United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Environmental Engineering
and Technology Demonstration
Washington DC 20460
Superfund
EPA/540/2-89/052 March 1989
&EPA Guide to Treatment
Technologies for
Hazardous Wastes at
Superfund Sites
-------
EPA/540/2-89/052
March 1989
Guide to
Treatment Technologies for
Hazardous Wastes at
Superfund Sites
Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology Demonstration
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
U.S. Environment?! r^v-
Region 5, Lfcrarv iPL-••"
r7. West Jackson Cr • '. .,
w-i;cago, it 60Cr.-".
-------
NOTICE
This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for
publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.
-------
Table of Contents
Chapter Page
Introduction 1
Acknowledgement.... . . 3
I Biological Treatment.... . 5
Activated Sludge 5
Aerobic Treatment 5
Anaerobic Treatment . . ... 5
Bacteria .... 5
Composting 6
Enzyme Treatment . 6
Lagoons and Ponds 6
Mycorrhizas ..... 6
Rotating Biological Contactor .... . -6
Trickling Filter ... 6
White Rot Fungus . . . 7
Yeast Strains 7
II Chemical Treatment . 8
Chlorinolysis .... 8
Dehalogenatlon . 8
Electrochemical Dehalogenatlon 8
Electrolytic Oxidation . . 8
Hydrolysis . . 8
Ion Exchange . . 8
Lignin Adsorption . .. 8
Neutralization . . 9
Oxidation . . . 9
Polymerization . 9
Precipitation . 9
Reduction....... 10
UV/Photolysis. 10
III Physical Treatment 11
Component Separation
Air Flotation 11
Centrifugation 11
Filtration 11
Belt Filter Press 11
Chamber Pressure Filtration 11
Granular Media Filtration 11
Vacuum Filtration 11
Gravity Separation 12
In Situ Soil Extraction . 12
-------
Phase Separation
AirStrippins 13
Carbon Adsorption 13
Collide! Gas Aphrons 13
Distillation 13
Electrokinetics 13
Evaporation 13
Freeze Crystallization 14
Mechanical Soil Aeration 14
Metal Binding 14
Resin Adsorption 14
Reverse Osmosis 14
Solvent Extraction 14
Steam Stripping 15
Supercritical Extraction 15
Ultrafiltration 15
IV. Stabilization/Solidification/Encapsulation Treatment 16
Cement-based Fixation 16
Macro-Encapsulation, Overpacking, Thermoplastic and
Thermosetting Techniques 16
Pozzolanic-based Fixation 16
Sorptive Clays 16
Vitrification 16
V. Thermal Treatment 17
Electric Reactor 17
Fixed Hearth 17
FluidizedBed 17
Industrial Boiler 17
Industrial Kiln 17
Infrared Incineration 17
Liquid Injection 18
Molten Glass 18
Molten Salt 18
Multiple Hearth 18
Plasma Systems 18
Pure Oxygen Burner 18
Pyrolysis 18
Radio Frequency Thermal Heating 19
Rotary Kiln 19
Supercritical Water Oxidation 19
Wet Air Oxidation 19
References 21
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Introduction
Over the past fewyears, it has become increasinsly evident that land disposal of hazard-
ous wastes is at least only a temporary solution for much of the wastes present at Super-
fund sites. The need for more Ions-term, permanent "treatment solutions as alternatives to
land disposal has been stressed by recent legislation such as the Hazardous and Solid
^ste Amendments of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) as well as the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986. SARA directs the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency to establish an "Alternative or Innovative Treatment
Technology Research and Demonstration Program," to identify promising technologies,
assist with their evaluation, and promote the use of these technologies at Superfund
sites.
This Guide to Treatment Technolosies for Hazardous Wastes at Superfund Sites
addresses alternative technologies that can be used to treat wastes at Superfund sites. This
guide is designed for use by EPA Regional Offices, States, remedial contractors, and others
to aid in the identification of alternative technologies that have been or are currently being
developed. The alternative technologies presented in this guidebook are organized
according to the method of treatment. These treatment methods comprise the following
five sections of the alternative technologies table:
Section I: Biological Treatment. A treatment process in which bacteria, fungi, and/or
microorganisms are used to alter or destroy hazardous waste. Liquid and soil wastes that
can be treated by this method may include toxic chlorinated and aromatic organic com-
pounds. The process is highly sensitive to environmental conditions, including fluctuations
in pH and temperature, and to changes in the concentrations of heavy metals and salts in
the waste stream.
Section II: Chemical Treatment. A treatment process in which the hazardous waste is
altered by a chemical reaction in order to destroy the hazardous component. Wastes that
can be treated by this method include both organic and inorganic compounds without
heavy metals. Drawbacks to this method"" include the inhibition of the treatment process
reaction by impurities in the waste and the potential generation of hazardous byproducts.
Section III: Physical Treatment. A treatment process in which the hazardous waste is
separated from its carrier by various physical-methods such as adsorption, distillation,
filtration, etc. Physical treatment is applicable to a wide variety of wastes but further treat-
ment is usually required.
Section IV: Stabilization, Solidification, and Encapsulation Treatment A treatment
process which isolates hazardous wastes from the surrounding environment without destroy-
ing the hazardous constituents. The treatment objective is normally achieved by mixing the
waste with an inorganic compound such as fly ash, lime, clay, etc., to form a chemically and
mechanically stable solid. The treated waste generally has higher strength, lower per-
meability, and lower leachability than the untreated waste. Stabilization/solidification/
encapsulation treatment is applicable primarily to inorganic wastes containing heavy
metals. Organic compounds often interfere with the setting action of the solidifying agent.
There is no guarantee of the effectiveness of this method over time due to a lack of data on
long-term leachability studies. This type of treatment may be feasible for use at sites with
limited space or in emergency actions to alter the form of the waste to a more easily
transportable form.
1
-------
Section V: Thermal Treatment. A treatment process involving the decomposition of
hazardous waste by thermal means into less hazardous or nonhazardous components.
When subjected to high temperatures (2500-3000°F), organic wastes decompose to
similar, less toxic forms. Complete combustion yields carbon dioxide and water plus small
amounts of carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, and chlorine and bromine acid gases. Some
thermal processes produce off-gases and ash that require further treatment or landfill dis-
posal. Thermal treatment is most suitable for organic wastes and is less effective when
attempting to detoxify heavy metals and inorganic compounds. One drawback of thermal
treatment is the high cost involved.
The alternative technologies are listed alphabetically under the five treatment methods.
Each technology entry provides information concerning the type(s) of wastes to which the
technology can be applied. The table also presents limitations and special use con-
siderations for the particular alternative treatment technologyQ.e., particle size restrictions,
water-content limitations, heavy-metals-content limitations, etc.). The phase of develop-
ment of the technology is also included in the table. The three phases of development for
the alternative treatment technologies included in this guidebook are defined as follows:
1) Available Alternative Technology-, a technology that is fully proven and in routine
commercial or private use.
2) Innovative Alternative Technology-, a technology for which cost or performance
information is incomplete, thus hindering routine use at hazardous waste sites. An
innovative alternative technology requires full-scale field testing before, it is con-
sidered proven and available for routine use.
3) Emerging Alternative Technology-, a technology that has not yet successfully passed
laboratory or pilot-scale testing.
The table indicates whether or not the technology is transportable for use on site, and
references are listed in the last column of the table to direct the reader to more detailed
sources of information on the technology.
This guidebook is designed for use in the field as a guide to alternative technologies; it is
not intended to serve as a reference source to identify the best available technology for
treating a particular hazardous waste at a specific site. The mention of trade names or com-
mercial products does not constitute their endorsement or recommendation for use by
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Requests for copies of this document should be directed to the ORD Publications
Office, Center for Environmental Research Information, Cincinnati, OH 45268,(513) 569-7562.
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Acknowledgements
This guidebook was prepared by the Office of Environmental Engineering and Technol-
ogy Demonstration of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with coordination
conducted by Alfred A. Galli (Chief, Air and Energy Branch). The production of this docu-
ment was facilitated by Beverly J. Campbell, Technical Resources, Inc., Rockville, MD.
Individuals and organizations throughout EPA contributed draft material that formed the
basis for much of this document Without their contribution and the special assistance of
John F. Martin and Naomi P. Berkley (Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory in Cincinnati),
the production of this guide would not have been possible.
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I. BIOLOGICAL TREATAAENT TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY
Activated Sludge
Aerobic Treatment
(sequential batch
reactor, fluidized
bed, fixed film
fluidized bed
with/ without
activated carbon,
aerated biofilm
reactor, membrane
reactor)
Anaerobic
Treatment
(fluidized bed,
fixed film
fluidized bed
with/without
activated carbon)
Bacteria
APPLICABLE CONTAMINANTS
Soluble organics in dilute aqueous waste streams
« 1% suspended solids)
Aqueous waste with low levels of nonhalosenated
orsanics and certain halogenated organics d e ,
phenols, formaldehyde, PCP)
Aqueous slurry with low to moderate levels of non-
chlorinated organic compounds containing < 7% solids
PCBs and various other organic compounds in
soils (i e , 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D)
QUALIFYING FACTORS
• BOD < 1 1,000 ppm
• Requires low concentrations of
heavy metals, PCBs, pesticides,
oil, and grease
• Output sludge contains heavy
metals and refractory organics
which require further treatment
• B'OD < 10,000 ppm
• Requires consistent, stable oper-
ating conditions
• Requires consistent, stable oper-
ating conditions
• Unsuitable for oil and grease, aro-
matics, and long chain hydro-
carbons
• Output sludge requires incinera-
tion
• May involve genetic engineering
• Natural adaptation
PHASE*
A
A
A
A
MOBILE1
X
X
X
X
REFERENCE
1, 35, 58
1, 2, 3, 5, 59
1, 2, 3, 5, 62,
66
6, 42, 54, 61,
62, 64, 65
66
PHASE - Phase of Development, A = Available, I = Innovative, E = Emerging
^MOBILE - Transportable
-------
I. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY
Composting
Enzyme
iKAlincnt
Lagoons
and Ponds
MyconMzas
Rotating
Motogkal
Contactor
Trickling Fitter
APPLICABLE CONTAMINANTS
Aqueous sludge with < 50% solids, nonchlormated
hydrocarbons, high organic wastes including oils, tars,
and industrial processing sludges
Soluble organics in dilute aqueous waste streams
Industrial wastewater, organics with slow bodegradation
potential, soluble organics in dilute aqueous waste
streoms
Soil-entrained hazardous waste constituents
Biodegradable dilute aqueous organic waste including
solvents and halogenated organics
Soluble organics in dilute aqueous waste streams with
< 1%siBpendedsolidsinclLidingsok«ntsand halogenated
organics
QUALIFYING FACTORS
• Requires nutrient supple-
mentations
• Output sludge contains heavy
metals
• Requires stable influent
concentration
• Requires large area.
• Unsuitable for solids
• Requires a temperate climate
• Output sludge contains heavy
metals and refractory organics
which require further treatment.
• Limited to low concentrations of
heavy metals and concentrated
refractory organics.
• Unsuitable for sludges or solids.
• BOD < 5,000 ppm
• Output sludge contains heavy
metals and refractory organics
which require further treatment
PHASE1
A
E
A
E
A
A
MOBILE1
X
X
X
X
X
REFERENCE
81, 82, 83, 84
5, 41, 60, 61,
62,65
63,66
77
1, 23, 24, 25,
40
85
1 PHASE - Phase of Development, A = Available, I = Innovative, E = Emerging 2MOBILE = Transportable
-------
I. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY
White Rot
Fungus
(Phanerochaete
chiysosporium)
Veast Strains
APPLICABLE CONTAMINANTS
Toxic or refractory halogenated orsanics in soil
d e, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, DDT, mirex, lindane,
hexachlorobenzene)
Halosenated orsanics
QUALIFYING FACTORS
• Involves genetic engineering
PHASE1
E
E
MOBILE9
X
X
REFERENCE
1, 43, 56, 57,
60, 61, 62,
66,68
60, 61, 66
1PHA5E - Phase of Development, A = Available, I = Innovative, E = Emergms ^MOBILE = Transportable
-------
II. CHEMICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY
Chlorinolysis
DehalosenaUon
(including use of
the Alkali Metal
Polyethylene
Glycol Reasent
-APEG)
Electrochemical
Dchalogcnation
Electrolytic
Oxidation
Hydrolysis
Ion Exchange
Lignin Adsorption
APPLICABLE CONTAMINANTS
Concentrated liquid chlorinated organic waste streams
with low concentrations of sulfur and oxygen
Halogenated organics in soils and sludges that are
partially dehydrated d e., PCBs, dioxins)
Halogenated organics d e , PCBs)
High concentration cyanide (10%) and metals wastes
Solids, soils, sludges, slurries, or liquids contaminated
with organic compounds
Aqueous organic or inorganic waste streams, principally
metals
Aqueous organic or inorganic waste streams
QUALIFYING (ACTORS
• Unsuitable for solids and tars
• Unsuitable for benzene and
aromatics
• Output carbon tetrachlonde can
be recovered
• Requires heat and excess
reagent
• Not known
• Suitable for low solid content
waste
• Requires careful handling of
strong acids and alkahnes
• Reaction is performed at high
temperatures and pressure
requiring close monitoring
• Suitable for liquid waste only
• Not known
PHASE1
1
1
E
A
A
A
E
MOBILE*
X
X
X
X
REFERENCE
3,50
1, 2, 47
22, 78
1,2
1,2, 3
1, 2, 5, 35
67
1 PHASE - Phase of Development, A = Available, I = Innovative, E = Emerging 2MOBILE = Transportable
-------
II. CHEMICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY
Neutralization
Oxidation
(chlorination,
ozonation, hydro-
gen peroxide,
potassium
permanganate,
chlorine dioxide,
hypoehlontes)
Precipitation
APPLICABLE CONTAMINANTS
Corrosive liquid wastes, both acids and bases
Dilute aqueous waste « 1% waste) containing
organic/inorganic compounds.
Organic compounds such as aromatics aliphatics and
oxygenated monomers.
Aqueous organic and inorganic waste containing metals
QUALIFYING (ACTORS
• Unsuitable for sludges and solids
• Requires corrosion resistant
equipment.
• Requires controlled reaction
conditions.
• Suitable for liquids and sludges
only.
• Application is limited to spills
• Requires optimization of the
reaction pH for the specific mix
of metals present
• Output sludge requires further
treatment.
• Cross-reactivity may occur for
mixed-metals content waste
• Unsuitable for sludges, tars,
and slurries
PHASE1
A
A
1
A
MOHIE*
X
X
X
X
REFERENCE
1, 2, 3, 35
1, 2, 3, 5, 35,
50
1,2,5
1, 2, 5, 35, 69,
70,71
1 PHASE - Phase of Development, A = Available, I = Innovative, E = Emersmg 2MOBILE = Transportable
-------
II. CHEMICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY
Reduction
(Sulfur dioxide,
sodium boro-
hydride sulfite
salts, rutheni-
um tetraoxide)
UV/Photolysis
APPLICABLE CONTAMINANTS
Dilute aqueous waste stream containing inorsanic
compounds, especially metals « 1% heavy metal
concentration)
Liquid waste containing dioxins
QUALIFYING MOORS
• Applicable to inorganic waste
only
• Suitable for liquid waste only
• Suitable for liquids only
PHASE1
I
E
MOBILE1
X
X
REFERENCE
1, 2, 3, 5, 35,
50
1, 2, 5, 50
1 PHASE - Phase of Development, A = Available, I = Innovative, E = Emeigins ^MOBILE = Transportable
o
-------
III. PHYSICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES (COMPONENT SEPARATION)
TECHNOLOGY
Air notation
(dissolved or
induced)
Ccntrifusation
(bowl, basket,
disk)
FILTRATION:
Belt Filter
Pro*
Chamber
Pressure
nitration
(pressure leaf,
tube element,
plate and frame,
horizontal plate)
Granular
Media
Filtration
Vacuum
Filtration
(fixed media,
rotary drum)
APPLICABLE CONTAMINANTS
Liquid waste contaimns oils or light suspended solids
Organic/inorganic liquids, slurries, and sludges contain-
ing suspended or dissolved solids or liquids where one
component is nonvolatile. For example, wastewater
sludge, wastes containing immiscible liquids, or wastes
containing three distinct phases
Biological and industrial sludges
Wfcstewater sludges, or sludges with a flocculated or
adhesive nature.
Liquid waste containing suspended solids and/or oils
Organic or inorganic chemical sludges, metals, and
cyanides bound up in hydroxide sludges
QUALIFYING FACTORS
• Liquid effluent may require
further treatment.
• Unsuitable for tars, solids, dry
powders, or gases
• Not applicable for small size or
low density particles
• Filter cake may require further
treatment
• Dewatering technology
• Unsuitable for sticky or gelatinous
sludges
• Requires pretreatment for sus-
pended solids with concentra-
tion < 100 mg/l
• Requires frequent backwashing
• Dewatering technology
• Unsuitable for sticky or gelatinous
sludges
PHASE1
A
A
A
A
A
A
MOBILE*
X
X
X
X
X
X
REFERENCE
1
1, 2, 7, 8, 9
1,2,8,9,11
1, 8, 9, 11
1, 2, 3, 9, 11,
35
2
1PHASE - Phase of Development, A = Available, I = Innovative, E = Emergins 2MOBILE = Transportable
-------
III. PHYSICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES (COMPONENT SEPARATION)
TECHNOLOGY
Gravity
Separation
(coagulation,
flocculation,
sedimentation)
In Situ Soil
Extraction
APPLICABLE CONTAMINANTS
Liquid waste containing settleable suspended solids,
oils, and/or srease
Soils with low levels of organics or inorganics/metals
contamination
QUALIFYING FACTORS
• Liquid effluent may require fur-
ther treatment
• Unsuitable for heavy slurries,
sludges, or tars
• Unsuitable for dry or organic-rich
soils
PHASE1
A
E
MOBILE9
X
X
REFERENCE
1,35
1,2,5
1 PHASE - Phase of Development, A = Available, I = Innovative, E = Emerging 2MOBILE = Transportable
-------
III. PHYSICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES (PHASE SEPARATION)
nCHNOlOGY
Air Strippins
Carbon
Adsorption
Colloidal Gas
Aphrons (CGAs)
(enhances air
stripping and
biodesradation)
Distillation
Electrokinetics
Evaporation
AmiCABU CONTAMINANTS
Aqueous and adsorbed organic and inorganic wastes
with relatively high volatility and low water solubility
such as chlorinated organics, aromatics, and ammonia
Aqueous organic wastes (containing < 1% total organ-
ics and < 50 ppm solids) with high molecular weight
and boiling point, and low water solubility, polarity, and
lonization
Soils contaminated with phenols, phthalate esters, aro-
matic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, amines, and alcohols
Liquid organic mixtures with low viscosity that can be
separated due to molecular weight/volatility differ-
ences
Soils contaminated with organic or inorganic waste
Organic/inorganic liquid solvents contaminated with
nonvolatile impurities d e , oils, grease, paint solvents,
polymeric resins)
QUALIFYING IACTORS
• Limited to VOC concentration
< 100 ppm
• Suspended solids may clog
tower
• Unsuitable for metals
• Unsuitable for oil and grease
• Hydraulic conductivity of the soil
must be > 1(F* cm/sec
• Unsuitable for thick polymeric
materials, slurries, sludges, or
tars
• Soil matrix must be relatively
permeable and saturated
• Liquids must be volatile
• Unsuitable for tars, solids, dry
powders, or gases
• Energy-intensive process
PHASE1
A
A
E
A
1
A
MOBILE*
X
X
X
X
X
REFERENCE
1, 2, 35, 50
1,2,5,28,29,
30, 31, 32, 35,
50
79,80
1,2
1, 38, 49
1,2
1 PHASE - Phase of Development, A = Available, I = Innovative, E = Emerging ^MOBILE = Transportable
-------
III. PHYSICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES (PHASE SEPARATION)
TECHNOLOGY
Freeze
Crystallization
Mechnical Soil
Aeration
Metal Binding
Resin Adsorption
Reverse Osmosis
Solvent Extraction
APPLICABLE CONTAMINANTS
Dilute aqueous organic/inorganic waste solutions con-
taining < 10% total dissolved solids
Volatile orgamcs in sludge and soil
Metal-contaminated aqueous waste streams, leachate,
or groundwater.
Aqueous waste streams containing soluble orgamcs,
particularly phenols and explosive materials
Aqueous waste streams containing < 400 ppm heavy
metals, high molecular weight orgamcs, and dissolved
gases
Aqueous stream contaminated with single- or multi-
component dissolved organic wastes Sludge con-
taminated with oils, toxic orgamcs, and heavy metals
QUALIFYING (ACTORS
• Unsuitable for foamy, viscous, or
high solid content waste
streams
• Effluent may require further
treatment
• Limited to metal concentrations
between 500-1000 ppm
• Limited to low concentrations of
orgamcs « 8%) and suspended
solids « 50 ppm)
• Unsuitable for oxidants
• Requires controlled pH, low con-
centration of suspended solids
• Extracting solvent must be immis-
cible in the liquid and differ in
density so gravity separation is
possible
• Suitable for sludges containing
< 20 wt % oil/orgamcs and
< 20 wt % solids
PHASE1
E
A
i
A
1
Ai
MOBILE9
X
X
X
X
REFERENCE
86, 87, 88
3
1, 5, 10, 12, 21
35
1, 35, 73
3, 17, 18, 20,
26,50
1 PHASE - Phase of Development, A = Available, I = Innovative, E = Emerging ^MOBILE = Transportable
-------
III. PHYSICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES (PHASE SEPARATION)
TECHNOLOGY
Steam Stripping
Supercritical
Extraction
Ultrafiltration
APPLICABLE CONTAMINANTS
Aqueous solutions of volatile orsamcs
Sludse, solids, or liquids contaminated with orsanics
Removes oils, metals, and proteins from aqueous solutions
with dissolved organics, emulsions, and colloidal
particles
QUALIFYING (ACTORS
• Effluent may require further
treatment
• Suitable for waste streams with
low metal concentration
• Effluent may require further
treatment
• Limited to low concentrations of
suspended solids
PHASE1
A
E
A
MOBILE1
X
X
X
REFERENCE
1, 2, 19, 33, 34
1, 46, 51, 52
74, 75, 76
PHASE - Phase of Development, A = Available, I = Innovative, E = Emerging MOBILE = Transportable
-------
IV. STABIUZATION/SOUDinCATION/ENCAPSULATION TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY
Cement-based
Fixation
Macro-
Encapsulation,
Overpackins,
Thermoplastic
and Thermosetting
Techniques
Pozzolanic-based
Fixation
(fly ash, lime
based)
Sorptive Clays
(treated, chemi-
cally modified)
Vitrification
APPLICABLE CONTAMINANTS
Treated sludges and soils containing metal cations, radio-
active wastes, and solid organics de, plastics, resins,
tars)
Chemically or mechanically stabilized organic, inorganic,
and radioactive wastes
Treated sludges and soils containing heavy metals, waste
oils, solvents, and low level radioactive waste
Halogenated organic compounds and heavy metals
Soils contaminated with organic, inorganic, and radio-
active wastes
QUALIFYING FACTORS
• Long term stability/leachability is
unknown
• Lignite, silt, and clay increase
setting time.
• Dissolved sulfate salts, borates,
and arsenates must be limited
• Encapsulating matrix must be
compatible with waste
• Long term leachability unknown,
therefore, waste storage must be
considered
• Requires specialized equipment
• Borates, sulfates, and carbohy-
drates interfere with the process
• Long term stability/leachability is
unknown
• Long term leaching is a problem,
therefore, waste storage must be
considered
• Limited to soils with high silica
content
PHASE1
A
A
A
1
A, 1
MOBILE9
X
X
X
X
X
REFERENCE
1, 2, 3, 4, 27,
35,48
2, 3, 4, 27, 35
1, 2, 3, 4, 27,
48
1, 3, 4, 27,
35,72
1, 2, 3, 27, 35,
44, 50
1 PHASE - Phase of Development, A = Available, I = Innovative, E = Emerging ^MOBILE = Transportable
-------
V. THERMAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY
Electric Reactor
Fixed Hearth
Fluidizcd Bed
Industrial
Bolter
Industrial Kiln
Infrared
APPLICABLE CONTAMINANTS
Soil contaminated with solid and liquid organics and
inorganics
Bulky solids, liquids, and sludges
Organic solids, liquids, and sludges
Granulated solids, liquids, and sludges
Spent pot lining, nonhalogenated oils, and PCB-
contaminated liquids and sludge
Soils, solids, and sludges contaminated with chlorinated
organic compounds Cie, PCBs, dioxins, explosives)
QUALIFYING MOONS
• Contaminated soil must be finely
divided and dry
• Particle size must be large
enough not to fall through grate
• Requires low water and inert
solid content
• Requires low chlorine and sulfur
content
• Ash content clogs system.
• Small particle size
• Requires low chlorine and sulfur
content
• Primarily for solid organic waste
• Heavy metals are not fixed in ash
PHASE1
1
A
A
A
A
A
MOBILE*
X V
X
X
REFERENCE
1, 2, 13, 16
14, 15
1, 2, 3, 14, 15,
35
1, 2, 13, 14,
36
1, 2, 14
1,2
1 PHASE - Phase of Development, A = Available, I = Innovative, E = Emerging 2MO6ILE = Transportable
-------
V. THERMAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
CO
TECHNOLOGY
Liquid Injection
Molten Glass
Molten Salt
Multiple Hearth
Plasma Systems
Pure Oxygen
Burner
Pyrolysis
APPLICABLE CONTAMMANTS
Pumpable liquid organic waste
Organic solids, liquids, gases, sludges 0 e, plastics,
PCBs, asphalt, pesticides)
Low ash content waste, low water content liquid, or
so,,d waste
Granulated solids, sludges, tars, liquids, and gaseous
combustible waste
Liquid organic wastes d e , pesticides, dioxins, PCBs,
nalogenated organics)
Liquid wastes which require high temperatures for
destruction or have low heating values
Viscous liquids, sludges, solids, high ash content materials,
sate and metals, and hatogenated waste
QUALIFYING MOORS
• Unsuitable for inorganic content
and heavy metal content wastes
• Chlorinated solvents cause accel-
erated corrosion rates
• Sodium sulfates must be limited
to < 1% content
• Inappropriate for soils and high
ash content waste
• Corrosion problems
• Requires frequent bed replace-
ment
• Water, salt, and metal content
must be limited
• Particle size must be small
enough to pass through injector
nozzles
• Not recommended for hazard-
ous wastes
• Liquids only
• Requires specially engineered
nozzles to atomize the liquid
waste
• Requires homogeneous waste
input
• Metals and salts in the residue
can be leachable
PHASE1
A
I
I
A
MOBILE'
X
X
X
X
X
REFERENCE
1, 2, 3, 14, 35
1, 2, 16
1, 2, 16
2, 3, 35
1, 2, 13, 16,
37
16
1, 2, 16, 50
1 PHASE • Phase of Development, A = Available, I = Innovative, E = Emergms ^MOBILE = Transportable
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V. THERMAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY
Radio frequency
Thermal Heatins
Rotary Kiln
Supercritical
Water Oxidation
Wet Air
Oxidation
APPUCAME CONTAMINANTS
Volatile, low boiling point, or easily decomposed organ-
ic compounds in soil
Solid, liquid, or gaseous organic waste
Aqueous organic solution/slurry or mixed organic/
inorganic waste
Aqueous waste streams « 5%) with dissolved or
suspended volatile organic substances
QUAUFVING KACTORS
• Not known
• Containerized wastes are difficult
to handle
• High inorganic salt or heavy metal
content wastes require special
consideration
• Fine paniculate matter must be
limited
• Now known
• Unsuitable for solids, viscous
liquids, or highly halogenated
organic compounds
• Not economical for dilute or
concentrated waste
PHASE1
1
A
1
A
MOBILE*
X
X
X
X
REFERENCE
2, 16, 50
1, 2, 13, 14,
15,35,45
1, 16, 39, 50
1, 16, 50
1PHASE - Phase of Development, A = Available, I = Innovative, E = Emerging ^MOBILE = Transportable
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REFERENCES
1. A Compendium of Technologies Used in the Treatment of Hazardous Wastes;
September 1987; EPA/625/8-87/014; ORD.
2. Treatment Technology Briefs: Alternatives to Hazardous Waste Landfills; July 1986;
EPA/600/8-86/017; PB87-110680.
3. Systems to Accelerate In Situ Stabilization of Waste Deposits; September 1986;
EPA/540/2-86/002; PB87-112306.
4. Handbook for Stabilization/Solidification of Hazardous Wastes; June 1986; EPA/
540/2-86/001; PB87-116745.
5. Review of In-Place Treatment Techniques for Contaminated Surface Soils — Vol. 1:
Technical Evaluation; September 1984; EPA/540/2-84/003a; PB85-124881.
6. Leachate Plume Management, November 1985; EPA/540/2-85/004; PB86-122330.
7. Centrifuges: A Guide to Performance Evaluation; 1980; Equipment Testing
Procedures Committee/American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
8. Filtration and Separation/Filtration Society (1980 thru present issues); Upland Press
(Great Britain).
9. Filters and Filtration Handbook; 1981; Gulf Publishing Company; Warring, R.
10. Recent Progress in Biohydrometallurgy,-1983; Association Mineraria Sarda (Rome);
Rossi, G., and A Torma.
11. Filtration; 1961; Reinhold Publishing Corp., N.Y; Dickey, G.
12. New Technology for Closed-Loop Source Reduction of Toxic Heavy Metal Wastes
in Nuclear and Metal Finishing Industries; DeVoe — Holbein Technology, DeVoe,
I., B. Holbein, et al.
13. An Overview of Pilot-Scale Research in Hazardous Waste Thermal Destruction;
1985; Proceedings: International Conference on New Frontiers for Hazardous
Waste Management; Lee, C, and G. Huffman,- EPA/600/8-87/018F; PB86-183035.
14. Handbook: Permit Writer's Guide to Test Bum Data in Hazardous Waste
Incineration; September 1986; EPA/625/6-86/012; ORD.
15. Incineration of Hazardous Waste-. A Critical Review; May 1987; Journal of the Air
Pollution Control Association — Vol. 37, No. 5; Oppelt, E.
16. Innovative Thermal Hazardous Waste Treatment Processes; June 1985; EPA/600/
S2-85/049; PB85-192847.
17. Evaluation and Development of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Removal Processes;
February 1982; Union Carbide Corporation/Nuclear Division; Napier, J.,
M. Travaglini, G. Laggis, and M. Makarewicz; Report V/DZ-1.
21
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18. Liquid Extraction; 1985; Journal of Hazardous Materials; Elsevier Science
Publishes B. V. Amsterdam; Alders, L.
19. Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Document for F001-F005 Spent
Solvents; November 1986; EPA/530-SW-86-056; OSW.
20. Mobile System for Extractins Spilled Hazardous Materials from Excavated Soils;
1984; EPA/DF-84/052; PB84-221795/REB.
21. Proceedinss-. Massachusetts Hazardous Waste Reduction Conference, ps. 66;
October 18, 1984; Massachusetts Department of Environmental Manasement.
22. An Electrochemical Process for Decontaminatin3 PCB-containin3 Transfer
Coolants,- October 1985, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI); Massey, M.,
and F. Walsh; CS/EA/EL-4480.
23. Stnngfellow Leachate Treatment With RBC; February 1988; Environmental Progress
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24. An Alternative RBC Desisn — Second Order Kinetics; February 1986;
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25. Design Information on Rotating Biological Contactors, June 1984; U.S. EPA, HWERL;
EPA 600/2-84/106; PB84-199561.
26. EPA Project Summary Mobile System for Extracting Spilled Hazardous Materials
from Excavated Soils; 1984; Journal of Hazardous Materials,- Vol. 9, pp. 241-252;
Scholz, R., and J. Milonowski. •>
27. A Review of Solidification/Stabilization Technology; 1987; Journal of Hazardous
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31. Control of Organic Substances in Water and Wastewater (pg. 203, article entitled
"Removal of Organic Substances from Municipal Wastewaters by Physiochemical
Processes"); April 1983; EPA-600/8-83-011; PB86-94184744.
32. Evolution of a Technology; 1984; Journal of Environmental Engineering; Vol. 110,
No. 5, pp. 899-917.
33. Unit Operations for Treatment of Hazardous Industrial Wastes; 1978; Noyes Data
Corporation; De Renzo, D., Editor.
34. Equilibrium — Stage Separation Operations in Chemical Engineering; 1981; John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Henley, Ernest, and J. Seader.
35. Handbook: Remedial Action at Waste Disposal Sites (Revised); October 1985;
EPA/625/6-85/006; PB82-239054.
22
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36. Nonsteady-state Testing of Industrial Boilers Bumins Hazardous Wastes;
September 1987; Second International Conference on New Frontiers for
Hazardous Waste Manasement; EPA/600/9-87/018F; ORD.
37. Waste Destruction by Plasma Arc Pyrolysis; September 1987; Second International
Conference on New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Manasement; EPA/600/9-87/
018F; ORD.
38. Evaluating Electro-Kinetics as a Remedial Action Technique; September 1987;
Second International Conference on New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste
Management; EPA/600/9-87/018F; ORD.
39. The destruction of Hazardous Organic Waste Materials Using MODAR Oxidation
Process; September 1987; Second International Conference on New Frontiers for
Hazardous Waste Management; EPA/600/9-87/018F; ORD.
40. Biological Treatment of Hazardous Aqueous Wastes; September 1987; Second
International Conference on New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management;
EPA/600/9-87/018F; ORD.
41. Stabilization of Enzymes Used to Degrade Pesticides; September 1987; Second
International Conference on New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management;
EPA/600/9-87/018F; ORD.
42. Bacterial Treatment of PCB-Contaminated Soils: Prospects for the Application
of Recombinant DNA Technology; September 1987; Second International
Conference on New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management; EPA/600/9-87/
18F; ORD.
43. White Rot Fungus Detoxification Research: Status and Directions; September 1987;
Second International Conference on New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Manage-
ment; EPA/600/9-87/018F; ORD.
44. In Situ Vitrification — An Innovative Thermal Treatment Technology; September
1987; Second International Conference on New frontiers for Hazardous Waste
Management; EPA/600/9-87/018F; ORD.
45. Pilot-Scale Incineration of a Dioxin-Containing Material; September 1987; Second
International Conference on New frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management;
EPA/600/9-87/018F; ORD.
46. Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Catalytic Oxidation of Toxic Organics from Soils;
September 1987; Second International Conference on New frontiers for Hazard-
ous Waste Management; EPA/600/9-87/018F; ORD.
47. Chemical Destruction of Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans; September 1987; Second
International Conference on New frontiers for Hazardous Waste Managment;
EPA/600/9-87/018F; ORD.
48. An Assessment of Materials that Interfere with Stabilization/Solidification
Processes; July 1987; Land Disposal, Remedial Action, Incineration and Treatment
of Hazardous Waste: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Research Symposium;
EPA/600/9-87/015; PB87-233151.
49. Electro-Decontamination of Chrome-Contaminated Soils; July 1987; Land Disposal,
Remedial Action, Incineration and Treatment of Hazardous Waste: Proceedings of
the Thirteenth Annual Research Symposium; EPA/600/9-87/015; PB87-233151.
23
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50. Technical/Economic Assessment of Selected PCB Decontamination Processes,-
July 1987; Land Disposal, Remediaj Action, Incineration and Treatment of Hazard-
ous Waste: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Research Symposium; EPA/600/
9-87/015; PB87-233151.
51. Supercritical Solvent Extraction; July 1987; Land Disposal, Remedial Action,
Incineration and Treatment of Hazardous Waste-. Proceedinss of the Thirteenth
Annual Research Symposium,- EPA/600/9-87/015; PB87-233151.
52. Supercritical Fluid Extraction from Catalytic Oxidation of Toxic Orsanics from
Soils; July 1987; Land Disposal Remedial Action, Incineration and Treatment of
Hazardous Waste-. Proceedinss of the Thirteenth Annual Research Symposium,-
EPA/600/9-87/015; PB87-233151.
53. Microbial Desradation of Synthetic Chlorinated Compounds,- July 1987; Land
Disposal, Remedial Action, Incineration and Treatment of Hazardous Waste:
Proceedinss of the Thirteenth Annual Research Symposium; EPA/600/9-87/015;
PB87-233151.
54. Bacterial Oxidation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls,- July 1987; Land Disposal,
Remedial Action, Incineration and Treatment of Hazardous Waste: Proceedinss
of the Thirteenth Annual Research Symposium; EPA/600/9-87/015; PB87-233151.
55. Ensineerins P450 Genes in Yeast; July 1987; Land Disposal, Remedial Action,
Incineration and Treatment of Hazardous Waste: Proceedinss of the Thirteenth
Annual Research Symposium,- EPA/600/9-87/015; PB87-233151.
56. Biodesradation of Orsanopollutants by Phanerochaete Chrysosporium: Practical
Considerations; July 1987; Land disposal, Remedial Action, Incineration and
Treatment of Hazardous Waste: Proceedinss of the Thirteenth Annual Research
Symposium; EPA/600/9-87/015; PB87-233151.
57. Growth of the White-Rot Funsus Phanerochaete Chrysosporium in Soil; July 1987;
Land Disposal, Remedial Action, Incineration and Treatment of Hazardous Waste:
Proceedinss of the Thirteenth Annual Research Symposium,- EPA/600/9-87/015;
PB87-233151.
58. Biological Treatment of Selected Aqueous Organic Hazardous Wastes,- July 1987;
Land Disposal, Remedial Action, Incineration and Treatment of Hazardous Waste:
Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Research Symposium,- EPA/600/9-87/015,-
PB87-233151.
59. Treatment of Toxic Wastewaters by Powdered Activated Carbon,- September
1987; pg. 170; Proceedinss of Second International Conference on New Frontiers
for Hazardous Waste Manasement; EPA/600/9-87/018F; ORD.
60. Microbial Decomposition of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds; September 1986;
EPA/600/2-86/090; ORD.
61. Microbial Desradation of Xenobiotics and Recalcitrant Compounds,-1981;
Academic Press; edited by Leisinser, I, A. Cook, R. Hutter, and J. Nuesch.
62. Microbial Decomposition of Orsanic Compounds; 1984; Marcel Dekker, Inc.;
edited by Gibson, D.
63. Biodegradation Techniques for Industrial Organic Wastes,-1980; Noyes Data
Corporation; edited by DeRenzo, D.
24
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64. Microbial Degradation of Halosenated Compounds; April 1985; Science - Vol.
228, No. 4696, pp. 135-142; Ghosal, D., I. You, D. Chatterjee, and A. Chakrabarty.
65. Biodesradation of Chemicals of Environmental Concern; January 1981; Science -
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66. Microbial Removal of Hazardous Organic Compounds; 1982; Environmental
Science Technology, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 170A-183A; Kobayashi, H., and
B. Rittmann.
67. An Evaluation of Pristine Lignin for Hazardous Waste Treatment; August 1987;
O'Neil, D., C. Newman, E. Chian, and H. Gao; EPA/600/2-87/037; PB87-191664.
68. Biodegradation of Halogenated Hydrocarbons; Environmental Research Brief; June
1987; Aust, S., and J. Bumpus,- EPA/600/M-87/012; ORD.
69. Selective Iron Removal from Process Solutions by Phosphate Precipitation,-1986;
Iron Control in Hydrometallurgy,- Chapter 23; John Wiley and Sons; Dahnke, D.,
L. Twidwell, and R. Robins.
70. Metal Value Recovery from Metal Hydroxide Sludges; February 1986;Twidwell, L.
G.; EPA/2-85/128; PB86-157294.
71. Metal Value Recovery from Metal Hydroxide Sludges: Removal of Iron and
Recovery of Chromium; February 1988; Twidwell, L. G., and D.R. Dahnke; EPA/
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72. Clay-Organic Complexes as Adsorbents for Phenols and Chlorophenols; 1986;
Clay and Clay Minerals,- Vol. 34; pp. 581-585; Mortland, M., S. Shaobai, and S.
Boyd.
73. Separation of Dilute Hazardous Organics by Low Pressure Composite
Membranes; July 1987; Bhattacharyya, D., T. Barranger, M. Jevtitch, and S.
Greenleaf; EPA/600/2-87/053; PB87-214870.
74. Ultrafiltration; Advances in Separation and Purification; 1986; John Wiley and Sons,-
Michaels, A.
75. Application of Ultrafiltration to the Concentration and Separation of Solutes of
Low Molecular Weight; 1980; J. Membrane Science,- 6.; pp 71-82.
76. Ultrafiltration Handbook; 1986; Technomic Publishing Co.; Cheryan, M.
77. The Influence of the Rhizosphere on Crop Productivity; 1986; Advances in
Microbial Ecology, Volume 9; pp. 187-244; Plenum Press, New York; Marshall, K.
(editor); Whipps, J., and J. Lynch.
78. An Electrochemical Process for Decontaminating PCB-Containing Transformer
Coolants; October 1985; EPRI Conference; Massey, M., and F. Walsh; to order
contact: EPRI Research Report Center, P.O. Box 50490, Palo Alto, CA 94303;
(415)965-4081
25
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79. In Situ Biological Oxidation of Hazardous Orsanics; May 1984; Environmental
Prosress, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp103-107.
80. Use of Colloidal Gas Aphrons for In Situ Biodegradation of Contaminated
Groundwater,- Land Disposal, Remedial Action, Incineration, and Treatment of
Hazardous Waste: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Research Symposium,-
EPA/600/9-88/021.
81. Waste Treatment Composting as a Controlled System; Finstein, M., F. Miller, and
P. Strom; Biotechnology, Vol. 8.
82. Analysis of EPA Guidance on Composting Sludges, Parts I to IV; Finstein, M.,
F. Miller, J. Hogan, and P. Strom; Biocycle, Jan. - April 1987.
83. Liquid Waste Composting; Patterson, J., and J. Short; March 1985; EPA/600/2-85/
005; PB85-160406/AS.
84. Microbial Activity in Composting Municipal Sewage Sludge; Vestal, J., and
V McKinley; May 1986; EPA/600/2-86/025; PB86-166014/AS.
85. Trickling Filter/Solids Contact Process: Full-Scale Studies; Matasci, R., A. Benedict,
and D. Parker; May 1986; EPA/600/2-86/046; PB86-183100/AS.
86. Recent Applications of Freeze Crystallization to Preferential Pollutant Removal and
Reuse; April 1988; Heist, J.; Presented at Hazardous Waste Treatment
Technologies, Government Institutes, Inc.; Washington DC.
87. CPI Warm Up to Freeze Concentration,- Chowdhury, J.; Chemical Engineering,- April
25, 1988, p. 24.
88. Sunflower Army Ammunition Plant: Freeze Crystallization Test Report and
Wastewater Management Recommendation; March 1986; Technical Report 86-
102, Chemical Waste Management, Inc.; Riverdale, IL 60627.
26
r U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1989 — 1553/87086
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