasting the biodegradables
with the nonbiodegradable group.
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Biodegradable vs. Nonbiodegradable Model
The data set including the substructural keys that were generated for
each of the compounds is shown in Appendix A. Compounds identified only by
CAS number in Appendix A are listed alphabetically by Principal name or
synonym in Appendix F. In Table 2 we show the initial discriminant equation
contrasting the biodegradable compounds with the nonbiodegradable chemicals.
In this table, the parameters are listed in decreasing order of importance,
i.e., power in distinguishing between the two groups. Another way of por-
traying the equation is in the more conventional form below:
Discriminant score = 3.50 - (12.1 if Key 81 is present) - (13.7 if
Key 142 is present) - ... - (2.76 if Key 43 is present)
Examples of the mechanics of manually determining a probability of biodegrad-
ability from the limited data set in this feasibility study are presented in
Appendix E. These examples employ compounds which were used to develop the
data in Table 3.
The next step consisted of a ridge regression run in which the parame-
ters identified in Table 2 were used. From this run the following Keys were
identified as contributing to instability of the discriminant equations:
K22 - Generic halogen
K138 - Two benzene rings
K139 - More than 2 benzene rings
K141 - Two carbocyclic rings
K144 - Two heterocyclic rings
K145 - More than two heterocyclic rings
From the ridge regression computation and the previous discriminant
equation, compounds which were misclassified in both runs were identified. A
few compounds that had been identified as definitely being non-degradable
were reclassified as actually belonging to the qualified group. A "final"
data base was then generated. A listing of this data base is shown in Appen-
dix C. From this data base another discriminant analysis equation was gener-
ated, by forcing in all the variables that remained after the ridge regres-
sion run. A backward stepping procedure was then used to remove those vari-
ables which had an F of less than 1.7. The final discriminant equation was
thus obtained and this is shown in Table 3.
In Table 4 we display the performance of this discriminant equation.
Into the indeterminate group wa place those compounds whose probability of
classification is too near 0.5 to be effectively used. From Table 4 one can
see that 92.5% of the compounds identified as degradable are so classified by
the discriminant equation, and 58.4% of the non-degradables are correctly
classified. The false positives amount to 15.8% and the false negatives,
i.e., compounds which are in fact degradable but are called non-degradable by
the equation, amount to 2.1%. Some 21.3% of the compounds cannot be classi-
fied by the equation.
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TABLE 2. INITIAL DISCRIMINANT EQUATION CONTRASTING BIODEGRADABLE WITH NONBIODEGRADABLE COMPOUNDS
Frequency
Key No. Biodegradable Nonbiodegradable' Description Coefficient F
81 0 8 Single occurrence of sulphur in a ring -12.1 27.3
142 1 5 More than 2 carbocyclic rings -13.7 24.9
318 0 3 Hatogenated aromatic -16.3 19.5
67 17 1 One-C=O group (substttuent fragment) 5.97 19.2
21 30 0 Aikyi chain (CH2)n or CH3(CH2)j where
n= 10 or more (chain frag.) 4.98 18.8
334 2 1 Pyrirmdine analog -17.3 17.6
61 0 3 More than one -N= or HN= group (sub. frag.) -11.7 17.4
144 2 2 Two heterocyclic rings -23.8 17.1
127 2 0 True bridge indicator (ring linkage) 23.8 16.0
138 27 18 Two benzene rings -16.1 15.2
85 7 1 Single occurrence of carbonyl in a ring 8.16 14.2
139 8 2 More than two benzene rings -16.1 13.6
22 9 6 Generic halogen (chain frag.) -19.2 13.0
181 1 1 Substituent primary amide -12.1 11.9
315 9 15 Haloalkane 16.5 11.1
97 169 48 Aromatic 6-membered ring (s) 12.9 10.8
1 20 2 Atoms other than C,H,O,N,S or halogens 5.43 10.7
188 1 0 Barbiturate (sub. frag.) • 19.2 10.6
199 0 1 Substituent hydroxylamine -15.4 10.5
149 7 3 Presence of suffix -4.90 9.54
106 4 1 More than 3 heteroatoms in one ring -11.2 9.19
137 125 13 One benzene ring -11.8 9.06
O
69 28 3 One -C-OH (acid) group (sub. frag.) 2.82 8.58
319 7 Branching terminal nitro-group-NO- outside
offing -2.96 8.18
19 41 3 Ethyl/ethylene group (chain frag.) 2.63 7.57
331 9 18 Fused polynuclear aromatic -12.6 7.54
(continued)
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TABtE 2 (continued)
Frequency
Key No. ' Biodegradable Ronhiodegradable ' Description Coefficient F
36 9 2 More than one-O-group (chain frag.) -4.-96 7.12
130 it 8 Bilinkage 6.77 6,47
O
i 42 .; 13 0 More than one-C-OH-(acid) group
• • (chain frag.) 3.47 5.86
' 20 30 2 Alkyl chain (CH2)n or CH3(CH2)n_j where
n=3-9 (chain frag.) 2.39 5.86
141 6 5 Two earbocyclic rings -16.8 5.76
57 4 0 More than one-NH-group (sub. frag.) 10.3 5.14
65 it I ^ One-OH group (sub. frag.) 1.89 4.90
45 39 5 One methyl/methylene group (sub. frag.) 1.75 4.66
39 l>t I One -O=O group (chain frag.) 3.05 4.65
; 145 1 0 More than two heterocyclic rings -16.5 4.40
35 11 2 One-O-group (chain frag.) -3.10 4.25
152 2 0 Chain tertiary amide -6.23 4.14
175 4 0 Chain phosphonyl -6.43 3.83
114 5 5 One carbo/carbo fusion 13.2 3.64
102 16 3 Heterocyclic 6-mernbered ring(s) 7.03 3.63
98 4 1 Carbocyclic 5-membered ringTs) -5.17 3.45
MWT - - Molecular weight -0.0057 3.37
101 11 10 Heterocyclic 5-membered ring(s) 6.30 3.37
16 0 1 Triple bond outside of a ring -9.88 3.30
66 22 1 More than one -OH group (sub. frag.) 2.00 3.27
33 5 1 One chlorine (chain frag.) 5.10 3.24
73 6 One 3-branch carbon atom outside of ring -3.34 3.09
75 2 ° Single occurrence of oxygen in more than one
IR 11 , /ing 9-87 2.70
•>* l* More than one-OH group (chain frag.) 2.15 2.23
IVJ *-> 11 One heterocyclic ring -4.76 2.Of
(continued)
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TABLE 2 (continued)
Frequency
Key No. 'Biodegradable NonbTodegradable' Description Coefficient F
17 39 it One methyi/methylene group (chain frag.) 1".17 2.02
I'lg 8 5 More than one 3-branch carbon atom
(extension) -2.14 1.98
43 5 1 More than one methyj/methylene group
i ., (chain frag.) -2.76 1.95
Constant 3.50
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TABLE 3. FINAL DISCRIMINANT EQUATION CONTRASTING BIODEGRADABLE WITH NONBIODEGRADABU-: COMPOUNDS
Frequency
Description Coefficient F
81 0 8 Single occurrence of sulphur in a ring -13.9 50.4
More than 2 carbocyclic rings -10,5 28.0
21 30 0 Alkyl chain (CH2) or CH3 (CH2)n_j where
n=10 or more (chain frag.)
137 > 125 10 One benzene ring
610 3 More than one -N= of HN= group (sub frag.)
67 17 1 One -C=O group (sub. frag.)
1 . 20 2 Atoms other than C,H,O,N,S or halogen
65 41 • 1 One-OH group (sub. frag.)
199 0 1 Substituent hydroxylamine
85 7 1 Single occurrence of carbonyl in a ring
181 1 • 1 Substituent primary amide
Presence of suffix
More than one -O- group (chain frag.)
True bridge indicator (ring linkage)
Pyrirrijdine analog
Branching terminal nitro-group-NO2 outside
of ring
3 Ethyl/ethylene group (chain frag.)
O
0 More than one -C-OH (acid) group (chain
frag.) 3.85 7.74
3 Halogenated aromatic -8.45 7.52
45 Aromatic 6-memhered ring (s) -2.36 7.06
1 More than 2 heteroatoms in one ring -7.35 6.30
6 One 3-branch carbon atom outside of ring -4.30 6.23
36
127
334
3
19
42
318
97
106
7
' Biodegradable
0
1
30
125
0
17
20
41
0
7
1
7
9
2
2
18
Nonbiodegradable '
8
5
0
10
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
0
1
6
41
13
0
166
4
3
5.03
3.94
12.1
4.71
5.01
3.03
16.4
6.16
•11.0
4.80
•5.44
12.8
11.1
3.19
2.57
21.7
21.3
20.1
13.9
13.2
13.1
12.4
12.0
11.4
10.4
9.69
9.43
9.31
9.22
7.99
(continued)
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TABLE 3 (continued)
Frequency
Key No. Biodegradable Nonbiodegradable
Description
Coefficient
148
20
8
30
69
39
188
175
143
152
35
114
38
98
M\VT
16
57
66
43
28
14
1
4
25
2
11
4
15
4
_
0
4
20
5
5
2
3
1
0
0
11
I
2
5
1
1
1
0
1
1
130
More than one 3-braneh carbon atom
(extension)
Alkyl/chain (CH2)n or CH3 (CH2)n_j where
n=3-9 (chain frag.)
O
One -C-OH (acid) group (sub frag.)
One -C=O group (chain frag.)
Barbiturate (sub. frag.)
Chain phosphonyl
One heterocyclic ring
Chain tertiary amide
One -O- group (chain frag.)
One carbo/carbo fusion
More than one -OH group (chain frag.)
Carbocyclic 5-membered ring(s)
Molecular weight
Triple bond outside of a ring
More than one -NH- group (sub. frag.)
More than one-OH group (sub. frag.)
More than one methyl/methylene group
(chain frag.)
Dilinkage
Constant
-3.37
2.29
6.20
6.01
2.11
2.73
12.5
6.61
2.34
•6.20
2.98
•3.40
2.78
•5.09
•.005
•8.25
4.83
1.60
•2.46
•2.10
3.42
5.21
5.11
5.03
4.74
4.45
4.41
4.27
4.24
3.68
3.62
2.87
2.62
2.30
2.27
1.66
1.55
-------
TABLE 4. DEGRADABLE VS. NOHDEGRADABLE CLASSIFICATION MATRIX
Discriminant equation evaluation
Degradable Indeterminate Nondegradable
(.3-699)
Degradable
•Ji j& N %
270 92.5 16 5.5
Actual
Classification
2.1
Nondegradable
15.8
9 15.8
39 68.4
TABLE 5. MISCLASSIFICATIONS IN RANGES
Misclassifications
Probability of
biodeRradcibility
.9 - 1.000
.8 - .899
..7 - .799
.6 - .699
.5 - .599
.4 - .'»99
.3 - .399
.2 - .299
,1 - .199
.0 - .099
No. of compounds
in range
255
13
11
5
7
it
9
2
1
.Proportion
misclassified
.0157
.077
.36
.20
.43
.75
.56
.50
1.00
.0952
1
3
3
5
1
1
Actual
N Cumulative
Expected
Cumulative
5
9
10
13
16
21
22
23
27
12.75
14.7
17.45
19.2
22.35
24.15
27.3
27.8
27.95
30.05
-------
In Table 5 we show another way of looking at these results. From this
Table it can be seen that in the extreme probability ranges the proportion of
compounds misclassified is 1.6% and 9.5%. Based on the data in this Table a
two sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was performed to determine whether
the misclassificacions were randomly distributed. The test statistic was not
significant, thus indicating that the equation shown in Table 3 is unbiased.
The fact that the K-S test is not significant is conducive to substantial
confidence in the quality of the equation.
In Tables 6a through 6d we show the compounds that were misclassified or
determined to be in the indeterminate range, as well as their posterior
probabilities of classification. It does not appear that the compounds which
.^are in these Tables are clustered in any obvious way.
Biodegradable vs. Nonbiodegradable/Qualified Classification
The initial discriminant equation is shown in Table 7, with the resulting
classification matrix in Table 8. While the results on the surface look.
better than for the results of Table 4, had this equation been optimized, one
would have found that the classification accuracy would have been poorer than
if only the clearly nonbiodegradable compounds had been used.
Biodegradable vs. Nonbiode^radable/Both Sets
The results for this equation which combined all the nonbiodegradable
compounds irrespective of subclassification and compared them with all
biodegradable compounds are shown in Table 9, with the classification matrix
shown in Table 10. The classification accuracy is clearly not as good as for
the results shown in Table 4. The classification accuracy would further
deteriorate if the optimization process carried out for Table 4 had been
performed.
CONCLUSIONS
Feasibility
It is feasible to develop discriminant equations to distinguish
biodegradable from nonbiodegradable compounds. The level of accuracy
achievable for this discrimination is around 93% for the biodegradable
compounds and approximately 70% for the nonbiodegradable compounds, after
making allowance for 5.5 and 15.8% respectively for compounds whose
probability of degradability cannot be determined. Approximately 16% of the
compounds judged to be non-degradable are called degradable by the
discriminant equation (false positives), and 2.1% of compounds in fact
degradable are called non-degradable (false negatives) by the equation.
13
-------
TABLE 6a. MISCLASSIFIED BIODEGRADABLE COMPOUNDS
CAS # Name
Posterior
Probability
72435 Ethane, 1,1,l-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-methoxyphenyl)-
85472 1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid
92875 Benzidine
115322 Benzhydrol, 4,4'-dichloro-alpha-(trichloromethyl)-
309002 Aldrin
.007
.032
.124
.022
.244
TABLE 6b. MISCLASSIFIED NONBIODEGRADABLE COMPOUNDS
CAS #
Name
Posterior Probability
67685 Methyl sulfoxide
75014 Ethylene, chloro-
88744 Aniline, o-nitro-
99650 Benzene, m-dinitro-
100254 Benzene, p-dinitro-
104030 Benzeneacetic acid, 4-nitro-
121471 Metanilic acid
620928 Phenol, 4,4'-methylenebis-
622479 Benzeneacetic acid, 4-methyl-
.057
.043
.247
.275
.275
.273
.016
.160
.017
14
-------
TABLE 6c. NONBIODEG8ADABLE COMPOUNDS CLASSIFIED AS "INDETERMINATE"
CAS f
83056
90971
117340
119562
366187
728870
1883325
3026662
10450698
-•*
Name
Acetic acid, bis(p-chlorophenyl)-
Posterior
Probability
.463
Benzenemethanol, 4-chloro-alpha-(4-chloro-alpha-phenyl)- .431
Benzeneacetic acid, alpha-phenyl-
Benzenemethanol, 4-chloro-alpha-phetiyl-
2,2'-Bipyridine
Benzhydrol, 4,4'-dimethoxy-
Benzeneethanol, beta-phenyl-
Pyridinium, 1-dodecyl-, iodide
.431
.691
.623
.476
.682
.587
9-Octadecen-l-aminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride, (Z)- .699
TABLE 6d. BIODEGRADABLE COMPOUNDS CLASSIFIED AS "INDETERMINATE"
CAS #
61905
72184
90153
90437
91010
96413
101815
135193
140727
567180
612000
831812
1698608
2785548
27697514
38775223
Name
Leucine, L—
Valine, L-
1-Naphthol
2-Biphenylol
Benzenemethanol, alpha-phenyl-
Cyclopentanol
Methane, diphenyl-
2-Naphthol
Pyridinium, 1-hexadecyl-, bromide
2-Naphthalenesulf uric acid, 2-hydroxy-
1,1-Biphen.ylethane
Benzene, l-chloro-4-(phenylmethyl)-
3(2H)-Pyridazinone, 5-amlno-4-chloro-2-phenyl-
Pyridinium, 1-tetradecyl-, chloride
Ethanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride
Benzenesulfonic acid, 2-(l,l'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diyldi-
(2,l-ethenediyl)bis-
Posterior
Probability
• .354
.370
.537
.676
.477
.631
.555
.494
.362
.342
.649
.502
.319
.423
.507
.695
15
-------
7. DISCRIMINANT EQUATION CONTRASTING BIODEGRADABLE WITH MONBIODEGRADABLE/QUAL. COMPOUNDS
Frequency
Key No. 'Biodegradable Nonbiodegradable ' Description Coefficient F
318 0 8 Halogenated aromatic -16.2 86.3
85 7 0 Single occurrence of carbonyl in a ring 8.24 16.3
57 it 0 More than one -NH- group (substituent frag.) -7.13 16.1
IU% 8 11 More than one 3-branch carbon atom
(extension) -4.67 15.4
77 12 1 1 single occurrence of nitrogen in a ring 18.2 15.2
73 " 5 ti Single occurrence of oxygen in a ring 18.0 14.5
O
72 10 0 More than one -C- O (ester) group (sub. frag.) 5.86 14.1
321 0 4 Epoxide -11.1 13-6
112 8 12 One single carbocyclic ring -4.88 13.2
1 20 0 Atoms other than C,H,O,N,S or halogens 3.96 13.0
143 25 7 One heterocyclic ring -16.3 12.1
138 27 9 Two benzene rings 3.58 11.8
167 1 3 Chain methoxy -7.55 11.8
O
42 13 1 More than one -C— OH (acid) group
, (chain frag.) ' 4.39 11.7
O
44 4 0 More than one -C- O (ester) group (chain frag.) 7.41 H.I
O
41 39 6 One -C-OH (acid) group (chain frag.) 2.52 9.72
14 8 7 One double bond, excluding -C=S, -N=, or
C=O outside of a ring -3.63 7.74
(continued)
-------
TABLE 7 (continued)
Key No. 'Biodegradable Nonbiodegradable1 Description Coefficient
89
-13.1 7.38
18
-2.25 7.18
-9.36 7.13
123 0 1 More than 1 he tero/hetero fusion in a ring -11.1 7.05
63 11 2 One -O- group (sub. frag.) -3.30 6.76
11 4 2 More than 1 sulphur atom outside of a ring -4.77 6.43
78 8 1 Multiple occurrence of nitrogen in a ring 11.4 5.71
16 0 1 Triple bond outside of a rinR -9.88 5.60
100
-6.18 5.41
25 0 1 Bromine (chain frag.) -9.25 4.87
331 9 3 Fused polynuclear aromatic -3.22 4.56
317 39 12 Haloalkane 6.94 4.36
20 . f _._
-1.81 4.23
3.54 3.98
50 39 8 Generic halogen (sub. frag.) , 1,56 3.96
65 41 3 One-OH group (sub. frag.) 1.45 3,78
21
1.98 3.77
137 125 12 One benzene ring . ~ 1.44 3.51
Frequency
'Biodegradable Nonbiodegradable1
0 1
43 23
2 4
0 1
11 2
4 2
8 1
0 1
0 3
0 1
9 3
39 12
30 12 .
7 2
39 8
41 3
30 1
125 12
Description
Single occurrence of exocyclic double bond
in a ring
More than 1 methyl/methylene group
(chain frag.)
Alkyl chain (CH2)n or CH3(CH2)n_j where
n=3-9 (sub. frag.)
More than 1 he tero/hetero fusion in a ring
One -O- group (sub. frag.)
More than 1 sulphur atom outside of a ring
Multiple occurrence of nitrogen in a ring
Triple bond outside of a ring
Carbocyclic ring(s) other than 5 and
6-mernbered
Bromine (chain frag.)
Fused polynuclear aromatic
Haloalkane
Alkyl chain (CH2) or CH3(CH2) j where
n=3-9 (chain frag.)
Greater than 3-branch nitrogen atom (outside
of ring)
Generic halogen (sub. frag.)
One -OH group (sub. frag.)
Alkyl chain (CH2) or CH3(CH2)n j where
n=IO or more (chain frag.)
One benzene ring
(continued)
-------
TABLE 7 (continued)
Frequency
00
Key No.
188
101
3
4
151
8
36
30
19
7
• 43
47
325
' Biodegradable
1
11
19
13
2
15
9
15
41
3
5
2
1
1
Nonbiodegradable
0
2
0
4
2
1
0
1
16
3
0
1
0
0
Description
Barbiturate (sub. frag.)
Heterocyclic 5-membered ring(s)
Branching terminal nitro-group
Dioxo (excluding NO J outside of ring
Chain secondary amioe
3-branch nitrogen atom outside of ring
One -O- group (chain fragment)
One -NH2 group (chain frag.)
Ethyl/ethyiene group (chain frag.)
4-branch carbon atom outside of a ring
O
One -C- O (ester) group (chain frag.)
Ethyl/ethyiene group (sub. frag.)
3 or 4 membered 3-Lactam
Unusual carbon atom (chain frag.)
Coefficient
8.48
3.14
1.88
4.22
-3.70
2.10
2.74
1.95
-1.18
-2.84
3.27
3.25
3.23
2.97
2.94
2.88
2.74
2.71
2.43
2.40
3.01
-3.60
-6.55
5.87
2.28
2.13
1.90
1.80
Constant
1.88
-------
TABLE 8. DEGRADABLE VS. NOHDEGRADABLE/QUAL.
Discriminant equation evaluation
Degradable Indeterminate Non/qual.
(0.3-0.699)
N %_ N %_ N %_
Degradable 258 87.2 30 10.1 8 2.7
Actual
Classification
Non/qual. 7 9.5 13 17.6 54 73.0
Improvements
The most serious deficiency of these models lies in the relatively small
number of nonbiodegradable compounds. While this may be a desirable state of
affairs from a naturalistic viewpoint, it is not the best of all possible
worlds statistically inasmuch as the variety of chemicals represented in the
nonbiodegradable category is relatively small. Of course, nature may be such
that there is not in fact a large variety of such structures, but a larger
number of nonbiodegradable compounds would undoubtedly improve the accuracy
of classification of the equations.
It may also be that greater accuracy could be achieved if the organisms
used in the different biodegradability experiments were identified and used
as additional parameters in the development of the equations.
Until additional work is done, the results of this feasibility study may
only be applied to compounds containing any of the 39 Keys listed in Appendix
D plus the following nonquantified Keys, which were eliminated from the final
model for lack of sufficient influence on it: 17, 33, 45, 75, 101, 102. As
previously indicated the presence of Keys 22, 138, 139, 141, 145, or 315 has
been shown to have an unacceptably variable influence on the model, so that
compounds containing one of these as the only "guess" Key should be exempted
from the inevitable attempts at extrapolation.
Finally, due to time constraints, we were unable to use partition
coefficients. In future developments the use of such coefficients could at
least be attempted. In the same vein, parameters such as molecular connec-
tivity indices should also be explored.
19
-------
to
O
Frequency
Key No.
81
142
141
21
, <»2
85
: 112
|
72
148
65
' • 318
1 61
57
1
1 14
199
i 127
44
67
167
Biodegradable
0
1
6
30
13
7
8
10
8
41
0
0
4
20
8
0
2
4
17
1
Nonbiodegradable '
9
5
8
1
1
1
13
0
16
7
11
3
1
2
10
1
0
0
2
3
Description Coefficient
Single occurrence of sulphur in a ring
More than 2 carbocyclic rings
2 carbocyclic rings
Alkyl chain (CH2>n or Ch3 (CH2> . where
n=;10 or more (chain fragment)
0
it
More than one -C-OH (acid) group (chain
frag.)
Single occurrence of carbonyl in a ring
One single carbocyclic ring
O
More than one -C-O (ester) group (substituent
fragment)
More than one 3-branch carbon atom (extension)
One -OH group (sub. frag.)
Halogenated aromatic
More than one -N= or HN= group (sub. frag.)
More than one -NH- group (sub. frag.)
Atoms other than C,H,O,N,S or halogens
1 double bond, excluding -C=S, -N=, or -C=O
Substituent hydroxylamine
True bridge indicator (ring linkage)
O
It
More than one -C-O (ester) group (chain frag.)
One -C=O group (sub. frag.)
Chain methoxy
-10.3
-7.96
-5.83
3.13
4.16
6.15
-5.14
4.66
-3.52
2.25
-10.1
-6.58
8.54
4.32
-2.94
-10.1
7.22
4.64
2.45
-4.68
F
52.7
22.2
19.1
19.0
17.1
16.7
16.4
16.4
16.0
13.4
12.3
10.4
10.4
9.50
9.45
8.31
7.73
7.04
6.83
6.71
(continued)
-------
TABLE 9 (continued) >
Frequency
Key No. Biodegradable Nonbiodegradable' Description . Coefficient F
310 35 9 Aromatic amino 2.44 6.29
317 2 0 Haloalkane 9.15 6.23
O
41 " 39 10 One-C-OH (acid) group (chain frag.) 1.53 5.82
188 1 0 Barbiturate (sub. frag.) 10.6 5.73
123 0 1 More than one hetero/hetero fusion jn a ring -8.37 5.70
63 11 • 5 One-O-group (sub. frag.) -2.49 5.35
134 39 44 1 ring system 1.99 5.06
| 79 0 1 Single occurrence of nitrogen in more than one
ring -11.1 4.93
O
69 28 8 One-C-OH (acid) group (sub. frag.) 1.47 4.62
10 18 11 1 sulphur atom outside of a ring 1.62 4.50
181 1 1 Substituent primary amide -5.60 4.16
334 2 1 Pyrimidine analog -6.66 4.06
50 39 19 Generic halogen (sub. frag.) 1.77 3.96
25 0 1 Bromine (chain frag.) -6.38 3.47
152 2 1 Chain tertiary amide -4.29 3.40
73 9 4-branch carbon atom outside of a ring -2.04 3.23
45 39 9 One methyl/rnethylene group (sub. frag.) 1.05 3.20
30 15 5 One-NH2 group (chain frag.) 1.62 3.08
66 22 3 More than one-OH group (sub. frag.) 1.35 2.95
100 0 3 Carbocyclic ring (s) other than 5 and
6-membered -3.72 2.90
6 41 20 One 3-branch carbon atom outside of a ring -0.95 2.69
58 19 7 One-NH2 group (sub. frag.) -1.86 2.47
149 7 4 Presence of suffix -2.2(5 2.35
89 0 1 Single occurrence of exocyclic double bond in
a ring -6.14 2.34
(continued)
-------
10
to
Key No.
151
48
172
321
34
11
52
39
106
9
180
111
16
103
78
5
18
TABLE 9 (continued)
Frequency
'Biodegradable
2
2
11
0
1
it
21
14
4
7
2
1
0
2
8
18
43
Nonbiodegradable '
2
*
1
it
0
2
18
7
1
4
11
1
2
*
4
2
35
Description
Chain secondary amide
Alkyl chain (CH9) of CH,(CH,i , where
£* fl 2 £» I***" 1
n=3-9 (sub. frag.)
Chain phenoxy
Epoxide
Unusual carbon atom(chain frag.)
More than 1 sulphur atom outside of a ring
More than one chlorine (sub. frag.)
One -C=O group (chain frag.)
More than 2 heteroatorns in one ring
Greater than 3-branch nitrogen atom outside
of a ring
Biphenyl (chain frag.)
More than 1 single heterocyclic ring
Triple bond outside of a ring
Heterocyclic ring(s) other than 5 and
6-mernbered
Multiple occurrence of nitrogen in a ring
Terminal oxygen (not carbonyl) (outside of
ring)
More than 1 methyl/methylene group (chain
frag.)
Constant
Coefficient
-2.93
-2.22
1.80
-4.43
4.98
-2.20
-2.49
1.38
-3.89
2.19
3.45
4.70
-3.21
-3.54
-2.37
-1.83
-0.78
0.54
F
2.12
2.06
2.04
1.96
1.95
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.83
1.80
1.76
1.66
1.65
1.64
1.55
1.54
1.53
-------
TABLE 10. DEGRADABLE VS. NONDEGRADABLE/BOTH SETS
Discriminant aquation evaluation
Degradable Indeterminate Non/both sets
(0.3-0.699)
N. 1 N %_ N %.
Degradable 243 82.1 37 12.5 16 5.4
Actual
Classification
Non/both sets 18 13.3 23 17.0 94 69.6
REFERENCES
1. Craig, P.M. and Enslein, K. Extrapolation of Lino's between the rat
and mouse utilizing chemical structure. J. Envir. Path. Tox, (in
press).
2. Enslein, K., Craig, P.N., Hall, L.H. Structure-activity studies on
Salmonella typhimurium assays using molecular connectivity indices and
substructural keys.J. Envir. Path. Tox. (in press).
3. Enslein, K. and Craig, P.N. Status report on development of;. ,
predictive models of toxicological endpoints, 2 August 1979.
4. Enslein, K. Predictive teratogenic potential of NOHS hazards;
proposal for contract 210-79-0066-0000, National Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health.
5. Eakin, D.L., Hyde, E. and Parker, G. The CROSSBOW System. Pesticide
Science 5:319-326, 1974.
6. Jennrich, R.I. Stepwise discriminant analysis, Ch. 5 in Statistical
Methods for Digital Computers, Enslein, K., Wilf, H.S. and Ralston,
A., eds. Wiley 1977.
7. Marquardt, D.W. and Snee, R.D. Ridge regression practice. Amer.
Statistician 29:3-20, 1975.
23
-------
SECTION 3
RECENT TECHNOLOGY APPENDIX
PROLOGUE
Despite the abundance of electronic, chemical and electro-mechanical
technology currently being applied to municipal and industrial wastewater
treatment, the ubiquitous bacterium remains the stable backbone of all
sanitary treatment programs. Nevertheless, this presents something of a
paradox to the practicing sanitary engineer, facility planner, or applied
scientist. On the one hand it represents a simple, direct treatment process
that will reduce domestic and industrial wastes through its metabolic
activity. On the other hand, the complex, interdependent conditions which
promoted success at one plant are too often insufficiently understood to allow
successful application of that approach to another treatment facility. In
other words, a design/system which demonstrated highly successful results in
one facility, i.e., efficient reduction of solid/chemical wastes, is all too
often only mediocre or poor at another.
This is not to say that electronic,1 chemical and electro-mechanical
technology is too risky or uncertain to use. It means that each treatment
facility must, in the end, adapt those techniques and methods which can
support their individual needs, based on their specific problems and
requirements. Ultimately, the solution will be found in the successful
synthesis of past experience, judicious laboratory studies, and informed and
careful shopping for complementary technology.
Superimposed on the previous comments is the overriding need to study and
plan for these facilities and processes with a full understanding of today's
radically changing energy, economic and social situations. It is obvious that
wastewater treatment plants will have to depend less and less on the
traditional fossil fuels and concentrate more on renewable energy sources. In
addition, the designers should explore ways to employ natural processes which
work in conjunction with each other, e.g., aerobic bacterial action,
aquaculture, and evaporation/condensation. The re-use of the end products of
the treatment process, whether it involves using the sludge as mulch or
extracting heavy metals from plant roots, must be added to the challenge of
the planners' and operators' tasks.
24
-------
The papers presented were selected with the foregoing comments in mind.
They were intended to serve as a basis for stimulation of the possibilities
which exist, not necessarily as absolute techniques.
SOLAR-DEPENDENT TECHNIQUES
Algae-Bacterial Systems
A paper by John (1979) describes a technique of using the - controlled
growth of a Chlorella sp. in wastewater lagoons that removes 80% COD, 65% of
the nitrogen and 75% of phosphorus with an optimum ratio of algae to bacteria
of 60:40. An examination by Shelef (1978) compares an intensive algal waste-
water treatment system for an urban population which compares favorably with
the activated sludge technique. The paper discusses resource recovery, water
for irrigation and proteins for animal feed. The continuing examination by
Shelef (1978a) provides additional information concerning the economic and
design considerations for the algal system described. The author presents
data to show that the oxygen, produced by the algae through photosynthesis,
surpasses the BOD of the raw sewage, thus significantly reducing the energy
requirement for aeration.
Another algal system which harvests the plants for animal feed, Garrett
(1978), is used in treating-animal wastes slurry. The salient feature of
this design is characterized by high productivity, resulting from the sup-
pression of glycolate excretion and photo-respiration in the algae due to CO,
enrichment by the indigenous bacterial community. Lincoln et al. (1978) des-
cribe the use of plankton (free-floating microalgae) to convert animal wastes
into high grade plant protein as a low-cost wastewater treatment project.
Aquaculture
A test plant project is reported by Naegel (1977) which used nutrients
from fish wastewater (mainly oxidized nitrogenous compounds) for algal pro-
duction coupled with an activated sludge system for water purification. Let-
tuce and tomatoes were grown in the recirculated water.
Hepher et al. (1975) discuss the benefits, hazards, and limitations of
the integrated waste treatment and aquaculture system. Fresh water lagoons,
which are stocked with fish, were infused with domestic sewage at a rate
which diluted the high BOD levels to concentrations which could be utilized
by the fish.
Another study on the cost-effectiveness of aquaculture by Wert (1978)
uses a two-fold approach to promote the addition of this technique to waste-
water treatment facilities, especially those of smaller municipalities of
about 2,000 population. The first approach employs a matrix consisting of
strategies vs. objectives which highlights the advantages of aquaculture.
The second details the financial and economic aspects of the technique as
they apply to the matrix. A considerable saving (up to 28% of conventional
costs) is predicted for all strategies incorporating an aquaculture system,
using either most "optimistic" or most "pessimistic" cost evaluations.
25
-------
Plant Culture
Wolverton and McDonald (1977) present information on the use of water
hyacinths to treat wastewater containing high concentrations of silver re-
sulting from photographic laboratory discards. Design and operational con-
siderations are discussed, including the proposed recovery of silver which is
highly concentrated in the roots of the hyacinths.
A comprehensive discussion of the use of water hyacinth culture for
wastewater treatment is presented by Dinges (1976) of the Texas Department of
Health Resources, Division of Wastewater Technology and Surveillance. This
extensive paper presents a total view of the system from design to operation,
including technical and financial data.
Distillation
A pilot operation of domestic waste treatment by solar distillation and
plant culture is presented by Quasim (1978). The paper presents data obtained
from a preliminary domestic solar still-greenhouse in the treatment of sewage,
recovery of high quality distillate, and utilization of the nutrients con-
tained in the sewage for plant culture.
RECYCLE/REUSE TECHNIQUES
Sludge
Wong (1977) presents a paper which discusses the use of extracts of act-
ivated/digested sludge as a medium for cultivating algae in the laboratory.
Growth rates of Chlorella sp. cultured in the extracts were higher than with
conventional medium.
A commercial process for treating sludge uses chemical fixation and so-
lidification to modify waste material. Solid TeK, operating from Morrow, GA
offers a wide range of services, products and systems on a specialized basis
to deal with a variety of wastes resulting from the end-products from waste
treatment plants. The process employs specifically formulated chemicals
which render materials ranging from wastewater sludge to fly ash from precip-
itators acceptable for introduction to a landfill or other disposal.
Effluent Water
Neilson (1977) presents an extensive review (137 citations), and the
practicalities and conclusions reached as a. result of experience in using
combinations of electromagnetic radiation techniques with and without chemical
treatment. The review supports the argument that synergistic activity can be
achieved by the serendipitous application of various combinations of these
techniques. Data from operating treatment plants show essentially sterile
water following programmed exposure of the effluent waste to gamma radiation.
The author cites the relatively.-inexpensive availability of cesium 137 as the
result of waste fuel from nuclear power plants as a source of gamma emitters-.
Safety practices and considerations are discussed.
26
-------
PROCESS TREATMENT CONTROLS
Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal via Chemical Treatment
Schwartz (1976) presents data from studies which used activated carbon
and an equilibrium-regenerated spent fluid cracking catalyst (alumina sili-
cate) impregnated with x-zeolite to increase the removal of phosphorus. The
activated carbon was instumental in increasing the sludge settling rate, as
well as the clarity, and promoted significant reductions in BOD and COD in a
municipal sewage treatment plant. The regenerated catalyst was shown to be
more promising when employed in a refinery activated sludge system than with
the municipal treatment plant.
A paper by Long (1975) presents the results of research directed towards
the development and evaluation of a combined chemical-biological process of
phosphorus removal in a pilot plant. The process utilized the addition of
timed quantities of alum (aluminum sulfate) and sodium aluminate as precipi-
tating agents. Automated chemical addition, related to the influent rate,
was discovered to be an important facet of the process.
The removal of phosphorus from domestic sewage by using ferrous iron and
ferric chloride from a metal finishing plant (pickle liquor waste) is des-
cribed by Azkona (1979). Significant reductions of phosphorus without deter-
ioration of the bacterial population were described.
Phosphorus removal by simultaneous precipitation with ferrous sulfate
heptahydrate (Bio-Denitro process) is discussed by Bundgaard (1978). The
process is carried out in tandem with an activated sludge process.
A new high-rate activated sludge process employing activated carbon is
described by Besik (1977). With a mixed microbial population and a mixture
of powdered and granular activated carbon, the process is capable of removing
the total nitrogen along with bio-oxidation of organics encompassing effici-
encies up to 90% for both soluble organic carbon and nitrogen.
Aerobic Treatment
Benefield (1977) presents the results of an applied research program de-
signed to investigate the differences surrounding growth and substrate utili-
zation kinetics displayed between air- and oxygen-aerated sludge systems.
Results indicated that the standard tests used to quantify these experiments,
e.g., VSS test, were unable to distinguish between proliferating, active but
non-proliferating, and inactive~cellular^material. When these deficiencies
are recognized, the differences largely disappear.
Garber (1977) sees the controversy between air and oxygen aerated sys-
tems as a result of the nature of the type of influent waste - oxygen is ben-
eficial when high carbonaceous loadings are encountered (as in fruit and veg-
etable canning areas) - and where plant space limitations present acute prob-
lems.
27
-------
Jeris et al. (1977) describe fluidized beds as an efficient variation of
the activated sludge/trickling filter technology which appears to combine the
best features of both. These beds require less than 5% of the reactor space
required for conventional facilities and exhibit high efficiencies for the
removal of carbonaceous BOD and nitrogen.
Anaerobic Treatment
Schammel (1976) presents a paper which seeks to highlight the ineffici-
ency of aerobic effluent treatment, especially with respect to the needless
expenditure of energy during the disposition of potentially valuable resour-
ces contained in the wastes. In contrast, anaerobic digestion converts over
80% of the BOD to methane, which is usable as a fuel source, and carbon diox-
ide. It also reduces the production of sludge to one-fifth that of the aero-
bic process. New technology development, in the author's opinion, removes
earlier disadvantages associated with this method and provides a way of al-
lowing the process to pay for itself. Economic and mathematical data are
presented.
Biological Acceleration/Inhibition
In a.paper about waste treatment from the carbonization industry (coke,
etc.) where high concentrations of thiocyanate are present, Catchpole (1978)
discusses the significant accelerating effect upon activated sludge activity
through small additions of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) or glucose to the
aeration tank. It is postulated that the PABA or glucose was likely to be
exerting its influence on the enzyme systems involved in thiocyanate oxida-
tion and not by a change in the microbiological population. Conversely, when
catechol was present in the activated sludge mixture, the retention times are
significantly increased. These results and their impact upon the treatment
of carbonization liquors are discussed,
MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Grutsch (1978) describes the complex electrical properties associated
with colloidal waste material (suspended solids) and the need to apply under-
standing of these properties when optimizing unit operations. All suspended
solids, whether colloidal or not, carry a negative electrical surface charge.
Inert and slowly biologically-oxidized colloids and suspended matter contri-
bute to increasing the amount of fine particles in the sludge mass. Increas-
ing the sludge age increases their accumulation, thereby contributing to the
deterioration in sludge flocculating properties. Removing colloids and sus-
pended matter before the activated sludge process results in an excellent
activated sludge at very high sludge age.
A permanent magnet, encased within the pipe carrying effluent wastewater,
is claimed by the marketing organization - Super Ion Corp., Orlando, FL - to
significantly increase the clarity and improve the sludge settleability in
the final wastewater treatment tanks. The product is used in boiler systems
to prevent scale formation and to remove existing scale, and in cooling tower
applications for the same purpose. The phenomena has been employed in the
USSR for 25 years and is postulated to work by controlling the ionization of
28
-------
the carbonates and thus preventing scale buildup; th'e mode of operation thus
appears to relate to aspects of the previous paper in this section.
References
1. Azkona, A., Gomez-Ferrer, R., De La Cal, A.R., et al. Phosphorus
removal using waste pickle-liquor. J Water Pollut Control Fed
51(4):783-797, 1979.
2. Benefield, L.D., Randall, C.W., and King, P.H. Effect of
high-purity oxygen on activated-sludge process. J Water Pollut
Control Fed 49(2);269-279, 1977.
3. Besik, F, Simultaneous removal of nitrogen and organics in a new
activated sludge process. Prog Water Technol 8(4/5):601-614, 1977.
4. Bundgaard, E. and Tholander, B. Simultaneous precipitation of
phosphorus, BOD removal, nitrification and denitrification in full
scale practice. Prog Water Technol 10(1/2):163-171, 1978.
5. Catchpole, J.R. and Cooper, R.L. Inhibiting constituents in biological
treatment of carbonization wastes. In: New Processes Waste Water Treat
Recovery (Editt Papers Syrap):12—139, 1978-
6. Dinges, R. Water-hyacinth culture for wastewater treatment. Rep Monogr
Non Serials No 143, 1976.
7. Garber, W,F. Pure oxygen activated sludge - gome cons. Prog Water Tech-
nol 8(6):127-133, 1977.
8. Garrett, M.K. Algal culture in slurry. Br Phycol J 13(2):199, 1978.
29
-------
9. Grutsch, J.F. Wa.stewater treatment: The electrical connection. Environ
Sci Technol 12(9) :1022-1027, 1978.
10. Hepher, B. and Schroeder, G.L. Wastewater utilization in Israel
aquaculture. Wastewater Renovation and Use, D'ltri FM, ed., Marcel
Dekker, New York, pp 529-559, 1977.
11. Jeris, J.S., Owens, R.W., Hickey, R., et al. Biological fluidized-bed
treatment for BOD and nitrogen removal wastewater. J Water Pollut
Control Fed 49(5) .-816-831, 1977.
12. John, U.L. and Bokil, S.D. Flocculating algal-bacterial system: A new
method of waste water treatment. Indian J Environ Health 21(1):l-9, 1979
13. Lincoln, E.P., Hill, D.T. and Nordstedt, R.A. Harvesting algae from
lagoon effluent. Agric Eng 59(5):16-18, 1978.
14. Long, D.A. and Nesbitt, J.B. Removal of soluble phosphorus in an
activated sludge plant, J Water Pollut Control Fed 47(1):170-184, 1975.
15. Naegel, L.C.A. Combined production of fish and plants in recirculating ,
water. Aquaculture 10(1):17-24, 1977.
16. Neilson, N.E. Ozonation, irradiation, chlorination and combinations: A
discussion of the practicalities of their use in smaller water/wastewater
treatment systems. In: Proc 4th Natl Conf -NSF, N McClelland (ed), Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp 189-216, 1978.
17. Qasim, S.R. Treatment of domestic sewage by using solar distillation and
plant culture. J Environ Sci Health, Part A, Environ Sci Eng
13(8):615-627, 1978.
18. Schammel, G.W. Anaerobic treatment of industrial waste waters.
Industries Alimentaires et Agricoles 93(2):169-174, 1976.
19. Schwartz, R.D. and McCoy, C.J. The use of fluid catalytic cracking
catalyst in activated sludge wastewater treatment. J Water Pollut
Control Fed 48(2) :274-280, 1976.
30
-------
20. Shelef, G. , Oron, G. and Moraine R. Economic aspects of microalgae
production on sewage. Srgeb Limnol 11:281-294, 1978.
21. Shelef, G., Moraine, R. and Oron, G. Photosynthetic biomass production
from sewage. Ergeb Limnol 11:3-14, 1978.
22. Solid Tek. Solidification/Chemical Fixation. P 0 Box 888, Morrow, GA
30260.
23. Super Ion Corporation. Magnetic water treatment. 17 1/2 E Station,
Apopka, FL 32703.
24. Wolverton, B.C. and McDonald, R.C. Wastewater treatment utilizing water
hyacinths. In: Treat Disposal Ind Wastewaters Residues, Proc Natl Conf
pp 205-208, 1977.
25. Wert , F.S. and Henderson, V.B. Feed fish effluent and reel in savings.
Water Wastes Eng 15(6):33-44, 1978.
26. Wong, M.H. The comparison of activated and digested sludge extracts in
cultivating Chlorella pyrenoidosa and C_. salina . Environ Pollut
14(3) :2Q7-211, 1977.
JAPANESE LITERATURE/EQUIPMENT SURVEY
Tables 11-18 represent a compilation of selected commercial
equipment /processes and periodical references relating to wastewater
treatment from Japan. Note that the population density and geographical
character of the Japanese Islands have made the issue of efficient
wastewater treatment and management critical. Consequently, activity in
this area appears to have been more intensive with possibly more
imaginative and broad-based commercial offerings, especially for small to
medium-sized communities. The "Ref . No." are identification numbers for
the particular documents, mainly company literature, supplied to EPA with
this report.
Table 11, Total Treatment System, ranges in municipal equipment from
multi-family dwellings on up, in industrial plants from food processing
through textiles to heavy chemicals, and in technology from activated
carbon to iron powder. Brochures or journal articles from 22 companies
are listed.
Table 12, Liquid-Solid Separation Equipment, ranges over belt
presses, centrifuges, filters, and flocculants. Thirty-four companies
are represented.
31
-------
Table 13, Biological Treatment Process concentrates on the activated
sludge processes, including forced aeration. Thirty-three companies are
represented.
Table 14, Sludge Disposal, cavers drying, freeze-thawing,
composting, and incineration. Material from 33 companies is referenced.
Table 15, Oil Removing, covers skimmers, and both on- and offshore
treatment of oily shipboard waste. Seven companies are listed.
Table 16, Tertiary Treatment Process, covers such diverse concepts
as reverse osmosis, hydroponics, and ion-exchange as conceived by 11
companies.
Table 17, Meters/Analyzers, covers chlorine through cyanide to oil
detectors, and the BOD-TOC type meters, from 16 companies.
Table 18, Others, covers such equipment as deodorizers, pumps, and
activated carbon reactivators from 11 companies.
32
-------
TABLE 11. TOTAL TREATMENT SYSTEM
Ref.
No.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
LJ
U)
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-11
1-12
1-13
Mitsubiohi-Lurgi Waste Water Treatment Mitsubishi Hvy. Industries, Ltd.
Process "GVLOFLOC"
Mitsubishi Sewage Treatment plant "
(Secondary Treatment)
Mitsubishi Rotary Disk Type Waste "
Water Treatment Process
Mitsubishi Community Sewage Treatment "
Plant
Mitsubishi water Treatment System "
for Exudation from Reclaimed Land
Mitsubishi Laboratory Waste Water "
Treatment System
Mitsubishi-Lurgi Water Recycling "
System for a Building
Mitsubishi Methane Gas Producing/ > "
Waste Liquids Treatment System
MKK Night Soil Treatment System
MKK Industrial Waste Water Treatment
System for Machining/ Metal-working
Factories
MKK Industrial Waste Water Treatment
System for Pulp Plant
MKK Industrial Waste Water Treatment
System for Paper Mfg. plant
MKK Industrial Waste Water Treatment
System for Food Processing plant
Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha, Ltd.
Mitsubishi Kakoki Kiasha, Ltd.
Co. Brochure KH-319
" KH-385
" KH-434
1
11 KH-375
" KH-443
" KH-378
" KH-289
" KH-399
" 02-76-BAP
" WP-62-003
WP-62-003
(continued)
-------
TABLE 11 (continued)
Ref.
No.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
1-14 MKK Industrial Waste Water Treatment
System for Ironworks
1-15 MKK Industrial Waste Water Treatment
System for Chemical plant
1-16 MKK Industrial Haste Water Treatment
System for Oil Refinery
1-17 MKK Industrial Waste Water Treatment
System for Coke Oven Gas Mfg. Plant
1-18 MKK Industrial Waste Water Treatment
System for Textile Mill \
1-19 Effluent Treatment/Reuse System for
Commercial Bldg.
1-20 Waste Water Treatment System for
Dyeing plant
1-21 Community Sewage Treatment System
1-22 Large-capacity Waste Water Treatment
System, "DAIAMARUSU SYSTEM"
1-23 Biochemical Water Treatment Plant
1-24 Silk Refinery Effluent Treatment
1-25 Effluent Treatment System for
Activated Carbon or Fire-proof
Board Mfg. Plant
1-26 Effluent Treatment System for Broiler
Plant
1-27 Effluent Treatment System for Paper
(continued)
Mitsubishi Rayon Engineering Co.,
Ltd.
Suido Kiko Kaisha, Ltd.
" 5312-20
5403-30(H)
i« ii
" 554-3-5-000
Co. Brochure G3-145
G-3.145
-------
TABLE 11 {continued)
Ref.
No.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
1-28
1-29
1-30
1-31
1-32
1-33
1-34
1-35
1-36
1-38
Effluent Treatment System for "
Electroplating plant
Effluent treatment System for "
Fruit & Juice Canning Plant
DOWA Iron-powder Method for Treatment The Down Mining Co., Ltd.
of Laboratory Effluent
1-40
Water Treatment plant Using SIL-B
Process
ShinkoPfaudler Water Treatment
System
Industrial Waste Water Treatment
Process
Sewage Treatment Process
Water Treatment System for Effluent
& Sludge from Purification Plant
Water Treatment System for Effluent
from Metal Surface Treatment Plant
Water Treatment System for Effluent
from Thermal Power plant
Water Treatment System for Industrial
Waste Water Containing Heavy Metals
Water Treatment System for Effluent
from Surface Treatment Plant
Water Treatment System for Effluent
from Chemical Textile Plant
Risui Kagaku K.K.
Shinko-Pfaudler Co., Ltd.
Hitachi, Ltd.
Hitachi, Ltd.
Japan Organo Co., Ltd.
1. Co. Brochure GJ-0048A
2. Quarterly Review on
Environment, No. 25
Sept. 1979
Co. Brochure CW901
Co. Catal. No. Hai-7902-2
Co. Brochure AA-045
Co. Brochure AA-045
Cat. No. Y-l
" A-U-4
(continued)
-------
TABLE 11 (continued)
Ref.
No.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
1-41 Water Treatment System for Effluent
from Maritime Products processing
1-42 Hater Treatment System for Effluent
from Sugar Refining plant
1-43 Water Treatment System for Effluent
from Food Processing Complex
1-44 Water Treatment System for Effluent
containing synthetic detergent
1-45 Water Treatment System for Effluent
from Dyeing Plant
1-46 Night-soil Treatment Plant
1-47 Small-scale Community Sewage Treat-
ment Plant called "Hodaka System"
1-48 Energy-saving Measures for Effluent
Treatment Facilities at Sodegaura
Oil Refinery
1-49 Improved Operation of Total Waste
Water Treatment System at Aichi Oil
Refinery
1-50 Energy Conservation by re-examining
Water Treatment Processes for
Effluent at Mishima Plant
1-51 Organic Uastewater Treatment System
"BIOBLOCK R"
Japan Organo Co., Ltd.
ti
J. Oguchi Hodaka Town Office
Fuji Seikyu K.K.
Idemitsu Kosan K.K.
Daiwo Seishi K.K.
Kurita Water Industries, Ltd.
Cat. No.
Cat. No.
A-ll-4
A-34
J. Solid Waste, 10(7):
21-29, 1980
The 1980 Collection of
Energy-saving Measures,
Energy Conservation
Center, Tokyo:737-744,
1980
" : 875-881
;1407-1416
J. Japan Sewage Works
Assoc., 16(182):10-12,
1979
(continued)
-------
TABLE 11 (continued)
Ref. Manufacturer
No. Equipment/Process (or Author) Source Literature
1-52 Fixed Bed Type Activated Sludge Biseibutsu Kogaku Kenkyusho K.K. PPM 11(5):Kozen-6, 19801
Treatment System for Organic Effluents
1-53 Two-stage Aeration Wastewater Treat- T. Mohri, Toyo Shokuhin J. College PPM ll(6):25-38, 1980
merit Process for Effluent from Orange
Canning Plant
1-54 Practical Application of "Low-dilution Y. Ichiki, Ebara-Infilco Co., Ltd. PPM ll(6):48-62, 1980
2-stage Activated Sludge" Water Treat-
ment Process
1-55 Batch Operation Type Activated Sludge Y. Ishida, et al, Japan Construe- PPM 11(6):63-70, 1980
Process for Treatment of Laundry tion Metal Products Co., Ltd.
Effluent
1-56 FA (Furukawa-Arsendorr) System Furukawa Co., Ltd. PPM 11(9):34-40, 1980
Night Soil Treatment Plant
1-57 Biological Water Treatment System Ebara-Infilco Co., Ltd. EPCEI (Environmental
"BIOLEX" Pollution Control Equip-
ment Index), 1980:p. 21
1-58 Rotary Aeration Type Wastewater Asahi Engineering Co., Ltd. PECEI, 1980: p. 21
Treatment System, "BIOTRIX"
1-59 Small- & Medium-scale Community Hitachi Shipbuilding t, Engineering Co. Brochure E-113
Sewage Treatment Plant Co., Ltd.
1-60 Soaked Filter Bed Type Wastewater " " E-112
Treatment System
1-61 Laboratory Waste Water Treatment " " E-122
System for Tsukuba Univ.
1-62 Wastewater Treatment System for Univ. " " E-110
& Labs.
1-63 Water Treatment/Reuse System for " " E-119
Commercial Bldg.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 11 (continued)
Ref.
No.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
1-64 Water Treatment/Reuse System for
Multi-family Bldg.
1-65 Water Treatment/Reuse System for
Manufacturing plant
1-66 Water Treatment System for Wastewater
Containing Heavy Metal Discharged
from Refuse Incineration plant
1-67 "HYDREX",-Water Treatment System with
Activated Carbon Continuously Replaced
with Reactivated One
Hitachi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. Brochure E-119
Co., Ltd.
E-115
E-123
CJ
oo
1-68 On-shore Waste Water Treatment Plant
for Oily Effluent from Ships
E-108
-------
TABLE 12. LIQOID-SOLID SEPARATION EQUIPMENT
Kef.
No.
u>
u?
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
2-1 Mitsubishi Grit Chamber Equipment
2-2 Mitsubishi Settling Basin Equipment
2-3 Mitsubishi Clarifiers
2-4 Mitsubishi pressure Flocculating
Concentrator
2-5 Mitsubishi-Bird Centrifuge Concen-
trator
2-6 Mitsubishi Belt Press
2-7 Mitsubishi Double-layer Pressure
Sand Filter
2-8 Mitsubishi Trickling Filter System
"BIOPACK"
2-9 "Trash Rake Car" Screen
2-10 Bar Screen
2-11 Swing Rake Bar Screen
2-12 Grit Collector
2-13 Circular Clarifier
2-14 Scum Skimmer
2-15 Thickener with Sludge Collector
2-16 Flotation Treatment Tank for
Thickening
2-17 Bar Screen W/Rakes & Traveling
Hater Screen
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Co. Brochure KH-415
it u KH-414
" " KH-401
" " KH-402
» " KH-403
" KH-441
" " KH-416
" " KH-254
Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha, Ltd.
Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha, Ltd.
W-02-00
W-02-00
78.04BHA
(continued)
-------
TABLE 12 (continued)
Kef.
No.
2-18
2-19
2-20
2-21
2-22
2-23
2-24
2-25
2-26
2-27
2-28
2-29
2-30
Manufacturer
Equipment/Process (or Author)
Mitsubishi-Zurn Strain-0-Matic "
MKK-Bamag Deep Filter Tank "
MKK Corrugated Plate Flocculator "
(CPF
MKK Tiltable Plate Flotator (TPF) "
MKK Tiltable Plate Interceptor (TPl) "
Mitsubishi KM Decanting Centrifuge "
MKK 3-stage Belt Press "
Mitsubishi KM Drum Filter "
Mitsubishi-Zurn Micro-matic System "
Mitsubishi-Zurn Strain-0-matic "
Strainer 593 Series
MKK Swing Disk Screen "
Floating Scum Skimmer Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha, Ltd.
Fine-meshed Rotary Strainer/Filter Suido Kiko Kaisha, Ltd.
Source Literature
ti ~
-------
TABLE 12 (continued)
Ret.
No.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
2-35 IK Screen Skimmer, Model ST
2-36 High-molecular Coagulants, IK-Floc
IK-LT Dehydrator
Rotary Diaphragm Press
SP Filter Press, MF & UF Types
Test Filter
One-man Filter Press & Frame
Portable Filter Press
2-37
2-38
2-39
2-40
2-41
2-42
2-43
Closed Type Rotary Filter
"CLEAN FILTER"
2-44 Diaphragm Filter press
2-45 High-molecular Flocculant "QRFLOC"
2-46 Gravity Filter Basin, "W Type
Aquazur Filter"
2-47 Gravity Filter Basin, "Monopaek
Filter"
2-48 Grit Chamber & Screen for Sewage
Treatment
2-49 Primary & Final Clarifiera and
Sludge Collector for Sewage
Treatmen t
2-50 Sprinkling Filter Bed
2-51 Sludge Thickener
Ichikawa Woolen Textile Co., Ltd.
Shinko-Pfaudler Co., Ltd.
Nihon Rakasochi Co., Ltd.
Nihon Rokasochi Co., Ltd.
Japan Organo Co., Ltd.
Cat. No. Hai-7902-2
" Ge-7803
Co. Brochure
Co. Brochure
it
Cat. No. Y-l
Cat. No. A-30-2
If
" A-18-3
(continued)
-------
TABLE 12 (continued)
Kef.
No.
2-52
2-53
2-54
2-55
2-56
Manufacturer
Equipment/Process (or Author)
Pressure Filter, Automatic Type "
Pressure Filter, Manual Type "
Belt Press Type Dehydrator with Ebara-Infilco Co., Ltd.
Aquapelletizing Pretreatment Process
"DEHYD80L"
Kurita Jet Press Filter, Model JMF Kurita Kikai K.K.
SUIWO MFC Type Activated Carbon Suido Kiko Kaish-a, Ltd.
Source Literature
" S-5-3 -
n
J. Japan Sewage Works
Assoc., 16(182):Ko-3,
1979
" :KO-26, 1979
" :KO-31, 1979
Adsorption Equipment
2-57 Comminuter & Bar Screen
2-58 Clean Filer
2-59 "AUTO-SCREEN", an Automatically-
controlled Screen Device for Pre-
treataent of Uastewater
2-60 Compact Filter/Behydrator
2-61 Uastewater Treatment Device
2-62 Suite's All-automatic Filter Press
2-63 Rotary Filter with Long-nap Filter
Cloth
2-64 Self-cleaning Tiltable Wedge Wire
Screen
2-65 Helios Dehydrator
2-66 Toray TH Screen
(continued)
Comminutor Service Co., Ltd.
Narita Koki K.K.
Ikunaoiu Kensetsu K.K.
Daiden Setsubi Sekkei K.K.
Kubota, Ltd.
Saito Kakoki K.K.
Toyama Kikai K.K.
Nihon M.C. Boeki Co., Ltd.
Nit to Engineering Service Co.,
Ltd.
Toray Industries Inc.
" :KO-44, 1979
PPM ll(5):Kosen-39, 1980
" :Kozen-66, 1980
" :Kozen-69, 1980
Jap. Patent Tokko
Sho 54-18068
Pl'M ll(5):97-98, 1980
PPM ll(6):Kozen-8, 1980
PPM 11(7):99, 1980
" :101, 1980
" :103, 1980
PPM H(9):Kozen-ll, 1980
-------
TABLE 12 (continued)
Ref.
No.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
2-67 Moving Filter Bed Type Sand Filter
2-68 Filter Devices (an overview report)
2-69 Flotation Separation (" ")
2-70 Single Type Automatic Filter Press
for Two-stage Dehydration
2-71 Screened Scum Dehydration press
2-72 Rolling Screen
2-73 Nakagawa Filter Press
2-74 Bar Screen
2-75 NKK Unit System Sludge Dehydrator
2-76 Belt Press
2-77 KOBELCO/ALFA-LAVAL Decanter Type
Centrifuge
2-78 Beit Press Type Dehydrator
"Sevel Roller"
2-79 Inka High-speed Belt Press
2-80 Mitsubishi Vacuum filter
2-81 Mitsuabishi Sludge Filter Press
2-82 Mitsubishi-Bird High-speed Centrifuge
Takuina Co., Ltd.
M. Shimamura, Mitsubishi Kakoki
Kaisha, Ltd.
K. Otsubo, Hitachi Plant Construc-
tion Co., Ltd.
Ishigaki Mechnical Industry Co.,
Ltd.
Nippon Inka K.K.
Iwase Tekko K.K.
Nakagawa Kagaku Sochi K.K.
Kato Tekko K.K.
Nippon Kokan K.K.
Sumitomo Jukikai Environtec Co.
Ltd.
Kobe Steel, Ltd.
Doriko K.K.
Nippon Inka K.K.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
Ltd.
PPM 11(9):99, 1980
ind. Poll. Control
16 (6):587-593, 1980
" :594-600, 1980
jap. Ind. i Technol.
Bull., 8(5):16-17, 1980
EPCEI (Environmental
Pollution Control
Equipment Index) 1980:12
EPCEI, 1980:14
It I*
:32
" " :33
Co. Brochure KH-383
" KH-423
" KH-194
-------
TABLE 13. BIOEOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESS
Kef.
No.
quipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
3-1
I
3-2
3-3
1
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-10
3-11
3-12
3-13
Mitsubishi-Lurgi Waste Water Treatment Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Co. Brochure
Process "CYLOFLOC"
Mitsubishi-Lurgi Surface Aerator " »
"GYROMIX"
Mitsubishi-Lurgi Pendulum Scraper " "
Mitsubishi-Lurgi flocculating Sedi- " "
mentation Equipment "SEDIMAT" MB 6A
Mitsubishi Sewage Treat ment plants " "
(Secondary Treatment Process)
Mitsubishi Rotary Disk Type Waste " "
Water Treatment process
Mitsubishi Community Sewage Treatment " "
Plant
Mitsubishi Water Treatment System " "
for Exudation from Reclaimed Land
Mitsubishi Sewage Sludge Digestion " "
System
KH-319
Mitsubishi Trickling Filter Systen
"BIOPACK"
Mitsubishi Laboratory Wastewater
Treatment System
Mitsubishi-Lurgi Water Recycling
System for Building
Mitsubishi Methane Gas Producing/
Waste Liquids Treatment System
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
KH330
KH-385
KH-434
KH-375
KH-443
KH-432
KH-254
KH-378
KH-289
KH-399
(continued)
-------
TABLE 13 (continued)
Ref.
Mo.
3-14
3-15
3-16
3-17
3-16
3-19
3-20
3-21
Manufacturer
Equipment/Process (or Author)
Cross- flow Flocculator Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha, Ltd.
Swing Diffuser "
Spring Air Diffuser "
Deep Aerator "
Gas Kecirculation System for "
Digestion Tank
Digestor Heating System "
MKK Night Soil Treatment System "
MKK Industrial Waste Water Treatment "
Source Literature
" W-02-00
"
II
II
II
M
II
11 WP-62-0
System for Food Processing plant
3-22 MKK Industrial Waste Water Treatment
System for Oil Refinery
3-23 MKK Industrial Waste Water Treatment
System for Coke Oven Gas Mfg. plant
3-24 MKK Industrial Waste Water Treatment
System for Textile Mill
3-25 Mitsubishi-Id Deep Shaft Process
3-26 SURFACT Process: BIO-SURF Air Drive
System
3-27 AERO-SURF Process: BIO-SURF Air Drive
Sys tern
3-28 Waste Water Treatment System for
Dyeing Plant
3-29 Community Sewage Treatment System
Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha, Ltd.
Co. Brochure WP-62-003
W-68-01
Mitsubishi Rayon Engineering
Co., Ltd.
5403-30(H)
(continued)
-------
TABLE 13 (continued)
Kef.
Ho.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Suido Kiko Kaisha, Ltd.
3-30 Biochemical Water Treatment Plant
3-31 Silk Refinery effluent Treatment "
Plant
3-32 Effluent Treatment System for Activ- "
ated Carbon or Fire-proof Boards Mfg.
Plant
3-33 Effluent Treatment System for Broiler "
Plant
3-34 Effluent Treatment System for paper "
Mfg. Plant
3-35 Effluent Treatment System for Electro- Suido Kiko Kaisha, Ltd.
plating plant
3-36 Effluent Treatment System for Fruit "
6 Juice Canning Plant
3-37 Submersible Aerators, Model TR, TRN & Tsurumi Mfg. Co., Ltd.
TRNG
Source Literature
G3=145
63-145
1. Tsurumi Technical Manual
2. Co. Brochure TSURUMI-2
3-38 Toshibe Aerator
3-39 Toshiba Ozonizer
3-40 Industrial Waste Water Treatment
Process
3-41 Sewage Treat ment Process
3-42 Water Treatment System for Effluent
from Sugar Refining plant
3-43 Water Treatment System for Effluent
from Food Processing Complex
Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd. Co. Brochure KSA-99091
" " KSA-99107
Hitachi, Ltd.
Japan Organo Co., Ltd.
3-44 Night-soil Treatment Plant
Hitachi Brochure AA-045
Cat. No. A-ll-4
Cat. No. A-34
(continued)
-------
TABLE 13 (continued)
Ret.
No.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
3-45 Small-scale Community sewage Treat-
j ment Plant called "Hodaka System"
3-46 Improved Operation of Total Waste
Water Treatment System at Aichi Oil
Refinery
3-4? Energy Consevation by Re-examining
Wazter Treatment processes for
Effluent at Mishima plant
3-48
3-50
Organic Wastewater Treatment System
"BIO-FLOCK R"
3-49 Pure Oxygen Aeration in Open Tanks
Air Blow Nozzle
Ebara Mfg. Co., Ltd.
Idemitsu Kosan K.K.
Daiwo Seishi K.K. (Paper Mfg.)
J. Solid Wastes^ 10(7):
21-29, 1980
The 1980 Collection of
Energy-saving Measures,
Energy Conservation
Center, Tokyo.-875-881
11 :1407-1416
3-51 Fixed Bed Type Activated Sludge
Treatment System for Organic Effluent
3-52 Energy-saving JAS Jet Aeration System
3-53 Packing Material for Aeration
3-54 Two-stage Aeration Waatewater Treat-
ment Process for Orange-canning
Effluent
3-55 Practical Application of "Low-dilution
2-stage Activated Sludge" Water
Treatment Process
3-56 Batch Operation Type Activated Sludge
Process for Treatment of Laundry
Effluent
Kurita Water Industries, Ltd.
Ataka Construction & Engineering
Co., Ltd.
Daicel Ltd.
Biseibutsu Kogaku Kenkyusho K.K.
Nishihara Environmental Sanitation
Research Corp., Ltd.
Tsutsunaka Plastics Kogyo K.K.
T. Mohri, Toyo Shokuhin J. College
J. Japan Sewage Works
Assoc., 16(182):KO-3, 1979
:KO-13, 1979
" :KO-29, 1979
PPM ll(5):Kozen 6, 1980
11 :Kozen 31, 1980
" :Kozen 41, 1980
PPM 11 (6): 25-38, 1980
Y. Ichiki, Ebara-Infilco Co., Ltd. PPM ll(6):48-62, 1980
Y. Yoshida, et al, Japan Construc-
tion Metal Products Co., Ltd.
:63-70, 1980
(continued)
-------
TABLE 13 (continued)
Kef.
No.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
CD
3-57 Water Treatment process for Waste-
water Containing Formaldehyde
3-58 Improved Activated Sludge Treatment
System
3-59 Wastewater Treatment System Using
Activated Sludge and Carbon powder
3-60 Small-sized, Noiseless Underwater
Blower
3-61 FA (Furukawa-Arsendorf) System
Night-Boi'l Treatment Plant
3-62 Wastewater Neutralization Process
(an Overview Report)
3-63 Precipitators (an Overview Report)
3-64 Activated Sludge Process
(an overview report)
3-65 Biological Wastewater Treatment
System, "BIOLEX"
3-66 Rotary Aeration Type Wastewater
Treatment System, "BIOTRIX"
3-67 Toray Aerator
3-68 Jet Aeration System, JAS
Mitsubishi Gas-Chemical Co., Inc. Japan, pat. Tokko
Sho 54-22022
PPM 11(6):107-108, 1980
Mitsubishi Chemical Industries,
Ltd.
Nittesu Kakoki K.K.
Shin Meiwa Industry Co., Ltd.
Furukawa Co., Ltd.
J, Sakagami, Fuji Kasui Kogyo,
K.K.
Japan, pat. Tokko
Sho 54-22702
PPM 11(6): 108-109, 1980
Japan. Pat. Tokko
Sho 54-22707
PPM ll(6):109-110, 1980
PPM 11(7):97, 1980
PPM 11 (9): 34-40, 1980
Ind. Poll. Control,
16 (6): 579-582, 1980
M. Suito, Sumitomo Jukikai
Envirotec Co.
" :583-586, 1980
K. Sono, Shinko-Pfaudler Co., Ltd. 16(6):601-609, 1980
Ebara-Infilco Co., Ltd.
Asahi Engineering Co., Ltd.
Toray Industries Inc.
Nishihara Environmental Sanitation
Research Corp., Ltd.
EPCEI (Environmental
Pollution Control
Equipment Index), 1980:4
:22
:23
(continued)
-------
Ret.
No.
TABLE 13 (continued)
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
3-69 Small- & Medium-scale Community
Sewage Tertiary Treatment Plant
3-70 Soaked Filter Bed Type Waste
Water Treatment System
3-71 Waste Water Treatment System for
Univ. & Labs.
Hitachi Shipbuilding & Engineer- Co. Brochure E-113
ing Co., Ltd.
E-112
E-110
<£>
TABLE 14. SLUDGE DISPOSAL
Ref.
No.
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
Equipment/Process
Hitsuabishi Belt Press
Mitsubishi-Lurgi Fluidized Bed Type
Sludge Furnace
Conveyor Sludge Collector
Double-floor Type Sludge Collector
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Mitsubishi Hvy. Industries, Ltd.
ii
Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha, Ltd.
ti
Source Literature !
Co . Brochure KH-44 1
" KH-368
" W-02-00
II II
for Primary Clarifier
4-5 Double-floor Type Sludge Collector
for Final Clarifier
4-6 Sludge Dehydrator
4-7 Sludge Incinerator
(continued)
-------
TABLE 14 (continued)
Ret.
No.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
Ln
O
4-8 "REGRAN" (Return Grade Nature)
Composting System
4-9 Princiner K Series incinerators
4-10 SIL-B Process - Pre-dehydration
Treatment Using Silicic Flocculant
for Sludge Disposal
4-11 Sludge Dehydrator
4-12 Sludge Incinerator
4-13 Sludge Treatment by the Freeze-
Thawing Process
4-14 Small-sized Freeze-Thawing Type
Sludge Treatment Equipment
"OR-F8EEZER"
4-15 Belt Press Type Sludge Dehydrator
4-16 Sewage Sludge Composting Process
4-17 High-speed Composting System
"HITACHI BIOCELL"
Nippon Shoryokki Seisakusho K.K.
Risui Kagaku K.K.
Japan Organo Co., Ltd.
Japan Organo Co., Ltd.
NGK Insulators, Ltd.
Hitachi Kiden Kogyo K.K.
4-18 Hitachi Sludge Drying/Incinerating Hitachi Metals, Lt d.
System
Co. Brochure
1. Co. Brochure CW303
2. Tech. Booklet
Cat. No. A-18-3
Cat. No. A-24
3HA 79-11
A-19-3
Research Results on
Reuse of Sludge as Resource
compiled by "The Council on
Reuse of Sewage Sludge as
Resources":pp 4-7, MOV.
1979 (Japan Sewage Works)
Assoc.)
" :7-8, Nov. 1979
:8-10, Nov. 1979
(continued)
-------
TABLE 14 (continued)
tn
H
Ref.
No.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
4-19 Sludge Drier
Ohkawara Seiaakusho K.K.
4-20 Kyowa Sludge Drier
Kyowa Kako K.K.
Source Literature
4-21 Kurita Sludge Composting System
4-22 Kobe Steel, Ltd. Process for
Disposal of Sewage Sludge
Kurita Water Industries, Ltd.
Kobe Steel, Ltd.
4-23 High-speed Sewage Sludge Composting Sekisui-Okunmra Kikai K.K.
Equipment, "Negative Pressure Pellet-
izing/Fermenting System"
4-24 Sludge Incinerator with Waste Heat
Boiler
4-25 Niigata Engineering's Sewage Sludge
Treatment/Disposal System
Takuma Co., Ltd.
Riigata Engineering Co., Ltd.
4-26 Hitachizosen Sludge Drier/Incinerator Hitachi Shipbuilding & Engineer-
ing Co. , Ltd.
4-27 Fluid Bed Type Sludge Incinerator "
4-28 High-speed Fermentation/Composting "
System
4-29 Sludge Dehydrator, "KURIMOTO CLAM
PRESS"
Kurimoto Iron Works, Ltd.
1978 Directory of Member
Companies of Council on
Reuse of Sewage Sludge
as Resources, Japan
Sewage Works Assoc.:
pp. 19-21, 1979
1978 Directory of Member
Companies of Council on
Reuse of Sewage Sludge
as Resources, Japan
Sewage Works Assoc.:
pp. :25-27, 1979
":29-32, 1979
": 33-36, 1979
":38-40, 1979
":44-47, 1979
": 51-54, 1979
":67-68, 1979
":68-70, 1979
":70, 1979
PPM, ll(5):Kozen-32, 1980
(continued)
-------
14 (continued)
Kef.
No.
m
to
4-30
4-31
Equipment/Proceaa
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
"WS Filter", Sludge Dehydrator Using Nichiyu Koki K.K.
No Chemicals
Sludge Freezing Device for Sludge
Freeze-Thawing Process
4-32 Kanebo's Sludge Dehydrator
4-33 "BULKLESS", a Chemical to Remove
Bulking of Activated Sludge
4-34 Sludge Activity Stabilizer
(02-4 System)
Fuji Electric Co., Ltd.
Sekisui-Kanebo Environment K.K.
Mizushori Kagaku Kenkyusho K.K.
Reika Kogyo K.K.
4-35 Toray TH-CSD (Coagulation/Separation/ Toray Industries Inc.
Dehydration) System
4-36 Disposal of Sludge (an Overview Report) H. Kurose, Ebara-Infilco Co., Ltd.
4-37 Sludge Incinerators (" ")
A. Yasuda, Taguina Sogo Kenkyusho
K.K.
4-38 Single Type Automatic Filter Press Ishigaki Mechanical Industry Co.,
for 2-stage Dehydration Ltd.
4-39 Sludge Drier
4-40 Sludge Composting Tank
4-41 NKK Unit System Sludge Dehydrator
4-42 Belt Press
(continued)
Ohkawara Seisakusho K.K.
Ebara-Infilco Co., Ltd.
Nippon Kokan K.K.
Sumitomo Jukikai Envirotec Co.,
Ltd.
" :Kozen-66, 1980
Japan. Pat. Tokko
Sho 54-18863
PPH, 11(5):95-97. 1980
PPM, ll(6):Kozen-9, 1980
" :Kochu-6, 1980
" :101, 1980
PPM, ll(9):Kozen-ll, 1980
Ind. Poll. Control,
16(6):611-618, 1980
" :619-625, 1980
Jap. Ind. & Technol.
Bull., 8(5)16-17, 1980
EPCEI (Environmental
Pollution Control
Equipment Index)
" :27, 1980
" :28, 1980
EPCEI (Environmental Pollu-
tion Control Equipment Index
:30, 1980
" :30, 1980
-------
TABLE 14 (continued)
Ref.
No.
4-43
4-44
Equipment/Process
KOBELCO/ALFA-LAVAL Decanter Type
Centrifuge
Belt Press Type Dehydrator
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Kobe Steel , Ltd.
Doriko K.K.
Source Literature
" :31, 1980
" :32, 1980
"Seven Roller"
4-45 Inka High-pressure Belt Press
i
: 4-46 Mitsubishi Sludge Filter Press
Nippon Inda K.K.
Mitsubishi Hvy. Industries, Ltd.
" :33, 1980
Co. Brochure KH-423
TABLE 15. OIL REMOVING
Ref.
No.
i
,5-1
5-2
5-3
|5-4
}
5-5
Equipment/Process
Mitsubishi Oily Water Purifier
Mitsubishi Oily Water Purifier
for Ships
MKK Waste Oil Treatment Plant
MKK Oily Water Treatment System
MKK Oil-containing Waste Water
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Mitsubishi Hvy. Industries, Ltd.
11
Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaintia, Ltd.
tt
ti
Source Literature
Co. Brochure KH-437
" KH-384
" 11.76AA
" 05-76. C. A.
" 09-76. B.N.
Treatment System
5-6 Oily Water Treatment Agent
"D1A-MARUSU"
Mitsubishi Rayon Engineering Co.,
S54-3-5-00
(continued)
-------
Ref.
No.
TABLE 15 (continued)
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
5-7 "Skim Chemissor", Oil Skimming
Pump
5-8 "Manhole Chemissor", Oil-skimming
Pump
5-9 "Skim Suction", Oil-skimming Pump
5-10 "Skia Boat", Oil-skimming Boat
5-11 "OS Chemissor", Oil-skimming Pump
5-12 IK Oil Skinner
5-13 Oil/Scum Collector
5-14
On-shore Waste Water Treatment Plant
for Oily Effluent from Ships
World Chemical Co., Ltd.
Ichikawa Woolen Textile Co., Ltd.
toyo Giken K.K.
PPM, ll(6):Kozen-35
Hitachi Shipbuilding & Engineer- Co. Brochure E-108
ing Co., Ltd.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 16. TERTIARY TREATMENT PROCESS
Ref.
No.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
ui
01
6-1 Mitsubishi Reverse Osmosis Desalin-
ation Plant
6-2 MKK Tertiary Treatment Process
6-3 Tertiary Treatment System
6-4 Advanced Waste Water Treatment
System - Toshiba Aquaponic System
' 6-5 Tertiary Filter
6-6 Ion-exchange Water Treatment Process
6-7 Toray Reverse Osmosis Module
6-8 Unitika Wastewater Treatment/Heavy
Metal Recovery System (Chelating
Resin Method)
6-9 Reverse Osmosis Module "HOLLOWSEP"
6-10 Compact Forced Settling/Adsorption
Equipment
6-11 Small- & Medium-scale Community
Sewage Tertiary Treatment Plant
Mitsubishi Hvy. Industries, Ltd.
Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha, Ltd.
Mitsubishi Rayon Engineering Co.,
Ltd.
Co, Brochure KH-409
" W-00-09
" " :5403-30(H)
Tokyo Sliibaura Electric Co., Ltd. Toshiba Leaflet
Taiyo Sanso Co., Ltd.
Japan Organo Co., Lt d.
Toray Industries Inc.
Unitika, Ltd.
Toyobo Co., Ltd.
Elepon Kakoki K.K.
Hitachi Shipbuilding & Engineering
Co., Ltd.
Co. Brochure
Cazt. No. A-ll-4
EPCEI (Environmental
Poll. Control Equipment
Index), :38, 1980
" :38, 1980
" :39, 1980
:40, 1980
Co. Brochure E-113
6-12 Tertiary Waste Water Treatment System
E-120
-------
TABLE 17. METERS/ANALYZERS
Kef.
No.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
7-6
7-7
7-8
7-9
7-10
7-11
7-12
7-13
7-14
7-15
7-16
7-17
Water Quality Monitoring System
Model WARA-22
Automatic COD Analyzers CODA-111/112
Simplified BOD Monitor, MODEL BOD-1
Organic Pollutant Monitor, Model UVOC-1
Water Pollution Analysis System for
Mass Control of Pollutants
Water Quality Checker, Model U-7
Oil Content Alarm Monitor, Model
OCMA-34
Oil Content Monitor (for Land Use)
Oil Content Monitor, Model OCMA-32A
Oil Content Analyzer, Model OCMA-200
TOSWACS - Toshiba New Waterac &
Clearac System Series 100 thru 700
Automatic BOD Meter with Recorder
Maintenance-free, Automatic SVI
(Sludge Volume Index) Meter
Computerized Centra] Control System
for Sewage Treatment Plant
Hokoshin Composite Sampler WLS401
SHARP'S Automatic COD Measuring Device
Ultra-violet Ray Type Organic Pollution
Monitoring Equipment
lloriba. Ltd.
Horiba Bull. ME-OOOlG
Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd. Co. Brochure KSP-1303
Japan Organo Co., Ltd.
Meidensha Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd.
Shinko Electric Co., Ltd.
Hokushin Electric Works, Ltd.
Sharp Corporation
Shimadzu Seisakusho, Ltd.
Cat. Ho. S-5-3
J. Japan Sewage Works
Aseoc., 16(182):KO-H, 1979
J. Japan Sewage Works
Assoc., 16(182):KO-19, 1979
PPM ll(5):Kozen-9, 1980
PPM H(5):Kozen-25, 1980
PPM H(6):104, 1980
(continued)
-------
TABI*E 17 (continued)
Kef.
No.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
-------
TABLE 18. OTHERS
ui
00
Kef.
Bo.
Equipment/Process
Manufacturer
(or Author)
Source Literature
8-1 Mitsubishi Filter Sand Cleaner
8-2 Mitsubiahi-Lurgi Reactivation Furnace
for Spent Activated Carbon
8-3 Mitsubishi Sodiura-Hypochlorite Dis-
infection System (MSDS)
8-4 Mitsubishi Deodorization Equipment,
Activated Carbon Method
8-5 Mitsubishi Deodorization Equipment,
Ozone Catalyst Method
8-6 Mitsubishi Marine Growth preventing
System, "M.G.P.S."
8-7 Waste Liquid Incinerator
Mitsubishi Hvy. Industries, Ltd.
Aaalii Engineering Co., Ltd.
8-8 Chemical Injector Suido Kiko Kaisha, Ltd.
8-9 Submersible Ejectors, Model BR & BER Tsurumi Mfg. Co., Ltd.
8-10 Submersible Cutter Pumps, CE/C/CA "
Series
Co. Brochure KH-435
KH-424
" KH-342
" KH-364
" KH-332
" KH-380
Tech. Info. Booklet
No. 1, Asahi, Engineer-
ing Co.
Co. Brochure G3-145
Tsurumi Tech. Manual II.
Cat. No. (0)7811-1
(continued)
-------
TABLE 18 (continued)
Ref.
No.
8-11
8-12
Equipment/process
Submersible pumps & Blowers
Sewage Pump Speed Controller
Manufacturer
(or Author) Source Literature
Hitachi, Ltd. Hitachi Brochure AA-045
Nishihara Environmental Sanitation J. Japan Sewage Works
"Flow Matcher"
8-13 Sludge pump, Model SPN Furukawa Co., ltd. " :KO-5, 1979
8-14 Submersible Pumps Sakuragawa Pump Mfg. Co., Ltd. " :KO-35, 1979
8-15 Speed-variable Underwater Pumpa, Shin Meiwa Industry Co., Ltd. " :KO-39, 1979
Model COP (Hydraulic)
8-16 Instantaneous Evaporator for Effluent Mizuho Kogyo K.K. PPM ll(5)Centerfold, 1980
Containing Valuable Solids,
"Drum Drier"
8-17 Variable-speed Underwater Pump Nishihara Environmental Sanitation Jpn. Ind. & Teehnol. Bull.,
Research Corp., Ltd. 8(2):8, 1980
-------
GERMAN WASTEWATER EQUIPMENT SURVEY
The following Company-Reference-by-Category lists represent the
compilation of selected commercial equipment/processes relating to
wastewater treatment from West Germany. The numbers are identification
numbers for the particular documents, mainly company literature, supplied
to EPA with this report.
Clarification Plants
1-1 High Efficiency Biofiltration
Hoechst AG
1-2 Wastewater Filtration
Vereinigte Kesselwerke AG
1-3 Method of Treating Dye Effluents
Vereingte Kesselwerke AG
1-4 Water Clarification Technology Instrumentation
Vereingte Kesselwerke AG
1-5 High Rate Biofiltration Processes
Grabowski
Aeration of Sludge -" , , ' ' ' "•
2-1 Organization,and Design of Activated Sludge Plant According to
the Schumacher Activated Sludge System
Schumacher
2-2 Countercurrent Aeration
Schreiber
2-3 Biological Wastewater - Purification by the Pipe Reactor
System with Oxygen Aeration
Messer Griesheim
2-4 The Menzel Air Regulation System for Sludge Sterilization
Menzel Co.
2-5 Menzel Rotoflow Circular Flow Aeration System with True Sludge
Rotation
Menzel Co.
2-6 Wastewater Purification with Oxygen - Supply of Oxygen
Linde Ag.
60
-------
2-7 Wastewater Purification with Oxygen - System for Economical
Control
Linde Ag.
2-8 Wastewater Purification with Oxygen - Special Oxygen Probe
Linde Ag.
2-9 Development and Objective of Waste Water Handling from the
Viewpoint of Conservation
Linde Ag.
2-10 System for Biological Wastewater Purification
Linde Ag.
2-11 Revolutionary Aeration System
F.G.W. Fuchs AG
2-12 Superior Surface Aerator/Rotator
Vereinigte Kesselwerke AG
Flotation Equipment
3-1 Construction of Roedizer Flotation Systems in Communities and
Industrial Areas
Roedizer AG
3-2 Reduced Tension Flotation
Vereinigte Kesselwerke AG
Automatic Control- Technology
4-1 Control, Design and Distribution Technology
Schreiber
4-2 Computer Programs for Wastewater Purification
Schreiber
Denitrif ication as an- Energy Saving--Process
5-1 Observations on Energy Cose Savings with Purifications Through
Denitrification
Menzel
5-2 Denitrification as a Necessary Demand with Weak. Activated
Sludge Process
Menzel
5-3 Energy Savings with Denitrification
Menzel
61
-------
Sludge Drainage
6-1 Drainage Systems
Westfalia Separator AG
6-2 High Energy Sludge Dewatering
IWKA-Keller
6-3 Full Casing Centrifuge with Worm Gear
ATS Aquatic System
Sludge Utilization
7-1 Process for Utilization of Sewage, Especially from Dry & Clear
Sludge
Patent Specification to Gebruder Weiss KG
7-2 Clarification & Decomposition of Sludge
Biologische Abfallverwertungs-Gesellschaft MBH & Co.
7-3 Rapid Band - Method for Sludge Clarification and Other Liquid
Organic Waste Through Roedizer Fermentation Technology System
Roediger
-------
SECTION 4
TABLE OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS WITH ADVERSE EFFECTS ON WATER
TREATMENT PROCESSES (1913-1974)
The following list of chemicals and the supporting bibliographic
references represent an attempt to provide a listing of the negative
effect of various chemical entities on the wastewater treatment process.
The study was aimed primarily at listing those chemicals which had, or
were perceived to have interfered with, or were responsible for a
reduction in, the effectiveness of any of the commercial wastewater
treatment techniques. Two extensive review works on the subject were
employed.
0 Oil & Hazardous Materials. Technical Assistance Data System
(OHM-TADS)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Oil & Special Materials Controls Division
Office of Water Program Operations
Washington, DC 20460
and
E Effect of Hazardous Material Spills on Biological Treatment
Processes
Pajak, Andrew P. and Edward J. Martin
Environmental Quality Systems, Inc.
Rockville, MD 20850
with
Brisko, George A. and Frederick J. Erny
Allegheny County Sanitary Authority
Pittsburgh, PA 15233
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NTIS PB-276 724
The letter "0" is used to designate those chemicals which were
derived from the OHM-TADS list. The letter "E" refers to the Allegheny
County study. Letter-number or number entries in parenthesis refer to
the two bibliographies at the end of the listing.
63
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The following lists 'those chemicals, together with the CAS registry
number, from the two sources defined above, which exhibit a negative impact
oh wastewat'er treatment systems. ¥he time period covered by the two sources
represents papers appearing in the literature between 1913 through 1974.
Acetaldehyde 75070
0 230 mg/L req. to suppress oxygen utilization by synthetic sewage 50%.
(C-10)
Acetanilide 103844
0 Diluted solutions show no inhibitory effect on sewage organisms but
600-1000 ppm inhibit. (E-75)
Acetic Acid 64197
0 High concentrations may cause extremely low pH, killing biota and
interfering with coagulation. (R-118)
Acetic anhydride 108247
0 High concentrations may cause extremely low pH which can destroy
biota and interfere with coagulation.
Acetone 67641
0 0.5% had no appreciable effect on digestion. (R-118) (Q-10) (E-85)
(E-75) (C-10)
75058
0 Oxygen consumption inhibited by 490 mg/L of chemical; 50 to 70 mg/L
reduced efficiency to the threshold of poor performance, i.e., toxic
or inhibitory during oxidation periods up to 672 hr. (41) (43) (52)
64
-------
Acetyl chloride 75365
0 Acid can disrupt sewage treatment and increase reagent demand for
coagulation in water treatment.
Acrolein 107028
0 1.5 ppm toxic to sewage organisms, 18 ppm toxic to acclimated sewage
organisms, 20-50 mg/L is non-substrate limiting to anaerobic
processes. (R-66) (E-76)
Acrylic acid - 79107
0 May cause low pH and subsequent coagulation problems. > 500 mg/L
sodium aerylate is nonsubstrate limiting to anaerobic processes.
(R-166) (E-86) (E-75)
Acrylonitrile 107131
0 Toxic to anaerobic digestion mechanisms, 150-500 mg/L substrate
limiting, 100 mg/L non-substrate limiting. (R-66) (R-92) (E-85)
AldrinR 309002
E Aldrin was not significantly degraded. Less than 5% of COD exerted.
(53)
Allyl alcohol 107186
0 Appears fairly resistant to biodegration, but exposure to sun and air
should break up unsaturated bond producing propyl alcohol which is
more readily biodegradable. (R-66) (E-90) (E-85) (E-75)
Aluminum fluoride 7784181
0 Aluminum may add to the bulk of sludge brought down in process.
Fluoride may poison biota.
65
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Aluminum hydroxide 21645512
0 Will add greatly to sludge volumes.
Aluminum sulfate 10043013
0 18 ppm inhibited sewage organisms 50%. May add to volume of sludges,
or may drop pH too low for coagulation practices at normal dose
levels.
Americium 241 14596102
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge' or,filters.. ' 2,__Bossibility of build-up of radioactivity, in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage treat-
ment bacteria.
Aminotriazole 61825
E No significant biodegradation of chemical. (53)
Aoiibnium betizoate 1863634
0 If neutralized, amenable to biological treatment at a municipal
sewage- treatment plant.
Ammonium bifluoride 1341497
0 When neutralized and diluted, amenable to biological treatment at
municipal sewage treatment plants.
Ammonium bisulfite .„, __ - 10192300
0 If neutralized and oxidized, amenable to biological treatment at a
municipal sewage treatment plant.
66
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Ammonium bromide 12124979
0 If neutralized and diluted, is amenable to biological treatment at
municipal sewage treatment plant.
Ammonium citrate, dibasic 3012655
0 If neutralized, amenable to biological treatment at municipal sewage
treatment plants.
Ammonium fluoride - 12125018
0 When neutralized and diluted, amenable to biological treatment at a
municipal sewage treatment plant.
Ammonium pentaborate 12007895
0 If neutralized and diluted, may be amenable to biological treatment
at a municipal sewage treatment plant.
Ammonium sulfite 10196040
0 When oxidized and neutralized, amenable to biological treatment at a
municiapl sewage treatment plant.
Ammonium tartrate 14307438
0 When neutralized and diluted, amenable to biological treatment at a
municipal sewage treatment plant.
Ammonium thiocyanate --, - - 1762954
0 Excess of 5000 ppia required to lower BOD of sewage.
Ammonium thiosulfate 7783188
67
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0 When neutralized and diluted, amenable to biological treatment at
a municipal sewage treatment plant.
Ammonia 7664417
E Deleterious effect on activated sludge process. Inhibition is
greater at higher pH values. (46)
sec-Amyl acetate 626380
0 Amenable to biological treatment when diluted at a municipal
sewage treatment plant.
tert-Amyl acetate 625161
0 Amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment
plant when diluted.
Amy1 alcohol 123513
0 OJ% had little effect on digestion while 0.5% retarded it. (C-10)
(E-85)
E Toxic threshold for aquatic organisms (treatment process) was
approximately 350 mg/L. (46)
sec-Amyl benzene 538681
E 500 mg/L concentration toxic during 24 hours of aeration. (45)
tert-Amyl benzene (tert-Pentylbenzene) 2049958
E 500 mg/L concentration toxic during 24 hours of aeration. (45)
Aniline 62533
68
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At concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/L, the Increased chemical
concentrations increased chlorine demand. At 500 mg/L, toxic and
inhibiting effects were exhibited for up to 72 hours. (44)
Anthracene 120127
E 500 mg/L was toxic or inhibitory for up to 24 hours; after this
period, sludge acclimated and chemical was slowly oxidized. In
other tests chemical was slowly oxidized - up to 12.6% of TOD
exerted after 144 hours of oxidation. (44)
Antimony 122 14374799
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Antimony 124 14683104
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Antimony 125 14234356
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Antimony pentachloride 7647189
0 Amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment
plant if chemically treated and neutralized first.
69
-------
Antimony tribromide 7789619
0 Not acceptable at sewage treatment plant.
Antimony trioxide 1309644
0 Will add greatly to sludge volume.
Argon 37 13994713
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Arsenic 74 14304780
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Arsenic 76 , 15575209
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Arsenic 77 14687617
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
70
-------
Arsenic disulfide . . 1303328
0 Not acceptable at sewage treatment plant.
Arsenic trichloride 7784341
0 Not acceptable at sewage treatment plant.
Arsenic trioxide 1327533
0 Anticipate possible arsine generation. Greater than normal
amounts of activated carbon may be required.
Arsenic trisulfide 1303339
0 Odor of hydrogen sulfide should be anticipated. Greater than
normal amounts of activated carbon may be required.
Barium , 7440393
0 Will increase sludge load.
E Greater than 100 mg/L caused significant inhibition of oxygen
consumption. (15) (1)
Barium 131 14914751
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Barium 133 13981414
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
71
-------
treatment bacteria.
Barium, 137 v 13981970
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Barium 140 14798084
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Barium carbonate 513779
0 May add considerably to sludge volume.
Barium chloride . 10361372
0 May increase sludge load considerably.
Barium hydroxide 17194002
0 May increase sludge volume considerably.
Barium nitrate 10022318
0 May increase sludge load considerably.
Benzaldehyde 100527
E At 500 mg/L chemical was oxidized slowly for 6 hours; oxidation
72
-------
increased between 24 and 72 hours with 60% of TOD exerted after
144 hours. A 4% solution was toxic. (44) (15)
Benzamide
55210
At 500 mg/L chemical was inhibitory or very slowly oxidized for
first 6 hours, then rapid oxidation between 24 and 72 hours with
60% of TOD exerted after 144 hours. (44)
Benzene 71432
0 Chlorinated benzenes are more toxic than benzene and detectable
to taste at lower concentrations. 0.1% seriously retarded sewage
digestion.
E Chemical showed varying toxicities at times from 6 hours to 144
hours. After 6 hours up to 0.7% of TOD was exerted; however
after 144 hours of oxidation up to 53.5% of TOD exerted. Also,
chemical exhibited various degrees of toxicity to various
activated sludges. (9) (33) (44) (29)
Benzenethiol (Thiophenol) 108985
E At 500 mg/L the chemical inhibited 02 uptake for up to 144
hours of oxidation. (44)
Benzidine
92875
E At 500 mg/L, chemical inhibited oxygen uptake for 144 hours of
oxidation. (44)
Benzoic acid
65850
0 >300 mg/L sodium benzoate is non-substrate limiting for anaerobic
processes. (R-66) (C-10) (E-85) (Q-10)
Benzonitrile
100470
73
-------
0 10 ppm inhibits sewage organisms. (E-191)
E Toxic or inhibitory effects exhibited for first 72 hours of
oxidation with up to 40% TOD exerted after 144 hours; sludge
acclimation was noted. (43) (44)
Benzylamine 100469
E Chemical inhibited oxygen uptake for up to 144 hours at 500 mg/L
initial concentration. (44)
Beryllium 7 13966024
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Beryllium fluoride 7787497
0 Not acceptable at municipal sewage treatment plant.
Bismuth 207 13982382
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Bismuth 210 14331794
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Boric Acid 10043353
0 To produce a 50% inhibition of the 5 day oxygen utilization of
synthetic sewage, >1000 ppm of boric acid was required.
74
-------
Similar results were obtained in one study with 480 ppm. (R-90)
Boron (Borates) 7440428
Concentrations of 0.05 to 10 mg/L produced inhibition of
activated sludge process. At pH 7, activated sludge would adsorb
25 mg of boron/g of sludge in 1 mg/L boron soln. at 31°C.
Increased boron resulted in increased adsorption. Lower
temperatures may result in increased adsorption. At >100 mg/L of
boron, the settling characteristics of the sludge were adversely
. affected. (15) (46) (3) (4) (39)
Bromine 7726956
0 Disinfectant - capable of killing active biota.
Bromine 82 14686692
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria. ,
Butanedinitril (Succinonitrile) 110612
E 500 mg/L of chemical was reported to be toxic for up to 72 hours
of oxidation, a similar concentration was readily, but slowly,
oxidized in 24 hours. (43) (49)
Butanenitrile (Butyronitril) 109740
E 500 mg/L inhibited oxidation for up to 24 hours; after 72 hours,
up to 10.5% of TOD was exerted. Another study reported slow but
steady oxidation occurred at same concentration. (43) (49)
tert-Butyl acetate 540885
75
-------
0 Amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment
plant when diluted.
n-Butyl alcohol
71363
0 Chlorination causes greater odor problem. 0.1% had little effect
on digestion but 0.5% retarded it.
sec-Butylamine
13952846
0 Amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment
plant when diluted. Inhibits oxygen uptake.
tert-Butylamine
75649
0 Amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment
plant when diluted. Inhibits oxygen uptake.
n-Butyl benzene
E Not susceptible to blodegradation at 100 mg/L initial
concentration. (11)
136607
sec-Butylbenzene
E 500 mg/L toxic during 24 hours aeration. (45)
135988
tert-Butylbenzene
E 500 mg/L toxic during 24 hours of aeration. (45)
98066
a-Butyl phthalate
0 May clog filters and exchange beds.
84742
76
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Cadmium (Cd+2) 7440439
E Greater than 1 ppm significantly inhibited oxygen uptake.
Inhibitory effects start to decrease rapidly as pH approches
7.4. , (8) (15) (51)
Cadmium 109 14109321
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Cadmium 115 14336686
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Cadmium acetate 543908
0 Between 1 and 10 mg/L of cadmium significantly inhibits oxygen
consumption.
Cadmium bromide 7789426
0 Between 1 and 10 mg/L of cadmium significantly inhibits oxygen
consumption.
Cadmium/Manganese mixture
E Mixture, 10 ppm Cd, 100 ppm Mn, was more inhibitory than similar
concentrations of the individual elements. (15)
Cadmium sulfate 10124364
77
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0 142 ppm inhibited sewage organisms 50%.
Cadmium/Zinc.mixture
E Mixture, 10 ppm Cd, 10 ppm Zn, was more inhibitory than a similar
concentration of either element individually. (15)
Calcium 45 13966057
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Calcium 47 14391992
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Calcium arsenite 52740166
0 Not acceptable at municipal sewage treatment plant
Calcium carbide 75207
0 Lime may produce additional sludge. Acetylene trapped in pipes
and sewers poses a major explosion threat.
Calcium chromate 13765190
0 Not acceptable at municipal sewage treatment plant.
Calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate 26264062
78
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0 8 ppm ABS inhibits water softening by coagulation. 300 ppm ABS
causes the development of reducing flora resulting in the
formation of sulfides, 60 ppm retarded the development of
protolytic bacteria, 150 ppm retarded the growth of denitrifying
bacteria. ABS interferes with uptake of oxygen and causes foam.
Calcium hypochlorite 7778543
0 Will kill active biota.
Calcium phosphate 10103465
0 May add considerably to sludge volume.
Calcium phosphide 1305993
0 Lime may add considerable to sludge volume.
Ceptan* 133062
E Fungicide was not degradable. Inhibition was observed. (53)
Camphor 76222
0 May clog filters.
Carbofuran 1563662
0 May affect BOD, otherwise no adverse effects anticipated.
Carbon 14 14762755
0 1, Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
79
-------
treatment bacteria.
Carbon tetrachloride 56235
0 7.05% inhibited sewage digestion.
Cerium 141 13967743
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Cerium 144 14762788
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Cesiuni 131 14914762
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Cesium 134 13967709
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Cesium 137 10045973
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
80
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sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Chlorates 14866683
E >10 mg/L chlorates significantly inhibited oxygen consumption.
(15)
Chloranil 118752
E At 10 mg/L the chemical inhibited oxygen consumption. (47)
Chlorine 7782505
At 200 and 500 mg/L, chlorine detrimentally affected sludge
filterability. (69)
Chlorine 36 13981436
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Chloroform 67663
0 No effect on sewage organisms.
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol (4-Chloro-m-cresol) 59507
E At 10 mg/L the chemical was mildly inhibitory; at 100 mg/L,
effect was toxic. (47)
Chlorpyrifos 2921882
81
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Not amenable to biological treatment at municipal treatment
plant. Ozone water treatment will increase the toxicity of
chlorpyrifos due to the replacement of the P:S bond with the more
toxic P:0 bond. (1-83)
Chromic acetate
1066304
5 ppm hexavalent chromium is threshold for retardation of
digestion.
Chromic acid 7738945
0 5 ppm hexavalent is threshold for retardation of digestion.
Chromic sulfate
0 Not acceptable at municipal sewage treatment plant.
10101538
Chromium 7440473
0 5 ppm hexavalent is threshold for retardation of digestion. 2000
ppm trivalent retarded digestion 11%.
E A. 10 mg/L slug of chromium had little affect on activated sludge
process, but nitrification was inhibited. Large amounts of Cr
immobilized by the sludge. A 500 mg/L slug dose of 4 hour
duration significantly affected system; recovery time was 4
days. Hexavalent Cr was more toxic than trivalent chromium. (5)
(28) (58) (12) (46) (2) (6) (8) (15)
Chromium 51
14392020
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
32
-------
Chromium/copper mixture
E Mixture was slightly more toxic (inhibition of QI uptake) than
was copper alone, but significantly more toxic than was chromium
alone. (15)
Chromium/Iron mixture
E Mixture was more toxic (oxygen uptake depression) than either
element individually. (15)
Chromous chloride 10049055
0 Not acceptable at municipal sewage treatment plant.
Chromyl chloride ' 14977618
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at municipal water treatment
plant.
Citric acid 77929
E Chemical was biodegradable but depressed oxygen consumption,
increased pH, and increased suspended solids. (52)
Cobalt (ionic) 7440484
E No concentration tested showed stimulation; 0.08 to 0.5 mg/L
inhibited growth. (39)
Cobalt 57 13981505
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
83
-------
Cobalt 58 13981389
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Cobalt 60 10198400
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria. 2,000,000 rad was required to give complete
destruction of microorganisms in sewage, 90 percent kills of most
organisms were achieved at 70,000 rad.
Cobalt chloride 7646799
0 64 ppm inhibits sewage organisms 50%. (E-206) 1000 mg/L was
non-substrate limiting to anaerobic processes. (R-66)
Cobalt nitrate 10141056
0 24-29 ppm inhibits sewage degradation 50%. 1000 mg/L was
non-substrate limiting to anaerobic processes. (R-66)
Cobaltous bromide 7789437
0 0»08 to 0.5 mg/L may inhibit growth of sewage organisms. (1-62)
Cobaltous sulfamate 14017415
0 0.08 to 0.5 mg/L may inhibit growth of sewage organisms (1-62)
Cobalt sulfate .. 10124433
0 24-29 ppm inhibits sewage degradation 50%. 1000 mg/L was
34
-------
non-substrate limiting to anaerobic processes- (R-66)
Coconut oil
8001318
Will interfere with settling and floe formation.
filters and exchange beds.
May plug
Copper
7440508
0 1 ppm inhibited sewage organisms 35%.
A 30 mg/L slug dose caused a detrimental effect on activated
sludge organic removal efficiency with recovery in 24 hours; a 75
mg/L 4 hour duration slug caused a 24 hour effect. Copper
removal generally was good with large amounts found in the
sludge. As organic loading increased copper removal decreased.
(46) (17) (5) (12) (39) (1) (6)
Copper 64
13981254
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Copper/Cyanide mixture
E Mixture was more toxic than was copper alone, but less toxic than
was cyanide alone. (15)
Copper/Iron mixture
E The Cu-Fe mixture was more toxic or inhibitory than iron alone,
but less toxic than was Cu alone. (15)
Copper/Nickel mixture
85
-------
Cu-Ni mixture was more toxic than was either metal individually.
(15)
m-Cresol 108394
0 Taste threshold drops greatly with chlorination.
o-Cresol 95487
0 940 ppm inhibited 50% sewage organisms. Subject to chlorination
and subsequently lower taste thresholds.
Crotonaldehyde 4170303
0 200 mg/L is substrate limiting and 50-100 mg/L is non-substrate
limiting to anaerobic processes. (R-66) (E-85)
Cupric acetate 142712
0 Material will color the water a dark green even at low
concentrations. A 30 mg/L slug dose caused a detrimental effect
on activated sludge organic removal efficiency with recovery in
24 hrs. A 75 mg/L 4 hr. duration slug caused a 24 hr effect.
Copper removal generally was good with large amounts found in the
sludge. As organic loading increased copper removal decreased.
(1-62)
Cupric acetoarsenite 12002038
0 A 30 mg/L slug dose caused a detrimental effect on activated
sludge organic removal efficiency with recovery in 24 hrs. A 75
mg/L 4 hr. duration slug caused a 24 hr effect. Copper removal
generally was good with large amounts found in the sludge. As
organic loading increased copper removal decreased. (1-62)
Cupric chloride 7447394
0 When dilute and neutralized, amenable to biological treatment at
a municipal sewage treatment plant.
86
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Cupric nitrate 3251238
0 8,4-35 ppm inhibits sewage treatment 50%.
Cupric oxalate 5893663
0 A 30 mg/L slug dose caused a detrimental effect on activated
sludge organic removal efficiency with recovery in 24 hrs. A 75
mg/L 4 hr. duration slug caused a 24 hr effect. Copper removal
generally was good with large amounts found in the sludge. As
organic loading increased copper removal decreased. (1-62)
Cupric sulfate 7758987
0 Concentrations of 1250 ppm have sterilizing effect on
microorganisms in drinking water. Oxygen utilization in a 5 day
BOD test was decreased by 50% by 31 ppm CuS04. 0.05 ppm is used
for control of plankton, 1.0 ppm for control of algae & protozoa,
0.6 ppm for control of duckweed & pond weed, 2.0 ppm to kill
snails. The amount to control algae depends on the temperature.
Cupric sulfate . 10380297
0 Material will color the water a dark green even at low
concentrations. A 30 mg/L slug dose caused a detrimental effect
on activated sludge organic removal efficiency with recovery in
24 hrs. A 75 mg/L 4 hr. duration slug caused a 24 hr effect.
Copper removal generally was good with large amounts found in the
sludge. As organic loading increased copper removal decreased.
d-62)
Cupric tartrate 815827
0 1 mg/L produces effect on microorganisms; 75 mg/L is lowest 4
hour duration slug dose which produces a 24 hour effect on the
effluent. Amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant when dilute and neutralized.
Cyanide 57125
87
-------
E At 2 to 3 mg/L there was little tendency of activated sludge to
acclimate to chemical; however, recovery from slug load of 40
mg/L occurred in about 2 days. (24) (50)
Cyanide/Nickel mixture
E Mixture, at 100 ppm cyanide and 10 ppm Ni, was more toxic or
inhibitory (02 uptake) than was Ni alone, but less than cyanide
alone. (15)
Cystine 56893
E At 1000 mg/L concentration, Q£ consumption was completely
inhibited and solids production stopped. (52)
DDT 50293
E Chemical was not significantly degraded. (53)
DiazinonR .(Dimpylate) 333415
E Insecticide was not significantly degraded. (53)
1,2,5,6 Dibenzanthracene 53703
E Chemical was slightly inhibitory but slowly oxidized at 500 mg/L
initial concentration; up to 8% TOD exerted after 144 hours. (44)
Dicamba 1918009
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
Dichlobenil 1194656
88
-------
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
Dichlone 117806
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
Dichlorobenzene 2532122&
0 Will undergo biochemical, chemical, and photochemical attack to
form 2,5-dichlorophenol, dichloroquinol, and conjugates. (R-203)
(C-10)
Dichlorvos 62737
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant. (1-66) (1-29)
2,4-Dichlorophenol , 120832
0 100 ppm inhibits BOD in sewage organisms 50%. (R-91) (E-196)
(C-l)
2,4-Dichlorophenoxypropionic acid 120365
E No evidence of significant degradation of chemical after 7 days
with initial concentration of 186 ppm. (66)
Dieldrin 60571
E Insecticide was not significantly degraded. (53)
Diethanolamine 111422
89
-------
0 Nontoxic to sewage organisms. (R-118) (R-45) (E-76) (E-90)
(C-10) (E-84)
Diethylene glycol 111466
0 1000 mg/L was not non-substrate limiting to anaerobic processes.
(R-66) (R-118) (E-90) (E-85) (E-75) (E-80)
Dimethylamine 124403
0 Chlorination results in formation of toxic chloramines. (Q-17)
JUd'-Diethylstilbenediol (Diethylstilbestrol) 56531
E Chemical demonstrated inhibitory effects at 500 mg/L
concentration. (44)
7,9-Dimethylbenz(c)acridine 963893
E At 500 mg/L, two out of three sludges showed toxic effects; third
slowly oxidized the chemical; 4% TOD exerted after 144 hours.
(44)
7,10-Dimethylbenz(c)acridine 2381400
E At 500 mg/L the chemical was toxic. (44)
m-Dinitrobenzene 25154545
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
p-Dinitrobenzene 100254
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
"90
-------
treatment plant.
2-4-Dinitrophenol 51285
0 At 100 ppm, can produce 50% inhibition of oxygen utilization.
Phenols can be chlorinated at water treatment intakes and produce
unacceptable tastes at low concentrations. (C-10)
E Chemical concentrations of 1 and 5 mg/L reduced the oxygen uptake
rate and solids production; greater than 15 hour aeration
required for 90% COD removal. (65)
2,4-Dinitrotoluene 121142
0 Amenable to biological treatment at sewage treatment plant when
dilute.
Diquat 85007
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
Disulfoton 298044
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant. Ozone water treatment will increase the
activity of disulfoton due to the replacement of the P:S bond
with the more toxic P:0 bond (1-83) (1-29)
Dodecylbenzenesulfonie acid 27176870
0 8 ppm inhibits water softening by coagulation. 300 ppm ABS
causes the development of reducing flora resulting in the
formation of sulfides, 60 ppm retarded the development of
proteolytic bacteria, 15-60 ppm retarded the growth of aerobic
bacteria, 150 ppm retarded the growth of denitrifying bacteria.
May cause foaming. (C-10)
91
-------
Dulcitol (Galactitol) 608662
E At a 2% solution, chemical was slightly inhibitory. (15)
Dysprosium 159
14280343
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
EDTA
500 ppm inhibits unacclimated sewage organisms.
(R-45)
60004
(R-46) (E-85)
Endosulfan
115297
As a sulfite, up to 500 mg/L can be oxidized if system is
acclimated, but increased oxygen is required. (1-62) Otherwise
not acceptable at a municipal sewage treatment plant. (1-65)
Endrin
E Chemical was not significantly degraded.. (53)
72208
Erbium 15840128
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
1,2-Ethanediol (Ethylene glycol)
107211
At 500 mg/L a 1 to 3 hour lag resulted before oxidation began.
Oxygen consumption was significantly depressed. (52)
92
-------
Ethion 563122
0 Ozone water treatment will increase the activity of ethion due to
the replacement of the P:S bond with the more toxic P:0 bond.
(1-83) (1-74)
Ethyl acetate 141786
0 1000 mg/L was not substrate limiting to anaerobic processes.
(R-66)
Ethyl acrylate 140885
0 Chlorination appears to aggravate odor. 600-1000 mg/L substrate
limiting and 300-600 mg/L nonsubstrate limiting to anaerobic
processes. (R-66)
Ethyl alcohol 64175
0 0.1% had little effect on digestion while .5% retarded it.
(R-118)
Ethyl benzene 100414
0 1000 mg/L was not substrate limiting to anaerobic processes.
(R-66)
Ethylene 74851
0 Reactive gas dangerous in presence of chlorine.
Ethylenediamine 107153
0 100-300 mg/L nonsubstrate limiting to anaerobic processes. (R-66)
93
-------
Ethylene dichloride 107062
0 Highly toxic to anaerobic digestion even in minute quantities.
150-500 mg/L substrate limiting. (R-66)
Ethyl ether 60297
0 Up to 0.5% stimulates digestion.
Ethyl phthmalate, phthmalol, phthalic-acid-diethylester 84662
0 May plug filters and exchange beds.
Europium 152 14683239
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Europium 154 15585101
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Europium 155 14391163
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Ferric ammonium citrate 1185575
0 More than 100 ppm causes inhibition of oxygen uptake; amenable to
94
-------
biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment plant when
dilute and neutralized.
Ferric- ammonium oxalate 2944674
0 More than 100 ppm causes inhibition of oxygen uptake; amenable to
biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment plant when
dilute and neutralized.
Ferric chloride 7705080
0 Will add considerably to sludge volume. Wastewater sludge
digestion was affected at 300 mg/L Fe but significant inhibition
did not occur until 500 mg/L. Total inhibition was evidenced
above 1000 mg/L. Mo gas was produced at 1500-2000 mg/L Fe.
(R-212)
Ferric fluoride 7783508
0 More than 100 ppm causes inhibition of oxygen uptake; amenable to
biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment plant when
dilute and neutralized.
Ferric hydroxide 1309337
0 Will add considerably to sludge volume. Wastewater sludge
digestion was affected at 300 mg/L Fe but significant inhibition
did not occur until 500 mg/L. Total inhibition was evidenced
above 1000 mg/L. No gas was produced at 1500-2000 mg/L Fe.
(R-212)
Ferric nitrate 10421484
0 More than 100 ppm causes inhibition of oxygen uptake; amenable to
biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment plant when
dilute.
95
-------
Ferric sulfate 10028225
0 (fill add considerably to sludge volume* Wastewater sludge
digestion was affected at 300 ing/L Fe but significant Inhibition
did not occur until 500 mg/L. Total Inhibition was evidenced
above 1000 mg/L. No gas was produced at 1500-2000 mg/L Fe.
(R-212)
Ferrous ammonium sulfate 10045893
i
0 More than 100 ppra causes inhibition of oxygen uptake; amenable to
biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment plant when
oxidized, neutralized, diluted.
Ferrous chloride 7758943
0 More than 100 ppm causes inhibition of oxygen uptake; amenable to
biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment plant when
dilute.
Ferrous hydroxide 18624447
0 Will add to sludge volume. Wastewater sludge digestion was
affected at 300 mg/L Fe but significant inhibition did not occur
until 500 mg/L. Total inhibition was evidenced above 1000 mg/L.
No gas Was produced at 1500-2000 mg/L Fe. (R-212)
Ferrous sulfate 50820241
0 Will add to sludge volume. Wastewater sludge digestion was
affected at 300 mg/L Fe but significant inhibition did not occur
until 500 mg/L. Total inhibition was evidenced above 1000 mg/L.
No gas was produced at 1500-2000 mg/L Fe. (R-212)
2—Fluorenamine 153786
E At 500 mg/L chemical was slowly oxidized, but inhibitory. (44)
96
-------
Fluoride 16984488
E At 30 mg/L there was no chemical removal by air aerated lagoon.
(37)
Fluorine 7782414
0 Can act as disinfectant and kill active biota.
Formaldehyde 50000
0 740 ppm caused 50% inhibition of sewage organisms.
Concentrations above 120 mg/L inhibit activated sludge. (R-201)
50-100 mg/L are substrate limiting in anaerobic processes. (R-66)
E Chemical concentrations of from 50 to 720 mg/L demonstrated lag
periods greater than 2 days before oxidation began. Following
acclimation, 95% removal was achieved at 1750 mg/L initial
formaldehyde concentration. By buffering with NaHC03,
formaldehyde concentrations of up to 1500 mg/L were only slightly
inhibitory. (52) (21) (16) (49)
Formic acid 64186
0 550 ppm caused 50% inhibition of sewage organisms.
Furfural 98011
0 May plug filters or exchange bed.
Gadolinium 14276654
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
97
-------
Gallium 68 15757149
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Gallium 72 13982224
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Germanium 71 14374813
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Gold 195 14320935
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Gold 198 10043499
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Gold 199 14391118
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
98
-------
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Hafnium 181 14900211
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
Sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Heptachlor 76448
E Insecticide was slightly degraded. (53)
Heptane . 142825
0 Toxic to sewage organisms.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene . 77474
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
Hexane 110543
0 Toxic to sewage organisms.
Holmium 166 13967652
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Hydracrylonitrile 109784
99
-------
E Less than 10% reduction achieved in aerated lagoon. (9)
• hf,
Vp
^Hydrochloric acid 7647010
0 Hay prevent coagulation by some agents through pH reduction®
Hydrogen 3 • 10028178
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
gludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on
treatment bacteria.
Hydrogen cyanide '•
0 4 ppm inhibited sewage digestion.
E A 500 mg/L concentration was tbxic for 72 hour oxidation period,
(43) :
Hydrogen sulfide | 7783064
E Causes corrosion above water line because it volatilises and then
condenses in moisture on walls. It is then converted to
H2S04 by bacterial activity. 1(46)
Hydroquinone 123319
0 Chlorination drops taste threshold considerably. Chlorination
degrades hydroquinone to p-benzoquinone. (Q-17) A concentration
Of 100 ppm will inhibit an unacclimated sewage system, but not an
acclimated one. (R-45)
4-Rydroxybenzene carbonitrile (p-Hydroxybenzonitrile)
767000
E At 500 rog/L concentration, the; chemical was toxic for up to 72
hours. (43)
100
-------
ladiua 113
14885780
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Indium 114
13981550
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Iodine 7553562
E Chemical was inhibitory at concentrations greater than 10 mg/L -
inhibition of oxygen uptake. (15)
Iodine 125
14158317
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Iodine 129
15046841
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Iodine 130
14914024
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
101
-------
Iodine 131
10043660
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Iridium 192
14694690
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Iridium 194
14158351
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Iron 7439896
0 Wastewater sludge digestion was affected at 300 mg/L Fe, but
significant inhibition did not occur until 500 mg/L. Total
inhibition was evidenced above 1000 mg/L. No gas was produced at
1500-2000 mg/L Fe. (R-212)
E Oxygen uptake was inhibited at concentrations greater than 100
mg/L. (15)
Iron 55 14681595
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Iron 59
14596124
102
-------
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Iso-butyl acetate 110190
0 Amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment
plant when diluted.
Iso-butyric acid 79312
0 Amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment
plant when neutralized. Readily oxidized.
Isophorone 78591
0 1000 mg/L was not substrate limiting to anaerobic processes.
(R-66)
Isopropanolamine dodecylbenzene sulfonate 42504461
0 Amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment
plant when diluted at sewage treatment plant.
Kepone 143500
0 Not amenable to treatment at a municipal sewage treatment plant.
Krypton 85 13983272
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
103
-------
Lactic acid 50215
0 May be corrosive to equipment.
Lactonitrile 78977
E System unable to handle concentrations greater than 140 mg/L
without acclimation. (41)
Lanthanum 140 13981287
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Lead 7439921
E Concentrations greater than 10 mg/L caused inhibitory effects.
(15) (39)
Lead 210 14255040
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Lead acetate 301042
0 1 ppm Pb toxic to aerobic bacteria. 0.1-0.5 ppm inhibits
bacteria. (C-l)
Lead chloride 7758954
0 1 ppm Pb toxic to aerobic bacteria. 0.1-0.5 ppm inhibits
bacteria. (C-l)
-------
Lead fluoborate 13814965
0 Bacterial decomposition of organic matter is inhibited by 0.1 ppm
lead.
Lead fluoride 7783462
0 Concentrations greater than 10 mg/L inhibit growth of sewage
organisms.
Lead iodide 10101630
0 Concentrations greater than 10 mg/L inhibit growth of sewage
organisms.
Lead nitrate 18256989
0 1 ppm Pb toxic to aerobic bacteria. 0.1-0.5 ppm inhibits
bacterial action. (C-l)
Lead stearate 7428480
0 Concentrations greater than 10 mg/L inhibit growth of sewage
organisms.
Lead sulfate 15739807
0 1 ppm toxic to aerobic bacteria. 0.1-0.5 ppm inhibits bacterial
action. (C-l)
Lead sulfide 1314870
0 Concentrations greater than 10 mg/L inhibit growth of sewage
organisms.
105
-------
Lead thiocyanate 592870
0 Bacterial decomposition of' organic mater is inhibited by 0.1 ppm
lead.
Lead thiosulfate 26265656
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
Lindane 58899
0 10 ppm reduces activated sludge treatment efficiency 20%. (R-56)
E Insecticide was not significantly degraded. (53)
Lirioleic acid 60333
0 3-4 ppm inhibits nitrification. (C-l)
Lithium chromate 14307358
0 Not acceptable at municipal sewage treatment plant.
Lutetium 177 (Lutecium) 14265759
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Magnesium 7439954
0 May add greatly to sludge volume and render it more difficult to
dewater.
106
-------
Magnesium 28 15092714
0 It Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Magnesium acetate 142723
0 Will add greatly to sludge volume.
Magnus 53763443
0 Inhibits biological systems at >50 ppm. (Q-17)
Malathion 121755
0 In low loadings, stimulates growth of sewage organism. In higher
loadings, may inhibit or destroy organisms. Load is a function
of malathion per unit organisms not malathion per unit water.
E Insecticide was not significantly degraded. (53)
Maleic acid 110167
0 pH lowered from 8.0 to 5.8. 128 mg/L of turbidity was coagulated
and removed by this compound.
Malonic Acid 141822
E At 500 mg/L the chemical inhibited oxygen uptake. A 1/120 N
solution stimulated oxygen uptake. (15) (49)
107
-------
Manganese 13966319
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
E Approximately 10 mg/L caused inhibition of oxygen uptake by
activated sludge. (39) (15)
Manganese/Zinc mixture
E Mixture was more inhibitory than either element alone. (15)
Mercaptodimethur 2032657
0 May affect BOD, otherwise no adverse effects anticipated.
Mercuric cyanide 592041
0 Toxic or inhibitory at concentrations greater than 5 mg/L of
mercury, mercury is removed by uptake in sludge. Concerning the
cyanide ion, there is little tendency of activated sludge to
acclimate to the chemical, however, recovery from a slug dose of
40 mg/L occurred in about 2 days. (1-62)
Mercuric sulfate 7783359
0 Toxic or inhibitory at concentrations greater than 5 mg/L of
mercury. Mercury is removed by uptake in sludge. (1-62)
Mercuric thiocyanate 592858
0 Toxic or inhibitory at concentrations greater than 5 mg/L of
mercury. Mercury is removed by uptake in sludge. (1-62)
108
-------
Mercurous Nitrate 10415755
0 Toxic to sewage organisms. Demonstrated inhibition at 1 mg/L and
toxicity at 200 mg/L in one study. In another study it was toxic
or inhibitory at concentrations greater than 5 mg/L. Mercury was
removed by uptake in sludge. (1-62)
Mercury 7439976
E Chemical demonstrated inhibition at 1 mg/L and toxicity at 200
mg/L in one study. In another, it was toxic or inhibitory at
concentrations greater than 5 mg/L. Mercury was removed
following uptake in sludge. (34) (22)
Mercury 197 13981516
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Mercury 203 13982780
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Methanol 67561
0 No toxic effect on sewage organisms. 0.1% had little effect on
digestion while 0.5% retarded it.
E Chemical could be removed by biological systems, but at 500 mg/L
a 3 to 5 hour lag period was observed before oxidation could
commence. At 1000 mg/L oxygen uptake was severely depressed.
(9) (52) (33)
109
-------
7-Methyl-l,2-benzanthracene 2541697
E At 500 mg/L, the chemical inhibited oxygen uptake for at least 24
hours. (44)
2-Methylbenzene carbonitrile (p-Tolunitrile) 104858
E At 500 mg/L the chemical was toxic for up to 72 hours. (43)
20-Methylcholanthrene (3-Methylcholanthrene) 56495
E At 500 mg/L the chemical showed inhibitory effect but could be
slowly oxidized. (44)
2-Methyl-5-ethyl pyridine 104905
0 1000 mg/L is not substrate limiting, but 100 mg/L is nonsubstrate
limiting to anaerobic processes. (R-66)
E Less than 30% removal achieved.by aerated lagoon treatment. (9)
Methyl isobutyl ketone 108101
0 0.1% is not substrate limiting, but 100-300 mg/L is nonsubstrate
limiting to anaerobic processes. (R-66)
Methyl mercaptan 74931
0 Eliminate all ignition sources. Add HOC1 bleach to chlorine
residual and neutralize to pH 7 if necessary. May then be
amenable to treatment at a municipal sewage treatment plant.
Methylparathion 298000
E Insecticide was not significantly degraded. (53)
110
-------
Mexacarbate 315184
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
Michler's Ketone (4,4-bis-(dimethylamino)benzophenone) 90948
E At 500 mg/L lag periods up to 72 hours were experienced before
slow oxidation began. (44)
Molybdenum 99 14119154
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Naled 300765
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
Naphthalene 91203
0 Can be toxic to sewage organisms at 2500 ppm.
2-Napthylamine 91598
0 Toxic to most sewage sludges at 2500 ppm. (E-8) (E-78)
E A 500 mg/L concentration of the chemical was toxic. (44)
Neodymium 14269740
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Ill
-------
Neptunium 237
13994202
1. Possibility of build-up,of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Nickel 7440020
0 500 ppm retarded sewage digestion 9.4%. A nickel concentration
of 3.6 ppm caused 50% reduction in oxygen utilization from
synthetic sewage.
E Greater than 5 mg/L continuous dose significantly reduces
efficiency of biological systems. A 200 mg/L, 4 hour slug dose
produced a 24 hour^ effect with 40 hours necessary for recovery.
Activated sludge removal of Ni was poor but was improved by lime
addition. (46) (58) (5) (1) (12) (6)
Nickel 63
13981378
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity .in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Nickel ammonium sulfate
15699180
0 27 ppm Ni from nickel ammonium sulfate caused a 50% reduction in
oxygen utilization of synthetic sewage.
Nickel chloride
0 15 ppm Ni as N1C12 inhibits BOD of sewage by 50%.
37211055
Nickel hydroxide
12054487
0 Greater than 5 mg/L significantly reduces efficiency of
biological systems. A 200 mg/L 4 hour slug may produce a 24 hour
effect with 40 hours necessary for recovery.
112
-------
Nickel nitrate 14216752
0 A nickel concentration of 3.6 ppm caused a 50% reduction in the
oxygen utilization from synthetic sewage.
Niobium 95 13967765
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Nitric acid 7697372
0 May upset pH enough to interfere with coagulation.
Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) 139139
0 NTA does not interfere with normal treatment processes. (E-189)
Nitrite 14797650
E Concentrations greater than 10 mg/L inhibited oxygen uptake. (15)
Nitrobenzene 98953
0 630 ppm inhibited sewage organisms 50%.
E At 500 mg/L chemical was toxic, inhibiting oxygen uptake for 144
hours. (44) (47) (45)
Nitrogen dioxide 10102440
0 Can change pH and interfere with coagulation.
113
-------
o-Nitrophenol 88755
0 Use 10-35 Ib of carbon per Ib of material. Additional
treatment will be necessary to alleviate the phenolic taste in
water.. The chlorinated phenols present problems in drinking
water supplies because phenol is not removed efficiently by
conventional water treatment and can be chlorinated during the
final water treatment process to form persistent odor producing
compounds. (1-02)
p-Nitrophenol 100027
0 Use 10-35 Ib of carbon per Ib of material. Additional treatment
will be necessary to alleviate the phenolic taste in water. The
chlorinated phenols present problems in drinking water supplies,
because phenol is not removed efficiently by conventional water
treatment and can be chlorinated during the final water treatment
process to form persistent odor producing compounds. (1-02)
Nttrotoluene 99081
0 May be amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
o-Nitrotoluene 88722
0 Amenable to biological treatment at municipal sewage treatment
plants when diluted.
p-Nitrotoluene 99990
0 May be amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
Nitroxylene 89872
0 May plug filters and exchange beds.
114
-------
o-Nitroxylol 99514
0 May plug filters and exchange beds.
p-Nitroxylol 89587
0 May plug filters and exchange beds.
Nonanol 143088
0 Initially can be toxic to sewage organisms.
1-Octanol 111875
0 500-1000 rag/L is substrate limiting in anaerobic process. (R-66)
Oleic acid 112801
E A 1/120 N solution inhibited oxygen uptake. (15)
Osmium 191 14119245
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity
in sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Oxalic acid 144627
0 43 ppm caused no inhibition of sewage organisms.
E At 250 to 720 mg/L oxygen consumption was significantly
inhibited. (49)
Oxydipropionitrile 53467097
0 < 6 ppm inhibits oxygen uptake of sewage for 5 days or more.
115
-------
Palladium 103 14967681
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity
in sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Palladium 109 14981647
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Parathion 56382
In low shock loadings stimulated growth of sewage organisms (i.e
1 mg/32 mg organisms). Higher doses inhibited and destroyed
organisms. Loading was found to be a function of mass parathion
per unit mass organism rather than per unit mass water.
E Insecticide was not significantly degraded. (53)
Pentachlorophenol 87865
0 Bacteria is inhibited by 4-225 pp,/ (R-90)
E At 150 fflg/L chemical inhibited oxygen uptake and was not
significantly degraded. (53)
Pentamethylbenzene 700129
E At 500 mg/L chemical was toxic or inhibitory during initial
24 hours of aeration. (45)
116
-------
Pentane 109660
E At 500 mg/L pentane was resistant or very slowly oxidized. (43)
Pentanedinitrile (Glutaronitrile) 544138
E At 500 mg/L, chemical was toxic or very slowly oxidized. (43)
1-Pentene 109671
0 Can be toxic to sewage organisms initially. (C-10) (E-80)
Perchloric acid 7601903
0 May drop pH too low for adequate coagulation.
Perchloromethyl mercaptan 594423
0 May plug filters and exchange beds; , , . , • ;
Phenol 108952
0 1000 mg/L is not substrate limiting, but 400 mg/L is
non-substrate limiting to anaerobic processes. (R-66)
E Although phenol was inhibitory without sludge acclimation, once
acclimated, the biological systems could achieve almost complete
phenol removal. (46) (47) (37) (32) (43) (44)
p-Phenylazoaniline (p-Aminoazobenzene) 60093
E At 500 mg/L chemical was inhibitory. (44)
p-Phenylazophenol 1689823
E Chemical was inhibitory at 500 mg/L; small degree of biological
oxidation was observed alter variable lag periods. (44)
117
-------
Phenylcarbylamine chloride 622446
0 May plug filters and exchange beds.
m = 108452
(m-,o-,p-)-Phenylenediamine o = 95545
p - 106503
E At 500 mg/L chemicals were toxic during 24 hours
aeration. (45)
Phosphorus 32 14596373
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
E Biochemical oxidation was slightly inhibited in domestic sewage
at 10 mci/L. Increase in radioactivity level did not increase
inhibition. Stable p31 form was favored over P^2 form during
oxidation and removal. (59) (62) (23)
Phosphorus, black 7723140
0 Will add to sludge volume.
Phosphorus, white (yellow) 12185103
0 Chlorination leads to rapid production of phosphoric acid via
phosphorous trichloride. (R-59)
Phosphorus oxychloride 10025873
0 May reduce pH and interfere with coagulation.
Phosphorus trichloride 7719122
0 May reduce pH and interfere with coagulation.
118
-------
Picric acid 88891
0 50 ppm causes upset in activated sludge which recovers after ten
days of acclimation. 200 ppm has irreversible effects. (R-56)
Plutonium 238 7440075
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Plutonium 239 15117483
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Polonium 13981527
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Polyethoxy fatty ester
E At 100 mg/L the synthetic detergent resisted biodegradation.
Resistance to biochemical oxidation increased with size of the
polyoxylethylene group. (11)
Polyvinyl chloride 9002862
E Wastewaters containing chemical requires pH adjustment and
nutrient addition. Oxygen transfer reduced by surface active
agents and dispersants. Latex solids cling to biological floes
and cause stickiness and extreme reduction in organic removal.
(10)
119
-------
Potassium(radio-)
14378213
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Potassium arsenate
0 Not acceptable at municipal sewage treatment plant.
7784410
Potassium arsenite
0 Not acceptable at municipal sewage treatment plant.
10124502
Potassium bichromate 7778509
0 100 ppm reduces oxygen utilization of sewage by 50%.
Potassium chromate 7789006
0 10.5 ppm reduces oxygen utilization of sewage by 50%.
Potassium cyanide
151508
0 Oxygen utilization by synthetic sewage was diminished by 50% in 5
days by 15 ppm KCN.
E At 480 mg/L the chemical completely inhibited oxygen
consumption. (52)
Potassium hydroxide
0 Will add significantly to sludge volume.
1310583
120
-------
Praseodymium 142 14191641
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Praseodymium 143 14981794
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Praseodymium 144 14119052
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Promethium 147 14380757
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Propanedinitrile (Malonic dinitrile) 109773
E At 500 mg/L the chemical was toxic for up to 74 hours of
oxidation. (43)
Propargite 2312353
0 As a sulfitej up to 500 mg/kg can be oxidized if system is
acclimated, but increased oxygen is required. (1-62)
121
-------
Propanenitrile (Propionitrile) 107120
E At 500 mg/L the chemical was toxic for at least 72 hours. (43)
n-Propiolactone 57578
0 Toxic to most sewage sludges at 2500 mg/L levels.
E At 500 mg/L the chemical resisted biological oxidation for up to
144 hours. (44)
n-Propylbenzene 103651
E At 37.5 mg/L the chemical could be oxidized biologically but
depressed oxygen uptake. One of the more toxic benzene
derivatives. (29)
Propylene dichloride 78875
0 Can plug filters and exchange beds.
Protactinium 233 13981141
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Protactinium 234 15100284
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Pyrethrin I 121211
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
122
-------
Pyrethrin II
121299
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
Pyridine
110861
0 0.5 ppm has no effect, but 1 ppm inhibits biochemical oxidation.
(C-l)
Radium 226
13982633
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Rhenium 186
14998631
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Rhodium 106
14234345
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Rubidium 86
14932537
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
123
-------
Ruthenium 103 13968531
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Ruthenium 106 13967481
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Salicylaldehyde 90028
0 May plug filter and exchange columns.
Salicylic acid 69727
0 110 ppm inhibits oxygen uptake of sewage 50%.
Samarium 151 15715943
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Samarium 153 15766004
0 1. Possibility of build—up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
124
-------
Scandium 46
13967630
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Selenium 75
14265715
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Selenium oxide
7446084
0 Not removed by biological treatment at municipal sewage treatment
plant.
Silver
7440224
0 Dosages of 0.000001 to 0.5 mg/L of silver have been reported as
sufficient to sterilize water. At such dosage rates, silver is
not an irritant, has no toxic action toward humans, and does not
interfere with the taste.
Silver 110
14391765
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Silver 111
15760040
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
125
-------
Silver nitrate 7761888
0 0.3 ppm was toxic to sewage organisms.
Sodium 22 13966320
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Sodium 24 13982042
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Sodium arsenide 7784465
0 Not acceptable at sewage treatment plant.
Sodium bifluoride • 1333831
0 Amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment
plant when diluted.
Sodium borate 1333739
0 A 50% reduction of endogenous respiration for sewage treatment
plant organisms occurs front 572 to 1000 ppm boric acid. (R-39)
Sodium chromate 7775113
0 1 ppm inhibited sewage organisms 10%.
126
-------
Sodium cyanide 143339
0 3.6 ppm inhibited sewage organisms 50%. Resistance builds up
with time. (C-l)
Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) 25155300
0 8 ppm inhibits water softening by coagulation. 300 ppm ABS
caused the development of reducing flora, resulting in the
formation of sulfides; 60 ppm retarded the development of
proteolytic bacteria; 15-60 ppm retarded the growth of aerobic
bacteria; 150 ppm retarded the growth of denitrifying bacteria.
ABS interferes with the uptake of oxygen; ABS compounds are
principal agents causing foam. 1 ppm will cause a light froth.
ABS concentration (approx., mg/L) at 50% inhibition of 02
uptake test (organism/medium): Proteus vulgaris/dextrose-
bouillion/2500M/20 Puffers medium/220 & glucose; Staphylococcus
aureus/dextrose-bouillion/40 M/20 Puffers medium/200 & glucose;
Mycobacterium phlei/dextrose-bouillion/40 M/20 Puffers medium/250
& glucose (sic.). When the "exit coefficient" in the absence of
detergents was 30 cm/hr, the addition of ABS reduced the rate of
entry of oxygen by about 50%. The effect of 1 mg/L of ABS is to
decrease the rate of settling of the mud for any given mud
concentration. Causes a marked head loss in the performance :of
rapid sand filters at concentrations >5 ppm.
Sodium fluoride 7681494
0 Can sterilize active biota.
Sodium hydrosulfide 16721805
0 Amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment
plant when reduced.
Sodium hydrosulfite 7775146
0 Can lower pH and interfere with coagulation.
127
-------
Sodium hydroxide 1310732
0 Can raise pH and interfere with coagulation.
Sodium hypochlorite 7681529
0 When in small amounts or diluted, action similar to that of
chlorine in water treatment plants.
Sodium oleate 143191
0 3-4 ppm inhibits nitrification.
Sodium palmitate 408355
0 3-4 ppm inhibits nitrification.
Sodium pentachlorophenol (Sodium pentachlorophenate) : 131522
, E Slug doses greater than 20 mg/L drastically affected performance
Of biological systems; chemical was not removed and sludge would
not settle. System could be acclimated to chemical. (31) (26)
Sodium phosphate, tribasic 7601549
0 Amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment
plant when diluted.
Sodium selenite 10102188
0 500 ppm inhibitory to unacclimated sewage organisms. (R-45)
Sodium stearate 822162
0 3-4 ppm inhibits nitrification.
128
-------
Sodium sulphate . 7757826
0 4000 ppm stops certain fermentation processes.
Sodium thiocyanate 540727
0 1000 ppm pronounced inhibition of sewage digestion. 563 ppm
inhibitory to unacclimated sewage organisms, (R-45)
Strontium 85 13967732
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2, Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Strontium 87M 13982644
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity'in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage • •••',
treatment bacteria.
Strontium 89 14158271
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Strontium 90 10098972
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
129
-------
Strontium chromate 7789062
0 Low concentrations produce little effect on sewage organisms. A
500 mg/L dose of 4 hour duration may effect the system for as
long ,as 4 days.
Sulfate 14808798
E At greater than 300 mg/L of sulfate was able to corrode concrete
even at neutral pH. (46)
Sulfide ' 18496258
E Chemical was slightly inhibitory at 25 mg/L. (46)
Sulfur 7704349
0 Will add considerably to sludge volume.
Sulfur 35 • 15117530
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Sulfuric acid 7664939
0 58 ppm caused 50% inhibition of sewage organisms. May drop pH to
levels too low for coagulation.
Superphosphate 8011765
0 Will add greatly to sludge volume.
130
-------
Tannic Acid 8828
E A 1/120 N solution inhibited oxygen consumption. (15)
Tantalum 182
13982008
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
IDE
72548
Not significantly degraded, less than 5% of measured chemical
oxygen demand was utilized by DDT. (1-62) Not amenable to
biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment plant.
(1-66)
Technetium 99
14133767
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Tellurium 132
14234287
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Terbium 160
13981298
1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
131
-------
Terephthalic acid 100210
0 Amenable to biological treatment at sewage treatment plant when
diluted.
Tetraethyl lead 78002
0 May plug filters and exchange beds.
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) ' 107493
0 Not significantly degraded. Less than 5% of COD was utilized.
Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant. (1-63)
E Insecticide was not significantly degraded. (53)
Tetramethyl lead 75741
0 May plug filters and exchange beds.
1,2,4,5 Tetramethylbenzene (DureneR) 95932
E After a 3 hour lag period, the chemical was degraded slightly at
a concentration of 500 mg/L. (45)
Thallium 204 13968519
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Thallium sulfate 7446186
0 Sot amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
132
-------
Thioacetamide 62555
E Oxygen uptake was completely inhibited at 1000 mg/L
concentration. (52)
Thiocyanate 302045
E 1000 mg/L concentration significantly inhibited oxygen
consumption. (15)
Thioglycolic acid 68111
E At 650 mg/L the chemical was toxic or resistant to
biodegradation. (52)
Thiophosgene 463718
0 May lower pH too low for good coagulation.
Thiourea 62566
E At 500 mg/L thiourea inhibited oxygen uptake for up to 144
hours. (44)
Thulium 170 13981301
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Tin 113 13966068
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
133
-------
Tin 119 14314353
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Titanium 44 15749334
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Toluene 108883
0 >0.05% inhibited sewage sludge digestion.
E Greater than 90% removal was eventually achieved by activated
sludge, but at 500 mg/L of toluene, oxidation periods longer than
24 hours were required. (9) (33) (44) (47) (29)
o - 95534
(m-,o-,p-)-Toluidtne m - 108441
p - 106490
0 May plug filters and exchange beds.
E At 500 mg/L, m- and p-toluidine were slightly oxidized while
o-toluidine was toxic.
Trichlorfon 52686
0 May plug filters and exchange columns.
Trichloroethylene 79016
0 200-1200 mg/kg dry solids reported to affect anaerobic
digestion. 330 mg/kg dry solids (3% solids) thought to be safe.
(R-176)
134
-------
Trichlorofluoromethane 75694
0 May plug filters or exchange beds.
Trichlorophenol 25167822
0 60 ppm listed as TLM for sewage bacteria.
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 95954
E Pesticide was slightly degraded. (53)
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 88062
E Significant inhibition occurred between 10 and 50 mg/L
concentration of chemical. (47)
2,4,5-T Amines 2008460
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
2,4,5-T Esters 93798
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
2,4,5-TP Acid esters 32534955
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
2,4,5-T Salts 13560991
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
135
-------
Triethanolamine dodecylbenzene sulfonate 27323417
0 Amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment
plant.
Trimethylamine solution 75503
0 Eliminate all ignition sources. May be amenable to biological
treatment at a municipal sewer treatment plant when diluted.
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Pseudocumene) 95636
E Toxic at 500 mg/L for at least 18 hours of aeration, after which
the material was slightly oxidized. (45)
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 118967
0 Above 1 mg/L retards self-purification of waters.
E Better than 50% removal at concentrations from 5 through 25 mg/L
with retention times of 3, to 14 hours. (25)
Tungsten 185 14932413
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Tungsten 187 14983483
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water, treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
136
-------
Turpentine 8006642
0 Will interfere with settling and floe formation. May plug
filters and exchange beds.
Uranium 235 15117961
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Uranium 238 7440611
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Uranium peroxide , 19525156
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
Uranyl nitrate 10102064
0 Cannot be processed at municipal sewage treatment facility.
Uranyl sulfate 1314643
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
Urea 57136
E Oxygen consumption inhibited by urea concentrations up to 720
mg/L. (52)
137
-------
Urethane 51796
E Chemical completely inhibited oxygen consumption. (44)
Vinylidene chloride 75354
0 May plug filters or exchange beds.
Xenon 133 14932424
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
m-Xylylbromide 620133
0 Can plug filters and exchange beds.
m-Xylene 108383
0 0.1% seriously retarded sewage digestion.
E At 500 mg/L, m-xylene was toxic during first 24 hours of
aeration; median toxicity when compared to o- and p-xylene. (45)
o-Xylene 95476
0 0.1% seriously retarded sewage digestion.
E At 500 mg/L, o-xylene was toxic during first 24 hours of
aeration; least toxic when compared to m- and p-xylene. (45)
p-Xylene 106423
0 0.1% seriously retarded sewage digestion.
E At 500 mg/L, p-xylene was toxic during first 24 hours of
aeration; most toxic when compared with o- and m-xylene. (45)
138
-------
Yttrium 90
10098916
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria*
Yttrium 91
14234243
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Zinc 7440666
0 1 ppm inhibited sewage organisms 17%. Concentrations above 20
mg/L were found to have a toxic effect on activated sludge.
(R-210) Will increase sludge volume. 62.5 ppm Zn will cause 50%
reduction in 8005. (C-l) 1 ppm stimulates nitrification while
10 ppm is inhibitory. (C-l)
E The lowest concentration which caused a continuous effect was 10
mg/L. At this'concentration 89% zinc removal was achieved,
primarily by adsorption of zinc to activated sludge. The lowest
4 hour slug dose to cause a 24 effect was 160 mg/L. (46) (12)
(58) (5) (57) (48)
Zinc 65 13982393
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Zinc 69 13982235
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible' toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
139
-------
Zinc acetate 557346
0 Concentrations above 20 mg/L were found to have a toxic effect on
activated sludge. (R-210)
Zinc ammonium chloride 52628258
0 Greater than 10 mg/L continuous dose Affects sewage organisms. A
160 mg/L, 4 hour dose may cause a 24 hour effect at sewage
treatment plant.
Zinc borate 1332076
0 Greater than 10 mg/L continuous addition affects sewage organisms.
Zinc bromide 7699458
0 Greater than 10 mg/L continuous addition affects sewage
organisms. A 160 mg/L, 4 hour slug will produce a 24 hour effect
at sewage treatment plant.
Zinc carbonate 3486359
0 Little effect on water treatment process since a level of 10 mg/L
is required for an effect.
Zinc chloride 7646857
0 Concentrations above 20 mg/L were found to have a toxic effect on
activated sludge. (R-210)
Zinc chromate 13530659
0 1 ppm zinc inhibits sewage organisms 17%, 1 ppm chromate 10%.
Presence of zinc will increase sludge volume. 62.5 ppm zinc will
cause 50% reduction in BODS. (C-l) 1 ppm zinc stimulates
nitrification while 10 ppm is inhibitory. (C-l) Concentrations
above 20 mg/L were found to have a toxic effect on activated
sludge. (R-210)
140
-------
Zinc cyanide 557211
0 The lowest continuous dose which caused an effect was 10 mg/L.
At this concentration 89% zinc removal was achieved, primarily by
adsorption of zinc to activated sludge. The lowest 4 hour slug
dose to cause a 24 hour effect was 160 mg/L. (1-62) Chlorine is
commonly used to oxidize strong cyanide solutions to produce
carbon dioxide and ammonia. (1-02)
Zinc fluoborate 13826885
0 1 ppm zinc inhibited sewage organisms. 17% will increase sludge
volume. 62.5 ppm zinc will cause 50% reduction in BODj. (C-l)
1 ppm stimulates nitrification while 10 ppm is inhibitory.
(C-l) Concentrations above 20 mg/L were found to have a toxic
effect on activated sludge. (R-210)
Zinc fluoride 7783495
0 Very toxic to humans. A continuous dose of 10 mg/L adversely
affects treatment organisms. A 160 mg/L, 4 hour dose may produce
a 24 hour effect at sewage treatment plant.
Zinc formate 557415
0 Greater than 10 mg/L continuously affects sewage organisms. A
160 mg/L, 4 hour dose may cause a 24 hour effect at sewage
treatment plant.
Zinc hydrosulfite 7779864
0 Greater than 10 mg/L continuously affects sewage organisms. A
160 mg/L, 4 hour dose may cause a 24 hour effect at a sewage
treatment plant.
Zinc nitrate 7779886
0 62.5 ppm inhibits sewage bacteria 50%. Concentrations above 20
mg/L were found to have a toxic effect on activated sludge.
141
-------
(R-210)
Zinc phenolsulfonate 127822
0 Greater than 10 mg/L continuously affects sewage organisms. A
160 mg/L, 4 hour dose may cause a 24 hour effect at a sewage
treatment plant.
Zinc phosphide 1314847
0 Toxic. Presents a fire hazard at treatment plant. The zinc
reaction products will inhibit growth of sewage organisms at
concentrations greater than 10 mg/L.
Zinc silicofluoride 16871719
0 Greater than 10 mg/L continuously affects sewage organisms. A
160 mg/L, 4 hour dose may cause a 24 hour effect at a sewage
treatment plant.
Zinc sulfate 7733020
0 1000 ppm severely inhibited sewage digestion.
Above 20 mg/L were found to have a toxic effect on activated
sludge. (R-210)
Zirconium 95 13967710
0 1. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in water treatment
sludge or filters. 2. Possibility of build-up of radioactivity in
sewage treatment sludge. 3. Possible toxic effect on sewage
treatment bacteria.
Zirconium acetate 5153242
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
142
-------
Zirconium nitrate 13746899
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
Zirconium oxychloride 7699436
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
Zirconium potassium fluoride 16923958
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
Zirconium tetrachloride 10026226
0 Not amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage
treatment plant.
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR "E" REFERENCES
1. Andelman, J. B. and M. A. Shapiro, "Changes in Trace Element-
Concentrations in Water Treatment and Distribution Systems",
Preprint, Proceedings of 6th Annual Missouri Conference on Trace
Substances in Environmental Health, Columbia, MO (June 1972).
2. Bailey, D. A. and K. S. Robinson, "The Influence of Trivalent
Chromium on the Biological Treatment of Domestic Sewage", Water
Pollution Control (G.B.)» Vol. 69, lOOff (1970).
3. Banerji, S. K., "Boron Adsorption of Soils and Biological Sludges
and Its Effects on Endogenous Respiration", Proceedings of the 24th
Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, University Extension
Series No. 135, pp. 1118ff (May 1969).
4. Banerji, S. K., et al., "Effects of Boron on Aerobic Biological
Waste Treatment", Proceedings of the 23rd Industrial Waste
Conference, Purdue University, Engineering Extension Series No. 132,
Part 2, pp. 956-965 (May 1968).
143
-------
5. Barth, E. F., et al., "Field Survey of Four Municipal Wastewater
Treatment Plants Receiving Metallic Wastes", Journal Water Pollution
Control Federation, Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 1101-1117 (August 1965).
6. Barth, E. F., et al., "Summary Report on the Effects of Heavy Metals on
the Biological Treatment Processes", Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation, Vol. 37, No. 1, p. 86 (January 1965).
8. Battelle Memorial Institute, "A State-of-the-Art Review of Metal
Finishing Waste Treatment", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water
Pollution Control Research Series, EPA Report No. 12010 EIE 11/68
(November 1968).
9. Bess, F. D. and R. A. Conway, "Aerated Stabilization of Synthetic Organ^
ic^Chemical Wastes^, Journal Kater Pollution Control Federation,.Vol.
_38, No.""&, pp ."939-956 (June- 1966) .
10. B. F. Goodrich Chemical Co., "Wastewater Treatment Facilities for a
POlyvinyl Chloride Production Plant", U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Water Pollution Control Research Series, EPA Report No. 12020
DJI 06/71 (June 1971).
11. Began, R. H. and C. N. Sawyer, "The Biochemical Oxidation of Synthetic
Detergents", Proceedings of the 10th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, Engineering Extension Series No. 89, pp. 231-243 (May 1955).
12. Chemistry and Physics Section, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering
Center, "Interaction of Heavy Metals and Biological Sewage Treatment
Processes," USPHS, Cincinnati (May 1965).
15. Dawson, P. S. and S. H. Jenkins, "The Oxygen Requirements of Activated
Sludge Determined by Monometric Methods. II: Chemical Factors Affect-
ing Oxygen Uptake""", Sewage and Industrial Wastes; Vol.22, No, 4, p. 490
(April 1950).
16. Dickerson, B. W., et al., "Further Operating Experiences in Biological
Purification of Formaldehyde Wastes", Proceedings of the 9th Industrial
Waste Conference, Purdue University, Engineering Extension Series 87,
pp. 331-351 (May 1954).
17. Directo, L. S. and E. Q. Moulton, "Some Effects of Copper on the
Activated Sludge Process", Proceedings of the 17th Industrial Waste
Conference, Purdue University, Engineering Extension Series 112, pp.
95-104 (May 1962).
21. Gellman, I. and H. Heukelekian, "Biological Oxidation of Formaldehyde",
Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Vol. 22, No. 10, p. 1321 (October 1950).
22. Ghosh, M. M. and P. D. Zugger, "Toxic Effects of Mercury on the Activate
144
-------
Sludge Process", Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 45,
No. 3, pp. 424-433-(March 1973)-.
23. Grune, W. N., "Radioactive Effects on the BOD of Sewage", Sewage and
Industrial Wastes, Vol. 25. No. 8, pp. 882-897 (August 1953).
24. Gurnham, C. F., "Cyanide Destruction on Trickling Filters", Proceedings
of the 10th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Engineering
Extension Series So. 89, pp. 186-193 (May 1955).
25. Hay, M. W., et al., "Factors Affecting Color Development During Treat-
ment of TNT Wastes", Industrial Wastes, Vol. 18, No. 5 (September/Octo-
ber 1972).
26. Heidman, J. A., et al., "Metabolic Response of Activated Sludge to Sodir-
um Pentachlorophendr™, Proceedings of the 22nd Industrial Waste Confer-
ence, Purdue University,-Engineering Extension Series No. 129, Part 2,
pp. 66-1-674 (May 1967).
28. Hunter, R. E. and 0. J. Sproul, "Cattleskin Tannery Waste Treatment in a
Completely Mixed Activated Sludge Pilot Plant,", Journal Water Pollution
Control Federation. Vol. 41. No. 10, pp. 1716-1725.
29. Hydroscience, Inc., "The Impacts of Oily Materials on Activated Sludge
Systems", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Pollution Control
Research Series, EPA Report No. 12050 DSH 03/71 (March 1971).
31. Kirsch, E. J. and J. E. Etzel, "Microbial Decomposition of Pentachloro-
phenol", Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 45, pp. 359-
364 (February 1973).
32. Kostenbader, P. D. and J. W. Flecksteiner, "Biological Oxidation of Coke
Plant Weak Ammonia Liquor", Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
Vol. 41. No. 2, Part 1, pp. 199-207 (February 1969).
33. Kumke, G. W., e t al., "Conversion to Activated Sludge at Union Carbide's
Institute Plant", Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol. 40,
No. 8, Part 1, pp. 1408-1422 (August 1968).
34. Lamb, J. C., Ill, et al., "A Technique for Evaluating the Biological
Treatability of Industrial Wastes", Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation, Vol. 36. No. 10, pp. 1263-1284 (October 1964).
37. Ling, J. T., "Pilot Study of Treating Chemical Wastes with an Aerated
Lagoon", Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 33, No. 8, pp.
963-972 (August 1963).
39. Loveless, J. E. and N. A. Painter, "The Influence of Metal Ion
Concentrations and pH Value on the Growth of a Nitrosomonas Strain
145
-------
Isolated from Activated Sludge", Journal General Microbiology, Vol. 52,
No. 3, pp. Iff (May 1968).
41. Ludzack, F. J., et al., "Experimental Treatment of Organic Cyanides by
Conventional Sewage Disposal Processes", Proceedings of the 14th
Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Engineering Extension
Series No. 104, pp. 547-565 (May 1959).
42. Lund, H. F., Industrial Pollution Control Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co.
New York (1971).
43. Lutin, P. A., "Removal of Organic Nitrites from Wastewater Systems",
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 42, No. 9, pp. 1632-
1642 (September 1970) .
44. Malaney, G. W., "Resistance of Carcinogenic Organic Compounds to
Oxidation by Activated Sludge", Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation, Vol. 39, No. 12, p. 2029 (December 1967).
45. Marion, C. V. and G. W. Malaney, "Ability of Activated Sludge to Oxidize
Aromatic Organic Compounds", Proceedings of the 18th Industrial Waste
Conference, Purdue University, Engineering Extension Series No. 115, pp.
297-308 (May 1963).
46. Massalli, J. W., et al., "The Effect of Industrial Waste on Sewage
Treatment", Prepared for the New England Interstate Water Pollution
Control Commission by Wesleyan University No. TR-13 (June 1965).
47. Manufacturing Chemists Association, "The Effects of Chlorination on
Selected Organic Chemicals", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water
Pollution Control Research Series, EPA Report No. 12020 EXG-03/72 (March
1972).
48. McDermott, G. N., "Zinc in Relation to Activated Sludge and Anaerobic
Digestion Processes", Proceedings of the 17th Industrial Waste
Conference, Purdue University, Engineering Extension Series No. 112, pp.
461-475 (May 1963).
49. Malaney, G. W. and R. M. Gerhold, "Structural Determinants in the
Oxidation of Aliphatic Compounds by Activated Sludge", Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 41, No. 2, Part 2, pp. R18-R33
(February 1969)
50. Mikami, E. and T. Misono, "Microbial Purification of Some Specific
Industrial Wastes. XI: Effect of Heavy Metal Ions on Cyanide Waste
Treatment and Control of Treatment with Cyanosenos", Kogyo Gijutsuin
Hakko Kenkyosho Kenkyu Hokoku (Jap.), Vol. 35, pp. 35ff (1969); Cited
in: Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 74. p. 130119 (1971).
146
-------
51. Mosey, F. E., et al., "Factors Affecting the Availability of Heavy Met-
als to Inhibit Anaerobic Digestion", Reprint from Journal of the Insti-
tute of Water Pollution Control, No. 6 (1971).
52. Placak, 0. R. and C. C. Ruchhoft, "Studies of Sewage Purification, XVII:
The Utilization of Organic Substrates by Activated Sludge", Sewage Works
Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, p. 440 (May 1947).
53. Okey, R. W. and R. W. Bogan, "Synthetic Organic Pesticides, An Evalua-
tion of.their Persistence in Natural Waters", In Proceedings of the
llth Pacific Northwest Industrial Waste eon-ference, Oregon state Dni-
- yersity, Engineering Experiment Station Circular No. 29, pp. 222-251
(September- 1963).
56. President's Science Advisory Committee, Use of Pesticides, Washington,
DC, p. 25 (May 15, 1963).
57. Rudolfs, W. and A. L. Zuber, "Removal of Toxic Materials by Sewage
Sludge", Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Vol. 25, No. 2, p. 142 (February
1953).
58. Salotto, B. V. and J. B. Farrell, "Preliminary Report — The Impact of
Sludge Incineration on Air and Land", U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Appendix E to EPA R2-72-040 (July 12, 1971).
59. Skrinde, R. T. and C. N. Sawyer, "Effect of Beta Radiation Upon
Biochemical Oxidation in Polluted Waters", U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
ABC Contract No. AT (30-1)-621 (September 30, 1952).
62. Straub, C. P., "Lowlevel Radioactive Wastes, Their Handling, Treatment,
and Disposal", U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical
Information (1964).
65. Teng-Chung, Wu, "Factors Affecting Growth and Respiration in the
Activated Sludge Process", Ph.D. Dissertation, Case Institute of
Technology (1963).
66. The City of Jacksonville, Arkansas, "The Demonstration of a Facility for
the Biological Treatment of a Complex Chlorophenolic Waste", U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Water Pollution Control Research Series
EPA Report So. 12130 EGK 06/71 (June 1971).
69. Parker, D. G., "Biological Conditioning for Improved Sludge
Filterability", Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 44, No.
11, pp. 2066-2077 (November 1972).
147
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR "0" REFERENCES
Cl McKee, J. E.; Wolf, H. W., Water Quality Criteria, California State
Water .Quality Control Board, 1963, 2nd Ed.
CIO Ryerman, D. W.; frabhakara Rho, A. V. S.; Buzzell, J. C.; Jr., Behav-
ior of Organic Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment, Manufacturing
Chemists Association,.-1966r Washington, DC, Summer.
E8 Willford, W. A., "Toxicity of 22 Therapeutic Compounds to Six Fishes,"
Investigations in Fish Control, No. 18, U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Bur.
Sport Fish Wildl., 1966, Resour. Publ. 35, 10 pp.
E75 Ludzack, F. J. and Ettinger, M. B., "Chemical Structures Resistant to
Aerobic Biochemical Stabilization," J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 1960,
32-11, November.
E76 Oberton, H. C. E. and Stack, V. T. Jr., "Biochemical Oxygen Demand of
Organic Chemicals," Sewage Ind. Wastes, 1957, 29-11, November.
E78 Maloney, G. W.; Lutin, P. A.; Cibulka, J. J.; Hickerson, L. M.,
"Resistance of Carcinogenic Organic Compounds to Oxidation by Activat-
ed Sludge'•', J, Water Pollut. Contr.' Fed., 196"?,_39-12, December.
E80 Gerhold, R. M. and Maloney, G. W., "Structural Determinants in the
Oxidation of Aliphatic Compounds by Activated Sludge," J. Water Pollut
Contr. Fed., 1966, 38-4, April.
i
E84 Mills, E. J. and Stack, V. T. Jr., "Suggested Procedure for Evaluation
of Biological Oxidation of Organic Chemicals," Sewage Ind. Wastes,
1955, 27-9, September.
E85 Heukelekian, H. and Rand, M. C., "Biochemical Oxygen Demand of Pure
Organic Compounds," Sewage Ind. Wastes, 1955, 27-9, September.
E86 Puhrgm, H. P. and Bloodgood, D. E., "Biological Oxidation of Several
Vinyl Compounds," J. Water Pollut. Gontr. Fed., 1961, 3-3, March.
E90 Gloyna, E. F. and Malina, J. F. Jr., "Petrochemical Wastes Effects on
Water," Water and Sewage Works, 1963, R-273.
E189 Thorn, W. S., "Nitrolotriacetic Acid: A Literature Survey," Water
Research, 1971, Pergamon Press, Vol. 5, pp. 391-399.
E191 Ludzack, F. J.; Schaffer, R. B.; Bloomhuff, R. N.; Ettinger, M. B.,
"Biochemical Oxidation of Some Commercially Important Organic
Cyanides," Industrial Wastes, 1959, Vol. 31, No. 1, January.
148
-------
E196 Ingols, R. S.; Gaffney, P. E.; Stevenson, P. C., "Biological Activity
of Ealophenols," J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 1966, Vol. 38, p. 4,
April.
E206 Hermann, E. R., "Toxicity Index for Industrial Wastes," Ind. Eng.
Chem.,' 1959, Vol. 51, pp. 84A-87A.
I. 02 EPA Office of Water and Hazardous Materials, Quality Criteria for
Water, 1976, USGPO 1977, 0-222-904.
I. 29 Edwards, Clive E., Persistant Pesticides in the Environment, CRC Press
Press Uniscience Title.
I. 62 Effect of Hazardous Material Spills on Biological Treatment Processes.
Environmental Protection Agency Technology Series EPA 600/2-77-239,
December 1977.
I. 65 Perry, J. H., Chemical Engineers Handbook, Fourth Ed., 1963, McGraw
Hill.
I. 66 Manual for the Control of Hazardous Material Spills, Vol. I. Spill
Assessment and Water Treatment Techniques. EPA 600/2-77-227, November
1977.
I. 74 Takase, I., "Dynamics .of organophosphorus Pesticides in Soil",
Shokubutsu Boeki, (Plant Protect.) 30(8):302-306, 1976.
I. 83 Korolev, A. A.; Shigan, S. A.; Vitvitskaya, B. R., "Effect of
lonization on the Anticholinesterase Activity of Certain
Organophosphorus Pesticides". Gig. Sanit. 50(8):99-101, 1972.
Q10 Jones, H. R., Environmental Control in the Organic and Petrochemical
Industries, Noyes Data Corporation, Paric Ridge, New Jersey, pp 8-25,
1971.
Q17 "The Effects of Chlorination on Selected Organic Chemicals,"
Environmental Protection Agency, 12020 EXG, March 1972.
R45 Environmental Effects of Photoprocessing Chemicals, National
Association of Photographic Manufacturers, Inc., Harrison, New York,
1974.
R46 SysteMed Corporation, "Toxic Hazards Research Unit Annual Technical
Report 1972," NTIS AD-755 358, August 1972.
R56 Vaicum, L. and A. Eminovici, "The Effect of Trinitrophenol and
gamma-Hexachlorcyclohexane on the Biochemical Characteristics of
149
-------
Activated Sludge," Water Research. Vol. 8, pp. 1007-1012, 1974.
R59 Lysyj, I., and E. C. Russell, "Dissolution of Petroleum Derived
Products in Water," Water Research, Vol. 8, pp. 863-868, 1974.
R66 Hovious, J. C., G. T. Waggy, and R. A. Conway, "Identification and
Control of Petrochemical Pollutants Inhibitory to Anaerobic Processes,'
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-R2-73-194, April 1973.
R90 Becker, C. D. and T. 0. Thatcher, "Toxieity of Power Plant Chemicals
to Aquatic Life", U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, WASH-1289, June 1973
R91 Howard, P. H. and P. R. Durkin, "Preliminary Environmental Hazard
Assessment of Chlorinated Naphthalenes, Silicones, Fluorocarbons,
Benzenepolycarboxylates, Chlorophenols," U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, PB 238 074, November 1973.
R92 "Assessing Potential Oceans Pollutants", National Academy of Sciences,
Washington, DC, 1975.
R118 Price, K. S., G. T. Waggy, and R. A. Conway, "Brine Shrimp Bioassay -
and Seawater BOD,of Petrochemicals", Journal WPCF, Vol. 46, No. 1,
January 1974.
R166 Katz, B. G. and D. D. Runnels, "The Ability of Selected Soils to Re-
move tMolybdenum from-Industrial Wastewaters" , Second Annual*NSF-RANN
Trace Contaminants Conference, August 1974. -
R176 Camisa, A. G., "Analysis and Characteristics of Trichloroethylene
Wastes," JWPCF, Vol. 57, No. 5, May 1975.
R201 Propylene Glycols Handbook, Dow Chemical, Midland, Michigan, 1974.
R203 Midwest Research Institute and RVR Consultants, "Production,
Distribution, Use and Environmental Impact Potential of Selected
Pesticides," NTIS PB-238 795, March 15, 1974.
R210 Schroeder, E. D., "Activated Sludge," JWPCF, Annual Literature Review,
Vol. 47, No. 6, June 1975.
R212 Ghosh, S. and J. R. Conrad, "Anaerobic Processes," JWPCF, Annual
Literature Review, Vol. 47, No. 6, 1974.
150
-------
APPENDIX A
DATABASE FOR STRUCTURE - ACTIVITY MODELS OF BtOOEGft ADAblLf TY
CAS
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DATABASE FOR STRUCTURE - ACTIVITY MODELS OF BIOOEGRAOABIUTV
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• 5416
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112.140
121.200
161.000
124.158
41. 124
147.440
137.150
134.120
166.140
156.100
ISO. 2 40
122.121
110. Ill
252.101
5d.oao
251.110
211.255
184.260
178,140
264.510
255.480
221.040
108.150
127.580
107.170
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121.200
122.180
121.200
124.160
122. IPO
44.051
161.614
156. 04O
264.110
102.150
91.110
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110. 120
ICE VI
77
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• 46
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-------
APPENDIX B
FRAGMENTS AND THEIR MEANING
The fragment code consists of four parts:
1) the original CROSSBOW fragment code, Keys 1-149
2) additional codes developed especially for Genesee by Fraser-
Williams, Keys 150-304
3) keys developed to implement FDA's Animal Health substructures
which may be related to carcinogenicity, Keys 305-334 in Appen-
dix Bl
4) keys developed from specific features of carcinogens and non-
carcinogens, Keys 335-336
160
-------
APPENDIX Bl
A CATALOGUE OF SUBSTHJCTURAL MOIETIES REQUIRED FOR THE ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENS. A GUIDE FOR PREDICTING POTENTIAL NEW CARCINOGENS ON THE BASIS
OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
1. Aromatic Amino-, Araido-, Hydroxylamino-, Nitroso-, Azo~, Azoxy-, Nitro-
• Ar-N-
Ar-N-C(O)-
Ar-N-OH
Ar-N=O
Ar-N=N-
Ar-N=N-
6
Examples with known activity:
2-Naphthy1amine
OH
Ar-N=O
NHCOCSj
2-Acetylaminofluorene
4,4-Dimethylaminoazofaenzene
4-Hydroxylaminoquinoline-l-oxide
H02
HBj
4-Amino-2-nitrophenol
161
-------
MECHANISM: Cellular metabolism is necessary for activity. The best evi-
dence indicates that the hydroxylamino compounds are proximate carcinogenic
forms. All of the above functional groups are related by oxidation state
and can be converted to hydroxylamines by hydrolases, oxidases or reductases
endogenous to most tissues.
COMMENTS: Aromatic nucleus, Ar-, can potentially be any type, including
heterocyclic aromatics like furan, quinoline, etc. Carcinogenic potency
depends dramatically upon the number of fused or conjugated aromatic rings.
Two or more conjugated rings, together with nitrogen substitution at ter-
minal carbon atoms of the longest conjugated chain (para principal), virtu-
ally ensure high activity. Monocyclic derivatives usually have lower or no
activity. However, they are not exempt from consideration. Recent testing
indicates that ring substitution by alkyl-, hydroxyl*, alkoxyl- or amino-
groups enhances the potential carcinogenic activity of monocyclic aromatic
nitrogen compounds.
2. N-Nitroso-
-N-N=O -N-N=O -N-N=O
-CH -C=0 0=S=0
Examples with known activity:
CH3 CH3
N-N=0 N-N=0
CH3 C=NH
, NHNO2
N-Nitrosodimethylantine N-Methyl-N'-riitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
(DMN) (MNNG)
MECHANISM: For N-nitrosylated secondary amines metabolic activation is
necessary. The best evidence indicates that alpha-carbon atom hydroxyla-
tion of an alkyl group is a prerequisite to the expression of carcinogenic
potential. The fact that N-nitrosodiphenylamine is not carcinogenic is
consistent with this model. For N-nitroso compounds derived from ureas,
urethanes, carbamates, carboxylic amides and guanidines direct action
without prior metabolism is the most likely mode of action.
COMMENTS: There is a relatively high correlation between the presence of
an_N^nitroso moiety and^ the capability of a compound to induce cancer.
There may be exceptions due to structural prevention of metabolic activa-
tion, but these are likely to be few in number. All N-nitroso compounds
should be viewed with extreme caution.
3. Organohalogens
a) Mustards < ...
-N- (CH2CH2X) 2 -OS (0) -O-CH2CH2X S- (CH2CH2X) 2
162
-------
b) Di- to polyhalogenated alkanes and cycloalkanes
-9-9- -c~9-x -cx3
XX X
c) Alpha-halogenated ethers
-c-o-c-x
d) Halogenated alkenes
-c=e-x -c-c=c-c-x
x
e) Polyhalogenated aroiaatics
Examples with known activity:
a) CH3-N-(CH2CH2-C1)2, bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine, "HN2"
b) CC14, carbon tetrachloride
-C-C-Br, 1,2-dibromoethane
Br
Mirex
c) C1-CH2-0-CH2-C1, bis(chloromethyl) ether
d) HC=CH-C1, vinyl chloride
HC=CH-C=CH, chloroprene
Cl
e) Polychlorinated biphenyls, "PCBs"
MECHANISM: Mustards, haloethers and- some haloalkanes are alkylating
agents. They are thought to be direct acting carcinogens and not need any
metabolic alteration for activity. The mechanisms of action for other sub-
classes of organohalogens have not been well studied. Enzymic^ epoxidatipn
has been suggested as required for chlorinated alkenes and free radical
pathways have been postulated for 1,1,1-trihaloalkanes.
COMMENTS: This is a very diverse group of compounds, none of which, with
the possible exception of the mustards, are highly tumorigenic. Predic-
tion of carcinogenic activity is made difficult by the lack of knowledge
of metabolism and mechanism of action of these compounds. There appears
to be a direct relation between the number of halogens and carcinogenicity,
particularly with saturated compounds. But, the fact that methyl iodide is
a confirmed carcinogen indicates that this notion is not necessarily reli-
able. The case for the carcinogenicity of polyhalogenated aromatics is
quite weak jat this time.
163
-------
4. Hydrazo-(Hydrazino-), Azoxy- and Azo-
-NHNH- -NNH2 -N=N- -N=N-
0
Examples with known activity:
Ar-CH2NHNHCH3, l-methyl-2-benzylhydrazine
n-C5H13CH=CH-N=N-CHCH2-Q-CH3, elaiomycin
0 (pH-OH
CH3
CH3eH2-N=N-CH3, azoethane
MECHANISM: Metabolic activation is considered to be necessary. The best
evidence indicates that N-hydroxylation and a series of other oxidations
are prerequisite for activity.
COMMENTS: This class of compounds, particularly the hydrazines, has many
members which are carcinogenic. The presence of these substructural moieties
gives a compound a high possibility of carcinogenic activity.
5. Alkyl (Aryl) sulfates, sulfonates and sultones
-S(02)-0- -O-S(02)-0-
Examples with known activity:
CH3CH2-0-S(O2)-O-CH2CH3, diethyl sulfate
L,3-propanesultone
MECHANISM: Classic alkylating agents, these are direct acting carcinogens
requiring no prior metabolism.
COMMENTS: Carcinogenic activity is greater for gamma-sultones than for
delta-sultones, presumably due to more strain, and, hence, higher reactivity
of the 5-membered ring compounds.
6. Strained Ring Heterocycles
: .A-- ."
Aziridines Epoxides Sulfides
164
-------
Examples with known activity:
c\.
Hj CH-C
Aziridine ethanol
CHj CH-CUO
Glycidaldehyde
CBj
CS
— v
— CSj
Ethylene sulfide Oxetane
MECHANISM: These are direct acting carcinogens. They are moderately reac-
tive compounds owing to ring strain and are considered to be "alkylating"
agents.
COMMENTS: Compounds containing these moieties are not potent carcinogens.
There are many epoxides for which no tumorigenic activity has been found.
Thus, the ability to predict activity is somewhat limited with compounds
containing these moieties.
7. Reactive Lactones, Lactams and Anhydrides
-------
Vinylene Carbonate
5-Oxo-5H-benzo(e)isochromene-(4,3-b) •
indole
MECHANISM: All of these subclasses of compounds are thought to represent
direct acting carcinogens.
COMMENTS: The aflatoxins and related compounds which could be classified
as alpha,beta-unsaturated lactohes (6-membered ring) are now thought to
need metabolic activation via epoxidation of the furan double bond for
their carcinogenic potency. This, however, does not preclude the possibil-
ity that the lactone moiety is necessary for their activity.
8. Fused Polynuclear Aromatics
Examples with known activity:
7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole
4,11-Diazadibenzo(b,def)chrysene
MECHANISM: The best evidence indicates that these aromatic compounds re-
quire metabolism for activity. Epoxidation of aromatic ring double bonds
is the best candidate for the metabolic pathway leading to ultimate car-
cinogenic forms.
COMMENTS: Structure-activity is very subtle in this group of compounds.
Even slight changes in structure can dramatically change carcinogenic po-
tency. In spite of many years of study no simple reliable models of pre-
diction are available. Any compound that contains three or more fused
166
-------
aromatic rings must be considered suspect, including those with nitrogen
and even sulfur containing heterocyclic aromatic residues. Compounds based
on the phenanthrene substructure are more often carcinogenic than those
containing the linear anthracene moiety. The fact that quinoline has been
reported to be carcinogenic, and several derivatives mutagenic, suggests
that two fused rings are enough to produce an active compound if N-hetero-
cyclic aromatic rings are involved. Recent epidemiologic data suggest
that benzene may be weakly carcinogenic to humans. This notion has not
been confirmed in animal studies, however, and the distinct possibility
that workers were exposed to impurities (polynuclear hydrocarbons?) has
not been ruled out.
9. Aryldialkyltriazenes
Ar-N=N-N-
Example with known activity:
1-(3-Pyridyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene
MECHANISM: Both non-metabolic and metabolic pathways have been proposed
for the critical reactions responsible for inducing cancer.
COMMENTS: The Ar- can be either substituted phenyl or pyridine rings.
Other aromatics may also be active.
10. Purine_and Pyrimidine Analogues
Pu'rine N-Oxides or Substituted Pyrimidines
N-Hydroxide s
Examples with known activity:
167
-------
NH,
HOH2C
Xanthine-3-oxide
1-beta-p-Arabinofuranosyl-
cytosine
MECHANISM: The purine-N-oxides are tautomeric forms of N-hydroxy purines.
These hydroxylamines are thought to act similarly to other aromatic hydrox-
ylamines. The mechanism of action of carcinogenic pyrimidine analogues is
unknown. Most speculation about their activity centers around their abil-
ity to inhibit pyrimidine metabolism or perturb template function.
COMMENTS: The highest potency analogs are the purine-3-oxides.
purine-1-oxides are also active, but to lesser degrees.
11. Thioamides
Some
Examples with known activity:
CH3-C-NH2
Thioacetamide
H2N-C-NH2
Thiourea
12. Carbamates
-O-C-N-
H i
0
Examples with known activity:
CH3CH2-O-C-NH2
O
Drethane
MECHANISM: N-Hydroxylation has been suggested as required for activity.
COMMENTS: Esters of carbamic acid other than ethyl have significantly re
duced carcinogenic activity. On the other hand, alkyl and aryl substitu-
tion on nitrogen does not necessarily reduce or eliminate activity.
13. Amino- and Amido- Compounds Which Can Be Nitrosylated to Active
Nitroso- Compounds
168
-------
Examples with known activity:
HoN-C-NHCH,
2 6 3 r
N-Methylurea Piperazine N-Methylmorpholine
MECHANISM: N-Nitroso compounds are synthesized from 2° amines, 3° amines
and amides in the presence of sodium nitrite, directly in the gut, and in
solutions containing animal and human gastric juice. In addition, intes-
tinal bacteria with nitrate reductase activity have been shown to promote
the nitrosation of amines in the presence of sodium nitrate, a phenomenon
which has been confirmed in vivo in the human gut using diphenylamine and
sodium nitrate, Dealkylation of 3° amines followed by nitrosation has been
shown to take place in the presence of nitrite in neutral or mildly acidic
medium, which indicates that 3° amines and quaternary ammonium salts, in
addition to 2° amines, have to be considered as candidates for nitrosation
in vivo.
COMMENTS: In some cases chronic feeding of sodium nitrite and amines or
amides has lead to the increased-incidence of several types of tumors in
rodents when the amines or amides used were precursors of known carcino-
genic nitroso- compounds. Amines or amides which did not produce cancer
under these conditions were claimed to have slow rates of nitrosation.
Methylation of liver nucleic acid was found after oral administration of
nitrite and dimethylamine, but not with diraethylamine alone, strongly in-
dicating migration of nitrosamines formed in the gut to other organs.
GENERAL COMMENTS: Apart from structural considerations, any chemical
compound which displays' known reactivity to nucleophilic agents, particu- ,.
larly nucleophilic sites in proteins or nucleic acids, should be consider-
ed a possible carcinogen. These direct acting carcinogens, the so-called
"alkylating" and "acylating" agents, rarely, however, have potent activity,
perhaps because their intrinsic reactivity hinders their reaching appropri-
ate cellular targets. Intracellular metabolism of unreactive procarcino-
gens to reactive compounds nearer crucial cellular targets is probably why
metabolic activation appears.to be necessary for most of the more potent
carcinogens. Of course, this makes prediction of carcinogenicity of the
procarcinogen much more difficult and emphasizes the need for knowledge
about metabolism of compounds by tissue.
169
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Chemical Carcinogens, ACS Monograph 173, C. Searle ed., American Chemi-
cal Society, Washington, DC, 1976.
2. Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, IARC Monographs,
Vols. 1-17, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France,
1971-1977.
3. L. Fishbein, Potential Industrial Carcinogens and Mutagens, Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1977 (EPA 560/5-77-05).
4. W. C. Hueper and W. D. Conway, Chemical Carcinogenesis and Cancers,
Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1964.
170
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APPENDIX B2
CROSSBOW FRAGMENTS AND THEIR MEANING
The CROSSBOW fragment screen is described in "The CROSSBOW Handbook: A
Guide for Users and Potential Users of the CROSSBOW System" by P.A. Chubb and
D.R. Eakin. This section from that document has been included to give users
a brief description of the fragments. In this guide the fragments are divi-
ded into groups and the method of identification from the WLN is briefly dis-
cussed.
(«) AH part* of the Molecule
(1) Atom* other than CJHtO,H>S or halogens.
Character sequence -aa- or the character B (notvu)
or the character P {not VP) found anywhere In the
molecule, or the sequence -E-, -F-,-C-,-I- found
In 4 ring.
(2) Positive charge.
Character sequence V4QV Indicating quartern.iry salt
present, at end of true WIN notation.
Ib) Ail non-cyclic parts of the Molecule
Character sequences must be outside ring signs.
(3) Branching terminal nltro-group - N02.
The character sequence HW(or *N at the start of the
notation).
{<>) Dloxo {excluding NOj).
The character sequence V but not HI' or *H» Any
substltuenl V found within ring signs Is also
Included here..
{3) Terminal oxygen (not carbonyl).
Th« character, sequence Oi or 0"^, or the letter 0 starting
the notation.
{6} One 3-braneh carbon atom.
The character Y {but not VY) occurring once only..
Motet More than 1 3-branch carbon is fragment 148.
t7) fr-branch carbon atom.
The character X (but notVX).
(8) 3-brjnch nitrogen atoa.
The character H, but not V» or NK or «'N or NU or UN.
This definition also Includes unusual conditions of
nitrogen, e.g. In cyanide, Isocyanidc, etc.
171
-------
(9) Greater UI.IH 3-ur.uicli nitrogen jlom.
Ihe character X but notVX.
(JO) I sulphur 4 ton.
the single occurrence of S, but not VS or US' or fit) or USA
(II) More thatt 1 sulphur atoii.
Ihe multiple occurrence of S, but not-^S-or OS7 or f>0
or USi.
(12) 1 -C.S group.
(he single occurrence of the groups USVor US* (or 5(1
4l the start of the notation only).
(13) More than I -C»S gr'iup.
Ihe multiple occurrence of the groups USVor USI
(or 5U «U the st4rt of the notation only).
(l
-------
More than one chlorine^
Multiple occurrence of the character"<».
(25) Broatne.
Occurrence of one or more E symbols.
(26) tjuorlne.
'Occurrence of one or more F symbol*.
127} jodtne.
Occurrence of one or nore I symbols.
(28) One ;NH- .group.
Single occurrence of the symbol M, but not UH (or HU
at the start of the notation).
(29) Itore than one -NH- group.
Hulllp.le occurrence of the symbol H, but not UH (or MO
at the start of the notation).
(30) One -NH; group.
Single occurrence of the symbol Z.
(31) Morr than one -NH- group.
Multiple occurrence of the symbol 2.
132) One -M» ur HH« ijrouu.
Sinale occurrence of the symbol sequence UH or NU ur UH
(or HU at the start of the notation).
More than on -H* or HHs group.
Multiple occurrence of I he symbol sequence UN or NU or UM
(or NU at the 'Start.of the notation).
Unusual cjrhon atom.
tine or wore occurrences at the symbol C. Usually found
In triple bonds, such as cyanides, 1socyjnldes, etc.
(35) One -0- group.
Stnijle occurrence of the symbol 0, but not In the
sequence 0V or YO, or as 07 or 01.
(36} More than one -0- group.
More than one occurrence of the synbol 0, but not In
the sequence VO or 0V or 04 or 0V.
(37) One -OH group.
Simile occurrence of the synbol 9, but not In the sequence
VQ ( or 3V at the start of the notation).
(38) Hore than one -OH group.
• Multiple occurrence of the symbol V, but not In the
sequence V^{or QV at the start of the notation). -——-.-
One -C«0 group.
Single occurrence of the symbol V, but not In th«
sequence VQ or VO or 0V {or O.V at the start of the
notation).
Nore than one -C«0 group.
Hultlple occurrence of the symbol V, but not In the
sequence VQ or VO or OY (or (JY at the start of the
173
-------
notation).
(M) One -8-OH (actd) group.
Single occurrence of the symbol combination VQ (or QV
at the start of the notation).
0
1*2} More than one'-C-OH (acid) group.
Multiple occurrence of the symbol combination VQ (or QV
at the start of the notation).
0
(43) One -C-0 (ester) group.
Single occurrence of the symbol cooblnatlon YO or 0V.
0
(»*} More than one -C-0 (ester) group.
Multiple occurrence of the symbol combination VO or 0V.
(
-------
(56") One -KH— group.
Single occurrence of the symbol H, but not UH (or HU
*t the start of the notation).
(57) More than one -KH- group.
Multiple occurrence of the symbol M, but not UH (or HU
at the start of the notation).
(58) One -NH, group.
Single occurrence of the symbol 1.
(J?) More than one -NH- group.
Multiple occurrence of the symbol Z.
(60) One -H» or HM* group. -
Single occurrence of the symbol .sequence UN or HU or DM
(or HU at the start of the notation).
(£1) Hare than one -Ma or HN» group.
Multiple occurrence of the symbol sequence UH or HU or UH
(or HU at the start of the notation).
(62) Unusual carbon atom.
One or a>ore occurrences of the symbol C. Usually found
In triple bonds, such as cyanides, Isocyanldes, etc.
(£3) One -0- group.
Single occurrence of the symbol 0, but not In the sequence
0V or VO or OVor 04.
More than one -0- group.
More than one occurrence of the symbol 0, but not In
the sequence VO or 0V or 0? or OS.
One -OH group.
Single occurrence of the symbol 0, but not -in the sequence
VQ (or QV at the start of the notation).
(66) Hore than one -OH group.
Multiple occurrence of the symbol 0, but not in the
sequence VQ (or 0V at the start of the notation).
(47) One -C»O group.
Single occurrence of Ihe symbol V, but not In the
sequence VI} or VO or 0V (or QV at 'the start of the •
notation).
Hore than one -C=0 group.
Multiple occurrence of the symbol V, but not in the'
sequence YB or VO or 0V (or QV at the rtart of th«
0
One -C-OH (act d) group.
Single occurrence of the symbol combination VQ (or
O.V at the start of the notation).
0
(70) More than one -C-OH (acid)
Multiple occurrence of the. symbol combination VlJ (or
QV at the start of the notation).
175
-------
0
(71) One -C-0 (ester>qroup.
Single occurrence of the symbol combination VO or 0V.
i?
{72} Hore than one -C-0 (eater) group.
Multiple occurrence of the symbol combination VO or 0V.
(e ) Sing Heteroatons
Each ring systen In the molecule is analysed; each ring is
isolated and assigned a heteroatonic description. This
description lists the hateroatoas present in the ring. ' The
following fragments are set according to the analysis of that
ring description.
(73) Single occurrence of oxygen.
A ring description contains only one oxygen (0).
(74) Multiple occurrence of oxygen.
A ring description contains nore than one oxygen.
(75) Single occurrence of oxygen In «>ore than one ring.
Hore than one ring desciptlon each containing only
one oxygen.
(7£) Multiple occurrence of oxygen In more than one ring.
Hore than one ring description containing more than
one oxygen.
(77) Single occurrence of nitrogen.
A ring description contains one nitrogen (N, H, K).
(73) Multiple occurrence of nitrogen.
A ring description contains more than one nitrogen.
(7?) Single occurrence of nitrogen In xore than one ring.
(tore than one ring description containing one nitrogen.
(80) Multiple occurrence of nitrogen In mure than one rln^.
Hore than one ring description containing mire than one
nt trogen*
(81) Single occurrence of sulphur.
A ring description contains only one .sulphur a Ion (S).
(82) Multiple occurrence of sulphur.
i '
A ring description'contains more than one sulphur.
(83) Single occurrence of sulphur in more than one ring.
Hore than one ring description contains one sulphur.
. (8*) Hultlplc occurrence of sulphur In more than one ring.
Hore than one ring description containing more than one
sulphur.
(85) Single occurrence of carbonyl.
A ring description contains one carbonyl (V).
(it) Multiple occurrence of carbonyK
A ring description contains more than one earbonyl.
(87) Single occurrence of earbonyl in «ore than one ring.
Hore than one ring description contains one earbonyl.
176
-------
(88) Multiple occurrence of earbonyl In more than one ring.
More thin one ring description containing raore thin one
carbonyl.
(89) Single occurrence of exocyciie double bond.
X ring description contains one exodouble bond (Y).
(50),Multiple occurrence of exocycllc double bond.
A ring description contains raore than one exodouble
bond (Y).
CD Single occurrence of exocyciie double bond in more than
one ring.
More than one ring description contains one exodouble
bond.
(92) Multiple occurrence of exocyclie double bond In mure
than one ring.
More than one ring description contains more than one
exodouble bond.
(93) Single occurrence of any other heteroato*.
Occurrence of any letter other than H, K, M, N, 0, S, T,
V, U, X te r.
(9*) Multiple occurrence of any other heteroatom.
Occurrence of any letter other than above BO re than once
in the same rln<| description.
(95) Single occurrence of Any other heterojton In more than
one ring.
More than one ring description contains a letter- other
than those ylven above.
(96} Multiple occurrence of any other he lero a torn In more llun
one ring.
(lore than one ring description eontal'ns more than one
letter other than those given above.
(f ) Blnq Types
On analysis of the W.M ring record, a ring type description
Is set up which gives information on the site of each ring and the
s*turatton/unsaturalion value of that ring. The ring descriptor
ylves the aton types in each ring and this is used to determine
whether hetero/carbo.
{97) Aroajtle fi-membered ring.
The presence of at least one fi-mesibered ring, fully- unsaturated
and no heteroatons present in the ring description.
(J8) Carbocyclte 5-ne«bered ring.
' The presence of at least one S-nembered ring saturated
or partially saturated and no heteroatom present in
the ring description.
(79) Carbocyellc 6—aeabered ring.
The presence of at least one £-ae«bered ring, saturated
or partially saturated, and no heteroatoias present i'n
the ring description,
(100) Carbocyellc rings other than 5 and S-oeTbered.
The presence of at least one ring (not 5 or 6-nembered),
saturated or partially saturated and no heteroato*s in
177
-------
the ring description.
(101) Heterocyclle 5-raerabered fi ng.
The presence of at least one 5-»e«bered ring, jaturiteu
or unsaturated, and at least one hetereatoa In the ring
description.
(10Z) Heterocyclle 6-membered ring.
The presence of at least one £-ne«bered ring, saturated
or unsaturated, and at least one heteroatoa in the ring
description.
(103) Heteroeycltc rings other than 5 and S-aembered.
The presence of at least one ring (not 5 or 6-meabere«J),
saturated or unsaturated, and' at least one heleroati*
in the ring description.
(g) Heteroatorn Count
Count of total nunber of helerojloas of any type occurring
In one ring.
(10*) 1 heteroatoa In one ring.
Total of one heteroatoa In one ring.
(10i) 2 heteroato«» In one ring.
Total of t*o heteroatons In one ring.
(104) Hora than 2 heteroatoa* In one ring.
Total of three or more heteroatons In one ring.
(107) \ heteroaton' 1 n mere than one ring.
Total of one heteroatoa in more than one ring.
(104) 2 heteroatons In more than one ring.
Total of l*o heteroatoas In evore than one ring.
(109) Ho re•than 2 heteroa to nn In more than one ring.
Total of three or more heteroatons In nore than one ring.
(h) Ring Fusions
A set of ring descriptions is set op for each ring syste* in
the order in vhl.eh they occur. These are compared to find the
fusion types.
(110) 1 single heterocyelte ring*-
A heterocyclic ring ynfused to any other ring.
(Ill) Hore than 1 single heterocyclie ring.
More than one hetcroc/cllc ring unfused to any other ring.
(Ii2) 1 single carbocyelie ring,
• A earbocyclle ring unfused to any other ring*
(113) Hore than. I .single carbocyelie ring.
Hore than one earbocyclle ring unfused to any other ring.
(11*) 1 earba/carbo fusion.
A earbo ring (saturated or unsaturated) fused to a second
car bo ring (saturated or unsaturated).
(115) Hore than I earbo/earbo fusion.
More than 1 carbo ring attached to another carbo ring
_ withini the saae ring systea.
178
-------
1 carbo/carbo fusion In gore than 1 ring system.
One carbo ring attached to a second carbo ring occurring
In no re than one ring systea.
(117) Hare than 1 earbo/carbo fusion In core than I ring s
Hare than 1 carbo/carbo fusion occurring in more than 1
ring system.
(118) 1 carbo/hetero fusion.
A earbo ring (saturated or unsa tura ted) fused to *
hetero ring.
(119) More than 1 earbo/hetero fusion.
More' than 1 earbo/hetero fusion occurring in- the same
ring systen.
(120) I earbo/hetero fusion In «pre than 1 ring systen.
1 earbo/hetero fusion in more than 1 ring sys-tea.
(121) Hare than 1 carbo/hetero fusion in nxtj-e than 1 ring systea.
More than 1 earbo/hetero fusion occurring in more than 1
ring system.
(122) 1 hetero/hetero fusion.
T»o hetero rings fused to each other.
(123) More than I hetero/hetero fusion.
More than 1 hetero/heLero fusion occurring in the jome
ring systea.
(12*) 1 hetera/hetero fusion in more than 1 ring systea.
1 hetero/hetero fusion in no re than 1 ring systea.
(125) Hare than. 1 hetero/hetero fusion in more than 1 ring
systea.
More than 1 hetero/hetero fusion occurring In «ore than
1 ring system.
(1 ) Ring Linkages
(126) Sol ro ring t nd lea tor.
Sequence locant-llocant in non-ring part of ¥LH.
(127) Trxie bridge indicator.
•WLM contains a ring notation with cited bridge locants.
(128) 1 multl -cyclic point.
II thin any ring signs sequence bna where n»l.
(i23) More, than I aultl-eycne point.
fithin an/ ring signs sequence bn where n>l, or sequence
bnn.
(130) 1» linkage.
Two ring systeas (including beniene) are linked together.
(J ) Unusml Conditions
(1J1) Chelate.
ttH contains the character 0. Ho other reliable fragments are set.
(132) Hetallocene.
Ring containing character zero, not within hyphens. Any other
fragments set for uetallocencs are not reliable. _ _ _
179
-------
(133) Inorganics.
. Notation Begins *i th a space, but notVSS. .No other
fragments arc set.
(it) Total (tint) features
Used to Indicate the presence1 of ring features In the molecule.
(13O 1 ring system.
Occurrence of one ring systea (not benzene).
(13» 2 ring ay items.
Occurrence of 2 ring systems (not benzene).
(US) Hare than 2 ring systems.
Occurrence of More than 2 ring systeas (not benzene).
(137) 1 benzene ring.
Occurrence of one phenyl group.
(138) 2 benzene rings.
Occurrence of 2 phenyl groups.
(13?) Ho re than 2 benzene rings.
Occurrence of more than 2 phenyl groups.
(HO) 1 carbocyclle ring.
Occurrence of one Individual, fused or aromatic ring
(excluding non-fused benzenes) In total molecule.
(1*1) 2 carbocyclle rings.
Occurrence of two carbocyclie or aronatlc rings
(excluding non-fused benzenes) In total nolecule.
(1*2) More than 2 carboeyclle ring*.
Occurrence of no re than 2 earboeycllc or aronatlc rings
(excluding non-fused benzenes) in total nolecule.
(1*3) 1 heterocyelle ring.
Occurrence of on* Individual heterocyellc ring In total
nolecule.-
(1**) 2 heterocyclic rings.
Occurrence of two heteroeyclie rings In total molecule.
(1*5) More than 2 htteroeyelles.
. Occurrence of »ore than 2 heterocyelle rings In total
nolecule.
(1) Special Compound Types
(1**) Polyp eptl il«.
Notation begins with . Mo other fragments are set.
(1*7) -Polymer.
Notation begins with /. Us other fragments are set.
(a) Extensions
(1*3) More than 1 3-branch carbon ato».
Th« character t (but not*Y) occurring wore than pnce.
Hotel See fragment 6.
180
-------
Presence of suffix
A suffix beginning 744 Is present In the WIN.
ADDITIONAL FRAGMENTS AND THEIR MEANING
llote; the following special symbols have been used in
fragment explanations:
^(underscore) - a character string may Intervene
(4) - a terminal substltucnt
(C) - any Carbon atom eg V,X,numeric
(N) . any Nitrogen atom eg Z,H,M
9 - any numeric
(a) Additional Clya In fragments
Note; these are set In addition to the simpler fragments
described In He) and the character sequences must not br
immediately attached to or part of » ring system.
(150) Chain Primary Amide
Char, sequence ZV or VZ bonded to acyclic C only.
(151) Chain secondary amide
Char. seq. VH or HU bonded to acyclic C only.
(152) Chain tertiary amide
Char. seq. N VHH or VH bonded to acyclic C only.
(153) Chain N-unsubstltuted acylhydrazlde
Char. seq. ZHV or VHZ bonded to acyclic C.
{154) Chain H-substltuted oeylhydrazides
Char. seq. HHV.VHM.HN V.VN H,H N Y,N V(A)H,N HV.VHH.
ZN^V.VNJ, with V bonded to~acyc"lTc C~only.
(155) Chain primary amldlne
Char. seq. HUYJ or Y2UH bonded to acyllc C only
and excl. (155).
(ISO Chain amldlne
Char. seq. (M)_Y_UN.NUy_{H) bonded to acyclic C
only anrt excl.~(T55). ~
(15?) Choln Jto and dlazo
Char. seq. WUM.OHII or WMU.
(160) Chain C-nltroso
Ch'ar. seq. OH or DO bonded to acyclic C.
(161) Chain H-nltroso
Char. seq. ON(H) or _(N)_(UN).
Chain N-N, azoxy
Char. seq. (N) (N), not part of another bit (e.g.
153, 154), and~NUM04 and N04UN (excl. 305). ^_
181
-------
(165) Chain thtoamlo>
Char. seq. SUYZ or YZUS.
(166) .Chain dialkylamino
Char. seq. 9H9i or HS&9, not bonded to V.
tt«7) Chain Be thoxy.
Chat. seq. 01 or 10 bonded to acyelie C only. (0- * letter)
(168) Chain hydroxylamina
Char. seq. Q(N) or (H)_Q.
(1S9) Chain oxine
Char. seq. QNU or UNO.
Chain N-nitr
Char. seq. *H(N) or (N)JOf.
(171) Chain phenethyl
Char. seq. R9k or 2R (where It i« not further substituted.)
(172) Chain phenoxy
Char. seq. RO or OR (where R I* not further substituted).
(179) Chain phenylazo, and phenylhydrazono
Char. seq. RMNU,RNUN,NUNR,UNMR (where R i« not further
substituted).
(17*) Chain phenylureido
Char, seq. RHUH and HUMR(where R is not further
substituted).
(175) Chain phosphonyl •
Char. seq. QPQ04 or PQQO (where 0 Is .terminal),
but excl. P attached to 4 0 atoms.
Chain seoicarbazide and seaicarbaz'one
Char. seq. HHYZ, ZYHH.UNHVZ, ZVHNU;
(177) Chain sulfamido
Char. seq. KSTQ or W$QN.
(178) Chain urea
Char. seq. (N)_V(N).
(179) Chain eyanp
Char. seq. NC or CN (where N is terminal.).
(160) Biohenvl
Char. seq. R locR.
(305) Ar. azoxy
Char. seq. NUNOa or NOSUN on benzene ring.
(306) Chain carbamate
Char. s«q. 0¥(H). (N) YO.
182
-------
(b) Additional Substituent fragments
Motet these are set in addition to the simpler fragments
described In l(d) and the character sequences must be
Immediately attached to a part of a ring system.
(181) Substituent primary amide
, Char, sequence ZV or VZ bonded to ring C only.
(182) Substltuent secondary amide
Char. seq. VH or HU bonded to ring C only.
Substltuentn tertiary aaide
Char. seq. H VHH or VN bonded to ring C only.
Note that (Hi includes H in a ring.
Substjtuent N-unsubstltutedaeylhydrazlde
Char. seq. 2HV or VHI bonded to ring C.
(185) Substltuent H-sufas.tltuted aeylhydrazldes
Char. seq. KHV.VHH.MN V,VH H,H H V,N V(4)N,N HV.VHN,
ZN V.VNZ, with V bonded to~Ylng" C only. NoTe that
(H) includes N In a ring.
(186) Sjjbsj^ltueivt primary amldlne
Char. seq. MUYZ or YZUH bonded to ring C only and
excl. (166).
(187) Subs111 y e n t am 1 d:_ine
Char. seq. (N) Y UH.HUY
-------
(195) Subttituent N-H
Char. seq. (H) (H), nor part of another bit (eg 153,
154). Mote th"at (H) Includes N in a ring.
(196) Substltuent thloamlde
Char. seq. SUYI or YZUS.
(197') Substltuent dlalfeylamino
Char. seq. 9N9A or N9&9, not bonded to V.
(198) Substltuent methoxy
Char. »eq. 01 or 10 bonded to ring C only. (0 = letter)
(199) Substltuent hydroxylaiaine
Char. seq. Q(N) or (M)_0. Note that (H) includes
H In a ring. . "~
(200) Substltuent oxlne
Char. seq. QHU or UNO.
(201) Substltuent N-nltro
Char. seq. WN(N) or (H)_NW. Note.that (N) Includes
M in a ring. ~"
(202) Substltuent phenethyl
Char. seq. Rl or "R (where R is not further substituted),
(203) Substltuent phenoxy
Char. seq. RO or OR (where R is not further substituted),
(204) Substltuent phenylazo, and phenvlhydrazono
Char. seq. RHNU,RNUN,NUNR,UNMR (where R is not further
substituted).
(205) Substltuent phenylureldo
Char. seq. RHUH and HUHR (where R Is not further
substituted).
(206) Substltuent phosphonyl
Char. seq. QP-Q04 at PQQO (where 0 is terminal),
but exel. P attached to 4 0 atoms.
(207) Substltuent senlcarbazlde and seralearbaione
Char. seq. HHVZ,ZVHM.UHHVl.lVHNU.
(208) Substltuent sulfamldo
Char. seq. MSKQ or WSQH.
(209) Subatltuent ureas
Char. seq. (n)J'(H). Hote that (N) includes H in
a ring.
(210) Substltuent cyano
Char. seq. NC or en (where N Is terminal).
184
-------
(309) Substituent carbamate
Char. seq. OV(N), {H)_VO.
(c) Additional Metal fragments
These are found by locating the character seq -AA- where AA
is the metal HfLM atonic symbol anywhere In the notation.
Hole: KA (potassium), VO (Tungsten), UR (uranium),
VA (vanadium) and YT (yttriura) are not standard atonic
symbols.
Hetal
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Ok
Be
Bl
Cd
Ca
Cf
Ce
Cs
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Oy
Cs
Er
Eu
Fa
Fr
Cs
Ca
Ce
Hu
Hf
Fragment
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
21S
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
23%
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
Hetal
He
Ho
In
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
U
Lu
Hg
Hn
Md
Hg
Mo
Nd
He
Up
HI
Nb
Ho
Os
Pd
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
PB
Pi
Ra
Ru
Fragment
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
2S1
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
Hetal
Re '
Rh
Rb
Ru
Sm
5c
Se
SI
Ag
Ha
Sr
Ta
7c
Te
Tb
71
Th
Tn
Sn
Yl
*
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y .
Zn
IT
Fragment
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
2?7
298
299
300
301
302
185
-------
APPENDIX B3
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAMMED CARCINOGENESIS KEYS
Key 310 Aromatic amino:
[Key 97 (aromatic 6-membered ringj AND [Key 8 (3-branch nitrogen) OR Key 55
(substituent N-H bond) OR Key 58 (amino group) OR Key 59 {> 2 amino group)]
Key 311 N-nitroso, sulfonyl:
[Key 161 (chain N-nitroso}] AND [Key 162 (chain sulfonamide)]
Keys 312 thru 314 Organohalogen mustards:
Key 312
[Key S (3-branch nitrogen) OR Key 28 (chain N-H bond) OR Key 56 (substituent N-
H bond)] AND [Key 19 (ethyl or ethylene group)] AND [Key 22 (generic halogen)]
Key 313
[Key 10 (sulfur atom)] AND [Key 15 (ethyl or ethylene group)] AND [Key 22 (generic
halogen)]
Key 31*
[Key 313] AND [Key 36 ( >1 chain oxygen)]
Key 315 Halo alkanes:
[Key 6 CS-branch carbon) OR Key 7 (^-branch carbon) OR Key 17 (methyl or
methylene group) OR Key 19 (ethyl or ethylene group) OR Key 20 (alkyl chain
(CH2)n,n=3-9) OR Key 1«S (>l 3-branch carbon)] AND [Key 22 (generic halogen)]
Key 316 Haloetherss
[Key 6 (3-branch carbon) OR Key 7 ft-branch carbon) OR Key 17 (methyl or
methylene group) OR Key 19 (ethyl or ethylene group) OR Key 1*8 (>1 3-branch
carbon)] AND [Key 35 (1 chain oxygen)] AND [Key 22 (generic halogen)]
Key 317 Haloalkene*
[Key 6 (3-branch carbon) OR Key 17 (methyl/methylenc group)] AND [Key 1*
(carbon double bond, not cioh,CsN,c=SJ AND [Key 22 (generic halogen)j
186
-------
Key 313 Halogenated aromatics:
[Key SO (substituent halogen)] AND [Key 97 (aromatic 6-membered ring)] AND [Key
180 (biphenyl) OR Keys 11* thru 125 (any one or more) various types and amount of
ring fusions in overall compound]
Key 319 ' Alky! sulfatess
[Key * (dioxo group) OR Key 36 ( >1 oxygen)] AND [Key 10 (sulfur)]
Key 320 Sultones:
[Key * {dioxo group)! AND
as ring heteroatom)! AND
Key 73 (oxygen as ring heteroatom) I AND [Key 81 {sulfur
; 1
Keys 10* or 107 (1 heteroatom in 1 or >1 ring)!
Key 321 Epoxidess
[Key 103 (heterocyclic ring, not 5- or 6-membered)] AND [Key 73 (oxygen as ring
heteroatom)] AND [Keys 10*_or 107 (1 heteroatom in 1 or>I ring)]
Key 322 Aiiridines:
[Key 103 (heterocyclic ring, not 5- or 6-membered)] AND [Key 77 (nitrogen as ring
heteroatom)] AND [Keys 10* or 107 (1 heteroatom in 1 or>l ring)]
Key 323 Sulfidess
[Key 103 (heterocyclic ring, not 5- or 6-membered)] AND [Key 81 (sulfur as ring
heteroatom)] AND [Keys 10* or 107]
Key 324 8-Lactones:
[Key 321 (epoxides)] AND [Key S3 (carbonyl in ring)]
Key 326 S -Unsaturated lactones:
[Key 101. (heterocyclic 5-membered ring)] AND [Key 73 (oxygen as ring
heteroatom)] AND [Key 85 (carbonyl in ring)] AND [Keys 10* or 107 (1 heteroatom
in 1 or >1 ring)]
Key 327 Anhydrides:
[Key 101 (heterocyclic 5-membered ring)] AND [Key 73 (oxygen as ring
heteroatom)] AND [Key 86 { H carbonyl In ring)] AND [Keys 104 or 107 (i
heteroatom In 1 or>l ring)]
Key 328 of-8 Unsaturated carbonates:
[Key 101 (heterocyclic 5-membered ring)] AND [Key 2* (* oxygen as ring
heteroatom) J AND [Key 83 (carbonyl in ring)] AND [keys 105 or 103 (2 hetei-oatoms
in one or >1 ring)]
187
-------
Key 329 cf-8 Unsaturated lactones:
[Key 102 (heterocyclic 6-membered ring)] AND [Key 73 {oxygen as ring
heteroatom)] AND [Key 85 (carbonyl in ring)] AND [Keys 104 or 107 (1 heteroatom
in 1 or >1 ring)]
Key 330 • Fused aromatic ef-6 unsaturated lactones:
[Key 329] AND [Key 97 (aromatic 6-membered ring)] AND [Key 118 (1 carbo/hetero
fusion)]
Key 331 Fused polynuclear aromatica
[Keys 114 thru 125 (any one)] AND [Key 97 (aromatic S-membered ring)]
Key 332 Aryldialkatriazenes:
[Key 97 (aromatic 6-membered ring)] AND [Key 20* (substituent
phenylazo)] AND [Key 8 (3-branch nitrogen)]
Key 333 Purine analog:
[Key 80 (>1 nitrogen as heteratom in >1 ring)] AND [Key 101 (heterocyclic 5-
membered ring)] AND [Key 102 (heterocyclic 6-membered ring)] AND [Key 108 (2
heteroatoms in >1 ring)J AND [Key 122 (1 hetero/hetero fusion)]
Key 334 Pyrimidine analogs:
[Key 78 (>1 nitrogen as heteroatom in 1 ring)] AND [Key 102 {heterocyclic 6-
membered ring)] AND [ Key 105 (2 heteroatoms in 1 ring)]
Key 335 Any one or more of the following keys: 100,207,223,285,314,330,332.
Key 336 Any one or more of the following keys: 21,42,94,176,281,309.
188
-------
APPENDIX C
0»TAMSq F0« MttAt STRUCTURE - ACTIVITY
OF fltOOECIUOABIl 1TY
\ CAS HUT K
' 30840 191. O10
50497 261. 0«4
51285 184.120
11365. 191.010
12404 308.341
55210 121.110
55221 152.179
56)82 180.139
$6406 15.090
56417 HO. 156
16451 291.344
56757 121.150
54M1 92.110
568*8 131.1)1
' 56860 2t9.)73
: 17114 28V.540
57487 184.221
i 17501 257.4)7
! S8«94 240.820
14676 123.120
61405 131.2OO
; 622)7 167.130
, 6211) 43.140
64171 46.040
64186 46.0)0
• 64147 354. ICO
66224 2)4.322
176)0 60.110
64727 3)6.413
70304 234,322
! 70473 113.823
i MOJl 268.3S4
712)11 268.316
71)6) 228.294
I 72184. III. 110
! 12445 J«.J.460
7)223 204.210
71325 1)1.200
7*113 214.247
71O7O 37). 910
IfJIO 104.620
77424 142.140
78)08 301.101
78319 141.161
>«)JO 119.1)8
7(922 74.140
79094 74.090
84642 222.260
8*t41 54,068
84742 227.217
8*76* 418.640
SYt
10
37 •
3
10
4
30
64
I
17
6
6
3
6
6
•6
21
37
38
30
64
18
3
SB
14
41
17
78
6
63
41
6
6
20
20
18
6
6
17
30
17
4
'7
1
t
1
6
19
19
18
20
20
KEY2
32
41
65
12
10
67
77
3
30
17
17
17
la
17
14
41
45
46
32
77
30
64
47
37
41
«6
18
69
10
17
30
37
37
30
7
30
14
51
)4
18
18
t
1
3
17
41
72
14
72
72
«Y3
64
66
»7
64
17
47
102
10
41
30
30
22
38
30
30
66
63
94
102
41
47
137
10 2
37
47
12
31
41
41
18
41
30
64
/ 37
46
45
46
14
97
72
47
47
KEY4
47
73
137
47
30
137
104
19
41
17
24
42
42
73
64
112
104
148
137
310
103
137
66
39
4S
148
22
41
41
4>
42
64
64
64
37
137
47
137
137
KCV1
137
102
137
41
181
110
)6
41
28
102
75
134
110
110
47
*4l
79
2*
77
141
137
47
47
97
l)f
Lfll tUUKT.U
HEV6 KEVT
104 UO
114 143
61 47
3B 39
104 UO
101 102
140
134 143
134 14,3
lit
130
tOt 103
64 47
47 101
IW 172
134 |72
11* 172
141
, '
UUCUKADABlt lunruur
KEYS KEY9 KEYIO
134 143
1ST
97 UT 14»
134 143
107 lit 135
t<« 334
110 134 143
tJ« !»• 313
104 111 140
_
Reproduced from
best available copy. %gF
lit
144
319
143
1)1
-------
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144»««» t?2£Sioo — »*
190
-------
OAYAB1S6 F0« FtNAl STRUCTURE - ACTIVITY HOOEl OF BIOOEGP»0»BII17Y
CAS
100196
100210
1015)1
101B1)
10)2)1
103822
1036**
• (0*019
10*15*
105602
1056J4
106*10
10650)
10715)
107211
1076*2
107426
1079)7
107444
108)44
10B429
106441
1084)2
10846)
HWT
240.214
166.1*0
215.336
168.250
341.966
344.066
178.234
166.190
172.210
164.227
122.180
107. fO
KEYl KEY2
3
70
45
45
in
*1
17
17
4
77
44
45
ton. i to 5*>
60.120
236.337
255.4*4
a*. 120
tor. 196
lot
. 5)0
104.150
127.560
107.170
19
14
2
20
14
19
45
JO
45
1011.160 51
110.120
1087)6 126.120
1004)0
108441
100.180
98.160
104417 67.100
110156
110270
110338
11024)
1106)4
2S8.104
270.510
180.250
86.200
151
.165
1101194 85.170
111422
105.160
111466 104. t*O
112005
112027
1120)8
112538
112618
11S)22
11501,6
117817
117840
118923
11436B
119619
120724
120009
120432
80. 514
51.064
3*1.130
184.310
29H.S70
10ft. 1**
)26.)00
390.620
76.019
1)7.150
1B7
182
.066
.2)0
3.7O.49Q
110.120
361
.784
66
66
65
85
77
19
6
20
20
20
77
19
19
2
Z
2
21
17
7
I
18
20
SB
17
47
77
66 '
SO
Reproduced
best
11
47
65
97
19
45
39
41
to.
es
65
58
17
31
38
a
41
17
22
65
51
58
97
17
97
99
99
101
42
18
44
38
102
20
j;j
9
1
8
)7
21
21
J
19
72
69
61
17
97
97
52
from
KEY)
67
1)7
47
1)8
20
47
56
45
)7
10)
47
97
1)7
U
11
2)
97
SB
97
1)7
1)7
1)7
1U
112
104
21
104
)8
)9
IB
18
18
4)
24
64
20
97
47
71
138
101
137
6)
J
KEY*
47
1)8
44
137
97
6)
4S
104
1)7
1)7
)lo
21
41
41
1)7
97
1)7
310
1)4
1)4
110
4)
110
M
21
21
)7
47
72
1)7
1)7
17
104
17
M^. '
KEY) K6Y6
137
148
1)7 18*
97 t)7
47 1)7
110 1)4
310
31)
137 310
310
140
140
1)4 14]
134 143
141
141
SO 52
l)» 171
97 1)7
310
137
UB 114
137
UHI-BlUUUGt
KEY 7 KEY(
310
tin
14) 189
97 1)8
148
140 »4J
available copy. ^$jy
)22
32)
IIS
131
-------
DATABASE fOR FINAL mucmt - ACTIVITY noon of eiooEGMomuiTt
CAS
120923
12157)
121919
12 1926
1221*9
122190
1223*9
122429
122805
121308
123119
121728
1241*5
126718
12717)
DUD
131704
1)4850
1)5193
139082
1391)9
140727
1*2621
1427)4
142916
14)077
14*627
1*785)
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-------
DATABASE FOR MNIL STRUCTURE -. ACTIVITY MODEL Of »IOOEGfUO«,8ILITY
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-------
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-------
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198
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14} 149
-------
MUMSE F0« flNlL SWJCTWE - ACTIVITY MODEL Of SIOOiCR40»BIL If*
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1730*620
18101X1
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97 130
97 IV>
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--- C»TeSORY.HOfieiOO€C*AOA»lE COMPOUNDS
KEY* KEV6 KEY7 KEYS KEY9 KEY 10 KEY 11
85 97 101 lOt
77 at 97 101
«t 63 97 138
138 180 318
138 t«O 318
97 101 105 118
110 118
105 It*
190 198
130 1)*
130
13*
137
KEY 12
135
1*0
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KEY13
1*0
1*3
1*3
KEYU KEY15
t** 331
162 310
331
KEY16 KEY17
331
-------
APPENDIX D
CLASSIFICATION FUNCTIONS
Variable
Degr
Nondegr
5
6
7
MW
Kl
K3
K7
K16
9 K19
10 K20
11 K?l
13 K35
14 K36
15 K38
16 K39
17 K42
18 K43
20 K57
21 K61
22 K65
23 K66
24 K67
25 K69
27 K81
28 K85
29 K97
30 K98
33 K106
34 'Kl 14-
35 K127
36 K130
37 JC137
38 K142
39 K143
40 K148
41 K149
42 K152
0.02302
2.73695
0.11129
-0.03238
-0.30634
3.93332
3.76515
5.49241
-1.64318
-1 .91663
4.25407
2.69657
7.46411
0,78917
-1.97043
-3.57630
3.17291
1.52237
1.96106
1.58738
-4.82418
4.17258
4.25909
4.64651
-1.43059
0.61680
0.38637
-0.99169
1.76695
-0.22826
6.33623
0.18197
-0.05331
-1.79415
0.02802
-2.27090
3.30623
4.26684
7.44804
1.36762
1.47810
0.46134
1.33443
3.52740
1.46794
-0.35391
3.61787
3.24463
-6.80428
8.52544
0.14256
-0.07360
-2.74657
-0.51867
9.06071
-1.93354
6.61427
9.73883
5.91972
4.01281
-12.45826
1.10736
-2.17223
10.24929
3.99009
3.54732
4.75073
4.41078
197
-------
Variable Degr Nondegr
43 K175 -6.98254 -0.37777
44 K181 -0.23633 11.19320
.45 K188 7.64£62 -4.99037
46 K199 -8.60300 7.77257
48 K3IB -0.70583 7.74792
50 K334 -7.01111 4.04462
Constant -6.33960 -9.75803
198
-------
APPENDIX E
EXAMPLES OF CALCULATION OF PROBABILITY OF BIODEGRADATION
The following three examples demonstrate the simplicity of the predic-
tion once a compound has been converted into its proper substructural frag-
ments, or Keys. Until additional work is done, the results of this feasibil-
ity study may only be applied to compounds containing any of the 39 Keys
listed in Appendix D plus the following nonquantified Keys, which were elim-
inated from the final model for lack of sufficient influence on it: 17, 33,
45, 75, 101, 102. As previously indicated the presence of Keys 22, 138, 139,
141, 145, or 315 has been shown to have an unacceptably variable influence on
the model, so that compounds containing one of these as the only "guess" Key
should be exempted from the inevitable attempts at extrapolation.
Examples 1 and 2 are drawn from Appendix C - Biodegradable, and 3 from
Appendix C - Nonbiodegradafale.
Example 1.
Registry Number: 51-28-5 ~ ^
Name: 2,4-Dinitrophenol
Keys: Constant, MW, 3, 65, 97, 137
Step 1. Sum values for each Key from Degr(adable) column in Appendix D:
Constant + ( MW + 3 + 65 + 97 + 137 )
(-)6.340 + ( 0.023 + 0.111 + 3.173 + 4.259 + 1.767 )
(-)6.340 + (+)9.333 = (+J2.993
Step 2. Repeat Step 1 using values from Nondegr(adable) column:
(-)9.758 + ( 0.028 + 3.306 + 0.143 + 6.614 + (-)2.172 )
(-)9.758 + { 10.091 + (-)2,172 )
(-)9.758 + (+)7.919 = (-J1.839
Step 3. Insert values from Steps 1 and 2 in the Probability Equation:
P = exp(Step !)/( exp(Step 1) + exp(Step 2) )
199
-------
P = exp2.993/( exp2.993 + exp(-)1.839 )
Step 4. By inspection, the denominator is only slightly larger than
the numerator, indicating P is 0.9 - 0.99, i.e., a high proba-
bility of degradation
Example 2.
Registry Number: 490-79-9
Name: 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid
Keys: Constant, MW, 66, 69, 97, 137
Step 1.
(-)6.340 + (0.023 + 1.522 + 1.587 + 4.259 + 1.767 )
{-)6.340 + (+)9.158 = 2.818
Step 2.
(-J9.758 -I- ( 0.028 + (-J0.074 + (-)0.519 + 6.614 + (-J2.172 )
(-)9.758 + (+J3.877 = (-)5.881
Step 3.
P = exp2.818/( exp2.818 + exp(-)5.881 )
Step 4. By inspection, again, the denominator is only slightly larger
than the numerator, so the compound should be highly degradable.
Example 3.
Registry Number: 609-99-4
Name: 3,5-Dinitro-2-hydroxybenzoic Acid
Keys: Constant, MW, 3, 65, 69, 97, 137, 199
Step 1.
(-)6.340 + ( 0.023 + 0.111 + 3.173 + 1.587 + 4.259 + 1.767
+ (-)8.603 )
(-)6.340 + ( 10.920 + (-)8.603 )
(-)6.340 + (+)2.317 = (-J4.023
Step 2.
(-)9.758 + ( 0.028 + 3.306 + 0.143 + (-J0.519 + 6.614 + (-)2.172
+ 7.773 )
(-)9.758 + ( 17.864 + (-)2.691 )
(-)9.758 + (+J15.173 » 5.415
Step 3.
P = exp(-)4.023/( exp(-)4.023 + exp5.415 )
200
-------
Step 4. By inspection, the denominator is much larger than the numera-
tor, indicating P is closer to 0.1 than to 0.9, i.e., a low
probability of degradation.
In some cases the inspection method of handling Step 3 will not work and
calculation of the exponential terms will have to be carried out.
201
-------
APPENDIX F
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable Compounds
Name.
CAS
Acetaldehyde 75-07-0
Acetamide, N-(4-aminophenyl)- 122-80-5
Acetamide, 2,2-dich1oro-N-(2-hydroxy-l-(hydroxymethyl)-
2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl)-, (R-R*,R*))- 56-75-7
Acetamide, N-phenyl- 103-84-4
Acetanilide 103-84-4
Acetic acid 64-19-7
Acetic acid, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)- 94-75-7
Acetic acid, (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)- 93-76-5
Adipic acid, diheptyl ester 14697-48-4
Adipic acid, dinonyl ester 151-32-6
Adipic ketone 120-92-3
L-Alanine 56-41-7
Aldrin 309-00-2
i
4-Aminoacetanilide 122-80-5
2-Aminoacetic acid 56-40-6
2-Aminobenzoic acid 118-92-3
3-Aminobenzoic acid 99-05-8
202
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category -Biodegradable Compounds
Name CAS
4-Aminobenzoic acid 150-13-0
Aminodiacetic acid 142-73-4
2-Aminoethanephosphonic acid 2041-14-7
2-Amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid 56-45-1
2-Am1nopentanedioic acid 56-86-0
2-Aminophenol 95-55-6
3-Aminophenol 591-27-5
p-Aminophenylacetic acid 1197-55-3
(3-Aminopropy1)phosphonic acid 13138-33-5
L-Aminosuccinic acid 56-84-8
Amphenicol 56-75-7
Aniline 62-53-3
L-Asparagine 70-47-3
L-Aspartic acid 56-84-8
2H-Azepin-2-one, hexahydro- 105-60-2
IH-Azepine-l-carbothioic acid, hexahydro-, S-ethyl ester 2212-67-1
Azole 109-97-7
Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy- 90-02-8
Benzaldehyde, 2-nitro- 552-89-6
Benzaldehyde, 3-nitro- 99-61-6
Benzaldehyde, 4-nitro- 555-16-8
Benzamide 55-21-0
203
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category- Biodegradable Compounds
Name CAS
Benzamide, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]- 13113-43-4
Benzamide,N-(3,4-dichloropheny1)-N-[(dimethyl ami no)carbonyl]- 3134-12-1
Benzamide, N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]
-4-methoxy- 2689-43-2
Benzenamine 62-53-3
"v-
Benzenamine, 2-chloro- 95-51-2
Benzenamine, 3-chloro- 108-42-9
Benzenamine, 2,3-dimethyl- \ 87-59-2
Benzenamine, 2,5-dimethyl- 95-78-3
Benzenamine, 3,4-dimethyl- 95-64-7
Benzenamine, 2-methyl- 95-53-4
Benzenamine, 3-methyl- 108-44-1
Benzenamine; 4-methyl- ~ 106-49-0
Benzene, l-chloro-4-(phenylmethyl)- 831-81-2
i
Benzene, 1,1'-ethenylidenebis- 530-48-3
Benzene, 1,T-ethylidenebis- 612-00-0
gamma-Benzene hexachloride 58-89-9
Benzene, l-methyl-2-nitro- 88-72-2
Benzene, 1-methyl-3-nitro- 99-08-1
Benzene, l-methyl-4-nitro- 99-99-0
Benzene, l,T-methylenebis- 101-81-5
Benzene, l,T-methylenebis(4-nitro- 1817-74-9
204
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable Compounds
Name CAS
Benzene, nitro- 98-95-3
Benzene, 1, V-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)bis(4-methoxy- 72-43-5
Benzeneacetaldehyde, alpha-phenyl- 947-91-1
Benzeneacetic acid 103-82-2
Benzeneacetic acid, 4-amino- 1197-55-3
Benzeneacetic acid, 4-hydroxy- 156-38-7
Benzeneacetic acid, 4-methoxy- 104-01-8
1,3-Benzenediamine 108-45-2
1,4-Benzenediamine 106-50-3
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid 88-99-3
1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid 121-91-5
1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid 100-21-0
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl)ester 117-81-7
1,2-Banzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-tnethylpropyl) ester 84-69-5
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2-butoxyethyl butyl ester 33374-28-6
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl phenylmethyl ester 85-68-7
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester 84-74-2
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester 84-66-2
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diheptyl ester 3648-21-3
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester 131-11-3
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dinonyl ester 84-76-4
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dioctyl ester 117-84-0
205
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OP COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable Compounds
Name • CAS
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diundecyl ester 3648-20-2
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic a
-------
APPENDIX F (Continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable Compounds
. Name CAS
Benzenesulfonic acid, 2,2'-(l,2 ethenediyl)bis(5-((4-((2-hydroxy-
ethyl)methy1amino 6-(phenylamino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)- 52435-15-1
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-ethyl- 98-69-1
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-hydroxy- 98-67-9
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methyl- 104-15-4
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-(l-methylethyl)- 16066-35-6
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-propyl- 15592-74-2
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-undecyl- 39156-49-5
Benzenetriol 108-73-6
Benzidine - 92-87-5
Benzoic acid, 2-amino- 118-92-3
Benzoic acid, 3-amino- 99-05-8
Benzoic acid, 4-ami no- 150-13-0
Benzoic acid, 3-bromo- , 585-76-2
Benzoic asid, 4-bromo- 586-76-5
Benzoic acid, 3-chloro- 535-80-8
Benzoic acid, 4-chloro- 74-11-3
i
Benzoic acid, 2,4-dichloro- 50-84-0
Benzoic acid, 3,5-dichloro- 51-36-5
Benzoic acid, 2,5-dihydroxy- 490-79-9
Benzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy- 99-50-3
Benzoic acid, 3,4-dimethyl- 619-04-5
207
-------
APPENDIX F (Continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable Compounds
Name CAS
'
Benzoic acid, 3,5-dimethyl- 499-06-9
Benzoic acid, 2-fluoro- 445-29-4
Benzoic acid, 3-fluoro- ' 455-38-9
Benzoic acid, 4-fluoro- 456-22-4
Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy- 69-72-7
Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, methyl ester 119-36-8
Benzoic acid, 3-iodo- 618-51-9
Benzoic acid, 3-methyl- 99-04-7
Benzoic acid, 2-nitro- 552-16-9
Benzoic acid, 3-nitro- 121-92-6
Benzoic acid, 4-nitro 62-23-7
Benzoic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxy- 149-91-7
Benzonitrilej 3,4-dihydroxy- 17345-61-8
Benzonitrile, 2-hydroxy- 611-20-1
Benzonitrile, 3-hydroxy- 873-62-1
Benzonitrile, 4-hydroxy- 767-00-0
Benzophenone 119-61-9
2H-l-Benzopyran-2-one, 6-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-7-hydroxy- 531-75-9
2,3-Benzopyrrole . 120-72-9
Benzuron 3134-12*1
4-Benzylphenol 101-53-1
Besylic acid 98-11-3
208
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable Compounds
'Name
Bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-ol, 1,7,7-trimethyl-, endo
(~!,r-Bipheny1)-4,4'-diamine
(l,V-Biphenyl-2-ol
i
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate
Bis(2-ethylhexy1) 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate
4,4'-Bis(2-sulfostyrl)biphenyl
Borneo!
3-Bromobenzoic acid
Butanal
Butanoic acid
Butanoic acid, 3-chloro-
Butanedioic acid
Butanedioic acid, (carboxymethoxy)-
Butanedioic acid, chloro-
Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-
1,4-Butanediol
1-Butanol
i
2-Butanol
2-Butenoic acid, (E)-
2-Butenoic acid, (Z)- • . •
Butoxyethyl butyl phthalate
Butyl alcohol
209
CAS
507-70-5
/
92-87-5
90-43-7
103-23-1
117-81-7
38775-22-3
507-70-0
585-76-2
123-72-8
107-92-6
1951-12-8
110-15-6
38945-27-6
16045-92-4
87-69-4
110-63-4
71-36-3
78-92-2
107-93-7
503-64-0
33374-28-6
71-36-3
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable Compounds
Name
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Butyl hydrogen phthalate
Butyl phthalate
4-Butylbenzenesulfonic acid
Butyraldehyde
Butyric acid_
Carbamic acid, methyl-, 4-chlorophenyl ester
Carbamic acid, phenyl-, 1-methylethyl ester
Capric acid
Caproic acid
Caprolactam
3-Carboxylpyridine
(Carboxymethoxy)malonic acid
Carboxymethyloxysuccinic acid
4-Carboxypyridine
Cetane
Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride
Chloramphenicol
Chloridazon
2-Chloroaniline
3-Chloroaniline
3-Chlorobenzoic acid
CAS
85-68-7
131-70-4
84-74-2
18521-59-0
123-72-8
107-92-6
2620-53-3
122-42-9
334-48-5
142-62-1
105-60-2
59-67-6
55203-12-8
38945-27-6
55-22-1
544-76-3
112-02-7
56-75-7
1698-60-8
95-51-2
108-42-9
535-80-8
210
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable Compounds
Name
4-Chlorobenzoic acid
4-Chlorobenzophenone
3-Chlorobutyric acid
3-Chlorocrotonic acid
cis-3-Chlorocrotonic acid
p-Chlorodiphenylmethane
2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol
4-Chlorophenyl methylcarbamate
Chloromycetin
3-Chloropropionic acid
4-Chloropyrocatechol
2-Chlorosuccinic acid
Citric acid
3-Cresol
Crotonic acid, (E)
Crotonic acid, (2)
Crotonic acid, 3-chloro- (E)
Crotonic acid, 3-chloro-, (Z)
Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-,
(1 alpha,2alpha,3beta,4alpha,5alpha,6beta)-
1,2-Cyclohexanediol
Cyclohexanol
CAS
74-11-3
134-85-0
1951-12-8
6214-28-4
6213-90-7
831-81-2
619-08-9
2620-53-3
56-75-7
107-94-8
2138-22-9
16045-92-4
77-92-9
108-39-4
107-93-7
503-64-0
6214-28-4
6213-90-7
58-89-9
931-17-9
108-93-0
211
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name
Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(l-methylethyl)-,
(1 alpha,2beta,Salpha)-
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexanone, 4-methyl-
Cyclopehtanol
Cyclopentanone
Cysteine
Decane
Decanoic acid
Dextrose
1,4-Diaminobenzene
2,4-Diaminophenol
2,4-Diamino-l,3,5-triazin-6-one
1,3-Diazole
Dibutyl acetic acid
2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid
3,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid
4,4'-Dich1orobenzophenone
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,6-Oichlorophenol
(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid
Dichloropyrocatechol
CAS
89-78-1
108-94-1
589-92-4
96-41-3
120-92-3
52-90-4
124-18-5
334-48-5
50-99-7
106-5-3
95-86-3
645-92-1
288-32-4
3115-28-4
50-84-0
51-36-5
90-98-2
120-83-2
87-65-0
94-75-7
13673-92-2
212
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name
Diethanolamine
Diethion
Diethylene glycol
Diheptyl adipate
Diheptyl phthalate
Dihexyl adipate
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
2.5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
3,4-Dihydroxybenzon i tri1e
1,4-Dihydroxybutane
1,2-Dihydroxynaphthalene
Diisobutyl phthalate
l,4:5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene, 1,2,3,4,10,10-
hexachloro-l,4,4a,5,8,8a,-hexahydro-,
(lalpha,4alpha,4abeta,5alpha,8alpha,8abeta)-
4,4'-Dimethoxybenzophenone
2,3-Dimethylanilihe
2,5-Dimethylaniline
3,4-Dimethylaniline
3,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid
3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid
Dimethylbenzyloctadecylammonium chloride
Dimethyldistearylammonium- chloride
CAS
111-42-2
563-12-2
111-46-6
14697-48-4
3648-21-3
110-33-8
99-50-3
490-79-9
17345-61-8
110-63-4
574-00-5
84-69-5
309-00-2
90-96-0
87-59-2
95-87-3
95-64-7
619-04-5
499-06-9
122-19-0
107-64-2
213
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name CAS
2,3-Dimethylphenol 526-75-0
2,4-Dimethylphenol 105-67-9
2,5-Dimethylphenol 95-87-4
2,6-Dimethylphenol 576-26-1
3,4-Dimethylphenol 95-65-8
Dimethyl phthalate 131-11-3
4,4'-Dinitrodiphenylmethane 1817-74-9
2,4-Dinitrophenol 51-28-5
Di-n-octyl phthalate 117-84-0
2,2-Diphenylacetaldehyde 947-91-1
1,1-Diphenylethane 612-00-0
1,1-Diphenylethylene 530-48-3
Diphenyl 2-ethylhexyl phosphate 1241-94-7
Diphenylmethane 101-81-5
Diphenyl p-tolyl phosphate 78-31-9
Diundecyl phthalate 3648-20-2
1-Dodecanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride 112-00-5
Dodecanoic acid 143-07-7
1-dodecanol 112-53-8
Dodecyl hexaethylene glycol 3055-96-7
Dodecyl sulfate , 151-41-7
Dodecyl triethylene glycol 3055-94-5
214
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name
Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride
Esculin
Ethanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride
1,2-Ethanediamine
Ethanedioic acid
1,2-Ethanediol
Ethanoic acid
Ethanol
Ethanol, 2-(dodecyloxy)-
Ethanol, 2-(2-(2-(dodecyloxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)-
Ethanol, 2,2'-iminobis-
Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-
Ethanone, l-(4-nitrophenyl)-
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl aldehyde
0-Ethyl S,S-diphenyl phosphorodithioate
0-Ethyl ethylphosphonate
Ethyl parathion
2-Ethylamino-4-isopEOpylamino-6-methylthio-s-triazine
4-Ethylbenzenesulfonic acid
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol dodecyl ether
CAS
112-00-5
531-75-9
27697-51-4
107-15-3
144-62-7
107-21-1
64-19-7
64-17-5
4536-30-5
3055-94-5
111-42-2
111-46-6
100-19-6
64-17-5
75-07-0
17109-49-8
7305-61-5
56-38-2
834-12-8
98-69-1
107-21-1
4536-30-5
215
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name CAS
Ethylenediamine 107-15-3
Ethylphosphonic acid 6779-09-5
4-Ethylpyrocatechol 1124-39-6
2-Fluorobenzoic acid 445-29-4
3-Fluorobenzoic acid 455-38-9
4-Fluorobenzoic acid 456-22-4
Formic acid 64-18-6
D-Fructose 57-48-7
2-Furancarboxaldehyde 98-01-1
2-Furanmethanol 98-00-0
2-Furanmethanol, tetrahydro- 97-99-4
2-Furfuraldehyde 98-01-1
Furfuryl alcohol 98-00-0
Gallic acid 149-91-7
alpha-D-Glucopyranoside, beta-D-fructofuranosyl 57-50-1
D-Glucosa 50-99-7
L-Glutamic acid 56-86-0
Glycerol 56-81-5
Glycine 56-40-6
Glycine, N-(carboxymethyl)- 142-73-4
Glycine, N-(carboxymethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)- 93-62-9
Glycine, N-(carboxymethyl)-N-methyl- 4408-64-4
216
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name CAS
Glycine, N, N-bis(carboxymethyl)- 139-13-9
Heptaethylene glycol dodecyl ether 3055-97-8
3,6,9,12,15,18,21-Heptaoxatritriacontan-l-ol 3055-97-8
Hexachlorophene 70-30-4
1-Hexadecanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride 112-02-7
Hexadecane 544-76-3
Hexadecanoic acid, 1-methylethyl ester 142-91-6
Hexadeeyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride 122-18-9
Hexadecylpyridinium bromide ,140-72-7
Hexahydropyridine 110-89-4
Hexane 110-54-3
Hexanedioic acid, dinonyl ester 151-32-6
Hexanedioic acid, dihexyl ester 110-33-8
Hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester 103-23-1
Hexanoic acid . 142-62-1
Hexanoic acid^ 2-butyl- 3115-28-4
Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl- 149-57-5
Hexanoic acid, 2-methyl- 4536-23-6
Hexanoic acid, 2-propyl- 3274-28-0
Hexanon 108-94-1
3,6,9,12,15,18-Hexaoxatriacontan-l-ol 3055-96-7
217
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name CAS
Histidine 71-00-1
Hydroquinone 123-31-9
4-Hydroxyaniline 123-30-8
4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 98-67-9
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid 69-72-7
2-Hydroxybenzonitrile 611-20-1
3-Hydroxybenzonitrile 873-62-1
4-Hydroxybenzonitrile 767-00-0
4-Hydroxybenzophenone 1137-42-4
2-Hydrbxybiphenyl 90-43-7
2-Hydroxybutane 78-92-2
Hydroxycyclohexane 108-93-0
Hydroxycyclopentane 96-41-3
Hydroxydiphenylmethane 91-01-0
Hydroxyethylaminodiacetic acid 93-62-9
Hydroxynaphthalene 90-15-3
2-Hydroxynaphthalene 135-19-3
2-Hydroxyphenol 120-80-9
(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid 156-38-7
4-Hydroxyphthalic acid 610-35-5
IH-Imidazole 288-32-4
IH-Indole 120-72-9
218
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name CAS
3-Iodobenzoic acid 618-51-9
!H-Isoindole-l,3(2H)-dione 85-41-6
L-Isoleucine 73-32-5
Isophthalic acid 121-91-5
Isopropanol 67-63-0
Isopropyl carbanilate 122-42-9
Isopropyl palmitate 142-91-6
4-Isopropylbenzenesulfonic acid 16066-35-6
Kelthane 115-32-2
Lauryl alcohol 112-53-8
L-Leucine 61-90-5
Lindane 58-89-9
Menthol 89-78-1
Methanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride 75-57-0
Methanoic acid . 64-18-6
Methanone, bis(4-chlorophenyl)- 90-98-2
Methanone, (4-chlorophenyl)phenyl- 134-85-0
Methanone, diphenyl- 119-61-9
Methanone, (4-hydroxypheny1)phenyl- 1137-42-4
Methanone, bis(4-methoxyphenyl)- 90-96-0
Methanone, (4-methoxyphenyl)phenyl- 611-94-9
4-Methoxybenzophenone 611-94-9
219
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name
Methoxychlor
(4-Methoxypheny])acetic acid
Methyl linolenate
Methyl salicylate
Methyl stearate
2-Methyl aniline
3-Methylaniline
4-Methylaniline
i
3-Methylbenzole acid
3-Methylcatechol
4-Methylcatechol
4-Methylcyclohexanone
2,2'-Methylenebis(4-chlorophenol)
2-Methylhexanoic acid
Methylimidodiacetic acid
2-Methy1n i trobenzene
2-Methylpentadecanoic acid
2-Methylphenol
3-Methylphenol
2-Methylphenyl diphenyl phosphate
Methylphosphonic acid
3-Methyltetradecane
CAS
72-43-5
104-01-8
301-00-8
119-36-8
112-61-8
95-53-4
108-44-1
106-49-0
99-04-7
488-17-5
452-86-8
589-92-4
97-23-4
4536-23-6
4408-64-4
88-72-2
25354-92-1
95-48-7
108-39-4
5254-12-6
993-13-5
18435-22-8
220
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name CAS
Myristic acid, isopropyl ester 110-27-0
N-(4-Isopropylpheny!)-N',N1-dimethy!urea 34123-59-6
1,2-Naphthalenediol . 574-00-5
!-Naphtha!enesu1fonic acid 85-47-2
2-Naphtha!enesu!fonic acid, 1-hydroxy- 567-18-0
1-Naphthalenol 90-15-3
2-Naphthalenol 135-19-3
1-Naphtho!-2-sulfonic acid 567-18-0
Nicotinic acid 59-67-6
Nitrilotriacetic acid 139-13-9
4'-Nitroacetophenone 100-19-6
2-Nitrobenzaldehyde 552-89-6
3-Nitrobenza!dehyde 99-61-6
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde 555-16-8
Nitrobenzene 98-95-3
2-Nitrobenzoic acid 552-16-9
3-Nitrobenzoic acid 121-92-6
4-Nitrobenzoic acid 62-23-7
2-Nitrophenol 88-75-5
3-Nitrophenol 554-84-7
4-Nitrophenol 100-02-7
2-Nitrotoluene _ 88-72-2
221
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name CAS
3-Nitrotoluene 99-08-1
4-Nitrotoluene 99-99-0
Nonaethylene glycol monododecyl ether 3055-99-0
3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27-Nonaoxanonatriacontan-l-ol 3055-99-0
Nonyl phthalate 84-76-4
1-Octadecanaminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-octadecyl-, chloride 107-64-2
1-Octadecanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride 112-03-8
Octadecanoic acid 57-11-4
Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester 112-61-8
9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (1,1,1)- 301-00-8
Octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride 112-03-8
Oxalic acid 144-62-7
Parathion ' 56-38-2
Pentachlorophenol 87-86-5
Pentadecanoic acid 1002-84-2
Pentadecanoic acid, 2-methyl- 25354-92-1
Pentadecanoic acid, 2-propyl- 32815-53-5
Pentadecylic acid 1002-84-2
Pentaethylene glycol dodecyl ether 3055-95-6
3,6,9,12,15-Pentaoxaheptacosan-l-ol 3055-95-6
Phenol, 2-amino- 95-55-6
Phenol, 3-amino- 591-27-5
222
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name CAS
Phenol, 4-amino- 123-30-8
Phenol, 2-chloro-4-nitro- 619-08-9
Phenol, 2,4-diamino- 95-86-3
Phenol, 2,4-dichloro- 120-83-2
Phenol, 2,6-dichloro- 87-65-0
Phenol, 2,3-dimethyl- 526-75-0
Phenol, 2,4-dimethyl- 105-67-9
Phenol, 2,5-dimethyl- 95-87-4
Phenol, 2,6-dimethyl- 576-26-1
Phenol, 3,4-dimethyl- 95-65-8
Phenol, 2,4-dinitro- 51-28-5
Phenol, 2-methyl- 95-48-7
Phenol, 3-methyl- 108-39-4
Phenol, 5-methy1-2-0-methylethyl)- 89-83-8
Phenol,' 2,2'-methylenebis(3,4J6-tricn1oro- 70-30-4
Phenol, 2,2'-methylenebis(4-chloro- 97-23-4
Phenol, 2-nitro- 88-75-5
Phenol, 3-nitro- 554-84-7
Phenol, 4-nitro- 100-02-7
Phenol, pentachloro- 87-86-5
Phenol, 4-(phenylmethyl)- 101-53-1
Phenol, 2,2'-thiobis(4,6-dichloro- 97-18-7
223
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name CAS
Phenol, 2,4,5-trichloro- 95-95-4
Phenol, 2,4,6-trichloro- 88-06-2
Phenylacetic acid 103-82-2
Phenylcarboxyamide 55-21-0
1,3-Phenylenediamine 108-45-2
Phenylsulfinic acid 618-41-7
Phloroglucinol 108-73-6
Phosphonic acid, (2-aminoethyl)- 2041-14-7
Phosphonic acid, (2-((3-amino-l-oxopropyl)amino)ethyl)- 59957-50-5
Phosponic acid, (3-aminopropyl)- 13138-33-5
Phosphonic acid, ethyl- 6779-09-5
Phosphonic acid, ethyl-, monoethyl ester 7305-61-5
t
Phosphonic acid, methyl- 993-13-5
Phosphonic acid, methyl-, mono(l-methylethyl)ester 1832-54-8
Phosphoric acid, dibutyl phenyl ester 2528-36-1
Phosphoric acid, 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl ester 1241-94-7
Phosphoric acid, 2-methylphenyl diphenyl ester 5254-12-6
Phosphoric acid, 4-methylphenyl diphenyl ester 78-31-9
Phosphoric acid, tributyl ester 126-73-8
i
Phosphoric acid, triphenyl ester 115-86-6
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-methylphenyl) ester 78-30-8
Phosphoric acid, tris(3-methylphenyl) ester 563-04-2
224
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name CAS
Phosphoric acid, tris(4-methy!pheny1) ester 78-32-0
Phosphorothioic acid, 0,0-diethyl 0-(4-nitrophenyl) ester 56-38-2
Phosphorodithioic acid, 0-ethyl S,S-dipheny1 ester 17109-49-8
Phosphorodithioic acid, S,S'-methylene 0,0,0',0'-
tetraethyl ester 563-12-2
Phthalic acid 88-99-3
Phthalimide 85-41-6
Piperidine 110-89-4
L-Proline 147-85-3
Propanedioic acid, (carboxymethoxy)- 55203-12-8
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- 77-92-9
1,2,3-Propanetriol 56-81-5
Propanoic acid 79-09-4
Propanoic acid, 3-chloro- 107-94-8
Propanoic acid, 2-oxo- 127-17-3
Propanoic acid, 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)- 93-72-1
1-Propanol 71-23-8
2-Propanol 67-63-0
Propionic acid 79-09-4
Propyl alcohol 71-23-8
2-Propylpentadecanoic acid 32815-53-5
3(2H)-Pyridazinone, 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl- 1698-60-8
225
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name CAS
i
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 59-67-6
4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 55-22-1
Pyridinium, l-hexadecyl-, bromide 140-72-7
Pyridinium, T-tetradecyl-, chloride 2785-54-8
2,4(lH,3H)-Pyrimidinedione 66-22-8
Procatechitol 931-17-9
IH-Pyrrole 109-97-7
2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid 147-85-3
Pyruvic acid 127-17-3
Resorcinol 108-46-3
L-Serine 56-45-1
Silvex 93-72-1
Simazine 122-34-9
Stearic acid 57-11-4
Succinic acid 110-15-6
Sucrose 57-50-1
Sulfanilic acid 121-57-3
Sulfuric acid, monododecyl ester 151-41-7
Terephthalic acid 100-21-0
1,13-Tetradecadiene 21964-49-8
Tetradecane 629-59-4
Tetradecane, 3-methyl- 18435-22-8
226
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name CAS
Tetradecanoic acid, 1-methylethyl ester 110-27-0
1-Tetradecene 1120-36-1
7-Tetradecene 10374-74-0
Tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride 139-08-2
Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 97-99-4
Tetramethylammonium chloride 75-57-0
2,2'-Thiobis(4,6-dich1orophenol) 97-18-7
Thymol 89-83-8
o-Toluidine 95-53-4
2,4,5-TP 93-72-1
l,3,5-Triazin-2(lH)-one, 4,6-diamino- 645-92-1
l,3,5-Triazine-2,4-diamine, 6-chloro-N,N'-diethyl- 122-34-9
1,3,5-Triazine-2,4-diamine, N-ethyl-6-methoxy-N1-
(1-methylethyl)- 1610-17-9
l,3,5-Triazine-2,4-diamine, N-ethyl-N1-(methylethyl)-6-
(methylthio)- 834-12-8
s-Triazine, 2-(ethyl ami no)-4-(isopropylamino)-6-methoxy- 1610-17-9
Tributyl phosphate 126-73-8
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 95-95-4
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 88-06-2
(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid 93-76-5
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxypropionic acid 93-72-1
Tri-m-cresyl phosphate 563-04-2
227
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Biodegradable
Name CAS
i
Trimethyl ethyl ammonium chloride 27697-51-4
Triphenyl phosphate 115-86-6
Tris(o-cresyl) phosphate 78-30-8
Tris(p-cresyl) phosphate 78-32-0
L-Tryptophan 73-22-3
p-Undecylbenzenesulfonic acid 39156-49-5
Uracil 66-22-8
Urea, l-p-anisoyl-1-(3,4-4dichlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyl- 2689-43-2
Urea, N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N'-dimethyl- 17495-49-7
Urea, N,N-dimethyl-N'-(4-(l-methylethyl)phenyl)- 34123-59-6
L-Valine 72-18-4
228
-------
APPENDIX F (Continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Nonbiodegradable Compounds
Name CAS
1,2-Aminoazophenylene 95-14-7
2-Aminobenzothiazole 136-95-8
l-Amino-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid 119-79-9
Ammonium, trime,thyl-9-octadeceny1-, chloride,(Z) 10450-69-8
7-Aza-7H-dibenzo(c,g)fluorene 194-59-2
Azoic acid 1562-93-2
Benzamide, 2,6-dichloro- • 2008-58-4
2,3-Benzanthracene 92-24-0
Benzenamine, 2-nitro- 88-74-4
Benzene, l,l'-(dichToroetheny1idene)bis(4-chloro- 72-55-9
Benzene, l,l'-(2,2-dichloroethylidene)bis(4-chloro- 72-54-8
Benzene, 1,3-dinitro- • 99-65-0
Benzene, 1,4-dinitro- 100-25-4
Benzene, 1,T ,1" ,V "-(oxydimethylidyne)tetrakis- 574-42-5
Benzene, 1,T-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)bis- 2971-22-4
Benzeneacetic acid, alpha-phenyl- 117-34-0
Benzeneacetic acid, 4-chloro-a1pha-(4-chlorophenyl)- 83-05-6
Benzeneacetic acid, 4-methyl- 622-47-9
229
-------
APPENDIX F (Continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Nonbiodegradable Compounds
Name
Benzeneacetic acid, 4-nitro-
Benzenemethanaminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-(4-(l,l,3,3-
tetramethylbutyl)phenoxy)ethoxy)-ethyl)-, chloride
Benzenemethanol, 4-chloro-alpha-(4-chlorophenyl)-
Benzenemethanol, 4-chloro-alpha-phenyl-
Benzenemethanol, 4-methoxy-alpha-(4-methoxyphenyl)-
Benzenesulfonic acid, 3-amino-
Benzenesulfonic acid, p-((p-methoxyphenyl)azo)-,sodium
Benzethonium chloride
Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-3,5-dinitro-
Benzoic acid, 4-(phenylazo)-
Benzoic acid, p-(phenylazo)-, ethyl ester
i
Benzo(1)phenanthrene
2-Benzothiazolamine
Benzothiazole, 2-(methylthio)-
6-Benzothiazolecarboxylic acid, 2-(4-nitropheny1)-
6-Benzothiazolesulfonamide, 2-amino-
2-Benzothiazolesulfonic acid
2{3H)-Benzothiazolethione
2(3H)-Benzothiazolone, hydrazone
IH-Benzotriazole
CAS
104-03-0
121-54-0
90-97-1
119-56-2
728-87-0
121-47-1
salt 19218-78-1
, 121-54-0
609-99-4
1562-93-2
7508-68-1
217-59-4
136-95-8
615-22-5
65644-51-1
18101-58-1
941-57-1
149-30-4
615-21-4
95-14-7
230
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Nonbiodegradable Compounds
Name
l,V-Biphenyl, 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decachloro-
l,V-Biphenyl, 2,2' ,3,4,4,4'-hexachloro-
1,V-Biphenyl,2,2',3,4,5'-pentachloro-
2,2'-Bipyridine
Bis(4-chlorophenyl)hydroxymethane
Bis(diphenylmethyl) ether
B i s(p-hydroxypheny1)methane
B i s(p-methoxypheny1)carb i no 1
4-Chlorobenzhydrol
Chloroform
1,2,3,4-Cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid
ODD
'DDE
Decachlorobiphenyl
5-Decyne-4,7-diol, 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-
Diazinon
Dibenz(de,kl)anthracene
7H-Diben2o(c,g)carbazole
2,6-Dichlorobenzamide
Dichlorodiphenylacetic acid
1,4-Diisobutyl-1,4-dimethylbutynediol
CAS
2051-24-3
52712-04-6
38380-02-8
366-18-7
90-97-1
574-42-5
620-92-8
728-87-0
119-56-2
67-66-3
3724-52-5
72-54-8
72-55-9
2051-24-3
126-86-3
333-41-5
198-55-0
194-59-2
2008-58-4
83-05-6
126-86-3
231
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Nonbiodegradable Compounds
Name
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethylformamide
1,3-Dinitrobenzene
1.4-Dinitrobenzene
3,5-Dinitro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
2,5-Dinitrophenol
Diphenylacetic acid
2,2-Diphenylethanol
2,2-Diphenylpropane
Diphenyltrichloroethane
2,2'-Dipyridine
2,6-DI-tert-butylnaphthalene
2,7-Di-tert-butylnaphthalene
Dodecylpyridinium iodide
Ethanol, 2,2-diphenyl-
Ethene, chloro-
Ethyl 4-(phenylazo) benzoate
Formamide, N,N-dimethyl-
2,2', 3,4,5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl
;
Hexanoic acid, 6-amino-, methyl ester, hydrochloride
2-Hydrazinobenzothiazble
CAS
67-68-5
68-12-2
99-65-0
100-25-4
609-99-4
329-71-5
117-34-0
1883-32-5
778-22-3
2971-22-4
366-18-7
3905-64-4
10275-58-8
3026-66-2
1883-32-5
75-01-4
7508-68-1
68-12-2
52712-04-6
1926-80-3
615-21-4
232
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Nonbiodegradable Compounds
Name CAS
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole 149-30-4
Methane, sulfinylbis- 67-68-5
Methane, trichloro- 67-66-3
Methyl 6-aminohexanoate monohydrochloride 1926-80-3
(4-Methylphenyl)acetic acid 622-47-9
2-(Methylthio)benzothiazole 615-22-5
Naphthacene 92-24-0
Naphthalene, 2,6-di-tert-butyl- 3905-64-4
Naphthalene, 2,7-di-tert-butyl- 10275-58-8
Naphthalene, 1-phenyl- , 605-02-7
Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl- 751-38-2
2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 5-amino- 119-79-9
2-Nitroaniline 88-74-4
(4-Nitrophenyl)acetic acid 104-03-0
9-Octadecen-l-aminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-,chloride 10450-69-8
Perylene 198-55-0
Phenanthrene, tetradecahydro- 5743-97-5
Phenol, 2,5-dinitro- 329-71-5
Phenol, 4,4'-methylenebis- 620-92-8
Phenol, 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro- 4901-51-3
233
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Nonbiodegradable Compounds
Name
Phenol, 3,4,5-trichloro-
»
1-Phenylnaphthalene
Phosphorothioic acid, 0,0-diethyl 0-(6-methyl-2-
(1-methylethyl)-4-pyrimidinyl) ester
Propane, 2,2-diphenyl-
1-Propanol, 2,3-dichloro-, phosphate (3-1)
3H-Pyrazo1-3-one, 2-(2-benzothiazclyl)-2,4-dihydro-
5-methyl-
Pyridinium, 1-dodecyl-, iodide
m-Sulfanilic acid
1,2,3,4-Tetracarboxycyclopentane
2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol
1,2,3,4-Tetraphenylnaphthalene
3,4,5-Trichlorophenol
Triphenylene
tris(2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate
Vinyl chloride
CAS
609-19-8
605-02-7
333-41-5
778-22-3
78-43-3
17304-62-0
3026-66-2
121-47-1
3724-52-5
4901-51-3
751-38-2
609-19-8
217-59-4
78-43-3
75-01-4
234
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Nonbiodegradable/Qualified
Name
Acrolein
Allylamine
3-(Anyloxy)propanediol
l-Amino-4-naphthalenesulfonic acid
Aminonaphthol sulfonic acid gamma
D-arabino-2-Hexulosonic acid
Benzene, l,2-bis(l-methylethyl)-
Benzene, l,3-bis(l-methylethyl)-
Benzene, l,4-bis(l-methylethyl)-
Benzene, (1,1-dimethylethyl)-
Benzeneacetic acid, alpha-hydroxy-
Benzeneacetic acid, alpha-oxo-
Benzoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy_
i
Benzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-
t
Benzoic acid, 3,4-dimethoxy-
Benzoic acid, 3-methoxy-
Benzoic acid, methyl ester
1,1'-Biphenyl, 2,6-dichloro-
l,l'-Biphenyl, 2,2',4,5,5'-pentachloro-
1,1'-Biphenyl, 2,2',4,4',6-pentachloro -
l,l'-Biphenyl, 2,2',6,6-tetrachloro -
1,1'-Biphenyl, 2,2',4,4'-tetrachloro -
CAS
107-02-8
107-11-9
123-34-2
84-86-6
90-51-7
669-90-9
577-55-9
99-62-7
100-18-5
98-06-6
90-64-2
611-73-4
303-38-8
89-86-1
93-07-2
586-38-9
93-58-3
33146-45
37680-73-2
39485-63-1
15968-05-5
2437-79-8
235
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Nonbiodegradable/Qualifled
Name
lsl'-8iphenyl, 2,3',4,4'-tetrachloro-
l,l'-Biphenyl, 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloro-
l.l'-Biphenyl, 3,2,6-trichloro-
Butane
Butane, 2,3-dimethyl -
Butane, 2-methyl -
1,2-Butanediol
1,3-Butanediol
2,3-Butanediol
2-Butanol, 2-methyl
t-Butylbenzene
1,2-Butylene glycol
1-Butylimidazole
l-Chloro-3-bromopropane
1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene
9
Cycloheptanecarboxylic acid
1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene
Cyclohexane, 1,3-dimethyl-
Cyclohexane, 1,4-dimethyl-
Cyclohexane, propyl-
Cyclohexane, heptyl-
Cyclohexaneacetic acid
CAS
32598-10-0
32598-13-3
55702-45-9
106-97-8
79-29-8
75-85-4
584-03-2
107-88-0
513-85-9
75-85-4
98-06-6
584-03-2
4316-42-1
109-70-6
4904-61-4
1460-16-8
544-25-2
591-21-9
589-90-2
1678-92-8
5617-41-4
5292-21-7
236
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Nonbiodegradable/Qualified
Name
Cyclohexanebutanoic acid
Cyclopentane
Cyclopentane, 1,2,4-trimethyl-
L-Cystine
Diallylamine
2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl
1,3-Dichloroisopropanol
2,3-Dihydroxbenzoic acid
2,4-Dihydroxbenzoic acid
1,3-Dihydroxybutane
2,3-Dihydroxybutane
1,2-Diisopropylbenzene
1,3-Diisopropylbenzene
1,4-Di i soproylbenzene
3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid
1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane
1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane
2,4-Dimethy1 hexane
2,3-D imethylpentane
2,6,10-Dodecatrieo-l-Ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-
Ethane
Ethylene oxide
CAS
4441-63-8
287-92-3
2815-58-9
56-89-3
124-02-7
33146-45-1
96-23-1
303-38-8
89-86-1
107-88-0 .
513-85-9
577-55-9
99-62-7
100-18-5
93-07-2
591-21-9
589-90-2
589-43-5
565-59-3
4602-84-0
74-84-0
75-21-8
237
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Nonbiodegradable/Qualified
Name CAS
Ethynylcarbinol 107-19-7
Farnesyl alcohol 4602-84-0
D-Glucosonic acid 669-90-9
5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl- 110-93-0
Heptane, 1-cyclohexyl- 5617-41-4
2-Hexadecenoic acid, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, (R-(R*,R*-(E)))- 22352-56-3
Hexamethylenetetramine 100-97-0
•
Hexanamide, N-hexyl- 10264-29-6
Hexane, 2,4-dimethyl- 589^43-5
Hexane, 3-methyl- 589-34-4
2-(2-Hydroxyethy1)pyridine 103-74-2
2-Hydroxy-6,8-naphthalenedisu1fonic acid 118-32-1
IH-Imidazole, 1-butyl- 4316-42-1
Isobutane 75-28-5
Malachite green 569-64-2
Methanaminium,,N-(4-((4-dimethylamino)pheny1)pheny1methy1ene)-
2,5-cyclohexadien-l-ylidene)-N-methy1-, chloride 569-64-2
3-Methoxybenzoic acid 586-38-9
4-Methoxyphenol 150-76-5
Methyl benzoate 93-58-3
2-Methyl-2-hepten-6-one 110-93-0
4-Methyl-4-methoxy-2-pentanone 107-70-0
238
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Nonbiodegradable/Qualified
Name
3-Methylhexane
N-Methylpentanamide
1,3-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 7-hydroxy-
1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-amino-
2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 6-amino-4-hydroxy-
2-Octene
Oxirane
Oxirane, [[(2-ethy1hexyl)oxy]methyl]-
Oxiranemethanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride
Oxirane, [(2-propenyloxy)methy1]-
IJ'-Biphenyl, 2,2',4,5,5'-pentachloro-
2,2',4,4',6-Pentachlorobiphenyl
Pentamethylene
Pentanamide, N-methyl-
2-Pentanone, 4-methoxy-4-methyl-
Pentane, 2,3-dimethyl-
Phenol, 4-methoxy-
Phenylglyoxylic acid
Phenylhydroxyacetic acid
Propane
Propane, 1-bromo-3-chloro-
i
Propane, 2-methyl-
CAS
589-34-4
6225-10-1
118-32-1
84-86-6
90-51-7
111-67-1
75-21-8
2641-15-6
3033-77-0
106-92-3
37680-73-2
39485-83-1
287-92-3
6225-10-1
107-70-0
565-59-3
150-76-5
611-73-4
90-64-2
74-98-6
109-70-6
75-28-5
239
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FROM APPENDIX A
Category - Nonbiodegradable/Qualified
Name
1,2-Propanediol, 3-(2-propenyloxy)-
2-Propanol, 1,3-dichloro-
1-Propanol, 3,3'-oxydi-
2-Propen-l-amine
2-Propen-l-amine, N-2-propenyl-
2-Propenal
Propylcyclohexane
2-Propyn-l-ol
2-Pyridineethanol
tert-Amyl alcohol
l,3,5,7-Tetraazatricyclo(3.3.1.1(3,7))decane
2,2',4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl
2,2',6,6'-Tetrach1orobiphenyl
2,3',4,4'-Tetrach1orobipheny1
3,3',4,4'-Tetrachlorobipheny1
Tetrahydrothiophene dioxide
1,1,2,2-Tetramethylethane
Tetratetracontane
Thiophene, tetrahydro-, 1,1-dioxide
2,3,6-Trichlorobiphenyl
Trimethylglycidylammonium chloride
CAS
123-34-2
96-23-1
2396-61-4
107-11-9
124-02-7
107-02-8
1678-92-8
107-19-7
103-74-2
75-85-4
100-97-0
2437-79-8
15968-05-5
32598-10-0
32598-13-3
126-33-0
79-29-8
7098-22-8
126-33-0
55702-45-9
3033-77-0
240
------- |