-------
qualitative quantitative
study study
X
X
Vascular plants
Vertebratas
Invertebrates
Algae
Microorganisms
Viruses
Sediments
Litter
Soil
Human use
Land usa
6. P_r_ 1 nci pa] Data Sources
Small, M. M., "Marsh/Pond Systems as Sewage Treatment Plants," Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 39 p., 1975.
Small, M. M., "Marsh/Pond System," Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton,
NY, 28 p., 1976.
Small, M. M., "Marsh/Pond Sewage Treatment Plants," Presented at the
Conference on Freshwater Wetlands and Sewage Effluent Disposal, Univ.
of Mich., May 10-11 , 1976'.;.
Small, M. M., "Artificial Wetlands as Non-Point Source Wastewater Treatment
Systems," Proceedings: Environmental Quality Through Wetlands Utilization,
Tallahassee, FL, pp. 171-181, Feb. 28-March 2, 1978.
Small, M. M., "Wetlands Wastewater Treatment Systems," Presented at the
International Symposium, State of Knowledge in Land Treatment of Wastewater,
Hanover, New Hampshire, August 20-25, 1978.
Small, M. M., "Meadow/Marsh/Pond System," Brookhaven National Laboratory,
Upton, NY, 33 p., 1977.
Small, M. M., "Marsh/Pond Sewage Treatment Plants II," (Abstract), Presented
at the Conference on Freshwater Wetlands and Sanitary Wastewater Disposal,
Higgins Lake, MI, July 10-12, 1979.
151
-------
CLERMONT, Florida
In a study spaning at least two years, a group from the Florida Center
for Wetlands at Gainesville, studied the ability of a fresh water marsh in
central Florida to assimilate nitrogen and phosphorus. The studies at this
site were conducted on relatively small test cells, with measurements being
made of water, soil and vegetative compartments. Principle emphasis of this
project appears to 'have been to establish nutrient budgets at this particular
site. A very detailed report on nitrogen and phosphorus cycling and assimi-
lation at this research site has been issued. Results show nutrient assimi-
lation to be remarkably effective.
152
-------
DATA COLLECTED FOR WETLAND AWT OPERATIONS
Location and/or Name of Site:
Current as of July
1
Clermont, Florida
1981
Summary of System Management Technique
Dates of operation: 1977 to 1979
Annual approximate discharge:
Estimated affected area 6000 i
Wetland size
4 x 1.06 gal
32 ha (area)
Distance from inlet to outlet
Type of water discharge:
Point discharge
X Flood irrigation with gated pipe,
Multiple point discharge at
Typical monthly discharge schedule:
Seasonally from
(approximate meters)
_98 ft. in length.
locations
through
_ Continuous discharge all year
X Periodically, explain: water applied over a 24
once each week _ _ _ _____ _
Factors which have actually been used to make decisions to modify the
wastewater discharge rate:
X none, relatively continuous discharge at predetermined rate
for predetermined period
_ water depth in the wetland
_ water quality discharged to wetland
_ water quality at the wetland outflow
_ water quality at points inside the wetland
_ _ precipitation
other:
Wetland vegetation harvested: No
Description of harvesting technique:
Disposal or use of harvested material:
2. pyaral 1 Budgets for Water-borne Components^
Information known to exist covering one or more years:
Water flow rate
Total nitrogen content
Dissolved nitrogen content
Total phosphorus content
41
(f. OJ Q^
uj 3 o
03
3 3 r—
*J O -s-J
O
o
J- >
ui aj
n ra
in 3
153
o >
3 03
oo 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
r x
X
X
-------
CU
CD
1-
IB
-C
O
5 eu i.
o s-
r— +JT3
IB e:
&. i/i «3
O!
OJ
o
-------
Vascular plants
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Algae
Microorganisms
Viruses
Sediments
Litter
Soil
Human use
Land use
qualitative quantitative
study study
X
X
X
Dolan, T. J., S. E. Bayley, J. Zoltek, Jr., A. Hermann, "The Clermont Project:
Renovation of Treated Effluent by a Freshwater Marsh: Biomass Production and
Phosphorus' Results," Proceedings: Environmental Qual ity Through Wetlands
Utilization, Tallahassee, FL, pp. 132-152, March 2, 1978.
Hermann, A., J. Zoltek, Jr., S. E. Bayley, T. Dolan, "Nutrient Budget in a
Fluctuating Freshwater Marsh System in Florida," (Abstract), Presented at the
Conference on Freshwater Wetlands and Sanitary Wastewater Disposal, Higgins
Lake, MI, July 10-12, 1979.
Zoltek, J., Jr., S. E. Bayley, et_ aj_. , "Removal of Nutrients , from Treated
Municipal Wastewater by Freshwater Marshes," Final Report to City of Clerinont,
Florida Center for Wetlands, University of Florida, October 1979.
Dolan, T. J., S. E. Bayley, J. Zoltek, Jr., A. Hermann, "The Clermont Project:
Renovation of Treated Effluent by a Freshwater Marsh," In: Environmental
Quality Through Wetlands Utilization, Coord. Council on the Restoration of
the Kissimmee River Valley, March 1978, M. A. Drew, Ed., pp. 132-152.
155
-------
COPIES PARADISE. Ontario
2
Cootes Paradise is a 5.2 km wildlife sanctuary near Hamilton, Ontario.
The Dundas sewage treatment plant began discharging to the wetland in 1919.
The wetland is channelized. Heavy metals have accumulated; species compo-
sition changes have occurred. Sediments are important sinks.
156
-------
DATA COLLECTED FOR WETLAND AWT OPERATIONS
Location and/or Name of Site:
Current as of Jujj£
1
jCo_otes._ Paradise, Ontario
1981
Summary of System Management Technique
Dates of operation: 1920 to Present
Annual approximate discharge:
Estimated affected area ]_.7_J 3
4)
O
(O
ra t- e-acr> r— •»-> TJ «— tu
3
QJ -C ^3 rt3 **~ S. t/> rt3 C3 i- ft3 i.
•MO i — r~- >• :33r— t/>GJ ^- H— 4J •?-• ^«l O -^ f~i 4J ^» 4J
ro'r- 4— OJQ) td »— CJ I3rd rj(O
S-a LUSO EE't-S: 003 003
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
157
-------
Dissolved phosphorus content
Suspended solids (total)
Volatile suspended solids
Conductivity
pH
Chloride content
B.O.D.
C.O.D.
Fecal col i form
Fecal strep
Viruses
Heavy Metals
Organic chemicals/pesticides
Other :
Wastewater
discharge .
Effluent from
wetland to re-
ceiving waters
X
X
X
X
+J
Ol O >
t- tti 3 S_ OJ 4-
-------
qualitative quantitative
study study
X
X
X
r x
Vascular plants
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Algae
Microorganisms
Viruses
Sediments
Litter
Soil
Human use
Land use
6. Principal Data Sources
Mudroch, A., J. A. Capobianco, "Effects of Treated Effluent on a Natural
Marsh," Journal MPCF, Vol. 51, No. 9, Sept. 1979, pp. 2243-56.
159
-------
DRUMMOND, Wisconsin
The Drummond project started in 1979. This sphagnum-spruce bog in
northern Wisconsin receives treated wastewater from stabilization ponds
near the small town of Drummond. Rather extensive study of the hydrology,
water quality, and biological compartments is currently under way. A large
variety of agencies have been involved, and no centralized report is yet
available. ' "" ' " ""*
160
-------
DATA COLLECTED FOR WETLAND AWT OPERATIONS
Location and/or Name of Site:
Current as of July
1
Drummond, Wisconsin
1981
2.
Summary of System Management Technique
Dates of operation: V979 to Present
Annual approximate discharge: 15 y 106
Estimated affected area ?n
gal
(approximate meters)
Wetland size 27 acres (area)
Distance from inlet to outlet 200
Type of water discharge:
Point discharge
X Flood irrigation with gated pipe, 400 ft. in length.
Multiple point discharge at locations
Typical monthly discharge schedule:
X Seasonally from Hay
Continuous discharge all year
Periodically, explain: _
through October
Factors which have actually been used to make decisions to modify the
wastewater discharge rate:
none, relatively continuous discharge at predetermined rate
for predetermined period
water depth in the wetland
water quality discharged to wetland
water quality at the wetland outflow
water quality at points inside the wetland
X precipitation
other:
Wetland vegetation harvested: No ~_ J~~~~~"~~'
Description of harvesting technique:
Disposal or use of harvested material:
Overall Budgets for Water-borne Components
Information known to exist covering one or more years:
11
t m
&} SM
S-
S- C
ns cu
C 3
tj r"~*
in f-
n3 •!- t-
3T3 UJ
X
X
X
•o
sr
3 3 i— w ttl H~
•^- +J O •!-> -Q 4J S.
O)
S-
QJ
J <
fO
3
X
X
X
161
-------
Dissolved phosphorus content
Suspended solids (total)
Volatile suspended solids
Conductivity
PH
Chloride content
B.O.D.
C.O.D.
Fecal col i form
Fecal strep
Viruses
Heavy Metal s
Organic chemicals/pesticides
Other:
Wastewater
discharge .
X
X
X
X
X
Effluent from
wetland to re-
ceiving waters
X
X
X
X
X
4J
Ol 0)
r^ JZZ
C +J
•T—
O
r— +J T3
fO C
SIS
fO r~
-------
qualitative quantitative
study study
X
X
X
Vascular plants
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Algae
Microorganisms
Viruses
Sediments
Litter
Soil
Human use
Land use
6, Principal Data Sources
Kappel, W., "The Drummond Project," (Abstract), Presented at the Conference on
Freshwater.Wetlands and Sanitary Wastewater Disposal, Higgins Lake, MI, July
10-12, 1979.
Kappel, W. M., U.S. Geological Surveys "The Drummond Project - Applying
Lagoon Sewage Effluent to a Bog; An Operational Trial," In: Seminar
Proceedings on Aquaculture Systems for Wastewater Treatment, Univ. of
California at Davis, USEPA 430/9-80-006, Sept. 1979, Pub. No. MCD-67,
Bastian and Reed, Ed.
Anderson, R. K., and D, Kent, Progress Report: Drummond Wisconsin, Tertiary
Treatment Demonstration Project Study. Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI, 22 p., 1979.
Guntenspergen, G.5 and F. Stearns, "Ecology of an Ombrotrophic Bog," Summary
of a presentation to the Ecological Society of America, Stillwater, OK, 9 p.,
1979.
Guntenspergen, G., W. Kappel, F. Stearns, "Response of a Bog to Application
of Lagoon Sewage: The Drummond Project - An Operational Trial," Summary
Project Report, Sept. 10, 1980.
Anonymous, "Nature's Filter," Audubon, July 1980, p. 140.
Mechenich, B. J., "Tertiary Wastewater Treatment Using a Natural Peat Bog,"
Masters thesis, College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin,
Stevens Point, WI, 1980, 135 p.
Reim, J., "Sewage Treatment in a Sphagnum Peat Bog," Great Lakes Focus on
Water Quality, 6(3):6-9, 1930.
Wikum, D., and M. Ondrus, "The Drummond Bog Project: Growth of Selected
Plant Species as a Function of Foliar and Peat Substrate Nutrient Concen-
trations," Report to the U.S. Forest Service, University of Wisconsin,
Stout, WI, 1980, 38 p.
163
-------
DULAC, Louisiana
This study was conducted with the introduction of fish processing
waste to a fresh water marsh in Louisiana. Small scale test areas were
subjected to sprayings of liquid fish plant waste. Nitrogen and phosphorus,
as well as biomass data, were collected during the summer season of 1973.
Approximately half of the carbon nitrogen and phosphorus were removed from ;
the wastewater in a relatively short retention time at the edge of the
marsh. Biomass increases were significant but could not be statistically
defended.
164
-------
DATA COLLECTED FOR WETLAND AWT OPERATIONS
Location and/or Name of Site:
Current as of July
1
Dulac, Louisiana
Summary of System Management Technique
Dates" of operaTFonlT971 to
Annual approximate discharge: 33,150
Estimated affected area 0.03~nl
Wetland size 170 ha
(area)
Distance from inlet to outlet _
Type of water discharge:
Point discharge
10
gal
(approximate meters)
Flood irrigation with gated pipe,
Multiple point discharge at 12 locations
ft. In length.
Typical monthly discharge schedule:
Seasonally from
through
Continuous discharge all year
Periodically, explain: biweekly
Factors which have actually been used to make decisions to modify the
wastewater discharge rate:
X none, relatively continuous discharge at predetermined rats
for predetermined period
_ water depth in the wetland
_ water quality discharged to wetland
_ water quality at the wetland outflow
_ water quality at points inside the wetland
_ precipitation
other: _
Wetland vegetation harvested: No
Description of harvesting technique:
Disposal or use of harvested material:
2. Overall Budgets for Water-borne Componen^s_
Information known to exist covering one or more years;
Water flow rate
Total nitrogen content
Dissolved nitrogen content
Total phosphorus content
S.
O C3
4J cn
n» i-
S ra
3 S i—
*-> O -fJ
J? r~ §
o;
o
S3
C)-
S_ M
W «U
3 (O
CO S
OJ
U VI
-------
I VI
§ i— -C
S- •*- O «3 C +J
O) O) +J 3 -r-
+J CD 4J O
«!- CXJCT) r—+J13
3 CO cu c c ra c
C) ^^ 3 «3 •»" S» t/) rQ
-------
Vascular plants
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Algae
Microorganisms
Viruses
Sediments
Litter
Soil
Human use
Land use
5 •
qualitative quantitative
study study
X
X
Z___™-._^_™____
Smith, W. G. , and J. W. Day, "Enrichment of Marsh Habitats with Organic
U'uStes," Louisiana Water Resources Research Institute, Baton Rouge, LA,
9 p., 1973;
Meo , M. , J. li. Day, Jr., T. B. Ford, "Land Treatment of fish Processing
Wastes on Dredge Spoin Sites: Comparative Cost Evaluations," Coastal
Zone Management Journal , _3, 3, pp. 307-318, 1977.
Turner, R. E., J, W. Day, Jr., M. Meo, P. M. Payonk, T, 8. Ford, W. G.
Smith, "Aspects of Land-Treated Waste Applications in Louisiana Wetlands,"
Presented at the Conference on Freshwater Wetlands and Sewage Effluent
Disposal, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Ml, May 10-11, 1976.
167
-------
GAINESVILLE, Florida
Wastewater from a package plant at a trailer park has been pumped to
small cypress domes in this central Florida location for a number of years,
A very extensive research project under the auspices of the Center for
Wetlands at the University of Florida has accompanied this effort. All
components of the ecosystem, including the soils, water and other abiotic
components,-have been studied in great detail. Excellent water renovation
has been displayed at this site. Percolation is downward to groundwater
during most periods of the year, although overflow to surrounding ecosystems
is possible at times. This study includes some virology and bacteriology
as well as heavy metals work. A complete set of documentation is available
in the form of five annual reports. A book summarizing the results is
forthcoming.
168
-------
DATA COLLECTED FOR WETLAND AWT OPERATIONS
Location and/or Name of Site:
Current as of July '
1
Gainesville, Florida
1981
Summary of System Management Technique
Dates of operation: 1973 to Present
Annual approximate discharge: 6 x To^
Estimated affected area 1.5 ha
Wetland size 1,5,_ha (area)
Distance from inlet to outlet 50
Type of water discharge:
X Point discharge
Flood irrigation with gated pipe,
Multiple point discharge at locations
Typical monthly discharge schedule:
Seasonally from through
gal
(approximate meters)
ft, 1n length.
Continuous discharge all year
Periodically, explain: _
Factors which have actually been used to make decisions to modify the
wastewater discharge rate:
X none, relatively continuous discharge at predetermined rate
for predetermined period
water depth in the wetland
water quality discharged to wetland
water quality at the wetland outflow
water quality at points inside the wetland
precipitation
other:
Wetland vegetation harvested: No — - —
Description of harvesting technique:
Disposal or use of harvested material:
2. Overall Budgets for Water-borne Cornpgjients
Information known to exist covering one or more years:
V
as
<4-
cu
en *J
s- e:
res cu
-C 13
U i—
> M-
*"" H—
3T3 UJ
X
X
X
V
A
o
4->
•o
C
rt3
fBM
4->
OJ
S
re e:
3 T-
cr> i—
c: re
•f- S-
> 3
•^- 4J
CU re
u z
X
X
X
X
•4->
O
+->
t/)
'S
o
<+-
<1) =3 f8
3 to 3
x__.
tZJZI
\
~l ~
QJ
O 01
ro &-
^- cu
S- 4J
3 ro
tsi 3;
___X 1
X
X
X
169
-------
Dissolved phosphorus content
Suspended solids (total)
Volatile suspended solids
Conductivity
PH
Chloride content
B.O.D.
C.O.D.
Fecal co li form
Fecal strep
Viruses
Heavy Metals
Organic chemicals/pesticides
Other: sulfur
Wastewater
discharge .
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Effluent from
wetland to re-
ceiving waters
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
O *J J3 *J S_ +J
« r— » 33 B3 3 «J
Z
-------
Vascular plants
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Algae
Microorganisms
Viruses
Sediments
Litter
Soil
Human use
Land use
6. £r»l!l£l2Jl_^§M_l
qualitative quantitative
study study
X
X
X
1
X
r™~~™
X
X
\ x
X
x j
ources
Ewel,' K. C., "Effects of Sewage Effluent on Ecosystem Dynamics in Cypress
Domes," Presented at the Conference on Freshwater Wetlands and Sewage
Effluent Disposal, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, MI, May 10-11, 1976.
Ewel, K. C., "Effects of Sewage Recycling on Structure and Function of
Cypress Ecosystems," (Abstract), Presented at the Conference on Fresh-
water 1,'etlands and Sanitary Wastewater Disposal, Higgins Lake, MI,
July 10-12, 1979.
Fritz, W. R., and S. C. Helle, Cypress Wetlands for Tertiary Treatment,
Boyle Engineering Corporation, Orlando, FL, Report to NSF, Grant #ENV76-
23276, 1979.
Qdum, H, T., K. C. Ewel, J. W. Ordway, M. K. Johnston, VI. J, Mitsch,
"Cypress Wetlands for Water Management Recycling and Conservation,"
Annual Project Report to NSF, Grant IGI-28721 and to the Rockefeller
Foundation, Grant IRF-73029, 1974.
Fritz, W. R. and S. C. Helle, "Updated Preliminary Report - Tertiary
Treatment of Kastewater Using Cypress Wetlands," Report to NSF, Grant
#ENV76-23276, Nov. 1977.
Vlellings, F. M., "Viral Aspects of Wetland Disposal of Effluent,"
Proceedings of the Symposium on Freshwater Wetlands and Sewage Effluent
Disposal, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 297-305, Hay 10-11, 1976.
Odum, H. T., K. C. Ewel, J. W. Ordway, M. K. Johnston, "Cypress Wetlands
for Water Management, Recycling and Conservation," Second Annual Report
to NSF, Grant =?AEN-07823A01, and the Rockefeller Foundation, Grant # RF-
73029, Dec. 1975.
Odum, H. T., K. C. Ewel, J. W. Ordway, M. K. Johnston, "Cypress Wetlands
for Water Management, Recycling and Conservation," Third Annual Report
to NSF Grant tf£NV73-07323A02, and to the Rockefeller Foundation, Grant
i?RF-76034s Dec. 1976.
171
-------
Odum, H. T., K. C. Ewel, "Cypress Wetlands for Water Management, Recycling
and Conservation," Fourth Annual Report t» NSF, Grant #AENV-7307823AQ2 and
ENV77-06013, and to the Rockefeller Foundation, Grant #RF-7606, March 1978.
Odum, H. T., K. C. Ewel, "Cypress Wetlands for Water Management, Recycling
and Conservation," Fifth Annual Report to NSF, Grant #PFR-7706013A02 and
Rockefeller Foundation, Grant I RF-76034, April 1980.
Sitton, G., and W. Smith-Holmes, "Bacterial Aerosols Generaged by a Package
Treatment Plant," Journal of Environmental Health, A13(566):391-401, 1978.
Bitton, G., N. Master, and G. E. Gifford, "Effect of a Secondary Treated
Effluent on the Movement of Viruses Through a Cypress Dome Soil," Journal
of Environmental Quality, 5(4) :370-375, 1976
Bitton, G. P., P. Scheuermann, G. E. Gifford, and A. R. Overman, "Transport
of Viruses Through Organic Soils and Sediments," ASCE Journal of Environmental
Engineering Division, (in press), 1979.
Deghi, G. A., K. C. Ewel, and W. J. Mitsch, "Effects of Sewage Effluent
Application on Litter Fall and Litter Decomposition in Cypress Domes,"
Journal of Applied Ecology, 17(2)-.397-408, 1980.
Ewel, K. C., and W. J. Mitsch, "The Effects of Fire on Species Composition in
Cypress Dome Ecosystems," Florida Scientist, 41:25-31, 1978.
Ewel, D. C.3 and H. T. Odum, "Cypress Domes: Nature's Tertiary Treatment
Plant," Pages 103-14 j_n_ W. Sopper and S. N. Kerr (Eds.), Utilization of
Municipal Sewage Effluent and Sludge on Forest and Disturbed Land,
Pennsylvania University Press, University Park, 1979.
Ewel, K. C., and H. T. Odum, "Cypress Swamps for Nutrient Removal and
Wastewater Recycling," Pages 181-198 jn_ W. P. Wanielista and W. W.
Eckenfelder, Jr. (Eds.), Advances in Water and Wastewater Treatment:
Biological Nutrient Removal, Ann Arbor Scientific Publications, Inc.,
Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1978.
Mitsch, W. J., and K. C. Ewel, "Comparative Biomass and Growth of Cypress in
Florida Wetlands," American Midland Naturalist, 101:417-425, 1979,
Murphy, J. B., and R. G. Stanley, "Increased Germination Rates of Bald
Cypress and Pond Cypress Seed Following Treatments Affecting the Seed Coat,"
Physiologia Plantarum, 35:135-139, 1975.
Odum, H. T., K. C. Ewel, W. J. Mitsch, and J. W. Ordway, "Recycling Treated
Sewage Through Cypress Wetlands in Florida," Pages 35-67 j_n_ Frank M. D'l-cri
(Ed.), Wastewater Renovation and Reuse, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1977.
Wang, F. C. and A. R. Overman, "Physical Description of Saturated-
Unsaturaged Zones of Cypress Domes," American Geophysical Union, 58(6):392,
1977.
172
-------
GREAT MEADOWS . Massachusetts
This study, conducted by IEP of Wayland, Massachusetts, details a two-
year study of a wetland near the Concord River in Lexington, Massachusetts,
This wetland was basically a deep water, fresh water marsh that had been
receiving effluent for some sixty-eight years prior to the study. The
principal water quality parameters still showed significant reductions:
phosphorus at approximately 60 percent and nitrogen at above 90 percent.
Suspended solids were shown to be reduced at this site as well. This is a
very detailed study done by a professional consulting organization. The
discharge to the wetland was to be discontinued in 1979, due to its
classification as a wildlife refuge. This report does some speculation
based on the literature concerning discharge of secondary wastewater to
wetlands.
173
-------
DATA COLLECTED FOR WETLAND AWT OPERATIONS
Location and/or Name of Site:
Current as of
1
Great Meadows, Massachusetts
Summary of System Management Technique
Dates of operation: f912(?jto 1980
Annual approximate discharge: 1 .6 x 10^ gal
Estimated affected area 54 acres
Wetland size 54 acres (area)
Distance from inlet to outlet 700 (approximate meters)
Type of water discharge:
X Point discharge
Flood irrigation with gated pipe, ft. in length.
Multiple point discharge at locations
Typical monthly discharge schedule:
Seasonally from
X
Continuous discharge all year
Periodically, explain:
through
Factors which have actually been used to make decisions to modify the
wastewater discharge rate:
X none, relatively continuous discharge at predetermined rate
for predetermined period
water depth in the wetland
water quality discharged to wetland
water quality at the wetland outflow
water quality at points inside the wetland
precipitation
other:
Wetland vegetation harvested: No
Description of harvesting tecnm'que:
Disposal or use of harvested material:
2. Overall Budgets for Water-borne Components
Information known to exist covering one or more years;
Water flow rate
Total nitrogen content
Dissolved nitrogen content
Total phosphorus content
t-
O) O)
4^ O
ra i-
3^
I >
S
4J O
!= "O W i— 4-> t3
ra J-
-------
S OJ i.
O i.
O) O
Dissolved phosphorus content
Suspended solids (total)
Volatile suspended solids
Conductivity
pH
Chloride content
B.O.D.
C.O.D.
Fecal col i form
Facal strep
Viruses
Heavy Metals
Organic chemicals/pesticides
Other:
Wastewater
discharge
X
X
___ ,
**- O « C +J CD
+-> 3 T- o
•i~> O «
C T3 O) r— •»-! T3 t-
03 C C 03 d S- "5
3fO'f- t.t/)fO Si-
r—i— > 33r— W1(D
UJ3O 2:<*^S VIS
X
X
X
Surface
waters
X
r x
X
1
3. Hydrology
Data known to be available for one or more years:
Complete water budgets
Water depth measurements
Soil elevations within the wetland (by survey with optical level or
equivalent
Estimates of subsurface water flow through the underlying soil
Estimates of the fraction channel flow as opposed to sheet flow
Details of water flow patterns across the wetland
4. Detai 1 ed_ Componsnt^ Bajariceji
Detailed budgets known to have been prepared for one or more years,
A "detailed budget" is defined here as accounting for a particular
component, considering its transport between water and soil, plants,
algae, or other physically identifiable entity within the wetland.
Total phosphorus
Total nitrogen
Suspended solids
Chloride
Heavy Metals
Other:
ECosy_stern Changes
Studies have been made of the following changes in the wetland since
wastewater discharge began. It is indicated whether these studies are
qualitative or quantitative observations.
175
-------
qualitative quantitative
study study
X
X
X
Vascular plants
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Algae
Microorganisms
Viruses
Sediments
Litter
Soil
Human use
Land use
6. Principal Data Sources
Yonika, D. A., D. Lowry, "Bi-Monthly Summary Report," Interdicipl inary
Environmental Planning, Vlayland, Mass. Periods: Nov. - Dec. 1977; May -
June 1978; Sept. - Oct. 1978; March - April 1978.
Yonika, D., et_ aj_., "Feasibility Study of Zetland Disposal of Wastewater
Treatment Plant Effluent," Final Report to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Water Resources Comission, Division of Water Pollution Control, June 1979.
Lowry, D., D. A. Yonika, "Feasibility of Wetland Disposal of Uastcwacer
Treatment Plant Effluent in Massachusetts," (Abstract), Presented at the
Conference on Freshwater Wetlands and Sanitary Wastewater Disposal ,
Higgins Lake, MI, July 10-12, 1979,
Yonika, D. A., "Effectiveness of a Wetland in Eastern Massachusetts in
Improvement of Municipal Wastewater," In: Seminary Proceedings for
Wastewater Treatment, University of California at Davis, USEPA 43Q/9-30-C06,
Seotember 1979, Pub, no. MCD-67, Bastian and Reed, Ed.
176
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HAMILTON, New Jersey ' -
Research was conducted at the Hamilton Township Sewage Treatment plant
in Trenton, New Jersey. Wastewater from the sewage treatment plant was used
to irrigate relatively small (10m x 20m) enclosures in a variety of different
ways. Different loadings and different'nutrient contents were tried at
different time periods during the tide,cycle. Monthly water samples were
collected and analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and
alkalinity. Decomposition rates were determined, and some species composi-
tion data acquired. The Hamilton wetland is a fresh water tidal wetland.
I believe there is no long term data from this site, because I believe their
research discontinued after approximately three years. This is a relatively
detailed study done by university people, and consequently suffers only from
the short time period over which the study was conducted.
177
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DATA COLLECTED FOR WETLAND AWT OPERATIONS
Location and/or Mama of Site:
Current as of July,
1
^
, _ _
Summary of System Management Technique
Dates of operation: 1975 to _ 1971
Annual approximate discharge: 1.7 x 10° gal
Estimated affected area 200 rn^~each ~
Wetland size j50Q_ha(area) "
Distance from inlet to outlet ____lp_____ (approximate meters)
Type of watar discharge:
Point discharge
Flood irrigation with gated pipe, ft. 1n length.
__JL_ Multiple point discharge at locations
Typical monthly discharge schedule:
X Seasonally from April through December
Continuous discharge all year
Periodically, explain:
Factors which have actually been used to make decisions to modify the
wastewater discharge rate:
___£___ none, relatively continuous discharge at predetermined rate
for predetermined period
______ water depth in the wetland
~ water quality discharged to wetland
water quality at the wetland outflow
water quality at points 1nside-tha wetland
______ precipitation
other:
Wetland vegetation harvested: No (except for b 1 omass ana nutri ent
..studies).... _,
Description of harvesting technique:
Disposal or use of harvested material:
2 . Ovaral 1 Budgsts_
_ .^,
Information known to exist covering one or more years:
Water flow rate
Total nitrogen content
Dissolved nitrogen content
Total phosphorus content
,
a>
UJ 5 o
cu
u
to
t-
s, w
3 i.
in SJ
CO 2S
OJ
(J )
-------
s O3
0) Ql »p 3s ••- o
+-> en 4J o us
.jj o ,_,_-. 33*- in cu
fO *»™ H— QJ O TO r— !3J ^3 (13
1 |
X
. j
Surface
waters
x_
3. Hydrology
Data known to be available for one or more years:
Complete water budgets
Water depth measurements
Soil elevations within the wetland (by survey with optical level or
equivalent
Estimates of subsurface water flow through the underlying soil
Estimates of the fraction channel flow as opposed to sheet flow
Details of water flow patterns across the wetland
4. Petal 1 e_d Component 8al ances
Detailed budgets known to have been prepared for one or more years,
A "detailed budget" is defined here as accounting for a particular
component, considering its transport between water and soil, plants,
algae, or other physically identifiable entity within the wetland.
Total phosphorus X ,, , ... , ,
Total nitrogen _XT~ } SSVe M&r °y
Suspended solids
Chloride
Heavy Metals
Other:
Ecosystem Changes
Studies have been made of the following changes 1n the wetland since
wastewater discharge began. It is indicated whether these studies are
qualitative or quantitative observations,
179
-------
qualitative quantitative
study study
X
r x
X i
X
—
Vascular plants
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Al gae
Microorganisms
Viruses
Sediments
Litter
Soil
Human use
Land use
6. _Princi pa 1 Data Sources
Sickels, F. A., R. L. Simpson, and D. F. Whigham, "Decomposition of Vas-
cular Plants in a.Del aware River, Freshwater Tidal Marsh Exposed to
Sewage Spray Irrigation," Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Science,
22, 2, pp. 41-42, 1977.
Simpson, R. L., "The Effects of Sewage Spray Irrigation in a Freshwater
Tidal wetland. II. Decomposition Studies." Paper presented at the
Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Biological Sciences, held
at Stillwater, OK, Aug. 12-17, 1979.
Whigham, D. F., "Effects of Sewage Spray Irrigation on a Freshwater
Wetland. I. Primary Production
Nutrient Standing Stocks," Paper
presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Biological
Sciences, held at Stillwater, OK, Aug. 12-17, 1979.
Whigham, D. F., J, McCormick, R. E. Good, and R. L. Simpson, "Bicmass
and Primary Production in Freshwater Tidal Wetlands of the Kiddie Atlantic
Coast." In: Freshwater Wetlands: Ecolocicai Processes and Management
Potential, R. E, Good, D. F. Whigham, arid R. Simpson (Editors), Academic
Press, Inc., New York, NY, pp. 3-20, 1973.
Whioham, D, F. and R. L. Simpson, "Sewage Spray Irrigation in a Delaware
River Freshwater Tidal Marsh." In: Freshwater Wetlands and Sewace
Effluent Disposal, D. L. Til ton, R. !i. Kadlec, and C. J. Richardson
(Editors), Proceedings of a Symposium held at The University of Michigan,
Ann Ardor, HI, pp. 119-144, May 10-11, 1976.
Whigham, D, F., R. L. Simpson, and K. Lee, "The Effect of Sewage Effljent
on the Structure and Function of a Freshwater Tidal Marsh Ecosystem."
New Jersey Water Resources Research Institute, Rutgers University, Rutgers,
NJ, pp. 171, 19SO.
180
-------
HAY RIVER s Northwest Territories
Sewage effluent from the town of Hay River, Northwest Territories,
Canada, is released into a seasonal stream, and flows about 6 km from the
discharge site into Great Slave Lake. Throughout much of the year, the ,
stream comprises of a series of channels, ponds and swamps, with little
flow. The majority of the sewage is discharged from stabilization lagoons,
with about 20% of the total released directly, untreated. Substantial
improvement in water quality is achieved. Elevated standing crops of
Tyjiha and Carex are reported. Discharge began in 1970.
181
-------
DATA COLLECTED FOP WETLAND AWT OPERATIONS
Location and/or Mame of Site:
Current as of
1
_ _______
Summary of System Management Technique
Dates of operation: 196FT~~^o Present
Annual approximate discharge: J1
Estimated -affected area-, .32. ha -
Wetland size 47 ha (area
5,360
Distance from inlet to outlet
Type of water discharge:
X Point discharge
_ Flood irrigation with gated pipe,
Multiple point discharge at "Vocations
(approximate meters)
ft. in length.
Typical monthly discharge schedule:
Seasonally from
Continuous discharge all year
Periodically, explain:
through
Factors which have actually been used to make decisions to modi fy "tns
wastewater discharge rate:
__X__ none, relatively continuous discharge at predetermined rata
for predetermined period
water depth in the wetland
water quality discharged to wetland
water quality at the wetland outflow
water quality at points inside the wetland
precipitation
other: _____
Wetland vegetation harvested: Sedae
Description of harvesting tecnnique:
Disposal or use of harvested material:
f r '-ja t s r - born s_ C cmpon_en t s
Information known to exist
i.
o
•f"3
a
3
(y
4J
W
G3
covering one or more
1