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-------
THE INFLUENCE OK COAL SURFACE MINING
ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE
CUMBERLAND PLATEAU
by
Peter K. Gottfried, Jerad Bales, and Thomas W. Precious
Division of Water Resources
Office of Natural Resources
Tennessee Valley Authority
Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35660
Interagency Agreement No. EPA-IAG-82-D-X0511
Project No. E-AP 82 BDW
Program Element No. INE-CC2N1A
Project Officer
Alfred Galli
Office of Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, B.C. 20460
Prepared for
OFFICE OF ENERGY, MINERALS, AND INDUSTRY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, DC 20460
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (5PL-16)
230 S. Dearborn Street, Boom 1670
Chicago, il 60604
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared by the Tennessee Valley Authority and
has been reviewed by the Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Tennessee Valley Authority or the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does any mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
-------
ABSTRACT
Ten small watersheds in east Tennessee were studied during a 4-year
period from 1975 to 1979 in order to provide background data for the
development and demonstration of regional mathematical models for predicting
the impacts of coal surface mining on the aquatic environment. Study
streams were located in area- and contour-mined areas and were chosen to
reflect varying degrees of mining impacts on the hydrology, water quality,
and aquatic ecology of streams draining the Cumberland Plateau.
Analysis of the geological data from watershed core samples revealed
that there was sufficient alkalinity and neutralization potential within
the plateau rock strata to neutralize acidity produced from surface mining.
This was confirmed by higher pH and alkalinity of water draining both the
contour- and area-mined sites. However, leaching tests conducted on rock
samples from area- and contour-mined watersheds revealed that pH of leachate
would continue dropping and acidity would continue being produced beyond
the mine-wash test duration, indicating that, in the field, acidity could
eventually increase in waters draining mined sites as the rock strata was
leached free of neturalizing agents.
Analysis of other water quality parameters did not reveal any significant
metal contamination in the mined areas. Although most metal concentrations
were higher in the mine-impacted streams, they were well below safe drinking
water standards established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Suspended and dissolved solids concentrations were found to be significantly
higher at mined sites than at unmined sites, although most suspended
solids concentrations were below the 70 mg/1 effluent limit requirement.
Although suspended and dissolved concentrations were relatively low on
days samples were collected, significant sedimentation was evident at
mined sites, probably due to runoff from storms and heavy rainfall events.
Significant problems were encountered with the collection and analysis
of hydrologic data. The placement of automatic recording equipment at
remote, difficult to access study sites made frequent checking and servicing
impossible. Consequently, malfunctions resulted in long periods of missing
or questionable streamflow records. Problems were also encountered with
rainfall data, as a result of instrument malfunctions (missing data) or
unrepresentative catches. The effects of coal mining on streamflow, therefore,
were difficult to evaluate.
All six contour-mined sites were sampled for benthic invertebrates
using surber, drift, artificial substrate and kick net sampling techniques.
A total of 163 identifiable taxa were collected of which 52 and 55 percent
were found at reference sites. However, only 49 taxa (30 percent) were
iii
-------
common to each reference site. Collectors were the most numerous group of
organisms collected, representing between 28 and 51 percent of the taxa
collected at each site. Collectors were also slightly more numerous at
the mined sites than at reference sites. Dipterans were the most numerous
order followed by ephemeropterans and tricopterans.
Besides taxonomic differences, significant differences were observed
among sites in species composition and numbers. Differences were attributed
primarily to heavy siltation and sedimentation resulting from mining
activity, which changed or reduced available habitat organisms. Those
that were least resistant to increased sedimentation were ephemeroptera,
plecoptera, and trichoptera. Dipterans were found to be most resistant to
the siltation and sedimentation effects of mining.
IV
-------
CONTENTS
Abstract iii
Figures vii
Tables ix
Acknowledgment xii
Abbreviations and Symbols xiii
I. Introduction 1
II. Study Areas 3
A. General Geology of the Area-Mined Sites 3
B. General Geology of the Contour-Mined Sites 3
III. Overburden and Coal Chemistry 10
A. Geological Sources of Toxic Materials 10
B. Analytical Procedures 14
1. Geochemical and Metals Analysis 14
2. Leaching Study 17
C. Results and Discussion of Overburden and Coal
Chemistry Analysis 17
1. Jamestown and New River Area Lithology 17
2. Geochemical and Metals Analysis 21
3. Results of Leaching Study 30
4. Statistical Interdependence of Overburden
Chemistry 40
D. Summary - Overburden and Coal Chemistry Analysis 40
IV. Water Quality 47
A. Introduction to Water Quality 47
B. Analytical Procedures and Experimental Design 47
C. Results and Discussion of Water Quality Analysis 47
1. Mean Values and Seasonal Trends 50
2. Trace Metals in the Water Column 71
3. Statistical Interdependence of Water Quality
Parameters 79
4. Relationship of Stream Metal Concentrations to
Lithology 79
5. Cluster Analysis 87
D. Water Quality Summary 90
V. Hydrologic Data 95
A. Introduction 95
B. New River Basin Sites 95
1. Rainfall Data Summary 97
2. Flow Data Summary 105
C. Fentress County Sites 109
1. Rainfall Data Summary 109
2. Flow Data Summary 109
D. Summary 115
v
-------
CONTENTS (Continued)
VI. Benthos 117
A. Introduction 117
B. Analytical Procedures and Experimental Design 117
C. Results 118
D. Discussion and Conclusion 136
Bibliography 144
Appendix 148
VI
-------
FIGURES
Number Page
1 Location of area- and contour-mined sites in upper
east Tennessee 4
2 Generalized stratigraphic sequence of Pennsylvanian
rocks in Tennessee 6
3 Elevation profile of Crooked Creek with station and
core locations 7
4 Elevation profile of Anderson Branch with core •
locations 9
5 Stratigraphic sections of the Jamestown area cores with
strata descriptions 15
6 Stratigraphic sections of the New River basin cores with
strata descriptions 16
7 Coal-strata weathering apparatus 18
8 Average geochemical values for Jamestown area strata . . 22
9 Average geochemical values for New River area strata . . 23
10 Mean metal concentrations of the New River area
strata 28
11 Mean metal concentrations of the Jamestown area
strata 29
12 Changes in the pH of the Jamestown area lithology
through consecutive washings 31
13 Changes in the alkalinity of the Jamestown area
lithology through consecutive washings 32
14 Changes in the acidity of the Jamestown area lithology
through consecutive washings 33
15 Changes in the oxidation reduction potentials of the
Jamestown area lithology through consecutive
washings 34
16 Changes in the pH of the New River area lithology
through consecutive washings 35
17 Changes in the alkalinity of the New River area
lithology through consecutive washings 36
18 Changes in the acidity of the New River area lithology
through consecutive washings 37
19 Changes in the oxidation reduction potentials of the
New River area lithology through consecutive
washings 38
20 Eh-pH Diagrams for Jamestown area strata 41
21 Eh-pH Diagrams for New River area strata 42
22 Hydrogen in concentrations (pH) of Jamestown and New
River area streams between 1975 and 1979 55
vii
-------
FIGURES (Continued)
Number Page
23 Total alkalinity of Jamestown and New River area streams
between 1975 and 1979 56
24 Sulfate of Jamestown and New River area streams between
1975 and 1979 60
25 Total iron concentrations at Jamestown and New River
area streams between 1975 and 1979 62
26 Dissolved iron concentrations of Jamestown and New
River area streams between 1975 and 1979 63
27 Acidity of Jamestown area streams between 1976 and
1978 64
28 Total manganese concentrations of Jamestown and New
River area streams between 1975 and 1979 66
29 Suspended solid concentrations at Jamestown and New
River area streams between 1975 and 1979 67
30 Dissolved solids concentrations of Jamestown and New
River area streams between 1975 and 1979 69
31 Plots of mean stream and mean strata concentrations of
metals associated with Jamestown and New River area-
mined and unmined sites 86
32 Phenogram of UPGMA clustering of Jamestown area water
quality data 91
33 Phenogram of UPGMA clustering of New River area water
quality data 92
34 Contour-mined hydrologic gaging stations—New River
Basin 96
35 Available hydrologic data for calendar year 1975 .... 99
36 Available hydrologic data for calendar year 1976 .... 100
37 Available hydrologic data for calendar year 1977 .... 101
38 Available hydrologic data for calendar year 1978 .... 102
39 Area-mined gaging stations--Fentress County, TN .... 110
Vlll
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Watershed Characteristics of Study Streams with Primary
Land Use Characteristics 5
2 Comparison of the Concentrations in Parts Per Million
of Some Elements Found in Sedimentary Rocks 11
3 Chemical Analysis of Rocks from the Cumberland Plateau
Region of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama 12
4 Description of Jamestown Area Overburden Lithology ... 19
5 Description of New River Overburden Lithology 20
6 Metal Concentrations of the Jamestown Area Strata
Measured from Core Samples and Expressed as |Jg/g ... 25
7 Metal Concentrations of the New River Strata Measured
from Core Samples and Expressed as jJg/g 27
8 Pearson Correlation Coefficients for Overburden
Parameters 43
9 Water Quality Parameters Measured at Jamestown and New
River Area Sampling Sites Between 1975 and 1979 ... 48
10 Means, Ranges, and Standard Errors of Water Quality
Parameters from Jamestown Area Streams 51
11 Means, Ranges, and Standard Errors of Water Quality
Parameters from New River Area Streams 53
12 Average Anion-Cation Concentrations of Jamestown Area
Sites 70
13 Means, Ranges, and Standard Errors of Total Trace Metal
Concentrations of Jamestown Area Streams 72
14 Means, Ranges, and Standard Errors of Total Trace Metal
Concentrations of New River Area Streams 74
15 Percentage of Dissolved or Suspended Metal Concentra-
tions in Jamestown Area Streams 77
16 Pearson Correlation Coefficients for Jamestown Area
Water Quality Data 80
17 Pearson Correlation Coefficients for New River Area
Water Quality Data 84
18 Ratios of Mean Strata to Mean Stream Metal Concentra-
tions from New River and Jamestown Area Sites .... 88
19 Comparison of Various Ion Mobility and Leaching Rate
Studies Found in the Literature to Study Data .... 89
20 Summary of Gaging Station and Site Mining Information,
New River Sites 98
21 Monthly Rainfall in Inches, Water Years 1976-1978, New
River Basins 103
22 Variation of Monthly Rainfall, New River Basin Sites . . 104
ix
-------
TABLES (Continued)
Number
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Monthly Runoff in Inches, Water Years 1976-1978, New
River Basins 106
Percent Yield, Water Years 1976-1978, New River Basin
Sites 107
Summary of Gaging Station and Site Mining Information,
Fentress County Sites Ill
Monthly Rainfall in Inches, Water Years 1977-1978,
Fentress County Sites 112
Monthly Runoff in Inches, Water Years 1977-1978,
Fentress County Sites 113
Percent Yield, Water Years 1977-1978, Fentress County
Sites 114
The Invertebrate Fauna of the Jamestown Area Sampling
Stations from April 1976 to March 1977 Arranged by
Trophic Level 119
Mean Number of Organisms Per m2 Collected in the Monthly
Surber Samples Between April 1976 and March 1977 in
the Jamestown Area 126
Mean Number of Organisms Per 1000 m3 Collected by Drift
Sampling from May 1976 to March 1977 at the Jamestown
Area Sites 129
Mean Number of Organisms Per m2 Collected by Artificial
Substrate Sampling from May 1976 to March 1977 in
the Jamestown Area 131
Total Number of Organisms Per Sweep Collected by Kick
Net Sampling from April 1976 to March 1977 in the
Jamestown Area 133
Species Diversity (d) of Organisms Collected in Three
Surber Samples from the Jamestown Area Sites Between
April 1976 and March 1977 137
Species Diversity (d) of Organisms Collected in Drift
Samples from the Jamestown Area Sites from May 1976
to March 1977 138
Jamestown Aquatic Insect Biomass for Surber, Artificial
Substrate, and Drift Samples Collected from
April 1976 and March 1977 139
Field Observations of Survey Streams from May 1976 to
March 1977 in the Jamestown Area 141
APPENDIX
A-l Anderson Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) - WY 1976 .
A-2 Anderson Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS) - WY 1976
A-3 Anderson Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) - WY 1977 .
A-4 Anderson Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS) - WY 1977
A-5 Anderson Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) - WY 1978 .
A-6 Anderson Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS) - WY 1978
149
149
150
150
151
151
-------
TABLES (Continued)
Number
A-7
A-8
A-9
A-10
A-ll
A-12
A-13
A-14
A-15
A-16
A-17
A-18
A-19
A-20
A-21
A-22
A-23
A-24
A-25
A-26
A-27
A-28
A-29
A-30
A-31
A-32
A-33
A-34
A-35
A-36
A-37
A-38
A-39
A-40
A-41
A-42
A-43
A-44
A-45
A-46
A-47
A-48
Bill's Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) - WY 1976 .
Bill's Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS) - WY 1976
Bill's Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) - WY 1977 .
Bill's Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS) - WY 1977
Bill's Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) - WY 1978 .
Bill's Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS) - WY 1978
Bowling Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) - WY 1976 .
Bowling Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS) - WY 1976
Bowling Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) - WY 1977 .
Bowling Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS) - WY 1977
Bowling Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) - WY 1978 .
Bowling Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS) - WY 1978
Green Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) - WY 1976 . .
Green Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS) - WY 1976 .
Green Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) - WY 1977 . .
Green Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS) - WY 1977 .
WY 1975 . .
- WY 1975 .
WY 1976 . .
- WY 1976 .
WY 1977 . .
- WY 1977
WY 1978 . .
WY - 1978 .
WY 1976 . .
- WY 1976 .
WY 1977 . .
- WY 1977 .
WY 1978 . .
WY 1978 .
WY 1977 .
- WY 1977
WY 1978 .
- WY 1978
Indian Fork Daily Rainfall (IN) -
Indian Fork Mean Daily Flow (CFS)
Indian Fork Daily Rainfall (IN) -
Indian Fork Mean Daily Flow (CFS)
Indian Fork Daily Rainfall (IN) -
Indian Fork Mean Daily Flow (CFS)
Indian Fork Daily Rainfall (IN) -
Indian Fork Mean Daily Flow (CFS)
Lowe Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) -
Lowe Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS)
Lowe Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) -
Lowe Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS)
Lowe Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) -
Lowe Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS)
Crooked Creek Daily Rainfall (IN)
Crooked Creek Mean Daily Flow (CFS)
Crooked Creek Daily Rainfall (IN) -
Crooked Creek Mean Daily Flow (CFS)
Crooked Creek Tributary Daily Rainfall (IN) - WY 1977
Crooked Creek Tributary Mean Daily Flow (CFS) -
WY 1977
Crooked Creek Tributary Daily Rainfall (IN) - WY
Crooked Creek Tributary Mean Daily Flow (CFS) -
WY 1978
Long Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) - WY 1977 . . .
Long Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS) - WY 1977 . .
Long Branch Daily Rainfall (IN) - WY 1978 . . .
Long Branch Mean Daily Flow (CFS) - WY 1978 . .
1978
152
152
153
153
154
154
155
155
156
156
157
157
158
158
159
159
160
160
161
161
162
162
163
163
164
164
165
165
166
166
167
167
168
168
169
169
170
170
171
171
172
172
xi
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the cooperation and
assistance of several people in TVA's Division of Air and Water Resources.
Those people include Jerry Liner who knew where to turn when problems
arose, Jim Ruane who provided support and counsel at just the right
times, Roger Betson who always was enthusiastic and helpful in providing
the needed direction, and to Billy Isom whose patience was much appreciated.
Also, appreciation is extended to Doye Cox who was the initial project
leader and whose hard work made the project possible, Ken Tennessen who
helped in the identification of aquatic insect specimens, and Orris Hill
who helped in the preparation of the initial drafts and numerous internal
reports and correspondence.
This study was supported under Federal Interagency Agreement
Number EPA-IAG-08-E721 and TV-41967A between the Tennessee Valley Authority
and the Environmental Protection Agency for energy-related environmental
research.
-------
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
Art Sub
CC
CEC
cm
CORK
ENP
EPA
ft
g
LB
LY
m2
m3
meq
mg
ml
mm
msl
ORP, Eh
P
PACID
ppm
r
S
SAS
sq mi
SMCRA
TVA
UPGMA
USGS
UT
d
[jmoles
Mg
Chemical symbols
artificial substrate
Crooked Creek
cation exchange capacity
centimeter
SAS correlation program
excess neutralization potential
Environmental Protection Agency
foot
gram
Long Branch
Lynn Branch
square meter
cubic meter
milliequivalents
milligrams
milliliter
millimeter
mean sea level
oxidation reduction potential
probability
partial acidity
parts per million
correlation coefficient
sulfur
Statistical Analysis System
square mile
Strip Mine Control and Reclamation
Act of 1977
Tennessee Valley Authority
unweighted pair-group arithmetic average
U.S. Geological Survey
Unnamed Tributary
species diversity index
micromoles
micrograms
standard symbols for elements and chemical
compounds discussed are used throughout
text
Xlll
-------
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CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION
Coal has been a valuable energy resource of the Cumberland Plateau
of eastern Tennessee since the early nineteenth century. Readily accessible
outcroppings along the streams and rivers and the close proximity to
growing urban markets, such as Nashville and Knoxville, only served to
intensify mining activities throughout the region.
The southern Appalachian region, of which the Cumberland Plateau
is a part, presently contains approximately 16 percent of the total U.S.
coal reserves on a tonnage basis or 20 percent on a uniform Btu-adjusted
basis (Murray, 1978). Increased demand for domestic energy sources will
intensify pressures on the coal resources of the region, as well as the
environment as a whole. Thus, a cost-effect and expeditious procedure
for predicting the impact of proposed mining activities on the aquatic
resource is necessary as the demand for coal increases and environmental
regulations become more stringent.
This report contains the results of several investigations of
streams draining into the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River in
eastern Tennessee. The purpose of these investigations, conducted
between 1975 and 1979, was to provide data for the development and
demonstration of regional mathematical models for predicting the impacts
of coal surface mining on the aquatic resource. These models offer the
best methodology for quantitatively assessing the environmental conse-
quences of surface mining provided there is a sufficient knowledge of
the hydrological, geochemical, and biological forces which distinguish
each coal mining region. With this knowledge, mine site characteristics
can be integrated with mining and reclamation techniques and the conse-
quences of future mining activities can, therefore, be accurately
predicted.
An overview of the model components, study areas, and preliminary
water quality and biological data was presented by Cox, et al. (1979).
A report summarizing the findings and final modeling methodologies is
presented by Betson et al. (1981). A more detailed examination of the
geology, water quality, hydrology, and biology of the study sites and a
discussion of the possible effects of area and contour mining in the
upper eastern Tennessee portion of the Cumberland Plateau are presented
in the following chapters. A description of the watershed characteristics,
stratigraphic sequences of the underlying rock strata, historical and
recent water quality data, and cross-sectional profiles of study water-
sheds are presented in chapter II. A discussion of the geological
sources of potentially toxic chemical elements, as well as the results
of the geochemical analysis of the overburden and coal for each site, is
-------
presented in chapter III. Chapter IV presents the results of the water
quality analysis, while chapters V and VI present results of the hydrologic
and benthic analysis of study streams.
-------
CHAPTER II.
STUDY AREAS
Cox, et al. (1979) previously described both the area-mined sites
in Fentress County and the contour-mined sites in Scott and Anderson
Counties. All sites are located on the coal-bearing portion of the
Cumberland Plateau in upper east Tennessee (figure 1, table 1). The
stratigraphy in this region is Pennsylvanian in origin and is dominated
by easily weathered sandstones, shales, and conglomerates (figure 2).
Present geochemical interpretation of water analysis has confirmed
earlier observations (Shoup, 1944) of the poor buffering action of
natural waters draining this area of the plateau as indicated by the low
pH and alkalinity of the reference (control) streams. Glenn (1925)
presents an excellent historical, geological, and economic account of
the study areas, and the counties in which they lie, in his description
of the northern Tennessee coal fields. A more recent geological inter-
pretation of this region, as well as a description of the updated stra-
tigraphic nomenclature, is presented by Wilson, et al. (1956).
A. GENERAL GEOLOGY OF AREA-MINED SITES
The area-mined sites are situated on the coal-bearing portion of
Fentress County. The general plateau surface in this region is
gently rolling with streams sinking their courses below to depths
ranging from small grooves to profound gorges. Typically, the
headwater parts of the streams have not yet cut deeply beneath the
plateau surface, but their lower courses have cut precipitous
gorges 60 to 120 meters deep, such as the gorge along Clear Fork
and the deeper gorge on lower White Oak Creek (Glenn, 1925).
The rocks of the area-mined sites are all of sedimentary origin
and consist of varying quantities of conglomerates, sandstones,
shales, and coal. This group of Pennsylvanian age rocks, previously
referred to as the Lee Formation, is currently referred to as the
Gizzard Group and the Crab Orchard Mountain Group. These groups
are the oldest of the Pennsylvanian age rocks and are situated
directly above Mississippian age limestones. The study streams
drain the sandstones and shales of the Rockcastle conglomerate, a
part of the Crab Orchard Mountain Group. The Nemo coal seam is
the predominant coal of this conglomerate and is actively mined in
the region. Figure 3 is a cross-sectional profile of Crooked
Creek illustrating the major coal seams and formations through
which it flows.
B. GENERAL GEOLOGY OF CONTOUR-MINED SITES
The contour-mined sites are located in Scott and Anderson Counties
on the eastern edge of the Cumberland Plateau. The topography of
-------
N
JAMESTOWN
SOUTH FORK CUMBERLAND RIVER
WATERSHED
L
10 km
SAMPLING SITES
® CONTOUR-MINED
• AREA - MINED
SCALE
Figure 1. Location of Area and Contour-mined Sites in Upper Easi
JELLKO
"ennessee
-------
TABLE 1. WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDY STREAMS WITH PRIMARY LAND
USE CHARACTERISTICS. WATERSHED AREAS ARE DETERMINED FROM
THE AREA UPSTREAM OF EACH SAMPLING SITE
LAND USE DATA ARE ACCURATE AS OF JANUARY 1979
1 .
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Study stream
Lym Branch
Lorifc Branch
Crooked Creek
Crooked Creek
Crooked Creek
Unnamed Tributary
Code
LY 0.4
LB 4.0
CC 18.5
CC 16.7
CC 15.9
UT 0.01
Watershed
area (ha)
Area-Mined
103
280
180
725
950
52
Mined
Sites
0
0
0
13
13
43
Land use (%)
Rural-residential ]
11
11
69
56
55
52
"orest
89
89
31
3J
32
5
Contour-Mined Sites
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Lowe Branch
Bow] ing Branch
Anderson Branch
Bills Branch
Ind i an Branch
Green Branch
LOW
BOW
AND
BIL
IND
GRE
238
764
210
174
1119
357
0
0
7.5
9.0
18.9
24.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
100
92.
9J .
81.
75.
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-------
ELEVATION (m) FORMATION SEAM
550 r
500 -
450 -
400 -
CROOKED CREEK PROFILE
WITH STATION AND CORE LOCATIONS
Nemo
Rockcastle
Conglomerate
Fentress
Formation
Morgan
Springs
Sewanee
20
0 Mi
Distance to Clear Fork
Figure 3. Elevation Profile of Crooked Creek with Station and Core Locations. Elevation
magnification is exaggerated 100 X.
-------
this region is substantially different from the area-mined sites,
composed of narrow, winding ridges separated by narrow, deeply cut
stream gorges. The roughness of the terrain is primarily due to
the erodibility of softer shales and thin sandstones through which
the streams flow. These softer shales and thin sandstones are a
part of the middle Pennsylvanian series which includes the Vowell
Mountain, Redoak Mountain, Graves Gap, Indian Bluff, and Slatestone
Formations, previously referred to collectively as the Briceville
Formation. Economically recoverable coal seams in these formations
include the Pewee, Walnut Mountain, Big Mary, Windrock, Joyner,
and Jellico seams, although all may not be accessible or present
in any one study watershed. A cross-sectional profile of Anderson
Branch illustrating the predominant coal seams and formations
through which it flows is presented in figure 4.
-------
ELEVATION (m) FORMATION
800 r Vwfe"
Mountain
700
600
500
400
Redoak
Mountain
Graves Gap
Indian Bluff
Slatestone
SEAM
Pewee
Walnut Mt.
NR3
ANDERSON BRANCH PROFILE
WITH CORE LOCATIONS
Big Mary
Wlndrock
Jelllco
2 I
Distance to New River
(km)
I
0
Figure 4. Elevation Profile of Anderson Branch with Core Locations
Elevation magnification is exaggerated 5 X.
-------
Chapter III.
OVERBURDEN AND COAL CHEMISTRY
A. GEOLOGICAL SOURCES OF TOXIC MATERIALS
The sources and ultimate fates of potentially toxic substances in
the aquatic environment are determined by the geochemical and
biological cycling of minerals. Any attempt to predict the effects
of surface mine drainage on the aquatic resource would be fruitless
without a knowledge of the rocks and the associated mineral assem-
blages characteristic to the study area. Geological properties,
such as the age and type of rocks present, the length of previous
exposure time, rock texture and porosity, the purity and crystal
size of minerals, the regional structure, and the degree of fissuring,
are important factors influencing the composition of surface and
ground water (Hem, 1970). Surface mining can accelerate the
geochemical weathering of major and minor mineral constituents by
exposing previously unexposed rock strata. Changes in the rate of
release and in availability of the ionic and precipitate species
of heavy metals and sediment associated with this weathering are
important in understanding the effects of mining on water quality
and the biotic community.
Geological sources of elements arise from the weathering of minerals
and other particles characteristic to different rock types. In
the Cumberland Plateau region, sandstones and shales are the
primary sources of elemental species. Coal may also be a source
of reduced mineral species such as pyrite. These rocks were
formed from the deposit of sediments in the electrochemically
reducing environments of shallow, Paleozoic era seas. These
sediments were transformed by increasing temperature and pressure
into sedimentary rocks containing elements in proportion to their
relative abundance in the ocean and their affinity for mineral and
colloidal associations. The disturbance and weathering of these
rocks result in the breakdown of minerals associated with parti-
cular strata, elevating the ionic and sediment concentrations of
receiving streams.
The precise amounts of the elements contributed from geologic
sources to rivers and streams and, ultimately, to the oceans, are
poorly known. Average concentrations of elements found in shales,
sandstones, and coal are known and are listed in table 2; concentra-
tions in coal dust are also listed since fugitive dust can be
created during mining operations.
Although oxides of silica, alumina, and iron are the most common
minerals in rocks from the Cumberland Plateau (table 3), abundance
10
-------
TABLE 2. COMPARISON OF THE CONCENTRATIONS IN PARTS PER MILLION,
OF SOME ELEMENTS FOUND IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKSt
Element* Shales Sandstones Coal Coal dust
Si
Al
Fe
Ca
Na
Mg
K
Mn
Cr
Ni
Zn
Cu
Co
Pb
Cd
Hg
260,000
80,100
38,800
22,500
4,850
16,400
24,900
575
423
29
130
45
8
80
0.18
0.27
359,000
32,100
18,600
22,400
3,870
8,100
13,200
392
120
2.6
16
15
.33
14
0.02
0.06
-
1,600
4,000
5,000
4,500
410
30
4.5
2.7
10
25
2.3
3.9
0.19
~
294,000
283,000
79,200
13,200
755
792
16,600
45.3
170
755
415
868
11.3
26.4
3.80
—
^Arranged in order of abundance in the earth's crust (from Krauskopf,
1979).
tSources -
Coal data: Blackwood and Wachter (1978)
Shale and sandstone data: Hem (1970)
! I
-------
TABLE 3. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ROCKS FROM THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU REGION OF KENTUCKY, TENNESSEE, ACT ALABAMA.
DATA COLLECTED BY ENGINEERING AND DESIGN BRANCH - TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY
Formation and
sample
Sewanee Breathitt Pottsville Warren Point
Major oxides conglomerate sandstone sandstone sandstone
(percent) 1* 2 34 56 7
SiO
Al 0
Ye 0
FeO
CaO
MgO
MnO
TiO
Na,0
P2n
s2 b
Zn
HO
98.3 98.4 64.02 - 89.90 97.64 95.3
0.74 0.17 11.36 - 6.12 1.57 1.9
8
79.2
2.7
0.34 0.42 11.91 37.75 0.68 0.14 0.76 9.7
7.98 26.45
0.028 0.016 1.08 1.05 0.11 0.00 0.06 0.53
0.025 0.009 0.32 0.17 0.01 0.10 0.81
0.005 0.31
0.04 0.04 0.10 0.07 0.14
0.10 0.12 0.23
0.62 0.43 0.56
<0.02
<0.01
0.24
Ignition loss 0.30 0.20 9.02 1.61 0.60 0.30 5.90
TOTAL 99.77 99.26 105.43 (65.28) 99.31 100.06 99.05 100.08
Raccoon Mt.
sandstone
9
72.
11.
4.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
2.
4.
98.
10
1 62.
9 5.
8 5.
21 10.
03 1.
06 0.
81 0.
63 0.
60 0.
70 12.
84 99.
2
6
5
9
04
21
34
74
91
20
64
11
78.
8.
4.
2.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
4.
100.
Carbondale
formation
12
10
46
14
15
16
00
98
82
11
08
00
71
4
7
6
2
0
0
0
0
7
99
.92
.04
.70
.44
.41
.00
.00
.00
.02
.39
.92
13
51
17
5
0
3
2
.86
.74
.38
.02
.04
.56
trt
0
0
1
17
99
.35
.21
.27
.21
.64
^Sample locations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Unwashed sand from pit of Sewanee Silica Sand Company, Sewanee Silica
Sand
Company
Washed and screened sand (30-100 mesh) from Sewanee Silica Sand Company, Sewanee,
Sandstone - Artemus Steam Plant Site, Artemus, Knox County,
Kentucky.
Dark nodules from Breathitt Sandstone, Artemus Steam Plant Site, Artemus,
Sandstone - near Crossville, Cumberland County, Tennessee.
Marion County, Alabama - North of Hamilton (average of five
Raccoon Mountain pumped storage, Hole Y-2-11 + 55, depth 11.
samples) .
2.
Kentucky
, Sewanee,
Tennessee.
Tennessee.
Raccoon Mountain pumped storage, Hole 3L-19 + 00, depth 24 feet.
Raccoon Mountain pumped storage, Hole 24 + 49.60, depth 76.8
Raccoon Mountain pumped storage, Hole 4B-44 + 00, depth 87.5
feet.
feet.
Sandstone - dark gray - Paradise Steam Plant Site, Muhlenberg County,
Sandstone - light gray - Paradise Steam Plant Site, Muhlenberg County
Kentucky.
, Kentucky .
Shale - dark - above No. 9 coal seam, Paradise Steam Plant Site, Muhlenberg County,
Kentucky .
tTrace
-------
in any one strata can vary dramatically. Many of the oxides are
bound together with hydrogen or covalent bonds to form complex
mineral assemblages. Sandstone, which is composed primarily of
quartz, may also contain appreciable quantities of sodium and
potassium feldspars. Quartz and feldspar minerals are extremely
resistant to chemical alteration by weathering of the parent rock
(Hem, 1970). Given enough time and the right conditions, however,
feldspars will weather into complex clay-mineral species such as
kaolinite and illite clay:
KAlSi308
Potassium
Feldspar
9H20 + 6C02 ->•
rainwater
2K +6Si02(aq.) + 3Al2Si203(OH)4
Kaolinite
Eq 1.
Illite clay can be formed from the rearrangement and substitution
of cations as kaolinite enters an ion-rich, seawater environment:
2K+ +
2HC03
3Al2Si205(OH)4
Kaolinite
2K(AlSi04)Al2(OH)202(Si204)
Illite
5H20 + 2C02t Eq. 2
Furthermore, the degradation of illite clay to kaolinite clay can
be an important mechanism by which waters of low pH are neutralized.
Fletcher (1977) offers the following reaction which may serve to
neutralize some of the acid generated by oxidizing sulfides in the
Piney Creek Watershed, Van Buren County, Tennessee:
2KAl2(AlSi3)010(OH)2
Illite
5H20 -> 3Al2Si205(OH)4
Kaolinite
+ 2 KOH Eq. 3
This is a very slow reaction compared to sulfide oxidation, however,
and unlikely to neutralize much acid.
Once aluminosilicates such as kaolinite and illite have been
formed, they will, over long geological time spans, be incor-
porated into sedimentary rocks such as those found in the
Cumberland Plateau strata. Much remains to be learned about
complex aluminosilicates and their importance as a source and/or
method of transport of potentially toxic chemical elements.
Couture (1977), Krickenberger (1977), and Krauskopf (1979) discuss
clay-minerals and their interactions with other elements and
compounds.
Although the quartz and feldspar minerals common to sandstones do
not undergo rapid weathering, the cementing materials holding the
coarser grains together can dissolve and thus influence the quality
13
-------
of water passing through the strata. The most common cementing
materials are calcium carbonate (CaC03), silica, ferric hydroxide,
ferrous carbonate, and clay minerals (Hem, 1970). These cementing
materials can be easily leached from their sandy substrate since
they were deposited from water which passed through the strata at
some past time.
Shales and other fine-grained sedimentary rocks are hydrolysates
composed primarily of clay minerals and other particles that have
been formed by chemical reactions like those presented in equations
and 2 (Hem, 1970). They almost always contain finely divided
quartz and other minerals characteristic of resistates, but smaller
in size. Reduced minerals such as pyrite are also found associated
with hydrolysates. Waters flowing through these strata may be
unusually high in dissolved solids, especially if the hydrolysate
strata originally precipitated from seawater.
In summary, geochemical sources of elements and other potentially
toxic materials in surface waters can be quite varied in quality
and quantity. The types and origin of rock and minerals present,
the types of weathering processes taking place, and the degree and
time of exposure can readily influence surface and ground water.
The following section describes the procedures and results of the
geochemical analysis of the coal and overlying strata present in
each study site.
B. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
In order to characterize the geological factors which determine
the quality of water draining the mine sites, cores were drilled
through representative strata at each study site. Cox, et al.
(1979) describes the location of and the procedures used to analyze
each of the seven cores and presents preliminary geochemical
results of the Jamestown area sites. The samples from each strata
were regrouped into definitive rock types so that each lithologic
unit could be characterized. Stratigraphic sections of each core
are shown in figures 5 and 6 (one Jamestown area core was drilled
through spoil and not shown).
1. Geochemical and Metals Analysis
About 220 grams of each composite sample were ground to pass
through a No. 50 sieve, yet be retained by a No. 100 sieve,
and were analyzed for total sulfur, pyritic sulfur, cation
exchange capacity (CEC), calcium carbonate, soil pH, potential
acidity with peroxide, and total neutralization potential.
Excess neutralization potential (ENP) was calculated by sub-
tracting potential acidity from total neutralization potential.
Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb,
14
-------
"P
Ul
en
9.
o"
LOWER PENNSYLVANIAN SERIES
ROCKCASTLE CONGLOMERATE
IKS'SS:
rof^r\> ro ro ro
cncn — cr ro oJ
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LOWER PENNSYLVANIAN SERIES
ROCKCASTLE CONGLOMERATE
3
fe fe s
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rb rb
r
o
o
CD
LOWER PENN. SERIES
ROCKCASTLE' CONGL.
-------
9T
o
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ex
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ro
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MIDDLE PENNSYLVANIAN SERIES
INDIAN BLUFF FORMATION
z
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MIDDLE PENNSYLVANIAN SERIES
RED OAK MOUNTAIN FORMATION
3
O
o
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t' i ' IJ. H II U 1
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MIDDLE PENNSYLVANIAN SERIES
VOWELL MOUNTAIN FORMATION
EM^IlKirliiat::
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i i i i i
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ro
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£ "
12
a§
S--
tn w
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2 s"
-------
and Zn were also determined for each sample by wet acid digestion
followed by atomic absorption. Composite samples of about 2
kg, ground to pass through a No. 10 sieve, were retained for
the leaching study.
2. Leaching Study
This study was designed to simulate field conditions by exposing
a sample from each stratum to a moist atmosphere and periodically
washing the strata with de-ionized water. A modification of
the methods of Caruccio (1968) and Geidel (1976) was used in
this study. A 100-g portion from each of the 42 strata identified
was placed in a leaching chamber that consisted of a plastic
sediment cup and lid. The experimental apparatus is shown in
figure 7. Moist air was continually pumped across the strata
at a rate of 100 cubic feet per minute. At 7-day intervals,
the strata were washed with 100 ml of de-ionized water, filtered,
and then returned to the leaching chamber with the filter pad.
The leachate (filtrate) was then analyzed for oxidation reduction
potential (ORP), pH, alkalinity, and acidity. Each stratum
was subjected to this procedure for approximately 63 days or
nine washings.
C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF OVERBURDEN AND COAL CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS
1. Jamestown and New River Area Lithology
A description of the overburden and coal lithology present at
the Jamestown and,New River area sites is presented in tables
4 and 5. Sandstone was the dominant rock type of the Jamestown
area representing approximately 80 percent of the total lithology
analyzed. These creamy white to tan to gray sandstones ranged
from slightly weathered to highly weathered, depending on
depth and location. Claystones were present in cores JA1 and
GR1, in close proximity to the coal seam. Claystone represented
approximately 7 percent of the total lithology analyzed.
Shale was present only in core JA2, also located in close
proximity to the coal seam, and represented only 1.4 percent
of the total lithology analyzed. Siltstone was distributed
throughout the length of cores JA2 and GR1, representing 1.7
percent of the total lithology. Coal was sampled from each
core and represented approximately 6 percent of the total
lithology analyzed. All coal samples collected from the
Jamestown sites were of the Nemo seam and varied in thickness
from 30 to 80 cm.
Shale dominated the strata found in the New River area sites,
representing approximately 70 percent of the total lithology
analyzed. These shales were either carbonaceous, carboniferous,
or calciferous in nature, depending on depth and location.
17
-------
LEACHING CHAMBERS
00
J . I
I
KSSlL
1 4 1
Ki32:
}
swa
l|
r^fir^a
1—
-WEATHERED MATERIAL
fAIRf f
IFLOWI I
-DIFFUSER
AIR FLOW
Figure 7. Coal-strata weathering apparatus.
-------
TABLE 4. DESCRIPTION OF JAMESTOWN AREA OVERBURDEN LITHOLOGY
Km k type St rata//
bdnrlstonp JA1-I
Sandstone JA1-2
Sandstone JA2-2
Sandstone JA2-3
Sandstone JA2-5
Sandstone GR1-1
Total Sandstone
Shale
Siltstone
JA2-6
JA2-4
SiUstone GR1-4
Total Siltstone
Claystone JA1-4
Claystone GR1-2
Total Claystone
Coal
Coal
JA1-3
JA2-1
Co.] I GRJ-1
Total Coal
TOTAL
Strata
thickness
(m)
£,.
Im
Percent of
total
1 ithology
analyzed
14.
1%
Percent of
total core
length
sampled C
11.
S%
(. rr'iimy
to yel
Dior
win to
1 ow ;
V.i r l at i on
s 1 i ght 1 y we.i t her e
.1
dense grey
1.
8.
8
1
6.
28.
2
0
5.
22.
1
9
to tan
white to
yell ow
creamy
tan to
white
greyish tan
5.
0.
3.
23
0
0
1
I
1
0
2
0
0
0
l"
.2
,9
.2
.3
.4
.5
.0
.5
.3
.7
.0
.8
.7
. J
.8
18.
3.
11.
80.
1.
1.
3,
5"
4.
2
6
2
2
1
6
0
.1
.0
.4
,4
.7
.4
.1
.5
.4
.9
.8
.4
.0
.2
14.
2.
9.
65.
1.
1.
2.
5.
3.
2.
5.
2.
2.
0.
5.
7
5
0
7
1
4
8
3
7
0
7
3
0
8
I
creamy
to tan
ye 1 1 ow
grey
white
;
to tan
yellow-tan to
light
grey
dark grey
yellow
tan
light
light
medium
light
medium
shiny
shiny
shiny
to
grey
to
grey
to
grey
black
black
bla< k
si ightly wcatherc
to weathered;
(1
triable, micaceous
slightly to
moderately weathered
highly weathered;
triable
carbonaceous
slightly weathered
carbonaceous
yellow-like hydrous
oxides of iron
small amount of
ca rbonaceous
inclusi ons
carbonaceous
inclusions
considerable-1 blac
carbonaceous
inclusions
k
29.0m
100%
81.f
19
-------
TABLE 5. DESCRIPTION OF NEW RIVER OVERBURDEN LITHOLOGY
Rock type
Sandstone
Sands tone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Strata//
NR1-C1
NR2-2
NR3-1
NR3-2
NR3-4
Total Sandstone
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Total Shale
Siltstone
Siltstone
Si Itstone
NR1-D1
NR1-D2
NR1-D3
NR2-1
NR2-3
NR2-4
NR3-3
NR1-B1
NR1-B2
NR1-B3
Strata
thickness
(m)
2.
0.
2.
7.
3.
16.
11.
9.
4.
6.
11.
6.
6.
55.
2.
1.
4.
Total Siltstone 8.
Coal
TOTAL
NR1-E2
0.
80.
5m
9
4
2
4
4
1
8
1
9
1
6
3
9
9
2
0
1
4
8m
Percent of
total
lithology
analyzed
3
1
3
8
4
20
13
12
5
8
13
8
7
69
3
1
5
id
0
.1%
.1
.0
.9
.2
.3
.7
.1
.1
.5
.7
.2
.8
.1
.6
.5
.0
.1
.5
100%
Percent of
total core
length
sampled Color
2
1
2
7
3
18
12
10
9
7
12
7
6
61
3
1
4
8
0
88
• 71
.0
.1
.9
.7
.0
.1
.7
.5
.5
.1
.3
.9
.1
.2
.3
.4
.9
.4
.4%
light to
medium grey
medium grey
tan to
light brown
light tan to
medium grey
medium to
dark grey
medium to
dark grey
dark grey
light to
dark grey
shiny black
Variation
dense, carbonaceous
strata
fine, micaceous;
slightly calcareous
fine
medium to coarse;
porous , friable
fine
carbonaceous/
carbona ferous
carbonaceous/
carboniferous
slightly
carboniferous
calcereous and
noncalcareous
strata
oil shale
noncalcareous
01 1 sha le
highly decomposed
highly weathered
uuweathered ,
dense
slightly weathered
20
-------
Oil shale was found in core NR2. Sandstones represented
approximately 20 percent of the total lithology analyzed and
varied from a very dense, carbonaceous strata to a very porous
and fiable strata. Colors ranged from tan to medium gray.
Approximately 10 percent of the total lithology analyzed was
siltstone, varying from a highly weathered to an unweathered,
dense species. Siltstone was present only at the upper and
lower ends of core NR1. Coal was present in all cores, but
only analyzed in core NR1. Two seams were present, the Joyner
and the Jellico seams, spaced approximately 10 meters apart.
The Jellico seam was approximately 40 cm in thickness; the
Joyner seam was not analyzed.
2. Geochemical and Metals Analysis
Geochemistry—
Average values for geochemical characteristics of each stratum
are shown graphically in figures 8 and 9. New River area
strata were generally more alkaline than Jamestown area strata,
reflected by higher soil pH, CaCO^ concentrations, and excess
neutralization potentials. This more alkaline character of
the overburden and coal would seem to explain the higher pH
and alkalinity of New River reference streams.
Total and pyritic sulfur concentrations were low, averaging
less than 1 percent of each rock type analyzed. Total and
pyritic sulfur concentrations were predictably higher in the
coal seams, although the relative proportions of pyritic
sulfur to total sulfur varied from seam to seam and from core
to core. Pyritic sulfur comprised 93 to 100 percent of the
total sulfur content of the Nemo seam compared to 39 percent
of the Jellico seam.
Cation (or ion) exchange involves reversible solution and
deposition reactions in which water molecules are not altered
(Hem, 1970) and is an important mechanism by which metal ions
are redistributed between solution and sediment. Cation
exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of adsorption and commonly
expressed as milliequivalents of exchanged cation per 100 g of
exchanger material. In mining environments where sedimen-
tation of streams is particularly severe, cation exchange
reactions are important mechanisms by which metal ions are
transported downstream, attached to mineral or colloidal
particles.
Clay minerals such as montmorillonite and illite often provide
excellent exchange sites for metal ions. Any disturbance of
clay-mineral rich sediments such as shale and claystone during
surface mining may lead to the adsorption of metal ions and
their transport downstream.
21
-------
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0.00
SA SH SI CL CO SP
0.5-1
- 0.1-
o
c
5 0.3-
3
in
5 B-M
0.01
YA
0.31
0.00 0.00
9.03
'/,
0.01
YA
0.5-
g 0.1-
0.
" 0.3 -
4*.
3 0.2-
o
0.0-
0.35
0.05
0.02
rr*
SA SH SI CL CO SP SA SH SI a CO SP
Figure 8. Average geochemJcal values for Jamestown area
strata. SA-Sandstone> SH-Shale> SI-SI Itstone ,
CL-Claystone> CO-Coal > SP-spoIl
22
-------
8.0-
7.0-
". 6.0-
V
5. 5-B~
1.0-
7.8 18.0-|
5.3
1
%
i-"--
5.7 R. " M-0~
1
1*
1 J12'0-
3.8 5 ia-B~
1 /A a M
10.0
- ^
m y/
X/A /t r
SA SH SI CO SA SH
5.0-
1.0-
g. 3.0-
X
M 2.0-
i
1.0-
A fc- n 0
3.17
\
!.00
!
2.57
T .OC
^
//.
1 1-,-
Exce«« Neutralization PC
Ton* CaCOj •quIv./IBM Ton*
a o J3 5
B CB S 0)
1 1 1 1
28.28
'/,
y/ 22.70
\ I .
^ ^
y y
/> />
SA SH SI CO SA SH
1.0-
Z 0.8-
§
o
fc
5 0.6 -
4*.
u>
I 0.2-
o
I—
0.0--
0.5-
C
0.17
0.08 V/[
(TV] L/X 0.03
I / A \ s A \ J Jl
).7S
/y
s /
//
y,
//
y
//
y^
//;
I --
k
o.
"* 0.3 -
5 0.2-
o
r 0.1 -
£
a. a -
0.05
0.02 y/ 0
m '/, t
11.1
H 1
SI CO
>.13
I
s g-7g
SI CO
0.31
//•
//
y
/y
y^
.02 r//
7^ ryS
SA SH SI CO SA SH SI
Figure 9. Average geochemlcal values for New River area
s t rat a. SA-Sands T one > SH-shale> SI-slltsT one ,
CO-Coal
CO
-------
Cation exchange capacities of the Jamestown and New River area
strata were relatively low, although higher for Jamestown area
strata, ranging approximately from 8 meq CaC^ per 100 g of New
River area siltstone to 19.2 meq CaC03 per 100 g of Jamestown
area claystone. Cation exchange capacities of shale and coal
were higher at each area than those of siltstone and sandstone
strata reflecting their greater clay-mineral content. Spoil
material at the Jamestown area averaged about 12 meq CaCOs per
100 g, the lowest value of the Jamestown area strata analyzed.
Metals--
Surface water concentrations of metals depend largely on the
type of the metal-bearing rock being drained (igneous, metamorphic,
or sedimentary) and the extent of weathering and exposure
time. Solubility differences, adsorption processes, the
activity of micro-organisms, and atmospheric input are also
important factors which determine the availability and quantity
of metals in surface waters.
Concentrations of metals in each strata from Jamestown and New
River area core samples are listed in tables 6 and 7. Average
concentrations of metals in the various sedimentary rock
strata examined are presented graphically in figures 10 and
11, expressed as micromoles per gram ((Jmoles per g) so as to
provide a more realistic picture of their relative abundance
in the strata.
Aluminum and iron were present in greatest concentrations in
each study area strata, reflecting their importance as major
elements in the earth's outer crust. Aluminum ions can sub-
stitute for silicon, magnesium, and iron in some silicate rock
minerals due to their small size and charge characteristics.
The most common sedimentary aluminum-bearing minerals are
clays. Coal contained greatest concentrations of aluminum at
each study area with concentrations ranging from about 367
(jmoles per g in the New River area to 556 (jmoles per g in the
Jamestown area. Claystone, shale, and spoil material also had
appreciable quantities of aluminum. Sandstones contained the
least amounts of aluminum ranging from 94 (Jmoles per g in the
Jamestown area to 198 (jmoles per g in the New River area.
Primary sources of iron in sedimentary rock are the polysulfides,
pyrite and macrosite, the carbonate siderite, and magnetite.
Ferric oxides and hydroxides (Fe203 or Fe[OH]3) give sandstones
their red or yellow colors. Iron concentrations were signifi-
cantly greater in the New River area strata ranging from about
218 (jmoles per g of coal to 662 pinoles per g of sandstone. In
the Jamestown area, values ranged from 59 (Jmoles per g in the
shale to 423 (Jmoles per g of coal. Spoil material contained
211 (jmoles per g.
24
-------
TABLE 6.
METAL CONCENTRATIONS OF THE JAMESTOWN AREA STRATA MEASURED FROM CORE SAMPLES
AND EXPRESSED AS ue/e
ho
Ln
Rock type
Sandstone
Shale
Slltstone
Claystone
Coal
Spoi L
Strata
//
JA1-1
JA1-2
JA2-2
JA2-3
JA2-5
GR1-1
JA2-6
JA2-4
GR1-4
JA1-4
GR1-2
JA1-3
JA2-1
GR1-3
JA3-1+
JA3-2
JA3-3
JA3-4
JA3-5
JA3-6
JA3-7
Strata
thickness
(m)
4.1
1.8
8.1
5.2
0.9
3.2
23.4
0.4
0.5
1.0
1.5
1.3
0.7
2.0
0.8
0.7
0.3
1.8
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Ca
95
12
26
68
710
290
x 200
500
57
200
x 129
500
530
x 515
760
710
1500
x 990
82
25
73
71
140
92
63
Mg
82
6
20
350
670
980
351
480
51
1900
976
920
4000
2460
640
620
1100
769
340
16
290
230
81
700
220
Fe
7200
1000
2000
8200
3800
6800
4833
3300
5800
9300
7550
1200
26000
13600
10400
50000
10500
23633
15000 48
2500
11000
9200
950
7500
8500
Mn
90
1
8
37
37
71
41
30
15
72
44
59
360
210
55
15
25
32
5
130
69
32
51
18
Al
590
320
420
6600
3800
3500
2538
2900
820
5200
3010
6300
9900
8100
10000
9000
26000
15000
7800 1
4500
6700
4400
1200
2100
4100
Metal-
Cd
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
Co
1
1
1
1
5
1
2
11
1
1
1
1
/
4
11
4
2
6
25
1
2
1
1
1
1
Cr
5
5
5
24
26
12
13
10
9
36
23
14
27
21
13
10
15
13
b
) i
25
2 1
18
10
16
Cu
2
1
1
5
33
4
7
28
<4
14
9
70
26
48
25
19
130
58
1
1
5
4
5
10
8
Ni
1
1
1
1
10
5
3
23
1
15
8
27
42
35
10
12
11
11
5
1
1
1
1
6
1
Pb
5
5
5
5
15
5
7
21
5
10
8
5
5
5
28
18
32
26
14
6
5
5
5
5
10
Zn
5
3
5
11
120
79
37
38
5
130
68
57
140
99
51
19
60
43
7
14
10
5
34
12
(continued)
-------
TABLE 6. (continued)
Strata
Strata thickness
Rock type
Spoil
it
JA3-8
JA3-9
JA3-10
JA3-11
JA3-12
Overall
(m)
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
4.3
mean
Ca
16
170
65
110
200
x 92
272
Mg
70
290
340
420
2100
425
651
Fe
14000
25000
9800
23000
15000
11788
11037
Mn
40
40
60
32
62
49
56
Metal-
Al Cd
2800 1
6400 1
5800 1
11000 1
4600 1
5117 1
5644 1
Co
1
1
2
1
5
2
3
Cr
22
24
15
22
19
20
17
Cu
7
9
11
6
31
9
18
Ni
1
1
7
1
22
4
8
Pb
8
13
5
5
18
8
10
Zn
11
13
22
17
110
22
39
+Strata <* increases with increasing depth of sample.
-------
TABLE 7. METAL CONCENTRATIONS OF THL SEW RIVER STRATA MEASURED FROM CORE SAMPLES
AM) EXPRESSED AS |Jg/g
Rock type
Sandstone
Shale
Siltstone
Coal
,_
Strata
#
NR1-C1
NR2-2
NR3-1
NR3-4
NR3-4
NR1-D1
NR1-D2
NR1-D3
NR2-1
NR2-3
NR2-4
NR3-3
NR1-B1
NR1-B2
NR1-B3
NR1-E2
rail mean
Strata
thickness
(m)
2.5
0.9
2.4
7.2
3.4
16.4
11.1
9.8
4.1
6.9
11.1
6.6
6.3
55.9
2.9
1.2
4.0
8.0
0.4
Ca
4300
11000
470
1600
130
x 3500
3700
3500
2400
13000
4300
2200
130
x 4176
350
1100
1000
x 817
640
~14T8
Mg
4000
7400
580
3800
35
3163
9600
7100
6800
4700
5800
5400
35
5634
5000
3900
4300
4400
1600
4576
Fe
18000
40000
76000
26000
12000
34400
42000
46000
30000
18000
28000
25000
12000
28714
21000
30000
39000
30000
12200
" ~ 305H
Mn
370
670
160
480
10
338
840
150
110
440
500
610
10
380
160
490
500
383
33
~~388
Al
3300
9900
1100
8900
490
4738
9100
11000
9600
4700
6100
9500
490
7213
7500
5900
7100
6833
9900
6724"
Metal*
Cd Co
1 7
1 1
1 2
1 5
1 0
1 3
1 11
1 8
1 8
1 2
1 4
1 3
1 0
1 5
1 8
1 4
1 12
1 8
1 5
1 5
Cr
18
30
16
25
8
19
25
26
25
17
19
23
&
20
22
15
18
18
8
19"
Cu
7
38
10
24
1
16
22
58
25
13
20
29
1
24
41
31
23
32
21
7i~
Ni
8
31
17
33
1
18
22
40
31
17
19
28
1
23
31
19
18
23
14
2T ~ "
Pb
10
6
7
20
5
10
10
21
8
5
5
8
5
9
24
~]
34
22
7
"Tl ~~
Zri
35
140
47
150
6
76
91
160
120
79
DO
67
6
8j
170
89
200
153
86
-------
|Q3 COAL
10-
Metal Concentration (umoles/g)
>* 9-^ 9° 9-
^
i
I
i
i
\
i
1
•^
\
1
^
lu Al Ft Mg Co Zn Mn Cu
'"I
2
10-
Metol Concentration (umoles/$
>i, 9i ?o 9-
^
N,
\
Cr
1
1
Pb
Cd
SANDSTONE
1
-------
.-3 CLAYSTONE
f io2
0
Metol Concentration (urn
ON Oj. O0 O_
1
//
1
1
'X
!
£3
//,,
!
I
I
Al Fe Mg Co Mn Zn
I
Cu
\
Nl
\
Cr
I
Pb
Cd
j COAL
| &
Metal Concentration (urn
Qi 9.1 9o 9-
^
I
i
F
1
j
I
I
I
Al Fe Mg Co Cu Zn
irf SANDSTONE
? in2-
Metal Concentratlonlumole
«. Pi °o 9-
1
i
1
I
Al Fe Mg Mn Zn Cd
I
Mn
I
Cr
I
Cr
I
Cu
1
Nl
Ni
I
Pb
1
Pb
Cd
Cd
.J SHALE
1C?
io1
10°
16'
-2
IO
^
i
//
%
y/
i
i
I
Al Fe Mg Co Mn
,,3 SILTSTONE
io2
10
,0°
iol
I02
^
\
1
¥
i
i
!
Fe Al Mg Co Zn
|03 SPOIL
in2
1
10
10°
io1
1C?
i
\
™
i
i
P
I
Fe Al Mg Co Mn
I
Zn
I
Mn
I
Cr
\
Cu
I
Cr
I
Zn
\
Nl
I
Cu
I
Cu
%
Cr Pb Cd
1
Ni Pb Cd
Ni Pb Cd
Figure 11. Mean metal concentrations of the Jamestown area strata.
29
-------
Although calcium and magnesium are the principal causes of
hardness, their geochemical behavior is substantially different.
Magnesium ions, being smaller than sodium or calcium, have a
stronger charge density and a greater attraction for water
molecules (Hem, 1970). Sedimentary sources of calcium and
magnesium include carbonates such as limestone (CaCOs) , magnesite
(MgC03), and dolomite (CaMg[C03]2) and sulfates such as gypsum
(CaS04-2H20) and Epsom salt (MgS04). Magnesium concentrations
were significantly higher than calcium concentrations in all
samples analyzed. In addition, magnesium concentrations, as
well as calcium concentrations, were higher in the New River
area ranging from 66 (Jmoles per g of coal to 232 (Jmoles per g
of shale. Calcium concentrations in the New River area ranged
from 16 (Jmole per g of coal to 42 (Jmoles per g of sandstone.
In the Jamestown area, magnesium concentrations ranged from 15
(jmoles per g of sandstone to 101 (Jmoles per g of claystone.
Calcium values ranged from 2 (Jmoles per g of spoil to 26
(Jmoles per g of coal. Manganese and zinc concentrations were
higher than calcium concentrations in New River siltstones and
Jamestown sandstones.
Manganese, an essential element in plant metabolism, was
present in higher concentrations in New River strata. Con-
centrations ranged from approximately 1 (Jmole per g of coal to
9 (Jmoles per g of sandstone. Jamestown area concentrations
ranged from 1 (jmole per g of shale to 4 (Jmoles per g of clay-
stone .
Among the other trace elements present, zinc concentrations
were greatest with few exceptions. New River area values were
generally higher ranging from 1 (Jmole per g of shale to 2
(jmoles per g of siltstone. Jamestown area values ranged from
less than 1 (jmole per g of spoil to 2 (Jmoles per g of
claystone. Chromium, copper, and nickel concentrations were
less than 1.0 (Jmoles per g ranging from <0.05 (Jmoles nickel
per g of Jamestown sandstone to 1 pinole copper per g of Jamestown
coal. Lead and cobalt (not illustrated) concentrations were
lower in each area, rarely exceeding 0.2 (Jmoles per g. Cadmium
concentrations were below detectable limits in every case.
3. Results of Leaching Study
Closely correlated to the geochemical analysis were the results
of the leaching study, the purpose of which was to determine
the weathering characteristics of the various rock types.
Changes in pH, alkalinity, acidity, and oxidation-reduction
potential (ORP) of the leachate are presented in figures 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 for each area and rock type.
Cumulative alkalinities and acidities, which reflect the rate
at which weathering takes place, are also presented.
30
-------
I
Q.
2
CLAYSTONE
456
WASH
SHALE
6
4-
2
456
WASH
Q.
COAL
SILTSTONE
8
2
23456789
WASH
x
Q.
SANDSTONE
SPOIL
456
WASH
Figure 12. Changes in the pH of the Jamestown area lithology through consecutive
washings. Vertical bars indicate the range of values where n>l.
31
-------
CLAYSTONE
CLAYSTONE
0-
3-
COAL
i—$—r
5
WASH
2-
COAL
5 6
WASH
SANDSTONE
SANDSTONE
WASH
SHALE
SHALE
—I
VWSH
i—s—*—$—r
WASH
SILT STONE
0- -
SILTSTONE
8 9
3456
WASH
SPOIL
SPOIL
WASH
Figure U« Changes in the olkahnity of the Jomestown area lithology through consecutive washings
Plots on the right are cummulotive. Vertical bars are standard errors of mean
values where n >l.
32
-------
6OOO
<2000
0-
CLAYSTONE
V&SI
CLAYSTONE
,SH
_ 6000'
§,4000-
«20i
COAL
COAL
i i * JL *
8 9
^COO-
'S.
40OO
<2OOO-
0
SANDSTONE
SANDSTONE
WASH
*—s—i—i—i—*—t
WASH
_6000-
^>
E
<2000- -
SHALE
•S—r
SHALE
6000--
-|40OO- -
•6
<2000-
SILTSTONE
i—*
SILTSTONE
600 O- -
2OOO- -
o-
SPOIL
i—r
r
SPOIL
Figure 14. Changes in the acidity of the Jamestown area hthology through consecutive washings.
Plots on the right are cummulative. Vertical bars are standard errors of mean
values where n>l.
33
-------
CLAYSTONE
3456
WASH
SHALE
600
400--
200
0+
5
WASH
600-
T400
CL
cc.
o 20
COAL
SILTSTONE
2 j| 4
600
40O
200
0 '
1 1
WASH
2 3 4 5 6 IJ»
WASH
600 -
SANDSTONE
SPOIL
600 •
400
200
0 -
•I h
WASH
Figure 15. Chonges in the oxidation reduction potentials of the Jamestown area llthology
through consecutive washings. Vertical bars are standard errors of mean
values where n>l.
-------
COAL
-* 6-
o.
4-
2
5 6
WASH
8-
6-
2
SHALE
5 6
WASH
SANDSTONE
SILTSTONE
•5 6-
i
o.
8
6-
2-
5 6
WASH
456
WASH
Figure 16. Changes in the pH of the New River area lithology through consecutive washings.
Vertical bars indicate the range of values where n>l.
35
-------
_ 60
1.
2- 4O-
COAL
5 6
WASH
COAL
5 6
WASH
6O
a*
E
? «0
< 20- -
o4
I
SANDSTONE
SANDSTONE
WASH
SHALE
SHALE
6O -
SILTSTONE
SILTSTONE
20
Figure !/• Changes in the alkalinity of the New River area iithology through consecutive washings
Plots on the right are cummulative. Vertical bars are standard errors of mean
valves where n>i.
36
-------
COAL
6000
4000-
2000-
COAL
6OOO
4OOO-
2000
O'i
SANDSTONE
SANDSTONE
5
WASH
6OOO
X 4000
2000
0
I
SHALE
SHALE
5
WASH
6000 •
; 4000
2000
SILTSTONE
SILTSTONE
4 S
WASH
Figure 18. Changes in the acidity of the New River area hthology through consecutive washings
Plots on the right ore cummulotive
37
-------
750-
500
a.
o 250
COAL
5 6
WASH
750-
400-
Q.
a:
O 250
o-
SHALE
456
WASH
SANDSTONE
750-
750-
500
Q_
o 250
0-
SILTSTONE
5 6
WASH
Figure 19. Changes in the oxidation reduction potentials of the New River area lithology
through consecutive washings. Vertical bars are standard errors of mean
values where n >i.
3d
-------
Values of pH usually declined through the nine washings due
possibly to the increase in the rate of the oxidation of
pyrite or other minerals present in the strata or to the rapid
leaching of neutralizing materials throughout the weathering
processes. Cumulative alkalinities were greatest for sandstones
at each site, New River shales, and Jamestown spoil. Cumulative
acidities were highest for all coal samples and were also high
for Jamestown shale and siltstone. Furthermore, the positive
slope of the cumulative acidity plots near the end of the
weathering process indicated that acidity could continue to be
produced beyond the ninth washing for most strata. Oxidation-
reduction potentials tended to peak at various stages in the
weathering process, depending on the site and the strata
analyzed. Values were nearly all positive indicating the
oxidizing nature of the leachate.
Generally, pH values of New River strata leachate were higher
than those for Jamestown strata leachate, except for coal in
which case the values were comparably low. At both sites, the
pH of the leachate was highest for sandstone reflecting higher
excess neutralization potentials and lower pyritic sulfur
content. Alkalinity, a measure of the amount of OH , HCO 3,
and/or C03 2ions released by the rock sample, like pH was
higher in the New River strata and strongly correlated to
excess neutralization potential and pyritic sulfur content.
Alkalinity peaked early in the weathering process for the
Jamestown claystone and coal and New River shale samples, but
peaked later in the process for Jamestown sandstone and
siltstone samples. Cumulative alkalinities were greatest for
Jamestown and New River sandstones, New River shales, and
Jamestown spoil. New River and Jamestown coal alkalinity was
negligible, as well as Jamestown shale.
Acidity, a measure of the quantity of H ions produced in a
reaction, was highest for all coal samples, exceeding 4,000 mg
CaC03 per 1 and 3,500 mg CaC03 per 1 after the ninth washing
of Jamestown and New River coal, respectively. Cumulative
values were also high for Jamestown shale and New River siltstone.
Differing rates of H production were also observed for each
strata with acidity values peaking either early, late, or
gradually increasing throughout the weathering process. In
addition, the positive slope of the cumulative acidity plots
between the eighth and ninth washing indicated that acidity
could continue to be produced beyond the ninth washing for
most strata.
Oxidation reduction potential (ORP), a measure of the relative
intensity of oxidizing or reducing conditions in solutions,
was positive for all strata leachate except for New River
shale leachate, which dipped below zero at the fifth wash.
39
-------
ORP was highest for coal leachate, climbing to a high of 0.78
volts by the sixth wash of the New River coal leachate and
0.63 volts for Jamestown coal leachate. New River sandstone
peaked at 0.63 volts by the seventh wash, tKen dropped to 0.03
volts by the eighth. Jamestown sandstone leachate also peaked
by the seventh wash.
Plots of ORP (Eh) versus pH for each strata are presented in
figures 20 and 21. Diagrams such as these are commonly used
to illustrate the theoretical mineral and ionic composition of
solutions under specific Eh and pH conditions. The parallelogram
within each plot depicts the usual limits of ORP and pH found
in near surface environments (after Krauskopf, 1979, page
199). Except for coal leachate, all New River values fell
within these limits while many of the Jamestown values were
more acidic, falling to the left of the parallelogram. The
stable ionic and mineral forms of some elements expected under
these study conditions are generally in an oxidized form
although their solubility would depend on specific pH conditions.
The.y include Fe 2,_Fe 3, Fe203 Fe(OH)3, Pb 2, Mn 2, Mn(OH)2)
Ni 2, Ni(OH)2, S04 2, Cu 2, Cu , Cu(OH)2, and Cu20.
4. Statistical Interdependence of Overburden Geochemistry
Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were calculated in order
to explain the statistical interdependence of the various
geochemical parameters analyzed. Calculations were made using
the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) CORK procedure (SAS,
1979). A list of significant correlation coefficients where r
>_ + 0.5 and p < 0.001 for geochemical parameters from both
sites is given in table 8.
Correlations between parameters generally reflect similar
geochemical behavior or lattice substitutions by atoms or ions
of similar atomic or ionic size or like ionic charge (Bogner,
et al. 1979). For instance, calcium and magnesium concentrations
were positively correlated with excess neutralization potential,
CaCOs, alkalinity, and soil and leachate pH, leading one to
believe that calcium and magnesium carbonates are a major
source of buffering capacity in the strata. Pyritic and total
sulfur concentrations were likewise positively correlated with
acidity and H concentrations and negatively correlated with
soil and leachate pH.
D. SUMMARY - OVERBURDEN AND COAL CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS
Core drilling studies were conducted at the area-mined (Jamestown
area) and contour-mined (New River area) sites to determine the
geochemical and weathering characteristics arid metal contents of
rock formations and spoil material. Lithologic analysis indicated
40
-------
CLAYSTONE
1.2
OB
t
' OX)
-0.4
-0.8
. Z
SANDSTONE
pH=9
III
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH
COAL
1.2
OB
? 0.4
0.0
-0.4
-OB
0246 8 10 12 14
pH
1.2
OB
iS o.O
-0.4
-OB
SILTSTONE
8.V..
024 6 8 10 12 14
PH
SHALE
1.2
0.8
S 0.4
75
ao
-0.4
-08
0 2 4
6 8 10 12 14
PH
OB
-0.4
-OB
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
PH
SPOIL
1.2
OB
» 0.4
o
ji
<*> 0.0
-0.4
-OB
0246 8 10 12 14
PH
Figure 20. Eh-pH Diagrams for Jamestown Area Strata. Parallelogram defines the usual limits of Eh
and pH found in near surface environments (after Krauskopf, 1979, page 199).
I = Oxidizing, basic; II = Oxidizing, acidic; III = Reducing, acidic; IV = Reducing, basic.
-------
COAL
-p-
1.2
08
0.4
0.0
-0.4
-0.8
Hf
• * II
ill
pH=9
*
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH
SANDSTONE
1.2
OB
^0.4
O
" 0.0
-0.4
-OB
•
• •
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH
1.2
OB
0.4
-0.4
-0.8
SHALE
-
0 24 6 8 10 12 I'
pH
SILTSTONE
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.0
-0.4
-OB
r
2 4
6 8 10 12 14
pH
Figure 21. Eh-pH Diagrams for New River Area Strata. Parallelogram defines the usual limits of
Eh and pH found in near surface environments (after Krauskopf, 1979, page 199).
I = Oxidizing, basic; II = Oxidizing, acidic; III = Reducing, acidic; IV = Reducing, basic.
-------
TABLE 8. PEARSON CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS FOR OVERBURDEN
PARAMETERS (|r| > 0.5 ; p < 0.001)
Variable
A
pH(H 0)
PH(CaCl2)
pH(KCl)
pH*
B
pH(CaCl )
pH(KCl)
Alkalinity*
ENP
Mn
Mg
Q
ORP*
Ca
pH(H 0)
pH(KCl)
Alkalinity*
ENP
Mn
CaCO.
Mg
Ca
ORP*
PH(CaCl9)
pH(H Or
Alkalinity*
ENP
Mn
CaCO-
Mg
Ca
pH(H 0)
ORP*
pH(CaCl )
pH(KCl)
Alkalinity*
(H+)*
ENP
Acidity*
Pyritic S
Mn
PACID
Mg
r
.99
.97
.86
.82
.79
.74
.73
-.67
.67
.99
.98
.85
.82
.79
.77
.77
.67
-.60
.98
.97
.87
.85
.81
.76
.75
.70
.84
-.80
.80
.75
.71
-.65
.60
-.60
-.60
.58
-.53
.52
Variable
A B
(H+)* Acidity*
ORP*
Pyritic S
pH*
Total S
Acidity* (H+)*
ORP*
Pyritic S
pH*
Total S
PACID CEC
ORP*
Alkalinity* ENP
pH(KCl)
pH(H 0)
pH(CaC!9)
Ca
Mg
Mn
pH*
CaC00
3
ENP Alkalinity*
pH(KCl)
pH(CaC!7)
pH(H90)
Ca
Mn
Mg
CaCO
CaCO pH(CaCl )
pH(KCl)
Mg
pH(H90)
ENP
Ca
Alkalinity*
Mn
Zn
r
.95
.86
.76
-.65
.55
.95
.85
.72
-.60
.55
.56
.54
.92
.87
.86
.85
.78
.78
.78
.71
.70
.92
.85
.82
.82
.80
.78
.78
.70
.77
.76
.74
.73
.70
.70
.70
.66
.51
(continued)
43
-------
Table 8. (Continued)
Variable
Variable
CEC
ORP*
Total S
Pyritic S
Ca
Mg
PACID
(H+)*
Acidity"1'
pH*
Pyritic S
pH(H 0)
PH(CaCl )
PACID
Pyritic S
Acidity*
(H+)*
(H+)*
Acidity*
ORP*
Al
Cu
Cd
Pb
ENP
Alkalinity*
CaCO
pH(KCl)
pH(CaCl )
pH(H Or
Mn
Mg
Mn
Alkalinity*
ENP
pH(CaCl )
Ni *•
pH(KCl)
CaCO
pH(H,0)
Zn Z
Ca
Fe
Co
.56
.86
.85
-.80
.69
-.67
-.60
.54
.80
.55
.55
.76
.72
.69
.63
.62
-.60
.55
.80
.79
.70
.70
.67
.67
.64
.63
.80
.78
.78
.77
.76
.75
.75
.74
.70
.63
.55
.53
Fe Mg
Mn
Ni
ENP
Mn pH(KCl)
Mg
pH(H 0)
PH(CaCl2)
Alkalinity*
ENP
CaC00
Ca 3
Ni
Fe
Al Cu
Cd
Pyritic S
Pb
Co Ni
Pb
Zn
Mg
Cr Zn
Cu Al
Cd
Pyritic S
Pb
Ni
Ni Zn
Mg
Co
Mn
Cu
Fe
.55
.50
.50
.49
.81
.80
.79
.79
.79
.78
.66
.64
.52
.50
.77
-.70
.62
.51
.67
.65
.59
.53
(-46)
.77
-.75
.62
.58
.51
.81
.76
.57
.52
.50
.50
(continued)
44
-------
Table 8. (continued)
Variable
B Jr|
Pb
Co
Cu
Pyritic S
Al
Zn
.65
.57
.54
.50
.50
Zn Ni .81
Mg .70
Co .58
CaCO .51
Pb J .50
*From leaching data.
45
-------
that sandstone is the dominant rock type of the Jamestown strata,
whereas clay-mineral rich shale dominates New River strata.
Results of the geochemical analysis of the strata and the leaching
tests show that New River strata is more alkaline and possesses
greater neutralization potential than the Jamestown strata, corres-
ponding to higher pH and alkalinity of New River area reference
streams. Total and pyritic sulfur concentrations were low at each
site, although pyritic sulfur was proportionately higher in Jamestown
area coal. Cation exchange capacities were low for all strata
ranging from 8.3 meq CaC03 per 100 g of New River siltstone to
19.2 meq CaC03 per 100 g of Jamestown claystone.
Of the metals analyzed in each area, aluminum and iron were present
in greatest concentrations followed by calcium, magnesium, manganese,
zinc, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and cobalt. In some instances,
zinc concentrations were higher than either calcium or manganese.
Cadmium concentrations were below detectable limits in every case.
Values of leachate pH declined through the nine washings of nearly
all strata analyzed in the leaching study, due possibly to the
increase in the rate of pyrite oxidation or to rapid leaching of
neutralizing materials throughout the weathering processes.
Cumulative alkalinities were greatest for sandstones at each site,
New River shales, and Jamestown spoil. Cumulative acidities were
highest for all coal samples and were also high for Jamestown
shale and siltstone. Furthermore, the positive slope of the
cumulative acidity plots near the end of the weathering process
indicated that acidity could continue to be produced beyond the
ninth washing for most strata. Oxidation-reduction potentials
tended to peak at various stages in the weathering process,
depending on the site and the strata analyzed. Values were nearly
all positive indicating the oxidizing nature of the leachate.
Eh-pH diagrams were constructed for each strata so that the theore-
tical mineral and ionic composition of the leachate could be
surmised. Almost all values of Eh and pH fell within the usual
limits found in near surface environments as determined by Krauskopf
(1979). Under these conditions, elements would generally be in an
oxidized form with their solubility depending on specific pH
conditions.
Correlation analysis confirmed earlier observation of the inter-
dependence of geochemical and metals analyses, reflecting similar
geochemical behavior or lattice substitutions by atoms or ions of
similar atomic or ionic size or like ionic charge.
46
-------
CHAPTER IV.
WATER QUALITY
A. INTRODUCTION
The previous chapter illustrated the complex nature of overburden
chemistry which could be influenced by surface mining activities.
Surface mining can promote the geochemical and physical processing
of major and minor mineral constituents by exposing previously
unexposed rock strata to atmospheric forces.
Presented here is an analysis of the quality and quantity of
waters draining the area-mined (Jamestown area) and contour-mined
(New River area) study sites. Emphasis was placed on the characteri-
zation of water quality and quantity conditions unique to each
site and the identification of significant water-related impacts
due to surface mining and those factors associated with or causing
those impacts. In this way, a better understanding of the hydro-
logical and geochemical forces which extinguish each coal-mining
region could be made.
B. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
In order to achieve the objective of site characterization, a wide
variety of physical and chemical parameters were measured. Data
were collected at approximately monthly intervals at the Jamestown
area sites by TVA field personnel beginning in February 1976 and
continuing through December 1978. Analysis for pH, acidity, and
alkalinity and filtrations for dissolved metals were carried out
in the field whenever possible. Other analyses were conducted in
the laboratory by TVA Laboratory Branch using standard methods.
Continuous rainfall and streamflow gaging stations were installed
at stations UT0.01, LB4.0, and CC15.9 during 1976 and are described
in detail in chapter III.
New river area sites were sampled at approximately weekly intervals
by the University of Tennessee beginning in January 1975 and
continuing through December 1979. All analyses were conducted
using standard methods. Continuous hydrologic gaging stations for
rainfall and streamflow were completed at all New River sites by
mid-December 1974.
All water quality parameters measured, as well as analytical
methods used and lower detection limits, are presented in table 9.
C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
47
-------
TABLE 9. WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS MEASURED AT JAMESTOWN AND
NEW RIVER AREA SAMPLING SITES BETWEEN 1975 AND 1979
Parameter
Analytical
method
Method
referencet
Abbreviation
Lower
detection limit
PH
Alkalinity (as CaCO )
Acidity (as CaCO )*
Specific conductance*
Turbidity
Suspended solids
Dissolved solids
Total Solids
Streamflow
Streamflow-nearest hour'1'
Dissolved oxygen*
Water temperature
Nitrogen-Kj eldahl*
Phosphate (total)*
Total organic carbon*
Total inorganic carbon*
Hardness*
Sodium*
Potentiometric
Titrimetric
Titrimetric
Wheatstone Bridge
Turbidimeter
Filtration
Residue on
evaporation
Direct evaporation
continuous streamflow
gage
Direct evaporation
continuous streamflow
gage
Direct evaporation
continuous streamflow
gage
Modified Winkler
Mercury bulb
thermometer
Automated, phenate
Automated, cadmium
reduction
Automated, ascorbic
acid
Oxidation
Oxidation
Titrimetric, EDTA
Atomic absorption
(A.A.) - Direct
a
a
a
a
b
a
a
PH
ALK
ACID
COND
TURB
SSOL
DSOL
TOT SOL
FLOW
FLOWNHR
DO
WTEMP
KJELN
N02 N03
TP04
TOC
TIC
HARD
NA
1.0 mg/1
1.0 mg/1
0.0 |Jmhos/cm
1.0 JTU
1.0 mg/1
10.0 mg/1
10.0 mg/1
1 CFS
1 CFS
1.0 mg/1
0.02 mg/1
0.01 mg/1
0.01 mg/1
0.2 mg/1
0.2 mg/1
1.0 mg/1
0.1 mg/1
(continued)
-------
TABLE 9. (continued)
Parameter
Potassium*
Chloride
Sulfate
Floride*
Silica*
Al (T,D*,S*)+
As (T,D*)
Ca (T,D )
Cd (T,D,S*)
Cr (T,D,S*)
Co (T.D.S*)
Cu (T.D.S*)
Fe (T,D,S*)
Hg (T,D*)
Mg (T,D°)
Mn (T,D,S*)
Ni (T,D,S*)
Pb (T,D,S*)
Se (T*,D*)
Zn (T,D,S*)
Analytical Method
method referencet
A. A.
Auto
- Direct
ferricyanide
Turbidimetric method
A. A.
- Direct
Automated colorimetric
A. A.
A. A.
A. A.
A. A.
A. A.
A. A.
A. A.
A. A.
A. A.
A. A.
A. A.
A. A.
A. A.
A. A.
A. A.
- Direct
- Gaseous hydride
- Direct
- Heated graphite
- Heated graphite
- Direct
- Direct
- Direct
- Manual cold vapor
- Direct
- Direct
- Direct
- Heated graphite
- Gaseous hydride
- Direct
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
c
a
a
a
a
c
a
Abbreviation
K
CL
S04
F
SI02
ALT,ALD,ALS
AST.ASD
TCA,DCA
TCD,DCD,CDS
CRT , CRD , CRS
TCO,DCO,SCO
TCU,DCU,CUS
TFE,DFE,FES
HGT.HGD
TMG,DMG
TMN,DMN,MNS
TNI,DNI,NIS
TPB,DPB,PBS
SET . SED
TZN,DZN,ZNS
Lower
detection limit
0.1 mg/1
1.0 mg/1
1.0 mg/1
0.1 mg/1
0.01 mg/1
100 MgA
2.0 Mg/1
1.0 (Jg/1
1.0 (Jg/1
5 Mg/1
5 Mg/1
10 Mg/1
50 Mg/1
0.2 Mg/ml
0.01 mg/1
10 Mg/1
50 Mg/1
10 Mg/1
1 Mg/1
10 Mg/1
a - Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), 1979
b = Standard methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 14th Edition,
American Public Health Assoc., 1975
c = Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Waste. U.S. EPA, 1974
Parameters measured at New River area sampling sites only. New River area
analytical work conducted by University of Tennessee, Knoxville
^Parameters measured at Jamestown area sampling sites only. Jamestown area
+ analytical work conducted by TVA Laboratory Branch - Chattanooga, Tennessee.
T = Total; D = Dissolved; S = Suspended
-------
1. Mean Values and Seasonal Trends
Mean values, standard errors of the mean, and ranges for many
of the mine-related water quality parameter are presented
for Jamestown and New River area sampling sites in tables 10
and 11. Below is a discussion of the more important results
observed.
pH and alkalinity: The neutralization of acidity--
It is well known that acid mine drainage arises in eastern
mining regions from the oxidation of sulfide minerals, primarily
iron disulfide (FeS2) or pyrite. Other sulfide minerals
(Cu2S,ZnS, or PbS) may be associated with coal deposits
(Herricks and Cairns, undated). In the Jamestown and New
River areas of the Cumberland Plateau, however, alkaline mine
drainage seems to be the rule rather than the exception.
Mean pH values (calculated from average hydrogen ion concen-
trations) were significantly higher at the mined sites than
at the reference sites, ranging from 6.2 at Anderson Branch
(7.5 percent contour-mined watershed) to 7.0 at Green Branch
(24.1 percent contour-mined watershed). Reference (background)
site pH values ranged from 4.4 at Long Branch (LB4.0) to 6.2
at Bowling Branch. (New River area reference sites had
invariably higher pH values than Jamestown area reference
sites which was most likely due to higher excess neutraliza-
tion potentials, CaC03, and cation exchange capacity of New
River strata [see chapter II].)
Mean total alkalinity values were also higher at mined sites,
ranging from 11.5 mg/1 CaC03 at Unnamed tributary (UT0.01; 43
percent area-mined watershed) to 31.0 mg/1 CaC03 at Green
Branch. Reference sites ranged from 3.8 mg/1 CaC03 at Lynn
Branch (LY0.4) to 9.0 mg/1 CaC03 at Bowling Branch. Acidity,
measured only at Jamestown area sites, was not discernibly
different between mined and reference sites.
In order to observe seasonal trends, values of pH and total
alkalinity were plotted throughout the sampling periods and
are presented in figures 22 and 23. Seasonal trends were
observed only for total alkalinity, which was usually highest
during the warmer summer months when bicarbonate-dependent
COg concentrations are low, and lowest during the cold winter
months. A number of pH values were observed below the lower
effluent limitation (pH = 6) established by the Surface Mine
Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA). Approximately
63 percent of the pH values measured at the LB4.0 reference
site were below a pH of 6, while 10 percent of the values
were below a pH of 6 at the Bowling Branch reference site.
Most mined site values were above this limit.
50
-------
TABLE 10. MEANS, RANGES, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS FROM
JAMESTOWN AREA STREAMS. MEAN VALUES WERE CALCULATED FROM DATA COLLECTED BETWEEN
1975 AND 1979 AND ARE EXPRESSED AS mg/1 UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED
Station
Variable
% mined
pH
(s.u.)
Alkalinity
(mg/1 CaC03)
Acidity
(mg/1 CaC03)
Dissolved
Oxygen
Suspended
Solids
Dissolved
Solids
Conductivity
Omhos/1)
mean
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
UT0.01
43
6.3
5.8-7.8
11.5
0.81
2.0-28.0
9.2
1.15
0.0-39.0
9.1
0.22
8.1-10.1
32.5
6.3
3.0-180.0
66.2
2.9
20.0-120.0
103.2
5.30
44.0-260.0
CC15.9
13
6.5
5.7-8.5
16.3
1.14
3.0-45.0
5.5
0.67
0.0-18.0
9.3
0.29
8.0-11.9
27.6
10.4
1.0-400.0
74.1
7.8
30.0-330.0
97.2
6.00
17.0-260.0
CC16.7
13
6.5
5.6-7.9
17.8
1.46
5.0-61.0
6.0
1.20
0.0-42.0
9.5
0.25
8.6-11.2
23.9
8.68
2.0-300.0
62.0
2.5
30.0-100.0
87.1
3.08
2.8-180.0
CC18.5
0
6.2
4.8-7.9
22.9
1.4
10.0-48.0
5.3
0.90
0.0-32.0
9.1
0.54
7.2-10.3
57.7
16.9
3.0-530.0
74.6
3.4
40.0-140.0
114.9
6.45
40.0-260.0
LY0.4
0
5.3
3.8-8.2
3.8
0.49
0.0-0.5
5.8
1.21
0.0-38.0
9.4
0.22
8.5-10.7
5.1
1.42
1.0-41.0
22.5
1.6
10.0-50.0
34.2
8.66
9.0-250.0
LB4.0
0
4.4
3.0-7.3
4.4
0.8
0.0-24.
9.9
1.38
0.0-41.0
8.2
0.59
4.3-10.
10.4
2.3
1.0-75.
24.8
2.3
10.0-60.
33.7
6.68
7.0-280.
0
6
0
0
0
(continued)
-------
TABLE 10. (continued)
Station
Variable
S°4
Fe
(Mg/D
Mn
(Mg/D
Ca
Mg
Water
Temperature
(°C)
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
UT0.01
17.4
1.0
6.0-41.0
3394.1
414.0
1200.0-15000.0
1114.8
84.7
200.0-2000.0
9.3
0.44
1.0-17.0
2.5
0.08
1.0-3.6
13.0
1.11
0.0-22.5
CC15.9
16.8
1.1
9.0-56.0
1454.1
120.01
630.0-3400.0
477.06
73.1
90.0-2400.0
10.4
0.45
7.0-21.0
2.0
0.09
1.1-4.5
12.3
1.08
0.0-23.0
CC16.7
10.4
0.64
2.0-22.0
1198.4
162.9
200.0-4600.0
357.1
97.1
70.0-3100.0
10.1
0.33
7.0-15.0
1.7
0.06
1.2-2.8
11.8
1.00
0.3-21.5
CC18.5
9.9
0.65
2.0-21.0
2006.1
455.3
420.0-12000.0
134.8
11.7
70.0-380.0
12.4
0.45
7.0-19.0
1.7
0.05
1.4-2.7
12.9
1.35
0.0-28.0
LY0.4
3.3
0.36
1.0-15.0
363.1
93.0
50.0-3100.0
30.3
5.8
10.0-200.0
2.5
0.14
1.0-4.6
0.57
0.03
0.3-1.0
11.6
0.85
0.0-21.0
LB4.0
5.2
0.6
1.0-23.0
1024.4
198.4
50.0-3900.0
143.2
38.6
10.0-1300.0
3.0
0.67
0.9-26.0
0.8
0.06
0.4-2.0
12.6
0.91
0.0-23.5
-------
TABLE 11. MEANS, RANGES, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
FROM NEW RIVER AREA STREAMS. MEAN VALUES WERE CALCULATED FROM
DATA COLLECTED BETWEEN 1975 AND 1979 AND ARE EXPRESSED AS mg/1 UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED
Station
Variable
% rained
PH
(s.u.)
Alkalinity
(mg/1
CaC03)
Suspended
Solids
Dissolved
Sol ids
SO
Fe
Mn
mean
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S E
range
Green Branch
24.1
7.0
6.4-7.8
31.0
0.54
13.3-60.7
774.3
269.79
0.0-29500.0
731.9
128.03
22.0-15188.0
150.0
4.52
45.0-285.0
4.4
0.87
0.0-64.8
0.3
0.02
0.0-2.5
Indian Fork
18.9
6.5
5.2-8.0
24.7
1.07
1.8-71.4
111.9
29.85
0.0-3300.0
1221.2
179.49
112.0-12700.0
381.9
19.16
88.0-1250.0
8.1
0.61
0.8-54.0
1 .0
0.05
0.1-3.7
Bills Branch
9.0
6.7
6.0-7.6
15.4
0.50
0.0-36.5
464.2
162.12
0.0-17280.0
234.9
32.60
0.0-2600.0
40.4
1.37
5.0-84.0
2.b
0.74
0.0-80 0
0.1
0.02
0.0-l.S
Anderson Branch
7.5
6.2
4.7-8.0
26.0
2.44
1.0-96.7
116.4
26.85
0.0-2168.0
100.1
11.56
0.0-1176.0
12.6
0.63
0.0-33.0
2.6
0 50
0.05-41.0
0 1
0 01
0.0-0.8
Bowling Branch
0
6.2
4.8-7.6
9.0
0.47
0.1-33.2
107.8
29.65
0.0-3060.0
56.4
4.09
0.0-350.0
10.2
0.53
0 0-37.0
1.9
0.39
0.0-41.0
0.1
0.01
0.0-1.0
Lowe Branch
0
6.1
5.1-7.6
6.7
0.29
0.2-28.2
6.9
0.85
0.0-54.0
43.4
3.01
0.0-150.0
10.6
0.38
0.0-22 0
0.2
0 01
0.0-1.0
0.0
0.00
0.0-0.2
(continued)
-------
TABLE 11 (continued)
Station
Variable
Ca
Mg
Water
Temperature
(°C)
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
Green Branch
32.8
1.06
2.5-57.0
18.1
0.45
5.0-28.3
14.3
0.56
0.0-25.0
Indian Fork
67.7
2.67
14.7-152.0
27.3
1.04
9.5-66.0
13.7
0.59
0.0-25.0
Bills Branch
8.4
0.35
1.4-17.0
6.1
0.22
1.3-11.3
13.9
0.57
0.0-25.0
Anderson Branch
6.2
0.74
0.4-34.0
2.8
0.20
0.8-8.9
13.5
0.58
0.0-24.0
Bowling Branch
1.3
0.09
0.1-8.5
1.7
0.07
0.5-4.7
13.9
0.59
0.0-27.0
Lowe Branch
1 .2
0.04
0.0-2.7
1.5
0.03
0.4-2.1
13.2
0.58
0.0-26.0
-------
10
9
8
7
5
4
3
?
10
9
8
7
5
4
3
2
10
9
8
6
5
4.
3.
2.
10-
9-
8.
7.
6
5H
4_
3.
2.
10.
9.
8.
7.
5.
4.
3.
2.
10-
9.
8.
7
6.
5.
3.
2,
UTOOI
1976 ' 1977 ' 1978
CCI59
- ..'••. ' " ' . . ' '. '
1976 1977 (978
CCI67
. .
1976 1977 1976
CCI8 5
1976 1977 1978
-YD 4
1976 1977 1978
640
•
••"*"• • ' .'
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2.
9.
8
7.
4 .
3.
2.
to.
9-
8-
6
5 ,
3_
2 .
10 .
9.
8.
7.
6
4 .
3-
2 .
10 .
9 .
8 .
7.
6
5-
4 .
3.
2 .
L
1 0 .
9 .
8.
7 .
6
5 ,
4 .
3 .
Z.
GREEN BRANCH
.i.«.i.™*"*... *n'""»««'.*« «"* *** ' * «..""./,*.
1975 ' 1976 ' 1977 ' 1978 ' 1979
NDIAN FORK
. .... .. ^ •••«_•-•/ •; , t B»« ^ n ;t- «t -
' r 1975 ' 1976 ' 1977 ' 1978 ' 1979
BILLS BRANCH
: ;
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
ANDERSON BRANCH
-i
1975 ' ' 1976 ' 1977 ' 1978 1979 '
9OWLING BRANCH
: ' 1
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
OWE BRANCH
,... . . ... .
Figure 22. Hydrogen ion concentrations (pH) of Jamestown and New River area
streams between 1975 and 1979. Dashed Line is Lower pH effLuent
limitation established under the Surface Mine Control and
Reclamation Act of 1977.
-------
>.
3?
ID
E
t
3 8"
3 «*
* >
f
i s"
* «
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z "^
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3 °*
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30
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0.
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0 .
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1 1 i I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1
' isVe ' ' 1977 ' ' ' islre '
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: *.*...
• • • ••** •
.
1 ' 1976 ' ' ' I9W ' ' ' ista '
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7 5 .
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20.
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..•:.
••*•••••• ( ••• •••*•• •* •• •• • . • «• »
^«« . . ^ ^ . . ^ . - - ^
• • *• •
•
1975 1976 1977 1976 1979
NDIAN FORK
.
.
" « .
; .* ; *. * .. * ..***..
:. * . -. ...: - •• •- •• •„ •• . - • • • •
*".. •••***• * i
' 1975 ' ' 1976 ' 1977 ' ' 19^8 ' 1979 '
BILLS BRANCH
'.
••". . . :
. .-j£: ::. .— • :.-:-: '•'"..- .-. . .-..'.••" .'
***** * * * *
1 ' I9'75 ' ' ' .976 ' ' ' I9!77 ' ' ' 19^ ' ' ' l^ ' '
WDERSON BHANCH
/ .
• •
• • . „
. . ...
._.»„ „..„.«„„„ . " —
1 ' 1975 ' ' ' I9W ' ' ' 1977 ' ' ' 1978 ' ' ' 1979 '
FOWLING BRANCH
t ,•
.
. . . . ...
;•••_ / .'...'.
M... .^ ......... . . .
1975 1976 1977 1970 I'J79
OWE BRANCH
•
.
...:„-... .:•.:• - ..:...." ••.. . ..• •.
Figure 23- Total alkalinity of Jamestown and New River area streams between
1975 and 1979.
56
-------
Numerous other investigators have also observed alkaline mine
drainage in the Appalachian region (Minear and Tschantz,
1976; Geidel and Caruccio, 1977; Caruccio, Geidel, and Pelleteer,
1980; Caruccio, Geidel, and Sewell, 1976). Several factors
are important in alkaline mine drainage production and include:
(1) the calcium carbonate and clay content and cation exchange
capacity of the rock strata, (2) the pH and buffering capacity
of ground water, and (3) the morphology and quantity of the
pyrite mineral.
Calcium carbonate (CaCOs), a commonly occurring cementing
material in sandstones and found in all rock strata analyzed,
dissolves fairly readily as bicarbonate in carbonic acid and
can effectively neutralize acid containing waters. Calcium
carbonate bicarbonate reactions are summarized by the following
equations:
CaC03 + C02 + H20 J Ca++ + 2KCO~3 Eq. 4
~
HCOs + H20 J H2C03 + OH Eq. 5
(After Caruccio, 1968 and Gerrels and Christ, 1965)
These reactions are limited, however, by the solubility
of the specific carbonate containing mineral or rock
(calcite, dolomite, or limestone) in water and depend
upon the partial pressure of C02 (Caruccio and Geidel,
1980). In addition, each reaction depends on the length
of time the acid-forming material is permitted to
weather before exposure to water and the length of
contact time between alkaline material and water.
Higher ground water pH values resulting from the production
of alkalinity can effectively surpress iron bacteria, a
prime catalyst in the oxidation of ferrous iron.
Furthermore, the dissolution of aluminum silicate
minerals, as discussed in the previous chapter, can
liberate hydroxide to produce alkalinity:
Al2Si205(OH)4 + 5H20 -» 2A1+3 + 2H4Si04(aq.) + 60H~ Eq. 6
(After Gardner, 1970)
This additional alkalinity is also available to neutralize
acidity and can be generated through the decomposition of
clay-rich shales.
Cation exchange reactions, also discussed in the previous
chapter, were identified as important mechanisms by which
metal ions are transported downstream. Cation exchange
57
-------
reactions have also been shown to enhance mineral weathering
of clay minerals and serve to neutralize acidity by replacing
C|, Na, K, Fe, and Al in the clay crystal lattice with free
H ions.
Alkalinity can, therefore, result from the presence and
solubility of carbonates and aluminum silicates and the
cation exchange capacity of the rock strata. All rock strata
analyzed contained varying quantities of alkalinity producing
materials and cation exchange capacity sufficient to cause
alkaline drainage. The following section discusses the
results of iron and sulfate analysis and the importance of
these elements relating to increased acidity.
Iron, Sulfate, and the Production of Acidity--
The presence of alkalinity-producing strata can be particu-
larly important in regions where acid-forming iron disulfide
minerals occur. Without the neutralization and buffering
effects of alkalinity, acid production can become particularly
severe. The resulting drop in stream pH can increase the
solubility of heavy metals such as iron, calcium, magnesium,
manganese, copper, and zinc causing further pollution. As
Hill (1973) reports
"[Acid] water of this type supports only limited water
flora, such as acid-tolerant molds and algae; it will
not support fish life, destroys and corrodes metal
pipes, culverts, barges, etc., increases the cost of
water treatment for power plants and municipal water
supplies, and leaves the water unacceptable for
recreational uses."
The general chemical reactions showing the oxidation of FeS2
(pyrite) and the production of acidity (H ) are given by the
following equations:
2FeS2(S) + 702 + 2H20 •* 2Fe+2 + 4S04~2 . +
' ^fli £liC| • /
4Fe+2 + 02 + 4H+ -> 4Fe+3 + 4H20 Eq. 8
Fe+3 + 3H20 J Fe(OH)3(S) + 3H+ Eq. 9
FeS2(S) + !4Fe+3 + 8H20 ->• 15Fe+2 + 2S04"2 + 16H+ Eq. 10
(after Cox et al., 1979)
ion of Fe 2 to Fe a is u;
normal conditions but can be greatly enhanced and accelerated
The oxidation of Fe 2 to Fe a is usualLy rate-limited under
58
-------
by certain acid-tolerant bacteria, such as the sulfur-oxidizing
bacteria Thiobacillus thiooxidans and Ferjrobacillus ferrooxidans
and the iron-oxidizing bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxi dans
(Caruccio et al., 1976). The reactivity of the pyrite is
also a function of the morphology of the mineral in which the
finely granulated, large surface area framboidal variety is
the most reactive of all pyrite types (Geidel and Caruccio,
1977). Increasing concentrations of iron and sulfate would,
therefore, be observed in the water column if pyrite or other
iron disulfide minerals were being oxidized according to the
above reaction sequence. Acidity would also be produced, but
values would be tempered, depending on the available buffering
and neutralization capacities of the strata and ground water.
The most useful indicator of acid mine drainage according to
Herricks and Cairns (undated) is sulfate. A sulfate concen-
tration greater than 250 rng/1 is given as a criteria for the
presence of acid mine drainage, although values greater than
20 mg/1 are cause for concern especially in Appalachian
waters, which naturally contain less than 20 mg/1 sulfate.
Mean sulfate concentrations for the Jamestown area-mined
sites were significantly higher than reference sites, ranging
from 10.4 mg/1 at CC16.7 to 17.4 at UT0.01, but were well
below the acid mine drainage criteria. Mean concentrations
for the New River area mined sites were also significantly
higher than reference sites, ranging from 12.6 mg/1 at Anderson
Branch to 381.9 mg/1 at Indian Fork. In addition, 77 percent
of Indian Fork values exceeded 250 mg/1. Green Branch also
had high sulfate values, 4.5 percent of which exceeded 250
mg/1. Mean sulfate values for the reference sites ranged
from 3.3 mg/1 at LB4.0 to 10.6 mg/1 at Lowe Branch. Plots of
sulfate data are presented in figure 24. No discernible
seasonal trends were evident, although higher values occurred
during the late summer and early fall for some of the New
River area sites.
Total iron concentrations can be highly elevated in strip
mine environments due to the release of Fe 2 and Fe 3 during
the oxidation of pyrite. SMCRA established a maximum effluent
limit of 7.0 mg/1 total iron from strip mine operations. In
addition the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed a
1 mg/1 criteria for fresh water aquatic life (EPA, 1976) .
Mean total iron concentrations were all below the 7.0 mg/1
limit at the Jamestown and New River area sites except for
the 8.1 mg/1 mean value observed at Indian Fork. Although
mean values were well below the effluent limit in most cases
some individual values, however, were significantly higher
59
-------
—
1
UJ
g
i
I
i
i
I
I
i
\
f
1
40
30-
20.
1 Oj
OH
50.
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1 5.
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15.
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5.
0.
UTOOI
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. . . ' . . ' .
. . ' .' •••
i i i i i i i i i i i i r
1976 ' ' ' 1977 ' 1978
30(59
.
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* : • * , •*• "*/."*".*
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1976 1977 1978 '
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Igr?
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600
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20.
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20 .
10.
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GREEN BRANCH
NDIAN FORK
»»
»• * • * *
• • • » • ••
1 1975 ' ' ' 1976 ' '
BILLS BRANCH
. MM •
,.:HV"":"X: "
' ' 1975 ' ' ' 1976 ' '
ANpERSON BRANCH,
' (975 ' ' ' )976 ' '
BOWLING BRANCH
" '
' ' 1975 ' ' ' 1976 ' '
.OWE BRANCH
«"*""•* ".". ***
1975 1976
1977 ' ' 1978 ' I9>9 ' '
' 1977 ' ' I9W ' I9!79 '
• ••» • •••»
1977 (978 1979
1977 1978 1979
: . .. / •. . :. . .
1977 1978 1979
' • • I
' . " . ' ' '
~*~ 1977 1978 1979
Figure 24. Sulfate of Jamestown and New River area streams hetveen 1975 and
1979.
-------
(figure 25). Thirty-three percent of the values exceeded the
effluent limitat CC18.5 (a site drain) whereas 43.5 percent
exceeded the limit at Indian Fork. Total iron at Green
Branch was also relatively high, with 15.7 percent of the
values exceeding 7.0 mg/1 over the 5-year sampling period.
Lowest values (actual and mean) were observed at the mined
sites CC15.9 and CC16.7 and at the reference sites LY0.4,
LB4.0, and Lowe Branch.
Dissolved iron concentrations were significantly lower than
total iron values. Mean values never exceeded 1 mg/1 while
actual values, plotted in figure 26, rarely exceeded 7 mg/1
except for a 10.5 mg/1 value at Indian Fork. Lower dissolved
iron values relative to total iron indicate that most of the
iron in the water column was in suspended form, either as
Fe(OH)3 or adsorbed on to clay particles. No seasonal trends
for either dissolved or total iron were evident except for a
slight elevation in total iron values during the fall of each
year at LB4.0, due perhaps to leaf litter decomposition.
Acidity, a major reaction product of iron pyrite oxidation,
was measured only at the Jamestown sites. Acidity was highest
at LB4.0 averaging 9.9 mg/1 CaC03 for the 3-year sampling
period (figure 27). Other mean acidity values ranged from
5.3 mg/1 CaC03 at CC18.5 to 9.2 mg/1 CaC03 at UT0.01. These
values were significantly higher than the acidity criteria of
3.0 mg/1 for determining acid mine drainage established by
Herricks and Cairns. Since pH and alkalinity values were
significantly higher at the area- and contour-mined sites,
however, sufficient neutralization and buffering must have
been taking place. If pyrite^is being oxidized, the reaction
products, acidity, sulfate, and iron are quickly tempered by
carbonates or cation exchange within the strata or in stream
so as to yield an alkaline mine drainage.
Manganese--
Manganese is a transition element and closely related to
iron. Manganese is also an important reactant in redox
processes in natural waters and is an essential micronutrient
of freshwater flora and fauna (Wetzel, 1975). Water quality
standards proposed by the U.S. Public Health Service (1962)
recommend an upper limit of 0.05 mg/1 because small concen-
trations of manganese in water may be objectionable. Concen-
trations of manganese greater than 1 mg/1 are common in
streams receiving acid mine drainage and can persist in water
for greater distances downstream from the pollution source
than iron because of greater solubility at neutral pH.
61
-------
_
^
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- _. _ ._ '^_
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LY 0 4 BOWLING BRANCH
ao.
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LB4° ...... . . LOWE BRANCH .....
40.
30.
20.
10.
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• -
•
•
1 , , 1 1 , , 1 ,. _..-.. i 4.
1 00,
0 75.
0 50.
0 25.
0 00.
• *"*•••
.* ",* ."« .. . " . '. ...
^•« ••*.• .••••• ^ • "«,*.".« ".,, ^ . .****..
-1 , 1 . 1 , ,-.. 4-^-t *- 4 -* 4--* 1 -I--*. (• 1 — f ••!
Figure 25. TotaL iron concentrations at Jamestown and New River area streams
between 1975 and 1979. Dashed line is maximum effluent limitation
established under the Surface Mine Control and Reclamation Act
of 1977.
62
-------
4 00.
3 00_
2 00,
I 00.
0
t 20,
90.
60.
30.
0.
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UT OOI
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B40
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0 5.
0 75.
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0 00.
GREEN BRANCH
1975 1976 1977 1976 1979
NDIAN FORK
-
';
' 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
BILLS BRANCH
-
"i V* " < i "" "**7**""**. i * " t i i i i t i i * r
' 1975 ' 1976 ' 1977 ' 1978 1979
ANDERSON BRANCH
1
j
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
30WLING BRANCH
1
4-
.* i , ••••••• ••• ••••* ^ „"** , . I
1975 1976 1977 1979 1979
OWE BRANCH
T
t
..." +
•• •*, •*
^4 1 ^ — 1— t- -'*' * » ' t 'I * *(" i 1 i-^-t—-^ +. -u """""*--- -f^"
1975 1976 1977 1976
Figure 26. Dissolved iron concentrations of Jamestown, and New River area
streams between 1975 and 1979.
63
-------
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• •* • •
1 j i i i i i
1976 ' ' 1977 '
I 1 1 I 1 It
1 ( | T T ' 1 ' | 1
• • *
• • • * •
* • *• • * • *
• * •
• • * • •
igVs ' i9W ' '
» i til
•
,
• • • t • •*• • • • • •
* • •
t iii i i i i
I9>6 ' ' 1977 ' ' '
111 1 1 1
I f 1 ! » i I i
•• •
• * ••»• • •«*
• • • • • • •
I 1 i 1 III 1
•" ' t t — T — ' •! T- t"1 "' 1 1
1976 1977
i » 1 l i I I I
- -i , | r ,_.T ^ i • i
*
• • •*
• • * •* • •
oVe ' * ' 1977 ' * *
ii 1 i i i 1 i
1 f 1 f f 1 1 1
t
*
•• * • • •
• • •• *
• • • » • *
it 1 i 1 i l I
I 1 ? r t • ' "
1976 (977
• '
i
1978
*
.
i
I97B
•
,
J
1978
i
T
*
*
9
1978
i
i
•
•
i
1978
1
!
.
,
i
1976
— I r
,
' .. -
t I
i i
,
.
i "r
T I
I 1
T T
• • -
1 \
T i
^
* • ,-
'
,
' '
•
^
1 i
\ r
-
*
*
Figure 27- Acidity of Jamestown area streams between 1976 and 1978.
64
-------
Average manganese concentrations were low at all sites ranging
from 0.0 mg/1 at Lowe Branch to 1.1 mg/1 at UT0.01. None of
the observed values exceeded the 4.0 mg/1 effluent limit
established by the SMCRA (figure 28). Apparently little
manganese-containing minerals are present in the study areas.
Suspended and Dissolved Soiids--
Although acid mine drainage can be effectively neutralized in
areas where rock strata and ground water contain sufficient
buffering and neutralization capacity, increased suspended
and dissolved sediment loadings due to surface mining can
impart equally serious impacts. Increased sediment loadings
resulting from the erosion of exposed mine spoils and ongoing
mining activities has been a major surface water quality
problem, threatening aquatic ecosystems and increasing flooding
and erosional problems due to alterations in stream channel
morphology and stability. Suspended solid concentrations are
generally flow related resulting from rainfall washing soil
into streams that drain mine sites or other disturbed areas.
Greatest concentrations usually occur during storm runoff.
Dissolved solids also pose a threat to water quality,
particularly sulfate and chloride, and are most difficult and
expensive to remove from surface waters (Murray 1978).
As expected, mean suspended solids concentrations were signifi-
cantly higher at the Jamestown area-mined sites than at
Jamestown reference sites, ranging from 23.9 mg/1 at CC16.7
to 32.5 mg/1 at UT0.01. A mean concentration of 57.7 mg/1
was observed at the agricultural site, CC18.5. Mean values
for the reference sites ranged from 5.1 mg/1 at LY0.4 to 10.4
mg/1 at LB4.0. Actual values presented in figure 29 rarely
exceeded the 70 mg/1 effluent limit established by the SMCRA.
Most of the values exceeding this limit were observed at
CC18.5 where 6 out of 37 values (16.2 percent) were above 70
mg/1. The highest actual value of 530 mg/1 was also observed
at CC18.5.
Although these values were higher at the mined site, they
only reflect moderate- to low-flow conditions and did increase
dramatically during high-flow conditions. Storm event sampling
at CC15.9 and UT0.01 during nine separate storm events increased
suspended solids concentrations from 12 to 4000 mg/1 at
CC15.9 and from 34 to 6300 mg/1 at UT0.01 (Cox et al., 1979).
Suspended solids concentrations were much higher in samples
collected at the New River area mined sites than in the
Jamestown site samples. Mean values ranged from 111.9 mg/1
at Indian Fork to 774.3 mg/1 at Green Branch (table 11).
Bowling Branch, a reference site, also had an unusually high
65
-------
UTO 01
TOTAL MANGANESE (mg/l) TOTAL MANGANESE (mg/l
o o o u> o ui o
oooo ooooo
TOTAL MANGANESE (mg/i) TOTAL MANGANESE tmg/i)
— « W O O O
oooo oooo
TAL MANGANESE (mg/l) TOTAL MANGANESE (mg/l)
y 0 0 - - PO
O O O OtnouiO
1 1976 ' 1977 ' 1978
,-( 1 1 — t [— t t -• • t ) i t . |
*
• • * • • ••••• «* • • •
1976 ' 1977 ' 1978 '
CC 167
| i i i ) I i t | , i i |
1976 1977 1978
CCI85
H 1— I -H~ 1 1 (_-* 1 , 1 i \
1976 1977 1978
LY04
-f— < 1— 1 ( t — i 1 1 1 I 1 H-
* • • • •
1976 1977 1978
LB 4 0
[_(._._, ( , i. _, ,__ _ +___! t _ _,_ _f i
3
2
0
4.
3.
2.
Q.
2 0.
1 5.,
1 0-
0 5.
0 0.
075.
0 50.
0 25,
0 00.
1 00.
0 75.
0 50.
0 25.
0 00.
0 1 5.
0 I0_
0 05.
000.
GREEN BRANCH
- :# .-...•• :
1975 ' 1976 ' 1977 ' 1978 ' 1979
NDIAN FORK
t • • • • **«• * • • « •« • •
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
BILLS 8RANCH
:,.-, •• ;.. . .j
1975 1976 ' 1977 1978 1979
ftNOERSON BRANCH
. *....*.*".. * * * *.*. . . '
_........ ............... . .. ( -
30WLING BRANCH
-(— — 1 H * } 1— f- 1 (— 1 1— t (— • t——t 1 1 1 1 h
* 4-
_( — f_+ — i — L +___,_ — _,__. _+f_t__(__1> ,i + t , ii~
1975 1976 1977 I97H 1979
OWE BRANCH
-
1975 ' 1976 1977 I9TH I'j^j
Figure 23. Total manganese concentrations of Jamestown and New River
area streams between 1975 and 1979.
66
-------
SUSPENDED SOLIDS (mg/i) SUSPENDED SOLIDS (mg/u SUSPENDED SOLIDS (mg/u SUSPENDED souos [mg/n SUSPENDED SOLIDS
SUSPENDED SOLIDS (
H. oss^ oosss o § § § s oils o § 1 i i osssi
- — i 1 1 1 — — L 1 i__ 11 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I I i , ....
1
m
N3
f 1
en c/>
rt C
i-i en
T)
to (t
9 3
en p- 5
(D 3
cr o*
(D
rt en
3 0 _,
(DM ^
(D p.
3 a
h-1 O
5§ 3
Ui O
(D
to 3
3 rt
0. i-i
.
"
•
•
j •
*
•
• f
f
•
*
.:
*
-"
.
•
•
*
"i | i |
T r 1 1
o
is
£
~J
1
(O
^
1
T 1 1 1 M r> _£1 1 1 1 1-
.
•
.
"•"
j -
**
.
.
*t
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.' .
•
*
\
•;
.
•
.'•
°" *
t
i
It ; .
r-
- \l , •
'. •
(5 •
31 •
+ .
• •
- f:
• :
'
it •.
.
4- ,
T i . i i :
*-t f \ 1 H — r — — i 1— i—
to
^ rt
^J O
vr> 3
en
rt
c__ , ^
(!)
o o o o o o
H — 1 — f — ^ — 1 h—
ij!
r'- • "
I •
eo « : .
rt 54 • . I
o a1 • • •
^ T!- '
3 • •
a Si '
"^ ' ;
25 • .
n> t . •
^ *-.:
<" ^ :'
4- .-.
i * .
CD ^i ' ^
ft) * .'
4 — H 1 1 1 1-^
O O O
o o o
O O O O
till
' 1975
.OWE BRANCH
•j
i
I
1.
" * • < *
+ :•"
ID
^
"^
3
i
:
|
;
:
. . "
' •
-;
; '
j'
: •
:'
:'
-i 1 1 1 — ^
k« '
5_
3) ul
1
1
O J
1
!•
— ro tjf O O O
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
oooo oooo
J f 1 M
i*.
t.
1
;•
-1 f ' ' ' —
> 5 * * "
s» 1 .
*" i
.-j
:
•:. i .11
-!, i t -
I
•
-:"
i
i'. •
:
:
5. *
-j' •
i i
- +i
||
ltj- .
. + T .
- . + -i- "
1 ' t €
* , ' t
-------
mean value of 107.8 mg/1. The other reference site, Lowe
Branch, had a mean value of 6.9 mg/1.
Between 17.4 and 32.1 percent of the actuai values at each
site presented in figure 29 exceeded the 70.0 mg/1 effluent
limit. No values exceeded this value at Lowe Branch. A
value of 29,500 mg/1 was recorded at Green Branch, the highest
value observed during the study. (Again, one must exercise
caution when interpeting these data because storm events can
have a much greater impact on suspended sediment concentrations
although the impacts may be brief.)
Dissolved solid concentrations were also signficantly higher
at the mined sites in both areas. Mean values at the Jamestown
area-mined sites ranged from 62.0 mg/1 at CC16.7 to 74.1 mg/1
at CC15.9. Jamestown area reference site mean values ranged
from 22.5 mg/1 to 24.8 mg/1. A mean value of 74.6 mg/1 was
observed at CC18.5.
New River mined site mean dissolved solid values, like suspended
solid values, were much higher than Jamestown area values,
ranging from 100.1 mg/1 at Anderson Branch to 1221.2 mg/1 al
Indian Fork. Reference sites averaged from 43.4 to 56.4 nig/i
at Lowe Branch and Bowling Branch, respectively.
Plots of actual dissolved solids concentrations are presented
in figure 30. No seasonal trends are evident, although
maximum values for Green Branch, Indian Fork, and Bills
Branch occurred during the late spring and summer of 1975.
These maximum values are most likely a reflection of the
active mining taking place in these watersheds from December
1974 to September 1975.
An analysis of the specific anions and cations of the Jamestown
area sites are presented in table 12^ The cations Ca 2,
Mg 2, N3+1, and K i; the anions HC03 , S042, and Cl"1; and
dissolved silica (H4Si04) represented 82 to 96 percent of the
total dissolved solids sampled. Calcium was the dominant
cation at all sites, while sulfate dominated the anion concen-
trations at LB4.0, UTO.l, and CC15.9. Bicarbonate was dominant
at CC18.5 and CC16.7, while chloride dominated the anions at
LY0.4. Significant differences in total anion-cation concentra-
tions were observed between the mined and reference sites.
Total anion-cation concentrations, like total dissolved
solids, were greater at the agricultural site, CC18.5.
68
-------
£ 120.
100.
S 80.
8 6°-
Q 40.
S 20.
o
^ 300-
g 200.
i
S I0°-
1 0.
5
DISSOLVED SOLIDS (mg/l) DISSOLVED SOLIDS (mg/l)
SOI CD O r\j * -fe 0) CD O
OOOOO OOOO
- 50.
0
I <°-
5i 3°-
i
DISSOLVED SOLIDS ( mg/i
OOOOOO
UT 0 01
: ' . . . :
-
1 ' 1976 1977 1978
CC'59 , , .
,
. .' ' *
1 ' 1976 ' 1977 ' 1978
C?16 7 . . , | , . . 1 . | , i
I •
' 1976 1977 1978
C918 5 . i . . i , , i i
1 ' ' — ••+--! i i i I • i ' i
.
' 1976 1977 1978
LY04 _ _ ,
' 1976 1977 1978
-?40 ,
~" — ^i '— +- *~—£T-*- + -1 ^T"" ^
15000-
10000.
5000-
O-i
12000.
9000.
6000 .
iOOOj
0 .
3000.
2000-
1000.
0.
1 200 -
900-
600-
300 _
0-
k 400_
300_
„ 200-
100-
0-
I50_
100-
0 -
,REEN BRANCH
• •*
"i "7 i .^« ...... ••«»•« ••••• •• •• •••••• -^ ^ — — — ^^ — t — ^-.
1 ' 1975 ' ' 1976 1977 1976 ' 1979
NDIAN FORK ,
•
"i***v i *i *T* r i i i i i i i i i -i- — i — L— • — ' — H
1 1975 ' ' ' 1976 1977 ' 1978 ' 1979
BILLS BRANCH ,
...M» *.««....».. ., .. .. ...... • .
' 1975 ' 1976 ' 1977 ' 1978 ' 1979 '
ANDERSON BRANCH , . . . ,
_
"i"**,""! i*"i ", i , 1 i i i 1 < i t--H — ' L ' • -h
1975 ' 1976 ' 1977 ' 1978 * 1979
BOWLING BRANCH ,,,,,,,,,..,.,.,
.
"i **r* T * * i * * i i i i v i i i i t i f ( - — h
1 ' 1975 ' ' ' 1976 1977 ' 1978 ' 1979
LOWE BRANCH
' 1975 ' 1976 ' 1977 ' I97B ' W9
Figure 3d Dissolved solid concentrations of Jamestown and New River area
streams between 1975 and 1979.
69
-------
TABLE 12. AVERAGE ANION-CATION CONCENTRATIONS OF THE JAMESTOWN AREA SITES.
VALUES WERE CALCULATED FROM DATA COLLECTED BETWEEN 1975 AND 1978
+2 +2 H
Station Ca Mg Na
LB
LY
UT
CC
CC
CC
4.0 mg/1
I
|jeq
%
0.4 mg/1
Meq
%
0.01 mg/1
%
peq
%
18.5 mg/1
%
peq
%
16.7 mg/1
°/
/o
peq
I
15.9 mg/1
I
(Jeq
'0
2.3
9.9
114.7
19.8
2.5
12.3
124.7
24.7
9.3
16.8
463.8
29.2
12.4
17.7
618.5
31.2
10.1
16 9
503.7
31.0
10.4
17. 1
518.7
30. t
0.8
3.5
65.8
11.4
0.6
2.9
49.4
9.8
2.5
4.5
205.8
12.9
1.7
2.4
139.9
7. 1
1.7
2.9
139.9
8.6
2.0
3.3
164 6
9. 7
1.
4.
46.
7.
0.
4.
40.
7.
2.
3.
91.
5.
4.
6.
204.
10.
2.
4.
123.
7.
2.
4.
121.
7 .
-1
06
6
1
9
,93
,6
4
9
.1
8
3
.8
,7
7
3
3
85
8
,9
.6
79
6
,3
o
K HC03 S04
1.32
6.0
33.8
5.8
0.43
2.1
11.0
2.2
2.6
4.7
66.5
4.2
3.1
4.4
79.3
4.0
1.98
3.3
50.6
3.1
2.06
3.4
52.7
3. 1
5.
21.
82.
14.
5.
24.
81,
16.
11.
21,
191.
12,
23,
32.
377.
19,
21.
35.
350,
21
16,
26
267
15,
.0
.7
.0
2
.0
.7
.9
.2
.7
.1
,8
.1
.0
.9
.1
.0
.4
.8
.8
.6
.3
.8
.2
.8
5.
21.
104.
17.
3.
14.
62.
12.
17.
30.
353.
22.
10.
14.
208.
10.
10.
16.
208.
12.
17.
27.
353.
20.
0
.7
1
9
0
8
4
4
,0
6
8
3
.0
3
1
5
0
7
1
.8
0
9
.8
9
Cl"
3.
12.
84.
14.
3.
14.
84.
16.
6.
10.
169.
10.
11.
15.
310.
15.
7.
11 .
197.
12.
6.
9.
169.
10.
•1
0
9
5
6
0
.8
8
8
.0
8
,5
.7
.0
.7
7
,7
0
.7
.7
.2
.0
.9
. 5
0
Total
,,,SiO, anion-rations
H4 4
4.
19,
48.
8.
4.
23.
50.
9.
4,
7.
45.
2.
4.
5.
43.
2.
4.
7
49.
3,
4.
46
2.
.6
,9
4
.4
8
.7
5
.9
,3
,7
.2
.8
. 1
9
1
2
.7
.9
. 4
.0
,4
2
,5
-7
23.08
579.4
20.26
505.1
55.5
1587.7
70.0
1981.0
59.7
1624. 1
60.0
1694.1
Total % of total
dissolved dissolved
solids solids
24.0 96.2
23.0 88.1
66.0 84.1
75.0 93.3
62.0 96 3
74 2 82.1
-------
2. Trace Metals in the Water Column
Average Total Concentrations--
Average trace metal concentrations for Jamestown and New River
area streams are presented in tables 13 and 14, respectively.
Significant differences in mean concentrations between mined
and reference sites were observed only for aluminum, cobalt,
iron, and manganese in the Jamestown area, whereas significant
differences were observed for all metals at the New River
sites except for cadmium and chromium. Significant differences
in metal concentrations were also observed between New River
and Jamestown area reference site concentrations of aluminum,
cobalt, chromium, nickel, lead, and zinc. Furthermore,
concentrations of aluminum, chromium, nickel, and lead at the
Bowling Branch reference site exceeded some of the New River
mined site values. Most mean metal concentrations were,
however, well below safe drinking water standards established
by EPA (1976) at all sites. Iron and manganese were the only
exceptions, exceeding the 300 [Jg/1 and 50 |Jg/l respective
standards at all sites except at Lowe Branch and LY0.4.
However, these values were well within the guidelines established
for mine effluent under the SMCRA. Increased area and contour
mining did not, therefore, notably increase trace metal
contamination since differences in metal concentrations
between affected and unaffected sites were insignificant.
Where significant differences were observed, they were usually
less than drinking water guidelines and mine effluent limits.
Dissolved and Suspended Metal Concentrations--
The uptake and possible impacts of trace metals on the aquatic
biota not only depend upon the concentrations of the metals
but also their availability. Metals which become associated
with free iron oxides or with the carbonate lattice of calcite
and dolomite minerals do not tend to go into solution at high
pH and thus are not readily available to biota (Perhac,
1974). Metals which are dissolved as ions, however, can
travel across cell membranes of animal and plant species, and
may cause harm or death.
The relative percentage of dissolved and suspended metal
concentrations in Jamestown area streams are presented in
table 15. By far the greatest quantity of each element
occurred in the dissolved state. This is consistent with the
findings of Perhac (1974) who also analyzed the metal contents
of partitioned suspended particulates. Aluminum and iron
were the only exceptions, each occurring most abundantly in
the suspended fraction. As Perhac suggests, the low dissolved
content of iron may reflect the ease with which the divalent
71
-------
TABLE 13. MEANS, RANGES, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF TOTAL TRACE METAL CONCENTRATIONS OF
JAMESTOWN AREA STREAMS. MEAN VALUES WERE CALCULATED FROM DATA COLLECTED BETWEEN
1975 AND 1979 AND ARE EXPRESSED Ab up/i
Metal
% mined
A]
As
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
H-
Hg
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
rang,-
mean
S.E.
r.mpe
UT0.01
43
906.9
251.8
120.0-4300.0
3.9
0.7
2.0-10.0
1.2
0.2
1.0-4.0
11.2
1.5
5.0-26.0
5.3
0.2
5.0-9.0
25.8
3.7
8.0-110.0
3394.1
414.0
1200 0-15000.0
0 2
0.01
0 2-0.4
CC15.9
13
897.6
203.3
260.0-3500.0
4.1
0.6
2.0-10.0
1.1
0.1
1.0-3.0
6.8
1.0
2.0-16.0
5.1
0.06
5.0-6.0
28.7
4.1
5.0-110.0
1454. I
120.0
630.0-3400.0
0 2
0.01
0 2-0 4
Stat
CC16.7
13
638.6
212.5
100.0-3000.0
3.4
0.5
2.0-10.0
1.1
0.1
1 .0-2.0
5.1
0.1
5 0-6.0
7.1
1.9
5.0-33.0
27.4
5.0
8.0-130 0
1198.4
162.9
200.0-4600.0
0.3
0 05
0.2-0. 1
ion
CC 1 8 . 5
0
2382.3
1328.0
160.0-18000.0
4.5
0.8
2.0-12.0
1.1
0.1
1.0-2.0
5.3
0.3
5.0-9.0
5.1
0.1
5.0-6.0
30.0
4 5
7.0-100.0
2006. 1
455.3
420 0-12000.0
0.2
0.02
0.2-0.5
LY0.4
0
413 3
93.7
60.0-1500.0
3.3
0.5
2.0-10.0
1.0
0.0
1.0-1.0
5.0
0.0
5.0-5.0
5.3
0.2
5.0-8 0
26.8
4.0
b. 0-1 10.0
363.1
93.0
50.0-3100.0
0.2
0.01
0.2-0 4
1
LB4.0
0
514.4
147.0
90.0-2600.0
3.2
0.5
2.0-10.0
1.0
0.0
1.0-1.0
5.0
0.0
5.0-5.0
5.0
0.0
5.0-5.0
22.4
3.5
5.0-120.0
1024.4
198.4
50.0-3900.0
0.2
0.02
0.2-0 rj
^eonLin.ued j
-------
TABLE 13. (continued)
Station
Metal
Mn
Ni
Pb
Se
Zn
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
UT0.01
1114.8
84.7
200.0-2000.0
50.0
0.0
50.0-50.0
10.9
0.6
10.0-26.0
1.3
0.1
1.0-2.0
43.2
7.2
10.0-230.0
CC15.9
477.1
73.1
90.0-2400.0
50.0
0.0
50.0-50.0
10.7
0.6
10.0-32.0
1.3
0.1
1.0-2.0
30.0
4.2
10.0-110.0
CC16.7
357.1
97.1
70.0-3100.0
50.0
0.0
50.0-50.0
11.2
0.8
10.0-37.0
1.2
0.1
1.0-2.0
22.9
2.9
10.0-80.0
CC18.5
134.8
11.7
70.0-380.0
_
-
-
11.8
0.8
10.0-30.0
1.4
0.1
1.0-2.0
23.2
3.3
10.0-90.0
LYO . 4
30.3
5.8
10.0-200.0
50.0
0.0
50.0-50.0
10.6
0.4
10.0-22.0
1.3
0.1
1.0-2.0
22.2
3.8
10.0-100.0
LB4.0
143.2
38.6
10.0-1300.
50.0
0.0
50.0-50.0
10.6
0.4
10.0-23.
1.3
0.1
1.0-2.0
33.1
4.9
10.0-170.
0
0
0
-------
TABLE 14. MEANS, RANGES, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF TOTAL TRACE METAL CONCENTRATIONS
OF NEW RIVER AREA STREAMS. MEAN VALUES WERE CALCULATED FROM
DATA COLLECTED BETWEEN 1975 .AND 1979 AND ARE EXPRESSED AS ng/1
Metal
% mined
AL
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
Mn
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
Green Branch
24.1
1183.1
659.8
0.0-77700.0
0.1
0.03
0.0-2.5
5.1
1.3
0.0-70.0
2.0
1.2
0.0-140.0
15.0
3 5
0.0-355.0
4422.5
868.5
0 0-64800.0
327.9
24.7
0.0-2500.0
Indian Fork
18.9
473.8
195.1
0.0-22110.0
0.3
0.1
0.0-5.8
9.7
0.6
4.0-47.0
0.8
0.3
0.0-29.0
7.8
0.9
0.6-68.8
8125.7
612.2
800.0-54000.0
1010.1
53.3
50.0-3700 0
1
t
Bills Branch
9.0
2572.4
744.6
0.0-80000.0
0.3
0.1
0.0-7.0
0.5
0.2
0.0-12.6
9.8
8.8
0.0-1250.0
12.1
2.9
0.0-323.2
2572.3
744.6
0.0-80000.0
90.1
16 9
0.0-1760.0
itation
Anderson Branch
7.5
782.7
238.6
0.0-20080.0
0.2
0.0
0.0-2.8
3.2
0.7
0.0-35.1
1.0
0.3
0.0-36.0
4.8
0.6
0.0-44.8
2552.4
504.5
50.0-41000.0
99.0
12.6
0.0-790.0
Bowling Branch
0
1001.4
392.3
0.0-50900.0
0.4
0.2
0.0-24.7
1.0
0.3
0.0-20.1
5.3
3.9
0.0-546.0
4.7
1.2
0.0-110.0
1944.8
392.0
11.0-41000.0
52.9
12.5
0.0-1000.0
Lowe Branch
0
23.9
10.9
0.0-910.0
0.1
0.0
0.0-1.7
0.02
0.02
0.0-1.4
0.1
0.03
0.0-2.5
2.4
0.5
0.0-48.4
188.8
14.8
0.0-1000.0
4.1
1.5
0.0-150.0
(continued)
-------
TABLE 14. (continued)
Station
ftetal
Ni
Pb
Zn
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
mean
S.E.
range
Green Branch
20.4
5.2
0.0-307.4
3.2
1.1
0.0-102.0
33.1
7.3
0. 0-520. Q
Indian Fork
21.8
1.6
0.0-110.0
0.2
0.1
0.0-13.0
37.2
2.3
0.0-130.0
Bills Branch
4.5
0.9
0.0-68.0
5.6
3.1
0.0-282.0
21.5
8.2
0.0-900.0
Anderson Branch
4.5
0.9
0.0-50.0
1.6
0.5
0.0-35.0
17.8
3.8
0.0-200.00
Bowling Branch
7.1
1.9
0.0-145.0
1.6
0.5
0.0-57.0
12.0
3.5
0.0-310.0
Lowe Branch
0.7
0.3
0.0-25.0
0.4
0.3
0.0-40.0
0.7
0.3
0.0-20.0
Oi
-------
and reference sites were observed only for aluminum, cobalt,
iron, and manganese in the Jamestown area, whereas significant
differences were observed for all metals at the New River
sites except for cadmium and chromium. Significant differences
in metal concentrations were also observed between New River
and Jamestown area reference site concentrations of aluminum,
cobalt, chromium, nickel, lead, and zinc. Furthermore,
concentrations of aluminum, chromium, nickel, and lead at the
Bowling Branch reference site exceeded some of the New River
mined site values. Most mean metal concentrations were,
however, well below safe drinking water standards established
by EPA (1976) at all sites. Iron and manganese were the only
exceptions, exceeding the 300 |jg/l and 50 |jg/l respective
standards at all sites except at Lowe Branch and LY0.4.
However, these values were well within the guidelines established
for mine effluent under the SMCRA. Increased area and
contour mining did not, therefore, notably increase trace
metal contamination since differences in metal concentrations
between affected and unaffected sites were insignificant.
Where significant differences were observed, they were usually
less than drinking water guidelines and mine effluent limits.
Dissolved and Suspended Metal Concentrations—
The uptake and possible impacts of trace metals on the aquatic
biota not only depend upon the concentrations of the metals
but also their availability. Metals which become associated
with free iron oxides or with the carbonate lattice of calcite
and dolomite minerals do not tend to go into solution at high
pH and thus are not readily available to biota (Perhac,
1974). Metals which are dissolved as ions, however, can
travel across cell membranes of animal and plant species, and
may cause harm or death.
The relative percentage of dissolved and suspended metal
concentrations in Jamestown area streams are presented in
table 15. By far the greatest quantity of each element
occurred in the dissolved state. This is consistent with the
findings of Perhac (1974) who also analyzed the metal contents
of partitioned suspended particulates. Aluminum and iron
were the only exceptions, each occurring most abundantly in
the suspended fraction. As Perhac suggests, the low dissolved
content of iron may reflect the ease with which the divalent
form (Fe 2) is oxidized to the more insoluble Fe 3 hydroxide.
The solubility of aluminum reaches a minimum between high and
low pH regions, especially if complexing species such as
sulfate and silica are present (Hem 1970). This is the most
likely explanation for the higher suspended aluminum fraction
present at the mined and agricultural sites where pH is close
to neutral. A higher dissolved fraction of aluminum was
76
-------
TABLE 15 PERCENTAGE OF DISSOLVED OR SUSPENDED METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN JAMESTOWN AREA STREAMS
Station
Metal
Al
As
Cd
Co
Cu
Fe
Hg
Mn
Ph
Year
1976
1977
1978
1976
1977
1978
1976
1977
1978
1976
1977
1978
1976
1977
1978
1976
1977
1978
1976
1977
1978
1976
1977
1978
197fa
1977
1978
CC18
Dissolved
0.19
0.25
0.82
-
-
_
-
-
.
-
-
.
_
0.83
.
0 13
0.17
0 99
-
.
0 73
0.79
.
0.85
-
.5
Suspended
0.81
0.75
0.18
-
-
_
-
-
.
-
-
_
-
0.17
.
0 87
0 83
0 01
-
-
.
0.27
0.21
_
0.15
-
CC16
Dissolved
0.32
0.43
-
-
-
_
-
0.88
.
-
0.96
_
0.31
-
.
0.17
0 27
_
-
-
.
0.74
0 80
_
0 99
-
7
Suspended
0.68
0.5"
-
-
-
_
-
0.13
.
-
0.04
_
0.69
-
.
0 83
0 "j
_
-
-
.
0.2t
0 20
_
0 01
-
CC15.9
Dissolved
0.28
0.13
0.93
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
0.83
_
0.96
0.79-
.
0.23
0.24
_
-
-
_
0.88
0.94
_
0.99
-
Suspended
0.72
0.87
0.07
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
0.17
_
0.04
0.21
_
0.77
0 76
_
-
-
.
0.12
0.06
.
0.01
-
UTO
Dissolved
0.26
0.23
-
-
-
-
0.88
-
-
0.72
0.91
_
-
0.52
_
0.21
0 38
-
-
-
_
-
0.94
_
-
-
.01
Suspended
0.74
0.77
-
-
-
-
0.13
-
-
0.28
0.09
_
-
0.48
_
0.79
0 62
-
-
-
_
-
0 06
_
-
-
LB4
Dissolved
0.83
0.35
0.94
-
~
-
-
~
-
-
-
_
0.71
0.96
_
0.62
0 40
0.88
0.92
-
_
0.74
0.93
-
0.81
-
.0
Suspended
.
0.17
0 65
0 06
-
~
-
-
~
-
-
~
-
0 29
0 04
_
0 38
0 60
0 12
0 08
~
.
0 20
0.07
-
0 19
-
LEO
Dissolved
_
0.77
0.45
0.94
-
"
-
-
"
-
-
~
-
0.62
0.81
-
0 38
0.36
-
-
"
-
0 66
0 79
-
0.90
~
4
Suspended
_
0.23
0.55
0.06
~
-
-
-
-
"
-
0.38
0.19
-
0.62
0 64
-
~
"
-
0.34
0 21
-
0.04
~
(continued)
-------
Table 15. (continued)
Station
' "CC18.5 CC16.7' "" CC15.9 UTO 01 LB4.0 IT0.4
Metal Year Dissolved Suspended Dissolved Suspended Dissolved Suspended Dissolved Suspended Dissolved Suspended Dissolved Suspended
Se 1976 - - 0.89 0.11
1977 _.-- .--- _---
1978 _ - - - ---- _.--
Zn 1976 ..-- .--- ..--
1977 0.55 0.45 - - - 0.81 0.19
1978 n.67 0.33 0.53 0.47 0.94 0.06 - - 0.50 0 50 0.53 0.47
00
-------
form (Fe 2) is oxidized to the more insoluble Fe 3 hydroxide.
The solubility of aluminum reaches a minimum between high and
low pH regions, especially if complexing species such as
sulfate and silica are present (Hem 1970). This is the most
likely explanation for the higher suspended aluminum fraction
present at the mined and agricultural sites where pH is close
to neutral. A higher dissolved fraction of aluminum was
observed at the reference sites, most probably due to the
much lower pH encountered there.
Statistical Interdependence of Water Quality Parameters
Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were calculated in order
to explain the statistical interdependence of various water
quality parameters analyzed. Calculations were made using
the same SAS CORK procedure used in the overburden analysis.
A list of significant correlation coefficients where r > 0.5
and p < 0.001 for Jamestown and New River area site water
quality parameters is presented in tables 16 and 17.
Like the correlations between geochemical parameters, correla-
tion coefficients between water quality parameters generally
reflect similar geochemical behavior or lattice substitution
by atoms or ions of similar atomic or ionic size or like
ionic charge. The analyses revealed close association between
the anions and cations of the common salts found in Cumberland
Plateau strata. Calcium and magnesium concentrations were
positively correlated with chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.
Manganese was also correlated with sulfate. Suspended solids,
important in the transport of heavy metals, were correlated
with the concentrations of heavy metals, notably Al, Fe, Co,
and Cd at the Jamestown area sites and Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn
at the New River area sites. In addition, suspended solids
were positively correlated with turbidity at the Jamestown
and New River sites (r = .84 and .55, respectively). Minear
and Tschantz (1976), observed that turbidity was not corre-
lated with suspended solids and stated that turbidity
measurements are unreliable as an index of suspended solids
in stream water. Dissolved solids were also correlated with
several metals at each site.
Relationship of Stream Metal Concentrations to Lithology
In order to compare stream and strata concentrations of
metals, mean stream metal concentrations of a Jamestown and a
New River mined and unmined site were plotted against overall
mean strata concentrations of metals in Jamestown and New
River area core samples (figure 31). Mean stream-to-strata
concentrations of manganese, nickel, copper, and cadmium were
higher relative to mean stream-to-strata concentrations of
79
-------
TABLE 16. PEARSON CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS FOR JAMESTOWN AREA WATER QUALITY DATA
( |r| > 0.5 p < 0.001)
Variable
A
PH
Alkalinity
Acidity
Suspended
Solids
B
Alkalinity
Fe(sr
Ca(T)
Cl
Ca(T)
Hardness
Na
Total Inorganic
Carbon
Conductivity
Dissolved Solids
K
Mg(T)
Fe(T)
Fe(S)
Turbidity
Mn(T)
N00-NOQ
2. 3
Ni(S)
A1(S)
Turbidity
PO,(T)
Fets)
Fe(T)
Cd(D)
A1(T)
Total Organic
Carbon
N(Kjel.)
Co(S)
K
Hardness
Ca(T)
Cd(S)
Conductivity
Dissolved Solids
r A
(.39) Dissolved
(.26) Solids
(.37)
.68
.65
.64
.63
.57
.56
.53
(.40)
(.42)
-
(.38)
(.35)
SO,
(.36) 4
.69
.93
.84
.81
.80
.70
.70
.66
.60
.59
.59 Cl
.52
(.26)
(.26)
(.47)
-
(.32)
Variable
B
Hardness
Ca(T)
Mg(T)
A1(S)
Conductivity
Cl
Alkalinity
K
Fe(T)
Na
Mn(T)
SO,
MntD)
Turbidity
Suspended Solids
N00-N0.
4l J
Mg(T)
Mn(D)
Mn(T)
Hardness
A1(S)
N00-N0q
CatT) *
Conductivity
Dissolved Solids
Mn(S)
Cl
K
Zn(S)
Na
Na
Ca(T)
Hardness
Conductivity
A1(S)
Alkalinity
Mg(T)
r
.66
.64
.58
.57
.54
.54
.53
(.44)
(.35)
(.47)
(.29)
(.42)
(.40)
(.31)
(-32)
(.37)
.77
.73
.66
.61
.57
.54
.52
.50
(-42)
(.44)
(.39)
(-39)
-
(.32)
.86
.76
.75
.74
.73
.68
.57
(continued)
80
-------
Table 16. (continued)
Variable
A B
Cl (Continued) K
Dissolved Solids
PO,(T)
N(Rjel.)
NO.-NO
Dissolved
Oxygen
Fe(T)
SO,
t>
Ca(T) Hardness
Cl
Conductivity
Mg(T)
Na
Alkalinity
Dissolved Solids
K
SO,
Fefr)
Mn(T)
Mn(D)
A1(S)
Turbidity
N02-N0
Suspended Solids
Fe(S)
pH
Mg(T) Hardness
SO,
Mn(D)
Mn(T)
Ca(T)
Conductivity
K
NO, -NO
Dissolved Solids
Cl
Co(T)
Alkalinity
Na
Fe(S)
A1(S)
Turbidity
A
.54 Fe(T)
.54
.52
.51
(.49)
(-.30)
(-46)
(.39)
.99
.76
.75
.72
.70
.65
.64
.56
.52
(.32)
(.35)
(.32)
(.44)
-
(.47)
(.26) Fe(S)
-
(.37)
.82
.77
.75
.72
.72
.70
.62
.60
.58
.57
.51
(.42)
(.43)
-
-
-
Variable
B
Fe(S)
N(Kjel.)
Turbidity
PO,(T)
Total Organic
Carbon
Suspended Solids
K
Cr(S)
Zn(S)
A1(S)
Co(D)
Mn(D)
Mn(T)
Hardness
Ca(T)
Dissolved Solids
Mg(T)
Conductivity
Alkalinity
Fe(D)
A1(T)
Cl
NO--NO
£• J
A1(S)
Turbidity
Fe(T)
Suspended Solids
CO(S)
A1(T)
As(D)
Dissolved Oxygen
PO (T)
Cd(S)
K
Pb(S)
Mn(T)
Total Inorganic
Carbon
Total Organic
Carbon
Mn(D)
Mg(T)
Alkalinity
M
.88
.79
.77
.74
.71
.70
,68
,65
.63
.60
.53
.52
(.47)
(-37)
(-32)
(.35)
(.45)
(-34)
-
(.39)
(.38)
(.46)
-
.91
.89
.88
.80
.75
.64
.62
-.60
.55
.53
.53
.50
-
(.41)
(.44)
-
-
(.38)
(continued)
81
-------
Table 16. (continued)
Variable
A
Fe(S)
(Continued)
Fe(D)
Mn(T)
Mn(S)
Mn(D)
B
Hardness
Ca(T)
Cd(D)
PH
As(T)
Co(D)
Co(T)
Mn(T)
Fe(T)
Dissolved Oxygen
Mn(D)
A1(S)
Mn(D)
Co(T)
Co(D)
Mg(T)
SO,
Fe?T)
K
Conductivity
Fe(S)
Hardness
Ca(T)
Dissolved
Solids
NO, -NO,
FefD) 3
Alkalinity
Turbidity
Co(S)
A1(S)
so4
Conductivity
Mn(T)
Zn(S)
Mg(T)
SO,
Co(D)
Co(T)
N(Kjel.)
Fe(T)
K
Cr(S)
NO-NO
Conductivity
Hardness
Variable , ,
|r| A
Mn(D)
(Continued)
-
-
(.45)
.78 Total Organic
.66 Carbon
(.44)
.39
-
(.48)
.99
.87
.77
.72 Total Inorganic
.72 Carbon
.66
(.47)
(.39)
(.42)
NOCjel.)
(.45)
(.35)
(.29)
(.44)
(.44)
-
-
.90
.74
(.44)
N0?-N0-
.87
.76
.75
.73
.72
.66
.64
.52
.52
.51
(.47)
(.41)
(-43)
B
Ca(T)
Dissolved Solids
Fe(D)
Cr(S)
PO,(T)
AITS)
K
N(Kjel.)
Fe(T)
Turbidity
Suspended Solids
Fe(S)
As(D)
As(T)
Alkalinity
Fe(S)
Turbidity
PO,(T)
Fe*T)
Total Organic
Carbon
Mn(D)
Co(D)
Suspended Solids
Cr(S)
K
Turbidity
Cl
Mg(T)
Conductivity
SO,
Hardness
Mn(D)
Mn(T)
Cl
Ca(T)
Na
Co(D)
Dissolved Solids
Alkalinity
Fe(T)
N
(.32)
(.39)
(.48)
.80
.75
.74
.74
.72
.71
.61
.60
-
.60
.60
.57
-
-
.87
.79
.72
.64
.63
.59
.56
.56
.55
.51
.60
.58
.54
.52
(.47)
(.44)
(.49)
(.47)
(.44)
-
(.37)
(.36)
~
(continued)
82
-------
Table 16. (continued)
A
PO,(T)
H
A1(T)
A1(S)
Co(T)
Variable
B
NOCjel.)
Suspended Solids
Turbidity
Total Organic
Carbon
Fe(T)
Cr(S)
Fe(S)
Cd(D)
K
Cl
A1(T)
Zn(S)
A1(S)
Suspended Solids
Fe(S)
Ni(S)
Turbidity
Cd(S)
Fe(T)
PO,(T)
H
Mn(T)
Suspended Solids
Fe(S)
PO,(T)
Turbidity
K
Co(S)
Mn(S)
Total Organic
Carbon
Cl
Pb(S)
Hg(T)
As(D)
Dissolved Solids
Zn(S)
Hardness
Ca(T)
Co(D)
Mn(T)
Fe(D)
Mn(D)
Mg(T)
A
.87 Co(S)
.81
.78
Variable
B
r\
A1(S) .78
Fe(S) .75
Turbidity ,(
>8
Suspended Solids .59
.75
.74 Co(D)
.59
.55
.53
.53
.52
(.49)
.74
.72
.66
.64
-.57
.57
.56
(.38)
(.48)
Ni(S)
.99
.93
.91
.89 Pb(T)
.89
.80
.78
.75
Co(T) .92
Mn(S) .90
Fe(D) .78
Mn(T) .72
Mn(D) .72
N(Kjel.) .63
Fe(T) .53
Total Organic
Carbon .80
K .75
Fe(T) .65
PO,(T) .59
N(Kjel.) .56
Turbidity .53
Water Temperature (.47)
Acidity .69
SiO .62
Se(T) -.57
Zn(S) .85
Pb(D) .76
Cd(S) .58
Cd(T) .74
A1(S) .70
.74
.73
.70 Zn(S)
.62
.62
.57
-
-
-
.92
.77
.66
.66
.51
Fe(S) .50
Pb(T) .85
Mn(D) .76
A1(T) .74
Fe(T) .63
A1(S)
SO,
4
T = Total; D - Dissolved; S = Suspended
83
-------
TABLE 17. PEARSON CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS FOR NEW RIVER AREA WATER QUALITY DATA
(|r| > 0.5 p < 0.001)
Variable
A
PH
Alkalinity
Suspended
Solids
Dissolved
Solids
Turbidity
SO
H
B
Alkalinity
Ca(T)*
Ca(D)
pH
Ca(T)
Ca(D)
Mg(D)
Dissolved
Solids
so4
Total Solids
Cu(T)
Fe(T)
Turbidity
Ni(T)
Pb(T)
Zn(T)
Co(D)
Total Solids
Ca(D)
Mg(D)
Ca(T)
SO
MnTT)
Mn(D)
Fe(T)
Alkalinity
Ni(T)
Fe(T)
Suspended
Solids
Cu(T)
Total Solids
Mn(D)
Ca(T)
Ca(D)
Mg(T)
Mg(D)
Mn(T)
Co(D)
Ni(D)
, - Variable . .
JrJ A
.57 Ca(T)
(.29)
(.29)
.57
(.35)
(.34)
(.33)
-
(.17)
.85
.82 Ca(D)
.58
.55
.53
.50
.50
.72
.70
(.41)
(.42)
(.40)
(.45)
(.47) Mg(T)
(.45)
(.29)
-
.61
.60
.55
.56
.54
.92
.92 Mg(D)
.91
.91
.90
.88
.70
.66
B
Ca(D)
Mg(T)
Mg(D)
SO,
Mn(D)
Mn(T)
Co(D)
Ni(D)
Dissolved
Solids
Alkalinity
Total Solids
Ca(T)
Mg(D)
Mg(T)
SO,
Mn(D)
Mn(T)
Co(D)
Ni(D)
Dissolved
Solids
Total Solids
Alkalinity
Mg(T)
Ca(D)
Ca(T)
SO,
Mn(D)
Mn(T)
Co(D)
Ni(D)
Dissolved
Solids
Total Solids
Alkalinity
Mg(T)
Ca(D)
Ca(T)
SO,
MnfD)
Mn(T)
Co(D)
M
.99
.96
.96
.92
.89
.84
.72
.61
(.40)
(.35)
(.18)
.99
.97
.97
.91
.89
.85
.72
.63
(.41)
(.21)
(.34)
.99
.97
.97
.91
.86
.84
.67
.58
(.42)
(-23)
(.34)
.99
.97
.96
.90
.86
.83
.67
(continued)
84
-------
Table 17. (continued)
A
Hg(D)
(continued)
Fe(T)
Mn(T)
Mn(D)
Co(T)
Variable
B
Ni(D)
Dissolved
Solids
Total Solids
Alkalinity
Zn(T)
Ni(T)
Pb(T)
Mn(T)
Cu(T)
Turbidity
Co(T)
Suspended
Solids
Total Solids
Mg(D)
Dissolved
Solids
Mn(D)
SO,
Ca(D)
Mg(T)
Ca(T)
Mg(D)
Co(D)
Ni(D)
Fe(T)
Co(T)
Total Solids
Dissolved
Solids
Ni(T)
Mn(T)
SO
CaltT)
Ca(D)
Mg(D)
Mg(T)
Co(D)
Ni(D)
Dissolved
Solids
Fe(T)
Total Solids
Ni(T)
Fe(T)
Mn(T)
1 J
(rl A
.59 Co(D)
(.42)
(.22)
(.33)
.71
.69
.63
.62
.60
.60 Cu(T)
.58
.58
.58
(.33)
(.29)
Ni(T)
.92
.88
.85
.84
.84
.83
.72
.70
.62
.53 Ni(D)
(.38)
(.47)
(.49)
.92
.92
.89
.89
.87 Pb(T)
.87
.80
.78
(.45)
(.38) Zn(T)
(.22)
.60
.58
.53
Variable
B
Ni(D)
Mn(D)
Dissolved
Solids
Ca(T)
Mn(T)
Ca(D)
SO,
Mg(T)
Mg(D)
Suspended
Solids
Total Solids
Fe(T)
Turbidity
Pb(T)
Ni(T)
Fe(T)
Zn(T)
Turbidity
Co(T)
Total Solids
Suspended
Solids
Cu(T)
Mn(T)
Co(D)
Mn(D)
Mn(T)
SO
CaTD)
Ca(T)
Mg(D)
Mg(T)
Co(T)
Fe(T)
Zn(T)
Cu(T)
Suspended
Solids
Fe(T)
Ni(T)
Pb(T)
Suspended
Solids
.84
.80
.72
.72
.72
.72
.70
.67
.67
.82
. 75
60
.56
53
.52
.69
.62
61
.60
.58
.52
(.49)
.84
.78
.70
.66
.63
.61
.59
.58
.52
.63
.55
.53
.50
.71
.62
.55
.50
*T = Total; D = Dividend; S = Suspended
85
-------
CO
10*
I03
§102
o
o
8
10°
I0
CROOKED CREEK
•Mn
Stream > Strata
•Co
Streart f Strata
M«
I04
a.
I
o
c
«
I02
c
o
o
10°
ANDERSON BRANCH
Ft*
10° 10' 102 I03 I04
Meon Strata Concentration (ppm)
102
10'
10°
LONG BRANCH
•N!
Cu
Co*/ »Cr
Cd
•Co
Mg
10'
10
LOWE BRANCH
Mn
Al
Fe«
Zn
Al
..MO
Co
10° I01 I02 I03 I04
Mean Strata Concentration (ppm)
Figure 31. Plots of mean stream and mean strata concentrations of metals
associated with Jamestown and New River area rainei and unmined sites.
Diagonal line represents points where stream concentrations equal
strata concentrations.
-------
aluminum, iron, calcium, and magnesium at all mined and
unmined sites. Higher stream-to-strata concentrations for
the former group of elements at Jamestown area sites are most
likely due to the insensitivity of mean values in pinpointing
isolated pockets of metal-producing minerals. Mean New River
stream concentrations were much more depressed relative to
strata concentrations than Jamestown area stream concentrations
with no stream concentrations exceeding strata concentrations.
Ratios of mean strata concentrations to mean stream concentra-
tions (table 18) at mined sites were about 25 to 40 percent
of the ratios of strata-to-pfream concentrations of metals at
unmined sites, indicating that larger quantities of metals
were entering mine-impacted streams relative to uninpacted
streams.
Furthermore, New River mined and unmined sites averaged 6 to
10 times the strata-to-stream ratios of Jamestown sites,
indicating that proportionately greater quantities of metals
were entering the water column at Jamestown sites.
Higher strata-to-stream ratios for individual elements may
reflect solubility or mobility differences among the elements.
A low strata-to-stream ratio would suggest a higher ion
mobility or leaching rate for the element. Perhac (1974)
compared the ion mobility of trace elements in the sediments
and water columns of east Tennessee streams and concluded
that zinc was the most mobile element followed by cobalt,
iron, and manganese. The least mobile of the elements examined
were copper and nickel. Akers (1978) established a scale of
leaching rates based on the ratio of coal leachate metal
concentrations to solid coal metal concentrations in which
manganese and calcium leached the slowest. Williams (1977)
studied the release of metals from Illinois-Basin coal
processing wastes and observed that calcium and cobalt
leached most rapidly from 4-day static leaching tests, while
aluminum and lead leached the least. A comparison of the
results of each of the above ion mobility and leaching rate
studies to strata-to-stream concentration ratios obtained in
this study are presented in table 19. Elements are listed
from highest to lowest mobility or leaching rate. Study data
agreed more closely with Williams' ranking, although disparity
among the various analytical methods in the literature precludes
any quantitative comparisons.
5. Cluster Analysis
Cluster analysis was performed on water quality data of
Jamestown and New River area sites using the numerical taxonomic
program, NT-SYS, developed by F. J. Rohlf, J. Nishpaugh, and
D. Kirk. Yearly mean values of pH, alkalinity, suspended
87
-------
TABLE 18. RATIOS OF MEAN STRATA TO MEAN STREAM METAL CONCENTRATIONS
FROM NEW RIVER AND JAMESTOWN AREA SITES
(MEAN STRATA CONCENTRATION/MEAN STREAM CONCENT."/. 11 ON)
Jamestown Area
Metal
Mn
Ni
Co
Cu
Cd
Pb
Zn
Cr
Al
Fe
Ca
Mg
Mean Strata
Cone, (ppm)
56
8
3
18
1
10
38
17
5644
11037
272
651
Mean Stream
Cone. (ppm.)-CClS
447.0
50.0
6.8
28.7
1.1
10.7
30.0
5.1
898.0
1454.1
10.4
2.0
.9 Ratio
0.12
0.16
0.44
0.63
0.90
0.93
1.3
3.3
6.3
7.6
26.2
325.5
Mean Stream
Cone. (ppm)-LB4.0
143.2
50.0
5.0
22.4
1.0
10.6
33.1
5.0
514.4
1024.4
3.0
0.8
Ratio
0.39
0.16
0.60
0.80
1.0
0.94
1.1
3.4
11.0
10.8
90.7
814.0
New River Area
Metal
Co
Mn
Ni
Cu
Cd
Zn
Pb
Al
Fe
Cr
Ca
Mg
Mean Strata
Cone, (ppm)
5
388
21
24
1
98
11
6724
30513
19
3418
4570
Mean Stream
Cone . (ppm)
Anderson Branch
3.2
99.0
4.5
4.8
0.2
17.8
1.6
783.0
2552.4
1.0
6.2
2.8
Ratio
1.6
3.9
4.7
5.0
5.0
5.5
6.9
8.6
12.0
19.0
551.3
1632.1
Mean Stream
Cone, (ppm)
Lowe Branch
0.02
4.1
0.7
2.4
0.1
0.7
0.4
23.9
188.8
0.1
1.2
1.5
Ratio
250.0
96.6
30.0
10.0
10.0
140.0
27.5
281.3
2542.8
190.0
2848.3
3046.7
88
-------
TABLE 19. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ION MOBILITY AND LEACHING RATE STUDIES FOUND
IN THE LITERATURE TO STUDY DATA. ELEMENTS LISTED FROM HIGHEST TO
LOWEST OBSERVED ION MOBILITY OR LEACHING RATE. ELEMENTS LISTED
FOR THIS STUDY ARE FROM LOWEST TO HIGHEST STRATA TO MINED STREAM
CONCENTRATION RATIOS
Literature
This study
Jamestown New River
Hem (1970)
Williams (1977)
Akers (1978) Perhac (1974)
Na
Mg
K
Ca
Cd
Zn
Cu
Hg
Co
Ni
Pb
Mn
Cr
Fe
Al
Ca
Co
Ni
Zn
Cd
Mn
Fe
Mg
Cu
Na
Cr
Al
Pb
K
Mn
Ca
Mg
Zn
Pb
Fe
Ni
Cu
Co
Al
Zn
Co
Fe
Mn
Cu
Ni
Mn
Ni
Co
Cu
Cd
Pb
Zn
Cr
Al
Fe
Ca
Mg
Co
Mn
N)
Cu
Cd
Zn
Pb
Al
Fe
Cr
C.d
Mg
89
-------
solids, dissolved solids, sulfate, total iron, total manganese,
total calcium, total magnesium, total aluminum, dissolved
cobalt, total copper, and total zinc were used to generate an
unweighted pair-group arithmetic average (uPGMA) cluster of
cophenetic correlations. The resultant UPGMA phenograms for
Jamestown and New River area sites are presented in figures
32 and 33.
The Jamestown area sites were divided into two distinct
groups, one containing all reference sites except for LB4.0
for 1978 and the other containing the heavily mined site
UT0.01 for 1976 and 1977 and the agricultural site for all
years sampled. Of the mined sites present in the first
group, most represented the 1978 sampling year. Conversely,
most of the mined sites in the second group represented the
1976 sampling year. Perhaps the second group represents
immediate post-mining water quality conditions since mining
at all Jamestown area-mined sites ceased in September of
1976. LB4.0 in 1978 would fit this group because of the
mining taking place in the watershed beginning in June of
1978. Continuous runoff from the agricultural watershed '
possibly caused water quality conditions at CC18.5 to mimic
post-mining water conditions.
New River area sites were grouped into three distinct groups
again, depending on the year sampled and the presence of
mining activity. The first group was dominated by the unmined
sites and by Anderson Branch sampled in 1975 and 1976.
Anderson Branch was, however, not affected by mining until
early 1976 and so was most like the reference sites prior to
this time. Bills and Green Branches for the 1975 sampling
year were also in this group, but a reasonable explanation
for their water qualities to reference sites cannot be offered.
Most of the sites in the second group were mined sites sampled
between 1977 and 1979, in addition to the Bowling Branch
reference site sampled in 1978 and 1979. The third group
consisted entirely of the Indian Fork site for all years
sampled. Although most of the mined sites were present in
the second and third groups, little distinction was evident
between the degree of mining in the watershed. Much closer
correlation was observed between sampling years for each site
than for percent-mined watershed. For instance, Bills and
Green Branches for sampling year 1979 were closely correlated
despite their 9 and 24 respective percent-mined character.
Bills and Green Branches were also correlated in decreasing
magnitude for the 1975, 1978, 1976, and 1977 sampling years.
D. WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
A wide variety of physical and chemical parameters were measured
at each of the Jamestown and New River sites to characterize water
90
-------
0.898
I
0.9(3
0.928
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
O.943 0.958
0.898
—I
0.913
0.928
0.943
0.958
0973
0.988
1.000
Year
1976
1977
1976
1978
1977
1978
1977
1978
1977
1978
1978
1976
1977
1977
1976
1976
1978
1976
Figure 32 . Phenogram of UPGMA clustering jf Jane- ..
areas are groups of closely related s i it
.i area vwter cual ity data. Shaded
-------
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
-0320
-0120
0.080
0.280
-I
0.480
0.680
0.880
—»
i-
•4-
-4-
-0.320 -0120
0.080
0 280
0.480
0 680
0.880
1.080 S.te
T*! Anderson
W Lowe
~ Low e
*•; Anderson
?•' Bowling
f Lowe
Lowe
Lowe
Bills
Bowling
Bowling
Green
Anderson
Bills
Green
Anderson
Anderson
Bills
Bowling
Bowling
Green
Bills
Bills
Green
Green
Indion
Indian
Indion
Indian
Indian
-t
I 080
Year
1975
1975
1976
1976
1975
1977
1978
19 «
1975
1977
1976
1975
1977
1977
1977
1978
1979
19 fB
1979
1978
1978
1976
1979
1979
1976
1975
1976
1973
1977
1978
i =gure 33. Phenogram of UPGMA clustering of New River area water quality
data. Shaded areas are groups of closely related sites.
92
-------
quality conditions unique to each site and to identify significant
surface mining impacts. Values for pH and alkalinity confirmed
earlier reports of the alkaline nature of the drainage in mined
areas with average pH ranging from 6.2 to 7.0 Reference site mean
pH values ranged from 4.4 to 6.2. Sixty-three percent of the
monthly pH values at LB4.0, a reference site, were below the lower
affluent limit of pH = 6 established by the Surface Mine Control
and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA).
Mean alkalinity ranged from 11.5 mg/1 CaC03 to 31.0 mg/1 CaC03 at
the mine sites, approximately three times higher than reference
site alkalinity values.
Sulfate and iron concentrations were typically low at all sites
except at Indian Fork, a New River site, where sulfate usually
exceeded 250 mg/1. Total iron rarely exceeded the maximum effluent
limit of 7 mg/1 established under the SMCRA. Approximately 44
percent of the total iron values at Indian Fork, however, exceeded
this limit. Manganese was also low at all sites ranging from 0.0
mg/1 to 1.1 mg/1. These values are significantly lower than the
4.0 mg/1 effluent limit established by the SMCRA.
Suspended solids were significantly higher at the mined sites.
Mean values ranged from 23.9 to 32.5 mg/1 at the area-mined sites
and from 111.9 to 774.3 mg/1 at the contour-mined sites. A value
of 29,500 mg/1 was recorded at the contour-mined site, Green
Branch, the highest value observed during the study. Dissolved
solids were also higher at mined sites in both areas, mean values
ranged from 62.0 to 74.1 mg/1 at the area-mined sites, while
contour-mined sites ranged from 100 to 1221.2 mg/1 dissolved
solids. Eighty-two to ninety-six percent of the dissolved solids
at the Jamestown sites were comprised of the four cations (Ca 2,
Mg 2, Na l, and K x), three anions (HC03~, S04 , and Cl"1), and
dissolved silica. Significant differences in the concentrations
of these ions were observed between mined and reference sites.
Significant differences in mean metal concentrations between mined
and reference sites were observed only for aluminum, cobalt, iron,
and manganese in the Jamestown area, whereas significant differences
were observed for all metals at the New River sites except for
cadmium and chromium. Most mean metal concentrations were, however,
well below safe drinking water standards established by EPA at all
sites.
An analysis of the dissolved and suspended metal concentrations in
Jamestown area streams revealed that the greatest quantity of each
element occurred in the dissolved state. Aluminum and iron were
the only exceptions, each occurring most abundantly in the suspended
fraction.
93
-------
Significant correlation was observed between the anions and cations
of common salts found in Cumberland Plateau strata. Suspended
solids were correlated with concentrations of Al, Fe, Co, and Cd
at the Jamestown area sites and Cu, Fe, Ni, Pd, mid Zn at New
River sites.
Stream metal concentrations were compared to strata concentrations.
Mean stream-to-strata concentrations of manganese, nickel, copper,
and cadmium were higher relative to mean stream-to-strata concentra-
tions of aluminum, iron, calcium, and magnesium at all mined and
unmined sites. The analysis indicated that greater quantities of
metals are entering mine-impacted streams especially area-mined
sites.
Cluster analysis divided area- and contour-mined sites into distinct
groups which generally represented either rained or unmined conditions.
In addition, mined sites were correlated more by sampling year
than by the degree of mining in the watershed.
94
-------
CHAPTER V
HYDROLOGIC DATA
A. INTRODUCTION
A total of nine basins were gaged with streamflow and rainfall
monitoring systems as a part of this study. Daily tabulations of
these data are presented in appendix A. The hydrologic data are
summarized and discussed in this section.
Rather than simply presenting the data, both the validity of the
records and the extent to which the data are representative of the
actual hydrologic processes will be evaluated. Because there is a
paucity of relatively long-term continuous hydrologic information
collected at mined watersheds, it may be assumed that these data
will find use beyond this research project. Considering the
current uncertainties regarding some of the impacts of mining,
these data may be useful to researchers and decisionmakers in
further evaluating the impacts of mining on the hydrologic balance.
Since any conclusions which are drawn from an evaluation of these
data could have far-reaching implications, it is important that
all circumstances surrounding the collection and verification of
these data be reported.
In addition, these data will be used in a later report to validate
hydrologic models developed for land use planning (Betson et al.
1980). Model validation using data of questionable validity or
which may be unrepresentative could lead to erroneous conclusions.
The validity and representativeness of the data will be addressed
in this section also.
Finally, considerable effort and expense are currently being
expended on the collection of hydrologic data both at mine plan
areas and throughout the coal provinces of the United States. The
experiences encountered in the collection of these data and the
extent to which the data have proven useful and have found applica-
tion may be valuable in evaluating some of the current data collection
activities.
B. NEW RIVER BASIN SITES
All six of the study streams listed in table 1 as contour-mined
sttldy sites were instrumented for hydrologic data collection.
Figure 34 shows the location of these gaging stations within the
New River Basin.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) operated all of the hydrologic
gaging stations in the New River Basin as part of a cooperative
agreement between the USGS, TVA, and the University of Tennessee.
95
-------
ONEIDA
o-^
SCOTT CO'
GAGING STATIONS
I. INDIAN FORK
2. GREEN BRANCH
3. BILLS BRANCH
4. BOWLING BRANCH
5. ANDERSON BRANCH
6.LOWE BRANCH
A RAINFALL AND STREAM-
FLOW GAGING STATION
SCOTT COUNTY-
0
1
SCALE
10
1
20km
1
Figure 'M : Contour -Mined Hydrologic
Gaging Stations — New River Basin
-------
Each gaging station consisted of a stream control structure, a
continuous stage recording device, and a continuous recording
raingage. Table 20 presents a summary of the gaging station
characteristics along with information about the extent of mining
in the basin. Data collection began at each of the sites sometime
during calendar year 1975. Figures 35 through 38 indicate the
available project data for the period of study for both the New
River Basin and the Fentress County sites.
Daily rainfall volumes in inches and mean daily flows in cubic
feet per second (cfs) are presented in tables A-l through A-36 in
appendix A for each of the six stations. These data were obtained
directly from the USGS or from USGS publications (USGS, 1978). An
"e" associated with a tabulated value indicates that the number
represents an estimated, or in some cases, an adjusted value.
Cubic feet per second per square mile is abbreviated cfsm.
1. Rainfall Data Summary
Table 21 presents a summary of monthly rainfall volumes for
water years 1976-1978 for the New River Basin sites. Long-term
average rainfall in this area is about 55 inches (TVA 1969).
Thus, of the three years of data, 1977 apparently represented
a relatively dry year, while 1976 and 1978 appear to have
represented near-average rainfall conditions.
Although the maximum distance between any of the gaging
stations is only about 10 miles (from Lowe Branch to Indian
Fork) the observed rainfall was found to vary considerably
among stations as shown by the standard deviation values and
comparison of the means presented in table 21. Some consistent
patterns of the rainfall variation were fairly evident,
however. Table 22 presents a comparison of basin aspect,
gage elevation, and the percent of months of observed rainfall
with monthly volumes less than the 6-station average. Basin
aspect was fairly consistent and well defined for the smaller
watersheds of Lowe, Anderson, Green, and Bills. Because of
the size of the basins, however, aspect for Bowling and
Indian represents more of an average than a true value.
From table 22 there is some indication that gage elevation
may have influenced the rainfall catch. Average basin rainfall
appears to have increased with increasing gage elevation.
This would agree with other studies which have shown that
average basin rainfall depths calculated from observations
made at a single raingage located near the basin outlet
regularly underestimate the actual basin rainfall (Eagleson
1970, p 195). It also appears that the measured rainfall
97
-------
TABLE 20. SUMMARY OF GAGING STATION AND SITE MINING INFORMATION", NEW RIVER BASIN SITES
Site
Anderson Br.
Bills Br.
Bowling Br.
Green Br.
Indian Fork
Lowe Br.
Latitude
36°18'34"
36°12'39"
36°16'14"
36°12'09"
36°09'37"
36°19'04"
Longitude
84°23'14"
84°24'19"
84°24'17"
84°24'59"
84°23'15"
84°23'07"
Drainage
area (sq. mi.)
0.81**
.67
2.19
1.38
4.32
.92
Gage elev.
(ft. msl)
1240
1530
1350
1440
1460
1250
% mined
7.5
9.0
0
24.1
18.9
0
Dates of mining
3/76-3/77
12/74-9/75
Unmined
72-9/75
52-present
Unmined
^Gaging station data from USGS, 1978.
-'-''Presented as 0.69 sq. mi. in USGS, 1978; but as 0.81 in Minear, et al., 1978;
0.81 will be used in this report.
00
-------
ANDERSON
op AMP u
BILL S
DO A KIPLJ
BOWLING
BRANCH
GREEN
BRANCH
INDIAN
FORK
i r\\uc
LOWt
DO AKIPH
•••
1
1 1
JAN
1 1
FEB
— ii
1 1
MAR
1 1
APR
I 1
MAY
I I
JUN
I 1
JUL
1 1
I 1
AUG
1 1
SEP
H
1 1
OCT
1 1
NOV
pMHH
1 1
DEC
ANDERSON
BRANCH
Dl 1 1 ' C
Dl LL O
BRANCH
BOWLING
BRANCH
GREEN
OR A Kir U
tKjn i A KJ
INUIMIM
CYtDIl
runis
1 OWF
BRANCH
OBSERVED MEAN DAILY FLOW
OBSERVED DAILY RAINFALL
-I ESTIMATED VALUES
Figure I*:: : Available Project Data for Calendar Year 1975
-------
_
DO A MPU
BILL S
RRAMPH
BOWLING
BRANCH
GREEN
INDIAN
i rvu/c
LUWc.
DO AKlPkl
CROOKED
CREEK
PO f\r\v c n
LnUUIVtU
CR. TRIO.
LONG
BRANCH
1 I
1 I
1 !
1 1
1 I
1 1
1 1
U ^^Hflf
i i
1 t
i
i i
A KinFR<;piK
RR AMP H
BILL S
BRANCH
BOWLING
BRANCH
GRctN
INDIAN
LOWE
QD AMPM
CROOKED
CREEK
CROOKED
CR. TRIB
LONG
BRANCH
JAN
FEB MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP OCT
NOV DEC
3 OBSERVED MEAN DAILY FLOW
OBSERVED DAILY RAINFALL
ESTIMATED VALUES
Figure- .-Available Project Data for Calendar Year 1976
-------
ANDERSON
RRAIMPH
D 1 1 1 *C
bl L L b
BRANCH
D r\\u i i Mf*
BUWLI INo
BRANCH
GREEN
BRANCH
INDIAN
PHR if
LOWE
BRANCH
CROOKED
f* DCC*IS
UrXCtlS
CROOKED
CR. TRIB.
LONG
BRANCH
*"
1 1
1 1 i i
1 1
JAN
1 1
FEB
OBSER
JM ^^^^MM
1 1
MAR
\/ED ME/
•
1 1
APR
XN DAIL
1
^^^
1 I
MAY
r FI ow
II 1 • 1 1
t 1
JUN
1 1
JUL
gi
j
1 I
AUG
^•H
1 i
SEP
[
| |
OCT
•BH
•b«
M . t.^BM
I
•--^ " -
1 1
NOV
^^^^—*
^^^^•*
1 I
DEC
A kl nCT DCA M
ANULKoUN
Dp A MP W
_ , 1 _
BILL S
PDA M C'W
BOWLING
OD A M^U
BnAiNun
GREEN
BRANCH
INDIAN
FORK
LOWE
bKANGH
CROOKED
CREEK
CROOKED
CR TRIB
LONG
BRANCH
OBSERVED DAILY RAINFALL
ESTIMATED VALUES
Figure _ -, : Available Project Data for Calendar Year 1977
-------
ANDERSON
BKANUn
BILL S
QD A MTU
BOWLING
BRANCH
GREEN
BRANCH
INDIAN
FORK
LOWE
BRANCH
CROOKED
CREEK
CROOKED
CR. TRIB.
LONG
BRANCH
_«r
r>n
••«•
MBB>flBlfl
i i
JAN
I . J
• —
a
••••
i i
—
•«__fcmi_M_i
F^F^r^JT^P^
B4^^^^^^^^^L
i^w^^^^^^^^r
1 1
I
— ••—
1
-\^-mm+
i i
m^mm-
CZD
•«•••
1 1
^^^B^B^B^M
i — >
B^BViBAai
^^^^•^^rw^W
1 1
^-•••H
1
1 1
1 — 1 1 —
3
1
1 1
lit— (
•=
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
OBSERVED MEAN DAILY FLOW
OBSERVED DAILY RAINFALL
P«?TIMATFn VAI IIF
-------
TABLE 21.
MONTHLY RAINFALL IN
INCHES, WATER YEARS 1976-1978, NEW
RIVER BASINS
Bowling
Lowe
Anderson
Bills
Indian
Green
Mean
Std. Dev.
Bowling
Lowe
Anderson
Bills
Indian
Green
Mean
Std. Dev.
Bowling
Lowe
Anderson
Bills
Indian
Mean
Std. Dev.
Oct
_
4.35
-
4.80
4.62
-
4.59
.23
5.61
4.41
5.01
5.64
7.78
6.19
5.77
1.16
5.35
5.01
5.64
5.30
-
5.32
.26
Nov
_
4.33
-
4.69
4.90
-
4.64
.29
1.39
1.06
1.17
1.30
1.64
1.85
1.40
.30
9.05
6.37
7.70
9.36
-
8.12
1.37
Dec
4.85
3.48
4.07
4.45
4.64
4.29
4.30
.38
3.50
3.55
3.41
3.09
4.22
3.45
3.54
.37
4.10
2.69
3.08
4.67
-
3.64
.91
Jan
4.26
3.88
3.73
4.26
5.34
5.00
4.41
.63
2.07
1.43
1.39
2.51
2.54
3.01
2.16
.65
5.27
4.68
5.08
4.14
-
4.79
.50
Feb
Water
2.68
2.74
2.79
3.02
3.73
3.05
3.00
.39
Water
2.46
1.93
1.99
2.44
1.98
2.49
2.21
.27
Water
1.53
1.46
1.51
.71
-
1.30
.40
Mar
Year
7.44
6.23
7.20
8.04
8.60
8.08
7.60
.84
Year
4.43
3.00
3.88
4.78
5.17
5.71
4.50
.96
Year
3.74
5.30
3.73
3.94
4.15
4.17
.65
Apr
1976
1.16
1.17
1.32
1.43
2.05
1.33
1.41
.33
1977
9.52
6.89
6.66
10.00
9.70
10.71
8.91
1.71
1978
4.08
5.00
3.44
4.07
3.51
4.02
.62
May
7.21
5.70
6.59
7.10
6.51
7.60
6.78
.67
2.41
2.09
2.48
1.29
1.65
1.89
1.97
.46
5.01
4.80
5.97
4.74
5.84
5.27
.59
Jun
6.23
5.73
5.25
4.50
3.66
4.13
4.92
.99
2.10
6.16
5.59
3.97
7.44
3.70
4.83
1.93
3.72
3.11
3.93
3.99
3.66
3.68
.35
Jul
5.30
4.81
4.97
5.83
5.08
6.59
5.43
.67
2.43
1.77
2.10
2.86
2.32
-
2.30
.40
5.32
6.38
7.86
7.35
-
6.72
1.12
Aug
2.47
1.50
1.85
2.67
2.56
2.89
2.32
.53
0.78
2.61
2.30
3.24
3.07
-
2.40
.98
6.97
5.15
6.30
3.09
-
5.38
1.70
Sep
5.00
3.99
4.24
4.09
3.70
3.06
4.01
.64
6.81
5.47
6.48
7.89
6.15
-
6.56
.89
1.20
1.28
0
1.62
-
1.02
.71
Total
_
47.64
-
54.88
55.39
-
52.64
4.33
43.51
40.37
42.46
49.01
53.66
-
45.80
5.43
55.34
51.23
54.25
52.98
-
53.45
1.77
-------
TABLE 22. VARIATION OF MONTHLY RAINFALL, NEW RIVER BASIN SITES
Basin
Lowe
Anderson
Bowling
Green
Indian
Bills
Basin aspect
East
East- southeast
East
West-northwest
South- southeast
West-northwest
Gage elev.
1250
1240
1350
1440
1460
1530
Max basin elev.
2620
2640
2600
3080
3260
3040
Latitude
36°19'04"
36°18'34"
36°16'14"
36°12'09"
36°09'37"
36°12'39"
Percent*
78
68
44
37
36
36
"Percent of months of observed rainfall with monthly volumes less than the 6-station
average.
o
-P-
-------
generally increased from the northernmost (Lowe) to the
southernmost basin (Indian).
Overall, it seems that the variation in rainfall amounts from
station to station were larger than would be expected or
could reasonably be attributed to real variations in the
rainfall distribution. The difference in observed volumes
between adjacent watersheds (Lowe-Anderson and Bills-Green)
is particularly large for some months (March 1977) while for
other months is quite close (February 1976). This only
serves to emphasize the extreme difficulty in obtaining
representative rainfall amounts from a single raingage located
at the basin outlet of a mountainous watershed. As indicated
by the amount of missing and estimated data shown in figures
35 through 38, occasionally it is difficult even to obtain
any record of rainfall at all, other than from "nearby" gages
which may be many miles away.
2. Flow Data Summary
Table 23 presents the observed monthly runoff volumes in
inches for each of the six basins for water years 1976-1978.
Basin yield in percent, (runoff/rainfall) x 100, is presented
in table 24.
One of the most apparent conclusions which can be drawn from
figures 35 through 38 and the data in tables A-l through A-36
is that continuous flow record is very difficult to maintain.
Figures 35 through 38 show several periods of missing data
and indicate that much of the data is estimated or adjusted.
Reasons for the missing and estimated data range from the
mechanical or electrical failure of the stage recording
device to sedimentation problems upstream of the control
structure, to the formation of ice in the weir pool.
Evaluation of only the monthly runoff volumes in table 24
indicates for the most part, little that can be questioned.
Two notable exceptions to this are the volumes recorded for
Lowe and Indian in April 1977--these two observed volumes are
quite obviously in error. One other unexpected result which
is less apparent concerns the monthly runoff volumes for
Bills. The sustained high volumes in the late summer and
fall months indicate that either there may be some problems
in the data or that something quite unusual is occurring on
that watershed relative to the other basins. The considerable
range among basins in annual totals for a given year also
provides some indication that some of the observed runoff may
not be representative.
105
-------
_ TABLE 23. MONTHLY RUNOFF IN INCHES, WATER YEARS 1176-1978, NEW RIVER BASINS
O
— — - - -
Bowling
Lowe
Mean
Anderson
Rills
Indian
Green
Mean
2
4
3
Oct
-
-
_
.61
-
.33
.47
Nov
3.06
3.06
_
4.46
-
4.24
4.35
Dec
2.38
2.38
_
4.35
-
4.05
4.20
Jan
5.
2.
4.
3.
7.
4.
5.
5.
65
87
26
86
34
99
37
39
Feb
Water
1.96
1.
1.
2.
4.
3.
2.
3.
59
78
16
01
13
81
03
Water
Bowl ing
Lowe
Mean
Anderson
Bills
Indian
Green
Mean
1
1
2
3
2
.09
.28
.68
.46
.33
.54
-
.44
.49
.16
.32
.60
.76
1.36
-
.91
2.64
1.87
2.26
2.21
2.77
3.72
3.16
2.96
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
-
-
1.
83
38
60
53
37
45
2.
1.
1.
1 .
2.
-
1.
1.
05
16
60
52
25
58
78
Water
Bowl ing
Lowe
Mean
Anderson
Bills
Indian
Mean
i
1
1
4
i-
87
.62
.24
. 17
66
-
91
8.62
3.90
b 26
5.34
8.01
-
6.68
3.44
1.81
2.62
2.65
4.60
3.22
3.49
5
3.
4 .
5
1]
-
8.
70
39
54
36
23
30
1.
1 .
1.
-
1.
13
47
80
59
49
54
Mar
Year
4.61
3.94
4.28
5.18
7.54
4.22
5.33
5.57
Year
3.38
1.89
2.63
2.68
3.72
3.82
11.14
5.34
Year
3.95
2.65
3.30
4.53
6.46
-
5 50
Apr
1976
1.
1.
1.
1 .
1.
1.
1.
1977
4.
15.
9.
7.
8.
26.
-
14.
1978
]
1.
1.
T
-
1 .
15
92
03
19
62
15
30
32
78
02
90
85
70
44
33
93
86
40
70
06
88
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
1
-
3
1
5
3
May
.27
.95
.61
.79
.03
.51
.47
.77
.54
.73
.14
.67
.77
-
-
.72
.85
.65
.25
.08
.79
. 76
54
Jim
2.41
1.20
1.80
1.75
1.21
2.12
1.70
1.70
.50
.35
.42
.71
2.24
-
-
1.47
82
.34
.58
.94
37
2.74
1 35
Jul
1.45
-
1.45
1.65
3.18
2.40
2.07
2.32
.09
.01
.05
.12
.29
.48
-
.30
.28
.07
. 17
.60
.32
1.77
.90
Aug
.0^
-
.07
.16
1.14
.37
.47
.42
.05
.01
.03
.11
.78
-
-
.44
.73
1.14
.94
1.62
1.41
-
1.52
Sep
.10
. :J2
.06
16
.30
.61
.31
.46
.48
.14
.31
.56
3.30
-
-
1.93
r, -
'_• ^
.>;-.
.06
!4
10
Total
-
-
-
40.79
-
39.88
40.33
17.92
24.00
20.96
20.02
29.28
-
-
24.65
31.38
16.92
24.15
28.64
42.54
-
35 59
-------
_ TABLE 24. PERCENT YIELD, WATER YEARS 1976-1978, NEW RIVER BASIN SITES
-
Bowl ing
Lowe
Mean
Anderson
Bills
Green
Indian
Mean
Bowling
Lowe
Mean
Anderson
Bills
Green
Indian
Mean
Bowl ing
Lowe
Mean
Anderson
Bills
Indian
Mean
Oct
_
-
-
_
54
-
37
45
19
6
13
29
41
-
46
39
35
12 .
24
22
88
-
55
Nov
_
71
71
_
95
-
106
100
35
15
25
51
58
-
83
64
95
61
78
26
86
-
56
Dec
_
68
68
_
98
-
117
108
75
53
64
65
90
91
88
84
84
67
70
86
98
-
92
Jan
133
74
103
103
172
90
141
126
88
96
92
110
54
-
-
82
108
72
90
106
271
-
188
Feb
Water
73
58
66
77
133
103
108
105
Water
83
60
72
76
92
63
-
77
Water
27
32
o -•
106
210
-
153
Mar
Year
62
63
62
72
94
52
76
74
Year
76
63
70
69
78
195
74
104
Year
106
50
78
122
164
-
143
Apr
1976
99
79
89
90
113
86
88
94
1977
50
218
134
118
87
-
273
159
1978
47
17
32
49
51
-
50
May
31
17
24
27
43
46
50
41
22
83
52
27
60
-
-
44
57
34
46
52
38
99
63
Jun
39
21
30
33
27
51
41
38
24
6
35
126
56
-
-
91
22
1 1
17
24
9
75
36
Jul
27
-
27
33
54
36
32
39
4
1
3
6
10
-
2
12
5
1
3
8
4
-
6
Aug
3
-
3
9
43
13
24
22
6
1
4
5
24
-
-
15
10
22
16
26
46
-
36
Sep
•-i
1
2
4
7
20
18
12
7
3
5
8
42
-
-
25
5
->
3
85
9
-
47
Anni;
_
-
-
-
74
-
72
73
41
59
50
47
oO
-
-
54
57
33
45
53
80
-
66
-------
If the monthly volumes for the unmined basins (Bowling and
Lowe) are compared with the corresponding monthly averages
for the mined basins (Anderson, Bills, Indian, and Green),
superficially it might appear that surface mining dramatically
increased the runoff. Table 23 indicates that the average
runoff from the unmined watersheds was exceeded by the average
runoff from the mined basins for 32 of the 35 months. Since
rainfall also tended to be higher on the mined watersheds,
however, the yield of runoff may be a better indicator of
whether mining has had any real effects.
Monthly basin yields are summarized in table 24 and do indicate
an apparent difference between the basin responses of the
mined and unmined watersheds. But while the yield for the
mined basins usually exceeded that for the unmined basins,
the mined watershed yield often also exceeded 100 percent
(runoff exceeded rainfall). While single months of greater
than 100 percent yield do occur occasionally during winter
months, consecutive months of greater than 100 percent yield
are impossible in natural basins where snowmelt effects are
insignificant. In addition, other months with unexpectedly
high monthly yields were observed throughout the period of
record at the mined watersheds. This includes the high
yields observed at several basins for the late summer arid
fall months, particularly during the dry year of 1977.
An additional consideration in evaluating these data involves
comparison of the expected and observed losses for these
basins. It has been observed (Betson, et al., 1980) that the
long-term average annual loss (rainfall minus runoff) in the
region of this study is about 29 inches. Although in any
given year the observed loss could be more or less because of
differences in soil moisture storage; a comparison of the
annual rainfall totals in table 22 and the annual runoff in
table 23 indicates that most of the basin losses are much
less than the expected 29 inches (Lowe 1978, is an exception).
At all other basins, mined and unmined, the losses were
between 3 and 19 inches less than the expected.
Although the losses for any basin during any given year
cannot be compared directly with the 29-inch value, these
consistently low-loss values in watersheds with forest cover
and during years of fairly high rainfall indicate that the
data may not be representative. Measured rainfall may be low
or runoff volumes too high, or both. In any case, however,
it would be difficult to attribute the high yields experienced
at Bills Branch to mining on only 10 percent of the watershed
since the remainder of the basin was unaffected by the mining.
108
-------
In summary, there are several indications that at least some
of the data are in error and that there may also be unrepre-
sentative data included in the observations. Among the
indications of possible problems are: (1) consecutive months
of greater than 100 percent basin yield; (2) unrealistically
high values of basin yield during typically dry months;
(3) relatively high yields during the dry year of 1977; (4) a
significant difference between the observed and the long-term
average annual losses; and (5) the fact that many of the
rainfall and streamflow values were estimated or adjusted.
Consequently, any future use and interpretation of these data
must be done with caution.
C. FENTRESS COUNTY SITES
Of the six area-mined sites listed in table 1, only three were
instrumented for hydrologic data collection: Long Branch (LB4.0),
Crooked Creek (CC15.9), and Crooked Creek Tributary (or Unnamed
Tributary-UTO.Ol). These sites are shown in figure 39.
Gaging stations in Fentress County were also operated by the USGS
and were similar to the stations in the New River Basin. Table 25
presents a summary of gaging station chracteristics along with
information about the extent of mining in the basin. Available
project data collected at the gaging stations are presented in
tables A-37 through A-48. These data were obtained directly from
the USGS or from published sources (USGS 1978).
1. Rainfall Data Summary
As shown in figures 35 through 38, almost all of the rainfall
data for these three sites was estimated from nearby gages.
Thus, any real variation in rainfall among the three stations
cannot be realistically determined. Table 26 presents monthly
summaries of the rainfall at the three stations for water
years 1977 and 1978. The fact that most of the data were
estimated is reflected in the small variation in the monthly
totals among the three stations. Average annual rainfall for
this region is also about 55 inches (TVA 1969).
2. Flow Data Summary
Monthly runoff volumes for the three Fentress County sites
are given in table 27 and percent yields are summarized in
table 28. There was no complete month of observed data at
Crooked Creek Tributary for water year 1978, thus its omission
from the table. Figures 35 through 38 show that the flow
record at the Fentress County sites was fairly continuous,
with the exception of the Crooked Creek Tributary site.
109
-------
GAGING STATIONS
I. CROOKED CREEK (CC 15.9)
2 CROOKED CREEK TRI8.
3. LONG BRANCH (LB 4.6)
RAINFALL AND STREAMFLOW
GAGING STATION
FENTRESS COUNTY-
/
/
/
SCALE
D 5
i I
\
10km
i
• J
Figure 3y Area-Mined Gaging Stations--Fentress County, TN
-------
TABLE 25. SUMMARY OF GAGING STATION AND SITE MINING INFORMATION-, FENTRESS COUNTY SITES
Site
Crooked Cr. (RM 15.9)
Crooked Cr. Trib
Long Branch
Latitude
36°22'59"
36°23'30"
36°15'32"
Drainage
Longitude area (sq. mi.)
84°54'50"
84°54'43"
84°57'40"
3.62
.25
1.11
(ft. msl)
1600
1630
1670
% mined
13
43
0
Dates of mining
4/75-9/76
9/75-9/76
Unmined
'^Gaging station data from USGS, 1978.
-------
TABLE 26. MONTHLY RAINFALL IN INCHES, WATER YEARS 1977-1978, FENTRESS COUNTY SITES
Oct
Long
Crooked
Crooked Trib
Mean
Std. Dev.
Long
Crooked
Crooked Trib
Mean
Std. Dev.
5.
7.
7.
6.
4.
3.
3.
3.
82
37
13
77
83
08
62
97
89
24
Nov
1.53
1.55
1.41
1.50
.08
6.55
6.86
6.03
6.48
.42
Dec
2.97
3.10
2.69
2.92
.21
3.74
3.76
3.62
3.71
.08
Jan
2
2
2
2
5
5
5
5
.54
.86
.77
.72
.16
.43
.28
.43
.38
.09
Feb
1.95
2.16
2.12
2.08
.11
1.72
2.22
1.84
1.93
.26
Mar
Water
4.59
5.24
4.86
4.90
.33
Water
3.86
4.33
4.17
4.12
.24
Apr
Year
8
9
9
9
Year
3
3
2
3
1977
.94
.48
.29
.24
.27
1978
.14
.46
.94
.18
.26
May
2.05
1.99
2.03
2.02
.03
4.27
4.39
4.11
4.26
.14
Jun
6.45
6.46
6.42
6.44
.02
3.14
3.05
3.96
3.38
.50
Jul
4.51
4.38
4.58
4.49
.10
8.37
8.30
8.99
8.55
.38
Aug
4.10
3.99
3.97
4.02
.07
3.40
3.40
3.25
3.35
.09
6
6
7
6
2
2
2
2
Sep
.65
.88
.20
.91
.28
.24
.19
.23
.22
.03
Total
52.10
55.46
54.47
54.01
1.73
49.94
50.86
50.54
50.45
.47
-------
TABLE 27. MONTHLY RUNOFF IN INCHES, WATER YEARS 1977-1978, FENTRESS COUNTY SITES
Long
Crooked
Crooked Trib
Mean
Long
Crooked
Oct
0.27
1.87
1.80
1.84
2.75
1.99
Nov
.33
.60
.91
.76
3.88
4.17
Dec
1.56
1.32
-
1.32
3.11
3.09
Jan
2.15
1.29
-
1.29
3.59
3.74
Feb
Water
1.15
1.24
2.51
1.88
Water
1.62
1.74
Mar
Year
4.26
2.93
2.60
2.76
Year
3.16
3.84
Apr
1977
7.
5.
4.
5.
1978
21
83
90
36
92
-
May
0.83
.67
1.15
.91
2.63
-
Jun
0.47
1.26
1.52
1.39
.42
-
Jul
0.06
.72
1.52
1.12
.50
2.46
Aug Sep
0.00 1.04
.40 2.03
-
.40 2.03
.24 .06
.66
Total
19.33
20.16
-
20.16
22.88
-
-------
TABLE 28. PERCENT YIELD, WATER YEARS 1977-1978, FENTRESS COUNTY SITES
Long
Crooked
Crooked Trib
Mean*
Long
Crooked
Oct
5
25
25
25
67
55
Nov
22
39
64
52
59
61
Dec
52
42
-
42
83
82
Jan
85
57
-
45
66
71
Feb Mar
Water
59 93
56 61
118 53
88 54
Water
94 82
78 87
Apr May
Year 1977
81 40
34 20
53 57
57 46
Year 1978
29 62
~* ""
Jun
7
16
24
22
13
"
Jul
1
10
33
24
6
30
Aug
0
30
-
10
7
19
Sep
16
36
-
30
3
"
Total
37
-
36
46
"
""Mean is for mined basins, Crooked and Crooked Trib.
-------
Evaluation of the data in tables 27 and 28 indicates no
distinct difference between the mined and unmined sites.
There is no apparent consistent pattern of higher runoff
volumes or yields at the mined or unmined stations. The
existence of missing or estimated data complicates the problem
of analysis. It does appear, however, that in contrast with
the New River Basin sites, these flow data are more nearly
what would be expected. The problems of excessive runoff
volumes and yields, and of lower than expected losses are not
present in these data.
D. SUMMARY
The difficulty in obtaining continuous, representative hydrologic
data in remote areas cannot be overemphasized. The hydrologic
data gathered throughout this study were collected by the USGS,
the largest and most experienced hydrologic data collection organi-
zation in the nation. Yet for a variety of reasons there are
numerous instance of either missing or estimated records.
Several factors contributed to the problem of collecting continuous
and representative data. Because these study sites were remote,
access was difficult, time consuming, and costly. As a result,
automatic data recorders were used and gaging equipment was only
serviced on approximately a monthly basis. Thus if the equipment
should malfunction, as much as a complete month of record could be
lost. The harshness of the environment also caused problems. The
formation of ice in the weir pool was a persistent problem in the
winter, the high runoff season. The ice then prevented the stage
recorder float from operating properly. High loads of sediment
and other debris also caused problems. Sedimentation upstream of
the control structure affected the stage-discharge rating while
the impact of stones, tree limbs, and other debris affected the
integrity of the control structure. While more frequent servicing
of the equipment would not have eliminated these problems, the
long periods of missing or questionable records may have been
avoided.
As was shown in the analysis of the New River Basin data, an
evaluation of the relationship between rainfall and streamflow is
a prerequisite to evaluating and interpreting the streamflow data.
The flow data collected throughout this study were published in
the usual manner of tabular values of mean daily flow without any
presentation of associated rainfall. If these published data were
to be interpreted in the absence of the unpublished rainfall data,
some dramatic but quite unsound conclusions might be reached
regarding the effects of mining on runoff volumes. Rainfall data
collected within the basin are a necessity when evaluating the
effects of land-use change on the hydrologic balance in basins
with relatively small drainage areas. In systems terminology, the
115
-------
output from a system tells nothing about the operation of the
system unless the system input is known.
Under PL 95-87, increasing amount of hydrologic uata are being
collected both for permit applications and to assess the cumulative
impacts of mining in a region. From the experiences of this
study, it may be anticipated that these data will be very difficult
to interpret and evaluate for two reasons. First, it can be
assumed that many of these data, particularly those for permit
applications, will be collected with less-than-adequate quality
control. As was shown here, it is difficult to ensure the adequacy
of data collected even under research conditions. Secondly, the
basin response can only be evaluated to the extent that it is
represented in the data, i.e., extrapolation of the data to conditions
other than those under which the data were collected will be very
difficult. Thus if the data were used in an evaluation of the
probable hydrologic impacts of mining on the hydrologic balance of
a basin, the analysis would be based on only a very small sample
of the complete hydrologic regime of the watershed. The use of
hydrologic models in conjunction with available data would seem to
offer some advantage over a simple analysis and interpretation of
the data.
Hydrologic models can be used to stimulate continuous long-term
hydrologic information for a variety of land-use conditions. Only
a small amount of site-specific data is required to calibrate and
verify hydrologic models, which can then be used to simulate with
a fair amount of confidence. Because models can be used to simulate
the basin hydrology under any number of land-use conditions, the
simulation results may be used both to understand the basin response
and to predict the probable hydrologic consequences of a proposed
land-use change.
It seems, then, that while the collection of continuous long-term
streamflow is certainly a necessity, greater emphasis should be
placed on the collection and publication of streamflow and associated
rainfall records. This is particularly true for short-term stations
so that data can be used for model development and calibration to
better assess the effects of land use change. Data collection is
becoming increasingly expensive, while at the same time cost-effective
means for maintaining environmental quality are increasingly
emphasized. The use of hydrologic models to help determine the
impacts of land-use change can significantly aid in the cost-effective
management of the Nation's resources.
116
-------
CHAPTER VI
BENTHOS
A. INTRODUCTION
According to Hynes (1970), it is now extremely difficult and probably
quite impossible to find any stream which has not been altered in
some way by human activity. The streams in the Cumberland Plateau
are no exception. Since the days of the early settlers, Cumberland
Plateau streams have been subject to increasing human pressures.
Coal mining, as was mentioned previously, began early in the history
of the region. It has only been during the latter half of this
century that surface mining has had a significant impact to the
environment, most notably because of the tremendous increase in land
area affected.
More mining means that more stream habitats will be affected.
Siltation, acid or alkaline mine drainage, increased flow rates, and
reduced canopy are only a few of the changes which are sited as
significant impacts due to surface mining.
In order to record changes in stream habitats as well as the benthic
community, a one-year study was undertaken at the Jamestown sampling
sites. Emphasis was placed on quantitative as well as qualitative
differences between mined and unmined sites.
B. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Benthic data were collected at monthly intervals from all Jamestown
sites beginning in April 1976. Sampling was completed in March
1977. A hard freeze prohibited sampling at all sites during January
and February 1977.
Four sampling methods were used in the study. Quantitative sampling
was accomplished by using a Surber sampler and a drift net, while a
kick net and an artificial substrate device was used to collect
qualitative data.
Three Surber samples were collected at each site using a 0.09-m2
Surber sampler with a 1-mm2 mesh net. The substrate was disturbed
to an approximate depth of 5 cm. Care was taken so that all benthos
within the sampling area would be collected. Three artificial
substrate samples were positioned at each site and sampled monthly.
The artificial substrate sampling device was designed to simulate
leaves, small sticks, and twigs, and consisted of conservation
webbing material and concrete blocks with a surface area of 0.9 m2.
The conservation webbing and concrete blocks, placed in 35-cm by
125-cm barbeque baskets, were carefully retrieved from each site,
picked of organisms, and returned to the site.
117
-------
Drifting organisms were collected using a number 45 mesh (363 micron)
drift net which was placed in the stream for four 6-hour photo
periods per day so that time of day drift patterns could be observed.
Flow measurements were taken at the beginning of drift sampling and
not again until a sufficient amount of rainfall during the four
photo periods .
Qualitative kick net samples were also taken at each site. A "D"
shaped dip net 30 cm across was used to collect organisms inhabiting
a wide variety of habitats.
All samples were preserved in the field and returned to the lab
where organisms were picked from the organic matter and separated
into insect and noninsect groups, weighed, and identified. Once
identified to genus or in some cases to species, the organisms were
grouped into one of four trophic levels for modeling purposes.
Trophic level designations were derived from Merritt and Cummins
(1978) and included carnivores, collectors herbivores, and shredders.
C. RESULTS
Composition of Taxa Collected--
A total of 163 identifiable taxa were collected from all sites
during the study (table 29). An additional 23 taxa were collected
which could not be identified and, therefore, not included in the
taxonomic tabulations. Of the 163 taxa, 52 and 55 percent were
found at the reference sites LB4.0 and LY0.4, respectively. Only 49
taxa (30 percent) were common to each reference site. Fifty-two and
fifty-six percent of the total identifiable taxa were collected at
CC15.9 and CC16.7, respectively. Sixty taxa (37 percent) were
common to these mined sites. A total of 61 taxa (37 percent) were
collected from the agricultural site, CC18.5, while only 18 taxa (11
percent) were collected from the heavily mined site UT0.01.
Collectors were the most numerous group of organisms collected,
representing between 28 and 51 percent of the taxa collected at each
site. Dipterans were the most numerous order followed by ephemeropterans
and trichopterans . Chironomids were the most numerous family in the
collector group. Collectors were also slightly more numerous at the
mined sites CC16.7 and CC15.9 than at the reference sites.
Carnivores followed collectors in numbers of taxa collected, repre-
senting between 24 and 39 percent of the total taxa collected at
each site. Coleopterans were the most common carnivore order sampled
followed by odonates and hemipterans. Slight differences were
observed between total numbers of carnivore taxa found at mined
sites CC15.9 and CC16.7 and the reference sites.
Shredders represented 15 to 33 percent oi the total taxa collected
at each sLte. Again, slight differences in numbers were observed
between mined sites CC16.7 and CC15.9 and the reference sites.
118
-------
TABLE 29. THE INVERTEBRATE rAUNA OF THE JAMESTOWN AREA SAMPLING STATIONS
FROM APRIL 1976 TO MARCH 1977 ARRANGED BY TROPHIC LEVEL
Trophic
level
_ _ Slat i unsi_
CC18/5 CC16T7 ~~Crit).9 ~ IJTO. 01
Carnivore
Coleoptera
Currulionidae
Dryopidae
Dytiscidae
Elraidae
Gyrmidae
Ha i ipl idae
Hydrophilidae
StaphyIj ni dae
Psophenidae
D i j> t e r;i
Uulichopodidae
Emph id idae
Rhagionidae
Tabanidae
Hemiptera
Corixidae
Gerridae
Hydrometridae
Notonectidae
Veliidae
Megaloptera
Corydalidae
Sialidae
Ph^roetes sp
Helichu_s sp.
Pelonomus pbscurus
Derovatellus sp.
Dubiraphia sp.
Gonielmis sp.
Gonielnus dietrichi
Optioservus sp.
Oulimnius sp.
Oulimnius latisculus
Promoresia sp.
Promoresia elegans
Stenelmis sp.
Gyrinus sp.
PeJtodytes sp.
Berosus sp.
Ectoj>aria sp.
llemerpdromiji sp
Atherix v_a_ri_e^_ata
Chrysops sp
Tabanus sp.
Arctocorixa sp.
Gerrls sp.
Rheumatobates sp.
Trepobates sp.
Hydrometra sp.
Notonecta sp.
Microvelia sp.
Corydalus cornutus
Nigronia sp.
Sialis sp.
LM . 0 LYO. It
(continued)
119
-------
TABLE 29. (continued)
Trophic
level
Carnivore
Odonata
Aeshinidae Aeshna sp.
Boyeria sp.
Calopterygidae Calopteryx sp.
Hetaerina sp.
Cordulegasteridae
Cordulegaster sp.
Gomphidae Dromogomphus sp.
Gomphus sp .
Lestidae Lestes sp.
Libellulidae Plathemis sp.
Pleooptera
Perlidae Acronueria sp.
Perlodidae Hydroperla sp.
Isoperla sp .
Stations
CC18.5 CC16.7 CC15.9 UT0.01 LB4.0 LY0.4
X
xxx xx
XXX XX
X
X XX XX
X X
X X X X X
X
X
XXX XX
X
XXX XX
Rhynchobdellida
Glossiphoniidae
Placobdella sp.
Trichoptera
Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophilia sp. x
Total Carnivore Taxa/ 19 22 25 7
Collectors
Basommatophona
Planorbidae
Collembola
Isotomidae
Diptera
Ceratopogonidae
Chaoboridae
Chironomidae
Chironomini
Percent 31.1 23.9 29.4 38.9
Gyraulus sp. x
Isotoma sp. x x
Bezzia sp . x
Palpomyia sp. x x
Chaoborus sp. x
Brundinia sp .
Chi ronomus sp . x x x
Cryptotendipes sp. x
Dicrotendipes sp. x x
Einfeldia sp . x
Endochi ronomus sp. x x
Glyptotendipes sp.
Hetero-
trissocladius sp. x x x
Kiefferulus sp. x
22
22
25.9 24.7
x
x
(continued)
120
-------
TABLE 29. (continued)
' — -
Trophic
level CC18.5
Collectors
Diptera
Chronomidae
Chronomini (continued)
Microtendipes sp. x
Natarsia sp. x
Paraphaenocladius sp.
Paratendipes sp.
Phaenopsectra sp.
Polypedilum sp. x
Polypedilum fallax
Potthastia sp. x
Stenochironomus sp.
Stictochironomus sp.
Tribelos sp.
Tanytarsini Paratanytarsus sp.
Rheotanytarsus sp.
Orthocladiinae
Cardiocladius sp.
Cricotopus sp.
Epoicocladius sp.
Eukiefferiella sp.
Orthocladius sp.
Parametriocnemus sp.
Psectrocladius sp. x
Smittia sp.
Trichocladius sp.
Trissocladius sp.
Tanypodinae
Ablabesmyia sp.
Ablabesmyia tarella
Clinotanypus sp. x
Conchapelopia sp. x
Pentaneura sp.
Procladius sp.
Psectrotanypus sp.
Zavrelimyia sp.
Culicidae
Culex sp.
Dixidae Dixa sp. x
Simuliidae
Prosimulium sp. x
Simulium sp. x
CC16.7
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Stations
CC15.9 UT0.01
x
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LB4.C
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LY0.4
x
X
X
X
(continued)
121
-------
TABLE 29. (continued)
Trophic Stations
Level CC18.5 CC16.7 CC15.9 UT0.01
Collectors
Ephemeroptera
Baetidae
Baetis sp. x x x
Centraptilum sp. x x
Neocloeon sp. x
Paracloeodes sp.
Caenidae Caenis sp. x
Ephemerellidae
Ephemerella sp. x x x
Ephemerella lutulenta x x
Ephemerella simplex x
Ephemeridae Ephemera sp. x x
Hexagenia sp. x x
Litobrancha sp. x
Heptageniidae
Rhithrogena sp.
Stenacron sp. x x x
Stenonema sp. x x x
Leptophlebiidae
Habrophlebia sp. x
Habrophlebiodes sp.
Paraleptophlebia sp.
Siphlornuridae
Ameletus sp.
Siphlonurus sp. x
Heterodontida
Sphaeriidae Psidium sp. x x x
Sphaerium sp. x x
Trichoptera
Hydropsychidae
Cheumatopsyche Sp. x x x
Diplectrona sp. x x
Hydropsyche sp. x x x
Philopotamidae
Wormaldia sp.
Psychomyiidae Cyrnellus fraternus x x
Lype sp.
Lype diversa x
Phylocentropus sp.
Psychomyia sp.
Total Collector Taxa/ 27 47 43 5
Percent 44.3 51.1 50.6 27.8
LB4 . 0 LYO . 4
x x
X
x
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X
42 43
49 . 4 48 - 3
(continued)
122
-------
TABLE 29. (continued)
Trophic
level
Stations
CC18.5 CC16.7 CC15.9 UT0.01 LB4.0 LY0.4
Herbivores
Amphipoda
Talitridae Hyalella azteca
Ba s omrna topbo ra
Lymnaeidae Lymnaea sp. x
Physidae Pfaysa sp. x
Pianorbidae Helisoma sp. x
Helisoma anceps x
Helisoma trivolis x
Menetus sp. x
Plecoptera
Chloroperlidae
Hastaperla sp.
Taeniopterygidae
Strophopteryx sp.
Trichoptera
Hydroptilidae Oxyethira sp.
Molannidae Molanna sp.
Total Herbivore Taxa/ _6
Percent 9.8
Shredder
Amphipoda
Gammaridae
Oecapoda
Astacidae
Diptera
Tipulidae
I sopoda
Asellidae
I.epidoptera
Pyralidae
Crangonyx sp.
Cambarus sp.
Antocha sp.
Dicranota sp.
Eriocera sp.
Hexatoma sp.
Limnophila sp.
Limonia sp.
Ormosia sp.
Paradelphamyia sp.
Pilaria sp.
Tipula sp.
Asellus sp.
Lirceus sp.
Nympfaula sp.
x
X
4
4.3
x
X
2
2.4
x
X
x
x
0_
"0
x
X
1.2
x
X
X
X
X
X
?_
"3.4
X
X
X
x
x
x
X
X
(continued)
123
-------
TABLE 29. (continued)
Trophic
level
Shredder
Plecoptera
Capniidae
Leuctridae
Nemour idae
Allocapnia sp .
Leuctra sp.
Paraleuctra sp.
Nemoura sp.
CC18.5
X
X
X
Stati ons
cci6 7 cri5.9 urc. 01 LBA.O Lvo,4
X
XX XX.
XX XX
XX ^ ^
Taeniopterygldae
Taeniopteryx sp. x x x
Trichoptera
Lep idostomatidae
Lepidostoma sp. x x x
Limnephiloidae
Banksiola sp. x
Frenesia sp. x
Limnephilus sp.
Neophylax sp. x x
Pycnopsyche sp. x x
Phryganeidae Ptilostomis sp. x x
Total Shredder Taxa 9 1JJ__ 15_ 6 1^_
Percent 14.8 20.7 1776 13.3 1776
Total Taxa 61 92 85 18 85 89
Percent of Total Taxa Collected 37.4 56.A 52.1 11.0 V.1 54 0
124
-------
However, only nine shredder taxa (15 percent) were collected at the
agricultural site CC18.5, while six shredder taxa (33 percent) were
collected at the heavily mined site, UT0.01. Most of the shredder
taxa collected were tipulids.
Herbivores were the least abundant group collected, representing 1.2
to 9.8 percent of the total taxa collected at each site. Not surprising
was the fact that a greater percentage was observed at the agricultural
site where canopy was at a minimum. Six out of a total of ten
herbivores collected at all sites were found at this site.
Mean Numbers of Organisms Collected--
The mean numbers of organisms collected by each sampling method are
presented in tables 30, 31, and 32. Dipterans were generally the
most abundant group sampled, ranging from 16 per m2 at UT0.01 to 664
per m2 at CC18.5. Reference sites LYO.04 and LB4.0 had 172 and 52
dipterans per m2, respectively. Overall, there were between 21
total organisms collected per m2 at UT0.01 and 1410 oganisms per m2
at CC18.5. Greatest numbers occurred in May and December.
Dipterans were also in greatest numbers in the drift with mean
numbers ranging from 14 organisms per 1000 m3 at CC16.7 to 58 organisms
at LB4.0. Overall, mean numbers were greatest at the reference site
LB4.0 (73 organisms per 1000 m3) and lowest at CC16.7 (31 organisms
per 1000 m3). No drift samples were collected at UT0.01. Highest
concentrations of drift occurred in the summer months, possibly due
to the more active nature of the organisms during this time and/or
lower flow rates. Drift was lowest almost without exception during
the month of October. Drift was lowest during September only at
LB4.0.
Dipterans dominated artificial substrates only at the agricultural
site and mined sites, while ephemeropterans were dominant at the
reference sites. Mean numbers of dipterans ranged from 24 to 261
colonizing organisms per m2 at CC16.7 and CC18.5, respectively.
Mean numbers of ephemeropterans ranged from 28 to 32 organisms per
m2 at LB4.0 and LYO.4, respectively. Mean numbers of total organisms
collected ranged from 50 per m2 at CC16.7 to 419 per m2 at CC18.5.
Total number of organisms collected by one sweep of a kick net at
the mined and reference sites ranged from 622 at LYO.4 to 852 at
CC16.7 (table 33). Ephemeroptera dominated the samples collected at
CC16.7, while diptera was dominant at CC15.9 and LYO.4. Plecoptera
was the dominant order at LB4.0. Greatest numbers were usually
collected in late spring and early summer. Lower numbers were found
in September and October.
Species Diversity--
To compare sites for differences in species composition, species
diversity indices were calculated for Surber and drift data. The
125
-------
TABLE 30.
MEAN Nl'MBEK OF ORGANISMS PER M COLLECTED IN THF, MONTHLY SURBER SAMPLES
BEl'W.EN APRIL 1976 AND MARCH 1977 IN THE JAMESTOWN AREA
ON
Stat ions
cc;8.5
CC16.7
UT0.01
—
Order
Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Odonata
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Other
Total
Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Odonata
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Other
Total
Diptera
Odonata
Other
lot,il
April
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
23
61
59
-
8
7
56
11
225
19
8
12
39
May
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
7
460
52
-
8
-
33
-
560
38
-
-
38
June
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
8
-
-
8
July
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
11
8
30
-
-
-
-
12
61
.
-
-
0
1976
Aug.
22
758
19
7
4
-
1907
207
2924
_
11
-
4
-
-
4
7
26
X
X
X
Sept.
7
248
4
7
11
-
377
715
1369
_
27
-
4
-
-
-
8
39
X
X
X
Oct.
4
75
4
-
-
-
100
274
457
_
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
X
X
X
Nov.
_
1096
-
4
-
30
59
370
1566
_
252
-
-
-
15
4
4
275
X
X
X
Dec.
_
1416
4
-
-
19
19
200
1658
_
63
-
-
-
-
-
-
63
X
X
X
1977
March
_
396
-
-
-
4
66
22
485
_
15
<*
-
-
4
-
-
23
X
X
X
Mean for
sample
period Perce
6
664
5
4
3
9
421
298
1410
5
91
15
1
2
3
10
4
131
16
21
0
47
0
0
0
1
30
21
100
4
69
11
1
2
2
8
3
100
76
10
14
100
nt
.4
.4
.3
.2
(continued)
-------
TABLE 30. (continued)
Stations
CC15.9
LY0.4
Order
Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Odonata
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Other
Total
Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Odonata
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Other
Total
April
„
78
44
-
-
4
4
11
141
30
172
34
-
-
89
123
12
460
May
_
182
196
-
81
82
-
-
541
_
569
60
-
4
100
55
-
788
June
8
7
15
-
-
-
-
8
38
4
95
4
-
11
-
-
4
118
July
_
8
19
-
-
-
-
26
53
4
49
85
-
-
285
11
33
467
1976
Aug.
_
29
-
4
-
-
-
19
52
_
96
7
19
-
-
-
11
133
Sept.
_.
19
-
-
-
-
-
-
19
_
29
4
-
-
4
-
4
41
Oct.
_
4
-
-
-
-
22
7
33
_
4
19
-
-
-
4
18
45
Nov.
4
266
7
-
-
192
70
15
554
—
137
4
-
-
41
37
4
223
Dec.
4
593
-
-
-
411
74
23
1105
7
515
19
-
4
104
52
4
705
1977
March
22
478
11
-
-
178
45
26
760
_
56
4
-
4
37
41
4
146
Mean for
sample
period
4
166
29
0.4
8
87
22
14
330
5
172
24
2
2
66
32
9
312
Percent
1
50
9
0.1
26
7
7
100
1
55
8
1
1
21
10
3
100
(continued)
-------
TABLE 30. (continued)
Stations
LB4.0
Order
Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Odonata
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Other
Total
TOTAL
April
4
33
15
-
-
363
44
33
492
1357
May
8
104
18
-
-
563
26
12
731
2658
June
15
189
7
-
-
204
-
8
423
599
July
_
4
22
-
-
11
152
4
193
774
1976
Aug.
_
45
22
4
4
-
7
45
127
3262
Sept.
_
-
85
-
4
-
-
33
122
1590
Oct.
_
4
41
-
-
-
4
15
64
607
Nov.
11
19
7
7
-
41
44
53
182
2800
Dec.
4
46
30
-
-
66
82
77
305
3836
1977
March
11
71
15
-
-
152
11
37
297
1711
Mean for
sample
period
5
52
26
1
1
140
37
32
294
Percent
2
8
9
0.4
48
13
11
100
ho
00
x No samples collected.
- No organisms found in sample.
-------
TABLE 31. MEAN NUMBER OF ORGANISMS PER 1000 M COLLECTED BY DRIFT SAMPLING
FROM MAY 1976 TO MARCH 1977 AT THE JAMESTOWN AREA SITES
1976
Station Order
CC18.5 Basommatophora
Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Other
Total
CC16.7 Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Other
Total
CC15.9 Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Other
Total
May
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
60
-
-
-
-
-
60
_ p
133
-
-
-
-
-
133
June
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2
7
2
6
3
-
2
22
1
29
2
4
-
1
1
38
July
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
7
2
1
-
6
5
22
2
77
3
1
-
5
4
92
Aug.
(365)°
19
-
38
95
-
19
19
190
3
-
11
14
-
11
-
39
14
16
9
4
-
32
6
81
Sept.
(8)
-
10
-
8
-
2
-
20
2
-
2
12
-
2
-
18
_
14
-
-
-
130
-
144
Oct.
(1)
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
2
_
1
1
1
-
-
-
3
Nov.
_
13
26
-
2
2
-
2
45
8
39
1
1
9
1
2
61
12
9
3
-
26
1
2
53
Dec.
(1)
1
98
1
1
2
-
-
103
2
10
4
-
28
1
-
45
1
33
1
-
11
-
-
46
1977
Mar.
_
-
15
-
-
4
-
-
19
_
1
1
-
4
-
-
6
0.2
47
-
-
11
2
-
60
Mean for
sample
period
(375)
6
25
7
18
1
4
4
65
2
14
3
4
5
2
1
31
3
40
2
1
5
19
1
71
Percent
9
38
11
28
2
6
6
100
6
45
10
13
16
6
3
100
4
56
3
1
7
27
1
100
(continued)
-------
TABLE 31. (continued)
Station
LY0.4
LB4.0
Order
Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Other
Total
Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Other
Total
May
_
19
-
-
-
-
-
19
.
13
-
-
-
-
-
13
June
1
132
19
4
49
10
-
215
_
23
-
4
8
1
3
39
July
1
8
7
-
57
-
1
74
—
465
-
-
22
22
-
509
i t
Aug.
_
-
6
3
38
3
3
53
_
1
-
-
-
1
-
2
376
Sept.
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
5
1
8
-
-
-
14
Oct.
-
5
2
-
-
3
-
10
_
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
Nov.
_
2
3
-
5
-
2
12
3
3
-
-
6
-
-
12
Dec.
_
1
3
-
5
1
1
11
0.3
9
2
-
21
-
8
40
1977
Mar.
_
-
2
-
1
1
-
4
_
4
1
-
31
1
-
37
Mean for
sample
period
0.3
19
5
1
17
2
1
45
0.3
58
0.4
1
10
3
1
73
Percent
1
42
11
2
38
4
2
100
0.4
79
1
1
14
4
1
100
x No samples collected.
- No organisms found in sample.
0 Not included in total number.
-------
TABLE 32. MEAN NUMBER OF ORGANISMS PER M COLLECTED BY ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATE
SAMPLING FROM MAY 1976 TO MARCH 1977 IN THE JAMESTOWN AREA
'
Stations
CC18.5
CC16.7
CC15.9
Order
Basommatophora
Coleoptera
Decapoda
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Rhynchobdellida
Heterondonti da
Megaloptera
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Other
Total
Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Other
Total
Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Megaloptera
Oligochaeta
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Other
Total
May
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
7
19
-
-
-
-
16
JL.
*V
~n
*
-*-
•j*
Vc
~\-
•!;
June
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
-
-
-
-
-
0
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
July Aug.
x 15
X
x 4
x 4
x
x 604
x
X
X
X
X
627
_ _
41
7 19
-
-
-
48 19
_ _
7
4 4
4
-
-
-
-
11 12
1976
Sept.
7
-
4
33
11
4
-
-
-
-
-
59
_
-
15
-
-
-
15
J^
*
*
JL.
*
*
•ft
*
-
Oct.
33
-
7
-
-
-
-
11
-
-
-
51
^
-
11
-
-
-
11
*
a-
*
it
JL.
*
O-
~n
-
Nov.
30
-
4
163
11
-
11
15
-
4
-
238
_
4
11
33
-
-
48
11
89
-
-
-
89
11
-
200
Dec.
15
15
-
1337
7
-
-
15
4
4
-
1397
7
144
33
81
-
-
265
JL,
*
JL
n*
.t_
J.
"n
*
-
1977
Mar.
104
-
-
30
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
141
-.
7
7
4
4
-
22
.
422
7
-
-
63
7
-
499
Mean for
sample
period
34
3
3
261
5
101
2
8
1
1
-
419
2
24
11
13
0.4
-
50
2
102
3
1
1
30
4
-
143
Percent
8
1
1
62
1
24
0.5
2
0.2
0.2
-
100
4
48
22
26
1
-
100
1
71
2
1
1
21
3
-
100
(continued)
-------
TABLE 32. (continued)
Stations
LYO . 4
LB4.0
Order May
Coleoptera
Decapoda
Diptera
Ephemeroptera 26
Megaloptera
Plecoptera 4
Trichoptera
Other
Total 30
Coleoptera
Decapoda
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Heterondontida
Megaloptera
Plecoptera 11
Trichoptera
Other
Total 11
June July Aug.
7
4 4
7
28 63 33
4
4 - 7
4 4
_
36 89 44
_ - -
4
70
4 - 19
- - -
_
_
4
4 15 4
-
12 89 23
1976
Sept. Oct.
4 4
56
19 35
4 4
-
-
-
31 99
_ _
-
-
96 67
7
-
4
-
-
-
107 67
Nov.
15
-
37
7
15
22
-
96
70
11
7
33
-
4
15
-
-
-
140
Dec.
-
-
11
-
7
4
-
22
_
4
11
22
-
-
4
19
-
-
60
1977
Mar.
.
-
26
33
7
22
15
-
103
4
4
-
7
-
-
11
44
-
-
70
Mean foi?
sample
period
1
3
10
32
3
7
6
-
62
8
3
10
28
1
0.4
4
9
3
-
66
Percent
2
5
16
52
5
11
10
-
100
12
5
15
42
2
1
6
14
5
-
100
57
x No samples collected.
- No organism found in sample.
"'> Station vandaHzed.
48
237
725
212
228
722 17~4T
-------
TABLE 33. TOTAL NUMBER OF ORGANISMS PER SWEEP COLLECTED BY KICK NET SAMPLING FROM
APRIL 1976 TO MARCH 1977 IN THE JAMESTOWN AREA
Station
CC18 9
CC16.7
...
Order
Basommatophora
Coleoptera
Decapodd
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Heterondont i da
Megaloptera
Odonata
Trichoptera
Other
Total
Basommatophora
Coleoptera
Decapodd
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemipt era
Megl optera
Odona t a
Plectoptera
Tr i chopt era
Other
April May
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
1
13 4
6 1
26 20
181 1
2
;
T
96 0
hO 2
1 3
J9 7 jg
June
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
6
2
1
44
6
4
j
3
27
1
96
July
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
1
27
66
15
-
9
-
1
7
-
1 19
1976
Aug.
21
-
9
42
2
3
5
8
3
-
1
94
-
9
3
1
33
1
7
3
1
12
-
70
Sept.
10
20
10
11
20
23
-
11
8
-
-
113
-
2
5
2
15
-
2
-
1
5
-
32
(c ont iniu
Oct.
10
1
3
3
-
1
-
8
1
5
-
32
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
14
-
16
•
-------
TABLE 33. (continued)
Station
UT0.01
CC15.9
>n Order
Coleoptera
Decapoda
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Trichoptera
Total
Coleoptera
Decapoda
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Heterondontida
Megaloptera
Odonata
Oligochaeta
Plectoptera
Trichoptera
Other
Total
April
1
-
2
-
-
-
3
4
1
3
8
-
-
5
1
-
3
2
1
W
May
-
18
1
1
-
20
9
1
133
27
-
-
1
-
-
76
19
1
267
June
2
-
-
1
2
5
2
1
-
-
3
6
2
2
-
-
1
-
17
July
-
-
-
-
-
0
2
13
3
3
-
-
5
1
10
-
2
-
39
1976
Aug.
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
8
3
-
1
-
8
-
-
-
1
-
21
Sept. Oct. Nov.
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
3
-
8
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
13
(continued)
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
_ _
-
34
-
2
-
-
2
-
36
8
-
4 78
Dec.
X
X
X
X
X
X
2
-
80
3
-
3
7
-
-
159
28
-
282
1977
March
X
X
X
X
X
X
3
-
56
-
-
-
6
-
-
25
4
-
94
Total
No.
1
2
20
1
2
2
28
22
27
312
49
6
9
34
8
10
299
65
2
843
Percent
7
71
4
7
7
100%
3%
3
37
6
1
1
4
1
1
35
8
0.2
100%
-------
TABLE 33. (.continuedJ
Station
LYO 4
LB4 . 0
Order
Coleoptera
Decapoda
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Megaloptera
Odonata
Plecoptera
Trichopt era
Other
Total
Coleoptera
Decapoda
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Megaloptera
Odonata
P] ecoptera
1'ri chnptera
Li til or
Total
April"""
5
b
36
14
-
1
3
40
15
-
"120
3
-
3
b
-
6
-
133
5
-
156"
" .May "
2
-
70
11
2
-
-
-
4
6
95
1
3
19
5
-
-
-
146
b
-
~iso'
June
-
-
6
11
-
-
13
2
S
-
" "" 36" "
4
-
42
3
1
2
3
85
2
-
"" i4T~
July
10
2
78
6
-
-
3
73
3
-
175
-
2
12
2
-
2
-
6
15
-
79"
1976
Aug."
5
11
34
4
1
-
-
10
8
-
73
-
9
-
3
5
-
-
-
-
24~
"Sept
1
8
-
~J
-
2
•7
2
8
-
30
-
1
1
2
-
j
-
-
-
-
7
Oct ~
-
5
1
4
-
-
2
-
2
1
15
-
15
-
3
-
2
-
-
-
-
'20
Nov ." ~ "
-
4
9
4
-
-
4
5
1
-
27
-
3
2
2
-
3
-
-
1
-
" \r ~~
Dec'.
-
-
33
4
-
-
1
2
-
4l
1
2
64
8
1
3
-
13
0
^
96"""
1977
March
-
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
5
-
10
-
1
12
o
-
I
-
2
-
-
~T8
Total
No.
23
36
269
68
3
)
28
133
51
7
612
9
34
164
33
5
27
3
385
32
2
"6T4
Ferceiit
4%
6
43
1 i
0.5
0.5
5
22
8
1
ioo!0
i
5
24
5
1
4
0 ^
5 fa
j
TOO',/
-------
Shannon-Weaver diversity index for these two sampling techniques is
presented in tables 34 and 35 for each site and month. Diversity
was highest at the reference sites, ranging from 4.01 at LB4.0 to
4.29 at LY0.4 for Surber samples and from 4.02 at LY0.4 to 4.28 at
LB4.0 for drift samples. Diversity was also higher (d = 4.20) at
CC16.7 for drift samples. Diversity was lowest at CC18.5, most
likely due to the great number of Dipterans collected there relative
to the total taxa collected.
Seasonally, diversity was generally highest in early summer and late
fall. The highest monthly value was observed in_June at LY0.4 (d =
3.86) for Surber samples and in July at CC15.9 (d = 3.88) for drift
samples. Lowest diversity values usually occurred in late summer
and early fall.
Lower diversity at mined sites was possibly due to the homogeneous
sandy substrate originating from the mine. The substrate was also
fairly homogeneous at CC18.5, composed almost entirely of fine
organic matter and an ideal habitat for the numerous chironomids
found there.
Biomass--
Gross insect biomass was determined from Surber, drift, and artificial
substrate samples at each site monthly. Greatest biomass was observed
at each reference site and at the agricultural site CC18.5. Biomass
at LB4.0 and LY0.4 was 37 percent and 20 percent, respectively, of
the total biomass of all organisms collected by Surber sampling
(table 36). Thirty percent of the total biomass of organisms collected
on artificial substrates was found at CC18.5 while 28 percent was
observed at LY0.4. Organisms collected from LB4.0 comprised 32
percent of the total drift biomass, while organisms from CC18.5
contributed 24 percent. Mined sites CC15.9 and CC16.7 had signifi-
cantly lower insect biomass, each representing only 15 percent of
the total Surber biomass and 23 percent of the total drift biomass,
respectively.
Seasonally, greater insect biomass was generally observed in the
spring and fall for Surber samples and throughout the summer and
fall for artificial substrate samples. Peaks in drift biomass
occurred throughout the sampling period, depending on the site
examined.
D. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Hynes (1970) stated in streams with clean stony runs rather than
silty reaches or pools the number of species arid the total biomass
was greater. This was made evident by comparing Jow numbers of
organisms at the mined sites with numbers at the reference and
agricultural sites. CC16.7 and UT0.01 had the lowest biomass arid
number of species collected from Surber and artificial substrate
sampling. CC16.7 did have high total numbers of taxa for Surber
136
-------
TABLE 34. SPECIES DIVERSITY (d) OF ORGANISMS COLLECTED IN THREE SURBER SAMPLES THE JAMESTOWN
AREA SITES BETWEEN APRIL 1976 AND MARCH 1977. TOTAL ORGANISMS AND TAXA ARE FROM APPENDIX A
Samplin;
site
CC18.5
CC16.7
UT0.01
CC15.9
LY0.4
LB4.0
Parameter
Total Organisms
Total Taxa
d
Total Organisms
Total Taxa
d
Total Organisms
Total Taxa
d
Total Organisms
Total Taxa
d
Total Organisms
Total Taxa
d
Total Organisms
Total Taxa
d
1976
April
X
X
-
60
20
3.91
10
8
3.12
37
12
3.08
123
31
4.51
143
17
2.59
May
X
X
-
151
14
2.16
10
6
2.37
146
14
3.27
212
23
3.48
195
24
2.28
June
X
X
-
3
3
0.32
2
2
1.00
10
7
2.65
31
18
3.86
114
13
2.08
July
X
X
-
16
6
2.48
_
-
~
14
7
2.55
126
18
2.39
52
7
1.29
Aug.
790
21
2.05
7
5
2.24
X
X
~
14
7
2.41
36
6
1.65
34
13
3.33
Sept.
370
26
2.53
10
7
2.52
X
X
~
5
1
0.00
11
6
2 41
33
5
1.58
Oct.
123
11
2.19
2
2
0.21
X
X
~
9
4
1.66
12
6
2.28
17
6
1.85
Nov.
420
13
1.59
74
4
0.55
X
X
~
150
11
2.65
60
7
1.71
48
11
3.00
Dec.
449
13
1.71
17
1
0.00
X
X
"
298
12
1.99
190
16
2.03
82
18
3.57
1977
March
131
7
1.23
6
3
1.25
X
X
"
205
8
1.65
39
13
3.27
80
14
2.64
Total for
Study period
2283
40
3.00
346
44
3.35
22
16
3.81
889
39
3.41
840
66
4.29
791
50
4.01
x no samples collected.
- no organise found in sample.
-------
TABLE 35 . SPECIES DIVERSITY (d) OF ORGANISMS COLLECTED IN DRIFT SAMPLES FROM THE JAMESTOWN AREA SITES
FROM MAY 1976 TO MARCH 1977
Sampling
site
CC18.5
CC16.7
CC15.9
LY0.4
LB4.0
1976
Parameter
Organisms
Taxa
(d)
Organisms
Taxa
(d)
Organisms
Taxa
(d)
Organisms
Taxa
(d)
Organisms
Taxa
(d)
May
X*
X
-
25
12
35
57
9
2.03
18
7
2.60
41
5
1.76
June
X
X
~
13
8
2.78
123
23
3.76
23
33
3.67
139
26
3.67
July
X
X
—
1
16
3.79
131
29
3.88
154
13
1.46
23
13
3.21
Aug.
29
11
2.72
11
6
2.41
36
12
2.91
17
5
1.44
9
4
1.75
Sept.
14
7
2.61
8
5
2.16
10
3
1.36
1
1
0.00
30
5
1.90
Oct.
3
3
1.59
9
6
2.42
4
3
1.50
6
3
1.46
4
3
1.50
Nov.
76
7
2.20
100
13
2.75
153
10
2.37
7
5
2.24
4
3
1.50
Dec.
447
9
0.72
86
8
1.95
546
11
2.50
9
10
3.26
149
11
2.22
1977
Mar.
55
4
1.22
9
3
1.22
112
12
1.22
5
4
1.92
111
10
2.06
Total
624
27
1.70
282
46
4.20
1832
61
3.31
460
49
4.02
542
10
4.28
*x = no samples collected.
-------
TABLE 36. JAMESTOWN AQUATIC INSECT BIOMASS FOR SURBER, ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATE, AND DRIFT SAMPLES
COLLECTED FROM APRIL 1976 AND MARCH 1977
Stations
CC 18.5
CC 16.7
UT 0.01
CC 15.9
LY 0.4
LB 4.0
Sample
type
Art. Sub.
Surber
Drift
Art. Sub.
Surber
Drift
Art. Sub.
Surber
Drift
Art. Sub.
Surber
Drift
Art. Sub.
Surber
Drift
Art. Sub.
Surber
Drift
Units
mg/m2
mg/m
mg/lOOm
2
mg/m
mg/lOOm
2
mg/m
mg/lOOm
mg/m2
mg/m
mg/lOOm
2
mg/m2
mg/m
mg/lOOm
2
mg/m
mg/lOOm
April
X
X
X
X
6100
X
X
2500
X
X
1600
X
X
5000
X
X
16300
X
May
X
X
X
_
4000
200
_
100
X
*
200
9
519
1600
23
37
4700
53
June July
X X
X X
X X
593
1100 1900
59 65
_
800
X X
407
900 5200
13 16
148 778
7900 1200
20 7
74 778
600 8700
26 522
1976
Aug.
5300
429
407
1500
39
X
X
X
74
80
37
185
700
63
296
500
0
Sept.
37
2200
6
74
500
3
X
X
X
/v
-
45
556
600
1
444
1200
2
Oct. Nov.
259 963
2000 2200
1 28
111 778
100 100
4 13
X X
X X
X X
* 296
200 2600
1 39
1296 1296
400 900
2 32
222 1593
500 1700
13 5
Dec.
5333
2600
16
852
100
50
X
X
X
,v
2100
17
370
2600
14
111
7500
6
1977
Mar.
630
1500
3
630
40
15
X
X
X
1778
5700
71
889
4600
8
519
5300
13
Total
(grams)
7.22
15.80
0.48
3.45
15.44
0.45
_
3.40
-
2.56
18.58
0.25
6.67
25.50
0.17
4.07
47.00
0.64
x = no sample collected
- = no organism found
* = station vandalized
-------
sampling but the greatest percentage was observed prior to the start
of heavy siltation. Numbers decreased noticeably as the siltation
continued (table 37). CC16.7 also had the lowest number of organisms
for Surber, drift, and artificial substrate sampling. CC18.5,
established after sampling at UT0.01, was discontinued, had the
highest total number of organisms collected from Surber, and artificial
substrate and second highest numbers for drift sampling although
total time sampling was less by four months. CC18.5 received a
great deal more sunlight resulting in the growth of aquatic and
semiaquatic vegetation and had a thick organic mud substrate.
An increase in invertebrate drifting was noted by Talak (1977) in
response to mining activity. This observation was also noted in
this study with the highest total number of organisms and taxa
collected in drift sampling at CC15.9. The organisms collected most
probably represented what was drifting out of the affected strip
mined watershed and into the area where the sampling for CC15.9 was
conducted.
Surber sampling at the mine site CC16.7 indicated a decline in the
number of organisms per m2 and the number of taxa collected monthly.
Winner (1980) hyphothesized that heavily polluted habitats are
dominated by midges, moderately polluted habitats by midges and
caddisflies, and minimally polluted or unpolluted habitats by
caddisflies and mayflies. A lack of ephemeroptera was indicated in
Surber samples at CC16.7 and CC15.9 about the time mining activity
increased resulting in heavy siltation (sand) at CC16.7, increased
turbidity and light silting at CC15.9. The presence of silt on
stony substrate reduces and changes the fauna, and the deposition of
sandy silt reduces the total number of insects emerging, especially
ephemeroptera, plecoptera, and trichoptera (Hynes 1970). Diptera
was the only order to be sampled consistantly at CC16.7 and CC15.9.
Midges comprised 66 percent at CC16.7 and 16 percent at CC15.9 of
the Dipteran population collected by Surber sampling. During the
later part of the survey, midges were 100 percent of the Diptera
population in November and December and 99 percent in March at
CC16.7 (table 12).
Talak (1977) noted that all orders decrease initially but ephemeroptera
showed the most precipitous decline with very little recovery over
time, indicating that this order was most seriously affected by
mining operations. Artificial substrate sampling at CC16.7 indicated
that number of ephemeroptera increased just about the time it decreased
in Surber samples. This observation corresponds to the increased
siltation (sand) from mining operations. A similar comparison
cannot be effectively made at CC15.9 due to missing data caused by
the destruction of artificial substrate sampling gear by vandalism.
But with what data was obtained one may speculate a similar relation-
ship as at CC16.7. It appears as siltation covered natural habitats,
the organisms were forced to congregate on the artificial substrate
blocks which were reposi tioried on top of the accumulating sand on a
monthly basis. Even though ephemeroptera was present at CC16.7, the
140
-------
TABLE 37. FIELD OBSERVATIONS OP SLRVEY STREAMS FROM MAY 1976 TO MARCH 1977 IN THE JAMESTOWN AREA
^ i- d L. 1 U 1 1
CC18.5
CC16.7
UT0.01
CC15.9
rlay june
X X
Water Water
clear. muddy-
siltation
(sand)
Siltation Heavy
(sand) siltation
(sand)
Slightly Water
muddy. muddy.
Light
siltation
Building
— ly
X
Heavy
siltation.
New mine
Stream
completely
filled in
w/sand.
Very turbid.
New mine
Sand
deposits
along banks.
Aug.
Water
somewhat
turbid.
Very,
very slow
flow.
Siltation
(sand)
X
Low flow.
Fairly
turbid .
Stagnant
in pools.
1976
Sept.
Water
low.
Slight
turbidity.
Low water.
Slight
turbidity.
Siltation
(sand)
X
Low flow.
Turbid.
Oct.
Water
slightly
turbid .
Water
clear.
Good
flow.
X
Water
cloudy.
Silty as
usual .
Nov.
Water
clear .
Water
clear.
Siltation
(sand)
X
Water
clear.
Red -brown
detritus .
Dec.
Water
clear .
Water
clear .
Silt at ion
(sand)
X
Light
turbidity.
Reddish
precipitate
or growth on
1977
March
Water
clear.
Water
clear.
Siltation
(sand)
X
Water
clear.
Orange
color on
substrate
wier
substrate. Verv little
silt.
LY0.4 Water-
very
clear.
Water very Water very Water
clear.
clear.
clear.
Slight
brown
color.
Water
level low.
Water low Water
and clear, clear.
Light
brownish
color.
Water
clear.
e'- clear. Water clear.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 37. (continued)
station May
LB4.0 Water
clear.
June July
Water (No obser-
clear. vations
Substrate recorded.)
covered
w/detritus .
Aug.
Water not
turbid.
Brownish
color.
1976
Sept.
Water
very, very
low. Dry
areas
between
pools .
Distinct
brown
color.
Oct.
Water
clear
and
black.
Little
or no
flow.
Series
of pools
Nov.
Water
clear.
Very
slight
brown
color.
Dec.
Water
clear. 25%
of substrate
covered
w/leaves .
1977
March
Water
slightly
turbid .
x = No samples collected.
-------
total number of organisms collected was lower than those at LY0.4
and LB4.0 for both Surber and artificial substrate sampling.
Talak also noted that trichoptera declined but recovered higher and
diptera, plecoptera, and coleoptera initially declined and then
recovered. Diptera was the only consistent order collected by
Surber sampling at CC16.7 and CC15.9. Plecoptera and trichoptera
declined at both CC16.7 and CC15.9 with a recovery at CC15.9.
Chutter (1968) noted that sedimentation could considerably reduce
the density of a stream's fauna and that the summer density was
lowest where there was a lot of silt and sand. Over all, the reference
stations LY0.4 and LB4.0 for the months of June-August had a higher
density of fauna than those stations exposed to strip mine erosion.
In the absence of any adverse water quality problems it is concluded
that the most serious effect from the mining operations along Crooked
Creek was the loss of habitat due to heavy siltation in the nature
of sand. These same observations were made by Talak (1977), Minear
(1977-78), and Mackenthum (1965).
143
-------
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147
-------
APPENDIX
Daily Rainfall and Streamflow Data
Contour- and Area-Mined Stream Sites, 1976-1978
148
-------
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Total Annual
TABLE A-l ANDERSON BRANCH DAILY RAINFA1L (IN)
DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY
0 .35 0 .01 .53
.02 0 0 0 .01
.63 .05 0 .01 0
0
0
.08
0
.29
0
0
.01
0
.02
.65
0
0
0
0
.01
0
.03
0
0
1.38
.22
.01
0
.01
.21
1 15
__
0
.01
0
.48
.02
.05
0
32
.02
.40
0
.01
.03
0
.04
0
.07
0
0
.01
.12
.70
95
0
.05
0
0
0
3 73
.01
.07
.09
0
0
.01
02
.07
0
.02
01
0
0
.14
1.37
.03
0
.03
0
.01
0
0
51
0
0
0
--
—
2.79
.01
.60
.03
0
.43
.59
01
0
.11
0
0
.01
.22
0
01
0
18
.87
0
0
.09
.27
.19
.07
0
2 34
72
.45
7.20
.12
0
0
0
0
0
0
.16
0
.01
0
0
.01
0
0
0
0
.56
.01
.02
0
.19
.06
0
0
0
.16
--
1.32
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
6
28
40
41
19
.39
54
.14
.08
.41
.01
.01
.02
.16
01
.59
- WY 1976
JUNE JULY
40 0
51 0
.01 1.67
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
-
5
01
.64
51
54
05
01
78
05
11
31
15
17
-
25
.38
.91
.03
0
24
.01
0
0
.49
0
0
0
02
0
0
0
0
.03
.90
.01
0
.01
0
.13
.01
01
.10
.02
4 97
AUG.
0
0
0
0
0
.79
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.14
0
.01
0
01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.89
0
0
0
1.85
SEP.
.34
.16
.16
.07
0
0
0
0
.95
.26
0
0
0
0
.21
.01
.01
0
0
34
0
0
0
0
0
.12
.50
' 01
70
.40
~~
4.24
TABLE A-2 ANDERSON BRANCH MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1976
NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR APR. MAY JUNE JULY
AUG. SEP.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
(cfs)
(in)
Avg-cfs
cfsm
__
__
75
.75
75
.68
.84
93
.93
.92
.75
.68
.93
2.2
2.3
1.7
1.3
1.0
.93
.75
.68
.61
2 8
11.0
4.5
2.7
1.9
1.6
8.4
..
—
—
--
8.2
3.8
3.6
3.2
2.3
1 9
1.7
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.6
2.0
2 7
2 5
2.2
1.7
1 6
1.5
1.2
.84
.75
68
.61
.93
13.0
8.4
3.8
2.7
2.0
1.5
84.21
3.86
2.72
3.94
1.5
1.4
1.2e
1 2e
1.2e
1 4e
1.3e
1.2e
l.le
1.3e
1 7e
.85e
.76e
,66e
.60e
.60e
.70e
6.3e
4.3
3.2
2 5
2.7
2.2
1.7
1.5
1 2
1.0
.93
.75
—
~"
46.95
2.16
1.62
2.35
.68
.61
.58
.53
.68
.70
61
.68
3.8
4 1
2.8
2.2
1 6
1.2
1 0
.98
.84
.75
.70
.68
3.2
3.0
2.2
7
6
.3
.3
.2
30.0
34.0
7.7
112.92
5.18
3.64
5 28
5 6
3.4
2.3
1 9
1 3
l.'l
.93
.84
.68
.61
58
.53
46
.44
.42
.40
.35
.34
.32
.31
.46
.47
.35
.30
.29
.28
.27
.26
.25
.22
~~
25.96
1.19
.87
1.26
.40
.38
.30
.28
.26
25
.53
.35
.30
.26
.40
.30
28
30
7.0
3.4
2.0
1 9
2.2
1.6
1.1
.84
.75
.61
.46
.40
.30
1 6
5.8
2.8
1.7
39.05
1.79
1.26
1.83
1 1
1 5
1.6
1 2
93
68
61
53
40
35
30
26
22
20
18
26
22
18
68
5.8
5 6
3.8
2.2
1 3
1.6
2.0
1 6
1 1
1.0
.84
"
38 24
1.75
1.27
1.84
68
53
3 4
6 1
6 7
5 3
2 5
1.6
1.1
.84
61
.84
61
46
40
35
34
30
.26
.22
.20
.84
46
26
.22
.18
17
16
16
.15
.18
36.12
1.65
1.17
1.70
.16
.15
12
12
.10
53
.26
15
12
11
.10
10
09
07
07
.06
06
06
.06
.05
05
.05
04
04
04
.04
.07
.35
.15
.07
.05
3.49
.16
.11
.16
.05
.15
.10
10
09
09
07
07
.46
.44
15
12
.10
.07
07
06
.06
05
.05
12
.15
.12
.07
.04
.04
04e
.04e
,20e
.15e
.23e
~~
3.55
.16
.12
.17
-------
TABLE A-3 ANDERSON BRANCH DAILY RAINFALL (IN) - WY 1977
DAY
1
2
3
It
5
6
7
8
9
10
,,
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Total
OCT.
0
.01
0
0
0
.52
.06
.25
57
.01
0
0
0
0
0
I!
01
0
.01
58
0
01
0
35
1.78
0
01
.01
0
71
01
5.01
Annual
NOV.
.01
0
0
.01
0
0
.01
0
01
0
.01
30
0
.06
06
0
0
0
01
0
0
0
0
0
01
.19
.01
30
0
.18
--
1 17
42 46
DEC
.04
.02
0
0
0
1.07
.44
0
02
02
.21
36
0
.01
.23
0
0
0
06
.28
01
01
0
0
.40
.03
0
0
0
.20
0
3.41
JAN.
.03
.01
.08
.06
.10
.20
.02
02
.25
.05
0
0
0
10
02
0
0
0
0
0
0
01
.03
.13
. 10
.16
02
0
0
0
0
1.39
FEB.
0
.01
.02
0
0
0
0
0
.02
0
01
.35
0
22
.01
0
0
01
0
.02
0
01
.30
.60
0
.01
.40
0
--
--
--
1.99
MAR.
.01
0
.15
.50
0
0
0
0
.01
0
01
1 00
1. 00
0
.01
0
0
10
30
.08
.01
15
01
0
0
0
.01
.15
.18
.20
0
3 88
APR.
.01
50
30
4 00
.20
0
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.07
.05
0
0
0
40
10
10
01
0
0
50
.40
.01
--
6.66
MAY
0
0
30
0
0
0
.30
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
03
01
0
18
31
.02
.17
31
01
0
.62
01
20
2.48
JUNE
0
0
0
0
0
.89
0
0
15
0
0
.08
.44
12
.02
.31
04
20
.52
.29
02
24
31
1 05
82
08
0
.01
0
0
--
5.59
JULY
.60
0
0
01
0
0
0
0
0
13
.06
.24
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
01
.99
.01
0
0
.03
.01
0
2 10
AUG.
.02
0
0
0
18
0
13
.11
13
25
.05
0
.06
05
13
.03
05
02
01
01
01
0
0
1 09
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.30
SEP
0
0
0
0
0
.11
99
10
01
0
0
0
.48
59
68
62
01
0
08
02
0
0
0
0
64
1.60
55
0
0
0
--
6 48
TABLE A-4 ANDERSON BRANCH MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1977
DEC. JAN FEB MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 2
10 1
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 1
21 1
22 1
23
24 1
25 2
26 4
27 3
28 2
29 1
30 2
31 2
Total
(cfs) 31
(in) 1
Avg-cf s
cfsm 1
29
16
.12
10
.08
.38
24
22
.0
4
40
35
.36
.40
.15
15
.15
05
05
3
.2
.0
.93
1
7
1
2
2
9
2
8
68
.46
1.02
48
2.8
2.2
1 0
.93
64
.30
.27
23
21
20
18
.17
19
31
38
- 28
24
.20
18
16
.14
.13
.12
11
11
.12
.17
22
40
46
--
13.05
60
.44
.64
.40
.50
.64
60
.54
2 3
10 0
4.2
2 0
1 5
1.2
2 2
2 5
1.9
1 6
1.4
1.3
1 1
1 0
1 1
1 1
1.0
.90
86
.80
1 1
1.0
.90
80
1 0
.90
48.34
2.21
1.56
2.26
1.0
1.0
.96
.80
86
1.1
1 5
1 3
1.5
3.5
3.8
2.7
1.7
1 5
1.7
1 3
1 1
1.0
95
90
.61
.31
38
.35
.28
.28
29
.21
21
.20
.17
33.46
1.53
1.08
1.57
.15
14
21
.16
.15
.14
.13
12
. 14
.13
.14
.90
.4
3
3
2
0
.86
.96
.86
75
.68
70
8 0
4.5
3 0
2 3
1.7
--
--
--
33.02
1.52
1 18
1 71
1.7
1.5
1 2
2 S
3.0
2 3
1 7
1 3
1 1
96
.90
6 4
8 6
3 2
2 0
1 8
1.6
.5
. 2
9
9
7
3
1 2
1.0
.93
.75
.72
68
.84
.80
58.48
2.68
1.89
2.74
.75
2.0
8.0
122
12.0
3 8
2.3
1 6
1 1
93
75
61
53
50
46
.40
.35
.30
28
26
.22
22
84
2 0
1.4
1 0
.95
.83
2 7
2 1
--
171 18
7.85
5 71
8 28
1.5
1 2
96
.83
.61
58
.56
54
53
53
.46
35
30
.30
.30
26
26
.25
.22
18
.18
.18
18
22
18
30
.26
. 18
1.5
46
30
14 66
67
.47
68
.26
.18
17
15
.10
1 1
30
22
18
15
.12
12
26
40
. 18
18
15
15
30
40
26
35
68
1.9
2 5
2 2
93
68
53
30
--
15 40
71
51
74
75
26
.15
.12
10
07
07
07
05
05
10
05
04
.03
02
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
35
12
05
04
OS
Oi
03
2 67
12
09
13
.03
02
02
02
01
01
01
01
02
03
06
12
10
09
08
07
07
06
05
04
03
03
02
93
1',
10
o;
07
05
05
05
2 47
11
08
12
05
04
04
04
04
04
26
15
10
07
07
05
22
40
5J
9i
75
46
18
. 10
10
10
10
10
5)
3 0
2 2
93
)5
35
--
12 28
56
41
59
-------
TABLE A-S ANDERSON BRANCH DAILY RAINFALL (IN)
DAY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Total
OCT.
0
.01
0
.01
.01
0
0
1.97
1.05
0
.09
.01
0
0
.27
.13
.01
01
Oe
Of
Of
Oe
Oe
Oe
1.45e
.10e
.02e
0
0
0
.50
5.64
Annual
NOV.
0
.01
.01
.19
.21
1.44
.30
0
.10
.06
0
0
0
0
0
.15e
.50e
Oe
Oe
.10e
.85e
1.60e
.02e
.02e
.10e
Oe
.50e
.05e
1.44e
.05e
--
7.70
54.25
DEC.
.05e
Oe
Oe
.60e
.05e
.10e
Oe
.10e-
.35e
Oe
.Ole
Oe
Oe
.14e
0
0
.42
.04
.01
.05
0
0
0
1.02
0
0
0
0
0
.11
.03
3 08
JAN.
.03
0
0
0
.07
.31
.03
1.00
0
0
.08
.02
0
0
0
. 11
.79
0
.20
0
0
.27
.09
.67
1.40
0
.01
0
0
0
0
5.08
FEB.
0
.04
. OAe
.We
Oe
.03e
.01
.01
0
0
0
0
.53
.01
.01
. 14
0
.03
0
0
.07
.04
.05
.17
0
0
.01
.20
--
--
—
1.51'
MAR.
.05
.47
.07
0
.02
0
.03
.21
.41
.21
.02
.12
.03
.07
0
.16
.04
.11
.03
.02
.33
.03
.03
.06
.86
.11
.07
.04
.04
04
.05
3 73
APR.
.03
.03
0
.01
.01
.01
01
0
.02
0
.20
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.24
.04
.11
.09
0
0
0
.61
.71
.01
0
.01
.30
—
3.44
MAY
.01
0
.06
.67
.01
.01
.07
.50
.01
0
0
.74
1.28
.40
22
0
.01
0
.01
0
0
.01
.90
.80
.02
.01
.01
.01
.15
.04
.03
5.98
- WY 1978
JUNE
.01
.06
18
.01
01
.03
.75
1.74
.29
0
0
.69
.01
0
0
0
0
0
.06
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.07
.01
--
3.93
JULY
.02
1.09
.07
0
0
0
0
.11
.36
.74
.01
.03
.01
.02
1.18
.97
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.22
1 15
.01
0
.01
.01
.01
84
7.86
AUG.
.02
.01
.08
42
.70
.12
.01
1.29
.19
0
.26
.74
1.25
0
0
.06
.16
.01
0
05
0
0
0
0
.45
.03
0
0
0
.25
.20
6.30
SEP.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
0
DAY
TABLE A-6 ANDERSON BRANCH MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1978
DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY
AUG. SEP.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 1
9 9
10 1
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25 1
26 3
27 1
28
29
30
31
Total
(els) 25
(in) 1
Avg-cfs
cfsa 1
.26
.22
.18
.15
.15
.10
.10
.0
5
.7
.84
.46
.35
.26
.26
.40
.26
.26
.26
.22
.18
.15
.12
.12
.0
.0
.5
.84
.61
.53
.40
.38
.17
.82
.19
.30
.40
.53
.61
.53
11
7 0
3.8
2.2
1.6
1.0
.75
.61
.53
.35
.26
1 2
1.7
1.5
1.1
2.3
16
11
4.1
2.7
1.9
1.7
4.1
27
8.7
—
116.47
5.34
3.88
5 62
4.3
2.7
2.0
2.8
3.6
3.4
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.0
.84
.84
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.0
.93
1.6
4.5
3.0
2.2
1.7
1.2
1.0
.93
57.74
2.65
1.86
2.70
.84
.68
.61
.53
.53
.84
.75
5.3
6.3e
6.0e
6.0e
5.4e
1 8e
1.5e
l.Se
1.4e
3.2e
4.4e
3.5e
2.8e
2.4e
1.9e
1.7e
6 Oe
17e
12e
9.0e
5.3e
3.5e
2.5e
1.7e
116.88
5.36
3.77
5.46
1.4e
I.3e
1.2e
l.le
l.Oe
1.4e
l.Se
l.Se
1.2e
1.1
1.0
.93
1.1
1.9
1.6
l.Se
l.Se
1.4e
l.Se
1.3e
1.2
1.2
1.1
.93
1.0
l.Oe
.95e
1.4e
—
--
—
34.81
1.59
1.24
1.80
l.Se
1.3
3.0
3.2
2.7
2.2
1.9
2.5
2.8
7.0
5.0
3.4
2.7
15
5 8
3.2
2.2
1.7
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
2.5
7.0
4.5
3.4
2.7
2.0
1.7
98 80
4.53
3.19
4.62
1.3
1.1
l.Oe
.93e
.93e
.84e
.84e
.75e
.75e
68e
.68e
.53
.53
.53
.46e
.46e
.40e
.35e
1.2e
l.Oe
.93
.84
.75
.68
1.0
5.6
5.0
3.0
2.2
1.9
--
37.16
1.70
1.24
1.80
1.5
1 2
1.0
2 7
2 7
2 0
.6
9
6
3
2
2
8 7
7 4
5.6
4.3
2.8
1.9
1.3
1.0
.84
.68
.93
2.8
2.8
1.9
1.3
,93
.84
.75
.61
67.28
3.08
2.17
3.15
.46
.40
.40
.35
.30
.26
.53
5.6
4 3
2.0
1.0
1.0
.75
.46
.35
.30
.22
.22
.18
.18
.18
.15
.15
.12
.12
.10
.10
.07
.07
.05
--
20.37
.94
.68
.99
.05
.30
.40
.12
.07
.07
.07
.07
10
.18
.35
.15
.10
.10
.93
2.8
.53
.26
.18
.18
.15
.12
.12
.61
2.3
1.2
.46
.30
.22
.22
.46
13.17
.60
.42
.61
.30
.18
.15
.18
.84
.40
30
3.6
2.3
1.5
1.3
2.2
13
3.4
1.5
.84
.53
.35
.26
.26
.22
.18
.15
.I2e
.16e
.30e
.16e
.15e
.13e
. 18e
.18e
35.32
1.62
1.14
1.65
15
.14
.13
.11
.09
.07
.05
.03
.03
03
. 10
.07
04
. -02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02e
.Ole
.Ole
.Ole
--
1.36
.06
,04
.07
lil
-------
DAY
1
2
3
It
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Tot;
Tot,
OCX
39
01
0
.01
0
0
04
.97
01
01
0
0
0
0
0
54
1.83
02
07
0
0
0
0
0
.37
.38
0
0
.15
0
0
il 4.80
il Annual
NOV.
0
0
0
.01
0
0
.75
0
.17
.13
.01
2.18
0
10
0
0
.01
0
0
.13
0
0
0
0
0
.24
11
0
01
.84
--
4.69
54 88
TABLE
DEC
0
0
0
0
0
.36
08
0
26
0
0
0
0
0
.62
0
0
0
0
0
0
.02
0
0
1.51
.20
0
0
.07
24
1.09
4.45
A-7 BILL'S BRANCH DAILY RAINFALL (IN)
JAN
0
.06
.57
.01
.08
02
27
0
0
0
50
.01
.70
0
0
.03
0
.06
0
.05
0
.01
0
.05
.74
1.07
0
.01
0
0
.02
4.26
FEB
.32
03
.07
01
.23
12
0
0
0
01
.10
0
.03
.01
0
0
.11
1.50
.01
0
.47
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
--
--
3 02
MAR.
0
0
0
0
.62
0
01
.55
52
.01
0
.18
0
0
0
.23
0
.02
.01
.38
89
0
0
.18
.39
.36
.12
01
2 33
85
.38
8.04
APR.
01
0
.01
04
.01
0
0
0
01
0
24
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.49
0
.01
.07
24
.03
.01
0
0
26
--
1 43
MAY
44
01
0
0
0
.32
.16
.01
0
0
43
0
24
1.02
1.22
32
10
.38
0
0
0
0
.01
0
0
0
0
2 31
.13
0
0
7 10
- WY 1976
JUNE
30
02
02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.02
0
0
0
1.58
1.22
0
01
01
.01
.70
.01
.08
0
.29
.23
--
4 5(
JULY
0
0
1 12
39
21
03
0
.02
79
01
0
.61
01
0
.19
10
0
0
0
04
.58
.48
01
0
01
0
02
0
59
.37
.25
5 183
AUG
0
0
0
.01
0
60
01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.66
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.54
.25
53
.06
.01
0
2.67
SEP
36
21
01
It
04
0
0
.01
4;
i'i
0
.01
0
0
21
0
.01
01
Jl
41
0 .
0
0
01
0
.25
.74
0
.58
..10
--
4 09
TABLE A-8 BILL'S BRANCH MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1976
DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
(cfs)
(in)
Avg-t
cf sra
.85
.84
.73
.70
67
66
.67
1 9
1 3
98
91
80e
75e
70e
67
76
16
5 8
2 4
1 2
88
73
.58
48
49
1 0
88
76
.79
67
61
47 16
2 61
fs 1.52
2 27
53
51
.46
.44
.40
37
2 1
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.5
28
7.9
3.9
3 0
2 4
2 1
2.0
1.9
2.7
2 7
2.2
1.8
1 1
.99
.88
1.2
.92
87
3.0
--
80.37
4.46
2 68
4 00
4 6
3 0
1 8
1.4
1 1
1. 1
1 4
1 2
1 4
1 3
1.2
1.1
1.0
.96
1.6
2.5
1.9
1.5
1.2
1 2
1 1
.98
.91
86
6.3
13
4 8
3 0
1 9
2.2
11
78 51
4 35
2 53
3 78
8.2
4.4
6.4
4.4
3.1
2 0
2.5
2.1
1 7
1 6
3.4
3.4
7.9
7.9
4.4
3.0
2 0
9
8
4
3
2
1
2
2.6
25
10
5.4
4 1
3.5
3 5
132 4
7 i4
4 27
6 37
4 0
3.5
2 5
1.3
1.4
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.2
98
.88
.80
.73
72
.72
16
8.2
4.0
3.4
3 2
2 2
1 8
1.5
1.3
1 1
1 0
.92
--
--
72 25
4 01
2 49
1 72
85
.77
.72
.69
1.1
.99
.93
1.2
7 7
5 2
3.1
2 3
7
.3
2
.3
. 1
96
91
1 0
14
4 6
2 9
2 2
3.3
3 0
3 4
2 9
27
29
8 6
135 92
7 54
4 )8
6 54
7 8
5.0e
3.0e
2.0e
1.5e
l.Oe
.90e
.80e
70e
.60e
56e
46
.42
.40
35
32
.30
28
26
25
42
Jl
23
22
.30
,21
20
14
. 16
18
--
29 29
1 62
98
1 46
56
33
.26
.22
.20
19
.42
.25
19
18
44
.23
.22
.56
14
3 9
2.4
3 4
2 5
1 5
88
.76
61
51
.42
)5
30
5 0
9 ')
2 7
1 3
54 68
J 0)
1 76
2 61
.88
1.9
2.0
.91
.73
48
.35
.26
.22
.19
.15
. 12
10
.09
07
06
06
.05
1.4
4 5
1 3
95
.70
58
I. 1
73
53
46
46
56
--
21 89
1 21
73
1 09
.40e
13
1.6
2.4
9 0
5 2
3 1
2 3
4.3
2 3
.88
1.8
1.3
1 2
1 1
1 0
95
.68
.82
79
1 4
1.6
1.2
91
82
88
95
1 .0
2 Or
2 be
2 5r
57 31
3 18
1 «5
2 76
2 0
1.0
90
80
.75
1 2
.91
.82
.79
.76
73
72
70
70
1. 1
.90
.47
23
23
23
.23
.23
23
23
.23
.40
50
.90
80
60
30
20 59
1 14
66
VI
50
24
.12
.13
11
OR
.06
05
.35
28
10
.07
06
05
07
.06
05
04
04
.23
10
.06
04
.04
04
07
75
21
. 71
77
--
5 48
.30
18
27
152
-------
DAY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1 !
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2 )
24
2*,
26
27
28
29
30
il
Totjl
Totdl
OCT
0
0
01
0
0
71
04
25
49
0
0
01
Oe
Op
Op
10
Op
Op
0
2r>
a
0
02
90
2 41
01
0
0
0
22
22
5 64
Annud 1
NOV
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
06
06
14
11
0
0
01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
01
50
06
03
--
1.30
49 01
TABU
DEC
0
0
0
0
0
1 15
32
0
02
0
27
33
0
0
22
01
0
0
Oj
14
05
0
0
0
14
07
0
0
0
14
Oe
1 09
, A-9 BILL'S L'RAMH DAILY KAJNIAJI. (INJ
JAN
Oe
Oe
20e
Oe
10p
40e
Oe
Oe
.70e
lOe
Op
Op
Oe
46
06
0
05
Oi
01
Oe
Oe
Op
Oe
lOe
lOe
20?
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
2 51
FtB
Oe
Op
Oe
Oe
02
0
0
0
0
0
0
55
^i
06
02
01
0
0
0
02
0
0
37
83
0
0
55
0
--
--
--
2 44
MAR
0
53
02
0
0
0
0
0
02
0
0
2 37
01
0
0
0
0
Oj
30?
lOe
Op
20e
Oe
Op
Oe
Oe
Oe
20e
20e
80e
Op
4 78
APR
Oe
1 jOe
1 lOe
4 60p
lOe
Oe
Oe
Op
Op
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Op
Oe
10?
Op
Op
Oe
60e
1 20p
lOe
Op
Op
Oe
50p
40e
Oe
10 00
MAY
Oe
Oe
40p
Op
Oe
0
10
05
0
0
0
0
0
0
{)
0
12
1)
0
0
[)
(1
1 1
0
01
0
(]
0
50p
OP
0,
1 29
- v\ i'j;
JUNK
Op
Op
Oe
Oe
Op
73
0
0
0
0
0
20
55
01
0
10
0
04
07
0
0
0
0
0
1 57e
70p
Op
Op
Oe
Op
--
t 97
'7
Il.I.Y
01
0
0
0
0
0
0
Op
Op
Op
10?
Op
Oe
02
0
0
0
0
0
0
IN
22
0
0
2 04
0
0
0
29
0
0
2 86
AU;
29
0
0
0
Ot>
0
0
1 01
04
21
0
0
i2
1)1
0
0
(1
0
0
0
0
0]
0
1 29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3 24
SIP
89
0
0
0
78
1 20e
Op
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
50e
50e
/Oe
tiOe
Op
Of
Op
Op
Op
Oe
Oe
Oe
70e
1 20<
60p
Op
Oe
Op
--
7 89
TABLE A-10 BILL'S BRANCH MEAN DAILY 11 Ok (CFS) - WY 1977
DEC JAN HB MAR APR MAY JUNI- 1U1Y
1
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Ufs)
(in)
Avg-c
cf sm
3i
19
14
1 1
10
38
62
29
2 2
54
32
22
20e
20e
20e
20e
20e
20e
22
56
31
27
25
61
18
5 4
2.0
1 2
66
2.6
3 3
42 02
2 33
fs 1.36
2 03
1 6
1 2
92
72
56
51
47
40
40e
>0e
30p
20e
20e
K)e
40e
40p
30e
30e
20e
20p
20e
20e
lOe
lOe
lOe
34
51
.43
.85
1 0
--
13 71
76
46
69
92
72
66
61
56
5 7
13
4 1
2 !
1 7
1 4
2 6
2 2e
2 Oe
2 Oe
1 5e
1 Oe
80e
70e
80e
70p
60e
50p
40p
50e
40e
40e
30e
30e
30e
30e
49 97
2 77
1 61
2 40
20e
20e
)0e
)0r
(Oe
50e
40e
40e
1 Oe
90e
80e
80p
70p
5e
5e
4e
4e
4e
3e
2p
1 Oe
90e
80e
70p
70e
80e
80e
70e
70e
60e
60e
24 80
1 37
80
1.19
15
50e
50e
40p
40e
)7
6]
72
85
78
)4
)7
2 <
2 !
1 7
1 5
1 2
90e
56
51
47
40
43
66
11
3 1
1 9
3 5
2 3
--
--
--
40 57
2 25
1 45
2 16
3
1 7
1 )
1 2
4 6
2 9
2 0
1 5
1 2
1 0
85
72
14
9 2
2 2
1 5
1 0
92
92
78
92
85
1.0
66
56
51
47
43
.47
43
5 7
5 7
67 19
3 72
2 17
3.24
) )
4 6
12
1 OOe
lOi
5 Op
2 Op
1 Op
90e
80?
70e
60p
60e
61
51
47
4)
43
40
)7
)7
.43
1 6
1 9
1 1
85
.72
72
2 9
1 6
--
156.19
8 70
5 23
7 81
1 2
92
1 i
78
72
6 1
r>6
56
47
40
17
!4
11
29
29
27
25
27
25
25
25
23
31
27
12
12
10
10
1 0
56
40
13 87
77
45
67
}1
tl
29
27
27
85
10
08
08
06
06
it
85
1 2
14
40
27
21
1 1
1 0
)4
30P
30e
20?
17e
10p
2 Op
1 Op
50e
32
--
40 32
2 24
1 34
2 00
)1
25
2 )
21
21
19
19
16
10?
lOe
10?
10p
10?
10?
06
05
05
05
05
05
05
08
07
05
1 1
29
22
18
23
19
16
5 28
29
17
25
14
12
09
08
10?
lOe
lOe
2 Oe
1 5e
1 )e
1 Op
80?
1 0,.
90?
80?
70?
60e
40e
20?
10?
lOe
05
06
1 3
17
11
08
07
.06
06
06
14 15
78
46
69
76
2 }
22
19
16
1 5
4 Op
1 5p
1 2?
1 Oe
80?
70e
1 Oe
2 5e
I 5e
6 0
J 5
2 i
1 7
1 1
1 0
85
.72
61
2 3
6 0
7 3
3 5
2 0
1 4
--
59 54
3 30
1 98
2 90
-------
TABLE A-ll BILL'S BRANCH DAILY RAINFALL (IN) - WY 1978
DAY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Total
OCT.
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
2 30e
1 lOe
Oe
lOe
0
0
0
23
04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 50e
0
0
0
0
0
03
5 30
Annual
NOV
0
0
03
20
.33
1.22
14
0
.17
05
0
0
0
0
0
77
45
0
18
.42
1 OOe
1 50e
lOe
Oe
Oe
Oe
70e
.50e
l.SOe
lOe
--
9 36
52 98
DEC
lOe
Oe
Oe
1 40e
20e
.lOe
Oe
30e
20e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
02
48
04
0
02
0
0
01
1 62
0
0
0
0
0
16
02
4 67
JAN FEB
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
04 01
0
01 01
02
15 0
40 0
14 0
13 01
02 0
0
01
0
.29
0
0
,,
0
01 0
01 0
0
.01
01
03 .01
84 0
.36 .08
0
0
14
--
--
--
14 0.71
MAR.
05
40
13
0
0
0
02
18
44
34
0
20
0
08
0
08
03
11
04
02
42
02
02
12
97
10
07
02
03
02
03
3 94
APR
02
03
01
08
02
02
03
04e
03e
03e
20e
02
05
06
03
05
04
1 35
07
04
12
03
04
08
62
51
02
03
.07
.33
--
4 07
MAY
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
05
03
10
78
01
01
16
75
02
02
02
48
13
50
23
13
29
02
01
74
JUV'E
01
^/
02
0
01
01
1 04
1 20
04
03
05
56
04
06
05
04
05
06
04
06
04
05
06
06
05
06
05
04
10
04
3 99
JIU
05
85
13
07
03
02
0]
10
90
37
Oi
04
03
04
1 89
88
02
03
02
02
02
04
04
20
58
01
02
01
01
01
86
7 35
A I G
0
02
08
18
0
01
01
0
01
0
5K
00
r>
OS
0)
10
02
Of
Or
05i-
Or
Of
Oe
02
20
04
04
04
05
62
0 /
i 09
SEP
0-'
Oi
0-.
u <
IU
01
0
u
(J
»
4;
02
0
02
u')
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
04
0
0
0
0
0
HI
1 02
TABLK A-12 BILI.'S BRANCH MEAN DAILY I-LOW (CIS) - WY 1978
DAY
1 1
2 1
3 1
4 1
5
6
7
8 5
9 33
10 3
11 2
12 1
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25 6
26 7
27 1
28 2
29 1
10 1
31 1
Total
(cfs) 84
(in) 4
Avg-cf s
cfsm 4
OCT
6
4
2
0
85
72
66
7
.7
0
3
92
85
78
85
66
61
56
51
47
47
.47
47
7
3
)
0
6
)
1
05
66
2 71
05
NOV
92
78
72
78
72
13
5.4
3 1
2 2
1 7
1 3
1 1
92
85
72
1 0
7 3
2 9
2 0
1 5
3.5
22
1 1
4 1
2 6
1 7
2 8
6 4
it
8 5
144 51
8 01
4 82
7 19
DEC
6 4
3 7
2 6
5.4
7 3
4 I
2.5
1 9
2 2
1 4
1 3
1.2
1 2
1.3
92
85
92
1.9
1 5
1 4
1.2
92
85
8 5
11
1 7
2 2
1 4
1 1
1 1
1 0
82 96
4 60
2 68
4 00
JAN
85
66
56
56
56
1 2
1 1
22
11
8 5
8 5
8 5
7 8
8 2
8 5
8 5
12
4 1
2 9
2 2
1 6
1 4
1.3
12
43
15
3 5
2 9
1 ">!•
1 4,'
7 Of
202 49
11 23
6 53
9 75
tEB
62e
47e
37e
.31e
27e
23e
86e
23e
19e
61e
61
55
70
1 4e
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 5
1 4
1 7
1 3
1 4
1 2
1 1
1 2
1 2
2 0
] 2
-.
--
--
26 82
1 49
96
1 43
15
MAR
1 2
1.3
3 3
2 3
2 0
1 7
1 7
3 9
4 4
1 1
4 4
3 3
2 5
14
4 6
3 9
4 1
3 7
3 3
2 9
i 5
3 5
3 3
3.1
5 7
6 4
) t
2 5
2 2
1 9
1 6
1 16 5
6 46
3.76
5 61
4
APR
1 4
1 3
1 1
1 0
92
82
78
41e
31e
29e
37e
1 5
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
3 5
1 9
1 3
1 1
92
85
85
92
2 6
2 i
1 ',
I i
1 1
--
37 24
2 06
1 24
1 85
MAY
92
78
72
1 9
1 6
1 2
1 1
2 8
2 6
1 4
1 3
1 4
3 9
i 7
1 1
72
51
40
34
31
29
27
27
.29
27
25
25
24
2 1
2 1
22
32 31
1 79
1 04
1 55
JUNE
21
21
23
21
21
21
34
1 4
43
il
25
25
23
19
19
19
19
16
1 4
14
14
12
12
10
10
10
09
09
09
09
-'
6 7)
37
22
33
JULY
09
10
21
12
10
10
09
09
08
12
09
06
05
05
56
1 5
27
21
16
14
14
12
12
12
19
16
12
12
10
10
t/
5 85
S2
19
28
AUG
27
23
2!
31
72
6 1
40
)4
)4
') 6f
96f
1 6e
6 if
2 4t
1 9t>
I 4e
40e
28e
2 )e
16e
16c
Idl-
es
20
29
1 1
2')
27
2'i
tl
2'»
25 42
1 4 1
82
1 22
SH'
27
ii
27
25
2 )
Hi
04
O4
02
02
07
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
.04
04
04
04
04
1)4
04
Oo
0?
07
HI
2 4")
1 4
08
12
-------
IAIIIK A-ll IIIIWI.INI. KKANl II DAILY KAINIAII (IN h - WY l'J/1,
0
0
0
0
)5
07
0
)0
0
01
0
0
0
81
01
01
0
01
0
0
03
01
0
1 SO
26
01
.01
05
21
I 20
0
07
52
0
01
'19
04
01
0
0
25
0
62
0
0
03
0
.10
0
.07
0
0
0
.01
93
1 07
0
. 12
0
0
0
15
07
08
0
1 I
12
0
0
0
0
11
0
02
.01
0
0
0
1.34
0
0
41
.01
0
0
02
.01
0
0
0
--
0
0
0
0
59
0
0
50
52
0
0
2j
0
0
01
11
02
01
0
.25
75
0
0
11
33
28
.09
0
2 75
48
.41
0
0
0
06
0
0
0
0
0
0
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
01
0
.03
24
04
0
0
0
21
--
46
01
0
0
0
27
28
01
0
0
85
0
17
79
1.19
13
.08
55
01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
03
2 22
15
01
0
(»/
6 1
01
01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
0
0
1 25
1 59
34
01
0
0
84
0
20
12
13
15
--
0
0
1 2'J
19
64
0
0
10
37
0
0
60
.02
0
0
03
0
0
0
0
05
1 01
01
0
01
0
27
01
25
10
15
0
0
0
0
0
55
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
' 14
15
1 46
0
0
0
19
10
0
17
01
0
0
0
1 16
.28
0
0
0
0
.21
0
0
0
0
.43
01
0
0
0
0
05
1 00
01
76
42
--
12
n
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
21
24
25
26
27
28
29
Total -- 4.26 2 68 7 44 1 16 7 21 6 23 5.30
Totdl Annual
TABLE A-14 BOWLING BRANCH MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1976
DAY OCT. NOV. DEC JAN FEB. MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
n
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
(cfs) --
(in) --
Avg-cfs --
rfsm
--
5.2e
3 7e
2 4e
1 6e
1 3e
1 .5e
1 4e
2 le
2 7e
2.6e
1.9e
1 4e
1 le
1 5e
6 5e
6 Oe
3 7e
3.2e
3.9e
2 6e
2 le
2 le
2.0e
12
39
17
11
8.5
7.6
29
__
--
--
--
26
13
14
13
8.6
6.6
5.8
6.6
6 2
5.9
4.6e
4.4e
63
12
8.7
6 9
5 6
5. 1
4.2e
2 7e
2 le
1 8e
2.1e
1.8e
2.8e
46
26
11
7.4
5 4
3.7e
333 0
5.65
10.7
4.89
3.0e
2.5e
2 le
1 9e
1.7e
1 6e
1 5e
1 4e
1 3e
1.2e
2 Oe
1 8e
1 6e
1.5e
1 3e
1 le
1 Oe
18e
20e
8 Oe
6.5e
7.7e
5.9e
4 6e
4 2e
4.0e
3 3e
2.7e
2 3e
--
--
115.7
1.96
3.99
1 82
2 le
1.8e
1.7e
1 7e
2 Oe
2 le
2.0e
2 le
14
12e
8 Oe
5 9e
5 6e
3 3e
2 7e
2 6e
2 Oe
1 7e
1 7e
1.7e
8 3e
8 Oe
5 9e
4.8e
4 8e
4.6e
5 le
5 le
66
59
23
271 3
4.61
8.75
4 00
17
10
6 2e
4.8e
3.7e
3 le
2 4e
2.0e
1.8e
1 4e
1 3e
1.2e
1 . le
1 Oe
91e
.82e
73e
73e
73e
66e
73e
1 le
.66e
59e
59e
59e
52e
46e
.40e
40e
--
67 62
1 15
2 25
1.03
1
1
1
30
12
6
9
9
5
3
2
1
1
1
3
.73e
.73e
59e
.52e
46e
40e
73e
66e
52e
.59e
8e
2e
9!e
.Oe
2e
Oe
3e
6e
7e
4e
7e
3e
le
. 82e
66e
3e
22e
9
4
133
2
4.
1
Oe
8e
72
27
31
97
3
5
8
6
4
2
1
1
1
1
28
19
14
5
3
5
8
6
4
3
2
--
142
2.
4.
2
5e
.9e
6e
2e
2e
6e
7e
3e
le
91e
71e
. 59e
52e
46e
40e
40e
52c
34e
7
9e
7c
le
3e
2e
4e
3e
6e
17
41
71
16
2 Oe
1.3e
4.8e
16
19
13
5 4e
3 le
3 le
2 Oe
1 3e
1 8e
] 4e
1 Oe
95
82
71
56
44
27
12
1 8
1 5
67
39
26
14
20
26
42
44
85 15
1.45
2 75
1 26
29
20e
18e
16e
15e
50
51
25e
18e
12e
09e
05e
05e
04e
03e
(He
Die
0)e
02e
02c
02e
02e
020
Ole
Ole
02r
03f
52e
25e
12e
07e
4 02
07
13
06
09e
14e
09e
09e
12c
09e
.07e
07(
46e
1 Oe
25e
14e
12«-
09e
07i-
07e
07i-
II 7 r
OSr
14r
18c
12e
07r
07c
05r
05e
05e
59e
46e
73e
--
5 66
10
19
09
155
-------
TABLE A-15 BOWLING BRANCH DAILY RAINFALL (IN.) - WY 1977
DAY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Total
OCT.
0
0
0
0
0
.60
.05
.27
.50
0
0
0
0
0
0
.10
0
0
0
.50
0
0
01
.50
2.32
0
.01
0 '
0
.75
0
5.61
Annual
NOV
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
0
.29
.02
.06
.04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
.32
0
40
0
.23
--
1.39
43.51
DEC.
.01
.02
0
0
0
1.03
.43
0
.04
.01
.25
.36
0
.01
.24
0
0
0
.06
.26
0
.03
0
0
41
.04
.01
0
0
.29
0
3.50
JAN.
.01
.02
.19
.03
.14
.27
.02
0
.50
.07
0
0
.01
.40
0
0
0
0
0
0
.02
.02
.01
.12
.16
.07
.01
0
0
0
0
2.07
FEB.
0
0
.07
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.46
0
.14
.02
0
0
.03
0
.01
0
.01
.41
.77
0
.01
.51
0
—
.-
—
2.46
MAR.
.01
.01
.21
.63
0
0
0
0
.04
0
.04
1.69
.02
0
.01
0
.01
.28
.33
.09
.02
.21
0
0
.01
0
0
.18
.20
.44
0
4.43
APR.
.01
1.07
1.08
4.16
.12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.11
.02
0
0
.48
1.36
.12
.01
0
0
.46
.48
.04
—
9.52
MAY
.01
0
35
.02
0
.20
.13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.19
0
0
.04
.83
0
.08
.16
0
0
.37
0
.03
2.41
JUNE
0
0
0
0
0
.33
0
0
.13
0
0
.07
.13
.76
0
.01
.12
.02
.01
07
02
02
.03
.02
.03
.02
.05
.22
0
.04
--
2.10
JULY
.01
01
.02
01
0
0
0
0
0
.09
.07
0
.04
.05
0
0
0
0
0
0
.18e
.20e
On
Oe
l.Se
Oe
Oe
Oe
25e
0
0
2.43
AUG.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
.01
.01
0
0
0
0
28
0
0
0
0
0
0
.47
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.78
SEP.
.51
.01
0
0
0
.63
.98
0
0
0
0
0
**
.49
.66
.56
.01
0
.03
0
0
0
0
0
.81
.99
.65
0
0
0
--
6.81
TABLE A-16 BOWLING BRANCH MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1977
NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEP.
1 .91
2 .51
3
4
5
6 1.
7
8
9 2.
10 1
11
38
27
25
2e
74
47
9
5
98
12 .63
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25 22
26 11
27 4.
28 2.
29 1.
30 2.
31 5.
Total
(cfs) 63
(in) 1
Avg-cfs 2
cfsn
48
40e
36
34
34
34
32
52
57
43
37
35
1
3
6
0
4
.96
.09
06
.94
4.1
2.9
2.0
1 6
1 2
.95
.83
.73
.66
.65
55
.52
,60e
.96e
1 2e
. 88e
.74e
.64e
.56e
.50e
.45e
.41e
.38
.34
.34
.37
.52
.68
1.4
1.4
•-
29.06
.49
97
44
1.4
1.6
2.0
2.0
1.7
7.3
32
13
6.4
4.8
3.9
6.8
7.9
6.0
5.1
4.5
4.2
3.5
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.5
3.1
2.7
2.5
3 3
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.2
3.1
155 7
2.64
5.02
2.29
3.1
3.1
3.0
2.5
2.7
3 3
4.7
4 7
4.7
11
12
8.5e
5 3
4.6
5.2
4.2e
3.4e
4.1e
3.7e
3.4e
1.9e
.96e
1.2e
l.le
.89e
.89e
. 92e
. 68e
.68e
.66e
.53e
107.61
1.83
3 47
1 58
.48e
.44e
l.le
l.Oe
.98e
.96e
.95
.93
.91e
.89e
87e
2.8
4 4
4.1
4.1
3.7
3.7
2.7
3.0
2.7
2.3
2.2
2.3
31
14
8.3
10
10
--
—
--
120 81
2.05
4.31
1 97
7.7
6.3
5.3
11
12
8.3
6.5
5.4
4.5
4.0
2.8
20
27
JO
6.3
4.9
4.0
4.1
3.5
4.5
4.7
5.3
4.7
4.2
3.7
3.1
2.7
2.4
2.2
3.6
4.2
198 9
3.38
6 42
2.93
4.2
6.0
24
102
13
13
7.3e
5.2e
4.2e
3.4e
2.8e
2.4e
2.1e
1.9e
1.6e
1 5
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
.99
.91
10
17
7.6
4 7
3 4
2 6
8.5
6.6
—
281.5
4.78
9 38
4.28
4.7
3.6
3.0
2.6
1.9
1 8
1.4
1 3
1.1
.88
.73
.66
.53
.45
.40
.34
30
.25
.24
.23
.21
.18
.39
.64
32
.22
.21
21
1.4
.95
.42
31.56
.54
1.02
.47
.29
.21
.15
.11
09
15
14e
.10
.07
06
.04
.03
.07
.75
.20
.12
12
.10
.28
.25
.21
.61
1.4
2.6
7.7
7.8
2 9
1.5
.79
.52
--
29.36
50
98
45
.80
59
.35
.25
.19
18
15
.13
.11
08
.07
.14
.20
.10
.07
.06
.04
04
03
02
.02
.02
.02
.04
85
.41
. 16
08
.05
05
.04
5.34
.09
.17
.08
03
02
02
02
.01
01
.01
.01
07
.07
11
29
.29
.25
.23
.22e
.21
.21
.20
.17
13
09
.07
.08
.09
.09
.08
.05
.04
.03
.02
3.22
.05
.10
05
.30e
.29e
.28e
.27e
1 1
3.0
1.8
.21
,18e
.12e
05e
02e
.25e
34e
59e
.52e
1.2e
.73e
46e
30e
. 18c
,12e
.07e
.04e
.09e
5.1
2.9
3 1
2.7
2.1
28.41
.48
.95
.43
156
-------
DAY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2li
29
30
31
Total
Total
OCT.
0
.01
0
0
0
.01
0
1.97
1.16
0
.04
.03
0
0
.10
.20
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.35
.14
0
0
0
0
.33
5.35
Annual
NOV.
0
0
.01
.32
11
1.36
.42
0
0
.17
0
0
0
0
0
.28
.70
0
0
.25
.68
l.SOe
07e
.03e
.02e
Oe
.58e
.70e
1 50e
05e
--
9.05
55.34
TABLE
DEC
.15e
Oe
.05e
1.40e
15e
.10e
Oe
.07
23
0
0
0
0
.16
.06
.01
.37
05
0
.06
0
0
.01
1.07
0
0
0
.01
0
.12
.03
4.10
A-17 BOWLING BRANCH DAILY RAINFALL (IN ) - WY 1978
JAN.
.02
0
0
0
.04
.29
05
1.19
0
01
.04
.09
0
0
.07
.01
.75
01
.22
0
0
.33
0
.80
1 27
0
.07
0
0
.01
0
5.27
FEB
.02
0
01
.20
0
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
.47
0
.01
.13
0
.02
0
.01
.01
.19
.08
.12
.01
0
.01
.23
—
—
--
1.53
MAR
05
47
07
0
.02
.01
03
.21
.41
21
.02
i?
03
.07
0
.16
04
.11
.03
.02
.33
.03
.03
.06
.86
.11
.07
04
.04
.04
.05
3.74
APR
05
04
.04
04
.03
.03
03
06
.04
.04
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 21
05
.10
.05
.01
0
.04
90
.50
.01
0
.01
.51
--
4.08
HAY
01
0
0.)
65
0
0
10
.66
02
.01
0
.54
1 28
40
.21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.29
74
.05
.01
0
0
0
0
.01
5 01
JUNE JULY
0
.06 1.
14
0 0
0 0
0 0
81 0
2 15
.04
0
0
42 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0
0 0
0 0
02 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0 1.
0
0 0
0 0
08 0
0 0
--
3 72 5
02
.28
.07
06
.54
.06
01
20
50
18
15
.01
.24
32
AUG.
0
.01
.09
.33
.49
.21
.29
1.85
.24
0
.35
.60
1 00
24
0
16
01
0
0
.08
0
0
0
0
.44
.03
01
0
0
.33
.21
6 97
SEP.
0
.01
0
.01
.01
0
.01
0
0
0
.64
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
52
--
1.20
OCT.
TABLE A-18 BOWLING BRANCH MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1978
NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
(rfs)
(in)
Avg-.
i f.sn
1.3
1.0
.73
1.4
1.1
.56e
.14
.14
38
7.4
4.2
2.6
.8
.6
.4
.7
.3
.2
1 0
.91
.82
.73
.66
.66
5.1
13
7.1
4.6
3.3
2 6
2 1
110 15
1.87
fs j 55
1 62
2.4
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.1
46
32
22
15
12
9 3
8 6
7.7
7.1
6.5
6.2
14
14
12
11
16
51
38
21
15
14
15
24
55
25
~"
507 6
8.62
16 9
7 72
12
7 7
5.9
8.6
16
11
8.3
7.7
7.1
6.8
6 5
5.9
5.6
5.4
4.5e
1.6e
1.7e
4.5e
3 6e
3.3e
2 5e
1.8e
1.5e
lOe
22e
lOe
7.0e
4.5e
3 4e
3 2e
3 Oe
202.6
3 44
6 54
2 99
2.7e
1.9e
1.4e
1.3e
1.3e
3.4e
2.3
16
20
19
19
17
3.1
4.8
4.8
4.4
10
14
11
9 0
7 7
6.1
5.4
19
55
38
19
7 2e
4.9e
4.9e
2 3e
335 9
5 70
10.8
4 93
2.1e
1.6e
1.2e
l.Oe
.92e
.72e
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
2 0
1.8
2.3
3.3
3.1
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.0
2 8
2.7
2.7
2 3
2.6
3 3
3.3
3.8
--
--
--
66 74
1.13
2.38
1 09
3.4
3.9
5.4
6.2
5.7
4.6
4.2
5 6
7.3
19
12
7.8
5.8
29
15
7.0
5.6
4.3
3.9
3.4
3 4
3.7
1 3.7
3.6
6.1
19
12
7.8
6.0
4.6
3.9
232 9
3 95
7.51
3 43
3.6
3.0
2,4
2.2
2 1
.9
.8
.6
.5
.4
.4
.4
.3
. 1
.0
.97
.84
5.7
6.0
4.4
3 7
3.1
2.5
2.2
3.2
20
15
8.3
5 2
5.0
--
113 81
1 93
3 79
1 73
5.3
4.6
4.0
8.4
8 8
6.0
4.6
5.9
7 0
5.6
4.3
4 1
26
19
15
10
6 8
4.2
3. 1
2 3
7
.3
.3
9
8
.2
0
.82
73
.59
.52
167.86
2 85
5 41
2 47
40
34
34
34
30
25
73
18
12
•> 1
2 6
1 9
1 6
91
66
52
.46
30
25
25
21
18
.18
12
12
09
.07
.07
.07
.05
--
48 41
82
1 61
74
.05
.40
1.0
.18
12
07
07
07
.21
.18
07
.05
.05
05
1 8
2 1
59
46
40
40
.40
.40
.34
.52
2.4
82
66
.66
.59
59
.59
16 29
28
51
24
59
59
59
.59
59
59
59
5 9
1 9
.26
2 7
4 4
9 3
2 4
1 6
.91
1.3
91
73
.52
52
.34
30
21
21
.73
30
.25
.18
.34
34
43 02
73
1 39
64
.25
.21
.18
14
12
.12
.09
07
.05
05
14
.28e
23
23e
25e
.23e
.21e
19e
.17e
.04
.04
.04
.04
04
.04
.04
.04
.03
03
.03
--
3 62
.06
12
06
157
-------
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Total Annual
TABLE
DEC.
0
0
0
0
07
.01
.26
0
.04
0
0
0
.01
.57
0
0
0
.01
01
0
01
0
0
1.50
.20
0
.01
.05
.28
1.26
4.29
A- 19 GREEN BRANCH DAILY RAINFALL (IN)
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY
.02 .42 0 .02 .43
.11 .03 .01 .01 .04
.55 .06 0 .01 0
.01 0 .01 .06 0
0 .12 .59 .01 0
0 .11 .02 0 .26
.40 .03 .01 0 .22
00 .42 0 0
.01 .01 .53 0 .01
0 .02 .04 0 0
.64 .08 .01 .15 .44
.02 .02 .15 .03 .01
.83 0 .01 0 .20
.01
0
.03
.01
.06
0
.03
01
.01
0
.09
.84
1.28
.02
.02
0
0
0
5 00
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
-
3
.03
.10
.49
.02
.47
.02
.01
01
-
-
.05
0
0
.01
.26
.03
.03
.26
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.04
0
0
0
2
8
.16
.46
.36
.14
.31
.87
.35
.08
0
0
0
-
1
.01
.51
.02
.03
.25
.03
.01
.18
-
.33
1.07
1.29
.33
11
40
01
.01
.08
.02
0
0
0
0
0
2.44
.21
.02
0
7 60
- WY 1976
JUNE JULY
91 0
.03 0
.01 1 07
.Oi 38
.01 43
0 .06
0 .02
0 .05
0 .75
0 .01
0 0
0 .40
0 0
0
0
.02
.01
.01
63
.94
02
.01
0
.01
80
.02
.03
.12
.25
.27
--
4.13
.01
0
.06
02
0
0
.11
.91
85
03
.01
01
0
0
01
88
25
.27
6.59
AUG.
.01
0
0
02
0
.44
.03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
10
02
01
.50
.20
.50
.05
.01
.89
SEP.
35
20
01
15
03
01
0
0
.62
.12
0
0
0
0
.20
.03
0
0
0
.41
.03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
60
.30
--
3.06
TABLE A-20 GREEN BRANCH MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1976
NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
(eft)
(in)
Avg-cf»
cfim
__
3.7
3.1
2.6
2.1
2 2
2.9
2.4
2.9
2.4
2 2
2.0
1.7
1.6
3.1
4.8
3.5
2.7
2.6
2.4
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6
8.9
14
5.9
3.8
3.0
4.0
14
..
..
--
9.7
5.4
9.1
5.3e
4.6e
3.5e
2.9e
2.6e
Z.3e
2.0
5 1
4.5
11
8.8
6.1
4.8
3.5
3.3
3.2
2.4
2.1
1.8
1.8
2.0
5.5
23
10
7.2
5.3
4.3
3.5
166.6
4.49
5.37
3.89
4.8
3.7
3.3
3.3
3.5
4 5
3.3
3.1
2.7
2.7
2 7
2.1
.8
.7
.6
.6
.5
16
9.9
6.3
6.6
6.3
5.0
4.3
3.4
3.1
2.9
2.4
2.2
--
--
116.3
3.13
4.01
2.91
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.6
2.4
2.0
1 7
2.0
8.2
5.8e
4. Ic
3 7e
2.9e
2.4e
2.4e
2 6e
2 le
1.8e
1.8e
2.0e
16
6.4e
4 le
3.1e
2.6e
4.3r
4. Be
3.9e
23
24
I Or
156 8
4 22
5 06
3 67
6.7e
4.6e
3.5e
2 7e
2.3e
2.0e
1.7e
1 3e
1 le
l.le
1 2e
l.le
1 Oe
94e
.77e
.77e
69e
.69e
.69e
69e
1 3e
l.Oe
.69e
. 62e
l.Oe
.77e
.62e
43e
.43e
.43e
--
42.83
1 15
1 43
1 04
1.3
.70
.53
.48
47
.43
94e
67
.60
.53
1 5
85e
.85e
2. le
27
9 6e
7 Oe
8.9e
7 Oe
5.3e
3.7e
2.7
2.7
2 6
2 2
1.9
1.6
12
16
5 1
3 0
130.25
3.51
4.20
3 04
2.2
4 6
4 4
2.5
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.0
.86
.74
.67
.60
.55
.53
.47
.46
47
42
4.9
10
6.0
4.3
3 7
3.4
4.8
4 1
3 2
2 9
3.4
3 3
--
78.87
2 12
2 63
1 91
3.0
4.0
4 7
2 0
17
11
6. le
4 8e
5 8e
2 4e
1.5e
2 le
1.7e
94e
1.3e
1 le
.77e
62e
.55e
69e
2 7e
2.9e
1.5e
94e
77e
.62e
.55e
49e
3.4e
2 Oe
1.5e
89 44
2.41
2.89
2.09
79e
65e
.50e
.38e
.32e
1.2e
49e
.38e
.32e
28e
24e
.20e
.20e
.17e
2 9e
,49e
.20e
.09e
.07e
.07
.06
.06
.05
.05
.05
.08
69
1 1
.90
.60
.30
13.88
.37
.45
33
.85
.90
65
43
.50
.38
.32
28
1.0
1.2
2.0
1 6
1 2
1 0
1 .2
94
.77
.69
.62
70
.77
.62
.62
.55
.49
40
.30
.20
.70
.75
~~
22.63
61
.75
54
is:
-------
TABLE A-21 GREEN BRANCH DAILY RAINFALL (IN) - WY 1977
DEC. JAN. FEB MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY
AUG.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Total
0
0
0
0
.01
.76
.06
.34
.54
.01
0
.01
0
0
0
.10
0
0
0
.40
.02
.01
0
.91
2.56
.01
.02
0
0
.42
.01
6.19
Annual
02
01
0
0
0
.26
.01
.05
.02
0
0
.25
.01
.04
.05
.03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.35
.03
.52
.01
.19
--
1.85
--
.01
.01
0
0
0
1.12
.34
0
.04
0
.27
.35
.01
0
.22
.02
.01
0
.01
.27
0
.01
0
.01
.25
.07
.01
0
.01
.41
0
3.45
.02
0
.18
.04
12
.42
.02
.02
.95
.14
.04
0
07
.48
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
.04
.01
.02
.07
.32
.03
0
0
0
0
3.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
-
-
2
.53
01
.07
.01
.01
.02
.01
.03
.83
.45
.02
.10
.40
-
-
-
.49
06
03
.29
.65
0
.02
0
.01
.03
0
0
2.32
.02
0
0
0
0
.05
.34
.11
0
.21
.01
0
.01
0
.01
.23
.22
1.09
0
5.71
.01
1.48
1.13
5.09
.14
.01
0
0
0
0
.03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.80
1.03
.08
0
0
01
.49
.40
.01
—
10.71
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
44
01
05
32
.06
.34
.07
.04
.01
.55
.89
0
0
0
0
0
.50
0
0
0
0
0
.25
.50
.10
0
.10
0
.05
.10
0
0
0
0
0
1.60
.50
0
0
0
0
—
3.70
SEP
1.20
0
0
.01
0
.42
1.31
.01
0
0
0
0
TABLE A-22 GREEN BRANCH MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1977
NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
e
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Tot.l
(cfs)
(in)
Avg-cfl
cf»
_
_
_
_
-
..
_
.76
.79
.76
.78
.70
.57
.63
.80
.65
.60
.57
.53
.51
.50
.46
.43
.45
.45
.86
.97
2.9
3.3
2.4
—
.-
--
2.0
1.4
1.2
1.1
.98
7.5
15
6.4
4.1
3.0
2.6
6.1
4.5
3.7
3.7
3.1
2.7
2.4
2.1
2.9
2.6
2.6
2.2
1.6
4.8
6.6
4.3
4.0
3.2
3.3
5.7
117.38
3.16
3.79
2.75
5.5
5.5
4.5
2.6
3.4
2.8
3.4
3.2
4.7
--
—
2.5
6.6
5.4
3.9
6.1
5.8
5.8
5.1
2.9
.90
.83
.85
.85
.85
.88
.90
.93
1 . 1
.93
..
— •
--
--
.93
.93
.79
.67
.59
.74
.48
.48
.48
.48
.55
4.7
3.0
.9
.7
.4
6
.4
.3
.1
.94
.96
1 7
17
4 6
3.0
3.7
1.6
--
--
~~
58.72
1.58
2.10
1 52
1.0
.84
1.1
3.3
.70
.37
.19
.08
.06
.03
.84
41
38
23
20
18
17
16
16
18
16
17
16
16
16
16
15
16
16
31
23
413.51
11.14
13.3
9.64
159
-------
TABLE A-23 INDIAN FORK DAILY RAINFALL (IN) - WY 1975
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total —
Total Annual
JAN.
._
--
__
__
„
0
0
0
0
.99
0
.11
1.10
05
.12
0
0
.22
1.42
.01
0
0
.11
0
.02
__
FEB.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
__
_-
—
3
63
45
.54
,85
.03
.16
88
.01
.08
.63
MAR.
0
0
0
1
0
2.
2
1.
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
15
18
03
14
01
74
09
08
61
.66
.15
.16
.03
.31
.01
.62
.64
02
.61
.43
52
APR.
0
0
0
0
0
04
14
04
06
.03
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
--
2
65
.01
11
.13
.03
51
.06
.08
.89
MAY
28
0
04
0
0
.12
26
47
0
0
0
06
.04
0
2 15
.10
43
01
0
02
0
0
0
0
0
.03
.01
0
77
.09
0
4 88
JUNE
03
01
„ j
0
53
06
0
0
37
.30
30
.67
0
0
62
0
0
0
0
0
0
07
0
0
1.22
.25
.08
.17
0
0
--
4 71
JULY
0
34
0
1 68
0
19
03
17
0
0
0
.30
30
.03
.12
0
0
0
.07
04
0
0
0
.31
0
0
0
0
0
.35
01
3.94
AUG.
0
0
0
04
37
0
0
08
to
2 01
14
0
0
.05
58
14
.24
88
1.35
0
0
0
.01
01
01
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.21
S
0
0
--
--
--
--
—
--
"~
--
--
--
--
"
--
--
--
--
"
--
--
--
--
"
--
--
--
--
--
~~
-
TABLE A-24 INDIAN FORK MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1975
DEC.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
JO
31
Total
(cfs)
(in)
Avg-cfs
cf sm
JAN.
__
--
—
__
--
__
__
—
FEB.
2
26
16
39
28
19
12
6
7
5
4.2
—
__
11
8.7
8 1
8 2
6.5
2.1
5.6
42
29
13
6.2
4.1
3 4
52
15
7 4
4 4
3 5
2 4
2 1
..
._
.-
--
3
5
35
17
8
3
5
19
8
4
3
2
2
24
17
7
4
3
2
__
--
--
331
2
11
2
1
9
0
9
2
8
9
4
6
6
3
4
2
7
4
85
8
73
MAR.
3.0
1 9
1.7
1.8
1.6
8.4
24
9.6
9.0
19
41
155
171
61
37
34
34
34
34
25
13
24
21
71
35
21
13
11
92
26
15
1048 0
9 02
33.8
7.82
APR.
10
8 0
11
9 7
8.0
7 0
6.4
5.9
5.4
5.1
4.5
4.1
3.8
5 8
9.3
5 7
5 3
5.0
28
22
14
10
8 8
7 7
14
9 4
8 1
7 3
6.5
6 I
--
261 9
2.25
8.73
2 02
MAY
6.1
4.7
4 3
4.0
3 4
4.1
4.1
5.4
5 1
3 5
3.1
3.0
2.8
2.5
33
19e
25e
lie
7.5e
4 7e
3 7e
3 5e
2 3e
1 9e
1 5e
2.0e
1 9e
1 8e
6.0e
3 Op
2 3e
186 2
1 60
6 01
1.39
JUNE
2.1e
1 6e
1 8e
1 8e
3 Oe
2.2e
1.8e
1.7e
2.3e
2 5e
3.0e
5.0e
35e
24
21
23
12
7 5
5 5
4 0
2.5
2 3
2 0
1 8
12
6 6
7 0
7 4
4 6
3 3
--
210 3
1 81
7 01
1 62
JULY
2
3
2
14
12
5
4
10
6
4
3
2
5
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
118
1
3
8
7
7
7
2
1
1
3
8
5
8
7
6
3
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
3
9
8
7
6
7
8
.6
02
83
89
AUC
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
8
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
5
8
3
2
2
2
1
69
2
6
5
5
5
1
8
5
5
5
4
9
5
3
3e
5e
4e
3e
Oe
Oe
Oe
6e
3e
Oe
7e
5e
4c
3e
2e
Ir
.Oe
95e
.15
.60
23
.52
SEC
90e
R5<
79
79
76
1 2
.94
.86
80
.80
.82
1.0
.92
80
.80
80
4.6
11
1.4
1 2
1 0
8.1
18
6. OP
3 Of
2 0**
1 5e
1 2e
1 Oe
.90f
~"
74.73
.64
2.49
58
160
-------
TABLE A-25 INDIAN FORK DAILY RAINFALL (IN) - WY 1976
DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
21
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Total
35e
Oe
Op
Olp
Oe
Oe
.02e
.95e
.Ole
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
0
.34
1 64
.01
.38
.01
0
Oe
Oe
Oe
.40e
.35e
Oe
Oe
.15e
Oe
Oe
4.62
Annual
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.75e
Oe
.15e
.15e
Oe
2.30e
Oe
.10e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.15e
Oe
0
0
0
0
.20
.09
0
.04
97
—
4.90
55.39
0
0
0
01
0
.42
.06
0
.29
01
0
0
0
0
.69
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
.02
1.27
.10
.01
0
05
.53
1.17
4.64
0
24
60
0
0
0
.46
.01
0
.01
.56
0
.90
0
0
.05
0
0
0
.09
.26
0
0
.14
.68
1.31
.02
0
0
.01
0
5.34
.42
.01
.18
0
.38
.05
.01
0
0
.03
.14
0
.02
.01
0
0
.08
1.79
0
0
.54
.01
0
0
0
.05
0
.01
0
--
--
3 73
0
0
0
0
.68
0
0
53
.51
0
0
.18
0
0
.02
.34
0
.08
0
.72
1 19
0
0
.21
.39
.33
.12
0
2.04
.88
.38
8.60
0
0
0
.04
0
0
0
0
0
0
.32
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.86
0
0
.11
.44
.02
Ole
Oe
0
.25
--
2.05
02
01
0
0
0
29
.32
0
0
0
.45
0
.31
.87
1.17
26
.02
.30
0
0
0
0
.09
0
0
0
01
2.22
.17
0
0
6 51
. 18
67
08
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
09
.01
0
.94
.20
0
06
0
0
.47
.01
0
.05
.54
.36
--
3 66
0
0
1.05
.36
.06
.09
0
0
.01
0
0
89
0
0
15
10
0
0
0
.05
.60
50
.01
0
0
0
.01
0
.60
.40
.20
5.08
Oe
Oe
Oe
.Ole
Oe
.55e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.70e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.50e
.20e
.50e
.10e
Oe
Oe
2.56
30
12
0
.05
.04
0
0
0
.65
.13
0
0
0
0
.17
0
0
0
0
.27
.05
0
0
0
0
.57
.87
.01
.47
0
--
3.70
TABLE A-26 INDIAN FORK MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1976
DEC. ' JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEP.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
(cf.)
(in)
1.6e
2.5e
2.2e
1.9e
1.8e
1.9e
2.0e
13e
8.8e
6.2e
4.5e
3.5e
2.8e
2.2e
1.8
2.5
46
29
9.0
6.2e
5.0e
4.1e
3.5e
3.1e
2.8e
6.8e
5.8e
5.0e
5.4e
4.5e
4.0e
199.4
1.72
Av«-cf> 6.43
cf..
1.49
3.6e
3.2e
2.8e
2.6e
2.3e
2.1e
lie
S.Oe
lOe
9.4e
8.7e
220e
62e
36c
25e
20e
16e
14e
15e
16e
17e
14e
12e
S.Oe
7.0e
S.Oe
8.9e
S.Oe
7.1e
27
--
604.7
S.21
20.2
4.68
44
29
19
14
12
13
15
12
16
13
12
11
11
11
17
26
20
13
11
10
9.1
7.8
8.0
8.5
27
56
37
25
18
32
73
630.4
5.43
20.3
4.70
56
38
55
41
30
18
22
19
17
15
22
28
40
48
36
28
19
16
14e
12e
lie
lOe
9.4e
9.0e
28
78
54
36
27
20
16
872.4
7.51
28.1
6.51
24
17
17
17
21
35
27
22
17
11
8.0
5.
5.
5.
4.
4.
4.
44
39
23
22
26
17
12
lOe
8.
7
7.
6.
--
--
469.
4.
16.
3.
8
4
0
6
6
6
8e
8e
Oe
7e
3
04
2
75
6.4e
5.9e
5.5e
S.Oe
8.8e
7.7e
6.6e
7.1
31
28
17
13
9.4
7.0
6.3
11
7.5
6.7
5.9
7.4
64
31
17
11
20
17
22
17
102e
151e
lOOe
755.2
6.50
24.4
5 65
39
26e
16e
lOe
7.7e
7.1e
6.0e
5.5e
S.Oe
4.6
5.5
4.6
4.2
3.8
3.5
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.8
7.7
5.0
3.5
3.2
7.8
4.6
4.0e
3.5e
3.3
3.2
--
209.6
1.80
6.99
1.62
7 1
4.6
3.8
3.5
3.2
2 9
7.7
3.5
3.2
2 9
7 1
3.5
3.8
10
72
32
20
21
14
10
7. 1
5 5
5.4
4.2
3.5
3.2
2.9
27
50
23
11
378.6
3.26
12.2
2.82
7.7
18
20
11
7.1
5.5
4.2
3.8
3.2
2.9
2 7
2.4
2.2
2 0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.8
13
11
4 6
3.2
2.4
2.2
5.5
3 5
2.4
2.2
7.7
15
--
173.2
1 49
5.77
1 34
5.0
3.2
20
27
17
11
7.1
4.6
4.5
3.2
2 7
6.0
3.5
2.4
9.2
4.6
3.2
2.4
2.2
3.5
5.0
4.8
3.5
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.8
15
6.5
4.2
191.6
1.65
6.18
1.43
3.
2.
2.
2.
1.
5.
2.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
8.
2.
1.
1 ,
1 .
1
1.
1 ,
1.
1.
1
,
2
6.
2
1 ,
1
70
2
2
4
.2
.0
9
.5
.7
.0
.8
.7
.6
.5
,5
.4
.4
,2
.8
.7
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.5
.7
.0
.2
.7
,5
.5
.61
.27
.53
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.4
5.5
3.2
1.7
1.5
1.4
1 4
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
3.5
14
3.5
6.0
5.9
--
76.4
.66
2.55
.59
1C1
-------
TABLE A-27
DAY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Total
OCT
.01
0
0
0
0
.65
.07
29
47
0
0
0
0
0
.01
.14
.01
0
0
54
0
0
.03
1.54
3.13
0
01
0
0
.86
02
7.78
Annual
NOV.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.04
.18
.01
.10
.08
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.10
0
0
47
0
.66
0
0
--
1.64
53.66
DEC.
15
0
.01
0
0
1 18
.32
.01
0
0
.27
33
0
0
15
0
0
0
.05
35
0
0
0
12
.71
.03
0
0
0
.54
0
4.22
JAN.
0
.01
.07
.19
.21
.36
02
.04
.72
.21
0
0
.01
.02
0
0
0
0
0
.02
03
0
03
.03
.04
.27
.17
09
0
0
0
2 54
INDIAN FORK DAILY RAINFALL (IN)
FEB.
0
0
0
.01
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
.51
0
.04
0
0
0
.01
01
.01
0
.02
.50
.40
01
.05
.40
0
__
-_
--
1.98
MAR
.05
.02
.30
60
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.20
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
10
0
.20
0
0
0
0
0
.20
.20
1 00
0
5.17
APR
0
1.50
1.10
4 50
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.50
1.00
05
0
0
0
.50
.40
0
0
9.70
MAY
0
0
40
0
0
.07
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
.15
41
.01
.06
.03
0
0
.50
0
0
1.65
- WY 1977
JUNE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
0
.36
40
32
0
1.32
11
64
75
.13
0
46
28
15
1.72
.66
0
.02
0
.01
--
7 44
JULY
54
06
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
03
0
0
03
0
0
0
01
35
0
0
.30
29
17
.15
.39
0
0
2 32
AUG.
0
0
0
0
01
01
16
37
.06
25
01
0
.33
48
0
12
16
01
0
0
0
0
0
1.10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3 07
SEP
41
11
11
0
0
0
1.38
01
0
0
0
0
.50
,50
.50
.60
01
0
.05
0
0
0
.01
0
.53
1.42
01
0
0
0
~~
6 15
TABLE A-28 INDIAN FORK MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1977
DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
3.5
2 4
2.0
1.8
1 7
3.8
6.0
3.2
21
6 0
3.8
2.9
2.4
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.8
6.5
2.9
2.4
2.0
18
130
45
28
21
21
28
32
26
13e
9.2e
6 be
4.9e
3 8e
3.1e
2.9e
2.9
2 8
3 2
2 9
2.4
2.7
2.9
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.0
1 8
2.0
2.0
2.0
3 5
4 2
13
17
9.2
--
7.7
7.1
5 0
4 9
4 2
23
59
32
20
12
10
29
23
17
15
11
8.4
7.1
6.5
11
7.7
5 0
6.5
6.0
8.4
16
n
12
1 1
16
18
12
8.0
7.0
9 2
14
14
16
12
16
29
--
--
--
--
--
__
--
--
—
—
—
—
—
--
__
—
--
--
--
--
Total
(cfs) 411.1 158.3 432.5
(in) 3.54 1.36 3.72
Avg-cfs 13.3 5 28 14.0
cfsm 3.08 1 22 3.24
--
--
--
--
--
__
--
_-
--
--
__
--
--
--
--
—
--
--
--
__
2.4
6.0
43
21
15
29
20
--
--
—
__
—
—
--
12
7 7
7 5
28
23
14
9.2
7 1
5.5
4.6
3.8
61
46
23
13
7.7
6.5
6.0
5 5
7 7
4.6
8.4
6.5
5.5
5 0
4.6
4.2
4.2
4.6
58
39
443.4
3.82
14.3
3.31
21 6.0
27 4.6
53 14
719 10
1800 31
200 10
50
20
15
10
8.0
6.5
4.0
2.4
24
2.4
2.4
2.2
22
2.0
1.8
3.2
33
31
13
7.1
5.0
5.0
16
7.1
--
3071.7
26.44
102
23.6
6 0
1.0
80
5.5
4.2
2.4
.73
1.3
.97
5.0
1.4
7.1
2.7
2.2
27
14
5.5
6.0
6.0
5.5
38
39
21
7 1
4 2
2.9
--
1.4
1.3
1 3
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.1
1.0
7.1
2 4
1 4
1.3
1 3
1 3
1.2
55.6
.48
1.79
.41
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1 1
1.2
1 4
1.5
2.2
1.3
1.1
1 4
3.2
1.8
1.4
2.2
1.7
1.3
15
11
8.4
6.5
5 5
4.6
4.2
4.2
6.5
43
31
12
4.6
2.9
162
-------
TABLE A-29 INDIAN FORK DAILY RAINFALL (IN) - WY 1978
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
1.29
1.84
.09
.03
.03
0
.63
.79
1.68
.06
DEC
.16
0
.12
1.60
20
10
0
.41
.29
0
0
0
0
22
0
0
.32
.09
JAN.
FEE
__
10
.01
05
0
0
.01
0
0
0
0
0
61
0
0
.16
0
02
0
0
0
0
0
31
06
0
0
.24
__
_-
--
MAR
05
40
60
0
0
0
0
0
.04
.01
01
33
0
1 02
0
.10
.03
.12
0
0
.40
0
.01
.06
.93
.02
.02
0
0
0
0
APR
0
0
0
02
0
0
0
0
0
15
38
0
0
03
0
0
0
1.34
.09
05
08
0
0
.07
.46
55
0
0
0
.29
--
MAY
04
0
02
94
0
0
.42
1 16
01
0
0
71
1.49
.33
.06
0
0
.01
0
0
0
.15
.09
.36
05
0
0
0
0
0
0
JUNE
0
19
02
0
0
.01
1.18
1.58
10
0
0
.32
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
0
0
01
0
--
JUI.l
01
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
.49
.01
--
--
--
--
"
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
—
—
__
--
--
--
—
--
Total --
Total Annual
5 84
TABLE A-30 INDIAN FORK MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1978
DEC. JAN FEB. MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY
1 5.5
2 50
3 4.2
4 3.5
5 3.2
6 2.9e
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
(cfs)
(in)
Avg-cfs —
cf»«
--
--
--
—
--
__
—
--
--
—
5.9e
5.2e
4 2e
--
--
__
--
13e
9 0
7 2
32
108
40
16
8 9
5 9
6.8
14
123
37
--
--
--
--
--
26
14
9.6
43
39
18
9.0
7.1
7.7
5 1
4.5
4 2
4.2
5 4
4.1
3 6
3.7
6.4
4.9
4.5
4 0
3.3
2 9
24
42
23
14
10
8.4
9.2
9.2
374.0
3.22
12.1
2.80
9.0
7.1
6.5
6.0
6.5
13
12
75
44
17e
13e
12e
12e
lie
9.2e
__
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
—
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
-
— •
—
--
--
--
--
--
._
.-
--
--
--
__
4 2
3.8
3 8
3 5
3 5
3 5
32
23
14
11
8 4
7 1
6.5
12
28
27
17
13
14
~~
__
--
--
--
9.
7.
6.
35
27
15
17
67
50
31
20
28
75
62
44
33
26
17
13
11
9
7
8
9
8
6
6
5
5
4
4
669
5
21
5
2
1
5
.2
7
.4
.2
.4
5
.0
.5
0
.8
.6
.1
76
.6
00
4.
4.
4
3.
3.
3.
16
59
39
23
16
17
15
10
9.
8.
7.
7.
6.
6
6.
6
5
5.
5
6
5
4
4
4
~~
318
2
10
2
2
6
6
8
5
5
4.
4.
6.
4.
4.
4
3.
3.
4.
4.
3
3.
2 5.0
6 3.8
5 4.6
6 13
2
0
9
8
6
2
8
8
3.5
2
.4
.7
.1
.5
.4
.0
.0
.9
.5
0
0
0
9
6
.6
,0
74
.6
.45
3.
25
35
8.
5.
5.
6
5.
4.
3
3.
8.
5.
5.
5
4
3.
13
205
1
6
1
5
—
—
4
5
0
0
0
2
8
8
4
,0
5
.0
.2
.8
~~
.8
77
.64
.54
163
-------
TABLE A- 31
DAY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Total
OCT.
28
03
01
0
0
0
.02
.80
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.07
1 29
.07
07
0
0
0
0
0
.14
.40
.01
0
14
.01
0
4 35
Annual
NOV.
0
0
0
0
0
.01
52
0
12
.10
0
2 26
0
11
0
.01
0
0
0
32
01
0
0
0
0
.08
11
0
0
.68
--
4 33
47 91
DEC.
0
.01
0
0
0
0
09
0
.27
0
0
0
01
0
.63
0
0
0
0
0
0
02
0
0
1 11
.14
0
0
0
.20
1.0
3.48
JAN.
Oe
.05e
.45e
Oe
.Ole
Oe
.45e
.02e
Oe
Oe
.30e
Oe
.50e
Oe
Oe
.03e
Oe
.05e
Oe
07e
Oe
Oe
Oe
.10e
.80e
l.OOe
Oe
05e
Oe
Oe
Oe
3 88
LOWE BRANCH DAILY RAINFALL (IN)
FEB.
33e
Oe
05
08
.04
.09
0
0
0
.02
05
.01
02
0
0
0
08
1.11
0
0
.36
0
0
0
0
50
0
0
0
--
--
2.74
MAR.
0
0
0
0
55
0
0
.41
.53
01
0
10
0
0
01
.21
0
02
0
.11
71
0
0
06
.29
.14
.05
0
2.08
.63
.32
6.23
APR.
0
0
0
.10
0
0
0
0
01
0
.12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
53
01
0
0
20
.04
0
0
0
.16
--
1 17
MAY
47
.01
0
0
0
24
.29
0
0
0
.27
01
.13
.59
1 09
13
43
03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.85
.15
.01
0
5 70
- WY 1976
JUNE
.25
49
-i
0
.02
0
0
0
0
03
0
0
0
0
0
.39
0
0
1 19
1 39
41
04
0
0
74
03
.24
.18
17
.15
--
5 73
JULY
0
0
l 73
02
.72
.03
.01
.30
61
0
0
70
0
0
0
.02
0
01
0
0
0
52
0
0
0
0
04
0
01
08
.01
4 81
AUG.
0
0
0
0
48
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
0
0
01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
90
0
0
0
1 50
SEP.
29
16
0
05
0
0
.01
0
85
35
0
a
u
0
20
0
.01
0
0
35
0
0
0
0
0
12
.32
01
.71
56
--
3 99
DAY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Tot.l
(cf.)
(in)
OCT.
03
.04
.02
.01
.01
00
.00
.11
27
.18
.13
.09
.06
.04
.04
.65
9.0
3 3
1.0
53
.35
.27
.20
.16
14
.22
.29
.27
25
23
20
_.
—
Avg-cfi --
cfs«
--
NOV.
.19
18
18
.16
16
.15
.29
36
34
34
.34
47
8.5
3.6
2 0
1.5
1.1
.86
.74
.78
.89
.76
.70
69
68
62
65
58
50
1 0
--
75.84
3 06
2.53
2.75
TABLE
DEC.
3.0
2.4
1.8
1.2
.96
80
.78
.76
.90
1.1
1.2
1 1
88
.78
.90
2.2
2 3
1 9
1.4
1.1
.90
74
.60
.44
2.1
9 0
4.5
2 5
1.9
1 7
7 1
58 94
2 38
1 90
2 07
A-32 LOWE BRANCH MEAN
JAN.
7.8
3 6
2.8
2 7
2.3
1.9
1.7
2 1
2 1
2.0
.8
.7e
.5e
3e
2e
l.le
95e
87e
79e
.72e
.66e
.61e
.56e
.52
.87
9.3
8.2
3 6
2.4
1 9
1 5
71 05
2 87
2.29
2 49
FEB.
1.4e
1.2e
l.le
l.Oe
.92e
.85e
.80e
.72e
.69e
.64e
.60e
.58e
.55e
.52e
.50e
49
.49
4.7
5.7
2 8
2 2
2.2
2.0
1.7
1 4
1 2
94
81
.72
_-
--
39 42
1.59
1 36
1.48
MAR.
61
.54
.49
.43
.65
79
.76
.82
3.8
4.4
2 6
2.1
1.6
1.2
1 0
1.0
73
.64
58
57
2 2
2 5
2.0
.5
.5
.3
4
.2
25
27
6 6
97.51
3 94
3.15
3 42
DAILY FLOW (CFS)
APR.
5.2
2.8
2.1
1 8
1.3
1 1
.90
.77
.62e
52e
.52e
.46e
.44e
41e
38e
.34e
.29e
27e
25e
25e
28
.32
.22
.18
20
.20
.18
.16
14
11
--
22 71
.92
.76
83
MAY
.30
26
.18
. 14
.11
09
27
19
. 14
.10
.15
. 13
.09
.10
3.8
2.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
.97
66
48
.40
.31
.22
15
10
63
3 9
2 1
1 3
23 57
95
76
83
- WY 1976
JUNE
.85
.98
1 1
.86
.54
31
27
22
.16
13
. 11
08
.07
.06e
05e
lie
.05e
05e
.29e
7 5
3.9
2 7
1 6
98
1 1
1.9
1.4
95
75
64
--
24 71
1 .20
99
1 08
JULY
.43
.32
3 4
7 4
6.1
5 2
2 4
1 6
1.1
70
48
50
41
28
19
, 15
12
08
06
04
.02
.12
. 14
05
.02
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-•
AUG.
--
--
--
--
--
04e
08e
02e
.00
00
00
00
.00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
.00
oo
.00
00
.00
00
(Mr
03e
00
00
--
--
--
--
SEP.
00
00
.00
.00
00
.00
00
.00
.01
05
01
.00
00
00
00
00
00
.00
.00
.00
.00
00
00
.00
00
.00
14
05
08
23
-"
57
02
02
.02
164
-------
TABU A-33
DAY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Total
CCT.
0
0
0
0
0
.52
04
.24
.54
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.16
0
0
0
.72
1.58
.01
0
.01
0
.59
0
4 4]
Annual
NOV
0
.01
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
.29
.01
.05
04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
.17
.01
.36
0
.01
--
1.06
40.37
DEC
.22
0
01
0
0
1 02
40
0
.03
01
.20
37
0
0
.20
0
0
0
.10
.29
0
.02
0
0
.40
.04
0
0
0
.24
0
3.55
JAN.
.03
.01
.11
.09
09
16
02
.17
.13
.02
01
.10
0
.14
0
0
0
0
0
0
.04
0
.03
.19
.05
.04
0
0
0
0
0
1 43
LOWE BRANCH DAILY RAINFALL (IN)
FEB.
0
0
01
0
.02
0
0
0
0
0
.01
.27
0
20
.01
0
.01
0
0
.05
0
01
.26
.65
0
.01
41
.01
—
—
--
1.93
MAR
01
0
.11
.47
0
0
0
0
01
0
0
0
1.07
0
.01
0
0
.07
47
.07
.01
.13
.01
0
0
0
.01
.10
.23
.22
0
3.00
APR
.02
.92
.21
4 10
.10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.07
.02
0
0
0
.33
.12
07
.01
0
0
.52
.39
.01
--
6.89
MAY
0
0
.32
0
0
0
J3
0]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
.17
.48
.10
.07
.23
.06
.11
20
0
0
2.09
- WY 1977
JUNE
0
0
48
0
0
r.o
0
0
10
0
0
04
35
11
.01
15
04
15
.37
.33
0
26
1.39
98
84
05
.01
0
0
0
--
6 16
JULY
.42
01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.08
.03
22
01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
.95
0
0
.01
.02
0
.01
1.77
AUG.
.02
0
01
0
16
0
17
11
13
25
05
0
.06
.05
.13
.03
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
0
.40
97
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.61
SEP.
0
0
0
.01
0
.16
.86
.02
.01
0
0
0
.35
.49
.57
.55
.01
0
.08
0
0
0
0
0
.52
1.35
.49
0
0
0
--
5.47
TABLE A-34 LOWE BRANCH MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1977
DEC. JAN FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25 3
26 1
27
28
29
30
31
Total
(cf«) 6
(in)
Avg-cfi
dim
.06
.02
.01
.01
.00
.00
02
02
.33
.08
.03
.02
02
02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.2
7
.34
.15
.10
.12
.50
90
.28
.22
.24
.37
.22
.34
.26
.20
.19
.16
.13
.11
.11
.10
.10
.09
.09
.09
.09
.09
.09
.09
.09
.09
.09
08
.07
.07
.07
.08
.09
.21
.21
—
4.07
.16
.14
.15
.21
.32
.31
.31
.31
1.5
13
4.3e
2.1e
1.2e
. 68e
l.ge
2.3e
2. If
l.Se
l.le
79e
.54e
.46e
.54e
58e
58c
.58e
. 46e
.50e
1.7e
2.0e
1.7e
l.le
.73t
.63c
46.23
1.87
1.49
1.62
.63e
.63e
.63e
.54e
.46e
.54e
l.Oe
l.Oe
l.le
2.4e
4.6e
3.2e
2.3e
1.4*
2.3e
l.Se
1 5e
1.4e
1.3e
1.2e
.81e
.30e
I?e
.44e
.36e
.37e
.38e
.27e
.27e
.26e
.22e
34.08
1.38
1.10
1.20
19e
. 16e
.27e
.21e
.19e
.17e
.16e
14e
18e
.67e
1.2e
.68
.0
.1
.2
.1
.1
.63
.58
.43
.37
.34
34
6.3
3.5
2.2
2 2
2.2
--
--
--
28.81
1.16
1.03
1.12
2.0
1.5
1.0
2.0
2.4
2.1
1.7
1 0
.66
.50
.41
5.3
7.4
3 1
2.1
1.5
.93
1.1
.81
1.5
1.7
1 6
.95
.69
.54
.45
36
.35
.27
.41
.43
46.76
1.89
1.51
1 64
.44
2.3
10
112
68
30
19
14
9.7
6.8
5.0
4.0
3.5
3 0
2 6
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.5
1.2
1.0
5.0
13
8.7
5.3
3 8
2.8
15
16
--
371 84
15.02
12.4
13 5
11
6.0
5.0
4.0
2.6
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.3
1.1
.80
.63
54
.43
29
.16
.11
.08
.07
09
07
.10
.24
.40
.24
21
.40
.26
.21
.16
.12
42 71
1.73
1 38
1 50
12
07
07
07
07
29
13
07
08
07
07
07
07
29
07
07
.07
.07
.17
.11
13
.06
.16
1 0
2 4
2.3
.31
12
07
05
--
8 70
35
29
32
.09
07
.05
.04
.02
01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.00
.00
.00
00
.00
00
.00
.00
.00
.00
00
00
.00
.00
.00
.00
00
00
29
.01
.01
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.02
.03
.07
.04
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.06
.01
01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.26
.01
.01
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.02
.03
.01
.01
.00
.00
.00
.01
.03
.28
.07
.03
.02
.01
.01
.00
.00
.00
.01
1.6
.91
.30
.08
.04
--
3.47
.14
.12
.13
155
-------
TABLE A-35
DAY
1
2
3
It
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Annual
OCT.
.01
0
0
0
0
.01
0
1.8
.91
0
.09
0
0
0
.22
.15
0
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.26
.09
.01
0
0
0
.45
5.01
Total
NOV.
.01
0
.02
.16
.15
.27
.25
0
.10
.04-
0
0
0
0
0
.14
.52
0
0
.10
.82
1.6e
.02
.02
.12
0
.53
.02
1.44
,04
--
6.37
51.23
DEC.
.03
0
0
.64
.06
.14
0
.09
.23
0
.01
0
Oe
.14
0
0
.34
.04
0
.04
0
0
0
.81
0
0
0
0
0
.10
.02
2.69
JAN.
.01
0
0
0
.04
.28
0
.99
0
0
0
0
.02
0
0
.09
.85
0
.19
0
0
.10
.29
.57
1.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.68
LOWE BRANCH DAILY RAINFALL (IN)
FEB.
.03
.05
.03
.11
0
.01
0
.01
0
0
0
0
.49
.01
.0]
.13
0
.03
0
0
.03
.01
.05
.27
0
0
0
.19
—
—
--
1.46
MAR.
.07
.42
.09
0
0
0
.02
.18
.34
.26
.01
.11
.01
.88
0
.08
.02
.11
.02
.02
.35
.02
.03
.90
1.00
.15
.09
.03
.03
.03
.03
5.30
APR.
.02
.03
.02
.05
.02
.02
.03
.04
.03
.03
.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.06
.04
.06
.14
.22
.23
.42
1.29
.78
0
0
.01
.27
--
5.00
NAY
0
0
.06
.66
0
0
.06
.44
.01
0
0
.39
1.12
.37
.20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.68
.61
01
0
.01
0
.17
0
.01
4.80
- WY 1978
JUNE
0
.05
.16
0
0
0
.61
1.35
.12
0
0
.69
0
0
0
0
0
0
.05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.07
.01
--
3.11
JULY
.02
.84
.06
0
0
0
0
.08
.36
.76
.01
0
0
0
1.07
.83
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.73
.93
0
0
0
0
0
.69
6.38
AUG.
0
0
.04
50
.50
.08
.02
.96
.04
0
.21
.60
1.03
0
0
.06
.22
0
0
.04
0
0
0
0
39
.03
0
0
0
.24
.19
5.15
SEP.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.40
.01
.07
.01
.06
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.04
0
0
0
0
0
.69
--
1.28
TABLE A-36 LOWE BRANCH MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1978
DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10
10 1
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
38
It
30
31
Total
(cf») 15
(in)
Avg-cf«
cf«
02
02
01
01
01
01
.01
09
0
.24
.12
07
.05
.04
.05
.04
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.22
.92
.91
.60
.30
.20
.16
.27
.62
.49
.53
.19
.19
.19
.19
.18
9.3
7.0
3.9
2.1
1.4
.63
.41
.26
.21
.18
.16
.72
.84
.79
.54
.92
16
12
3.8
2.3
1.7
1.1
2.2
18
9.2
—
96.60
3.90
3.22
3.50
3.5
2.1
1 8
1.6
4.7
2.8
2.2
1.8
1.5
1.1
.92
.79
.63
.52
.47
.34
.31
.68
.79
99
.79
.54
.43
.73
4.0
3.0
2.1
1.5
.99
.63
.46
44.71
1.81
1.44
1.57
.37
.29
.24
.22
.19
.24
.26
4.7
6.8
5.0
4.0
2.7
99
.58
.37
.31
99
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.1
.68
.54
2.1
21
14
3.5
2.4
2.0
1.5
1.0
83.87
3.39
2.71
2.95
.86
.54
.31
.22
.21
.21
.19
.17
.16
16
.17
.15
26
.73
.79
.79
.73
.73
.68
.63
.50
.46
.37
.34
.37
.31
.29
.27
—
—
--
11.60
.47
.41
.45
40
.68
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.6
1.2
1.8
2.2
4.7
4.0
2.4
1.9
8.7
3 5
2.3
1.8
1.1
.79
.59
.63
.63
.63
.63
1.1
5.0
3.8
2.4
2.2
1.8
1.3
65.58
2.65
2.12
2.30
.85
.54
.37
.26
.22
.21
.16
.13
.12
.11
.11
.10
.08
.07
.06
.05
.05
1.2
1.9
1.2
.73
.40
.29
.24
.43
3.0
3.3
2.1
1.7
1.2
—
21.18
.86
.71
.77
.71
.41
.27
.2
.6
.6
.4
.3
3
.75
.55
.43
6.4
5.3
4.3
3.0
2 2
1.4
.73
.40
.19
.07
.10
1.1
1.9
1.3
.54
.17
.07
.05
.03
40.77
1.65
1.32
1.44
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
2.0
2.6
2.1
.42
.33
.51
.14
.10
.08
.06
.01
01
.01
.01
.01
00
.00
.00
.00
00
.00
.00
.00
—
8.49
.34
.28
.30
.00
.00
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
02
.01
.00
.00
.28
.81
.04
.02
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
01
.40
.05
.01
.01
.01
.00
.03
1.73
.07
.06
.06
.01
.01
.00
.00
.02
.01
.01
1 7
1.9
1.0
.58
2.6
11
4.1
1.8
.38
.55
.38
31
.22
.22
.14
.13
.09
.09
.31
.13
.11
.08
.14
.14
28.16
1.14
.91
.99
.11
.09
.08
.06
.05
.04
.03
.02
.01
.00
.01
.01
01
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
"
.53
.02
.02
.02
-------
TABLE A-37 CROOKED CREEK DAILY RAINFALL (IN) - WY 1977
DAY
1
2
(
£
1,
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
Total
Total
OCT
01
0
Oe
0
Or
41
.44
05e
86e
Oe
Oe
Oe
0
0
0
11
0
0
0
.71
0
Oe
Oe
.32
3 45e
.01
0
Oe
0
95e
05
7 37
Annual
NOV
Oe
Oc
0
Of
Oe
Or,
0
Oe
Oe
.04
.28
Oe
Oe
Oe
.10e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.53e
.10e
30e
15e
0
--
1.55
55 46
DEC
0
0
Oe
Oe
Oc
1 OOc
20e
0
Oe
0
45e
.20e
Oe
Oe
12e
0
Oe
0
Oe
.23e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
45e
.01
Oe
0
.14e
05e
25e
3 10
JAN
10
Oe
0
20e
I5c
.20e
.05e
Oe
29e
.05e
Oc
Oe
Oe
85e
.25e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.15e
Oe
Oe
Oe
.40e
.15e
02e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
2 86
FEE
Oe
Oe
Oe
Olr
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
50e
Oe
Oe
20e
Oe
Oe
Oe
.12e
Oe
Oe
Oe
.05e
.68e
Oe
Oe
53e
Oe
--
--
--
2 16
MAK
03e
02e
1 08
0
0
0
Oe
Oe
Oe
02
2 67
01
0
0
0
0
08
.44
Oe
.15
03
Oe
0
0
0
0
.15
03
18
0
5.24
APR
02
78
1 96
20c
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
05e
Oe
.25e
1.90e
.75e
.20e
Oe
Oe
Oe
52e
Oe
--
9 48
MAY
02e
04e
25c
Oc
Oc
50e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.05
.01
0
37
Oe
.03
02
Oe
Oe
65
0
1 99
JUNE
Oe
0
Or
Or
Or>r
Oc
Oe
05e
Oe
Oe
.57
3 OOe
Oe
Oe
20e
07
03
22
50e
Oe
07
30e
1 OOe
.35e
05
Oe
Oe
Oc
Oe
--
6 46
JULY
45e
Oe
Oc
Of-
fli-
He
Oe
Oe
75e
.05e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
50e
03e
2 45e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
15e
Oe
4.38
AUG.
48e
Oe
24e
Oc
Or
Oe
Oe
Oe
1. lOe
.18e
Oe
.06e
.23e
Oe
20e
. lOe
75e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
65e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
3 99
SEP
15e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Or
40c
80e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
05e
Oe
.60e
2 30e
Oe
Oe
1 .05e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.65e
30e
.58e
Oe
Oe
Oe
6 88
TABLE A-38 CROOKED CREEK MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1977
DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Ccfs)
(in)
1.1
.51
.30
.18
.14
.18
2.1
1 4
11
3.0
1.4
.96
.69
55
.44
.39
.35
.34
.30
2 3
2 1
1.0
.76
.89
69
33
10
6 2
4 4
15
12
181.98
1.87
Avg-cfs 5.87
dim
1.62
5.3
3.0
2.1
1.5
1.1
1 4
1.3
1.3
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1 7
2.0
1.7
1.5
1 5
1.5
1 4
1.3
1.2
.98
1.1
1.2
1 5
4 0
3.0
3.8
2.3
—
58.38
.60
1.95
.54
2.0
2.4
2.1
2.0
1 9
4.7
20
9.1
5.2
4.5
4 2
10
7 0
5 0
5.2
4.4
3.6
3.1
2.8
3 1
2 4
2.0
2.0
1.7
2.2
3 9
2 8
2.8
2.0
2 0
2.3
128.4
1.32
4.14
1 14
1.6
1 4
1 5
1 8
3.6
3.8
3.6
2.9
3.2
6.9
4.1
3.4
2.4
15
19
9.1
6.6
5.8
3.8
3.4
2.6
2.3
1.9
2 4
2.3
2 1
2 3
2.6
1.6
1.4
1. 1
125 5
1.29
4 05
1 12
.93
.86
1.1
3.4
4.0
1.8
1.2
97
1.4
2.3
2.7
10
8.1
5.6
5.3
3.8
3 2
3.1
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.7
3.2
14
6.7
5.1
12
7 8
--
--
--
120.26
1 24
4 30
1 19
5.7
4.7
5.9
26
13
8.5
6 1
4.9
4.2
3.8
3.3
63
49
15
10
7 3
5.8
5.4
4 2
6.5
4.1
4.6
3 4
2.8
2 4
2 4
2 3
2.1
2 4
2 9
3.1
284.8
2.93
9 19
2 54
2
2
13
244
52
20
12
8
6
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1.
7.
61
47
19
10
7
5.
9.
5.
--
567
5.
18.
5.
.2
.9
.7
.4
.3
.3
.7
.2
.0
.6
2
9
7
8
.9
.6
.9
0
4
5
8
0
83
9
22
4 6
4 8
5.8
4 8
3.7
2 9
5.8
4.5
2.8
2 1
1.8
1 5
1.4
1.2
1.2
.96
84
74
66
60
58
50
2.7
2.0
1 0
2 1
82
59
73
.85
.40
64 97
.67
2 10
58
27
17
. 12
.07
04
.05
.02
.01
.04
.01
.00
.05
13
18
2.4
1 0
2.0
1 0
6.2
9 8
2 4
1.3
6.6
21
15
12
5.0
2.4
1.4
90
--
122.25
1.26
4 08
1 13
1.5
1.2
.47
.30
.18
.15
13
.07
02
16
10
3 0
1.1
52
.58
.22
.10
.08
.05
01
.01
.02
. 10
.06
15
14
2.1
.98
.81
.89
.61
70 26
72
2.27
63
4.1
.80
92
44
.28
17
.07
1.0
4.6
6 4
1 9
.64
45
.61
65
38
4 7
4.3
1.2
.61
.31
.18
.09
2.7
.68
.29
.14
.07
.03
.03
02
38.76
.40
1.25
.35
3.1
1.0
.33
.20
.11
1 1
2.5
1 8
.75
.46
.33
.20
.21
1.1
2.9
37
19
6 1
34
14
6.3
4 0
2.8
2.3
3.3
11
20
11
6 0
4.6
--
197.49
2.03
6.58
1.82
167
-------
TABLF A-39 CROOKED CREEK DAILY RAINFALL (IN) - WY 1978
DAY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Total
OCT
Oe
.04e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
1 90e
60e
Oe
Oe
.02
Oe
0
Oe
15e
Oe
0
0
Oe
0
0
0
0
.45
.45e
.01
Oe
0
0
Oe
3.62
Annual
NOV.
01
0
.56
15e
.15e
85e
02
Oe
lOe
02
0
Oe
Oe
0
0
40e
13
0
0
15e
1 lOe
1 lOe
05e
.02e
Oe
Oe
.80e
Oe
1.20e
.05e
—
6.86
50.86
DEC
lOe
Oe
Oe
.65e
l.OOe
.15e
Oe
Oe
.27e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.01
0
Oe
44
Oe
Oe
.20e
0
04
0
75e
0
Oe
Oe
Oe
0
.12e
.03
3.76
JAN
.03e
Oe
Oe
0
40
.07
03
1 lOe
02
0
0
0
40e
.02
0
01
.75e
01
20e
.25e
01
.09e
Oe
75e
l.OSe
.09
Oe
0
0
Oe
0
5 28
FEE
0
.25e
0
0
.07e
0
0
0
0
0
0
60e
0
0
11
.18
0
10
.01
0
.25e
. 15e
30e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
20e
—
--
--
2 22
MAR.
.28
.19
41
.02
Oe
0
0
.lOe
18e
.37e
Oe
.05e
.07
1.40e
Oe
.24
08
21
Oe
Oe
.22
Oe
Oe
Oe
.30
05
.16
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
4 33
APR
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.20e
45e
.02
0
0
0
0
05e
.75e
40
06
Oe
0
Oe
Oe
.50e
80c
.15e
Oe
Oe
08e
--
3 46
MAY
.lOe
Oe
Oe
.45e
Oe
Oe
.lOe
.15
38
0
Oe
50
1 43
.65
15e
.02
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.38e
Oe
.08e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
4 39
JUNE
Oe
50e
Oe
Oe
.15e
35e
85e
15e
.OSe
Oe
Oe
.45e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.05e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
25e
Oe
Oe
Oe
lOe
—
3 05
JULY
Oe
20e
45c
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
50e
.45e
Oe
Oe
03
0
2 OOe
95e
Oe
Oe
65e
Oe
I'll-
Oe
Oe
2 OSe
85e
01
0
0
0
0
.01
8.30
AUG
Oe
Oe
Oe
20e
20e
45e
12e
.20e
05e
Oe
Oe
33e
20e
15e
Oe
45e
Oe
Oe
Oe
65c
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
40e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
3.40
SEP
03e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
55e
90e
03e
Oe
Oe
.55e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Of
Ue
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
2 19
TABLE A-40 CROOKED CREEK MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1978
DEC JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEP
10 2.8 .46
35 2 0 46
.58 1 7 40
.30 1.9 .35
10 4.5 30
.81 03 63 .26
2.0 .01 4.7 .26
II .40 3.2 26
10 98 3 4 22
36 11 28 .30
2.1 40 20 21
28 30 2.3 12
3.6 .40 2.8 81
15 52 2.1 11
98 29 17 1.5
73 36 15 52
58 6 3 23 .35
46 2 6 14 19
23 34 11 22
14 28 32--
73 1.7 1 9
.52 1 2 14--
40 98 12
35 27 89 --
26 64 89 --
35 20 11
26 12 81 --
1)1) 65 --
10 61 58 --
n 4 2 52 --
38 46 --
239 85 64 10
2 46 .66
7 74 2 07
2 14 57
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
10
31
Total
(cf.)
(in)
Avg-c
<-fh«
4 0
3.4
2.8
2. 1
1 8
1.6
1 6
33
53
14
8.5
6.2
4.8
4 1
3 4
4.0
3.1
2.6
2 2
2.0
1 9
1.7
1.6
1 5
3 6
8.4
4 6
3 7
3 0
2 6
2 7
193 5
1 99
fs 6 24
1 72
3
2
4
8
7
19
12
8.
6.
6
4
3
3
3
3
3
6.
3.
2
2.
23
55
34
17
12
8
12
23
76
33
--
406.
4
13
3
2
.4
0
4
.1
.1
4
2
6
8
2
1
0
.1
. 1
7
9
3
7
.3
17
5
73
18
12
9.4
19
54
24
13
11
16
9 1
7 3
6.8
7.5
7 2
5.8
4 9
5 6
9.5
5.6
5.3
4 7
4 0
3.8
5 8
8 8
4.7
3 8
3 2
2 8
3 6
4 7
300 9
3 09
9 71
2 68
4
3
2
2
2
8
6
22
19
8
6
5
.9
.6
.1
.3
6
.1
.3
.8
3
.8
6.1
5
4
4
12
12
8
7
5
5
4
17
66
64
18
11
8
7
6
364
3
11
3
.3
2
.5
1
2
.6
1
.7
1
2
3
2
74
7
2!
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
15
19
8
7
7
7
5
5
5
4
4
4
8
7.
5
6
-.
--
--
169
1
6
]
.3
6
7
.2
.5
6
6
.0
.0
.2
0
4
5
2
2
.2
.8
1
1
.5
.5
5
1
.8
.8
6
.0
74
04
67
7.
6
18
11
7
8
9
14
17
20
12
11
8
59
21
17
13
13
11
9
9
9
6.
6
8
8
7
6
6
5
4
(73
1
12
)
.8
.6
.8
.5
.5
5
1
1
5
.9
1
1
1
8
.9
1
3
9
.6
84
1
34
4.5
4.0
3 8
3 0
2.8
3.4
3.0
2 8
2 8
4 5
5 1
4 2
3 0
2 4
2.3
2 1
2 0
9 5
9 1
6.1
4.9
3 8
7 2
8.5
4 7
--
--
--
_-
--
--
--
--
--
16
-------
TABLE A-4I CROOKED CREEK TRIBUTARY DAILY RAINFALL (IN) - WY 1977
DAY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Total
OCT
05e
Oe
Of
Oe
Oe
lOe
75e
Die
85e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
lOe
Oe
Oe
Oe
65 e
.lOe
Oe
Oe
1 OOe
1 50e
75e
Oe
Oe
Oe
80e
25e
7 13
Annual
NOV
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
31e
Oe
Oe
.05e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.53e
05e
.45e
.02e
Oe
--
1 41
54 47
DEC
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.45e
50e
lOe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.50e
Oe
Oe
13e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.20e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.35e
Oe
Oe
Oe
lie
35e
Oe
2 69
JAN
Oe
Oe
15e
Oe
07e
50e
Oe
Oe
29e
04e
Oe
Oe
Oe
70e
Oe
15e
Oe
Oe
.02e
,15e
lOe
Oe
Oe
.45e
12e
.03e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
2.77
FEE
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oie
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
47e
Oe
20e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
09e
Oe
Oe
73e
05e
Oe
Oe
55e
Oe
--
--
--
2 12
MAR
02e
02e
40e
70e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
2 35e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
15e
30e
Oe
13e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.14e
Oe
.65e
Oe
4.86
APR
.02e
65e
1 20e
i 60e
lOe
Oe
Of
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
15e
Oe
20e
1 75e
.90e
21e
Oe
Oe
Oe
.51e
Oe
--
9.29
MAY
03e
Oe
45e
Oe
Oe
Oe
(,0e
Oe
Of
Of
Or
Oc
Oe
Of
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
05e
Oe
05e
65e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
20e
Oe
Oe
2 03
JUNE
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
10e
Of
OP
12f
Oe
Oe
lOe
2 OOe
Oe
Oe
Oe
jOe
Oe
1.15e
Oe
Oe
20e
50e
1.45e
.50e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
--
6 42
JULY
45 e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
85e
03e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
50e
Oe
02e
2.48e
05e
Oe
Oe
Oe
20e
Oe
4.58
AUG
45e
Oe
20e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
1 lOe
30e
Oe
06e
26e
Oe
Oe
,75e
20..
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.65e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
3 97
SEP
05e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
40e
95e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
50e
15e
1 90e
.75e
Oe
Oe
l.OSe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
65e
.20e
.60e
Oe
Oe
Oe
--
7.20
TABLE A-42 CROOKED CREEK TRIBUTARY MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1977
OCT. NOV DEC JAN FEE. MAK. APR MAY JUNE JULY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25 5
26
27
28
29
30 ]
31
Total
(cfs) 12
(in) 1
Avg-cfs
cfim ]
. 10
.09
.07
07
07
.09
28
.15
.92
.15
10
.09
.09
09
.09
09
09
.07
07
39
12
10
09
12
4
66
13
21
19
1
66
16
80
39
56
39
.33
.28
23
19
19
19
15
15
.15
15
.19
.17
18
16
14
12
.12
.12
.15
15
12
12
28
12
19
28
28
45
39
--
6 13
91
20
80
45
28
19
15
15
.52
1.1
.45
39
.23
.23
66
.45
28
33
28
28
.23
.23
23
.23
23
23
28
.15
__
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
1.8
2.1
.74
1.2
39 .45
.28 .28
.28 .39
.28 1.3
1.2
.45
28
83
.45
39
74 33
.66 .23
1 4 39
.74 23
.45 .23
.52 .23
28 .23
23
.28
,83
.39
33
74
39
--
-.
--
16 92
2 51
60
2 40
.28
23
45
1 4
.52
.39
33
28
.28
22
.23
5 4
1.2
.74
59
.45
.39
39
.39
.45
.33
33
28
.28
23
23
23
28
28
28
19
17 55
2 60
.57
2 28
19
.39
1 7
12
1 4
.74
66
.52
45
.45
39
39
.33
.33
.33
28
.23
.23
.28
28
23
1.8
4 8
1 3
83
60
45
.45
60
45
--
33 08
4 90
1.10
4 40
39
39
45
33
28
28
45
33
28
23
23
23
23
23
19
18
15
15
15
15
15
15
74
28
19
18
16
15
19
15
12
7 76
1 15
25
1 00
10
.09
.09
07
07
.09
.07
.07
09
07
07
.09
3.4
.74
19
15
.19
15
66
.33
15
19
39
.92
74
45
23
. 15
15
12
--
10 27
1 52
34
1 36
28
23
15
12
.10
.12
.10
10
. 10
2 5
39
19
12
10
09
07
.07
.09
07
07
07
09
09
09
3 4
59
.19
.12
.15
. 12
.28
10.25
1 52
.33
1 32
61
19
.23
IS
15
.12
.10
.39
.66
28
_.
-_
-_
--
"
..
_-
.-
_.
--
..
--
—
-_
--
__
--
--
--
-.
--
--
..
..
--
16?
-------
TABLE A-43 CROOKED CREEK TRIBUTARY DAILY RAINFALL (IN) - WY 1978
NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR APR. MAY JUNE JULY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Oe
05e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
0
2.53
.02
0
.01
0
0
0
.16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.84
.07
.01
0
0
0
.28
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
--
.50
.22
.46
28
.03
.01
15
.02
.40
.19
.07
.96
.13
.05
.45
.04
.07
0
Q
.10e
.95
76
.50e
0
22
05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.38
0
.01
.03
0
0
01
43
0
0
0
0
.01
.15
.02
.04
Q
0
.01
.07
,40e
.01
83
.05e
0
0
.02
,30e
07e
06
.01
.78
0
0
.40e
.05e
.05e
Oe
l.OSe
1.20e
.01
Oe
0
0
.02
0
Q
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
--
--
03
.20
08
03
.02
.01
59
.07
12
.01
.02
01
.13
01
.31
.01
.19
09
40
.25
0
.02
0
.02
.29
24
.10
01
05 e
Oe
1.40e
Oe
24
.08
21
Oe
OP
22
04
Oe
Oe
30
.05
.16
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
U£
02
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
. 16
03
30
,02
0
0
0
0
0
.70
.08
.07
09
.01
0
.26
32
.63
.01
0
0
.24
--
01
0
48
0
0
16
64
.12
0
0
50
1.08
45
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.06
.36
.)0
.01
0
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
75e
.20e
Oe
0
46
1 03
.03
01
0
Oe
.«e
0
0
0
0
Oe
66
.02
0
0
Oe
Oe
0
.24
.01
0
Oe
,10e
--
21
.01
0
0
0
Oe
Oe
.35e
Me
Oe
0
.01
0
1 62
74
0
0
59
.09
01
0
50
1.74
1 03
.02
15e
Oe
Oe
Oe
.01
Oe
Oe
20e
25e
45e
lOe
15e
08e
Oe
Oe
35e
2Se
Oe
Oe
Oe
.40e
Oe
Oe
65e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.35e
Oe
Oe
02e
Oe
Oe
03e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
65e
90e
Op
Oe
Oe
52e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
13e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
He
--
Total 3.97 6.03 3.62 5.43 1.84 4.17 2.94 4.11 3.96 8 99 3 25 2.23
Total Annual 50.54
TABLE A-44 CROOKED CREEK TRIBUTARY MEAN DAILY FLOW (CFS) - WY 1978
NOV. DEC. JAN FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEP
.16 --
.11 --
12 --
.12 --
.15 --
.24 -•
.24 16
.19 .04
.20 .06
13 .07
.09 .19
15 .12
.15 .10
.12 .11
.10 .20
11 .13
. 12
10
.10
.10
.16
.15
.15
12
.12
.10
. II
.12
13
24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 2
9 1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Tot.l
Avg-cfi •
rfmm
.10
.7
.9
.49
36
.30
.24
.23
23
23
.19
19
.18
.15
15
.15
15
.15
36
.36
.21
19
17
15
16
-
--
--
--
--
__
--
-_
.19
.19
25
.46
.28
.23
.28
1.6
3.0
.85
69
59
.52
89
97
4 7
1 1
--
.83
70
63 --
2.2
3.5
93
.92
.75
.83
.83
.67
.48
48
51
.45
44
.49
.56
.45
.42 --
39
.36
.33
.47
.49
45
45
45
_.
..
—
33
.31
.28
.28
.27
23
.23
.22
.24
.29
.45
33
__
-_
78
.57 78
.54 .66
.54 .64
53 .59
12 51 --
42 52
.41 .52
.45
.42
53
52
51
.43
36
33
33
-
--
1.2
.73
.49
.40
.50
2.1
1.1
74
66
.52
.39
33
.19
-_
--
--
--
--
_.
--
--
_-
--
12
.24
.45
.28
24
.33
.24
.12
. 10
.10
.09
09
.07
.06
--
__
--
--
--
--
._
--
--
--
._
--
--
--
--
--
--
__
.06
.06
.04
1.8
2.5
.33
15
.24
.28
.19
.12
.12
5.1
4.4
1 0
33
28
2*.
15
. 16
170
-------
TABI.f A-45 LONG BRANCH DAILY RAINIALI. (IN) •
DAY
!
2
3
4
5
6
7
g
9
10
u
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Total
OCI
Op
Op
Oe
Oe
Oe
25e
60e
Oe
.85e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
70e
.01
.01
04
50
1 89
0
0
.01
01
93
02
5.82
Annual
NOV
01
02
01
02
02
.03
0
04
01
01
01
01
11
08
07
.02
02
.03
.01
01
.01
0
01
.01
01
.43
.02
20e
.30e
0
1.53
52.10
DK(
01
0
OJ
03
04
60e
.50e
lOe
Oe
Oe
Oe
50e
Oe
Oe
15e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.20e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.34e
02e
Oe
Oe
lOe
0
.35
2.97
IAN
Oe
Oe
15e
Oe
05e
30e
19e
Oe
.30e
lOe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.70e
Oe
.05e
Oe
Oe
Oe
.20e
Oe
Oe
Oe
35e
.lOe
.05e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
2.54
FEB
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
03e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
50e
Oe
15e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.07e
Oe
Oe
Oe
60e
.lOe
Oe
Oe
.50e
Oe
--
__
--
1 95
MAR
04
Oe
.56
47
02
0
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
02
2 46
Ot.
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
lOe
.39
Oe
11
03
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.09
.30
Oe
4.59
APR
03
88
1 74
2 21
08e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.20e
.05e
Oe
80e
1 85e
50e
. 15e
Oe '
Oe
.25e
.20e
Oe
--
8.94
MAY
05e
Oe
40e
0
0
0
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20e
0
0
86
0
.02
0
01
11
.04
0
0
2.05
- WY l')77
JUNt
0
0
0
0
0
.45
0
0
.lOe
0
0
.18
.63
1.30e
0
Oe
.06
.20
.53
.26
Oe
.88
.21
.80
.82
.03
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
--
6.45
JULY
41
02
Op
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.80e
Oe
.16
Oe
Oe
Oe
0.5
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.70e
Oe
Oe
2 lOe
.20e
Oe
Oe
lOe
Oe
Oe
4.51
A1IG
55r
Or
20e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Op
Oe
.05e
l.OOe
Oe
Oe
Oe
30e
Oe
40e
70e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
90e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
4.10
SEP.
lOe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
20e
90e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
15e
.60e
1 .OOe
.80e
Oe
Oe
1 25e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
65e
.60e
.40e
Oe
Oe
Oe
~-
6 65
DAY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
(cfs)
(in)
Avg-cfs
cfsm
OCT
.02
01
00
00
00
00
07
06
17
11
09
05
01
.01
.01
01
01
01
01
07
14
.09
.08
.11
2 4
1 2
53
.35
.29
.88
1.4
8.19
.27
.26
.23
NOV.
82
.61
.53
.48
.41
.38
36
.32
.28
28
28
.28
.28
.28
28
28
25
24
24
24
20
20
.20
.20
.20
21
.41
43
.40
35
--
9.92
.33
.33
30
TABLE
DEC
.33
33
33
.33
.33
67
3.2
2 7
2.0
1.7
1 6
2 5
2 5
2.1
2 0
1 9
1 8
1 6
1 5
1 5
1 6
1 4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1 6
1 6
1.5
1 4
1 3
1 6
46 62
1.56
1.50
1.35
A-46 LONG BRANCH MEAN
JAN
1 5
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.3
1 5
1 5
1 5
1 6
2.9
2.8
2 7
2 3
3 1
4 2
3.9
3.7
3.5
3.2
2 9
2 7
2 4
2 1
2.0
1.5
1.1
1 0
98
95
90
.88
64 31
2 15
2.07
1 87
FEE
.80
.70
.60
.56
.73
73
66
.58
52
50
.51
1 1
1 6
1.0
95
90
88
.85
.80
75
.70
68
1.0
3.7
2 6
2.2
4 1
3 6
--
--
--
34.30
1.15
1.23
1 11
MAR.
2.8
2 7
2.8
6.5
5.6
4 3
3 6
3 1
2 7
2 4
2 2
12
16
9.2
6 3
4 9
3 9
3 8
3 4
3.8
3.4
3.2
2.9
2.5
2 3
2 1
1 9
1 8
1.6
1.7
1 7
127 10
4.26
4.10
3.69
DAILY FLOW (CFS)
APR.
1.6
2 0
6.3
76
23
11
8.1
6.0
4.7
3.8
3.1
2 7
2 5
2.1
2 0
7
5
.2
.1
.0
1.0
2.0
10
11
8.9
6 2
4 7
3 8
3.4
3.0
--
215 40
7.21
7.18
6.47
MAY
2.6
2.3
2.3
2.0
1.7
.5
.4
.4
.3
. 1
.99
80
.66
.56
49
.43
33
27
23
21
19
16
29
48
.33
.22
.16
.13
.15
14
.10
24.92
.83
.80
.72
- WY 1977
JUNE
.05
.02
.01
.01
.01
.04
.06
.03
.02
.01
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.54
.52
.20
13
40
25
40
68
65
3.1
3.3
1.6
.92
.57
.42
—
13 96
.47
.47
.42
JULY
.39
45
.32
.22
.13
.10
.07
.04
.03
.02
.02
.01
.01
01
00
00
00
.00
.00
00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.02
.01
00
00
00
.00
.00
1 86
.06
.06
.05
AUG.
.00
00
.00
.00
00
.00
.00
00
00
.00
00
.00
00
.00
00
.00
00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.10
.02
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.12
.00
.00
00
SEP.
.00
.00
00
.02
.01
.02
09
.08
.04
.01
.01
.01
.00
.02
05
1.3
1 1
55
.35
.35
.27
.19
.12
.08
.97
4.9
7.1
6.8
3.7
2.8
—
30.94
1.04
1.03
.92
171
-------
TABLE A-47
DAY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Total
OCT.
Oe
07e
Oe
0
0
0
0
2.55e
02
0
0
08
0
Oe
lOe
0
Oe
0
0
0
Os
0
0
0
l.OSe
05
.01
Oe
0
0
15e
4 08
Anriua 1
NOV
0
0
SOe
16
49
25e
01
0
.10
01
0
Oe
0
0
0
60
.05
0
0
30
1 10e
.90
.04
.02
02
05
.37
.50
1.02
.06
--
6 55
49 94
DEC
lOe
0
0
70e
1 05e
20e
Oe
.lOe
20e
0
0
0
Oe
02
0
Oe
.47
0
Oe
.16
0
01
Oe
.57
0
0
0
0
.01
.12
.03
3.74
JAN
03e
0
Of
a
05
40
.01
.85
30e
.03e
0
03
.20e
07e
08e
.04
.71e
0
0
40
0
05
37
,70e
l.OSe
0
.03
0
0
03
0
5 43
LONG BRANCH DAILY RAINFALL (IN)
FEB.
03
.22e
Oe
0
0
.03e
0
Oe
0
0
0
.02
.65
0
.02
15
.08e
02
0
Oe
0
02
.02
.23
0
0
Oe
.23
--
—
—
1 72
HAH
04
.50
.29
0
Oe
Oe
.04
.09
39
.15
Oe
.lOe
Oe
1.16
Oe
.24e
.07
.10
Oe
Oe
.22
.03
Oe
.02
22e
.05
.09
03
.03
Oe
Oe
3.86
APR
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.02
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
15e
45e
.02
0
0
0
0
0
.74
06
03
10
0
.01
0
.45e
90e
.01
0
Oe
20e
—
3 14
MAY
.05e
0
01
42
0
.01
.14
.59
01
0
.01
15
1 8
,30e
.15e
0
Oe
0
0
Oe
0
0
0
.61
.01
0
.01
0
0
0
0
4.27
- WY 1978
JUNE
02
31
01
0
.02
18
1.39
02
01
0
55
01
0
Oe
0
0
.07
.01
01
Oe
0
0
Oe
0
09
0
Oe
Oe
12
--
3 14
JULY
08
36
We
0
0
0
0
.50e
.45e
Oe
Oe
0
0
0
1 40e
1.77
01
Oe
0
.42
02
Oe
Oe
2 15e
,80e
01
. lOe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
8 37
AUG
Oe
Oe
Oe
25e
lOe
45e
20e
lOe
15e
Oe
Oe
35e
30e
20e
Oe
25e
Oe
Oe
Oe
65e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
.40e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
3.40
SEP
03e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
65e
.90e
Oe
Qc
Oe
53e
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
1 je
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
Oe
2 24
TABLE A-48 LONG BRANCH MEAN
DAY OCT
1 2
2 2
3 1
4
5
6
7
8 7
9 21
10 8
11 4
12 3
13 2
14 2
15 1
16 1
17 1
18 1
19 1
20
21
22
23
24
25 1
26 2
27 2
28 1
29 1
30 1
3! 1
Total
(cfs) 82
(in) 2
Avg-cfs
cfsm 2
4
.1
.6
.95
79
.66
61
.2
2
7
4
6
. 1
.8
.5
.4
2
.1
98
87
.78
72
.64
1
9
2
9
7
6
4
.10
.75
2.65
39
NOV.
1 3
I 2
1 2
1 7
1.7
2 £
2 4
2.1
I 9
1 9
1 7
1.5
1 4
1.2
1 1
1 1
1.9
1.5
1 4
1.3
4.6
12
10
6 3
4.6
i 7
3 9
6 6
18
14
--
115 8
3.88
3.86
3 48
DEC.
7.9
5.4
4.4
4 6
6.9
5 7
4.4
3.7
3.7
3 3
2 9
2.6
2.4
2 2
2.0
1.7
1 7
2.5
2 1
1.9
1 8
I 6
1 5
1 8
2 8
2 4
2.1
2 0
1.8
1 7
1.5
93 0
3 11
3.00
2 70
JAN.
1 4
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.1
1 0
2.9
4 4
3 5
2 4
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
2 6
3.3
3.1
2.9
2.6
2.3
2 1
3.6
12
17
8 7
5 9
4 4
3 5
3.1
107 1
3.59
3.45
3 11
FEB.
2 6
2.3
2.1
2 1
1.9
1 8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1 1
1 0
92
1.5
2 6
2.4
2 1
1 9
1.9
.8
7
I
.6
5
4
5
.8
6
5
--
--
--
48.52
1 62
1 73
1.56
172
MAR.
1.5
1.6
3.8
3.3
2.7
2 6
2.6
2.8
2.9
5 2
4 2
3.5
3 0
9 6
6.0
4.9
3 9
3.4
3.0
2 6
2 7
2.7
2 3
2 0
2.0
1 8
1 8
1 6
1 5
1 3
1 5
94.3
3.16
3 04
2 74
DAILY FlOW (CFS) - WY 1978
APR.
1 5
1.0
.92
.84
81
.71
.66
61
65
97
79
.71
70
60
59
56
52
1 3
1.0
90
90
86
.82
76
78
1 7
1 4
1.2
1 1
1 6
--
27 46
.92
92
83
MAY
1 5
1 3
1.2
1.8
1.6
1 3
1.3
2.3
2 5
2.0
1.7
2.2
13
9 0
6 7
5.0
3 9
; i
2 5
2.1
.7
.5
2
6
8
1.2
95
.79
71
63
.48
78 56
2 63
2 53
2 28
JUNE
.40
.42
.42
.40
.39
.38
.39
1.0
.79
.71
63
1.0
1.2
78
59
52
.39
31
.29
.27
.21
.19
.21
12
. 10
JO
09
08
09
09
--
12 56
42
42
38
JULY
.08
11
.10
.09
09
.08
.08
07
07
06
.06
.05
.04
.04
.90
2 9
.40
20
44
68
.60
.58
.65
.65
1 0
.95
90
85
80
75
70
14 97
50
48
43
AUG
65
60
.55
.50
.47
45
.40
.38
.35
33
.37
.22
.26
27
.18
.12
.17
.12
07
24
18
10
.06
04
03
.05
06
03
.03
01
01
7 30
24
24
22
SEP.
01
01
.01
01
.01
.00
.00
.00
01
.0!
37
.11
.05
07
. 10
07
.06
06
.06
06
06
06
06
07
.08
.08
08
08
08
.09
1.82
06
,06
.06
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse be/we < umpletinel
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-04-043
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
The Influence of Coal Surface Mining on the Aquatic
Envj ronme'rit of the Cumberland Plateau
5 REPORT DATE
March 1984
7. AUTHOR(S)
Peter K. Gottfried, Jerad Bales, and Thomas W. Precious
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION COOE
8 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
3 RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Division of Air and Water Resources
Office of Natural Resources and Economic Development
Tennessee Valley Authority
Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35660
10 PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
TNF-6PSA
11 CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
BDP.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND AnnBFQl
Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Aoency
Washington, DC 20460
13 TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14 SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/16
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Ten small watersheds in east Tennessee were studied during a four year period from
1975-1979 in order to provide background data for the development and demonstration
of regional mathematical models for predicting the impacts of coal surface mining
on the aquatic environment.
Analysis of the geological data from watershed core samples revealed that there was
sufficient alkalinity and neutralization potential within the plateau rock strata
to neutralize acidity produced from surface mining.
Analysis of other water quality parameters did not reveal any significant metal
contamination, but did show higher suspended and dissolved solids associated with
mined areas.
Streams in six contour-mined areas were sampled for benthos using Surber, drift,
artificial substrate, and kick nets. Functional, taxonomic, species composition,
and number differences were attributed to mining activities.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Ecology
Mining
Water Quality
Aquatic Biota
Hydrology
Coal Mining
Hydrologic Models
Mine Drainage
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Nonpoint Source Model,
Stream Ecology, Over-
burden, Tennessee, Surfa<
Mining, Strip Mining,
New River Watershed,
Input Assessment,
Ecological Effect
c. COSATI I icld 'Group
6F 8F
8H 7B
e 13B 7D
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-------
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION
OF A
BOILING WATER
REACTOR
ATOMIC POWER EQUIPMENT DEPARTMENT
SAN JOSE. CALIFORNIA
------- |