600880042C
        TREATABILITY MANUAL




     VOLUME  III.  Technologies
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY



         Washington, B.C.
           January 1980
                           .IH

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                             PREFACE
In January, 1979, EPA's Office of Enforcement and Office of
Water and Waste Management requested help from the Office of
Research and Development in compiling wastwater treatment per-
formance data into a "Treatability Manual".  This Manual was to
be used in developing NPDES permit limitations for facilities
which, at the time of permit issuance, were not fully covered
by promulgated, industry-specific effluent guidelines authorized
under Sections 301, 304, 306, 307, and 501 of the CWA.

A planning group was set up to manage the treatability program
under the chairmanship of William Cawley, Deputy Director,
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory - Cincinnati.  The
group includes participants from:  1) the Industrial Environmen-
tal Research Laboratory - Cincinnati, 2)  Effluent Guidelines
Division, Office of Water and Waste Management; 3) Permits
Division, Office of Enforcement; 4) Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory - Cincinnati; 5) R. S. Kerr, Environmental
Research Laboratory - Ada; 6) Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory - Research Triangle Park; 7) Monsanto Research Corpo-
ration; and 8) Aerospace Corporation.

The objectives of the treatability program are:

   • To provide readily accessible data and information on
     treatability of industrial and municipal waste streams
     for use by NPDES permit writers, enforcement personnel,
     and by industrial or municipal permit holders;
   • To provide a basis for research planning by identifying
     gaps in knowledge of the treatability of certain pollut-
     ants and wastestreams;
   • To set up a system allowing rapid response to program
     office requirements for generation of treatability data.

The primary output from this program is a five-volume Treat-
ability Manual.  The individual volumes are named as follows:
          Volume I
          Volume II
          Volume III
          Volume IV
          Volume V
Treatability Data
Industrial Descriptions
Technologies
Cost Estimating
Summary

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   • To provide readily accessible data and information on
     treatability of industrial and municipal waste streams for
     use by NPDES permit writers, enforcement personnel, and
     laboratory researchers; and

   • To provide a basis for research planning by identifying gaps
     in treatability knowledge and state-of-the-art.

A primary output from the treatability program is a five volume
treatability manual.  The treatability manual comprises five
volumes, as follows:
               VOLUME I

               VOLUME II

               VOLUME III

               VOLUME IV

               VOLUME V
Treatability Data

Industrial Descriptions

Technologies

Cost Estimating

Summary

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                             ACKNOWLEDGMENT

     The sheer size and comprehensiveness of this document should make
it obvious that this had to be the effort of a large number of people.
It is the collection of contributions from throughout the Environmental
Protection Agency, particularly from the Office of Enforcement, Office
of Water and  Hazardous Materials and the Office of Research and Develop-
ment.  Equally important to its success were the efforts of the employees
of the Aerospace Corporation and the Monsanto Research Corporation who
participated in this operation.

     No list of the names of everyone who took part in the effort would
in any way adequately acknowledge the effort which those involved in
preparing this Manual made toward its development.  Equally difficult
would be an attempt to name the people who have made the most significant
contributions both because there have been too many and because it would
be impossible to adequately define the term "significant."  This document
exists because of  major contributions by the contractor's staff and by
members of the following:

     Effluent Guidelines Division
          Office of Water and Waste Management

     Permits Division
          Office of Water Enforcement

     National Enforcement Investigation Center
          Office of Enforcement

     Center for Environmental Research Information

     Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory

     Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory

     Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
          Research Triangle Park, NC

     Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
          Cincinnati, OH
          Office of Research and Development

     The purpose of this acknowledgement  is to express my  thanks  as
Committee Chairman and the thanks of the  Agency  to  the Committee  Members
and others who contributed to the success of  this effort.
                              William A. Cawley, Deputy  Director,  IIRL-Ci
                              Chairman, Treatability Coordination  Committee

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                           VOLUME  III


                        TABLE OP CONTENTS
 XII.1;     Introduction

 III.2      Technology Overview

 III.3      Wastewater Conditioning  (Preliminary Treatment)

 III.3.1    Screening
 III.3.2    Grit Removal
 III.3.3    Flow Equalization
 III.3.4    Neutralization

 III.4      Primary Wastewater Treatment

 III.,4.1    Gravity Oil Separation
 III.4.2    Sedimentation
 III.4.3    Sedimentation with Chemical Addition
 ±11.4.4    Gas Flotation
 III.4.5    Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition
 111,4.6    Filtration
 III.4.7    ultrafiltration

 III.5      Secondary Wastewater Treatment

 III.5.1    Activated Sludge
 Iir.5.2    Trickling Filters
 III.5.3    Lagoons
 III.5.4    Rotating Biological Contactors
 III.5.5    Steam Stripping
 III.5.6    Solvent Extraction
 III.6      Tertiary Wastewater Treatment

 III.6.1    Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
 III.6.2    Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption
 III.6.3    Chemical Oxidation
"III.6.4    Air Stripping
 III.6.5    Nitrification
 III.6.6    Denitrification
 III.6.7    Ion Exchange
 III.6.8    Polymeric Adsorption
 III.6.9    Reverse Osmosis
 III.6.10   Electrodialysis
 III.6.11   Distillation
 III. 6.. 12  .Disinfection
 III.6.13   Dechlorination (Chemical Reduction)

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                  TABLE OP CONTENTS (continued)
III.7     Sludge Treatment

III.7.1   Gravity Thickening
III.7.2   Flotation Thickening
III.7.3   Centrifugal Thickening
III.7.4   Aerobic Digestion
III.7.5   Anaerobic Digestion
III.7.6   Chemical Conditioning
III.7.7   Thermal Conditioning (Heat Treatment)
III.7.8   Disinfection (Heat)
III.7.9   Vacuum Filtration
III.7.10  Filter Press Dewatering
III.7.11  Belt Filter Dewatering
III.7.12  Centrifugal Dewatering
III.7.13  Thermal Drying (Hot Air)
III.7.14  Drying Beds
III.7.15  Lagoons
III.7.16  By-Product Recovery

III.8     Disposal

III.8.1   Evaporation Lagoons
III.8.2   Incineration
III.8.3   Starved Air Combustion
III.8.4   Landfilling
III.8.5   Land Application
III.8.6   Composting
III.8.7   Deep Well Injection

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                            GLOSSARY


AAP:  Army Ammunitions Plant.

AN:  Ammonium Nitrate.

ANFO:  Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil.

BATEA:  Best Available Technology Economically Achievable.

BAT:  Best Applicable Technology.

BEJ:  Best Engineering Judgement.

BOD:  Biochemical Oxygen Demand.

clarification:  Process by which a suspension is clarified to
     give a "clear" supernatant.

cryolite:  A mineral consisting of sodium-aluminum fluoride.

CWA:  Clean Water Act.

cyanidation process:  Gold and/or silver are extracted from
     finely crushed ores, concentrates, tailings, and low-grade
     mine-run rock in dilute, weakly alkaline solutions of
     potassium or sodium cyanide.

comminutor:  Mechanical devices that cut up material normally
     removed in the screening process.

effluent:  A waste product discharged from a process.

EGD:  Effluent Guidelines Division.

elutriation:  The process of washing and separating suspended
     particles by decantation.

extraction:  The process of separating the active constituents of
     drugs by suitable methods.

fermentation:  A chemical change of  organic matter brought about
     by the action of an enzyme or ferment.

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flocculation:  The coagulation or coalescence of a finely-divided
     precipitate.

fumigant:  A gaseous or readily volatilizable chemical used as a
     disinfectant or pesticide.

GAC:  Granular Activated Carbon.

gravity concentration:  A process which uses the differences in
     density to separate valuable ore minerals from gangue.

gravity separation/settling:  A process which removes suspended
     solids by natural gravitational forces.

grit removal:  Preliminary treatment that removes large objects,
     in order to prevent damage to subsequent treatment and
     process equipment.

influent:  A process stream entering the treatment system.

intake:  Water, such as tap or well water, that is used as
     makeup water in the process.

lagoon:  A shallow artifical pond for the natural oxidation of
     sewage and ultimate drying of the sludge.

LAP:  Loading Assembly and Packing operations.

MHF:  Multiple Hearth Furnace.

neutralization:  The process of adjusting either an acidic or a
     basic wastestream to a pH in the range of seven.

NPNES. 'National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System.

NRDC:  Natural Resources Defense Council.

NSPS:  New Source Performance Standards.

photolysis:  Chemical decomposition or dissociation by the action
     of radient energy.

PCB:  PolyChlorinated Biphenyl.

POTW:  Public Owned Treatment Works.

PSES:  Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources.

purged:  Removed by a process of cleaning; take off or out.

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screening process:  A process used to remove coarse and/or gross
     solids from untreated wastewater before subsequent treatment.

SIC:  Standard Industrial Classification.

SS:  Suspended Solids.

SRT:  Solids Retention Time.

starved air combustion:  Used for the volumetric and organic
     reduction of sludge solids.

terpene:  Any of a class of isomeric hydrocarbons.

thermal drying:  Process in which the moisture in sludge is
     reduced by evaporation using hot air, without the solids
     being combusted.

TKN:  Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen.

TOC:  Total Organic Carbon.

trickling filter:  Process in which wastes are sprayed through
     the air to absorb oxygen and allowed to trickle through a
     bed of rock or synthetic media coated with a slime of micro-

bial growth to remove dissolved and collodial biodegradable
     organics.

TSS:  Total Suspended Solids.

vacuum filtration:  Process employed to dewater sludges so that
     a coke is produced having the physical handling character-
     istics and contents required for processing.

VSS:  Volatile Suspended Solids.

WQC:  Water Quality Criterion.

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                       III.I  INTRODUCTION


This volume presents performance data and related technical in-
formation for 56 unit operations used in industrial water pol-
lution control.  These 56 unit operations include 24 sludge
treatment and disposal technologies and 32 generic wastewater
treatment technologies classified as preliminary, primary,
secondary, or tertiary treatment.  Section 2 discusses the
rationale used to segregate the 32 wastewater treatment tech-
nologies into four classifications.

In Sections 3 through 8, each wastewater or sludge treatment/
disposal technology is briefly described and generalized perform-
ance characteristics are given for the preliminary wastewater
treatment (conditioning) and sludge processing technologies.
However, emphasis is placed on the pollutant removal capabilities
of the 28 primary, secondary, and tertiary wastewater treatment
technologies.  Both concentration and removal efficiency data
are given for the following group of pollutants:

(1) Conventional pollutants such as biochemical oxygen demand
     (BOD5)/ 'chemical oxygen demand  (COD), total organic carbon
     (TOC), total suspended solids  (TSS), oil and grease, total
    phenol, total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen  (TKN),
    and total organic chlorine  (TOC1),
(2) 129 toxic pollutants derived by EPA from the 65 "priority
    pollutants" listed in a Consent Agreement, Natural Resources
    Defense Council vs Train, 8 ERC 2120  (D.D.C. 1976),

(3) Compounds selected from the list of substances designated
    by EPA as hazardous under authority of Section 311 of the
    CWA, based on the availability of either a consensus ana-
    lytical methods or one promulgated under authority of
    Section 204(h) of the CWA, and

(4) Other nonconventional pollutants of concern in specific
    industrial wastewaters.

The technology descriptions presented in Sections 3 through 8
discuss the primary functions and basic operating principles
of each treatment process.  They also discuss major design
criteria, common modifications and applications, reliability
and inherent technical limitations, technological status and
extent of industry utilization, chemical requirements, and en-
vironmental impacts of each treatment process.  However, the


Date:  2/7/80                III.1-1

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technology descriptions do not provide detailed information on
process design or operation.   They are intended for overview
purposes only.  Similarly, the performance characteristics given
for the prreliminary wastewater treatment and sludge treatment/
disposal technologies are intended only as general guidelines.

Pollutant removal data for the primary, secondary, and tertiary
treatment technologies are presented in two forms:  plant speci-
fic data sheets and statistical summary tables.  Each plant-
specific data sheet lists the concentrations of various pollut-
ants in the influent and effluent to the treatment operation and
the corresponding removal efficiencies for these pollutants.
When available, the following types of information are also
provided.

   • Point source category, subcategory and identification
     code of the plant discharging the waste

   • Scale of the treatment operation  (e.g., full scale, pilot
     scale, bench scale)
   • Location of the treatment operation in the overall waste
     treatment system for the plant  (e.g., primary, secondary,
     tertiary treatment)

   • Design and operating parameters

   • Reference from which the information was taken

References for the plant-specific data include Effluent Guide-
lines development documents and contractor reports, other EPA
reports, journal articles, and conference papers.  The data are
reported as they appear in the original references, except that
certain concentration and removal efficiency values are rounded
to fewer significant figures.  Conventional pollutant concentra-
tions are reported to a maximum of three significant figures,
while removal efficiencies and concentration data for the other
groups of pollutants are  limited to  two significant figures.
This convention has been  adopted for formating purposes only  and
does not necessarily reflect the accuracy and  reproducibility of
the data.  The confidence limits associated with  individual con-
centration values and removal efficiencies are unknown unless
otherwise noted on the data sheets.

In many cases, the concentrations of toxic organic pollutants
in treatment  system effluents are reported as  "not detected"  or
"below detectable limits" in the original references and  no
detection limits are specified.  These concentrations are  also
reported as  "not detected" or  "below detectable  limits" on  the
plant  specific data sheets.

For removal  efficiency  calculations,  however,  "nondetectable"
organic pollutant concentrations are assumed to  be either
 (a) <10 yg/L  if the influent concentration exceeds  10 yg/L, or


Date:  2/7/80               III.1-2

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 (b)  less than  the  corresponding  influent  concentration  if  a  finite
 influent concentration  <10  pg/L  is  reported.  These  assumptions
 reflect EPA's  experience  with  a  draft  analytical  screening proto-
 col  (Sampling  and  Analysis  Procedures  for Screening  of  Industrial
 Effluents for  Priority  Pollutants,  U.S.E.P.A., Environmental
 Monitoring and Support  Laboratory,  Cincinnati, Ohio   45268,
 March 1977,  Revised  April 1977)  over the  last 18  months.

 In other cases,  treatment system effluents have been reported  to
 contain higher concentrations  of certain  pollutants  than the
 untreated wastewaters.  However,  "negative removals" are not
 reported on the plant-specific data sheets.  Where the  effluent
 concentration  for  a  given pollutant exceeds the corresponding
 influent concentration, the removal efficiency is reported as
 zero and treated as  such  in the  data summarization.

 The  statistical summary table  for each primary, secondary, and
 tertiary wastewater  treatment  technology  incorporates all  efflu-
 ent  concentration  and removal  efficiency  data contained in the
 plant-specific data  base  for that technology.  Minimum, maximum,
 median,  and mean effluent concentrations  and removal efficiencies
 are  given for  each pollutant listed on one or more of the  data
 sheets.   These statistics are  intended only as general  perform-
 ance indicators for  the treatment technologies since they  do not
 account for differences in  system design  and operation, influent
 pollutant loadings,  or  the  types of industrial wastewaters being
 treated.   Median/mean effluent concentrations and removal  effi-
 ciencies reported  for a given  treatment technology are  not
 necessarily indicative  of the  technology's pollutant removal
 capabilities when  applied to a specific industrial wastewater.
Date:  2/7/80                III.1-3

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                    III.2  TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
The 56 wastewater and sludge treatment/disposal technologies
addressed in this volume are divided into six groups, based on
their primary functions.  These are (1) wastewater conditioning,
or preliminary treatment, (2) primary wastewater treatment,
(3) secondary wastewater treatment, (4) tertiary wastewater
treatment,  (5) sludge treatment, and (6) sludge disposal.  Fig-
ure 1 identifies the technologies included in each of these
groups.

The four wastewater conditioning technologies are designed to
prepare wastewater streams for further treatment.  Screening and
grit removal separate coarse materials from the waste stream to
prevent damage to downstream pumps, sedimentation tank sludge
collectors, and other process equipment.  Equalization damps out
fluctuations in hydraulic flow and pollutant loading from the
plant production process, and neutralization renders acidic or
basic waste streams suitable for pH sensitive treatment process-
es (e.g., biological treatment).  Neutralization may also be
used as the final step in a treatment process to meet pH stand-
ards.  None of these wastewater conditioning technologies are
designed to remove specific pollutants from wastewater, however.

The remaining 28 wastewater treatment technologies are arbitrar-
ily classified as primary, secondary,  or tertiary treatment
based on the types of pollutants they are designed to remove.
This classification procedure is adapted only for organizational
purposes in this volume; it is not meant to imply that technolo-
gies classed as primary, secondary, or tertiary are always used
in these treatment applications.  The seven generic technologies
classified as primary treatment are designed to remove suspended
or colloidal materials from wastewater.  Gravity oil separation,
sedimentation, and gas flotation (e.g., dissolved air flotation)
remove free oil and grease and suspended solids, as well as spe-
cific compounds locked in these matrices.  When chemical addi-
tion (coagulants or settling aids)  is  used in conjunction with
sedimentation or gas flotation, dispersed oil and grease and
colloidal solids can also be removed.   Ultrafiltration performs
a similar function.  Filtration is primarily used for effluent
polishing, in terms of suspended solids, or as a pretreatment
step for other processes that are adversely affected by suspend-
ed solids.  Although these technologies are classified as pri-
mary treatment, they are not always used as the initial treatment
step.  For example, filtration is frequently used as a tertiary


Date:  12/10/79             III.2-1

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operation following secondary clarification.  Ultrafiltration
and sedimentation or gas flotation with chemical addition are
often used as "secondary" treatment processes, following gravity
oil separation for free oil removal.  In some cases, these
processes may also be applied for tertiary treatment.  Lime
treatment of secondary effluents for phosphorus removal is an
example of this type of application.

The technologies classified as secondary treatment include two
physical/chemical processes and four generic biological processes,
For performance data summary purposes, lagooning is subdivided
according to the types of biological activity involved and other
basic operating principles (e.g., mechanical vs. natural aera-
tion) .a  These technologies are classified as secondary treat-
ment because their primary function is to remove dissolved
organic materials from wastewater.  These processes are normally
preceded by primary treatment for suspended solids removal,
particularly steam stripping and solvent extraction where con-
tactor fouling can be a major problem.

Steam stripping and solvent extration are frequently used in the
chemical industry, but usually in the production process itself
rather than for wastewater treatment.  These processes are most
applicable for treatment of concentrated waste streams contain-
ing organic materials that are refractory to biological oxida-
tion.  Steam stripping may also be used as a pretreatment step
for activated sludge or other biological treatment processes to
remove volatile organics that evaporate before biological oxida-
tion occurs.

Activated sludge processes, trickling filters, and lagoons are
by far the most common treatment processes for dissolved organic
materials, primarily because they are less expensive and easier
to operate than physical/chemical treatment alternatives.  Ro-
tating bilogical contactors, relatively new innovations in the
wastewater treatment field, are also being used in some appli-
cations.

The 15 technologies classifed as tertiary wastewater treatment
processes are primarily designed to remove dissolved organics or
inorganics that are refractory to primary and secondary treat-
ment.  Processes such as activated carbon adsorption, chemical
oxidation, and ozonation may be used in secondary treatment
applications, but they tend to be more expensive than biological
treatment.  However, the use of powdered activated carbon in
conjunction with the activated sludge process is gaining favor
  Sedimentation  with  chemical  addition  and  gas  flotation with
  chemical  addition are  also subdivided for data summarization
  according to the type(s)  of  coagulants or settling aids used,


Date:  12/10/79             III.2-2

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 as  a  method  to  improve  refractory  organic  removal  and  secondary
 settling.

 For wastewaters containing  little  or  no  suspended  or biodegrad-
 able  organic material,  tertiary  technologies  may be used to
 remove  selected materials from the raw wate stream without re-
 course  to  standard  primary  or secondary  treatment  processes.
 Examples of  this include chromate  removal  from cooling tower
 blowdown via ion exchange or reverse  osmosis.   In  most waste-
 water treatment applications, however, primary and secondary
 treatment  processes are used upstream from the tertiary technol-
 ogies listed in Figure  1.   Most  of these tertiary  technologies
 are rendered uneffective or more expensive to operate  by high
 suspended  solids or organic loadings.

 The 16  sludge treatment technologies  include  various thickening,
 digestion, dewatering,  disinfection,  and other conditioning
 alternatives.   Many of  these processes are used consecutively  in
 wasewater  treatment plants; thickening,  digestion, and dewater-
 ing for example.  In general, they are designed to render sludge
 suitable for a  particular disposal alternative and/or  to facili-
 tate  handling and transportation.   An exception is byproduct
 recovery,  discussed in  Section 7.16.
Date:  12/10/79             III.2-3

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WASTEWATER CONDITIONING! PRIMARY TREATMENT 1
(PRELIMINARY TREATMENT! 1 ' 	 1 	 '
1 SCRE
[GRIT R
1 ROW EQU
NING 1 IGRAVITY OIL
SEPARATION]
MOVAL 1 SEDIMENTATION 1
M.IZATION 1 SEDIMENTATION WITH
CHEMICAL ADDITION AFPATFH
INEUTRA.i£*uum LAGOONS ~
ICAS FLOTATION! ~J

GAS FLOTA
CHEMICAL
TION WITH
ADDITION
1 FILTRITION 1
SECONDARY TREATMENT ]
[ACTIVATED SLUDGE
1 TRICKLI
[LAGC
AEROBIC
LAGOONS
ROTATING B
CONTA
ISTEAM S
[SOLVENT F
YG FILTER
ONSI

IOLOGICAL
CTORS
RIPPINGI
[TRArrrinml

FACULTATIVE! IANAEROBIC IEFFLUENT POLISHING
LAGOONS 1 1 LAGOONS | LAGOONS
                         lULTRAFILTRATIONl
TERTIARY TREATMENT |
| SLUDGE TREATMENT |
|
GRANULAR ACTIVATED!
CARBON ADSORPTION!

POWDERED ACTIVATED
CARBON ADSORPTION

1 CHEMICAL OXIDATION!

IAIR STRIPPING!

{NITRIFICATION!

IDENTIFICATION!

IJOU p_j-
                                                               I LAND APPLlCAHONl
                                                              ipgp WELL INJECTION!
                                        BY-PROOUa RECOVERY
   SUBOASSIFICATIONS FOR PERFORMANCE DATA SUMMARY PURPOSES
   ARE BASED ON THE TYPES OF COAGULANTS OR SETTLING AIDS USED.
                   Figure  1.   Treatment  technology  overview.
Date:    12/10/79
III.2-4

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III.3.1  SCREENING  [I]

III.3.1.1  Function

Screening is used to remove coarse and/or gross solids from
untreated wastewater before subsequent treatment.

III.3.1.2  Description

There are two major types of screening processes.  These are
termed wedge wire screening and rotating horizontal shaft
screening.

 _ —rWedge Wire Screen.  A wedge wire screen is a device onto
which wastewater is directed across an inclined stationary
screen or a drum screen of uniform sized openings.  Solids are
trapped on the screen surface while the wastwater flows through
the openings.  The solids are moved either by gravity  (stationary)
or by mechanical means  (rotating drum) to a collecting area for
discharge.  Stationary screens introduce the wastewater as a thin
film flowing downward with a minimum of turbulence across the
wedge wire screens, which is generally in three sections of
progressively flatter slope.  The drum screen employs the same
type of wedge wire wound around its periphery.  Wastewater is
introduced as a thin film near the top of the drum and flows
through the hollow drum and out the bottom.  The solids retained
by the peripheral screen follow the drum rotation until removed by
a doctor blade located at about 120° from the introduction point.
Wedge wire spacing can be varied to best suit the application.
For municipal wastewater applications spacings are generally
between 0.01 and 0.06 inches (0.25 to 1.5 mm).  Inclined screens
can be housed in stainless steel or fiberglass; wedge wires may be
curved or straight; the screen face may be a single multi-angle
unit,  three separate multi-angle pieces, or a single curved unit.
Rotary screens can have a single rotation speed drive or a vari-
able speed drive.

     Rotating Horizontal Shaft Screen.  A rotating horizontal
shaft screen is an intermittently or continously rotating drum
covered with a plastic or stainless steel screen of uniform sized
openings, installed and partially submerged in a chamber.  The
chamber is designed to permit the entry of wastewater to the
interior of the drum and collection of filtered (or screened)
wastewater from the exterior side of the drum.  With each revolu-
tion,  the solids are flushed by sprays from the exposed screen
surface into a collecting trough.  Coarse screens have openings of
less than 1/4 inch.  Screen with openings of 20 to 70 microns are
called microscreens or microstrainers.  Drum diameters are 3 to 5
feet with 4- to 12-foot lengths.
Date:   8/13/79              III.3.1-1

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III. 3. 1.3  Technology Status

__   Wedge Wire Screen.  Wedge wire screens have been  used  in
industry since 1965 and  in municipal wastewater treatment since
1967.  There are over 100 installations  to date.

     Rotating Horizontal Shaft Screen.   Rotating horizontal shaft
screens are in widespread use for  roughing pretreatment  and for
secondary biological plant effluent polishing.

III. 3. 1.4  Applications

     Wedge Wire Screen.  Stationary and  rotary drum screens are
ideally suited and usually employed after bar screens  and prior  to
grit chambers.  They have also been employed for primary treat-
ment, scum dewatering, sludge screening, digester  cleaning, and
storm water overflow treatment.

     Rotating Horizontal Shaft Screen.   Used for removal of
coarse wastewater solids from the  wastewater treatment plant
influent after bar screen treatment with screen openings 150
microns to 0.4 inches; also used for polishing activated sludge
effluent with screen openings 20 to 70 microns.

III. 3. 1.5  Limitations

 — =5g"Wedge Wire Screen.  Require regular cleaning  and  prompt
residuals disposal.

     Rotating Horizontal Shaft Screen.   Dependence on  pretreatment
and inability to handle  solids fluctuations  in tertiary  applica-
tions; reducing speed of rotation  of drum  and  less frequent
flushing of  screen has resulted  in increased removal efficiencies,
but reduced  capacities.

III. 3. 1.6  Residuals Generated
            Wire Screen.   Solids trapped on the screen surface
 (1 to 2 yd3/Mgal) .

      Rotating Horizontal Shaft Screen.   Sidestream of solids
 accumulations backwashed from screen (2 to 5 percent of influent
 with suspended solids concentration of  200 to 500 mg/L) .

 III. 3. 1.7  Reliability

  j^*»^Wedge Wire Screen.   Very high reliability for process and
 mechanical areas when maintained.

      Rotating Horizontal Shaft Screen.   High degree of reliability
 for both the process and mechanical areas; process is simple to
 Date:  8/13/79              III.3.1-2

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 operate;  mechanical  equipment is generally simple and straight-
 forward;  occasional  problems  may arise because of incomplete
 solids  removal  by flushing (hand cleaning may be required with
 acid  solution for stainless  steel cloths);  blinding by grease can
 be  a  problem in pretreatment  applications.

 III.3.1.8  Environmental Impact

  _,ee  Wedge Wire Screen.   Can  create odors if screenings are not
 disposed  of properly;  impact  on land is practically nil; screening
 are generally disposed of in  a landfill or by incineration, no
 impact  on water.

      Rotating Horizontal Shaft Screen.  Odor problems around
 equipment may be created if  solids are not flushed frequently
 enough  from the screen (pretreatment); disposal of solid by
 incineration can affect air quality; disposal of solids in land-
 fill  has  neglible impact;  no  impact on water.

 III.3.1.9  Design Criteria

^nar—.Wedge Wire Screen.   In  screening of raw wastewater (0.05 to
 36  Mgal/d):
    •>   '  '     . ^^-««—•-" '  		;.,,.....,

       Stationary         Parameter        Rotary Drum
       0.01 to 0.06 in.   Screen opening ;  0.01 to 0.06 in.
       4 to 7 ft          Head required  /  2.5 to 4.5 ft
       10  to 750 ft       Space required I  10 to 100 ft2
                         .Motor size       0.5 to 3 hp


      Rotating Horizontal Shaft Screen.

 Screen  submergence:   70 to 80 percent.
 Loading rate:  2 to  10 gal/min/ft2 of submerged area, depending on
 pretreatment and mesh size.
 Screen  openings:   150 microns to 0.4 inches for pretreatment; 20
 to  70 microns for tertiary treatment.
 Drum  rotation:   0 to 7 revolutions/min
 Screen  materials:  Stainless  steel or plastic cloth
 Washwater = 2 to 5 percent of flow being treated.
 Performance of  fine  screen device varies considerably on influent
 solids  type, concentration and loading patterns; mesh size;
 hydraulic head;  and  degree of biological conditioning of solids.
 Date:  8/13/79              III.3.1-3

-------
III.3.1.10  Flow Diagrams

      Wedge Wire Screen.
                                     FEED
                                                   WATER LEVEL
                                            INFLUENT  —
                                           EFFLUENT
      Rotating  Horizontal Shaft Screen.
                                         *»SM (MIDI
                        MM mar
                 WASH WATER
                 DISCHARGE
                         INFLUENT CHAMBER
                                                      EFFLUENT WEIR
                                                       mUCNTCWMKIt
Date:   8.13/79
III.3.1-4

-------
III.3.1.11  Performance

     Wedge Wire Screen.

               Pollutant   Typical percent removal
               BOD                 5 to 20
               SS                  5 to 25

     Rotating Horizontal Shaft Screen.  (Tertiary applications)

              Pollutant   Typical percent removals
              BODs               40 to 60
              SS                 50 tO 70
III.3.1.12  References

 1.   Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual.
     EPA-430/9-78-009 (draft),  U.S.  Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1978.  252 pp.
Date:  8/13/79              III.3.1-5

-------
 III.3.2  GRIT REMOVAL (PRELIMINARY TREATMENT)  [1]

 III.3.2.1  Function

 The purpose of preliminary treatment is to remove large objects,
 such as rocks, logs,  and cans, as well as grit,  in order to pre-
 vent damage to subsequent treatment and process  equipment.
 Objects normally removed by preliminary treatment steps can be
 extremely harmful to pumps, and can increase downtime due to
 pipe clogging and clarifier scraper mechanism failures.

 III.3.2.2  Description

 Preliminary treatment usually consists of two separate and dis-
 tinct unit operations:  bar screening and grit removal.  There
 are two types of bar screens (or racks).   The most commonly
 used,  and oldest technology, consists of  hand-cleaned bar racks,
 which are generally used in smaller treatment plants.  The
 second  type of bar screen is the type that is mechanically
 cleaned,  which is commonly used in larger facilities.

 Grit is most commonly removed in chambers that are capable of
 settling out high density solid materials,  such  as sand, gravel,
 and cinders.   There are  two types of grit chambers:   horizontal
 flow,  and aerated;  in both types the settleables collect at the
 bottom  of the unit.  Horizontal units are designed to maintain a
 relatively constant velocity by use of proportional  weirs or
 flumes  in order to prevent settling of organic solids, while
 simultaneously obtaining relatively complete removal of inor-
 ganic particles (grit).   Aerated grit chambers produces spiral
 action  whereby the heavier particles remain at the bottom of the
 tank to be removed, while organic particles are  maintained in
 suspension by rising  air bubbles.   One main advantage of aerated
 units  is  that the amount of air can be regulated to  control the
 grit/organic solids separation, and less  offensive odors are
 generated.   The aeration process also facilitates cleaning of
 the grit.   Grit removed  from horizontal flow units usually needs
 additional cleaning steps prior to disposal.

 III.3.2.3  Common Modifications

 Many plants also use  comminutors,  which are mechanical devices
 that cut  up the material normally removed in the screening
 process.   Therefore,  these solids remain  in the  wastewater to be
 removed in downstream unit operations,  rather  than being removed
 immediately from the  wastewater.   In recent years,  the use of
 static  or rotating  wedge-wire screens has increased  to remove
 large organic particulates just prior to  degritting.   These
 units have been found to be superior to comminutors  in that they
 remove  the material immediately from the  waste instead of
 creating  additional loads downstream.  Other grit chamber designs
 are available including  swirl concentrators and  square tanks.


Date:  8/13/79              III.3.2-1

-------
III.3.2.4  Technology Status

Preliminary treatment has been widely used  since  the  early days
of wastewater treatment.  Wedge-wire screens  are  newer tech-
nology  (approximately 13 years old).

III.3.2.5  Applications

Should be used at all municpal wastewater treatment plants;  also
normally used prior to wastewater pumping stations.

III.3.2.6  Limitations

None.

III.3.2.7  Performance

Bar screens are designed to remove  all  large  debris,  such as
stones, wood, cans, etc., grit chambers are designed  to remove
virtually all inorganic particles,  such as  sand and gravel;
wedge-wire screens remove up  to  25  percent  suspended  solids and
associated BOD5 and possibly  reduce digester  scum.

III.3.2.8  Chemicals Required

None.

III.3.2.9  Residuals Generated

All unit operations, except comminutors, will generate solids
that  need disposal; wedge-wire screens  remove up to 1 yd3 of 12
to 15 percent solids/Mgal; grit  and other  solids are  often
landfilled.

III.3.2.10  Design Criteria
.—	^                                                  ' "" ""~™~i
In bar  screens, bar size is 1/4  to  5/8  in.  width by 1 to 3 in.
depth;  spacing is 0.75  to 3 in.;  slope  from vertical  is 0 to     ;
45°;  velocity is 1.5 to  3 ft/s;  criteria for  wedge-wire screens,/
"Ts~~shown in Sec€iBn~""TTT73T1;  lir^rtrt"" <^amtoer^';"'tier±2tmtai'	
velocities are 0.5 to 1.25  ft/s;  units  are  sufficiently long to
settle  lightest and smallest  (usually  0.2  mm) grit particles
with  an additional factor of  safety (up to  50 percent); weir
crests  are generally set 4  to 12 in.  above  the bottom.

III.3.2.11  Reliability

Preliminary treatment systems are extremely reliable and, in
fact, are designed to improve the reliability of downstream
treatment systems.
 Date:   8/13/79               III.3.2-2

-------
 III.3.2.12  Environmental Impact

 Requires relatively little use of land;  requires minimal amounts
 of energy; solids will be generated, requiring disposal; odors are.
 common when removed grit contains excess organic solids and is not
 disposed of within a short time after removal.

 III.3.2.13  Flow Diagram
                                      METERING
         INFLUENT
                      TO TREATMENT
                                            GRIT


 III.3.2.14  References

  1.   Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment  Manual,
      EPA-430/9-78-009 (draft), U.S. Environmental Protection
      Agency,  Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.  252 pp.
Date:  8/13/79
III.3.2-3

-------
  III.3.3  FLOW EQUALIZATION  [1]

  III.3.3.1  Function

  Flow equalization  is used to balance the quantity and quality of
  wastewater before  subsequent downstream treatment.

  III.3.3.2  Description

  Wastewater flows into treatment facilities are subjected to diur-
  nal  and  seasonal fluctuation in quality and in quantity.  Most
  waste  treatment processes are sensitive to such changes.  An
  equalization basin serves to balance the extreme quality and
  quantity of these  fluctuations to allow normal contact time in
  the  treatment facility.  This section of the manual addresses
  only equalization  basins that are used to equalize flow; however,
  it should be noted that equalization of the quality of wastewater
  will also equalize to a degree.

  Equalization basins may be designed as either in-line or side-
  line units.  In the in-line design, the basin receives the waste-
  water  directly from the collection system, and the discharge from
  the  basin through  the treatment plant is kept essentially at con-
  stant  rate.  In the side-line design, flows in excess of the
  average  are diverted to the equalization basin and, when the plant
  flow falls below the average, wastewater from the basin is dis-
  charged  to the plant to bring the flow to the average level.  The
  basins are sufficiently sized to hold the peak flows and discharge
  at constant rate.

  Pump stations may  or may not be required to discharge into or out
  of the equalization basin, depending upon the available head.
  Where pumping is found necessary, the energy requirements will be
  based on total flow for in-line basins and one excess flow for
  side-line basins.

  Aeration of the wastewater in the equalization basin is normally
  required for mixing and maintaining aerobic conditions.

  III.3.3.3  Common Modifications

  There are various methods of aeration,  pumping and flow control.
  Tanks or basins can be manufactured from steel or concrete, or
  excavated and of the lined or unlined earthen variety.

  III.3.3.4  Technology Status

  Flow equalization has been used in the  municipal and industrial
  sectors for many years.   There are more than 200 municipal
  installations in the United States.
Date: 8/13/79                III.3.3-1

-------
III.3.3.5.  Applications

Can be used to equalize the extremes of diurnal and wet weather
flow fluctuations; secondary benefits are equalization of
quality and the potential for protection from toxic upsets.

III.3.3.6.  Limitations

Application to equalize diurnal fluctuation is rather limited be-
cause the cost is unjustifiable when compared to the benefits;
may require substantial land area.

III.3.3.7  Residuals Generated

Due to the settling characteristics of influent wastewater solids,
some materials will collect at bottom of basin, and will need to
be periodically discarded; provisions must be made to accommodate
this need.

III.3.3.8  Reliability

Units are reliable from both a unit and process standpoint and
used to increase the reliability of the flow-sensitive treatment
processes that follow.

III.3.3.9  Environmental Impact

Can consume large land areas; impact upon air quality and noise
levels are minimal; some sludge may be generated that will
require disposal.

III.3.3.10  Design Criteria

Design of an equalization basin is highly site-specific and
dependent upon the type and magnitude of the input flow variations
and facility configuration; pumping/flow control mode, aeration,
mixing and flushing methods are dependent upon the size and  site
conditions; grit removal should be provided upstream of the  basin;
mechanical mixing at 20 to 40 hp/Mgal of storage; aeration at
1.25 to 2 ft3/min/l,000 gal of storage.
 Date:   8/13/79              III.3.3-2

-------
III.3.3.11   Flow Diagram
             IN-LINE

INFLUENT
GRIT
REMOVAL


EQUALIZATION
BASIN
	 H
— H
              CONTROLLED
             FLOW PUMPING
               STATION
                                           FLOW METER AND
                                           CONTROL DEVICE
                      -*- TO TREATMENT
                                     SLUDGE-PROCESSING
                                     ' RECYCLE FLOWS
             SIDE-LINE
           INFLUENT -«
         FLOW METER AND
         CONTROL DEVICE
-TO TREATMENT
                                              SLUDGE-PROCESSING
                                              RECYCLE FLOWS
                CONTROLLED
               FLOW PUMPING
                 STATION
III.3.3.12   Performance

Flow equalization basins are easily  designed to achieve the  objec-
tive;  use of aeration, in combination with  the relatively  long
detention times afforded can produce BOD5 reductions  of 10 to 20
percent.

III.3.3.13   References

  1.   Innovative and  Alternative Technology  Assessment Manual.
      EPA-430/9-78-009 (draft), U.S.  Environmental Protection
      Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.   252 pp.
Date:   8/13/79
III.3.3-3

-------

-------
III.3.4  NEUTRALIZATION [1]

III.3.4.1  Function

Neutralization is the process of adjusting either an acidic or a
basic wastestream to a pH in the range of seven.

III.3.4.2  Description

Many manufacturing and processing operations produce effluents
that are acidic or alkaline in nature.  Neutralization of an ex-
cessively acidic or basic waste stream is necessary in a variety
of situations, for example:  (1) to prevent metal corrosion and/or
damage to other construction materials; (2) to protect aquatic
life and human welfare; (3) as a preliminary treatment, allowing
effective operation of biological treatment processes, and (4) to
provide neutral pH water for recycle, either as process water or
as boiler feed.  Treatment to adjust pH may also be desirable to
break emulsions, to insolubilize certain chemical species, or to
control chemical reaction rates, e.g., chlorination.  Although
natural waters may differ widely in pH, changes in a particular
pH level could produce detrimental effects on the environment.  To
minimize any undesirable consequences, the effluent limitations
guidelines for industrial sources set the pH limits for most in-
dustries between 6.0 and 9.0 for 1977 and 1983.

Simply, the process of neutralization is the interaction of an
acid with a base.  The typical properties exhibited by acids in
solution are due to the hydrogen ion,  (H+).  Similarly, alkaline
(or basic) properties are a result of the hydroxyl ion, (OH~).  In
aqueous solutions, acidity and alkalinity are defined with respect
to pH, where pH = - log (H+) and, at room temperature, pH = 14 +
log (OH~).  In the strict sense, neutralization is the adjustment
of pH to 7, at which level the concentrations of hydrogen and
hydroxyl ions are equal.  Solutions with excess hydroxyl ion con-
centration (pH >7) are said to be basic; solutions with excess
hydrogen ions  (pH <7) are acidic.  Since adjustment of the pH to
7 is not often practical or even desirable in waste treatment, the
term "neutralization" is sometimes used to describe adjustment of
pH to values other than 7.

The actual process of neutralization is accomplished by the addi-
tion of an alkaline to an acidic material or by adding an acidic
to an alkaline material, as determined by the required final pH.
The primary products of the reaction are a salt and water.  A
simple example of acid-base neutralization is the reaction between
hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide:

                      HC1  + NaOH -  H20 + NaCl

The product,  sodium chloride in aqueous solution, is neutral with
pH = 7.0.


Date:   8/13/79               III.3.4-1

-------
III.3.4.3   Technology Status

Neutralization is considered to be demonstrated technology and is
widely used in industrial  waste treatment.

III.3.4.4   Applications

Finds widest application in the treatment  of aqueous wastes con-
taining  strong acids such  as sulfuric and  hydrochloric,  or bases
such as  caustic soda and ammonium hydroxide; however, process can
be used  with nonaqueous materials (for example, acidic phenols,
which are  insoluble in water);  although neutralization is  a liquid
phase phenomenon, it can also treat both gaseous and solid waste
streams; gases can be handled by absorption in a suitable  liquid
phase, as  in the alkali scrubbing of acid  vapors; slurries can be
neutralized, with due consideration for the nature of the  suspended
solid and  its dissolution  properties; sludges are also amenable to
pH adjustment, but the viscosity of the material complicates the
process  of physical mixing and contact between acid and  alkali
that is  essential to the treatment; in principle, even tars can be
neutralized, although the  problems of reagent mixing and contact
are usually severe, making the process impractical in most in-
stances; solids and powders that are acidic or basic salts could
also be  neutralized if dissolved; can be used to treat both in-
organic  and organic waste  streams that are either excessively
acidic or  alkaline; often  used to precipitate heavy metal  ions,
e.g., Zn++, Pb++, Hg++, or Cu++ by the addition of an alkali
(usually lime) to a waste  stream; organic  compounds that can be
treated  include carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, phenols, and
many other materials.

                  INDUSTRIES USING NEUTRALIZATION
                                              Wastewater
            	Industry	pH range

            Pulp and paper                 •  Acidic and basic
            Dairy products                   Acidic and basic
            Textiles                        Basic
            Pharmaceuticals                   Acidic and basic
            Leather tanning and finishing       Acidic and basic
            Petroleum refining                Acidic and basic
            Grain milling                    Acidic and basic
            Fruits and vegetables              Acidic and basic
            Beverages                       Acidic and basic
            Plastic and synthetic materials     Acidic and basic
            Steel pickling                   Acidic
            By-product coke                   Basic
            Metal finishing                   Acidic
            Organic chemicals                 Acidic and basic
            Inorganic chemicals               Acidic and basic
            Fertilizer                       Acidic and basic
            Industrial gas products            Acidic and basic
            Cement, lime, and concrete products  Basic
            Electric and steam generation       Acidic and basic
            Nonferrous metals - aluminum        Acidic
 Date:   8/13/79               III.3.4-2

-------
III.3.4.5  Limitations

Subject to influence of temperature and resulting heat effects
common to most chemical reactions; generally, in water-based reac-
tions, increasing the temperature of reactants increases the rate
of reaction; in neutralization, the interaction of acid and alkali
is frequently exothermic (evolves heat),  with an accompanying
rise in temperature; an average value for the heat released during
the neutralization of dilute solutions of strong acids and bases
is 13,360 cal/g mole of water formed; by controlling the rate of
addition of neutralizing reagent, the heat produced may be dis-
sipated and temperature increase minimized.  For each reaction,
the final temperature depends on initial reactant temperatures,
chemical species participating in the reaction (and their heats
of solution and reaction),  concentrations of the reactants, and
relative quantities of the reactants; in general, concentrated
solutions can produce large temperature increases as relative
quantities of reactants approach stoichiometric proportions; this
can result in boiling and splashing of the solution, and acceler-
ated chemical attack on materials; in most cases, proper planning
of the neutralization scheme with respect to concentration of
neutralizing agent, rate of addition, reaction time, and equip-
ment design can alleviate the heating problem.

III.3.4.6  Residuals Generated/Environmental Impact

After neutralization a waste stream will usually show an increased
total dissolved solids content due to addition of chemical agent,
but there may also be an accompanying reduction in the concentra-
tion of heavy metals if the treatment proceeds to alkaline pH's;
conversely, in neutralizations involving the addition of acid to
alkali, there is the possibility of solids dissolution, which may,
on occasion, be disadvantageous, particularly if the suspended
matter is slated for removal, e.g., by filtration; anions result-
ing from neutralization of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids are
sulfate and chloride, respectively, which are not considered
hazardous, but recommended limits exist for discharge, based pri-
marily on problems in drinking water; common cations present after
neutralization involving caustic soda and lime (or limestone) are
sodium and calcium  (possibly magnesium), respectively, which are
not toxic and have no recommended limits; however, calcium and
magnesium are responsible for water hardness and accompanying
scaling problem; carbonate produced during limestone neutraliza-
tion is also harmless both in solution and as carbon dioxide gas.

With regard to atmospheric emissions, one must be cautious not to
indiscriminately neutralize wastewater streams; acidification of
streams containing certain salts, such as sulfide, will produce
toxic gases; if there is no satisfactory alternative, the gas must
be removed through scrubbing or some other treatment; where solid
products are formed  (as in precipitation of calcium sulfate, or
heavy metal hydroxides), clarifier/thickeners and filters must be


Date:   8/13/79               III.3.4-3

-------
provided; if precipitate is of  sufficient purity, it would be a
salable product; otherwise, a disposal  scheme must be devised.

III.3.4.7  Reliability

Process is highly reliable if properly  monitored.

III.3.4.8  Flow Diagram
NEUTRALIZING CHEMI
FEED SYSTEM



•
CAL |_



PI pH METER CONTROLLER
I "*-- •— 
]


=>
^



^^
SAMPLE PUMPS 	
>
I
c
J^
3
f
=>
^
I

X

"N
^i
C
>^
•v.
3
^

)o[
rNEUTR


A.

T
>


NEUTRALIZED WATER

                                                        NEUTRALIZING CHEMICAL
                                                           FED SYSTEM
 III.3.4.9   References

  1.   Physical,  Chemical,  and Biological Treatment Techniques  for
      Industrial Wastes,  PB 275 287, U.S. Environmental Protection
      Agency,  Washington,  B.C., November 1976.  pp. 33-1  to  33-18.
 Date:   8/13/79
III.3.4-4

-------
 III.4.1   GRAVITY  OIL SEPARATION  [1]

 III.4.1.1  Function

 Gravity  oil separation is  used for  the  removal  of  floatable oil
 and  grease.

 III.4.1.2  Description

 A gravity oil  separator (skimming tank)  is  a  chamber  so arranged
 that floating  matter rises and remains  on the surface of the
 wastewater until  removed,  while  the liquid  flows out  continuously
 through  deep outlets or under partitions, curtain  walls, or deep
 scum boards.   This  may be  accomplished  in a separate  tank or
 combined with  primary sedimentation,  depending  on  the process
 and  nature of  the wastewater.

 The  objective  of  skimming  tanks  is  the  separation  from the waste-
 water of the lighter floating substances.   The  material collected
 on the surface of skimming tanks, whence it can be removed,
 includes oil,  grease,  soap, pieces  of cork  and  wood,  and vegetable
 debris and fruit  skins originating  in households and  in industry.
 The  outlet, which is submerged,  is  opposite the inlet and at a
 lower elevation to  assist  in flotation  and  to remove  any solids
 that may settle.

 Gravity-type separators are the  most  common devices employed in
 oily waste treatment.   The effectiveness of a gravity separator
 depends  upon proper hydraulic design, and the design  period of
 wastewater retention.   Longer retention times allow better separ-
 ation of the floatable oils from the  water.   Short detention times
 of less  than 20 minutes result in less  than 50% oil-water separa-
 tion,  while more  extended  holding periods improve  oil separation
 from the waste stream.

 Gravity  separators  are equally effective in removing  both greases
 and  nonemulsified oils.  The standard unit  in refinery waste
 treatment is the  API separator,  based upon  design  standards
 published by the  American  Petroleum Institute.  Separators used
 for  metal and  food  processing oily  wastes operate  upon the same
 principle of floating  the  oil, and  many are designed  in a similar
 fashion  to the API  process insofar  as skimming, retention time,
 etc.   Separators  may be operated as batch vats, or as continuous
 flow-through basins,  depending upon the volume  of  waste to be
 treated.

 III.4.1.3  Technology  Status

 Gravity  oil separation is  well-developed for  many  industrial waste
 treatment applications,  especially  refinery wastes.
Date:  8/13/79               III.4.1-1

-------
III.4.1.4  Applications

Used in refinery, steel rolling, metal processing, food process-
ing, meat packing, and most other industrial waste treatment
where oil is present; in addition, recovery of skimmed oil or
grease from all major types of oily waste is increasingly common,
as the value of the recoverable oil is realized; frequently a
substantial savings is possible through recovery or recycle of
oily material.

III.4.1.5  Limitations

To meet increasingly more stringent regulations, gravity oil
separation will usually require subsequent coagulant addition
or other treatment in order to increase oil removal efficiencies
to required levels.

III.4.1.6  Residuals Generated/Environmental Impact

If skimmings cannot be reused, they are typically disposed of by
burial, lagooning, or incineration; odor and nuisance-free oil
sludge incineration has been reported.

III.4.1.7  Reliability

Highly dependable, if regularly maintained.

III.4.1.8  Flow Diagram
Date:   8/13/79              III.4.1-2

-------
III.4.1.9  Performance

Subsequent data sheet provide performance data from studies on the
following industries and/or wastestrearns:

     Iron and steel industry
       Cold rolling

     Petroleum refining
       Cracking

     Timber products processing
       Wood preserving/steaming

III.4.1.10  References

 1.  Patterson, J. W.  Wastewater Treatment Technology.  Ann Arbor
     Science Publishers, Inc.  Ann Arbor, Mighigan, 1975.
     pp.  179-185.
Date:  8/13/79              III.4.1-3

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     CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR GRAVITY  OIL SEPARATION
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenols
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Acrylonitrile
2-Chlorophenol
2-4 -Dimethy Iphenol
2 -Ni trophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
p-Chloro-m-cresol
Benzene
1 , 3-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Anthracene/Phenanthrene
Benz ( a ) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo (ghi) perylene
Benzo (k) f luoranthene
Chrysene
Fluorene
Indeno (1,2, 3-cd) pyrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Aroclor 1016
Aroclor 1221
Aroclor 1232
Aroclor 1242
Number of
data points

17
27
25
16
22
28

5
11
1
3
24
15
15
13
11
11
11
2
4
17
8
1
1
1
1
5
1
3
13
1
4
1
2
5
4
4
1
8
1
2
2
2
2
3
1
9
1
3
3
1
3
3
Effluent concentration
Minimum

24
83
25
17
9
0.063

1
3
2
1
1
6
10
4
0.5
4
1
1
1
56
9.5
1.3
12
30
33
71
150
16
13
120
1
3,
<2b
3
37
4
3
4.6
55
15
2
37
1.7
34
40
50
3
7
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.5
Maximum

1,650
6,450
915
380
170
189

840
440
2
200
25,000
450
1,300
920
3
500
110
250
3
870
700
1.3
12
30
33
650
150
850
16,000
120
»100
3
>100
»100
3,000
87
3
-V230
55
16
^1,100
270
20
300
40
1,100
3
" 99
1.9
0.1
0.9
5.2
Median

190
420
81
52.5
54.5
5.75

290
6
2
6
420
44
40
36
1.3
26
12
120
2
360
290
1.3
12
30
33
>100
150
120
160
120
>100
3
>50
>100
300
35
3
95
55
15. 5
550
150
11
80
40
280
3
4
1.8
0.1
0.5
5
Mean

376
847
151
84.5
63.4
23.7

290
46
2
69
1,700
100
170
150
1.4
69
20
120
2
390
270
1.3
12
30
33
210
150
330
2,200
120
>75
3
>50
>65
910
40
3
110
55
15 . 5
550
150
11
140
40
410
3
37
1 3
-L. • J
0 . 1
0. 63
3.6
                                                        (continued)
Date:  12/13/79
III.4.1-4

-------
  CONTROL TECHNOLOGY  SUMMARY FOR GRAVITY  OIL  SEPARATION (cont'd)
          Pollutant
 Number of
data points
     Effluent concentration
Minimum   MaximumMedian
                                                                          Mean
Toxic pollutants, yg/L (cont'd)
  Carbon tetrachloride                1
  Chloroform                         5
  1,1-Dichloroethane                  1
  l,2-Ti»ans-dichloroethylene          1
  Methylene chloride                  6
  Tetrachloroethylene                 2
  1,1,1-Trichloroethane               1
  Trichloroethylene                   2
  Aldrin/Dieldrin                     1
  Chlordane                          1
  Isophorone                         1
  Toxaphene                          1

Other pollutants, mg/L:
  NH3                               15
                   1
                 ^20
                 ^30
                  50
                  42
                   3
                   3
                   6
                   3
                 5.7
               1
             230
               1
             ^20
             >90
             >50
              50
            »100
               3
               3
               6
               3
                                                           600
  1
M.5
  1
^20
>39
>40
 50
  1
 58
  1
^20
>42
>40
 50
  3
  3
  6
  3
                                    38
  3
  3
 '6
  3
                             150
Date:   12/3/79
III.4.1-5

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity Oil Separation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point  source category:  Petroleum  refining
Subcategory:
Plant:   A
References:   A3, p.  IV-36
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention  time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:

                                    REMOVAL  DATA
Data  source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full  scale
Sampling period:
Pol lutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Phenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Naphthalene
Aroclor 1232
1, 2-rrans-dichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Effluent
concentration

24
107
29
380
0.1

12
270
26
130
23
260
^b
12
13
»100
>100
37b
"b c
4-V
68
0.9
"•2°d
»SO
>50
»100
                           Concentrations from several days averaged.
                           This extract was diluted 1:10 before analysis.
                          Concentrations represent sums for these two
                           compounds which elute simultaneously and have
                           the same ma^or ions for GC/MS.
                           Possibly due to laboratory contamination.
 Note:  Blanks indicate  information was not specified.
 Date:   10/15/79
                                    III.4.1-6

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity  Oil  Separation

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source  category:   Petroleum refining          Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:   Cracking                              Bench scale
 Plant:   17                                         Pilot scale            ~
 References:   A9, p.  30                              Full scale              x
 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:   API design
 Wastewater  flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Sludge overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA

               Sampling period;	
                                                     Effluent
               	Pollutant/parameter	concentration

               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 BOD5                                 1,620
                 COD                                  2,890
                 TOC                                   31.6
                 Oil and grease                        16.2
                 Total phenol                          17.5

               Other pollutants,mg/L:
                 NH3                                     17
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.

Date:   10/15/79               III.4.1-7

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity Oil  Separation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering  estimate
Subcategory:  Cracking                              Bench scale
Plant:  19                                          Pilot scale
References:  A9, p.  30                              Full  scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:    API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

               Sampling period;	
                                                     Effluent
               	Pollutant/parameter	concentration

               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 COD                                    425
                 TOC                                    286
                 Oil and grease                         170
                 Total phenol                          25.9

               Toxic pollutants,  yg/L:
                 Chromium                               140

               Other pollutants,  mg/L:
                 NH3                                     91
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/15/79             III.4.1-8

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity Oil Separation

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Iron and steel
 Subcategory:  Cold  rolling
 Plant:  105  (also coded W-2)
 References:  A36, pp.  Vll-22-23
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Two skimmers in parallel
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Sludge overflow:
Data source  status:
  Engineering  estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
                   Sampling period:
                                   REMOVAL DATA
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, rag/L:
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
2-Chlorophenol
2 , 4-Dinitrophenol
2-Nitrophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
p-Chloro-m-cresol
Benzene
1 , 3-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Acenaphthene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
1( 1-Dichloroetnane
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1-Tnchloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Aldrin/dicldrin
Chlordane
PCB's
Isophorone
Toxaphene
Influent

43
468

*D
ND
ND
0.4
ND
ND
ND
73
ND
ND
ND
440
ND
ND
2
380
ND
17
2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
48
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Effluent

36
9

290
200
240
450
13
600
500
110
250
680
33
130
150
16
4,800
120
1
3
ND
3
4
3
1
3
4
1
230
1
29
50
42
3
3
3
6
3
Percent
removal

16
93
a
0
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
70
oa
oa
oa
68
oa
82
>0
Oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
40
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
                    Actual data indicate negative removal.
                   b
                    Not detected; assumed to be less than corresponding influent
                    or effluent concentration.
Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   10/15/79
                                    III.4.1-9

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gravity Oil Separation

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point  source  category:  Timber products
                         processing
Subcategory:   Wood preserving/steaming, no
               discharger
Plant:   495
References:   Al,  p. 7-30
Use in  system:  Primary
Pretreatment  of influent:

DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge  overflow:

                                  REMOVAL DATA
                         Sampling period;	
                                                     Data  source status:
                                                       Engineering estimate

                                                       Bench  scale

                                                       Pilot  scale
                                                       Full scale
                             Pollutant/parameter
                                                   Effluent
                                                 concentration
                          Conventional pollutants,
                           COD
                           Oil and grease
                           Total phenol
                                          mg/L:
                                                    374"
                                                     7°8a
                                                   0.154
Toxic pollutants. ug/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Acrylonitrile
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Toluene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Benz ( a ) anthracene
Benzo (a)pyrene
Benzo ( gh i ) perylene
Benzo (k) fluoranthene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno(2, 2, 3-cd)pyrene
Naphthalene
Pyrene
Chloroform
Methylene chloride

la
isa
1
4a
37a
4
1.3a
S.5a
1
1
2
110*
9.5a
30
1203
15
23
78a
67
45a
55
15
2
37
170a
34"
40.
86a
99a
23
660
                          Average of two studies conducted one year apart.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

                                    III. 4. 1-10
 Date:   10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gravity Oil Separation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:  C                                           Pilot scale            	
References:  A2,  p. rv-36                           Full scale              x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:
                                  REMOVAL DATA

               Sampling period;	
                                                     Effluent
               	Pollutant/parameter	concentration

               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 COD                                   320
                 TOC                                    71
                 TSS                                    28
                 Oil and grease                         93
                 Total phenol                          5.6

               Toxic pollutants,  Mg/L:
                 Arsenic                                 8
                 Chromium                              850
                 Copper                                190
                 Cyanide                               430
                 Lead                                   12
                 Mercury                                 3
                 Selenium                               15
                 Zinc                                  640
                 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate           290
                 Phenol                              2,200
                 Naphthalene                           950
                 Anthracene/phenanthrene              ^190

               Other pollutants,  mg/L:
                 NH3                                    38
                Concentrations from several  days  were  averaged.

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

                                III.4.1-11

 Date:   10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gravity Oil Separation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:  H                                           Pilot scale
References:  A3,  p.  IV-36                           Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   API  design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

               Sampling period;	^^^
                                                    Effluent
               	Pol lutant/par ame ter	concentration

               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 BOD5                                 42
                 COD                                 190
                 TOC                                  54
                 TSS                                 102
                 Oil and grease                       52
                 Total phenol                        2.1

               Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
                 Chromium                             10
                 Copper                               2 3
                 Cyanide                             100
                 Zinc                                 56
                Concentrations from several days were averaged.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

                                 III.4.1-12

Date:   10/15/79

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gravity Oil Separation

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point  source category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering estimate   	
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
 Plant:  I                                           Pilot scale            	
 References:  A3, p. VI-36                           Full scale              x
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  API design
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Sludge overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

               Sampling period;	
                                                  Effluent
               	Pollutant/parameter	concentration

               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 BODs                                  49
                 COD                                  260
                 TOC                                   81
                 TSS                                   39
                 Oil and grease                        32
                 Total phenol                         5.1

               Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
                 Arsenic                                5
                 Chromium                               3
                 Copper                                 6
                 Cyanide                               10
                 Mercury                              0.6
                 Nickel                                 4
                 Selenium                               4
                 Zinc                                 100
                 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate          300
                 Phenol                               390
                 Naphthalene                          290
               a
                Concentrations from several days were averaged.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

                                 III.4.1-13

Date:  10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gravity Oil Separation

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                   Data  source status:
Point source category:  Petroleum refining           Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                            Bench scale
Plant:   J                                               Pilot scale
References:  A3,  p.  IV-36                              Full  scale

Use in system:   Primary
Pretreatment of  influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit  configuration:   API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:

                                    REMOVAL DATA

                       Sampling period;	
                                                       Effluent
                       	Pol lutant/parameter	concentration

                       Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                         COD                              180
                         TOC                               51
                         TSS                               53
                         Oil and grease                      77
                         Total phenol                      0.7

                       Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
                         Arsenic                            3
                         Chromium                          150
                         Copper                           290
                         Cyanide                           10
                         Lead                              32
                         Mercury                          1.4
                         Nickel                            26
                         Selenium                            8
                         Zinc                             300
                         Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate          180
                         Phenol                           420
                         Anthracene/phenanthrene              30
                         Chrysene/benz (a) anthracene           30.
                         Fluoranthene/pyrene                 30
                        Concentrations from several days were averaged.
                       b
                        Approximately.

                        Assume 50% mixture.
Note:   Blanks  indicate  information  was not  specified.
                                      III.4.1-14
 Date:    10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity  Oil Separation

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                  Data  source status:
Point source category:  Petroleum refining           Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                           Bench scale             	
Plant:   J                                              Pilot scale             	
References:  A3, p.  IV-36                             Full scale                x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

Unit  configuration:   API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention  time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:

                                   REMOVAL DATA


                        Sampling period;	
                                                       Effluent
                       	Pollutant/parameter	concentration

                       Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                         COD                             190
                         TOC                              53
                         TSS                              45
                         Oil and grease                     34
                         Total phenol                     0.75

                       Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
                         Arsenic                           3
                         Chromium                         720
                         Copper                            15
                         Cyanide                           10
                         Lead                              36
                         Mercury                          0.6
                         Nickel                            32
                         Selenium                          17
                         Zinc                             230
                         Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate           50
                         Chrysene/benz(a)anthraceneb           50C
                        Concentrations from several days were averaged.
                       b
                        Assume 50% mixture.
                        Approximately.
Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                                     III.4.1-15
Date:   10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity Oil Separation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering  estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:  J                                           Pilot scale            	
References:  A3,  p.  IV-36                           Full  scale             x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

               Sampling period;	
                                                     Effluent
               	Pol lutant/parame ter	concentration

               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 COD                                   83
                 TOC                                   25
                 TSS                                   30
                 Oil and grease                        14
                 Total phenol                       0.251

               Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
                 Arsenic                                9
                 Beryllium                              2
                 Cadmium                                6
                 Chromium                           2,500
                 Copper                                75
                 Cyanide                               20
                 Lead                                  52
                 Mercury                              0.8
                 Nickel                                40
                 Selenium                              20
                 Thallium                               3
                 Zinc                                 580
                Concentrations from several days were averaged.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


                                III.4.1-16
Date:   10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gravity Oil  Separation

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:   Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:   J
References:  A3,  p. IV-36

Use in system:   Primary
Pretreatment of  influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit  configuration:  API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:
   Data  source status:
     Engineering estimate
     Bench scale
     Pilot scale
     Full  scale
                                     REMOVAL DATA
                       Sampling period:
                           Pollutant/parameter
   Effluent
concentration
                       Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                        COD                              340
                        TOC                              74
                        TSS                              52
                        Oil and grease                     83
                        Total phenol                       4. 3

                       Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
                        Antimony                           1
                        Arsenic                            3
                        Chromium                        1,500
                        Copper                            38
                        Cyanide                           60
                        Lead                             4 0
                        Mercury                            2
                        Selenium                          16
                        Zinc                             420
                        Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate          600
                        2,4-Dimethylphenol                  650
                        Pentachlorophenol                   850
                        Phenol                         16,000
                        Anthracene/phenanthrene            ^230
                        Chrysene/benz(a)anthracene           ^40
                        Fluoranthene/pyreneb                ^20
                        Fluorene                          80
                        Naphthalene                        50
                       Concentrations from several days were averaged.
                      b
                       Assume 50% mixture.
Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not  specified.
                                    III.4.1-17
Date:   10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gravity Oil  Separation

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:   Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:   J
References:  A3,  p. IV-36

Use in system:   Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit  configuration:  API design
Wastewater  flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:

                                    REMOVAL  DATA
Data  source status:
  Engineering  estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
                        Sampling period:
                            Pollutant/parameter
                                                        Effluent  a
                                                      concentration
                        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                          COD
                          TOC
                          TSS
                          Oil and grease
                          Total phenol

                        Toxic pollutants, vg/L:
                          Arsenic
                          Chromium
                          Copper
                          Cyanide
                          Lead
                          Mercury
                          Nickel
                          Selenium
                          Thallium
                          Zinc
                          Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
                          Phenol
                          Anthracene/phenanthrene
                          Chrysene/benz(a)anthracene
                          Naphthalene
                          Aroclor 1016
                          Aroclor 1232
                          Aroclor 1242
   550
   160
   120
   160
   1.8
     5
   650
    60
    10
   920
     2
    31
    12
     2
   870
   300
   160.

    9°b
    30b
   350
   0.2
   0.5
   0.5
                         Concentrations from several days were averaged.
                         Approximately.
                         CAssume 50% mixture.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                                      III.4.1-18
 Date:   10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity Oil  Separation

Data source:  Effluent  Guidelines                    Data  source status:
Point source category:   Petroleum refining           Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                              Bench scale
Plant:  L                                                  Pilot scale
References:   A3,  p. IV-36                               Full scale

Use  in system:   Primary
Pretreatment of  influent:

DESIGN OR  OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic  detention time:
Hydraulic  loading:
Sludge overflow:

                                      REMOVAL DATA
                            Sampling period;
                                                        Effluent
                            	Pollutant/parameter         concentration

                            Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                             BODs                          37
                             COD                         190
                             TOC                          50
                             TSS                          42
                             Total phenol                  11.8

                            Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
                             Antimony                      840
                             Copper                        44
                             Cyanide                       150
                             Lead                          17
                             Mercury                       0.5
                             Nickel                        16
                             Zinc                         320
                             2,4-Diniethylphenol              >100
                             Phenol                      >100
                             Benzene                     »100
                             Toluene                     »100
                             Acenaphthene                 3,000
                             Chrysene                      1-7b
                             Fluoranthene                   8'5b
                             Flourene                      300b
                             Naphthalene                    280
                             Pyrene                        7
                             Chloroform                    <10
                             Methylene chloride               ^10

                            Other pollutants, mg/L:
                             NHs                          11
                             Concentrations from several days were averaged.
                             This extract was diluted 1:10 before analysis.
Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not  specified.


                                     III.4.1-19
Date:   10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity Oil Separation

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:   L
References:  A3, p.  1V-36

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

Unit  configuration:   API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention  time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:

                                   REMOVAL DATA
Data  source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full  scale
                          Sampling period:
                              Pollutant/parameter
                                                     Effluent
                                                   concentration"
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
2 , 4-Dunethylphenol
Phenol
Benzene
Toluene
Anthracene/phenanthrcne
Benzo (k) fluoranthene
Chrysene
Naphthalene
Aroclor 1242
Chloroform
Methylene chloride

130
420
120
120
54.7

400
120
380
45
1.3
70
360
>100
>100
>100
>100.
*»<£'c
270°
2°b
500°
5.2
•v.10
•v.30
                           Concentrations from several days were averaged.
                          b
                           This extract was diluted 1:10 before analysis.
                           Concentrations represent suns for these two
                           compounds which elute simultaneously and have the
                           same major ions for GC/MS.
Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:    10/15/79
                                    III.4.1-20

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity  Oil Separation

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point  source category:  Petroleum refining
 Subcategory:
 Plant:   N
 References:  A3, p.  1V-36

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  API design
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention  time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Sludge overflow:
Data  source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench  scale
  Pilot  scale
  Full scale
                                   REMOVAL DATA
                           Sampling period;
Pol lutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
Phenol
Toluene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Benzo (a) pyrene
Fluoranthene
Naphthalene
Pyrene
Aroclor 1016
Aroclor 1221
Aroclor 1232
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Effluent
concentration

410
100
85
5.9

1,300
38
40
18
16
600
71
>100
>100
52°b
87bc
140b
5.5
7.5
%300
16
1.9
0.1
0.5
%15d
^90
                           Concentration from several days were averaged.
                           b
                           This extract was limited 1:10 before analysis.
                           Concentration represent sums for those two com-
                           pounds which elute simltaneously and have the
                           same ions for GC/MS.
                           d
                           Possibly due to laboratory contamination.
Note:   Blanks  indicate information was  not specified.
                                   III.4.1-21
Date:   10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gravity Oil Separation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  6
References:  A3, p. IV-36

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA
               Sampling period;
                    Pollutant/parameter
  Effluent
concentration6
               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 BOD5                                 260
                 COD                                  840
                 TOC                                  230
                 TSS                                  140
                 Oil and grease                        93
                 Total phenol                          24

               Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
                 Cyanide                            1,300
                 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate          700
                 Phenol                             4,900
                 Benzo(ghi)perylene                ^1,100
                 Naphthalene                        1,100
                 Aroclor 1016                         1.8
                 Aroclor 1242                           5

               Other pollutants, mg/L:
                 NH3                                    9
                Concentrations from several days were averaged.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                                III.4.1-22
Date:   10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gravity Oil Separation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:  Cracking
Plant:  4
References:  A9» P-  30

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

               Sampling period;	
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
                    Pollutant/parameter
   Effluent
concentration
               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 BOD5
                 COD
                 TOC
                 Oil and grease
                 Total phenol

               Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
                 Chromium
     354
   1,220
     158
    48.8
    92.6
     280
               Other pollutants, mg/L:
                 NH3
      82
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                                III.4.1-23
Date:   10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gravity Oil Separation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:  Cracking
Plant:  3
References:  A9,  p. 30

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA
               Sampling period:
                    Pollutant/parameter
   Effluent
concentration
               Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
                 BOD5
                 COD
                 TOC
                 Oil and grease
                 Total phenol

               Toxic pollutants,  ug/L:
                 Chromium

               Other pollutants,  mg/L:
                 NH3
     641
   1,500
     352
    96.1
    31.7
     450
     320
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                                 III.4.1-24
Date:   10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gravity Oil Separation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:  Cracking
Plant:  2
References:  A9, p. 30

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration: API design
Wastewater  flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA
               Sampling period;
                    Pollutant/parameter
   Effluent
concentration
               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 Total phenol

               Other pollutants, mg/L:
                 NH3
    31.0
      30
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
                                III.4.1-25
Date:   10/15/79

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gravity Oil Separation

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering estimate   	
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
 Plant:   Q                                           Pilot scale            	
 References:  A3, p.  IV-36                           Full scale              x

 Use in  system:   Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:   API design
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention  time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Sludge  overflow:


                                 REMOVAL DATA

                Sampling period;	
                                                      Effluent
                	Pol lutant/parameter	concentration3

                Conventional  pollutants,  mg/L:
                  COD                                   320
                  TOC                                    80
                  TSS                                    17
                  Oil and  grease                          38
                  Total phenol                         0.112

                Toxic pollutants,  ug/L:
                  Arsenic                                440
                  Chromium                                1
                  Copper                                 160
                  Cyanide                                 20
                  Lead                                   10
                  Mercury                                  2
                  Selenium                                8
                  Zinc  .                                430
                  Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate            320
                  Phenol                                  60
                a
                Concentrations  from  several days were averaged.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.

                                 III.4.1-26
Date:   10/15/79

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity  Oil  Separation

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source  category:   Petroleum refining          Engineering estimate   	
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
 Plant:   P                                          Pilot scale            	
 References:  A3,  p.  IV-36                           Full scale              x

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  API design
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention  time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Sludge overflow:

                                 REMOVAL  DATA

                Sampling period;	
                                                    Effluent
                	Pollutant/parameter	concentration

                Conventional  pollutants, mg/L:
                  BOD5                                 190
                  COD                                 540
                  TOC                                 150
                  TSS                                  63
                  Total  phenol                          68

                Toxic pollutants,  yg/L:
                  Antimony                             300
                  Arsenic                                6
                  Chromium                             500
                  Cyanide                               60
                  Selenium                               8
                  Thallium                               1
                  Zinc                                  61
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.

                                 III.4.1-27
Date:   10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity Oil Separation

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
Point source  category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering  estimate   	
Subcategory:   Cracking                              Bench  scale            	
Plant:  7                                           Pilot  scale            	
References:   A9, p.  30                              Full scale              x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment  of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention  time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

               Sampling period;	^^
                                                     Effluent
               _ Pollutant/parameter _ concentration

               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 BODs                                 1,650
                 COD                                  6,450
                 TOC                                    401
                 Oil and grease                         915
                 Total phenol                          2.70
               Toxic pollutants,
                 Chromium                             2,000

               Other pollutants,  mg/L:
                 NH3                                    470
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

                                III.4.1-28

 Date:   10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity Oil  Separation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
Point source category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering  estimate   	
Subcategory:  Cracking                              Bench  scale            	
Plant:  10                                          Pilot  scale            	
References:  A9,  p.  30                              Full scale             x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

               Sampling period;	
                                                     Effluent
               	Pollutant/parameter	concentration

               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 BOD5                                  720
                 COD                                 2,260
                 TOC                                   229
                 Oil and grease                        147
                 Total phenol                          189

               Other pollutants,  mg/L:
                 NH3                                   600
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/15/79                III.4.1-29

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity Oil Separation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:  Cracking
Plant:  15
References:  A9, p. 30

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
               Sampling period;
                    Pollutant/parameter
   Effluent
Concentration
               Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
                 BOD5
                 COD
                 TOC
                 Oil and grease
                 Total phenol

               Toxic pollutants,  yg/L:
                 Chromium

               Other pollutants,  mg/L:
                 NH3
    37.5
     309
    71.2
    66.1
    6.40
   2,100
      15
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                                III.4.1-30
 Date:   10/15/79

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity  Oil  Separation

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Petroleum refining
 Subcategory:   Petro chemical
 Plant:   16
 References:  A9,  p.  30
 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  API design
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Sludge overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
                Sampling  period;
                     Pollutant/parameter
   Effluent
concentration
                Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                  BOD5
                  COD
                  Oil and  grease
                  Total phenol

                Toxic pollutants,  yg/L:
                  Chromium
     202
   1,100
    11.9
    29.1
     280
                Other  pollutants, mg/L:
                  NH3
     350
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
                                 III.4.1-31
Date:  10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity Oil Separation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:  Cracking
Plant:  18
References: A9,  p.  30

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
               Sampling period;
                    Pollutant/parameter
   Effluent
concentration
               Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
                 BOD5
                 COD
                 TOC
                 Oil and grease
                 Total phenol

               Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
                 Chromium
     156
     546
     171
    17.3
    2.42
     180
               Other pollutants, mg/L:
                 NH3
     5.7
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                                 III.4.1-32
Date:   10/15/79

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Gravity Oil Separation

 Data  source:   Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source  category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:   Cracking                              Bench scale
 Plant:   25                                         Pilot scale
 References:   A9, p.  30                              Full scale

 Use in system:
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN OR  OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:  API  design
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic  detention  time:
 Hydraulic  loading:
 Sludge overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

               Sampling period:	
                                                     Effluent
               	Pollutant/parameter	concentration

               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 BODs                                  190
                 COD                                   432
                 TOC                                  66.4
                 Oil and grease                       9.22
                 Total phenol                         50.8

               Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
                 Chromium                           25,000

               Other pollutants, mg/L:
                 NH3                                   160
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


                                III.4.1-33
Date:   10/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gravity Oil Separation

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  26
References:  A9, p.  30
Use in system:   Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:    API design
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Sludge overflow:
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA
               S amp1ing period:
                    Pollutant/parameter
   Effluent
concentration
               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 BOD5
                 COD
                 TOC
                 Oil and grease
                 Total phenol

               Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
                 Chromium

               Other pollutants, mg/L:
                 NH3
    94.4
     442
     167
    57.0
   0.063
    1,200
       15
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
                                 III.4.1-34
Date:   10/15/79

-------
III.4.2  CLARIFICATION/SEDIMENTATION [1]

III.4.2.1  Function

Clarification/sedimentation is used to remove suspended solids by
settling.

III.4.2.2  Description

     Primary Rectangular Clarification.  Primary rectangular
clarification involves a relatively long period of quiescence in
a basin  (depths of 10 to 15 feet) where most of the settleable
solids in a pretreated wastewater fall out of suspension by
gravity.  The solids are mechanically transported along the bot-
tom of the tank by a scraper mechanism and pumped as a sludge
underflow.

The maximum length of rectangular tanks has been approximately
300 feet.  Where widths greater than 20 feet are required, mul-
tiple bays with individual cleaning equipment may be employed,
thus permitting tank widths up to 80 feet or more.  Influent
channels and effluent channels should be located at opposite ends
of the tank.

Sludge removal equipment usually consists of a pair of endless
conveyor chains.  Attached to the chains at about 10 foot inter-
vals are wooden crosspieces or flights, extending the full width
of the tank or bay.  Linear conveyor speeds of 2 to 4 ft/min are
common.  The settled solids are scraped to sludge hoppers in
small tanks and to transverse troughs in large tanks.  The
troughs, in turn, are equipped with cross collectors, usually of
the same type as the longitudinal collectors, which convey solids
to one or more sludge hoppers.  Screw conveyors have been used
for the cross collectors.

Scum is usually collected at the effluent end of rectangular
tanks by the flights returning at the liquid surface.  The scum
is moved by the flights to a point where it is trapped by baffles
before removal, or it can be moved along the surface by water
sprays. The scum is then scraped manually up an inclined apron,
or it can be removed bydraulically or mechanically, and for this
process a number of means have been developed  (rotating alloted
pipe, transverse rotating helical wiper, chain and flight col-
lectors, scum rakes).

     Primary Circular Clarification.  Primary circular clarifica-
tion involves a relatively long period of quiescence in a basin
(depths of 10 to 15 feet) where most  of the settleable solids
fall out of suspension by gravity; a chemical coagulant may be
added.  The solids are mechanically collected on the bottom and
pumped as a sludge underflow.
 Date:   8/16/79               III.4.2-1

-------
The conical bottom  (one inch per foot of slope) is equipped with
a rotating mechanical scraper that plows sludge to a center hop-
per.  An influent feed well located in the center distributes the
influent radially, and a peripheral weir overflow system carries
the effluent.  Floating scrum is trapped inside a peripheral scum
baffle and squeegeed into a scum discharge box.  The unit con-
tains a center motor-driven turntable drive supported by a bridge
spanning the top of the tank, or supported by a vertical steel
center pier.  The turntable gear rotates a vertical cage or
torque tube, which in turn rotates the truss arms (preferably two
long arms).  The truss arms carry multiple flights (plows) on the
bottom chord that are set at a 30° angle of attack and literally
"plow" heavy fractions of sludge and grit along the bottom slope
toward the center blowdown hopper.  An inner diffusion chamber
receives influent flow and distributes it (by means of about a
four-inch water head loss) inside of the large diameter feedwell
skirt.  Approximately three percent of the clarifer surface area
is used for the feed-well.  The depth of the feed-wells are
generally about one-half of the tank depth.   The center sludge
hopper should be less than two feet deep and less than four
square feel in cross section.

     Secondary Rectangular Clarification.  The design of second-
ary rectangular clarifiers is similar to that of primary rec-
tangular clarifiers except that the large volume of flocculent
solids in the mixed liquor must be considered during the design
of activated sludge clarifiers and in sizing the sludge pumps.
Further, the mixed liquor, on entering the tank, has a tendency
to flow as a density current interfering with the separation of
the solids and the thickening of the sludge.  To cope success-
fully with these characteristics, the following factors must be
considered in the design of these tanks: (1) type of tank to be
used, (2) surface loading rate,  (3) solids loading rate,  (4)
flowthrough velocities, (5) weir placement and loading rates, and
(6) scum removal.

In rectangular tanks, the flow enters at one end, passes a baffle
arrangement, and traverses the length of the tank to the effluent
weirs.  The maximum length of rectangular tanks has been approxi-
mately 300 feet with depths of 12 to 15 feet.  Where widths
greater than 20 feet are required, multiple bays with individual
cleaning equipment may be employed, thus permitting tank widths
up to 80 feet or more.

Sludge removal equipment usually consists of a pair of endless
conveyor chains.  Attached to the chains at 10 foot intervals are
2 inch thick wooden crosspieces or flights,  6 to 8 inches deep,
extending the full width of the tank or bay.  Linear conveyor
speeds of 2 to 4 ft/min are common.  The settled solids are
scraped to sludge hoppers in small tanks and to transverse
troughs in large tanks.  The troughs, in turn, are equipped with
 Date:   8/16/79               III.4.2-2

-------
cross collectors, usually of the same type as the longitudinal
collectors, which convey solids to one or more sludge hoppers.
      conveyors also have been used for the cross collection.
Tanks also may be cleaned by a bridge-type mechanisms that
travels up arid down the tank on rails supported on the sidewalls.
Scraper blades are suspended from the bridge and are lifted clear
of the sludge on the return travel.  For very long tanks, it is
desirable to use two sets of chains and flights in tandem with a
central hopper to receive the sludge.  Tanks in which mechanisms
that move the sludge toward the effluent end in the same direc-
tion as the density current have shown superior performance in
some instances.

Scum is usually collected at the effluent end of rectangular
tanks by the flights returning at the liquid surface.  The scum
is moved by the flights to a point where it is trapped by baffles
before removal, or it can be moved along the surface by water
sprays.  The scum is then scraped manually up an inclined apron,
or it can be removed hydraulically or mechanically, and for this
process a number of means have been developed (rotating slotted
pipe, transverse rotating helical wiper, chain and flight collec-
tors, scum rakes).

     Secondary Circular Clarification.  Secondary circular clari-
fiers have been constructed with diameters ranging from 12 to 200
feet with depths of 12 to 15 feet.  There are two basic types:
the center-feed and the rim-feed.  Both utilize a revolving
mechanism to transport and remove the sludge from the bottom of
the clarifier.  Mechanisms are of two types:  those that scrape
or plow the sludge to a center hopper similar to the types used
in primary sedimentation tanks, and those that remove the sludge
directly from the tank bottom through suction orifices that serve
the entire bottom of the tank in each revolution.  In one of the
latter, the suction is maintained by reduced static head on the
individual drawoff pipes.  In another patented suction system,
sludge is removed through a manifold either hydrostatically or by
pumping.

Secondary circular clarifiers are made with effluent overflow
weirs located near the center or near the perimeter of the tank.
Skimming facilities are required on all federally funded projects.

While the design is similar to primary clarifiers, the large
volume of flocculent solids in the mixed liquor of the secondary
circular clarifier requires that special consideration be given
to the design of activated sludge clarifiers.   The sludge pump
capacity and the size of the settling tank are larger.   Further,
the mixed liquor, on entering the tank, has a tendency to flow as
a density current interfering with the separation of the solids
and the thickening of the sludge.  To cope successfully with
these characteristics, the following factors must be considered
Date:  8/16/79              III.4.2-3

-------
in the design of these tanks:   type of tank to be used, surface
loading rate, solids loading rate, flow-through velocities, weir
placement and loading rates, and scum removal.

III.4.2.3  Common Modifications in Rectangular and Circular
           Clarification

     Secondary Clarification,  High Rate Trickling Filter.  The
design of clarifiers that follow high rate trickling filters is
similar to that of primary clarifiers, except that the surface
loading rate is based on the plant flow plus the effluent recycle
flow minus the underflow (often neglected).  These clarifiers
differ from secondary clarifiers following activated sludge
processes in that the sludge recirculation is not used.  Also,
solids loading limits are not involved in the sizing.  Recircula-
tion of the supernatant from the clarifier to the trickling
filter can range from one to four times the plant influent flow
rate.  Under suitable trickling filter operating conditions, it
is more economical to recirculate the clarifier influent to re-
duce the flow sizing requirements in the clarifier.

     Primary Rectangular Clarification.  Tanks may be cleaned by
a bridge-type mechanism which travels up and down the tank on
rails supported on the sidewalls.  Scraper blades are suspended
from the bridge and are lifted clear of the sludge on the return
travel.  Chemical coagulants may be added to improve BODs and
suspended solid removals and to remove phosphorus ion.

     Primary Circular Clarification.  Two short auxiliary scraper
arms are added perpendicular to the two long arms on medium-to-
large tanks.  This makes practicable the use of deep spiral
flights, which aid in center region plowing where ordinary shal-
low straight plows (30° angle of attack) are nearly useless.
Peripheral feed systems are sometimes used in lieu of central
feed. Also, central effluent weirs are sometimes used.  Floccu-
lating feed wells also may be provided is coagulants are to be
added to assist sedimentation.

     Secondary Circular Clarification.  Multiple inlets are used
with balanced flow at various spacings with target baffles to
reduce velocity of streams.  Hydraulic balancing is used between
parallel clarifier units.  Wind effects on water surface are con-
trolled.  Sludge hopper collection systems and flocculation inlet
structures are used.  Traveling bridge sludge collectors and
skimmers are used as an alternate to chain and flight systems.
Steeply inclined tube settlers are used to enhance suspended
solids removal in either new or rehabilitated clarifiers.  Wedge
wire settler panels are used at peak hydraulic loading of less
than 800 gpd/ft2 for improved suspended solids removal.
 Date:   8/16/79               III.4.2-4

-------
III.4.2.4  Technology Status

     Rectangular Clarification.  Rectangular clarification is in
widespread use.

     Circular Clarification.  Circular clarification is in wide-
spread use.

III.4.2.5  Applications

     Primary Rectangular Clarification.  Used for removal of
readily settleable solids and floating material to reduce total
suspended solids and BODs; can accept high solids loading; pri-
mary clarifiers are generally employed as preliminary step in
further processing; rectangular tanks also lend themselves to
nesting with preaeration tanks and aeration tanks in activated
sludge plants.

     Primary Circular Clarification.  Used for removal of readily
settleable solids and floating material to reduce suspended
solids content and BODs can accept high solids loading; primary
clarifiers are generally employed as a preliminary step in fur-
ther processing.

     Secondary Rectangular Clarification.  Used for solids sepa-
ration and for production of a concentrated return sludge flow to
sustain biological treatment; multiple rectangular tanks require
less area than multiple circular tanks and are used where ground
area is at premium; rectangular tanks lend themselves more
readily to nesting with primary tanks and aeration tanks in
activated sludge plants, and are also used generally where tank
roofs or covers are required.

     Secondary Circular Clarification.  Used to separate the
activated sludge solids from the mixed liquor, to produce the
concentrated solids for the return flow required to sustain
biological treatment, and to permit settling of solids resulting
from low-rate trickling filter treatment.

III.4.2.6  Limitations

     Primary Rectangular Clarification.  Maximum length of tank
is about 300 feet; horizontal velocities in clarifier must be
limited to prevent "scouring" of settled solids from the sludge
bed and their eventual escape in the effluent.

     Primary Circular Clarification.  Maximum diameter is 200
feet; larger tanks are subject to unbalanced radial diffusion and
wind action, both of which can reduce efficiency; horizontal ve-
locities in the clarifier must be limited to prevent "scouring"
of settled solids from the sludge bed and their eventual escape
in the effluent.


Date:   8/16/79               III.4.2-5

-------
     Secondary Rectangular Clarification.   Must operate at rela-
tively low hydraulic loadings (large space requirements);  maximum
length of tank has been about 300 feet;  horizontal velocities in
clarifier must be limited to prevent "scouring" of settled solids
from the sludge bed and their eventual escape to the effluent.

     Secondary Circular Clarification.  Must operate at relative-
ly low hydraulic loadings(large space requirements);  maximum
diameter is 200 feet; larger tanks are subject to unbalanced
radial diffusion and wind action, both of which can reduce effi-
ciency; horizontal velocities in clarifier must be limited to
prevent "scouring" of settled solids from the sludge bed and
eventual escape to the effluent.

III.4.2.7  Chemicals Required

Use of chemical addition to rectangular and circular clarifiers
is discussed in another section of this manual entitled "Clari-
fication/Sedimentation with Chemical Addition," Section III.4.3.

III.4.2.8  Reliability

     Primary Rectangular Clarification.   In general, reliability
is very high; however, broken links in collector drive chain can
cause outages; pluggage of sludge hoppers also has been a problem
when cross collectors are not provided.

     Primary Circular Clarification.  In general, reliability is
high; however, clarification of solids into a packed central mass
may cause collector arm stoppages; attention to design of center
area bottom slope, number of arms, and center area scraper blade
design is required to prevent such problems.

     Secondary Rectangular Clarification.  Mechanical reliability
can be considered high provided suitable preventive maintenance
and inspection procedures are observed;  pluggage of sludge hop-
pers has been a problem when cross collectors are not provided;
process reliability is highly dependent upon the upstream per-
formance of the aerator for the production of good settling
sludge with acceptable compactability; rising sludge caused by
denitrification of the sludge is a problem in certain cases.

     Secondary Circular Clarification.  In general, reliability
is very high; however, rising sludge due to denitrification and
sludge bulking may cause problems, which may be overcome by pro-
per operational techniques.

III.4.2.9  Environmental Impact

     Primary Rectangular Clarification.  Multiple rectangular
tanks require less than multiple circular tanks and are used
 Date:   8/16/79               III.4.2-6

-------
 III.4.2.12   Performance

 Subsequent  data  sheets provide  performance  data  from studies on
 the  following  industries  and/or wastestreams:

     Adhesives and  sealants  production

     Coal mining
       Alkaline  mines
       Coal preparation plants  and  associated  areas

     Coil coating

     Electroplating

     Foundry industry
       Copper  and copper  alloy  foundries, mold cooling  and
         casting quench
       Ferrous foundry dust  collection
       Ferrous foundry melting  furnace  scrubber
       Ferrous foundry sand  washing
       Steel foundry mold cooling and casting  quench
       Steel foundry sand washing and reclaiming

     Ink manufacturing
       Water and/or caustic  wash

     Inorganic chemicals  production
       Hydrofluoric acid
       Titanium  dioxide

     Iron and  steel industry
       Bee-hive  coke manufacturing
       Cold rolling
       Combination  acid pickling -  continuous
       Continuous casting
       Electric  arc furnace
       Hot  forming  - primary
       Hot  forming  - section
       Scale removal - hydride
       Sintering
       Wet  open  combustion,  basic oxygen furnace
       Wet  suppressed basic  oxygen  furnace

     Leather tanning and  finishing

     Mineral mining and processing
       Construction sand  and gravel
       Crushed stone
       Dimension stone
       Industrial sand
Date:  8/16/79             III.4.2-9

-------
     Ore mining and dressing
       Asbestos - cement processing
       Asbestos mining
       Bauxite mining
       Copper mining/milling/smelting/refining
       Ferroalloy mining/milling
       Iron ore mining/milling
       Lead/zinc mining/milling/smelting/refining
       Mercury mining/milling
       Placer mining
       Silver mining/milling
       Titanium mining/milling
       Uranium mining/milling

     Paint manufacturing

     Porcelain enameling

     Pulp, paper, and paperboard production
       Sulfite-papergrade

     Steam electric power generation
       Ash sluicing

     Textile milling
       Wool scouring

III.4.2.13  References

1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual,
    EPA-430/9-78-009, (draft), U.S. Environmental Protection
    Agency, Cincinnati,  Ohio, 1978.  252 pp.
Date:  8/16/79              III.4.2-9.1

-------
a
o>
rt
(D
CO
\
vo
                           CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY  SUMMARY  FOR SEDIMENTATION
H
H
H
NJ
I
Number o
Pollutant data poin
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorous
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic .
Asbestos
Asbestos (chrysotile)
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium* 6
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
2-Chlorophenol
2 , 4-Dichlorophenol
2 , 4-Dinitrophenol
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
2-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol
4 , 6-Dinitro-o-cresol
Benzene

7
26
23
93
25
23
1

18
27
26
16
8
18
30
1
44
15
35
22
30
19
15
3
45
14
4
7
3
4
2
1
2
3
1
3
1
1
1
5
2
2
7
f
ts Minimum

980
<2
1
<1
1.1
0.006
13.9

1
<2
4.6 x 10«
3.3 x 10s
<1
2
6
5
<4
2
<5
<0.2
<5
<2
3
<5
10
0.02
4
<10C
1
<10d
16
Oa
Oa
>o.
°a
°a
oa
>0
>na
°a
oa
>Q,
oa
>47
>0
55
Oa
°a
Oa
oa
Maximum

69
>99
>99
>99
99
96
3

98
>99
>99
>99
>9S
>99
>99
0
>99
>9Q
>99
>99
>99
>99
>99
>B3
>99
>99
>99
99
>99
>99
>99
>n
>BB
98
>0
>55
>41
>0
55
>99
oa
>95
63
Median

25
93
32
97
27
20
3

50
>93
>99
>99
>B4
78
>94
0
86
25
89
>5Q
>11
80
>90
>66
86
16
>4B
>o.
oa
>49
>49
>n
44
Oa
>0
>0
>47
>0
55
>Q
Oa
48
>9
Mean

29
72
42
81
42
38
3

44
68
80
85
>87
72
79
0
66
31
69
50
59
60
78
>55
71
33
>48
40
33
49
>49
>77
44
33
>0
18
>47
>0
55
40 =
Oa
48
23
                                                                                       icontinued)


-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Electroplating
 Subcategory:
 Plant:   23061
 References:  A14, p. 149
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir  loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent  solids in sludge:
 Scum  overflow:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration      Percent
       Influent   Effluent   remova.1
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                               67
          Total phosphorus                14.3
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
                       4
                    13.9
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
94
 3
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Cadmium
Chromium (+6)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Cyanide (total)
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc

5
5
10
170
5
7
320
2
40

2
5
6
34
5
14
310
3
34

60
0
40
73
0
oa
17
oa
15
Date:  8/13/79
III.4.2-10

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source category:  Leather tanning and         Engineering estimate
                        finishing
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
 Plant:  10                                          Pilot scale
 References:  A15, p. 67                             Full scale
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:  Two circular clarifiers
 Wastewater flow:  3,030 m3/d
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir  loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum  overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;	.^______^

                                           Concentration      Percent
        	Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          BOD5                           2,110       1,150      45
          TSS                            3,170         945      70
          Oil and grease                   490          57      88

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Chromium                      51,000      24,000      53
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.


Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-11

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines, Government
               report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:   Wool  scouring
Plant:  A, W  (different references)
References:  A6,  p.  VII-46; B3, pp. 50-54
                  Data source status:

                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
Use in system:   Tertiary
Pretreatment of  influent:   Grit removal, activated sludge (oxidation ditch
                            plus clarifier)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   6.25  m3 (1,650 gal) clarifier
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in  sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                  REMOVAL DATA
               Sampling period:  24-hr, toxic pollutants were composite
                              samples, volatile organics were grab samples
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
Total phenol
Toxic -pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis ( 2-ethylhexy 1 ) phthalate
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Anthracene/phenanthrene.
Benzo (a) pyrene
Benzo (k) f luoranthene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Methylene chloride
Influent

0.016

540
38
130
320
200
3,500
2,000
500
1,500
42
<0.2
1.4
1.5
1.2
0.8
1.1
0.8
<0.4
Effluent

0.049

<200
39
<40
110
240
<400
<700
<100
190
23
3.0
9.5
0.4
<0.02
<0.02
0.4
0.2
2.2
Percent
removal

oa

>63
oa
>69
66
oa
>89
>65
>80
87
45
oa
oa
73
>98
>97
64
75
oa

                Actual data indicate negative removal.
                b
                Presence may be due to sample contamination.
Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not  specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-12

-------
                                                  Data source status:
                                                    Engineering estimate
                                                    Bench scale

                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Coal mining
Subcategory:  Coal preparation plants and
              associated areas
Plant:  NC-8
References:  All, pp.  IV-43, 47

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Slurry pond
Wastewater flow:  47,100 m3/d (12,400,000 gpd)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;  Average of three 24-hr composite samples
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Toxic pollutants, ug/L
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
Zinc
b
Benzene
Influent

36,000
1,490
34,400

2
250
60
530
1,300
970
1,200
<5
6
5,300

15
Effluent

19
96.8
8.9

6
6
<1
13
6
<20
<5
6
<5
<60
c
ND
Percent
removal

>99
94
>99
a
oa
98
>98
98
>99
>97
>99
oa
>16
>98

VLOO

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
                                                   'Not  detected.
         Only one sample.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
                                 III.4.2-13

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Coal mining
Subcategory:  Alkaline mines
Plant:  V-8
References:  All, p.  IV-34
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
                                           x
 Also, see (Treated Wastewater Analyses)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Settling pond #4
Wastewater flow:  200 m3/d (53,000 gpd)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;  Average of three 24-hr composite samples
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Toxic pollutants, vg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Influent
91
57
103
6
4
Effluent
76
48
29
11
2
Percent
removal
16
16
72
oa
50

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-14

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Coal  mining
 Subcategory:   Coal preparation plants and
               associated areas
 Plant:   NC-22
 References:   All,  pp.  IV-44,  47-48a
 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale

                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
  Also,  see  (Treated Wastewater Analyses)

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Slurry pond
 Wastewater  flow:   1,040 m3/<3  (274,000 gpd)
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge  underflow:
 Percent solids in  sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                         sampling period;  24-hr
concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC*
TSS*
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Arsenic*
Cadmium*
Chromium*
Copper*
Lead*
Mercury*
Nickel*
Selenium*
Thallium*
N-nitrosodiphenylanine
2-chlorophenol*
2 . 4-Dimethylphenol*
2-Nitrophenol*
4 , 6-Dinitro-o-creaol*
Nitrobenzene0
Toluene1"
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Benzo(a)pyrene*
Benzo (b) f luoranthene
benzotklf luoranthene*
Benzo (ghi)perylene*
Fluoranthene*
Fluorene*
Naphthalene
Pyrene
Hethylene chloride*
1,1, l-Trichloroethanec
Isophorone
Average of 3 samples.
Average of 2 samples.
Inf luem

48,800
8,450
13,900

180
<20
230
230
470
2.5
300
34
15
44
86
22
19
190
21
12
12
23
15

12
12
16
47
410
26
62
23
310
t Effluent

20.3
13.5
18.7

<5
3
40
8
50
<1
10
3
<5
NDC
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
10
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
19
ND
ND
Percent
removal

>99
>99
>99

>97
>65
B3
97
89
>60
97
91

MOO
MOO
MOO
MOO
MOO
MOO
17
MOO
>56
MOO

MOO
MOO
MOO
MOO
MOO
MOO
77
MOO
MOO
cNot detected.
"only 1
sample.

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:    8/13/79
III.4.2-15

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Government report                   Data source  status:
Point source category:   Adhesives and sealants      Engineering estimate
Subcategory:   '                                     Bench scale
Plant:  San Leandro                                 Pilot scale
References:  BIO, p. 66                             Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Four section settling/flotation tank,  the first and
                     third sections are settling areas and the second and
                     fourth sections act as flotation tanks
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Cyanide
Zinc
Influent

8,740
27,100
10,600
2,220
154

1,900
99,000
Effluent

6,670
25,300
2,260
522
84

4,500
49,000
Percent
removal

24
7
79
76
45
b
0
51

        a
         Interference in assay suspected.

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-16

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation
 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Paint manufacturing
 Subcategory:
 Plant:   76-J
 References:   A4, p. V-25
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
 Use  in  system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:
None
 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum overflow:
        Sampling period;
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                                           Concentration
                                  Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
             Influent    Effluent    removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          BOD5                            3,500     1,100       69
          COD                            27,900     3,300       88
          TSS       .                     15,600     1,400       91
          Oil and grease                  2,400       160       93
          Total phenol                      1.1       0.1       91
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc

500
860
140
300
420
1.2
100
740

70
200
10
100
60
0.7
100
' 100

86
77
93
67
86
42
0
86
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
     III.4.2-17

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Paint manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:  76-A
References:  A4, p.  V-25
                       Data source  status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
                                                 x
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
None
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Influent

1,300
3,000
1,600
300
2.5

1,000
10
13,000
150
14,000
0.9
250
18,000
Effluent

980
3,500
550
220
3.5

1,000
10
10,000
70
6,800
0.5
400
6,000
Percent
removal

25
oa
66
27
a.
0

0
0
23
53
51
44
a
oa
67

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79
      III.4.2-18

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                  Data source  status:
 Point source category:  Paint manufacturing         Engineering  estimate
 Subcategory:                                         Bench scale
 Plant:   3                                            Pilot scale
 References:   A4, Appendix G                          Full scale
 Use  in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:  None

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in  sludge:
 Scum overflow:

                                  REMOVAL DATA
                     Sampling period: Grab sample
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
Di-n-butyl phthalate
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1-Dichloroethylene
1 , 2-Tfans- dichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Influent

6,000
43,000
10,000
10,000
1,300
0.05

60
230
300
7
<50
<15
2,200
4,000
NDC
1,200
7,800
3,400
200
33
ND
ND
790
46
42
Effluent

6,200
25,000
5,400
11,000
600
0.04

170
12
<200
<5
70
<10
<600
160
24
430
1,700
800
<38
<10
13
34
300
12
12
Percent
removal
h
0
42
46.
Ob
54
20
K
0
48
33
29b
ob
V33
>73
96
-
63
78
76
>81
>70
-
-
62
74
71
                     Average of several samples.    CNot detected.
                     Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                 III.4.2-19

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ink manufacturing
Subcategory:  Water and/or caustic wash
Plant:  22
References:  AlO, p. VII-2 and Appendix H
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
                                                 x
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
Neutralization
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Uses oil skimming
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;

Concentration
Pol lutant /parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:

BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Zinc
Pentachlorophenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Chlorodibromomethane
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Isophorone
Influent


2,100
32,000
4,000
1,600
2,400

90
10,000
10,000
90,000
1,000
<10
220
6,700
3,600
17
43
45
22
ND
Effluent


2,600
4,800
940
110
260

20
<50
<60
<200
<600
ND
96
2,400
1,100
<10
ND
29
ND
46
Percent
removal

a.
0
85
76
93
89

78
>99
>99
>99
>40
VLOO
56
64
69
>41
VLOO
36
M.OO
—

         Actual data indicate negative removal.       Not detected.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79
       III.4.2-20

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Aluminum ore (bauxite) mine           Bench scale            	
Plant:  5102                                        Pilot scale            	
References:  A2, p. V-51, 52                        Full scale              x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Lime neutralization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  24-hr composite

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TOC
TSS
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Chromium
Copper
Mercury
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalateb
Diethyl phthalateb
Dimethyl phthalate
Phenol
Influent

2
2.8

30
60
37

c
c
c

c
Effluent

4
6

25
50
84
50
66
140
1.9
3.1
210
Percent
removal

oa
oa

17
17
oa







         Actual data indicate negative removal.

         Possibly due to tubes used in sampling  apparatus.
        £
         Information was not given.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-21

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Placer mine
Plant:  4132
References:  A2, p. VI-142
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Settling pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
pH:  6.6

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
        Sampling period;
                                           Concentration
                             Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
       Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                            1,540      1,040       32

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Arsenic                           50         50        0
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-22

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Placer mine                           Bench scale            	
Plant:  4133                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. VI-142                          Full scale              x
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multiple settling pond system
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
pH:  7.9

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;	
                                           Concentration      Percent
        	Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                            2,260       170        92

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Arsenic                        1,500        60        96
          Mercury                          0.2       0.2         0
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79               III.4.2-23

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering  estimate   	
Subcategory:  Placer mine                           Bench scale            	
Plant:  4127                                        Pilot scale            	
References:  A2, p.  VI-142                          Full  scale              x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   Settling pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
pH:  6.7

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;	
                                           Concentration       Percent
        	Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                            39,900     5,700       86

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Arsenic                         5,000     1,200       76
          Mercury                            14       0.5       96
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-24

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
 Subcategory:  Placer mine                           Bench scale            	
 Plant:   4126                                        Pilot scale            	
 References:  A2, p. VI-142                          Full scale              x

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:  Settling pond
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir  loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum  overflow:
 pH:   6.5

                                 REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period;	
                                           Concentration      Percent
        	Pollutant/parameter        Influent   Effluent   removal

        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
           TSS                            14,800       76        99

        Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
           Arsenic                         1,300      250        81
           Mercury                             2      0.2        90
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                 III.4.2-25

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source  category:   Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:   Placer mine                           Bench scale
 Plant:   4135                                        Pilot scale
 References:   A2,  p.  VI-142                          Full scale
 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Settling pond
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention  time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period;	

                                            Concentration      Percent
         	Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

         Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
           TSS                            2,890         474        84

         Toxic pollutants,  yg/L:
           Arsenic                           40          22        45
           Mercury                           20        <0.2       >99
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:  8/13/79                 III.4.2-26

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Ore mining and dressing
 Subcategory:   Placer mine
 Plant:   4136
 References:   A2, p. VI-142
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:  Screening

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Multiple settling ponds
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
        Sampling period;
                                 REMOVAL DATA
             Pollutant/parameter
           Concentration      Percent
        Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                            64,100
        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Arsenic
          Mercury
          3,900
             10
                      150
  <2
<0.2
           >99
>99
 98
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-27

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering  estimate
Subcategory:  Placer mine                           Bench scale
Plant:  4139                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. VI-142                          Full  scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multiple settling ponds
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
pH:  7.4

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;	
                                           Concentration      Percent
        	Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                            9,000        230        97

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Arsenic                        1,200         12        99
          Mercury                            4       <0.2       >95
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.


 Date:   8/13/79                 III.4.2-28

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Copper mill                           Bench scale
Plant:  2122                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, pp. VI-84-87                       Full scale

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Tailing pond

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  10.4 hr
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
pH:   7.7

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:	

                                           Concentration      Percent
        	Pollutant/parameter	Influent5  Effluent   removal

        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                            2,550        18        99

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
190
2,000
160
190
100
35
45
80
40
50
82
98
50
79
50

         Average values:   TSS (27 observations)
                          Metals (23 observations)
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-29

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:   Iron ore mine
Plant:  1105
References:  A2, pp.  V-3,  4
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Settling pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                 Data  source  status:
                   Engineering  estimate
                   Bench  scale
                   Pilot  scale
                   Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;  24-hr composite

Concentration
Po 1 lut ant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Arsenic
Copper
Zinc
Influent

10
25
5

<2
90
20
Effluent

6
19
4

5
120
30
Percent
removal

40
24
20

oa
oa
a
0

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-30

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine/mill
Plant:  3121
References:  A2, pp. VI-77-79

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Tailing pond

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
Effluent pH:  8.2-8.5
Influent pH:  7.8
        Sampling period;
11 to 22 hr (theoretical)
                                 REMOVAL DATA
             Pollutant/parameter
                Concentration      Percent
             Influent9Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
                4.5
33
Copper
Lead
Zinc
100
210
740
110
100
240
0
52
68

         Average of 13 observations.
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79
      III.4.2-31

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Copper mill
Plant:  2122
References:  A2, pp. VI-84-87

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Tailing pond

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                        Data source status:
                          Engineering estimate   	
                          Bench scale            	
                          Pilot scale             x
                          Full scale
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
pH:  7.9
 2.6 hr
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
                                           Concentration
                                    Percent
              Influent3  Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
          TSS

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
                2,550
         Average values:
TSS (27 observations)
Metals (23 observations).
50
98
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
190
2,000
160
190
100
35
50
90
70
30
82
98
44
63
70

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79
      III.4.2-32

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Ore mining and dressing
 Subcategory:   Lead/zinc mine/mill/smelter/
               refinery
 Plant:   3107
 References:   A2, pp. VI-80-83
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
 Use  in  system:   Tertiary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:  Tailing pond, lime precipitation, aeration,
                           flocculation and clarification

 DESIGN  OR  OPERATING PARAMETERS
 Unit  configuration:
 Wastewater  flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir  loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum  overflow:
 pH:   7.8
11 hr
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:
                                           Concentration
             Pollutant/parameter
                                   Percent
             Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS   .

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
                 16
         Not analyzed.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                                     81
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Zinc
120
31
130
6
2,900
65
20
80
NAa
790
46
35
38

73
Date:   8/13/79
     III.4.2-33

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Coal mining
Subcategory:  Coal preparation plants and
              associated areas
Plant:  NC-22
References:  All, p. IV-41
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                  Data  source  status:
                    Engineering  estimate
                    Bench  scale

                    Pilot  scale
                    Full scale
                                            x
 Also, see  (Treated Wastewater Analyses)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Slurry pond
Wastewater  flow:  1,040 m3/d (274,000 gpd)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  24-hr composite

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutant, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Selenium
Zinc
Methylene chloride
Influent

4,860
1,130
7,800

21
65
440
210
<600
59
310
930
Effluent

20.6
3.2
7.4

1
7
36
30
67
12
39
1,800
Percent
removal

>99
>99
>99

95
89
92
86
>89
80
95
oa

         Actual data  indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-34

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Coal mining
Subcategory:   Alkaline mines
Plant:  V-8
References:  All,  p.  IV-35

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                 Data source  status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
 Also, see (Treated Wastewater Analyses)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Settling pond #6
Wastewater flow:  10.9 m3/<3 (2,880 gpd)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;  24-hr composite

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Selenium
Influent

80.0
54.3
44.8

6
NDC
2
Effluent9

38.7
21.7
28.9

15
5
<2
Percent
removal

52
60
35
b
0
-
>0

         Average of 3 samples.
         Actual data indicate negative removal.

         'Not detected.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-35

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Coal mining
Subcategory:  Alkaline mines
Plant:  PN-11
References:  All, p.  IV-283
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
 Also, see (Treated Wastewater Analyses)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Settling pond
Wastewater flow:  15.2 m3/d (4,000 gpd)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;   24-hr composite

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Influent
Effluent
Percent
removal
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TSS
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Mercury
Selenium
Zinc
9.7
16.4

2
3
2.2
4
160
<2.0
4.4

2
3
5.6
3
140
>79
73

0
0
oa
25
8

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-36

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Placer mine                           Bench scale
Plant:  4114                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. VI-142                          Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multiple pond system
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS                       24,000      <100       >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not specified.


 Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-37

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Coal mining
Subcategory:  Alkaline mines
Plant:  V-9
References:  All, p.  IV-35a
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
 Also, see (Treated Wastewater Analyses)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Settling pond (dugout)
Wastewater flow:  152 m3/d (40,000 gpd)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL  DATA

           Sampling period;   24-hr composite

Concentration, mg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants :
COD
TOC
TSS
Influent

14
7
111
Effluent

18
14.6
46
Percent
removal

°x
ob
59

            Average of three samples.
            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-38

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Coal mining
Subcategory:  Alkaline mines
Plant:  V-9
References:  All, p. IV-36a

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
 Also, see  (Treated Wastewater Analyses)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Settling pond (pollack)
Wastewater flow:  2,690 m3/d (710,000 gpd)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period:  24-hr composite

Concentration, mg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants:
COD
TOC
TSS
Influent

16.3
10.8,
59. 6b
Effluent

13.7
9.6
78. 6a
Percent
removal

16
11
oc

            Average of 3 samples.
            Average of 2 samples.

           "Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified,
Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-39

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Copper mill                           Bench scale
Plant:  2122                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. VI-33                           Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling period;	

                                   Concentration,  yg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/paremeter   Influent   Effluent   removal

             Toxic pollutants:
               Phenol                260        250         4
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-40

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Copper mill                           Bench scale
Plant:  2117                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. VI-33                           Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling period:	

                                   Concentration,  yg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal

             Toxic pollutants:
               Phenol               5,100       250        95
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.


Date:   8/13/79               III.4.2-41

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Copper mine                           Bench scale
Plant:  2120                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. VI-33                           Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling period:	

                                   Concentration,  ug/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal

             Toxic pollutants:
               Phenol                 31         21        32
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-42

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Coal mining
Subcategory:  Coal preparation plants and
              associated areas
Plant:  NC-3
References:  All, p. IV-41

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale

                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
 Also, see  (Treated Wastewater analyses)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Slurry pond
Wastewater flow:  9,470 m3/d (2.5 Mgal/d)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling period:  24-hr composite
             Pollutant/parameter
   Concentration,  yg/L   Percent
   Influent   Effluent   removal
             Toxic pollutants:
               Chromium              <240
               Copper                 270
               Selenium                50
               Zinc                 1,000
                IOC
                 <4
                 <5
                 49
<57
>98
>90
 95
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-43

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Copper mine/mill/smelter/refinery
Plant:  2122
References:  A2, pp. V-7-10

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                  Data  source  status:
                    Engineering  estimate
                    Bench  scale
                    Pilot  scale
                    Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
         Weir  loading:
         Sludge  underflow:
         Percent solids  in  sludge:
         Scum  overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
   Sampling period:  Average of two 24-hr composite samples

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants:
Arsenic, yg/L
Asbestos, fibers/L
Beryllium, yg/L
Chromium, yg/L
Copper , yg/L
Cyanide, yg/L
Lead, yg/L
Nickel, yg/L
Selenium, yg/L
Silver, yg/L
Zinc, yg/L
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate,a yg/L
Di-n-butyl phthalate, yg/L
Methylene chloride , yg/L
Influent

530
9.5
313,000
0.23

1,400
8.7 x 1012
30
9,800
100,000
200
1,800
3,800
220
100
3,400
14
24
300
Effluent

5
7
14
0.017

4
2.2 x 109
9
20
95
<20
30
<20
12
20
35
12
36
1.5
Percent
removal

99
26
>99
93

>99
>99
70
>99
>99
90
98
>99
94
81
99
14
oc
>99

    Possibly due to plastic tubing used during sampling.

    Possibly due to laboratory contamination.
   -i
   "Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:    8/13/79
III.4.2-44

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                  Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing      Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine/mill                    Bench scale
Plant:   3121                                          Pilot scale
References:   A2, pp. V-41, 42                         Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit  configuration:  Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir  loading:
Sludge  underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum  overflow:

                                   REMOVAL DATA

                Sampling period;  24-hr composite
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants:
Antimony, yg/L
Arsenic, vg/L
Asbestos, fibers/L
Cadmium, vg/L
Chromium, vg/L
Copper, vg/L
Lead, vg/L
Mercury, vg/L
Nickel, vg/L
Silver, vg/L
Zinc, vg/L
Di-n-butyl phthalate,° vg/L
Toluene, ug/L
Chloroform, vg/L
Methylene chloride
Influent3

970
17
12,200
0.02

100
30,000
1.8 x 1011
670
550
2,500
150,000
19
360
200
240, 000^,
d

d

Effluent

50
15
14
0.03

<50
<2
1.6 X 109
<5
<10
380
20
<0.5
30
<10
440
13
1.4
2.6
62
Percent
removal

95
12
>99,_
ob

>50
>99
99
>99
>98
85
>99
>97
92
>95
>99




                Influent represents combined mine/mill water wastes to tailing
                pond.
                Actual data indicate negative removal.
               c
                Possibly due to laboratory contamination.
                No information was given.

Note:  Blanks  indicate information  was  not specified.



Date:   8/13/79                 III.4.2-45

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Iron ore mine/mill
Plant:  1108
References:  A2, p. V-5, 6
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
   Se!iyl-'ng period:  24-hr composite
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOO
TSS
Tota] phenol
Toxic- pol 1 utants :
Asbrstos, fibers/L
Ch.t c ium, yg/L
Cop . ?r, yg/L
Lead, yc/L
Nir'.el , yg/L
Selenium, yg/L
Silver, yg/L
Zinc, V3/L
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, yg/L
Influent

96
22
110,000
<0.004

2.2 x 1011
500
130
80
2,700
20
20
500
c
Effluent

4
11
<1
0.006

4.3 x 107
10
100
<20
<20
<5
<10
30
4.2
Percent
removal

96
50
>99
oa

>99
98
23
>75
>99
>75
>50
94


    Actual data indicate negative removal
   b
    Possibly due to tubing used in sampling apparatus.
   c
    No information was given.

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-46

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mine and dressing
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine/mill
Plant:  3110
References:  A2, pp. V-36,  37
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration: Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in  sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                  REMOVAL DATA
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
                                             x
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants:
Arsenic, pg/L
Asbestos, fibers/L
Cadmium, pg/L
Chromium, pg/L
Copper , pg/L
Lead, pg/L
Mercury, pg/L
Nickel, pg/L
Selenium, pg/L
Silver, pg/L
Zinc, pg/L fa
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, ug/L
Chlorobenzene, pg/L
Toluene, pg/L ,
Methylene chloride, pg/L
Influent

200
3
229,000
0.004

1,100
8.9 x 1011
190
200
25,000
20,000
0.5
270
20
250
310,000
4.8
Q

-
45
Effluent

6
7
3
0.006

<2
3.4 x 10B
<5
<10
100
<20
<0.5
<20
<5
<10
280
4
0.005
0.21
5.6
Percent
removal

97
oa
>99
a.
0

>99
>99
>97
>95
>99
>99
>0
>93
>75
>96
>99
17


88

               Actual data indicate negative removal.
               Possibly due to tubing used in sampling apparatus.
               No data were given.
               Possibly due to laboratory contamination.

Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-47

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Silver mine/mill
Plant:  4401
References:  A2, pp. V-46, 47
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multiple pond settling
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

    Sampling period;  24-hr composite
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
TOJ i ; pollutants:
7>- si. nic, yg/L
A;,Lestos, fibers/L
Copper, yg/L
Nickel, yg/L
Silver, yg/L
ZJnc, yg/L
ais (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, yg/L
Toluene, yg/L
Influent

19
16
23

20
3.8 x 107
160
40
20
50
0.1
~
Effluent

4
1
3

10
5.7 x 107
100
40
30
30
0.02
0.64
Percent
removal

80
94
87

50
oa
38
0
oa
40
80
~

     Actual  data  indicate negative removal.
     Possibly  from  tubing for sampling apparatus.
     'No  information given.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-48

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
 Point source  category:   Ore  mining  and  dressing     Engineering estimate   	
 Subcategory:   Ferroalloy (molybdenum) mine/mill     Bench  scale            	
 Plant:   6101                                        Pilot  scale
 References:   A2,  pp. V-53, 54                       Full scale            _x_
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Tailing pond
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids  in sludge:
 Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

       Sampling  period:   24-hr composite sample	

                                           Concentration        Percent
       	Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent    removal

       Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
         COD                               1,180           20      98
         TOC                                  19            7      63
         TSS                             476,000           68     >99
         Total  phenol                        0.02         0.01      50
Toxic pollutants:
Antimony , yg/L
Asbestos, fibers/L
Beryllium, yg/L
Cadmium, yg/L
Chromium , yg/L
Copper, yg/L
Lead, yg/L
Nickel, yg/L
Selenium, yg/L
Silver, yg/L
Zinc, yg/L
Di-n-butyl phthalate,a yg/L

10
3.8 x 1011
130
13
8,300
10,000
11,000
3,500
40
50
13,000
15

5
3.3 x 1010
<20
<5
20
<20
<20
<20
<5
<10
<20
15

50
91
>85
62
>99
>99
>99
>99
>87
>80
>99
0

       Possibly due to tubing used in sampling apparatus.

 Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                 III.4.2-49

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
 Subcategory:  Titanium mine/mill
 Plant:   9905
 References:  A2, pp. V-70, 71

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum overflow:

                                   REMOVAL DATA
                 Data  source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants:
Antimony , yg/L
Asbestos, fibers/L
Chromium, yg/L
Copper , yg/L
Lead , yg/L
Nickel, pg/L
Selenium, yg/L
Zinc, yg/L
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, yg/L
Toluene, yg/L
Chloroform, pg/L d
Methylene chloride, pg/L
Concentration

Influent Effluent

47
3
57,900
0.01

200
7.1 x 109 1.5 x
740
880
50
630
15
3,500
£

c
Q
c


4
5
<1
0.01

100
10s
<10
100
40
40
<5
20
7.4
0.44
1.1
8
Percent
removal

91
oa
>99
0

50
98
>99
89
20
94
>67
99
-
-
-

                Actual data indicate negative removal.

                Possibly due to tubing for sampling apparatus.
               Q
                Blanks indicate no information given.

                Possibly due to laboratory contamination.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-50

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
 Subcategory:  Copper mine/mill                      Bench scale            	
 Plant:   2120                                        Pilot scale            	
 References:  A2, pp. V-75, 76                       Full scale              x

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:  Tailing pond
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir  loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum  overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  24-hr composite	

                                           Concentration        Percent
       	Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent   removal

       Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
         COD                                3,210          10     >99
         TOC                                   12          10      17
         TSS                              164,000          13     >99
         Total phenol                       0.014       0.024       Qa
Toxic pollutants:
Arsenic, yg/L
Asbestos, fiber s/L
Beryllium, yg/L
Cadmium, yg/L
Chromium, yg/L
Copper, yg/L
Lead, yg/L
Mercury, yg/L
Nickel, yg/L
Selenium, yg/L
Silver, yg/L
Zinc, yg/L

3,600
1.3 x 1013
30
120
800
370,000
18,000
22
1,500
1,000
1,700
27,000

<2
7.8 x 107
<5
<5
<20
<20
<20
<1
<20
<5
<10
<20

>99
>99
>83
>96
>97
>99
>99
>95
>98
>99
>99
>99

       a
        Data indicate negative removal.

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                 III.4.2-51

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:   Lead/zinc mine/mill                   Bench scale
Plant:  310ia                                       Pilot scale
References:  A2,  p.  V-102                           Full  scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
 Now closed.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in  sludge:
Scum overflow:
Sampling period: 24-hr
REMOVAL DATA
composite



Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants,
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants:
Arsenic, yg/L
Asbestos, fibers/L
Beryllium, yg/L
Cadmium, yg/L
Chromium, yg/L
Copper, yg/L
Lead, yg/L
Nickel, yg/L
Selenium, yg/L
Silver, yg/L
Zinc, yg/L
Influent
mg/L:
1,240
46
152,000
0.072

77
2.4 x 1010
190
2,800
800
63,000
97,000
540
140
230
560,000
Effluent

44
19
5
0.027

<5
NAa
<10
<10
25
<10
140
<50
<10
<10
70
Percent
removal

96
59
>99
62

>93
-
>95
>99
97
>99
>99
>91
>93
>96
>99

        Not analyzed.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-52

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine/mill                   Bench scale
Plant:  3103                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. V-108                           Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
       Sampling period:  18-hr composite

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants:
Arsenic, yg/L
Asbestos, fibers/L
Beryllium, yg/L
Cadmium, yg/L
Chromium, yg/L
Copper, yg/L
Cyanide, yg/L
Lead, yg/L
Nickel, yg/L
Silver, yg/L
Zinc, yg/L
Influent

2,100
22
124,000
<0.004

500
2.1 x 1011
70
350
200
21,000
40
120,000
4,400
150
58,000
Effluent

14
15
3
0.0123

<5
NA°
<10
<10
<10
10
303
240
160
<10
940
Percent
removal

99
32
>99
ob

99

>86
>97
>95
>99
25
>99
96
>93
98

        Final cyanide and total phenolics are apparently reduced  by
        natural aeration and oxidation to relatively low levels.
       b
        Actual data indicate negative removal.
       c
        Not analyzed.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

                 •F"
Date:   8/13/79         *^    III.4.2-53

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
 Subcategory:  Copper mine/mill
 Plant:   2120
 References:  A2, pp. V-23, 24

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Tailing pond
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                 Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full  scale
                                   REMOVAL DATA
             Sampling period:  24-hr composite

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants:
Antimony, ug/L
Arsenic, yg/L
Asbestos, fibers/L
Cadmium, yg/L
Chromium, pg/L
Copper , yg/L
Lead, yg/L
Mercury, yg/L
Nickel, yg/L
Selenium, pg/L
Silver, yg/L
Zinc, yg/L
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, yg/L
Di-n-butyl phthalate, b yg/L
Methyl chloride, yg/L
Tetrachloroethy lene, yg/L
Influent

3,880
8
311,000
<0.01

300
4,000
1.2 x I01a
530
670
330,000
21,000
1.0
910
200
540
280,000
4
17
19
4.5
Effluent

12
9
5
0.01

<50
<2
1.2 x 10B
<5
<10
110
<20
<0.5
<20
<5
20
50
2.6
30
3
1.1
Percent
removal

>99
oa
>99
<0

>83
>99
>99
>99
>98
>99
>99
>50
>98
>97
96
>99
35
oa
84
76
              Data indicate negative removal.
              Possibly due to tubing used in sampling apparatus.
              Possibly due to laboratory contamination.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information  was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-54

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing      Engineering  estimate
Subcategory:  Silver mine/mill                      Bench  scale
Plant:  4401                                        Pilot  scale
References:  A2, p.  VI-45                           Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:	

                                    Concentration,  fibers/L   Percent
           Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent	removal

        Toxic pollutants:
          Asbestos (chrysotile)      1.1 x 1011     1.8  x 108      99
          Asbestos (total fibers)   7,1 x 1011     2.1  x 109     >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-55

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering  estimate
Subcategory:  Copper mine/mill                      Bench scale
Plant:  2122                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, p.  VI-45                           Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period;  grab or 24-hr composite	

                                         Concentration,a
                                            fibers/L          Percent
            Pol lutant/par amet er	Influent    Effluent    removal

         Toxic pollutants:
           Asbestos (chrysotile)     5.3 x 1011   3.3 x 108     >99
           Asbestos (total fibers)   4.3 x 1012   2.2 x 109     >99
          Average of 2 samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-56

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Copper mine/mill                      Bench scale
Plant:  2120                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. VI-45                           Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period:  grab or 24-hr composite

Pollutant/parameter
Concentration , a
f ibers/L
Influent Effluent
Percent
removal
         Toxic pollutants:
           Asbestos (chrysotile)      1.0 x 1012   1.6 x 108      >99
           Asbestos (total fibers)    7.1 x 1012   6.4 x 108      >99
         a
          Average of two samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79               III.4.2-57

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Silver mine/mill                      Bench scale
Plant:  4401                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, p.  VI-45                           Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   Mine-water settling pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  grab or 24-hr composite	
                                    Concentration, fibers/L   Percent
           Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent    removal

        Toxic pollutants:
          Asbestos  (chrysotile)     1.1 x 107     1.1 x 106      90
          Asbestos  (total fibers)   5.7 x 107     3.8 x 107      50
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.


 Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-58

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Copper mine/mill                      Bench scale
Plant:  2117                                        Pilot scale            ~
References:  A2, p. VI-46                           Full scale              x
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  grab or 24-hr composite	

                                    Concentration,  fibers/L   Percent
           Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent    removal

        Toxic pollutants:
          Asbestos (chrysotile)      5.5 x 101°    4.4 x 105     >99
          Asbestos (total fibers)   1.9 x 1011    9.2 x 106     >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not  specified.


Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-59

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering  estimate
Subcategory:  Mercury mine/mill                     Bench scale
Plant:  9202                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. VI-46                           Full  scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  grab or 24-hr composite	
                                    Concentration, fibers/L   Percent
           Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent    removal

        Toxic pollutants:
          Asbestos  (chrysotile)     1.5 x 1011    5.7 x 107     >99
          Asbestos  (total fibers)   1.2 x 1012    7.7 x 108     >99
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.

 Date:   8/13/79               III.4.2-60

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering  estimate
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine/mill                   Bench scale
Plant:  3103                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. VI-46                           Full  scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Tailing-settling pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  grab or 24-hr composite	
                                    Concentration, fibers/L   Percent
           Pollutant/parameter	Influent     Effluent    removal

        Toxic pollutants:
          Asbestos  (chrysotile)     8.2 x 101°    1.1 x 10s     >99
          Asbestos  (total fibers)   2.1 x 1011    9.9 x 10s     >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-61

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine/mill                   Bench scale
Plant:  3101                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. VI-46                           Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Tailing-settling pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  grab or 24-hr composite	

                                    Concentration, fibers/L   Percent
           Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent    removal

        Toxic pollutants:
          Asbestos  (chrysotile)     3.2 x 109     2.7 x 106     >99
          Asbestos  (total fibers)   2.4 x 101°    1.9 x 107     >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   8/13/79                 III.4.2-62

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Iron mine/mill
Plant:  1105
References:  A2, p. VI-46

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Mine-water settling pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                 Data  source  status:
                   Engineering  estimate
                   Bench  scale
                   Pilot  scale
                   Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period:  grab or 24-hr composite
            Pollutant/parameter
                                        Concentration,
                                           fibers/L
     Influent
Effluent
Percent
removal
         Toxic pollutants:
           Asbestos (chrysotile)      3.8 x 106   3.8 x 106
           Asbestos (total fibers)    1.6 x 107   4.2 x 107
          Actual data indicate negative removals.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79
III.4.2-63

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine/mill                   Bench scale            	
Plant:  3110                                        Pilot scale            	
References:  A2, p. VI-46                           Full scale              x
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydr au1ic 1oad ing:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  grab or 24-hr composite	
                                    Concentration, fibers/L   Percent
           Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent	rmoval

        Toxic pollutants:
          Asbestos  (chrysotile)     2.6 x 1011    2.4 x 107     >99
          Asbestos  (total fibers)   9.0 x 1011    3.4 x 108     >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                 III.4.2-64

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guideliens                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine/mill                   Bench scale
Plant:  3121                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. VI-46                           Full  scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  grab or 24-hr composite	

                                    Concentration,  fibers/L   Percent
           Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent	removal

        Toxic pollutants:
          Asbestos (chrysotile)      2.2 x 101°   <3.3 x 105     >99
          Asbestos (total fibers)   1.8 x 1011    1.6 x 109      99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-65

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Uranium mine/mill                     Bench scale            	
Plant:  9405                                        Pilot scale            	
References:  A2,  p.  VI-47                           Full scale              x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   Mill settling pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period:  grab or 24-hr composite	

                                        Concentration,a
                                     	fibers/L	   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent    Effluent   removal

         Toxic pollutants:
           Asbestos (chrysotile)     2.25 x 106  7.5 x 107      0^
           Asbestos (total fibers)      2 x 10s  6.3 x 108      0


          Average of two samples.
          Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

 Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-66

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data  source:  Effluent Guideliens                 Data source status:
 Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:  Titanium mine/mill                    Bench scale
 Plant:  9905                                        Pilot scale
 References:  A2, p. VI-46                           Full scale
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:  Settling pond
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir  loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum  overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period;  grab or 24-hr composite

Pollutant/parameter
Concentration ,
fibers/L Percent
Influent Effluent removal
         Toxic pollutants:
           Asbestos (chrysotile)      1.1 x 109   1.3 x 106     >99
           Asbestos (total fibers)    7.1 x 109   1.5 x 108      98
Note-.  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79               III.4.2-67

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Ferroalloy mine/mill                  Bench scale
Plant:  6101                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. VI-46                           Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  grab or 24-hr composite	

                                        Concentration,a
                                    	fibers/L	   Percent
           Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent    removal

        Toxic pollutants:
          Asbestos (chrysotile)     1.4 x 1011    1.0 x 109      99
          Asbestos (total fibers)   4.8 x 1011    1.6 x 101°     97
         Average of two samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-68

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Asbestos mine                         Bench scale
Plant:  (in Baie Verte, Newfoundland)                Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. VI-41                           Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling period:	

                                     Concentration,a
                                   	f ibers/L	   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal

             Toxic pollutants:
               Asbestos            1 x 101°   5 x 109      50
              Average of two samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-69

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:   Asbestos-cement processing plant
Plant:
References:  A2, p.  VI-39

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment  of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  24 hr
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                    Data  source  status:
                                      Engineering estimate
                                      Bench  scale
                                      Pilot  scale
                                      Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
             Sampling period:
                                     Concentration,
                                        fibers/L
                                            Percent
             Pollutant/paremeter   Influent   Effluent   removal


                                   5 x 109    9.3 x 109
Toxic pollutants:
  Asbestos
0
              Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79
                    III.4.2-70

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
References:  A2, p. VI-39                           Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	
                                        Concentration,
                                     	fibers/L	   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent    removal

           Toxic pollutants:
             Asbestos (chrysotile)    4 x 1012   I  x 1011^   88  -  98
                                                5  x I01lb
            24 hr of sedimentation.
            1 hr of sedimentation.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79                III.4.2-71

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Foundry industry
Subcategory:  Copper and copper alloys
              foundaries, mold cooling and
              casting quench
Plant:  6809
References:  A27, pp. V-14, VI-73-80, VII-29

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                 Data  source  status:
                   Engineering  estimate
                   Bench  scale
                   Pilot  scale
                   Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  1.08 m3/kkg (259.3 gpt) discharge to a lagoon
Wastewater flow:  7.51 x 10~4 m3/kg  (180 gal)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Cadmium
Copper

Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Dimethyl phthalate
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1, -Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Influent

52
30

100
350

3
0
2,000
15
80
37
50
Effluent

20
6.2

40
110

9
60
1,400
93
93
44
56
Percent
removal

70
76

60
69
a
0
oa
30
oa
oa
oa
oa

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.2-72

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Foundry industry
 Subcategory:   Ferrous foundry dust collecting
 Plant:  7927
 References:  A27, pp. V-23, VI-89-95, 97,
              VII-21, 32

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Settling basin
 Wastewater flow:  2.38 x 10~3 m3/kg  (570 gal/ton)
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
2 , 4-Dichlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Anthracene
Benzo (a)pyrene
Benzo (b) fluoranthene
Fluoranthene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Influent

880
3
9.1

3
47
37
10
0
100
200
9
2,200
2,200
53
20,000
<410
<30
<36
20
<410
98
Effluent

600
15
0.76

14
14
200
40
81
4
34
22
55
48
24
33
<32
<6
<6
33
<32
21
Percent
removal

32
oa
92

oa
70
oa
oa
oa
96
83
oa
98
98
55
VLOO
^92
^80
-^83
oa
^92
79

                Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.2-73

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
 Point source category:  Inorganic chemicals         Engineering  estimate
 Subcategory:  Hydrofluoric acid                     Bench  scale
 Plant:  251                                         Pilot  scale            ~
 References:  A29,  pp. 210-211                       Full scale              x
 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:   Gypsum pond
 Wastewater flow:  82.3 m3/kkg
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids  in  sludge:
 Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period:   Three  24  hr  composite  samples	

                                             Concentration       Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent    Effluent    removal

         Conventional  pollutants,  mg/L:
           TSS                             18,600       9.72       VLOO

         Other pollutants,  pg/L
           Fluoride                            660        320         51
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was  not  specified.

Date:   8/30/79                 III.4.2-74

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                  Data  source  status:
 Point source  category:  Foundry industry            Engineering  estimate
 Subcategory:   Ferrous foundry dust collection        Bench  scale
 Plant:  HHH-2B                                      Pilot  scale
 References:  A27, pp. VI-96,  VII-20, 31, 67          Full scale
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Settling lagoon
 Wastewater flow:  5.01 x 1CT3 m3/kg (1,200 gal/ton)
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum overflow:
  Treated effluent 100% recycled.
                                 REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period:	
                                             Concentration       Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent    Effluent    removal

         Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
           TSS                             1,500          64        96
           Oil and grease                     14         2.7        81

         Toxic pollutants,  yg/L:
           Copper                            130          21        84
           Zinc                            1,900       1,800         5
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was  not  specified.

Date:   8/30/79                 III.4.2-75

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Foundry industry
Subcategory:  Ferrous foundry sand washing
Plant:  AAA-2A
References:  A27, pp. VI-130, VII-17, 37, 57

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:  Settling lagoon
Wastewater flow:  2.67 x 10~2 m3/kg  (6,400 gal/ton)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                Data  source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench  scale
                   Pilot  scale
                   Full scale
                                          x
Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Cyanide
Mercury
Influent

5,900
8
0.59

26
0.01
Effluent

6.6
7.8
0.021

14
0.3
Percent
removal

M.OO
3
96

46
a
0

          Actual  data  indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was  not  specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.2-76

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Foundry industry
Subcategory:  Ferrous foundry dust collection
Plant:  AAA-2A
References:  A27, pp. VI-96, VII-17, 31, 57

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Settling lagoon
Wastewater flow:  5.59 x 10~4 m3/kg (110 gal/ton)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                Data  source status:
                   Engineering estimate   	
                   Bench  scale            	
                   Pilot  scale            	
                   Full scale              x
        Sampling period:
           Pollutant/parameter
            Concentration      Percent
         Influent    Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                              4,200
          Oil and grease                      15
          Total phenol                       1.1

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Cyanide                             37
                        4.6
                         12
                       0.04
                         19
^100
  20
  96
  49
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.2-77

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Foundry industry
 Subcategory:  Ferrous Foundry melting furnace
              scrubber
 Plant:   HHH-2B
 References:  A27, pp. VI-105, VII-20, 33, 67

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR  OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source  status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale

                   Pilot scale
                   Full  scale
Unit configuration:  Settling lagoon
Wastewater flow:  1.04 x 1CT2 m3/kg  (2,500 gal/ton)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
  Treated effluent 100% recycled.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TSS
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Zinc
Influent

4,200

4,400
29,000
6
87,000
Effluent

40

90
1,400
3
4,400
Percent
removal

99

98
95
50
95

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:    8/30/79
III.4.2-78

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source category:  Foundry industry            Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:  Ferrous foundry dust collection       Bench scale
 Plant:  291C                                        Pilot scale
 References:  A27, pp. V-22, VI-89-96,               Full scale
              VII-32, 70

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Settling tank
 Wastewater flow:  4.01 x I0~t* m3/kg (96 gal/ton)
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum overflow:
 a
  Treated effluent 100% recycled.
                                  REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Cyanide
Lead
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Anthracene
Phenanthrene
Influent

410
3

7
30
9
<3
<3
Effluent

41
2.7

74
10
2
<15
<15
Percent
removal

90
10

oa
67
78
oa
oa

          Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:  8/30/79                 III.4.2-79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Foundry industry
Subcategory:  Steel foundries - casting quench
              and mold cooling operations
Plant:  417A
References:  A27, pp.  V-41, VI-115-122, VII-36

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Cooling tower

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
S cum over flow:
Raw waste flow rate:  21.3 m3Akg (5,100 gal/ton)
Effluent flow rate:  20.9 m3/kkg  (5,000 gal/ton)

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale

                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Zinc
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Influent3

90
0

20
3
0
0
0
0
Effluent

62
9

50
2
60
0.8
140
27
Percent
removal

35b
0
b
0
33b
°b
°b
°b
0

          Influent concentration is the raw waste concentration.
         DActual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.2-80

-------
                                                  Data source status:
                                                    Engineering estimate
                                                    Bench scale
                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Inorganic chemicals
Subcategory:   Titanium dioxide (chloride
              process) manufacture
Plant:  172
References:  A29, pp. 270-271

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:   Neutralization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
 Unit configuration:   Two  retention basins  in  series, pH adjustment to
                      basin  effluent
 Wastewater flow:   35.8  m3/kkg
 Hydraulic  detention  time:
 Hydraulic  loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids  in  sludge:
 Scum overflow:
 pH:   7.9-7.6

                                REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period;  composite sample	

                                            Concentration      Percent
            Pollutant/parameter           Influent   Effluent   removal
         Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
           TSS                              223

         Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
           Chromium                         620
           Nickel                           <22
           Zinc                             270
6.65


  17
  10
  84
                                                                 97
                                                                 97
                                                                 55
                                                                 69
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
                                 III.4.2-81

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Foundry industry
 Subcategory:  Steel foundrys, sand washing,
              and reclaiming
 Plant:  694K
 References:  A27, pp. V-43, VI-123-130
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:  Settling lagoon
 Wastewater  flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir  loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum  overflow:
     Data source status:
       Engineering estimate
       Bench scale

       Pilot scale
       Full scale
    Sampling period:
                                REMOVAL DATA
       Pollutant/parameter
Concentration,  yg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
    Toxic pollutants:
      2,4-Dinitrotoluene/2,6-Dinitrotoluene     50
      1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene                    30
              10
              53
80
oa
     Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   8/30/79                 III.4.2-82

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Steam electric power        Engineering estimate
                        generating
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:  5143                                        Pilot scale
References:  A31, p. 171                            Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Combined ash pond
Wastewater  flow:  25,000 m3/d  (6.5 x 106 gpd)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period:	
                                     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal

            Conventional pollutants:
              TSS                      63,900       13        >99
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.


Date:   11/9/79                III.4.2-83

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore  mining  and  dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Copper mine/mill/smelter              Bench scale
Plant:  2117                                       Pilot scale
References:  A2,  p.  V-25                           Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   Tailing pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                   V
                                REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period: 24 hour
composite (2 sets)



Concentration
Pol lut ant/parame ter
Conventional pollutants,
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants :
Arsenic, pg/L
Asbestos, fibers/L
Beryllium, pg/L
Cadmium, pg/L
Chromium , v*g-/L
Copper, pg/L
Cyanide, pg/L
Lead, pg/L
Nickel, pg/L
Selenium, pg/L
Silver, pg/L
Zinc, pg/L
Influent
mg/L:
4,850
29.5
207,000
5.1

75
1.9 x 1011
25
120
1,900
59,000
200
2,000
2,000
320
200
140,000
Effluent

15
5
2
0.255

2
4.6 x 106
5
5
45
20
<20
40
20
7
^20
40
Percent
removal

>99
83
>99
95

97
>99
PO
96
98
>99
>90
98
99
98
>90
>99

 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.

 Date:   11/9/79                III.4.2-84

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Mineral mining  and
                         processing  industry
 Subcategory:   Industrial sand
 Plant:   N01
 References:  A18,  p.  236

 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in  sludge:
 Scum overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA
                  Data source status:

                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
            Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
      Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS
        427
56
87
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not specified.
Date:  11/9/79
III.4.2-85

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source  category:   Mineral mining and pro-     Engineering estimate
                         cessing industry
 Subcategory:   Construction,  sand, and gravel        Bench scale
 Plant:   1044                                        Pilot scale
 References:   A18,  p.  236                           Full scale
 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention  time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in  sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period:	
                                      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
               Pollutant/parameter	Influent    Effluent   removal

            Convent iona1  po1lutant s:
              TSS                       5,110      154          97
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:  9/27/79                 III.4.2-86

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines                 Data  source status:
 Point source  category:   Steam electric power        Engineering estimate
                         generating
 Subcategory:                                        Bench  scale
 Plant:   7298                                        Pilot  scale
 References:   A31,  p.  171                           Full scale

 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:   Combined ash pond
 Wastewater flow:   72,000 m3/d (19 x 106  gpd)
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in  sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL  DATA

            Sampling  period;	

                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
               Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

            Conventional  pollutants:
              TSS                       6,690       19         >99
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:  9/27/79                 III.4.2-87

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source category:  Steam electric power        Engineering estimate   	
                         generating
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
 Plant:  0431                                        Pilot scale            	
 References:  A31, p. 171                            Full scale              x

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Combine ash pond
 Wastewater flow:  98,000 m3/d (26 x 106 gpd)
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	___^	

                                      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
               Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal

            Conventional pollutants:
              TSS                      13,400       22        >99
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:  9/27/79                 III.4.2-88

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Steam electric power        Engineering estimate   	
                        generating
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:  4504                                        Pilot scale            	
References:  A31, p. 171                            Full scale              x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Combined ash pond
Wastewater flow:  68,000 m3/d (18 x 106 gpd)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS                      15,300        7       VLOO
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   9/27/79                 III.4.2-89

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source category:  Steam electric power        Engineering estimate
                        generating
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
 Plant:  7018                                         Pilot scale
 References:  A31, p. 171                            Full scale

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:  Combined ash pond
 Wastewater  flow:  55,000 m3/d  (14.5 x 106 gpd)
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir  loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum  overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling  period;	

                                     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
               Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

            Conventional  pollutants:
              TSS                       20,700        18         >99
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   9/27/79                 III.4.2-90

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Steam electric power
                        generating
Subcategory:
Plant:  3228
References:  A31, p.  171

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Combined ash pond
Wastewater flow:  6,800 m3/d (8 x 106 gpd)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate

                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
               x
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
              Pollutant/parameter
   Cone entrat ion, mg/L   Percent
   Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS
    26,800
>99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
III.4.2-91

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Steam electric power        Engineering estimate
                        generating
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:  4222                                        pilot scale
References:  T2, pp. 238-241                        Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Ash pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants:
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
Zinc
Concentration ,
yg/L
Influent Effluent

48
123
100
10
196
300
240
0.62 0
250
<5
29
400

29
160
20
<5
11
6
<5
.21
8
32
<5
10
Percent
removal

40
oa
80
>50
94
98
>98
66
97
oa
>83
98
           a
            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   9/27/79                 III.4.2-92

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent  Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:   Pulp,  paper,  and paper-     Engineering estimate
                         board
Subcategory:  Sulfite-papergrade                    Bench scale
Plant:                                               Pilot scale
References:  A26, pp. A-34-41                        Full scale

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:   Activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater  flow:
Hydraulic detention  time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent  solids  in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

                  Sampling period;

Concentration8
Pol lutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Chromium

Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
2-Chlorophenol
2 , 4-Dichlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol

2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol
Benzene
Naphthalene
Chloroform

Methylene chloride
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Influent

10

20
10
17
58
3C
NDC
ND
ND
ND
2

ND
ND
53
56

5
3
ND
Effluent

7

29
10
6
120
21
1
9
27
<1
41

39
12
47
430

270
2
^
Percent
removal

30.
f\
0D
0
6ob

0
°b

°b
0°
o
b

ob
ub
0°
K
0°
33b
0

                   Average values.
                  b
                   Actual data indicate negative removal.
                  °Not detected.
Note:  Blanks indicate information  was not specified.


Date:   9/27/79                 III.4.2-93

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Mineral mining and
                        processing industry         Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Industrial sand                       Bench scale
Plant:  1019                                        Pilot scale
References:  A18, p. 236                            Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS                       2,010        56         97
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.


Date:  11/9/79              :

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Mineral mining and
                        processing
Subcategory:  Dimension stone
Plant:  3007
References:  A18, p. 236

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
            Data source status:

              Engineering estimate
              Bench scale
              Pilot scale
              Full scale
           Sampling period;
                                REMOVAL DATA
             Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS                       2,180
              80
96
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.
Date:   11/9/79
                                III.4.2-95

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Mineral mining and
                        processing industry
Subcategory:   Crushed  stone
Plant:  1001
References:  A18, p.  236

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA
            Data source  status:

              Engineering  estimate
              Bench  scale
              Pilot  scale
              Full scale
           Sampling period;
             Po1lutant/parame ter
Concentration, mg/'L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS
 1,050
99
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/9/79
                                 III.4.2-96

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
 Point source category:  Mineral mining and pro-      Engineering  estimate
                         cessing industry
 Subcategory:  Crushed  stone                         Bench  scale
 Plant:  1003                                        Pilot  scale
 References:  A18,  p.  236                            Full scale

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	
                                      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
               Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal

            Conventional pollutants:
              TSS                       7,680        8        >99
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:  11/9/79                 III.4.2-97

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Mineral mining and          Engineering estimate   	
                        processing industry
Subcategory:  Crushed stone                         Bench scale            	
Plant:  1004                                        Pilot scale            	
References:  A18, p. 236                            Full scale              x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                     Concentration, mg/LPercent
              Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS                       5,710       12        >99
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.

                                 III.4.2-98
Date:   11/9/79

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
 Point source  category:  Mineral mining and pro-      Engineering  estimate
                         cessing industry
 Subcategory:   Crushed  stone                         Bench  scale
 Plant:   1021                                         Pilot  scale
 References:   A18,  p.  236                            Full scale

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in  sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
               Pollutant/parameter     Influent   Effluent   removal

            Conventional  pollutants:
              TSS                       7,210        28         >99
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.


Date:   11/9/79                HI.4.2-99

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
 Point source  category:  Mineral mining and  pro-      Engineering  estimate
                         cessing industry
 Subcategory:   Crushed  stone                         Bench  scale
 Plant:  1039                                         Pilot  scale
 References:   A18,  p.  236                            Full scale

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration,  mg/L    Percent
               Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent    removal

            Conventional pollutants:
              TSS                      10,000       14        >99
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  11/9/79                III.4.2-100

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source category:  Mineral mining and
                        processing industry         Engineering estimate   	
 Subcategory:  Crushed stone                         Bench scale            	
 Plant:  1053                                        Pilot scale            '
 References:  A18, p. 236                            Full scale              x
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir  loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum  overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS                      21,800        56        >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not specified.


Date:  11/9/79               III.4.2-101

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                  Data source  status:
 Point source  category:  Mineral  mining and pro-      Engineering  estimate
                         cessing  industry
 Subcategory:   Construction sand  and gravel          Bench  scale
 Plant:   1083                                         Pilot  scale
 References:   A18,  p.  236                            Full scale
 Use in  system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge  underflow:
 Percent solids in  sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                                  REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration,a mg/L   Percent
               Pollutant/parameter    Influent    Effluent   removal

            Conventional  pollutants:
              TSS                      29,500        79        >99
             Average  of  two  sets  of data.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.


Date:   11/9/79               III.4.2-102

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Mineral mining and
                        processing industry
 Subcategory:  Construction sand and gravel
 Plant:   1129
 References:   A18, p. 236

 Use in  system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir  loading:
 Sludge  underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum  overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA
                 Data source status:

                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
            Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS                       4,660
                   44
99
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  11/9/79
III.4.2-103

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Mineral  mining  and
                        processing  industry
              Construction sand  and gravel
Subcategory:
Plant:  1391
References:
             A18,  p.  236
Use in system:   Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
Data source status:

  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
                                      Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS                       12,700
                                                    18
           >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/9/79
                                 III.4.2-104

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Mineral mining and
                         processing  industry
 Subcategory:   Dimension stone
 Plant:   3001
 References:   A18,  p.  236
 Use in  system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge  underflow:
 Percent solids  in  sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                   Data source status:

                     Engineering estimate
                     Bench scale
                     Pilot scale
                     Full  scale
           Sampling period;
                                 REMOVAL DATA
             Pollutant/parameter
      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
      Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS
         1,810
37
98
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/9/79
III.4.2-105

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:   Wet open combustion  basic
              oxygen furnace
Plant:  Furnace 033
References:  A34, pp.  83-90,  126

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment  of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Clarifier
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale

  Pilot scale
  Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TSS
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Bi-n-octyl phthalate
Phenol
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Influent

7,660

10
70
430
8,000
360
50
25,000
30
10
10
10
BDL
30
30
Effluent

10

10
20
60
920
2,000
30
320
120^
BDL
BDL
BDL
10
40
40
Percent
removal

99

0
71
86
89
oa
40
99
oa
VLOO
VLOO
VLOO
a
0
oa
oa

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
         Below detection limits.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/9/79
                               III.4.2-106

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:  Wet suppressed, basic oxygen
              furnace
Plant:  034
References:  A34, pp. 91-98, 127
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale

                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
Eaualization
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Clarifier
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration, yg/L
Pol lutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants:
Copper
Lead
Selenium
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Toluene
Fluoranthene
Chloroform
Influent

20
710
10
580,.,
BDL
10
BDL
BDL
Effluent

80
800
10
260
10
<10
10
20
Percent
removal

oa
oa
0
55
oa
>0
oa
oa

         Actual data indicate negative removal,
         Below detection limit.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.
Date:   11/9/79
     III.4.2-107

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:   Hot forming-section
Plant:  088
References:  A41, pp.  VII-3, VII-13-27,  VII-30

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment  of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:  55 L/s (874 gpm)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
         Data source  status:
           Engineering estimate
           Bench scale
           Pilot scale
           Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
   Concentration      Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS
          Oil and grease
     80
     68
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
         Not detected.
87
14
 0
79
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
2 , 4-Dinitrophenol
Benzene
Fluoranthene
Tetrachloroethylene

1,000
10
11
10
10
b
ND
ND
ND
ND
<10

vLOO
VlOO
VLOO
VlOO
>0

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

 Date:   11/9/79               III.4.2-108

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Iron  and steel
 Subcategory:   Hot  forming
 Plant:   1-2
 References:   A39,  pp.  VI-27,  VII-28

 Use  in  system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
 Unit configuration:   46,200 m3  (12.2 Mgal)  settling lagoon
 Wastewater  flow:   350 L/s  (5,560 gpm)
 Hydraulic detention  time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge  underflow:
 Percent solids  in  sludge:
 Scum overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
Sampling period:
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutant:
TSS
Oil and grease
Concentration, mg/L Percent
Influent Effluent removal
96 39 59
2.4 14 Oa

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/9/79
III.4.2-109

-------
                                                  Data source status:
                                                    Engineering estimate
                                                    Bench scale
                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:   Hot forming-section
Plant:  1-2
References:  A41, pp.VII-4,  VII-25

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:  46,200 m3 (12.2 Mgal)  Terminal settling lagoon
Wastewater flow: 350 L/s (5,560 gpm)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
                                         Concentration, mg/L   Percent
                                         Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants:
          TSS
          Oil and grease
                                            125
                                              1.4
39
14
69
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
Date:  11/9/79
                               III.4.2-110

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Iron  and steel
 Subcategory:   Hot  forming-section
 Plant:   O
 References:   A41,  pp. VII-5,  VII-35

 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Clarifier
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention  time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in  sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                   Data  source status:
                     Engineering estimate
                     Bench  scale
                     Pilot  scale
                     Full scale
         Sampling period;
                                REMOVAL DATA
             Pollutant/parameter
           Concentration, mg/L  Percent
          Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants:
          TSS
          Oil and grease
             11
              4.5
57
12.3
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/9/79
III.4.2-111

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:  Hot forming-section
Plant:  R
References:  A41, pp.  VII-5, VII-37

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Scale pit


DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Settling lagoon
Wastewater flow:  990 L/s (15,700 gpm)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate   	
                  Bench scale            	
                  Pilot scale            	
                  Full scale              x
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
        Concentration, mg/L   Percent
        Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants:
          TSS
          Oil and grease
          26.5
           0.6
20.5
 1.1
23
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/9/79
III.4.2-112

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Iron  and steel
 Subcategory:   Hot forming-primary
 Plant:   R
 References:   A42,  pp.  VII-4,  VII-31

 Use in  system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Settling lagoon
 Wastewater flow:   59.5 m3/min (15,700 gpm)
 Hydraulic detention  time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge  underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full  scale
         Sampling period:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
             Pollutant/parameter
         Concentration, mg/L   Percent
         Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutant:
          TSS
          Oil and grease
           81
             2.9
45
 5.3
44
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  11/9/79
III.4.2-113

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Iron and steel
 Subcategory:  Electric arc furnace
 Plant:  051
 References:  A40, pp. VII-3, VII-9, VII-23-31

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Clarifier
 Wastewater flow:  92.2 L/s  (1,525 gpm)
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
                                     REMOVAL DATA
                  Sampling period;
Pol lutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
4-Nitrophenol
Phenol
Benzene
Toluene
Chrysene
Chloroform
1 , 2-3>ans-dichloroethylene
Concentration, uq/L
Influent

650
1,200
1,800
3,700
1,300.
NDb
22,000
40
ND
60
160,000
ND
10
10
10
10
10
ND
ND
10
ND
10
Effluent

10
30
3,300
400
90
10
2,300
ND
180
ND
31,000
10
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
30
10
ND
10
ND
Percent
removal

98
98
oa
89
93
oa
90
1,100
oa
1,100
81
oa
1.100
1.100
1-100
1,100
1,100
oa
oa
1-100
oa
1-100
                   Actual data indicate negative removal.
                  b
                   Not detected.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.
Date:   11/9/79
III.4.2-114

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:   Iron  and steel
Subcategory:  Electric arc  furnace
Plant:   059 B
References:  A40, pp.  VI-14-22, VII-2, VII-6

Use  in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit  configuration:  Clarifier
Wastewater flow:  12.3 L/s  (196 gpm)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir  loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum  overflow:
       Data source status:
          Engineering estimate
          Bench scale
          Pilot scale
          Full scale
                                     REMOVAL DATA
                    plir
                      Pollutant/parameter
                                              Concentration
                                            Influent   Effluent"
                 Percent
                 removal
                  Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                   TSS
50,000
           119
                   Not detected.
                  bActual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks  indicate information was  not  specified.
                   >99
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Cyanide
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Phenol
Benzene
Toluene
Chloroform
1 , 1-Dichloroethane
1 , 1-Dichloroethylene
1 , 2-Ti'ane-dichloroethylene
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
•art
ju
220,000
18,000
28,000
1,600
45,000
770
24,000


ND
<10
10
10
ND
ND
ND
a
14,000
30
20
10
50
ND
60
ND
10

10
70

ND
<10
10
10
10
•\-100
94
>99
>99
99
>99
>99
Ob
nb
s»

A-100
>0b
0
>99
-D
0
Date:   11/9/79
                                  III.4.2-115

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:   Electric arc furnace
Plant:  AA
References:  A40,pp. VII-3, VII-7

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment  of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Two clarifiers in parallel
Wastewater flow:  10.7 L/s (170 gpm)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA
         Data source  status:
           Engineering  estimate
           Bench scale
           Pilot scale
           Full scale
        Sampling period;
                                            Concentration
                      Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                             2,160          23       99

        Other pollutants, yg/L:
          Fluoride                       15,000      12,000       20
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/9/79
                                  III.4.2-116

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

 Data  source:   Effluent  Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Iron and steel
 Subcategory:   Electric  arc  furnace
 Plant:   AB
 References:   A40, pp.VII-3, VII-8
 Use in  system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN  OR  OPERATING PARAMETERS
 Unit  configuration:  Two  2,180 m3 lagoons in parallel
 Wastewater  flow:   9.5-12.5 L/s  (150-200 gpm)
 Hydraulic detention time:  2 d
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir  loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent  solids in  sludge:
 Scum  overflow:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full  scale
        Sampling period;
                                REMOVAL DATA
             Pollutant/parameter
                                            Concentration
                              Percent
         Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                             42,800         23

        Other pollutants, pg/L:
          Fluoride                        11,000     12,000
                                 >99
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.
Date:   11/9/79
III.4.2-117

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Iron and steel
 Subcategory:  Continuous casting
 Plant:   B
 References:   A38, pp. VII-18, VII-6

 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN OR  OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:  Two lagoons in parallel
 Wastewater flow:  3.8 L/s
 Hydraulic  detention time:
 Hydraulic  loading:
 Weir  loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum  overflow:
                   Data source status:
                     Engineering estimate
                     Bench scale
                     Pilot scale
                     Full scale
         Sampling  period:
                                REMOVAL DATA
              Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
          Influent   Effluent   removal
         Conventional pollutants:
           TSS
           Oil  and  grease
           2,440
              44.8
113
 16.2
95
64
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/9/79
III.4.2-118

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:  Combination acid pickling-
              continous
Plant:  I
References:  A37, pp. VII-22, VII-27
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering  estimate
                         Bench scale

                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
Neutralization
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Two settling lagoons
Wastewater  flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent  solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
         Sampling period;

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Chromium (Dissolved)
Nickel
Other pollutants, ug/L:
Fluoride
Influent
8,500
11
260
91
500
Effluent
2,000
23
27
79
140
Percent
removal
76
oa
90
13
72

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/9/79
    III.4.2-119

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:  Cold rolling
Plant:  XX-2
References:  A36, pp.  VII-7, VII-19

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
Unit configuration:  72,800 m  (18 acre)  lagoon divided into two segments,
                     oil is skimmed from the top of the lagoon
Wastewater flow:  3,680 L/s (58,300 gpm)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration, mg/L   Percent
          Influent    Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants:
          TSS
          Oil and grease
             260
             619
30
 7
88
99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/9/79
III.4.2-120

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:  Bee-hive coke manufacturing
Plant:  E
References:  A35, pp. VII-24, VII-28-29

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
Unit configuration:  Two settling ponds in parallel
Wastewater flow:  0.022 m3/s (340 gpm)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TSS
Total phenol
Influent
165
00.011
Effluent
36
0.014
Percent
removal
78
oa
        Toxic pollutants,  yg/L:
          Cyanide
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.
Date:  11/9/79
                               III.4.2-121

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:  Scale removal-hydride
Plant:  139
References:  A45,  pp.  VII-22, VII-27
                                                  Data source status:
                                                    Engineering estimate
                                                    Bench scale
                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Alkaline chlorination,  acid neutralization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  37.8 m3 (10,000 gal)  settling tank
Wastewater flow:  8.14 m3/d (2,150 gpd)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
                                            Concentration
                                                               Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
                                         Influent   Effluent   removal
Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
  TSS
                                            388
                                                        2.0
>99
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Copper
Cyanide
2 , 4-Dichlorophenol
2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol
4, 6-Dinitro-o-cresol

700
520
BDLa
<10
ND
<10

760
300
27
11
11
910
h
0
4ob

0
0,
0

         Below detection limits, detected but not quantified with
         sufficient accuracy.
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
        'Not detected.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/9/79
                               III.4.2-122

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 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Iron and steel
 Subcategory:   Sintering
 Plant:   J
 References:   A46, pp. VII-10

 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:  50.5 L/s  (800 gpm)
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:  26 L/m2/min (0.64 gpm/ft2)
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                   Data source status:
                     Engineering estimate
                     Bench scale
                     Pilot scale
                     Full scale
         Sampling period;
                                 REMOVAL DATA
              Pollutant/parameter
             Concentration      Percent
          Influent   Effluent   removal
         Conventional pollutants, mg/1:
           TSS                             19,500
                       9.0
>99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/9/79
III.4.2-123

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
Point source category:  Porcelain enameling         Engineering  estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:                                              Pilot scale
References:  A51,  p.  206                            Full  scale

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	
                                     Concentration,  pg/L    Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent    removal

           Toxic pollutants:
             Arsenic                   3,000       50         98
             Cadmium                 440,000        8        >99
             Chromium                650,000      300        >99
             Copper                  200,000      500        >99
             Lead                      5,000      200         96
             Mercury                 130,000       20        >99
             Nickel                   39,000      170        >99
             Silver                   91,000      400        >99
             Zinc                     50,000      200        >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   11/9/79               III.4.2-124

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Porcelain enameling
Subcategory:
Plant:  47033
References:  A51, p. 154

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
                                            Concentration
                               Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
         Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
          TSS
             192
   90
53
        Toxic pollutants,  ug/L:
          Antimony
          Cadmium
          Chromium
          Copper
          Nickel
          Zinc
          31,000
             350
              28
             150
           1,000
           1,400
3,300
  120
   19
   31
  770
  230
89
66
32
79
23
84
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/9/79
III.4.2-125

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Leather tanning
Subcategory:
Plant:  Tannery No. 237
References:  A50,  p.  162
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Clarification
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Two circular clarifiers in series
Wastewater flow:  3,030 m3/day 0.8 mgd
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:  18.8 m3/day m2(460 gpd ft2)

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	
              Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
          Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                     2,100      1,150        45
             TSS                      3,120        945        70
             Oil and grease             490         57        90
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/9/79
     III.4.2-126

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Leather tanning
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  A50, p. 164
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
Carbonation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
4 hr
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
              Pol lutant/par ame ter
          Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
          Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                     2,170      1,240        43
             TSS                      1,770        731        59
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not specified.
 Date:   11/9/79
     III.4.2-127

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Coil coating
Subcategory:
Plant:  01057
References:  A49,  p.  196
Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
           Concentration      Percent
         Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
          TSS                               7.13       2.65      63
          Oil and grease                    3.81       3.63       5

        Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
          Zinc                               210         34      84
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/9/79
III.4.2-128

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Coil  coating
Subcategory:
Plant:  11055
References:  A49,  p. 196

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Influent

1,100
207

6
1,500
140
340,000
Effluent

31
6.4

15
110
120
500
Percent
removal

97
97
a
0
93
20
>99

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/9/79
                               III.4.2-129

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Coil coating
Subcategory:
Plant:  15436
References:  A49, p. 196

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
            Concentration      Percent
         Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
          TSS                               712        52         93
          Oil and grease                    172         2         99

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Copper                             14        17          Q£
          Lead                              150        40         73.
          Zinc                              120       210          0*
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/9/79
III.4.2-130

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 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Coil Coating
 Subcategory:
 Plant:  36058
 References:  A49, p. 196
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir  loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:
 Scum  overflow:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
                                            Concentration
                               Percent
         Influent    Effluent    removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                               253

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Copper                            105
          Zinc                            7,600
                       124
                        15
                       720
51
86
91
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.
 Date:   11/9/79
III.4.2-131

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III.4.3  CLARIFICATION/SEDIMENTION USING CHEMICAL ADDITION  [1]

III4.3.1  Function

Clarification/sedimentation using chemical addition is utilized
to remove collodial solids, phosphate removal coagulant, filter
aid, and sludge conditioning aid.

III.4.3.2  Descriptions and Common Modifications

     Lime Addition (Primary).  Lime clarification of raw waste-
water removes suspended solids as well as phosphates.  There are
two basic processes:   the low-lime system and the high-lime
system.  The low-lime process consists of the addition of lime
to obtain a pH of approximately 9 to 10.  Generally, a subsequent
biological treatment system is capable of readjusting the pH
through natural recarbonation.  The high-lime process consists
of the addition of lime to obtain a pH of approximately 11 or
more.  In this case,  the pH generally requires readjusting with
carbon dioxide or acid to be acceptable to the secondary treatment
system.

Lime can be purchased in many forms; quicklime (CaO) and hydrated
lime  [Ca(OH)2] are the most prevalent forms.  In either case,
lime is usually purchased in the dry state, in bags, or in bulk.
Bulk lime can be  (1)  shipped by trucks that are generally equipped
with pneumatic unloading equipment; or  (2) shipped by rail cars
that consist of covered hoppers.  The rail cars are emptied by
opening a discharge gate, which discharges to a screw conveyor.
The bulk lime is then transferred by the screw conveyor to a
bucket elevator, which empties into the elevated storage tank.
Bulk storage usually consists of steel or concrete bins.  Storage
vessels should be water- and air-tight to prevent the lime from
"slaking".

Lime is generally made into a wet suspension or slurry before
introduced into the treatment system.  The precise steps involved
in converting from the dry to the wet stage will vary according
to the size of operation and type and form of limes used.  In
the smallest plants,  bagged hydrated lime is often charged manual-
ly into a batch mixing tank with the resulting "milk-of-lime"  (or
slurry) being fed by means of a so-called solution feeder to the
process.  Where bulk hydrate is used, some type of dry feeder
charges the lime continuously to either a batch or continuous
mixer, then, by means of solution feeder, to the point of applica-
tion.  With bulk quicklime, a dry feeder is also used to feed a
slaking device, where the oxides are converted to hydroxides,
producing a paste or slurry.  The slurry is then further diluted
to milk-of-lime before being piped by gravity or pumped to the
process.  Dry feeders can be of the volumetric or gravimetric
type.
Date:  6/26/79                III. 4.3-1

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     Lime Addition (Two-Stage Tertiary).   Lime treatment of
secondary effluent for the removal of phosphorus and suspended
solids is essentially the same process as high-lime clarification
of raw wastewater.  Calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide
precipitate at high pH along with phosphorus hydroxyapatite and
other suspended solids.  In the two-stage system, the first-stage
precipitation generally is controlled around a pH of 11, which
is approximately one pH unit higher than that used in the single-
stage process.  After precipitation and clarification in the
first stage, the wastewater is recarbonated with carbon dioxide,
forming a calcium carbonate precipitate,  which is removed in the
second clarification stage.

Lime is generally added to a separate rapid-mixing tank or to the
mixing zone of a solids-contact or sludge-blanket clarifier.
After mixing, the wastewater is flocculated to allow for the
particles to increase in size to aid in clarification.  The
clarified wastewater is recarbonated in a separate tank following
the first clarifier, after which it is re-clarified in a second
clarifier.  Final pH adjustment may be required to meet allowable
discharge limits.

Treatment systems consist of  (1) separate units for flashing mix-
ing, flocculation, and clarification; or  (2) specially designed
solids contact or sludge-blanket units, which contain flash mix,
flocculation, and clarification zones in one unit.  The calcium
carbonate sludge formed in the second stage can be recalcined.
Final effluent can be neutralized with sulfuric acid, as well as
other acids.

     Alum Addition.  Alum or filter alum  [A12(SO**)3*14H20] is a
coagulant which, when added to wastewater, reacts with available
alkalinity  (carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide) and phosphate
to form insoluble aluminum salts.  The combination of alum with
alkalinity or phosphate are competing reactions that are pH
dependent.  Alum is an off-white crystal which when dissolved in
water produces acidic conditions.  As a solid, alum may be supplied
in lumps, or in ground, rice, or powdered form.  Shipments may be
in small bags  (100 Ib), in drums or in bulk quantities  (over
40,000 Ib).  In liquid form, alum is commonly supplied as a 50
percent solution delivered in minimum loads of 4,000 gallons.  The
choice between liquid or dry alum use is dependent on factors
such as availability of storage space, method of feeding, and
economics.  In general, purchase of liquid alum is justified only
when the supplier is close enough to make differences in transport-
ation costs negligible.  Dry alum is stored in mild steel or
concrete bins with appropriate dust collection equipment.  Because
dry alum is slightly hydroscopic, provisions are made to avoid
moisture, which could cause caking and corrosive conditions.
Before addition to wastewater, dry alum must be dissolved, forming
a concentrated solution.  Bulk-stored or hopper-filled alum is
transported to a  feeder mechanism by bucket elevator, screw


 Date:  6/26/79                III. 4. 3-2

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conveyor or a pneumatic device.  Three basic types of feeders are
in common use:  volumetric, belt gravimetric, and loss-in-weight
gravimetric.  The feeder supplies a controlled quantity of dry
alum (accuracy ranges from about 1% to 7%) to a mixed dissolver
vessel.  Because alum solubility is temperature dependent, the
quantity supplied depends on the concentrate strength desired
and the temperature.  Because alum solution is corrosive, the
dissolving chamber as well as the fallowing storage tanks, pumps,
piping and surfaces that may come in contact with the solution or
generated fumes must be constructed of resistant materials such
as type 316 stainless steel, fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP),
or plastics.  Rubber or saran-lined pipes are commonly used.
Liquid alum, which crystallizes at about 30°F and freezes at about
18°F, is stored and shipped in insulated type 316 stainless steel
or rubber-lined vessels.  Feeding of liquid alum (purchased or
made up on site) to wastewater treatment unit processes may be
accomplished by gravity, pumping, or using a Rotodip feeder.
Diaphragm pumps and valves are common.

     Ferric Chloride Addition.  Ferric chloride (FeCla) is a
chemical coagulant which, when added to wastewater, reacts with
alkalinity and phosphates, forming insoluble iron salts.  The
colloidal particle size of insoluble ferric phosphate is small,
requiring excess dosages of ferric chloride to produce a well
flocculated iron hydroxide precipitate, which carries the phosphate
precipitate.  Large excesses of ferric chloride, and corresponding
quantities of alkalinity, are required to assure phosphate removal.
Exact ferric chloride dosages are usually best determined using
jar tests and full-scale evaluations.  Ferric chloride is available
in either dry (hydrated or anhydrous) or liquid form.  Liquid
ferric chloride is a dark brown oil-appearing solution supplied
in concentrations ranging between 35 and 45 percent ferric
chloride.  Because higher concentrations of ferric chloride have
higher freezing points, lower concentrations are supplied during
winter.  Liquid ferric chloride is shipped in 3,000- to 4,000-
gallon bulk truckload lots, in 4,000- to 10,000-gallon carloads,
and in 5- to 13-gallon carboys.  Ferric chloride solution stains
surfaces which it contacts and is highly corrosive (a one percent
solution has a pH of 2.0); consequently, it must be stored and
handled with care.  Storage tanks are equipped with vents and
vacuum relief valves.  Tanks are constructed of fiberglass rein-
forced plastic,  rubber-lined steel and plastic-lined steel.
Because of freezing potential, ferric chloride solutions are
either stored in heated areas or in heated and insulated vessels
in northern climates.  Ferric chloride solution should not be
diluted because of possible unwanted hydrolysis.  Consequently,
feeding at the concentration of the delivered product is common.
The stored solution is transferred to a day tank using graphite
or rubber-lined self-priming centrifugal pumps with corrosion
resistant Teflon seals.  From the day tank, controlled quantities
are fed to the unit process using Rotodip feeders or diaphragm
metering pumps.   Rotometers are not used for ferric chloride flow
Date:  6/26/79                111. 4. 3-3

-------
measurement because the material tends to deposit on and stain
the glass tubes.  All pipes, valves, or surfaces that come in
contact with ferric chloride must be made of corrosion resistant
materials such as rubber or Saran lining, Teflon, or vinyl.
Similar treatment results are obtainable by substituting ferrous
chloride, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, or spent pickle liquor
for ferric chloride.  Details of storage feeding and control for
these materials are similar to those for ferric chloride.  Dry
ferric chloride may also be dissolved on site before use in
treatment.

     Polymer Addition.  Polymers or polyelectrolytes are high-
molecular-weight compounds  (usually synthetic) which, when added
to wastewater, can be used as coagulants, coagulant aids, filter
aids, or sludge conditioners.  In solution, polymers may carry
either a positive, negative, or neutral charge and, as such, they
are characterized as cationic, anionic, or nonionic.  As a
coagulant or coagulant aid, polymers act as bridges, reducing
charge repulsion between colloidal and dispersed floe particles,
and increasing settling velocities.  As a filter aid, polymers
strengthen fragile floe particles, controlling filter penetration
and reducing particle breakthrough.  Filterability and dewatering
characteristics of sludges may similarly be improved through the
use of polyelectrolytes.  Polymers are available in predissolved
liquid or dry form.  Dry polymers are supplied in relatively small
quantities (up to about 100-lb bags or barrels)  and must be
dissolved on site prior to use.  A stock solutions, usually about
0.2 to 2.0 percent concentration, is made up for subsequent feed-
ing to the treatment process.  Preparation involves automatic or
batch wetting, mixing, and aging.  Stock polymer solutions may
be very viscous.  Surfaces coming in contact with the polymer
stock solution should be constructed of resistant materials such
as type 316 stainless steel, fiberglass reinforced plastic, or
other plastic lining materials.  Polymers may be supplied as a
prepared stock solution ready for feeding to the treatment pro-
cess.  Many competing polymer formulations with differing charac-
teristics are available, requiring somewhat differing handling
procedures.   Manufacturers should be consulted for optimum
practices.  Polymer stock solutions are generally fed to unit
processes using equipment similar to that commonly in service for
dissolved coagulant addition.  Because of the high viscosity of
stock solutions, special attention should be paid to the diameter
and slopes of pipes, as well as the size of orifices used in the
feed systems.

III.4.3.3  Technology Status

     Lime Addition (Primary).  Lime addition is an established
practice.

     Lime Addition (Two-Stage Tertiary).  These systems have been
used for water softening for many decades;  however, their use for


Date:  6/26/79                m. 4. 3-4

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phosphorus removal has been prominant only since the mid-1960's.
There are presently many large-scale systems in operation.

     Alum Addition.  Alum addition has been used for decades for
coagulation and turbidity reduction in water treatment.  Its
application to wastewater treatment is more recent, and the
technology is well demonstrated.

     Ferric Chloride Addition.  Ferric chloride is commonly used
in water treatment as a coagulant for turbidity reduction.  Its
use in wastewater treatment is more recent and well demonstrated.

     Polymer Addition.  Polymer or polyelectrolyte usage in waste-
water and water treatment has gained widespread acceptance.  The
technology for its use is well demonstreated and common throughout
the wastewater and water treatment fields.

III.4.3.4  Applications

     Lime Addition (Primary).  When added to a primary clarifier,
used for improved removal of suspended solids and the removal
of phosphates  (this process is primarily used to remove phos-
phates) ; will also remove toxic metals.

     Lime Addition (Two-Stage Tertiary).  Used for the removal of
phosphorus from wastewater; will also remove some BOD5 and suspend-
ed solids as well as hardness present in wastewater; will also
remove metals.

     Alum Addition.  Used in wastewater treatment  (sometimes in
conjunction with polymers) for suspended solids and/or phosphorus
removal; alum coagulation may be incorporated into independent
physical-chemical treatment, tertiary treatment schemes, or as
an add-on to existing treatment processes; in independent
physical-chemical treatment (or tertiary treatment), alum is
added directly to wastewater, which is intensely mixed, flocculated
and settled; solids contact clarifiers may be used; in existing
wastewater treatment process, alum may be added directly to
primary clarifiers, secondary clarifiers, or aeration vessels to
improve performance; should not be dosed directly to trickling
filters because of possible deposition of chemical precipitates
on filter media; has also been used as a filter aid in tertiary
filtration processes and has been used to upgrade stabilization
pond effluent quality.

     Ferric Chloride Addition.  Used  (sometimes with polymer
addition) in wastewater treatment for suspended solids removal
and/or phosphate removal; FeCla coagulation may be incorporated
into independent physical-chemical treatment and tertiary treat-
ment schemes; in these applications, solids contact clarifiers
or separate flocculation vessels are used for treatment of either
raw wastewater or secondary effluent; coagulation may also be


Date:  6/26/79                III. 4. 3-5

-------
applied to existing treatment systems; addition of ferric chloride
before primary and secondary clarifiers has been practice in both
activated sludge and trickling filter plants.

     Polymer Addition.  Utilized in various applications in waste-
water treatment ranging from flocculation of suspended or colloidal
materials either alone or in conjunction with other coagulants
such as lime, alum, or ferric chloride, to use as filter aid
or sludge conditioner; polyelectrolytes may be added alone or with
other coagulants to raw wastewater prior to primary treatment to
effect or aid in suspended solids and BODs removal; similarly,
polymers may be used to aid coagulation or as primary coagulant
in treatment of secondary effluent; as filter aid, polyelectrolytes
effectively strengthen fragile chemical floes, facilitating more
efficient filter operations.

III.4.3.5  Limitations

     Lime Addition (Primary).  Will generate additional amounts
of sludge, over and above that generated by normal primary
clarification process (approximately twice the volume for low-lime
system and five to six times for high-lime system); lime feed
systems can require intensive operator attention; even low-lime
system could present biological problems to fixed-growth systems
with no pH adjustment; increases operator safety needs.

     Lime Addition (Two-Stage Tertiary).  Will generate relatively
large amounts of chemical sludge; high operator skill required;
in some cases, polymer or coagulant is required to assist second-
stage clarification.

     Alum Addition.  Alum solution is corrosive; appropriate
dosages are not stoichoimetric and must be frequently reconfirmed;
alkalinity required for proper coagulation, and, where inadequate,
supplemental alkalinity must be provided (usually by lime addi-
tion) ; alum sludge is voluminous and difficult to dewater.

     Ferric Chloride Addition.  Ferric chloride is extremely
corrosive material and must be stored and transported in special
corrosion resistant equipment; dosages are not stoichiometric
and must be frequently rechecked using jar tests; ferric chloride
coagulation requires a source of alkalinity, and, in soft waste-
waters, the pH of clarified effluent might be decreased to a
point requiring pH adjustment by addition of supplemental base
such as lime or caustic soda; iron concentrations in plant
effluents may become unacceptably high.

     Polymer Addition.  Frequent jar tests are necessary to assure
proper dosages; overdosages  (1.0 to 2.0 mg/L) can sometimes work
against the treatment process.
      6/26/79                III. 4. 3-6

-------
III.4.3.6  Chemicals Required

     Lime Addition  (Primary) .  Lime  [CaO or Ca(OH)2]; CO2 or H2SO<4.
for high-lime.

     Lime Addition  (Two-Stage Tertiary).  Lime  (CaO), CO2 or H2S04,
sometimes polymer or coagulant.

     Alum Addition.  Amount  of alum  required depends on multiple
factors such as alkalinity and pH of wastewater, phosphate level,
and point of injection; accurate dosages should be determined
using jar tests and confirmed by field  trials.

     Ferric Chloride Addition.  Amount  of ferric chloride required
depends on variable factors  including pH and alkalinity of the
wastewater, phosphate level, point of injection, and mixing modes;
accurate doses should be determined using jar tests and confirmed
by field evaluations; base addition may be required when treating
soft wastewaters.

     Polymer Addition.  Accurate dosages should be determined
by bench-scale evaluation.

III.4.3.7  Residuals Generated

     Lime Addition  (Primary).  Sludge  (containing 1 to 1.5 pounds
of dry solids per pound of lime added)  plus the usual amount of
solids produced in the primary settling process.

     Lime Addition  (Two-Stage Tertiary).  In first stage:  sludge
containing hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide,
and organic solids  (1 to 1.5 pounds  of  dry solids per pound of
lime added); in second stage:  sludge may contain calcium car-
bonate, aluminum, or ferric  hydroxide,  depending upon the coagul-
ant used; quantities generated are 2.27 pounds CaCO3 per pound
of CO2, 4 pounds per pound of Al in  alum or 2.5 pounds per pound
of Fe in ferric chloride.

     Alum Addition.  Alum sludges are substantially different in
character from biological sludges (volumes are greater and de-
watering is more difficult); alum sludge also has tendency to
induce undesirable stratification in anaerobic digesters.

     Ferric Chloride Addition.  Used in standard biological
processes, ferric chloride addition will increase volume of sludge
generated; iron coagulants produce sludges that are significantly
different from biological sludges, especially in terms of dewater-
ing characteristics.

     Polymer Addition.  Sludges generated in conjunction with
polymer addition will be somewhat different from, but not
Date:  6/26/79                III. 4. 3-7

-------
necessarily more difficult to handle than biological sludges or
chemical sludges generated without polymers.

III.4.3.8  Reliability

     Lime Addition (Primary).  Process highly reliable from
process standpoint, however, increased operator attention and
cleaning requirements are necessary to maintain mechanical reli-
ability of lime feed system.

     Lime Addition (Two-Stage Tertiary).  Systems are reliable
from unit and process standpoint with skilled operator attention.

     Alum Addition.  Reduces phosphate and suspended solids to
low levels, although effluent quality may vary unless filtration
follows clarification step.

     Ferric Chloride Addition.  Reduces phosphate and suspended
solids to low levels, although effluent quality may vary unless
filtration follows clarification step.

     Polymer Addition.  With proper control, capable of producing
consistently high quality effluents.

III.4.3.9  Environmental Impact

     Lime Addition (Primary).  Will generate relatively large
amounts of inorganic sludge that will need disposal.

     Lime Addition (Two-Stage Tertiary).  Will generate relatively
large amounts of inorganic sludge that will need disposal.

     Alum Addition.  Will generate relatively large amounts of
inorganic sludge that will need disposal.

     Ferric Chloride Addition.  Will generate relatively large
amounts of inorganic sludge that will need disposal.

     Polymer Addition.  May improve sludge dewaterability; operator
safety should be carefully considered.

III.4.3.10  Design Criteria

     Lime Addition (Primary)

 Feed  water alkalinity,                   Approximate lime dose,
    mg/L (as CaC03)	   Clarifier pH       mg/L (as CaO)	

          300                  9.5                 185
          300                 10.5                 270
          400                  9.5                 230
          400                 10.5                 380

Date:  6/26/79
                            III.4.3-8

-------
     Lime Addition  (Two-Stage Tertiary).
1,200 to 1,400 gpd/ft2
      Secondary effluent
         alkalinity,
       mg/L (as CaC03)

             300
             400

      Carbon dioxide
Clarifier pH

    11.0
    11.0
               Clarifier settling  rate:
Approximate lime
     dose,
 mg/L (as CaO)

   400 - 450
   450 - 500
        Feed tank - 5 to 15 minutes
        Feed rate - 1.2 mg/L per mg/L of Ca  to  be  precipitated.

     Alum Addition.  Dosage determined by  jar testing,  generally
in the range of 5-20 mg/L as Al; in mixing,  G = (approximately)
300/s, t is less than or equal to 30 s; in flocculation;  GT =
(approximately) 100; in sedimentation; overflow rate  =  500 to 600
gpd/ft2 (average), 800 to 900 gpd/ft2  (peak).

     Ferric Chloride Addition.  Dosage determined  by  jar  testing;
dosages of 20 to 100 mg FeCla/L are common;  in  mixing,  G  =
(approximately 300/s; t is less than or equal to 30 s.

     Polymer Addition.  Dosage determined  by jar testing;  materials
contacting polymer solutions should be Type  316 stainless steel,
FRP, or plastic; storage place must be cool  and dry;  storage
periods should be minimized; viscosity considerations must be made
in feeding system design.

III.4.3.11  Flow Diagrams

     Lime Addition  (Primary Treatment).
                                   PRIMARY
                                   CLARIFIER
                         TO SECONDARY
                           TREATMENT
              MIXER
LIME
FEED


LIME
STORAGE
 Date:  6/26/79
  III.4.3-9

-------
      Lime  Addition  (Two-Stage  Tertiary).
WASTEWATER
FEED

RAPID MIX
1
SLAKER
-~

FLOCCULATOR


c

SETTLER
nmr.r





RECARBONATOR
CARBON
JIOXIDE



SETTLER

TREATED WATER

SLUDGE
                LIME
                                         SLUDGE TO RECALCINATOR
                                             OR DISPOSAL
      Alum Addition.
      Ferric Chloride Addition.
        RUBBER-LINED, SELF-PRIMING
           CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
           WITH TEFLON SEALS
FERRIC
CHLORIDE
SOLUTION
STORAGE .
^~

CP^

DAY TANK
                                              DIAPHRAGM
                                             METERING PUMP
                                                           POINT OF
                                                          APPLICATION
Date:  6/26/79
                                III.4.3-10

-------
     Polymer Addition.
III.4.3.12  Performance

Subsequent data sheets provide performance data from studies on
the following industries and/or wastestreams:

     Auto and other laundries industry
       Power laundries

     Canned food processing
       Soup and juices

     Coil coating

     Foundry industry
       Aluminum foundries - die casting

     Inorganic chemicals production
       Hydrofluoric acid

     Iron and steel industry
       Alkaline cleaning
       Combination acid pickling - batch
       Hot forming - galvanizing
       Pipe and tube - welded

     Leather tanning and finishing
       Chrome tanning

     Mineral mining and processing
       Dimension stone

     Nonferrous metals industry
       Columbium/tantalum raw waste stream
       Tungsten raw waste stream
                            III.4.3-11

-------
     Ore mining and dressing
       Base metal mining
       Copper mining/milling/smelting
       Lead/zinc mining/milling/smelting/refining
       Uranium mining/milling

     Paint manufacturing

     Pulp, paper, and paperboard production
       Groundwood chemical/mechanical processing

     Steam electric power generation
      Ash sluicing

     Textile milling
       Knit fabric finishing
       Wool finishing
       Woven fabric finishing

     Timber product processing
       Plywood, hardwood, and wood processing

     Wine making

References

1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual,
    EPA-430/9-78-009 (draft), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
    Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.   252 pp.
                           III.4.3-11.1

-------
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CONTROL TECHNOLOGY  SUMMARY  FOR SEDIMENTATION WITH  CHEMICAL ADDITION  (LIME)
H

H

H
•

J*
•


 I
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants,
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Asbestos
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
2 , 6-Dinitrotoluene
Toluene
Benz (a) anthracene
Benzo (a) pyrene
Chrysene
Pyrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Other pollutants, yg/L:
Chromium (dissolved)
Nickel (dissolved)
Fluoride
Chloride
Aluminum
Iron
Calcium
Manganese
Number of
data points
mg/L:
3
6
3
12
2
2
7
11
1
2
9
10
16
1
13
9
13
5
6
3
15
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
Effluent concentration
Minimum

476
8
9
4
1
0.012
1.9
<1
6.1 x 10°
0.8
0.2
<2
7
45
<3
<0.2
2.2
2.3
0.4
<1
h
<10b
10.
<10b
67
67
51
40
20
250
19 x 106
20
30
230,000
20
Maximum

823
5,230
<20
497
4
0.33
180
110
6.1 x 10«
0.9
30
3,000
120
45
190
8
6,000
87
<10
8
8,200b
<10
10.
<10b
67
67
51
40
20
12,000
19 x 10s
50
200
230,000
20
Median

619
45
12
23 .
2.5
0.17
4
3
6.1 x 106
0.85
3
21
54
45
37
0.7
10
8
2.6
1.1
60
<10D
10h
<10b
67
67
51
40
20
6,100
19 x 10«
35
115
230,000
20
Mean

640
900
14
120
2.5
0.17
30
<16
6.1 x 10s
0.85
<9
340
52
45
51
1.4
540
38
<4
3.4
640
<10
10.
<10b
67
67
51
40
20
6,100
19 x 10«
35
115
230,000
20
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

50
oa
>5a
oa
66
11
°a
Oa
95
°a
0
Oa
29
a
Oa
0
°a
0
11
0
>79
0
0
>92a
°
>99
>99
45
26
83
96
57
99
Max imum

57
84
37
99
82
33
83
>99
95
76
99
97
>99
0
99
>96
"a
0
>80
>88
>99
>79
0
>9oa
0
>9oa
0
>99
>99
98
26
97
>99
57
99
Median

52
32
18
71
74
22
40
>70
95
38
>38
62
87
0
"a
0
43
0
10
58
85
^"a
0
>9oa
0
>92a
°
>99
>99
72
26
90
>98
57
99
Mean

53
34
>20
57
74
22
38
60
95
38
» 66
49
75
0
60
35
40
0
24
>52
77
>7'a
0
>9oa
u
oa
0
>99
>99
72
26
90
>98
57
99

        aActual data indicate negative removal.

        bReported as not detected; assumed to be <10 ug/L.

-------
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CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY  FOR SEDIMENTATION WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION

                            (LIME, POLYMER)
H
Number ol
Pollutants data point
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Arsenic .
Asbestos
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium*6
Chromium (dissolved)
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Nickel (dissolved)
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
2-Chlorophenol
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
4-Nitrophenol
Phenol
p-Chloro-m-cresol
4 , 6-Dinitro-o-cresol
Benzene
Toluene
Acenaphthylene
Antracene/phenanthrene
Benz (a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene

1
1
9
6

2
1
4
5
2
1
10
3
8
1
4
1
3
1
11
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

:s Minimum

2
7
4
0.3

10
8.2 x 10«
10
30
5
1,300
15
2
<20
0.1
45
2,500
10
90
25
12
<10C
1_
<10d
<5c
<10C
99
22
Oa
Oa

oa
>99
Oa
65
Oa
99
48
54
24
oa
76
"»
oa
oa
oa
Oa
>99
99
>99
>0
>76
>9
Oa
44
Oa
oa
oa
Oa
>0
>81a
oa
Maximum

>99
22
99
94

75
>99
93
99
82
99
>99
89
98
oa
96
"»
Oa
Oa
>99
99
>99
99
>99
>0
>76
>9
>37
44
oa
Oa
oa
Oa
>0
>81a
oa
Median

>99
22
96
84

37
>99
8
89
41
99
95
65
>73
oa
86
99,
oa
Oa
99
49
>99
99
>99
>0
>76
>9
18
44
Oa
Oa
Oa
Oa
>0
>81a
oa
Mean

>99
22
72
67

37
>99
27
86
41
99
87
69
>72
oa
86
99,
Oa
Oa
84
49
>99
99
>99
>0
>76
>9
18
44
Oa
oa
oa
oa
>0
>81
Oa
                                                                                   (continued)

-------
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 I
          CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION  WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION

                                    (LIME,  POLYMER)  (cont'd)
Pollutants
Toxic pollutants (continued)
Chrysens
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Naphthalene
Pyrene
2-Chloronaphthalene
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Other pollutants, pg/L:
Fluoride
Number of
data points

1
1
2
2
2
1
3
2
1
1

1
Effluent concentration
Minimum

10
<10C
5
3.
<10C
5
7
13
<10C
51

130,000
Maximum

10
<10C
<10C
ioc
<10C
5
10
39c
<10C
51

130,000
Median

10
<10C
<7.5
6'5c
<10C
5
10
26c
<10C
51

130,000
Mean

10
<10C
<7.5
6'5c
<10C
5
<9
26c
<10C
51

130,000
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

99
>97
Oa
Oa
>52a
°a
oa
Oa
>0a
oa

92
Maximum

99
>97
>99
98
>87a
oa
>78
0
>0a
Oa

92
Median

99
>97
50
49
>70
Oa
0
0
>0a
Oa

92
Mean

99
>97
50
49
>70
oa
26
0
>0a
Oa

92
 Actual data indicate negative removal.


 Units given in fibexs/L.


GReported as not detected; assumed to be <10 ug/L.


dReported as not detected; assumed to be less than the corresponding influent concentration.

-------
ti-
ro
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION WITH CHEMICAL  ADDITION  (ALUM)
U)
H
I

I-1
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorous
Toxic pollutants, Mg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Phenol
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Nitrobenzene
Toluene
1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Chlorodibromome thane
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Number of
data points

5
5
4
6
1
4
2

2
2
1
2
4
4
3
2
3
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
Effluent concentration
Minimum

3.6
212
72
28
11
0.016
2.3

23
<1
2.2
2.9
17.
<10b
23
1.7
10
7
110
33
0.6
<0.07,
<10b
1.3
35
1
150
0.1
<0.3
22
17h
<10b
45
190
Maximum

2,900
25,000
1,500
122
11
225
43

120
62
2.2
<15
280
<110
66
<150
57
170
9,000
44
<10b
<10b
13
4,600
35
2,500
150
0.1
<0.3
22
17
70
45
190
Median

33
416
89
51
11
0.06
23

72
<32
2.2
<9
41
14
30
<76
<40
120
2,950
39
<5
<5
<12
2,300
35
14
150
0.1
<0.3
22
17
<40
45
190
Mean

1,040
5,900
440
58
11
56
23

72
<32
2.2
<9
95
<37
120
<76
<36
120
3,800
39
<5
<5
<12
2,300
35
1,260
150
0.1
<0.3
22
17
<40
45
190
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

Oa
4
5a
Oa
99
Oa
12

°a
oa
°a
oa
oa
30a
Oa
6
oa
Oa
51
°a
Oa
>82
03
Oa
68
Oa
90a
Oa
>50a
°a
Oa
56a
0
10
Maximum

82
78
80
99
99
31
15

Oa
>37
Oa
88
98
81
18
>62
>56
10
85*
°a
oa
>90
>50
Oa
68
93
90a
oa
>50
0^
oa
>99
0
10
Median

61
10
63
84
99
19
14

Oa
19=
Oa
44
45
>73
0
>34
25
5
70
°a
Oa
>86
25
Oa
68
55
90a
0
>50a
°a
0
>78a
0
10
Mean

47
31
53
72
99
17
14

oa
19=
Oa
44
70
>64
6
>34
>27
5
70
°a
Oa
>86
25
Oa
68
49
90a
0
>50a
°a
Oa
>7n*
0
10
        Actual data indicates negative removal.


        Reported as not detected; assumed to be <10

-------
ft
(D
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\
vo
          CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION  WITH  CHEMICAL ADDITION (ALUM, LIME)
 OJ
 I
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODS
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorous
Toxic pollutants, Mg/L:
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Benzene
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
1,2, 4-Tr ichlorobenzene
Naphthalene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
Methylene chloride
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
4,4' -DDT
Heptachlor
Number of
data points
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Effluent concentration
Minimum
32
212
72
28
0.047
<0.070
62
31
13
<4
<200
2
1,100
44,
<10b
3
46
<0.05
<0.2
14
150
16,
<10b
74
400
2,000
35
13


Maximum
3,900
7,970
2,300
480
1.3
<0.070
62
31
60
30
<200
2
5,700
44,
<10b
47
46
<0.05
22
72
150
16.
<10b
74
400
2,000
35
13
i"

Median
1,970
4,090
1,190
254
0.67
<0.070
62
31
36
<200
2
3,400
44
<10b
25
46
<0.05
11
43
150
16.
<10b
74
400
2,000
35
13


Mean
1,970
4,090
1,190
254
0.67
<0.070
62
31
36
<200
2
3,400
44
98
Oa
>75
oa
72
35
>60
50
71
>83
11
0
>99
Oa
50
>99
>96
55
91
70
59
13
30
95
>52
>29

Maximum
82
9r
82
97
>98
22
>75
oa
72
88
80
50
71
>83
Aa
0
>99
96
50
>99
98
96
91
70
59
13
30
95
>52
>29

Median
41
86
80
93
>98
11
>75
Oa
72
62
>70
50
71
>83
55
0
>99
48
50
>99
>97
76
91
70
59
13
30
95
>52
>29

Mean
41
86
80
93
>98
11
>75
oa
72
62
>70
50
71
>83
55a
>99
48
50
>99
>97
76
91
70
59
13
30
95
>52
>29

- 	 — 	 — 	
        aActual data indicate negative removal.
        bReported as not detected;  assumed to be ^10 yg/L.

-------
D
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Ul
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vo
CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY  FOR  SEDIMENTATION WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION  (ALUM,  POLYMER)
H
CJ
I
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorous
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Zinc
Bis ( 2-ethy Ihexyl ) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1-Dichloroethylene
1 , 2-Trans-dichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
1,1, 2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Number of
data points
.
10
6
5
9
4
5
1

1
1
2
4
4
1
4
3
3
1
4
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
4
1
5
2
1
1
5
3
2
1
1
Effluent concentration
Minimum

4.4
125
21.5
11.2
4
0.028
1.6

29
12
30
30
16
74
73
30
<50
11
220
67
36
7
5
<0.4
2,
96
0
Oa
70
Oa
94
0
oa
>98
28a
°a
°a
Oa
Oa
0
Max imum

79
80
71
99
99
60
77

Oa
29
61
95

oa
>96
88
>97
21
83
78
54
>99
92
>96
0
>97
>94
73
94
>94
>60
>98
28
98
>44
93
Oa
0
Median

37
59
47
66
80
26
77

Oa
29
42
90

oa
56
74
9
21
70
78
54
>78
92
>96
0
49
75
0
94
oa
30
>98
28
90a
Oa
46
Oa
0
Mean

37
67
50
58
77
30
77

Oa
29
42
69

Oa
>74
71
35
21
69
78
54
>78
92
>96
0
49
>80
18
94
27
30
>98
28
56
15
46
Oa
0
      aActual data indicates  negative removal.

       Reported as not detected; assumed to be <10  Mg/L.

      CReported as below detectable limits; assumed to be <10 ug/L.

-------
D
0)
rt
           CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY  FOR SEDIMENTATION WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION  (FeCl3)
VD
M
U)
I
00
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants
BOD 5
TSS
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Pollutant
Toxic pollutants
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Number of
data points

1
2
Effluent concentration, mg/L
Minimum

325
34
Maximum

325
58
SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION
Number of
data points

4
4
2
4
4
6
3
2
5
2
6
2
6
Effluent
Minimum

3.5
<1
<0.5
<0.5
<2
4
<3
<0.2
<0.5
7
0.4
<1
<2
Median

325
46
WITH
Mean

325
46
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

85
99
Maximum

85
99
CHEMICAL ADDITION (Fe
concentration, ug/L
Maximum

30
3
<0.5
3.2
4
48
<3
0.2
6
32
10
7
36
Median

9
<2
<0.5
1
2.5
20
<3
<0.2
3
20
1
<4
4
Mean

13
<2
<0.5
6
<3.3
21
<3
<0.2
3
20
3
<4
12
Median

85
99
Mean

85
99
2+, LIME)
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

Oa
25
80
Oa
33
31
>0
0
0
12
oa
22
14
Maximum

30
>99
>85
>50
>95
92
>96
>60
>95
24
93
>88
>97
Median

oa
>77
>82
24
45
83
>25
>30
20
18
4
>55
92
Mean

8
>69
>82
25
>55
72
>40
>30
>35
18
24
>55
>79
        Actual data indicates negative removal.

-------
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H
u>
 I
           CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR  SEDIMENTATION WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION  (BaCl2)
Number of
Pollutant data points
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants', ug/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Asbestos, fiber s/L
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Other pollutants, pico Ci/L:
Radium (total)
Radium (dissolved)

2
2
2
1

1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2

6
4
Effluent concentration
Minimum

4
7
<1
0.01

<50
<2
5.7 x 10«
25
<20
30
0.5
10
20
30
2.4

1.1
<0.75
Maximum

17
16
26
0.01

<50
15
2.3 x 109
30
30
50
0.5
10
20
30
15

11
<2
Median

10.5
6.5
<13.5
0.01

<50
<8.5
1.4 x 10»
28
<25
40
0.5
10
20
30
9

<2.5
<1.3
Mean

10.5
6.5
<13.5
0 01

<50
<8.5
1.4 x 109
28
<25
40
0.5
10
20
30
9

<4
<1.3
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

54
Oa
>88
0

>°A
Oa
oa
50
>5°a
oa
87»
oa
oa
50
oa

77
66
Maximum

67
98
10
0

>0
>33
75
93
73
83
87»
oa
oa
80
95

99
>99
Median

60
49
>89
0

>0
17
38
72
>62
42
87*
oa
oa
65
48

>94
>88
Mean

60
49
>89
0

>0
17
38
72
>62
42
87
Oa
Oa
65
48

>91
>85
        Actual data indicates negative removal.

-------
ft
(D
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           CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION WITH CHEMICAL  ADDITION  (SULFIDE)


H
H
H
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1
H1
(-•
o



Pollutant
Toxic pollutants
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium

Copper
Lead
Mercury

Nickel
Silver
Zinc

Number of
data points

1
2
2

2
2
1

2
2
2

Effluent concentration, yg/L
Minimum

5
8
30

10
<10a
20

<10a
<10a
90

Maximum

5
<10a
50

500
200
20

1,700
40
200

Median

5
<9
40

260
100
20

860
<25
140

Mean

5
<9
40

260
100
20

860
<25
140

Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

>99
>0
95

98
>90
>99

>80
>80
97

Maximum

>99
>99
>99

>99
96
>99

96
>99
>99

Median

>99
>50
>97

>98
>93
>99

>88
>90
>98

Mean

>99
>50
>97

>98
>93
>99

>88
>90
>98

       Reported as not detected, assumed to be <10 mg/L.

-------
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(D
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U)
I
          CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION WITH  CHEMICAL  ADDITION (POLYMER)
Number of
Pollutant data point
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, ^ig/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) pthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Phenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Chloroform
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
Trichloroethylene

2
1
1
3
1
2

1
2
2
3
3
2
1
3
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
Effluent concentration
s Minimum

39.6
8,000
1,600
6
22
0.082

43
60
<4
<4
<22
<0.3
43
160
<10
2.8
<0.03
0.5
0.4
130
0.4
0.9
11
21
2.5
0.8
Max imum

4,700
8,000
1,600
39
22
0.30

4J
100
25
400
140
140
43
6,000
10
<10
<0.03
74
0.4
130
1,900
0.9
11
21
130
14
Median

2,370
8,000
1,600
15.2
22
0.19

43
80
<14
15
70
70
43
1,000
<10
<6.4
<0.03
37
0.4
130
950
0.9
11
21
66
7.4
Mean

2,370
8,000
1,600
20
22
0.19

43
80
<14
140
77
70
43
2,400
<10
<6.4
<0.03
37
0.4
130
950
0.9
11
21
66
7.4
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

2
71
82
62
98
Oa

44
Oa
>96
27
>12
>25
35
66
0
Oa
>98
oa
Oa
81
0
oa
oa
Oa
Oa
Oa
Maximum

98
71
82
>99
98
58

44
50
97
>89
97
99
35
97
>97
>99
>98
29
Oa
81
39
Oa
Oa
Oa
Oa
Oa
Median

50
71
82
>99
98
29

44
25
>96
52
46
>62
35
89
>48
50
>98
14
Oa
81
20
Oa
Oa
Oa
Oa
Oa
Mean

50
71
82
87
98
29

44
25
>96
56
>52
>62
35
84
>48
50
>98
14
Oa
81
20
oa
Oa
Oa
Oa
Oa
        Actual data indicates negative removal.

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Alum)

                                                  Data source status:
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-38
                                                    Engineering estimate
                                                    Bench scale
                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Equalization, aerated lagoon plus clarifier

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Kastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention time_:_
Mixing intensify (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Influent

122
1,056
200
368
0.030

360
30
28
1.8
10
220
Effluent

33
416
105
122
0.040

280
ND
23
1.7
10
110
Percent
removal

73
61
47
67
(33)

22
'-100
18
6
0
50

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/26/79
                                 III.4.3-12

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Alum)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development     Data source status:
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills               Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Wool finishing                        Bench scale
Plant:  B                                           Pilot scale
References:  1, pp. VII-39 to 41                    Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, equalization, activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):  27-35 mg/L alum  (as A1+3)
Mix detention time_:_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:  400-520 gpd/ft2
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids  in  sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L
BODs
COD
TSS
TOC
Toxic pollutants, pg/L
Antimony
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate
1, 2-Dichlorobenzene
Toluene
1,2, 4-Tr ichlorobenzene
Influent

175
962
244
321

22
60
116
23
30
76
140
6,400
32
20
31
1,580
Effluent

32
212
28
72

23
62
41
16
30
57
172
5,730
44
ND
14
154
Percent
removal

82
78
89
78

(5)
(3)
65
30
0
25
(23)
10
(38)
VLOO
55
90

 Note:
 Date:
Blanks indicate information was not specified.
6/26/79
                                  III.4.3-13

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical  Addition  (Alum,  Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Canned foods
Subcategory:  Canned soup,  juices
Plant:  B-10
References:  A26, p. VII-14
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  2-stage trickling filter,  aerated  lagoon

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:  16,300 m3/d (4.3 mgd)
Chemical dosage(s):  Alum - 25 mg/L;
                     Polymer - 0.5 mg/L
Mix detention timej_  3 . 5 hr
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
            Hydraulic loading:

            Weir loading:
            Sludge underflow:
            Percent solids
              in sludge:
            Scum overflow:
 22.8 m3/d/m2
(558 gal/d/ft2)
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
                                      Concentration,3 mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent    Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                        20
             TSS                         65
                     11
                     22
45
66
            Annual average values.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.3-14

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Alum, Anionic
                       Polymer)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:

Point source category:  Textile mills               Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing                 Bench scale
Plant:  Q                                           Pilot scale            jj
References: A6, pp. VII-41 to 43                    Full scale

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, equalization, activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   1,650 gal. reactor/clarifill
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):  20-30 mg/L alum (as A143)  0.75-1.0 mg/L anionic polymer
Mix detention time^
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:  320-400 gpd/ft2
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
             Sampling period;	

                                     Concentration, mg/L  Percent
               Pollutant/parameter    Influent  Effluent  removal

             Conventional pollutants:
               BOD5                      8.1       4.4      46
               COD                     270       185        31
               TOC                      30.3      21.5      29
               TSS                      45        66       (47)
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  6/26/79


                                  III.4.3-15

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Alum)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Paint manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:  2
References: A4, appendix G
                          Engineering estimate
                          Bench scale
                          Pilot scale
                          Full scale
                                                  x
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
None
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention time_:_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
                  Hydraulic loading:
                  Weir loading:
                  Sludge underflow:
                  Percent solids
                    in sludge:
                  Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
a
Concentration ,
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Di-n-butyl phthalate
• Phenol
Ethylbenzene
Nitrobenzene
Toluene
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Influent

2,800
26,000
7,500
9,500
1,810
0.076

130
1,700
470
400
90
60,000
160
96
ND
110
ND
ND
ND
85,000
ND
210
Effluent

2,900
25,000
1,500
50
11
0.070

<15
40
<110
<150
<40
9,000
ND
ND
4,600
35
2,500
22
17
ND
45
190
Percent
removal

(4)
4
80
99
99
8

>88
98
>78
>62
>56
85
%100
%100
-
68
-
-
-
MOO
-
10
                  Average of several samples.


Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/8/79
                                  III.4.3-16

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Alum, Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines

Point source category:  Paint manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:  1
References:  A4, Appendix G

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
      Data source status:

        Engineering estimate   	
        Bench scale            	
        Pilot scale            	
        Full scale              x
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids
  in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA

a
Concentration ,
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, Pg/L:
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1 ,1-Trichloroethano
Influent

3,000
51,000
10,000
11,000
1,200
0.055

1,200
400
5,000
60
2,000
1,700
300
1,300
2,700
160
25
4,800
18
250
Effluent

2,800
10,000
3,200
2,600
153
0.08

130
80
<200
30
<50
600
ND
390
720
ND
ND
110
ND
17
Percent
removal

7
80
68
76
87
(45)

89
80
>96
50
>97
65
MOO
70
73
MOO
MOO
98
MOO
93

               Average of several samples.


Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/14/79
                                 III.4.3-17

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Alum, Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines

Point source category: Paint manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:  24
References:  A4, Appendix G

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:  Both primary and secondary settling
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):                         Hydraulic loading:
Mix detention time_:_                         Weir loading:
Mixing intensity (G):                        Sludge underflow:
Flocculation (GCt):                         Percent solids
pH in clarifier:                              in sludge:
Clarifier detention time:                   Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:  Grab sample
Data source status:

  Engineering estimate   	
  Bench scale            	
  Pilot scale            	
  Full scale              x

a
Concentration ,
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg
Cyanide
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Chloroform
Methylejie chloride
1 , 1 , 2-Trichloroethane
Influent

16,000
36,000
0.20


1,850
2,900
43
133,000
ND
Effluent

1,100
11,000
0.15

100
460
2,900
26
13,000
11
Percent
removal

25
69
25


75
0
40
90
^

         Average of several samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/8/79
                                  III. 4. 3-18

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Alum, Lime,
                       Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines

Point source category:  Paint manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:  6
References: A4, Appendix G

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater  flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
      Data source status:

        Engineering estimate
        Bench scale
        Pilot scale
        Full scale
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids
  in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Concentration ,
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, V9/I-:
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Zinc
Phenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
1 , 1-Dichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
Influent

7,100
32,000
9,800
23,900
980
0.27

400
800
20
300,000
30
2,020
80
8,700
30
93
125
28
275
Effluent

9,000
12,000
2,500
100
22
0.14

97
1200
0.6
17,000
'10
195
<10
1,400
<10
ND
7
ND
90
Percent
removal

(27)
62
74
>99
98
48

76
>75
97
94
>67
90
>87
84
>G7
VIOO
94
^100
67
                 Average of several samples.


 Note:  Blanks indicate  information was not specified.

 Date:  6/14/79
                                   III.4.3-19

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Alum, Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines

Point source category:  Paint manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:  8
References: A4, Appendix G

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
      Data source status:

        Engineering estimate   	
        Bench scale            	
        Pilot scale            	
        Full scale              x
Hydraulic loading:
We i r loadi ng:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids
  in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODS
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, Ug/L:
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
'zinc
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Concentration
a
,
Influent Effluent

3,900 3,
41,000 9,
8 , 500 2 ,
16,000
642
0.25 0

300
3,700 27,
400
13,000 1,
14,000 51,
3,200
290
180
73
ND
ND
ND 3,
400
ND

000
500
500
140
8
.10

30
000
200
500
000
800
310
ND
350
36
90
100
700
119
Percent
removal

23
77
71
99
99
60

90
(630)
50
88
(264)
75
(7)
M.OO
(379)
-
-
-
(75)
~

                Average of several samples.

Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not  specified.

Date:  6/14/79
                                  III.4.3-20

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Alum, Lime)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines

Point source category:  Paint manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:  4
References:  A4, Appendix G

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater  flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention time_:_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
      Data source status:

        Engineering estimate
        Bench scale
        Pilot scale
        Full scale
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids
  in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Concentration,
Pol lutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Copper
Cyanide
Load
Mercury
Zinc
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Phenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloropropane
Methylene chloride
1,1 , 2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Totrachloroethylene
Influent

3,300
147,000
13,000
14,000
830
1.1

500
150
370
7
170,000
6,500
1,300
92
1,230
1,900
54
12
16
968
2,300
50
270
Effluent

3,900
7,970
2,300
480
<16
1.3

60
30
<200
2
1,100
ND
47
46
22
72
16
ND
74
400
2,000
35
13
Percent
removal

(18)
95
82
97
>98
(18)

88
80
50
71
>99
•>.ioo
96
50
98
96
70
MOO
(363)
S9
13
30
95
                  Average of several samples.


Note:  Blanks indicate information not specified.

Date:  6/8/79
                                  III.4.3-21

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Alum, Polymer)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Paint manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:  15
References: A4, Appendix G
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
None
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention time:
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
                 Hydraulic loading:
                 Weir loading:
                 Sludge underflow:
                 Percent solids
                   in sludge:
                 Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA

Concentration ,
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Zinc
Di -n-butyl phthalate
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
1 , 1-Dichloroethylene
1 , 2-Trans-dichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
Influent

8,400
48,000
9,000
14,200
1,700
0.23

76
1,600
800
37
6,000
55,000
6,000
40,000
30,000
ND
620
260
156,000
Effluent

3,800
30,000
4,800
6,000
880
0.14

30
83
500
74
800
14,500
1,000
ND
1,800
550
ND
188
11,900
Percent
removal

55
38
47
58
48
39

61
95
38
(100)
87
74
83
MOO
94
-
MOO
28
92

                Average of several samples.


Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/7/79
                                  III.4.3-22

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:

Point source category:  Textile mills               Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing                 Bench scale
Plant:                                              Pilot scale
References:   1, p.  VII-48                          Full scale

Use in system:  Sample taken from aeration basin at plant
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention time^_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

Concentration , yg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants :
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
.Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Influent

10
930
500
100
50
50
3,200
Effluent

-
80
30
-
-
-
110
Percent
removal

M.OO
91
94
'vlOO
•vlOO
VLOO
97

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  6/26/79


                                  III.4.3-23

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:

Point source category:  Paint manufacturing         Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:  26                                          Pilot scale            	
References:  A4, Appendix G                         Full scale              x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent: None

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Both primary and secondary settling
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):                         Hydraulic loading:
Mix detention time^_                         Weir loading:
Mixing intensity (G):                       Sludge underflow:
Flocculation  (GCt):                         Percent solids
pH in clarifier:                              in sludge:
Clarifier detention time:                   Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
              Sampling period; Grab sample	

                                   Concentration,  yg/L   Percent
Po 1 lutant/parame ter
Toxic pollutants:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Influent

1,040
40
240
250
700
5.8
210
270,000
Effluent

180
30
30
80
190
8
310
8,200
removal

83
25
88
68
73
(38)
(48)
97

              Average of several samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/14/79

                                  III.4.3-24

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines

Point source category:  Paint manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:  14
References:  A4,  Appendix G

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
      Data source status:

        Engineering estimate
        Bench scale
        Pilot scale
        Full scale
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids
  in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
a
Concentration,
Po 1 lutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, Ug/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Zinc
' Bis (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Phenol
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Chloroform
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene
Methylenc chloride
Trlchloroethylcne
Influent

4,800
28,000
9,000
12,400
1,100
0.705

45
950
550
5,000
9,400
55,000
390
4,000
ND
690
3,100
ND
ND
ND
ND
Effluent

4,700
8,000
1,600
39
22
0.3

100
25
400
140
140
6,000
<10
<10
74
130
1,900
11
21
130
14
Percent
removal

2
71
82
>99
98
58

(122)
97
27
97
99
89
>97
>99
-
81
39
-
-
-

                 Average of several samples.


Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/14/79
                                x
                                  III.4.3-25

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Sulfide)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p. 111-48
Data source status:

  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
x
Use in system:  Sample taken from aeration basin at plant
Pretreatment of influent:
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage (s):
Mix detention time^_
Mixing intensity (G) :
Flocculation (GCt) :
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

Concentration, yg/L
Pol lutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Influent

10
930
500
100
50
50
3,200
Effluent

-
50
10
-
-
-
90
Percent
removal

'vlOO
95
98
'v/LOO
VLOO
VLOO
97

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  6/27/79
                                  III.4.3-26

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Alum,  Polymer)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Pulp, paper, and            Engineering estimate   	
                        paperboard
Subcategory:  Groundwood chemi-mech                 Bench scale            	
Plant:  B-12                                        Pilot scale            	
References:  A26, p. VII-14                         Full scale              x
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Aerated stabilization basin

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:  7,200 m3/d  (1.9 mgd)
Chemical dosage(s):  Alum - 150 mg/L;       Hydraulic loading: 17.6 m3/d/m2
                     Polymer - 0.5 mg/L                        (432 gal/d/ft2)
Mix detention time_:_                         Weir loading:
Mixing intensity  (G):                       Sludge underflow:
Flocculation  (GCt):                         Percent solids
pH in clarifier:                              in sludge:
Clarifier detention time:                   Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling Period;  Average of 10 months of daily data

                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       19.9       12.5       29
             TSS                        46.5       11.2       76
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   10/29/79                III.4.3-27

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with  Chemical Addition  (Alum, Silica)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Pulp,  paper and
                        paperboard
Subcategory:  Groundwood chemi-mech
Plant:  B-12
References:  A26, p. VII-1A
                       Data source  status:
                         Engineering  estimate   	
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Aerated stabilization basin
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:  6,060 m3/d (1.6 mgd)
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
                 Hydraulic loading-. 15.1 m3/d/m2
                                    (369 gal/d/ft2)
                 Weir loading:
                 Sludge underflow:
                 Percent solids
                   in sludge:
                 Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;  Average of 12 months of daily data	

                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:                             ,
BOD5
TSS
ND
96.9
10.5
12.9
0
87

             Not detected.

            ^Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate  information was not specified.
Date:  10/29/79
      III.4.3-28

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Sulfide Complex)

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                Data source status:
 Point source category:  Coil coating               Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:                                       Bench scale            	
 Plant:                                             Pilot scale            	
 References:  A49,  p.  162                           Full scale              x
 Use in system:
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow;
 Chemical dosage(s):                        Hydraulic loading:
 Mix detention timej_                        Weir loading:
 Mixing intensity (G):                       Sludge underflow:
 Flocculation (GCt):                        Percent solids
 pH in clarifier:                              in sludge:
 Clarifier detention time:                   Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

              Sampling  period;	

                                    Concentration, yg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter   Influent    Effluent   removal

              Toxic pollutants:
                Arsenic                3,000        5       >99
                Cadmium              440,000        8       >99
                Chromium             650,000       30       >99
                Copper                200,000      500       >99
                Lead                   5,000      200        96
                Mercury              130,000       20       >99
                Nickel                 39,000    1,700        96
                Silver                 91,000       40       >99
                Zinc                  50,000      200       >99
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not specified.


Date:   10/29/79                III.4.3-29

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical  Addition (lime,  polymer)
Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:   Lead/zinc mine/mill
Plant:  3121
References:  A2,  pp.  VI-76-79
                       Data source  status:
                         Engineering estimate  	
                         Bench scale           	
                         Pilot scale             x
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Tailing pond,  flocculation

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:   9.2
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
2.6 hr
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
       Sampling period:
            Pollutant/parameter
                Concentration       Percent
             Influent3   Effluent   removal
       Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
         TSS

       Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
                4.5
             17
Copper
Lead
Zinc
100
210
740
50
80
380
50
62
49

        Average of 13 observations.
        Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/23/79
      III.4.3-30

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (lime,  polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Base-metal mine
Plant:  Mine 1 of Canadian pilot plant study
References:  A2, pp. VI-63-66
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
Influent pH 2.6
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Two-stage lime addition
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention time_:_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
               Weir loading:
               Sludge underflow:
               Percent solids in  sludge:
               Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:





Concentration, yg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants:
Copper
Lead
Zinc
Influent3
10,000
3,900
1,200,000
Effluent*3
40
180
330


Percent
removal
>99
95
>99

             Average values for raw minewater influent to
             pilot plant.
            f\
             Effluent qualities during periods of optimized
             steady operation.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/23/79
      III.4.3-31

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (polymer)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine/mill/smelter/refinery  Bench scale
Plant:  3107                                        Pilot scale
References:  A2, pp. VI-80-83                       Full scale
                                                 x
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
Tailing pond, lime precipitation, aeration,
flocculation and clarification
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G) :
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:  8.1-8.7
Clarifier detention time:  11 hr
Hydraulic loading:
               Weir loading:
               Sludge underflow:
               Percent solids in sludge;
               Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
                                            Concentration
                                    Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS
                  16
             62
        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Cadmium
          Copper
          Lead
          Zinc
                 120
                  31
                 130
               2,900
   60
   15
   70
1,000
50
52
46
66
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
      III.4.3-32

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 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation  with  Chemical  Addition  (BaCl2)

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
 Point source  category:   Ore  mining  and  dressing     Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:   Uranium mine                          Bench  scale
 Plant:   9412                                        Pilot  scale
 References:   Al,  p.  VI-49                           Full scale
 Use in  system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Chemical dosage(s):  10.4 mg/L BaCla        Hydraulic loading:
 Mix detention timej_                         Weir loading:
 Mixing  intensity  (G):                       Sludge underflow:
 Flocculation  (GCt):                         Percent solids
 pH in clarifier:                              in sludge:
 Clarifier detention  time:                   Scum overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling  period:	

                                  Concentration, picoCi/L   Percent
           Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent    removal

           Other  pollutants:
              Radium  (total)       49(±0.2)     11 (±0.2)        77
              Radium  (dissolved)     4.7(±0.1)    1.6 (±0.1)     66
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   10/29/79               in.4.3-33

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Alum)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Leather tanning and
                        finishing
Subcategory:  Chrome tanning process
Plant:  Cattle hide tannery
References:  A15, p. 69
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate

                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Primary settling, pH adjusted to 9.0 with sulfuric
acid
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
               Weir loading:
               Sludge underflow:
               Percent solids in  sludge:
               Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
           Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
           Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS                       1,550
                         68
96
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/23/79
      III.4.3-34

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Leather tanning and
                        finishing
Subcategory:  Chrome tanning process
Plant:  Cattle hide tannery
References:  A15, p. 69

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  pH adjusted

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate

                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention time^_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:  25.9 m3/d/m2
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in  sludge:
         Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                      1,440       619        57
             TSS                       3,140       110        96
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
III.4.3-35

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:   Leather tanning and         Engineering estimate
                        finishing
Subcategory:  Chrome tanning process                Bench scale
Plant:  Cattle hide tannery                         Pilot scale
References:  A15, p. 69                             Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Continuous flow
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):  1,490 mg/L
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):                       Weir loading:
pH in clarifier:                          Sludge underflow:
Clarifier detention time:                 Percent solids in sludge:
Hydraulic loading:                         Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	
                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             BODs                      1,000       476        52
             TSS                         918       469        49
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/23/79                 III.4.3-36

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Lime)
 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Leather tanning and
                        finishing
 Subcategory:  Chrome  tanning process
 Plant:   Cattle hide tannery
 References:   A15, p.  69
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
 Unit  configuration:
 Wastewater  flow:
 Chemical  dosage(s):   1,700 mg/L
 Mix detention  timej_
 Mixing intensity  (G):
 Flocculation  (GCt):
 pH in clarifier:
 Clarifier detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate

                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
         Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              BOD5                      1,630       823        50
              TSS                       1,980       497        75
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
III.4.3-37

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Base-metal mine                       Bench scale
Plant:  Plant 3 of Canadian pilot plant study       Pilot scale
References:  A2, pp.  VI-63-66                       Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Influent pH 3.0

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Two-stage lime addition
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):                       Weir loading:
pH in clarifier:                          Sludge underflow:
Clarifier detention time:                 Percent solids in sludge:
Hydraulic loading:                        Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period:	

                                   Concentration, yg/L    Percent
            Pollutant/parameter   Influent3   Effluent13   removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Copper                19,000        60        >99
              Lead                   1,300       150         88
              Zinc                 110,000       350        >99
             Average value for raw minewater influent to pilot
              plant.

              Dffluen-
              steady operation.
Effluent qualities during periods of optimized
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/23/79                 III.4.3-38

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime,  Polymer)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Base-metal mine                       Bench scale            	
Plant:  Mine 2 of Canadian pilot plant study        Pilot scale            _x_
References:  A2, pp.  VI-63-66                       Full scale             	

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Influent pH 2.7

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Two-stage lime addition
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):                       Weir loading:
pH in clarifier:                          Sludge underflow:
Clarifier detention time:                 Percent solids in sludge:
Hydraulic loading:                        Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period:	

                                   Concentration, yg/L    Percent
            Pollutant/parameter   Influent5   Effluent*3   removal

            Toxic pollutants:
Copper
Lead
Zinc
47,000
1,200
540,000
50
440
450
>99
63
>99

             Average value for raw minewater influent to pilot
             plant.

             Effluent qualities during periods of optimized
             steady operation.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/23/79                 III.4.3-39

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with  Chemical Addition  (Sodium Aluminate)
Data  source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Paint manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:   5
References:   A4,  Appendix G
                        Data source status:
                          Engineering estimate
                          Bench scale
                          Pilot scale
                          Full scale
                                                   x
Use  in  system:   Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
None
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical  dosage(s):
Mix detention timej^
Mixing  intensity  (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
               Weir loading:
               Sludge underflow:
               Percent solids in sludge:
               Scum overflow:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
                      Sampling period:  Grab sample
Concentration"
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOG
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Nitrobenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Carbon tetrachloride
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1, 1-Dichlorethylene
Methylene chloride
Trichloroethylene
Isophorone
Influent

48,000
79,600

12,900
1,260
0.102

55
8
40
27,000
900
120
14 , 000
540
<40
110,000
410
36,000
2,700
NDC
ND
7,800
1,200
ND
9,000
ND
420
12
450
40,000
ND
Effluent

20,400
31,000
5,980
21
22
0.077

<25
<4
30
17,000
450
<20
14,000
170
•v-220
35,000
80
550
200
140
240
38,000
ND
7,200
1,300
65
ND
22
320
110
200
Percent
removal

57
61
25
M.OO
98
24

>55
>50
25
35
50
>83
4
69b
0
68
81
98
93
-
_
ob
•v.100
-
85
-
•v.100
0
28
•vlOO

                       Average of several samples.
                       Actual data indicate negative removal.
                      cNot detected.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
       III.4.3-40

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Alum,  Lime,
Ferric Chloride)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Paint manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:  20
References:  A4, Appendix G
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
                                                     x
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
    None
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention time_:_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
                   Weir loading:
                   Sludge underflow:
                   Percent solids in sludge:
                   Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, vg/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
1,1, 2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Actual data indicate negative
Not detected.
Influent

4,670
19,700
4,730
13,800
393
0.115

30
•V150
300
•^300
4,900
100
16
870
360
ND
110
3,800
19
55
1
540
ND
2,800
250
removal .

Effluent

1,110
6,930
1,590
1,370
91
0.046

<20
•x.170
170
•\-250
990
<50
<10
•vl,400
<10
3,800
ND
4,200
ND
4,700
9,800
ND
120
ND
300


Percent
removal

76
65
66
90
77
60

>33
oa
44
17
80
>50
>37a
oa
>97
-
-x.100
oa
VIOO
oa
oa
•v-100
-
-vlOO
oa


 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/23/79
          III.4.3-41

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Lime, Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Copper mill
Plant:   2122
References:  A2, pp. 84-87

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Tailing pond

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                        Data source status:
                          Engineering estimate   	
                          Bench scale            	
                          Pilot scale             x
                          Full scale
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:   9.3
Clarifier detention  time:
Hydraulic loading:
 2.6 hr
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
         Sampling period;
                                           Concentration3
                                     Percent
              Po1lutant/parameter
               Influent   Effluent   removal
         Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
           TSS

         Toxic  pollutants, yg/L:
                2,550
          Average  values:
TSS (27 observations)
Metals (23 observations).
             21
99
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
190
2,000
160
190
100
30
40
90
50
30
84
98
44
74
70

 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was  not  specified.
Date:   8/23/79
       III.4.3-42

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Polymer)
 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Wine making
 Subcategory:  Wine
 Plant:   B-ll
 References:   A26, p. VII-14

 Use in system:  Tertiary
 Pretreatment  of influent:  Activated sludge

 DESIGN OR  OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
 Unit  configuration:
 Wastewater  flow:  644 m3/d  (0.17 mgd)
 Chemical dosage(s):  10-15 mg/L
 Mix detention  timej_ 11.5 hr
 Mixing  intensity  (G):
 Flocculation  (GCt):
 pH in clarifier:
 Clarifier detention  time:
           Hydraulic loading:
           Weir loading:
           Sludge underflow:
           Percent solids
             in sludge:
           Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration,3 mg/L   Percent
     InfluentEffluent0   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
TSS
2,370
4,070
39.6
15.2
98
>99

            Average of 10 month period.

            Data after post aeration and chlorination.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.3-43

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime,  Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine
Plant:  3113
References:  A2, pp. VI-89-92

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:  8.8-9.8
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate   	
                  Bench scale            	
                  Pilot scale             x
                  Full scale
        Weir loading:
        Sludge underflow:
        Percent solids  in sludge:
        Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
       Sampling period;
            Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration       Percent
       Influent3Effluentb   removal
       Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
         TSS                                112

       Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
         Cadmium                            230
         Copper                           1,500
         Lead                                88
         Zinc                            71,000
                        10
                        15
                        50
                       <20
                     1,400
 91
 93
 97
>77
 98
        Average of seven values.
        Average values.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
III.4.3-44

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Copper mine/mill
Plant:  2120
References:  A2, pp. V-78,  79
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate   	
                         Bench scale            	
                         Pilot scale            	
                         Full scale              x
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
pH adjusted
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
               Weir loading:
               Sludge underflow:
               Percent solids in sludge:
               Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;  24-hr composite
                                            Concentration
                                    Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          COD                                10         18
          TOC                                19         12
          TSS                                14          4
          Total phenol                    0.018      0.012
                                       0
                                      37
                                      71
                                      33
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Arsenic
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel

4
500
40
<1
<20

3
80
40
1
30

25
84
0
oa
a
0

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
         An ethoxylated phenol  (Nalco 8800) is used as a wetting agent
         for dust suppression during secondary ore crushing.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
       III.4.3-45

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine
Plant:  3113
References:  A2, pp.  VI-89-92

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate   	
                   Bench scale            	
                   Pilot scale             x
                   Full scale
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention time^_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:  9.1-9.7
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
        Sampling period
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
         Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
             Pollutant/parameter
           Concentration      Percent
        Influent3Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
            112
33
71
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Zinc
230
1,500
88
71,000
25
100
100
<20
89
93
0
>99

         Average of seven observations.
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/23/79
III.4.3-46

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Alum,  Lime)

Data source:  Effluent  Guidelines,  Government     Data  source status:
              report
Point source category:   Textile mills               Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Wool  finishing                        Bench  scale
Plant:  B, A  (different references)                  Pilot  scale
References:  A6, pp. VII-39-41; B3,  pp. 39-44       Full scale

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:   Screening, equalization, activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  6.25  m3 (1,650 gal) reactor/clarifier
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):  27-35 mg/L alum (as Al+3)
                     100 mg/L lime (as Ca(OH)2)
Mix detention time^_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):                        Weir loading:
pH in clarifier:   6.1                      Sludge underflow:
Clarifier detention time:                  Percent solids in  sludge:
Hydraulic loading:  16-21  m3/d/m2         Scum overflow:
                     (400-520 gpd/ft2)

                                  REMOVAL DATA
                    Sampling period:  24-hr composite for toxic pollutants, volatile
                                organic! were grab-singled
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutant*, mg/L:
BODs
COO
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorous
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Phenol
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
1,2, 4-Tr ichlorobenzene
4,4'-DDT
Heptachlor
Influent

175
962
321
244
0.060
0.28

60
110
20
10
5.8
6,400
32
<0.07
20
5
31
1,600
2.1
1.4
Effluent

32
212
72
28
0.047
<0.070

62
31
13
<4
<1.0
5,700
44
3
<0.05
<0.2
14
150
<1.0
<1.0
Percent
removal

82
78
78
89
22
>75
m
0
72
35
>60
>83
11,
oa
oa
•vlOO
>96
55
91
>52
>29
                     Actual data indicate negative removal.



Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/23/79                 III.4.3-47

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Alum,
Polyelectrolyte
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Leather tanning
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  A50, p. 146

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                           Data source status :
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention time_:_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation (Get):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
                     Hydraulic loading:
                     Weir loading:
                     Sludge underflow:
                     Percent solids
                       in sludge:
                     Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
              Pol lu l.r nt /oarar.eter
               Concentration, mg/L   Percent
               Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       445
             TSS                        516
                             92
                            220
79
57
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not  specified.
Date:   10/29/79
          III.4.3-48

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (FeCl3)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Leather tanning
Subcategory:  Chrome tanning
Plant:
References:  A50, p. 164

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent: Carbonation, coagulation

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
            Data source status :
              Engineering estimate
              Bench scale
              Pilot scale
              Full scale
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):  300-500 mg/L
Mix detention time_:_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:  6
Clarifier detention time:
      Hydraulic loading;
      Weir loading:
      Sludge underflow:
      Percent solids
        in sludge:
      Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                      2,180       325        85
             TSS                       6,190        58        99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   10/29/79
                                 III.4.3-49

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation  with  Chemical Addition  (BaCl2)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
Point source category:  Ore mining  and dressing      Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Uranium  mill                          Bench  scale
Plant:  9405                                        Pilot  scale
References:  A2,  p.  VI-49                           Full scale

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):   9.5 mg/L BaCl2         Hydraulic loading:
Mix detention timej_                         Weir  loading:
Mixing intensity (G):                        Sludge underflow:
Flocculation  (GCt):                          Percent  solids
pH in clarifier:                               in  sludge:
Clarifier detention time:                   Scum  overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period:  Average  of two grab  samples represent-
           	ing different influent  points	
                                 Concentration,  picoCi/L    Percent
           Pollutant/parameter	Influent  Effluent	removal

           Other pollutants:
             Radium (total)           27.5     <3.0          >91
             Radium (dissolve)        33.3     <2             >94
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/29/79               III.4.3-50

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical  Addition  (BaCla)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                Data source  status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory.-  Uranium mine                          Bench scale
Plant:  9408                                        Pilot scale
References:  Al,  p. VI-49                           Full  scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s): 55 mg/L BaClj           Hydraulic  loading:
Mix detention time_^                         Weir loading:
Mixing intensity  (G):                       Sludge  underflow:
Flocculation  (GCt):                         Percent solids
pH in clarifier:                               in sludge:
Clarifier detention time:                   Scum overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;	

                                Concentration,9 picoCi/LPercent
          Pollutant/parameter	Influent    Effluent	removal
Other pollutants:
Radium (total)
.Radium (dissolved)

130
79

1.6
<0.75

88
82

           Average of two samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/29/79               III.4.3-51

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with  Chemical Addition  (Lime)
Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining  and  dressing
Subcategory:   Copper mine/mill/smelter
Plant:  2117
References:  A2,  pp. 29-22

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source  status:
                   Engineering  estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full  scale
Unit configuration:  Aerator also used for chemical  oxidation
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
           Hydraulic loading:
           Weir loading:
           Sludge underflow:
           Percent solids
             in sludge:
           Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
       Sampling period;  Average of two 24 hour composites

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants:
Asbestos, fibers/L
Copper, yg/L
Cyanide, yg/L
Zinc, yg/L
Influent

34.5
11
24
0.37

1.3 x 10s
190
<20
760
Effluent

29.5
9
4.5
0.33

6.1 x 106
120
45
120
Percent
removal

14
18
81
11

95
34
oa
85

        Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.3-52

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with  Chemical Addition (Polymer, Lime)
 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Foundry industry
 Subcategory:  Aluminum foundries - die  casting
 Plant:   574C
 References:   A27, pp. V-13, VI-49-56
                        Data source status:
                          Engineering estimate
                          Bench scale
                          Pilot scale
                          Full scale
 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment of influent:
Emulsion break
 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Chemical dosage(s):
 Mix  detention timej^
 Mixing intensity (G):
 Flocculation (GCt):
 pH in clarifier:
 Clarifier detention time:
                 Hydraulic  loading:
                 Weir  loading:
                 Sludge underflow:
                 Percent  solids
                   in  sludge:
                 Scum  overflow:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
                Sampling period:
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants:
Chromium
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
Phenol
p-Chloro-m-cresol
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Chrysene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Naphthalene
Pyrene
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
1.1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Concentration, pg/L
Influent

<100
50
200
<90
<40
1,300
5,500
690
74
730
41
16
110
10
53
780
370
800
160
80
4
2
0
Effluent

<150
23
150
<40.
BDLb
40
32
BDL
1
BDL
BDL
BDL
62
BDL
BDL
10
BDL
BDL
3
BDL
7
39
51
Percent
removal

oa
54
24
56
VI 00
97
99
'olOO
99
•\-100
MOO
VLOO
44
•\-100
VLOO
99
•WOO
^100
98
VI 00
oa
oa
oa
                 Actual data indicate negative removal.
                b
                 Below detection limits; was detected but not in sufficient
                 amounts to be quantified.


Note:   blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
      III.4.3-53

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Alum, Polymer)
 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Auto and other laundries
 Subcategory:  Power laundries
 Plant:  N
 References:  A28, Appendix C
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, equalization
                 Data  source  status:
                   Engineering  estimate   	
                   Bench  scale
                   Pilot  scale
                   Full scale             ~x~
 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Circular clarifier 4,
 Wastewater flow:  15.2 m3/d (4,000 gpd)
 Chemical dosage(s):  Alum - 2,800 mg/L
                      Polymer - 200 mg/L
 Mix detention timej_
 Mixing intensity (G):
 Flocculation (GCt):
 pH in clarifier:
 Clarifier detention time:  0.33 day
         92 m3  (1,300 gal) with mix  tank

           Hydraulic loading:
           Weir loading:
           Sludge underflow:
           Percent solids
             in sludge:
           Scum overflow:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period: 3 days total
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODB
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis ( 2-ethy Ihexyl ) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Pentach lorophenol
Phenol
Toluene
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Influent

163
240
63
40
15
0.038
7.0

20
17
46
24
69
190
55
14
450
300
78
16
64
9
2
3
13
<0.4
28
12
Effluent

57
125
40
46
4
0.028
1.6

29
12
36
37
16
73
50
11
220
67
36
7
5
<0.4
2
3
70
38
100
12
Percent
removal

65
48
37
Oa
73
26
77

oa
29
22
oa
77
62
9
21
51
78
54
56
92
>96
0
0
oa
oa
oa
0
                    Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.3-54

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with  Chemical  Addition  (alum)
 Data source:   Government  report
 Point source  category:a
 Subcategory:
 Plant:   Reidnold  Chemical,  Inc.
 References:   B4,  p.  46
 Use  in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:   Equalization
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
  Organic  and  inorganic wastes.

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Chemical  dosage(s):  650 mg/L
 Mix detention timej_
 Mixing intensity  (G):
 Flocculation  (GCt):
 pH in clarifier:
 Clarifier detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
          Sampling period;
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
         Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
    Influent  Effluent    removal
          Conventional pollutants:
            BOD5                       2,400     2,220       17
            COD                        3,610     3,470        4
            TSS                          136        28       79
            Total phenol                 325       225       31
            Phosphorous                   49        43       12
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  8/30/79
III.4.3-55

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (FeCla, sodium
bicarbonate)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Mineral mining and
                        processing industry
Subcategory:  Dimension stone
Plant:  3003
References:  A18,  p. 236

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
                   Weir loading:
                   Sludge underflow:
                   Percent solids in sludge:
                   Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period:
            Pollutant/parameter
              Concentration, mg/L   Percent
              Influent  Effluent    removal
          Conventional pollutants:
            TSS                        3,410
                           34
99
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was  not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
           III.4.3-56

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Sodium Hypochlo-
                       rite,  Caustic,  Chlorine)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Inorganic chemicals         Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Hydrogen cyanide                      Bench scale            	
Plant:  765                                         Pilot scale            	
References:  A29, pp. 427-428                       Full scale              x
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  pH adjustment

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Two ponds in parallel where sodium hypochlorite is
                     added, then caustic and chlorine are added in another
                     treatment pond
Wastewater flow:  51 m3/kkg of HCN
Chemical dosage(s):                         Hydraulic loading:
Mix detention timej^                         Weir loading:
Mixing intensity  (G):                       Sludge underflow:
Flocculation  (GCt):                         Percent solids
pH in clarifier:                              in sludge:
Clarifier detention time:                   Scum overflow:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  72-hr composite	
                                            Concentration3     Percent
        	Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                               979       33.3        97
          NH3-N                             194        124        36

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Cyanide                         6,800         <2      -x/lOO
         Concentration is calculated from the wastewater flow in m3/kkg
         of HCN and the pollutant load in kg/kkg.  Pollutant load was
         calculated by approtioning the mass emitted between the two
         waste streams on the basis of measured flows.  This is a very
         approximate process.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  8/30/79                 III.4.3-57

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Inorganic chemicals         Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Hydrofluoric acid                     Bench scale
Plant:  705                                         Pilot scale
References:  A29, p. 227                            Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  30-35% of effluent recycled,  remaining effluent
                     pH adjusted
Wastewater flow:  62.1 m3/kkg
Chemical dosage(s):                         Hydraulic loading:
Mix detention time^                         Weir loading:
Mixing intensity (G):                        Sludge underflow:
Flocculation  (GCt):                         Percent solids
pH in clarifier:                              in sludge:
Clarifier detention time:                   Scum overflow:
 value is for total raw waste from HF only.

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period: Composite samples

Concentration,3 ug/L
Pol lutant/par ame ter
Toxic pollutants:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Influent
10
40
9.7
390
290
50
5.8
560

2.6
240
Effluent
1.9
<9.7
1.6
47
19
23
0.48
<9.7
4.8
1.1
53
Percent
removal
81
>76
84
88
93
54
92
>98

58
78

              Values are for combined wastes from HF and
              concentrations are calculated from pollutant flow
              in m3/kkg and pollutant loading in kg/kkg.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   8/30/79                 III.4.3-58

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime)
                                                  Data source status:
                                                    Engineering estimate
                                                    Bench scale
                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Inorganic chemicals
Subcategory:  Hydrofluoric acid
Plant:  167
References:  A29, p. 227

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:  47% of effluent is recycled
Wastewater flow:  127 m3/kkg
Chemical dosage(s):                         Hydraulic loading:
Mix detention timej^                         Weir loading:
Mixing intensity (G):                       Sludge underflow:
Flocculation (GCt):                         Percent solids
pH in clarifier:                              in sludge:
Clarifier detention time:                   Scum overflow:
                                                                            x
       is for total raw waste from HF only.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
             Sampling period;  Three 24-hr composite samples

Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
Zinc

Concentration

,a yg/L
Influent Effluent

46
150
-
470
120
87
27
1,100
63
-
240

<200
<24
<2.4
250
79
37
<1.2
610
87
7.9
180

Percent
removal
b
0
>84
-
47
34
57
>96
45b
0
-
25

              Values are combined for wastes from HF and
              Concentration data is calculated from pollutant flow
              in m3/kkg and pollutant loading in kg/kkg.
              Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
 Date:   8/30/79
                                  III.4.3-59

-------
TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (BaCl2)
Data  source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:   Uranium mine
Plant:   9408
References:   A2,  pp.  V-60-61

Use in system:   Primary
Pretreatment  of  influent:

DESIGN OR  OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
                                            x
Unit configuration:
Wastewater  flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention  timej_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention  time:
Hydraulic loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
         Scum overflow:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
             Sampling Period;  24-hr composite
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Other pollutants: pCi/L:
Radium (total)
Radium226 (dissolved)
226
Toxic pollutants:
Arsenic, pg/L
Asbestos, fibers/L
Chromium, yg/L
Copper, yg/L
Lead, yg/L
Silver, pg/L
Zinc, pg/L
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, pg/L
Influent

12
9
270
0.01

142
120


8
1.6 x 10B
450
110
180
<10
150
11
Effluent

4
16
26
0.01

1.12
<0.9


15
2.3 x 109
30
30
30
20
30
15
Percent
removal

67
oa
90
0

99
>99


oa
oa
93
73
83
oa
80
oa
             Actual data indicate negative removal.
             b
             Possibly due to tubing used in sampling apparatus.
Note:  Blanks indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.3-60

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (lime,  polyelec-
trolyte)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Copper mine/mill/smelter/refinery
Plant:  2121
References:  A2, pp. V-18-19

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Primary settling

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
                   Weir loading:
                   Sludge underflow:
                   Percent solids in sludge;
                   Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
     Sampling period;  24-hr composite

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Toxic pollutants :
Asbestos, fibers/L
Copper, ug/L
Zinc, yg/L
Bis (2 ethylhexyl) phthalate,3
Influent

960
9
211,000

3.0 x 1011
190,000
28,000
yg/L 0 . 1
Effluent

2
7
5

8.2 x 106
90
40
12
Percent
removal

>99
22
>99

>99
>99
>99,_
0

      Possibly  from the tubing in sampling apparatus.
      Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
           III.4.3-61

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with  Chemical Addition  (Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines, Government
              report
Point source  category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:  E, P  (different references)
References:   A6,  p.  VII-45; B3, pp. 60-64
                              Data source  status:

                                Engineering  estimate
                                Bench scale
                                Pilot scale
                                Full scale
Use in system:   Tertiary
Pretreatment  of influent:
      Screening,  activated sludge
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater  flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention time^
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:   6.9
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
               Sampling period:
6.25 m3  (1,650  gal)  reactor/clarifier

20 mg/L  572 C polymer (American Cyanimid-Cationic)
                      Weir loading:
                      Sludge underflow:
                      Percent solids  in  sludge:
                      Scum overflow:
             REMOVAL DATA

       24-hr composite samples, volatile organics
       were composites of 3 grab samples	
                   Pollutant/parameter
                      Concentration
                    Influent  Effluent
Percent
removal
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
Total phenol
T6xic pollutants, wg/L:
Antimony
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Phenol
Benzene
Toluene
Anthracene/Phenanthrene
Methylene chloride13
Trichloroethylene

0.072

77
98
36
25
0.4
66
5,200
10
2.1
1.3
0.7
<0.2
0.4
0.8
0.4
<0.5

0.082

43
<4
<4
<22
<0.3
43
160
10
2.8
<0.03
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.9
2.5
0.8

oa

44
>96
>89
>12
>25
35
97
0
oa
>98
29
oa
0
oa
oa
oa

                Actual data indicate negative removal.
               b
                Presence may be due to sample contamination.
  Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
             III.4.3-62

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Timber products processing  Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Plywood, hardwood, and wood
              processing
Plant:
References:  A24, p. 184

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):  Varies
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
      Sampling period;
          Hydraulic loading:
          Weir loading:
          Sludge underflow:
          Percent solids
            in sludge:
          Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

Concentration ,
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants:
COD
COD
COD
COD
COD
COD
Lime
dosage

0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
Influent

12,600
11,600
11,900
11,700
11,800
11,800
mg/L
Effluent

9,700
7,060
5,230
5,270
5,210
5,210
Percent
removal

23
39
56
55
56
56

       Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.3-63

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Alum)

                                                   Data  source  status:
Data source:  Effluent  Guidelines,  Government
              report
Point source category:   Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:  V, C  (different references)
References:  A6, pp. VII-43-44; B3,  pp. 45-49
                                                     Engineering estimate
                                                     Bench  scale
                                                     Pilot  scale
                                                     Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:   Screening, neutralization,  activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   6.25  m3 (1,650 gal) reactor/clarifier
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):   40  mg/L alum  (Al+3)
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):                                 Weir  loading:
pH in clarifier:   6.9                              Sludge  underflow:
Clarifier detention  time:                           Percent solids in sludge:
Hydraulic loading:   16 m3/d/m2 (400 gpd/ft2)       Scum  overflow:


                                 REMOVAL DATA
                     Sampling period:  24 hr tor toxic pollutants
Concentration
Pol lu tant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
CftCllBlum
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Dl-n-butyl phthalate
Phenol
1, 2-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Anthracene/Phenanthrene
Chlorodibromome thane
Methylene chloride13
Influent

9.3
393
76
47
0.023
2.7

90
1.6
1.5
<2
5.5
57
27
80
160
7.6
0.6
0.4
<0.05
<0.2
15
0.05
0.6
160
Effluent

3.6
352
72
51
0.016
2.3

120
<1
2.2
2.9
17
11
66
72
190
33
0.6
<0.07
13
1.3
1.0
0.1
<0.3
70
Percent
removal

61
10
5
Oa
30
15

0°
>37
oa
oa
oa
81
oa
10
oa
oa
0
>82
oa
oa
93
oa
>50
56
                     Actual data indicate negative removal.
                     b
                     Presence may be due to sample contamination.
 Note:  Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
                                   III.4.3-64

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with  Chemical Addition  (BaCl2)
Data  source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Ore mining and  dressing
Subcategory:   Uranium mine/mill
Plant:   9411
References:   A2,  pp. V-62-63
Use in system:   Primary
Pretreatment  of influent:
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source  status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench  scale
                   Pilot  scale
                   Full scale
Unit  configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical  dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing  intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids  in  sludge:
         Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL  DATA
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Other pollutants, pCi/L:
Radium (total)
Radium226 (dissolved)
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony, yg/L
Arsenic, yg/L
Asbestos, fibers/L
Chromiud / y g/E
Copper, yg/L
Lead, yg/L
Mercury, yg/L
Selenium, yg/L
Zinc, yg/L
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, U9/L
Influent

37
230
8

56. 9a
60. 2a

50
3
2.3 x 10»
50
40
40
3.8
5
60
47
Effluent

17
7
88

>96


>0
>33
75
50
>^°p
0
87
c
0
50
95
              Within sensitivity limits most Ra    is dissolved.
              h                          ""
              Analysis proved to be unreliable.
              CActual data indicate negative removal.
              Possibly due to tubing in sampling apparatus.
Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not  specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.3-65

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:  Alkaline cleaning
Plant:  157
References:  A33, p. Vll-10, Vll-11

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Two settling lagoons
Wastewater flow:  0.142 m3/s (2,250 gpm)
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
         Data source status:
           Engineering estimate
           Bench scale
           Pilot scale
           Full scale
 Weir loading:
 Sludge underflow:
 Percent solids in  sludge:
 Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
                                            Concentration
             Pollutant/parameter
        Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
          TSS                               24.5
          Oil and grease                    21.3
              91.7
               4.0
         Actual data indicate negative removal.

         Not detected assumed to be < 10 pg/L.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                      Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
 0s
82
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc
Phenol
2, 6-Dinitrotoluene
Toluene
Benz (a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Chrysene
Pyrene
Tetrachloroethylene

ND
ND
ND
24
47
ND
130
10
130
32
ND

3,000
6,000
290
ND
ND
10
ND
67
<10
67
51

oa
oa
oa
>58
>79
oa
>92
oa
>92
oa
oa

 Date:   10/29/79
                                  III.4.3-66

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Lime)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory.  Combination acid pickling-batch
Plant:  U
References:  A37, pp. VII-11, VII-5
Use  in system:  Primary
Pretreatnient of influent:
Neutralization
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate   	
                         Bench scale            	
                         Pilot scale            	
                         Full scale              x
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Three tanks in series
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
               Weir loading:
               Sludge underflow:
               Percent solids in  sludge:
               Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Chromium (Dissolved)
Copper
Nickel (Dissolved)
Other pollutants, yg/L:
Fluoride
Influent
4
3
150,000
1,400
70,000
500,000
Effluent
12
1
40
30
20
12,000
Percent
removal
oa
66
>99
98
>99
98
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
     III.4.3-67

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime,  Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:  Combination acid pickling-batch
Plant:  123
References:  A37,  pp.  VII-10
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate   	
                   Bench scale            	
                   Pilot scale            	
                   Full scale              x
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:   Equalization neutralization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
         Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
                                            Concentration
             Pollutant/parameter
                              Percent
        Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          Oil and grease
                      0.5
75
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Nickel
Selenium
Zinc
4-Nitrophenol
Chloroform
b
ND
ND
3,300
260
110
7,700
ND
90
11
46

10
10
360
40
39
330
10
120
<10
<10
a
0
oa
89
85
65
96
oa
oa
>9
>78

         Actual data indicate negative removal.

         Not detected; assumed to be less than the corresponding
         effluent concentration.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.3-68

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime, Coagulant
Aids)
 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Iron and steel
 Subcategory:   Combination acid pickling-batch
 Plant:   C
 References:   A37,  pp.  VII-12,  VII-5

 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:   Equalization

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:   0.378  L/s  (6  gpm)
 Chemical dosage(s):
 Mix detention time_:_
 Mixing intensity  (G):
 Flocculation (GCt):
 pH in clarifier:
 Clarifier detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
                   Weir loading:
                   Sludge underflow:
                   Percent solids in sludge:
                   Scum overflow:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
         Sampling  period;
              Pollutant/parameter
                     Concentration      Percent
                  Influent   Effluent   removal
         Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
           TSS                                  106          31      71
           Oil  and  grease                         5         0.3      94

         Toxic  pollutants,  pg/L:
           Chromium (Dissolved)             140,000       1,300      99
           Nickel  (Dissolved)               240,000       2,500      99

         Other  pollutants,  pg/L:
           Fluoride                      1,700,000    130,000      92
 Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
         III.4.3-69

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime, Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:  Hydrochloric acid pickling
Plant:  093
References:  A93, pp.  VII-39, VI-17,  VI-51,  VI-52
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:  17.4 L/s (276 gpm)
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
         Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
           Concentration      Percent
        Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS
          Oil and grease
            206
            147
7.9
8.8
96
94
Toxic pollutants, jjg/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc

24
1,300
380
9,500
5,000
260,000

20
40
30
190
300
130

15
97
92
98
94
>99

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.3-70

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime,  Polymer)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Iron and steel              Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Pipe and tube-welded                  Bench scale            	
Plant:  087                                         Pilot scale            	
References:  A44, pp. VI-13-19, VI-19, VII-4,        Full scale             _x_
             VII-17

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater  flow:  1,750 L/s  (27,700 gpm)
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention time_:_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):                       Weir loading:
pH in clarifier:                          Sludge underflow:
Clarifier detention time:                 Percent solids in sludge:
Hydraulic loading:                        Scum overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

Concentration
Pollutan t/pa r ame t e r
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Copper
Mercury
Selenium
Influent

27
2.3

29
ND
2
Effluent

36
3.8

15
0.1
11
Percent
removal
a
0
oa

48
a
0
a
0

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   10/29/79                III.4.3-71

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime, Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:  Hot coating-galvanizing
Plant:  NN-2
References:  A39, pp. VI-27, VII-31

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                             Data source status:
                               Engineering estimate
                               Bench scale
                               Pilot scale
                               Full scale
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:  94
Chemical dosage (s):
Mix detention time_:_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
        Sampling period;
1,135 m3 (300,000 gal)  clarifier
7 L/s (1,500 gpm)
                     Weir loading:
                     Sludge underflow:
                     Percent solids in sludge:
                     Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
             Pollutant/parameter
                       Concentration      Percent
                    Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS
          Oil and grease
                          98
                          19
 4
10
96
47
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Chromium
Chromium (+6)
Zinc

1,800
9
140,000

30
12
1,500

98
oa
99

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
Date:  10/29/79
                                  III.4.3-72

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Lime,  Polymer)
Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:   Hot coating galvanizing
Plant:  112
References:   A39, pp.  VI-22, VI-23, VI-28
              VII-36

Use in system:   Primary
Pretreatment  of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                  Data source  status:
                    Engineering  estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
Unit configuration:
Wastewater  flow:   17.4 L/s  (276 gpm)
Chemical dosage(s):   Slaked lime-0.41  L/s (6.5 gpm)
Mix detention timej_
Mixing  intensity  (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
          Weir loading:
          Sludge underflow:
          Percent solids  in  sludge;
          Scum overflow:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
                     Sampling period:
Concentration Percent
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium (-*-6)
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
2-Chlorophenol
Phenol
4 , 6-Dinitro-o-cresol
Benzene
Toluene
Acenaphthylene
Benzol'alpyrene
Fluorene
Naphthalene
Pyrene
2-Chloronaphthalene
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Influent

292
8

40
20
230
50
2,500
18
25,000
1,300

60
50,000
5
NDb
NDb
b
ND
NDb
NDb
ND°
NDb
21b
ND
10
13
10
Effluent removal

11
0.47

10
<20
150
5
170
2
580
270
10
90
250
NDb
10
20
5
5
10
5
5
10
NDC
5
10
13b c
ND '

96
94

75
>0
65
82
93
89
96
79
oa
oa
>99
>0
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
>52
oa
0
0
>0
                      Actual data indicate negative removal.
                     b
                      Not detected; assumed to be less than corresponding influent
                      or effluent concentration.
                     CNot detected; assumed to be <10 ug/L.

 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.3-73

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical  Addition  (Lime)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                Data  source  status:
Point source category:  Nonferrous metals           Engineering  estimate
Subcategory:  Columbium/Tantalum raw waste stream   Bench  scale
Plant:                                              Pilot  scale
References:  A52,  p.  337                            Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
           Hydraulic loading:
           Weir loading:
           Sludge underflow:
           Percent solids
             in sludge :
           Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:
                                            Concentration
             Pollutant/parameter
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          COD
          TSS

        Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
              16
             900
 8
10
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                              Percent
        Influent   Effluent   removal
50
99
Cadmium
Copper
Nickel
Zinc
Other pollutants, ug/L:
Fluoride
Aluminum
Calcium
Iron
Manganese
2.5
110,000
60,000
27,000

450
900
550,000
120,000
17,000
0.2
70
50
20

250
20
230,000
30
20
99
99
99
99

45
97
57
>99
99

Date:   10/29/79
III.4.3-74

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Lime)
 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Nonferrous metals
 Subcategory:   Tungsten  raw waste stream
 Plant:
 References:   A52,  p.  337

 Use  in  system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status :
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
 Unit  configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Chemical  dosage(s):
 Mix detention  timej_
 Mixing intensity  (G):
 Flocculation  (GCt):
 pH in clarifier:
 Clarifier detention  time:
           Hydraulic loading:
           Weir loading:
           Sludge underflow:
           Percent solids
             in sludge:
           Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
         Sampling period:
              Pollutant/parameter
           Concentration      Percent
        Influent   Effluent   removal
         Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
           COD
           TSS
             300
             300
 53
150
84
28
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Other pollutants, pg/L:
Chloride
Aluminum
Iron

700
20
200
500
20,000
100
200

25 x 106
300
5,000

8
8
5
7
20
10
60

19 x 106
50
200

99
60
97
99
99
90
70

26
83
96

 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.3-75

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical  Addition  (Fe*2,  lime)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Steam electric power
                        generating
Subcategory:
Plant:  1226
References:  A31, p.  22

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
      Data source status :
        Engineering estimate

        Bench scale
        Pilot scale
        Full scale
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids
  in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration, pg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Influent

7
4
1.8
5
47
3
0.2
6
0.7
26
Effluent

9
3
1.6
3
4
<3
0.2
6
0.4
2
Percent
removal
a
0
25
11
40
91
>0
0
0
43
92

           Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
                                 III.4.3-76

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Fe2+, lime)

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source category:  Steam electric power        Engineering estimate
                        generating
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
 Plant:  1226                                        Pilot scale
 References:  A31, p. 22                             Full scale

 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment of influent:  Ash pond

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Chemical dosage(s):                         Hydraulic loading:
 Mix detention timej_                         Weir loading:
 Mixing intensity  (G):                       Sludge underflow:
 Flocculation  (GCt):                         Percent solids
 pH in clarifier:                              in sludge:
 Clarifier detention time:                   Scum overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration, pg/L
Po 1 lutant/parame ter
Toxic pollutants:

Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Selenium

Silver
Zinc
Influent


7
9
2.0
6
14
4
8

0.5
7
Effluent


9
3
3.2
4
7
<3
7

0.6
6
Percent
removal


0
67 '
oa
33
50
>25
12
a
0
14

              Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   10/29/79               III.4.3-77

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation  with Chemical  Addition  (Fe+2,  lime)
Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Steam electric power
                        generating
Subcategory:
Plant:  5604
References:  A31, p. 22

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage (s):
Mix detention time_^
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
                Data source status :
                  Engineering estimate

                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
           Hydraulic  loading:
           Weir  loading:
           Sludge  underflow:
           Percent solids
             in  sludge:
           Scum  overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
             Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
  Concentration,  pg/L   Percent
  Influent   Effluent   removal
Toxic pollutants :
Arsenic
Copper
Nickel
Silver
Zinc

7
180
6
3
780

86
86
50
a
0
95

              Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was  not  specified.
 Date:   10/29/79
III.4.3-78

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical  Addition  (Fe2*,  lime)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Steam electric power
                        generating
Subcategory:
Plant:  5604
References:  A31,  p.22

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Ash pond

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
      Data source status :
        Engineering estimate

        Bench scale
        Pilot scale
        Full scale
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention time_:_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids
  in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
             Sampling period:
                                   Concentration,
              Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
             Percent
             Pollutant/parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal
Toxic pollutants :
Antimony
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Silver
Zinc

6
2.5
1
4
80
9.5
5.5
300

30
0.5
<0.5
2
23
<0.5
5
25
a
0
80
>50
50
80
>95
9
92

Date:   10/29/79
                                III.4.3-79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with  Chemical Addition  (Ferrous sulfate,
                       lime)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source status:
Point source category:  Steam electric  power         Engineering estimate   	
                        generating
Subcategory:                                        Bench  scale            	
Plant:  5409                                        Pilot  scale            _x_
References:  A2, p. 24 (Appendix)                    Full scale             	
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):                        Hydraulic loading:
Mix detention timej_                        Weir loading:
Mixing intensity (G):                       Sludge underflow:
Flocculation  (GCt):                        Percent  solids
pH in clarifier:  11.5                        in sludge:
Clarifier detention time:                   Scum overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling period;

Concentration , yg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants:
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Influent
3.4
0.8
37
620
70
0.5
4.0
14
8.0
61
Effluent
<0.5
0.5
<2.0
48
<3.0
<0.2
3.6
1.0
<1.0
<2
Percent
removal
>85
37
>95
92
>96
>60
10
93
>88
>97

 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   10/29/79                III.4.3-80

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Ferrous  sulfate,
                       lime)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Steam electric power
                        generating
Subcategory:
Plant: 5409
References:  A2, p. 24 (Appendix)

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Ash pond

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:   11.5
Clarifier detention time:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate

                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
           Hydraulic loading;
           Weir loading:
           Sludge underflow:
           Percent solids
             in sludge:
           Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration, yg/L
Po 1 lutant/parame ter
Toxic pollutants:
Antimony
Arsenic
Copper
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Influent
5.0
74
26
2.5
42
1.0
9.0
11
Effluent
3.5
<1
18
2.0
32
1.1
7.0
<2.0
Percent
removal
30
>99
31
20
24
oa
22
>82

              Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.3-81

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical  Addition  (Lime)
Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Steam electric power
                        generating
Subcategory:
Plant:  5409
References:  A31, p.  22

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment  of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:  11.5
Clarifier detention time:
         Data  source  status:
           Engineering  estimate    	
           Bench  scale
           Pilot  scale
           Full scale
   Hydraulic loading
   Weir loading:
   Sludge underflow:
   Percent solids
     in sludge:
   Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:
                                            Concentration
             Pollutant/parameter
                      Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TOC
     21
<20
>5
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc

<1
<1
3.4
0.8
37
620
70
0.5
4
<2
14
8
61

4
2.5
0.8
<0.5
8.8
70
<3
<0.2
2.3
2.3
7.8
<1
<2
a
0
a
0
76
>38
76
89
>96
>60
43
a
0
44
>88
>97

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
                                 III.4.3-82

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Steam electric power
                        generating
Subcategory:
Plant:  5409
References:  A31, p. 22  (Appendix)

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
      Data source status :
        Engineering estimate

        Bench scale
        Pilot scale
        Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:  Ash pond
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (Get):
pH in clarifier:   11.5
Clarifier detention time:
Hydraulic loading
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids
  in sludge:
Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration, pg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants :
Antimony
Arsenic
Copper
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Influent

5
74
26
2.5
42
1
9
11
Effluent

4
<1
12
2.2
52
1.1
8
<2
Percent
removal

20
>99
54
12
oa
oa
11
>32

              Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
                                 III.4.3-83

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical  Addition  (Lime)

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                Data  source  status:
Point source  category:  Steam electric power        Engineering  estimate    	
                        generating
Subcategory:                                         Bench  scale             	
Plant:  5604                                         Pilot  scale              x
References:  A31, p. 20                             Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment  of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):                         Hydraulic loading:
Mix detention timej_                         Weir loading:
Mixing intensity (G):                        Sludge  underflow:
Flocculation   (GCt):                         Percent solids
pH in clarifier:  11.5                        in sludge:
Clarifier detention time:                   Scum overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling period;

Concentration , yg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants :
Antimony
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Influent

5
7
2
180
6
3
780
Effluent

3
<1
<2
48
12
4
140
Percent
removal

40
>86
>0
73
oa
oa
82

             a
              Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified,


 Date:   10/29/79              III.4.3-84

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Lime)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Steam electric  power
                        generating
Subcategory:
Plant:  1226
References:  A31,  p.  20
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Ash pond

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data  source  status :
                   Engineering estimate

                   Bench  scale
                   Pilot  scale
                   Full scale
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity (G):
Flocculation (GCt):
pH in clarifier:  11.5
Clarifier detention time:
           Hydraulic  loading;
           Weir loading:
           Sludge  underflow:
           Percent solids
             in sludge:
           Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:





Concentration, yg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants :
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Influent

7
9
2.0
6
14
4
<0.2
5.5
8
0.5
7
Effluent

10
1
2.0
11
10
<3
0.3
6.0
8
0.4
2


Percent
removal
a.
0
89
0
oa
29
>25
a
0
a.
0
0
20
57

              Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.3-85

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation  with  Chemical  Addition  (Lime)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
Point source category:  Steam electric power        Engineering estimate
                        generating
Subcategory:                                        Bench  scale
Plant:  1226                                        Pilot  scale
References:  A31,  p. 20                             Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):                         Hydraulic loading:
Mix detention time_^                         Weir loading:
Mixing intensity (G):                        Sludge  underflow:
Flocculation  (GCt):                         Percent solids
pH in clarifier:  11.5                        in sludge:
Clarifier detention time:                    Scum overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration, yg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants :
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium

Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel

Silver
Zinc
Influent

7
4
<0.5
1.8

4
47
3
0.2
6.0

0.7
26
Effluent

4
3
0.9
3.0

9
18
5
0.7
2.9

0.9
2
Percent
removal

43
25
oa
a
0
a
0
62
a
0
oa
52
a
0
92

             aActual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/29/79               III.4.3-86

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition  (Lime)
 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Steam electric power
                         generating
 Subcategory:
 Plant:   Shawnee  power plant, pond A
 References:   A31,  p. 219

 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
        Data source status:
          Engineering estimate

          Bench scale
          Pilot scale
          Full scale
 Unit configuration:  Ash pond
 Wastewater flow:
 Chemical  dosage(s):
 Mix detention timej_
 Mixing intensity  (G):
 Flocculation (GCt):
 pH in clarifier:
 Clarifier detention  time:
  Hydraulic loading:
  Weir loading:
  Sludge underflow:
  Percent solids
    in sludge:
  Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period;
                                            Concentration^
             Pollutant/parameter
          Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
            COD
            TSS
    20
    16
          Average of five values.
          b
          Actual data indicate negative removal.
  37
12.5
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                     Percent
Influent  Effluent   removal
 0
22
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Arsenic
Lead
Mercury
Selenium

20
170
0.76
3

7.5
46
0.23
3.2

63
73
70^
ob
Date:   10/29/79
                                 III.4.3-87

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Sedimentation with  Chemical Addition  (Lime)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                Data  source status:
Point source category:  Steam electric  power         Engineering estimate
                        generating
Subcategory:                                        Bench  scale
Plant:  Shawnee power plant,  pond B                  Pilot  scale
References:  A31, p. 220                            Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Ash pond
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):                         Hydraulic loading:
Mix detention timej_                         Weir loading:
Mixing intensity  (G):                       Sludge  underflow:
Flocculation  (GCt):                         Percent solids
pH in clarifier:                              in sludge:
Clarifier detention time:                   Scum overflow:

                                REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period:	
                                            Concentration5     Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

         Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
            TSS                              160         6         96


           Influent average of two values, effluent  average of four
           values.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   10/29/79               III.4.3-88

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (Lime)
 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Steam electric power
                        generating
 Subcategory:
 Plant:  Shawnee power plant pond D
 References:  A31, p. 222

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate

                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
 Unit configuration:  Ash pond
 Wastewater  flow:
 Chemical  dosage(s):
 Mix detention timej_
 Mixing intensity  (G):
 Flocculation (GCt):
 pH in clarifier:
 Clarifier detention time:
           Hydraulic loading;
           Weir loading:
           Sludge underflow:
           Percent solids
             in sludge:
           Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
         Sampling  period;
              Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration^      Percent
        Influent   Effluent   removal
         Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
           Arsenic
           Lead
           Mercury
         240
         260
           0.1
110
 39
  0.3
54
          Average values.
          Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.3-89

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Sedimentation with Chemical Addition (BaCl2)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Uranium mill
Plant:  9403
References:  Al, p. VI-49

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):  7.4 mg/L BaCla
Mix detention timej_
Mixing intensity  (G):
Flocculation  (GCt):
pH in clarifier:
Clarifier detention time:
            Hydraulic loading:
            Weir loading:
            Sludge underflow:
            Percent solids
              in sludge:
            Scum overflow:
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
                                 Concentration, picoCi/L   Percent
           Pollutant/parameter    Influent     Effluent    removal
           Other pollutants:
             Radium  (total)
 110(±1.1)
4.0(±0.41)
96
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.3-90

-------
III.4.4  DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION (Gas Flotation) [1]

III.4.4.1  Function

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is used to remove suspended solids
by flotation.

III.4.4.2  Description

DAF is used to remove suspended solids by using flotation (rising)
to decrease their apparent density.  DAF consists of saturating
a portion or all of the wastewater feed, or a portion of recycled
effluent, with air at a pressure of 25 to 70 lb/in2  (gage).  The
pressurized wastewater is held at this pressure for 0.5 to 3.0
minutes in a retention tank and then released to atmospheric
pressure in the flotation chamber.  The sudden reduction in
pressure results in the release of microscopic air bubbles, which
attach themselves to oil and suspended particles in the waste-
water in the flotation chamber.  This results in agglomeration
which, due to the entrained air, results in greatly increased
vertical rise rates of about 0.5 to 2.0 ft/min.  The floated
materials rise to the surface to form a froth layer.  Specially
designed flight scrapers or other skimming devices continuously
remove the froth.  The retention time in the flotation chambers
is usually about 20 to 60 minutes.  The effectiveness of dissolved
air flotation depends on the attachment of bubbles to the
suspended oil and other particles that are to be removed from the
waste stream.  The attraction between the air bubble and particle
is primarily a result of the particle surface charges and bubble-
size distribution.

The more uniform the distribution of water and microbubbles, the
shallower the flotation unit can be.  Generally, the depth
of effective flotation units is between 4 and 9 feet.

In certain cases, the surface sludge layer can attain a thickness
of many inches and can be relatively stable for a short period.
The layer thickens with time, but undue delays in removal will
cause a release of particulates back to the liquid.

III.4.4.3  Common Modifications

DAF units can be round, square, or rectangular.  In addition,
gases other than air can be used.  The petroleum industry has used
nitrogen, with closed vessels, to reduce the possibilities of
fire.
III.4.4.4  Technology Status

DAF has been used for many years to treat industrial wastewaters.
It has been commonly used to treat sludges generated by municipal


Date:  8/13/79               III.4.4-1

-------
wastewaters; however, it is not widely used to treat municipal
wastewaters.

III.4.4.5  Applications

Used to remove lighter suspended materials whose specific gravity
is only slightly in excess of 1.0; usually used to remove oil and
grease materials; sometimes used when existing clarifiers are
overloaded hydraulically because converting to DAF requires less
surface area.

III.4.4.6  Limitations

Will only be effective on particles with densities near or
smaller than water.

III.4.4.7  Chemicals Required

The use of chemical addition is covered in the section entitled
"DAF with Chemical Addition", Section 4.5 of this manual.

III.4.4.8  Residuals Generated

A froth layer is generated, which is skimmed off the top of the
unit and is generally denser than clarifier sludge.

III.4.4.9  Reliability

DAF systems have been found to be reliable; however, chemical
pretreatment is essential; without pretreatment, DAF units are
subject to variable influent conditions, resulting in widely
varying performance.

III.4.4.10  Environmental Impact

Requires very little use of land; air released in unit is unlikely
to strip volatile organic material into air; air compressors will
need silencers to control the noise generated; sludge generated
will need methods for disposal; sludge will contain high levels
of chemical coagulants used.

III.4.4.11  Design Criteria


             Criteria                 Units        Range/value

     Pressure                    lb/in.2 (gauge)      25 - 70
     Air-to-solids ratio         Ib/lb             0.01 - 0.1
     Float detention             min                 20 - 60
     Surface hydraulic loading   gpd/ft2           500 - 8,000
     Recycle (where employed)     percent              5 - 120
Date:  8/13/79              III.4.4-2

-------
III.4.4.12   Flow Diagram
                          SLUDCE REMOVAL MECHANISM
                            T
               EFFLUENT -* t T^^.^^SS	^T SLUDGE D.SCHARGE
        RECIRCULATION Q RECYCLE ROW
           PUMP	
               AIR FEED         • • 
-------
rt
n>
CO
\

vo
             CONTROL TECHNOLOGY  SUMMARY FOR  GAS FLOTATION  (MISCELLANEOUS  INDUSTRIES)
Number of
Pollutant data points
Conventional pollutants: mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Phenol
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Anthracene/Phenanthrene
Naphthalene
Aroclor 1016
Aroclor 1242
Chloroform

1
2
1
3
5
1

2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
Effluent concentration
Minimum

250
18
280
131
35
23

19
5
2,300
2
0.6
52
8.5
83
30.
<10K
<10b
5b
<10b
99
>17
Oa
>99
>92
45a
Oa
Oa
0
>0
Maximum Median

4
95
Oa
78
96
4

58
69
Oa
82
Oa
Oa
Oa
22
Oa
>99
>17
51
>99
>92
45
%36
oa
0
>0

4
48
Oa
77
74
4

40
69
Oa
49
Oa
Oa
Oa
11
Oa
>99
>17
26
>99
>92
45
%18
Oa
0
>0
Mean

4
48
Oa
54
67
4

40
69
oa
49
oa
Oa
Oa
11
Oa
>99
>17
26
>99
>92
45
%18
Oa
0
>0
        Actual data indicate negative removal.

        Reported as not detected;  assumed to be <10  yg/L.

-------
rt
(D
               CONTROL TECHNOLOGY  SUMMARY FOR GAS FLOTATION (PETROLEUM INDUSTRY)
to
\
Ul
-J
VO
H

Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
^ Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Beryllium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Anthracene/Phenanthrene
Chyrsene
Fluor anthene
Fluorene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Aroclor 1242
Methyl chloride
Number of
data points

5
7
6
5
2
5

1
7
4
4
3
2
7
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Effluent concentration
Minimum

39
160
43
11
4.4
0.7

2
45
8
20
21
16
30
0.1
0.3
2.5
110
190
0.2
5.1
1.1
10
Maximum

160
690
240
280
21
39

2
1,300
20
170
150
28
1,700
49
0.3
2.5
110
190
0.2
11
1.1
10
Median

82
420
125
42
12.7
9.4

2
250
8.5
45
100
22
130
25
0.3
2.5
110
190
0.2
11
1.1
10
Mean

96
369
130
125
12.7
13.1

2
400
11
70
90
22
340
25
0.3
2.5
110
190
0.2
11
1.1
10

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gas Flotation  (Air)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Pulp, paper and
                         paperboard
Subcategory:  Nonintegrated tissue
Plant:
References:   A26,  pp.  A-104-107

Use in system:   Primary
Pretreatment  of  influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
Process type:
Unit configuration:
Wastewater  flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
pH in flotation  chamber:
Float detention  time:
Hydraulic loading:
Percent recycle:
Solids loading:
         Gas requirement:
         Gas-to-solids ratio:
         Pressure:
         Sludge overflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
                Sampling Period;
                    Pollutant/parameter
                                            Concentration"
                                          Influent  Effluent
                Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 COD
           395
                    18
                CNot detected.
Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
                         Percent
                         removal
                            95
Toxic pollutants, vig/L:
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Phenol
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Chloroform
Other pollutants, yg/L:
Napthalene
Xylenes

15
45
11
1
92
8
800
<1
12
1
13,000
130
3

46
14,000

2
19
2
2
53,000
30
ND°
ND
ND
5
ND
ND
ND

60
ND

87
58
82b
°b
°b
0
-100
-100
-100
0
-100
-100
-100
b
0
-100
Average concentration.
Date:   9/27/79
III.4.4-3

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gas Flotation
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:   Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  G
References:  A3,  pp.  IV-36-63
Use in system:   Secondary
Pretreatment of  influent:  API design gravity  oil  separator

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process type:   Dissolved air flotation
Unit configuration:
Wastewater  flow:
Float detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Percent recycle:
Solids loading:
Gas requirement:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate    	
                  Bench scale             	
                  Pilot scale             	
                  Full scale               x
    Gas-to-solids ratio:
    Pressure:
    Sludge overflow:
    Percent solids
       in sludge:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period: Average of three days and
a composite
sample

Concentration
Pollutants/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Chromium
Chromium (+6)
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Zinc
Bis ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate
Phenol
Anthracene/^henanthrene
Naphthalene
Aroclor 1016
Aroclor 1242
a-Endosulfan
Influent

260
840
230
140
93
24

720
_b
16
1,300
250
0.2
47
7.8
110
700
4,900
^1,100
•^1,100
1.8
°'5b

Effluent

250
1,000
280
131
220
23

570
20
5
2,300
210
0.6
52
8.5
83
1,100
2,400
•V600
•WOO
7.9
0.5
0.1
Percent
removal

4
oa
oa
6
oa
4

21
-
69
a
0
16
oa
oa
oa
22a
0
51
•v.45
-x-36
oa
0


                 Actual data indicate negative removal.
                b
                 Data not available.
                 Concentrations represent sums for these two compounds which
                 elute simultaneously and have the same major ions for GC/MS.

 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   9/27/79
III.4.4-6

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gas Flotation

Data source: Effluent Guidelines                  Data source status:
Point source category:  Canned and preserved
                        fruits and vegetables       Engineering estimate
Subcategory: Tomatoes                               Bench scale
Plant:                                              Pilot scale
References:  A21, p. 268                            Pull scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Recycle pressurization,  dissolved air flotation system
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Float detention time:
Hydraulic loading:  0.041-0.12 m3/min/m2 (1.0-2.9 gpm/ft2)
Percent recycle:  33-50%
Solids loading:  1.35-2.71 kg/hr/m2 (9.7-19.5 lb/hr/ft2)
Gas requirement:
Gas-to-solids ratio:
Pressure:
Sludge overflow:
Percent solids in sludge:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;	

                                     Concentration,3 mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent  Effluent    removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            TSS                          900      200        78
           Average of three samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   9/27/79                 III.4.4-7

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gas Flotation

Data source: Effluent  Guidelines                  Data source status:
Point source category:  Canned and preserved
                        fruits and vegetables       Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Peaches                                Bench scale
Plant:                                              Pilot scale
References:  A21,  p.  267                            Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:   Screening

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Recycle pressurization,  dissolved air flotation system
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Float detention time:
Hydraulic loading:  0.041-0.13 m3/min/m2 (1.0-2.9 gpm/ft2)
Percent recycle:  25-50%
Solids loading:  0.042-0.31 kg/hr/m2 (0.3-2.2 lb/hr/ft2)
Gas requirement:
Gas-to-solids ratio:
Pressure:
Sludge overflow:
Percent solids in sludge:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period:	

                                     Concentration/5 mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent  Effluent    removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            TSS                        1,070      241        77


           Average of  seven samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


 Date:  9/27/79                 III.4.4-8

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gas Flotation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Petroleum  refining          Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                       Bench scale
Plant:  B                                          Pilot scale
References:  A4,  pp. 11-56                          Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dissolved air flotation
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Float detention time:                   Gas-to-solids  ratio:
Hydraulic loading:                     Pressure:
Percent recycle:                       Sludge  overflow:
Solids loading:                        Percent solids
Gas requirement:                         in sludge:

                                REMOVAL DATA

               Sampling period;	
                                                   Effluent
               	Pollutant/parameter	concentration

               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 BOD5                                160
                 COD                                 450
                 TOC                                 110
                 TSS                                  42
                 Oil and grease                       21
                 Total phenol                         39

               Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
                 Chromium                             45
                 Copper                                8
                 Cyanide                              40
                 Zinc                                 30
                Concentrations from several days were averaged.
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not specified.


 Date:   10/29/79               III.4.4-9

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gas Flotation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  D
References:  A4,  p.  IV-46

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dissolved air flotatation
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
Float detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Percent recycle:
Solids loading:
Gas requirement:
      Gas-to-solids ratio:
      Pressure:
      Sludge overflow:
      Percent solids
        in  sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
               Sampling period;
                    Pollutant/parameter
                  Effluent
                            a
               concentration
               Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
                  COD
                  TOC
                  TSS
                  Total phenol
               Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
                 Chromium
                 Copper
                 Cyanide
                 Zinc
                 Anthracene/phenanthrene
                 Chrysene
                 Fluoranthene
                 Naphthalene
                 Pyrene
                 Aroclor 1242
                    630
                    180
                      43
                    5.6


                    730
                       8
                      50
                    280
                    140
                    0.1
                    2.5
                    190
                      11
                    1.1
                Concentrations from several days were averaged.
                Concentration represent sums of these two com-
                pounds which elute simultaneously and have the
                same major ions for GC/MS.

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.4-10

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gas Flotation

Data  source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:
Subcategory:   Petroleum refining
Plant:   E
References:   A4,  p. IV-46

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment  of influent:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dissolved air flotation
Unit  configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Float detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Percent recycle:
Solids loading:
Gas requirement:
      Gas-to-solids ratio:
      Pressure:
      Sludge  overflow:
      Percent solids
         in  sludge:
                                   REMOVAL DATA
                       Sampling period:
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc

Lead

Anthracene/phenanthrene
Chrysene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Methylene chloride
Effluent
concentration

47
160
43
15
9.4

89
28
57.
K
150°
n
49b
°-3b
110
°"ib '

iob

                       Concentration from several days were averaged.
                       This extract was diluted 1:10 before analysis.
                       Cpossibly due to laboratory contamination.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not  specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.4-11

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gas Flotation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
Point source category:  Porcelain enameling         Engineering  estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench  scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot  scale            	
References:  A51, pp.  198-199                       Full scale              x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Float detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Percent recycle:
Solids loading:
Gas requirement:
Gas-to-solids ratio:
Pressure:
Sludge overflow:
Percent solids in sludge:

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration, mg/L    Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent    removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             Oil and grease            4,360       170          96
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/29/79               III.4.4-12

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gas Flotation

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Petroleum refining
 Subcategory:
 Plant:   K
 References: A4,  p.  iv-56
 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                  Data  source  status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench  scale
                    Pilot  scale
                    Full scale
 Process  type:  Dissolved air flotation
 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Float detention  time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Percent  recycle:
 Solids loading:
 Gas requirement:
       Gas-to-solids  ratio:
       Pressure:
       Sludge  overflow:
       Percent solids
         in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
                Sampling period;
                    Pollutant/parameter
                   Effluent
                concentration'
               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 BOD5                                150
                 COD                                 690
                 TOC                                 240
                 TSS                                 280
                 Total phenol                        0.7

               Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
                 Chromium                          1,300
                 Copper                              280
                 Lead                                100
                 Nickel                               16
                 Zinc                              1,700
                Concentrations from several days were averaged.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.4-13

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gas Flotation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source status:
Point source category:  Petroleum  refining          Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench  scale            	
Plant:  M                                           Pilot  scale            	
References: A4,  pp. 10-56                           Full scale              x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dissolved air flotation
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Float detention time:                   Gas-to-solids ratio:
Hydraulic loading:                     Pressure:
Percent recycle:                       Sludge overflow:
Solids loading:                        Percent solids
Gas requirement:                         in sludge:

                                REMOVAL DATA

               Sampling period;	
                                                   Effluent
               	Pollutant/parameter	concentration

               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                  BOD5                                39
                  COD                                230
                  TOC                                 67
                  TSS                                 11
                  Oil and grease                      17
                  Total phenol                       4.4

               Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
                 Beryllium                             2
                 Chromium                            110
                 Copper                                9
                 Cyanide                              20
                 Zinc                                130
                Concentration from several days were averaged.
 Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/29/79               III.4.4-14

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gas Flotation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  O
References:  A4,  p.  IV-57

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
Process type:  Dissolved air flotation
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Float detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Percent recycle:
Solids loading:
Gas requirement:
      Gas-to-solids ratio:
      Pressure:
      Sludge overflow:
      Percent solids
        in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
               Sampling period;
                    Pollutant/parameter
                  Effluent
               concentration0
               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 BOD 5
                 COD
                 TOC
                 TSS
                 Total phenol

               Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
                 Chromium
                 Copper
                 Cyanide
                 Lead
                 Zinc
                     82
                    420
                    140
                     32
                     11
                    250
                     20
                    170
                     21
                     70
                Concentrations from several days were averaged.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.4-15

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gas Flotation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source status:
Point source category:  Porcelain  enameling          Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:                                              Pilot scale
References:  A51,  pp.  198-199                       Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Float detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Percent recycle:
Solids loading:
Ga s requi rement:
Gas-to-solids ratio:
Pressure:
Sludge overflow:
Percent solids in sludge:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration, mg/L    Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent    removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             Oil and grease             125          35        72
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/29/79               III.4.4-16

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gas Flotation

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Porcelain  enameling         Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                       Bench scale
Plant:                                             Pilot scale
References:  A51, pp.  198-199                      Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Float detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Percent recycle:
Solids loading:
Gas requirement:
Gas-to-solids ratio:
Pressure:
Sludge overflow:
Percent solids in sludge:

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	
                                      Concentration,  mg/L    Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent    removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             Oil and grease             154         40         74
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   10/29/79               III.4.4-17

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Gas Flotation

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source  category:  Porcelain enameling         Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
 Plant:                                              Pilot scale
 References:   A51, pp. 198-199                       Full scale

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR  OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Process type:
 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Float detention time:
 Hydraulic  loading:
 Percent recycle:
 Solids loading:
 Gas requirement:
 Gas-to-solids ratio:
 Pressure:
 Sludge overflow:
 Percent solids in sludge:

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling  period;	

                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

            Conventional pollutants:
              Oil and grease            3,830       270        93
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.


Date:   10/29/79               III.4.4-18

-------
III.4.5  GAS FLOTATION WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION [1]

III.4.5.1  Function

Gas flotation with chemical addition is utilized to remove collo-
dial and suspended solids.

III.4.5.2  Description

The use of chemical addition in conjuction with gas flotation is
the same treatment technology as described for sedimentation with
chemical addition, except that gas flotation is utilized instead
of sedimentation.  The reader is refferred to Section III.4.3
for a thorough discussion of chemical addition; the description
is not duplicated here.

III.4.5.3  Technology Status

Gas flotation with chemical addition is a well-developed technol-
ogy; installed equipment is currently operating in many industrial
applications.

III.4.5.4  Applications

Any industrial wastestream where land/space availability is lim-
ited and/or sedimentation is not practical.

III.4.5.5  Limitations

Gas flotation with chemical addition may require additional solids
removal (e.g., multimedia filtration).

III.4.5.6  Residuals Generated/Environmental Impact

Solids must be disposed of properly; odor may be a problem with
certain wastestreams.

III.4.5.7  Design Criteria

Design criteria for gas flotation with chemical addition are the
same as those described in Section III.4.3.10.
Date:  8/13/79               III.4.5-1

-------
III.4.5.8  Performance

Subsequent data sheets provide performance data from studies on
the following industries and/or wastestreams:

     Auto and other laundries industry
       Industrial laundries
       Linen supplies
       Power laundries

     Canned and preserved fish and seafood processing
       Shrimp
       Tuna

     Porcelain enameling

     Textile milling
       Woven fabric finishing

III.4.5.9  References

 1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual.
     EPA-430/9-78-009 (draft), U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.  252 pp.
Date:  8/13/79              III.4.5-2

-------
D
0)
rt
(D
NJ

\
U>

\
«J
VO
 I
N)
             CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR GAS  FLOTATION WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION  (ALUM)
M                                Number of      Effluent concentration, mg/L~Removal efficiency',' %  '_	

H        	Pollutant	data points   Minimum  Maximum   Median   Mean  Minimum   Maximum   Mediem" Mean


*.        Conventional pollutant
•

           Oil  and grease             4         <10a      142      12.5     44      89        >99       92     93
          Not  detected, assumed to be <10 mg/L.

-------
o
OJ
rt
fl)
to
\
OJ
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR GAS FLOTATION WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION  (ALUM,  POLYMER)
H
H
H
171
 I
to
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TOG
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, yg/I. •
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Phenol
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Naphthalene
2-Chloronaphthalene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Dichlorobromome thane
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Trichlorof luoromethane
Acrolein
Number of
data points

2
3
1
3
2
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Effluent concentration
Minimum

178
1,220
544
95
76
0.094
12.2

2,200
3.5
40
360
660
<10
1,000
1
270
<1
66
2,300
90
81
300
21
28
3
4.5
10
11
16
410
19
<0.9
8
<0. 9
860
<2
720
Maximum

428
2,110
544
742
128
0.094
12.2

2,200
3.5
40
360
660
<10
1,000
1
270
<1
66
2,300
90
81
300
21
28
3
4.5
10
11
16
410
19
<0.9
8
<0.9
860
<2
720
Median

303
1,670
544
141
102
0.094
12.2

2,200
3.5
40
360
660
<10
1,000
1
270
<1
66
2,300
90
81
300
21
28
3
4.5
10
11
16
410
19
<0.9
8
<0.9
860
<2
720
Mean

303
1,670
544
326
102
0.094
12.2

2,200
3.5
40
360
660
<10
1,000
1
270
£1
66
2,300
90
81
300
21
28
3
4.5
10
11
16
410
19
<0.9
8
<0.9
860
<2
720
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

49
17
25
Oa
63
13
49

6
56
0
19
19
>61
0
33
41
0
44
10
25a
oa
oa
°a
°a
oa
10a
Oa
52
3
76
Oa
>85
84
>10
74
>50
Oa
Maximum

70
64
25
83
85
13
49

6
56
0
19
19
>61
0
33
41
0
44
10
25a
Oa
°a
°a
°a
Oa
10
a
0
52
3
76
oa
>85
84
>10
74
>5°a
oa
Median

bU
51
25
68
74
13
49

6
56
0
19
19
>61
0
33
41
0
44
10
25a
0
°a
Sa
°a
0
10a
0
52
3
76a
Oa
>85
84
>10
74
>50
Oa
Mean

60
44
25
50
74
13
49

6
56
0
19
19
261
0
33
41
0
44
10
25a
0
°a
£
°a
Oa
10a
0
52
3
76a
Oa
>85
84
>10
74
>50
a
Oa
        aActual data indicates negative removal.

-------
fi-
ll)
to
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR GAS  FLOTATION WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION
                         (CALCIUM CHLORIDE,  POLYMER)
tn
I
Number of
Pollutant data point
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorous
Toxic pollutants, M9/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol
Benzene
Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Naphthalene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Isophorone

3
5
4
6
6
4
2

5
4
6
6
5
3
6
3
5
1
2
1
6
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
4
4
1
3
1
3
3
4
1
2
1
Effluent concentration
s Mm iraum

318
1,100
155
18
51
<0.001
1 7

<10
2
<2
100
150
54
67
<0.2
<5
2
<15
50.
10b
220
<0.03
19
33
620
<0.1
27
42
3
5
260.
<10b
380
66
480
1
0.8
2
5
14
6,
99
Oa
78
66
>99
Oa
0
oa
oa
76
04
oa
83a
Oa
50a
°a
°a
Oa
22
Oa
>95
Maximum Median

68
78
72
98
90
>94
96

>89
80
>98
67
91
5
98
>90
>94
oa
>48
ft
Oa
>99
82
>99
79
78
66
>99
Oa
80
Oa
Oa
76
>99
65
83
82
50
74
7
94
22
86
>95

64
66
50
88
79
1
48

>51
>13
>96
>50
79
Oa
98
>80
>67
oa
24
Oa
96
72
>99
39
78
66
>99
oa
57
Oa
Oa
76
30
6
83
80
50
20
0
Oa
22
43
>95
Mean

63
66
43
88
76
24
48

47
>28
79
SI
78
2
97
>68
>65
oa
24
oa
>95
72
>99
39
78
66
>99
Oa
46
oa
Oa
76
40
19
83
54
50
31
23
23
22
43
>95
         Actual datd indicate negative removal.

         Reported as not detected; assumed to be <10 iag/L.

-------
D
f»
ft
K)
\
U)
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY  FOR GAS FLOTATION WITH CHEMICAL  ADDITION  (POLYMER)
 H
 U1
 I
 NJ
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorous
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Cadimum
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Bis(2-ethyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
2-Chlorophenol
2 , 4-Dichlorophenol
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Fluoranthene
Naphthalene
Pyrene
Chloroform
Methyl chloride
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Number of
data points

4
2
1
4
3
2
1

I
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2 .
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
Effluent concentration
Minimum

112
459
87
32
16
0.026
1.0

64
5
28
50
25b
<10D
32
29
14
<10
45
<0.03
<0.02
11
2
6
28
8
9
12
160
130
2
0.5
0.6
0.3
24
30
22
2
<2
Maximum

2,330
725
87
617
87
0.385
1.0

64
5
28
81
25
70
63
29
14
240
74
<0.03
<10b
11
2
6
28
30
26
12
160
130
2
°-5h
<10b
0.3
24
30
22
2
<10
Median

<171
592
87
102
27
0.205
1.0

64
5
28
66
25
<40
48
29
14
120
60
<0.03 .
<5
11
2
6
28
19
18
12
160
130
2
0.5
<5
0.3
24
30
22
2
<6
Mean

<69fe
592
87
213
43
0.205
1.0

64
5
28
66
25
<40
48
29
14
120
60
<0.03
<5
11
2
6
28
19
18
12
160
130
2
0.5
<5
0.3
24
30
22
2
<6
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

Oa
8
36
30
50
11
oa

oa
Oa
Oa
9
14a
oa
Oa
0"
oa
17
10
>99
>23
61a
°a
°a
°a
°a
Oa
33
65
59
°a
oa
33
0
41
Oa
61
0
>0
Maximum

>50
31
36
84
68
72
Oa

°a
oa
oa
75
14
.-29
oa
oa
oa
>60
92
>99
>99
61a
°a
°a
Oa
19
72
33
65
59
°a
oa
>96
0
41
oa
61
0
>9
Median

47
20
36
33
59
42
0

oa
Oa
Oa
42
14
15
oa
oa
oa
>38
51
>99
>61
61a
°a
°a
Oa
9
36
33
65
59
°a
oa
>65
0
41
oa
61
0
>4
Mean

36
20
36
45
59
42
Oa

0^
Oa
Oa
42
14
15
oa
oa
oa
>38
51
>99
>61
61a
°a
°a
Oa
9
36
33
65
59
°a
oa
>65
0
41
oa
61
0
>4
         Actual data indicates negative removal.

         Reported as not detected, assumed  to be <10 mg/L.

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition  (Cationic polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, p. VII-80
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
Equalization, grit removal, coarse screening, chem-
ical addition (alum and caustic),  and fine screening
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dissolved air flotation
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:  1.2 m3/min (300 gpm)
Chemical dosage(s):
pH in flotation chamber:
Float detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Percent recycle:
Solids loading:
               Gas requirement:
               Gas-to-solids ratio:
               Pressure:
               Sludge overflow:
               Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Oi-n-butyl phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Methyl chloride
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Influent

400
1,050
195
0.092

320
14
28
<10
25
570
13
37
94
IB
460
320
250
26
11
Effluent

<200
725
32
0.026

81
ND*
32
14
<10
45
ND
30
26
12
160
130
ND
30
<10
Percent
removal

>50
31
84
72

75
VLOO
' °b
0
>60
92
•v-100
19
72
33
65
59
•MOO
cr
>9
                 *Not detected.
                  Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not  specified.
Date:   8/13/79
       III.4.5-3

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gas Flotation with Chemical  Addition  (Alum)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Porcelain enameling
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  A51, pp. 198-199

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
Process type:
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
pH in flotation chamber:
Float detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Percent recycle:
Solids loading:
        Gas requirement:
        Gas-to-solids ratio:
        Pressure:
        Sludge overflow:
        Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration, mg/L   Percent
    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             Oil and grease
      100
10
90
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.5-4

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition  (Alum)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Porcelain enameling
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  A51, pp. 198-199

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
           Data source status:
             Engineering estimate
             Bench scale
             Pilot scale
             Full scale
Process type:
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
pH in flotation chamber:
Float detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Percent recycle:
Solids loading:
    Gas requirement:
    Gas-to-solids  ratio:
    Pressure:
    Sludge overflow:
    Percent solids in sludge;
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
             Po1lutant/parameter
Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             Oil and grease
  133
15
89
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
                                  III.4.5-5

-------
o
(o
rt
I-1
to
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U)
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^J
VO
                              CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR  ULTRAFILTRATION
 .£>.
 •
 cn


 Ui
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants,
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, \iq/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Number of
data points
mg/L:
12
12
18
13
11
4

3
1
3
1
3
2
1
6

Minimum

12
148
66
2.4
5
44.6

<5
2,900
<500
5,000
<1,000
0.4
<500
180
Effluent concentration
Maximum

8,890
36,600
939
539
195
131

<10
2,900
1,100
5,000
<1,000
0.8
<500
40,000
Median

457
813
224
<27
55
79.1

<10
2,900
<500
5,000
<1,000
0.6
<500
<1,000
Mean

2,850
8,380
347
<97.7
80
83.4

<8.3
2,900
<700
5,000
<1,000
0.6
<500
8,600
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

Oa
9
15
60
23»
oa

>67
67
>58a
oa
>52
11
>32
22
Maximum

88
99
97
>99
>99
82

>93
67
90a
Oa
>95
20
>32
98
Median

64
53
76
99
85
32

>90
67
>71a
oa
>74
15
>32
94
Mean

53
54
60
•>92
>96
36

>83
67
>73a
Oa
>74
15
>32
>78
        aActual data indicate negative removal.

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
                       Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition
                        (Alum,  Polymer)
 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Auto and other
                         laundries
 Subcategory:   Industrial laundries
 Plant:   K
 References:   A28,  Appendix C
                                                   Data source status:
                                                     Engineering estimate
                                                     Bench scale
                                                     Pilot scale
                                                     Full scale
                                                                             x
Use  in system:   Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                            Screening,  equalization
 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Process type:   Dissolved air flotation
 Unit  configuration:  Circular clarifier; no recycle
 Wastewater flow:   45 m3/d (12,000 gpd)  159 m3/d  (42,000 gpd  design)
                      Alum - 1,200 mg/L  Polymer - 80 mg/L
                           5-6           Gas requirement:
                                           Gas-to-solids ratio:
                                           Pressure:  552 kPa  (80  psi)
                                           Sludge overflow:
                                           Percent solids in sludge:

                                  REMOVAL DATA
                         Sampling, Periodt Average of two, one-day co»posites.
Chemical dosage(s):
pH in flotation chamber:
Float detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Percent recycle:  0
Solids loading:
Concentration
Pol lutant/paraswter
Conventional pollutant*, mq/Li
•00s
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Ant loony
Arsenic
Cadmiun
Chroeuvun
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Dl-n-octyl phthalate
Phenol
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Anthracene /Phenanthrene
Haphthalene
2-Chloronaphthalene
Carbon tetrachloride
ChloroforB
Dichlorobronome thane
Hethylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
Tnchlorofluorcwe thane
Acrolein
Influent

346
2.550
728
496
205
0.106
24.0

2,400
6.0
40
450
610
26
1,000
1.5
460
SI
120
2,600
120
<0.03
300
<0.9
20
1.5
5.0
7.5
23
17
1,700
6.0
6.0
48
1.0
3,300
4.0
<100
Effluent

178
2,110
544
742
76
0.094
12.2

2,200
3.5
40
360
660
SlO
1,000
1.0
270
Si
66
2,300
90
ei
300
21
28
3.0
4.5
10
11
16
410
19
<0.9
8.0
<0.9
860
<2.0
720
Percent
renoval

49
17
25
0*
63
13
49

6
56
0
19
19
561
0
33
41
-0
44
10
«
0*
o.
0*
o'
0*
10
0*
52
3
76
o"
>85
84
>10
74
>50
0*
                          Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
                                  III.4.5-6

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition  (Polymer)
                                                   Data source status:
                                                     Engineering estimate
                                                     Bench scale
                                                     Pilot scale
                                                     Full scale
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Auto and other
                        laundries
Subcategory:  Power laundries
Plant:  J
References:  A28, Appendix C

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
 Process  type:   Dissolved air flotation
 Unit  configuration:   Rectangular clarifier; recycle pressurization
 Wastewater flow:   341 m3/d (90,000 gpd)
                   379 m3/d design (100,000 gpd design)
 Chemical dosage(s):   60 mg/L
 pH  in flotation chamber:  10.3 - 10.6
 Float detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:   0.11 m3/min/m2
                     (2.6 gpm/ft2)
 Percent  recycle:   50
 Solids loading:
                                          Gas requirement:
                                          Gas-to-solids ratio:  0.5
                                          Pressure:  517 kPa  (5.1 atm)
                                          Sludge overflow:  0.11 m3/d  (30 gpd)
                                          Percent solids in sludge:  7.5
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                       S amp 1ing Per i od i 2 d*y»_
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants , ag/L:
BOD.
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalete
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
2-Chlorophenol
2 , 4-Dichlorophenol
2 , 4-Dljnethy Iphenol
Pentachlorophcnol
Phenol
Anthracene /Phena/itnrene
Fluor anthene
Naphthalene
Pyrene
Chlorofom
Hethylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1 , 1,1-Tnchloroe thane
Influent

113
497
135
50
39
0.432
0.8

<10
<1
26
55
29
<23
<36
<5
290
81
17
2
28
0.3
1
2
3
2
0.9
0.3
0.9
0.3
41
57
3
2
Effluent

142
459
87
32
16
0.385
1.0

64
5
28
50
25
70
63
29
240
74
<0.03
<0.02
11
2
6
28
8
9
2
0.5
0.6
0.3
24
22
2
<2
Percent
removal

oa
8
36
36
59
11
0*

o"
0*
0*
9
14
0*
0*
0*
17
10
-100
>99
61
0*
o«
0*
0*
0*
0*
o4
33
0
41
61
0
>0
                       Actual data indicate negative resttval.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:    9/27/79
                                 III.4.5-7

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition
                       (Sodium aluminate, Polymer)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Canned and preserved        Engineering estimate
                        fish and seafood proc-      Bench scale
                        essing                      Pilot scale
Subcategory:  Tuna                                  Full scale
Plant:
References:  A13, p. 353

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dissolved in air flotation
Unit configuration:  EIMCO
Wastewater flow:  1.71 m3/min (450 gpm)
Chemical dosage(s):  120 mg/L (sodium aluminate)
pH in flotation chamber:                  Gas requirement:
Float detention time:                      Gas-to-solids ratio:
Hydraulic loading:                        Pressure:
Percent recycle:                          Sludge overflow:
Solids loading:                           Percent solids in sludge:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;

                                     Concentration,3 mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent"   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            COD                        2,850      1,800        37
            TSS                        1,170        515        56


           Based on two runs.
           Calculated from influent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   9/27/79                 III.4.5-8

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
                       Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition
                       (Calcium Chloride, Polymer)
                                                   Data source status:
                                                     Engineering estimate
                                                     Bench scale
                                                     Pilot scale
                                                     Full scale
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Auto and other
                        laundries
Subcategory:  Industrial laundries
Plant:  E
References:  A28, Appendix C

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
 Process  type:   Dissolved air flotation
 Unit configuration:   Rectangular clarifier;  recycle pressurization
 Wastewater flow:
 Chemical dosage(s):
 pH in flotation chamber:                   Gas requirement:
 Float detention time:                      Gas-to-solids ratio:
 Hydraulic loading:                         Pressure:
 Percent  recycle:                           Sludge overflow:
 Solids loading:                            Percent solids in sludge:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
                Sampling Period;  1 day

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Influent

1,700
4,900
460
900
230
0.10
13

120
11
60
300
1,000
240
3,000
-3
80
8
2,000
Effluent

540
1,100
270
18
84
0.32
23

29
ND
<2
100
200
530
70
2
<5
19
60
Percent
removal

68
78
41
98
63
oa
oa

76
-100
>97
67
80
oa
98
33
>94
oa
97
                 Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
                                 III.4.5-9

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
                        Gas Flotation with Chemical  Addition
                        (Ferrous Sulfate, Lime, Polymer)
                                                    Data source status:
                                                      Engineering estimate
                                                      Bench scale
                                                      Pilot scale
                                                      Full scale
Data source:  Effluent  Guidelines document
Point source category:   Auto and other
                         laundries
Subcategory:  Industrial laundries
Plant:  L
References:  A28, Appendix C
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:   Screening
DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dissolved air flotation
Unit configuration:   Rectangular clarifier? recycle pressurization
Wastewater flow:   83 m3/d (22,000 gpd)(design)
Chemical dosage (s):   Fe SO** - 300 mg/L Cationic  polymer - 2 mg/L
pH in flotation chamber:                  Gas  requirement:
Float detention time:                     Gas-to-solids ratio:
Hydraulic loading:                         Pressure:
Percent recycle:                           Sludge overflow:
Solids loading:                            Percent solids in sludge:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                         Sanplii.9 Period: Toxic organic* - 3 day» other pollutant* -
                         	8 day*	,	
                            Poliutant/parajpeter
                                           Concentration
                                          influent Effluent
Conventional pollutant*, Bq/L:
•00.
coo
TOC
T5S
Oil and greaee
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L.
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadniun
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Hexcury
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
N-ni trosodiphenylaaine
Pentach lorophenol
Phenol
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
Dichlocobentene
Anthracene/Phenanthrene
Fluor anthene
Fluorene
Naphthalene
Pyrenv
Carbon tetrachloride
Dich 1 or obroncete thane
1, 1-Dichloroethylene
i , 2-Dichloropropane

1,310
4,770
771
711
915
0.367
21.7

95
32
97
410
3.600
46
7,200
2.7
130
-4
2,500
5.100
1,500
600
410
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
470
ND
ND
410
ND
ND
ND
ND
HD

209
600
177
86
26
1.09
0.14

ie
11
£15
S27
73
£32
SUO
SO. 97
e
264
>96
>75
95
98
97
97
-100
0*
0*
0*
0*
0*
0*
298
0*
0*
77
°°.
0
o"
o'
0*
                          Actual data indicate negative
Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not  specified.
Date:   9/27/79
                                   III.4.5-10

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition
(Ferric Sulfate, Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Auto and other
                        laundries
Subcategory:  Linen supply
Plant:  M
References:  A28, Appendix C
                           Data  source  status:
                              Engineering estimate
                              Bench  scale
                              Pilot  scale
                              Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
    Screening, equalization
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dissolved  air  flotation
Unit configuration:  Rectangular  clarifier;  full flow
                     pressurization
Wastewater flow:  170 m3/d  (45,000 gpd)  (design)
Chemical dosage (s):  Fe2(SO<+)3  -  1,200 mg/L
                     Anionic  polymer - 25 mg/L
pH in flotation chamber:  6                Gas requirement:
Float detention time:   29 min             Gas-to-solids ratio:
Hydraulic loading:                         Pressure:
Percent recycle:  0                        Sludge overflow:
Solids loading:                            Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling Period:
                                             Concentration
                                       Percent
                Pollutant/parameter
                   Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
             BODS                           1,420        486      66
             COD                            3,600        410      89
             TOC                              599        160      73
             TSS                              536         61      89
             Oil and grease                    341        101      70
             Total phenol                    0.065      0.034      48
             Total phosphous                    19        0.3      98
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Zinc

8
3
140
230
330
2
670

3
9
58
400
<87
1.2
910

62
a
0
59
oa
74
40
a
oa

            Actual data indicate negative removal.

Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
           III.4.5-11

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition
(Calcium Chloride, Polymer)
Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Auto and other
                        laundries
Subcategory:   Industrial laundries
Plant:  F
References:  A28, Appendix C
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
    Screening, equalization
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dissolved air flotation
Unit configuration:  Rectangular clarifier;  recycle pressurization
Wastewater flow:  0.38 m3/min (101 gpm)   0.78 m3/min (design)  (200 gpm)
Chemical dosage(s):  Calcium chloride
pH in flotation chamber:
Float detention time:
Hydraulic loading:  0.0027 m3/min/m2
                    (0.66 gpm/ft2)
Percent recycle:
Solids loading:
                 1,600 mg/L  Polymer - 2 mg/L
                   Gas requirement:
                   Gas-to-solids ratio:
                   Pressure:
                   Sludge overflow:
                   Percent solids in sludge:   3-5
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling Period;  5 days
                                            Concentration
                                        Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
                  Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          BODs
          TOC
          TSS
          Oil and grease

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
                      877
                      139
                      792
                      513
318
155
142
 53
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
64
 o£
82
90
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
48
650
5,400
2,900
72
290
300
310
0°
56
94
89

Date:   9/27/79
           III.4.5-12

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition
                        (Acid, Alum, Polymer)

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Canned and preserved        Engineering estimate
                        fish and seafood proc-      Bench scale
                        essing                      Pilot scale
Subcategory:  Shrimp                                Full scale
Plant:
References:  A13, p. 355

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dissolved air flotation
Unit  configuration:  Carborundum pilot unit
Wastewater flow:  0.19 m3/min  (50 gpm)
Chemical dosage(s):  0.5-5 mg/L  (polymer)
                     75 mg/L (alum)
pH in flotation chamber:  5               Gas requirement:
Float detention time:                     Gas-to-solids ratio:
Hydraulic loading:                        Pressure:  27.6 kPa (40 psig)
Percent recycle:  50                      Sludge overflow:
Solids loading:                           Percent solids in sludge:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;	

                                     Concentration,5 mg/L   Percent
             Po 1 lu t an t/par ame ter	Influent   Effluent13   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TSS
1,930
3,400
559
428
1,220
95
70
64
83

          a
           Average of five runs, one each with 5, 4, 2, 1, and 0.5
           mg/L polymer.
           Calculated from influent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   9/27/79                 III.4.5-13

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition
                       (Acid, Alum, Polymer)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Canned and preserved        Engineering estimate   	
                        fish and seafood proc-      Bench scale            	
                        essing                      Pilot scale             X
Subcategory:  Shrimp                                Full scale
Plant:
References:  A13, p. 355

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dissolved air flotation
Unit configuration:  Carborundum pilot plant
Wastewater flow:  0.19 m3/min (50 gpm)
Chemical dosage(s):  75 mg/L (alum)
pH in flotation chamber:   5.0             Gas requirement:
Float detention time:                     Gas-to-solids ratio:
Hydraulic loading:                        Pressure:  27.6 kPa (40 psig)
Percent recycle:  50                      Sludge overflow:
Solids loading:                           Percent solids in sludge:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;	

                                     Concentration,3 mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent*3   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            COD                        3,400      1,670        51
            TSS                          440        141        68
            Oil and grease               852        128        85

          a
           Average of two runs with 2 mg/L polymer.
           Calculated from influent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   9/27/79                 III.4.5-14

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition
                        (Treto lite)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point  source category:  Canned and preserved        Engineering estimate   	
                        fish and seafood proc-      Bench scale            	
                        essing                      Pilot scale             X
Subcategory:  Tuna                                  Full scale
Plant:
References:  A13, p. 348

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dispersed in air flotation
Unit configuration:  Wemco hydrocleaner
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):  7-16 mg/L
pH in  flotation chamber:                  Gas requirement:
Float  detention time:  5-10 min           Gas-to-solids ratio:
Hydraulic loading:                        Pressure:
Percent recycle:                          Sludge overflow:
Solids loading:                           Percent solids in sludge:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;  Composite of 12 samples taken in 1 hr.

                                     Concentration,a mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent*3   removal
Conventional pollutants :
BODS
TSS
Oil and grease

4,400
882
273

2,330
617
87

47
30
68
          a
           Average of eight runs.
           Calculated from influent and percent removal data.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   9/27/79                 III.4.5-15

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition
                       (Lime,  Polymers)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Canned and preserved        Engineering estimate
                        fish and seafood proc-      Bench scale
                        essing                      Pilot scale
Subcategory:  Tuna                                  Full scale
Plant:
References:  A13, p. 353
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dissolved air flotation
Unit configuration:  EIMCO
Wastewater flow:  0.03-0.06 m3/min (7.5-15 gpm)
Chemical dosage(s):  Cationic 0.05 mg/L
                     Anionic 0.10 mg/L
pH in flotation chamber:  10.0-10.5       Gas requirement:
Float detention time:                      Gas-to-solids ratio:
Hydraulic loading:                        Pressure:
Percent recycle:  0-50                    Sludge overflow:
Solids loading:                           Percent solids in sludge:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;	
                                     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent  Effluent5   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            BOD5                       3,530     1,240        65
            TSS                        1,090       369        66
            Oil and grease               558       190        66


           Calculated from influent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   9/27/79                 III.4.5-16

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition
                       (Drew 410)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                  Data source status:
Point source category:  Canned and preserved        Engineering estimate    	
                        fish and seafood proc-      Bench scale            	
                        essing                      Pilot scale             X
Subcategory:  Tuna                                  Full scale             	
Plant:
References:  A13, p. 348
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dispersed air flotation
Unit configuration:  Wemco hydrocleaner
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):  3-14 mg/L
pH in flotation chamber:                  Gas requirement:
Float detention time:   5-10 min           Gas-to-solids ratio:
Hydraulic loading:                        Pressure:
Percent recycle:                          Sludge overflow:
Solids loading:                           Percent solids in sludge:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;  Composite of 12 samples taken in 1 hr.

                                     Concentration,3 mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent13   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            BOD5                       211         112         47
            TSS                        245         172         30
            Oil and grease              54          27         50


           Average of eight runs.
           Calculated from influent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   9/27/79                 III.4.5-17

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition
(Calcium Chloride, Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Auto and other
                        laundries
Subcategory:  Industrial laundries
Plant:  D
References:  A28, Appendix C
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
    Screening, equalization
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dissolved air flotation
Unit configuration:  Rectangular clarifier; recycle pressurization
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
pH in flotation chamber:                  Gas requirement:
Float detention time:                     Gas-to-solids ratio:
Hydraulic loading:                        Pressure:
Percent recycle:                          Sludge overflow:
Solids loading:                           Percent solids in sludge:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Concentration
Po llutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Influent

2,400
7,100
1,800
940
1,600

160
70
980
1,700
280
5,400
80
2,700
2,600
130
18,000
2,600
30
Effluent

1,000
2,000
500
100
230

310
3
570
150
290
110
<10
ND
1,000
200
ND
900
980
Percent
removal

58
72
72
89
86
a
0
96
42
91
a
0
98
>87
-100
62
a
oa
-100
65
oa
                  Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
           III.4.5-18

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition
(Calcium Chloride, Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Auto and other
                        laundries
Subcategory:  Industrial laundries
Plant:  B
References:  A28, Appendix C
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
    Screening, equalization
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dissolved air flotation
Unit configuration:  Rectangular clarifier; recycle pressurization
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
pH in flotation chamber:                  Gas requirement:
Float detention time:                     Gas-to-solids ratio:
Hydraulic loading:                        Pressure:
Percent recycle:                          Sludge overflow:
Solids loading:                           Percent solids in sludge;
REMOVAL
Sampling Period: 1 day
DATA

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, ng/L:
COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Di-n-butyl phthalate
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
Phenol
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Isophorone
Influent

3,800
700
440
0.016

41
12
170
270
1,600
9,400
2
150
4,500
ND
1,800
600
260
750
4,000
10
540
860
210
190
Effluent

1,300
48
190
<0.001

<20
<10
23
S130
330
230
<0.2
<50
200
290
620
120
110
790
790
8
500
1,000
30
ND

Percent
removal

66
93
57
>94

>51
>17
86
£52
79
98
>90
>67
96
oa
66
80
58a
0
80
20
7
a
0
86
-100
                   Actual data indicate negative removal.

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  9/27/79
          III.4.5-19

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
                       Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition
                       (Calcium Chloride, Polymer)
                                                  Data source status:
                                                    Engineering estimate
                                                    Bench scale
                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Auto and other
                        laundries
Subcategory:  Industrial laundries
Plant:  C
References:  A28, Appendix C

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process type:  Dissolved air flotation
Unit configuration:  Rectangular clarifier; recycle pressurization
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
pH in flotation chamber:                  Gas requirement:
Float detention time:                     Gas-to-solids ratio:
Hydraulic loading:                        Pressure:
Percent recycle:                          Sludge overflow:
Solids loading:                           Percent solids in sludge:
REMOVAL
Sampling Period: 1 day
DATA

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, wg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Phenol
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Influent

3,200
520
760
0.028

-25
13
54
1,200
1,200
4,400
1
50
-29
2,600
100
1,000
2,400
ND
35
110
84
Effluent

1,200
64
170
0.56

<20
12
<2
620
340
67
<0.2
<50
<15
<68
100
970
2,100
480
9
6,000
5

Percent
removal

62
88
78
oa

>20
8
>96
48
72
98
>80
>0
>48
£97
0
3
12
oa
74
»
oa
94
                aActual data indicate negative removal.

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
                                 III.4.5-20

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition
(Calcium Chloride, Polymer)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Auto and other
                        laundries
Subcategory:  Industrial laundries
Plant:  A
References:  A28, Appendix C
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
    Screening, equalization, gravity oil separation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process type:  Dissolved air flotation
Unit configuration:  Rectangular clarifier; recycle pressurization
Wastewater flow:  0.27 m3/min  (70 gpm)  0.57 m3/min  (design)  (150 gpm)
Chemical dosage(s):  CaCl2 - 1,800 mg/L  Polymers - 2 mg/L
pH in flotation chamber:  11.6            Gas requirement:
Float detention time:                     Gas-to-solids ratio:  0.0097
Hydraulic loading:  0.038 m3/min/m2       Pressure:  476 kPa  (4.7 atm)
                    (0.93 gpm/ft2)        Sludge overflow:  0.082 ir.3/min
Percent recycle:  50                                         (2 gpm)
Solids loading:                           Percent solids in sludge:   5

                                REMOVAL DATA
                        Smoling Periodi 2 days
Pollutant/parajMter
Conventional pollutants , *9/L :
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and qrease
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, uq/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
CadmiuB
Chrcaiusi
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
ThaLliun
Zinc
Bis(2-ethyUi«xyl) phthalate
Butyl beniyl phthalat*
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
2 , 4-ouethylphenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
1 . 4 ,6-Trichlorophenol
Benzene
Dichlorobenzenes
Ethylfcenzene
Toluene
Anthracene/Phenanthrene
Naphthalene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Hethylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1 , 1, 1-Trichloroe thane
Trichloroethylene
Concentration
Influent

6,400
1,700
390
703
.0.78
41.6

94
10
110
480
1,500
57
4,800
350
1
<40
3,700
1,200
310
92
150
460
<0.4
98
'0.1
3
1,100
25
360
180
4,800
2
0.7
2
320
IB
4
Effluent

3,200
690
98
143
0.76
1.7

<10
2
<2
270
500
54
130
250
2
50
230
220
<0.03
19
33
«0.1
27
42
3
5
260
44
380
66
840
1
0.8
2
330
14
6
Percent
removal

50
59
75
80
3
96

>89
80
>98
44
67
5
97
29
0^
0*
94
82
-100
79
78
-100
0*
57
0*
0*
76
o.
0*
83
82
50
0*
o.
0*
22
0*
                        Actual data indicate neoativ*
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  9/27/79
           III.4.5-21

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition  (Alum)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Porcelain  enameling
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  A51, pp. 198-199
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
            Data source  status:
              Engineering  estimate
              Bench scale
              Pilot scale
              Full  scale
Process type:
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage(s):
pH in flotation chamber:
Float detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Percent recycle:
Solids loading:
    Gas requirement:
    Gas-to-solids ratio:
    Pressure:
    Sludge overflow:
    Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Po1lutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             Oil and grease
 1,900
ND
>99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
                                 III.4.5-22

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Gas Flotation with Chemical Addition (Alum)
 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Porcelain enameling
 Subcategory:
 Plant:
 References:  A51, pp. 198-199

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
 Process type:
 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Chemical dosage(s):
 pH in flotation chamber:
 Float detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Percent recycle:
 Solids loading:
            Sampling period;
          Gas requirement:
          Gas-to-solids ratio:
          Pressure:
          Sludge overflow:
          Percent solids in sludge
                                 REMOVAL DATA
              Pollutant/parameter
      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
      Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              Oil and grease
      1,940
142
93
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.4.5-23

-------
III.4.6  GRANULAR MEDIA FILTRATION [1, 2]

III.4.6.1  Function

Granular media filtration is used to remove suspended solids from
a liquid wastestream.

III.4.6.2  Description

Granular media filtration, one of the oldest and most widely
applied types of filtration for the removal of suspended solids
from aqueous liquid streams, utilizes a bed of granular particles
(typically sand or sand with coal) as the filter medium.  The bed
is typically contained within a basin or tank and is supported by
an underdrain system which allows the filtered liquid to be
drawn off while retaining the filter medium in place.  The under-
drain system typically consists of metal or plastic strainers
located at intervals on the bottom of the filter.  As suspended
particle-laden water passes through the bed of the filter medium,
particles are trapped on top of and within the bed, thus reducing
its porous nature and either reducing the filtration rate at con-
stant pressure or increasing the amount of pressure needed to
force the water through the filter.  If left to continue in this
manner, the filter would eventually plug up with solids; the
solids, therefore, must be removed.  This is done by forcing a
wash water stream through the bed of granular particles in the
reverse direction of the original fluid flow. The wash water is
sent through the bed at a velocity sufficiently high so that the
filter bed becomes fluidized and turbulent.  In this turbulent
condition, the solids are dislodged from the granular particles
and are discharged in the spent wash water.  This whole process
is referred to as "back-washing."  When the backwashing cycle is
completed, the filter is returned to service.

The spent backwash water contains the suspended solids removed
from the liquid, and, therefore, presents a liquid disposal prob-
lem in itself.  The volume of the backwash water stream, however,
is normally only a small fraction (1% to 4%) of the volume of the
liquid being filtered.  Consequently, the suspended solids concen-
tration of the backwash water is far greater than that of the
liquid filtered.  Granular media filtration essentially removes
suspended solids from one liquid stream and concentrates them in
another, but much smaller, liquid stream.  Depending on the spe-
cific process configuration, backwash water itself can be treated
to remove suspended solids by flocculation and/or sedimentation
or by returning it to the portion of the process from whence the
liquid stream subjected to filtration originated; e.g., a settling
pond.
 Date:  6/27/79                m.4.6-1

-------
III.4.6.3  Common Modifications

Dual-media filtration involves the use of both sand and anthracite
as filter media, with anthracite being placed on top of the sand.
Gravity filters operate by either using the available head from
the previous treatment unit, or by pumping to a flow-split box
after which the wastewater flows by gravity to the filter cells.
Pressure filters utilize pumping to increase the available head.

Filters may also be precoated  (e.g., using diatomaceous earth,
other powdered material).

Filtration systems can be constructed of concrete or steel, with
single or multiple compartment units.  Steel units can be either
horizontal or vertical and are generally used for pressure fil-
ters.  Systems can be manually or automatically operated.

Backwash sequences can include air scour or surface wash steps.
Backwash water can be stored separately or in chambers that are
integral parts of the filter unit.  Backwash water can be pumped
through the unit or can be supplied through gravity head tanks.

III.4.6.4  Technology Status

Granular media filtration has been used for many years in the
potable water industry and for 10 to 15 years in the wastewater
treatment field.

III.4.6.5  Applications

Removal of residual biological floe in settled effluents from
secondary treatment, and removal of residual chemical-biological
floe after alum, iron, or lime precipitation in tertiary or
independent physical-chemical waste treatment; in these applica-
tions, filtration may serve both as an intermediate process to
prepare wastewater for further treatment  (such as carbon adsorp-
tion, clinoptilolite ammonia exchange columns, or reverse osmosis)
or as a final polishing step following other processes.

III.4.6.6  Limitations

Economics are highly dependent on consistent pretreatment quality
and flow modulations; increasing suspended solids loading will
reduce run lengths, and large  flow variations will deleteriously
affect effluent quality in chemical treatment sequences; depend-
ing on suspended solids concentration of wastewater streams, it
may be necessary to install other liquid/solid separation proc-
esses such as flocculation and/or sedimentation ahead of granular
media filtration to take the bulk of the suspended solids load
off the filters.
 Date:  6/27/79
                             III.4.6-2

-------
III.4.6.7  Chemicals Required

Alum salts, iron salts, and polymers can be added as coagulant
aids directly ahead of filtration units; however, this will gen-
erally reduce run lengths.

III.4.6.8  Residuals Generated

Backwash water, which generally approximates two to ten percent of
the throughput; backwash water can be returned to the head of
the plant.

III.4.6.9  Reliability

Granular filtration systems are very reliable from both a process
and unit standpoint.

III.4.6.10  Environmental Impact

Requires relatively little use of land; backwash water will need
further treatment, with an ultimate production of solids that will
need disposal; air scour blowers usually need silencers to control
noise; no air pollution generated.

III.4.6.11  Design Criteria (for Dual-Media Filtration)
	Criteria	Units	Range/value	

Filtration rate      gpm/ft2                               2 to 8
Bed depth            in.                                 24 to 48
Depth ratio                                           1:1  to 1:4
                    cV'^                      (sand to anthracite)
Backwash rate     V1 gpm/ft2                             15 to 25
Air scour rate       standard ft3/min/ft2                  3 to 5
Filter run length    hr                                  8 to 48
Terminal head loss   ft                                  6 to 15
Note:  Precoat and multi-media filtration utilize similar cri-
       teria; however, the depth ratios will differ.
 Date:  6/27/79               in. 4.6-3

-------
III.4.6.12   Flow  Diagram
             FILTRATION CYCLE
         BED OF FILTER MEDIA
                      \
         UNDERDRAIN PLATE
         WITH STRAINERS  \

BACKWASH WASTEWATER

WASHWATER SUPPLY
                                                                  OPEN       FILTERED EFFLUENT
                  BACKWASH CYCLE
       FILTER MEDIA BED BECOMES
       FLUID! ZED AND TURBULENT
       DURING THE BACKWASH CYCLE
                SPENT
            BACKWASH WATER
                                                                             WASHWATER
                                                                       XCZ3
                                                                      CLOSED
Date:   6/27/79
                                          III.4.6-4

-------
III.4.6.13  Performance

Subsequent data sheets provide performance data from studies on
the following industries and/or waste streams:

     Auto and other laundries industry
       Industrial laundries
       Power laundries

     Electroplating

     Foundry industry
       Aluminum foundry - die tube operation

     Inorganic chemicals production
       Chlorine - diaphragm cell plant operations
       Chrome pigment production
       Copper sulfate production

     Iron and steel industry
       Continuous casting
       Hot forming - primary
       Vacuum degassing

     Nonferrous metals industry

     Ore mining and dressing
       Asbestos - cement processing
       Asbestos mining
       Base metal mining
       Copper milling
       Lead/zinc mining/milling/smelting/refining
       Molybdenum mining/milling

     Paint manufacturing

     Petroleum refining

     Pulp, paper,  and paperboard production
       Man-made fiber processing
       Pulp milling

     Textile milling
       Knit fabric finishing
       Stock and yarn finishing
       Wool finishing
       Wool scouring
       Woven fabric finishing
                            III.4.6-5

-------
III.4.6.14  References

1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual.
    EPA-430/9-78-009 (draft),  U.S.  Environmental Protection
    Agency, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1978.   252 pp.

2.  Physical,  Chemical,  and Biological Treatment Techniques for
    Industrial Wastes, PB 275  287,  U.S.  Environmental Protection
    Agency, Washington,  D.C.,  November 1976.   pp. 22-1 - 22-25.
                           III.4.6-6

-------
o
DJ
rt
0>
to
\
U)
H
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR FILTRATION
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorous
Toxic pollutants, wg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic .
Asbestos
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Number of
data points

16
25
20
44
15
21
7

16
8
8
4
22
21
36
12
32
9
17
6
12
1
42
15
3
13
Effluent concentration
Minimum

2.4
29
10
<1
<0.5
0.0011
0.23

<10
<1
8x10"
1.2
<1
<4
2.5
10
5
0.3
<5
<1
5
<10
16
3.3
<0.03
<0.02
Maximum

23,400
260,000
25,000
7,330
9,940
64.4
13

1,800
100
3.2x10"
2
110
320
4,500
260
2,100
2,900
240
100
77
<10
18,000
16,000
4
9,300
Median

19
184
42
13
11
0.048
2

53
7
2.5xl06
1.6-
5
34
30
23
62
0.5
50
41
<9
<10
150
19
3.2
3
Mean

1,860
1,180
1,710
226
781
3.1
3

300
28
4.7x10"
1.6
19
67
190
47
140
340
62
48
20
<10
920
110
3.6
840
Removal efficiency, % ^.
Minimum
-*
°a
0*
Oa
03
0*
oa
7
a
°a
0
36
<>a
°a
Oa
Oa
o|
°a
°a
Oa
°a
Oa
>55
0^
Oa
52a
0
Maximum

51
75
49
>99
>98
65
83

89
>99
>99
71
>99
>99
>99
>99
>99
86
>99
10
>83
>55
>99
98
>99
>99
Median

24
24
13
67
20
8
30

21
0
>99
22
57
19
3«a
0
36
37
7a
Oa
0
>55
36
36
64
0
(tjeaj/

21
26
15
65
32
16
39

29
31
90
29
43
36
39
13
37
45
31
2
17
>55
40
42
57
15
                                                                                          (continued)

-------
o
JD
ft
0>
                         CONTROL TECHNOLOGY  SUMMARY  FOR FILTRATION  (cont'd)
vo
^
•


I
o^
t

to
Pollutant
Toxic pollutants, pg/L: (cont
Diethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
2-Chlorophenol
2 , 4-Dichlorophenol
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol
p-Chloro-m-cresol
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
1,2, 4-Tr ichlorobenzene
Acenaphthene
Anthracene/Phenanthrene
Benzo(a) pyrene
Benzo (k) f luoranthene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Naphthalene
Pyrene
Aroclor 1232/Aroclor 1242/
Aroclor 1248/Aroclor 1260
Aroclor 1254
Number of
data points
•d)
5
1
3
1
1
2
3
4
11
1
2
6
2
3
6
16
1
1
9
2
1
4
1
3
3

1
1
Effluent concentration
Minimum

<0.03
<0.03
0.9
0.4
2
0.2
0.4
<0.4
<0.07
69
0.3
0.5
4.8
<0.05
<0.2
<0.1
94
0.6
0.03
0.2
0.1
0.05
10,000
0.9
0.1

480
650
Maximum

10,000
<0.03
4
0.4
2
2
29
12
34,000
69
0.6
200
460
5.8
<10C
200
94
0.6
<3,200
0.8
0.1
0.4
10,000
<10C
0.3

480
650
Median

0.8
<0.03
<2
0.4
2
1.1
0.9
10
2.2
69
0.45
<8.4
232.4
5.4
<0.2
2.0
94
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.14
10,000
<1.5
0.3

480
650
Mean

2,000
<0.03
<2.3
0.4
2
1.1
10
8.1
3,400
69
0.45
45
322.4
3.8
<2.1
26
94
0.6
360
0.5
0.1
0.18
10,000
<4.1
0.23

480
650
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

oa
>98
50
oa
oa
°a
°a
°a
oa
80
°a
°=
Oa
Oa
' 33
Oa
37
73a
oa
Oa
03
Oa
Oa
°a
Oa

16
20
Maximum

>99
>98
>96a
oa
0
67
oa
>87
>93
80
Oa
>99
Oa
>94
>99
>99
37
73
70
oa
Oa
50
Oa
86
0

16
20
Median

38
>98
>64
Oa
0
34
°S
Oa
17
80
oa
14a
Oa
55
>82
21
37
73
44
°a
oa
29
Oa
>70
0

16
20
Mean

37
>98
>70a
oa
0
34
Oa
22
25
80
Oa
28
oa
50
>75
37
37
73
35
°a
oa
27
oa
>52
0

16
20
                                                                                        (continued)

-------
ti-
ro
to
u>
\
-J
CTi
I
U)
                            CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY  SUMMARY  FOR  FILTRATION  (cont'd)
Number of
Pollutant data point
Toxic pollutants, ug/L: (cont'd)
2-Chloronaphthalene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1-Dichloroethylene
1 , 2-Trans-dichloroethylene
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
Methylene chloride
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
1 , 1 , 1-Tr ichloroethane
1,1, 2-Tr ichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorof luoromethane
Acrolein
a-BHC
6-BHC
Chlordane
Other pollutants:
Asbestos (chrysotile) ,
fiber s/L
Chromium (+ 3) , yg/L
Chromium (+6) , pg/L

1
3
6
1
1
1
1
16
2
7
4
1
5
2
1
2
1
1


3
1
2
rffluent concentration
s Minimum

17
<10C
7
170
<2
47
1
<0.4
0.7
!„
<10C
2,100
<0.5
5
<100
1.9
55
24


IxlO5
610
20
Maximum

17
55
300
170
<2
47
1
31,000
0.9
210
2,200
2,100
140
12
<100
6
55
24


IxlO9
610
20
Median

17
30
22
170
<2
47
1
16
0.8
17
310
2,100
3
8.5
<100
4
55
24


3xlO«
610
20
f'ean

17
<32
76
170
<2
47
1
2,100
0.8
42
>10
2,100
31
8:5
<100
4
55
24


3.3xl08
610
20
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

Oa
>37
Oa
Oa
>52
Oa
Oa
Oa
Oa
Oa
Oa
Oa
Oa
Oa
>86
oa
21
37


>99
95=
Oa
Maximum

Oa
93
50
Oa
>52
Oa
oa
>87
oa
>99
94
Oa
>90
Oa
>86
77
21
37


>99
95
0
Median

Oa
89
Oa
Oa
>52
Oa
Oa
oa
oa
0
>88
Oa
40
oa
>86
38
21
37


>99
95
0
Mean

Oa
>73
8.3
Oa
>52
Oa
Oa
18
oa
25
67
Oa
43
Oa
>86
38
21
37


>99
95
0
          Actual data indicate negative removal.
          Measured in fibers/L.
          "Reported as not detected; assumed to be <10 yg/L.

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:  D
References: i,  p. VII-62
            Data source status:

              Engineering estimate
              Bench scale
              Pilot scale
              Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, neutralization, activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multimedia filter
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (hydraulic loading):  4.4 gpm/ft2
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA
              Pollutant/parameter
Concentration,  mg/L  Percent
Influent   Effluent  removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              BODs                       24
              COD                       814
              TOC                       179
              TSS                       294
              19
             630
             157
              85
21
23
12
71
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  6/27/79
                                  III.4.6-7

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development     Data source status:
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills               Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Woven fabric/stock & yarn finishing   Bench scale
Plant:  DD                                          Pilot scale             x
References:  1, p. VII-63                           Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, neutralization, activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multimedia filter with alum precoagulation (20 mg/L as A1+3)
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (hydraulic loading):   1-4 gpm/ft2
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                                   Concentration, yg/L  Percent
              Pollutant/parameter  Influent   Effluent  removal
Toxic pollutants :
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc

58
59
37
72
25
190

110
28
31
67
28
280

(90)
53
16
7
(12)
(47)

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  6/27/79


                                  III.4.6-8

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Wool finishing
Plant:  B
References:  1, pp. VII-64 - 65
Data source status:

  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, equalization, activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multimedia filter
Media  (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (hydraulic loading):  5.4-7.0 gpm/ft2
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

Concentration
Pol lutan t/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Toxic pollutants, yg/L
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Influent

32
212
72
28

23
62
Trace
41
16
30
57
172
5,730
44
ND
154
Effluent

25
184
60
12

12
103
105
41
118
116
73
158
5,800
14
10
94
Percent
removal

22
13
17
57

48
(66)
-
0
(638)
(287)
(28)
8
(1)
68
-
39

 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was  not  specified.

 Date:   6/27/79
                                  III.4.6-9

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development     Data source status:
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills               Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing                Bench scale
Plant:  P                                           Pilot scale
References:  1, pp. VII-66 - 68                     Full scale

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, neutralization, equalization,
                           activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multimedia filter with alum precoagulation
                      (1.5-2.7 mg/L as Al+3)
Media  (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (hydraulic loading):  3-7 gpm/ft2
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head  loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                                   Concentration, mg/L  Percent
              Pollutant/parameter  Influent   Effluent  removal

              Conventional pollutants:
                BOD5                  12         12        0
                COD                  107        106        1
                TOC                   27         25        7
                TSS                   63         18        71
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not  specified.
 Date:   6/27/79


                                   III.4.6-10

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development     Data source status:
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills               Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing                 Bench scale
Plant:  Q                                           Pilot scale
References:  1, pp. VII-68 - 69                     Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, equalization, activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multimedia pressure filter with alum precoagulation
                      (1 mg/L as Al+3)
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (hydraulic loading):  2.5 gpm/ft2
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA


                                   Concentration, mg/L  Percent
              Pollutant/parameter  Influent   Effluent  removal

              Conventional pollutants:
                BOD5                  10          7       30
                COD                  338        258       24
                TOC                   18         18        0
                TSS                   77         28       64
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  6/27/79


                                  III.4.6-11

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development     Data source status:
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills               Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing                 Bench scale
Plant:  Q                                           Pilot scale
References:  1, pp. VII-68 - 69                     Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, equalization, activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multimedia filter
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (hydraulic loading):  2.0 gpm/ft2
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

                                   Concentration, mg/L  Percent
              Pollutant/parameter  Influent   Effluent  removal

              Conventional pollutants:
                BOD5                  8.2         4       51
                COD                 272         206       24
                TOC                  27          22       19
                TSS                  46           4       91
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   6/27/79


                                  III.4.6-12

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:  V
References:  1, pp. VII-70 - 71
Data source status:

  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, neutralization, activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multimedia filter
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (hydraulic loading):  3.0 gpm/ft2
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

Concentration
Pol lutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Toxic pollutants, pg/L
Antimony
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Silver
Zinc
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Influent

3.6
352
72
51

123
17
11
66
72
195
34
ND
13
Effluent

2.5
331
62
20

136
14
25
64
77
234
Trace
12
Trace
Percent
removal

31
6
14
61

(11)
18
(127)
3
(7)
(20)
-
-
~

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  6/27/79
                                  III.4.6-13

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
              Government report
Point source  category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:  W, S  (different references)
References:   A6,  p.  VII-71; B3, pp. 55-59
Use in system:   Tertiary
Pretreatment  of  influent:
                        Data source status:

                          Engineering estimate
                          Bench scale
                          Pilot scale
                          Full scale
Primary sedimentation equalization,
activated sludge
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:   Downflow multimedia filter
Media  (top  to  bottom):   Anthracite, sand, gravel
Bed depth - total:   1,000 mm (40 in.)
       anthracite:   300 mm (12 in.)
             sand:   300 mm (12 in.)
            gravel:   400 mm (16 in.)
Effective size of media:
       anthracite:   0.9-1.5 mm
             sand:   0.4-0.8 mm
            gravel:     6-16 mm
Uniformity  coefficient of media:
Wastewater  flow:   0.03m3/min (7 gpm)
Filtration  rate (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run  length:
Terminal head  loss:
           0.3  m3/min/m2 (7 gpm/ft2)
                                  REMOVAL DATA
                          ipling p«riod: 24-hr covposit*, velatil* organic*
                                 innr* grab ««apl«d
Pol lutant/parameter
Convention*! pollutants, ng/L:
BOD.
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutant*, U9/L:
Antimony
CadmiuB
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
2inc
«i«l!-ethylhe«yl> phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Phenol
Toluene
Acenaphthena
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Concentration
Influent

4.6
73
14
26
0.011

610
i
26
75
1.1
63
41
25
2.8
0.6
1.6
2.2
<5.0
12
Effluent

3.4
55
11
9.5
0.009

620
5
21
Bl
0 4
Bl
75
42
6.0
0.4
0 4
0.6
7.0
4.6
Percent
removal

26
25
21
63
IS

0*
o.
0
0*
76
2
o;
0*
0*
33
76
".
0
62
                         Actual data indicate negative reaioval.
                         bPreaence aay be due to sanple contamination.
  Note:   Blanks indicate information was  not specified.
Date:   10/1/79
        III.4.6-14

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development     Data source status:
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills               Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing                 Bench scale            	
Plant:  W                                           Pilot scale             x
References:  1, p. VII-72                           Full scale             	
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multimedia filter with polymer precoagulation
                      (3 mg/L of 572C polymer)
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (hydraulic loading):  5 gpm/ft2
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                                   Concentration, mg/L  Percent
              Pollutant/parameter  Influent   Effluent  removal

              Conventional pollutants:
                BOD5                  4.6        2.4      48
                COD                  73         48        34
                TOC                  14         10        29
                TSS                  26         13        50
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  6/27/79

                                  III.4.6-15

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Wool scouring
Plant:   A
References:  1, p. VII-75

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:

                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Grit removal, activated sludge
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multimedia filter
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                                              Concentration     Percent
               Po11utant/parameter
                 Influent  Effluent  removal
       Conventional pollutants> mg/L
         Total phenol
                  0.017
0.017
Toxic pollutants/ pg/L
Arsenic
Copper
Cyanide
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

39
110
240
190
23

83
120
260
400
14

(113)
(9)
(8)
(111)
39

 Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   6/27/79
                                   III.4.6-16

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  B
References:  2, pp. VI-36 - 42
            Data source status:

              Engineering estimate
              Bench scale
              Pilot scale
              Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Dissolved air flotation plus unspecified secondary
                           treatment

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multimedia filter
Media  (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                                        Concentration
              Pollutant/parameter
	  Percent
Influent  Effluent  removal
            Conventional pollutants,  mg/L
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, pg/L
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Cyanide
Selenium
Zinc
110
43
29
8
0.024

2
3
37
50
62
25
101
40
21
8
0.022

2
<1
30
50
56
65
8
7
28
0
8

0
>67
19
0
10
(160)
             Concentrations from several days were averaged.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/18/79
                                  III.4.6-17

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development     Data source status:
              document
Point source category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:  H                                           Pilot scale
References:  2, pp. VI-36 - 42                      Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreattnent of influent:  API-design oil separator plus unspecified secondary
                           treatment

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multimedia filter
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

                                                     a
                                        Concentration     Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent  Effluent  removal

            Conventional pollutants,  mg/L
              COD                        34        29        15
              TOC                        22        19        14
              TSS                         7         4        43
              Oil and grease             10         8        20
Toxic pollutants, ug/L
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Zinc

5
7
21
17
15

<1
7
12
23
20

>80
0
43
(35)
(33)

             Concentrations  from several days were averaged.

 Note:  Blanks  indicate  information was not  specified.
 Date:   6/18/79


                                   III.4.6-18

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development     Data source status:
              document
Point source category:  Petroleum  refining         Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:  K                                           Pilot scale
References:  2, pp. VI-36 - 42                      Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multimedia filter
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                                        Concentration     Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent  Effluent  removal

            Conventional pollutants,  mg/L
              COD                        135        56       59
              TOC                         43        22       49
              TSS                         50         4       92
              Oil and grease              35         6       83
              Total phenol             0.024     0.023        4
Toxic pollutants, pg/L
Chromium
Copper
Mercury
Zinc

198
28
0.8
205

34
7
<0.5
92

83
75
>37
55
            a
             Concentrations from several days were averaged.

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  6/18/79


                                  III.4.6-19

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  M
References:  2,  pp.  VI-36 - 42
Data source status:

  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
Use in system:   Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Dissolved air flotation plus unspecified secondary
                           treatment

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multimedia filter
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient  of media:
Filtration rate (hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

a
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants,
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, yg/L
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Influent
mg/L
107
18
9
12

4
62
12
40
37
0.8
8
25
5
92
Effluent

55
17
3
12

<1
48
7
42
22
<0.5
9
26
5
205
Percent
removal

49
6
67
0

>75
23
42
(5)
41
>37
(13)
(4)
0
(123)

             Concentrations from several days were analyzed.

Note-.  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/18/79
                                  III.4.6-20

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:

Point source category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:  O                                           Pilot scale
References:  A3,  pp.  VI-36  -  42                      Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Dissolved air flotation plus unspecified secondary
                           treatment

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multimedia filter
Media  (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period:   Average of three days and a
            composite sampling	
                                        Concentration     Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent  Effluent  removal

            Conventional pollutants, mg/L
BOD5
COD
TOG
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L
Chromium
A6(+6)
Cooper
11
125
38
32
18
0.028

70
20
9
19
120
44
18
11
0.032

60
<30
7
(73)
4
(16)
44
39
(14)

14
>50
22

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.



Date:  6/18/79

                                  III.4.6-21

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:

Point source category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:  P                                           Pilot scale
References: A3, pp. VI-36 - 42                      Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  API-design gravity oil separator plus unspecified
                           secondary treatment

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Multimedia filter
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling Period:  Average of three days and a
             composit sampling

Concentration
Po 1 lutant/parame ter
Conventional pollutants ,
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, pg/L
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Nickel
Zinc
Influent
mg/L
12
100
38
17
27
0.047

470
1
32
9
45
10
17
Effluent

13
130
45
14
17
0.051

430
1
27
8
42
10
30
Percent
removal

(8)
(30)
(18)
18
37
(9)

9
0
16
11
7
0
(76)

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/18/79

                                  III.4.6-22

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Foundry Industry
 Subcategory:   Aluminum Foundry - Die  Lube
               Operation
 Plant:   715C
 References:   A27, p. VII-1-13, VI-57-62,
              p. VII-27
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale

                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
 Use  in system:   Tertiary
 Pretreatment of influent:  Skimmer on holding tank,  cyclone separator
  100%  recycle,  none of waste is discharged.

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Paper filter
 Media  (top to bottom):
 Bed depth - total:
 Effective size of media:
 Uniformity coefficient of media:
 Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:
 Filter run length:
 Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Concentration
Pollutant/par aMters
Convention*! pollutant*, mf/Lt
TSS
Oil and areeie
Total phenol
Toxic pollutant*, ug/Lf
cyanide
Lead
Zinc
BUI2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalet*
Phenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophonol
Benzene
chlorobenzene
Toluene
Anthracene
Fluorene
Phenathrene
Aroclor 1232-Uoclor 1242-
Uoclor 12<8-Moclor 1260
Axoclor 1254
Carbon tctraehlorid*
Chlorofom
Hethyl*n« chloride
Tctrachlorocthylane
1,1, l-Triehloro«thana
Trichloroathylvn*
a-BHC
«-«HC
Chlordan*
Influent*

1,140
8,500
U.I

e
2,000
1,600
620.000
5,400
COO
26,000
350
84
250
540
£470
32
£470

510
aio
480
450
2,400
160
16,000
2<0
26
70
la
Effluent

1,560
9,940
64.4

10
2,100
1,500
16,000
9,300
1O.OOO
34,000
69
50
460
180
£3,200
10,000
£3,200

480
650
55
500
2,500
210
2,200
140
6
55
24
Percent
removal

8b
ob
3
b
°£
0°
6
98b
<£
°£
Ob
80
40
ob
'4.
o£
"J
0D

16
20
8'..
oj
oj
0°
86
50
77
21
37
                         Influent concentration il the concentration in the raw wvete.
                         actual data indicate negative renoval.
Note:  Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   10/1/79
III.4.6-23

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Auto and other laundries
 Subcategory:   Industrial laundries
 Plant:   K
 References:   A28,  Appendix C
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
 Use  in  system:   Secondary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:
Screening equalization, dissolved air flotation
(alum, polymer)
 DESIGN  OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:   Downflow multimedia filter
 Media (top to  bottom):   Plastic  chips,  anthracite,  sand,  garnet,  gravel
 Bed depth - total:
 Effective size of media:
 Uniformity coefficient  of  media:
 Wastewater flow:  45 m3/d  (12,000  gpd);  159 m3/d design (42,000 gpd)
 Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
 Backwash  rate:
 Air scour rate:
 Filter  run length:
 Terminal  head  loss:
REMOVAL
Sarolina period: Tw day.
Pol lutant/parawter
Conventional pollutant!, mg/Lt
100,
COD
IOC
TSS
Oil and greaea
Total phenol
Total phosphonia
Toxic pollutants, u9/Li
Antloony
Areenic
Cad»iu»
Chroauu*
Coppar
Cyanide
La ad
Mercury
Nickel
Seleniuft
Silver
Zinc
•ie<2-ethylhe«yl> phthelate
Butyl bancyl phthalatt
Di-n-butyl phthalata
Di-n-octyl phthalata
Phenol
Ethylbenaane
Toluene
Anthracene/Phenanthxene
Naphthalene
2-Chloronaphthalene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorofom
Nethylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethene
TrlchloroiluorOMthane
Acroleln
DATA

Concentration
Influent

178
2,110
544
742
76
0.094
12.2

2,100
3.5
40
360
660
1.10
1,000
1.0
270
£1.0
66
2,300
90
81
300
21
21
3.0
4.5
10
11
16
410
•H2
e.o
0
286
20
21
50
o'
>99
12
>96
33
33
o'
65
86
0*
93
0«
o'
o1
94
o'
>86
                        Actual data indicate* negative
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/1/79
      III.4.6-24

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Auto and other
                        laundries
Subcategory:  Power laundries
Plant:  J
References:  A28, Appendix C
                Data  source  status:
                   Engineering  estimate

                   Bench  scale
                   Pilot  scale
                   Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, equalization,  dissolved air flotation
                           with polymer  addition

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Downflow, multimedia  filter
Media  (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Wastewater flow:  341 m3/d  (90,000  gpd)  379 m3/d  design (100,000 gpd)
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
Saeplinq period: Two days
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, BQ/LI
•OD,
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total ph«iol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants. ug/L:
JlnUxony
Cadjuua
ChroBiua
Copper
Cyanidt
Li ad
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis<2-ethylheiyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
2-Chlorophenol
2.4-Dlchlorophenol
2,4-Ci»ethylph«nol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Jknthracene/Phenanthrene
Pluoranthene
Naphthalene
Pyrene
chlorofon
Methylene chloride
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroeth*ne
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichlorofluoroaje thane
Concentration
Influent

142
459
87
32
16
0.365
1.0

64
5
28
SO
25
70
63
29
240
74
<0.03
<0.02
11
2
6
28
e
9
2
0.5
0.6
0.3
24
22
<0.6
2
<2
Effluent

lie
378
94
40
33
0.264
0.7

<10
<2
16
52
11
<22
<36
<5
100
54
8
0.9
4
2
2
29
10
7
2
0.4
0.9
0.)
•12
520
0.9
2
S
Percent
removal

17
18
o'
oj
0*
31
30

>84
>60
43
o'
56
69
>43
>B3
56
".
°i
0*
64
0
67
°;
0*
22
0
20
o'
0
"a
°;
0*
o.
0*
                         Actual dfttet indicate t.«9«tiv« ttmovml.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/1/79
III.4.6-25

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Nonferrous metals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  A52, p. 340

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
                                 REMOVAL  DATA
            Sampling  period;
                                   Concentration,  yg/L    Percent
            Pollutant/parameter     Influent   Effluent3   removal
            Toxic  pollutants:
              Fluoranthene             0.08        0.05
              Methylene  chloride     46          37
                          38
                          20
             Calculate  from influent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified
          !pe,cifii
Date:   10/1/79
III.4.6-26

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Nonferrous metals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  A52, p. 340

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period;
            Pollutant/parameter
  Concentration, Mg/L
  InfluentEffluent3
Percent
removal
Toxic pollutants:
Fluoranthene
Methylene chloride

0.08
46

0.05
37

38
20

             Calculate from influent and percent removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   10/1/79
III.4.6-27

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Inorganic chemicals         Engineering estimate
Subcategory:   Chlorine-Diaphragm Cell plant         Bench scale
Plant:  261                                         Pilot scale
References:  A29, pp.  158-162                       Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period; Three 24 hr composite samples	

                                            Concentration	   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent0   Effluent   removal

        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                                476         9         98

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Asbestos                       180,000       140       ^100
          Lead                           260,000        75       V100


         Influent concentration is calculated from flow in m3/kkgCl2
         and pollutant load  in kg/kkgda•
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   9/27/79                 III.4.6-28

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:3
Subcategory:
Plant:  Reichhold Chemical Inc.
References:  B4, p. 57
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
                Data  source  status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench  scale
                  Pilot  scale
                  Full scale
 Organic and inorganic waste

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Diameter - 50.8mm (2 in.)
Media (top to bottom):  Sand
Bed depth - total:  Sand: 0.61m (2 ft.)
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (hydraulic loading):  0.008 m3/min/m2 (0.2 gpm/ft2)
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  24 hr composite	
              Pollutant/parameter
           Concentration5     Percent
         Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutant, mg/L:
          COD
            853
703
18
         Average of seven samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:    9/27/79
III.4.6-29

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Pulp, paper,  and             Engineering estimate   	
                        paperboard
Subcategory:  Oil refinery                          Bench scale            	
Plant:  A-l                                         Pilot scale            	
References:  A26, p. VII-18                         Full scale              x
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit  configuration:  3 filters
Media (top to bottom):  Coal  and sand
Bed depth - total:  686 mm  (27 in.), coal: 457 mm (18 in.), sand: 228.m  (9 in.)
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):  0.13/m3/mm/m2   (3.2 gpm/ft2)
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  1 month	
                                           Concentration,a mg/LPercent
        	Pollutant/parameter	Influent    Effluent   removal

        Conventional pollutants:
          TSS                                 10.8        5.9         45


         Average of one months samples.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   9/27/79                 III.4.6-30

-------
                                                  Data source  status:
                                                    Engineering estimate

                                                    Bench scale
                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Pulp, paper,  and
                        paperboard
Subcategory:  Man-made fiber processing
Plant:  A-4
References:  A26, p. VII-18

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:  3 filters
Media (top to bottom):  4 media - 2 coal,  sand,  garnet
Bed depth - total:  914 mm (36 in.) coal:  305 mm (12 in.),  coal:  305 mm
                    (12 in.), sand:  229 mm (9 in.), garnet:  76.2 mm (3 in.)
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (hydraulic loading):  .0877 m3/min/m2 (2.15 gpm/ft2)
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  Two months	
               Pollutant/parameter
                                           Concentration,3 mg/L   Percent
                                           Influent    Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants:
          TSS
                                              49.5
16.2
67
         Average of two monthly averages.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
                                  III.4.6-31

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Pulp,  paper,  and
                        paperboard
Subcategory:   Pulp mill
Plant:  New Brunswick Research and
        Productivity Council pilot plant
References:  A26, p. VII-18

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Aerated lagoon

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate

                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale

                  Full scale
Unit configuration:
Media (top to bottom):   3 media: coarse coal, medium sand, coarse sand
Bed depth - total:  381 mm (15 in.)  coal: 178 m (7 in.), sand: 76.2 mm (3 in.),
                    sand: 127 mm (5 in.)
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):   0.10-0.147 m3/min/m2 (2.4-3.6 gpm/ft2)
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  Grab samples	
              Pollutant/parameter
         Concentration, mg/L   Percent
         Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants:
          TSS
            40
21
48
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
III.4.6-32

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                  Data source status:
Point source category:  Inorganic chemicals          Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Copper sulfate                          Bench  scale
Plant:   034                                            Pilot  scale
References:  A29, pp.  501-502,  508                   Full scale

Use in  system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Neutralization with lime

DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit  configuration:   Filter press
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter  run length:
Terminal head loss:
Flow:   2.23 m3/kkg

                                   REMOVAL  DATA

                  Sampling period:  72 hr composite sample and three 24 hr
                                composite  samples
                                               ConcentrationPercent
                     Pollutant/parameter	Influent"   Effluent   removal

                  Conventional mg/L:
                    TSS                          38.6a      34.53    11
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Zinc
Phenol

330
3,500
870
140
l,800,000a
180
110,000*
<11
11,000
18

36
<20
1
5
4,500a
5
240a
100
16
12

89
>99
^100
96
-x-100
97
•x/100
oc
M.OO
33
                   Concentration is calculated from pollutant flow in m3/kkg and
                   pollutant loading in kg/kkg.
                   Infiltration of gound water into the collection sump was sus-
                   pected at the time of sampling.
                   Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:   Blanks indicate information  was not specified.


Date:    9/27/79                  III.4.6-33

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Inorganic chemicals
Subcategory:  Chrome pigment
Plant:  894
References:  A29, pp. 395-396
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Equalization, neutralization, sedimentation with
chemical addition
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  2 sand filters
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
Flow rate:  100 m3/kkg

                                  REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period: Three 24 hr composite samples
             Pollutant/parameter
                 Concentration       Percent
              Influent   Effluent    removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS
                   780
3.9
-vl 00
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium (+6)
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Zinc

740
900
78,000
<10
3,600
5,100
15,000
17
4,200

300
8.4
320
<30
40
<66
110
<24
58

59
99
>99
oa
99
>99
99
oa
99

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
       III.4.6-34

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Auto and other laundries
Subcategory:  Power laundries
Plant:  N
References:  A28, Appendix C
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
Screening, equalization, sedimentation with alum
and polymer addition, carbon adsorption
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Wastewater flow:  15.2 m3/d  (4,000 gpd)
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD,
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Sliver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Toluene
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroe thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Influent

35.5
136
38
78
8
0.029
2.0

44
15
36
42
65
06
7
210
23
17
5
3
4
3
1
4
18
3
<0.6
32
5
Effluent

23
59
21
37
1
0.013
0.9

<10
14
25
32
31
37
7
240
16
4
3
<0.03
2
<0.4
<0.07
6
95
<0.4
0.7
31
3
Percent
removal

36
57
45
53
87
55
55

>77
7
31
24
52
a
0
0
o"
30
76
40
>99
SO
>87
>93a
°"
0
>87a
0
3
40
                      "Actual data indicate negative removal.

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   9/27/79
       III.4.6-35

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:  Q
References:  A6, p. VII-58
      Data source status:
        Engineering estimate
        Bench scale
        Pilot scale
        Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, equalization, activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration: Down flow multimedia pressure filter
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Wastewater flow:  2.5 mgd
Filtration rate (hydraulic loading):  3.5 gpm 1ft2 (design)
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

       Sampling period:  Conventional pollutant influent is a48-ie
       composite sample, toxic pollutant influent is an average of
       two 24-hr grab samples, effluents are the average of 2,24-hr
       composite samples
                                              Concentration
                    Percent
               Pollutant/parameter
Influent  Effluent  removal
Conventional pollutants , mg/L
COD,
TSS,
Oil and grease,
Total phenol,
Toxic pollutants : yg/L
Antimony
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Bis ( 2-ethy Ihexyl ) phthalate
Tetrachloroethylene

312
28
303
0.059

670
32
104
ND
48
41
13
48
15
17

233
6
476
0.048

700
32
79
10
33
102
8
84
12
17

25
79
(57)
19

(4)
0
24
-
31
(149)
38
(75)
20
0

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/27/79
                                 III.4.6-36

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
              Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:  E, P (different references)
References:  A6, pp. VII-74-75; B3, pp.  60-64
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:

                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Screening, activated sludge
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Downflow multimedia  filter
Media  (top to bottom):  Anthracite,  sand,  gravel
Bed depth - total:  1,000 mm  (40  in.)
       anthracite:  300 mm  (12  in.)
             sand:  300 mm  (12  in.)
           gravel:  400 mm  (16  in.)
Effective size of media:
       anthracite:  0.9-1.5 mm
             sand:  0.4-0.8 mm
           gravel:    6-16 mm
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Wastewater flow:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                        Sampling period- 24-hour composite, volatile organic*
                                 wert grat sampled
Pollutant/parsneter
Conventional pollutants, vg/L:
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, ug/L
Antunony
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bi»(2-ethylh«»yl> phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Phenol
Benzene
Toluene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Hethylene chloride
Actual data indicate negative
Preaenee Bay be due to aanple
Influent

0.072

77
98
36
25
0 4
66
<5
5,200
10
2.1
1.3
0.7
<0.2
0.4
0.6
0 4
resKival
contanlnatio
Effluent

0.06B

46
<4
<4
<22
0.3
58

150
3.9
1 6
0 8
1.8
1 0
2.7
0.5
4.1

n.
removal

6

36
>96
>B9
>12
25
12
0«
97
61
24
38
0*
c*
0*
3c'-


Note:  Blanks indicate  information  was  not specified.
Date:   10/1/79
      III.4.6-37

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data  source:   Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:   Woven fabric finishing
Plant:   T
References:   B3, pp. 76-82
                   Data source status:
                     Engineering estimate
                     Bench scale
                     Pilot scale
                     Full scale
Use  in  system:   Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Equalization,  activated sludge

DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Downflow multimedia  filter
Media (top to bottom):  Anthracite,  sand, gravel
Bed  depth - total:  1,000 mm  (40  in.)
        anthracite:  300 mm  (12 in.)
              sand:  300 mm  (12 in.)
            gravel:  400 mm  (16 in.)
Effective size  of media:
        anthracite:  0.9-1.5 mm
              sand:  0.4-0.8 mm
            gravel:    6-16 mm
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Wastewater flow:
Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash  rate:
Air  scour rate:
Filter  run length:
Terminal  head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                         Sampling period. 24-hr composite  tuples, volatile org«nics
                                  wii rg grab i«inp 1 «d
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutant*, •?/!.:
COD
T5S
Total phenol
Total phoaphorus
Toxic pollutanta, U9/L:
Antinony
Arzenie
Cadnlun
Chroouuv
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
nickel
Seleniue.
Silver
Zinc
Bia(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Phenol
p-Chloro-w-creaol
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
1 , 1-Dichloroethylene
Hethylene chloride*
Influent Effluer.t

630 160
20 14
0.026 0 16
14 13

M 58
3 3
2 <2
9
11
1
2
9

2
15
2
5.
4.
0.
<0.

4
0.
1 .
4.
95
100
20
26
100
2
32
97
19
2.5
7.0
1 1
0.6
6.9
4 8
0.2
0.8
<2.0
20 19
removal

75
30
C*
7

C*
0
>0
2
9.
°. '
o'
0*
o.
0*
35
21
",
°.
0
0*
0*
o'
60
20
>52
5
                          Actual data indicate ne9ative removal.
                         bPreaence »ay be due to eaa«>le contamination.
Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/1/79
III.4.6-38

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data  source:  Government report
Point source category:   Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven  fabric finishing
Plant:   V
References:  B3, pp.  70-75
                                                     Data source status:
                                                       Engineering estimate
                                                       Bench  scale
                                                       Pilot  scale
                                                       Full scale
Use  in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:   Screening,  activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Downflow multimedia filter with  FeCla
                      precoagulatlon  (16 mg/L)
Media (top to bottom):   Anthracite,  sand,  gravel
Bed depth  - total:
       anthracite:
              sand:
            gravel:
                      1,000 mm (40 in.
                      300  mm (12 in.)
                      300  mm (12 in.)
                      400  mm (16 in.)
Effective size of media:
        anthracite:   0.9-1.5 mm
              sand:   0.4-0.8 mm
            gravel:     6-16 mm
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Wastewater flow:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading)
Backwash rate:
Air  scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
                         Stapling period:
                                  REMOVAL  DATA
                                  24-hr composite, volatile organic•
                                  were grab sampled	
                            Pollutant/parameter
                                            Concent r ation	
                                          Influent  Effluent
                         Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                          COD
                          TSS
                          Actual data indicate negative removal.
                          Presence nay be due to sample contamination.
                                                     Percent
                                                     removal
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L.
Antimon)
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Sliver
Zinc
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) ph thai ate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Toluene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Methylene chloride

0.029
1.2

<10
4
4.3
as
23
<22
<36
<5
240
9 5
5.7
1.1
0 2
24
0 7

O.OZ2
0.23

24
<1
6.7
100
27
37
73
12
330
46
5 4
1.1
0.1
14

74
61

0*
>75
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
0
5
0
5C
£*

Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not  specified.
Date:   10/1/79
                                  III.4.6-39

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration
 Data source:
               Effluent Guidelines
               Government report
Point source  category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:   Wool finishing
Plant:  O, N  (different references)
References:  A6, p. VII-76;  B3, pp. 65-69
Use in system:   Tertiary
Pretreatment  of influent:  Screening, activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Dovmflow  multimedia filter
Media  (top to bottom):  Anthracite,  sand, gravel
Bed depth -  total:  1,000 mm  (40  in.)
       anthracite:  300 mm  (12 in.)
              sand:  300 mm  (12 in.)
           gravel:  400 mm  (16 in.)
Effective size of media:
       anthracite:  0.9-1.5 mm
              sand:  0.4-0.8 mm
           gravel:    6-16 mm
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Wastewater flow:
Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                        Saapling period. 72-hr for conventional pollutants, 24-hr
                                 composite ta&plef for the toxic t/ollutants,
                                 grab »*arl»t for volatile organic*
Data source  status:
                                                        Engineering estimate
                                                        Bench scale
                                                        Pilot scale
                                                        Full scale

Pollutant/Mrtawter
Conventional pollutant*. ng/L:
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phoaphoru*
Toxic pollutant*, ug/L
Jtntinony
Arvenic
ChroaUuB
Copper
Silver
Zinc
Bi»(2-tthylht)tyl) phthaltt*
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
1 , 2-Dichlorob«nzene
Ethyl benzene
Toluene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
1 , 2-Dichloroprop*n*
Mcthylene chloride


128 210
75 cl
0.031 0.017
2.5 2.3

ie 99
45
8

>44
0
44
0*
>9
55
8?
c*
5C
>98
>94
>7P
c*
c'
o'
0
o'
                          Actual date, indicate negative x*mov«l.
                          Pr«»*nc« way b« du* to tuiplii contuunation.
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not  specified.
Date:   10/1/79
                                  III.4.6-40

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                  Data source status:
                Government report
 Point  source  category:  Textile mills                Engineering  estimate
 Subcategory:   Knit fabric  finishing                  Bench scale
 Plant:  E,  P  (different references)                   Pilot scale
 References:   A6, pp. VII-74-75; B3,  pp. 60-64        Full scale

 Use in system:   Tertiary
 Pretreatment  of influent:   Screening, activated  sludge, sedimentation  with
                              chemical addition  (polymer)

 DESIGN OR  OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Downflow multimedia filter
 Media  (top to bottom):  Anthracite,  sand, gravel
 Bed depth  - total:  1,000  mm (40 in.)
        anthracite:  300 mm (12  in.)
               sand:  300 mm (12  in.)
             gravel:  400 mm (16  in.)
 Effective  size of media:   anthracite:  0.9-1.5 mm
                                   sand:  0.4-0.8 mm
                                gravel:    6-16 mm
 Uniformity coefficient of  media:
 Wastewater flow:
 Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour  rate:
 Filter run length:
 Terminal head loss:

                                   REMOVAL DATA
                      Sampling  period:   24-hr composite samples, volatile or games
                      	were grab sampled   	     	
                                              Concentration    Percent
                         Pollutant/parameter	Influent  Effluent  removal

                      Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                       Total phenol              0.082     0.13      Oa
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Phenol
Benzene
Toluene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Methylene chloride
Tnchloroethylene

43
<0.3
43
160
10
2.8
0.03
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.9
2.5
0.8

34
0.4
36
160
3.3
2.5
1.0
2.6
0.5
2.6
0.5
4.7
<0.5

21
oa
16
0
67
11
oa
oa
oa
oa
44
oa
>37
                       Actual data indicate negative removal.
                      b
                       Presence may be due to sample contamination.
 Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/1/79                  III. 4. 6-41

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Asbestos-cement processing plant      Bench scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
References:  A2, p. VI-39                           Full scale             	

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Sedimentation (for 24 hr)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Media  (top to bottom):  Sand
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	

                                  Concentration, fibers/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter    Influent	Effluent    removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Asbestos             5 x 109      3.2 x 109     36
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/1/79                  III.4.6-42

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Asbestos mine                         Bench scale            	
Plant:   (In Baie Verte, Newfoundland)               Pilot scale             x
References:  A2, p. VI-41                           Full scale             	

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Sedimentation

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Alum coated diatomaceous earth filter
Media  (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period:	

                                  Concentration, fibers/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter    Influent	Effluent    removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Asbestos             1  x 109     <1 x 10s       >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/1/79                   III.4.6-43

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source  category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:  Asbestos mine                         Bench scale
 Plant:   (in Baie Verte, Newfoundland)               Pilot scale
 References:   A2, p. VI-41                           Full scale

 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment  of influent:  Sedimentation

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:  Dual media filter
 Media (top to bottom):
 Bed depth - total:
 Effective size of media:
 Uniformity coefficient of media:
 Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:
 Filter run length:
 Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	

                                  Concentration,5 fibers/L  Percent
            Pollutant/parameter     Influent	Effluent   removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Asbestos              1 x 101°      5 x 10B      95
              Average  of  two  samples.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.


Date:  10/1/79                   III.4.6-44

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
 Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering  estimate
 Subcategory:  Asbestos mine                         Bench scale
 Plant:  {in Asbestos, Quebec)                        Pilot scale
 References:  A2, p. VI-41                           Full  scale
 Use in system:  Tertiary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Mixed media filter
 Media (top to bottom):
 Bed depth - total:
 Effective size of media:
 Uniformity coefficient of media:
 Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:
 Filter run length:
 Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling period;	___^__	

                                   Concentration,  fibers/L  Percent
             Pollutant/parameter    Influent	Effluent    removal

             Toxic pollutants:
               Asbestos             1  x 109      3  x  107        97
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.

Date:   10/1/79                  III.4.6-45

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                Data  source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing      Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Asbestos mine                         Bench  scale
Plant:  (in Asbestos,  Quebec)                        Pilot  scale
References:  A2,  p.  VI-41                           Full scale

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   Coated diatomaceous earth
Media (top to bottom):  Diatomaceous earth
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	

                                  Concentration, fibers/L    Percent
            Pollutant/parameter    Influent	Effluent     removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Asbestos             1 x 109      8 x 10"       >99
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/1/79                  III.4.6-46

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:  Vacuum degassing
Plant:  AD
References:  A48, pp. VII-12, VII-5
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Scale pit
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  High flow rate pressure filters
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient  of media:
Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
Flow rate:  114 L/sec (1,800 gpm)
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
            Pollutant/parameter
           Concentration      Percent
        Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                              70.7        37         48

        Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
          Lead                           1,400       <100        >93
          Zinc                           7,800        916         88
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/1/79
III.4.6-47

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Iron and steel
Subcategory:  Vacuum degassing and
              continuous casting
Plant:  AD and AF
References:  A38, pp.  VII-13, VII-5
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Scale pit

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:  High flow rate pressure filters
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Wastewater Filter Flow Rate:  113.6 L/s (1,800 gpm)
Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:  176.7 L/s (2,800  gpm)
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS                         74
             Oil and grease              22
                  37
                  <0.5
 50
>98
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/1/79
III.4.6-48

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Iron and steel
 Subcategory:   Hot forming -  primary
 Plant:   C-2
 References:   A42, pp. VII-19,  VII-7

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Deep bed filter
 Media (top to bottom):
 Bed depth -  total:
 Effective size of media:
 Uniformity coefficient  of media:
 Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:
 Filter run length:
 Terminal head loss:
 Filter effluent flow rate:  145 L/s  (2,300 gpm)

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
            Sampling period:
              Pollutant/parameter
      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
      Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              TSS                         21
              Oil and grease               2
                              76
                              oa
             Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  10/1/79
III.4.6-49

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Electroplating
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  A14, p. 187

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Media (top to bottom):  Diatomaceous earth
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA
                        Data source  status:
                          Engineering estimate
                          Bench scale
                          Pilot scale
                          Full  scale
        Sampling period;
                                            Concentration
                                     Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
               Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS
        Toxic pollutants,
          Chromium  (+3)
          Copper
          Nickel
          Zinc
yg/L:
                   524
                12,000
                 7,500
                 2,600
                13,000
 10
610
440
 44
140
98
95
94
98
99
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/1/79
      III.4.6-50

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source  category:   Ore  mining and  dressing     Engineering estimate   	
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
 Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
 References:   A2,  p. VI-39                           Full scale             	
 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment  of influent:  Sedimentation

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Uncoated diatomaceous earth filter
 Media (top to bottom):   Diatomaceous  earth
 Bed depth - total:
 Effective size of media:
 Uniformity coefficient  of  media:
 Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:
 Filter run length:
 Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	
                                   Concentration, fibers/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent    removal

            Toxic  pollutants:
              Asbestos  (Chrysotile)  4 x 1012     3 x 106       >99
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/1/79                 III.4.6-51

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Asbestos mine                         Bench scale            	
Plant:  (in Baie Verte, Newfoundland)                Pilot scale             x
References:  A2, p. VI-41                           Full scale             	

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Sedimentation

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Uncoated diatomaceous earth filter
Media (top to bottom):  Diatomaceous earth
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	
                                  Concentration, fibers/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter    Influent	Effluent	removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Asbestos             1 x 109      2 x 106       >99
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.


Date:   10/1/79                 III.4.6-52

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source  category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
 Plant:                                              Pilot scale
 References:   A2, p. VI-39                           Full scale
 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment  of influent:  Sedimentation

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Alum  coated diatomaceous earth filter
 Media (top to bottom):  Diatomaceous earth alum
 Bed depth - total:
 Effective size of media:
 Uniformity coefficient of  media:
 Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:
 Filter run length:
 Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period:	

                                    Concentration, fibers/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent    removal

           Toxic pollutants:
            Asbestos  (Chrysotile)    4 x 1012     1 x 105       >99
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/1/79                 III.4.6-53

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:                                              Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. VI-39                           Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Sedimentation

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Dual-media filtration
Media (top to bottom):  Anthracite, graded sand
Bed depth - total:   34.3 cm  (13.5 in)
       Anthracite:    2.54 cm  (1 in)
             Sand:   31,8 cm  (12.5 in)
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period:	

                                   Concentration, fibers/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent    removal

         Toxic pollutants:
           Asbestos  (Chrysotile)    4 x 1012     1 x 109       >99
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/1/79                 III.4.6-54

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Asbestos mine                         Bench scale
Plant:   (in Asbestos, Quebec)                       Pilot scale
References:  A2, p. VI-41                           Full scale

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit  configuration:  Uncoated diatomaceous earth filter
Media (top to bottom):  Diatomaceous earth
Bed depth - total:
Effective size  of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period:	
                                  Concentration, fibers/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter     Influent	Effluent    removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Asbestos              1 x 109      3 x 106       >99
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.


Date:   10/1/79                 III.4.6-55

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing      Engineering estimate
Subcategory:   Chlorine/caustic facility             Bench  scale
Plant:  (in Michigan)                                Pilot  scale
References:  A2,  p.  VI-43                           Full scale

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   Pressure leaf filter used with flocculants
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
Flow:  0.095 m3/min (25 gal/min)

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	
                                  Concentration, fibers/L    Percent
            Pollutant/parameter    Influent	Effluent     removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Asbestos             >5 x 109     V3  x 10s       >99
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/1/79                 III.4.6-56

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source  category:  Ore  mining  and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
 Subcategory:   Base-metal mine                       Bench scale            	
 Plant:   Mine  1 of Canadian pilot plant study        Pilot scale             x
 References:   A2,  pp. VI-63-66                       Full scale
 Use in system:   Tertiary
 Pretreatment of influent:   Sedimentation with lime and polymer addition,
                            secondary  settling

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Media (top to bottom):   Sand
 Bed depth - total:
 Effective size  of media:
 Uniformity coefficient  of media:
 Filtration rate (Hydraulic  loading):
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:
 Filter run length:
 Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA

              Sampling period;	

                                   Concentration,  pg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter   Influent    Effluent   removal

              Toxic pollutants:
Copper
Lead
Zinc
40
210
290
30
150
390
25
29,
ob
              a
              During period of optimized steady operation.
              b
              Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/1/79                 III.4.6-57

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering  estimate   	
Subcategory:  Base-metal mine                       Bench  scale            	
Plant:  Mine 2 of Canadian pilot plant study        Pilot  scale             x
References:  A2,  pp.  VI-63-66                       Full scale            	

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Sedimentation with lime and  polymer addition,
                           secondary settling

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Media (top to bottom):  Sand
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                DATA REMOVAL

             Sampling period;	 	
                                   Concentration,   yg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter   Influent    Effluent   removal

             Toxic pollutants:
               Copper                 30          30         0
               Lead                  290         290         0
               Zinc                  220         150        32
              i
              During period of optimized steady operation.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/1/79                 III.4.6-58

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering  estimate
Subcategory:  Base-metal mine                       Bench  scale
Plant:  Mine 3 of Canadian pilot plant study        Pilot  scale
References:  A2, pp. VI-63-66                       Full scale

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Sedimentation with lime and polymer addition,
                           secondary settling

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Media  (top to bottom):  Sand
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                DATA REMOVAL

                                REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling period:	

                                   Concentration,  yg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter   Influent    Effluent   removal

             Toxic pollutants:
Copper
Lead
Zinc
70
110
220
30
80
120
57
27
45

              During period of optimized steady operation.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/1/79                 III.4.6-59

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering  estimate   	
Subcategory:  Copper mill                           Bench  scale            	
Plant:  2122                                        Pilot  scale             x
References:  A2, pp. VI-83-87                       Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Tailing pond

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Three dual media, downflow pressure  filters
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
pH:  7.9-8.2

                                REMOVAL DATA
                                                       \
       Sampling period;	
                                            Concentration      Percent
       	Pollutant/parameter	Influents   Effluents   removal

       Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
         TSS                              2,550        7.1        >99

       Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
190
2,000
160
190
100
30
32
75 '
50
60
84
98
53
74
40

        Average concentration TSS (27 values),  metals (23 values).
       b
        Average concentration.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/1/79                III.4.6-60

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Ore  mining and dressing
 Subcategory:   Lead/zinc mine/mill/
               smelter/refinery
 Plant:   3107
 References:   A2,  p.  VI-63

 Use in system:  Tertiary
 Pretreatment  of influent:
                  Data source  status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full  scale
  The numbers given are predicted values  based on  a  pilot  plant  study and
  historical monitoring.

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Pressure filtration unit
 Media (top to bottom):  Granulated slag
 Bed depth - total:
 Effective size of media:
 Uniformity coefficient of media:
 Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:
 Filter run length:
 Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL  DATA

         Sampling period;	
              Pollutant/parameter
            Concentration       Percent
         Influent   Effluent    removal
         Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
           TSS                                 15          <_5       >66

         Toxic pollutants,  yg/L:
           Cadmium                            160         110        31
           Lead                               150          58        61
           Zinc                             4,400       1,500        66
          Calculated from effluent concentration and percent  removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/1/79
III.4.6-61

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine/mill/
              smelter/refinery
Plant:  3107
References:  A2,
pp. VI-80-83
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
                                 Data source  status:
                                   Engineering estimate
                                   Bench scale
                                   Pilot scale
                                   Full scale
          Tailing pond, lime addition,  aeration,
          flocculation and clarification
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:  Dual media granular pressure  filtration
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
pH:  3.1-3.7
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
                                            Concentration
                                              Percent
                        Influent   Effluent^  removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                                16

        Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
          Cadmium                           120
          Copper                             31
          Lead                              130
          Zinc                            2,900
                                      <1
                                      35
                                      16
                                      61
                                      42
>93
 71
 48
 53
 99
         Average concentrations.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/1/79
               III.4.6-62

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine
Plant:  3113
References:  A2, pp. VI-89-92
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate   	
                   Bench scale            	
                   Pilot scale             x
                   Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Lime addition,  aeration,  sedimentation

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Dual media filter
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
                                            Concentration
                              Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
        Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                                35

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Cadmium                            20
          Copper                            110
          Lead                               20
          Zinc                            4,100
                       5
                      20
                     <20
                     150
                                 97
75
82
>0
96
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/1/79
III. 4.6-63

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine                        Bench scale            	
Plant:  3113                                        Pilot scale             x
References:  A2, pp. VI-89-92                       Full scale             	

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Sedimentation with lime and polymer
                           (aeration and flocculation)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Dual media filter
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;	
                                            Concentration      Percent
        	Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent5  removal

        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                               15         <1        >93

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Cadmium                            5         <5         >0
          Copper                            20         13         35
          Zinc                             670         27         96
         Average concentrations.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   10/1/79                III.4.6-64

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine
Plant:  3113
References:  A2, pp. VI-89-92
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source  status:
                         Engineering  estimate    	
                         Bench scale             	
                         Pilot scale              x
                         Full  scale
Sedimentation with lime and polymer,
aeration, flocculation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Dual media filter
Media  (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
                                            Concentration
                                    Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
              Influent   Effluent3  removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                                 6

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Cadmium                            20
          Copper                             20
          Lead                               80
          Zinc                            1,900
                             <1
                             12
                            <20
                            150
>83
 40
>50
>75
 92
         Average values.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/1/79
                                III.4.6-65

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mine                        Bench scale
Plant:  3113                                        Pilot scale            ~jT
References:  A2, pp. VI-89-92                       Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Lime addition, sedimentation

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Dual media filter
Media (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;	

                                           Concentration,a     Percent
        	Pol lutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                                33         <2       >93

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Cadmium                            25         16        36
          Copper                            100         20        80
          Zinc                            4,300        170        96

        a
         Average concentration attained.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:  10/1/79                III.4.6-66

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc, mine/mill                  Bench scale            	
Plant:  3121                                        Pilot scale             x
References:  A2, pp. VI-76-79                       Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Tailing pond lime addition to pH 11.3,
                           polymer addition, flocculation,  secondary setting

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Media  (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling period;

Concentration,3 yg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants:
Copper
Lead
Zinc
Influent

30
50
130
Effluent

20
60
80
Percent
removal

33
oa
38

             a
              Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/1/79                 III.4.6-67

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering  estimate   	
Subcategory.  Lead/zinc, mine/mill                  Bench  scale            	
Plant:  3121                                        Pilot  scale            _x_
References:  A2, pp. VI-76-79                       Full scale            	

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Tailing pond,  lime addition  to  pH 9.2,  polymer
                           addition,  flocculation, secondary settling

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Media  (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;	
                                            Concentration       Percent
        	Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TSS                               17          1        94

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Copper                            50         20        60
          Lead                              80         40        50
          Zinc                             380        160        58
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not specified.


Date:    10/1/79                III.4.6-68

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:  Molybdenum mine/mill                  Bench scale
 Plant:  6102                                        Pilot scale
 References:  A2, p. VI-17                           Full scale

 Use in system:  Tertiary
 Pretreatment of influent:  Settling, ion exchange, lime precipitation,
                            electrocoagulation, alkaline chlorination

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Four individual filters
 Media (top to bottom):  Anthracite, garnet, pea  gravel
 Bed depth - total:
 Effective size of media:
 Uniformity coefficient of media:
 Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:
 Filter run length:
 Terminal head loss:
 Flow rate:  3.79 m3/d (1,000 gpm)  (operating)
             7.58 m3/d (2,000 gpm)  (optimum)

                                 REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period;	

                                             Concentration      Percent
         	Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

         Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
           TSS                                62         <5      >92

         Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
           Zinc                               80         60       25
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:  10/1/79                 III.4.6-69

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source  category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
 Plant:   (in Canada)                                 Pilot scale
 References:   A2, p. VI-17                           Full scale
 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment  of influent:  Lime precipitation, flocculation, clarification

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Media (top to bottom):  Sand
 Bed depth - total:
 Effective size of media:
 Uniformity coefficient of media:
 Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
 Backwash rate:
 Air sc   rate:
 Filtei  .1 length:
 Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA

              Sampling period;	

                                   Concentration, yg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter   Effluent   Influent   removal

              Toxic pollutants:
               Copper                50         40        20
               Lead                  250        120        52
               Zinc                  370        190        49
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not  specified.


Date:   10/1/79                 III.4.6-70

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Paint manufacturing
 Subcategory:
 Plant:  17
 References:  A4, Appendix G

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Lime precoagulation
 Media (top to bottom):
 Bed depth - total:
 Effective size of media:
 Uniformity coefficient of media:
 Filtration rate (Hydraulic loading):
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:
 Filter run length:
 Terminal head loss:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
                        Sampling pariod Composite
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, Bg/L:
BOD,
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phtnol
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
cadmium
Chromium
Copper
L«ad
Mercury
Kicktl
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Benzen
Tolu.Il
Naphthalene
Carbon tetrachlondc
Chloro orm
1,1-Di hloroethane
1,2-Di hloroethane
1 , 2-rVona-dichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroe thane
Trichloroethylene
Average of several sauries.
b
CMot detected.
Influent

6.370
28,700
7,100
14,500
1,000
0.347

40
•^25
130
530
100
20,000
•v*7
20
22
•V9.200
NDC
1,300
1,700
33
16
200
ND
ND
NO
15
730
90
ND
100



Effluent

5, 670
29,300
a. ijo
7,330
1,140
0.267

<30
•V30
130
370
300
2,900
80
<10
<10
16,000
1,3=0
NO
ND
ND
ND
300
160
170
47
ND
ND
SD
2,100
ND



removal

>„
<
0°
49b
0
23

>25b
0
0
3lb
0
"b
0
>50
>S5t
a
ofc
>99
>99
>70
'3\
"b
°t
"b
0
>33
>99
,(,,
0
>»o



 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/1/79
III.4.6-71

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Filtration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Paint manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:  27
References:  A4, Appendix G
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
None
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Polymer precoagulation
Media  (top to bottom):
Bed depth - total:
Effective size of media:
Uniformity coefficient of media:
Filtration rate  (Hydraulic loading):
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Filter run length:
Terminal head loss:

                                REMOVAL DATA
                    Sampling period:  Grab sample
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Coppe r
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Chloroform
Hethylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Actual data indicate negative
bNot detected.
Influent

25,000
70,000
7,500
46 , 000
0.0012

7
130
1,400
260
12,000
1,000
450
60,000
280
730
290
ND
6,300
110
120
removal .

Effluent

23,400
260,000
25,000
400
0.0011

2
58
100
120
98
140
<5
4,200
200
ND
200
23
31,000
25
560


Percent
removal

6
A
0
Oa
99
e

71
55
93
56
99
86
>99
93
29
>99
31a
oa
oa
77
oa


 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/1/79
      III.4.6-72

-------
III.4.7  ULTRAFILTRATION [1]

III.4.7.1  Function

Ultrafiltration is used to segregate dissolved or suspended
solids from a liquid stream on the basis of molecular size.

III.4.7.2  Description

Ultrafiltration is a membrane filtration process that separates
high-molecular-weight solutes or colloids from a solution or
suspension.  The process has been successfully applied to both
homogeneous solutions and colloidal suspensions, which are
difficult to separate practically by other techniques.  To date,
commercial applications have been entirely focused on aqueous
media.

The basic principle of operation of ultrafiltration can be
explained as follows.  Flowing by a porous membrane is a solution
containing two solutes:  one of a molecular size too small to
be retained by the membrane, and the other of a larger size
allowing 100% retention.  A hydrostatic pressure, typically 10
to 100 psig, is applied to the upstream side of the supported
membrane, and the large-molecule solute or colloid is retained
(rejected) by the membrane.  A fluid concentrated in the retained
solute is collected as a product from the upstream side, and a
solution of small-molecule solute and solvent is collected from
the downstream side of the membrane.  Of course, where only a
single solute is present and is rejected by the membrane, the
liquid collected downstream is (ideally) pure solvent.

Retained solute (or particle) size is one characteristic distin-
guishing ultrafiltration from other filtration processes.  Viewed
on a spectrum of membrane separation processes, ultrafiltration
is only one of a series of membrane methods that can be used.
For example, reverse osmosis, a membrane process capable of
separating dissolved ionic species from water, falls further
down the same scale of separated partical size.

Ultrafiltration membranes are asymmetric structures, possessing
an extremely thin selective layer (0.1 to l.Oum thick) supported
on a thicker spongy substructure.  Controlled variation of fabri-
cation methods can produce membranes with desirable rentitive
characteristics for a number of separation applications.  It has
become possible to tailor membranes with a wide range of selec-
tive properties.  For example, tight membranes can retain organic
solutes of 500 to 1,000 molecular weight while allowing passage
of most inorganic salts; conversely, loose membranes can discrim-
inate between solutes of 1,000,000 vs. 250,000 molecular weight.

Ultrafiltration membranes are different from so-called "solution-
diffusion" membranes, which have been studied for a wide variety
Date:  8/16/79              III.4.7-1

-------
of gas and  liquid-phase separations.   The latter  group possesses
a permselective structure that  is  nonporous, and  separation is
effected on the basis of differences  in solubility  and molecular
diffusivity within the actual polymer matrix.  Reverse osmosis
membranes generally fall into this category.

Membranes can be made from various synthetic or natural polymeric
materials.   These range from hydrophilic polymers such as cellu-
lose, to very hydrophobic materials such as fluorinated polymers.
Polyarysulfones and inorganic materials have been introduced to
deal with high temperatures and pH values.

Membranes of this type are in many respects similar to reverse
osmosis membranes except for the openness of their  pores.  Other
forms and materials are available  as  well,  including porous
zirconia, deposited on a porous carbon substrate  and on a porous
ceramic tube.  The latter two systems, while more expensive than
the former, are capable of use  to  very high pH values and temper-
atures .

III.4.7.3   Technology Status

Ultrafiltration has demonstrated unique capabilities in oil/water
separation, electropaint recovery, and the  dairy  processing
industry.   It is certain that new applications will continue to
be developed.

III.4.7.4   Applications

Can be used for 1) concentration,  where the desired component is
rejected by the membrane and taken off as a fluid concentrate;
2) fractionation, for systems where more than one solute are to
be recovered, and products are  taken  from both the  rejected
concentrate and permeate; and 3)  purification, where the desired
product is  purified solvent.  Major existing ultrafiltration
applications (commercial and developmental) are summarized
below; the  function of ultrafiltration processing for each
specific application is also provided; developmental applications
listed are  likely to be commercial within the next  5 years.

            COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF ULTRAFILTRATIONS

                     Application                      Function

         Electrocoat                        Fractionation
         Paint rejuvenation and rinse water recovery
         Protein recovery from cheese whey          Concentration and fractionation
         Metal machining, rolling, and drawing - oil
           emulsion treatment                  Purification
         Textile sizing (PVA) waste treatment       Fractionation
         Electronics component
         Manufacturing wash water treatment        Purification
         Pharmaceuticals manufacturing sterile water
          production                        Purification
 Date:   8/16/79               III.4.7-2

-------
           DEVELOPMENTAL APPLICATIONS  OF ULTRAFILTRATION
             Application
                      Function
Dye waste treatment
Pulp-mill waste treatment
Industrial laundry waste treatment
Protein recovery from soy whey
Hot alkaline cleaner treatment
Power-plant boiler feedwater  treatment
Sugar recovery from orange-juice pulp
Product recovery in pharmaceutical and
  fermentation industries
Colloid-free water pollution  for beverages
             Concentration and purification
             Concentration and purification
             Purification and fractionation
             Concentration
             Fractionation and purification
             Purification
             Fractionation

             Concentration
             Purification
III.4.7.5   Limitations

Uniquely capable of making certain separations especially from
concentrated streams; however,  each installation must  be care-
fully  piloted as the system design and determination of operating
parameters  is critical.

III.4.7.6   Reliability

Process  continually being refined; individual process  reliability
will depend on the specific application and past performance of
process  in  that application.

III.4.7.7  Residuals Generated/Environmental Impact

Because  ultrafiltration involves  no chemical conversion,  residues
from process are typically a concentrate of the undesirable or
hazardous  components; process generally serves to provide a
greatly  reduced volume of hazardous waste, but does not inher-
ently  provide any elimination of  waste; noteworthy exceptions
are  those  cases where a pollutant can be recovered as  a valuable
by-product,  such as soluble whey  proteins of PVA sizing for
recycle; otherwise, organic concentrates require further process-
ing  for  ultimate disposal, such as additional concentration and
incineration; in some fractionation applications, the  concentrate
and  ultrafiltrate require further processing before end disposal
occurs;  for example, in cheese  whey treatment, the lactose con-
tent of  the ultrafiltrate is far  too high to permit sewering, and
additional  processing steps must  be taken before the stream is
ready  for  disposal.
Date:  8/16/79
III.4.7-3

-------
III.4.7.8  Design  Criteria
III.4.7.9  Flow Diagram
                   I
PRESSURIZED SOLUTION OF (A),(BI
                                                         CONCENTRATED (A)
                                                 I  • • •  •
                                                  • • • •
                       • *•  ••  *.'.   •••.•.*
                                            •     •
                                              •   •
                          •     •   •   •
                                    I  •
                                                           MEMBRANE
                                      J
                                        SOLUTION OF IB)
Date:   8/16/79
            III.4.7-4

-------
III.4.7.10  Performance

Subsequent data sheets provide performance data from studies on
the following industries and/or wastestreams:

     Adhesives and sealants production

     Auto and other laundries industry
       Industrial laundries

     Porcelain enameling

     Synthetic rubber manufacturing
       Emulsion crumb process
       Solution crumb process
       Styrene-butadiene latex production

     Timber products processing
       Pentachlorophenol wastewater

III.4.7.11  References

1.  Physical, Chemical, and Biological Treatment Techniques for
    Industrial Wastes, PB 275 287, U.S. Environmental Protection
    Agency, Washington, B.C.  November 1976.  pp. 43-1 - 43-12.
Date:  8/16/79             III.4.7-5

-------
rt
n>
NJ
\
U)
                             CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR ULTRAFILTRATION
H
H
H
 I
 Ul
Number of
Pollutant data points
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc

12
12
18
13
11
4

3
1
3
1
3
2
1
6
Effluent concentration
Minimum

12
148
66
2.4
5
44.6

<5
2,900
<500
5,000
<1,000
0.4
<500
180
Maximum

8,890
36,600
939
539
195
131

<10
2,900
1,100
5,000
<1,000
0.8
<500
40,000
Median

457
813
2?4
<27
55
79.1

<10
2,900
<500
5,000
<1,000
0.6
<500
<1,000
Mean

2,850
8,380
347
<97.7
80
83.4

<8.3
2,900
<700
5,000
<1,000
0.6
<500
8,600
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

Oa
9
15
60
23
Oa

>61
67
>SS
oa
>S2
11
>32
22
Maximum

88
99
97
>99
>99
82

>93
67
90
oa
>95
20
>32
98
Median

64
53
76
99
85
32

>90
67
>71
oa
>74
15
>32
94
Mean

53
54
60
>92
>96
36

>83
67
>73
od
>74
15
>32
>78
        Actual data indicate negative removal.

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ultrafiltration
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:
Timber products
(pentachlorophenol
 wastewater)
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  Al, p. E-3

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None reported

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
                            Bench scale
                            Pilot scale
                            Full scale
Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:
Membrane type:
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:
Wastewater flow:  0.095 m3/min (25 gpm)
Pressure:  331 kPa (48 psi)
Flux:  4,030 m3/hr/m2  (35 gpd/ft2)
Water recovery:  96.2%
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sample period;
              Pollutant/parameter
              Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
              Influent   Fffluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             Oil and grease            2,160
                            55
             97
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
         III.4.7-6

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ultrafiltration

 Data source:   Government report                   Data source  status:
 Point source  category:   Adhesive and sealants        Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:                                         Bench  scale            	
 Plant:   San Leandro                                 Pilot  scale             X
 References:  BIO,  pp.  112-113                       Full scale
 Use in system:   Secondary
 Pretreatment of influent:  Settling,  equalization

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS3

 Product flow rate:
 Flux rate:
 Membrane configuration:   21 tubular assemblies,  3 parallel banks of  seven
                          tubes  in  series
 Membrane type:   Abcor,  Inc.  type HFD
 Retentate (concentrate)  flow rate:
 Recycle flow rate:
 Operating temperature:   32.2°C
 Rated production capacity:
 Membrane inlet  pressure:   280-340  kPa (40-50 psig)
 Feed circulation rate:   164 m3/d  (30  gpm)
 Tube diameter:   0.025m  (1 in)
 Tube length:  1.52  m (5  ft)
 a.
  Standard operating parameters  for the  study.

                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period:  Equal volume grab samples collected
                             throughout an 8-hr day and weekly
            	composite  samples	

                                      Concentration,  mg/L  Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent  removal

            Conventional pollutants:
             TSS                        2,470        10        >99
           a
            Average of 2 grab and 3 weekly composite samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79                   III.4.7-7

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ultrafiltration

Data  source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:  Adhesive and sealants       Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:  San Leandro                                 Pilot scale
References:  BIO, pp. 108-113                       Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Settling, equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS3

Product flow rate:
Flux  rate:
Membrane configuration:  21 tubular assemblies, 3 parallel banks of seven
                         tubes in series
Membrane type:  Abcor, Inc. Type HFM
Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  280-340 kPa  (40-50 psig)
Feed  circulation rate:  164 m3/d  (30 gpm)
Tube  diameter:  0.025 m  (1 in.)
Tube  length:  1.52 m  (5 ft)
 a
 Standard operating parameters for the study.

                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period:  Equal volume grab samples collected
                             throughout an 8-hr day and weekly
            	composite samples	
                                      Concentration,9 mg/LPercent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent    removal

            Conventional pollutants:
             TSS                        2,060       18         99
             Average of  2 grab and  10 weekly composite samples.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not  specified.


Date:    8/30/79                  III.4.7-8

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ultrafiltration

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Adhesives and sealants
Subcategory:
Plant:  San Leandro
References:  BIO,  pp.  62, 64
                        Data source status:
                          Engineering estimate
                          Bench scale
                          Pilot scale
                          Full scale
Use in system:   Secondary
Pretreatment of  influent:
Settling, equalization
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow  rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:   21 tubular assemblies,  3 parallel banks of seven
                          tubes in series
Membrane type:   Abcor,  Inc. type HFM
Retentate  (concentrate)  flow rate:
Recycle flow  rate:
Operating temperature:   32.2°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:   280-340 kPa  (40-50 psig)
Feed circulation rate:   164 m3/d  (30 gpm)
Tube diameter:   0.025 m (1  in.)
Tube length:  1.52  m (5  ft)
 Standard operating parameters for the study.
                                  REMOVAL DATA
               Sampling period:  Equal volume grab samples collected throughout
                             an 8-hr day and weekly composite samples

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenolb
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Arsenic
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Zinc
Influent
6,670
25,300
2,260
522
84

4,500


49,000
Effluent
7,070
22,200
539
162
56.1

<200
5,000
<1,000
1.7
40,000
Percent
removal
oa
12
76
69
33

oa


22

               Actual data indicate negative removal.
               Interference in assays suspected.
Note:   Blanks indicate information was  not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
        III.4.7-9

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:  Adhesives and sealants      Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:  San Leandro                                 Pilot scale
References:  BIO, p. 115                            Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Settling,  equalization
 With surfactant addition

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  21 tubular assemblies, 3 parallel banks of 7 tubes
                         in series
Membrane type:  Abcor, Inc. type HFM or HFD
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  32.2°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  280-340 kPa (40-50 psig)
Feed circulation rate:  164 m3/d  (30 gpm)
Tube diameter:  0.025 m (1 in)
Tube length:  1.52  m  (5 ft)


                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period:  Equal grab  samples collected throughout
                            an 8-hr day and weekly composite samples

Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants :
BOD5
COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Concentration , a
mg/L
Influent Effluent

8,820 7,
21,200 18,
1,590
252
113

180
200
66
195
131
Percent
removal

19
14
96
23b
0

           Average of 4 grab and 2 weekly composite samples.
           Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79                  III.4.7-10

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ultrafiltrationa

 Data source:   Government report                   Data source  status:
 Point source  category:   Adhesives and sealants      Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:                                         Bench scale
 Plant:  San Leandro                                 Pilot scale
 References:  BIO,  p.  69                             Full scale
 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment  of influent:  Settling,  equalization
  With surfactant addition.

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Product flow rate:
 Flux rate:
 Membrane configuration:   21 tubular assemblies,  3  parallel  banks  of 7  tubes
                          in series.
 Membrane type:   Abcor,  Inc. type  HFM or HFD
 Retentate (concentrate)  flow rate:
 Recycle flow rate:
 Operating temperature:   32.2°C
 Rated production capacity:
 Membrane inlet  pressure:   280-340 kPa (40-50  psig)
 Feed circulation rate:   164 m3/d  (30 gpm)
 Tube diameter:   0.025 m (1  in)
 Tube length:  1.52  m (5  ft)

                                  REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period:  Equal volume  grab samples  collected  through-
                          out an  8-hr day.

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenolb
Toxic pollutants, vg/L:
Zinc
Influent

8,700
23,000
4,230
478
148
120,000
Effluent

8,570
16,900
61.3
184
102
9,300°
Percent
removal

1
27
99
62
31
92

         a
         Accuracy  suspect.

         Interference  in assay suspected.
         £«
         Excludes  one  reading of 1,100 mg/L.
 Note:  Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79                  III. 4. 7-11

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ultrafiltration

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:   Synthetic rubber            Engineering estimate
                        manufacturing

Subcategory:  Latex                                 Bench scale
Plant:3  Styrene-butadiene latex manufacturing      Pilot scale
References:  Bl, p. 68                               Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening
 The end-of-pipe wastewater was chemically unstable.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Eight porous fiberglass support tubes 0.025 m in
                         diameter by 3.0m long with membrane cast on the
                         inside surface connected in series
Membrane type:   Abocr,  Inc. type HFM
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:   50°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane surface area:   0.20 m2
Feed circulation rate:   7.9-8.4 m3/hr
Membrane inlet pressure:  345 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	
                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent  Effluenta   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                        100        47         53
             TOC                         320        66         79
            Calculated from influent and removal percent.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79                 III.4.7-12

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Ultrafiltration

 Data  source:   Government  report                   Data source status:
 Point source  category:  Synthetic rubber            Engineering estimate
                        manufacturing
 Subcategory:   Latex                                 Bench scale
 Plant:a  Styrene-butadiene  latex manufacturing      Pilot scale
         plant
 References:   Bl, p. 68                              Full scale
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:   Screening
 The end-of-pipe wastewater was chemically unstable.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product  flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Eight porous fiberglass support tubes 0.025 m in
                         diameter by 3.0 m long with membrane cast on the
                         inside surface connected in series
Membrane type:  Abcor, Inc. type HFD
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle  flow rate:
Operating temperature:  50°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane surface area:  0.20 m2
Feed circulation rate:  7.9-8.4 m3/hr
Membrane inlet pressure:  345 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period:	

                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             TOG                         320        70         78
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79                 III.4.7-13

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ultrafiltration

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Synthetic rubber
                        manufacturing
Subcategory:   Emulsion crumb
Plant:
References:  Bl, p. 79
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate   	

                  Bench scale            	
                  Pilot scale             x
                  Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening

 wastewater was adjusted with sulfuric acid to a pH of 4.0 before shipment in
 order to maintain sample integrity.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:  Tubular module:  4.8 m3/m2-d
            Spiral module:  3.6 m3/m2-d
Membrane configuration:  Two types of membrane modules were operated in
                         parellel and the permeate composited.
Membrane type:  Abcor, Inc. type HFM
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  38°C
Rated production capacity:
Circulation flow rate:  Tubular module:  6.8 m3/hr
                        Spiral module:  22.7 m3/hr
Membranes inlet pressure:  310-345 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration , mg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants :
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS3
Oil and grease
Influent

98
917
334
191
12
Effluent

12
830
246
48
5
Percent
removal

88
9 9
26
75
58

            Pinhole leak suspected in spiral-wound membrane.
Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.7-14

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ultrafiltration

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Synthetic rubber
                        processing
Subcategory:   Solution crumb
Plant:
References:  Bl, p. 122
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate

                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening


aWastewater is from production of solution crumb rubbers, adhesives, and anti-
 oxidants.  Approximately 70% of wastewater is attributed to solution crumb
 rubber manufacture.  Of this volume, two-thirds comes from the production of
 polyisoprene rubber.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:  1.77 m3/m2-d
Membrane configuration:  Tubular
Membrane type:  Abcor, Inc. type HFM
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  38°C
Rated production capacity:
Circulation rate:  6.9 m3/hr
Membrane inlet pressure:  345 kPa
                                REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period;
                                     Concentration,  mg/L;   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter    Influent    Effluent   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TOC
a
Oil and grease
86
625
144
28
30
444
122
11
65
29
15
61

           Since the majority of production at the time of sampling
           was geared to "nonextended" rubbers, the relatively low
           oil and grease content in the sampled wastewater would
           be expected.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/30/79
III.4.7-15

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ultrafiltration

Data source:   Government report                    Data source  status:
Point source  category:  Adhesives and sealants      Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                          Bench scale
Plant:  San Leandro                                  Pilot scale
References:   BIO,  p.  67                              Full scale
Use in system:   Secondary
Pretreatment  of influent:  Settling, equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow  rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  21 tubular assemblies, 3 parallel banks of 7 tubes
                          in series.
Membrane type:   Abcor, Inc. type HFM
Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow  rate:
Operating temperature:  32.2°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  280-340 kPa  (40-50 psig)
Feed circulation rate:  164 m3/d  (30 gpm)
Tube diameter:   0.025 m  (1 in)
Tube length:   1.52 m  (5 ft)

                                 REMOVAL DATA

                Sampling period:  Equal volumes grab samples collected through-
Concentration3
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Cyanided
Zinc
Influent

11,300
56,100
13,400
3,250
244

<2,600
100,000
Effluent

8,890
36,600
<27.0°
100
44.6

430
1,5006
Percent
removal

21
35
>99
97
82

83
98
                 Average concentration.

                 Most readings were <5 mg/L.

                CInterference in analysis suspected.

                 Samples diluted 1:10 to minimize interference.
                Q
                 Excludes the one reading out of eleven which was >5.4 mg/L.
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not specified.

 Date:   8/30/79                  III.4.7-16

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Ultrafiltration

 Data source:   Government  report
 Point source  category:  Synthetic rubber
                        manufacturing
 Subcategory:
 Plant:
 References:   Bl, p.  159
 Use  in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR  OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Product flow  rate:
 Flux rate:
 Membrane configuration:
 Membrane type:  Abcor, Inc. type HFM
 Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
 Recycle flow  rate:
 Operating  temperature:
 Rated production capacity:
                 Data  source  status:
                   Engineering estimate

                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
              x
                                  REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
                                     Concentration,   mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter    Influent    Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TOC                        266
                  169
36
            Average of three samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.7-17

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ultrafiltration

Data source:   Government report
Point source  category:  Synthetic rubber
                        manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  Bl, p. 159

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:
Membrane type:  Abcor, Inc. type HFM
Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:
Chemicals added:  1% Triton x-100 (a nonionic surfactant)
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate

                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:
           Pollutant/parameter
       Concentration, mg/L   Percent
       Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants:
          TOC
          649
408
37
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.7-18

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ultrafiltration

Data source:   Government report
Point source category:  Synthetic rubber
                        manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  Bl, p. 159

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:
Membrane type:  Abcor, Inc.  type HFM
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:

                                REMOVAL DATA
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate

                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
        Sampling period;
          Pollutant/parameter
  Concentration,  mg/L     Percent
    Influent   Effluent     removal
        Conventional pollutants:
          TOC
     266
186
31
         Average of three samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.7-19

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Ultrafiltration
 Data source:   Government  report
 Point source  category:  Synthetic rubber
                        manufacturing
 Subcategory:
 Plant:
 References:   Bl, p.  159

 Use  in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:  Screening

 DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate

                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
x
 Product  flow  rate:
 Flux  rate:
 Membrane configuration:
 Membrane type: Abcor, Inc. type HFM
 Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
 Recycle  flow  rate:
 Operating temperature:
 Rated production capacity:
 Chemicals added:  1% Triton x-100 a nonionic surfactant
                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period:
              Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
    Influent   Effluent    removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              TOC
       649
                                                    521
                              20
             Average of three samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.7-20

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Ultrafiltration

 Data  source:  Government report
 Point source category:  Synthetic rubber
                        manufac turi ng
 Subcategory:
 Plant:
 References:  Bl, p. 159

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:  Screening

 DESIGN OR  OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Product flow rate:
 Flux  rate:
 Membrane configuration:
 Membrane type:  Abcor, Inc. type HFA
 Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
 Recycle flow rate:
 Operating  temperature:
 Rated production capacity:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate

                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
                       x
                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration,   mg/L    Percent
     Influent    Effluent    removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              TOC
        266
198
26
             Average of three samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  8/30/79
III.4.7-21

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ultrafiltration

Data source:   Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:   Synthetic rubber            Engineering estimate
                        manufacturing
Subcategory:    Latex                                Bench scale
Plant:  Styrene-butadiene latex manufacturing       Pilot scale
        plant
References:  Bl, p.  63                               Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening
 Wastewater is 3.6% latex wash water,  in full-scale operation this would
 represent 70% to 90% of plant effluent

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:   Tubular
Membrane type:  Abcor, Inc. type HFM
Retentate (concentrate)  flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  50°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  345 kPa
Feed circulation rate:  7.9-8.4 m3/hr

                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period:	

                                      Concentration, mg/L    Percent
               Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent    removal

            Conventional pollutants:
              BOD5                      1,400       230         84
              COD                      99,200       775         99
              TSS                      23,800       222         99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79                 III.4.7-22

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ultrafiltration

 Data source:   Government report
 Point source  category:   Industrial  laundry
 Subcategory:
 Plant:
 References:  B9/  p.  41
 Use in system:   Tertiary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
 Product flow rate:
 Flux rate:   ^0.69 m3/min/m2(^17  gfd)
 Membrane configuration:   Spiral  wound,  corrugated
 Membrane type:   Abcor,  Inc.  Type HFD
 Retentate (concentrate)  flow rate:
 Recycle flow rate:
 Operating temperature:
 Rated production capacity:   2.3  m3/d per module  (608 gpd)
 Average feed flow rate:   0.17 m3/min  (45 gpm)
 Average pressure drop:   103  kPa  (15 psi)
                                  REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;   Sampled after  53 and 239 hr
               Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration,  mg/L    Percent
    Influent   Effluent    removal
           Conventional pollutants:
            TOC                        2,510        409
            TSS                        4,460      1,930
                              80
                              57
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.7-23

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ultrafiltration

Data source:   Government report
Point source  category:   Industrial laundry
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B9, p. 41
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment  of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                          Data source status:
                            Engineering estimate
                            Bench scale
                            Pilot scale
                            Full scale
Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:   Spiral wound open mesh
Membrane type:  Abcor,  Inc.  Type HFM
Retentate (concentrate)  flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:
Average feed flow rate:
Average pressure drop:
    2.4 m3/d per module (630 gpd)
 0.23 m3/min (60 gpm)
41.4 kPa(6 psi)
         Sampling period;
         REMOVAL DATA

   Sampled after 53 and 239 hr
            Pollutant/parameter
             Concentration,  mg/L    Percent
             Influent   Effluent    removal
         Conventional pollutants:
           TOC                         2,510       371         85
           TSS                         4,460     1,810         60
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
          III.4.7-24

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ultrafiltration

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Industrial laundry
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B9, p. 41

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Product flow rate:
Flux rate:  1.6 m3/min/m2 (40 gfd)
Membrane configuration:  Spiral wound open spacer
Membrane type:  Abcor, Inc. Type HFD
Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:  2.73 m3/d per module (720 gpd)
Average feed flow rate:  0.23 m3/min (90 gpm)
Average pressure drop:  83 kPa (12 psi)
                                 REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period;  Sampled after 19.4 and 242 hr
                 Data  source  status:
                   Engineering  estimate
                   Bench  scale
                   Pilot  scale
                   Full scale
            Pollutant/parameter
   Concentration, mg/L    Percent
   Influent   Effluent    removal
         Conventional pollutants:
           TOC                        34,500        939        97
           TSS                        39,000      3,050        92
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  8/30/79
III.4.7-25

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ultrafiltration

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:  Industrial laundry          Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:                                              Pilot scale
References:  B9, p. 41                              Full scale

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:  1.84m3/day/m2 (45 gfd)
Membrane configuration:  Special wound
Membrane type:  Corrugated spacer Abcor Inc.,  type A HFM)
Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:  5.8m3/d per module (1/530 gpd)
Average feed flow rate:  0.26m3/min (95 gpm)
Average pressure drop:  89 kPa(13 psi)
                                 REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period;  Sampled after 19.4 and 242 hr	

                                     Concentration, mg/L    Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent    removal

         Conventional pollutants:
           TOC                        34,500        918        97
           TSS                        39,000      3,130        92
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79                  III.4.7-26

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ultrafiltration

 Data source:   Government report                   Data source status:
 Point source  category:   Industrial laundry          Engineering estimate   	
 Subcategory:                                         Bench scale            	
 Plant:   Standard uniform rental service             Pilot scale             x
         (Dorchester,  Mass.)
 References:  B9, pp.  50-15,  61-64                   Full  scale
 Use in system:   Tertiary
 Pretreatment of influent:   Depth filtration

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Product flow rate:
 Flux rate:  0.9m3/d/m2(22  gfd)
 Membrane configuration:
 Membrane type:
 Retentate (concentrate)  flow rate:
 Recycle flow rate:
 Operating temperature:   57°C,  135°F
 Rated production capacity:
 Feed flow rate:   18.9m3/d  (5,000 gpd)
 Inlet pressure:   310-414 kPa(45-60 psig)

                                  REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;

Concentration, mg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Influent

1,010
2,430
784
642
600
Effluent

342
677
197
255
90
Percent
removal

66
72
75
60
85

          Average of concentrations for six different conversion
          periods.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79                 III.4.7-27

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ultrafiltration

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Industrial laundry
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B9,  p.  89
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Spiral wound
Membrane type:
Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:
                Data source  status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full  scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Zinc
Influent

2,800
3,780
1,100
700
749

50
1,700
3,900
3,900
Effluent

360
672
202
<4
27.7

<5
<500
<1,000
200
Percent
removal

87
82
82
>99
96

>90
>71
>74
95

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/30/79
III.4.7-28

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 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ultrafiltration

 Data source:   Government report
 Point source  category:   Industrial  laundry
 Subcategory:
 Plant:
 References:  B9,  p.  90
 Use in system:   Tertiary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Product flow  rate:
 Flux rate:
 Membrane configuration:
 Membrane type:
 Retentate (concentrate)  flow rate:
 Recycle flow  rate:
 Operating temperature:
 Rated production capacity:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
TOC
COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants/ yg/L:
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Zinc
Influent

1,650
1,240
5,480
675
795

30
1,200
2,100
0.5
1,400
Effluent

553
196
796
2.4
10

<10
<500
<1,000
0.4
<500
Percent
removal

66
84
86
>99
99

>67
>58
>52
20
>64

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.7-29

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ultrafiltration

Data source:   Government report
Point source category:   Industrial laundry
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B9,  p.  91
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:
Membrane type:
Retentate  (concentrate)  flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Influent

7,850
27,400
6,750
4,500
7,890

150
8,800
11,000
22,000
0.9
740
9,000
Effluent

930
2,370
642
<5
38

<10
2,900
1,100
<100
0.8
<500
180
Percent
removal

88
91
90
>99
>99

93
67
90
>99
11
>32
98

 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not  specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.7-30

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ultrafiltration

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Synthetic rubber
                        manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  Bl,  p.  159

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:
Membrane type:  Abcor, Inc. type HFM
Retentate (concentrate)  flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:
Chemicals added:  1% triton x-100 (a nonionic surfactant)


                                 REMOVAL DATA
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate

                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
          Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
  Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
  Influent    Effluent   removal
          Conventional pollutants:
            TOC
     649
385
41
           Average of three samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.4.7-31

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ultrafiltration

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Porcelain enameling         Engineering  estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:                                              Pilot scale
References:  A51, p. 191                            Full scale
Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:
Membrane type:
Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             COD                       8,920       148         98
             TSS                       1,380        13         99
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/29/79                 III.4.7-32

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             III. 5  SECONDARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT


III.5.1  ACTIVATED SLUDGE  [1]

III.5.1.1  Function

Activated sludge treatment is used to remove dissolved and
collodial biodegradable organics.

III.5.1.2  Description

Activated sludge is a continuous flow, biological treatment pro-
cess characterized by a suspension of aerobic microorganisms,
maintained in a relatively homogeneous state by the mixing and
turbulence induced by aeration.  The microorganisms are used to
oxidize soluble and colloidal organics to COa and H20 in the
presence of molecular oxygen.  The process is generally, but not
always, preceded by primary sedimentation.  The mixture of micro-
organisms and wastewater  (called mixed liquor) formed in the aera-
tion basins is transferred to gravity clarifiers following
treatment for liquid-solids separation.  The major portion of the
microorganisms settling out in the clarifiers is recycled to the
aeration basins to be mixed with incoming wastewater, while the
excess, which constitutes the waste sludge, is sent to the sludge
handling facilities.  The rate and concentration of activated
sludge returned to the aeration basins determines the mixed
liquor suspended solids (MLSS) level developed and maintained in
the basins.  During the oxidation process, a certain amount of
the organic material is synthesized into new cells, some of
which then undergoes auto-oxidation (self-oxidation, or endo-
genous respiration)  in the aeration basins, the remainder forming
net growth or excess sludge.  Oxygen is required in the process
to support the oxidation and synthesis reactions.  Volatile
compounds are driven off to a certain extent in the aeration
process.  Metals will also be partially removed, with accumula-
tion in the sludge.

     Diffused Aeration.  In the conventional activated sludge
plant, the wastewater is commonly aerated for a period of four to
eight hours (based on average daily flow) in a plug-flow hydraulic
mode.   Diffusers are employed to transfer oxygen from air to
wastewater.  Compressors are used to supply air to the submerged
systems, normally through a network of diffusers, although newer
submerged devices which do not come under the general category of
 Date:  6/22/79
                             III.5.1-1

-------
diffusers  (e.g., static aerators and jet aerators) are being
developed and applied.  Diffused air systems may be classified
fine bubble or coarse bubble.  Diffusers commonly used in acti-
vated sludge service include porous ceramic plates laid in the
basin bottom (fine bubble), porous ceramic domes or ceramic or
plastic tubes connected to a pipe header and lateral system  (fine
bubble), tubes covered with synthetic fabric or wound filaments
(fine or coarse bubble), and specially designed spargers with
multiple openings (coarse bubble).

In addition to the diffused aeration system, various common modi-
fications to the activated sludge process are used, and these are
described below.

     Mechanical Aeration.  Mechanical aeration methods include the
submerged turbine with compressed air spargers (agitator/sparger
system) and the surface-type mechanical entrainment aerators.
The surface-type aerators entrain atmospheric air by producing a
region of intense turbulence at the surface around their
periphery.  They are designed to pump large quantities of liquid,
thus dispersing the entrained air and agitating and mixing the
basin contents.  The agitator/sparger system consists of a
radial-flow turbine located below the mid-depth of the basin
with compressed air supplied to the turbine through a sparger.
Volatile compounds are driven off to a certain extent in the
aeration process.  Metals will also be partially removed, with
accumulation in the sludge.

The submerged turbine aeration system affords a convenient and
relatively economical method for upgrading overloaded activated
sludge plants.   To attain optimum flexibility of oxygen input,
the surface aerator can be combined with the submerged turbine
aerator.  Several manufacturers supply such equipment, with both
aerators mounted on the same vertical shaft.  Such an arrangement
might be advantageous if space limitations require the use of
deep aeration basins.  In addition, mechanical aerators may be
either the floating or fixed installation type.

     Modified and High Rate Aeration.  The term modified aera-
tion has been adopted to apply to those high-rate air-activated
sludge systems with design F/M loadings in the range of 0.75 to
1.5 Ib BOD5/d/lb MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids).
Modified aeration systems are characterized by low MLSS concen-
trations, short aeration detention times, high volumetric
loadings, low air usage rates, and intermediate levels of BOD5
and suspended solids removal efficiencies.  Prior to enactment
of nationwide secondary treatment regulations, modified aeration
was utilized as an independent treatment system for plants where
BOD5 removals of 50 to 70 percent would suffice.  With present-
day treatment requirements, modified aeration no longer qualifies
as a "stand-alone" activated sludge option.
 Date:  6/22/79
                             III.5.1-2

-------
Modified aeration basins are normally designed to operate in
either complete-mix or plug-flow hydraulic configurations.
Either surface or submerged aeration systems can be employed to
transfer oxygen from air to wastewater, although submerged equip-
ment is specified more frequently for this process.  Compressors
are used to supply air to submerged aeration systems. Volatile
compounds are driven off to a certain extent in the aeration
process.  Metals will also be partially removed, with accumula-
tion in the sludge.

Due primarily to rapidly escalating power costs, interest has
been recently expressed in the development of high-rate, diffused
aeration systems that would produce a high quality secondary
effluent.  As with modified aeration, aeration detention times
would remain low and volumetric loadings high.  In contrast to
modified aeration systems, high MLSS concentrations would have
to be utilized to permit F/M loadings to be maintained at rea-
sonable levels.  The key to development of efficient high-rate
air systems is the availability of submerged aeration equipment
that could satisfy the high oxygen demand rates that accompany
high MLSS levels and short aeration times.  New innovations in
fine bubble diffuser and jet aeration technology offer potential
for uniting high-efficiency oxygen transfer with high-rate, air-
activated sludge-flow regimes to achieve acceptable secondary
treatment as independent "stand-alone" processes.  Research
evaluations and field studies currently underway should provide
performance and cost data on this subject in the next several
years.

     Pure Oxygen (covered and uncovered).  The use of pure oxygen
for activated sludge treatment has become competitive with the
use of air due to the development of efficient oxygen dissolution
systems.  The covered oxygen system is a high-rate activated
sludge system.  The main benefits cited for the process include
reduced power requirements for dissolving oxygen in the waste-
water, reduced aeration tank volume requirements, and improved
biokinetics of the activated sludge system.  In the covered
system, oxygenation is performed in a staged, covered reactor in
which oxygen gas is recirculated within the system until it
reaches a reduced level of purity and a deceased undissolved
mass at which it can no longer be used and is vented to the
atmosphere.  High-purity oxygen gas (90 to 100 percent volume)
either from direct  on-site generation,  off-site generation com-
bined with pipeline delivery, or trucked-in and on-site stored
liquid oxygen followed by vaporization enters the first stage of
the system and flows concurrently with the wasterwater being
treated through the oxygenation basin.  Pressure under the tank
covers is essentially atmospheric, being held at 2 to 4 inches
water column, sufficient to maintain oxygen gas feed control
and prevent backmixing from stage to stage.  Effluent mixed
Date:  6/22/79                m.5.1-3

-------
liquor is separated in conventional gravity clarifiers, and the
thickened sludge is recycled to the first stage for contact with
influent wastewater.

Mass transfer and mixing within each stage are accomplished
either with surface aerators or with a submerged-turbine
rotating-sparge system.  In the first case, mass transfer occurs
in the gas phase; in the latter, oxygen is sparged into the mixed
liquor where mass transfer occurs from the oxygen bubbles to the
bulk liquid.  In both cases, the mass-transfer process is
enhanced by the high oxygen partial pressure maintained under
the tank covers in each stage.

Volatile compounds are driven off to a certain extent in the
oxygenation process and removed in the vent gas.  Metals may
also be expected to be partially removed, with accumulation in
the sludge.  The UNOX and OASES processes are examples of
patented and licensed systems, respectively, for pure oxygen
activated sludge based on the description presented here.

Although flexibility is claimed to permit operation in any of the
normally used flow regimes, i.e., plug flow, complete mix, step
aeration, and contact stabilization, the method of oxygen con-
tact employed favors the plug-flow mode.

In the uncovered system, oxygenation is performed in an open
reactor in which extremely fine porous diffusers are utilized
to develop small oxygen gass bubbles that are completely dis-
solved before breaking surface in normal-depth tanks.  The
principles that apply in the transfer of oxygen in conventional
diffused air systems also apply to the open-tank, pure-oxygen
system.

The pure-oxygen, open-tank system currently available is the FMC
system  (formerly referred to as the "Marox" system) in which
ultrafine bubbles are produced, with a correspondingly high gas-
surface area.  These ultrafine bubbles are of micron size, basic
whereas "fine bubbles" normally produced in diffused air systems
are in millimeter sizes.  The complete oxygenation system is
composed of an oxygen dissolution system comprised of rotating
diffusers; a source of high-purity oxygen gas  (normally, an on-
site oxygen generator); and an oxygen control system, which
balances oxygen  supply with oxygen demand through use of basin-
located dissolved-oxygen probes and control valves.

The influent to  the system enters the oxygenation tank and is
mixed with return activated sludge.  The mixed  liquor  is con-
tinuously and thoroughly mixed using low-energy mechanical
agitation deep in the mixed liquor.  Mixing is  produced by
radial  turbine impellers located on both surfaces  (top and
bottom) of the rotating diffusion discs.  Pure  oxygen  gas in the


Date:  6/22/79                Hi. 5.1-4

-------
form of micron-size bubbles is simultaneously introduced into the
tank to accomplish mass oxygen transfer.  The rotating diffuser
is a gear-driven disc-shaped device equipped with a porous
medium to assist in the diffusion process.  As the diffuser
rotates at constant speed in the mixed liquor, hydraulic shear
wipes bubbles from the medium before they have an opportunity
to coalesce and enlarge.

     Contact Stabilization.  In this modification, the adsorptive
capacity of the floe is utilized in the contact tank to adsorb
suspended, colloidal, and some dissolved organics. The hydraulic
detention time in the contact tank is only 30 to 60 minutes
(based on average daily flow).  After the biological sludge is
separated from the wastewater in the secondary clarifier, the
concentrated sludge is separately aerated in the stabilization
tank with a detention time of 2 to 6 hours (based on sludge
recycle flow).  The adsorbed organics undergo oxidation in
the stabilization tank and are synthesized into microbial
cells.  If the detention time is long enough in the
stabilization tank, endogenous respiration will occur, along
with a concomitant decrease in excess biological sludge pro-
duction.  Following stabilization, the reaerated sludge is
mixed with incoming wastewater in the contact tank, and the cycle
starts anew.  Volatile compounds are driven off to a certain
extent by aeration in the contact and stabilization tanks.
Metals will also be partially removed, with accumulation in the
sludge.

This process requires smaller total aeration volume than the
conventional activated sludge process.  It also can handle
greater organic shock and toxic loadings because of the bio-
logical buffering capacity of the stabilization tank and the
fact that at any given time the majority of the activated sludge
is isolated from the main stream of the plant flow.  Generally,
the total aeration basin volume (contact plus stabilization
basins) is only 50% to 75% of that required in the conventional
activated sludge system.  A description of diffused aeration
techniques is presented in the Flow Diagram section.

     Extended Aeration.  Extended aeration is the "low-rate"
modification of the activated sludge process.  The F/M loading
is in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 Ib BOD5/d/lb MLVSS, and the
detention time is about 24 hours.   Primary clarification is
rarely used.  The extended aeration system operates in the
endogenous respiration phase of the bacterial growth cycle,
because of the low BOD5 loading.  The organisms are starved and
forced to undergo partial auto-oxidation.  Volatile compounds
are driven off to a certain extent in the aeration process.
Metals will also be partially removed, with accumulation in the
sludge.

In the complete mix version of the extended aeration process, all
portions of the aeration basin are essentially homogeneous,

Date:  6/22/79                III. 5.1-5

-------
resulting in a uniform oxygen demand throughout the aeration tank.
This condition can be accomplished fairly simply in a symmetrical
(square or circular)  basin with a single mechanical aerator or
by diffused aeration.  The raw wastewater and return sludge
enter at a point (e.g., under a mechanical aerator) where they
are quickly dispersed through the basin.  In rectangular basins
with mechanical aerators or diffused air, the incoming waste
and return sludge are distributed along one side of the basin,
and the mixed liquor is withdrawn from the opposite side.

     Oxidation Ditch.  An oxidation ditch is an activated sludge
biological treatment process, which is commonly operated in the
extended aeration mode, although conventional activated sludge
treatment is also possible.  Typical oxidation ditch treatment
systems consist of a single or closed loop channel, 4 to 6 feet
deep, with 45° sloping sidewalls.

Some form of preliminary treatment such as screening, comminution
or grit removal normally precedes the process.  After pretreat-
ment (primary clarification is usually not practiced) the waste-
water is aerated in the ditch using mechanical aerators that
are mounted across the channel.  Horizontal brush, cage or disc-
type aerators, specially designed for oxidation ditch applica-
tions,  are normally used.  The aerators provide mixing and
circulation in the ditch, as well as sufficient oxygen transfer.
Mixing in the channels is uniform, but zones of low dissolved
oxygen concentration can develop.  Aerators operate in the 60
to 110 RPM range and provide sufficient velocity to maintain
solids in suspension.  A high degree of nitrification occurs in
the process without special modification because of the long
detention times and high solid retention times  (10 to 50 days)
utilized.  Secondary settling of the aeration ditch effluent is
provided in a separate clarifier.

Ditches may be constructed of various materials, including con-
crete, gunite, asphalt, or impervious membranes; concrete is the
most common.  Ditch loops may be oval or circular in shape. "Ell"
and "horseshoe" configurations have been constructed to maximize
land usage.  Conventional activated sludge treatment, in contrast
to extended aeration, may be practiced.  Oxidation ditch systems
with depths of 10 feet or more with vertical sidewalls and
vertical shaft aerators may also be used.

III.5.1.3  Technology Status

     Diffused Aeration. Activated sludge with diffused aeration
is the most versatile and widely used biological process in use.

     Mechanical Aeration. Mechanical aeration is highly developed
and widely used, particularly in the industrial wastewater treat-
ment field.  Since 1950, the submerged turbine  (widely used in
the chemical industry) has come into use for activated sludge.


 Date=  6/22/79               III.5.1-6

-------
     Modified and High Rate Aeration.  Modified and high rate
aeration was more widely used in the 1950's and 1960's than it is
today, because of the less stringent effluent standards in effect
during these periods.

     Pure Oxygen, Covered.  Pilot and full-scale plant studies
covered pure-oxygen systems have been made since 1969 and the
system is presently used in over 100 municipal and industrial
plants.

     Pure Oxygen, Uncovered.  Uncovered pure oxygen systems have
been recently developed and are supplied under proprietary status
by FMC.

     Contact Stabilization.  Contact stabilization has evolved
as an outgrowth of activated sludge technology since 1950. The
technology has seen common usage in package plants and some
usage for on-site constructed plants.

     Extended Aeration.  Extended aeration plants have evolved
since the latter part of the 1940's.  Pre-engineered, package
plants have been widely utilized for this process.

     Oxidation Ditch.  There are nearly 650 shallow oxidation
ditch installations in the United States and Canada.  Numerous
shallow and deep oxidation ditch systems are in operation in
Europe.  The overall process is fully demonstrated for carbon
removal, as a secondary treatment process.

III.5.1.4  Applications

     Diffused Aeration.  Domestic wastewater and biodegradable
industrial wastewater; main advantage is the lower initial cost
of the system, particularly where a high quality effluent is
required; industrial wastewater (including some "priority
pollutants") which is amenable to biological treatment and
degradation may be jointly treated with domestic wastewater.

     Mechanical Aeration.  Has been used primarily in industrial
waste activated sludge treatment plants and is considered an
attractive aeration system for very deep basins (with bottom
mixers or spargers plus surface aerators), for activated sludges
having high oxygen-uptake rates, and for high concentrations of
MLSS as in aerobic digesters.

     Modified and High Rate Aeration.  Since the early 1970's,
employed generally as a pretreatment or roughing process in a
two-stage activated sludge system, where the second stage is used
for biological nitrification; alum or one of the iron salts is
sometimes added to modified aeration basins preceding second-
stage nitrification units for phosphorus removal.
 Date:  6/22/79                 III. 5.1-7

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     Pure Oxygen (covered and uncovered).   Domestic and biologi-
cally degradable industrial wastewaters; upgrading existing air
activated sludge plants; new facilities -  to reduce construction
cost where effective odor control is required, where high effl-
uent dissolved oxygen is required, where reduced quantity and
higher concentration of waste sludge is required, and where re-
duced aeration detention time is required.

     Contact Stabilization.  Wastewaters that have an appreciable
amount of BOD5 in the form of suspended and colloidal solids;
upgrading of an existing, hydraulically overloaded, conventional
activated sludge plant; new installations, to take advantage of
low aeration volume requirements; where the plant might be sub-
ject to shock organic or toxic loadings; where larger, more
uniform flow conditions are anticipated (or if the flows to the
plant have been equalized).

     Extended Aeration.  Commonly flows of less than 50,000
gal/d; emergency or temporary treatment needs; and biodegradable
wastewater.

     Oxidation Ditch.  Applicable in any situation where acti-
vated sludge treatment  (Diffused or extended aeration) is appro-
priate; process cost of treatment is competitive with other
biological processes in the range of wastewater flows between
0.1 and 10 Mgal/d.

III.5.1.5  Limitations

     Diffused Aeration.  Limited BOD5 loading capacity; poor
organic load distribution;  required aeration time of four to
eight hours; plant upset with extreme variations in hydraulic,
organic, and toxic loadings; operational complexity; operating
costs; energy consuming mechanical compressors; and diffuser
maintenance.

     Mechanical Aeration.  Limited BOD5 loading Capacity; poor
organic load distribution;  required aeration time of four to
eight hours; plant upset with extreme variations in hydraulic
and organic loadings; operational complexity and the resulting
operating costs; energy consuming mechanical aerators; aerator
maintenance; and potential for ice formation around surface
aerators.

     Modified and High Rate Aeration.  High-rate activated
sludge alone does not produce an effluent  with BOD5 and suspended
solids concentrations suitable for discharge into most surface
waters in the United States.

     Pure Oxygen (covered and uncovered).   Complexity of opera-
tion; high cost of oxygen generation.
Date:  6/22/79                Hi. 5.1-8

-------
     Contact Stabilization.  Unlikely that effluent standards can
be met in plants smaller than 50,000 gal/d without some prior
flow equalization; operational, complexity; high operating costs;
high energy consumption, high diffuser maintenance; fraction of
soluble BOD5 the influent wastewater increases, the required
total aeration volume of contact stabilization process approaches
that of the conventional process.

     Extended Aeration.  High power costs, operation costs, and
capital costs(for large permanent installations where pre-
engineered plants would not be appropriate).

     Oxidation Ditch.  Offers an added measure of reliability
over other biological processes but is subject to some of the
same limitations than other activated sludge treatment processes
face.

III.5.1.6  Residuals Generated

     Diffused Aeration.  Anticipated increase in excess sludge,
volatile suspended solids  (VSS) production from the conventional
activated sludge process as settled wastewater food-to-micro-
organism (F/M) loadings increase is shown below:

              F/M                       Excess.VSS
              0.3                  0.5 Ib/lb BOD5 removed
              0.5                  0.7   ""

     Mechanical Aeration.  Same as reported for diffused aeration.

     Modified and High Rate Aeration.  Same as reported for
diffused aeration.

     Pure Oxygen  (covered and uncovered).  0.42 to 0.72 Ib VSS
per Ib BOD5 removed at F/M ratio of 0.7.

     Contact Stabilization.  Same as reported for diffused
aeration.

     Extended Aeration.  Because of low F/M loadings and long
hydraulic detention times employed, excess sludge production for
the extended aeration process  (and the closely related oxidation
ditch process) is the lowest of any of the activated sludge
process alternatives, generally in the range of 0.15 to 0.3 Ib
excess sludge suspended solids/lb BOD5 removed at F/M of 0.1.

     Oxidation Ditch.  No primary sludge is generated; sludge
produced is less volatile due to higher oxidation efficiency and
increased solids retention times.
 Date:  6/22/79                III. 5.1-9

-------
III.5.1.7  Reliability

     Diffused Aeration.  Good.

     Mechanical Aeration.  Reliability of the mechanical aeration
equipment is dependent on the quality of manufacture and a
planned maintenance program.

     Modified and High Rate Aeration.  Requires close operator
attention.

     Pure Oxygen (covered).  Complex operation; high level of
operator/maintenance attention required.

     Pure Oxygen (uncovered).  Not yet fully established.

     Contact Stabilization.  Requires close operator attention.

     Extended Aeration.  Good.

     Oxidation Ditch.  Average reliability of 12 shallow oxida-
tion ditch plants is summarized below:


            Percent of time effluent concentration mg/L less than
                            10 mg/L      20 mg/L      30 mg/L
                           TSS   BOD    TSS   BOD    TSS   BOD
   Average of all plants   65    65     85    90     94    96
 Date:  6/22/79
                            III.5.1-10

-------
III.5.1.8  Environmental Impact

     Diffused Aeration.  Sludge disposal; odor potential; and
energy consumption.

     Mechanical Aeration.  Same as diffused aeration.

     Modified and High Rate Aeration.  Same as diffused aeration,

     Pure Oxygen (covered, uncovered).  Sludge disposal; energy
consumption.

     Contact Stabilization.  Same as diffused aeration.

     Oxidation Ditch.  Solid waste, odor and air pollution
impacts are similar to those encountered with standard activated
sludge processes.

III.5.1.9  Design Criteria
 Date:  6/22/79               III. 5.1-11

-------
III.5.l.io  Flow Diagram

      Diffused  Aeration.
         PR I MARY EFFLUENT
                              AERATION TANK
   TO FINAL CLARIFIER
                     RETURN SLUGDE
                            SLUDGE FROM FINAL CLARIFIER
              EXCESS SLUDGE
      Mechanical Aeration.   See  Diffused Aeration for  typical
flow diagram.
             DRIVE
                                                DRIVE
i
;: "^
I
' TURBINE 	 „-_«




: SPARGER 	 teS 	 1
•_."••.'.:_ 'i^.1 ._ ..'Z •.-•.••••..'.*-.. ,-••> '. •'
;•
V

IAIR :
• •. ...^
       MECHANICAL SURFACE AERATOR
SUBMERGED TURBINE AERATOR
      Modified  and  High Rate Aeration.
    SCREENED AND DEGRITTED
    RAW WASTEWATER OR PRIMARY
    EFFLUENT FEED




t
'
t 1
COMPLETE MIX
* » » t « »
1 1 1 < I 1
AERATION TANK

,





,


TO FINAL CLARIFtER
FROM FINAL CLARIFIER
f _uitcirciiinr.c
RETURN SLUDGE
Date:  6/22/79
                                III.5.1-12

-------
    Pure Oxygen (covered).
                          AERATION
                          TANK
                                                  SURFACE AERATOR
                                                               DRIVE
           OXYGEN FEED GAS

SCREENED AND DEGRITTED
RAW WASTEWATER OR PRIMARY
EFFLUENT FEED

            RETURN SLUDGE •
       ERATION          i- MJKI-Att AtKAlUK
       NK COVER ~\      /        r MIXER DR

Jj^n/      *~
       'i
       !!
                                                             EXHAUST GAS
                                              v    ;;
                                              \ ,r5w
                                             -^V STAGE
                                                 BAFFLE
                                                            MIXED LIQUOR
                                                             TOCLARIFIER
                               -SUBMERGED PROPELLER (OPTIONAL!

    Pure Oxygen  (uncovered).
         INR.UENT RAW
         WASTEWATER
         OR PRIMARY
         EFRUENT
                                    MOTOR/GEAR
                                  ^REDUCER ASSEMBLY
                                            D.O. ANALYZER
                                                   TYPICAL OPEN BASIN
     OXYGEN GENERATOR
              LOX
            STORAGE
                                                    MIXED LIQUOR TO CLAIRIFIER
                  (STAND-BY)
                      •VAPORIZER
    Contact Stabilization.
SCREENED AND DEGRITTED
RAW WASTEWATER OR    	»  * >
PRIMARY EFFLUENT
                 ALTERNATE EXCESS
                 SLUDGE DRAW-OFF
                 POINT
                                       *— CONTACT TANK
                                                      TO FINAL CLARIFIER
                                                        FROM FINAL CLARIFIER
                              STABILIZATION
                                  TANK
                                               RETURN SLUDGE
                                III.5.1-13

-------
       Extended Aeration.
      SCREENED AND
      DEGRITTED RAW
      WASTEWATER



COMPLETE MIX
AERATION TANK


FRO
, 1
TO FINAL CLARIFIER
M FINAL CLARIFIER
                                                 EXCESS SLUDGE
      Oxidation Ditch.
         SCREENED AND
         DEGRITTED RAW
         WASTEWATER
 FINAL YEFFLUENT
CLARIFIER
                            RETURN SLUDGE
     EXCESS SLUDGE
III.5.1.11   Performance
Performance data presented on  the following data  sheets include
information from studies on  the  listed industries or
wastestreams:

     Canned and preserved fruits and vegetables processing
       Fruits,  vegetables, and specialties

     Coal  gas  washing

     Coal-tar  distillation

     Coke  gasification

     Dairy products processing
       Milk, cottage cheese, and ice cream

     Hospital  wastewater

     Iron  and  steel industry
       By-product coke manufacturing
                              III.5.1-14

-------
Leather tanning and finishing
  Cattle, hair save/ chrome tanning
  Cattle, hair pulp, chrome tanning
  Cattle, hair pulp, combination tanning
  Hair save, chrome tanning, retanning - wet finishing
  Hair save, nonchrome (primarily vegetable) tanning,
    retanning - wet finishing
  Shearing

Municipal wastewater
  Mixed industrial and domestic wastewaters

Organic chemicals production
  Aqueous liquid-phase reaction systems
  Batch and semicontinuous process
  Processes with process water contact as steam diluent
     or absorbent
  Organosilicones production

Pharmaceuticals production
  Biological and natural products
  Chemical synthesis products
  Fermentation products
  Formulation products
  Miscellaneous Pharmaceuticals and fine organic
    chemicals

Pulp, paper, and paperboard production
  Sulfite - papergrade
  Wastepaper - board

Rubber processing

Synthetic resin production
  Cellophane
  Cellulosics

Textile milling
  Carpet finishing
  Knit fabric finishing
  Stock and yarn finishing
  Woven fabric finishing
Timber products processing
  Hardboard processing
  Plywood processing
  Wood preserving
                      III.5.1-15

-------
III.5.1.12  References

1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual.
    EPA-430/9-78-009, (Draft)  U.S. Environmental Protection
    Agency, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1978.  252 pp.
                           III.5.1-15.1

-------
                            CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR  ACTIVATED  SLUDGE
rt
n>
to
vo
H
H
Ul
•
H
I
!-•
Ul
Number of
Pollutant data points
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorous
TKN
Toxic pollutants, Mg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Benzidine
1, 2-Diphenylhydrazine
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine
2-Chlorophenol
2 , 4-Dichlorophenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol
2-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol
Pentachlorophenol

87
64
13
77
7
31
28
8

18
8
17
34
37
24
26
9
32
1
17
1
36
1
1
1
38
1
9
17
9
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
1
1
15
Effluent concentration
Minimum

<5
45
35
5
<5
0.007
0.15
27

0.3
<5
<0.5
<0.2
<0.2
<4
0.6
<0.5
4
41
<5
29
48b
<10c
<10C
18
<0.04
11
<0.02
<0.03
<0.03
5,000
4
340
<0.07
2
0.9
<4a
8
<0.4
<0.9
<0.4
Maximum

4,640
7,420
1,700
4,050
303
<500
46.8
593

670
160
13
20,000
130
38,000
160
1.6
400
41
95
29
150,000,
0
O3
°3
03
°a
03
°a
Oa
oa
Oa
38 =
oa
>83
>47
95a
°a
°a
°l
°a
°a
Oa
oa
oa
69a
°a
Oa
>0a
Oa
>99
>99a
0
Maximum

^gq
97
97
99
98
>99
97
69

90
>96
>99
99
>99
>90
99
87
92
oa
>96
38
92
>83
>47
95
>99
Oa
>99
>99
>99
oa
Oa
Oa
>99
Oa
92
>50
>95
>99
>99
>99
Median

q^i
bl
69
44
86
65
31
44

>14
>39
0
48
57a
oa
44
>29
>38
Oa
20
38
30
>83
>47
95
24a
oa
84
>85
>99
Oa
oa
Oa
>84
0
46
>25a
Oa
>99
>99
89
Mean

88
63
f.r>
44
^74
62
34
43

30
>43
31
45
53
18
49
30
29
Oa
31
38
35
>83
>47
95
37
Oa
60
60
60a
Oa
oa
Oa
>84a
oa
46
>25
32
>99
>99
70
                                                                                             (continued)

-------
a
&
rt
n>
u>
CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR  ACTIVATED SLUDGE  (cont'd)
 I
M
cn
Pollutant
Toxic pollutants (continued)
Phenol
2,4 , 6-Tnchlorophenol
; -Chloro-- -cresol
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 4-Dichlorobenzene
2 , 6-Dinitrotoluene
Ethylbenzene
Hexachloroben^ene
Toluene
1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno (1 , 2,3-cd) pyrene
Naphthalene
Pyrene
2-Chloronapthalene
Bromoform
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Dlchlorobromome thane
1 , 1-Dichloroe thane
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
Methylene chloride
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
1 , 1 , 1-Tr ichloroethane
1,1, 2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Trlchlorofluorome thane
Heptachlor
Isophorone
Other pollutants, ,,g/L:
1 , 3-Dichloropropene
Xylenes
Number of
data points

30
10
4
9
6
12
8
1
24
4
31
11
10
1
8
1
2
1
26
5
1
1
2
17
2
2
2
5
2
11
6
1
13
5
1
2

1
1
Effluent concentration
Minimum

<0.07
<0.2
<0.1
<0.2
<0.2
<0.05
<0.04
390
<0.2
<0.05
<0.1
<0.09
<0.04
1
<0.01
2
<0.02
<0.02
<0.007
0.1
1
3
0.1.
47
oa
°a
oa
Oa
oa
03
oa
oa
0
>99
>99
03
oa
5°a
oa
98
Oa
oa
>0
>53
Oa
>03
°a
Oa
>9
0*
oa
76
>0
3
oa
>0
Maximum

>99
98
>98
>99
>99
>99
>99
oa
>99
>97
>99
>99
>99
oa
>98
0
>99
>99
>99
78
5°a
oa
>99
>99
>0
>18
>82
99
>44
>99
>99
>9
>99
96
76
>0
3
Oa
>0
Median

98
>18
>80
>81
84
>85
>93
Oa
>98
>45
62
95
>99
Oa
68
0
>99
>99
>95a
oa
5°a
oa
>98
>78
0
>9
>67
Oa
>22
>93
>85
>9
>96
Oa
76
>0
a
0
>0
Mean

82
36
65
60
71
73
>82
Oa
83
47
52
67
79a
oa
57
0
>99
>99
64
16
so.
Oa
>98
61
0
>9
>67
34
>22
75
74
>9
63
19
76
>0
A
0
>0
          Actual data indicate negative removal.
          Reported as not detected; assumed  to be <10
         CReported as below detection limit; assumed to be   10 \iq/L.
          Reported as below detection limit; assumed to be  less than the corresponding influent concentration.
         SReported as not detected; assumed  to be less than  the corresponding influent concentration.
          Trace of element; assumed to be  •'I

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Wool scouring
Plant:
References:  A6, p. VII-25

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:
             Data  source  status:
               Engineering  estimate
               Bench  scale
               Pilot  scale
               Full  scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Extended aeration, surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:   99 hr
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  32 W/m3
                            (160 hp/Mgal)
     Secondary clarifier
       configuration:
     Depth:
     Hydraulic loading
       (overflow rate):
     Solids  loading:
     Weir loading:
     Sludge  underflow:
     Percent solids in sludge:
 Based on average flow and full base volume.
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TSS
1,560
16,200
3,970
125
2,600
1,230
92
84
69

 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
                                 III.5.1-16
 Date:   6/22/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, VII-25

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:
                                                  Data source status:
                                                    Engineering estimate
                                                    Bench scale
                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
                                     106 hr
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Extended aeration, surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  24 W/m3
                            (120 hp/Mgal)
                                          Secondary clarifier
                                            configuration:
                                          Depth:
                                          Hydraulic loading
                                            (overflow rate):
                                          Solids loading:
                                          Weir loading:
                                          Sludge underflow:
                                          Percent solids in sludge:
 Based on average flow and full basin volume.
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
              Pollutant/parameter
                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
                                      Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutant:
             BOD5
             TSS
                                        475
19
91
96
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   6/22/79
                                 III.5.1-17

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, p. VII-25

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Extended aeration, surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:   24 hr
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  12 W/m3
                            (60 hp/Mgal)
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
          (overflow rate):
        Solids loading:
        Weir loading:
        Sludge underflow:
        Percent solids in sludge:
 Based on average flow and full basin volume.
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration, mg/L   Percent
    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Convent ional po1lutant s:
             BOD5                       133
             COD                        472
             TSS                         34
                   22
                  307
                   38
83
35
            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not  specified.
 Date:   6/22/79
III.5.1-18

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, p. VII-25

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:
                                                  Data source status:
                                                    Engineering estimate
                                                    Bench scale
                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
                                     75 hr
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Extended aeration, surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  8.1 W/m3
                            (41 hp/Mgal)
                                          Secondary clarifier
                                            configuration:
                                          Depth:
                                          Hydraulic loading
                                            (overflow rate):
                                          Solids loading:
                                          Weir loading:
                                          Sludge underflow:
                                          Percent solids in sludge:
 Based on average flow and full basin volume.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period:
                                      Cone entrat ion, mg/L   Percent
               Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              BOD5
              COD
              TSS
                                        267
                                        840
 24
336
 27
91
60
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not  specified.
 Date:  6/22/79
                                 III.5.1-19

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, p. VII-25

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Extended aeration, surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:   131
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  11 W/m3
                            (58 hp/Mgal)
        hr
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge;
 Based on average flow and full basin volume.

                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	
                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
               Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              BOD5                      400
              COD
              TSS                        80
                    8
                  252
                    8
98

90
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was  not  specified.
 Date:  6/22/79
III.5.1-20

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, p. VII-25

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
            Data source status:
              Engineering estimate
              Bench scale
              Pilot scale
              Full scale
Process modification:  Extended aeration, surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:   97 hr
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  49 W/m3
    Secondary clarifier
      configuration:
    Depth:
    Hydraulic loading
      (overflow rate):
    Solids  loading:
    Weir loading:
    Sludge  underflow:
    Percent solids in sludge;
                            (250 hp/Mgal)
 Based on average flow and full basin volume.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              BOD5                       329
              COD                      2,970
              TSS
               23
              594
               44
93
80
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  6/22/79
                                III.5.1-21

-------OCR error (C:\Conversion\JobRoot\000002YS\tiff\20008DTK.tif): Unspecified error

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Textile mills
 Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
 Plant:
 References:  A6, p. VII-25
 Use in system:
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                                                  Data source status:
                                                    Engineering estimate
                                                    Bench scale
                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
                                      120 hr
Process modification:  Extended aeration, surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
                                  a
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  12 w/m3
                            (60 hp/Mgal)
                                           Secondary clarifier
                                             configuration:
                                           Depth:
                                           Hydraulic loading
                                             (overflow rate):
                                           Solids loading:
                                           Weir loading:
                                           Sludge underflow:
                                           Percent solids in sludge:
  Based on average flow and full basin volume.

                                   REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling period;	
               Pollutant/parameter
                                       Concentration, mg/L   Percent
                                       Influent   Effluent   removal
             Conventional pollutants:
               BOD5                       180
               COD                        468
               TSS                         26
                                                      9
                                                    159
                                                     18
95
66
31
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  6/22/79
                                III.5.1-23

-------
TREATMENT TE
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Activated Sludge
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, p. VII-25

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Extended aeration, surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:   80 hr
Volumetrie loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  18 W/m3
                            (90 hp/Mgal)
                   Secondary clarifier
                     configuration:
                   Depth:
                   Hydraulic loading
                     (overflow rate):
                   Solids loading:
                   Weir loading:
                   Sludge underflow:
                   Percent solids in sludge:
 Based on average flow and full basin volume.

                                REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;	
            Pol lutant/parameter
              Concentration, mg/L   Percent
              Influent   Effluent   removal
          Conventional pollutants:
            BOD5                       250
            TSS                        218
                             5
                            48
98
78
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was  not  specified.
Date:  6/22/79
          III.5.1-24

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, p. VII-25

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process modification:  Extended aeration, surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:   48 hr
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  12 W/m3
                            (60 hp/Mgal)
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
aBased on average flow and full basin volume.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              BOD5                        272
              COD                         694
              TSS                          28
                   45
                  354
                   55
83
49
             Actual  data indicate  negative  removal.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.
 Date:  6/22/79
III.5.1-25

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, p. VII-25
Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
            Data source status:
              Engineering estimate
              Bench scale
              Pilot scale
              Full scale
                                      x
Process modification:  Extended aeration, surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:   82 hr
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  15 W/m3
                            (74 hp/Mgal)
    Secondary clarifier
      configuration:
    Depth:
    Hydraulic loading
      (overflow rate):
    Solids loading:
    Weir loading:
    Sludge underflow:
    Percent solids in sludge:
 Based on average flow and full basin volume.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       190
             COD                        342
             TSS                         97
              19
             164
              63
90
52
35
Note:  Blanks  indicate  information was not  specified.
Date:  6/22/79
                                 III.5.1-26

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Textile mills
 Subcategory:   Knit fabric finishing
 Plant:
 References:   A6,  p.  VII-25
 Use in system:
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                                                  Data source status:
                                                    Engineering estimate
                                                    Bench scale
                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
                                      417 hr
Process modification:  Extended aeration, surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  8 W/m3
                            (40 hp/Mgal)
                                           Secondary clarifier
                                             configuration:
                                           Depth:
                                           Hydraulic loading
                                             (overflow rate):
                                           Solids  loading:
                                           Weir loading:
                                           Sludge  underflow:
                                           Percent solids in sludge:
  Based on average flow and full basin volume.
                                  REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
                                      Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              BOD5                       198
              COD                        745
              TSS                         49
                                                    13
                                                   226
                                                    62
93
70
 o5
             Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  6/22/79
                                 III.5.1-27

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, p. VII-25

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  15 W/m3
                            (75 hp/Mgal)
Extended aeration, surface aeration
              110 hr
                   Secondary clarifier
                     configuration:
                   Depth:
                   Hydraulic loading
                     (overflow rate):
                   Solids loading:
                   Weir loading:
                   Sludge underflow:
                   Percent solids in sludge:
 Based on average flow and full basin volume.

                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;	
             Pollutant/parameter
               Concentration, mg/L   Percent
               Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       181
             COD
             TSS                         18
                              5
                            124
                             18
97

 0
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  6/22/79
          III.5.1-28

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, P. VII-25

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
                                           x
Process modification:  Extended aeration, surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:   76 hr
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  32 W/m3
                            (160 hp/Mgal)
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids  loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge  underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
 Based on average flow and full basin volume.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                      1,100        11        99
             COD                                   262
             TSS                         281        45        84
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  6/22/79
III.5.1-29

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Carpet finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, p. VII-25

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
                                                     x
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  9 W/m3
                            (44 hp/Mgal)
Extended aeration, surface aeration
              130 hr
                   Secondary clarifier
                     configuration:
                   Depth:
                   Hydraulic loading
                     (overflow rate):
                   Solids loading:
                   Weir loading:
                   Sludge underflow:
                   Percent solids in sludge:
 Based on average flow and full basin volume.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
               Concentration, mg/L   Percent
               Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       207
             COD                        614
             TSS                         93
                             29
                            227
                             50
86
63
46
Note:  Blanks  indicate  information was not  specified.
 Date:   6/22/79
           III.5.1-30

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Stock and yarn finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, p. VII-25
Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:
            Data source status:
              Engineering estimate
              Bench scale
              Pilot scale
              Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Extended aeration, surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:3  33 hr
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  16 W/m3
                            (80 hp/Mgal)
    Secondary clarifier
      configuration:
    Depth:
    Hydraulic loading
      (overflow rate):
    Solids loading:
    Weir loading:
    Sludge underflow:
    Percent solids in sludge:
 Based on average flow and full basin volume.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       150
             COD                        496
             TSS                         36
               6
             124
              27
96
75
25
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                                III.5.1-31
Date:   6/22/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory;  Stock and yarn finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, p. VII-25
Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
Process modification:  Extended aeration, surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:   44 hr
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  98 W/m3
                            (500 hp/Mgal)
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow  rate):
         Solids  loading:
         Weir  loading:
         Sludge  underflow:
         Percent solids  in  sludge:
 Based on average flow and full basin volume.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BODs                      1,630        233        86
             COD                       4,760      1,840        6
             TSS                         136        195         0
            Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
 Date:   9/27/79
III.5.1-32

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge
 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Textile mills
 Subcategory: Stock and yarn finishing
 Plant:
 References:  A6, p. VII-25

 Use in system:
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process modification:  Extended aeration, surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:   50 hr
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  16 W/m3
                            (80 hp/Mgal)
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate   	
                    Bench scale            	
                    Pilot scale            	
                    Full scale              x
          Secondary clarifier
            configuration:
          Depth:
          Hydraulic loading
            (overflow rate):
          Solids  loading:
          Weir loading:
          Sludge  underflow:
          Percent solids in sludge;
 Based on average flow and full basin volume.

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period:	
             Pollutant/parameter
      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
      Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BODs                       125
             COD
             TSS                         46
                     5
                   158
                    21
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
96

54
Date:   9/27/79
III.5.1-33

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B20, pp.  24, 27,  38,  44-47

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids  loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge  underflow:
         Percent solids  in sludge;
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
            Pollutant/parameter
         Concentration, pg/L   Percent
         Influent   Effluent   removal
Toxic pollutants :
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Phenol
Benzene

6
290
310
7
330
360,000
5,000
35,000
170,000

1
60
80
<1
270
150,000
1,300
300
37,000

83
88
74
>86
18
57
74
99
90

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  11/15/79
III.5.1-34

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  NRDC Summary
Point source category:  Leather tanning and
                        finishing
Subcategory:  Shearing
Plant:  A. C. Lawrence, NH
References:  El, p. 10

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate

                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                  Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
TSS
Oil and grease
TKN
Toxic pollutants, wg/L:
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Benzene
1 , 4-Dichlorobenzene
Toluene
Anthracene/Phenanthrene
Naphthalene
Chloroform
1.1.2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
Influent

i','020
768
413
49

5,300
120
80
27
500
93
400
91
5
20
9
36
35
12
18
Effluent

27
108
25
27

2,200
7
30
19
68
34
130
ND
ND
ND
ND
6
ND
10
ND
Percent
removal

97
86
94
45

96
94
63
30
86
63
68
"\-100
•uoo
MOO
VI 00
83
-v-100
16
M.OO

Date:   9/27/79
III.5.1-35

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report                   Data  source  status:
Point source category:  Unspecified industrial/     Engineering  estimate
                        domestic wastewater  (70:30)
Subcategory:                                        Bench  scale
Plant:                                              Pilot  scale
References:  B16, p. 260, 262                       Full scale

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Union Carbide Corp. UNOX pure oxygen  activated sludge system
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:  9,250 mg/L
Volatile fraction of MLSS:  75%
F/M:  0.14 kg BODsAg MLVSS
Mean cell residence time:  Average 9.6 d
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:                Percent solids  in  sludge:   2.2
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
BODs, mg/L
Solids retention
time (sludge age)











5.9
7.8
8.0
8.1
10.0
12.7
17.3
17.3
17.3
23.9
49.7
Influent
929
569
1,250
653
620
660
420
517
854
633
362
Effluent
158
91
212
124
62
99
42
62
111
57
47
Percent
removal
83
84
83
81
90
85
90
88
87
91
87
COD , mg/L
Influent
2,030
885
2,250
902
922
897
681
756
1,420
1,000
559
Effluent
1,080
425
1,190
550
249
296
286
257
397
200
229
Percent
removal
47
52
47
39
73
67
58
66
72
80
59
        Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks  indicate  information was not  specified.
Date:    11/15/79
III.5.1-36

-------
1REATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  NRDC Summary
Point source category:  Leather tanning and
                        finishing
Subcategory:  Hair save, nonchrome  (primarily
              vegetable) tan, retan-wet finish
Plant:  Caldwell Lace
References:  El, p. 10
Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:
                Data  source  status:
                  Engineering estimate

                  Bench  scale

                  Pilot  scale
                  Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time;
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
           (overflow  rate):
        Solids  loading:
        Weir loading:
        Sludge  underflow:
        Percent solids  in sludge;
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
TSS
Oil and grease
TKN
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
2.4, 6-Tr ichlorophenol
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 4-Dichlorobenzene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Naphthalene
Influent

1,530
6,380
247
750

6,400
200
100
100
60
460
ND
2,900
645
1,700
49
19
7.6
19
Effluent

49
227
35
277

170
25
400
50
30
59
26
200
ND
38
ND
ND
ND
ND
Percent
removal

97
96
86
63

97
88
oa
50
50
87
oa
93
•v.100
98
•v.100
•MOO
•xdOO
•v-100
                Actual data indicate negative removal.
Date:   9/27/79
III.5.1-37

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated  Sludge

Data  source:  Government report                    Data  source status:
Point source category:  Mixed  industrial/domestic  Engineering estimate
                         wastes
Subcategory:                                         Bench  scale
Plant:   Deep shaft treatment plant (Paris, Ontario) Pilot  scale
References:  B16, pp. 297-301                        Full scale
Use  in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Bar screening, comminutor, acid neutralization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Deep shaft biooxidator, air flotation
Wastewater flow:  4.5 x 102 m3/day
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:  30  min.
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
Secondary clarifier
  configuration:
Depth:
Hydraulic loading
  (overflow  rate):
Solids loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
                                   REMOVAL DATA
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD,
COD
TSS
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Dimethyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Phenol
Benzene
Toluene
1 , 2 , 4-Tr ichlorobenzene
Acenaphthene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroe thane
Tetrachloroethylene
1, 1, 2-Trichloroe thane
Isophorone
Influent

130
469
217

70
1,000
18
340
30
5
180
2,200
22,000
8
5
11
7
Effluent

21
76
26

200
5,000
BDL
BDL=
BDL
BDL
BDLC
BDL=
BDL,
BDL°
BDL
BDLd
BDL
percent
removal

84
B4
88
b
°;
0
>44
>97
>67
>0
>94
>99
>99
>0
>0
>9
>0
                     'Average of 90-130 data points over 4-1/2 month period.
                     bActual data indicate negative removal.
                     cBelow detectable limits; assumed to be  < 10 ug/L.
                     Below detectable limits; assumed to be  less than corresponding
                     influent concentration.
 Note:  Blanks indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   11/15/79
                                   III.5.1-38

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:  NRDC Summary
Point source category:   Leather tanning and
                        finishing
Subcategory:  Hair save, chrome tan, retan-wet
              finish
Plant:  Moench, NY
References:  El, p. 10
Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate

                   Bench scale

                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODS
TSS
Oil and grease
TKN
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Phenol
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Naphthalene
Influent

12,400
6,960
553
287

170,000
220
50
3,100
75
2,100
32
5,500
2.9

Effluent

297
139
17
163

1,700
8
40
60
30
170
5.6
1,400
1.4
2.3
Percent
removal

98
98
97
43

99
96
20
98
60
92
82
75
52

 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
III.5.1-39

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Rubber processing
Subcategory:
Plant:  000012
References:  A30, p.  121
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids  loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge  underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period: 24 hr.

Concentration,3 yg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants:
Cadmium
Mercury
Nickel
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
Phenol
Toluene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Influent

1
2.5
610
260
5.2
41
250
4.7
27
<0.1
1.4
1.0
Effluent

<1
1.6
400
220
1.6
19
<0.1
0.1
4.1
0.9
<0.1
3.3
Percent
removal

>0
36
34
15
69
54
>99
98
85,
ob
>93
ob

         Values presented are averages three of composite samples.
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/15/79
III.5.1-40

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

 Data source:   NRDC Summary
 Point source  category:   Leather tanning and
                         finishing
 Subcategory:   Hair save, chrome tan, retan-wet
               finish
 Plant:   Granite State
 References:   El,  p.  10
 Use in  system:
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
        Data  source  status:
          Engineering  estimate

          Bench  scale
          Pilot  scale
          Full scale
 Process  modification:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic  aeration detention time:
 Volumetric loading:
 MLSS:
 Volatile fraction  of MLSS:
 F/M:
 Mean cell  residence time:
 Sludge recycle  ratio:
 Mixed liquor dissolved  oxygen:
 Oxygen consumption:
 Aerator  power requirement:
Secondary clarifier
  configuration:
Depth:
Hydraulic loading
  (overflow rate):
Solids loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge!
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                Sampling period;

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
TSS
Oil and grease
TKN
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
CChromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 4-Dichlorobenzene
Naphthalene
Influent

1,240
1,100
171
252

31,000
57
20
100
5
230
9,500
480
10,500
215
99
49
Effluent

917
557
91
186

20,000
37
40
30
34
140
3,100
440
8,300
69
21
15
Percent
removal

26
49
47
26

65
35a
0*
70
oa
39
67
9
21
63
79
69
                Actual data indicate negative removal.

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

                                 III.5.1-41
 Date:   9/27/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated  Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Iron and  steel
Subcategory:  By-product coke manufacturing
Plant:  B
References:  A35,  pp.  VII-15, VII-8,  VII-12
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                          Data source status:
                            Engineering  estimate    	
                            Bench scale             	
                            Pilot scale             	
                            Full scale              x
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:  0.021
m3/s {333 gpm)
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
            12-15 hr
                  Secondary clarifier
                    configuration:
                  Depth:
                  Hydraulic loading
                    (overflow rate):
                  Solids  loading:
                  Weir loading:
                  Sludge  underflow:
                  Percent solids in sludgei
                                 REMOVAL DATA
       Sampling period;
            Po1lu tant/parameter
                    Concentration	   Percent
                 Influent   Effluent    removal
       Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
         TSS                                  36     163            0£
         Oil and grease                      240      <5          >98
         Total phenol                        350       0.064      >99

       Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
         Cyanide                         110,000      38,000       72
        Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/15/79
         III.5.1-42

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Timber products
                        processing
Subcategory:  Hardboard
Plant:  24
References:  Al, p. 7-103
            Data source status:
              Engineering estimate

              Bench scale
              Pilot scale
              Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, primary clarification,  flow
                           equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process modification:  Two contact stabilization activated sludge systems
                       operating in parallel
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
    Secondary clarifier
      configuration:
    Depth:
    Hydraulic loading
      (overflow rate):
    Solids loading:
    Weir loading:
    Sludge underflow:
    Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
          Conventional pollutants,
            BOD5                        1,980       436        78
            TSS                           523       157        70
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                                 III.5.1-43
Date:   9/27/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:   Government report
Point source  category:   Organic chemicals
                        (Organosilicones)
Subcategory:
Plant:  Union Carbide (in Sistersirele, W.V.)
References:  B16, p.  70

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment  of influent:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate

                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Union Carbide Corp.  UNOX pure oxygen activated sludge
                       system
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:  0.5-1.5
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
           (overflow  rate):
        Solids  loading:
        Weir  loading:
        Sludge  underflow:
        Percent solids  in  sludge:
           Sampling period:
                                REMOVAL DATA
                                     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD 5
      450
36
92
            Calculated from influent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/15/79
III.5.1-44

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  KK
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
          (overflow rate):
        Solids loading:
        Weir loading:
        Sludge underflow:
        Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                    Sampling period:  1 day
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants , pg/L:
Arsenic
Cadniuro
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis ( 2-ethylhexyl } phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
2-Chlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
2 , 4 , 6-Trichlorophenol
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Pyrene
Trichloroethylene
Influent

1,950
0.150
6.3

120
2
16
86
49
77
22
1,100
9.3
2.5
120
130
20
20
<0.2
42
26
28
0.9
52
Effluent

447
0.052
6.4

<5
4
13
37
44
110
44
390
4.1
<0.03
<0.03
10
<0.4
21
64
26
<0.2
<0.1
0.2
<0.5
Percent
removal

77
65a
0

>96
0*
19
57
10
oa
oa
64
56
>99
%10C
92
>98
°"
0
38
>99
•v.100
78
>99

                     Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   9/27/79
III.5.1-45

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  LL
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
          (overflow rate):
        Solids  loading:
        Weir loading:
        Sludge  underflow:
        Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                    Sampling period: 1 day
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-etnylhexyl) phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Phenol
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
1,2, 4-Tnchlorobenzene
Naphthalene
Chloroform
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Influent

727
0.001
18. 6

100
4
11
38
8
60
130
58
67
<0.04
<0.03
16
0.6
480
320
51
500
1,100
120
Effluent

155
0.094
28.8

70
2
20
92
6
48
150
56
68
5.2
0.2
<0.07
<0.05
<0.2
<0.09
<0.007
<5
<0.9
<0.5
Percent
removal

79
oa
oa

30
50
oa
oa
25
20
oa
3
oa
oa
oa
•V100
>92
•vlOO
-\,100
•v.100
>99
1-100
•vlOO
                     Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   9/27/79
III.5.1-46

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:   Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  NN
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
          (overflow rate):
        Solids loading:
        Weir loading:
        Sludge underflow:
        Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period: 1 day

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Phenol
Influent

938
0.043
48.8

2
23
47
40
33
98
42
84
23
10
Effluent

236
0.014
46.8

4
170
46
<4
25
79
33
130
27
<0.07
Percent
removal

75
67
4
a
0
oa
2
>90
24
19
21
oa
oa
>99

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.5.1-47

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:   Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric  finishing
Plant:   Q
References:   A6, p. VII-58

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:   Screening, equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:  9,500 m3/d (2.5 mgd)
Hydraulic  aeration detention time:  15 hr
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell  residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:   29.2 W/m3
                              (148 hp/Mgal)
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow  rate):
         Solids loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:

         Percent solids  in sludge:
                                   REMOVAL DATA

                     Sampling period:  Effluent concentration is an average of two
                      24-hr composite samples, conventional pollutant influent
                      concentration is a 48-hr composite sample, toxic pollutant
                      influent concentration is an average of two 24-hr grab
                      samples

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Phenol
Ethylbenzene
1 , 2 , 4-Trichlorobenzene
Naphthalene
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Influent

782
17
324

95
14
44
10
36
36
15
12
56
41
55
100
2,700
45
ND
840
Effluent

312
28
303

670
32
100
ND
48
ND
41
13
48
15
ND
ND
ND
ND
17
ND
Percent
removal

60
oa
6

oa
a
0
oa
M.OO
oa
VLOO
oa
oa
14
63
1-100
•x-100
MOO
VLOO
-
VLOO
                     Actual data indicate negative removal.
                     Not detected.
Note:   Blanks indicate  that information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.5.1-48

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Stock and yarn finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, p. VII-61
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Screening, neutralization
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  One 19,900 m3 (5.25 Mgal)  basin,  surface aeration
                       (8 aerators)
Wastewater flow:  3,500 m3/d (925,000 gpd)
Hydraulic aeration detention time:  120 hr
Volumetric loading:                       Secondary clarifier
MLSS:                                       configuration:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:                Depth:
F/M:                                      Hydraulic loading
Mean cell residence time:                   (overflow rate):
Sludge recycle ratio:                     Solids  loading:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:            Weir loading:
Oxygen consumption:                       Sludge  underflow:
Aerator power requirement:  22.5 W/m3
                            (114 hp/Mgal)  Percent solids in sludge:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;  72-hr composite	
              Pollutant/parameter
            Concentration, yg/L   Percent
            Influent   Effluent   removal
Toxic pollutants:
Arsenic
Bis ( chloromethyl ) ether
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
2 , 4-Dichlorophenol
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol
p-Chloro-m-cresol
1, 2-Dichlorobenzene
1, 2-Dichloropropane
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene

19
59
25
18
20
190
16
29
56
56
310
10

<10
ND3
ND
ND
ND
ND
<10
ND
ND
ND
<10
ND

>47
MOO
^100
MOO
M.OO
VLOO
>37
M.OO
VLOO
VLOO
>96
MOO

            Not detected.

Note:  Blanks indicate that information was not specified.

Date:   8/13/79                 III.5.1-49

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Pharmeceutical
                        manufacturing
Subcategory:   Fermentation products and
              synthesis products
Plant:  25
References:  A12, p.  123

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment  of influent:  Equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                Data source  status:

                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
Process modification:  Four aeration tanks
Wastewater flow:  1,000 m3/<3
Hydraulic aeration detention time:   3.5d
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
          (overflow rate):
        Solids  loading:
        Weir loading:
        Sludge  underflow:
        Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period:
              Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration,  mg/L    Percent
    Influent   Effluent    removal
          Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
3,830
7,740
1,900
858
280
4,070
1,260
1,340
93
47
34b
0

           Average of two samples.

           Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   9/27/79
III.5.1-50

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Pharmeceutical
                        manufacturing
Subcategory:  Fermentation products
Plant:  20
References:  A12, pp.  113, 114

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  None

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:  950 m3/d
Hydraulic aeration detention time:  4.8 d
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  Three 34
                            floating (50-hp) kw
                            aerators utilized
                  Data source status:

                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
          Secondary clarifier circular,
            configuration:  10-m diameter
          Depth:
          Hydraulic loading
            (overflow rate):
          Solids loading:
          Weir loading:
          Sludge underflow:
          Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
                                      Concentration,  mg/L
      Influent
Effluent
Percent
removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BODs                      1,380         110        92
             COD                       4,380       1,300        70
             TOC                       1,520         218        86
            Average of four samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
III.5.1-51

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Pharmaceutical
                        manufacturing               Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Fermentation products, chemical       Bench scale
              synthesis products, and mixing/       Pilot scale
              compounding and formulation           Full scale
Plant:  19
References:  A12, p. 113

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:  2,850 m3/d
Hydraulic aeration detention time:   24 hr
Volumetric loading:                       Secondary clarifier
MLSS:                                       configuration:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:                 Depth:
F/M:                                      Hydraulic loading
Mean cell residence time:                   (overflow rate):
Sludge recycle ratio:                     Solids  loading:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:            Weir loading:
Oxygen consumption:                       Sludge  underflow:
Aerator power requirement:                 Percent solids in sludge:

                                  REMOVAL DATA
                                      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phosphorus
TKN
3,110
6,800
2,220
1,700
32
196
134
680
292
210
3.5
60
96
90
87
88
89
69

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


                               III.5.1-52
Date:  9/27/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Leather tanning and
                        finishing                   Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Cattle,  pulp, combination tanning     Bench scale            	
Plant:  Caldwell Lace Leather (in Auburn,           Pilot scale            	
        Kentucky)                                   Full scale             _x_
References:  A15, p. 88
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, primary sedimentation

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:  61 m3/d
Hydraulic aeration detention time:  1.6 d
Volumetric loading:  908 kg BOD5/d/l,000 m3  Secondary clarifier
MLSS:                                          configuration:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:                   Depth:
F/M:                                         Hydraulic loading
Mean cell residence time:                      (overflow rate):
Sludge recycle ratio:                         Solids loading:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:               Weir loading:
Oxygen consumption:                          Sludge underflow:
Aerator power requirement:                   Percent solids in sludge:


                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;  Grab	
                                      Concentration, mg/L    Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent    removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       1,440        96         93
             COD                        4,020       481         88
             TSS                        3,140       223         93
             TKN                          490       322         34
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   9/27/79                III.5.1-53

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Leather tanning and
                        finishing
 Subcategory:  Cattle, pulp, chrome
 Plant:  S. B. Foot Tanning Co. (in Red Wing,
        Minnesota)
 References:  A15, p. 88
                 Data source status:

                   Engineering estimate   	
                   Bench scale            	
                   Pilot scale            	
                   Full scale              x
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, primary sedimentation

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:  3,780 m3/d
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids  loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge  underflow:
         Percent solids  in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
              Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration,  mg/L    Percent
     Influent    Effluent    removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       1,360
             TSS                        2,970
                   325
                   325
76
89
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.5.1-54

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Leather tanning and
                        finishing
Subcategory:  Cattle, save chrome
Plant:  Moench Tanning Co. (in Gowanda, New York)
References:  A15, p. 88

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source  status:

                   Engineering  estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full  scale
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:  1,510 m3/d
Hydraulic aeration detention time:  12 hr
Volumetric loading:  3,710 kg BOD5/d/l,000 m3
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
              Secondary  clarifier
                configuration:
              Depth:
              Hydraulic  loading
                (overflow  rate):
              Solids  loading:
              Weir loading:
              Sludge  underflow:
              Percent solids in sludge;
           Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       1,700
             TSS                        2,400
                   343
                   190
80
92
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.5.1-55

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  JJ
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                Data  source  status:
                  Engineering  estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
        Secondary  clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic  loading
           (overflow rate):
        Solids  loading:
        Weir loading:
        Sludge  underflow:
        Percent solids  in sludge;
REMOVAL
Sampling period: 1 day
DATA

Concentration
Po 1 lu tant/par ame ter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, vg/L:
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Phenol
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Influent

1,540
0.144
3.5

200
5
160
32
5
84
100
47
130
41
11
14
440
1,100
190
Effluent

510
0.055
2.3

160
5
80
31
28
65
120
49
320
<0.07
<0.05
<0.2
32
<0.9
84

Percent
removal

67
62
34

20
0
50
3
a
0
23
oa
a
0
a
0
•MOO
M.OO
>99
93
-MOO
55
                 ^Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.5.1-56

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  Z
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
        Solids  loading:
        Weir  loading:
        Sludge  underflow:
        Percent solids in sludge:
REMOVAL
Sampling period: 1 day
DATA

Concentration
Pol lutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Copper
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Phenol
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Naphthalene
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichlorofluorome thane
Influent

351
812
20
0.56
1.1

11
97
11
110
220
34
<0.2
0.7
5.5
45
310
12.0
<2.0
Effluent

<5
105
13
0.023
0.5

12
50
<10
370
2
<0.07
3.5
3,000
110
<0.09
<0.007
<0.9
89

Percent
removal

>99
87
35
96
55
a
0
48
>9
oa
99
VLOO
oa
oa
oa
MOO
-vlOO
>92
0
                  Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                                          x
Date:   8/13/79
III.5.1-57

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government  report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  X
References:  B5, pp.  32-53
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater  flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention  time:
Volumetric  loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of  MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen-.
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids  loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge  underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
                     Sampling period: 1 day
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Coppe r
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Phenol
Ethylbenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Toluene
Acenaphthene
Naphthalene
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichlorof luorome thane
Influent

237
786
24
0.940
4.6

0.3
5
24
84
<4
32
<0.5
110
17
34
1
<0.03
3.3
37
<0.05
64
53
1
410
8.2
<2.0
Effluent

15
258
18
0.035
5.4

0.9
7
39
110
100
26
0.9
72
33
78
2.3
3.2
<0.07
<0.2
0.5
40
<0.04
<0.007
40
<2.0
35
Percent
removal

94
67
25
96a
0

oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
19
oa
35
oa
oa
oa
oa
>98
-.100
oa
38
noo
>99
90
>76
oa
                     Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.5.1-58

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  W
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Oxidation ditch
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
        Solids loading:
        Weir  loading:
        Sludge underflow:
        Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                               1 day
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants/ mg/L:
BODs
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Sliver
Zinc
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Phenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Toluene
Trlchloroethylene
Influent

1,920
6,120
2,300
0.670
5.1

9
12
23
15
18
<0.5
54
65
190
18
100
19
1.1
0.5
62
13
Effluent

84
837
300
0.232
0.15

13
3
2
20
57
0.5
60
95
90
19
<0.07
<0.2
<0.2
<0.05
1.7
<0.5
Percent
removal

96
86
87
65
97
a
0
75
91
a
0
oa
°:
0
oa
53
oa
MOO
>99
>82
>90
97
>96
                    Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks  indicate  information  was  not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.5.1-59

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  V
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
          (overflow rate):
        Solids loading:
        Weir loading:
        Sludge underflow:
        Percent solids in sludge;
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                Sampling period;  1 day

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Zinc
Bis ( 2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Ethylbenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Toluene
1 , 2 ,4-Trichlorobenzene
Acenaphthene
Influent

53

54
0.018
0.75

<0.5
5
4
230
6
460
5.3
13
4.9
2.0
8.4
28
8.7
Effluent

<5
128
26
0.016
0.78

4
<0.5
3
170
18
340
9.5
<0.03
<0.2
<0.05
1,400
<0.09
<0.04
Percent
removal

91

52
"a
0
a
0
>90
25
26
a
0
26
oa
100
>96
>97a
oa
-MOO
^100
                 Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79
III.5.1-60

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:   Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  U
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
                                          x
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
          (overflow rate):
        Solids loading:
        Weir  loading:
        Sludge underflow:
        Percent solids  in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Concentration
Pol lutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Chloroform
Dichlorobromome thane
1 , 1-Dichloroe thane
1 , 3-Dichloropropene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Influent

400
1,460
111
0.057
3.5

7
27
40
<4
260
14
6.1
1.6
0.7
2.0
<0.1
1.5
<5.0
<0.9
3.7
<0.5
310
Effluent

24
748
92
0.007
3.7

1
14
23
210
190
140
<0.03
<0.4
<0.07
<0.05
13
22
18
1.5
<3.0
0.69
<2.0
Percent
removal

94
49
17
88
a
0

86
48
42
a
0
27a
0
M.OO
>75
>90
>97
oa
oa
a
0
oa
>18
oa
>99
                    aActual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.5.1-61

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:   Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  T
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:   Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
          (overflow rate):
        Solids loading:
        Weir loading:
        Sludge underflow:
        Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;  1 day

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Bis ( 2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Influent

501
500
28
0.073
12

120
25
0.7
50
290
140
11
18
300
6.4
Effluent

32
414
35
0.041
17

60
<1
<0.5
4
80
23
<0.07
<0.2
33
2.9
Percent
removal

94
17
oa
44
a
0

50
>96
>29
92
72
83
>99
>99
89
55

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.5.1-62

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  S
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids  loading:
         Weir  loading:
         Sludge  underflow:
         Percent solids  in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period: 1 day
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, gg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Zinc
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Naphthalene
Chloroform
Tetrachloroethylene
Influent

219
559
25
0.107
1.6

57
5
0.7
40
7
120
140
14
850
61
190
140
71
39
Effluent

59
1,040
581
0.029
5.0

74
<5
<0.2
60
<4
84
41
<0.2
110
21
920
260
<5
0.4
Percent
removal

73
oa
Oa
73
oa
a
oa
>0
>71
a
0
>43
30
70
>99
87
65a
oa
oa
>93
99
                Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.5.1-63

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated  Sludge

Data source:  Government  report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  P
References:  B5, pp.  32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention  time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of  MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
         Secondary  clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic  loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids  loading:
         Weir  loading:
         Sludge  underflow:
         Percent solids  in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL  DATA
                   Sampling period: 1 day
Concentration
Pol lutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Chromium
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Sliver
Zinc
BisU-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Di ethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine
Phenol
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Chloroform
Influent

680
172
6
0.228
5.7

3
190
13
100
30
200
30
9.8
1.7
12
<0.2
6.6
25
1,200
36
1.9
17
Effluent

28
45
45
0.032
2.2

<0.2
140
<1
40
8
140
72
<0.02
<0.03
<0.03
19
<0.07
<0.2
280
22
<0.007
6.9
Percent
removal

96
74
oa
86
61

>93
26
>92
60
73
30
oa
MOO
>98
'-100
oa
>99
>99
77
38
M.OO
60

                    Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79.
III.5.1-64

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

 Data source:  Government report
 Point source category:  Textile mills
 Subcategory:
 Plant:  N
 References:  B5, pp. 32-53

 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Process modification:  Surface aeration
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic aeration detention time:
 Volumetric loading:
 MLSS:
 Volatile fraction of MLSS:
 F/M:
 Mean cell residence time:
 Sludge recycle ratio:
 Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
 Oxygen consumption:
 Aerator power requirement:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Pull scale
         Secondary  clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic  loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludges
                                  REMOVAL DATA
                    Sampling period:  1 day
Concentration
Pol lu tart/parameter
Conventional pollutants/ mg/L:
BODs
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethyahexyl) phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
2 ,4-Dimethylphenol
Phenol
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Trichloroethylene
Influent

334
1,140
68
0.156
0.43

0.2
46
880
20
<10
7,500
10
5.9
<0.1
11
290
220
1,800
44
17
21
Effluent

36
286
77
0.068
5.2

2
<0.5
1,800
8
30
38,000
17
9.4
8
<0.07
6.0
1.5
75
17
<0.007
<0.5
Percent
removal

89
75
oa
56a
oa

oa
>99
oa
60
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
>99
98
99
96
62
<\100
>98
                     Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate  information  was  not specified.
Date:   8/13/79.
III.5.1-65

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  M
References:  B5, pp. 32-53
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
         Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids  loading:
         Weir  loading:
         Sludge  underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling pe.riod: 1 day

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODS
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Copper
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Pen tachloropheno 1
Phenol
Toluene
1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Naphthalene
Influent

830
2,260
210
0.037
3.99

0.8
9
1,200
300
<0.02
6.9
12
<0.1
160
93
Effluent

<5
255
21
0.025
3.46

4
5
410
<0.04
58
<0.4
<0.07
0.4
1.8
<0.007
Percent
removal

>99
89
90
32
13
a.
0
44
66
100
a
0
>94
>99
oa
99
^100

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.5.1-66

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  L
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention  time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids  loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge  underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL  DATA
                 Sampling period; 1 day
Concentration
Pol lutant/par ameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Benzene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Acenaphthene
Influent

379
1,120
19
0.038
2.2

5
3
300
<4
36
54
1,000
3
110
<0.2
1
2.0
5.2
30
Effluent

13
234
78
0.026
1.6

3
30
96
170
<1
35
720
2
<0.03
0.5
<0.04
<0.2
<0.1
<0.04
Percent
removal

97
79
oa
32
27

40
oa
68
oa
>97
35
28
33
VLOO
oa
>96
>90
>98
MOO

                 Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.5.1-67

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  K
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                Data  source  status:
                  Engineering  estimate
                  Bench  scale
                  Pilot  scale
                  Full scale
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
           (overflow  rate):
        Solids  loading:
        Weir loading:
        Sludge  underflow:
        Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                   Sampling period:  1 day
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Chloroform
Trichloroethylene
Influent

564
1,720
69
0.067
1.9

3
6
4
19
26
30
100
130
150
<0.04
0.2
3.9
0.7
64
29
0.03
4.8
<0.5
Effluent

<5
131
21
0.018
0.93

0.8
<5
<0.5
4
15
<1
<10
<5
110
8
<0.03
<0.4
<0.2
0.7
24
0.5
58
4.6
Percent
removal

>99
92
70
73
51

73
>17
>87
79
42
>97
>90
>96
27
oa
>85'
>90
>71
99
18
oa
oa
oa
                    Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79-
III.5.1-68

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  J
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater  flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric  loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
          (overflow rate):
        Solids  loading:
        Weir loading:
        Sludge  underflow:
        Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Pyrene
Influent

210
810
0.063
3.3

0.7
48
2,400
29
97
60
2,100
160
23
6.5
<0.2
36
80
<0.01
Effluent

25
376
0.024
0.6

<0.5
25
100
<1
90
<5
800
35
3.6
<0.03
51
8.0
<0.007
0.1
Percent
removal

88
54
62
82

>29
48
96
>97
7
>92
62
78
84
VI 00
oa
78
MOO
a
oa
                 3Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79
III.5.1-69

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Activated  Sludge

 Data  source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Organic chemicals
 Subcategory:   Batch and semicontinuous process
 Plant:   3
 References:   A25, p.  322
 Use in system:   Secondary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN OR  OPERATING PARAMETERS
             Data  source  status:
               Engineering  estimate   	
               Bench scale             	
               Pilot scale             	
               Full  scale              x
 Process modification:
 Wastewater  flow:
 Hydraulic aeration detention time:
 Volumetric  loading:
 MLSS:
 Volatile fraction of MLSS:
 F/M:
 Mean cell residence time:
 Sludge recycle ratio:
 Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
 Oxygen consumption:
 Aerator power requirement:
     Secondary  clarifier
       configuration:
     Depth:
     Hydraulic  loading
       (overflow  rate):
     Solids  loading:
     Weir  loading:
     Sludge  underflow:
     Percent solids in  sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;  24-hr composite
              Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent3  Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                        274        74         73
             COD                         979       284         71
             TOC                         455       132         71
             TSS                         <62        62          0
            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
  Date:   8/23/79
                                III.5.1-70

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated  Sludge

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:  Process with process water contact
              as  steam diluent or absorbent
Plant:   4
References: A25,  p.  322

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment  of influent:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
 DESIGN  OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Process modification:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic aeration detention  time:
 Volumetric loading:
 MLSS:
 Volatile  fraction of MLSS:
 F/M:
 Mean cell residence  time:
 Sludge  recycle  ratio:
 Mixed liquor  dissolved  oxygen:
 Oxygen  consumption:
 Aerator power requirement:
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
          Sample period;  24-hr composite
             Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
     Influenta  Effluent   removal
          Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
72
498
123
23
13
214
80
14
82
57
35
40

           Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/23/79
III.5.1-71

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Organic chemicals           Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Aqueous liquid-phase reaction system  Bench scale
Plant:  9                                           Pilot scale
References:  A25, p. 322                            Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time;
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids  loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge  underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;  24-hr composite
              Po1lutant/parameter
     Concentration,  mg/L    Percent
     Influent^   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                        938
             COD                       2,380
             TOC                         781
             TSS                         <50
                     75
                    595
                    242
                     50
92
75
            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
           3
            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/23/79
III.5.1-72

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:  Process with process water contact
Plant:        as steam diluent or absorbent and
              aqueous liquid phase section systems
Plant:  13
References:  A25, p. 322

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
            (overflow rate):
         Solids loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;  24-hr composite
              Pollutant/parameter
                                     Concentration, mg/L
                                             a
    Influent
Effluent
Percent
removal
           Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
1,770
2,690
1,310
154
177
940
470
338
90
65
64,
ob

            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
           3
            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:  8/23/79
III.5.1-73

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:  Batch and semicontinuous processes
Plant:  16
References:  A24, p. 322

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:  24-hr composite
                                     Cone entrat ion,  mg/L    Percent
              Pollutant/parameter    influent3  Effluent    removal

           Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
1,670
3,670
1,470
986
300
1,650
280
552
82
55
81
44

            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
  Date:  8/23/79
III.5.1-74

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Organic Chemicals
Subcategory:  Batch and semicontinuous processes
Plant:  17
References:  A25, p. 322

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids  loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge  underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;  24-hr composite
              Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration,  mg/L
    Influent3  Effluent
Percent
removal
           Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
1,260
3,500
1,110
<1,300
240
1,400
410
1,300
81
60
63b
0

            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.

            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
   Date:   8/23/79  .
III.5.1-75

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:  Batch and semicontinuous
              processes
Plant:  18
References:  A25, p. 322

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale

                   Pilot scale
                   Full  scale
                                           x
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time;
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids  loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge  underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;  24-hr composite
              Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration,  mg/L    Percent
    Influent3   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
783
3,230

2,050
650
2,680
1,020
1,170
17
22

43

            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:  8/23/79
III.5.1-76

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:  Batch and semicontinuous processes
Plant:  19
References:  A25, p. 322

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
             Data source status:
               Engineering estimate
               Bench scale
               Pilot scale
               Full scale
                                       x
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
     Secondary clarifier
       configuration:
     Depth:
     Hydraulic loading
       (overflow rate):
     Solids loading:
     Weir loading:
     Sludge underflow:
     Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:  24-hr composite
             Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L    Percent
Influent   Effluent    removal
           Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
6,000
12,800
3,860
<2,500
1,800
5,100
1,700
2,500
70
60
56b
0

           Calculated from effluent percent removal.
            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
  Date:  8/23/79
                                  III.5.1-77

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:  Aqueous liquid-phase reaction
              systems
Plant:  20
References:  A25, p. 322

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
              Data source status:
                Engineering estimate
                Bench scale
                Pilot scale
                Full scale
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time;
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
      Secondary clarifier
        configuration:
      Depth:
      Hydraulic loading
        (overflow rate):
      Solids loading:
      Weir loading:
      Sludge underflow:
      Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;  24-hr composite
             Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L     Percent
Influent3   Effluent    removal
           Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
<1,900
7,920
3,800
<100
19
317
114
100
>99
96
97b
0

            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
  Date:   8/23/79
                                 III.5.1-78

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:  Process with process water as
              steam diluent or absorbent
Plant:  22
References:  A25, p. 322

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
            Data source status:
              Engineering estimate
              Bench scale

              Pilot scale
              Full scale
    Secondary clarifier
      configuration:
    Depth:
    Hydraulic loading
      (overflow rate):
    Solids  loading:
    Weir loading:
    Sludge  underflow:
    Percent solids in sludge:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;  24-hr composite
             Pollutant/parameter
 Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent3   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BODs                       404
             COD                      1,630
             TOC                        598
             TSS                        174
               210
             1,370
               550
                82
48
16
 8
53
            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
  Date:  8/23/79
                                 III.5.1-79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:  Process with process water
              contact as steam diluent
              or absorbent
Plant: 23
References:  A25, p. 322

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
            Data source status:
              Engineering estimate
              Bench scale
              Pilot scale
              Full scale
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
    Secondary clarifier
      configuration:
    Depth:
    Hydraulic loading
      (overflow rate):
    Solids loading:
    Weir loading:
    Sludge underflow:
    Percent solids in sludge:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;  24-hr composite
             Pollutant/parameter
 Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent3Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       586
             COD                      2,940
             TOC                        700
             TSS                        <37
               41
              147
               35
               37
93
95
95,
            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
            Actual data indicates negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:  8/23/79
                                 III.5.1-80

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:3                             Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:  Reichhold Chemical, Inc.                    Pilot scale
References:  B4, pp. 23, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32         Full scale

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Clarification

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:  1500-6600 m3/cl(0.4-1.75 mgd)
Hydraulic aeration detention time:  24-144 hr
Volumetric loading:                       Secondary clarifier
MLSS:  2200-4900 mg/L                       configuration:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:                Depth:
F/M:  0.02-0.5                            Hydraulic loading
Mean cell residence time:                   (overflow rate):
Sludge recycle ratio:   (recycled:wasted)  Solids loading:
                       100:0-46:54
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:            Weir loading:
Oxygen consumption: 14-190 mg/L/hr        Sludge underflow:
Aerator power requirement:                Percent solids in sludge:
 Organic and inorganic wastes.
                                  REMOVAL DATA

           Sample period;	
                                       Coneentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent**   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       1,920        222        88
             COD                        4,340        957        78
             TSS                          134        114        15
            Average of six samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


  Date:  8/30/79  .               III. 5.1-81

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Hospital
Subcategory:
Plant:  93
References:  A22, p. 52

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
      Cone entrat ion,  mg/L   Percent
     Influenta   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5a
       335
16
95
            Average of three samples.
           o
            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:  8/30/79
III.5.1-82

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Canned and preserved
                        fruits and vegetables
Subcategory.  Fruits, vegetables, and specialties
Plant:  SD03
References:  A21, p. 296
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate

                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Aeration, sedimentation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Complete mix
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
               Secondary clarifier
                 configuration:
               Depth:
               Hydraulic loading
                 (overflow rate):
               Solids loading:
               Weir loading:
               Sludge underflow:
               Percent solids in sludge;
                                  REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
            Concentration, mg/L   Percent
           Influent    Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             COD                        5,700       450
             TSS                        1,200       190
                                    92
                                    84
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:  8/30/79
                                 III.5.1-83

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Canned and preserved
                        fruits and vegetables
              Fruits, vegetables, and specialties
Subcategory:
Plant:  C54
References:
             A21, p. 297
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate

  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                           Aeration, sedimentation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process modification:  Complete mix
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                                          Secondary clarifier
                                            configuration:
                                          Depth:
                                          Hydraulic loading
                                            (overflow rate):
                                          Solids  loading:
                                          Weir loading:
                                          Sludge  underflow:
                                          Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
                                     Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
                                     Influent   Effluent   removal
          Convention pollutants:
            BOD5
            TSS
                                        260
                                        140
 12
 20
95
87
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
                                 III.5.1-84

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Canned and preserved
                        fruits and vegetables
Subcategory:  Fruits, vegetables, and specialities
Plant:  CS08
References:  A21, p. 297
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate

                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Aeration, sedimentation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process modification:  Complete mix
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
               Secondary clarifier
                 configuration:
               Depth:
               Hydraulic loading
                 (overflow rate):
               Solids  loading:
               Weir loading:
               Sludge  underflow:
               Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration, mg/L   Percent
          Influent   Effluent   removal
          Convention pollutants:
            BOD5
            TSS
            3,500
            4,500
15
35
99
99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:  8/30/79  .
     III.5.1-85

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:  BD34
References:  A21, p
          Canned and preserved
          fruits and vegetables
Fruits, vegetables, and specialties
       296
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate

  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
             Aeration, sedimentation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Complete mix
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                            Secondary clarifier
                              configuration:
                            Depth:
                            Hydraulic loading
                              (overflow rate):
                            Solids loading:
                            Weir loading:
                            Sludge underflow:
                            Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
                       Concentration, mg/L   Percent
                       Influent   Effluent   removal
          Convention pollutants:
            BOD5
            TSS
                          600
                          450
 43
 45
93
90
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

 Date:  8/30/79                  III. 5.1-86

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Canned and preserved        Engineering estimate
                        fruits and vegetables
Subcategory:  Fruits, vegetables and specialties    Bench scale
Plant:  BN26                                        Pilot scale
References:  A21, p. 297                            Full scale

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Aeration, sedimentation

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Complete mix
Wastewater  flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric  loading:                       Secondary clarifier
MLSS:                                       configuration:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:                Depth:
F/M:                                      Hydraulic loading
Mean cell residence time:                    (overflow rate):
Sludge recycle ratio:                     Solids loading:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:            Weir loading:
Oxygen consumption:                       Sludge underflow:
Aerator power requirement:                Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;	
                                     Concentration, mg/LPercent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

          Convention pollutants:
            BOD5                        580        15         97
            TSS                         230        20         92
Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


 Date=   8/30/79  .                III.5.1-87

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Hospital
Subcategory:
Plant:  102
References:  A22, p. 52

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
             Data source status:
               Engineering estimate
               Bench scale
               Pilot scale
               Full scale
     Secondary clarifier
       configuration:
     Depth:
     Hydraulic loading
       (overflow rate):
     Solids loading:
     Weir loading:
     Sludge underflow:
     Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
          Convention pollutants:
            BOD5a
  206
16
92
           Average of three samples.
           Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  8/30/79   •
                                III.5.1-88

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Canned and preserved
                        fruits and vegetables
Subcategory:  Fruits, vegetables, and specialties
Plant:  ST01
References:  A21, p. 296
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate

                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
                                                 x
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Aeration, sedimentation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Complete mix
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
               Secondary clarifier
                 configuration:
               Depth:
               Hydraulic loading
                 (overflow rate):
               Solids loading:
               Weir loading:
               Sludge underflow:
               Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration, mg/L   Percent
          Influent   Effluent   removal
          Convention pollutants:
             BOD5
             TSS
            3,900
            1,440
165
140
96
90
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information  was not  specified.
 Date:  8/30/79
     III.5.1-89

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Canned and preserved        Engineering estimate
                        fruits and vegetables
Subcategory:  Fruits, vegetables, and specialties   Bench scale
Plant:  SL01                                        Pilot scale
References:  A21, p. 296                            Full scale

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Aeration, sedimentation

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Complete mix
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:                       Secondary clarifier
MLSS:                                       configuration:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:                Depth:
F/M:                                      Hydraulic loading
Mean cell residence time:                    (overflow rate):
Sludge recycle ratio:                     Solids loading:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:            Weir loading:
Oxygen consumption:                       Sludge underflow:
Aerator power requirement:                Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period:	

                                     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

          Convention pollutants:
            BOD5                        520        25         95
            TSS                         360        15         92
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

 Date:  8/30/79                 III. 5.1-90

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Canned and preserved
                        fruits and vegetables
Subcategory:  Fruits, vegetables, and specialties
Plant:  TO51
References:  A21, p. 296
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate

                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                                                 x
Aeration,  sedimentation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Complete mix
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
               Secondary clarifier
                 configuration:
               Depth:
               Hydraulic loading
                 (overflow rate):
               Solids loading:
               Weir loading:
               Sludge underflow:
               Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration, mg/L   Percent
          Influent   Effluent   removal
           Convention pollutants:
             BOD5
             TSS
            1,900
              320
15
15
99
95
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
  Date:   8/30/79
                                III.5.1-91

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:  TO50
References:  A21, p
          Canned and preserved
          fruits and vegetables
Fruits, vegetables, and specialties
       296
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate

  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
             Aeration,  sedimentation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Complete mix
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                            Secondary clarifier
                              configuration:
                            Depth:
                            Hydraulic loading
                              (overflow rate):
                            Solids loading:
                            Weir loading:
                            Sludge underflow:
                            Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
                       Concentration, mg/L   Percent
                       Influent   Effluent   removal
          Convention pollutants:
            BOD5
            TSS
                          500
                           20
 11
 10
94
50
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

  Date:  8/30/79                III. 5.1-92

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Canned and preserved
                        fruits and vegetables
              Fruits, vegetables, and specialties
Subcategory:
Plant:  BN47
References:
             A21, p. 296
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate

  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
Use  in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                           Aeration,  sedimentation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Complete mix
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                                          Secondary clarifier
                                            configuration:
                                          Depth:
                                          Hydraulic loading
                                            (overflow rate):
                                          Solids  loading:
                                          Weir loading:
                                          Sludge  underflow:
                                          Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
                                     Cone entrat ion,  mg/L   Percent
                                     Influent   Effluent   removal
          Convention pollutants:
            BOD5
            TSS
                                        320
                                        170
 20
 19
94
89
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
                                 III.5.1-93

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge
 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Canned and preserved
                         fruits and vegetables
 Subcategory:   Fruits,  vegetables,  and  specialties
 Plant:   BN43
 References:   A21,  p.  296
 Use in  system:   Secondary
 Pretreatment  of influent:  Aeration, sedimentation

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Process modification:   Complete mix
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic aeration detention time:
 Volumetric loading:
 MLSS:
 Volatile fraction  of MLSS:
 F/M:
 Mean cell residence time:
 Sludge  recycle  ratio:
 Mixed liquor  dissolved oxygen:
 Oxygen  consumption:
 Aerator power requirement:
             Data source status:
               Engineering estimate

               Bench scale
               Pilot scale
               Full scale
                                       x
     Secondary clarifier
       configuration:
     Depth:
     Hydraulic loading
       (overflow rate):
     Solids loading:
     Weir loading:
     Sludge underflow:
     Percent solids in sludge;
           Sampling period;
                                 REMOVAL DATA
              Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Convention pollutants:
             BOD 5
             TSS
   370
   220
11
10
97
95
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was  not  specified.

Date:   9/27/79                III.5.1-94

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated  Sludge
 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines
 Point source  category:
 Subcategory:
 Plant:   GR32
 References:  A21,  p
          Canned and preserved
          fruits and vegetables
Fruits, vegetables, and specialties
       296
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate

  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
 Use in system:   Secondary
 Pretreatment of influent:   Aeration,  sedimentation

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Process modification:   Complete mix
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic aeration detention time:
 Volumetric loading:
 MLSS:
 Volatile fraction of MLSS:
 F/M:
 Mean cell residence time:
 Sludge recycle  ratio:
 Mixed liquor dissolved  oxygen:
 Oxygen consumption:
 Aerator power requirement:
                            Secondary clarifier
                              configuration:
                            Depth:
                            Hydraulic loading
                              (overflow rate):
                            Solids  load ing:
                            Weir loading:
                            Sludge  underflow:
                            Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL  DATA
           Sampling  period;
              Pollutant/parameter
                       Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
                       Influent   Effluent   removal
           Convention pollutants:
             BOD5
             TSS
                         4,000
                           170
 10
  5
99
97
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.

Date:   9/27/79                III.5.1-95

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Canned and preserved
                        fruits and vegetables
Subcategory:  Fruits,  vegetables, and specialties
Plant:  PN25
References:  A21, p.  297
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate

                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
                                                 x
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Aeration, sedimentation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Complete mix
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
               Secondary clarifier
                 configuration:
               Depth:
               Hydraulic loading
                 (overflow rate):
               Solids loading:
               Weir loading:
               Sludge underflow:
               Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration, mg/L   Percent
          Influent   Effluent   removal
          Convention pollutants:
            BOD5
            TSS
             210
             160
 7
36
97
78
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   9/27/79
                                  III.5.1-96

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

 Data source:  Government report
 Point source category:  Textile mills
 Subcategory:
 Plant:  A
 References:  B5, pp. 32-53

 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Process modification:  Surface aeration
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic aeration detention time:
 Volumetric loading:
 MLSS:
 Volatile fraction of MLSS:
 F/M:
 Mean cell residence time:
 Sludge recycle ratio:
 Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
 Oxygen consumption:
 Aerator power requirement:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
          (overflow rate):
        Solids  loading:
        Weir loading:
        Sludge  underflow:
        Percent solids in sludge:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
                    Sampling period:  1 day
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
1 , 2 , -Dichlorobenzene
1 , 4-Dichlorobenzene
Toluene
1,2, 4-Tr ichlorobenzene
Naphthalene
Heptachlor
Influent

459
1,740
165
0.092
1.2

<0.5
190
21
<4
4
9
1,300
0.5
1
3
71
1.2
<0.05
11
<0.1
90
0.1
6.4
Effluent

168
1,650
228
0.065
0.50

30
180
27
15
87
oa
oa
Oa
>97
>99
>99
>94
0*
•vlOO
oa
49
>93
76
                    aActual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.5.1-97

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated  Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  C
References:  B5, pp. 32-53
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
P/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
        Data source status:
          Engineering estimate
          Bench scale
          Pilot scale
          Full scale
Secondary clarifier
  configuration:
Depth:
Hydraulic loading
  (overflow rate):
Solids loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                    Sampling period;  1 day
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, vg/Lt
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Phenol
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Acenaphthene
Anthracene/Phenanthrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Influent

445
802
49
0.074
4.0

7
5
35
8
7
120
99
>86
73
98
"a
°*
0
oa
>97
>97
                    SActual data indicate negative removal.

Note:  Blanks  indicate  information  was  not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
                                    III.5.1-98

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  D
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
               Data source status:
                 Engineering estimate
                 Bench scale
                 Pilot scale
                 Full scale
       Secondary clarifier
         configuration:
       Depth:
       Hydraulic loading
         (overflow rate):
       Solids loading:
       Weir loading:
       Sludge underflow:
       Percent solids in sludge:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
                   Sampling period:  1 day
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Copper
Cyanide
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
BisU-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Influent

71
224
16
0.024
1.6

3
17
31
210
30
11
210
6.9
16
<0.03
22
57
2.3
0.3
Effluent

6.6
64
154
0.018
1.0

2
6
<0.2
210
<10
<5
210
5
<0.02
1
<0.4
<0.2
1.3
<0.007
Percent
removal

91
71
oa
25
37

33
65
>99
0
>67
>55
0
44
T/100
0*
>98
•\,100
27
>98
                   8Actual data indicates negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.5.1-99

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  B
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
        Data source status:
          Engineering estimate
          Bench scale
          Pilot scale
          Full scale
Secondary clarifier
  configuration:
Depth:
Hydraulic loading
  (overflow rate):
Solids loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period: 1 day
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Mercury
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine
Toluene
Anthracene/Phenanthrene
Naphthalene
Pyrene
Trichlorofluorome thane
Influent

1,050
1,260
32
0.042
12

0.7
12
74
17
0.9
300
5.7
3.3
<0.2
3.7
0.1
41
<0.01
<2.0
Effluent

<5
99
8
0.015
6.5

<0.5
4
30
<4
0.6
170
3
<0.03
2
<0.1
<0.01
<0.007
0.3
2.6
Percent
removal

M.OO
92
75
64
46

>29
67
59
>76
33
43
47
>99
oa
>97
>90
'olOO
oa
oa
               Actual data indicate negative removal.

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
                                   III.5.1-100

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

 Data source:   Government report
 Point source category:  Textile mills
 Subcategory:
 Plant:  H
 References:  B5, pp. 32-53

 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Process modification:  Surface aeration
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic aeration detention time:
 Volumetric loading:
 MLSS:
 Volatile fraction of MLSS:
 F/M:
 Mean cell residence  time:
 Sludge recycle ratio:
 Mixed liquor  dissolved oxygen:
 Oxygen consumption:
 Aerator power requirement:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
          (overflow rate):
        Solids  loading:
        Weir loading:
        Sludge  underflow:
        Percent solids in sludge:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants , mg/L:
BODs
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phorphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
2-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol
Phenol
p-Chloro-m-cresol
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Acenaphthene
Naphthalene
Trichlorofluoromethane
Influent

288
320
39
0.047
0.99

4
4
22
14
41
3,900
14
2
60
65
63
4.5
0.5
5.7
26
27
3
<2.0
Effluent

14
300
43
0.019
0.20

6
<0.2
<0.2
<10
<5
960
230
<0.02
<0.4
<0.9
<0.07
<0.1
95
>99
>29
>88
75.
0
>99
>99
>99
•x-100
>98
>90
>96
54
•vlOO
MOO
oa
                    aActual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.5.1-101

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  G
References:  B5, pp. 32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
              Data  source  status:
                Engineering  estimate
                Bench  scale
                Pilot  scale
                Full scale
Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
      Secondary clarifier
        configuration:
      Depth:
      Hydraulic loading
         (overflow rate):
      Solids loading:
      Weir loading:
      Sludge underflow:
      Percent solids in sludge:
                                   REMOVAL DATA
Concentration
Pol lutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, (ig/L:
Antimony
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Phenol
Hexachlorobenzene
Toluene
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
Naphthalene
Chloroform
Influent

203
1,340
37
0.028
6.4

52
4
63
<4
6
28
8.5
450
19
<0.03
0.8
<0.05
<0.1
270
5
95
5.2
Effluent

42
502
6
0.054
6.1

11
3
28
6
<1
13
<5
260
10
11
2
0.8
0.8
2.0
<0.02
<0.007
<5
Percent
removal

79
63
84a
Oa
5

79
25
56
a
0
>83
54
>41
42
46a
0
0*
oa
oa
99
-v.100
•\-100
>4
                       Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/30/79
III.5.1-102

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated  Sludge

 Data  source:  Government  report
 Point source  category:  Textile mills
 Subcategory:
 Plant:  OO
 References:   B5, pp.  32-53

 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Process modification:  Surface aeration
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic aeration detention  time:
 Volumetric loading:
 MLSS:
 Volatile fraction of  MLSS:
 F/M:
 Mean  cell residence time:
 Sludge recycle ratio:
 Mixed liquor  dissolved oxygen:
 Oxygen consumption:
 Aerator power requirement:
        Data source status:
          Engineering estimate
          Bench scale
          Pilot scale
          Full scale
Secondary clarifier
  configuration:
Depth:
Hydraulic loading
  (overflow rate):
Solids loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge;
                                REMOVAL DATA
Concentration
Pol lutant/par ame te r
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Phenol
Toluene
Chloroform
Trichloroe thy lene
Influent

1,890
0.082
4.6

4
11
39
43
110
46
120
26
61
23
<0.1
48
42
Effluent

635
0.026
0.66

5
12
37
84
120
50
2,300
3.2
<0.02
<0.07
3
10
<0.5
Percent
removal

66
68
86
a
0
oa
a
°a
°a
°a
0
88
•\-100
MOO
oa
79
>99
                Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks  indicate  information was  not  specified.
Date:   8/30/79
                                   III.5.1-103

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  Y-001
References:  B5, pp.  32-53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
                                           x
Process modification:   Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration  detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle  ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
        Secondary clarifier
          configuration:
        Depth:
        Hydraulic loading
          (overflow rate):
        Solids  loading:
        Weir loading:
        Sludge  underflow:
        Percent solids in sludge:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
                Sampling period;  1 day
                      Pollutant/parameter
                                             Concentration
                                           Influent  Effluent
                Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                 Total phosphorus
          11.7
                    6.8
                 Actual data indicate negative removal.

Note:  Blanks  indicate information was  not  specified.
                        Percent
                        removal
                            42
Toxic pollutants, vg/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Phenol
p-Chloro-m-cresol
Chlorobenz one
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Acenaphthene
Indeno (1,2, 3-cd) pyrene
Naphthalene
Chloroform

6
650
41
<4
160
200
68
130
3
15
19
<0.1
1.6
1.9
12
13
2
4
14

7
290
<0.2
29
160
160
57
100
13
12
2.9
1.6
<0.2
<0.2
15
<0.04
<0.02
4.5
<5
a
oa
55
^100
oa
0
20
16
23
oa
22
85
oa
>87
>89
oa
^100
>99
oa
>65
Date:   8/30/79
III.5.1.104

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government  report
Point source category:  Textile  mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  F
References:  B5, pp.  32 - 53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                                                   Data source  status:
                                                     Engineering estimate
                                                     Bench scale
                                                     Pilot scale
                                                     Full scale
                                           Secondary clarifier
                                             configuration:
                                           Depth:
                                           Hydraulic loading
                                             (overflow rate):
                                           Solids loading:
                                           Weir loading:
                                           Sludge underflow:
                                           Percent solids in sludgei
                                  REMOVAL DATA
                       Sampling period!  1 day
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, ng/Ls
BODs
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, Pg/L:
Antinony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
2 , 4-Diaethylphenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 4-Oichlorobencene
Ethylbenxene
Toluene
1 , 2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
1* 2-Dichloropropane
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
Trichlorofluoroae thane
Concentration
Influent

194
583
23
0.74
24

1
10
6
590
80
<0.5
100
100
260
<0.04
34
<0.1
2.4
8.2
35
6.5
<0.2
12
120
12
15
1.5
11
45
Effluent

69
276
44
0.028
9.5

0.3
10
4
130
0.6
0.9
60
80
570
23
<0.03
9
<0.4
<0.07
<0.05
<0.04
2.7
0.85
6.3
<0.04
<0.02
<0.7
<2.0
1.7
Percent
removal

64
53

96
60

70
0
33
78
99
0*
40
20

0«
M.OO

>83
>99
•V100
>994

93
95
•v.100
tlOO
>53
>82
96
                      *Actual data indicate negative removal.

Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
                                   III.5.1-105

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:
Plant:  E
References:  B5, pp. 32 - 53

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
               Data source status:
                 Engineering estimate
                 Bench scale
                 Pilot scale
                 Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Surface aeration
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
       Secondary clarifier
         configuration:
       Depth:
       Hydraulic loading
         (overflow rate):
       Solids  loading:
       Weir loading:
       Sludge  underflow:
       Percent solids in sludge;
                                REMOVAL  DATA
                       Sampling periodi  I day
Pollutant/paraMter
conventional pollutants, vg/Lt
BOD.
COD
TSS
Total ph«nol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutant* , jjg/Li
AntiBony
CBdnira
chromiw
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhe«yl) phthalete
Diethyl phthalate
Dinethyl phtnalate
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Benzene
chlorobencene
1 , 2-Dichloroben>«ne
1 , 4-Dichlorobeniene
Ethylhenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Pvrene
chlorofora
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Concentration
Influent

16
2,660
52
0.069
1.9

B
6
11
840
e
40
7
7,900
5
<0.03
<0.03
30
5.7
5.4
1.0
<0.05
2
21
61
1
<0.01
22
17
2.0
Effluent

<5
78
19
0.014
1.4

0.8
1
4
30
<1
40
<5
5,100
IB
0.5
1
<0.4
<0.07
<0.2
<0.2
0.2
0.2
<0.2
5.5
<0.007
0.1
<5
0.0
72
97
63
80
26

90
63
64
96
>87
0
>29
35
99
>99
>96
>80
0*
90
>»9
91
>99
0*
>77
>B6
>75
                       Vctual data indicate negative :
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.5.1-106

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Dairy products
 Subcategory:   Milk,  cottage cheese and ice cream
 Plant:
 References:   A17,  p.  112

 Use in system:
 Pretreatment  of influent:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Process modification:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic aeration detention time:
 Volumetric loading:
 MLSS:
 Volatile fraction of MLSS:
 F/M:
 Mean cell residence time:
 Sludge recycle ratio:
 Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
 Oxygen consumption:
 Aerator power requirement:
          Secondary clarifier
            configuration:
          Depth:
          Hydraulic loading
            (overflow rate):
          Solids  loading:
          Weir loading:
          Sludge  underflow:
          Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
                                     Concentration,a mg/LPercent
              Pollutant/parameter    Influent    Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                      2,330
                   62
97
            Average of three sets of data.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  9/27/79
III.5.1-107

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Timber products
 Subcategory:   Plywood, hardwood, and wood
               preserving
 Plant:   5
 References:   A24, p.  169

 Use  in system:   Secondary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:   Primary  settling pond

 DESIGN OR  OPERATING PARAMETERS
                   Data  source  status:
                     Engineering  estimate
                     Bench  scale

                     Pilot  scale
                     Full scale
 Process modification:
 Wastewater  flow:
 Hydraulic aeration detention time:
 Volumetric  loading:
 MLSS:
 Volatile fraction of MLSS:
 F/M:
 Mean  cell residence time:
 Sludge recycle  ratio:
 Mixed liquor  dissolved oxygen:
 Oxygen consumption:
 Aerator power requirement:
           Secondary  clarifier
             configuration:
           Depth:
           Hydraulic  loading
             (overflow rate):
           Solids  loading:
           Weir loading:
           Sludge  underflow:
           Percent solids  in sludge:
           Sampling period:
                                REMOVAL DATA
              Pollutant/parameter
      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
      Influent   Effluent   removal
           Convention  pollutants:
             BOD 5
             TSS
        3,500
          151
175
388
95
            Actual  data  indicate negative  removal.
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information  was  not  specified.
Date:   9/27/79
III.5.1-108

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Timber products
Subcategory:  Plywood, hardwood, and wood
              preserving
Plant:  4
References:  A24, p. 169
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale

                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Primary settling pond
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
               Secondary clarifier
                 configuration:
               Depth:
               Hydraulic loading
                 (overflow rate):
               Solids  loading:
               Weir loading:
               Sludge  underflow:
               Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration, mg/L   Percent
          Influent   Effluent   removal
          Convention pollutants:
            BOD5                      2,400
            TSS                          60
                        552
                        360
77
           Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
    III.5.1-109

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Timber products
Subcategory:  Plywood, hardwood, and wood
             . preserving
Plant:   3
References:  A24, p. 169

Use in  system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Primary clarifier

DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale

                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
                                            x
 Process modification:
 Wastewater  flow:
 Hydraulic aeration detention time:
 Volumetric  loading:
 MLSS:
 Volatile fraction of MLSS:
 F/M:
 Mean  cell residence time:
 Sludge recycle  ratio:
 Mixed liquor  dissolved oxygen:
 Oxygen consumption:
 Aerator power requirement:
          Secondary clarifier
            configuration:
          Depth:
          Hydraulic loading
             (overflow rate):
          Solids loading:
          Weir loading:
          Sludge underflow:
          Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL  DATA
           Sampling  period;
                                      Concentration, mg/L    Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent    Effluent    removal
           Convention pollutants:
             BODS
             TSS
        1,800
          114
 54
295
96
            Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
III.5.1-110

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Synthetic resins
Subcategory:  Cellulosic
Plant:
References:  A23, p. 105
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                  Data  source  status:
                    Engineering  estimate
                    Bench  scale
                    Pilot  scale
                    Full scale
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:  12,900 m3/d
Hydraulic aeration detention time:  64
Volumetric loading:  0.48 kg Bod/d/m3
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  18
        hr
                             (0,
4 W/m3
025 hp/m3)
Secondary clarifier
  configuration:
Depth:
Hydraulic loading
  (overflow rate):
Solids loading:
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
              Pollutant/parameter
      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
      Influent   Effluent   removal
           Convention  pollutants:
             BODs
             COD
       1,320
          37
         196
97
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
                                 III.5.1-111

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Synthetic resins
Subcategory:  Cellophane
Plant:
References:  A23, p. 105
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
             Data  source  status:
              Engineering  estimate
              Bench  scale
              Pilot  scale
              Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:  26,000 m3/d
Hydraulic aeration detention time:  1.5 hr
Volumetric loading:  1.0 kg BOD/d/m3      Secondary clarifier
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:  130 W/m3
       configuration:
     Depth:
     Hydraulic loading
       (overflow rate):
     Solids  loading:
     Weir loading:
     Sludge  underflow:
     Percent solids in sludge:
                             (0.177 hp/m3)
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Convention pollutants:
             BOD5
             COD
    90
   228
 20
197
78
14
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
                                 III.5.1-112

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:   Pharmaceuticals manu-       Engineering estimate    	
                         facturing                   Bench scale             	
Subcategory:                                         Pilot scale             	
Plant:  B                                            Full scale               x
References:  A32, Supplement 2

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:   Equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:  1,890  m3/d (0.50 mgd)
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:                        Secondary clarifier
MLSS:                                        configuration: Multiple  settling tanks
                                                            5,200 m2  (56,000 ft2)
                                                            surface area
Volatile fraction of MLSS:                 Depth:
F/M:                                       Hydraulic loading
Mean cell residence time:                    (overflow rate):
Sludge recycle ratio:  200  to 500%        Solids loading:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:             Weir loading:
Oxygen consumption:                        Sludge underflow:
Aerator power requirement:   7.5-37.3 kW   Percent solids in sludge:
                             (10-50 hp)

                                 REMOVAL DATA

               Sampling period;	
                                           Concentration     Percent
                  Pollutant/parameter	Influent  Effluent  removal

               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
TSS
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
3,000
950

70
680
180
580
15
630
47
540
24
120
500

20
190
31
7,700
24
190
29
160
33
96
47

71
72
83,
oa
oa
70
38
70
oa

                Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate  information was not specified.


Date:   11/15/79              III.5.1-113

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Pharmaceuticals
Subcategory:  Biological and natural extraction
              products, formulation products
Plant:  H
References:  A32, Supplement 2

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:  644 m3/d (0.17 mgd)
Hydraulic aeration detention time:   2.
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:  3,500 mg/L
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:  0.30
Mean cell residence time:  6.85 days
Sludge recycle ratio:
                       Data source  status :
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale

                         Pilot scale
                         Full  scale
           56
days
 Secondary clarifier
   configuration:
 Depth:
 Hydraulic loading
   (overflow rate):
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
                                          Solids loading:
Sludge recycle flow rate:
 344.7 kW
 (60 hp)
992 m3/d
(262,000 gpd)
                 :   21.4 m3/d/m2
                    (525 gal/d/ft2)
                 107 kg TSS/d/m2
                 (22 Ib TSS/d/ft2)
Weir loading:
Sludge underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:
                                            Concentration
            Pollutant/parameter
              Influent
            Effluent
                      Percent
                      removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          BOD5                             7,520      4,640        38
          COD                             12,000      7,420        38
          TSS                              4,920      4,050        18
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Benzene
Methylene chloride
40
130
10
210
75
oa

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/15/79
      III.5.1-114

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Pharmaceuticals
Subcategory:  Formulation products
Plant:  S
References:  A32, Supplement 2
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                 Data  source  status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench  scale
                   Pilot  scale
                   Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  Four 1,290 m3  (340,000 gal) aeration tanks
Wastewater  flow:  606 m3/d  (0.16 mgd)
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric  loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
          Secondary  clarifier
            configuration:
          Depth:
          Hydraulic  loading
            (overflow rate):
          Solids  loading:
          Weir  loading:
          Sludge  underflow:
          Percent solids  in  sludge:
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
            Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration,  yg/L   Percent
          Influent    Effluent   removal
        Toxic pollutants:
          Chromium                           30
          Copper                             80
          Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate        50
          Methylene chloride                800
                        10
                        20
                        10
                       250
66
75
80
69
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  11/15/79
III.5.1-115

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:  Journal  article
Point source category:  Pharmaceuticals
Subcategory:  Pharmaceuticals and fine organic
              chemicals
Plant:  (in Texas)
References:  C3, pp.  854-855

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale

                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
Process modification:  Two-stage activated sludge system
Wastewater flow: 946 m3/d (0.25 mgd)
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
              Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration, mg/L
    Influent   Effluent3
Percent
removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BODB                     7,470       75          99
             COD                     14,800      592          96
             TKN                        690      593          14
            Calculated from influent concentration and percent
            removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/15/79
III.5.1-116

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:  Government report                   Data  source status:
Point source category:   Combined waste from          Engineering estimate   	
                         petrochemical plants
                         and paper mills
Subcategory.                                          Bench scale            	
Plant:  Washburn tunnel facility                     Pilot scale            	
References:  B16,  pp.  288-289                        Full scale              x
Use in  system:   Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Bar screening, grit  removal, primary clarification,
                            nutrient addition, pH  control

DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:   High rate
Wastewater  flow:  M.7 x 10s m3/d  (45.0 mgd)
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric  loading:                       Secondary clarifier
MLSS:                                        configuration:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:                Depth:
F/M:                                       Hydraulic loading
Mean cell residence time:                    (overflow rate):
Sludge  recycle  ratio:                      Solids  loading:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:            Weir  loading:
Oxygen  consumption:                       Sludge  underflow:
Aerator power requirement:                Percent solids in sludge:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

                     Stapling period i  Pour daye
Concentration, liq/L
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutant* i
Bia(2-chloroethyl) ether
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Bi»(J-ethylh«xyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diathyl phthalate
Benzidine
1 , 2-Diphenylhydrazine
2-Chlorophenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Phenol
2,4, 6-Trichlorophcnol
p-Chloro-m-cr*»ol
2 , 6-Dinitrotoluene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylane
Fluoranthene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
2-Chloronaphthalene
Xaophorone
Influent

19
358
1
2
0.6
4
250
0.1
4
43
4
68
0.9
1
0.4
2
1.2
0.9
3
2
0.2
Effluent

BDL*
18
Je
BDLC
6
4
340
0.9
BDLC
8
BDLC
4
390
1
1
2
4.0
1
9
lc
BDLC
Percent
removal

>47
95b
0
>0b
0°
°b
°l
0°
>0
81
>0
94b
0
°b
0
°b
"b
"b
0
50
>0
                                      eeuMd to be < 10 ug/L.
                      Actual data indicate negative removal.
                      cBelow detectable limita; a*au»ed to be !••« than
                      correaponding influent concentration.


 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.



Date:    11/15/79                III.5.1-117

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Coal-tar distillation
                        plant
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  Al, Appendix D-l
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate

                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
   Concentration, mg/L   Percent
   Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              Total phenol
      500
<5
                           >99
             Calculated from influent concentration and percent
             removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/15/79
III.5.1-118

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  Al, Appendix D-l

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:  144-1,600 kg
                     phenol/100 m3/d
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
   8-50 hr
         Secondary  clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic  loading
           (overflow rate):
         Solids  loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge  underflow:
         Percent solids in sludge:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period;
                                    Concentration, mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter   Influent   Effluent3  removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              Total phenol             281
                  62
78
             Calculated from influent concentration and percent
             removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/15/79
III.5.1-119

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
Point source  category:  Coke gasification plant     Engineering  estimate
Subcategory:                                         Bench  scale
Plant:                                              Pilot  scale
References:  Al,  Appendix D-l                       Full scale

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment  of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:   2 d
Volumetric loading:  1,600-2,400 Kg       Secondary clarifier
                     phenol/1,000 m3/d      configuration:
MLSS: 2,000 mg/L
Volatile fraction of MLSS:                Depth:
F/M:                                      Hydraulic loading
Mean cell residence time:                   (overflow rate):
Sludge recycle ratio:                      Solids  loading:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:            Weir loading:
Oxygen consumption:                       Sludge  underflow:
Aerator power requirement:                Percent solids  in sludge:
Unit configuration:  Continous flow through, bench-scale  system


                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	

                                    Concentration, mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal

            Conventional pollutants:
              Total phenol            5,000      <500       >90


             Calculated  from influent concentration and percent
             removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


                                 III.5.1-120
Date:   11/15/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data  source:   Effluent  Guidelines
Point source  category:   Pulp,  paper and
                           paperboard
Subcategory:   Wastepaper-board
Plant:
References:   A26, pp. A-78-85
         Data  source status:
           Engineering  estimate

           Bench scale
           Pilot scale
           Full  scale
Use  in system:   Tertiary
Pretreatment  of influent:  Lagooning,  trickling filter

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process modification:
Wastewater  flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention  time:
Volumetric  loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean  cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
Secondary clarifier
  configuration:
Depth:
Hydraulic loading
   (overflow  rate):
Solids  loading:
Weir  loading:
Sludge  underflow:
Percent solids in sludge:
                                    REMOVAL DATA
                        stapling periods
                           Pollutant/pari
                                             Concentration.
                                            Influent  Effluent
          Percent
          removal
                        Conventional pollutant«, mg/li
                         COO
                                              622
             ob
                        Toxic pollutants,
                         Chromium
                         Copper
                         Cyanide
                                   uq/Ls
                         (ie(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
                         Butyl benzyl phthalate
                         Dl-n-butyl phthalate
                         Diethyl phthalate
                         Pentachlorophenol
                         Phenol
                         2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
                         Toluene
                         Napthalane
                         Bromoform
                         Chlorodibromomethane
                         Chloroform
                         Methylene .chloride
                         Tnchloro«thyl«nc

                        Other pollutant!, U9/L:
                         Xylann
17
42
16
4*
6
6
139
3
37
2
13
SS
«DC
MD
19
1
1
33
37
14
31
73
11
7
69
200
72
72
2
54
3
2
9
MO
ob
12
13
"b
<£
$
50
0.
0.
0
65
2K
$
*
•v.100
           •v.100
                        Average values.
                        Actual data Indicate negative removal.
                        CNot detected.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

                                     III.5.1-121
 Date:   9/27/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated  Sludge

Data  source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Pulp, paper and
                           paperboard
Subcategory:   Sulfite-papergrade
Plant:
References:   A26, pp.  A-34-41

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment  of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater  flow:
Hydraulic aeration  detention time:
Volumetric  loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M:
Mean  cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor  dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
         Data source status:
           Engineering estimate

           Bench scale
           Pilot scale
           Full scale
Secondary clarifier
  configuration:
Depth:
Hydraulic loading
   (overflow rate):
Solids  loading:
Weir  loading:
Sludge  underflow:
Percent solids in  sludge;
                                     REMOVAL DATA
                           Sampling period:
                              Pollutant/parameter
                                               Concentration,
                                              Influent  Effluent
           Percent
           removal
                           Conventional pollutant!, n?/L:
                            COO                 4,790

                           Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
                            Chroauuin                13
                            Copper                 Bl
                            Lead                  13
                            Nickel                 16
                            Zinc                  91
                            Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate    38
                            Di-n-butyl phthalate        <1
                            .Diethyl phthalate           <1
                            2,4-Dichlorophenol          <1
                            Pentachlorophenol            4
                            Phenol                 S3
                            2, 4,6-Tnchlore-phenol         4
                            Bencene                53
                            Toluene                IS
                            Naphthalene              72
                            Chlorofom             3.200
                            Dlchlorobromomethane         9
                            1,1-Dichloroethane           4
                            Hethylene chloride         460
                            1,1,1-Tnchloroethane       410
                            Tnchloroethylene            5

                           Other pollutants* V9/L:
                            xylenes                <1
                            Average values.
                           K
                            Actual data indicate negative rm

                           CNot detected.
      2.890
10
20
10
17
58
3
NDC
ND
ND
2
ND
ND
ND
53
56
ND
ND
5
3
ND
23
75
23.
ob
36
92
MOO
MOO
MOO
96
MOO
MOO
MOO
26
98
MOO
MOO
99
99
MOO
Note:  Blanks indicate  information was  not specified.

                                     III.5.1-122

 Date:    9/27/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Activated Sludge

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Coal gas washing process
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  Al, Appendix D-l

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic aeration detention time:
Volumetric loading:
MLSS:
Volatile fraction of MLSS:
F/M ratio:  0.116 kg phenol/kg MLSS/d
Mean cell residence time:
Sludge recycle ratio:
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen:
Oxygen consumption:
Aerator power requirement:
         Secondary clarifier
           configuration:
         Depth:
         Hydraulic loading
            (overflow rate):
         Solids loading:
         Weir loading:
         Sludge underflow:
         Percent solids  in sludge
                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period;
                                    Concentration, mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              Total phenol            1,200
                            >99
             Calculated from influent concentration and percent
             removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
 Date:   11/15/79
III.5.1-123

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Sludge

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:
 Subcategory:
 Plant:  Berwick POTW
 References:   A50, p. 208

 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR  OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Process modification:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic  aeration detention  time:
 Volumetric loading:
 MLSS:
 Volatile fraction of MLSS:
 F/M:
 Mean cell  residence time:
 Sludge recycle ratio:
 Mixed liquor  dissolved oxygen:
 Oxygen consumption:
 Aerator power requirement:
                   Data source status :
                      Engineering estimate
                      Bench scale
                      Pilot scale
                      Full scale
           Secondary clarifier
             configuration:
           Depth:
           Hydraulic loading
             (overflow  rate):
           Solids loading:
           Weir  loading:
           Sludge underflow:
           Percent solids in sludge
                                    REMOVAL  DATA
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/1:
BOD»
COD
TSS
Oil end great*
TKN
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
chromiun
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Bif(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Naphthalene
Chloroform
Concentration
Influent

933
2,600
1,150
263
130

50,000
350
30
1,500
e
1,700
29
200
8,500
330
>100
>100
6.6
29
11
Effluent

77
430
114
20
70

3,900
28
tr*
90
5
280
4
".,
NDb
5_
trc
trc
0.7.
NDd
10
Percent
removal

92
84
90
92
46

92
92
>67
94
38
84
86
89
>99
98
>99
>99
89
>99
9
                       Trace; < 10 ug/L based on reported influent concentration
                       and percent renoval.
                      K
                       Not detected; assuned to be < 10 ug/L.
                      cTrace; < 1 uq/L based on reported influent concentration and
                       percent removal.
                       Not detected; < 0.3 ug/L based on reported influent concen-
                       tration and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not  specified.
Date:   11/15/79
III.5.1-124

-------
III.5.2  TRICKLING FILTRATION [1, 2]

III.5.2.1  Function

Trickling filtration is used to remove dissolved and collodial
biodegradable organics.

III.5.2.2  Description

The most common type of trickling filtration is classified as low
rate, using rock media; other types include high rate, using rock
media, and plastic media.

     Low Rate/Rock Media.  The process consists of a fixed bed of
rock media over which wastewater is applied for aerobic biological
treatment.  Zoogleal slimes form on the media which assimilate
and oxidize substances in the wastewater.  The bed is dosed by a
distributor system, and the treated wastewater is collected by an
underdrain system.  Recirculation is usually not used.  Primary
treatment is normally required to optimize trickling filter
performance.

The rotary distributor has become the standard because of its
reliability and ease of maintenance.  In contrast to the high
rate trickling filter which uses continuous recirculation of fil-
ter effluent to maintain a constant hydraulic loading to the dis-
tributor arms, either a suction-level controlled pump or a dosing
siphon is employed for that purpose with a low rate filter.
Nevertheless, programmed rest periods may be necessary at times
because of inadequate influent flow.

Underdrains are manufactured from specially designed vitrified-
clay blocks that support the filter media and pass the treated
sewage to a collection sump for transfer to the final clarifier.
The filter media consists of 1- to 5-inch stone.  Containment
structures are normally made of reinforced concrete and installed
in the ground to support the weight of the media.

The low rate trickling filter media bed generally is circular in
plan, with a depth of 5 to 10 feet.  Although filter effluent
recirculation is generally not utilized, it can be provided as a
standby tool to keep filter media wet during low flow periods.

The organic material present in the wastewater is degraded by a
population of microorganisms attached to the filter media.  As the
microorganisms grow, the thickness of the slime layer increases.
Periodically, wastewater washes the slime off the media, and a
new slime layer will start to grow.  This phenomenon of losing the
slime layer is called sloughing and is primarily a function of the
organic and hydraulic loadings on the filter.
Date:  8/16/79              III.5.2-1

-------
     Rock Media/High Rate.   This process also consists of a fixed
bed of rock media over which wastewater is applied for aerobic
biological treatment.  Zoogleal slimes form on the media which
assimilate and oxidize substances in the wastewater.   The bed is
dosed by a distributor system,  and the treated wastewater is col-
lected by an underdrain system.  Primary treatment is normally
required to optimize trickling filter performance, and post-
treatment is often necessary to meet secondary standards or water
quality limitations.

The rotary distributor has become the standard because of its
reliability and ease of maintenance.  It consists of two or more
arms that are mounted on a pivot in the center of the filter.
Nozzles distribute the wastewater as the arms rotate due to the
dyanmic action of the incoming primary effluent.  Continuous
recirculation of filter effluent is used to maintain a constant
hydraulic loading to the distributor arms.

Underdrains are manufactured from specially designed vitrified-
caly blocks that support the filter media and pass the treated
sewage to a collection sump for transfer to the final clarifier.

The filter media consists of 1- to 5-inch stone.  The high rate
trickling filter media bed generally is circular in plan, with a
depth of 3 to 6 feet.  Containment structures are normally made
of reinforced concrete and installed in the ground to support the
weight of the media.

The organic material present in the wastewater is degraded by a
population of microorganisms attached to the filter media.  As
the microorganisms grow, the thickness of the slime layer in-
creases.  As the slime layer increases in thickness, the absorbed
organic matter is metabolized before it can reach the microorgan-
isms near the media  face.  As a result, the microorganisms near
the media face enter into an endogenous phase of growth.  In this
phase, the microorganisms lose their ability to cling to the media
surface.  The liquid then washes the slime off the media, and a
new slime layer will start to grow.  This phenomenon of  losing
the slime layer is called sloughing and is primarily a function
of the organic and hydraulic loadings on the filter.  Filter
effluent recirculation is vital with high rate trickling filters
to promote the flushing action necessary for effective sloughing
control, without which media clogging and anaerobic conditions
could develop due to the high organic loading rates employed.

     Plastic Media.  The process consists of a fixed bed of
plastic media over which wastewater is applied for aerobic bio-
logical treatment.   Zoogleal slimes form on the media which
assimilate and oxidize substances  in the wastewater.  The bed is
dosed by a distributor system, and  the treated wastewater  is  col-
lected by an underdrain system.  Primary treatment is normally
Date:  8/16/79               III.5.2  2

-------
required to optimize trickling filter performance, whereas post-
treatment is generally not required to meet secondary standards.

The rotary distributor has become the standard because of its
reliability and ease of maintenance, however, fixed nozzles are
often used in roughing filters.  Plastic media is comparatively
light with a specific weight 10 to 30 times less than rock media.
Its high void space (approximately 95 percent) promotes better
oxygen transfer during passage through the filter than rock media
with its approximate 50 percent void space.  Because of its light
weight, plastic media containment structures are normally con-
structed as elevated towers 20 to 30 feet high.  Excavated con-
tainment structures for rock media can sometimes serve as a
foundation for elevated towers for converting an existing facility
to plastic media.

Plastic media trickling filters can be employed to provide inde-
pendent secondary treatment or roughing ahead of a second-stage
biological process.  When used for secondary treatment, the media
bed is generally circular in plan and dosed by a rotary distribu-
tor.  Roughing applications often utilize rectangular media beds
with fixed nozzles for distribution.

The organic material present in the wastewater is degraded by a
population of microorganisms attached to the filter media.  As the
microorganisms grow, the thickness of the slime layer increases.
Periodically, the liquid will wash some slime off the media, and
a new slime layer will start to grow.  This phenomenon of losing
the slime layer is called sloughing and is primarily a function
of the organic and hydraulic loadings on the filter.  Filter ef-
fluent recirculation is vital with plastic media trickling filters
to ensure proper wetting of the media and to promote effective
sloughing control compatible with the high organic loadings
employed.

Modifications common to all types of trickling filtration include
addition of recirculation, multistaging, electrically powered
distributors, forced ventilation, filter convers, and use of
various methods of pretreatment and post-treatment of wastewater.

III.5.2.3  Technology Status

     Low Rate/Rock Media.  The low rate/rock media process is in
widespread use.  The process is highly dependable in moderate
climates.  Use of aftertreatment or multistaging has frequently
been found necessary to insure uniform compliance with effluent
limitations in colder regions.  The process is being superseded
by changes to plastic media systems.
Date:  8/16/79               III.5.2-3

-------
     High Rate/Rock Media.  The high rate/rock media process has
been in widespread use since 1936.  The process is a modification
of the low-rate trickling filter process.

     Plastic Media.  The plastic media process has been used as a
modification of rock media filters for the past 10 to 20 years.

III.5.2.4  Applications

     Low Rate/Rock Media.  Treatment of domestic and compatible
industrial wastewaters amenable to aerobic biological treatment
in conjunction with suitable pretreatment; process is good for
removal of suspended or colloidal materials and is somewhat less
effective for removal of soluble organics; can be used for nitri-
fication following prior  (first-stage) biological treatment or as
stand-alone process in warm climates if organic loading is low
enough.

     High Rate/Rock Media.  Treatment of domestic and compatible
industrial wastewaters amenable to aerobic biological treatment
in conjunction with suitable pre- and post-treatment; industrial
and joint wastewater treatment facilities may use process as
roughing filter prior to activated sludge or other unit processes;
process is effective for removal of suspended or colloidal mate-
rials and is less effective for removal of soluble organics.

     Plastic Media.  Treatment of domestic and compatible indus-
trial wastewaters amenable to aerobic biological treatment; in-
dustrial and joint wastewater treatment facilities may use process
as roughing filter prior to activated sludge or other unit proc-
esses; existing rock filter facilities can be upgraded via ele-
vation of containment structure and conversion to plastic media;
can be used for nitrification following prior  (first-stage)
biological treatment.

III.5.2.5  Limitations

     Low Rate/Rock Media.  Vulnerable to below freezing weather;
recirculation may be restricted during cold weather due to cooling
effects; marginal treatment capability in single-stage operation;
less effective in treatment of wastewater containing high concen-
trations of soluble organics; has limited flexibility and control
in comparison with competing processes,  and has potential for
vector  and odor problems, although they  are not as prevalent as
with  low-rate trickling  filters;  long recovery times with upsets;
limited to 60-80% BOD5 removal.

      High Rate/Rock Media.  Vulnerable to climate changes and  low
temperatures; filter flies and odors  are common, periods of inade-
quate moisture for slimes can be  common;  less  effective in treat-
ment  of wastewater containing high concentrations of soluble
 Date:   8/16/79               III.5.2-4

-------
organics; limited flexibility and process control in comparison
with competing processes; high land and capital cost requirements;
recovery times of several weeks with upsets.

     Plastic Media.  Vulnerable to below freezing weather; recir-
culation may be restricted during cold weather due to cooling
effects; marginal treatment capability in single-stage operation;
less effective in treatment of wastewater containing high concen-
trations of soluble organics; has limited flexibility and control
in comparison with competing processes; has potential for vector
and odor problems, although they are not as prevalent as with low
rate/rock media trickling filters; long recovery times with upsets,

III.5.2.6  Typical Equipment

Underdrains, distributors, filter covers, plastic media.

III.5.2.7  Chemicals Required

None.

III.5.2.8  Residuals Generated

     Low Rate/Rock Media.  Sludge is withdrawn from the secondary
clarifier at a rate of 3,000 to 4,000 gal/Mgal of wastewater,
containing 500 to 700 Ib dry solids.

     High Rate/Rock Media.  Sludge is withdrawn from the secondary
clarifier at a rate of 2,500 to 3,000 gal/Mgal wastewater, con-
taining 400 to 500 Ib dry solids.

     Plastic Media.  Sludge is withdrawn from the secondary
clarifier at a rate of 3,000 to 4,000 gal/Mgal of wastewater, con-
taining 500 to 700 Ib dry solids.

III.5.2.9  Reliability

     Low Rate/Rock Media.  Highly reliable under conditions of
moderate climate; mechanical reliability high; process operation
requires little skill.

     High Rate/Rock Media.  Process can be expected to have a
high degree of reliability of operating conditions minimize varia-
bility, and installation is in a climate where wastewater tempera-
tures do not fall below 13°C for prolonged periods; mechanical
reliability is high; process is simple to operate.

     Plastic Media.  Process can be expected to have a high degree
of reliability if operating conditions minimize variability, and
installation is in a climate where wastewater temperatures do not
fall below 13°C for prolonged periods; mechanical reliability is
high; process is simple to operate.


Date:  8/16/79               III.5.2-5

-------
III.5.2.10.  Environmental  Impact

     Rock Media.  Odor problems;  high land requirement relative
to many alternative processes;  filter flies.

     Plastic Media.  Odor problems if improperly operated.

III.5.2.11  Design Criteria
III.5.2.12  Flow Diagrams

     Low Rate/Rock Media.
          RAW	,
        WASTEWATER
PRIMARY
CLARIFIER


TRICKLING
FILTER


FINAL
CLARIFIER
EFFLUENT (

                 RAW SLUDGE
               WASTE SLUDGE
Date:   8/16/79
III.5.2-6

-------
      High Rate/Rock Media.
                              RECIRCULATION
RAW WASTEWATER


PRIMARY
CLARIFIER







HIGH RATE,
ROCK MEDIA
TRICKLING
FILTER

-c
^
/-PUMK MAI
FINAL
CLARIFIER
WASTE
;LUDGE
UN

                                                             EFFLUENT
                RAW SLUDGE
  RECIRCULATION
      Plastic Media.
               PUMP STATION
      RAW WASTEWATER
                   RAW SLUDGE

III.5.2.13  Performance
                                 RECIRCULATION

T_
r


PLASTIC
MEDIA
TRICKLING
FILTER










FINAL
CLARIFIER
1
WASTE SLUDGE

EFFLUENT


       RECIRCULATION
Subsequent data  sheets provide performance data from studies  on
the following  industries and/or wastestreams:

     Dairy products manufacturing
       Ice cream

     Hospital  wastewaters

     Leather tanning and finishing
       Chrome  tanning

     Pulp, paper,  and paperboard production
       Wastepaper  board

     Rubber processing
       Styrene-butadiene rubber

     Timber products processing
       Wood preserving (creosote wastewater)
Date:  8/16/79
III.5.2-7

-------
References

 1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual.
     EPA-430/9-78-009 (draft),  U.S.  Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1978.  252 pp.

 2.  Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering:   Collection, Treat-
     ment, Disposal.  McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1972.
     pp. 433-435.
Date:  «/16/79               III.5.2-8

-------
o
tu
ft
(D
M


CJ

\
-J
H
 I
00
                             CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY  SUMMARY FOR TRICKLING FILTER
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, wg/L:
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol
Naphthalene
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Trichloroethylene
Other pollutants, yg/L:
Xylenes
Number of
data points

14
3
1
4

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
Effluent concentration
Minimum

4
290
45
<1

17
42
16
49
6
6
140
3
37
2
55
19
1
1

2
Maximum

137
709
45
308

17
42
16
49
6
6
140
3
37
2
55
19
1
1

2
Median

29
623
45
<2.8

17
42
16
49
6
6
140
3
37
2
55
19
1
1

2
Mean

38-41
541
45
72-79

17
42
16
49
6
6
140
3
37
2
55
19
1
1

2
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

76
Oa
59
23

oa
oa
79
Oa
83
25
°a
°a
oa
°a
°a
°=
0*
oa
a
0
Maximum

98
77
59
>99

Oa
Oa
79
Oa
83
25
°a
°a
oa
°a
°a
°=
°a
oa
a
0
Median

93
23
59
>96

Oa
Oa
79.
Oa
83
25
°a
°a
Oa
oa
oj
°»
°a
oa
a
0
Mean

90
33
59
79-81

Oa
Oa
79
Oa
83
25
°a
0^
oa
°a
°a
°t
oa
oa
a
0
       aActual data indicate negative removal.

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Trickling Filter

 Data  source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Leather tanning
                        and  finishing
 Subcategory:   Chrome process
 Plant:   (in India)
 References:   A15, p. 80
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate

                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
 Use  in  system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment of influent:  Dilution, primary sedimentation

 DESIGN  OR  OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Process modification:
 Wastewater flow:
 Total hydraulic loading:
 Recirculation ratio:
 Dosing  interval:
 Sloughing:
 Organic loading:
 Bed  depth:
 Power requirements:

                                REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period:
              Pollutant/parameter
      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
      Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
               BOD 5
         821
48
94
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/16/79 .
III.5.2-9

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Trickling Filter

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Leather tanning
                        and fininshing
 Subcategory:
 Plant:   (in India)
 References:  A15, p. 80
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate

                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
 Use  in  system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment of influent:  Dilution, primary sedimentation

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Process modification:
 Wastewater  flow:
 Total hydraulic loading:
 Recirculation  ratio:
 Dosing  interval:
 Sloughing:
 Organic loading:
 Bed  depth:
 Power requirements:

                                REMOVAL DATA
             Sampling period;
               Pollutant/parameter
      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
      Influent   Effluent   removal
             Conventional pollutants:
               BOD5
         900
56
94
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was  not specified.
Date:   8/16/79 .
III.5.2-10

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Trickling Filter

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Leather tanning
                        and finishing
Subcategory:
Plant:  3
References:  A15, p. 79

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater  flow:  3,780 m3/d
Total hydraulic loading:
Recirculation ratio:  50%
Dosing interval:
Sloughing:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Power requirements:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate

                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
      Influent    Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                      270
             COD
             TSS                       110
             TKN
                  62
                 240
                  45
                 210
77

59
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/16/79
III.5.2-11

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Trickling Filter

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Leather tanning
                        and finishing
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  A15, p. 80
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate

                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
                                          x
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Primary coagulation,  sedimentation

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Total hydraulic loading:
Recirculation ratio:
Dosing interval:
Sloughing:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Power requirements:
                                REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period;
                                         Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter
       Influent
Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              BOD5
       150-400
 30-80
80
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/16/79.
III.5.2-12

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Trickling Filter

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Timber products
 Subcategory:  Wood preserving
               (creosote wastewater)
 Plant:
 References:  Al, p. D-8
                                                  Data source status:
                                                    Engineering estimate
                                                    Bench scale

                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment of influent:
                           Equalization, coagulation/sedimentation, dilution,
                           nitrogen/phosphorus addition
 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
 Process modification:  Plastic media
 Wastewater flow:
 Total hydraulic loading:   0.044 m3/min/m2 (1.07 gpm/ft2)
 Recirculation ratio:
 Dosing interval:
 Sloughing:
 Organic loading:
                      14.1 (recycle-to-raw wastewater)
                  1,060 kg BOD/1,000 m3/d (66.3 Ib BOD/1,000 ft3/d)
                  1,940 kg COD/1,000 m3/d (121.0 Ib COD/1,000 ft3d)
                  19.4 kg phenol/1,000 m3/d (1.2 Ib phenol/1,000 ft3/d)
Bed depth:  6.4 m (21 ft)
Power requirements:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
             Sampling period;
               Pollutant/parameter
                                       Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
                                       Influent   Effluent   removal
             Conventional pollutants:
              BOD5                        1,970      137         93
              COD                         3,110      709         77
              Total phenol                   31     <1.0        >97
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  8/16/79.
                                 III.5.2-13

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Trickling Filter

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  Al,  p. D-8

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:  "Dowjsac" filter media
Wastewater flow:
Total hydraulic loading:
Recirculation ratio:
Dosing interval:
Sloughing:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Power requirements:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period:
              Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              Total phenol
        25
96
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/16/79.
III.5.2-14

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Trickling Filter

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Hospital
Subcategory:
Plant:  101
References:  A22,  p.  52

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Total hydraulic loading:
Recirculation ratio:
Dosing interval:
Sloughing:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Power requirements:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5a
      233
56
76
            Values based on annual average removal  efficiencies.
            Calculated from effluent and percent  removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not  specified.
 Date:   8/30/79
III.5.2-15

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Trickling Filter

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Hospital
Subcategory:
Plant:  100
References:  A22, p.  52
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Total hydraulic loading:
Recirculation ratio:
Dosing interval:
Sloughing:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Power requirements:
               Data source status:
                 Engineering estimate
                 Bench scale
                 Pilot scale
                 Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BODs3
      250
10
96
            Values based on annual average removal efficiencies.
            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/30/79.
III.5.2-16

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Trickling Filter

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Hospital
Subcategory:
Plant:  99
References:  A22, p. 52

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Total hydraulic loading:
Recirculation ratio:
Dosing interval:
Sloughing:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Power requirements:
           Sampling period:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
             Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration, mg/L   Percent
    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5a
      275
         .b
11
96
            Values based on annual average removal efficiencies.
            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.5.2-17

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Trickling Filter

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Hospital
Subcategory:
Plant:  97
References:  A22, p.  52
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Total hydraulic loading:
Recirculation ratio:
Dosing interval:
Sloughing:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Power requirements:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration, mg.;    Percent
    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5a
      240
24
90
            Values based on annual average removal efficiencies.
            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/30/79
III.5.2-18

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Trickling Filter

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Hospital
Subcategory:
Plant:  98
References:  A22, p. 52
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Total hydraulic loading:
Recirculation ratio:
Dosing interval:
Sloughing:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Power requirements:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration, mg/L   Percent
    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD53
      200
98
            Values based on annual average removal efficiencies.
            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not specified.
Date:   8/30/79-
III.5.2-19

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Trickling Filter

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Hospital
Subcategory:
Plant:  96
References:  A22, p. 52
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater  flow:
Total hydraulic loading:
Recirculation ratio:
Dosing interval:
Sloughing:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Power requirements:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
     Influent    Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
                                        183
                   11
94
            Values based on annual average removal efficiencies.
            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79   .
III.5.2-20

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Trickling Filter

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Hospital
Subcategory:
Plant:  95
References:  A22,  p.  52
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Total hydraulic loading:
Recirculation ratio:
Dosing interval:
Sloughing:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Power requirements:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration, mg/L   Percent
    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5a
      400
32
92
            Values based on annual average removal efficiencies.
            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79-
III.5.2-21

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Trickling Filter

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Hospital
Subcategory:
Plant:  94
References:  A22,  p.  52
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Total hydraulic loading:
Recirculation ratio:
Dosing interval:
Sloughing:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Power requirements:
                Data source  status:
                  Engineering  estimate
                  Bench  scale
                  Pilot  scale
                  Full scale
           Sampling period;
                                 REMOVAL DATA
             Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
                                        225
                  27
88
            Values based on annual average removal efficiencies.
            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/30/79
III.5.2-22

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Trickling Filter

 Data  source:   Effluent  Guidelines
 Point source  category:
 Subcategory:
 Plant:
 References:   Al, Appendix D-7

 Use in  system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Process modification:
 Wastewater flow:
 Total hydraulic loading:
 Recirculation ratio:
 Dosing  interval:
 Sloughing:
 Organic loading:
 Bed depth:
 Power requirements:
 Data source status:
   Engineering estimate
   Bench scale
   Pilot scale
   Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period;
                                    Concentration, mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              Total phenol             450
<4.5
>99
             Calculated from influent concentration and percent
             removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information  was  not  specified.
 Date:   11/15/79
                                  III.5.2-23

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Trickling  Filter

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Dairy products
Subcategory:  Ice cream
Plant:
References:  A17, p.  112

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Total hydraulic loading:
Recirculation ratio:
Dosing interval:
Sloughing:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Power requirements:
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration, mg/L   Percent
    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5
     1,100
22
98
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.5.2-24

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Trickling Filter

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:   Rubber manufacturing        Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Butadiene-styrene synthetic rubber    Bench scale
Plant:  General Tire &  Rubber Co.,  (Odessa,  Texas)   Pilot scale
References:  B14,  p. 45                             Full scale

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Settling

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Total hydraulic loading:
Recirculation ratio:
Dosing interval:
Sloughing:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Power requirements:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	
                                      Concentration,a mg/LPercent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent    Effluent   removal

           COD                          379         290        23
           aAverage of six samples.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.


 Date:   8/30/79                 III.5.2-25

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Trickling Filter

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:3
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  Al, Appendix D-7
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
 Synthesized wastewater

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Total hydraulic loading:
Recirculation ratio:
Dosing interval:
Sloughing:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:  30 cm (11.8 in)
Power requirements:
            Sampling period;
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                                    Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              Total phenol
      400
288-308
23-28
             Calculated from influent concentration  and  percent
             removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not specified.
Date:   11/15/79
III.5.2-26

-------
TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Trickling  Filter

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point  source  category:  Pulp, paper
                         and paperboard
Subcategory:   Wastepaper board
Plant:
References:   A26, pp. A-78-85

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment  of influent:  Lagooning

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Process modification:
Wastewater flow:
Total  hydraulic loading:
Recirculation ratio:
Dosing interval:
Sloughing:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Power  requirements:
                                 Data source  status:
                                   Engineering  estimate

                                   Bench scale
                                   Pilot scale
                                   Full scale
                                   REMOVAL DATA
                    Sampling period:
                       Pollutant/parameter
                                              Concentration'
                                            Influent  Effluent
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
  COD
                                              563
                                                      623
                    Average values.

                    Actual data indicate negative removal.
                    CNot detected.
 Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
                                         Percent
                                         removal
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Fentachlorophenol
Phenol
2 , 4 , 6-Trichlorophenol
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
1,1, 2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Other pollutants, ug/L:
Napthalene
Xylenes

ND°
ND
76
ND
35
ND
8
ND
ND
22
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

34
ND

17
42
16
49
6
<1
6
139
3
37
2
19
1
<1
1

55
2
b

ob
79b
0
83b
0°
2ob

0,
of
or'
or
0
ob

k

ob
 Date:   9/27/79
                 III.5.2-27

-------
III.5.3  LAGOONING (STABILIZATION PONDING)  [1, 2, 3]

III.5.3.1  Function

Lagooning (stabilization ponding) is used to remove dissolved and
collodial biodegradable organics, and suspended solids.

III.5.3.2  Description

A stabilization pond is a relatively shallow body of water con-
tained in an earthen basin of controlled shape, which is designed
for the purpose of treating wastewater.  The term "oxidation
pond," often used, is synonymous.  Ponds have become very popular
with small communities because their low construction and operat-
ing costs offer a significant financial advantage over other
recognized treatment methods.  Ponds are also used extensively
for the treatment of industrial wastes and mixtures of industrial
wastes and domestic sewage that are amenable to biological treat-
ment.  Installations are now serving such industries as oil re-
fineries, slaughterhouses, dairies, poultry-processing plants,
and rendering plants.  The aerated, anaerobic, facultative,
aerobic, and tertiary lagoons represent the common types.

     Aerated Lagoons.  Aerated lagoons are medium-depth basins
designed for the biological treatment of wastewater on a continu-
ous basis.  In contrast to stabilization ponds, which obtain
oxygen from photosynthesis and surface reaeration, aerated lagoons
employ aeration devices that supply supplemental oxygen to the
system.  The aeration devices may be a mechanical (i.e., surface
aerator) or diffused air system.  Surface aerators are divided
into two types:  cage aerators, and the more common turbine and
vertical shaft aerators.  The many diffused air systems utilized
in lagoons consist of plastic pipes supported near the bottom of
the cells with regularly spaced sparger holes drilled in the tops
of the pipes.  Because aerated lagoons are normally designed to
achieve partial mixing only, aerobic-anaerobic stratification will
occur, and a large fraction of the incoming solids and a large
fraction of the biological solids produced from waste conversion
settle to the bottom of the lagoon cells.  As the solids begin to
build up, a portion will undergo anaerobic decomposition.  Vola-
tile toxics can potentially be removed by the aeration process,
and incidental removal of other toxics can be expected to be
similar to an activated sludge system.  Several smaller aerated
lagoon cells in series are more effective than one large cell.
Tapering aeration intensity downward in the direction of flow pro-
motes settling out of solids in the last cell.  A nonaerated
polishing cell following the last aerated cell is an optional, but
recommended, design technique to enhance suspended solids removal
prior to discharge.

Lagoons may be lined with concrete or an impervious flexible
lining, depending on soil conditions and environmental regulations,


 Date:  6/22/79                 III. 5. 3-1

-------
When high-intensity aeration produces completely mixed (all
aerobic)  conditions, a final settling tank is required.  Solids
are recycled to maintain about 800 mg/L MLVSS in this mode.

     Anaerobic Lagoons.  Anaerobic lagoons are relatively deep
(up to 20 ft)  ponds with steep sidewalls in which anaerobic con-
ditions are maintained by keeping loading so high that complete
deoxygenation is prevalent.  Although some oxygenation is possible
in a shallow surface zone, once greases form an impervious surface
layer, complete anaerobic conditions develop.  Treatment or sta-
bilization results from thermophilic anaerobic digestion of
organic wastes.  The treatment process is analogous to that
occurring in the single-stage untreated anaerobic digestion of
sludge in which acid-forming bacteria break down organics.  The
resultant acids are then converted to carbon dioxide, methane,
cells, and other end products.

In the typical anaerobic lagoon, raw wastewater enters near the
bottom of the pond  (often at the center) and mixes with the active
microbial mass in the sludge blanket, which is usually about
6 feet deep.  The discharge is located near one of the sides of
the pond, submerged below the liquid surface.  Excess undigested
grease floats to the top, forming a heat-retaining and relatively
air-tight cover.  Wastewater flow equalization and heating are
generally not practiced.  Excess sludge is washed out with the
effluent.  Recirculation of waste sludge is not required.

Anaerobic lagoons are capable of providing treatment of high
strength wastewaters and are resistant to shock loads.

Anaerobic lagoons are customarily contained within earthen dikes.
Depending on soil characteristics, lining with various impervious
materials such as rubber, plastic or clay may be necessary.  Pond
geometry may vary, but surface-area-to-volume ratios are minimized
to enhance heat retention.

     Facultative Lagoons.  Facultative lagoons are intermediate
depth  (3 to 8 feet) ponds in which the wastewater is stratified
into three zones.  These zones consist of an anaerobic bottom
layer, an aerobic surface layer, and an intermediate zone.  Strati-
fication is a result of solids settling and temperature-water
density variations.  Oxygen in the surface stabilization zone is
provided by reaeration and photosynthesis.  This in contrast to
aerated lagoons in which mechanical aeration is used to create
aerobic surface conditions.  In general, the aerobic surface
layer  serves to reduce odors while providing treatment of soluble
organic by-products of the anaerobic processes operating at the
bottom.

Sludge at the bottom of facultative lagoons will undergo anaerobic
digestion producing carbon dioxide, methane, and cells.  The
photosynthetic activity at the lagoon surface produces oxygen


Date:   6/22/79                 111. 5. 3-2

-------
diurnally, increasing the dissolved oxygen during daylight hours,
while surface oxygen is depleted at night.

Facultative lagoons are often and for optimum performance should
be operated in series.  When three or more cells are linked, the
effluent from either the second or third cell may be recirculated
to the first.  Recirculation rates of 0.5 to 2.0 times the plant
flow have been used to improve overall performance.

Facultative lagoons are customarily contained within earthen
dikes.  Depending on soil characteristics, lining with various
impervious materials such as rubber, plastic or clay may be nec-_
essary.  Use of supplemental top-layer aeration can improve
overall treatment capacity, particularly in northern climates
where icing over of facultative lagoons is common in the winter.

     Aerobic Lagoons.  Aerobic lagoons contain bacteria and algae
in suspension, and aerobic conditions prevail throughout the
depth.  Waste is stabilized as a result of the symbiotic relation-
ship between aerobic bacteria and algae.  Bacteria break down
waste and generate.carbon dioxide and nutrients (primarily nitro-
gen and phosphorus).  Algae, in the presence of sunlight, utilize
the nutrients and inorganic carbon; they, in turn, supply oxygen
that is utilized by aerobic bacteria.  Aerobic lagoons are usually
less than 18 inches deep (the depth of light penetration) and must
be periodically mixed to maintain aerobic conditions throughout.
In order to achieve effective removals with aerobic lagoons, some
means of removing algae (coagulation, filtration,  multiple cell
design)  is necessary.  Algae have a high degree of mobility and
do not settle well using conventional clarification.

     Tertiary Lagoons/Polishing Ponds.  Tertiary lagoons serve as
a polishing step following other biological treatment processes.
They are often called maturation or polishing ponds and primarily
serve the purpose of reducing suspended solids.  Water depth is
generally limited to 2 or 3 feet, and mixing is usually provided
by surface aeration at a low power-to-volume ratio.  Tertiary
lagoons are quite popular as a final treatment step for textile
wastewater treated with the extended-aeration activated sludge
process.

III. 5. 3. 3  Technology Status

     Aerated Lagoons.   While not as widely used when compared
with the large number of facultative lagoons in common use
throughout the United States,  aerated lagoons have been fully
demonstrated,  and used for years.

     Anaerobic Lagoons.   Although anaerobic processes are common
for sludge digestion,  anaerobic lagoons for wastewater treatment
 Date:  6/22/79                 II I. 5. 3-3

-------
have found only limited application.  The process is well demon-
strated for the stabilization of highly concentrated organic
wastes.

     Facultative Lagoons.  Facultative lagoons have been fully
demonstrated and are in moderate use especially for treatment of
relatively weak municipal wastewater in areas where real estate
costs are not a restricting factor.

III.5.3.4  Applications

     Aerated Lagoons.  Used for domestic and industrial waste-
water of low and medium strength; commonly used where land is
inexpensive, and costs and operational control are to be mini-
mized; existing oxidation ponds, lagoons, and natural bodies of
water can be upgraded in a relatively simple manner to this type
of treatment; aeration increases the oxidation capacity of the
pond and is useful in overloaded ponds that generate odors; useful
when supplemental oxygen requirements are high or when the re-
quirements are either seasonal or intermittent.

     Anaerobic Lagoons.  Typically used in series with aerobic or
facultative lagoons; effective as roughing units prior to aerobic
treatment of high strength wastes.

     Facultative Lagoons.  Used for treating raw, screened, or
primary settled domestic wastewaters and weak biodegradable indus-
trial wastewaters; most applicable when land costs are low, and
operation and maintenance costs are to be minimized.

III.5.3.5  Limitations

     Aerated Lagoons.  May experience reduced biological activity
and treatment efficiency, and the formation of ice in very cold
climates.

     Anaerobic Lagoons.  May generate odors; require relatively
large land area; water temperatures should be maintained above
75°F for efficient operation.

     Facultative Lagoons.  May experience reduced biological
activity and treatment efficiency in very cold climates; ice for-
mation can also hamper operations; odors can be a problem in
overloading situations.

III.5.3.6  Chemicals Required

     Aerated Lagoons.  None.

     Anaerobic Lagoons.  Nutrients as needed to make up deficien-
cies in raw wastewater; no other chemicals required.


 Date:  6/22/79                III. 5.3-4

-------
     Facultative Lagoons.  If wastewater is nutrient deficient,
a source of supplemental nitrogen or phosphorus may be needed;
no other chemicals required.

III.5.3.7  Residuals Generated

     Aerated Lagoons.  Settled solids on pond bottom may require
clean-out every 10 to 20 years, or possibly more often if a
polishing pond is used behind the aerated pond.

     Anaerobic Lagoons.  Excess sludge is usually washing out in
the effluent; since anaerobic lagoons are often used for pre-
liminary treatment, recirculation or removal of sludge not gen-
erally required.

     Facultative Lagoons.  Settled solids may require clean out
and removal once every 10 to 20 years.

III.5.3.8  Reliability

     Aerated Lagoons.  Service life estimated at 30 years or more;
reliability of equipment and process is high; little operator
expertise required.

     Anaerobic Lagoons.  Generally resistant to upsets; highly
reliable if pH in the relatively narrow optimum range is main-
tained.

     Facultative Lagoons.  Service life estimated to be 50 years;
little operator expertise required; overall, the system is highly
reliable.

III.5.3.9  Environmental Impact

     Aerated Lagoons.  Opportunity exists for volatile organic
material and pathogens in aerated lagoons to enter the air  (as
with any aerated wastewater treatment process); opportunity de-
pends on air/water contact afforded by aeration system; poten-
tial exists for seepage of wastewater into groundwater unless
lagoon is lined; aerated lagoons generate less solid residue,
compared to other secondary treatment processes.

     Anaerobic Lagoons.  May create odors; relatively high land
requirement; potential exists for seepage of wastewater into
groundwater unless lagoon is lined.

     Facultative Lagoons.  Potential exists for seepage of waste-
water into groundwater unless lagoon is lined; relatively small
quantities of sludge are produced compared to other secondary
processes.
 Date:  6/22/79                III. 5. 3-5

-------
III.5.3.10   Design Criteria


Criteria/factor
Detention time
Depth
PH
Water temperature

Unit
d
ft
-
°C

Aerated lagoon
3-10
6-20
6.5 - 8
0-40
Anaerobic
lagoon
1-50
8-20
6.8 - 7.2
6-49
Facultative
lagoon
20

6.5


- 180
3-8
- 9.0
2-32
Optimum water
  temperature
Oxygen required

Organic loading

Operation
Ib BOD5/
  acre/d
             20           30
0.7 - 1.4  times
  BODs removed
       10  -  300  220 - 2,200
                                                      20
10 - 100
          One or more cells
                   Parallel  At least 3  cells
                               in series
Date:  6/22/79
              III.5.3-6

-------
III.5.3.11  Flow Diagrams



     Aerated Lagoons.
     Anaerobic Lagoons.
     Facultative  Lagoons.
                            III.5.3-7

-------
III.5.3.12  Performance

Subsequent data sheets provide performance data from studies on
the following industries and/or wastestreams:

Aerated Lagoons

     Canned and preserved fruits and vegetables processing

     Leather tanning and finishing
       Hair pulping, chrome tanning, retanning - wet finishing
       Vegetable tanning

     Organic chemicals production
       Aqueous liquid-phase reaction systems
       Processes with process water contact as steam diluent
         or absorbent

     Paint manufacturing

     Pharmaceuticals production
       Biological and natural extraction products
       Chemical synthesis products, and formulation products

     Textile milling
       Knit fabric finishing
       Stock and yarn finishing
       Woven fabric finishing

     Timber products processing
       Hardwood

Aerobic Lagoons

     Canned and preserved fruits and vegetables processing
       Corn
       Fruits, vegetables,  and specialties
       Peas
       Potatoes
       Soup, tomatoes,  and poultry

Facultative Lagoons

     Leather tanning and finishing
       Cattle - sheep save,  chrome tanning
       Vegetable tanning

     Organic chemicals  production
       Petrochemicals
                            III.5.3-8

-------
     Textile milling
       Knit fabric finishing
       Nonwoven fabric production
       Stock and yarn finishing
       Woven fabric finishing

     Timber products processing
       Hardboard

Anaerobic Lagoons

     Canned and preserved fruits and vegetables processing
       Citrus fruits
       Pea blanch
       Tomatoes

Tertiary Effluent Polishing Lagoons

     Textile milling
       Felted fabric processing
       Stock and yarn finishing

III.5.3.13  References

1.  Innovative and Alternative  Technology Assessment Manual.
    EPA-430/9-78-009  (draft), U.S. Environmental Protection
    Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.  252 pp.

2.  Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering:  Collecting, Treat-
    ment, Disposal.  McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1972.
    pp. 551-552.

3.  Technical Study Report, BATEA-NSPS-PSES-PSNS, Textile Mills
    Point Source Category  (contractor's draft report).  Contracts
    68-01-3289 and 68-01-3884, U.S. Environmental Protection
    Agency, Washington, D.C., November 1978.
                           III.5.3-8.1

-------
                               CONTROL TECHNOLOGY  SUMMARY  FOR AERATED LAGOONS
rt
0>
to
\
CO
ui
 I
00

N)
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenols
TKN
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
Zinc
Bis (2-chloroethoxy) methane
Bis (2-chloroisopropyl) ether
Bis ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Benzidine
1 , 2-Diphenylhydrazine
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
4-Nitrophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol
Benzene
Number of
data points

24
11
4
20
1
2
2

1
1
1
3
5
2
2
1
3
1
2
4
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
4
Effluent concentration
Minimum

6
92
47
3
17
0.003
22

30
<1
<2
9
5
52
<20
0.1
30
<200
13
99.
•<10c
<2C
1
6
1
4
6
7
14
1
I")
50
>97
0.
°a
0
>80
>99
Oa
>50
7
oa
>60
>0
26
0
°a
0
25
41a
oa
67
>23
>71
>0
>99
0
Maximum

>99
>99
99
99
98
>99
79

82
>50
>97
99
94
91
93
>99
50
>50
>80
>99
>60
>0
96
0
0
0
25
41a
oa
67
>23
>71
>99
>99
>95
Median

86
62
46
45
98
65
77

82
>50
>97
91
36
45
>86
>99
0
>50
>44
61
>60
>0
>78
0
0
0
25
41a
0
67
>23
>71
>61
>99
>65
Mean

78
48
50
47
98
65
77

82
>50
>97
63
49
45
>86
>99
17
>50
>44
55
>60
>0
70
0
0
0
25
41a
0
67
>23
>71
>55
>99
56
                                                                                                         (continued)

-------
o
0>
rt
fD
                        CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY  SUMMARY  FOR AERATED LAGOONS  (cont'd)
VD
u>
 I
00
•
OJ
Pollutant
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 4-Dichlorobenzene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
2 , 6-Dinitrotoluene
Ethylbenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Nitrobenzene
Toluene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo (b) f luoranthene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
2-Chloronaphthalene
Chloroform
Methylchloride
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Isophorone
Number of
data points
(continued)
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
Effluent concentration
Minimum
w
<10h
<10b
3
2b
<10o
<4^
<3K
<10b
4
5
2
0.4
<2C
0.2,,
<1C
3
lb
<10b
.
<10?
<10b
3
2b
96
>81=,
oa
83
>5
>0
>0
>33
oa
Oa
33
97
>0
99
>0
oa
67
>47
oa
>91-
oa
>60
96
33
Maximum

>96
>81
Oa
83
>94
>0
>0
>95
oa
Oa
33
97
>0
99
>58
Oa
67
>47
>57
>91
97
>60
96
33
Median

>96
>81=
Oa
83
>89
>0
>0
>90
oa
Oa
33
97
>0
99
>28
Oa
67
>47
>50
>91
97
>60
96
33
Mean

>96
>81a
Oa
83
>78
>0
>0
>72
oa
Oa
33
97
>0
99
>28
Oa
67
>47
36
>91
65
>60
96
33
        Actual data  indicate  negative removal.

        Reported as  not detected; assumed to be <10 yg/L.

        "Reported as  not detected; assumed to be less than the  corresponding influent concentration.

-------
o
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ft-
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\
U)
                              CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY  FOR  AEROBIC  LAGOONS
                	~   Number of      Effluent concentration, mg/L            Removal efficiency, %
                 Pollutant	data points   Minimum  Maximum   Median    Mean	Minimum  Maximum   Median   Mean
Conventional pollutant
  BOD a.
                                               7.8
1,210
                                                               17-58   267-290
                                                                                 59
                                                                                          99
                                                                                                91-98   84-89
            CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY  FOR FACULTATIVE LAGOONS  (MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES)
H
H
•
Ul

U>
I
00
•
£>.
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants
BOD 5
COD
TSS
TKN
Number of
data points

4
2
3
2
Effluent concentration, mg/L
Minimum

53
717
48
35
Maximum

274
2,110
234
100
Median

138
1,410
105
67.5
Mean

149
1,410
129
67.5
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

77
55
57
33
Maximum

96
68
86
67
Median

90
62
74
50
Mean

88
62
72
50
                 CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY  FOR  FACULTATIVE LAGOONS  (TEXTILES INDUSTRY)
                                Pollutant
                                         Number of
                                        data points
                                                                 Efficiency concentration, mq/L
                                                               Minimum
                                                                        Maximum
                                                                                 Median   Mean
                       Conventional pollutants
                         BOD5
                         COD
                         TSS
                                            11
                                            8
                                            8
             17
            115
             14
  482
2,190
  945
141     166
711     765
 38     165

-------
ft
ft)
to
\
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                           CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY  SUMMARY FOR  ANAEROBIC LAGOONS
H
Ul




U>

I

00

•


U1
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Benzene
Other pollutants, yg/L:
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Butyric acid
Propionic acid
Number of
Effluent concentration
data points Minimum

8
4

1

3
3
2
2

80
348

5,000

10
220
300
470
Maximum

<3,000
5,910

5,000

40
2,600
330
500
Median

548"
2,300

5,000

35
2,300
315
485
Removal efficiency, %
Mean Minimum

<1,010
2,710

5,000

28
1,700
315
485

43
30

50

50
Oa
°a
oa
Maximum

>90
47

50

67
Oa
°a
Oa
Median

78
39

50

56
oa

Oa
Mean

73
39

50

58
Oa

Oa
        Actual data indicate negative removal.

-------
rt
0>
to
VO
                       CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY  SUMMARY FOR TERTIARY  POLISHING  LAGOONS
H

H

H


Ul
•

W


O3

Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Number of
data points

2
2
2
Effluent concentration
Minimum

142
22
0.028
Max imum

263
28
0.051
Median

202
25
0.04
Mean

202
25
0.04
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

oa
24
Oa
Maximum

52
76
46
Median

26
50
23
Mean

26
50
23
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Selenium
Zinc
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Naphthalene
Trichlorofluoromethane

1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
W
<10b
18b
<10b
18
100
<10b
<10b
<10b
V.
<10b
18b
<10b
18
120
11
<10?
<10b

<10b
18b
<10b
18
110
<11
<10b
<10b
u
<10b
18b
<10b
18
110
71
oa
>72
44
Oa
>44
>82
>79

>71
Oa
>72
44
86
72
>82
>79

>71
Oa
>72
44
43
>58
>82
>79

>71
Oa
>72
44
43
>58
>82
>79

            Actual data indicate negative removal.

            Reported as not detected;  assumed to be <10

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p VII-22

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  60 hr
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:  45 hp/Mgal
Depth:

                                REMOVAL DATA
            Data source status:

              Engineering estimate
              Bench scale
              Pilot scale
              Full scale
             Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5
             COD
             TSS
  366
  835
 94
814
 89
74
 3
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                  III.5.3-9

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon,  Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-22
Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  86 hr
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:  780 hp/Mgal
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Data source status:

              Engineering estimate
              Bench scale
              Pilot scale
              Full scale
           Po1lutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BODs                      1,742       157         91
             TSS                         556       599         (8)
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                  III.5.3-10

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Aerated

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines development
               development
 Point source  category:   Textile mills
 Subcategory:   Knit fabric finishing
 Plant:
 References:   1,  p.  VII-22

 Use in system:
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
 System configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic  detention  time:
 Hydraulic  loading:
 Organic loading:
 Oxygen requirement:
 Aerator power  requirement:
 Depth:
18 hr
 150 hp/Mgal
                       Data source status:

                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
          Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
          Influent    Effluent   removal
          Conventional pollutants:
            BOD5                       388
            COD                      1,762
                       189
                     1,215
51
31
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                 III.5.3-11

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Stock and yarn finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-22

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  75 hr
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:   25 hp/Mgal
Depth:

                                REMOVAL DATA
            Data source status:

              Engineering estimate
              Bench scale
              Pilot scale
              Full scale
           Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       108
             TSS                         21
              14
              12
87
43
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                 III.5.3-12

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-22

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  24 hr
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:  400 hp/Mgal
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Data source status:

              Engineering estimate
              Bench scale
              Pilot scale
              Full scale
           Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L    Percent
Influent   Effluent    removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BODg                        69
             COD                        644
             TSS                         54
              69
             581
              68
  0
 10
(26)
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                 III.5.3-13

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              development
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Stock and yarn finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-22

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  0.5  hr
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:  1,000 hp/Mgal
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Data source status:

              Engineering estimate
              Bench scale
              Pilot scale
              Full scale
             Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5
             COD
             TSS
  252
  556
249
429
110
 1
23
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                 III.5.3-14

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Leather tanning and
                        finishing
Subcategory:  Hair pulp, chrome tan,
              retan-wet finish
Plant:  Armiral, TN
References:  2, p. 10

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Data source status:

  Engineering estimate

  Bench scale

  Pilot scale
  Full scale
Concentration
Pol lutant/paraneter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
TSS
Oil and grease
TKN
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Phenol
2 , 4 , 6-Tr ichlorophenol
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 4-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Naphthalene
Influent

1,867
2,907
720
500

160,000
50
60
1,100
60
500
51
4,400
880
250
54
88
24
Effluent

21
155
17
105

1,100
5
150
80
30
49
2
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
Percent
removal

99
95
98
79

99
90
(150)
93
50
90
96
-V100
MOO
MOO
MOO
MOO
MOO

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not  specified.

Date:  6/13/79
                                 III.5.3-15

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Anaerobic

 Data source:   Government report
 Point source  category:   Organic chemicals
 Subcategory:
 Plant:  (in Texas City)
 References:  B16, p.79

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 System configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Organic loading:   0.11  kg COD/m2/day
 Depth:
 Volumetric loading:  139 kg COD/1,000 m3/day
 Volume:  0.189 m3
 Temperature:   27°C
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period:
              Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration,a mg/LPercent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              COD                        1,340
                  348
47
             Average of 13 values.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.5.3-16

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Anaerobic

 Data  source:   Government report                   Data source status:
 Point source  category:  Organic chemicals           Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
 Plant:   (in Texas City)                             Pilot scale
 References:   B16, p. 79                             Full scale

 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 System configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Organic loading:  0.02 kg BOD/m2/day; 0.03 kg COD/m2/day
 Depth:
 Volumetric loading:  15.2 kg BOD/1,000 n3/6ay  29.9 kg COD/1,000 m3/6ay
 Volume:   420,000 m3

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration,  mg/L  Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent  Effluent0   removal

            Conventional pollutants:
              BOD                       2,650      928        65
              COD                       5,440    3,320        39

            a
            Average of three values.
            b
            Effluent calculated from percent removal and influent
            data.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/29/79              III.5.3-17

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  paint manufacturing
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  4, p. VII-18
Data source status:

  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Physical/chemical primary treatment

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TSS
TOC
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, wg/L:
Antimony
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Thallium
Zinc
Benzene
Toluene
Pyrene
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
1,1,1, -Tr ichloroethane
Influent

23,400
260,000
400
25,000
1.1

170
2
13
105
115
98
142
400
100
4,200
200
200
25
23
31
560
Effluent

17
675
42
200
0.003

30
<1
56
9
7
<20
0.1
<200
<20
<60
<10
NO
ND
ND
1
22
Percent
removal

>99
>99
90
99
>99

82
>50
55
91
>94
>80
>99
>50
>80
>99
>95
•\,ioo
•v-100
•v-100
97
96
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/13/79
                                 III.5.3-18

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Anaerobic

 Data  source:  Government report
 Point source category:  Organic chemicals
 Subcategory:
 Plant:3
 References:  B16, p.61

 Use in system: Secondary
 Pretreatment of influent:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full  scale
 Petrochemical diluent

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:  Several lagoons in series
Wastewater flow:  1.9 x 103 m3/d
Hydraulic detention time:  20 days  (entire system)
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             pollutant/parameter
    Concentration, mg/L   Percent
    Influent  Effluenta   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5
      800
80
90
            Calculated from influent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   10/29/79
III.5.3-19

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon,  Facultative

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-30
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None reported

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
       Data source status:

         Engineering estimate
         Bench scale
         Pilot scale
         Full scale
                  Pollutant/parameter
     Effluent
concentration, mg/L
                Conventional pollutants:
                  BOD 5
                  COD
                  TSS
         53
        175
         14
Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                  III.5.3-20

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Facultative

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-30

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None reported

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
       Data source status:

         Engineering estimate
         Bench scale
         Pilot scale
         Full scale
                  Pollutant/parameter
     Effluent
concentration, mg/L
                Conventional pollutants:
                  BOD 5
                  COD
                  TSS
         35
        115
         35
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                  III.5.3-21

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Facultative

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-30

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None reported

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
       Data source status:

         Engineering estimate
         Bench scale
         Pilot scale
         Full scale
                  Pollutant/parameter
     Effluent
concentration, mg/L
                Conventional pollutants:
                  BOD 5
                  COD
                  TSS
         482
       2,186
          18
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                  III.5.3-22

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Facultative

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-30
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None reported

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
       Data source status:

         Engineering estimate
         Bench scale
         Pilot scale
         Full scale
                  Pollutant/parameter
     Effluent
concentration/ mg/L
                Conventional pollutants:
                  BOD5
                  COD
                  TSS
        325
        810
         40
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                 III.5.3-23

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon,  Facultative

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-30

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None reported

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
       Data source status:

         Engineering estimate
         Bench scale
         Pilot scale
         Full scale
                  Pollutant/parameter
     Effluent
concentration, mg/L
                Conventional pollutants:
                  BOD5
        145
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                  III.5.3-24

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Facultative

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines 4evel°Praervt
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-30

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None reported

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
       Data source status:

         Engineering estimate
         Bench scale
         Pilot scale
         Full scale
                                 x
                  Pollutant/parameter
     Effluent
concentration/ mg/L
                Conventional pollutants:
                  BOD 5
                  COD
        141
        862
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79

                                 III.5.3-25

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Facultative

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-30
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None reported

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
       Data source status:

         Engineering estimate
         Bench scale
         Pilot scale
         Full scale
                  Pollutant/parameter
     Effluent
concentration, mg/L
                Conventional pollutants:
                  BODS
                  COD
        211
        548
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                  III.5.3-26

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Facultative

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines development
               document
 Point source  category:   Textile mills
 Subcategory:   Stock and yarn finishing
 Plant:
 References:   1,  p.  VII-30
 Use  in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:   None reported

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 System configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Organic loading:
 Depth:

                                  REMOVAL DATA
       Data source status:

         Engineering estimate
         Bench scale
         Pilot scale
         Full scale
                  Pollutant/parameter
     Effluent
concentration, mg/L
                Conventional pollutants:
                  BOD 5
                  COD
                  TSS
        233
        634
         59
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                 III.5.3-27

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon, Facultative

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory.  Stock and yarn finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-30

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None reported

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
       Data source status:

         Engineering estimate
         Bench scale
         Pilot scale
         Full scale
                  Pollutant/parameter
     Effluent
concentration, mg/L
                Conventional pollutants:
                  BOD 5
                  COD
                  TSS
        111
        789
        945
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                  III.5.3-28

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Facultative

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source.category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Nonwoven manufacturing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-30

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None reported

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
       Data source status:

         Engineering estimate
         Bench scale
         Pilot scale
         Full scale
                  Pollutant/parameter
     Effluent
concentration, mg/L
                Conventional pollutants:
                  BOD 5
                  TSS
         17
         29
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                 III.5.3-29

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Facultative

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Nonwoven manufacturing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-30

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  None reported

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
       Data source status:

         Engineering estimate
         Bench scale
         Pilot scale
         Full scale
                  Pollutant/parameter
     Effluent
concentration,  mg/L
                Conventional pollutants:
                  BOD5
                  TSS
         79
        179
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                  III.5.3-30

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Facultative

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development     Data source status:
              document
Point source category:  Timber products             Engineering estimate
                        processing
Subcategory:  Hardboard                             Bench scale
Plant:  248                                         Pilot scale
References:  2, p. 7-108                            Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Primary aerated pond  (kinecs air pond), two-stage
                           biological treatment  (2 Infilco aero accelerators),
                           and two aerated lagoons in series

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:  Two facultative lagoons used alternately
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:
Capacity:  6 Mgal  (each lagoon)

                                 REMOVAL DATA


                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                      2,950a      118        96&
             TSS                         544a      234        5?a


            Removal efficiency is for the entire system.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/13/79


                                  III.5.3-31

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Tertiary Effluent Polishing

                                                  Data source status:
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Stock and yarn finishing
Plant:
References:  1, p. VII-31
                                                    Engineering estimate
                                                    Bench scale
                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening,  equalization,  activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:  Parallel primary and secondary oxidation ponds
Wastewater flow:  0.75 mgd
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth -.
Total volume:  15 Mgal

                                 REMOVAL DATA

Concentration
Po 1 lutant/par ame ter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TSS
Total phenols
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Lead
Zinc
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Trichlorof luoromethane
Influent
78
37
0.036
36
865
40
48
Effluent
142
28
0.051
ND
123
11
ND
Percent
removal
(82)
24
(42)
M.OO
86
72
^100

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                  III.5.3-32

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon, Tertiary Effluent Polishing

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines development     Data source status:
              document
Point source category:  Textile mills               Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Felted fabric processing              Bench scale
Plant:                                              Pilot scale
References:  1,  p.  VII-32                           Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Equalization, activated sludge

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:   One basin
Wastewater flow:  0.1 mgd
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:
Total volume:  2.5 Mgal

                                 REMOVAL DATA
               Pollutant/paremeter
  Concentration     Percent
Influent  Effluent  removal
       Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
         COD
         TSS
         Total phenols
   552
    91
 0.052
  263
   22
0.028
52
76
46
Toxic pollutants, pg/L
Chromium
Copper
Selenium
Zinc
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Naphthalene

35
ND
32
45
18
56

ND
18
18
101
ND
ND

^100
-
44
(124)
•v-100
-v.100

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/22/79
                                 III.5.3-33

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Aerobic

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Canned  and preserved
                        fruits  and vegetables
Subcategory:  Soup, tomatoes, poultry
Plant:
References:  A21, p. 286

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:   Two ponds in series
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:
             Data source status:
               Engineering estimate

               Bench scale
               Pilot scale
               Full scale
         Sampling period;
            Pollutant/parameter
 Concentration,  mg/L    Percent
 InfluentaEffluent    removal
         Conventional pollutants;
           BOD5
780-3,500    7.8b-35     95-99b
          Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
          Centrifuged effluent.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                                III.5.3-34
Date:   9/27/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon,  Anaerobic

Data source:   Government report
Point source  category:   Organic chemicals
Subcategory:   Petrochemical wastes
Plant:
References:  B16, pp. 75-78
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment  of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:  770 kg COD/1,000 m3/day
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                 Data  source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
Sampling period:

Concentration,3 pg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Other pollutants :
Acetadehyde
Acetic acid

Butyric acid
Propionic acid
Influent

80
2,100
c
ND
ND
Effluent

40
2,600

300
470
Percent
removal

5°b
0°
b
°b
0

              Data are averaged from 5  to  12  occurences.
              Actual data indicate  negative removal.
             "Not detected,  reported as zero.
Note:  Blanks indicate information  was  not  specified.
Date:  10/29/79
III.5.3-35

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Anaerobic

Data source:   Government report
Point source  category:   Organic chemicals
Subcategory:   Petrochemical wastes
Plant:
References:  B16, pp.  75-78
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment  of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:  209 kg/day/1,000 m3
Organic loading:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
             Sampling period:
                                   Concentration,5 yg/L  Percent
             Pollutant/parameter   Influent    Effluent  removal
             Toxic pollutants:
               Benzene              10,000
              5,000
50
Other pollutants:
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid

30
215

10
220

67b
0

              Data are averaged from 5 to 12 occurences.
              Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.5.3-36

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Anaerobic

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:  Petrochemical wastes
Plant:
References:  B16, pp. 75-78

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:  353 kg COD/1,000 m3/day
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
Sampling period:

Pollutant/parameter
Other pollutants:
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Butyric acid
Propionic acid
Concentration ,
* yg/L
Influent Effluent

80
2,100 2,
NDC
ND

35
300
330
500
Percent
removal

56b
of
°*
ob

              Data are averaged from 5 to 12 occurences.
              Actual data indicate negative, removal.
             "Not detected.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.5.3-37

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon,  Anaerobic

Data source:   Government report                   Data source  status:
Point source  category:  Organic chemicals           Engineering  estimate
Subcategory:                                         Bench scale
Plant:  (in Texas City)                              Pilot scale
References:  B16, p. 79                             Full  scale

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:  Lagoon of irregular prismoid shape
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:  0.104 kg BOD/m2/day; 0.227 kg COD/m2/day
Depth:
Volumetric loading:  110 kg BOD/1,000 m3/day; 248 kg COD/1,000 m3/day
Volume:  55 m3

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	
                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parame ter	Influent   Effluent3  removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5b                      1,060       488       52
             CODC                       2,090     1,280       39
           aEffluent calculated from influent and percent removal,

            Average of  20 samples.
           CAverage of  21 samples.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.


Date:  10/29/79                III.5.3-38

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Timber products
Subcategory:  Hardboard
Plant:  24
References:  Al, P-  7-10
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
Screening, primary clarifier, flow equalization,
two contact stabilization activated sludge systems
operating in parallel
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  6 days
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:
Depth:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
           Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
           Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                        436
             TSS                         157
                        102
                        120
77
24
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not specified.

Date:   8/16/79               III.5.3-39

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon, Aerated

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Timber products
Subcategory:   Hardboard
Plant:  444
References:  Al, p.  7-105
                 Data source  status:
                   Engineering estimate    	
                   Bench scale            	
                   Pilot scale            	
                   Full scale              x
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Primary settling (2 ponds)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:  Aerated lagoon plus secondary settling pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:
Depth:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                        686       192         72.
             TSS                         148       365          0°
            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/16/79  •
III.5.3-40

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon, Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Timber products
Subcategory:  Hardboard
Plant:  262
References:  Al, p.  7-105
         Data source status:
           Engineering estimate
           Bench scale
           Pilot scale
           Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, primary settling,  nutrient addition

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:  Aerated lagoon plus secondary settling pond
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  2 days
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:
Depth:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
                                            Concentration
                      Percent
           Pollutant/parameter
Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants,  mg/L
          BOD5                            1,700
        Toxic pollutants,  yg/L
          Benzene                            NDC
          Ethylbenzene                       20
          Toluene                            15
              273


               10
               ND
               ND
  84
M.OO
VLOO
         Not detected.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not specified.

 Date:   8/16/79               III.5.3-41

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Timber products
Subcategory:  Hardboard
Plant:  428
References:  A13, p. 7-109
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Primary clarification, settling
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:  Two lagoons in series
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  34 days
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:





Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants , mg/L :
BOD5
TSS
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Phenol
Benzene
Toluene
Chloroform
Influent

4,470
3,720

300
90
60
20
Effluent

905
1,700
b
ND
40
30
ND


Percent
removal

82
54

-VLOO
56
50
-vlOO

          Includes removal due to primary clarification.
         DNot detected.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
 Date:   8/16/79
      III.5.3-42

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Leather tanning and
                        finishing
Subcategory:  Vegetable tanning process
Plant:  13
References:  A15, p. 82

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:  Volume - 2,980 m3
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  16-35 days
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:  16.2-130 kg BOD5/d/l,000 m3
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:  7.5 kw (10 hp)
Depth:
                  Data source status:

                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;

Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants :
BOD5
COD
TSS
TKN
Concentration ,
mg/L
Influent Effluent

1,040
4,470 1
539
88

86
,610
571
22
Percent
removal

92
64
oa
75

            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/16/79  .
III.5.3-43

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Aerated

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:   Woven fabric finishing
Plant:
References:  A6, pp.  VII-59,60
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Equalization, grit removal, screening, dissolved
air flotation with chemical addition
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:  Two lagoons in series,  surface aeration
Wastewater flow:  570 m3/d (150,000 gpd)
Hydraulic detention time:   170 hr
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:  3.5 watt/m3 (18 hp/Mgal)
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period: 48 hr

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants , mg/L :
BOD5
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Copper
Nickel
Thallium
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
4-Nitrophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Methyl chloride
Influent

200
725
32
0.026

81
32
14
45
13
34
32
19
160
200
56
Effluent

67
577
17
0.018

52
32
13
ND3
<10
ND
24
<5
ND
ND
<5
Percent
removal

66
20
47
31

36
0
7
'VLOO
>23
M.OO
25
>74
'VlOO
'VLOO
>91

         Not detected.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/16/79  .
     III.5.3-44

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Facultative

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Leather tanning and
                        finishing
Subcategory:  Vegetable tanning process
Plant:
References:  A15, p. 86

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:  32.4-325 kg BOD5/d/l,000 m3
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                 Data source status:

                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench  scale
                   Pilot  scale
                   Full scale
           Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
      Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5   .                    1,150       152        87
             COD                        2,220       717        68
             TSS                          408       105        74
             TKN                          150       100        33
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/16/79
III.5.3-45

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Facultative

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:   Leather tanning and
                        finishing
Subcategory:  Vegetable tanning process
Plant:
References:  A15,  p.  85
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  4-8  days
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:  142  kg BOD5/d/l,000 m3
Depth:
Aerator power requirement:   7.5 kw (10 hp)

                                REMOVAL DATA
                 Data source status:

                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
           Sampling period:
              Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       1,170       274         77
             COD                        4,730     2,110         55
             TSS                            -       503
             TKN                          107        35         67
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/16/79
III.5.3-46

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Facultative
                                                  Data source status:
Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source  category:  Leather tanning and
                        finishing                   Engineering estimate
Subcategory:   Cattle-sheep save, chrome             Bench  scale
Plant:  Pownal Tanning Co., North Pownal,  Vermont    Pilot  scale
References:  A15,  p.  84                             Full scale

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:  2,271 m3/d
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:

                                  REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
                                      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
                                      Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5
             TSS
                                         673
                                         339
53
48
92
86
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date;   8/16/79
                                 III.5.3-47

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Aerated

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Canned  and preserved
                         fruits  and vegetables
 Subcategory:
 Plant:   PK60
 References:  A21,  p.  292

 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 System configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Organic loading:
 Oxygen requirement:
 Aerator power requirement:
 Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate

                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
           Sampling period:
              Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration,3 mg/L   Percent
    Influent    Effluent   removal
           Conventional  pollutants:
             BOD5                      3,280
             TSS                         401
                   26
                  136
99
66
            Average concentration?,.
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was  not  specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.5.3-48

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Canned and preserved        Engineering estimate
                        fruits and vegetables
Subcategory:  TO52                                  Bench scale
Plant:  A21, p. 292                                 Pilot scale
References:  Secondary                              Full scale

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:
Depth:

                                REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period:	
                                     Concentration,5 mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            BOD5                      1,100         13        99
            TSS                         530         44        92
          a
           Average concentrations.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79                  III.5.3-49

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Canned and preserved
                        fruits and vegetables
Subcategory:
Plant:  ST40
References:  A21, p. 292

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:
Depth:
                 Data  source  status:
                   Engineering  estimate

                   Bench  scale
                   Pilot  scale
                   Full scale
          Sampling period;
                                REMOVAL DATA
             Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration,3 mg/L   Percent
    Influent    Effluent   removal
          Conventional pollutants :
            BODs                      4,090
            TSS                         270
                   94
                   41
98
85
           Average concentrations.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.5.3-50

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Aerated

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                  Data  source  status:
 Point source  category:  Canned  and preserved        Engineering  estimate
                         fruits  and vegetables
 Subcategory:                                         Bench  scale
 Plant:  PN26                                         Pilot  scale
 References:  A21,  p.  292                            Full scale

 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 System configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Organic loading:
 Oxygen requirement:
 Aerator power requirement:
 Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration,3 mg/L    Percent
              Po1lutant/parameter	Influent     Effluent    removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       616          53         91
             TSS                        130          92         29
           a
            Average concentrations.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:  8/30/79  '               III.5.3-51

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Canned and preserved        Engineering estimate
                        fruits and vegetables
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:  TO51                                        Pilot scale
References:  A21, p. 292                            Full scale

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:
Depth:

                                REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period:	   	
                                     Concentration,a mg/LPercent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent    Effluent   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            BOD5                      1,000         13        99
            TSS                         690         44        94
          a
           Average concentrations.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79  .               III.5.3-52

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Aerated

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source  category:   Canned  and preserved        Engineering estimate
                         fruits  and vegetables
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
 Plant:   GR33                                        Pilot scale
 References:   A21,  p. 292                           Full scale
 Use in system:   Secondary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 System configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Organic loading:
 Oxygen requirement:
 Aerator power requirement:
 Depth:

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                     Concentration,3 mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent   removal

           Conventional  pollutants:
            BOD5                      1,300         26        98
            TSS                         400         25        94
           a
           Average concentrations.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79  •               III.5.3-53

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Aerobic

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Canned  and preserved
                        fruits  and vegetables
Subcategory:  Potatoes
Plant:
References:  A21, p. 286
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:   Six ponds in series
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  116  days
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate

                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration, mg/L   Percent
    InfluentEffluenta   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5
     1,000
90
91
            Calculated from influent and percent removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/30/79 .
III.5.3-54

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Aerobic
                                                  Data source status:
                                                    Engineering estimate
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Canned and preserved
                        fruits and vegetables
Subcategory:  Fruits,  vegetables, and specialties    Bench scale
              cannery
Plant:                                              Pilot scale
References:  A21, p. 286                            Full scale

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  9.6 days
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
                                      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
                                      Influent  Effluenta   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5
                                       2,940
1,210
59
            Calculated from influent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/30/79-
                                  III.5.3-55

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Anaerobic

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Canned  and preserved        Engineering  estimate
                        fruits  and vegetables
Subcategory:  Tomatoes                              Bench  scale
Plant:                                              Pilot  scale
References:  A21,  p.  289                            Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  7.4  days
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:  120 kg BOD5 /m3/d (7.5 Ib BOD5/ft3/d)
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration, mg/L    Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent  Effluenta    removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5   .                    550        110        80
            Calculated from influent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   8/30/79                 III.5.3-56

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Anaerobic

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Canned and preserved
                        fruits and vegetables
Subcategory:  Pea blanch
Plant:
References:  A21, p. 289
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Depth:
10 days
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate

                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
             Pollutant/parameter
           Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
           Influent  Effluent3   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5
            30,000
<3,000
>90
            Calculated from influent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79  '
      III.5.3-57

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Anaerobic

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Canned and preserved        Engineering estimate
                        fruits and vegetables
Subcategory:  Citrus                                Bench scale
Plant:                                              Pilot scale
References:  A21, p. 289                            Full scale

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:  1.3 days
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:  3,430 kg BOD5/1,000 m3/d (214 Ib BOD5/1,000 ft3/d)
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent  Effluent3   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                      4,600       598        87


            Calculated from influent and percent removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   8/30/79  •               III.5.3-58

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Aerated

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source category:  Organic chemicals           Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:  Process with process water contact    Bench scale
                as steam diluent or absorbent       Pilot scale
                and aqueous liquid phase reaction   Full scale
                system
 Plant:  6
 References:  A25, p. 300

 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 System configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Organic loading:
 Oxygen requirement:
 Aerator power requirement:
 Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;  24-hr composite	

                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influenta  Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
870
2,380
644
<362
235
980
573
362
73
66
11
Ob

           a
            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79  '               III.5.3-59

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Aerated

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Organic chemicals           Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Process with process water contact    Bench scale
                as steam diluent or absorbent       Pilot scale
Plant:   8                                           Full scale
References:  A25, p. 300
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic  loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator  power requirement:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;  24-hr composite	

                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent*  Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
37.5
297
70
300
6
92
52
3
84
69
26
99
            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79'                III.5.3-60

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Organic chemicals           Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Aqueous  liquid phase reaction         Bench scale
                systems                             Pilot scale
Plant:  21                                          Full scale
References:  A25, p. 300

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;  24-hr composite	

                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent5  Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                        123        27        78
             COD                       1,579       600        62
             TOC                         138        47        66
             TSS                         273        30        89
            Calculated from effluent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79                 III.5.3-61

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Anaerobic

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:  Organic chemicals           Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:  (in Texas City)                             Pilot scale
References:  B16, p. 79                             Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:  0.07 kg BOD/m2/d» 0.13 kg COD/m2/ci
Depth:
Volumetric loading:  134 kg BOD/1,000 m3/day; 279 kg COD/1,000 m3/day
Volume:  98,400 m3

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	
                                      Concentration,3 mg/LPercent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent  Effluent13   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       4,820     2,750       43
             COD                        8,440     5,910       30


            BOD data average of three values; COD data average of two
            values.
            Calculated from influent and percent removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.

Date:   10/29/79               III.5.3-62

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Anaerobic

 Data  source:  Government report
 Point source category:  Organic chemicals
 Subcategory:
 Plant:  Seadrift plant
 References:  B16, p. 79

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 System configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic lording:
 Organic loading:  0.02 kg BOD/m2/d
 Depth:
 Volumetric loading:  17.5 kg BOD/1,000 m3/day
 Volume:  680,000 m3
 Temperature:  24°C

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration,3 mg/L  Percent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5
       570
137
76
            Average of five values.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
III.5.3-63

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Aerated

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Pharmaceuticals             Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Biological and natural extrac-        Bench scale
              tion products, chemical syntheses
              products, formulation products
Plant:  E                                           Pilot scale
References:  A32, Supplement 2                       Full scale

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Equalization,  neutralization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:   Aeration tank with turbine aerators
Wastewater flow:  1,330 m3/d (0.35 Mgal/d)
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:
Depth:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  Average of 3 samples

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
TSS
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Influent

7,100
369

16
35
590
20
146
38
860
1,100
Effluent

869
1,790

16
26
52
40
99
28
1,000
32
Percent
removal

88
oa

0
26
91
oa
32
26
a
0
97

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   9/27/79                 III.5.3-64

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Aerated

 Data source :  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status :
 Point source category:  Pharmaceuticals             Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:  Biological and natural extrac-        Bench scale
               tion products/ chemical synthesis
               products/ formulation products
 Plant:  F                                           Pilot scale
 References:  A32/ Supplement 2                      Full scale
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 System configuration:
 Wastewater flow:  37.9 m3/<3 (0.01 Mgal/d)
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Organic loading :
 Oxygen requirement:
 Aerator power requirement:
 Depth :


                                   REMOVAL  DATA

         Sampling period; _ ______ _

                                         Concentration, pg/L    Percent
             Pollutant/parameter _ Influent _ Effluent   removal

         Toxic pollutants:
           Copper                            60          106         Oa
           Zinc                             140          507         Oa
           Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate      160           15        57
           Methylene chloride                63          130         Oa
         1
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.


Date:   9/27/79                 III.5.3-65

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon, Aerated

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:  40-acre  facility
References:  B16, pp.  274
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
Use in system:   Primary
Pretreatment of  influent:   Equalization, limited  aeration

DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

System configuration:   Equalization basin, limited  aeration basin, 2
                        parallel aeration basins,  facultative lagoon
Wastewater flow:   49-57 x 103 m3/day
Hydraulic detention  time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Oxygen requirement:
Aerator power requirement:
Depth:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                  Sampling period;
                     Pollutant/parameter
                                          Concentration, uq/L
                                          Influent  Effluent
                       Percent
                       removal
Toxic pollutants i
Bis (2-chloroethoxy)nethane
Bis (2-chloroisopropyl) ether
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Benzidine
1 , 2-Dipheny Ihydraz ine
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
Phenol
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
2 , 6-Dinitrotoluene
Hexachlorobenzene
Nitrobenzene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo (b) f luoranthene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
2-Chloronaphthalene
Isophorone

25
2
21
6
1
2
8
12
5
3
1
2
12
4
3
4
2
3
12
2
16
1
1
3
19
3

BDL
BDL
1
6
1
4
6
7
14
1
BDL
3
2
BDL
BDL
4
5
2
0.4
BDL
0.2
BDL
3
1
BDL
2

•v-100
•v-100
95
0
°,
oa
25
41
Oa
67
-V100
oa
83
•\,100
•v-100
oa
oa
33
97
•\-100
99
-vlOO
•v-100
67
•v-100
33
                  aActual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not  specified.
Date:   9/27/79
III.5.3-66

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Lagoon,  Aerobic

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Canned  and preserved
                         fruits  and vegetables
 Subcategory:   Corn
 Plant:
 References:  A21,  p.  286

 Use in system:   Secondary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 System configuration:   Six ponds in  series
 Wastewater flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:  84 days
 Hydraulic loading:
 Organic loading:
 Depth:
             Data source status:
               Engineering estimate

               Bench scale
               Pilot scale
               Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA
         Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
 Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
 Influent   Effluent   removal
         Conventional pollutants:
           BOD5
774-3,700
11-56
93->99
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
                                III.5.3-67
Date:   9/27/79

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Lagoon, Aerobic

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Canned and preserved
                        fruits and vegetables
 Subcategory:  Peas
 Plant:
 References:  A21, p. 286
 Use in system:   Secondary
 Pretreatment of  influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 System configuration:  Six ponds in series
 Wastewater  flow:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Organic loading:
 Depth:

                                REMOVAL DATA
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate

                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
            Sampling period;
                                     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
               Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional pollutants:
              BOD5                   337-1,050
                 17-58
83-98
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
III.5.3-68

-------
III.5.4  ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS [1]

III.5.4.1.  Function

Rotating biological contactors (RBC)  are used to remove dissolved
and collodial biodegradable organics.

III.5.4.2  Description

The process utilizes a fixed-film biological reactor consisting
of plastic media mounted on a horizontal shaft and placed in
a tank.  Common media forms are a disc-type made of styrofoam and
a denser lattice-type made of polyethylene.   While wastewater
flows through the tank, the media are slowly rotated, about 40%
immersed, for contact with the wastewater to remove organic
matter by the biological film that develops on the media.
Rotation results in exposure of the film to the atmosphere as a
means of aeration.  Excess biomass on the media is stripped off
by rotational shear forces, and the stripped solids are main-
tained in suspension by the mixing action of the rotating media.
Multiple staging of RBC's increases treatment efficiency and could
aid in achieving nitrification year round.  A complete system
could consist of two or more parallel trains, each consisting
of multiple stages in series.

III.5.4.3.  Common Modifications

Common modifications of RBC's include the following:  multiple
staging; use of dense media for latter stages in train; use of
molded covers or housing of units; various methods of pretreatment
and after treatment of wastewater; use in combination with trick-
ling filter or activated sludge processes; use of air driven
system in lieu of mechanically driven system; addition of air to
the tanks; addition of chemicals for pH control; and sludge recy-
cle to enhance nitrification.

III.5.4.4  Technology Status

The process has been in used in the United States only since 1969
and is not yet in widespread use.  Use of the process is growing,
however, because of its characteristic modular construction, low
hydraulic head loss, and shallow excavation, which make it adapt-
able to new or existing treatment facilities.

III.5.4.5  Applications

Treatment of domestic and compatible industrial wastewater amen-
able to aerobic biological treatment in conjunction with suitable
pretreatment and post-treatment; can be used for nitrification,
roughing secondary treatment, and polishing.
Date:  8/13/79               III.5.4-1

-------
 III.5.4.6.   Limitations

 Can be vulnerable  to climatic changes and low temperatures if  not
 housed or covered;  performance may  diminish  significantly at tem-
 perature  below  55°F; enclosed units can result in considerable
 wintertime condensation if  the heat is not added to  enclosure;
 high organic loadings can result in first-stage septicity and
 supplemental aeration may be required; use of dense  media for
 early  stages can result in  media clogging; alkalinity  deficit
 can result from nitrification; supplemental  alkalinity source
 may be required.

 III.5.4.7  Residuals Generated

 Sludge in secondary clarifier; 3,000 to 4,000 gal sludge/Mgal
 wastewater; 500 to  700 Ib dry solids/Mgal wastewater.

 III.5.4.8  Reliability

 Moderately reliable in the  absence  of high organic loading and
 temperatures below  55°F; mechanical reliability is generally
 high, provided  first stage  of system is designed to  hold large
 biomass;  dense media in first stage can result in clogging and
 structural failure.

 III.5.4.9  Environmental Impact

 Negative  impacts have not been documented; presumably,  odor can
 be a problem if septic conditions develop in  first stage.

 III.5.4.10   Design  Criteria
              Criteria
                               Units
                                                 Range/value
           Organic loading


           Hydraulic loading


           Stages/train

           Parallel trains

           Rotational velocity

           Media surface area


           Media submerged

           Tank volume

           Detention time


           Secondary

           Clarifier overflow

           Power
Ib BOD5 1,000 ft3 of media


gpd/fta of media
ft/min (peripheral)

ft2/ft3


percent

gal/ft3 of disc area

min (based on 0.12 gal/ft2)
gpd/ft2

horse-power/25 ft shaft
Without nitrification: 30 - 60
With nitrification:  15 - 20

Without nitrification: 0.75 - 1.5
With nitrification:  0.3 - 0.6

At least 4

At lease 2

60

Disc type: 20 - 25
Lattice type:  30 - 35

40

0.12

Without nitrification: 40 - 90
With nitrification:  90 - 230
500 - 700

7.5
Date:   8/13/79
        III.5.4-2

-------
III.5.4.11  Flow Diagram
                            TYPICAL STAGED RBC CONFIGURATION

                              .SHAFT DRIVE
           RAW WASTEWATER
               PRIMARY SLUDGE

V




^-,
_l

SHAFT


ORIE


OTATK



)N*

J
H
                                                  WASTE SLUDGE
                           •ALTERNATE SHAFT ORIENTATION IS PARALLEL TO
                           DIRECTION OF ROW WITH A COMMON DRIVE FOR ALL
                           THE STAGES IN A SINGLE TRAIN
III.5.4.12  Performance

Subsequent data  sheets provide performance data from  studies on
the  following  industries  and/or wastestreams:

     Coal mining

     Soap and  detergent production
        Liquid  detergentf?

III.5.4.13  References

1.   Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment  Manual.
     EPA-430/9-78-009  (draft),  U.S.  Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio,  1978.   252 pp.
Date:   8/13/79
III.5.4-3

-------
a
o>
rt
to
\
U)
                   CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR ROTATING BIOLOGICAL  CONTACTORS
 M
 H
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L
BOD s
COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Phosphorus
TKN
Number of
data points

4
4
8
5
5
5
Effluent concentration
Minimum

18
340
23
13
3.0
6
Maximum

71
1,000
68
47
5-0
38
Median

18
750
62
29
3.4
15
Mean

31
710
54
28
3.6
17
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

69
28
0
°a
Oa
5
Maximum

82
54
35
21
21
57
Median

72
40a
Oa
6
11
33
Mean

74
41
8
9
11
36
        Actual data indicates negative removal.

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Rotating Biological Contactors

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:                              Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Liquid detergent                      Bench scale            	
Plant:  Texize Chemicals Co.  (Greenville, SC)   Pilot scale                 x
References:  B21, pp. 9, 11, 41-42, 50-51           Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Wastewater flow:  0.95 L/min  (0.25 gal/min)
Organic loading:  0.0146 to 0.0175 Kg BOD5/m2/d
Hydraulic loading:
Rotational velocity:  10 rev/min
Percent media submerged:
Number of trains:  4
Secondary clarifier overflow rate:
Temperature:  9°C to 2.5°C

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period:  One-day composites
                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent   removal
Conventional pollutants:
TSS
Oil and grease
Phosphorous
TKN


24b
3.6C
29C

fi_a
19b
3.2C
13C

18
21
11
55

            Average of 11 one-day composites.
            Average of 10 one-day composites.
            Average of 9 one-day composites.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


Date:  10/15/79                   III.5.4-5

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Rotating Biological Contactors
Data source:   Government report
Point source  category:
Subcategory:   Liquid detergent
Plant:  Texize Chemicals Co.  (Greenville,  SC)
References:  B21, pp. 9, 11,  35-38,  49-51
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment  of influent:  Equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Wastewater flow:  1.9 L/min (0.5 gal/min)
Organic loading:  0.0146 to 0.0175 Kg BOD5/m2/d
Hydraulic loading:
Rotational velocity:  10 rev/min
Percent media submerged:
Number of trains:  4
Secondary clarifier overflow rate:
Temperature:   7°C to 28°C

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period:  One-day composites
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale

Concentration, mg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants:
BOD 5

COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Phosphorous
TKN
Influent

228*

1,400
75H
26d
3.6e
35*
Effluent

71?

1,000
68=
29d
3.46
15*
Percent
removal

69

29
9
og
6
57

            Average of 19 one-day composites.

            Average of 35 one-day composites.

           "Average of 26 one-day composites.

            Average of 17 one-day composites.
           a
           "Average of 20 one-day composites.

            Average of 15 one-day composites.

            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/15/79
III.5.4-6

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Rotating  Biological Contactors
 Data source:   Government  report
 Point source  category:
 Subcategory:   Liquid detergent
 Plant:   Texize Chemical Co.  (Greenville,  SC)
 References:  B21,  pp.  9,  11,  39,  49

 Use in  system:  Tertiary
 Pretreatment  of influent:   Equilization

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Wastewater flow:   2.85 L/min  (0.75 gal/min)
 Organic loading:   0.0146  to 0.0175 Kg  BOD5/m2/d
 Hydraulic loading:
 Rotational velocity:  10  rev/min
 Percent media submerged:
 Number  of trains:   4
 Secondary clarifier overflow  rate:
 Temperature:   16°C to 22°C

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period:   One-day composites
                Data source status :
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale

Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants :
BOD5
COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Phosphorous
TKN
Concentration
, mg/L
Influent Effluent

100*
l,240b
54
22 d
6.3G
40

18K
570b
56
47d
5°
38
Percent
removal

82
54
oc
oc
21
5

             Average  of 3  one-day  composites.
             Average  of 5  one-day  composites.
            "Actual data indicate  negative  removal.
            3
             Average  of 2  one-day  composites.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information  was  not  specified.
Date:   10/15/79
III.5.4-7

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Rotating Biological Contactors
Data source:   Government report
Point source  category:
Subcategory:   Liquid detergent
Plant:  Texize Chemical Co.  (Greenville,  SC)
References:  B21, pp. 9, 11,  39,  49

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment  of influent:  Equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Wastewater flow:  3.8 L/min (1.0  gal/min)
Organic loading:  0.0146 to 0.0175 Kg BOD5/m2/d
Hydraulic loading:
Rotational velocity:  10 rev/min
Percent media submerged:
Number of trains:  4
Secondary clarifier overflow rate:
Temperature:   7°C to 23°C

                               REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period:   One-day composites
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale

Concentration , mg/L Percent
Pol lutan t/parame te r
Conventional pollutants :
BOD 5
COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Phosphorous
TKN
Influent

a
710b
97°
16<3b
3.6D
9d
Effluent removal

18 72
340 52
63d 35
13 . 19
3.0 17
6d 33

            Average of 6 one-day composites.
            Average of 5 one-day composites.
           "Average of 8 one-day composites.
            Average of 4 one-day composites.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/15/79
III.5.4-8

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Rotating Biological Contactors

 Data source:   Government report                   Data source status:
 Point source  category:                               Engineering estimate   	
 Subcategory:   Liquid detergent                      Bench scale            	
 Plant:  Texize Chemical Co. (Greenville, SC)         Pilot scale             x
 References:  B21, pp. 9, 11, 40, 50                 Full scale             	

 Use in system:  Tertiary
 Pretreatment  of influent:  Equalization

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Wastewater flow:  7.6 L/min (2 gal/min)
 Organic loading:  0.0146 to 0.0175 Kg BOD5/m2/d
 Hydraulic loading:
 Rotational velocity:  10 rev/min
 Percent media submerged:
 Number of trains:  4
 Secondary clarifier overflow rate:
 Temperature3:  9°C to 14°C
 a
  Because of low temperatures,  data will not indicate  normal  operating
  conditions.

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period: One-day
composites



Concentration , mg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants:
BOD 5
COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Phosphorous
TKN
Influent

65a
l,290a
60a
33
3.25
22
Effluent

18a
930a
6la
31
3.50
15
Percent
removal

72
28.
ob
6b
0
32

             Average of 3 one-day composites.
             Actual data indicate negative  removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.


Date:  10/15/79                III.5.4-9

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Rotating Biological Contactors
                                                  Data  source  status:
                                                    Engineering  estimate
                                                    Bench  scale
                                                    Pilot  scale
                                                    Full scale
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Coal mining
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B22, pp. 42, 33, 20

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Wastewater flow:  6.8 m3/d (1,800 gpd)
Organic loading:
Hydraulic loading:  0.31 m3/
-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Rotating Biological Contactors
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Coal mining
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B22, pp. 20, 33, 43

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Wastewater flow:  9.8 m3/d (2,600 gpd)
Organic loading:
Hydraulic loading:  0.44 m3/d/m2 (10.8  gpd/ft2)
Rotational velocity:  19 m/min (63 fpm)
Percent media submerged:
Number of trains:
Secondary clarifier overflow rate:
Theoretical retention time:   20 min
                                     Data source status:
                                       Engineering estimate
                                       Bench scale
                                       Pilot scale
                                       Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;   Grab samples taken over 10  week period

                                      Concentration,  mg/L  Percent
                                      Influent   Effluent  removal
Pollutant/parameter
           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS
                                       26
            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not  specified.
Date:  10/15/79
                   III.5.4-11

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Rotating Biological Contactors
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Coal mining
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B22, pp. 44, 33, 20

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Wastewater flow:  4.92 m3/d  (1,300 gpd)
Organic loading:
Hydraulic loading:  0.22 m3/d/m2 (5.4 gpd/ft2)
Rotational velocity:  19 m/min (63 fpm)
Percent media submerged:
Number of trains:
Secondary clarifier overflow rate:
Theoretical retention time:  40 min
                 Data  source  status:
                   Engineering  estimate
                   Bench  scale
                   Pilot  scale
                   Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:  Grab samples taken over 8 week period
             Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TSS
        20
68
            Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note.-   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   10/15/79
III.5.4-12

-------
III.5.5  STEAM STRIPPING [1]

III.5.5.1  Function

Steam stripping is used to remove gases or volatile organics from
dilute wastewater streams.

III.5.5.2  Description

Steam stripping is essentially a fractional distillation of vola-
tile compounds from a wastewater stream.  The volatile component
may be a gas or volatile organic compound with solubility in the
wastewater stream.  In most instances, the volatile component,
such as methanol or ammonia, is quite water soluble.

Steam stripping is usually conducted as a continuous operation in
a packed tower or conventional fractionating distillation column
(bubble cap or sieve tray) with more than one stage of vapor/
liquid contact.  The preheated wastewater from the heat exchanger
enters near the top of the distillation column and then flows by
gravity countercurrent to the steam and organic vapors  (or gas)
rising up from the bottom of the column.  As the wastewater passes
down through the column, it contacts the vapors rising from the
bottom of the column that contain progressively less volatile
organic compound or gas until it reaches the bottom of the column
where the wastewater is finally heated by the incoming steam to
reduce the concentration of volatile component(s) to their final
concentration.  Much of the heat in the wastewater discharged
from the bottom of the column is recovered in preheating the feed
to  the column.

Reflux  (condensing a portion of the vapors from the top of the
column and returning it to the column) may or may not be practiced
depending on the composition of the vapor stream that is desired.
Although many of the steam strippers in industrial use  introduce
the wastewater at the top of the stripper, there are advantages to
introducing the feed to a tray below the top tray when  reflux  is
used.

Introducing the feed at a lower tray  (while still using the same
number of trays in the stripper) will have the effect of either
reducing steam requirements  (due to the need for less reflux)  or
yielding a vapor stream richer in volatile component).  The com-
bination of using reflux  and introducing the feed at a  lower tray
will  increase the concentration of the volatile organic component
beyond that obtainable by reflux alone.
 Date:  6/29/79                III. 5.5-1

-------
III.5.5.3  Technology Status

Steam stripping has been used for many years for the recovery of
ammonia from coke oven gas.  Recently, as water effluent regula-
tions have become more stringent, other aqueous waste streams are
being treated by this unit operation for removal of volatile
organic components (i.e., methanol from pulp mill condensate).

III.5.5.4  Applications

Used in both industrial chemical production (for recovery and/or
recycle of product) and in industrial waste treatment; three
common examples of product recovery by steam stripping are
ammonia recover for sale as ammonia or ammonium sulfate from coke
oven gas scrubber water, sulfur from refinery sour water, and
phenol from water solution in the production of phenol; has been
recently applied to wastewater treatment; newer applications
include removal of phenols, mercaptans, and chlorinated hydro-
carbons from wastewater.

III.5.5.5  Limitations

May be designed for pure nonreactive volatile components in the
wastewater by using tray-by-tray calculations and vapor/liquid
equilibrium data reported in the literature although a "waste-
water stream" rarely contains only nonreactive components; if
volatile components react with each other, as in refinery sour
water containing H2S and ammonia, the vapor pressure exerted by
each component in water solution no longer follows Raoult's Law;
thus, where vapor/liquid equilibrium data do not exist for a
specific combination of water soluble components, these data
must be experimentally developed.

III.5.5.6  Typical Equipment

Equipment is nearly the same as that required for conventional
fractional distillation  (i.e., packed column or tray tower, re-
boiler, reflux condenser and feed tanks, and pumps); however,
heat exchanger is used for heating feed entering column and cool-
ing stripped wastewater leaving column; reboiler is often an
integral part of tower body rather than a separate vessel; mate-
rials of construction depend on operating pH and presence  (or
absence) of corrosive ions  (i.e., sulfides, chlorides); in a
single-column sour-water steam stripper, the high pH  (from the
presence of ammonia) allows use of mild steel; if sour water is
stripped in two columns  (H2S removed in one and NH3 removed in
other) alloy steel or alloy clad steel should be used in unit in
which H2S is removed.
 Date:  6/29/79                III. 5. 5-2

-------
III.5.5.7  Residuals Generated/Environmental Impacts

Steam stripped volatiles are usually processed further for
recovery or incinerated; if stripped volatiles contain sulfur
and are incinerated, the impact of S02 emissions must be con-
sidered; impact of the stripped wastewater depends on the quan-
tity and type of residual volatile organics remaining in the
stripped wastewater; land requirements are small; there are gen-
erally no discharges except for the treated wastewater.

III.5.5.8  Reliability

Dependent on specific wastewater application; in refinery opera-
tions, steam stripping has proven to be highly dependable.

III.5.5.9  Design Criteria
 Date:  6/29/79                III. 5. 5-3

-------
III.5.5.10  Flow Diagram
                                     CONDENSER
TREATED WASTEWATER
**
x^
••^

I vy


















r • \S* 1 	 1 	 	 tUNUNIKAItU
XV»X VAPORS
^N

i
e
a
«f
c

g
§
>•
<.
v^-_
n

(C°NSATE)— "is
1
WATER







r*rrABi

III.5.5.11  Performance

Subsequent data  sheets provide performance data from  studies on
the following industries  and/or wastestreams:
 Date:  6/29/79
III.5.5-4

-------
References

1.  Physical, Chemical,  and Biological Treatment Techniques for
    Industrial Wastes, PB 275 287,  U.S.  Environmental Protection
    Agency, Washington,  D.C., November 1976.   pp. 42-2 - 42-16.
                            III.5.5-5

-------
D
0>
rt
to
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U)
 H
 H
 H
 •
 cn
 •
 cn
 I
 CTi
                                CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR STEAM STRIPPING
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 , 2-Trans-dichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
1,1, 2-Trichloroe thane
Trichloroethylene
Number of
data points

6
40

5
45
5
5
5
3
1
5
5
Effluent concentration
Minimum

118
14
w
<10b
300
<10b
90,000,
<10b
<10b
42,000.
<10b
<10b
Maximum

233
593

65,000
440,000
1,300,000
300,000
78,000
6,800
42,000
200
34,000
Median

173
110
w
<10b
7,000
16,000
130,000
33,000.
<10D
42,000.
<10b
23,000
Mean

170
118

13,000
33,000
340,000
160,000
32,000
2,300
42,000
<48
16,000
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

44
Oa

49
70
9
54a
Oa
37
9
98
24
Maximum

72
94

>99
>99
>99
87
>99
>99
9
>99
>99
Median

62
72

>99
>99
99
81
Oa
>99
9
>99
54
Mean

59
56

89
97
76
75
40
78
9
>99
61
         3Actual data indicate negative removal.

          Reported as not detected; assumed to be < 10 ug/L.

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Steam Stripping

Data source:  EPA report
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  2

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR, OPERATING PARAMETERS

Steam feed rate, mL/min:
Volumetric flow rate, mL/min:
  Overhead:  9.4
  Bottoms:  272
Temperature, °C:
  Overhead:
  Bottoms:
Column pressure, BTM/TOP:
Reflux ratio:
Feed to column, mL/min:    243
               Data source status:
                 Engineering estimate
                 Bench scale
                 Pilot scale
                 Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
          Pollutant/parameter
   Concentration, mg/L      Percent
Feed   Overhead   Bottoms   removal
        Conventional pollutants:
          TOC
 99
132
76
5.2
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/29/79
                                  III.5.5-7

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Steam Stripping

Data source:
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  3
Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                     Data source status:
                       Engineering estimate
                       Bench scale
                       Pilot scale
                       Full scale
                                                 Run number
Steam feed rate, mL/min
Volumetric flow rate,
  mL/min:
    Overhead:
    Bottoms:
Temperature, °C
  Overhead:
  Bottoms:
Column pressure, BTM/TOP:
Reflux ratio:
Feed to column, mL/min:
54.7  63.9  59.7  53.1  36.7
  10  13.8   3.0  11.5  13.4  6.5  8.2  7.5
 207   290   317   312   344  338  342  452
                          14.0
                           380
 250   250   250

    REMOVAL DATA
258
255  252  250  255
261

Concentration ,
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants:
TOC Run number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Feed


315
2,416
20
67
26
90
80
58
155
Overhead


65
98
193
83
94
147
280
209
737
mg/L
Bottoms


24
118
15
45
21
40
46
37
14
Percent
removal


92.4
-
23.8
32.9
21.5
55.5
79.4
36.2
98.1

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/29/79
                                  III. 5. 5-8

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Steam Stripping

Data source:  EPA report
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:  Halogenated hydrocarbon waste
References:  2

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Steam feed rate, mL/min:  54
Volumetric flow rate, mL/min:
  Overhead:  7.8
  Bottoms:  388
Temperature, °C:
  Overhead:
  Bottoms:
Column pressure, BTM/TOP:
Reflux ratio:
Feed to column rate, mL/min:  276
               Data source status:
                 Engineering estimate
                 Bench scale
                 Pilot scale
                 Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
          Pollutant/parameter
   Concentration, mg/L      Percent
Feed   Overhead   Bottom    removal
        Conventional pollutants:
          TOC                       150      64
                    142
1.2
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/29/79
                                  III.5.5-9

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Steam Stripping

Data source:  EPA report
Point source category:
Subcategory:  Halogenated hydrocarbon waste
Plant:  2
References:
Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Steam feed rate, mL/min:  50
Volumetric flow rate, mL/min:
  Overhead:   13.5
  Bottoms:  321
Temperature, °C:
  Overhead:
  Bottoms:
Column pressure, BTM/TOP:
Reflux ratio:
Feed to column, mL/min:  255

                                 REMOVAL DATA
               Data source status:
                 Engineering estimate
                 Bench scale
                 Pilot scale
                 Full scale
          Po1lutant/parameter
   Concentration, mg/L      Percent
Feed   Overhead   Bottom    removal
        Conventional pollutants:
          TOC
 158
115
139
3.9
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/29/79
                                  III.5.5-10

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Steam Stripping

Data source:  EPA report
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:  Halogenated hydrocarbon waste
References:

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Steam feed rate, mL/min:  51
Volumetric flow rate, mL/min:
  Overhead:  5.3
  Bottoms:  290
Temperature, °C:
  Overhead:
  Bottoms:
Column pressure, BTM/TOP:
Reflux ratio:
Feed to column, mL/min:  245
               Data source status:
                 Engineering estimate
                 Bench scale
                 Pilot scale
                 Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
          Po1lutant/parameter
   Concentration, mg/L      Percent
Feed   Overhead   Bottom    removal
        Conventional pollutants:
          TOG
 16
84
15
11.4
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/29/79
                                 III.5.5-11

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Steam Stripping

Data source:  EPA report
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:  Halogenated hydrocarbon waste
References:  2

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Steam feed rate, mL/min:  65
Volumetric flow rate,  mL/min:
  Overhead:  11.4
  Bottoms:  340
Temperature, °C:
  Overhead:
  Bottoms:
Column pressure, BTM/TOP:
Reflux ratio:
Feed to column, mL/min: 235
               Data source status:
                 Engineering estimate
                 Bench scale
                 Pilot scale
                 Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
          Po1lutant/parameter
   Concentration, mg/L      Percent
Feed   Overhead   Bottoms   removal
        Conventional pollutants:
          TOC                       24
          88
16
17.8
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/29/79
                                  III.5.5-12

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Steam Stripping

Data source:  EPA report
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:  Halogenated hydrocarbon waste
References:  2

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Steam feed rate, mL/min:  53.1
Volumetric flow rate, mL/min:
  Overhead:  7.1
  Bottoms:  281
Temperature, °C:
  Overhead:  102
  Bottoms:  103
Column pressure, BTM/TOP:  1.0/1.0
Reflux ratio:
Feed to column rate, mL/min:  250
Distillate, percent of feed:  2.8
              Data source status:
                Engineering estimate
                Bench scale
                Pilot scale
                Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Pollutant/parameter
                                       Concentration,  mg/L
Feed
 Overhead  Bottoms
         Percent
         removal
    Conventional pollutants:
      TOC
 668
10,462
292
55.8
Toxic pollutants:
Chloroform
1 , 2-Trans-dichloroethylene
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene

141
1,583
14.9
14.9
14.1
~

882
351
121.7
50.2
34
567

0
374
49.5
0
0
0

100
76.4
0
100
100
100

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/29/79
                                  III.5.5-13

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Steam Stripping

Data source:  EPA report
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:  Halogenated hydrocarbon waste
References:  2

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Steam feed rate, mL/min:  45
Volumetric flow rate, mL/min:
  Overhead:  5.8
  Bottoms:  350
Temperature, °C:
  Overhead:  103
  Bottoms:  104
Column pressure, BTM/TOP:  1.0/1.0
Reflux ratio:
Feed to column rate, mL/min:  250
Distillate, percent of feed:  2.3
              Data source status:
                Engineering estimate
                Bench scale
                Pilot scale
                Full scale
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                                       Concentration,  mg/L
        Pollutant/parameter
Peed
Overhead   Bottoms
         Percent
         removal
    Conventional pollutants:
      TOC
 645
10,446
256
37.3
Toxic pollutants:
Chloroform
1 , 2-2Irans-dichloroethylene
1 ,1 ,2 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
1 ,1 ,1-Trichloroethane
1 , 1 , 2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene

140.3
1,583.3
14.9
14.9
50.9
14.1
—

1,185.1
350.8
14.9
-
-
24.6
640.8

0
373.7
32.7
6.8
-
0.2
34.2

100
76.4
0
54.3

98.6
"•

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  6/29/79
                                  III.5.5-14

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Steam Stripping

Data source:   Government report
Point source  category:3  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:   B2,  p.  127, 129

Use in system:   Primary
Pretreatment  of  influent:
                                                    Data  source status:
                                                      Engineering estimate
                                                      Bench  scale
                                                      Pilot  scale
                                                      Full scale
 Halogenated hydrocarbons wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                         250 mL/min,
                         39.7 mL/min
                         13.5 mL/min
                         275 mL/min
Unit configuration:
Flow—wastewater feed
            steam feed
              overhead
               bottoms
Temperature—feed:
         overhead:
          bottoms:
Steam pressure:
Pressure drop:
Reflux ratio  (if applicable):
Cooling water requirement:
Column height:   3.67 m
Column diameter:  508 mm
Plate/packing characteristics:
Plate/packing spacing:
Number of plates (if applicable):
Distillate, percent of feed:  2.5
3.8 L/min  (design)
                                0.9:1  (reflux:  overhead)
                                 Pall  rings made from polypropylene
                                 REMOVAL DATA
               Sampling period;
                                            Concentration
                  Pollutant/parameter
                                      Feed
                                             Overhead
                                                      Bottoms
                                                             Percent
                                                             removal
               Conventional pollutanti, mg/L:
                TOC
                                         636
                                                9,810
                                                         243
               'Percent removal calculated on a volume ba«i«.
                Not detected; aaiumed to be <10 ug/L.
Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not  specified.
                                                               58
Toxic pollutant* , vg/L:
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroe thane
1 ,2-fran«-dichloroethylene
Hethylene chloride
1,1,2, 2-Tetr achloroe thane
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
1,1, 2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene

140,000
1,600,000
1,600,000
800,000
15,000
15,000
51,000
14,000_
c

1,100,000
5,500,000
1,300,000
5,200,000
24,000
9,600
170,000
66,000
640,000

65,000
440,000
NDb
130,000
100
ND
42,000
ND
ND

49
70
>99
82
99
>99
9
>99
>99
Date:   10/15/79
                                   III.5.5-15

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Steam Stripping

Data source:   Government report
Point source  category:*1  Organic  chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:   B2,  p. 127, 129
Use in system:   Primary
Pretreatment  of influent:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate   	
                   Bench scale             	
                   Pilot scale              x
                   Full scale
 Halogenated  hydrocarbons wastewater.

DESIGN OR  OPERATING PARAMETERS
                        250 mL/min,  3,
                         59.7 mL/min
                         4.3 mL/min
                         305 mL/min
   8 L/min  (design
Unit configuration:
Flow—wastewater feed:
            steam feed:
              overhead:
               bottoms:
Temperature—feed:
         overhead:   104°C
          bottoms:   104°C
Steam pressure:
Pressure drop:
Reflux ratio  (if applicable):   1.4:1 (reflux:  overhead)
Cooling water requirement:
Column height:  3.67 m
Column diameter:  5.08 cm
Plate/packing characteristics:   Pall rings made from  polypropylene
Plate/packing spacing:
Number of plates (if applicable):
Distillate, percent of feed: 2.3
                                  REMOVAL DATA
               Sampling period:
                                            Concentration
                  Pollutant/parameter
                                       Feed
                                             Overhead
                                                      Bottoms
                                                             Percent
                                                             removal
               Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                TOC
                                         785
                                                4,520
                      241
                            63
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloro« thane
1 ,2-TlMn»-dichloro«thylene
Hethylane chloride
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethan*
1,1, 2-Trichloroa thane
Trichloroe thy lane

140,000
1,600,000
1,600,000
800,000
14,000
14,000
39 ,000

400,000
3,700,000
1,300,000
1,000,000
8,000
42,000
640,000
b
ND
39,000
16,000
300,000
ND
NO
23,000

>99
97
99
54
>99
>99
28C
               'percent removal calculated on a volume trie basis.
                Not detected; assumed to be < 10 ug/L-
               cBased on mass balance.
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not specified.
 Date:   10/15/79
III.5.5-16

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:   Steam Stripping

 Data source:   Government report
 Point  source  category:^  Organic chemicals
 Subcategory:
 Plant:
 References:   B2,  p.  127, 129

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate   	
                             Bench scale            	
                             Pilot scale              x
                             Full scale
  Halogenated hydrocarbons wastewater.

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
 Unit configuration:
 Flow—wastewater feed:
             steam feed:
               overhead:
                bottoms:
 Temperature—feed:
          overhead:   104°C
           bottoms:   104°C
 Steam pressure:
 Pressure drop:
 Reflux ratio  (if applicable):
 Cooling water requirement:
 Column height:   3.67 m
 Column diameter:   5.08  cm
 Plate/packing characteristics
 Plate/packing spacing:
 Number of plates (if applicable):
 Distillate, percent  of  feed:  5.1
250 mL/min, 3.8 L/min  (design)
50.8 mL/min
12.75 mL/min
302.5 mL/min
       5.1:94.9
        Pall rings made  from polypropylene
                                  REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:
Pollutant/par an* ter
Conventional pollutant*, mg/L:
toe
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroe thane
1 , 2-7y>an«-dichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
1,1,2 , 2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1, 2-Tr ichloroe thane
Trichloroethylene
Concentration
Feed

645

140,000
1,600,000
1,600,000
800,000
14,000
14,000
60 ,000
Overhead

4,770

840,000
4,800,000
480,000
2,800,000
440,000
76,000
630,000
Bottoms

593

NDC
43,000
15,000
180,000
78,000
ND
23.000
Percent

ob

>99
97
99
73.
ob
>99,
54d
               "percent removal calculated on a volume trie basis.
                Actual data indicate negative removal.
               CNot detected; assumed to be < 10 ug/L.
                Based on mass balance calculation.
 Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/15/79
         III.5.5-17

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Steam Stripping

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:a  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B2, p. 130

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                Data source  status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
 Halogenated hydrocarbons wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Flow—wastewater feed:
           steam feed:
             overhead:
              bottoms:
Temperature—feed:
         overhead:
          bottoms:
Steam pressure:
Pressure drop:
Reflux ratio  (if applicable) :
Cooling water requirement:
Column height:  3.67 m
Column diameter:  5.08 cm
Plate/packing characteristics:  Pall rings made from polypropylene
Plate/packing spacing:
Number of plates (if applicable):
Distillate, percent of feed:

                                PEMOVAL DATA
                             (see page  III.5.5-19)
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   10/15/79
III.5.5-18

-------
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                  QOOOOQOOOOOQQC
                  ^t0^4>OOiNr>«rtfH(N^OC-»CU'»^O*OUir-*^fl'-U"»
-------
III.5.6  SOLVENT EXTRACTION [1]

III.5.6.1  Function

Liquid-liguid solvent extraction, hereinafter referred to as
solvent extractions, is the separation of the constituents of a
liquid solution by contact with another immiscible liquid.  If
the substances comprising the original solution distribute them-
selves differently between the two liquid phases, a certain
degree of separation will result, and this may be enhanced by
use of multiple contacts.

III.5.6.2  Description

The solvent extration process is shown schematically in the
Flow Diagram section.  The diagram shows a single solvent extrac-
tion unit operating on an aqueous stream; in practice this unit
might consist of (1) a single-stage mixing and settling unity,
(2) several mixers and settlers  (single-stage unit) in series,
or  (3) a multi-stage unit operating by countercurrent flows in
one device (e.g., a column or differential centrifuge).

As the Flow Diagram indicates, reuse of the extracting solvent
(following solute removal) and recovery of that portion of the
extracting solvent that dissolves in the extracted phase are
usually necessary aspects of the solvent extraction process.
Solvent reuse is necessary for economic reasons; the cost of
the solvent is generally too high to consider disposal after use.
Only in a very few cases may solvent reuse be eliminated; these
cases arise where an industrial chemical feed stream can be
used as the solvent and then sent on for normal processing,
or where water is the solvent.  Solvent recovery from extracted
water may be eliminated in cases where the concentration in
the water to be discharged is not harmful, and where the solvent
loss does not incur a high cost.

The end result of solvent extraction is to separate the original
solution into two streams: a treated stream  (the raffinate),
and a recovered solute stream (which may contain small amounts of
water and solvent).  Solvent extraction may thus be considered a
recovery process since the solute chemicals are generally re-
covered for reuse,  resale, or further treatment and disposal.

A process for solvent extracting a solution will typically in-
clude three basic steps: the actual extraction, solute removal
from the extracting solvent, and solvent recovery from the raffi-
nate  (treated stream).  The process may be operated continuously.

The first step, extraction, brings the two liquid phases  (feed
and solvent)  into intimate contact to allow solute transfer either
by forced mixing or by countercurrent flow caused by density
differences.   The extractor will also have provisions to allow


Date:   8/13/79               III.5.6-1

-------
separation of the two phases after mixing.  One output stream from
the extractor is the solute-laden solvent; some water may also be
present.  Solute removal may be via a second solvent extraction
step, distillation, or some other process.  For example, a second
extraction, with caustic, is sometimes used to extract phenol
from light oil, which is used as the primary solvent in depheno-
lizing coke plant wastewaters.  Distillation will usually be more
common, except where problems with azeotropes are present.  In
certain cases, it may be possible to use the solute-laden sol-
vent as a feed stream in some industrial process, thus eliminating
solute recovery.  This is apparently the case at some refineries
where crude or light oil can be used as a solvent (for phenol
removal from water) and later processed with the solute in it.
Other similar applications probably exist and are particularly
attractive since they eliminate one costly step.  Solvent recovery
from the treated stream may be required if solvent losses would
otherwise add significantly to the cost of the process, or cause
a problem with the discharge of the raffinate.  Solvent recovery
may be accomplished by stripping, distillation, adsorption, or
other suitable process.

III.5.6.3  Technology Status

Solvent extraction should be regarded as a process for treating
concentrated, selected, and segregated waste water streams
primarily where material recovery is possibe to offset process
costs.  Solvent extraction, when carried out on the more concen-
trated waste streams, will seldom produce a treated effluent  (the
raffinate) that can be directly discharged to surface waters;
some form of final polishing will usually be needed.  Solvent
extraction cannot compete economically with biological oxidation
or adsorption in the treatment of large quantities of very dilute
wastes, and it will have trouble competing with stream stripping
in the recovery of volatile solutes present in moderate to low
concentrations.  Nevertheless, solvent extraction is a proven
methos for the recovery of organics from liquid solutions and
will be the process of choice in some cases.

III.5.6.4  Applications

Removal of phenol and related compounds from wastewaters is the
principal application; applications are to petroleum refinery
wastes, coke-oven liquors and phenol resin plant effluents.
Extraction reduces phenol concentrations from levels of several
percent down to levels of a few parts per million.  Removal
efficiencies of 90 to 98% are possible in most applications, and
with special equipment (e.g., centrifugal and rotating disc
contactors) removal efficiencies around 99% have been achieved.

Commonly used solvents are crude oil, light oil, benzene, toluene,
and "benzol;" less common, but more selective solvents are
isopropyl ether, tricresyl phosphate, methyl isobutyl ketone,


 Date:  8/13/79              III.5.6-2

-------
methylene chloride, and butyl acetate.  When crude or light oil
is used, the phenol is not always covered (i.e., the solvent is
not recycled); the phenol is destroyed in downstream operations.
Alternatively, extraction with light oil may be followed by phenol
recovery via extraction of the oil with caustic; in this case,
the phenol is recovered as sodium phenolate.

Solvent recovery via solvent extraction is carried out in at
least one hazardous waste management facility (Silresin Chemical
Corporation, Lowell, Massachusetts).  In one case, waste solvent
containing typically 85% methylene chloride (MC) and 15% isopropyl
alcohol (IPA) is extracted with water to remove the IPA.  Extrac-
tion has been carried out in a counter-current column (1 ft
diameter,  40 ft high, packed with Berl saddles), which accepts a
feed of 1 gpm and produces a purified MC product at around 0.7 to
0.8 gpm.  The water/feed ratio used in this device was about 3:1.
More recently, a single tank has been used as a combination mixer-
settler to handle larger flows.  The partially purified MC is then
further processed through a flash evaporator and calcium chloride
absorption bed (for drying)  to obtain salable quality MC (98% to
99%) pure.  A second example involves the reclamation of Freon
solvents.   The waste material arrives as a mixture of oil,  Freon,
and other solvents  (e.g., acetone or alcohol); distillation
separates out the oil (for use as a fuel), but leaves a Freon/
acetone (or alcohol) mixture which is then extracted with water
to recover Freon.  The material is sold for about half the price
(per gallon) for new Freon solvent.  A third example involves the
removal of water-soluble solvents  (e.g., alcohols) from a waste
of mixed chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents via extraction with
Water.  Simple mixer-settlers are commonly used, and the process
yields a salable quality (mixed) chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent.

Other applications of solvent extraction are briefly described
below:

   • Extraction of thiazole-based chemicals from rubber processing
     effluent with benzene.

   • Extraction of salicylic and other hydroxy-aromatic acids from
     wastewaters using methyl isobutyl ketone as solvent.

   • Deoiling of quench waters from petroleum operations via sol-
     vent extraction has been developed by Gulf Oil Corporation.
     Quench water containing about 6,000 ppm of dissolved and
     emulsified oil is extracted with a light aromatic oil sol-
     vent and the extract recycled for refinery processing.  Addi-
     tional treatment of the water (e.g.,  via coalescence)  is
     necessary for water reuse.  It is not known if this process
     is in current use.

   • Recovery of acetic acid from industrial wastewater is being
     studied by Hydroxcience.  A novel extraction is proposed
     to handle wastewaters that may contain acetic acid levels


Date:   8/13/79               III.5.6-3

-------
     of 0.5% to over 5%.  The extractant is a solution of trio-
     ctylphosphine oxide in a carrier solvent.  This process is
     currently in the developmental stage, but has been demon-
     strated to be practical.

   • A novel process employing solvent extraction is currently
     being developed by Resources Conservation Co. (Renton,
     Wash.) to remove essentially all of the water and oils from
     inorganic and organic sludges.  The process, called Basic
     Extractive Sludge Treatment (B.E.S.T.), converts sludges
     with 0.05% to 60% solids to output streams of (1) very dry
     solids (4.5% moisture), (2) a clear water effluent, and
     (3) recovered oils, if present in the original sludge. The
     process train includes:  (1) extraction of water (and oils)
     from the sludge with an aliphatic amine at low temperatures
     (^50°F), (2) removal of solids with a centrifuge followed
     by solids drying (and solvent recovery), (3) heating the
     solvent/water/ oil mixture  (to ^120°F) to force phase
     separation, (4) steam stripping of the water phase for sol-
     vent recovery, and (5) distillation of the solvent phase
     for oil recovery.  The company claims the process is
     economical; it requires, for example, only 6,400 Btu's per
     pound to reduce a 7 percent sludge to dry solids versus
     15,000 Btu's per pound for conventional high-temperature
     "brute force" drying methods.  A mobile test and demonstra-
     tion facility has been constructed which can treat 1,500
     gpd.  Several different types of sludges have been success-
     fully processed.

III.5.6.5  Limitations

There are relatively few insurmountable technical problems with
solvent extraction.  The most difficult problem is usually finding
a solvent that best meets a long list of desired qualities
including low cost, high extraction efficiency, low solubility in
the raffinate, easy separation from the solute, adequate density
difference with raffinate, no tendency for emulsion formation,
nonreactive, and nonhazardous.  No one solvent will meet all the
desired criteria and, thus, compromise is necessary.  There is a
wide range of extraction equipment available today, and space
requirements are not a problem.

Process costs are always a determining factor with solvent extrac-
tions,  and they have thus far limited actual applications to sit-
uations where a valuable product is recovered in sufficient
quantity to offset extraction costs.  These costs will be rela-
tively small when a single-stage extraction unit can be used
(e.g.,  simple mixer-settler) and where solvent and solute recovery
can be carried out efficiently.  In certain cases, the process
may yield a profit when credit for recovered material is taken.
Any extraction requiring more than the equivalent of about ten
theoretical stages may require custom-designed equipment and will,
thus, be quite expensive.

Date:   8/13/79               III.5.6-4

-------
III.5.6.6  Residuals Generated/Environmental Impact

There are no major environmental impacts associated with the prop-
er use of solvent extraction.  Solvent extraction will almost
always be used for material recovery (for resale or reuse) and,
thus, will be of some benefit.

When one or more solutes are recovered from aqueous wastes, minor
impacts will result from small losses of the solvent  (to the air
and/or water), and head (e.g., from stripping or distillation).
In addition, solvent extraction systems seldom produce a raffinate
that is suitable for direct discharge to surface waters and thus,
a polishing treatment is generally required; biological treatment
may suffice in many cases.

When mixed organic liquids are treated principally for the re-
covery of just one component  (e.g., the more valuable halogenated
hydrocarbons), current economic forces may make the purification
of the other components (as required for resale or reuse)
impractical and, thus, results in a waste for disposal.


III.5.6.7  Reliability

Process is highly reliable for proven applications, if properly
operated.

III.5.6.8  Typical Equipment

There are two major categories of equipment for liquid extraction:
simple-stage and multi-stage equipment.

In single-stage equipment, the fluids are mixed, extraction
occurs, and the insoluble liquids are settled and separated.
A cascade of such stages may then be arranged.  A single-stage
must provide facilities for mixing the insoluble liquids and for
settling and decanting the emulsion or dispersion which results.
In batch operation, mixing together with settling and decanting
may take place in the same or in separate vessels.  In continuous
operation, different vessels are required.

In multi-stage equipment,  the equivalent of many stages may be
incorporated into a single device or apparatus.  Countercurrent
flow is produced by virute of the difference in densities of the
liquids, and with few exceptions the equipment takes the form of
a vertical tower which may or may not contain internal devices
to influence the flow pattern.  Other forms include centrifuges,
rotating discs, and rotating buckets.  Depending upon the nature
of the internal structure, the equipment may be of the stagewise
or continuous-contact type.
Date:  8/13/79              III.5.6-5

-------
III.5.6.9  Flow Diagram
                     UNTREATED
                   WASTE WATER
                        SOLVENT
                       EXTRACTION
                  TREATED
                  •WATER
                  RAFFINATE
                          WATER *
                          SOLVENT
     SOLVENT + SOLUTE
                                   SOLVENT
                             SOLVENT
                             RECOVERY
                                            SOLUTE
                                            REMOVAL
                                                   f
                                                 soum
              •SOLVENT
               MAKE-UP
III.5.6.10  Performance

Subsequent data sheets provide performance data from studies  on
the following industries and/or wastestreams:

     Organic chemicals production
        Cresylic acid recovery
        Ethylene oxychlorination
        Ethylene quenching
        Styrene production

     Petroleum refining
        Lube oil refining

     Phenolic resin production
Date:   8/13/79
III.5.6-6

-------
III.5.6.11  Reference

1.  Physical, Chemical, and Biological Treatment Techniques for
    Industrial Wastes, PB 275 287, U.S. Environmental Protection
    Agency, Washington, D.C.  November 1976.  pp. 32-1 through
    32-25.
Date:  8/13/79              III.5.6-7

-------
o
0*
ft
n>
to
vo
CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY  SUMMARY FOR SOLVENT EXTRACTION
Ul
•

a\
I
oo
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Phenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
1 , 2-Dichloroe thane
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroe thane
1,1, 2-Trichloroe thane
Other pollutants:
Total chlorine, mg/L
Acetone , yg/L
o-Cresol, yg/L
m,p-Cresol, yg/L
Methyl ethyl ketone, yg/L
Styrene, yg/L
Xylenes , yg/L
Number of
data points

4
6
6

15
6
1
2
6
5
5

11
3
9
1
7
1
3
Effluent concentration
Minimum

699
37
0.2

<1,000
2,400
4,000
1,600
<20,000
1,000
5,400

1.8
12,000
2,300
25,000
12,000
<1,000
<1,000
Maximum

18,600
86.5
300

10,000,000
35,000
4,000
2,300
350,000
11,000
30,000

514
22,000
400,000
25,000
5,900,000
<1,000
10,000
Median

1,140
43.5
34.5

190,000
8,100
4,000
1,950
31,500
2,000
16,000

81
16,000
31,000
25,000
1,900,000
<1,000
<1,000
Mean

5,390
54
52-77

2,200,0.00
11,000
4,000
1,950
84,000
4,200
16,000

98
17,000
110,000
25,000
2,000,000
<1,000
<4,000
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

oa
oa
90

J
7b
97
94
62
73
85

68
41
67
91
32
>93
96
Maximum

74
49
>99

>ya
97
97
96
>99
99
95

99
57
>99
91
95
>93
>98
Median

50
35
99

80
96
97
95
89
98
92

94
52
90
91
51
>93
>97
Mean

43
31
97-98

65
90
97
95
87
91
90

90
50
89
91
60
>93
>97
       Actual data indicate negative removal.

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Solvent  Extraction

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:  Petrochemicals
Plant:
References:  A25,  p.  292

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                Data source  status:
                  Engineering  estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
None given.
                                 REMOVAL DATA

Concentration of
phenol, pg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Solvent used:
Aromatics, 75%
Paraffins, 25%
Aliphatic esters
Benzene
Light cycle oil
Light oil
Tri-cresyl phosphates
Influent

200

4,000
750
7,300
3,000
3,000
Effluent

0.2

60
34
30
35
300-150
Percent
removal

>99

99
96
90
99
90-95

 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/30/79
III.5.6-9

-------
                                                    Data source status:
                                                      Engineering estimate
                                                      Bench scale
                                                      Pilot scale
                                                      Full scale
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Solvent Extraction

Data source:  Government report
Point source category.   Organic chemicals
Subcategory:  Ethylene  oxychlorination process
Plant:
References:  B2,  pp.  102-117, Appendix
Use in system:   Primary
Pretreatment of  influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Column specifications:   Extractor:  0.10 diameter,  3.0 m tall
                         Stripper:  0.05 m diameter,  2.25 m tall
Solvent used:  Kerosene-diesel oil mix
Solvent flow rate:  0.205 L/min
Wastewater  flow  rate:   0.76 to 3.76 L/min

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
1, 2, -Dichloroethana




1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane




1,1, 2-Trichloroethane




Other pollutants, rog/L:
Total chlorine





Influent

920,000
190,000
210,000
460,000^
1,100,000
22,000
200,000
85,000
51,000
91 , 000a
110,000
360,000
150,000*
110,000°
no,oooa

1,590
907
553"
1,810*
K
1,830
Effluent

350,000
20,000
36,000*
51,000°
27,000
6,000
2,000
11,000^
1,000
1,000
16,000
30,000
22,000*
5'400a
8,700

514
81
85*
H°K
K
84°
Percent
removal

62
89
83
89
98
73
99
87
98
99
85
92
85
95
92

66
91
85
94

95
HaO to
solvent ratio

18.3:1
13.7:1
9.1:1
5.5:1
3.7:1
18.3:1
13.7:1
9.1:1
5.5:1
3.7:1
18.3:1
13.7:1
9.1:1
5.5:1
3.7:1

18.3:1
13.7:1
9.1:1
5.5:1

3.7:1
          Average of three one-day composites.   Average of six one-day composites.
          Average of two one-day composites.
          Average of four one-day composites.
                                          Average of five one-day composites.
Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not  specified.
Date:   10/4/79
                                    III.5.6-10

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Solvent Extraction

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Organic chemicals
Subcateqory:  Ethylene oxychlorination process
Plant:
References:  B2, pp. 102-117

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Solvent used:  Cio-C-i2 paraffin
Solvent flow rate:  0.27 L/min
Wastewater flow rate:  1.23 to 5.32 L/min
Column specifications: Extractor
                       Stripper:
                   Data source status:
                     Engineering estimate   	
                     Bench scale            	
                     Pilot scale             x
                     Full scale
    0.10 m diameter x 3.0 m
   0.05 m diameter x 2.25 m
                                 REMOVAL DATA
  Sampling period;  One-day composites
     Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent      HaO to
Influent   Effluent   removal   solvent ratio
  Conventional pollutants:
    TOC
   58
   73
   59
   76

   54h
  124*
37
48
38
39

75  1
86.5
36
34
36
49

3$
   5:1
 6.5:1
   8:1
  10:1
16.5:1
  20:1
  Other pollutants:
Total chlorine 148
185
165
297
267.
693b
3.2
3.0
1.8
6.6
16.5
178b
98
98
99
98
94
74
5:1
6.5:1
8:1
10:1
16.5:1
20:1

   Actual data indicate negative removal.
  b
   Average of 2 1-day composites.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Dater   10/4/79
   III.5.6-11

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Solvent Extraction

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:  Organic chemicals           Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Styrene production process            Bench scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
References:  B18, pp. 102-109, 241-243, 501         Full scale             ~^^

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Rotating disc contactor and stripping column
Column specifications:  0.0762 m (3 in.) diameter x 1.22 m (48 in.)  glass pipe
Solvent used:  Isobutylene
Solvent flow rate:  0.451 m/hr (1.48 ft/hr)
Wastewater flow rate:  2.49 m/hr (8.17 ft/hr)

                                REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling period;	
                                   Concentration,  yg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal

             Toxic pollutants:
               Benzene             290,000     10,000       97
               Ethylbenzene        120,000      4,000       97

             Other pollutants:
               Styrene              15,000     <1,000      >93
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:  10/4/79                 III.5.6-12

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Solvent Extraction

 Data source:  Government report
 Point source  category:  Organic chemicals
 Subcategory:  Ethylene quench process
 Plant:
 References:   B18, pp. 102-109, 223-227, 496

 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of  influent:
                  Data  source  status:
                    Engineering estimate   	
                    Bench  scale            	
                    Pilot  scale             x
                    Full scale
 DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Rotating disc contactor and stripping column
 Column specifications:   0.0762 m  (3 in.) diameter x 1.22 m (48 in.) glass pipe
 Solvent used:   Isobutane
 Solvent flow rate:   0.668 m/hr  (2.19 ft/hr)
 Wastewater flow rate:   3.81 m/hr  (12.5 ft/hr)
                                 REMOVAL DATA
         Sampling  period;
              Po1lutant/parameter
            Concentration       Percent
         Influent   Effluent    removal
         Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
           COD                             1,880        699      63

         Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
           Phenol                          68,000     66,000       3
           Benzene                         81,000      2,400      97
           Toluene                         44,000      1,600      96

         Other pollutants, yg/L:
           Xylenes                         34,000     <1,000     >97
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified,
Date:   10/4/79
III.5.6-13

-------
                                                 Data source status:
                                                   Engineering estimate   	
                                                   Bench scale            	
                                                   Pilot scale             x
                                                   Full scale
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Solvent Extraction

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:    Organic chemicals
Subcategory:  Ethylene  quench  process
Plant:
References:  B18, pp.  102-109, 223-227,  495

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration: Rotating  disc contactor and stripping column
Column specifications:   0.0762 m (3  in.) diameter  x 1.22 m  (48  in.)  glass  pipe
Solvent used:  Isobutylene
Solvent flow rate:  0.652 m/hr (2.14 ft/hr)
Wastewater flow rate:   3.84 m/hr (12.6 ft/hr)
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling  period:
             Pollutant/parameter
                                            Concentration      Percent
                                         Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          COD

        Toxic pollutants/  yg/L:
                                           1,880
1,210
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
36
Phenol
Benzene
Toluene
Other pollutants, yg/L:
Xylenes
67,000
71,000
41,000

41,000
63,000
2,900
2,300

<1,000
6
96
94

>98

Date:   10/4/79
                                 III.5.6-14

-------
                                                  Data source  status:
                                                    Engineering estimate    	
                                                    Bench scale            	
                                                    Pilot scale             x
                                                    Full  scale
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Solvent Extraction

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:  Cresylic acid recovery process
Plant:
References:  B18, pp.  98-102,  159-165,  465

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:  Spray column contactor and stripping column
Column specifications:  0.0254 m (1 in.)  diameter x
                        0.914 m (36 in.)  glass pipe
Solvent used:  Isobutylene
Solvent flow rate:  18.5 m/hr (60.6 ft/hr)
Wastewater flow rate:  6.14 m/hr (20.1 ft/hr)
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
                                            Concentration
                                                               Percent
             Po1lutant/parameter
                                         Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          COD

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Phenol

        Other pollutants, pg/L:
          o-Cresol
          m, p-Cresol
          Xylenes
                                           4,050      1,070


                                         580,000    160,000
                                         310,000
                                         290,000
                                         230,000
31,000
25,000
10,000
            74
            72
90
91
96
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/4/79
                                 III.5.6-15

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Solvent Extraction

Data source:  Government report                   Data  source  status:
Point source category:                               Engineering  estimate   	
Subcategory:  Hydrofiner                            Bench  scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot  scale             x
References:  B18, pp.  102-109, 238-241,  500         Full scale            	

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration: Rotating disc  contactor and  stripping column
Column specifications:   0.0762 m (3 in.)  diameter x 1.22 m (48 in.)  glass  pipe
Solvent used:  Methyl  isobutyl ketone
Solvent flow rate:  0.512 m/hr (1.68 ft/hr)
Wastewater flow rate:   3.26 m/hr (10.7 ft/hr)

                                 REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling  period:	
                                   Concentration,  yg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal

             Toxic pollutants:
               Phenol              400,000     <1,000     >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/4/79                 III.5.6-16

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Solvent Extraction

Data source:  Government report                   Data  source  status:
Point source category:                              Engineering  estimate   	
Subcategory:  Hydrofiner                            Bench  scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot  scale             x
References:  B18, pp.  102-109, 238-241,  501         Full scale            	

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Rotating disc contactor and stripping column
Column specifications:  0.0762 m (3 in.)  diameter x 1.22 m (48 in.)  glass  pipe
Solvent used:  49.5 wt % methyl isobutyl  ketone,  50.5 wt % isobutylene
Solvent flow rate:  0.625 m/hr (2.05 ft/hr)
Wastewater  flow rate:   2.08 m/hr (6.81 ft/hr)

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;	
                                            Concentration      Percent
        	Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          COD                             17,500     18,600       O3

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Phenol                         400,000     <1,000     >99
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   10/4/79                III.5.6-17

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Solvent Extraction

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:                              Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Oxychlorination                       Bench scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
References:  B18, pp.  102-109, 227-232,  497         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Neutralization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Rotating disc contactor and stripping column
Column specifications:  0.0762 m (3 in.)  diameter x 1.22 m (48 in.)  glass pipe
Solvent used:  2-ethyl hexanol
Solvent flow rate:  0.457 m/hr (1.50 ft/hr)
Wastewater flow rate:  3.60 m/hr (11.8 ft/hr)

                                REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling period:	
                                    Concentration,  ug/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal

             Toxic pollutants:
               1,2-Dichloroethane  1,500,000   <20,000     >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   10/4/79                 III.5.6-18

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Solvent Extraction

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Lube oil refining                     Bench scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
References:  B18, pp. 102-109, 204-212, 493         Full scale             	

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  N-butyl acetate extraction - run RS6B

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Rotating disc contactor and stripping column
Column specifications:  0.0762 m (3 in.) diameter x 1.22 m (48 in.)  glass pipe
Solvent used:  Isobutylene
Solvent flow rate:  0.459 m/hr (1.51 ft/hr)
Wastewater flow rate:  2.67 m/hr (8.74 ft/hr)

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	

                                   Concentration, pg/L    Percent
            Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent    removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Phenol                230,000     190,000     17

            Other pollutants:
              MEK                 2,800,000   1,900,000     32
              0-Cresol               18,000       2,800     84
Note:  Blanks indicate information not specified.


Date:   10/4/79                III.5.6-19

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Solvent Extraction

Data source:   Government report                  Data  source status:
Point source category:   Petroleum refining           Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:   Lube oil  refining                     Bench  scale            	
plant:                                              Pilot  scale             x
References:  B18, pp.  102-109, 204-212,  492          Full scale             	

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  N-butyl  acetate extraction - run  RS6A

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration: Rotating  disc  contactor and stripping column
Column specifications:   0.0762 m (3 in.) diameter x  1.22 m (48 in.)  glass pipe
Solvent used:  Isobutylene
Solvent flow rate:  0.459 m/hr (1.51 ft/hr)
Wastewater flow rate:   2.67 m/hr (8.74 ft/hr)

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	

                                   Concentration, ug/L     Percent
            Pollutant/parameter    Influent    Effluent     removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Phenol                310,000      230,000     26

            Other pollutants:
              MEK                 5,600,000    3,600,000     36
              0-Cresol               24,000       2,300     90
 Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   10/4/79               III.5.6-20

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Solvent Extraction  '

 Data  source:  Government report                   Data source status:
 Point source category:  Petroleum refining           Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:  Lube oil refining                     Bench scale
 Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
 References:  B18, pp. 102-109, 198-204, 491         Full scale

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:   Rotating disc contactor  and  stripping column
 Column specifications:  0.0762 m  (3 in.) diameter x 1.22 m (48 in.)  glass pipe
 Solvent used:  n-Butyl acetate
 Solvent flow rate:  0.306 m/hr (1.005 ft/hr)
 Wastewater flow rate:  2.67 m/hr  (8.74 ft/hr)

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	

                                   Concentration,  yg/L     Percent
            Pollutant parameter   Influent	Effluent	removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Phenol               8,800,000     100,000      99

            Other pollutants:
              MEK                 12,000,000   5,900,000      51
              0-Cresol               890,000       6,500      99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.


Date:  10/4/79                III.5.6-21

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Solvent Extraction

Data source:   Government report                   Data  source  status:
Point source category:   Petroleum refining           Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:   Lube oil  refining                     Bench  scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot  scale             x
References:  B18, pp.  102-109, 198-204,  491         Full scale            	

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Rotating disc contactor and stripping column
Column specifications:   0.0762 m (3 in.)  diameter  x 1.22 m (48 in.)  glass pipe
Solvent used:  n-Butyl  acetate
Solvent flow rate:  0.921 m/hr (3.02 ft/hr)
Wastewater flow rate:   2.67 m/hr (8.74 ft/hr)

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	

                                   Concentration,  ug/L      Percent
            Pollutant/parameter    Influent    Effluent    removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Phenol               8,800,000      77,000      99

            Other pollutants:
              MEK                 12,000,000   2,500,000      79
              0-Cresol               890,000       4,300     >99
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/4/79                 III.5.6-22

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Solvent Extraction

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Lube oil refining                     Bench scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
References:  B18, pp. 102-109, 212-216, 494         Full scale             	

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Rotating disc contactor and stripping column
Column specifications:  0.0762 m (3 in.) diameter x 1.22 m (48 in.) glass pipe
Solvent used:  48.7 wt % n-butyl acetate, 51.3 wt % isobutylene
Solvent flow rate:  0.936 m/hr (3.07 ft/hr)
Wastewater flow rate:  3.35 m/hr (11.0 ft/hr)

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period:	

                                   Concentration, pg/L     Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent    Effluent    removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Phenol              17,000,000   1,900,000     89
              Benzene                 37,000       9,200     75

            Other pollutants:
              Acetone                 25,000      12,000     52
              MEK                    110,000      55,000     50
              0-Cresol             2,700,000     120,000     96
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.


Date:  10/4/79                  III.5.6-23

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Solvent Extraction

Data source:  Government report                   Data  source status:
Point source category:   Petroleum refining          Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Lube oil  refining                    Bench  scale
Plant:                                             Pilot  scale
References:  B18, pp.  98-102,  159-165,  453          Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Spray column contactor and stripping column
Column specifications:   0.254  m (1  in.)  diameter  x
                        0.914  m (36 in.)  glass pipe
Solvent used:  Isobutylene
Solvent flow rate:  21.8 m/hr  (71.6 ft/hr)
Wastewater flow rate:   6.77 m/hr (22.2  ft/hr)

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	__^_^__	

                                    Concentration, wg/L     Percent
            Pollutant/parameter    Influent	Effluent     removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Phenol             17,000,000   10,000,000     41

            Other pollutants:
              0-Cresol              1,200,000       400,000     67
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:  10/4/79                III.5.6-24

-------
                                                  Data source status:
                                                   Engineering estimate   	
                                                   Bench scale            	
                                                   Pilot scale             x
                                                   Full scale
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Solvent Extraction

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Petroleum refining
Subcategory:  Lube oil refining
Plant:
References:  B18, pp.  98-102,  159-165,  456

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:   Spray column contactor and stripping column
Column specifications:   0.0254 m (1 in.)  diameter  x
                        0.914 m (36 in.)  glass pipe
Solvent used:  Isobutylene
Solvent flow rate:  15.9 m/hr (52.00 ft/hr)
Wastewater flow rate:  6.57 m/hr (21.6 ft/hr)

                                REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period;
            Pollutant/parameter
                                   Concentration,  pg/L     Percent
                                   Influent    Effluent    removal
            Toxic pollutants:
              Phenol
              Benzene
                                  23,000,000
                                     170,000
9,600,000
   35,000
58
79
            Other pollutants:
              o-Cresol
              Acetone
              MEK
                                   2,000,000
                                      37,000
                                     230,000
  330,000
   22,000
   55,000
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
83
41
76
Date:   10/4/79
                                III.5.6-25

-------
                                                 Data source status:
                                                   Engineering estimate   	
                                                   Bench scale            	
                                                   Pilot scale             x
                                                   Full scale
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Solvent Extraction

Data source:   Government report
Point source category:   Petroleum refining
Subcategory:   Lube oil  refining
Plant:
References:  B18, pp.  98-102,  159-165,  455

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:  Spray  column contactor and stripping column
Column specifications:   0.0254 m (1  in.)  diameter  x
                        0.914 m (36  in.)  glass pipe
Solvent used:  Isobutylene
Solvent flow rate:  28.1 m/hr (92.2  ft/hr)
Wastewater flow rate:  6.57 m/hr (21.6 ft/hr)
                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period;
                                   Concentration,  yg/L     Percent
            Pollutant/parameter    Influent    Effluent    removal
            Toxic pollutants:
              Phenol
              Benzene

            Other pollutants:
              o-Cresol
              Acetone
              MEK
                                  23,000,000
                                     170,000
                                   2,000,000
                                      37,000
                                     230,000
4,600,000
    7,000
   50,000
   16,000
   12,000
80
96
97
57
95
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   10/4/79
                                 III.5.6-26

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Solvent Extraction

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:                              Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Phenolic resin plant                  Bench scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
References:  B18, pp. 102-109, 233-234, 499         Full scale             	

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Rotating disc contactor and stripping column
Column specifications:  0.0762 m (3 in.) diameter x 1.22 m (48 in.)  glass pipe
Solvent used:  48.2 % n-butyl acetate, 51.8 % isobutylene
Solvent flow rate:  0.561 m/hr (1.84 ft/hr)
Wastewater flow rate:  2.01 m/hr (6.58 ft/hr)

                                REMOVAL DATA

              Sampling period:	
                                    Concentration, yg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal

              Toxic pollutants:
                Phenol             48,000,000  480,000      99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/4/79                 III.5.6-27

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Solvent Extraction

Data source:   Government report                  Data  source status:
Point source category:                              Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:   Phenolic  resin plant                 Bench  scale            	
Plant:                                             Pilot  scale             x
References:  B18,  pp. 102-109, 233-237,  500         Full scale             	

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration: Rotating disc contactor and stripping column
Column specifications:   0.0762 m (3  in.) diameter x 1.22 m (48 in.)  glass pipe
Solvent used:  N-butyl  acetate
Solvent flow rate:  0.245 m/hr (0.804 ft/hr)
Wastewater flow rate:   1.81 m/hr (5.94 ft/hr)

                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	

                                  Concentration, yg/L     Percent
            Pollutant/parameter   Influent     Effluent   removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Phenol              48,000,000    6,100,000      87
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   10/4/79               III.5.6-28

-------
III.6.1  GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION

     Function.  Activated carbon adsorption is used for the re-
moval of dissolved organics and control of such wastewater
parameters as COD, TOC, BOD, TOD, and specific soluble organic
materials.

     Treatability Factor.  Adsorbability, kg removed/kg of carbon.

     Description.  The activated carbon process is used to remove
dissolved organic material.  Pollution parameters affected are
COD, TOC, BOD, TOD, and specific soluble organic material adsorb-
able by carbon.  In most cases, activated carbon is used as an
individual-stream pretreatment process; however, in other cases
activated carbon treatment is used as a final treatment process
following biological treatment.

Granular carbon systems generally consist of vessels in which the
carbon is placed, forming a "filter" bed.  These systems can also
include carbon storage vessels and thermal regeneration facili-
ties.  Vessels are usually circular for pressure systems or rec-
tangular for gravity flow systems.  Once the carbon adsorptive
capacity has been fully utilized, the carbon must be disposed of
or regenerated.  Usually multiple carbon vessels are used to
allow continuous operation.  Columns can be operated in a series
or parallel modes.  All vessels must be equipped with carbon
removal and loading mechanisms to allow for the removal of spent
carbon and the addition of new material.  Flow can be either up-
ward or downward through the carbon bed.  Vessels are backwashed
periodically.  Surface wash and air scour systems can also be
used as part of the backwash cycle.

Small systems usually dispose of spent carbon or regenerate it
offsite.  Systems above about 3 to 5 Mgal/d usually provide on-
site regeneration of carbon for economic reasons, as do systems
where carbon usage exceeds 1,000 Ib/d.  Activated carbon regenera-
tion is described separately in the table on the following page.

     Technology Status.  Granular activated carbon has been widely
used in water treatment systems for many years.  Carbon has been
used in waste treatment for 10 to 20 years.

     Applications.  Used directly following secondary clarifier,
primarily when nitrification obtained in secondary treatment.
Often preceded by chemical clarification of secondary effluent.
In either case, a high quality effluent is sought.

     Limitations.  Wastewater should be filtered prior to treat-
ment to remove suspended solids.  Requires more sophisticated
operation than standard secondary treatment systems.  Under
certain conditions, granular carbon beds provide favorable condi-
tions for the production of hydrogen sulfide,  creating odors and


       5/25/79               III. 6.1-1

-------
                  ACTIVATED CARBON REGENERATION
Function:
  Remove and thermally oxidize adsorbed organics from spent acti-
  vated carbon, for reuse of the carbon

Parameters affected:

  Carbon adsorption capacity

Effectiveness:

  Complete combustion of offgases

Application limits:

  None

Design basis:
  Multiple-hearth furnace with afterburner on top hearth; carbon
  loading:  40 to 120 Ib/d per ft2 of hearth surface area; tem-
  perature:  1,700°F to 1,800°F; surface area required:  design
  plus 20% for downtime; regeneration fuel:  8,000 Btu/lb of
  carbon; carbon loss:  10% per cycle

Residues:

  Clean offgas and ash, representing the carbon losses

Major equipment:
  Regeneration furnace  (multiple hearth) with stacks and after-
  burner; quench chamber; venturi scrubber; separator; venturi
  recirculation tank and pumps; caustic storage and feed system;
  combustion and shaft cooling air blowers; fuel oil storage and
  feed system; carbon transfer pumps; feed slurry tank; dewater-
  ing screw conveyor
corrosion problems.  More mechanical operations, difficult corro-
sion control and materials handling.  Most applicable to low
strength or toxic wastewaters.  Influent limits:  <25 mg/L on
suspended solids, <10 mg/L on free oil.

     Typical Equipment.  Adsorbers  [fixed-bed, pressurized, down-
flow contactors(minimum of two in series, plus a spare), minimum
depth:diameter ratio = 1:1]; regenerated-carbon storage tank;
spent-carbon holding tank; effluent holding tank; backwash pumps.

     Design Criteria.  Size:  vessels 2 to 12 ft diameter common-
ly used;area loading:  2 to 10 gal/min/ft2; organic loading:


  Date:  5/25/79                III. 6.1-2

-------
0.1 to 0.3 Ib BOD5 or COD/lb carbon; backwash:  12 to 20 gal/min/
ft2; air scour:  3 to 5 ft3/min/fta; bed depth:  5 to 30 ft;
contact time:  10 to 50 min; land area:  minimal; side stream:
spent carbon, 3 to 10 Ib/lb of COD removed for tertiary treatment;
backwash water, 1% to 5% of wastewater throughput, TSS 100 to
250 mg/L.
     Chemicals Required.  NaN03 for H2S control.
chlorite for biological growth control.
or hypo-
     Rellability.  Moderately reliable both mechanically and
operationally depending on design construction and manufactured
equipment quality.

     Toxics Management.  Removes many, but not all, nondegradable
organic compounds.  Most effective for nonpolar, high molecular
weight, slightly soluble compounds.

EPA has developed activated carbon adsorption isotherms for 60
toxic organic materials.  The isotherms demonstrate removal of
51 of these organic compounds by activated carbon technology.
Another study demonstrated that PCB levels can be reduced from
50 yg/L to less than 1 vg/L, and other work showed that aldrin,
dieldrin, endrin, DDE, DDT, DDD, Toxaphene, and Aroclors 1242 and
1254 can be removed to values less than 1 yg/L.

     Environmental Impact.  Very little use of land.  There is air
pollution generated as a result of regeneration.  Sulfide odors
sometimes occur from contractors.  Spent carbon may be a land
disposal problem, unless regenerated.

     Improved Joint Treatment Potential.  Will remove pollutants
discharged by industrial sources that are generally not treated
by normal secondary systems such as refractory organic materials
and some metals.
     Flow Diagram
                                   SPENT BACKWASH
                                     TO HEADWORKS
SECONDARY
EFFLUENT
ACTIVATED
CARBON
A


BACK-
WASH
TANK
1

EFFLUENT
                    BACKWASH PUMP
                            III.6.1-3

-------
     Performance

Subsequent data sheets provide performance data from studies on
the following industries and/or wastestreams:

     Auto and other laundries industry
       Industrial laundries
       Power laundries

     Gum and wood chemicals production

     Ore mining and dressing
       Base and precious metals

     Organic chemicals production
       Fumaric acid
       Plasticizers
       Vinyl chloride
       Halogenated hydrocarbon wastewaters

     Pesticides chemicals production
       Halogenated organic pesticides
       Metallo-organic pesticides
       Noncategorized pesticides
       Organo-nitrogen pesticides

     Petroleum refining

     Pulp, paper, and paperboard production
       Unbleached kraft mill wastewaters

     Textile milling
       Knit fabric finishing
       Stock and yarn finishing
       Wool finishing
       Wool scouring
       Woven fabric finishing
                           III.6.1-4

-------
0
fu
rt
NJ

U>
\
-J
                CONTROL  SUMMARY TECHNOLOGY FOR GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON  ADSORPTION
H
H
 I
Ul

Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 3
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorous
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium*6
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
p-Chloro-m-cresol
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
1, 2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Acenaphthene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo (k) f luoranthene
Fluoranthene
Number of
data points
21
41
47
28
11
19
5
8
7
3
5
11
1
12
7
7
3
7
4
6
18
9
3
7
3
5
1
1
4
5
1
3
1
2
1
8
1
1
5
2
1
2
Effluent concentration
Minimum
1.2
11
2.9

1.8
<0.002
1
24
<1
2
5.2
5.2
<20
<4
<2
<22
0.4
<36
<1
<5
<1
3.9
<0.03
<0.02
1.2
4
<0.07
<0.4
<0.07
<0.2
<0.2
<0.05
<0.02
<0.09
<0.04
<0.01
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
Maximum
37,400
109,000
66,700
2,600
14
12
14
590
42
5.4
22
260
<20
360
52
79
4.1
330
50
91
6,000
410
17
5
3
340
<0.07
49
1.5
210
<0.2
<0.05
<0.02
630
<0.09
<0.04
0.4
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
Median
13
176
86
12.5
8
0.017
1.9
42
5
2.7
9.8
32
<20
42
<18
35
0.4
81
13
22
76
17
<0.03
0.4
1.4
55
•C0.07
0.9
9!s
<0.2
<0.05
<0.02
1.3
<0.09
<0.04
0.1
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
Mean
1,920
3,200
1,730
167
8.1
1.06
4
160
11
3.4
12
60
<20
<66
<20
46
1.6
110
19
21
440
65
5.7
1.3
1.9
110
<0.07
13
0.7
73
<0.2
<0.05
<0.02
80
<0.09
<0.04
0.12
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum
Oa
°a
0*
°a
°a
°a
0
°a
0
s*
°a
0
>33
°a
°a
o*
°a
°a
°a
°a
°a
Oa
0
0
20
>82
>89
Oa
18
>8oa
>96
>99
>oa
>99
>93
20
>90
>80
>75
Maximum
95
99
99
99
92
99
57
33
>99
0
95
95
>33
>85
>90
>72
>99
68
'50
36
>99
66
>99
>99
0
96
>82
>89
>97
>96
>83
>80
>96
>99
>0
>99
>99
>93
>97
>97
>80
>90
Median
52
50
55
38
24
69
0
10

-a
0
34
>33
>53
>63
2
0
10
9
0
52a
0
>97
76
0
91
>82
>89
>76
50
>83
64
>96
>99
>0
24
>99
>93
67
>93
>80
>82
Mean
50
51
54
39
34
58
12
12
a
0
"3 A
34
34
>33
47
57
14
33
17
17
7
40
18
>83

0
76
>82
>89
63
>60
>83
48
>96
>99
>0
38
>99
>93
>63
>93
>80
>82
                                                                                            (continued

-------
0        CONTROL SUMMARY  TECHNOLOGY  FOR GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON  ADSORPTION  (cont'd)
fa
rt
(D
to
\
u>
Pollutant
Toxic pollutants (continued)
Pyrene
Chloroethane
Chloroform
1 , 1-Dichloroethane
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroe thane
1,1, 2-Tr ichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluoromethane
Vinyl chloride
a-BHC
Number of
data points

2
9
3
7
15
2
8
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
Effluent concentration
Minimum

<0.01
<10b
<5.
90
Oa
>29
42
21
>30a
Oa
68
>99
>99 =
°a
°a
Oa
>47
Maximum

>97
>99
>99
>99
>99
>99
92
68
>99
>99
58a
°a
0
>47
Median

>93
>99
74
>99
98
>64
22
68
>99
>99
2».
°a
Oa
>47
Mean

>93
58
>67
>89
>86
>64
31
68
>99
>99
2?a
°a
0
>47
       aActual data indicate negative removal.

        Reported as not detected; assumed to be <10 yg/L.
 I
a\

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Organic chemicals           Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Vinyl chloride plant                  Bench scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale            	
References:  A25, pp.  75-76                         Full scale             _x_

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Sedimentation with chemical addition, filtration

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  2 columns in series
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:                   Regeneration technique:
Carbon exhaustion rate:                   Carbon makeup rate:
Backwash rate:                            Carbon type/
Air scour rate:                             characteristics:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period; 	__
                  ~~~~~~ConcentrationPercent
        	Pol lutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          COD                             1,840      1,310        29
          TOC                               448         33        93
          TSS                             1,120         24        98

        Toxic pollutants, vg/L:
          Mercury                         2,600        4.1       >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   8/30/79                III.6.1-7

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Pulp,  paper,  and paper-
                         board
 Subcategory:
 Plant:
 References:  A26,  p.  VII-27

 Use in system:   Tertiary
 Pretreatment  of influent:   Primary clarification

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate

                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Contact time:
 Hydraulic loading:   0.06 m3/min/m2
                     (1.42 gpm/ft2)
 Organic loading:
 Bed depth:
 Total carbon inventory:
 Carbon exhaustion rate:
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:
         Regeneration technique:
         Carbon makeup rate:  2.46 kg C/m3
                              (20.5 Ib C/1,000 gal)
         Carbon type/
           characteristics:
                                 REMOVAL  DATA
            Sampling period;
               Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration, mg/L   Percent
    Influent   Effluent   removal
            Conventional  pollutants:
              TOC
      220
83
                                                               62
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
III.6.1-8

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Pulp, paper, and paperboard  Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Unbleached kraft mill                 Bench scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
References:  A26, pp. VII-26-27                     Full scale             	
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Biological oxidation and clarification

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:  140 min
Hydraulic loading:  0.87 m3/min/m2
                    (2.13 gpm/ft2)
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
     Regeneration technique:
     Carbon makeup rate:  0.96 kg C/m3
                          (8 Ib C/1,000 gal)
     Carbon type/
       characteristics:
           Sampling period;
                                REMOVAL DATA
              Pollutant/parameter
Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TOC
  148
57
61
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   9/27/79                 HI. 6.1-9

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category: Pulp,  paper,  and paperboard  Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:                                              Pilot scale
References:  A26, p. VII-27                         Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Primary clarification

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:  0.0029 m3/min/m2
                    (0.71 gpm/ft2)
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
     Regeneration technique:
     Carbon makeup rate:  3.36 kg C/m3
                        (28 Ib C/1,000 gal)
     Carbon type/
       characteristics:
           Sampling period;
                                REMOVAL DATA
              Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TOC                      1,160
              202
83
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

                                 III.6.1-10
 Date:   9/27/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Pulp,  paper,  and paperboard  Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
References:  A26, p. VII-27                         Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
Lime treatment and clarification
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:  108 min
Hydraulic loading:  0.06 m3/min/m2
                    (1.42 gpm/ft2)
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
               Regeneration technique:
               Carbon makeup rate:   0.03 kg C/m3
                                 (2.5 Ib C/1,000 gal)
               Carbon type/
                 characteristics:
               pH:   11.3
           Sampling period;
                                REMOVAL DATA
              Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
          Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5
             TOC
            177
100
26
44
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

                                  III.6.1-11

 Date:   9/27/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Pulp,  paper,  and paperboard  Engineering estimate  	
Subcategory:  Unbleached kraft mill waste           Bench scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
References:  A26,  VII-23                            Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Lime precipitation and biological oxidation

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:                             Regeneration technique:
Hydraulic loading:  1.5-1.6 m3/min/m2     Carbon makeup rate:
                    (3.6-4.0 gpm/ft2)
Organic loading:                          Carbon type/
Bed depth:                                  characteristics:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                     Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             BODs                       48         23         52
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

                                III.6.1-12

Date:  9/27/79

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source category:  Pulp,  paper,  and paperboard Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:  Unbleached kraft mill waste           Bench scale
 Plant:                                              Pilot scale
 References:  A26, pp. VII-22-23                     Full scale
 Use in system:  Tertiary
 Pretreatment of influent:  Lime precipitation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:                             Regeneration technique:
Hydraulic loading:  1.5-1.6 m3/min/m2     Carbon makeup rate:
                    (3.6-4.0 gpm/ft2)
Organic loading:                          Carbon type/
Bed depth:                                  characteristics:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                     Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       92          22        76
             COD                       302         209        35
             TSS                     1,280       1,200         6
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not speicifed.

                                 III.6.1-13

Date:   9/27/79

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
 Data source:  Government report
 Point source category:a  Organic chemicals
 Subcategory:
 Plant:
 References:  B2, Appendix

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
 a.
  Halogenated hydrocarbons contaminated wastewater.

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS (Also see removal data)

 Unit configuration:  Columns have a double layer of fiberglass window screen,
                      10-15 cm of pea gravel at the bottom
 Wastewater flow:  3.79 L/min
 Contact time:                             Regeneration technique:
 Hydraulic loading:  41.6 L/min-m2         Carbon makeup rate:  Westvaco WVG
 Organic loading:                          Carbon type/
 Bed depth:                                  characteristics:  Westvaco WVG
 Total carbon inventory:   28.3 L (volume)
                          11.3 kg (weight)
 Carbon exhaustion rate:
 Backwash rate:   >1.3 atm
 Air scour rate:
                                REMOVAL DATA
Running
Time, hr
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
35
42
45
48
51
54
57
60
1 , 2-Dichloroe thane
Concentration , pg/L
Influent
2,400
730
1,100
880
560
600
1,600
1,800
230
2,000
1,300
2,000
2,100
2,600
50
450
860
1,100
520
250
Effluent
720
20
180
230
550
560
1,800
2,300
4,200
8,400
4,200
4,200
2,400
4,500
50
110
3,200
3,100
6,800
12,000
Percent
removal
71
97
84
74
2
7
Oa
0*
0*
0«
o«
o*
0*
0*
0
76a
0*
o'
o;
0*
1 , 2-7nm*-dichloroethylene
Concentration, ug/T. Percent
Influent Effluent removal
8,800
6,500
15, 000
3,500
2,800
2,500
3,900
3,900
2,000
1,400
1,500
3,000
7,500
12,000
230
15,000
1,300
1,400
3,200
2,600
250
230
90
140
200
20
170
90
140
210
240
220
410
240
240
180
90
90
390
140
97
96
99
96
93
99
96
98
93
85
93
93
95
98
0*
99
93
93
88
95
Methylane chloride
Concentration, uq/L Percent
Influent Effluent removal
27,000
13,000
19,000
3,200
1,300
1,400
3,800
2,200
1,100
230
2,100
2,100
11,000
20,000
22,000
22,000
260
3,900
1,500
2,100
650
190
150
330
180
60
230
240
390
310
3SO
ISO
390
280
23,000
25,000
240
240
300
280
98
98
99
90
87
96
93
89
70
0*
82
82
97
99
0*
0*
8
94
80
87
Concentration, ug/L Percent
Influent

4,600
2,300
_
140
40
350

_
_
_
.
2,100
2,400
2,800
2,000
150
920
2,200
230
Effluent
2,100
20
2,800
'
_
-
.
-
_
50
_
_
-
_
11.000
7,900
130
20
20
"
removal

>99
oa
_
_
_
_
_
.
_
_
_
-
_
o1
o"
13
98
99
"
  Actual data indicate negative
Note:  Blanks indicate  information was not  specified.

                                 III.6.1-14

Date:   9/27/79

-------
  TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
  Data source:   Government Report
  Point source  category:3  Organic chemicals
  Subcategory:
  Plant:
  References:   B2,  Appendix
  Use in  system:
  Pretreatment  of influent:
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
  &
  Halogenated hydrocarbons  contaminated wastewater.

  DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS  (also  see  removal data)

  Unit configuration:  Columns have  a double  layer of  fiberglass window screen
                      and 10-15  cm  of  pea  gravel  at the  bottom
  Wastewater flow:  3.97 L/min
  Contact time:                             Regeneration  technique:
  Hydraulic loading.-  41.6 L/min-m2         Carbon makeup rate:
  Organic loading:        '                  Carbon typ'e/
  Bed depth:                                  characteristics:   Westvaco WV6
  Total carbon inventory:  28.3 L, 11.3 kg
  Carbon exhaustion rate:
  Backwash rate:  >132 kPa (1.3 atm)
 Air scour rate:


                                 REMOVAL  DATA
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
Running
Time , hr
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
48
51
54
57
60
Concentration, ug/L Percent
Influent
80, 000
46,000
150,000
76,000
250,000
11,000
170,000
170,000
S,000
400
190,000
160,000
42,000
42,000
24 , 000
6,200
5,400
57,000
6,500
2,100
Effluent ri
120
2,600
90
25.000
42,000
480
160,000
260,000
140.000
160,000
140,000
94,000
130,000
34,000
63.000
85.000
37,000
33,000
50,000
60
moval
>99
94
>99
67
83
>99
6,
oa
0*
0*
24
42
0*
19.
0*
of
oa
"a
oa
97
1,2-Tptnu-dichloroethylene
Concentration, ug/L
Influent
140,000
3,700
7,800
940
2,400
7,000
12,000
4,400
320
60
7,800
11,000
1,800
750
20
30
220
18,000
110
170
Effluent
20
100
-
500
750
1,100
2,600
8,200
620
8,600
12,000
17,000
19,000
30,000
30
30
5,400
7,200
6,800
1,220
Percent
reaoval
>99
97
-
47
69
84
79
oa
0*
0*
o'
oa
Oa
0*
o"
0
o'
59
oa
o"
Methylene chloride
Concentration, uq/L
Influent Effluent
150
130
180
340
1,300
320
200
360
70
540
320
130
240
130
70
620
400
120
120
320
20
50
40
60
170
70
110
70
60
10
840
90
100
_
220
340
230
„
420
56,000
Percent
removal
87
62
78
82
87
78
45
81
14
98
0»
31
58
_
o"
45
42
*
o"
oa
1,1,2, 2-Tetrecnloroethane
Concentration, tjg/L
Influent
320,000
330,000
190,000
11,000
110,000
140,000
18,000
18,000
50,000
30,000
9,500
10.000
60,000
36,000
3,800

43,000
50,000
50,000
20,000
Effluent
64,000
6,300
7,000
24,000
25,000
680
36,000
2,700
10,000
B,500
20,000
3,200
4,000
3,000


4,000
2,600
3,800
1,600
Percent
renoval
80
98
96
oa
77
>99
oa
85
80
71
oa
69
93
92


91
95
92
92
  Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

                                 III.6.1-15

Date:  9/27/79

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Ore mining and dressing
 Subcategory:   Gold mill
 Plant:   4105
 References:   A2, p. VI-60
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate   	
                         Bench scale            	
                         Pilot scale             x
                         Full scale
 Use in system:   Secondary
 Pretreatment of  influent:
Sedimentation
 DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Contact time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Organic loading:
 Bed depth:
 Total carbon inventory:
 Carbon exhaustion rate:
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:
               Regeneration technique:
               Carbon makeup rate:
               Carbon type/
                 characteristics:
                                REMOVAL DATA
            Sampling period;
                                     Concentration/ yg/L   Percent
               Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal
            Toxic pollutants:
             Copper
              Zinc
             140
              40
>50
 10
>64
 75
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.

                                III.6.1-16

Date:  9/27/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:                                      Data source status:
Point source category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Class B refinery                      Bench scale
Plant:  Marcus Hook Refinery                        Pilot scale
References:  3                                      Full scale

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  API separator, filtration

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Upflow; 4 columns in series
Total flow:  0.5 gpm
Hydraulic loading:  3.6 gpm/ft2
Contact time:  36 min
Total carbon inventory:  2.5 ft3
Carbon exhaustion rate:  0.86 lb/1,000 gal
Carbon type:  Filtrasorb 300, 8 x 30 mesh

                                 REMOVAL DATA


                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                       57         9.0        83
             TSS                         8.0       3.0        62
             Oil and grease             12.3       1.8        85
             Total phenol                2.7       0.02       99
             TOC                        37        13          65
Date:  5/25/79


                                  III.6.1-17

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Government Report                   Data source status:
Point source category:3  Organic chemicals          Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:                                              Pilot scale
References:  B2, p.  43                              Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  First column
a
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Columns have a double layer of fiberglass windowscreen
                     and 10-15 cm of pea gravel in  bottom.   Second of 2 columns
                     in series.
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:                   Regeneration technique:   Thermal
Carbon exhaustion rate:                   Carbon makeup rate:
Backwash rate:  >132 kPa                  Carbon type/
Air scour rate:                             characteristics:   Westvaco-WVG
pH:  1

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             COD                        562        512         9
             TOC                        437        347        21
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79 .              III.6.1-18

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:  Q
References:  A6, p. VI1-89
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
Screening, equalization, activated sludge, sedi-
mentation with chemical addition, multimedia
filtration
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:  Downflow; 3 columns in series
Wastewater flow:  0.00084-0.0012 m3/min (0.22-0.31 gpm)
Contact time  (empty bed):  22-30 min
Hydraulic loading:  0.03-0.041 m3/niin/m2 (0.73-1.0 gpm/ft2)
Organic loading:
Bed depth (total):  7.09 m (23.2 ft)
Total carbon inventory:  54 kg (120 Ib)
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
               Regeneration technique:
               Carbon makeup rate:
               Carbon type/
                 characteristics:   Westvaco WV-L
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
           Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
           Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                         4
             COD                        206
             TOC                         22
             TSS                          4
                          2
                         71
                         14
                          2
50
66
36
50
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79 •
      III.6.1-19

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:  P
References:  A6, p. VII-88
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
Screening, neutralization, equalization, activated
sludge, multimedia filtration with precoagulation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Downflow; 3 columns in series
Wastewater flow:  0.00092-0.0018 m3/min (0.24-0.46 gpm)
Contact time (empty bed):   23-45 min
Hydraulic loading:  0.032-0.062 m3/min/m2 (0.77-1.5 gpm/ft2)
Organic loading:
Bed depth (total):  7.09 m (23.2 ft)
Total carbon inventory:  54 kg (120 Ib)
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
               Regeneration technique:
               Carbon makeup rate:
               Carbon type/
                 characteristics:  Westvaco WV-L
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
           Concentration, mg/L   Percent
           Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                        14
             COD                        107
             TOC                         24
             TSS                         19
                          8
                         81
                         11
                         19
43
24
54
 0
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79
      III.6.1-20

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:  D
References:  A6, p. VII-84
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Screening, neutralization, activated sludge,
multimedia filtration
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:  Downflow;  3 columns in series
Wastewater flow:  0.0018 m3/min (0.46 gpm)
Contact time (empty bed):  45 min
Hydraulic loading:  0.062 m3/min/m2 (1.5 gpm/ft2)
Organic loading:
Bed depth (total):  7.09 m (23.2 ft)
Total carbon inventory:  54 kg (120 Ib)
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
               Regeneration technique:
               Carbon makeup rate:
               Carbon type/
                 characteristics:  Westvaco WV-L
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
           Concentration, mg/L   Percent
           Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BOD5                        19
             COD                        630
             TOC                        157
             TSS                         85
                         13
                        422
                        101
                         23
32
33
36
73
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79 .
      III.6.1-21

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular  Activated Carbon Adsorption
 Data source:   Government report
 Point source  category:3  Organic chemicals
 Subcategory:
 Plant:
 References:  B2,  p.  51

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:
                                                  Data source status:
                                                    Engineering estimate
                                                    Bench scale
                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
  Chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated wastewater

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Columns have a double layer of fiberglass windowscreen
                      and 10-15 cm of pea gravel at bottom
 Wastewater flow:   0.84 L/min
 Contact time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Organic loading:
 Bed depth:  1.40  m
 Total carbon inventory:  10.2 kg
                          0.025 m3         Regeneration technique:
 Carbon exhaustion rate:  85.8 kg EDCa/m3C
                          0.20 kg EDC/kg C Carbon makeup rate:
                                           Carbon type/
Backwash rate:  >132 kPa
Total run time:   19.5 hr
Air scour rate:
                                             characteristics:   Monochem/
                                                               activated soot
                                                               carbon
  1,2-Dichloroethane.
                                  REMOVAL DATA
             Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
                                   Concentration,  lig/L    Percent
                                   Influent    Effluent   removal
             Toxic pollutants:
               1,2-Dichloroethane   3,100,000    970,000     69
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79   •
                                 III.6.1-22

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Government Report
Point source category:3  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B2, p. 51

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Columns have a double layer of fiberglass windowscreen
                     and 10-15 cm of pea gravel at  bottom
Wastewater flow:  0.8 L/min
Contact time:                             Regeneration technique:
Hydraulic loading:                        Carbon makeup rate:
Organic loading:                          Carbon type/
Bed depth:  1.63 m                          characteristics:   Filtrasorb 400
Total carbon inventory:  11.9 kg          Total run time:  19  hr
                         0.03 m3
Carbon exhaustion rate:  53.4 kg EDCa/m3C
                         0.13 kg EDC/kgC
Backwash rate:  >132 kPa
Air scour rate:
 1,2-Dichloroethane.
            Sampling period;
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                                   Concentration,  yg/L    Percent
            Pollutant/parameter    Influent    Effluent   removal
            Toxic pollutants:
              1,2-Dichloroethane   1,800,000
                37,000
98
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79  .
III.6.1-23

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
 Data source:  Government report
 Point source category:3  Organic chemicals
 Subcategory:
 Plant:
 References:  B2, p. 51
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:
                  Data  source  status:
                    Engineering  estimate   	
                    Bench  scale
                    Pilot  scale            ~x"
                    Full scale
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Columns have a double layer of fiberglass windowscreen
                     and 10-15 cm of pea gravel at the bottom
Wastewater flow:  0.84 L/min
Contact time:                             Regeneration technique:
Hydraulic loading:                        Carbon makeup rate:
Organic loading:                          Carbon type/
Bed depth:  1.40 m                          characteristics:  Monochem/acti-
Total carbon inventory:  10.2 kg                              vated soot carbon
                         0.025 m3   a     Total run time:  23.5 hr
Carbon exhaustion rate:  65.4 kg EDC /m3C
                         0.16 kg EDC/kgC  pH:  12
Backwash rate:  >132 kPa
Air scour rate:
 1,2-Dichloroethane
            Sampling period;
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                                    Concentration,  yg/L    Percent
            Pollutant/parameter    Influent    Effluent    removal
            Toxic pollutants:
              1,2-Dichloroethane   2,500,000   1,100,000
                            55
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.6.1-24

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B2, p. 45

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                  Data  source  status:
                    Engineering  estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full  scale
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Five columns in parallel
Wastewater flow:  0.95 L/min
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:  6.87 m
Total carbon inventory:  61.4 kg
                         125 L
Carbon exhaustion rate:  0.35 kg EDC /kgC
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
          Regeneration  technique:
          Carbon makeup rate:
          Carbon type/
            characteristics:  Witco  718
          Total run  time:   100 hr
 1,2-Dichloroethane.
            Sampling period;
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                                   Concentration,  ug/L    Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent    Effluent   removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              1,2-Dichloroethane   3,500,000    <14,000    >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79  .
III.6.1-25

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:    Organic chemicals          Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
References:  B2, p.  45                               Full scale
Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:


 Chlorinated hydrocarbons  contaminated wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:   One to five columns in parallel
Wastewater flow:  0.76-0.95 L/min
Contact time:                             Regeneration technique:
Hydraulic loading:                        Carbon makeup rate:
Organic loading:                          Carbon type/
Bed depth:  0.14-5.56 m                     characteristics:   WVG
Total carbon inventory:  9.71-44.4 kg     Total run time:   17.5-120 hr
                         22-104 L
Carbon exhaustion rate:  0.25-0.29 kg EDCa/kgC
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
 1,2-oichloroethane.
                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period:  Two composite samples,  three unspecified

                                   Concentration,  yg/L    Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent   removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              1,2-Dichloroethane   1,700,000    100,000     94
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79 .              III.6.1-26

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B2, p. 45

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Three columns in parallel
Wastewater flow:  0.76 L/min
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:  3.95 m
Total carbon inventory:  16.6 kg
                         39.1 L     a
Carbon exhaustion rate:  0.33 kg EDC /kgC
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
         Regeneration technique:
         Carbon makeup rate:
         Carbon type/
           characteristics:  Filtrasorb 400
         Total run time:  3 hr
 1,2-Dichloroethane.
            Sampling period;
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                                   Concentration,  ug/L    Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent	Effluent   removal
            Toxic pollutants:
              1,2-Dichloroethane   3,700,000
                          100
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79 .
III.6.1-27

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:    Organic chemicals          Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:                                              Pilot scale
References:  B2, Appendix                           Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
 Halogenated hydrocarbons wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Columns have a double layer of fiberglass windowscreen
                     and 10-15 cm of pea gravel at bottom
Wastewater flow:  1.1 L/min
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:  0.74 L/cm2 min
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:   64.8 L
                         28.6 L/g         Regeneration technique:
Carbon exhaustion rate:                    Carbon makeup rate:
Backwash rate:  >132 kPa                  Carbon type/
Air scour rate:                             characteristics:  Westvaco

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period: Average
of samples
from three
days

Concentration, yg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants:
Chloroethane
c
Chloroform
1 , 1-Di chloroethane
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane ,
1,1, 2-Trichloroethane
Vinyl chloride
Influent

45,000
34,000
59,000
1,000,000
16,000
8,400
19,000
3,300
Effluent

63,000
0
4,000
190,000
0
0
0
6,700
Percent
removal
b
0
100
93
81
100
100
100.
ob

           Average of 15 samples.       Average of 13 samples.
          b                            e
           Actual data indicate nega-   Average of 10 samples.
           tive removal.               f         _ „
                                        Average of 8 samples.
           Average of 14 samples.
 Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.


 Date:   8/13/79                III.6.1-28

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric/stock and yarn
              finishing
Plant:   DD
References:  A6, p. VII-85
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale

                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
Screening, neutralization, activated sludge,
multimedia filtration
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Downflow; 3 columns in series
Wastewater flow:  0.0018 m3/min (0.46 gpm)
Contact time (empty bed):   45 min
Hydraulic loading:  0.062  m3/min/m2 (1.5 gpm/ft2)
Organic loading:
Bed depth (total):  7.09 m (23.2 ft)
Total carbon inventory:  54 kg (120 Ib)
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
               Regeneration technique:
               Carbon makeup rate:
               Carbon type/
                 characteristics:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period: 8
hr



Pollutant /parameter
Toxic pollutants:
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Concentration
, ug/L
Influent Effluent

58
59
37
72
25
190

130
42
35
81
32
370
Percent
removal
a
0
29
5
oa
oa
oa

              Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79 •
      III.6.1-29

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B2, p. 43

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                             Data source status:
                               Engineering estimate   	
                               Bench scale            	
                               Pilot scale             x
                               Full scale             	
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Columns have a double layer of fiberglass window screen
and 10-15 cm of pea gravel at the bottom.  Two columns
in series.
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:  >132 kPa
Air scour rate:
                     Regeneration technique:   Thermal
                     Carbon makeup rate:
                     Carbon type/
                       characteristics:   Westvaco-WVG
                     pH:  1
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
                                           Concentration
                                         Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
                   Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          COD                              1,190     446         63
          TOC                                724      76         90

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Chloroethane                   390,000       0        100
          1,1-Dichloroethane              40,000       0        100
          1,2-Dichloroethane             950,000       0        100
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79 .
             III.6.1-30

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B2, p. 43

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                             Data source status:
                               Engineering estimate
                               Bench scale
                               Pilot scale
                               Full scale
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Columns have a double layer of fiberglass windowscreen
and 10-15 cm of pea gravel at the bottom.  First of two
columns in series.
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:  >132 kPa
Air scour rate:
                     Regeneration technique:   Thermal
                     Carbon makeup rate:
                     Carbon type/
                       characteristics:   Westvaco-WVG
                     pH:   1
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;
             Pollutant/paremeter
                      Concentration      Percent
                   Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
          COD                                995     562         44
          TOC                                627     437         30

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Chloroethane                   110,000       0        100
          1,1-Dichloroethane              79,000       0        100
          1,2-Dichloroethane             920,000       0        100
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79 .
            III.6.1-31

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:    Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B2, p.  43
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                             Data source status:
                               Engineering estimate
                               Bench scale
                               Pilot scale
                               Full scale
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Columns have a double layer of fiberglass windowscreen
and 10-15 cm of pea gravel in bottom.   First of 2 columns
in series.
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:  >132 kPa
Air scour rate:
                     Regeneration technique:   Thermal
                     Carbon makeup rate:
                     Carbon type/
                       characteristics:   Westvaco-WVG
                     pH:  1
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Chloroethane
1 , 1-Dichloroehtane
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
Influent
1,550
567
59,000
78,000
960,000
Effluent
1,390
614
150,000
45,000
750,000
Percent
removal
10
oa
oa
42
21

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79
            III.6.1-32

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:    Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B2,  p.  43
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
      First column
                             Data source status:
                               Engineering estimate
                               Bench scale
                               Pilot scale
                               Full scale
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated wastewater.
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Columns have a double layer of fiberglass windowscreen
and 10-15 cm of pea gravel in bottom.   Second of two
columns in series.
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:  >132 kPa
Air scour rate:
                     Regeneration technique:   Thermal
                     Carbon makeup rate:
                     Carbon type/
                       characteristics:   Westvaco-WVG
                     pH:  1
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:





Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Chloroethane
1, 1-Dichloroethane
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
Influent
1390
614
150,000
45,000
760,000
Effluent
1,120
962
190,000
8,000
130,000


Percent
removal
16
oa
oa
82
78

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79
            III.6.1-33

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:   Government report
Point source category:    Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B2,  p.  43
                             Data source status:
                               Engineering estimate
                               Bench scale
                               Pilot scale
                               Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:


 Chlorinated hydrocarbons  contaminated wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Columns have a double layer of fiberglass windowscreen
and 10-15 cm of pea gravel in bottom.   First of two
columns in series.
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:  >132 kPa
Air scour rate:
                     Regeneration technique:   Thermal
                     Carbon makeup rate:
                     Carbon type/
                       characteristics:  Westvaco-WVG
                     pH:  1
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Chloroethane
1 , 1-Dichloroethane
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
Influent
1,110
663
330,000
310,000
3,000,000
Effluent
1,140
297
0
0
0
Percent
removal
oa
55
100
100
100

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
            III.6.1-34

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:    Organic chemicals          Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale            _x_
References:  B2, p.  43                               Full scale             	
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  First column
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Columns have a double layer of fiberglass windowscreen
                     and 10-15 cm of pea gravel in the bottom.  Second of two
                     columns in series.
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:                             Regeneration technique:   Thermal
Hydraulic loading:                        Carbon makeup rate:
Organic loading:                          Carbon type/
Bed depth:                                  characteristics:   Westvaco-WVG
Total carbon inventory:                   pH:   1
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:  >132 kPa
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Chloroethane
1, 2-Dichloroethane
Influent

1,140
297

0
0
Effluent

1,550
588

240,000
180,000
Percent
removal

oa
oa

oa
oa

        a
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79  .              III.6.1-35

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Government report                   Data source  status:
Point source category:    Organic chemicals          Engineering estimate  	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale           	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
References:  B2, p.  43                               Full scale            	
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  First column
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Columns have a double layer of fiberglass windowscreen
                     and 10-15 cm of pea gravel in  the bottom.  Second of two
                     columns in series.
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:                             Regeneration technique:   Thermal
Hydraulic loading:                        Carbon makeup rate:
Organic loading:                          Carbon type/
Bed depth:                                  characteristics:   Westvaco-WVG
Total carbon inventory:                   pH:   1
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:  >132 kPa
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;

Concentra tion
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Chloroethane
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
Influent
1,230
394
0
0
Effluent
898
271
63
78
Percent
removal
27
31
oa
oa

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/13/79  •              III.6.1-36

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B2, p. 43

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                             Data source status:
                               Engineering estimate
                               Bench scale
                               Pilot scale
                               Full scale
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Columns have a double layer of fiberglass windowscreen
and 10-15 cm of pea gravel in bottom.   First of two
columns in series.
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:  >132 kPa
Air scour rate:
                     Regeneration technique:   Thermal
                     Carbon makeup rate:
                     Carbon type/
                       characteristics:   Westvaco-WVG
                     pH:   1
                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOG
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Chloroethane
1 , 1-Dichloroethane
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
Influent

1,570
640

170,000
190,000
1,300,000
Effluent

1,230
394

0
0
0
Percent
removal

19
38

100
100
100

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79
            III.6.1-37

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:    Organic chemicals          Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
References:  B2, p.  43                               Full scale             	
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:  First column
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated wastewater.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Columns have a double layer of fiberglass windowscreen
                     and 10-15 cm of pea gravel at  the bottom.  Two columns
                     in series.
Wa stewater f low.
Contact time:                             Regeneration technique:   Thermal
Hydraulic loading:                        Carbon makeup rate:
Organic loading:                          Carbon type/
Bed depth:                                  characteristics:   Westvaco-WVG
Total carbon inventory:                   pH:  1
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:  >132 kPa
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             COD                        446        225        50
             TOC                         76         40        47
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79  •              III.6.1-38

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven  fabric finishing
Plant:  V
References:  B3, pp.  70-75
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:   Screening, activated sludge, multimedia filtration

DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:   Downflow;  3 columns in series
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth  (total):   7.09 m (23.2 ft)
Total carbon inventory:   54 kg (120 Ib)
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
         Regeneration technique:
         Carbon makeup rate:
         Carbon type/
           characteristics:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
                 Sampling period:  24-hr composite sample, volatile organics
                               were grab sampled
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Toluene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Methylene chlorideb
Trichloroethylene
Influent

72
4
0.013
1.1

<10
4
75
3
31
<36
<1
<5
190
16
0.9
12
1.3
' 0.3
13
<0.5
Effluent

22
6
0.008
1.1

24
5
16
<2
26
67
2
15
69
17
<0.03
<0.02
1.0
<0.01
17
0.6
Percent
removal

69
Oa
38
0
A
0
a
oa
79
>33
16
oa
oa
oa
64
oa
>97
•v-lOO
23
>97
oa
oa
                  Actual data indicate negative removal.
                  Presence may be due to sample contamination.

Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
III.6.1-39

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines, Government
              Report
Point source category.  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabrif finishing
Plant:  V, C  (different references)
References:  A6,  p.  VII-91; B3, pp. 45-49
                        Data source status:

                          Engineering estimate
                          Bench scale
                          Pilot scale
                          Full scale
Use in system:   Tertiary
Pretreatment of  influent:
Screening, neutralization, activated sludge,
sedimentation with chemical addition  (alum),
multimedia filtration
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:   Downflow; 3 columns  in  series
Wastewater flow:   0.002 m3/min (0.46 gpm)
Contact time  (empty  bed):   45 min
Hydraulic loading:   0.061  m3/min /m2  (1.5 gpm/ft2)
Organic loading:
Bed depth  (total):   7.09 m (23.2 ft)
Total carbon  inventory:  54 kg (120 Ib)
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
                Regeneration technique:
                Carbon makeup rate:
                Carbon type/
                  characteristics:  Westvaco WV-L
                                  REMOVAL  DATA

                    Sampling period:  24-hr composite  samples for toxic pollutants,
                                grab samples for volatile organics
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorous
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Methylene chloride
Influent

2.5
331
62
20
0.019
2.0

140
1.2
2.7
14
25
64
77
230
5.3
0.6
12
' 5.8
0.03
210
Effluent

1.2
176
36
20
<0.002
1.9

120
2.7
9.8
15
35
64
91
83
11
0.4
<0.4
<0.05
0.01
110
Percent
removal

52
47
42
0
>89
5

14
a
0
a
0
a
0
a
0
0
oa
64
oa
33
>97
>99
67
48
                     Actual data indicate negative removal.
                     Presence may be due to sample contaminations.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:    8/13/7J-
      III.6.1-40

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
 Data  source:   Government report
 Point source  category:   Textile mills
 Subcategory:   Woven fabric finishing
 Plant:   T
 References:   B3,  pp. 76-82
                             Data  source status:
                               Engineering estimate
                               Bench  scale
                               Pilot  scale
                               Full scale
 Use in system:   Tertiary
 Pretreatment of influent:
      Equalization, aeration, multimedia filtration
 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
 Unit configuration:
 Wastewater flow:
 Contact time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Organic loading:
 Bed depth (total):  7.09 m (23.
 Total carbon inventory:  54 kg
 Carbon exhaustion rate:
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:
Downflow; 3 columns in series
          2 ft)
          (120 Ib)
Regeneration technique:
Carbon makeup rate:
Carbon type/
  characteristics:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period: 24-hr composite,
grab sampled
volatile
organics
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter Influent
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorous
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Phenol
p-Chloro-m-cresol
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Methylene chloride

160
14
0.16
13

58
3
95
100
20
26
100
2
32
97
19
2.5
7.0
1.1
0.6
6.9
4.8
0.2
0.8
19
Effluent

340
12
0.12
14

39
3
84
87
<2
29
90
<1
28
110
14
<0.03
1.7
0.9
<0.1
9.8
<0.2
<0.2
0.6
19
were
Percent
removal
a
0
14
25
oa

33
0
12
13
>90
oa
10
>50
12
oa
26
>99
76
18
>83a
oa
>96
>0
25
0
                     aActual data indicate negative removal.
                     Presence may be due to sample contamination.
 Note:  Blanks indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   8/13/79
            III.6.1-41

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines,  Government     Data source status:
              report
Point source category:  Textile mills               Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Wool scouring                         Bench scale
Plant:  A, W (different references)                 Pilot scale
References:  A6, p. VI1-94; B3, pp. 50-54           Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Grit removal, activated sludge,  tertiary sedimen-
                           tation, multimedia filtration

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Downflow; 3 columns in series
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth (total):  7.09 m (23.2 ft)
Total carbon inventory:  54 kg (120 Ib)   Regeneration technique:
Carbon exhaustion rate:                   Carbon makeup rate:
Backwash rate:                            Carbon type/
Air scour rate:                             characteristics:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  24-hr composite, volatile organics were
                          grab sampled

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Arsenic
Copper
Cyanide
Zinc
Bis ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Benzo (a) pyrene
Benzo (k) f luoranthene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene ,
Methylene chloride
Influent

0.017

83
120
260
400
14
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
4.8
Effluent

0.017

42
<80
40
120
26
0.1
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.01
1.8
Percent
removal

0

49
>33
85
70
oa
50
>90
>80
>90
>97
62

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
         Presence may be due to sample contamination.
 Note:  Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.


 Date:   8/13/79                III.6.1-42

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines,  Government     Data source status:
               report
Point source  category:  Textile mills                Engineering estimate
Subcategory:   Wool finishing                          Bench scale
Plant:  O,  N  (different references)                   Pilot scale
References:   A6,  pp. VII-94,  95;  B3,  pp. 65-69       Full scale

Use in system:   Tertiary
Pretreatment  of influent:  Neutralization, activated sludge, multimedia
                            filtration

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Downflow;  3  columns in series
Wastewater  flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth  (total):  7.09 m  (23.2  ft)
Total carbon  inventory:  54 kg  (120 Ib)   Regeneration technique:
Carbon exhaustion rate:                    Carbon makeup rate:
Backwash rate:                              Carbon type/
Air scour rate:                              characteristics:

                                   REMOVAL DATA

                     Sampling period:  72-hr for conventional pollutants, 24-hr
                                 composite samples for toxic pollutants,
                                 and grab gamples for volatile organics
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TSS
Total phenol
Total phosphorous
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Toluene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
Methylene chloride"
Influent

210
<1
0.017
2.3

3
95
130
590
29
1.1
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.08
0.1
1.0
47
Effluent

44
12
0.011
1.0

3
5.2
24
430
78
1.8
1.2
<0.1
0.4
<0.02
<0.01
<0.7
27
Percent
removal

79
oa
35
57

0
95
82
27
<>:
o*
oa
>83
20
>75
>90
>30
43

                      Actual data indicate negative removal.
                     b
                      Presence may be due to sample contamination.
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was not  specified.


 Dare:    8/13/79-                III.6.1-43

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines,  Government     Data source status:
              report
Point source category:  Textile mills               Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing                 Bench scale
Plant:  E, P (different references)                 Pilot scale
References:  A6, p. VII-93; B3, pp. 60-64           Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening,  activated sludge, multimedia filtration

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Downflow; 3 columns in series
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth (total):  7.09 m (23.2 ft)
Total carbon inventory:  54 kg (120 Ib)    Regeneration technique:
Carbon exhaustion rate:                   Carbon makeup rate:
Backwash rate:                            Carbon type/
Air scour rate:                             characteristics:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:	

                                           Concentration      Percent
        	Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          Total phenol                   0.068      0.018        74
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Phenol
Benzene
Toluene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Methyl chlorideb

48
<2
0.3
58
5
150
3.9
1.6
0.8
1.8
1.0
' 2.7
0.5
4.1

36
12
0.4
50
<5
<1
3.9
<0.02
1.4
<0.07
<0.2
3.6
0.1
7.3

25
oa
oa
14
>0
>99
0
>99
oa
>96
>80
oa
80
oa

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
        b
         Presence may be due to sample contamination.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   8/13/79-               III.6.1-44

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines, Government
              report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric  finishing
Plant:  W, S  (different references)
References:  A6, pp. VII-91,  92;  B3, pp.  55-59
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:

                         Engineering  estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Screening, primary sedimentation,  equalization,
nitrogen addition, activated  sludge,  multimedia
filtration
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:  Downflow;  3  columns in series
Wastewater flow:  0.0018 m3/min
Contact time  (empty bed):   45 min
Hydraulic loading:  0.062 m3/min/m2 (1.5 gpm/ft2)
Organic loading:
Bed depth  (total):  7.09 m  (23.2  ft)
Total carbon  inventory:  54 kg  (120 Ib)
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
               Regeneration  technique:
               Carbon makeup rate:
               Carbon type/
                 characteristics:   Westvaco WV-L
                                  REMOVAL DATA
                                24-hr
Concentration
Pol lutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Phenol
Toluene
Acenaphthene
Chloroform
Methyl chloride
Trichlorofluoromethane
Influent

3.4
55
11
9.5
0.009

620
<10
5
27
81
0.4
81
75
42
6.0
0.4
0.4
0.6
' 7.0
4.6
<2.0
Effluent

1.5
19
2.9
2.0
<0.0075

590
11
6
<4
79
0.4
96
31
410
<0.02
<0.07
1.6
<0.04
<5.0
940
69
Percent
removal

56
65
74
79
>17

5
Oa
oa
>85
2
0
oa
59
oa
•vlOO
>82
oa
>93
>29
oa
oa
                     Actual data indicate negative removal.
                     Presence may be due to sample contamination.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/13/79.
      III.6.1-45

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated  Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines, Government
              report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Wool finishing
Plant:  B, A (different references)
References:  A6, pp. VII-85-87; B3, pp.  39-44
                                                   Data source status:

                                                     Engineering estimate
                                                     Bench scale
                                                     Pilot scale
                                                     Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening,  equalization,  activated sludge, sedi-
                           mentation with chemical addition (alum, lime),
                           multimedia  filtration

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                                          in series
                                         .26-0.31 gpm)
Unit configuration:  Downflow;  3  columns
Wastewater flow:  0.001-0.0012  m3/min  (0
Contact time  (empty bed):   25-30  min
Hydraulic loading:  0.0032-0.0038 m3/min (0.83-1.0 gpm)
Organic loading:
Bed depth (total):  7.09 m  (23.2  ft)
Total carbon  inventory:  54 kg  (120 Ib)
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
                                           Regeneration technique:
                                           Carbon makeup rate:
                                           Carbon type/
                                             characteristics:  ICI
Hydrodorco
                                  REMOVAL DATA

                     Sampling period:  24-hr for priority pollutants
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
1, 2-Dichlorobenzene
Toluene
1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Benzo (a ) pyrene
d-BHC
Influent

25
184
60
12
0.055

<10
100
1.2
97
34
110
10
79
5,900
14
0.4
0.9
10
3.0
5.4
12
94
0.8
1.9
Effluent

12
31
16
2
0.017

24
<1
5.4
5.2
19
47
<4
<22
6,000
4.7
<0.07
<0.1
<0.4
1.5
<0.05
<0.1
<0.09
<0.02
<1.0
Percent
removal

52
83
73
83
69

oa
>99
oa
95
44
57
>60
>72
oa
66
>82
>89
>96
50
>99
>99
^100
>97
>47
                      Actual data indicate negative removal.

 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/16/79 •
                                 III.6.1-46

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Gum and wood chemicals      Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:  102                                         Pilot scale            	
References:  A7, p.  7-10                            Full scale              x

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Oil-water separator,  neutralization, dissolved air
                           flotation, filtration

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:  1.23 x 10* m3/d (3.24 mgd)  (design)
                  9,820 m3/d (2.59 mgd) (actual)
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:  1.2 kg COD/kg carbon; 0.44  kg  TOC/kg carbon
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:                   Regeneration technique:
Carbon exhaustion rate:                   Carbon makeup rate:
Backwash rate:                            Carbon type/
Air scour rate:                             characteristics:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:	

                                           Concentration      Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Zinc
Bis ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate
Pen ta ch lorophenol
Benzene
Toluene

300
752
203
81
28.1
4.66

91
1,100
1,300
1,000
1,100

120
590
2,500

82
160
42
13
2.2
0.58

22
260
360
330
290
330
49
210
630

73
79
79
84
92
88

76
77
72
68
74

59
64
75

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/16/79.               III.6.1-47

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon  Adsorption
Data source:   Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum  refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  K
References:  A3, pp.  VI-36-42
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:   Dissolved air flotation,  filtration
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
         Regeneration  technique:
         Carbon makeup rate:
         Carbon type/
           characteristics:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  Average of four days and a composite sample
Concentration
Pollutant/paremeter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Chromium
Copper
Zinc
Influent
56
25
4
6
0.024
34
7
92
Effluent
9
8
2
7
0.0115
10
<5
30
Percent
removal
80
68
50
oa
52
71
>28
67

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/16/79.
III.6.1-48

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Conference paper
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  East coast oil refinery
References:  Dl, p. 207; D2, p. 217
                                       Data source status:
                                         Engineering estimate
                                         Bench scale
                                         Pilot scale
                                         Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Sand filter, API separator

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  2 sets of 3 - 0.0338 m (1-1/2 in.)  I.D.  carbon columns
                     in parallel and in series upflow
Wastewater flow:  0.0816 m3/min/m2 (2 gpm/ft2)
Contact time:  18 min
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Carbon dosage:  0.111 kg/m3*  (0.93 lb/1,000 gal)
                0.157 kg/m3   (1.31 lb/1,000 gal)
Carbon exhaustion rate:  0.65 kg COD removeda/kg of carbon
                         0.46 kg COD removedb/kg of carbon
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Regeneration technique:
Carbon makeup rate:
Carbon type/characteristics:  12x40 mesh lignite , 12 x 40 mesh bituminous
 First set of columns.
 Second  set of columns.
                                REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period;
            Pollutant/parameter
                           Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
                           Influent   Effluent   removal
Conventional pollutants:
  COD
                                       104
                                       104
                                        31
70
70
           First set of columns  (lignite carbon).
           Breakthrough at 70% removal.

           "Second set of columns  (bituminous carbon).
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   9/27/79
                      III.6.1-49

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  M
References:  A3, pp. VI-36-42
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
                                                  Data source status:
                                                    Engineering  estimate
                                                    Bench scale
                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full  scale
                           Dissolved air flotation,  filtration

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:                   Regeneration technique:
Carbon exhaustion rate:                   Carbon makeup rate:
Backwash rate:                            Carbon type/
Air scour rate:                             characteristics:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  Average of four days and a composite sample

                                           Concentration      Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent    removal
        Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
          COD                              55
          TOC                              17
          TSS                               3
          Oil and grease                   18
                                                      12
                                                       6
                                                       1
                                                       8
78
65
67
56
Toxic pollutants, vg/L:
Chromium
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc

50
40
22
12
25
5
200

35
20
32
22
23
6
100

30
50
oa
oa
12
oa
50
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/16/79
                                 III.6.1-50

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Conference paper
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  East coast oil refinery
References:  Dl, p. 207; D2, p. 217
                                       Data  source  status:
                                         Engineering estimate
                                         Bench  scale
                                         Pilot  scale
                                         Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Sand filtered,  API separator

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  2 sets of 4 - 0.0338  m (1-1/2 in.) carbon columns
                     in parallel and in series downflow
Wastewater flow:  0.0204 m3/irdn/m2 (Q.5 gpm/ft2)
Contact time:  88 min
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Carbon dosage:  0.228 kg/m3* (1.91 lb/1,000 gal)
                0.297 kg/m3  (2.49 lb/1,000 gal)
Carbon exhaustion rate:  0.21 kg COD removeda/kg of carbon
                         0.16 kg COD removed^/kg of carbon
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
Regeneration technique:
Carbon makeup rate:
Carbon type/characteristics:  8x30 mesh  lignite ,8x30 mesh bituminous
 First set of columns.
 Second set of columns.
           Sampling period;
                                 REMOVAL DATA
  Pollutant/parameter
                                      Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
                                      Influent   Effluent   removal
Conventional pollutants:
  COD
                                         70
                                         70
                                         21
70
70
            First set of columns (lignite carbon).

            Breakthrough at 70% removal.
           Q
            Second set of columns (bituminous carbon).
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   9/27/79
                     III.6.1-51

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated  Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  O
References:  A3, pp.  VI-36-42
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate   	
                  Bench scale            	
                  Pilot scale             x
                  Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:   Dissolved air flotation,  filtration

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:                   Regeneration technique:
Carbon exhaustion rate:                   Carbon makeup rate:
Backwash rate:                            Carbon type/
Air scour rate:                             characteristics:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  Average of four days and a composite  sample
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium (+6)
Copper
Zinc
Influent

120
44
18
11
0.032

<1
60
20
8
<35
Effluent

64
30
20
14
0.005

4
70
20
10
36
Percent
removal

30
32
oa
oa
84
a
0
oa
oa
oa
oa

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/16/79
III.6.1-52

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

 Data  source:  Journal article                     Data source status:
 Point source category:  Organic chemicals           Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
 Plant:  Stepan Chemical Co.                         Pilot scale
 References:  Cl, pp. 81-84                          Full scale

 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:  Three - 1.83 m (6 ft) diameter by 3.05 m (10 ft)
                     carbon columns in series
 Wastewater flow:
 Contact time:  180 min/column
 Hydraulic loading:
 Organic loading:
 Bed depth:  3.05 m (10 ft), each column
 Total carbon inventory:  2,950 kg/column  (6,500 Ib/column)
 Carbon exhaustion rate:
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:
 Regeneration technique:
 Carbon makeup rate:
 Carbon type/characteristics:  Filtrasorb 300

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             TOC                       6,310        289       95
Note:  Blanks indicate information  was  not  specified.


Date:   9/27/79               III.6.1-53

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  P
References:  A3, pp. VI-36-42
         Data source status:
           Engineering estimate   	
           Bench scale            	
           Pilot scale             x
           Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  API design gravity oil  separator,  filtration

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:                   Regeneration technique:
Carbon exhaustion rate:                   Carbon makeup rate:
Backwash rate:                            Carbon type/
Air scour rate:                             characteristics:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  Average of four days and a composite sample
             Po1lutant/par ameter
   Concentration      Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          COD                              130         69       47
          TOC                               45         31       31
          TSS                               14          8       43
          Oil and grease                    17         13       24
          Total phenol                   0.051      0.005       90
Toxic pollutants, wg/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Nickel
Zinc

430
1
32
8
40
10
30

450
3
26
13
60
24
27
a
0
a
oa
19
oa
a
0
oa
10

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Mote:   Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.

Date:   8/16/79                III.6.1-54

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:                                       Data source  status:
Point source category:  Petroleum refining          Engineering  estimate   	
Subcategory:   Class B refinery                      Bench scale            	
Plant:  Marcus Hook Refinery                        Pilot scale            	
References:  3                                      Full scale              x
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  AIP separator,  filtration

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Upflow; 3 columns in parallel
Total flow:  2,000 gpm
Hydraulic loading:  8.5 gpm/ft2 (design)
Contact time (empty bed):  40 min
Total carbon inventory:  300,000 Ib
Carbon exhaustion rate:  0.86 lb/1,000 gal
Carbon type:   Filtrasorb 300

                                 REMOVAL DATA


                                      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
             COD                        319        189        43
             TSS                         41         40         2
             Oil and grease              26         12        54
             Total phenol                14         12        14
             TOC                        122         71        42
Date:  5/25/79


                                 III.6.1-55

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  H
References:  A3, pp. VI-36-42
                 Data  source status:
                   Engineering estimate   	
                   Bench  scale            	
                   Pilot  scale            _x_
                   Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  API design gravity oil  separator,  filtration

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:                   Regeneration technique:
Carbon exhaustion rate:                   Carbon makeup rate:
Backwash rate:                            Carbon type/
Air scour rate:                             characteristics:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  Average of four days and a  composite  sample
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Chromium
Chromium (+6)
Copper
Lead
Zinc
Influent

29
19
4
8

7
<20
12
23
20
Effluent

13
8
4
8

<5
20
<6
<17
20
Percent
removal

55
58
0
0

>28
_
>50
>26
0

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/16/79
III.6.1-56

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Pesticide chemicals         Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Halogenated organics                  Bench scale
Plant:  6                                           Pilot scale
References:  A16, pp.  Ill, 113                      Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Upflow
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:  760 min                    Regeneration technique:   Thermal
Hydraulic loading:  0.02 m3/min/m2        Carbon makeup rate:
                    (0.60 gpm/ft2)        Carbon type/
Organic loading:                            characteristics:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:  6,800 kg (15,000 Ib)
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Pol lutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol


Concentration


, mg/L
Influent Effluent

1,630
5,780 2
2,220
69
77.9

780
,120
534
109
2.32


Percent
removal

52
63
76
oa
97

          aActual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79               III.6.1-57

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon  Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  B
References:  A3, pp.  VI-36-42
                       Data  source  status:
                         Engineering  estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Pull  scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
Dissolved air flotation,  multimedia  filtration
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
               Regeneration technique:
               Carbon makeup rate:
               Carbon type/
                 characteristics:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  Average of four days and a composite sample
             Pollutant/parameter
                Concentration      Percent
             Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          COD                              101         25       75
          TOC                               40         14       65
          TSS                               21          4       81
          Oil and grease                     9          8       11
          Total phenol                   0.022      <0.01      >55
Toxic pollutants, vg/L:
Chromium
Cyanide
Selenium
Zinc

30
50
56
65

18
20
50
25

40
60
11
62

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/16/79
      III.6.1-58

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Pesticide chemicals         Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Halogenated organics                  Bench scale
Plant:  8                                           Pilot scale
References:  A16, pp. Ill, 113                      Full scale

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit  configuration:  Downflow
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:  479 min                    Regeneration technique:  Thermal
Hydraulic loading:  0.013 m3/min/m2       Carbon makeup rate:
                     (0.32 gpm/ft2)        Carbon type/
Organic loading:                            characteristics:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;	

                                     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            COD                       5,770        320       94
            TOC                         698       85.7       98
            TSS                       1,510        255       83
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79                III.6.1-59

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Pesticide chemicals         Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Organo nitrogen                       Bench scale
Plant:  46                                          Pilot scale
References:  A16, pp.  Ill, 113                      Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Two multimedia filters in parallel

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Downflow
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:  120 min                    Regeneration technique:  Thermal
Hydraulic loading:  0.053 m3/min/m2       Carbon makeup rate:
                    (1.3 gpm/ft2)         Carbon type/
Organic loading:                            characteristics:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;	
                                     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
            Pollutant./parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            TSS                        29.5       8.78       70
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was  not  specified.


 Date:   8/30/79                III.6.1-60

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Pesticide chemicals
Subcategory:  Organo nitrogen metallo organic
Plant:  50
References:  A16, pp. Ill, 113

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                  Data source  status:
                    Engineering  estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full  scale
Unit configuration:  Downflow, 2 carbon columns in series
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:  292 min
Hydraulic loading: 0.021 m3/min/m2
                   (0.51 gpm/ft2)
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
          Regeneration technique:
          Carbon makeup rate:
          Carbon type/
            characteristics:
Thermal
                                 REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period;
            Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
          Conventional pollutants:
            BOD5                        193        9.2       95
            COD                       4,880         31       99
            TOC                       2,170       15.4       99
            TSS                         674        6.6       99
            Total phenol                2.8       <0.7      >75
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  8/30/79
III.6.1-61

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon  Adsorption

 Data source:  Government report           Data  source  status:
 Point source category:                       Engineering  estimate           	
 Subcategory:                                Bench scale                    	
 Plant:   Riechhold Chemical,  Inc.             Pilot scale                     x
 References:   B4,  pp.  66-85                  Full  scale
 Use in  system:   Secondary
 Pretreatment of influent:  Clarification

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:   Fourth  of  six  25.4 mm (1-in.) diameter columns in series
 Wastewater flow:   20  mL/min
 Contact time:   25.3 min/m of bed  depth     Regeneration technique:
 Hydraulic loading:                         Carbon  makeup  rate:
 Organic loading:                           Carbon  type/
 Bed depth:   0.91  m (3 ft)                    characteristics:  Calgon  filtra-
 Total carbon inventory:   200 g                                sorb 300 GAC
 Carbon  exhaustion rate:
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:

                                  REMOVAL  DATA

           Sampling period:	

                                      Concentration, mg/L  Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent  Effluent  removal

           Conventional  pollutants:
             TOC                      1,580       1,120       29
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   8/30/79                  III.6.1-62

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

 Data  source:  Government report           Data source status:
 Point source category:                      Engineering estimate           	
 Subcategory:                                Bench scale                    	
 Plant:  Riechhold Chemical, Inc.            Pilot scale                     x
 References:  B4, pp. 66-85                  Full scale                     	
 Use in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment of influent:  Clarification

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit  configuration:  Fourth of six 25.4 mm  (1-in.) diameter columns in series
 Wastewater flow:  20 mL/min
 Contact time:  25.3 min/m of bed depth    Regeneration technique:
 Hydraulic loading:                        Carbon makeup rate:
 Organic loading:                          Carbon type/
 Bed depth:  0.91 m  (3 ft)                   characteristics:  Calgon filtra-
 Total carbon inventory:  200 g                                sorb 300 GAC
 Carbon exhaustion rate:
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;	

                                     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            TOC                       1,580      1,120       29
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   8/30/79  •               III.6.1-62

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Pesticide chemicals         Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Organo nitrogen                       Bench scale            	
Plant:  39                                          Pilot scale            	
References:  A16, pp. Ill, 113                      Full scale              x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Downflow
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:  230 min                    Regeneration technique:  Thermal
Hydraulic loading:  0.027 m3/min/m2       Carbon makeup rate:
                     (0.66 gpm/ft2)        Carbon type/
Organic loading:                            characteristics:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration, mg/L
Pol lutant /parameter
Conventional pollutants :
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Influent

995
8,310
926
168
<2
Effluent

1,100
6,380
1,950
165
<0.51
Percent
removal

oa
23
oa
2
>74

           Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79  .              III.6.1-63

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Pesticide chemicals         Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Organo nitrogen,  noncategorized
              pesticides                            Bench scale
Plant:  45                                          Pilot scale
References:  A16, pp.  Ill, 113                       Full scale

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Neutralization,  dual  media  filter,  equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Downflow
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:  456 min                    Regeneration technique:   Thermal
Hydraulic loading:  0.015 m3/min/m2       Carbon makeup rate:
                    (0.36 gpm/ft2)         Carbon type/
Organic loading:                            characteristics:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period:	

                                     Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            COD                       4,750        808       83
            TOC                       1,650        153       91
            TSS                        68.6       46.6       32
            Total phenol                129       4.26       97
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79                III.6.1-64

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:                              Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:  Riechhold Chemical, Inc.                    Pilot scale
References:  B4, pp. 66-85                          Full scale

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Clarification

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration: Third of six 25.4 m (1-in.)  diameter columns  in series
Wastewater flow:  20 mL/min
Contact time:  25.3 min/m of bed depth    Regeneration technique:
Hydraulic loading:                        Carbon makeup rate:
Organic loading:                          Carbon type/
Bed depth:  0.616 m (2 ft)                   characteristics:   Calgon filtra-
Total carbon inventory:  131 g                                sorb 300 GAG
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;	
                                     Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            TOG                       1,950      1,580       19
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:  8/30/79                III.6.1-65

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:                              Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:  Riechhold Chemical,  Inc.                    Pilot scale             x
References:  B4, pp. 66-85                          Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Clarification

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Sixth of six 25.4 mm (1-in.)  diameter columns in series
Wastewater flow:  20 mL/min
Contact time:  25.3 min/m of bed depth    Regeneration technique:
Hydraulic loading:                        Carbon makeup rate:
Organic loading:                          Carbon type/
Bed depth:  0.924 m (3 ft)                  characteristics:  Calgon filtra-
Total carbon inventory:  200 g                                sorb 300 GAC
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period:	
                                     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            TOC                         989       831        16
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79                III.6.1-66

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:                              Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:  Riechhold Chemical, Inc.                    Pilot scale            _x_
References:  B4, pp. 66-85                          Full scale             	
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Clarification

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Fifth of six 25.4 mm (1-in.)  diameter columns in series
Wastewater flow:  20 mL/min
Contact time:  25.3 min/m of bed depth    Regeneration technique:
Hydraulic loading:                        Carbon makeup rate:
Organic loading:                          Carbon type/
Bed depth:  0.924 m (3 ft)                  characteristics:  Calgon filtra-
Total carbon inventory:  200 g                                sorb 300 GAC
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;	
                                     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent    Effluent   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            TOC                       1,120       989       12
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79  .              III.6.1-67

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:                              Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:  Riechhold Chemical, Inc.                    Pilot scale             x
References:  B4, pp. 66-85                          Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Clarification

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Second of six 25.4 mm  (1-in.) diameter columns in series
Wastewater flow:  20 mL/min
Contact time:  25.3 min/m of bed depth    Regeneration technique:
Hydraulic loading:                        Carbon makeup rate:
Organic loading:                          Carbon type/
Bed depth:  0.305 m  (1 ft)                  characteristics:  Calgon filtra-
Total carbon inventory:  66 g                                 sorb 300 GAC
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;  24-hour composites	

                                     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            TOCa                      2,150      1,950        9


           Average concentrations listed.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79  •               III.6.1-68

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                  Data  source  status:
Point source category:  Auto and other  laundries     Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Power laundries                        Bench  scale
Plant:  N                                            Pilot  scale
References:  A28, Appendix C                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Screening, equalization,  sedimentation with alum
                           and polymer addition

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:  15.2 m3/d  (4,000 gpd)
Contact time:                             Regeneration  technique:
Hydraulic loading:                        Carbon makeup rate:
Organic loading:                          Carbon type/
Bed depth:                                  characteristics:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants t mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dl-n-octyl phthalate
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Toluene
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Influent

57
125
40
46
4
0.028
1.6

55
12
34
31
66
50
11
240
67
36
7
<0.03
5
<0.4
2
3
70
38
100
12
Effluent

35.5
136
38
78
8
0.029
2.0

44
15
36
42
65
<36
7
210
23
17
5
3
4
3
1
4
18
3
32
5
Percent
removal

38
a
0
5
oa
oa
oa
oa

20
oa
0*
oa
2
>28
36
12
66
53
29a
0
20
oa
50
oa
74
92
68
58
                   aActual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

 Date:   8/30/79                III.6.1-69

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

 Data  source:   Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source  category:  Organic chemicals           Engineering estimate   	
 Subcategory:   Fumaric  acid wastewater               Bench scale            	
 Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
 References:   A15, pp.  H-2-H-4                       Full scale
 Use  in  system:  Tertiary
 Pretreatment  of influent:  Sedimentation, filtration

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Multimedia filter,  2 columns in series
 Wastewater flow:
 Contact time:  1st column  60 min;         Regeneration technique:
               2nd column  120 min         Carbon makeup rate:
 Hydraulic loading:  0.035  m3/min/m2       Carbon type/
                     (0.85  gpm/ft2)          characteristics:
 Organic loading:
 Bed  depth:
 Total carbon  inventory:  4.5 kg/column  (10  Ib/column)
 Carbon  exhaustion rate:
 Backwash rate:
 Air  scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

    Sampling period;  Varies on breakthrough period  on each column	

                              Concentration, mg/L   Percent    Breakthrough
      Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent    removal   period,  hr

    Conventional pollutants:
      TOC (1st column)           2,900       783'        97            -H
      TOG (2nd column)           2,430       91°'        96           12


     Average of three samples.

     Samples taken at effluent of 1st column.
    Q
     Average of six samples.

     Samples taken at effluent of 2nd column.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate  information was  not  specified.


Date:   8/30/79                  III.6.1-70

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
 Data  source:   Government report
 Point source  category:   Organic chemicals
 Subcategory:   Plasticizer wastestream
 Plant:
 References:   A15,  p.  31
Use  in  system:   Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
                         Data source status:
                           Engineering estimate
                           Bench scale
                           Pilot scale
                           Full scale
  Filtration
DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit  configuration:   4 columns in series
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:   Varies, see removal data
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon  inventory:
                 Regeneration technique:
                 Carbon makeup rate:
                 Carbon type/
                   characteristics:
.45 kg/column
(10 Ib/column)
Carbon  exhaustion rate:
Backwash  rate:
Air  scour rate:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
Effluent
Pol lutant/par ameter
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Di-n-octyl phthalate
1st column
contact
Concentration time ,
Influent 30 min
1,340 337
2nd column
contact
time,
60 min
121
3rd column
contact
time,
90 min
55
4th column
contact
time,
120 min
48
b
Percent
removal
lc 2C 3C 4C
75 91 96 96

aMean average.
Calculated from influent and respective effluent columns.
 Column number.
Note:  Blanks  indicate  information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79 .
       III.6.1-71

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:  Industrial laundry          Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:  Standard Uniform Rental Service
        (Dorchester, Mass.)                         Pilot scale            _>
References:  B9                                     Full scale             	
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Depth filtration,  ultrafiltration

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Upflow mode, 2 in. diameter column
Wastewater flow:  0.27 m3/min/m2 (6.7 gpm/ft2)
Contact time:  11.3 min
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:  2,400 g          Regeneration technique:
Carbon exhaustion rate:                   Carbon makeup rate:
Backwash rate:                            Carbon type/
Air scour rate:                             characteristics:  Filtrasorb 400

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  Average of two weekly composites	

                                            Concentration      Percent
        	Pol lutant/parame ter	Influent   Effluent   removal

        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          BOD5                              330        132        60
          COD                               520        159        69
          TOC                               148         55        63

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Zinc                                         130
 Note:   Blanks indicate  information was  not specified.


 Date:   8/30/79.               III.6.1-72

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Industrial laundry
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B9, pp. 50, 60-64
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:
Hydraulic loading:
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
          Regeneration technique:
          Carbon makeup rate:
          Carbon type/
            characteristics:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration,9 mg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants :
BOD5
COD
TOC
Oil and grease
Influent

305
551
189
63
Effluent

176
314
115
<9
Percent
removal

42
43
39
>86

         Average of six values from tests with different conver-
         sion periods.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.6.1-73

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Pesticide chemicals         Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Halogenated organics,  organo          Bench scale            	
              nitrogen metallo organic
Plant:  20                                          Pilot scale            	
References:  A16, pp.  Ill, 113                      Full scale              x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Downflow
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:  35 min                     Regeneration technique:   Isopropanol
Hydraulic loading:  0.0857 m3/min/m2      Carbon makeup rate:
                    (2.10 gpm/ft2)        Carbon type/
Organic loading:                            characteristics:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration, mg/L
Pol lutant /parameter
Conventional pollutants:
BODS
COD
TOC
TSS
Influent

45,200
148,000
79,800
1,460
Effluent

37,400
109,000
66,700
2,600
Percent
removal

17
27
16
oa

           Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79  •              III.6.1-74

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Pesticide chemicals         Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Halogenated organics                  Bench scale            	
Plant:  6                                           Pilot scale            	
References:  A16, pp. Ill, 113                      Full scale              x

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Upflow
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:  760 min                    Regeneration technique:   Thermal
Hydraulic loading:  0.02 m3/min/m2        Carbon makeup rate:
                     (0.60 gpm/ft2)        Carbon type/
Organic loading:                            characteristics:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:  6,800 kg (15,000 Ib)
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration, mg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants :
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Total phenol
Influent

1,630
5,780
2,220
69
77.9
Effluent

780
2,120
534
109
2.32
Percent
removal

52
63
76 '
oa
97

           Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79  .              III.6.1-75

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

 Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                  Data source  status:
 Point source  category:  Pesticide  chemicals          Engineering  estimate
 Subcategory:   Halogenated organics                  Bench scale
 Plant:   8                                           Pilot scale            ~
 References:   A16,  pp.  Ill,  113                       Full  scale              x

 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Downflow
 Wastewater flow:
 Contact time:   479 min                    Regeneration technique:   Thermal
 Hydraulic loading:   0.013 m3/ndn/m2        Carbon makeup rate:
                     (0.32 gpm/ft2)         Carbon type/
 Organic loading:                             characteristics:
 Bed depth:
 Total carbon  inventory:
 Carbon exhaustion  rate:
 Backwash rate:
 Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL  DATA

           Sampling  period;	

                                     Concentration, mg/L    Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent    Effluent    removal

           Conventional pollutants:
            COD                       5,770        320      94
            TOC                        698        85.7      98
            TSS                       1,510        255      83
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79                III.6.1-76

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Pesticide chemicals         Engineering estimate
Subcategory:  Organo nitrogen                       Bench scale
Plant:  46                                          Pilot scale
References:  A16, pp. Ill, 113                      Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Two multimedia filters in parallel

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Downflow
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:  120 min                    Regeneration technique:  Thermal
Hydraulic loading:  0.053 m3/min/m2       Carbon makeup rate:
                     (1.3 gpm/ft2)         Carbon type/
Organic loading:                            characteristics:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period;	

                                     Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

          Conventional pollutants:
            TSS                        29.5       8.78       70
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   8/30/79  •              III.6.1-77

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Pesticide chemicals
Subcategory:  Organo nitrogen metallo organic
Plant:  50
References:  A16, pp. Ill, 113

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
Unit configuration:  Downflow, 2 carbon columns in series
Wastewater flow:
Contact time:  292 min
Hydraulic loading: 0.021 m3/min/m2
                   (0.51 gpm/ft2)
Organic loading:
Bed depth:
Total carbon inventory:
Carbon exhaustion rate:
Backwash rate:
Air scour rate:
          Regeneration technique:
          Carbon makeup rate:
          Carbon type/
            characteristics:
Thermal
                                 REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period:
            Pollutant/parameter
     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
     Influent   Effluent   removal
          Conventional pollutants:
            BOD5                        193        9.2       95
            COD                       4,880         31       99
            TOC                       2,170       15.4       99
            TSS                         674        6.6       99
            Total phenol                2.8       <0.7      >75
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.6.1-78

-------
III.6.2  POWDERED CARBON ADDITION [1]

III.6.2.1  Function

Powdered activation carbon is used in wastewater facilities to
absorb soluble organic materials and to aid in the clarification
process.

III.6.2.2  Description

Powdered carbon is fed to a treatment system using chemical feed
equipment similar to that used for other chemicals that are pur-
chased in dry form.  The spent carbon is removed with the sludge
and then discarded or regenerated.  Regeneration can be accom-
plished in a furnace or wet air oxidation system.

Powdered carbon can be fed to primary clarifiers directly, or to
a separate sludge recirculation-type clarifier that enhances the
contact between the carbon and the wastewater.  Powdered carbon
can also be fed to tertiary clarifiers to remove additional amounts
of soluble organics.  Powdered carbon, when added to a sludge
recirculation-type clarifier, has been shown to be capable of
achieving secondary removal efficiencies.

Powdered carbon can be fed in the dry state using volumetric or
gravimetric feeders or it can be fed in slurry form.

III.6.2.3  Common Modifications

A new technology has been developed over the past several years
that consists of the addition of powdered activated carbon to the
aeration basins of biological systems.  This application is capa-
ble of the following:  high BOD5 and COD reduction, despite hydrau-
lic and organic overloading; aiding solids settling in the clari-
fiers; a high degree of nitrification due to extended sludge age;
a substantial reduction in phosphorus; adsorbing coloring materials
such as dyes and toxic compounds; and adsorbing detergents and
reducing foam.

III.6.2.4  Technology Status

Powdered carbon addition is used mostly in municipal applications
at the present time.  Two new municipal plants using powdered car-
bon addition to activated sludge are currently under construction,
and several more are planned.

III.6.2.5  Applications

Has been used in clarifiers and has potential use in aeration ba-
sins to adsorb soluble organic materials, thus removing BODs and
COD, as well as some toxic materials.
Date:  8/13/79  •            III.6.2-1

-------
III.6.2.6  Limitations

Will increase the amount of  sludge  generated;  regeneration will
be necessary at higher dosages  in order  to maintain reasonable
costs; most powdered carbon  systems will require post-filtration
to capture any residual carbon  particles;  some sort of floccula-
ting agent, such as an organic  polyelectrolyte, is usually required
to maintain efficient solids  captured in the clarifier.

III.6.2.7  Chemicals Required

Powdered activated carbon and polyelectrolytes.

III.6.2.8  Residuals Generated

One pound of dry sludge is generated per pound of carbon added; if
regeneration is practiced, carbon sludge is reactivated and reused
with only a small portion removed to prevent buildup of inerts.

III.6.2.9  Reliability

Powdered activated carbon systems are reasonably reliable from
both a unit and process standpoint; in fact, powdered carbon sys-
tems can be used to improve  process reliability of existing systems,

III.6.2.10  Environmental Impact

Land use requirements vary with application; air pollution may
result from regeneration; spent carbon may be a land disposal prob-
lem unless regenerated.

III.6.2.11  Design Criteria

The amount of powdered carbon fed to a system greatly depends on
the characteristics of the wastewater and the desired effluent
quality; however, powdered carbon will generally be fed at a rate
between 50 and 300 mg/L.

III.6.2.12  Flow Diagram

          POWDERED
         CARBON FEED
                                                 TREATED EFFLUENT
                                ~~— "     •" 1 wwiiwi 11.1* I


                            MIXER             	
                                             SLUDGE TO DISPOSAL
                                             OR REGENERATION
 Date:   8/13/79.             III.6.2-2

-------
III.6.2.13  Performance

Subsequent data sheet provide performance data from studies on the
following industries and/or wastesteams:

     Petroleum refining

     Pharmaceuticals and fine organic chemicals production

     Pulp, paper, and paperboard production

     Textile milling
       Carpet finishing
       Knit fabric finishing
       Stock and yarn finishing
       Wool finishing
       Wool scouring
       Woven fabric finishing

III.6.2.14  References

 1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual.
     EPA-430/9-78-009 (draft), U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.  252 pp.
Date:  8/13/79              III.6.2-3

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o
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rt
(D
to
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U>
to
                CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY  SUMMARY FOR POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION

                                        (WITH  ACTIVATED  SLUDGE)
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L;
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenols
TKN
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Zinc
Other pollutants, yg/L:
Chromium (+6)
Number of
data points

24
26
25
4
4
4
1

1
1
A
^
3
2
1
3
2
3

3
Effluent concentration
Minimum

4
33
9
17
11
<0.010
28

41
10
24
7
<20
<18
0.6
<10
<20
78

<20
Maximum

54
563
387
83
57
0.058
28

41
10
90
29
45
38
0.6
22
40
140

20
Median

13
98
38
54
13
0.013
28

41
10
53
14
20
<28
0.6
<10
<30
110

<20
Mean

17
160
67
52
23
<0.023
28

41
10
55
17
<28
<28
0.6
<14
<30
110

<20
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum

<90
60
64a
Oa
8
99
96

5.
Oa
73
Oa
50
Oa
°a
O3
Oa
26

Oa
Maximum

>99
98
97
96
96
>99
96

5
Oa
97
96
69
>78
Oa
>58
>13
98

>64
Median

96
91
90a
Oa
54
>99
96

5a
Oa
88
61
>67
39 =
Oa
>0
6
50

>60
Mean

96
87
86
24
53
>99
96

5a
Oa
87
52
>62
39»
Oa
19
6
58

41
        Actual data indicates negative removal.

-------
o
0)
rt
(D
I-1
M
Ul
VO
                 CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR POWDERED  ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION
H

H

H
•

a\
•

NJ

I
Number of
Effluent concentration, pg/L
Pollutant data points Minimum
Toxic pollutants
Antimony
Zinc
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
2-Chlorophenol
Phenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
1 , 2-Qichloroethane
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
Acrolein
Isophorone

1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1





190,

20,
18,
67,

190,
70,
700,
30,

150
80
44
<10
000
<10b
000
000
000.
<10
000
000
000
000
Maximum





190,
190,
20,
18,
67,

190,
70,
700,
30,

150
80
44
<10
000
000
000
000
000.
<10b
000
000
000
000
Median

150
80
44b
<10b
190,000
95,000
20,000
18,000
67,000.
<10
190,000
70,000
700,000
30,000
Mean

150
80
44b
<10D
190,000
95,000
20,000
18,000
67,000,
<10b
190,000
70,000
700,000
30,000
Removal efficiency.
Minimum

°a
Oa
53
97
81
81
95
84
79
>96
81
93
30
97
Maximum

°a
oa
53
97
81
>85
95
84
79
>96
81
93
30
97
Median

°a
Oa
53
97
81
>83
95
84
79
>96
81
93
30
97
%
Mean

0
Oa
53
97
81
>83
95
84
79
>96
81
93
30
97
       aActual data indicate negative removal.

        Reported as below detectable limits; assumed to be <10 pg/L.

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  M
References:  A3, pp. VI-43-45
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data  source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Dissolved air flotation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Carbon dosage:
Carbon type/characteristics:
Flocculent dosage:
Clarifier configuration:
Depth:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
            Sludge underflow:
            Percent solids
              in sludge:
            Carbon regenera-
              tion technique:
            Carbon makeup rate:
                                REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period;  Average of four days and a composite sample.
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC

TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Cadnium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Selenium

Silver
Zinc
Influent

300
77

29
23
6.0

<1
450
18
140
<18
10
23

2
280
Effluent

106
23

52
16
0.013

10
46
7
45
38
<10
<20

<3
140
Percent
removal

65
70
cl
0
43
>99
a
0
90
61
69
a
0
>0
>13
a
0
50

         Actual data indicate negative removal.

Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified,

Date:  8/30/79                 III.6.2-4

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption
 Data  source:   Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Petroleum refining
 Subcategory:
 Plant:  P
 References:   A3, pp. Vl-43-45
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
 Use  in  system:  Tertiary
 Pretreatment  of influent:  API design gravity oil separator

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
 Carbon  dosage:
 Carbon  type/characteristics:
 Flocculent  dosage:
 Clarifier configuration:
 Depth:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir  loading:
     Sludge underflow:
     Percent solids
       in sludge:
     Carbon regenera-
       tion technique:
     Carbon makeup rate:
                                  REMOVAL DATA
         Sampling period:   Average of four days and a composite sample.
              Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration      Percent
       Influent   Effluent   removal
         Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
           COD                               400         160         60
           TOG                               120          43         64
           TSS                                62          83       (34)
           Oil and grease                     62          57          8
           Total phenol                        55       0.058       >99
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Chromium
Chromium (+6)
Copper
Cyanide
Nickel
Zinc

43
660
<20
10
40
10
100

41
90
20
29
20
22
78

5
86
_
oa
50
oa
26

          Actual  data  indicate negative  removal.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
III.6.2-5

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption
 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source category:  Petroleum refining
 Subcategory:
 Plant:  K
 References:  A3,  pp.  Vl-43-45
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
 Use in system:  Tertiary
 Pretreatment of influent:
Dissolved air flotation
 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Carbon dosage:
 Carbon type/characteristics:
 Flocculent dosage:
 Clarifier configuration:
 Depth:
 Hydraulic detention time:
 Hydraulic loading:
 Weir loading:
            Sludge underflow:
            Percent solids
              in sludge:
            Carbon regenera-
              tion technique:
            Carbon makeup rate:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

         Sampling period;   Average of  four days  and  a  composite  sample
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Chromium
Chromium (+6)
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Influent

900
250
430
270
1.4

1,800
50
380
82
<0.5
24
5,900
Effluent

53
20
17
11
0.012

60
<20
14
<18
0.6
<10
110
Percent
removal

94
92
96
96
99

97
>60
96
>78
oa
>58
98

          Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
      III.6.2-6

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  B
References:  A3, pp. Vl-43-45
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
x
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
Dissolved air flotation
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Carbon dosage:
Carbon type/characteristics:
Flocculent dosage:
Clarifier configuration:
Depth:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir  loading:
            Sludge underflow:
            Percent solids
              in sludge:
            Carbon regenera-
              tion technique:
            Carbon makeup rate:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
         Sampling period;  Average of four days and a composite sample
                                            Concentration      Percent
         	Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

         Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
           COD                              420         100         76
           TOC                              100          30         70
           TSS                                36          56          Oa
           Oil and  grease                      25          9         64
           Total phenol                        24      <0.01       >99
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Chromium
Chromium (+6)
Cyanide
Selenium

90
55
60
<20

24
<20
<20
40

73
>64
>67
a
0

          Actual data indicate  negative  removal.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/30/79
       III.6.2-7

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
                      Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption
                       (With Activated  Sludge)
Data source:  Conference paper
Point source category:  Petroleum refining
Subcategory:
Plant:  First of four refinery and/or
        petrochemical plants
References:  D2, pp. 225-230

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                                                 Data source status:
                                                   Engineering estimate
                                                   Bench scale
                                                   Pilot scale

                                                   Full scale
Carbon dosage:
Carbon type/characteristics:
Flocculent dosage:
Clarifier configuration:
                              Hydrodar  co  C
                          20 mg/L
                          cationic  polymer
                          for secondary
                          solids capture
Depth:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:  17.23 m3/m2/cl
                   • (432 gpd/ft2)
Weir loading:
MLSS:  3,600 mg/L
(high density,  lignite based)
 Sludge  underflow:
 Percent solids
   in sludge:
 Carbon  regenera-
   tion  technique:
 Carbon  makeup  rate:
 Wastewater flow:   3,790 m3/day
                   (2.2 mgd)
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
                                      Concentration,  pg/L   Percent
                                      Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BODs                       300
             COD                      1,180
             TOC                        420
                                                   >30
                                                   350
                                                   100
                  <90
                   70
                   76
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
                                  III.6.2-8

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Powdered Activated  Carbon Adsorption

Data source:   Government report                  Data  source status:
Point source category:                              Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:                                             Pilot scale            	
References:  B20,  pp.  24, 27,  30,  33,  41            Full scale              x

Use in system:
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Carbon dosage:  5,000  mg/L             Sludge  underflow;
Carbon type/characteristics:            Percent solids in sludge:
Flocculent dosage:                     Carbon  regenera-
Clarifier configuration:                technique:
Depth:                                 Carbon  makeup rate:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:

                              REMOVAL  DATA

       Sampling period;	

                                           Concentration       Percent
         Po 1 lutant/parameter	Influent     Effluent5   removal

       Toxic pollutants,  mg/L:
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
2-Chlorophenol
Phenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
Acrolein
Isophorone
94
1,000,000
1,000,000
416,000
115,000
317,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
44
190,000
190,000
21,000
18,000
67,000
190,000
70,000
700,000
30,000
53
81
81
95
84
79
81
93
30
97

        Calculated from influent and percent removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


 10/29/79                        III.6.2-9

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Powdered Activated  Carbon Adsorption
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Pulp,  paper,  and
                        paperboard
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  A26, p. VII-24

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                Data  source  status:
                  Engineering  estimate

                  Bench  scale
                  Pilot  scale
                  Full scale
Carbon dosage:  160 mg/L
Carbon type/characteristics:
Flocculent dosage:
Clarifier configuration:
Depth:
Hydraulic detention time:  6.1 hr
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
     Sludge underflow:
     Percent solids
       in sludge:
     Carbon regenera-
       tion technique:   thermally regener-
                        ated and acid washed
     Carbon makeup rate:
                                REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period:
            Pollutant/parameter
   Concentration,a mg/L  Percent
   Influent   Effluent   removal
          Conventional pollutants:
            BOD5
     300
23
92
           Average values for a six month period.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   9/27/79
III.6.2-10

-------
 TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption

 Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source  category:  Pulp, paper,                Engineering estimate
                        and paperboard
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
 Plant:                                              Pilot scale
 References:   A26, p. VII-25                         Full scale

 Use  in system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN OR  OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Carbon dosage:  182 mg/L
 Carbon type/characteristics:
 Flocculent dosage:                     Sludge underflow:
 Clarifier  configuration:               Percent solids
 Depth:                                   in sludge:
 Hydraulic  detention time:  14.6 hr     Carbon regenera-
 Hydraulic  loading:                       tion technique:
 Weir loading:                          Carbon makeup rate:

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	

                                     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

           Conventional pollutants:
            BOD5                       504        15.2       95
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:  9/27/79                 III.6.2-11

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source  status:
Point source category:  Textile mills               Engineering  estimate
Subcategory:  Carpet finishing                      Bench  scale
Plant:                                              Pilot  scale
References:  A6,  p.  VII-97                          Full scale
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:   Screening,  equalization

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

System configuration:   Mix tank and filter press for solids  removal
Wastewater flow:   757  m3/day
Carbon dosage:
Carbon type/characteristics :
Flocculent dosage:                      Sludge  underflow:
Clarifier configuration:               Percent solids
Depth:                                   in sludge:
Hydraulic detention time:               Carbon  regenera-
Hydraulic loading:                        tion  technique:
Weir loading:                          Carbon  makeup rate:


                                   REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period; _ _______ _ _

                                        Concentration, yg/L    Percent
          _ Pollutant/parameter _ Influent   Effluent    removal

          Toxic pollutants:
            Antimony                      <12          150         Oa
            Zinc                           20           80         Oa
            Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate   400          BDLb     >97
            Phenol                         67          BDL       >85
            Naphthalene                   240          BDL       >96
           Data indicate negative removal.
           Below detectable limits;  assumed to be <10 yg/L.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   10/29/79               III.6.2-12

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption (With Activated
Sludge)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Carpet finishing
Plant:  F
References:  A6, p. VII-102

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Carbon dosage:  2,000-5,000 mg/L in aeration basin
Carbon type/characteristics:  ICI-KB
Flocculent dosage:
Clarifier configuration:
Depth:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
                Sludge underflow:
                Percent solids
                  in sludge:
                Carbon regenera-
                  tion technique:
                Carbon makeup rate:
277-694 mg/L/d
                                 REMOVAL DATA
    Sampling period;  Two weeks
       Pollutant/parameter
        Concentration, mg/L   Percent      Carbon
        Influent   Effluent   removal   dosage,  mg/L
    Conventional pollutants:
BOD5

COD

TOC

471
471
1,450
1,450
390
390
6
4
67
40
35
18
99
99
95
97
91
95
2,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
2,000
5,000

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
          III.6.2-13

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption (With Activated
                       Sludge)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Wool scouring
Plant:  A
References:  A6, p. VII-101

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Carbon dosage:  2,000-10,000 mg/L in aeration basin
Carbon type/characteristics:  Westvaco "SC"
Flocculent dosage:                     Sludge underflow:
Clarifier configuration:               Percent solids
Depth:                                   in sludge:
Hydraulic detention time:              Carbon regenera-
Hydraulic loading:                       tion technique:
Weir loading:                          Carbon makeup rate:
                   Data source status:
                     Engineering estimate
                     Bench scale
                     Pilot scale
                     Full scale
                             139-694 mg/L/d
                                 REMOVAL DATA
    Sampling period;  Two weeks
       Po1lutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
   Carbon
dosage, mg/L
    Conventional pollutants;
BOD 5

COD

TOC

2,580
2,580
5,540
5,540
1,780
1,780
54
51
563
457
387
336
98
98
90
92
78
81
2,000
10,000
2,000
10,000
2,000
10,000

 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date: . .1.0/29/79
  III.G.-2.-14

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption (With Activated
Sludge
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Wool finishing
Plant:   O
References:  A6, p.  VII-102

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Carbon dosage:   1,000-5,000 mg/L in aeration basin
Carbon type/characteristics:  Westvaco "SC"
Flocculent dosage:                      Sludge underflow:
Clarifier configuration:                Percent solids
Depth:                                   in sludge:
Hydraulic detention time:               Carbon regenera-
Hydraulic loading:                        tion technique:
Weir loading:                          Carbon makeup rate:
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
                                     25-125 mg/L/d
                                 REMOVAL DATA
    Sampling period;   Two weeks
       Pollutant/parameter
        Concentration, mg/L   Percent
        Influent   Effluent   removal
                      Carbon
                   dosage,  mg/L
    Conventional pollutants:
      BOD5

      COD

      TOG
           247
           247
         1,100
         1,100
           344
           344
  8
6.5
 63
 33
 23
 11
97
97
94
97
93
97
1,000
5,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
5,000
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   10/29/79
          III.6.2-15

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption (With Activated
Sludge)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finising
Plant:  E
References:  A6, p. VII-101
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Carbon dosage:  2,000-5,000 mg/L in aeration basin
Carbon type/characteristics:  Westvaco "SC"
Flocculent dosage:                     Sludge underflow:
Clarifier configuration:               Percent solids
Depth:                                   in sludge:
Hydraulic detention time:               Carbon regenera-
Hydraulic loading:                       tion technique:
Weir loading:                          Carbon makeup rate:
                                     216-540 mg/L/d
                                 REMOVAL DATA
    Sampling period;  Two weeks
       Pollutant/parameter
        Concentration, mg/L   Percent      Carbon
        Influent   Effluent   removal   dosage, mg/L
    Conventional pollutants:
      BOD5

      COD

      TOC
           505
           505
         1,740
         1,740
           446
           446
 21
 21
103
 69
 52
 40
96
96
94
96
88
91
2,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   10/29/79
          III.6.2-16

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption (With Activated
Sludge)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:  Q
References:  A6, p. VII-100

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Carbon dosage:  1,000-5,000 mg/L in aeration basin
Carbon type/characteristics:  Westvaco "SC"
Flocculent dosage:                     Sludge underflow:
Clarifier configuration:               Percent solids
Depth:                                   in sludge:
Hydraulic detention time:              Carbon regenera-
Hydraulic loading:                       tion technique:
Weir loading:                          Carbon makeup rate:
                                     35-173  mg/L/d
                                 REMOVAL DATA
    Sampling period;  Two weeks
       Pollutant/parameter
        Concentration,  mg/L   Percent       Carbon
        Influent   Effluent   removal    dosage, mg/L
    Conventional pollutants:
BOD5

COD

TOC

318
318
963
963
383
383
14
11
175
119
56
44
96
97
82
88
85
89
1,000
5,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
5,000

Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.
Date:  10/29/79
         III.6.2-17

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption (With Activated
Sludge)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:  D
References:  A6, p. VII-99
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Carbon dosage:  3,000-6,000 mg/L in aeration basin
Carbon type/characteristics:  Westvaco "SA"
Flocculent dosage:                     Sludge underflow:
Clarifier configuration:               Percent solids
Depth:               .                    in sludge:
Hydraulic detention time:              Carbon regenera-
Hydraulic loading:                       tion technique:
Weir loading:                          Carbon makeup rate:
                                     105-210 mg/L/d
                                 REMOVAL DATA
    Sampling period;  Two weeks
       Pollutant/parameter
        Concentration, mg/L   Percent      Carbon
        Influent   Effluent   removal   dosage, mg/L
    Conventional pollutantsi
      BOD5

      COD

      TOC
          1,170
          1,170
          2,115
          2,115
            624
            624
 24
 24
390
447
113
105
98
98
82
79
82
83
3,000
6,000
3,000
6,000
3,000
6,000
 Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   10/29/79
          III.6.2-18

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption (With Activated
Sludge)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:   P
References:  A6, p. VII-100

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Carbon dosage:  1,000-5,000 mg/L in aeration basin
Carbon type/characteristics:  Westvaco "SC"
Flocculent dosage:                     Sludge underflow:
Clarifier configuration:                Percent solids
Depth:                                   in  sludge:
Hydraulic detention time:               Carbon regenera-
Hydraulic loading:                       tion technique:
Weir loading:                          Carbon makeup rate:
                                     122-608 mg/L/d
                                 REMOVAL DATA
    Sampling period;  Two weeks
       Pollutant/parameter
        Concentration, mg/L   Percent
        Influent   Effluent   removal
   Carbon
dosage, tng/L
    Conventional pollutants:
BOD5

COD

TOC

400
400
572
572
243
243
8
8.5
96
82
42
34
98
98
83
86
83
86
1,000
5,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
5,000

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   10/29/79
          III.6.2-19

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption (With Activated
Sludge)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:  Y
References:  A6, p. VII-103

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Carbon dosage:  2,000-5,000 mg/L in aeration basin
Carbon type/characteristics:  ICI-Hydrodarco
Flocculent dosage:                     Sludge underflow:
Clarifier configuration:               Percent solids
Depth:                                   in sludge:
Hydraulic detention time:              Carbon regenera-
Hydraulic loading:                       tion technique:
Weir loading:                          Carbon makeup rate:
                                     210-526 mg/L/d
                                 REMOVAL DATA
    Sampling period:   Two weeks
       Pollutant/parameter
        Concentration, mg/L   Percent      Carbon
        Influent   Effluent   removal   dosage, mg/L
    Conventional pollutants:
      BOD5

      COD

      TOG
           114
           114
           301
           301
            91
            91
 5
 4
60
37
12
 9
96
96
80
88
87
90
2,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   10/29/79
          III.6..2-20

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption (With Activated
Sludge)
 Data  source:  Effluent Guidelines
 Point source  category:  Textile mills
 Subcategory:  Wool finishing
 Plant:  B
 References:   A6, p. VII-99

 Use in  system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment  of influent:

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                           Data source  status:
                             Engineering  estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full  scale
Carbon dosage:  2,000-8,000 mg/L in aeration basin
Carbon type/characteristics:  Westvaco "SA"
Flocculent dosage:                     Sludge underflow:
Clarifier configuration:               Percent solids
Depth:                                   in sludge:
Hydraulic detention time:              Carbon regenera-
Hydraulic loading:                       tion technique:
Weir loading:                          Carbon makeup rate:
                                    97-388 mg/L/d
                                 REMOVAL DATA
    Sampling period;  Two weeks
       Pollutant/parameter
       Concentration, mg/L   Percent      Carbon
       Influent   Effluent   removal   dosage, mg/L
    Conventional pollutants:
BOD 5

COD

TOC

407
407
1,920
1,920
461
461
29
18
107
73
44
38
93
96
94
96
90
92
2,000
8,000
2,000
8,000
2,000
8,000
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   10/29/79
         III.6.2-21

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption (With Activated
Sludge)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Stock and yarn finishing
Plant:  S
References:  A6, p. VII-103

Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Carbon dosage:  2,000-5,000 mg/L in aeration basin
Carbon type/characteristics:  Westvaco "SC"
Flocculent dosage:                     Sludge underflow:
Clarifier configuration:               Percent solids
Depth:                                   in sludge:
Hydraulic detention time:              Carbon regenera-
Hydraulic loading:                       tion technique:
Weir loading:                          Carbon makeup rate:
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
                                     122-304 mg/L/d
                                 REMOVAL DATA
    Sampling period;  Two weeks
        Pollutant/parameter
        Concentration/ mg/L   Percent      Carbon
        Influent   Effluent   removal   dosage/ mg/L
    Conventional pollutants:
BOD5

COD

TOC

95
95
956
956
390
390
8.5
6
74
35
35
18
91
94
92
96
91
95
2,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
2,000
5,000

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   "10/29/79
         III.6.2-22

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:
Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption
(With Activated Sludge)
Data source:  Journal article
Point source category:  Pharmaceuticals
Subcategory:  Pharmaceuticals and fine
              organic chemicals
Plant:  Texas plant
References:  C2, pp. 854-855

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                           Data source status:
                             Engineering estimate    	
                             Bench scale
                             Pilot scale
                             Full scale
Carbon dosage:
Carbon type/characteristics:
Flocculent dosage:
Clarifier configuration:
Depth:
Hydraulic detention time:
Hydraulic loading:
Weir loading:
Wastewater flow:  946 m3/d  (0.25 mgd)
                Sludge underflow:
                Percent solids
                  in sludge:
                Carbon regenera-
                  tion technique:   Wet air oxidation
                Carbon makeup rate:  90% of carbon
                                     recovered
                                REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
             Pollutant/parameter
               Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
               Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
BODs
COD
TKN
7,470
14,790
690
11
280
28a
>99
98
96

            Calculated from influent concentration and percent
            removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  10/29/79
         III.6.2-23

-------
III.6.3  CHEMICAL OXIDATION [1]

III.6.3.1  Function

The chemical oxidation process involves the chemical rather than
the biological oxidation of dissolved organics in wastewater.

III.6.3.2  Description

The processes discussed here are based on chemical oxidation as
differentiated from thermal, electrolytic, and biological oxida-
tion.  Ozonation, a commonly used chemical method of oxidation
for waste treatment, and another oxidation process, chlorination,
are discussed elsewhere in this volume.  The oxidation reactions
discussed here should be distinguished from the higher tempera-
ture, and typically pressurized, wet oxidation processes, such
as the Zimpro process, which are also discussed in a separate
section of this volume.

Oxidation-reduction or "redox" reactions are those in which the
oxidation state of at least one reactant is raised while that of
another is lowered.  In reaction (1) in alkaline solution:

           2MnO£ + CN~ + 20H~  «=» 2MnOiJ~ + CNO~ + H20          (1)

the oxidation state of the cyanide ion is raised from -1 to +1
 (the cyanide is oxidized as it combines with an atom of oxygen
to form cyanate); the oxidation state of the permanganate de-
creases from -1 to -2  (permanganate is reduced to managanate).
This change in oxidation state implies that an electron was
transferred from the cyanide ion to the permanganate.  The
increase in the positive valence (or decrease in the negative
valence) with oxidation takes place simultaneously with reduction
in chemically equivalent ratios.

There are many oxidizing agents; however, only a few are conven-
ient to use.  Those more commonly used in waste treatment are
shown in the following table.

Some oxidations proceed readily to C02.  In other cases, the
oxidation is not carried as far perhaps because of the dosage of
the oxidant, the pH of the reaction medium, the oxidation poten-
tial of the oxidant, or the formation of stable intermediates.
The primary function performed by oxidation in the treatment of
hazardous wastes is essentially detoxification.  For instance,
oxidants are used to convert cyanide to the less toxic cyanate
or completely to carbon dioxide and nitrogen.  The oxidant itself
is reduced.  For example, in the potassium permanganate treatment
of phenolics, the permanganate is reduced to manganese dioxide.
A secondary function is to assure complete precipitation, as in
the oxidation of Fe++ to Fe+++ and similar reactions.
Date:  8/16/79              III.6.3-1

-------
                 WASTE TREATMENT APPLICATIONS OF
                      OXIDATION IDENTIFIED
            Oxidant
            Waste
   Ozone*
   Air  (atmospheric oxygen)


   Chlorine gas

   Chlorine and gas caustic**
   Chlorine dioxide


   Sodium hypochlorite

   Calcium hypochlorite
   Potassium permanganate
   Trace quantities only
   Permanganate
   Hydrogen peroxide
   Nitrous acid
                 pesticides
Sulfites  (S03 )
Sulfides  (S~)
Ferrous iron
Sulfide
Mercaptans
Cyanide (CN~)
Cyanide
Diquat
Paraquat
Cyanide
Lead
Cyanide
Cyanide (organic odors)
Lead
Phenol
Diquat
Paraquat
Organic sulfur compounds
Rotenone
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Phenol
Cyanide
Sulfur compounds
Lead
Benzidene
                         (very slow)
                                             pesticides
    *Discussed in another section of this volume.
   **Alkaline chlorination.

The first step of the chemical oxidation process is the adjust-
ment of the pH of the solution to be treated.  In the use of
chlorine gas to treat cyanides, for instance, this adjustment is
required because acid pH has the effect of producing hydorgen
cyanide and/or cyanogen chloride, both of which are poisonous
gases.  The pH adjustment is done with an appropriate Alkali
(e.g., sodium hydroxide).  This is followed by the addition of
the oxidizing agent.  Mixing is provided to contact the oxi-
dizing agent and the waste.  Because some heat is often liber-
ated, more concentrated solutions will require cooling.  The
agent can be in the form of a gas (chlorine gas), a solution
(hydrogen peroxide) or perhaps a solid if there is adequate
mixing.  Reaction times vary but are in the order of seconds and
minutes for most of the commercial-scale installations.  Addi-
tional time is allowed to ensure complete mixing and oxidation.
Date:  8/16/79
III.6.3-2

-------
At this point, additional oxidation may be desired and, as with
cyanide destruction, often requires the readjustment of the pH
followed by the addition of more oxidant.  Once reacted, this
final oxidized solution is then generally subjected to some form
of treatment to settle or precipitate any insoluble oxidized
material, metals, and other residues.  A treatment for the re-
moval of what remains of the oxidizing agent (both reacted and
unreacted) may be required.  A product of potassium permanganate
oxidation is manganese dioxide (Mn02) , which is insoluble and can
be settled or filtered for removal.

The characteristics of a number of common oxidizing agents are
described in the following paragraphs.

     • Potassium Permanganate

Potassium permanganate (KMnCU) has been used for destruction of
organic residues in wastewater and in potable water.  Its usual
reduced form, manganese dioxide (MnOa) , can be removed by filtra-
tion.  KMnOtt reacts with aldehydes, mercaptans , phenols, and un-
saturated acids.  It is considered a relatively powerful oxidiz-
ing agent.

     • Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide (HaOa) has been used for the separation of
metal ions by selective oxidation.  In this way it helps remove
iron from combined streams by oxidizing the ferrous ion to
ferric, which is then precipitated by the addition of the appro-
priate base.  In dilute solution  (<30%) , the decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide is accelerated by the presence of metal ion
contaminants.  At higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide,
these contaminants can catalyze its violent decomposition.  Hy-
drogen peroxides should be added slowly to the solution with good
mixing.  This caution relates to other oxidants as well.  If the
follow-on treatment involves distillation or crystallization, the
absence of all unspent peroxides must be confirmed since these
techniques tend to concentrate the unused reagent.  Hydrogen per-
oxide has also been used as an "anti-chlor" to remove residual
chlorine followign chlorination treatment.

     • Chromic Acid

Chromium trioxide (CrO3) commercially called chromic acid, is
used as an oxidizing agent in the preparation of organic com-
pounds.  It is often regenerated afterward by electrolytic oxida-
tion.  In the oxidation of organic compounds, chromic acid in a
solution of sulfuric acid is reduced and forms chromium sulfate
 [Cr2 (SO*) 3] .
Date:   8/16/79              III.6.3-3

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III.6.3.3  Technology Status

Technology for large-scale application of chemical oxidation is
well developed.  Application to industrial wastes is well
developed for cyanides and for other hazardous species in dilute
waste streams  (phenols, organic sulfur compounds, etc.).

III.6.3.4  Applications

The following are selected examples of the application of chem-
ical oxidation to hazardous waste management problems.

     * Oxidation of Cyanide Effluents

Numerous plating and metal finishing plants use chemical oxida-
tion methods to treat their cyanide wastes.  Cyanides and heavy
metals are often present together in plating industry wastes.
Their concentration and their value influence the selection of
the treatment process.  If the cyanide and heavy metal are not
economically recoverable by a method such as ion exchange, the
cyanide radical is converted either to the less toxic cyanate or
to CO2 and N2 by oxidation, while the heavy metal is precipitated
and removed as a sludge.

Chemical oxidation is applicable to both concentrated and dilute
waste streams, but the competing processes are more numerous for
the concentrated streams.   These methods include thermal and
catalytic decomposition of the cyanide and decomposition using
acidification.

In treating cyanide waste  by oxidation, hypochlorite or caustic
plus chlorine  (alkaline chlorination) may be used to oxidize the
cyanide to cyanate or to oxidize it completely to nitrogen and
carbon dioxide.  It is a fast reaction that is adaptable to
either batch or continuous operation.  Smaller volumes would be
treated in a batch system for simplicity and safety.  The
destruction of cyanide is  believed to proceed according to the
following equations:

                    NaCN + Cla - CNC1 + NaCl                  (2)

                CNC1 + 2NaOH - NaCNO + NaCl + H20             (3)

        2NaCNO + 4NaOH + 3C12 - 6NaCl + 2C02 + N2 + 2H20      (4)

The rate of the second reaction is dependent upon pH and proceeds
rapidly at a pH of 11 or higher.  About 8 parts chlorine and 7.3
parts sodium hydroxide are required per part of cyanide.  Neu-
tralization is required after treatment because the waste is
generally alkaline.  Calcium, magnesium, and sodium hypochlorite
are frequently used in place of gaseous chlorine even though the
chlorine is more rapid and costs about half as much as the


Date:   8/16/79             III.6.3-4

-------
hypochlorites.  This is because they are easier and safer to use
and do not require the addition of supplementary alkali.  Calcium
hypochlorite will give more sludge than the sodium hypochlorite
if certain anions such as sulfate are present.

There are problems associated with alkaline chlorination of cya-
nide if soluble iron or certain other transition metal ions are
present.  The iron forms very stable ferrocyanide complexes which
prevent the cyanide from being oxidized.  Potassium permanganate
and hydrogen peroxide are also used to oxidize cyanide wastes.
Potassium permanganate (KMn04) is not used widely for the de-
struction of cyanide.  One advantage of the use of permanganate
is that there is no need to monitor pH.  Once the pH adjustment
has been made there is continuous formation of the hydroxide ion.

            KMn04 + 3CN- + H2O - 3CNO~ + 2Mn02 + 2OH~          (5)

to constantly keep the reaction medium on the alkaline side.
This is fortunate because otherwise there is the danger that if
the pH drops to between 6 and 9, hydrogen cyanide and/or cyanogen,
both of which are poisonous gases, may be formed.  With other
oxidative methods the reaction medium is kept alkaline by the
addition of alkali.  The use of permanganate oxidizes the waste
cyanide only to the cyanate.  Simple acid hydrolysis can be used
to further treat the cyanate, converting it to C02 and N2.

     • Oxidation of Phenol

Oxidation reactions involving phenol are often complex, since the
reaction products depend upon the substituents.  The reactions
are believed to involve as a first sept the removal of the hy-
droxyl hydrogen to yield a phenoxy radical.  The eventual re-
action products can include quinone, which is considered more
toxic than phenol.  In one commercial reaction, for instance, the
oxidation of phenol with chromic acid is designed to yield
quinone.

Chemical oxidation of phenols has found application to date only
on dilute waste streams.  Potassium permanganate, one of the oxi-
dants used, is reduced to manganese dioxide (MnO2), which is a
filterable solid.  In one application, the product MnO2 has been
found to act also as a coagulant aid to settle other material
from the waste stream.  Because of the high potential of forma-
tion of chlorophenols, chlorine gas is not frequently used.

When phenol is present only in trace qunatities, the economics
appear favorable for chemical oxidation.  It has been used in
the treatment of potable water.  Removal of 1 ppm phenol in this
application can be accomplished by the addition of 6 to 7 ppm
potassium permanganate.
Date:  8/16/79              III.6.3-5

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     • Oxidation of Other Organics

Chemical oxidizing agents have been used for the control of
organic residues in wastewaters and in potable water treatment.
Among the organics for which oxidative treatment has been
reported are aldehydes, mercaptans , phenols, benzidine, and un-
saturated acids.  For these applications sodium hypochlorite,
calcium hypochlorite, potassium permanganate and hydrogen per-
oxide have been reported as oxidants .   In one application nitrous
acid was used.

Benzidine, an organic used in the manufacture of dyes, is con-
sidered a carcinogen.  Its concentration is generally reduced to
ppb in wastewaters prior to discharge for this reason.  Nitrous
acid oxidation is used to achieve this effluent quality.  While
biodegradation, carbon adsorption, radiation, and oxidation by
ozone and by other chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide has been
suggested, only the oxidation  (commonly called diazotization)
using nitrous has been used on a full scale basis.  The reaction
of benzidine with an excess amount of nitrous acid in a strong
acid reaction medium yields  the quinone form, 4 , 4 ' -dihydroxy-
biphenyl and/or similar products.  The reaction products cannot
revert to benzidine.  The quinone product is also toxic but con-
sidered less so than the reactant, benzidine.  Since the effluent
stream is very dilute, no secondary treatment is required.

     * Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds

Much of the work on oxidative treatment of sulfur compounds is
centered on the problem of odor removal.  Scrubbers using oxi-
dizine solutions of potassium permanganate, for example, have
been used to remove organic sulfur compounds from air.  Thiophene ,
one of these compounds, in which the molecule is unsaturated, is
susceptible to complete degradation.

Chlorine and calcium hypochlorite have been used to prevent
accumulation of soluble sulfides in sewer lines.  If an excess of
chlorine is added to a wastewater containing sulfide, the sulfide
will be oxidized to sulfate.
              HS- + 4C12 + 4H20 •» SCU + 9H+ + 8C1~              (6)

On a pure waste stream containing only small concentrations of
sulfide, the chlorine requirement would be nearly 9 parts  (by
weight) for each part of sulfide.  In streams where there  are
other oxidizable constituents, this requirement may actually be  in
the order of 15 to 20 parts.

Hydrogen peroxide has also been used for this application  of sul-
fide oxidation.  In a wastewater which contained about  6 mg/L
total sulfide, the addition of 30 mg/L hydrogen peroxide  (H202)
 Date:   8/16/79             III.6.3-6

-------
reduced the concentration of sulfide to less than 1 mg/L.   The
average retention time was about two hours .

Although later developed into a catalyzed, two-stage, higher  tem-
perature system, the initial concept of the Sulfox® system  for
control of sulfur emissions was to convert hydrogen sulfide to
elemental sulfur by oxidation with atmospheric oxygen.   Knowing
that there was a strong tendency for sulfide reactions  to go  to
the thiosulf ate and sulf ite stages , attempts were made  to find the
kind of solutions that could regulate the extent of the oxidation.
Caustic solutions were not favorable.  Ammoniacal solutions gave
improved selectivity.  The availability of byproduct ammonia  at
refineries that had sulfur emission problems made the use of
ammoniacal solutions appear promising.  Later improvements  to the
system involved the use of a cobalt catalyst.

     * Oxidation of Pesticides

Because of the resistance of pesticides to biodegradation,  chem-
ical oxidative methods have been investigated to remove pesticide
residues from water.  Work has been completed to study  the  use of
chemical oxidation for the removal of residual diquat and para-
quat from water.

With potassium permanganate oxidation, manganese dioxide was  pre-
cipitated as expected.  The application of KMnCU at a molar con-
centration 25 times that of the two pesticides causes fairly  com-
plete oxidation to oxalate, ammonia, and water.  The reaction is
said to go through several intermediate reactions and the re-
action rates are pH dependent, being faster above pH 8 .  In an
alkaline medium
     3(C12H12N2)2+ + 40MnOi; + 20H~ ^=> 40MnO2 + 18C2C>4 + 6NH3 + 10H2O     (7)
     (Diquat)
          (C12H1itN2)2+ + 14MnO£ +± 14Mn02 + 6C2O^ + 2NH3 + 4H2O         (8)
          (Paraquat)

When using chlorine dioxide as the oxidizing agent on  these sub-
stances in concentrations of 15 and 30 mg/L,  the reactions  were
complete in less than one minute.  These  rates were  observed at
pH values above 8.  At pH 9.04, for example,  15  mg/L of  Diquat
treated with 6.75 mg/L of chlorine dioxide  had a residual Diquat
of 0.00 and a residual chlorine dioxide of  2.61.

     • Oxidation of Lead

Although for a particular application other methods  were con-
sidered more practicable, the use of chemical oxidative  tech-
niques for the removal of trace quantities  of soluble  lead  from
an effluent was investigated on a laboratory scale.  In  this
Date:  8/16/79              III.6.3-7

-------
particular application, the insoluble lead was already removable
by other techniques to acceptable levels.  However, in order to
meet effluent regulations, more of the soluble lead had to be
removed.  Potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium
hypochlorite were tested and found to convert portions of the
soluble lead as described below:
                             Initial soluble   Final soluble
                                  lead             lead
                              concentration,   concentration,
       Oxidizing agent	ppm	ppm
Potassium permanganate
Hydrogen peroxide
Sodium hypochlorite
14
14
14
4 to 7
9
9 to 10

III.6.3.5  Limitations

Oxidation has limited application to slurries, tars, and sludges.
Because other components of the sludge, as well as the material
to be oxidized, may be attacked indiscriminately by oxidizing
agents, careful control of the treatment via multistaging of the
reaction, careful control of pK, etc., are required.

III.6.3.6  Typical Equipment

Only very simple equipment is required for chemical oxidation.
This includes storage vessels for the oxidizing agents and per-
haps for the wastes, metering equipment for both streams, and
contact vessels with agitators to provide suitable contact of
oxidant and waste.  Some instrumentation is required to determine
the concentration and pH of the water and the degree of comple-
tion of the oxidation reaction.  The oxidation process may be
monitored by an oxidation-reduction potential  (ORP) electrode.
This electrode is generally a piece of noble metal  (often plat-
inum) that is exposed to the reaction medium, and which produces
an EMF output that is empirically related to the reaction condi-
tion by revealing the ratio of the oxidized to the reduced
constituents.

III.6.3.7  Residuals Generated/Environmental Impact

One disadvantage of chemical oxidation for waste treatment is
that it introduces new metal ions into the effluent.  If the
level of these new contaminants is high enough to exceed efflu-
ent regulations, additional treatment steps will be required.
Often these are steps such as filtration or sedimentation.
Potassium permanganate used to treat wastes will be reduced to
Mn02 in the process.  This can be reduced by filtration to levels


Date:   8/16/79             III.6.3-8

-------
less than 0.05 mg/L in the final effluent.  On the other hand,
oxidation with hydrogen peroxide adds no harmful species to the
final effluent (except perhaps excess peroxide) since its product
is water.

Whether the products of incomplete oxidation are an environmental
hazard depends upon the specific situation.  Cyanate, the product
of potassium permanganate oxidation of cyanide, is not completely
oxidized.  Treatment with another oxidant, or acid hydrolysis
after permanganate oxidation, can oxidize the cyanide completely
to C02 and N2.  Cyanate, however, is at least a thousand times
less toxic than free cyanide.  The conversion of benzidine to the
products of diazotization is another case in which the treated
waste is less hazardous than the first, but still is considered
a problem.

Often the extent to which excess chlorine must be added for waste
oxidation is such that the residual chlorine in the effluent
becomes a problem.  Careful in-process control or recycling of
the oxidizing solution may be necessary to reduce this level to
meet regulation limits.  Also, hydrogen peroxide has been used as
a reducing agent in some applications as an "anti-chlor" to
destroy the chlorine remaining in the stream after purification.

With the exception of escape of chlorine, which is a potential
hazard wherever chlorine is used, the only other air emission
problem is the possible production of HCN from the destruction of
cyanide wastes when the reaction medium is allowed to become
acidic.

From most chemical oxidations, there will be a residue for dis-
posal unless the concentration of the waste constituent is so low
that the oxidant waste products  (if any) and the oxidized (and
de-toxified) waste can be carried away with the effluent.  Most
of the residue develops from the use of caustic or lime slurry
with chlorine gas in alkaline chlorination.  Smaller amounts of
residue result from oxidations using hypochlorites.  The only
waste that appears particularly troublesome is the sludge, which
can develop in the oxidation treatment of cyanides when iron and
certain other transition metal ions are present.  In this form
(ferrocyanide, for example), the cyanide cannot be easily reached
for further oxidation.

III.6.3.8  Reliability

The process has proven to be highly reliable for demonstrated
applications.
Date:  8/16/79              III.6.3-9

-------
III.6.3.9   Flow Diagram
           MO GALLON
         CAUSTIC STORAGE
            CHLORINE
            STORAGE
 100 GALLON
WASTE STORAGE
 I.SOO GALLON
  ALKALINE
 CHLORINATION
JACKETED REACTOR
 I	
   HEAVY METAL
 |  TREATMENT
 	4------

(NOT INCLUDED IN CYANIDE TREATMENT)
POLISHING FILTER
                                                                      EFRUENT
        TREATMENT IATCH
        WASTE- CONCENTRATED CYANIDE WASTE
             7 000 ppm COPPER CYANIDE
             1.000 ppm SODIUM CYANIDE
        WASTE PROCESSING CAPACITY: l.COO«tl/ti
        OPERATING PERIOD NOd/yr
                    Ihr/d
                         UTILITIES SUMMARY:
                         1. MO 91UO COOLING WATER
                         RAW MATERIALS.
                           95 to/d NfOH
                           321 fc/d CHLORINE
                 Example Process Flowsheet  -  Oxidation

III.6.3.10  Performance

Performance data presented on the following data sheets  includes
information on the  listed  industries and/or wastestreams.
                  Industries
                            Wastestreams
III.6.3.11  References

 1.   Physical,  Chemical,  and  Biological  Treatment  Techniques  for
      Industrial Wastes,  PB 275 287,  U.S.  Environmental  Protection
      Agency,  Washington,  D.C., November  1976.   pp.  35-1 through
      35-19.
Date:   8/16/79
             III.6.3-10

-------
0
£li
n-
n>
• •
M
N>
\
U)
\
•J
U>
H
H
H
•
U>
1
t->

CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR CHEMICAL OXIDATION (CHLORINATION)
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TSS
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Other pollutants, mg/L:
NH3-N
Number of
data points
7
2
1
17
1
1
Effluent concentration
Minimum
441
33.3
320
<2
2,500
124
Maximum
978
159
320
130
2,500
124
Median
565
96
320
30
2,500
124
Mean
632
96
320
38
2,500
124
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum
I-
- 14
5S-
36
Maximum
39
9V
14
>99
Oa
36
Median
28
48
14
•;•
36
Mean
26
48
14
•;»
36
Actual data indicate negative removal.

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Chemical Oxidation (Chlorination)
Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Ferroalloy mine/mill
Plant:  6102
References:  A2, p. VI-26
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage:  10-20 mg/L NaOCl
Contact time:  30-90 min
DH:  8.8-11.0
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA
      Sampling period;
Concentration, yg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants:
Cyanide














Influent

190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
Effluent

80
50
70
40
30
40
30
20
20
30
30
30
10
20
20
Percent
removal

58
74
63
79
84
79
84
89
89
84
84
84
95
89
89
NaOCl
dosage, mg/L

20
20
20
10
10
10
20
20
20
10
10
10
20
20
20
Contact
time, min

30
60
90
30
60
90
30
60
90
30
60
9O
30
60
90
PH

8.8
8.8
8.8
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/15/79
III.6.3-12

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Chemical Oxidation (Chlorination)
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:3
Subcategory:
Plant:  Reichhold Chemical,  Inc.
References:  B4, p.  55
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
                    Data source status:
                      Engineering estimate
                      Bench scale
                      Pilot scale
                      Full scale
 Organic and inorganic wastes.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS  (Also see removal data)

Contact time:  15 min
Chemical dosage (initial):  5.25% aqueous solution of NaOCl

                                REMOVAL DATA

   Sampling period;	
      Pollutant/parameter
Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
        NaOCl dosage,
           weight %
   Conventional pollutants:
     COD                        777
     COD                        777
     COD3                       753
     COD*                       753
     COD                        822
     COD                        724
             717
             706
             565
             505
             510
             441
 7
 9
25
28
38
39
0.5
1.0
2
3
4
5
    Average of 9 samples.
    Average of 3 samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/15/79
 III.6.3-13

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Dechlorination

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Steam-electric              Engineering estimate
                        power generating
Subcategory:                                       Bench scale
Plant:  2603                                       Pilot scale
References:  A31, pp.  61-62                        Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:  570  m3/nun (150,000 gpm)
Chemical feed rate:
Contact time:
Dechlorination chemical:  Sodium thiosulfate

                                REMOVAL DATA

          Sampling period:	

                                     Concentration, mg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

          Other pollutants:
            Total residual chlorine    0.11        0.02       82
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.


Date:   11/15/79               III.6.3-14

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Chemical Oxidation (Chlorination)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Lead/zinc mill                        Bench scale            	
Plant:  3144                                        Pilot scale            	
References:  A2, p. VI-28                           Full  scale              x

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Three FRP reactor tanks in series plus chlorination
                     and lime slaker
Wastewater flow:
Chemical dosage:  1,200-1,500 Ib/d C.r2 Lime to pH of 11-12

                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	

                                    Concentration,  yg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal

            Toxic pollutants:
              Cyanide                68,300      130        >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.


 Date:   11/15/79              III.6.3-15

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III. 6. 4  AIR STRIPPING [1,2]

III. 6. 4.1  Function

Air stripping of wastewater removes the ammonia nitrogen from the
wastewater and discharges it to the air.

III. 6. 4. 2  Description

Ammonia is quite soluble in water, but this solubility is temper-
ature dependent.  The relationship between temperature and the
solubility of ammonia for dilute ammonia solution is expressed by
Henry's Law:

                             y = MX

where  y = mole fraction NH3 in the vapor
       x = mole fraction NH3 in the liquid
       M = Henry's constant

Henry's constant is a function of temperature.  By raising the
temperature of the wastewater the vapor pressure of the ammonia
is increased, and ammonia removal efficiency increased.

Another factor in ammonia removal efficiency is the pH of the
wastewater.  A portion of the ammonia dissolved in the water re-
acts with the water to give the following equilibrium:

                     NH3 + H2O ^NH4+ + OH-                     (1)
By increasing the pH  (concentration, of OH~) , the equilibrium is
shifted to the left, reducing the concentration of NH^ + and in-
creasing the concentration of free dissolved ammonia.

In air stripping of ammonia from dilute wastewater, the air tem-
perature limits the effectiveness of heating the wastewater.
Ammonia removal efficiency is enhanced instead by increasing the
pH, usually by the addition of lime.  The ammonia-containing
wastewater and the lime slurry are fed to a rapid mix tank.  Fol-
lowing the rapid mix tank are flocculators and a settling basin,
where calcium phosphate precipitates and recirculated calcium
carbonate settle out.  The clarified, lime-treated, wastewater is
pumped to the top of two packed towers.  In each tower, fans draw
air up through the tower countercurrent to the falling wastewater.
the "packing" in the tower is actually a series of bundles of
pipe with the pipe sections spaced 2 to 3 inches on center.  The
pipe sections are horizontal, and the direction of each row alter
nates.  After the wastewater has been air stripped of ammonia, it
flows into the recarbonation basin where compressed carbon diox-
ide rich gas from the lime reclacining furnace is bubbled through
it to precipitate calcium carbonate.  Some of the calcium


Date:  8/23/79.             III. 6. 4-1

-------
carbonate sludge is returned to the rapid mix tank to enhance
flocculation while the remainder of the calcium carbonate sludge
and the phosphate sludge from the settling basins are sent to
centrifuges.  The sludges can be fractionally centrifuged to
yield two dewatered sludges, one rich in calcium carbonate and
one containing phosphate.

III.6.4.3  Technology Status

The future application of air stripping of volatiles from waste-
water will be limited to those volatiles that will not cause an
air emission problem.  Air stripping of ammonia from treated
wastewater dilute solutions of ammonia  (with no other volatiles)
is a good application.  It is unlikely that many applications
other than this one will be found for air stripping of wastewater,

III.6.4.4  Applications

Several studies have been reported in which ammonia was removed
from petroleum refinery wastewater by stripping with air.  The
concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen in the untreated wastewater
averaged slightly more than 100 mg/L.  When 300 ft3 of air were
applied per gallon of wastewater, the ammonia removal was found
to be 85% at a pH of 10.5, and 34% at a pH of 9.4.  In another
study, in which the wastewater was passed through a closely
packed aeration tower with 480 ft3 of air supplied per gallon,
ammonia-nitrogen removal by air stripping was found to be very
effective (more than 95% removal) at any pH above 9.0.  When the
pK fell below 9.0, the ammonia-nitrogen removal decreased sharply,
The removal fell to 91% at a pH of 8.9, and to 58% at a pH of 8.8

At the low concentration of ammonia cited in these studies
(^100 ppm), air stripping would indeed be a practical means for
NH3 removal.  For the high concentrations of ammonia typically
present in refinery "sour water" (2,000 to 10,000 ppm), air
stripping could result in serious air emission problems.

III.6.4.5  Limitations
Air stripping has one major industrial application:  the strip-
ping of ammonia from wastewater.  The application of air strip-
ping to the removal of other gases or volatile components from
dilute aqueous streams would depend on the environmental impact
of the air emissions that resulted.  If sufficiently low concen-
trations are involved, the gaseous'compounds can be emitted
directly to the air.  Otherwise, air pollution control devices
may be needed - making the economics less favorable.
         \
III.6.4.6  Residuals Generated/Environmental Impact

When the concentration of ammonia in the wastewater is about
23 ppm and the air-to-water ratio is 500 ft3/gal, the

Date:   8/23/79-             III.6.4-2

-------
concentration of ammonia in the saturated air leaving the tower
is about 6 mg/m3.   This is well below the odor threshold concen-
tration of 35 mg/m3.  There are no U.S. standards for ammonia
emissions, but Czechoslovakia and the U.S.S.R. have established
limitations of 100 and 200 mg/m3, respectively.

Calculations for the ammonia washout in a rainfall rate of 3 mm/hr
(0.12 in./hr) have been made.  The concentrations of ammonia
in the rainfall would approach natural background levels within
16,000 feet of the tower.  Of course, the ammonia discharge
during dry periods diffuses into the atmosphere quickly so that
the background concentration and resulting washout rate of am-
monia at greater distances from the tower are not affected during
a subsequent storm.  The ultimate fate of the ammonia that is
washed out by rainfall within the 16,000-foot downwind distance
depends on the nature of the surface upon which it falls.  Most
soils will retain the ammonia.  That portion which lands on paved
areas or directly on a stream surface will appear in the runoff
from that area.  Even though a protion of the ammonia washed out
by precipitation will find its way into surface runoff, the net
discharge of ammonia to the aquatic environment in the vicinity
of the plant would be very substantially reduced.

The treated wastewater should be low enough in residual ammonia
(<5 ppm) to allow safe discharge to a receiving body of water.

About 25 tons per day of dewatered calcium phosphate, magnesium
carbonate, and calcium carbonate sludge must be disposed of by
landfill for a 15 M gal/d plant.  This sludge disposal will re-
quire a significant amount of land, but should not pose any en-
vironmental hazard.

III.6.4.7  Reliability

Reliability has been a problem for installations where cold weath-
er operation is required; freezing and scaling of CaCO3 have
occurred.

III.6.4.8  Chemicals Required

Lime or caustic soda is needed to raise the pH of the wastewater
to the range of 10.8 to 11.5.  For wastewater with high calcium
content, an inhibiting polymer may be added to ease the scaling
problem.  Effluent from the stripping may need pH readjustment to
neutral condition with an acid  (H2SO/t at 1.75 parts for one part
of lime added) or recarbonation followed by clarification.
Date:  8/23/79              III.6.4-3

-------
II. 6. 4. 9   Design Criteria

Wastewater loading:  1 to  2 gpm/ft2
Stripping  air flow rate:   300  to 500 ft3/gal

Packing depth:   20 to 25 ft
pH of wastewater:  10.8 to 11.5
Air pressure drop:  0.015  in.  to 0.019 in. of water/ft
Packing material:  Plastic or  wood
Packing spacing:  Approximately  2 in. horizontal  and vertical
Must provide:  Uniform water distribution, and  scale removal and
cleanup
Land requirement:  Small
III. 6. 4. 10   Flow Diagram
                WATER INLET
                   AIR INLET
                  OUTLET
                                    A AIR
                                    | OUTLET

                                       I	  DRIFT
                                          '  ELIMINATORS
                                            DISTRIBUTION
                                             SYSTEM
                                            AIR INLET
               WATER COLLECTING
                  BASIN
                             COUNTERCURRENT TOWER
III.6.4.11  Performance

Subsequent data sheets provide performance  data from studies  on
the  following industries  and/or wastestreams:
                Industries
            Wastestreams
 Date:  8/23/79
III.6.4-4

-------
III.6.4.12  References

 1.  Physical, Chemical, and Biological Treatment Techniques for
     Industrial Wastes, PB 275 287, U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Washington, D.C., November 1976.  pp. 41-1 through
     41-15.

 2.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual.
     EPA-430/9-78-009  (draft) U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.  252 pp.
Date:  8/23/79
III.6.4-5

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Air  Stripping

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines                 Data source status:
 Point source  category:   Inorganic chemicals         Engineering estimate   	
 Subcategory:   Hydrogen  cyanide                      Bench scale
 Plant:   782                                        Pilot scale            ~
 References:   A29,  pp. 430-431                       Full scale              x
 Use in system:   Primary
 Pretreatment of  influent:

 DESIGN OR OPERATING  PARAMETERS

 Unit configuration:  Ammonia  stripper
 Flow—wastewater:  1/140 m3/day
 Flow—air:
 Temperature—wastewater:
 Temperature—air:
 Pressure  drop:
 Power requirement:
 Packing material:
 Packing depth:
 Packing spacing:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period;  Three 24-hr composite samples
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TSS
NH3-N
Influent
76
410
Effluent
162
41
Percent
removal
oa
90
         Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
           Cyanide                         170,000    51,000      91
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   8/30/79  •                 III.6.4-6

-------
III.6.5  NITRIFICATION [1,2]

III.6.5.1  Function

Nitrification is used for the biological oxidation of ammonia to
nitrates and nitrites.

III.6.5.2  Description

This process is called single-stage nitrificaiton, because ammo-
nia and carbonaceous materials are oxidized in the same aeration
unit.  As in any aerobic biological process, carbonaceous materi-
als are oxidized by heterotrophic aerobes.  In addition, a spe-
cial group of autotrophic aerobic organisms called nitrifiers  .
oxidize ammonia in two stages:  Nitrosomonas bacteria convert
ammonia to nitrite, and Nitrobacter bacteria convert nitrite
to nitrate.  The optimal conditions for nitrification, in gener-
al, include a temperature of about 30°C, pH of about 7.2 to 8.5,
F/M of about 0.05 to 0.15, relatively long aeration detention
time  (as nitrifiers have a lower growth rate than other aerobes),
and sludge retention time of about 20 to 40 days, depending upon
temperature.

The degree of nitrification depends mainly on three factors:
sludge retention time (SRT), mixed liquor DO concentration, and
wastewater temperature;  of these, SRT is of primary importance
because of the slow growth rate of nitrifiers.  If the sludge is
wasted at a rate that is too high, the nitrifiers will be elimi-
nated from the system.  Generally, nitrification begins at an
SRT of about five days,  but it does not become appreciable until
the SRT reaches about 15 days, depending upon temperature.  The
aeration system is designed to provide the additional oxygen
needed to oxidize the ammonia nitrogen.

The conventional and high-rate modifications of the activated
sludge process do not provide the necessary hydraulic and sludge
detention time; in addition, the F/M ratio is higher.  As a
result, single-stage nitrification cannot be achieved in these
configurations, although they effect a small reduction  (about 20
percent in ammonia).

III.6.5.3  Common Modifications

Any low-rate modification of the activated sludge process such
as extended aeration and the oxidation ditch can be used.  In
addition, the use of the powdered activated carbon has the
potential to enhance ammonia removal, although its application
is in a state of infancy.

Another modification involves the use  of separate stage nitrifi-
cation.  In this modification, carbonaeceous oxidation and
Date:  8/13/79.             III.6.5-1

-------
nitrogenous oxidation are treated in two separate aeration basin
and clarifier systems.

III.6.5.4  Technology Status

Overall, the process is fully demonstrated.  There are nearly
650 shallow oxidation ditch installations in the United States
and Canada.  In addition, pre-engineered extended aeration plants
are also widely used.

III.6.5.5  Applications

Applicable during warm weather if the levels of 1 to 3 mg/L of
ammonia nitrogen in effluent is permitted.

III.6.5.6  Limitations

Biological nitrification is very sensitive to temperature,
resulting in poor reduction in colder months; heavy metals such
as Cd,  Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, phenolic compounds, cyanide and
halogenated compounds can inhibit nitrification reactions.

III.6.5.7  Reliability

Process reliability is good.

111. 6 . 5. 8  Residuals Generated/Environmental Impact

Process produces no primary sludge; secondary sludge is lesser
in quantity and better stabilized than the high-rate and conven-
tional activated sludge process, which minimizes the magnitude
of the disposal problem considerably.

From the solid waste point of view, the impact is very minimal
compared to high-rate and conventional activated sludge processes;
however, odor and air pollution problems are very similar to
other activated sludge processes.

III.6.5.9  Design Criteria

Criteria
Type of reactor
Aeration system
Mean cell residence time
MLVSS
pH
Units
d
mg/L
Value/range
Plug-flow
Oxygen or air
10 - 20
1,000 - 2,000
7.2 - 8.5

Date:  8/13/79               III.6.5-2

-------
III.6.5.10   Flow  Diagram

     Single  Stage  System
          SCREENED AND
            DEC PITTED
           WASTEWATER
         WITH OR WITHOUT
            PRIMARY
          SEDIMENTATION



AERATOR


FINAL
CLARIFIER
RETURN SLUDGE
rvorc
EFFLUENT
c ci i ir\/*r
      Separate Stage System
                   pH ADJUSTMENT (IF NECESSARY)     WASTE SLUDGE
      FROM CLARIFIER
           CONVENTIONAL
         ACTIVATED SLUDGE
                         PLUG FLOW AERATION TANK
                             TO DISCHARGE OR
                             DENITRIFICATION
III.6.5.11   Performance

Subsequent  data sheets provide  performance data from studies on
the  following industries  and/or wastestreams.
         Industries
              Wastestreams
Date:   8/13/79 •
III.6.5-3

-------
III.6.5.12  References

 1.   Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual.
     EPA-430/9-78-009 (draft),  U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1978.  252 pp.

 2.   Metcalf, & Eddy.  Wastewater Engineering:  Collection,
     Treatment, Disposal.  McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, New
     York, 1972.  pp. 662-667.
 Date:   8/13/79'             III.6.5-4

-------
III.6.6  DENITRIFICATION [1]

III.6.6.1  Function

Denitrification is used for the reduction of nitrates and ni-
trites to nitrogen gas.

III.6.6.2  Description

Denitrification involves the reduction of nitrates and nitrites
to nitrogen gas through the action of facultative heterotrophic
bacteria.  In suspended growth, separate stage denitrification
processes, nitrified wastewater containing primarily nitrates is
passed through a mixed anaerobic vessel containing denitrifying
bacteria.  Because the nitrified feedwater contains very little
carbonaceous material, a supplemental source of carbon is re-
quired to maintain the denitrifying biomass.  This supplemental
energy is provided by feeding methanol to the biological reactor
along with the nitrified wastewater.  Mixing in the anaerobic
denitrification reaction vessel may be accomplished using low-
speed paddles analogous to standard flocculation equipment.
Following the reactor, the denitrified effluent is aerated for
a short period (5 to 10 min) to strip out gaseous nitrogen
formed in the previous step that might otherwise inhibit sludge
settling.  Clarification follows the stripping step with the
collected sludge being either returned to the head end of the
denitrification system or wasted.

III.6.6.3  Common Modifications

Common modifications include the use of alternate energy sources
such as sugars, acetic acid, ethanol or other compounds.
Nitrogen-deficient materials such as brewery wastewater may
also be used.  An intermediate aeration step for stabilization
 (about 50 min) between the denitrification reactor and the
stripping step may be used to guard against carryover of
carbonaceous materials.  The denitrification reactor may be
coverer but not air tight to assure anaerobic conditions by min-
izing surface reaeration.

III.6.6.4  Technology Status

Denitrification technology is well developed at full scale but
is not in widespread use.

III.6.6.5  Applications

Used almost exclusively to denitrify municipal wastewaters that
have undergone carbon oxidation and nitrification; may also be
used to reduce nitrate in industrial wastewaters.
8/13/79        •             III.6.6-1

-------
III.6.6.6   Limitations

Specifically  acts on nitrate and  nitrite; will not affect other
forms of nitrogen.

III.6.6.7   Chemicals Required

An energy  source is needed and usually supplied in the form of
methanol;  methanol feed concentration may be estimated using
the following values per mg/1 of  the material at the  inlet to
the process:
                 2.47 mg/L  CH3OH per mg/L of N03-N
                 1.53 mg/L  CH3OH per mg/L of N02-N
                 0.87 mg/L  CH3OH per mg/L of D.O.
III. 6. 6. 8   Reliability

High levels of reliability are  achievable under controlled pH,
temperature,  loading, and chemical feed.

III. 6. 6. 9   Residuals Generated/Environmental Impact

If supplemental energy feed rates  are controlled, very little
excess  sludge is generated; sludge production 0.6 to  0.8 Ib/lb
   -N  reduced; reduces the nitrogen loading on receiving streams.
III. 6. 6. 10   Design Criteria
          Criteria
Flow scheme
Optimum pH
MLVSS
Mixer power requirement
Clarifier depth
Clarifier surface loading rate
Solids loading
Return sludge rate
Sludge generation

Hydraulic detention time
Mean cell residence time
                                    Units
                        Value/range
mg/L
hp/1,000 ft3
ft
gpd/ft2
lb/d/ft2
percent
Ib/lb CH3OH
Ib/lb NH3-N reduced
hr
d
Plug flow (preferable)
            6.5 - 7.5
        1,000 - 3,000
           0.25 - 0.5
             12 - 15
            400 - 600
             20 - 30
            50 - 100
                 0.2
                 0.7
             0.2 - 2
               1-5
Date:   8/13/79
III.6.6-2

-------
III.6.6.11   Flow Diagram

          METHANOL
          NITRIFIED
          EFFLUENT
  AERATED NITROGEN
  STRIPPING CHANNEL
     T=5min
                                                   WASTE
                           RETURN SLUDGE
III.6.6.12   Performance
Subsequent  data sheets provide  performance data  from studies on
the following industries and/or wastestreams:
          Industries
             Wastestreams
III.6.6.13  References

1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual.
    EPA-430/9-009  (draft),  U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency,
    Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.   252 pp.
Date:  8/13/79  .
III.6.6-3

-------
III.6.7  ION EXCHANGE [1]

III.6.7.1  Function

Ion exchange involves the removal of ionic species, principally
inorganic, from an aqueous or partially aqueous phase.

III.6.7.2  Description

In simplest terms, ion exchange may be thought of as the revers-
ible interchange of ions between an insoluble, solid salt  (the
"ion exchanger") and a solution of electrolyte in contact with
that solid.

In the customary mode of usage, the ion exchanger is contacted
with the solution containing the ion to be removed until the
active sites in the exchanger are partially or completely used
up  ("exhausted") by that ion.  The exchanger is then contacted
with a sufficiently concentrated solution of the ion originally
associated with it to convert  ("regenerate") it back to its
original form.

The ion exchange process works well with cations (including, of
course, the hydrogen ion) and anions, both inorganic and organic.
However, the organic species frequently interact with the
exchangers (particularly the organic resins) via both absorption
and ion exchange reactions, often necessitating the use of
extremely high regenerant concentrations and/or the use of
organic solvents to remove the organics.  Consequently, most of
the applications of ion exchange of interest have involved inor-
ganic species.

There are a variety of different cation and anion exchangers
that form salts of more or less different stabilities with a
particular ion.  Thus, knowledgeable choice of a particular ion
exchange material will often allow selective separation of one
ion in solution from another, and afford selective removal of an
undesirable ion from a number of innocuous ones.  As a general
rule, ions with a higher charge will form more stable salts with
the exchanger that those with a lower charge, and hence polyva-
lent species can frequently be selectively removed from a
solution of monovalent ones.

In carrying out ion exchange reactions in a column or bed opera-
tion,  (as opposed to a stirred batch operation which is occasion-
ally used in chemical processing),'there are four operations
carried out in a complete cycle:  service (exhaustion), back-
wash, regeneration, and rinse.  The service and regeneration
steps have been described above.  The backwash step is one in
which the bed is washed  (generally with water) in reverse direc-
tion to the service cycle in order to expand and resettle the
resin bed.  This step eleminated channeling which might have


Date:  8/24/79              III.6.7-1

-------
occured during  service and removes fines  or other material that
may be clogging the bed.  The  rinse step  removes the  excess
regeneration solution prior  to the next service step.

There are three principal operating modes in use today:   cocur-
rent fixed-bed,  countercurrent fixed-bed  and continuous  counter-
current.  A comparison summary is presented in the following
table.

            COMPARISON OF ION EXCHANGE OPERATING MODES

Capacity for high feed
flow and concentration
Effluent quality
Cocurrent
fixed bed
Least
Fluctuates with
bed exhasution
Countercurrent
fixed bed
Middle
High, minor
fluctuations
Countercurrent
continuous
Highest
High
   Regenerant and rinse
    requirements

   Equipment complexity
   Equipment for
    continuous operation


   Relative costs (per
    unit volume)
Highest


Simplest; can use
 manual operation
Multiple beds,
 single regeneration
 equipment
Somewhat less than
 cocurrent

More complex; auto-
 matic controls for
 regeneration

Multiple beds,
 single regeneration
 equipment
Least, yields most concen-
 tration regenerant waste

Most complex; com-
 pletely automated
Provides continu-
 ous service
Investment
Operating
Least
Highest chemicals
and labor; highest
resin inventory
Middle
Less chemicals,
water and labor
than cocurrent
Highest
Least chemical
and labor; lowest
resin inventory
Most  ion exchange  installations  in use today  are of the  fixed-
bed type,  with countercurrent operation coming more into favor,
especially for removal (polishing)  of traces  of hazardous species
from  the stream prior to reuse or discharge.

In order to minimize  regeneration chemical requirements  (i.e.,
to make  most efficient use of regenerant), many fixed-bed instal-
lations  use a technique termed "staged," or "proportional,"
regeneration.  The  first part of the regeneration solution to
exit  from the ion  exchange bed is the most enriched in the
component being removed;  the concentration of that component
decreases in succeeding portions of the exiting regeneration
solution.   In staged  regeneration,  the solution is divided
(generally in separate tanks) into two or more portions.   The
first portion through the bed is "discarded"  (i.e., sent for
subsequent treatment), while the second and succeeding postions
(less rich in the  species being  removed) are  retained.   On the
next  regeneration  cycle,  the second portion from the preceding
Date:   8/24/79
          III.6.7-2

-------
cycle is passed through the bed first (and then "discarded"),
followed by the succeeding portions, the last of which is a
portion of fresh regenerant.  In this way, regenerant utilization
can be maximized.

III.6.7.3  Technology Status

The earliest applications of ion exchange were "water soften-
ing" - the substitution of sodium for calcium and magnesium in
water, and the reverse substitution in sugar solutions to promote
better crystallization.  These applications were initiated in the
late 1800's and early 1900's, using natural and synthetic zeolites
(aluminosilicate minerals).  Synthetic ion exchange resins were
discovered in the late 1930's and were developed rapidly, partic-
ulary after World War II.  Applications broadened rapidly into
diverse areas such as hydrometallurgy (separations of uranium
elements and the rare earth series, for example), and waste
treatment (recovery and removal of chromium species).  Deioniza-
tion applications, especially for high quality process water
(nuclear power and conventional steam generators) is probably
still the most widespread application.

III.6.7.4  Applications

     • Deionization.  Industrial deionization, which in its
broadest meaning includes processes yielding products ranging
from potable water to boiler water for steam production, is by
far the most frequent application of ion exchange, apart from
domestic softening.   (This latter area involves only exchange of
sodium for calcium and magnesium under ambient conditions and
affords little information for waste treatement application.)
Deionization applications generally operate on a relatively clean
feed, at worst brackish water, which has been pretreated where
necessary to remove most foulants.  The product must often meet
stringent quality standards, particularly for newer boiler-water
applications.  Information on reliability of equipment operation
can be obtained from the manufacturers of ion exchange equipment.
Since this application is generally a steady-state operation,
such information can be used to set upper limits on the reliabil-
ity of equipment, particularly for newer modes of operation such
as continuous countercurrent.

     • Electroplating Wastewaters and Resins.  Ion exchange is
used extensively in the electroplating industry, especially in
large installations, to remove ionic impurities from rinse water
enabling re-use of the water and for further treatment of the
impurities prior to disposal or recycle.  Some new installations
are being designed to meet the "zero discharge" requirements
anticipated in the near future.  In certain cases, the electro-
plating bath itself may require a cleanup treatment, but this is
not usually done directly via ion exchange.
Date:  8/24/79 •             III.6.7-3

-------
Ion exchange is used most frequently in combination with other
techniques such as reverse osmosis or precipitation to yield an
optimal solution for the particular application; in general, ion
exchange is employed as the final or "polish" step, particularly
if the stream to be treated contains higher concentrations of the
species to be removed than can be easily handled by this process.
Small-scale portable (skid-mounted) units incorporating carbon
adsorption filters with series and parallel beds of appropriate
ion exchange resins (cation, anion and chelating) have been
marketed for cleaning up individual rise tanks on-site.  These
units are regenerated separately off-site.

The rise solutions from electroplating operations are  for the
most part fairly dilute mixtures of components that might well be
found in the effluent form a hazardous waste treatment facility -
chromium (VI and III), cyanide, nickel, etc.  Thus information on
ion exchange applications in this area may well be directly
applicable to waste treatment processes involving reclamation of
hazardous components and rectification of water prior  to dis-
charge.  The equipment used is virtually all simple batch-type,
and operation is often intermittent.  Information on equipment
and material reliability under conditions approximating batch
waste disposal should be available from the users.

     • Mixed Waste Streams.  In the general metals finishing
business^it is quite common to have a single solution waste
handling system that can only be described as "mixed wastes."
Obviously a variety of waste treatment schemes would be needed in
order to be able to treat mixtures with constituents including
suspended metal particulates, oil and grease, chromium (III and
VI), iron phosphate, cyanide, zinc, etc.  A common thread among
most treatment schemes is the frequent use of some sort of ion
exchange step for final treatment befor re-use or discharge.  The
major amounts of materials in mixed wastes are removed or destroyed
by precipitation, filtration, or a membrane separation and ion
exchange is used as the "polishing" step.

     • Other Metal Finishing Streams.  In addition to treating
dilute aqueous streams, ion exchange is being used to remove low
concentrations of undesirable impurities from relatively highly
concentrated aqueous streams.  The object of treatment in most
cases is to recycle or reclaim the active materials while ridding
the bath of unwanted impurities.  Frequently ion exchange is the
sole separation step,  with other post-treatment steps being car-
ried out on the spent regenerant solution.

Minor concentrations of cations such as iron, aluminum and chro-
mium (III)  are removed from chromic acid plating bath liquors via
cation exchange, after dilution of the chromic acid content of the
liquor from 250 g/L down to 100 g/L.  The dilution is necessary in
order to obtain efficient exchange and to minimize oxidative dam-
age to the sulfonated styrene-divinyl benzene resins used.
 Date:   8/24/79  •             III.6.7-4

-------
     • Applications in Hydrometallurgical Processing.  Ion
exchange has been used for recovery of valuable metals such as
copper, molybdenum, cobalt and nickel, especially from dilute
leach liquors from tailings or dump piles.  Liquid ion exchange
has been more widely used in general in the areas; however, the
advent of new, more-selective resins coupled with the increased
cost of solvent losses (which are at present unavoidable in
liquid ion exchange) is resulting in increased interest in the
solid exchangers.

Uranium processing and extraction is an active field for both
solid and liquid ion exchange.  Solid ion exchange is being used
for recovery of carbonate leaches from in situ uranium mining in
Texas.

Information in this field may have direct application to treat-
ment of certain waste streams and should be useful for comparison
of solid and liquid ion exchange.

     • Removal and Isolation of Radioactive Wastes.  A great deal
of work has been reported on removal of traces of radioactive
species from solutions of various kinds.  Of particular interest
to waste treatment is a summary of the performance of ion exchange
systems in operational nuclear power plants, which indicated that
the severe conditions of radiation and heat resulted in attrition
rates higher than those expected in nonnuclear service.  Even
under those conditions, operating capacity varied from 50 to 75%
of theoretical.

Experience over long service lives in nuclear operations may pro-
vide some useful information on the long term behavior of ion
exchange materials.  Equipment reliability is normally extremely
good in nuclear service,  having been deliberately designed that
way because of the extreme necessity to avoid trace ion leakage
and equipment downtime.

III.6.7.5  Limitations

The upper concentration limit for the exchangeable ions for
efficient operation is generally 2,500 mg/L, expressed as calcium
carbonate (or 0.05 equivalents/L).  This upper limit is due pri-
marily to the time requirements of the operation cycle.  A high
concention of exchangeable ion results in rapid exhaustion during
the service cycle, with the result that regeneration requirements,
for both equipment and of the percentage of resin inventory
undergoing regeneration at any time, become inordinately high.

There is also an upper concentration limit (around 10,000-
20,000 mg/L), which is governed by the properties of the ion
exchangers themselves, in that the selectivity (preference for
one ion over another)  begins to decrease as the total concentra-
tion of dissolved salts (ionic strength) increases.


Date:  8/24/79              III.6.7-5

-------
Synthetic resins can be damaged by oxidizing agents and heat.
In addition, the stream to be treated should contain no suspended
matter or other materials that will foul the resin and that can-
not be removed by the backwash operation.  Some organic compounds,
particularly aromatics, will be irreversibly absorbed by the
resins, and this will result in a decreased capacity, as for
example in the case of electroplating bath additives.

III.6.7.6  Typical Equipment

Fixed-bed ion exchange operations are straightforward systems,
requiring a cylindrical ion exchange bed, tanks for solution
storage, and pumps.  The choice of materials is governed by the
chemical environment.  Continuous ion exchange systems are much
more complex, requiring solids handling equipment and more
intricate control systems.  Apparently only one company  (Chemical
Separations Corp.) has been truly successful in the design and
fabrication of continuous ion exchange systems, and it should be
consulted if the use of such a system is contemplated.

III.6.7.7  Residuals Generated/Environmental Impact

Ion exchange is a solution(aqueous) phase process.  The dilute,
purified product stream can be suitable for discharge to sewers.
The concentrated regeneration stream requires further treatments
for recovery and/or safe disposal of its components.  Emissions
to air will be essentially zero.  Emmissions to water will be
significant only if the regenerant solution is discharged inad-
vertently to ground or surface water.  In normal operation,
emissions will be within environmental discharge limits.  Emis-
sions to land will be  insignificant, except for spills from proc-
ess accidents, or improper disposal of solids exchangers loaded
wjth hazardous substances that would be leachable under the  land-
fill conditions.

The above points address only the ion exchange process itself,
and not disposal of spent or degraded ion exchange materials.
These materials should be disposed of  (after proper cleaning to
remove the hazardous substances) with other solid industrial
wastes of similar composition.

There are no special land use factors associated with ion
exchange processes.  Fixed-bed operations are run with the beds
next to each other, with intermediate pumping.  Continuous sys-
tems do require some overhead height for the loop, but have
greatly decreased floor space requirements.

The only safety problems that might arise involve handling and
processing  the spent regenerant  liquor with its potentially  high
concentrations of hazardous  substances.
Date:   8/24/79              III.6.7-6

-------
III.6.7.8   Reliability


Process  is highly reliable in those  applications  where  ion
exchange has  been utilized extensively.


III.6.7.9   Design Criteria
III.6.7.10   Flow Diagram
                         COOWMW FIXED IEO MOH t
                                       SUV1CC OUT


                                   SERVICE STEP
                \ MGtNtNANr OUT


            REGENERATION STEP
                       oouNmcunmt FIXED «o MOM
                                             MCEMTMNT -J
                                     7 SBvi a OUT

                                   SERVICE STEP
                I HCfNERANT IK

            REGENERATION STEP
                       COUNTnouMtENT COHtlNUOlK MOW

                         IHICCINS oowwow TYPEI
                             soivia IN -*-1




                             SRVICCOUT ^_-l




                             •its me sicnoN ~*j


                             RtCOdUHT IN -T*  ^
                                   ^.^ ^* Brsmn
              WASH TO REMOVI n«S



                £ CCNMAT10N SECTIOK
              •fGtMTRA«fT OUT
 Date:   8/24/79
III.6.7-7

-------
 III.6.7.11   Performance

 Subsequent  data  sheets provide  performance  data from studies on
 the  following  industries  and/or wastestreams.
 III.6.7.12   References

 1.  Physical, Chemical,  and Biological  Treatment  Techniques  for
     Industrial Wastes, PB  275  287,  U.S. Environmental  Protection
     Agency, Washington,  B.C.,  November  1976.   pp.  30-1 through
     30-26.
Date:  8/24/79              III.6.7-8

-------
o
0)
rt
(D
ro

u>
\

vo
                                 CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY  FOR  ION  EXCHANGE
H
H
H
•

a\



 i
Pollutant
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium*0
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Number of
data points
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
Effluent concentration
Minimum
<10a
10
10
90
40
10»
<10»
<10a
400
Maximum
<10a
10
10
100
90
10
10
10
400
Median
<10a
10
10
95
65
10
<10
<10
400
Mean
<10a
10
10
95
65
10
<10
<10
400
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum
>99
>99
>99
98
97
99
99
>99
97
Maximum
>99
>99
>99
>99
>99
99
>99
>99
97
Median
>99
>99
>99
>98
>98
99
>99
>99
97
Mean
>99
>99
>99
>98
>98
99
>99
>99
97
Other pollutants:
Molybdenum, pg/L
Radium (total) , pico Ci/L
Radium (dissolved) , pico Ci/L
1
1
1
1,290
7.2
1
1,290
7.2
<1
1,290
7.2
<1
1,290
7.2
<1
94
99
>99
94
99
>99
94
99
>99
94
99
•>99
         aReported as not detected or below detection limit; assumed to be <10 pg/L.

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ion Exchange

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data  source  status:
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing      Engineering  estimate    	
Subcategory:  Ferroalloy mine/mill                  Bench  scale             	
Plant:  6102                                        Pilot  scale              x
References:  A2, p.  VI-59                           Full scale             	

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Wastewater flow.  0.121-0.125 m3/min
Solids loading rate:
Bed height:
Pressure drop:
Resin type:
Run length:  41 min
Regenerant used:
Cycle time:
Backwash rate:
Resin pulse volume:   1.73 L
Unit configuration:   Pulsed bed,  counter flow ion exchange unit

                                REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling period;  Average of six two-day samples
                                   Concentration, pg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal

             Other pollutants:
               Molybdenum           22,000     1,290       94
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   10/29/79               III. 6..7-10

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ion Exchange

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status :
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:  Uranium mine                          Bench scale            	
Plant:  9452                                        Pilot scale              _
References:  A2, p. VI-48                           Full scale              x
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Flocculation, barium chloride co-precipitation,  two
                           settling ponds in series

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Wastewater flow:
Solids loading rate:
Bed height:
Pressure drop:
Resin type:
Run length:
Regenerant used:
Cycle time:
Backwash rate:
Resin pulse volume:
Unit configuration:  Two upflow ion exchange columns operating in parallel
                     each consisting of fiber-reinforced plastic
Resin volume:  11.3 m3 (400 ft3)

                                REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period:	
                                  Concentration,  picoCi/L   Percent
           Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent	removal

           Other pollutants:
             Radium (total)          955         7.2           99
             Radium (dissolved)        93.4      <1             >99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.
Date:   10/29/79              III.6.7-11

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ion  Exchange

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source  category:  Porcelain  enameling         Engineering estimate
Subcategory:   Printed  circuit plant                 Bench scale
Plant:                                             Pilot scale
References:  A51, p.  184                           Full scale

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Wastewater flow:
Solids loading rate:
Bed height:
Pressure drop:
Resin type:
Run length:
Regenerant used:
Cycle time:
Backwash rate:
Resin pulse volume:
Unit configuration:

                                REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period :

Concentration, yg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants :
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Influent

43,000
3,400
1,700
1,600
9,100
Effluent

100
90
10
10
10
Percent
removal

>99
97
99
99
>99

Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   10/29/79               III.6.7-12

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ion Exchange

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Electroplating
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  A49,  p.  144

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Wastewater flow:
Solids loading rate:
Bed height:
Pressure drop:
Resin type:
Run length:
Regenerant used:
Cycle time:
Backwash rate:
Resin pulse volume:
Unit configuration:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate
                    Bench scale
                    Pilot scale
                    Full scale
                                REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:

Concentration, yg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Toxic pollutants :
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium (+6)
Copper
Cyanide
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Influent

5,700
3,100
7,100
4,500
9,800
6,200
1,500
15,000
Effluent

BDL3
10
10
90
40
BDL
BDL
400
Percent
removal

>99
>99
>99
98
99
>99
>99
97

              Below detectable  limits; assumed to be <10 yg/L.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  10/29/79
III.6.7-13

-------
III.6.8  POLYMERIC  (RESIN) ADSORPTION  [1]

III.6.8.1  Function

Adsorption on synthetic resins is considered here primarily as a
process for the removal of organic chemicals from liquid waste
streams; a separate selection on ion-exchange resins, which are
used for inorganic ion removal and/or recovery, appears elsewhere
in this volume.

III.6.8.2  Description

Waste treatment by resin adsorption involves two basic steps:
(1) contacting the liquid waste stream with the resins and
allowing the resins to adsorb the solutes from the solution; and,
(2) subsequently regenerating the resins by removing the adsorbed
chemicals, often effected by simply washing with the proper
solvent.

The chemical nature of the various commercially available resins
can be quite different; perhaps the most important variable in
this respect is the degree of their hydrophilicity.  The adsorp-
tion of a nonpolar molecule on to a hydrophobic resin (e.g., a
styrene-divinyl benzene based resin) results primarily from the
effect of Van der Waal's forces.  In other cases, other types of
interactions such as dipole-dipole interaction and hydrogen
bonding are also important.  In a few cases, an ion-exchange mer-
chanism may be involved; this is thought to be true, for example,
in the adsorption of alkylbenzend sulfonates from aqueous solu-
tion on to weakly basic resins; e.g., a phenol-formaldehyde-amine
based resin.

Resin adsorbents are used in much the same way as granular carbon.
Commonly, a typical system for treating low volume waste streams
will consist of two fixed beds of resin.  One bed will be on-
stream for adsorption while the second is being regenerated.  In
cases where the adsorption time is very much longer than regenera-
tion time (as might be when solute concentrations are very low),
one resin bed plus a hold-up storage tank could suffice.

The adsorption bed is usually fed downflow at flow rates in the
range of 0.25 to 2 gpm per cubic foot of resin; this is equivalent
to 2 to 16 bed volumes/hr, and thus contact times are in the range
of 3 to 30 minutes.  Linear flow rates are in the range of 1 to
10 gpm/ft2.   Adsorption is stopped when the bed is fully loaded
and/or the concentration in the effluent rises above a certain
level.

Regeneration of the resin bed is performed in situ with basic,
acidic,  and salt solutions or regenerable nonaqueous solvents
being most commonly used.  Basic solutions may be used for the
removal of weakly acidic solutes and acidic solutions for the


 Date:  8/16/79-             III.6.8-1

-------
removal of weakly basic solutes; hot water or steam could be used
for volatile solutes; methanol and acetone are often used for the
removal of nonionic organic solutes.  A prerinse and/or a post-
rinse with water will be required in some cases.  As a rule,
about three bed volumes of regenerant will be required for resin
regeneration; as little as one-and-a-half bed volumes may suffice
in certain applications.

Solvent regeneration will be required unless (1) the solute-laden
solvent can be used as a feed stream in some industrial process
at the plant, or (2) the cost of the solvent is low enough so
that it may be disposed of after a single use.   Solvent recovery,
usually by distillation, is thus most common when organic sol-
vents are used.  Distillation will allow solute recovery for
reuse if such is desired.

Resin lifetimes may vary considerably depending on the nature of
the feed and regenerant streams.  Regeneration with caustic is
estimated to cause a loss of 0.1 to 1% of the resin per cycle;
replacement of resins at such installations may be necessary
every two to five years.  Regeneration with hot water, steam, or
organic solvent should not affect the resins, and, in this case,
lifetimes will be limited by slow fouling or oxidation resulting
in a loss of capacity; actual experience indicates that lifetimes
of more than five years are obtainable.

III.6.8.3  Technology Status

Relatively little information is available on the few systems
that are currently in operation.  Thus there are areas of uncer-
tainty concerning practicability, start-up problems, realistic
operating costs, etc.

III.6.8.4  Applications

Little publicly available information exists on current or pro-
posed industrial applications of resin adsorption systems; several
current applications of resin adsorptions, for which some infor-
mation is available are discussed below.
   * Color Removal

A dual resin adsorption system is being used to remove color
associated with metal complexes and other organics from a
300,000 gpd waste stream from a dyestuff production plant; color
is reduced from an average of 75,000 to 500 APHA units on the
Pt-Co scale, and COD is reduced from an average of 5,280,000 to
2,600 ppm.  The system also removes copper and chromium present
in the influent waste stream both as salts and as organic che-
lates.  While there have been some problems with this system, the
effluent does meet the NPDES requirements.
 Date:   8/16/79.             III.6.8-2

-------
Two large systems are also currently operating to remove colored
pollutants (derived from lignin) from paper mill bleach plant
effluents in Sweden and in Japan.  The Swedish plant, which pro-
duces 300 tons of pulp/day, installed its system about three
years ago.  The resin adsorption system removes 92 to 96% of the
color (initially 30 to 40,000 Pt-Co units), 80 to 90% of the COD
and 40 to 60% of the BOD from the effluent of the caustic extrac-
tion stage in the bleach plant.  The system consists of three
resin columns, each containing about 20 cubic meters of resin.
The system in Japan is for a 420 metric ton/day pulp plant and
consists of four resin columns, each with about 30 cubic meters
of resin.  In both cases, the resins are regenerated with a caus-
tic wash followed by a reactivation with an acid stream
(e.g. , H2SOiJ .

Some resin adsorption units in operation are used to remove color
in water supply systems; others are used to decolorize sugar,
glycerol, wines, milk whey, Pharmaceuticals, and similar prod-
ucts.  One plant in Louisiana, which removes color from an organic
product stream, is said to have been in operation for eight years
now without replacement of the initial resin charge.

   • Phenol Removal

One plant in Indiana currently uses a resin system to recover
phenol from a waste stream.  This unit had been operating for
about nine months as of March, 1976, and is said to be performing
satisfactorily.  A dual resin system is currently being installed
at a coal liquefaction plant in West Virginia to remove phenol
and high molecular-weight polycyclic hydrocarbons from a 10-gpm
waste stream; methanol will be used as the regenerant for the
primary resin adsorbent.

   • Miscellaneous Applications

One resin adsorption system, in operation for five years, is re-
moving fat from the wastewaters of a meat production plant.  Other
applications include the recovery of antibiotics from a fermenta-
tion broth, the removal of organics from brine, and the removal
of drugs from urine for subsequent analysis.  Adsorbent resins
are also currently being used on a commercial scale for screening
out organic foulants prior to deionization in the production of
extremely high purity water.

III.6.8.5  Limitations

Feed stream into a resin adsorption system must be a single li-
quid phase; in most cases, this will be an aqueous solution, but
there is no basic reason that an organic solution could not be
treated so long as the resin is not chemically or physically
harmed by the solution; other limitations include the following:
 Date:  8/16/79             III.6.8-3

-------
    • Suspended solids should be no higher than  50 ppm and may
     have to be kept below 10 ppm in some cases to prevent
     clogging of the resin bed.

    • pH may vary widely; some resins have been  able to
     operate as low as pH 1-2 and as high as pH 11-12,
     in many cases, adsorption will be pH dependent, and
     will thus require pH control.

    • Temperature may also vary significantly; resins have
     been used in applications where the influent tempera-
     ture was as high as 80°C; adsorption will, however,
     be favored by lower temperatures; conversely, regen-
     eration will be aided by higher temperatures.

    • High levels of total dissolved solids  (particularly
     inorganic salts) do not interfere with the action
     of resin adsorbents on organic solutes; there are
     clear indications that some organic chemicals are
     more easily removed from solutions with high con-
     centrations of dissolved salts than from salt-free
     solutions; in some cases of high salt content, the
     adsorbent may have to be prerinsed before
     regeneration.

    • Concentration of organic solute(s) in the feed stream
     should probably be at least a factor of ten less than
     the maximum amount that can be adsorbed in a resin
     bed divided by three bed volumes; this will allow a
     reasonably long cycle time; higher influent concen-
     trations may be treated when special provisions are
     made.

III.6.8.6  Typical Equipment

Equipment for resin adsorption systems is relatively simple.  The
system will generally consist of two or more steel tanks (stain-
less or rubber-lined) with associated piping, pumps, and (perhaps)
influent hold-up tank.   Regeneration takes place in the same
tanks,  and thus the extra equipment needs for regeneration will
consist only of such items as solvent storage tanks, associated
solvent piping and pumps, and solvent (and perhaps solute)  re-
covery equipment,  e.g.,  a still.  Up to three stills may be
required in some systems.

Materials needed include a regenerant solution  (e.g., aqueous
caustic solution or organic solvent),  and resin.  In one full-
scale installation for the removal of organic dye wastes from
water,  two different resins are employed.  In this case, the waste
stream is first contacted with anormal polymeric adsorbent and
then with an anion exchange resin.
 Date:   3/16/79.              III.6.8-4

-------
Features of a few  currently available resin  adsorbents are  given
in the  following table.   Surface  areas of resin adsorbents  are
generally in the range of 100 to  700 m2/g; this is below  the
typical range for  activated carbons (800 to  1,200 m2/g) and, in
general, indicates lower adsorptive capacities, although  the
chemical nature and pore structure of the resin may be more im-
portant factors.   This has been demonstrated in one application
relating to color  removal.

Tests  should be run on several resins when evaluating a new
application.  Important properties are the degree of hydrophili-
city and polarity,  particle shape (granular  versus spherical),
size, porosity, and surface area.

It is  frequently possible to "tailor" a resin for specific  appli-
cations because much greater control over the chemical and  sur-
face nature can be achieved in resin production than in activated
carbon  manufacture.   The cost of  developing  a totally new resin
would be prohibitive for most applications,  but miner modifica-
tions of currently available resins are often feasible.
Void
a Specific volume,
Name Base gravity (wet) %
XAD-1
XAD-2
XAD-4
XAD-7
XAD-8
Dow XFS
Dow XFS
Dow XFS
Duolite
Duolite
Duolote
Duolite
Duolite

Styrene-divinylbenzene


Acrylic ester
4256 Styrene-divinylbenzene
4022
4257
S-30
S-37
ES-561 Phenol-formaldehydec
A-7D
A-7
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
_
-
-
1.
1.
1.
-
1.
02
02
02
05
09



11
12
12

12
37
42
51
55
52
40
35
40
35
35 - 40
35 - 40
.
35 - 40
Particle
size
mesh
20
20
20
20
20

20
20
16
Ifi
18

16
- 50
- 50
- 50
- 50
- 50
+10
- 50
- 50
- 50
- 50
- 50
-
- 50
Bulk
density,
lb/ft3
Surface
area , Average
m3/g pore size, A
100 200
40 - 44
39
41
43
27
-
-
-V30
40
40 - 45
_
•\,40
300
780
450
140
400
100
400
128
_
_
24
™*
90
50
90
235
110
200
110
.
_
_
_
~
      XAD resins manufactured by Rohm and Haas Company; Dow XFS resins manufactured by Dow Chemical U.S.A.;
      Duolite resins manufactured by Diamond Shamrock Chemical Company.

      Resin designed for use in vapor phase adsorption applications.
     Q
      Functional groups such as phenolic hydroxyl groups, secondary and tertiary amines ara present on the
      basic phenol-formaldehyde structure; physical form of these resins is granular as opposed to a bead form
      for the other brands.
III.6.8.7   Residuals  Generated/Environmental Impact

The only major environmental impacts  resulting  from the use of
resin  adsorption systems  are related  to the disposal of the used
regenerant  solution or  extracted solutes when they  are not re-
cycled.  For example, when highly colored wastewaters are treated,
the used regenerant solution (containing 2 to 4%  caustic plus the
 Date:   8/16/79
I-I-I.6.8-5

-------
eluted wastes)  is not recycled and must be disposed of, usually
by evaporation and incineration.  A second example is the removal
of pesticides from water, with regeneration being affected by an
organic solvent.  In this case, the solvent is recovered, probably
by distillation, resulting in a concentrated waste (still bottoms)
to be disposed of, probably by incineration.  In both of these
examples where incineration is used for the eventual destruction
of the wastes,  the environmental impacts would be on air quality
(from incinerator emissions), energy use (for the incinerator
fuel), and land use (from the disposal of unburned residues).

Only minor environmental impacts might be associated with the
rinse waters discharged.  In most cases, these effluents can be
adequately treated by conventional means or safely discharged to
surface waters.

Resin adsorption systems are relatively compact and thus require
little space.  The systems do not have any known health or safety
problems associated with their operation.

III.6.8.8  Reliability

Reliability is still uncertain for this technology.

III.6.8.9  Design Criteria

Criteria have not yet been developed; design is application
specific.

III.6.8.10  Flow Diagram

       DIAGRAM OF A RESIN ADSOPRTION SYSTEM FOR THE REMOVAL
                 AND RECOVERY OF PHENOL FROM WATER
 Date:   8/16/79
III.6.8-6

-------
III.6.8.11  Performance

Subsequent data sheets provide performance data from studies on
the listed industries and/or wastestreams.
III.6.8.12  References

 1.   Physical,  Chemical,  and Biological Treatment Techniques for
     Industrial Wastes,  PB 275 287,  U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Washington,  D.C.  November 1976.   pp.2-1 to 2-26.
Date:  8/16/79             III.6.8-7

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III. 6.9  REVERSE OSMOSIS

     Function.  Reverse osmosis is used for the removal of dis-
solved organic and inorganic materials and control of such waste-
water parameters as soluble metals, TDS, and TOC.

     Description.  Reverse Osmosis (RO) separates dissolved mate-
rials in solution by filtration through a semipermeable membrane
at a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure caused by the dis-
solved materials in the wastewater.  With existing membranes and
equipment, operating pressures vary from atmospheric to 1,500 psi.
Products from the process are  (1)  the permeate or product stream
with dissolved material removed, and (2) concentrate stream con-
taining all removed material.  Removal levels obtainable are
dependent on membrane type, operating pressure, and the specific
pollutant of concern.  Removal of multicharged cations and anions
is normally very high, while most low molecular weight dissolved
organics are not removed or are only partially removed.

     Technology Status.  RO has been commercially available since
the mid-1960"s.  Originally developed for desalination of seawater,
it is seeing broader acceptance as a wastewater treatment tool,
especially when a wastestream has pollutants with recoverable
value.

     Applications.  Recovery of silver, concentration of dilute
wastestreams, metals recovery, radioactive waste treatment, and
water reuse and recycle.

     Limitations.  Concentration polarization  (decreased water
production with time per square meter of membrane); pretreatment
is necessary for removal of solids (colloidal and suspended).
Dechlorination required when using polyamide membranes.  Membrane
fouling results from precipitation of insoluble salts.

     Typical Equipment.  Membrane modules; feed, product, concen-
trate tanks; high pressure pump; prefilter plus pump; stainless
steel piping; heat exchanger; flow and pressure instrumentation.

     Design Criteria.  Membrane type:  cellulose acetate (also
di- and triacetate), polyamide, polysulfone; flux (product) rate
at 600 psi, 5,000 ppm NaCl solution, and 25°C:  6 to 10 gpd/ft2
membrane or 25 to 100 gpd/ft3 module; rejection at 600 psi, 5,000
ppm NaCl solution, and 25°C:  70% to 99% depending on membrane
specification; operating pressure:  250 to 1,500 psi; membrane
configuration:  plate, tubular, spiral, or hollow fiber; water
recovery:  50% to 85% depending on minimum solubility.

     Side Streams.  Concentrate (15% to 30% of initial feed vol-
ume) ; rinse, clean (10% to 20% of final product volume or addi-
tional distilled/deionized water); rinse, chemical - dependent on
application.


Date:  5/25/79               III. 6.9-1

-------
     Chemicals Required.  Sodium tripolyphosphate to increase
water recovery; chlorine as biocide when using cellulose-based
membranes.

     Reliability.  Dependent on wastestream being treated.  Foul-
ing and membrane deterioration have been common in past.  Recent
applications have shown reliability to be improving with vendors
willing to issue guarantees on membrane life.

     Toxics Management.  Removes substantially all soluble heavy
metals and many, but not all, high molecular weight organics.

     Environmental Impact.  The concentrate stream must be dis-
posed of or treated further.

     Flow Diagram.

                        OPTIONAL RECYCLE
                    p.  — —  —      ___     |

                                         - *
                       H MEMBRANE MODULE I - *— ^-CONCENTRATE
                        lii        I


                       PRODUCT (PERMEATE)

     Performance.  Performance data presented on the following
data sheets include information from studies on the following
industries and/or wastestreams:

               Industries           Wastestreams
            Brass finishing    Cooling tower blowdown
            Synthetic rubber   Synthetic laboratory
            Pulp and paper     Sanitary
            Textiles           Acid mine drainage
 Date:  5/25/79    '             III. 6.9-2

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Journal article
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:  Municipal sewage (pretreated)
References:
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Membrane configuration:
Flow rate:
Water recovery:  95%
Membrane type:
Flux:
Temperature:  25°C
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
Influent pressure:  600 psi
                                 REMOVAL DATA

Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants:
Total solids
Ammonia as N
Chloride
Soluble phosphate
Sulfate
Total hardness
Total dissolved carbon
TOC
Dissolved organic carbon
pH
Concentration
, mg/L
Influent Effluent

1,260
9.7
84.0
1.0
54.0
205.0
84.0
67.0
66.0
6.0

32
1.3
8.0
0.1
1.1
6.6
20.0
11.1
11.1
6.1
Percent
removal

97.6
87.2
91.0
90.5
98.1
96.6
77.4
84.0
84.0
"~

 Date:   5/24/79
                                   III.6.9-3

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:
Point source category:  Pulp and paper
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Membrane configuration:
Flow rate:
Water recovery:
Membrane type:
Flux:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
                       Influent pressure:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                                 Typical removals by paper waste type,  %
  Pollutant/parameter
Calcium
 based
Ammonia
 based
NSSC
white
water
 Kraft
 bleach
effluent
  Chemical
 mechanical
press liquor
Conventional pollutants:
Total solids
Color
BOD5
COD
96.9
99.0
91.7
97.0
97.6
96.6
92.3
97.3
99.9
99.9
99.7
99.7
98.9
99.9
96.8
99.6
99.6
99.0
99.6
99.6

Date:  5/24/79
                                 III.6.9-4

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Conference paper
Point source category:  Textiles
Subcategory:
Plant:  Dye waste
References:

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Membrane configuration:
Flow rate:
Water recovery:
Membrane type:
Flux:
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
Influent pressure:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

Concentration ,
mg/L
Influent
Pol lutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants:
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Bicarbonate
Sulvate
Chloride
Nitrate as NOa
Fluoride
Silica
Iron
Nitrate as N
Total alkalinity
Total hardness
TDS
TOC
PH
Feed

95
11
177
4.2
348
93
205
18
1.1
11
0.02
4.1
285
285
764
140
7.2
Brine

1,000
122
1,540
41
952
664
3,457
100
5.3
100
0.14
23
780
3,000
7,700
670
7.0
Effluent

3.2
0.5
28
1.3
21
17
29
5.6
0.6
0.1
ND
1.3
17
10
76
12.5
6.0
Percent
removal

99.42
99.25
96.74
94.25
96.77
95.51
98.42
90.51
81.25
99.02
_
90.41
96.81
99.39
98.2
98.5
-

       Percent removal based on feed/brine average.
Date:  5/24/79
                                  III.6.9-5

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Conference paper
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:  Acid mine water
References:
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
             Data source status:
               Engineering estimate
               Bench scale
               Pilot scale
               Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Membrane configuration:
Flow rate:
Water recovery:  75%
Membrane type:
Flux:
             Influent pressure:   612 psi
                                 REMOVAL DATA
            Pollutant/parameter
Concentration, mg/L   Percent,
Influent   Effluent   removal'
Conventional pollutants:
PH
Acidity
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Total iron
Sulfate
TDS

2.6
1,090
184
66
74
277
1,890
2,491

4.4
6
2
0.9
3.1
0
4.2
10

-
99.6
99.3
99.2
97.3
100
99.8
99.6

           Percent removal based on feed/brine average.
 Date:   5/24/79
                                  III.6.9-6

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Reference document
Point source category:  Steam-electric
Subcategory:
Plant:  Cooling tower blowdown
References:

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                         Data source status:
                           Engineering estimate
                           Bench scale
                           Pilot scale
                           Full scale
Membrane configuration:
Flow rate:
Water recovery:  66%
Membrane type:
Flux:
Spiral
Influent pressure:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
             Pollutant/parameter
             Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
             Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             Calcium                     885        10       98.9
             Magnesium                    61
             Sodium                      228
             Carbonate                    12
             Sulfate                   2,519        48       98.1
             Chloride                    210        23       89.0
             Nitrate                       0.8
             Fluoride                      5
             Hardness                  2,450
             pH                            8.8
             Silica                       60
             TDS                       4,800
Date:  5/24/79
                                  III.6.9-7

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  EPA report
Point source category:  Synthetic rubber
Subcategory:  Emulsion crumb
Plant:
References:
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretrpatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Membrane configuration:  Hollow fiber
Flow rate:  24-28 m3/d
Water recovery:  27-55
Membrane type:  Polyamide
Flux:  6.5-15.5 m3/d
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
Influent pressure:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

Concentration, mg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants:
TDS
TSS
Oil and grease
TOC
COD
BOD5
Surfactants
Iron
PH
Influent

30,480
48
5
246
830
12
0.34
6.3
5.6
Effluent

768
<5
<4
8
20
1
<0.05
<1
6.0
Percent
removal

97.5
-
-
96.7
97.6
91.7
>85.3
>84.1
—

            Influent is from ultrafiltrate of final effluent from
            emulsion process.
 Date:   5/24/79
                                  III.6.9-8

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  EPA report
Point source category:  Synthetic rubber
Subcategory:  Emulsion crumb
Plant:
References:

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Membrane configuration:  Hollow fiber
Flow rate:
Water recovery:
Membrane type:  Polyamide
Flux:
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
Influent pressure:
x
                                 REMOVAL DATA

Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants:
TDS
TSS
Oil and grease
TOC
COD
BOD5
Surfactants
Iron
pH
Concentration
, mg/L
Influent3 Effluent

14,240
27
8
66
511
11
1.3
.2.7
7.0

226
<4
<4
8
6
4
0.2
<1
6.5
Percent
removal

98.4
>85.2
>50.0
87.9
98.8
63.6
84.2
>62.9
™

           Influent is from secondary effluent that has been filtered.
 Date:   5/24/79
                                  III.6.9-9

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  EPA report
Point source category:  Synthetic rubber
Subcategory:  Solution crumb
Plant:
References:
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
Data source status:
  Engineering estimate
  Bench scale
  Pilot scale
  Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Membrane configuration:  Hollow fiber
Flow rate:
Water recovery:
Membrane type:  Polyamide
Flux:
Influent pressure:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants:
TDS
TSS
Oil and grease
TOC
COD
BOD5
Surfactants
Iron
PH
Concentration
, mg/L
Influent Effluent

1,050
<4
11
122
444
30
0.52
<1.0
8.3

141
-
7
10
36
4
0.4
<1.0
9.1
Percent
removal

86.6
-
36.4
91.8
91.9
86.7
23.1
-
—

           Influent is from ultrafiltrate of secondary effluent.
 Date:   5/24/79
                                  III.6.9-10

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Conference paper
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:  Brass finishing
References:

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                         Data source status:
                           Engineering estimate
                           Bench scale
                           Pilot scale
                           Full scale
Membrane configuration:
Flow rate:
Water recovery:  95%
Membrane type:
Flux:
Tubular
Influent pressure:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

Concentration
Pol lutant/par ameter
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Total chromium
Chromium (+6)
Chromium (+3)
Copper
Zinc
Lead
Nickel
Cadmium
Conventional pollutants » mg/L:
pH
Total solids
Oil
COD
Total iron
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Potassium
Chloride
Sulfate
Manganese
Aluminum
Silica
Kjeldahl as N
Nitrate as N
. Influent

10
0
10
120
110
1.4
0.6
<0.1

3.6
3,828
35.6
1,046
1.0
360
160
40
30
202
1,532
0.5
1.0
50
3.2
3
Effluent

0.025
0.01
0.015
0.09
0.09
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01

5.05
6
-
0
<0.01
1.8
0.14
0.05
0.1
1.7
0.6
<0.01
<0.01
1
-
0.2
Percent
removal

99.6
-
99.8
99.9
99.9
-
-
-

-
99.7
-
100
-
99.3
99.9
99.8
99.5
98.7
99.9
-
-
98
-
90

Date:  5/24/79
                                  III.6.9-11

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Journal article
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:  Synthetic waste
References:
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Membrane configuration:
Flow rate:
Water recovery:
Membrane type:  Cellulose acetate
Flux:  See removal data
    Data source status:
      Engineering estimate
      Bench scale
      Pilot scale
      Full scale
x
    Influent pressure:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
                        Pollutant/parameter
Percent
removal
                        Toxic pollutants:
                          Benzene
                          Phenol
                          Chlorophenol
                          Naphthalene
                          pimethyl phthalate
                        Other pollutants:
                          Xylene
Date:  5/24/79
  1.5
 15.6
 34.3
 94.9
 19.7
 83.2
                                  III.6.9-12

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Symposium article
Point source category:
Subcategory:
Plant:  Sanitary waste
References:

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
          Data source  status:
            Engineering  estimate
            Bench scale
            Pilot scale
            Full  scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Membrane configuration:  Hollow fiber
Flow rate:  20 gpm feed, 17,5 gpm product
Water recovery:  89%
Membrane type:  Cellulose triacetate
Flux:
          Influent pressure:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
          Pol lutant/parameter
                                            Concentr at ion
Influent
(average)
Effluent
(average)
                                                        Percent
                                                        removal
Toxic pollutants•  ug/L:
  Total chromium
  Copper
  Nickel
  Zinc
                                            0.2
               0.1
             50
Conventional pollutants , mg/L:
Aluminum
Bicarbonate
Calcium
Chloride
Fluoride
Total iron
Magnesium
Manganese
Phosphate
Potassium
Silicon
Sodium
Sulfate
TDS
pH
Nitrate

<0.5
33
0.4
70
0.4
0.1
0.3
<0.1
2
12
6
155
224
475
3.5 - 6.0
32

<0.5
7
0.2
3
0.2
0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.8
0.6
1
8
1
24
4.5 - 5.5
5

-
78.8
50
95.7
50
-
66.7
-
96.0
95.0
83.3
94.8
99.5
94.9
-
84.4

 Date:   5/24/79
                                  III.6.9-13

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Technical literature                Data source status:
Point source category:                              Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale             x
Plant:  Cooling tower wa^er-chromate removal        Pilot scale            	
References:                                         Full scale             	

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Membrane configuration:                           Influent pressure:
Flow rate:
Water recovery:
Membrane type:
Flux:

                                 REMOVAL DATA


                                             Concentration      Percent
           Pol lutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

         Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
           Total chromium                    35.5      1.5      95.8
           Zinc                              10        0.3      97.0

         Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
           Calcium                        1,040       21        98.0
           Sulfate                        2,650       20        99.2
 Date:   5/24/79


                                  III.6.9-14

-------
57
ST
••

Ul
^
<
-J
vo
H
V£>
Ul
                                  CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS

Pollutant problem
(toxic)
Total chromium
Chromium (+6)
Chromium (+3)
Copper
Zinc
Lead
Nickel
Cadmium
Benzene
Phenol
Chlorophenol
Naphthlene
Dimethyl phthalate
Xylene
Number
of data
sources
3
1
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Attainable concentrations, mg/L
Minimum Maximum Mean Median
<0.1 1.5 0.5
0.01
0.015
6.1 0.09
0.09 0.3 0.16 0.1
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01






Removal efficiencies,
Minimum Maximum Mean
95.8 100 97.7
_ _
99.8
99.9 100 99.9
50 99.9 82.3
100
100
100
1.5
15.6
34.3
94.9
19.7
83.2
%
Median
_
-
-
-
97
-
-
-
-
-





      Date:   5/25/79

-------
ff
Ul
to
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS
«^\
vo
Pollutant problem
( conventional )
TDS
TSS
Total solids
Oil and grease
TOC
COD
H BOD
H Surfactants
Jy, Calcium
^ Magnesium
I Iron
^ Sodium
Carbonate
Sulfate
Chloride
Nitrate
Fluoride
Silica
Hardness
Number
of data Attainable concentrations, mg/L Removal efficiencies, %
sources Minimum Maximum Mean Median Minimum Maximum Mean Median
8 10 768 207 226 86.6 99.6 95.9 97.5



58 12 10 10 84 98.5 91.8 96.7
50 36 15 20 91.9 100 97.9 98.8
81 433 86.7 99.7 90.3 92.3

6 0.1 21 7.3 2 98 99.9 99.1 99.3











       Date:   5/25/79

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Timber products             Engineering estimate   	
                         (pentachlorophenol wastewater)
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale            	
Plant:                                              Pilot scale             x
References:  Al, p. E-4                             Full scale             	
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Ultrafiltration  <

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product  flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:
Membrane type:
Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle  flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period;	
                                        Concentration, mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Effluent   Influent   removal

             Conventional pollutants:
              Oil and grease              55         17        69
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.


Date:   8/13/79  .               III.6.9-17

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

 Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
 Point  source category:  Adhesives and sealants      Engineering estimate
 Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
 Plant:  Grace Chicago                               Pilot scale
 References:  BlO, p. 75                             Full scale
 Use  in  system:  Tertiary
 Pretreatment of influent:  Primary settling, ultrafiltration, 5vi and ly string
                           wound cartridge filters in series

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Product flow rate:
 Flux rate:
 Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine-fiber
 Membrane type:  Du Pont B-9 polyamide
 Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
 Recycle flow rate:
 Operating temperature:  27-30°C
 Rated production  capacity:
 Membrane inlet pressure:   2,700 kPa  (400 psig)
 Feed circulation  rate:  27.3 m3/d  (5 gpm)

                                REMOVAL DATA

            Sampling period:  Equal volume grab samples collected
            	throughout an 8-hr day	

                                        Concentration,  mg/L  Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal

            Conventional pollutants:
              BOD5                        1,280        429       66
              COD                        7,040        736       90

            a
             Average of two samples.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information  was  not  specified.


Date:   8/13/79  •              III.6.9-18

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, pp. 122, 137-8
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration (25-p and 1-p cartridge filters and
diatomaceous earth filter when needed)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine polyamide fiber
Membrane type:  Du Pont #7725N
Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  11-32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
                          one-week period

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5a
COD£
Vj
TOC
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Copper0
Zincd
Influent

35
203

45

160
3,100
Effluent

<8
20

5

50
34
Percent
removal

77
90

89

69
99

         Average of three samples.

         Average of eleven samples
        "Average of four samples.

         Average of eight samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79  .
      III.6.9-19

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, pp.  123, 138
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration (25-y and 1-y cartridge filters and
diatomaceous earth filter when needed)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine polyamide fiber
Membrane type:  Du Pont #7725N
Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  11-32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
        	one-week period	
             Pollutant/parameter
                 Concentration      Percent
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          BOD5a
          CODb
          TOCb
                 125
                 696
                 204
30
77
20
76
89
90
        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Copper0
Zincd
260
4,200
60
120
77
97
         Average of three samples.

         Average of twelve samples

         'Average of eight samples.

         Average of eleven samples.
Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/23/79 •
       III.6.9-20

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:   Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:   Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, p. 119
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Filtration (250-y screen)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Eight externally coated 19-tube bundles in series
Membrane type:  Selas Flotronics Zr(IV)-PAA
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  20-90°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400-7,200 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken
             	in one-week period	
                                            Concentration
                             Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
       Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          COD                               160
          TOC                                30

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Zinc                              940
                     15
                      5
                     20
91
83
98
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
III.6.9-21

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source :   Government report
Point source category:  Electroplating
Subcategory:   Copper plating
Plant:  New England Plating Co.
        (Worchester, Mass.)
References:  Bll, p. 65

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale

                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Product flow rate:
Flux rate:  0.008 m3/min (^2 gpm)
Membrane configuration:
Membrane type :
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  25 °C
Rated production capacity:
Feed pressure (average):  1,240 kPa (180 psi)
Percent conversion (average):  84
Total feed concentration:  1.5 yg/L
         Sampling period:
      REMOVAL DATA

Average 17 samples taken over a 1,108-hr
period for copper, average of 9 samples
taken in the latter part of the 1,108-hr
period for cyanide	
            Pollutant/parameter
       Concentration, yg/L   Percent
       Influent   Effluent   removal
            Toxic pollutants:
              Copper
              Cyanide
         230
         241
28
22
88
91
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79 -
       III.6.9-22

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:   Government report
Point source  category:  Electroplating
Subcategory:   Zinc cyanide plating bath
Plant:  Superior Plating, Inc.,
        (Minneapolis, Minne sota)
References:  B13, pp. 31-33
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale

                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
Bath diluted to one-tenth of original strength
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Product flow rate:
Flux rate (average):  0.016 m3/hr/m2
Membrane configuration:  Ten, 0.  m (2 ft) tubular membranes
Membrane type:  NS-100 polyethylenimine tolylene dusocyanate
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  25°C
Rated production capacity:
pH:  12.8

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  Average values, samples taken over 1,044-hr
                          period	
                                            Concentration
                                    Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TOC                             1,250
        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Cyanide
          Zinc
                 2.8
                 1.7
                             50
0.08
0.03
            96
97
98
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79 .
       III.6.9-23

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
.References:  B12, p. 91
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration (25-y and l-y cartridge filters and
diatomaceous earth filter when needed)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine polyamide fiber
Membrane type:  Du Pont #7753N and Du Pont #7725N
Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  11-32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
        	one week period	
             Pollutant/parameter
                 Concentration      Percent
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          BOD5
          COD
          TOC
                  45
                 160
                  36
 10
 25
  3
  78
  84
  92
        Toxic pollutants,
          Copper
          Zinc
                  40
               4,800
 40
<40
   0
>99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/23/79
        III.6.9-24

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:   Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:   Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, pp. 125, 140
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
                      x
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration (25-p and 1-p cartridge filters and
diatomaceous earth filter when needed)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine polyamide fiber
Membrane type:  Du Pont #400600
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  11-32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400 kPa

                                  REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
                          one week period	
             Pollutant/parameter
                 Concentration      Percent
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          CODa                              253
          TOG13                               47
                            32
                             6
            87
            87
        Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
          Zinc
               4,100
180
96
         Average of fourteen samples.
         Average of twelve samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
       III.6.9-25

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, p. 115
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Filtration (25-y and 1-y cartridge filters and
diatomaceous earth filter when needed)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine polyamide fiber
Membrane type:  Du Pont #400600
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  11-32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400 kPa

                                  REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
        	one week period	
             Pollutant/parameter
                                            Concentration
                                    Percent
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants,  mg/L:
          BOD5                               15         2         87
          COD                               110        10         91

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Zinc                            3,600       500         86
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
       III.6.9-26

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Electroplating
Subcategory:  Copper acid plating bath
Plant:  Precious Metal Platers, Inc.,
        Hopkins, Minnesoto
References:  B13, pp. 25-26
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale

                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Acid bath was diluted to one-tenth of full strength

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Product flow rate:
Flux rate (average):  0.023 m3/hr/m2
Membrane configuration:  Eight,  0.6 m (2 ft)  tubular membranes
Membrane type:  NS-101 polyethylenimine-isophthalal chloride support layer
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:
pH:  1.18

                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:  Average values, samples taken over 1,220-hr
        	period	
                                            Concentration
                             Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
       Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          TOC                               23

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Copper                           4.9
                     7.4
                    0.05
68
99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79 .
III.6.9-27

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Reverse Osmosis

Data source:   Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:   Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, p. 95
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration (25-y and 1-y cartridge filters and
diatomaceous earth filter when needed)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine polyamide fiber
Membrane type:  Du Pont #7725N
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  11-32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA

             Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples
             	taken in one-week period	
                  Pollutant/parameter
                      Concentration
                   Influent   Effluent
             Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
               BOD5                               35         5
               COD                               315        20
               TOC                                65         5

             Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
               Mercury                          0.75        ND°
              Not detected.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/23/79
       III.6.9-28

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, pp. 125, 140
                Data  source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench  scale
                  Pilot  scale
                  Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Filtration (25-y cartridge filter)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Tubular cellulose acetate module (18 in series)
Membrane type:  Westinghouse #4-291
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  <32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,100-3,100 kPa
Tube diameter:  13 mm

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
        	one-week period	
                                            Concentration3
                              Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
        Influent    Effluent    removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          COD                                320       19         94
          TOC                                100        7         93

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Zinc                            14,000      230         98
         Average of three samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79  '
III.6.9-29

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory: Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, pp. 125, 140
                Data  source  status:
                  Engineering estimate   	
                  Bench  scale            	
                  Pilot  scale             x
                  Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Filtration (25-jj cartridge filter)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Tubular cellulose acetate module (18 in series)
Membrane type:  Westinghouse #4-291
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  <32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,100-3,100 kPa
Tube diameter:  13 mm

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
        	one-week period	

                                            Concentration3     Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
       Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          COD                                891       36         96
          TOC                                138        9         95

        Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
          Zinc                            24,000      430         98
         Average of eight samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:    8/23/79
III.6.9-30

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, p. 113
                 Data source  status:
                   Engineering estimate   	
                   Bench scale            	
                   Pilot scale             x
                   Full  scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Filtration  (25-y cartridge filter)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Tubular cellulose acetate module  (18 in series)
Membrane type:  Westinghouse #4-291
Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  <32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,100-3,100 kPa
Tube diameter:  13 mm

                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
        	one-week period	
                                            Concentration
                              Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
        Influent    Effluent    removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          BOD5                               15
          COD                               150
                     1.3
                     200
            91
        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Zinc
         6,000
820
86
         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
III.6.9-31

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

 Data  source:  Government report
 Point source  category:  Textile mills
 Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
 Plant:   La France  Industries
 References:   B12,  pp. 126, 141
                                         Data source status:
                                           Engineering estimate
                                           Bench scale
                                           Pilot scale
                                           Full scale
 Use  in  system:  Secondary
 Pretreatment  of influent:  Filtration  (250-u screen)

 DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 Product flow  rate:
 Flux rate:
 Membrane configuration:  Eight externally coated 19-tube bundles in series
 Membrane type:  Selas Flotronics Zr(lV)-PAA
 Retentate (concentrate)  flow rate:
 Recycle flow  rate:
 Operating temperature:   20-90°C
 Rated production  capacity:
 Membrane inlet pressure:   2,400-7,200 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA
         Sampling period:  Composite of  several daily  samples taken  in
         	one-week period	
                                            Concentration
              Pollutant/parameter
                                                      Percent
                                Influent   Effluent   removal
         Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          BOD5a
           TOC
                                    20
                                   248
                                    83
 2
14
 6
90
94
93
         Toxic  pollutants,  yg/L:
           Zincc
                                 1,400
30
98
         b
Only one sample.
Average of five samples.

Average of six samples.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79  .
                        III.6.9-32

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, p. 100
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
              x
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration (25-y and 1-y cartridge filters and
diatomaceous earth filter when needed)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine polyamide fiber
Membrane type:  Du Pont #7753N
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  11-32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400 kPa
            Sampling period:
      REMOVAL DATA

   Composite of several daily samples
   taken in one-week period	
            Pollutant/parameter
          Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
          Influent   Effluent   removal
          Conventional pollutants:
            BOD5                         49
            COD                         245
            TOC                          70
                         4
                        15
                         5
92
94
93
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79-
       III.6.9-33

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, pp. 122, 137
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
                      x
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtrcition (25-p and 1-y cartridge filters and
diatomaceous earth filter when needed)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine polyamide fiber
Membrane type:  Du Pont #7753N
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  11-32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
        	one wee'k period	
                                            Concentration
                                    Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          CODa                              565
          TOCa                             92.5
                            20
                             5
            96
            95
        Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
          Copper^
          Zinca
                 300
               2,400
<40
 55
>86
 98
         Average of two samples.
         Only one sample.
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/23/79
       III.6.9-34

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La Prance Industries
References:   B12,  pp. 124,  139
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
                     x
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:
Membrane type:  ORNL
Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
        	one-week period	
                                            Concentration3
                                    Percent
             Pollutant/parameter
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L
          COD                               164
          TOC                                24
        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Zinc
               1,500
                            13
                             6
38
           92
           75
98
         Average of five samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/23/79
      III.6.9-35

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis
Data source:   Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:   Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, pp. 124, 139
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Filtration
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:
Membrane type:   ORNL
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
        	one-week period	
             Pollutant/parameter
                 Concentration      Percent
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          BOD5a                              16
          CODb                              272
          TOCb                               50
                             4
                            42
                             8
           75
           85
           84
        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Zincc
               2,500
20
99
         Average of two samples.
         r\
         Average of six samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
       III.6.9-36

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, pp. 124, 139-40
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
                     x
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:
Membrane type:  ORNL
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
        	one-week period	
             Pollutant/parameter
                 Concentration      Percent
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          CODa                              599
          TOCb                              153
                            37
                            10
           94
           93
        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Zincc
               9,700
37
>99
         Average of thirteen samples.
         Average of eleven samples.
        "'Average of nine samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
       III.6.9-37

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, p. Ill
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:
Membrane type:   ORNL
Retentate (concentrate)  flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:
Rated production capacity:
                                  REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
        	one-week period	
             Pollutant/parameter
                 Concentration      Percent
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          BOD5                               35       2.7         92
          COD                               230        30         87
        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Zinc
               5,200
60
                                                                  99
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79  .
      III.6.9-38

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Reverse Osmosis
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, p. 104
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration (25-y and 1-y cartridge filters and
diatomaceous earth filter when needed)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine polyamide fiber
Membrane type:  Du Pont #7725N
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  11-32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
          	one-week period	
             Pollutant/parameter
                 Concentration      Percent
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          BOD5                               15
          COD                               170

        Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
          Zinc                            4,000
                             1
                            25
                           700
93
85
82
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
      III.6.9-39

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, p. 102
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Filtrcition (25-p and 1-y cartridge filter and
diatomaceous earth filter when needed)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine polyamide fiber
Membrane type:  Du Pont #7753N
Retentate  (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  11-32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400 kPa
                                FEMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
        	one-week period	
             Pollutant/parameter
                 Concentration      Percent
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, rng/L:
          BOD5                               45
          COD                               230
          TOC                                50
                           0.3
                            15
                             5
           99
           93
           90
        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Zinc
               4,400
80
98
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
      III.6.9-40

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Reverse Osmosis
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, p. 98
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration (25-y and 1-y cartridge filter and
diatomaceous earth filter when needed)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine polyamide fiber
Membrane type:  Du Pont #7725N
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  11-32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
                          one week period	
             Pollutant/parameter
                 Concentration      Percent
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          BOD5                              40          5         88
          COD                              220         20         91
          TOC                               70          5         93

        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Mercury                          1.1       0.56         48
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
       III.6.9-41

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Reverse Osmosis
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, p. 117
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration (25-y cartridge filters)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Spiral-wound cellulose acetate module
Membrane type:   Gulf
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  15-26°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,800 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA

       Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
       	one-week period	
            Pollutant/parameter
                Cone entrat ion      Percent
             Influent   Effluent   removal
       Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
         BOD5                              10
         COD                              160
         TOC                               35
                            1
                           25
                            5
            90
            84
            86
       Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
         Chromium
         Copper
         Zinc
               300
               120
               960
100
 40
 40
67
67
96
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
      III.6.9-42

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Reverse Osmosis
Data source:   Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:   Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, pp. 123, 138
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration (25-y and 1-y cartridge filters and
diatomaceous earth filter when needed)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine polyamide fiber
Membrane type:  Du Pont #7753N
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  11-32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
        	one-week period	
             Pollutant/parameter
                 Concentration      Percent
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          BOD5a
          cook
          TOCb

        Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
          Copper3
          Zincb
                  55
                 532
                 152
                 400
               4,300
 10
 21
  8
 80
100
82
96
95
80
98
         Only one sample.
        3
         Average of six samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79  .
      III.6.9-43

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, pp.  123, 138
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration (25-y and 1-y cartridge filters and
diatomaceous earth filter when needed)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine polyamide fiber
Membrane type:  Du Pont #7725N
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  11-32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period : Composite of several daily samples taken in
one-week period




Concentration
Pollutant /parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5a
CODb
TOCC
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Copper^
Zincb
Influent

56
376
111
810
5,500
Effluent

11
27
7
53
58
Percent
removal

80
93
94
93
99

         Average of two samples.
         Average of nine samples.
         "Average of eight samples.
         Average of three samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
      III.6.9-44

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Drying and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, pp. 123, 138
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration (25-y and 1-y cartridge filters and
diatomaceous earth filter when needed)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine polyamide fiber
Membrane type:  Du Pont #7725N
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  11-32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
                          one-week period	
             Pollutant/parameter
                 Concentration      Percent
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          BOD5a
          CODb
          TOCb
                  40
                 246
                  62
 5
34
 8
88
86
87
        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Copper0
Zincd
490
3,800
55
180
89
95

         Average of two samples.
         Average of nine samples.
         Average of eight samples.
         Average of six samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79 •
       III.6.9-45

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Reverse Osmosis

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, pp. 126, 141
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate   	
                   Bench scale            	
                   Pilot scale             x
                   Full scale             	
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:  Filtration (25-y cartridge filter and 1-y cartridge
                           filter when necessary)

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Spiral-wound cellulose acetate module
Membrane type:  Gulf
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate::
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  15-26°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,800 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
                          one-week period

Concentration
Pol lutan t/parame ter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5a
CODb
TOCC
Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
Copper*3
Zincb
Influent

104
590
109

1,000
1,200
Effluent

18
26
7

71
22
Percent
removal

83
96
94

93
98

         Average of four samples.
         Average of thirteen samples.
        'Average of twelve samples.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79 .
III.6.9-46

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Reverse Osmosis
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Dyeing and finishing
Plant:  La France Industries
References:  B12, pp. 123-124, 138-139
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
                      x
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Filtration (25-y and 1-y cartridge filters and
diatomaceous earth filter when needed)
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Product flow rate:
Flux rate:
Membrane configuration:  Hollow-fine polyamide fiber
Membrane type:  Du Pont #7725N
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate:
Recycle flow rate:
Operating temperature:  11-32°C
Rated production capacity:
Membrane inlet pressure:  2,400 kPa

                                 REMOVAL DATA
        Sampling period:  Composite of several daily samples taken in
                          one-week period	
             Pollutant/parameter
                 Concentration      Percent
              Influent   Effluent   removal
        Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
          CODa                              246
          TOCa                               27
                            41
                             9
            83
            67
        Toxic pollutants, yg/L:
          Copper'3
          Zinca
               1,000
               4,200
200
610
80
85
         Average of nine samples.
         Only one sample.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   8/23/79
      III.6.9-47

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III.6.10  ELECTRODIALYSIS [1]
III.6.10.1  Function

The general function of electrodialysis is the separation of an
aqueous stream under the action of an electric field into two
streams:  an enriched stream (more concentrated in electrolyte
than the original),  and a depleted stream.  Success of the process
depends on special synthetic membranes, usually based on ion ex-
change resins, which are permeable only to a single charge type of
ion.  Cation exchange membranes permit passage only of positive
ions under the influence of the electric field; anion exchange
membranes permit passage only of negatively charged ions.

III.6.10.2  Description

In the electrodialysis process, feed water passes through compart-
ments formed by the spaces between alternating cation-permeable
and anion-permeable membranes held in a stack.  At each end of the
stack is an electrode that has the same area as the membranes.  A
dc potential applied across the stack causes the positive and neg-
ative ions to migrate in opposite directions.  Because of the
semipermeability of the membranes, a given ion will either migrate
to the adjacent compartment or be confined to its original com-
partment, depending on whether or not the first membrane it en-
counters is permeable to it.  As a result, salts are concentrated
or diluted in alternate compartments.

To achieve high throughput, electrodialysis cells in practice are
made very thin and assembled in stacks of cells in series.  Each
stack often consists of more than 100 cells.  Feed material is
first filtered to remove suspended particulate matter that could
clog the system or foul the membrane and, if required, is given a
pretreatment to remove oxidizing materials and ferrous or manga-
nous ions, which would damage the membranes.  Very high organic
levels may also lead to membrane fouling.  The catholyte stream
is commonly acidified to offset the increase in pH that would
normally occur within the cell, and an antiscaling additive may
be required as well.  An operating plant usually contains many
recirculation, feedback, and control loops and pumps to optimize
the concentrations and pH's at different points and thus maximize
the overall efficiency.  Although a certain amount of water trans-
fer  (electrosmosis)  does occur, the process can be categorized
ion exchange, solvent extraction, or adsorbent processes as one
in which solutes are removed from the solvent, rather than with
distillation, freezing, or reverse'osmossis in whi':h the solvent
is transported.
All ionized species are not removed
tration because of different
tions within the membrane.  Therefore
  mobilities
    in proportion to their concen-
        and equilibrium concentra-
       a solution partially
Date:  8/23/79
III.6.10-1
•V

-------
deionized or concentrated by electrodialysis may contain signifi-
cantly different proportions of ionized species than the original
feed.

Many colloids and polyanions have a net negative charge.  For this
reason they may collect upon or foul anion exchange membranes be-
cause of their positively charged functional groups.  This problem
may be avoided to some extent using an electrodialysis cell that
consists of alternating cation and "neutral" membranes.  Such
systems utilizing a porous "neutral" membrane to avoid convective
flow or mixing, frequently perform very well from a separation
standpoint although they are not common commercially because of
their higher electrical power requirements.

Generally, electrodialysis works best on acidic streams containing
a single principal metal ion (such as acid nickel baths).   At
alkaline pH's membrane life may diminish, but the system has been
reported useable up to pH 14 under special circumstances.   Mixed
metals may not be concentrated in the same ratio as that in the
feed, leading to problems in recycle.  In addition, although a
sodium and copper cyanide stream may perform as expected under
electrodialysis, the presence of zinc (a common occurrence, espe-
cially in brass plating) can foul the anion membrane by the
(ZnCl)~ ion and partially convert that membrane to the cation
form, with significant loss in system performance.  If strongly
alkaline, the feed streams are generally neutralized or rendered
slightly acidic to prevent degradation of the anion membrane,
which usually contains quaternary ammonium groups.  Iron and man-
ganese in the feed water also degrade most common membranes and
must be removed if their total concenration in the feed water is
greater than about 0.3 mg/L.

Calcium sulfate scale can also accumulate if the calcium concen-
tration in the concentrated stream is allowed to exceed about
400 mg/L.  Addition of a sequestering agent to the feed permits
operation to a higher calcium concentration, but generally not
above 900 mg/L.  For this reason, the brine rarely constitutes
less than 10 to 15% of the feed water volume (a concentration
factor of 6 to 10).

Because the process depends on electrolytic conductance through
the various liquid streams, it is rarely practical to produce
product water of less than about 250 ppm total dissolved solids.
For the same reason, it is often desirable to operate an electro-
dialysis system at a slightly elevated temperature.  As a rule of
thumb, a temperature increase of 17°C reduces the power consump-
tion by 1%.

Membrane life, although dependent upon service conditions, is
frequently five years.  Other components are generally long
lived, because the system, although somewhat corrosive perhaps,
operates at a modest or ambient temperatures and pressures, and


Date:  8/23/79             III.6.10-2

-------
abrasives and particulates normally will have been removed from
the feed water.

III.6.10.3  Technology Status

Electrodialysis  is a mature technology with well-known performance
characteristics  and prices; it can be easily evaluated as a poten-
tial component of any multiprocess treatment being considered.
However, its success may be determined to a large extent by wheth-
er it can be made sufficiently reliable and attentionfree to be
offered as a "black box" treatment1 package.

III.6.10.4  Applications

Industrial applications are widespread but varied and include the
use of the process to remove the mineral constituents or contam-
inants from process streams that contain large amounts of organic
products, e.g.,  de-ashing of sugars, washing of photographic emul-
tions, and demineralization of wheKr.  It frequently is used in the
production of potable water from brackish waters, for the desalt-
ing of food products such as whey, and in the chemical industry
for a variety of solution enrichment or depletion purposes.

Pilot operations have been carried out on the desalting of sewage
plant effluent,  sulfite-liquor recjovery, acid mine drainage treat-
ment, the desalting of cooling towjer waters, and numerous other
industrial applications.  Treatment of plating wastes and rinses
has been studied and piloted with encouraging but generally modest
results.  Recent work at General Motors suggests use of the proc-
ess to salvage chromium wastes frotn chromic plating rinses.

At least two facilities have installled electrodialysis units to
treat the hydrogen fluoride and ammonium fluoride effluents from
glass and quartz etching facilities.  Starting with a feed stream
that contains 400 to 500 ppm fluorides, it is possible to produce
a dischargeable dilute stream and a low-volume concentrate stream
that may be recycled or economically treated.

An interesting example exists of the use of electrodialysis in
series with reverse osmossis for the treatment of a concentrated
salt  (NaCl) stream.  Such a system is presently in the pilot-plant
stage.  Although cost data are not yet available, this application
shows how a system utilizing more than one type of process may be
arranged.  Here electrodialysis is chosen for the salt-rich end of
the system where it can operate at high current efficiency.

III.6.10.5  Limitations

Electrodialysis is not available as standard "turnkey" equipment
for pollution control, and its design and operation may require
more skill and care than that of other systems with which it may
compete.  It will probably continue as a viable process in those


8/23/79       •             III.6.10-3

-------
applications for which it  is  especially suitable,  but it does not
appear to have general utility  as  a waste treatment tool.

III.6.10.6  Residuals Generated/Environmental Impact

An electrodialysis plant produces  two product streams, one concen-
trated and one dilute in the  original contaminants; these must be
either recycled, sold, or  disposed of in some other manner.  Elec-
trodialysis may cause some local air pollution,  because both H2
and a ClaOa mix may be generated at the electrode surfaces.  These
represent a hazard if permitted to collect in an enclosed space;
therefore, they generally  a.re vented to the outside and allowed to
escape into the atmosphere.

III.6.10.7  Reliability

For this technology, reliability is highly dependent on operator
skill and the specific application.

III.6.10.8  Flow Diagram
         90 g/L NICKEL.
       AS SULFATE AND CHLORIDE
                       3.5 NICKEL
                                   0.2 9/1 NICKEL
     PARTS
PLATING TANK


70
5.
DRAG-OUT
400 9/hr
HI
g/L N1
2 L/hr
FIRST RINSE
3.5 g/L NICKEL

16 l/nrfn
ELECTROOIALYSIS
STACK NO. 1
DRAG-OUT
9

g/hr
N1
3.15 g/L
N1

60 g/L lit

SECOND RINSE
0.2 g/L NICKEL

DRAG-OUT
0.5 g/hr
-, N1
e L/min
ELECTRODIALYSIS
STACK NO. 2



TO FINAL CHEMICAL
TREATMENT, ppt,
SETTLING, DISCHARGE
0.18 g/L N1
8 L/inln
                         0.15 L/hr
III.6.10.9  Performance

Subsequent data  sheets provide performance data from studies  on
the following  industries  and/or wastestreams:
                Industries
             Wastestreams
Date:  8/23/79
III.6.10-4

-------
 III.6.10.10  References

  1.  Physical, Chemical, and Biological Treatment Techniques  for
     Industrial Wastes, PB 275  287, U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Washington, B.C.,  November 1976.  pp.  18-1 through
     18-14.
Date:   8/23/79              III.6.10-5

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III.6.11  DISTILLATION [1]

III.6.11.1  Function

Distillation is a unit operational process that is most often
employed in industry to segregate, separate, or purify liquid
organic product streams,  some of which contain aqueous fractions.
Sometimes the operation is used to recover one product; sometimes
it is used to produce many desirable fractions from a process
stream.  Distillation is usually nondestructive and can produce
products of any desired composition.

III.6.11.2  Description

Distillation is the boiling of a liquid solution and condensation
of the vapor for the purpose of separating the components.  In
the distillation process there are two phases, the liquid phase
and the vapor phase.  The components that are to be separated by
distillation are present in both phases but in different concen-
trations.  If there are only two components in the liquid, one
concentrates in the condensed vapor (condensate) and the other in
the residual liquid.  If there are more than two components, the
less volatile components concentrate in the residual liquid and
the more volatile in the vapor or vapor condensate.  The ease
with which a component is vaporized is called its volatility, and
the relative volatilities (ratio of equilibrium ratios) of the
components determine their vapor-liquid equilibrium relationships.

There are five general types of distillation, and a general de-
scription of each type is provided below.

     • Batch Distillation.  The simplest form of distillation is
a single equilibrium stage operation.   It is carried out in a
"still" in which the reboiler equivalent consists of a stream
jacket or a heating coil.  The liquid is "boiled"; the vapor is
driven off, condensed, and collected in an accumulator  (a con-
densed vapor collector) until the desired concentration of the
"product" has been reached.  As the remaining liquid becomes
leaner in the volatile component and richer in the less volatile
component, its volume diminishes.  If the residual liquid is the
product, then "bottoms" concentration will be the controlling
parameter.  The batch still, as previously described, consists of
a vessel that provides one equilibrium stage.  By adding a con-
denser and recycling some of the condensed vapor, a second vapor/
liquid equilibrium stage is added, and the separation is improved,

     • Continuous Fractional Distillation.  In continuous frac-
tional distillation, a steady stream feed enters the column,
which contains plates or packing  (packing is normally used only
in small-scale equipment) that provide additional vapor/liquid
contact  (equilibrium) stages.  Overhead vapors and bottoms are
continuously withdrawn.  Vapor from the top plate is condensed


Date:  8/16/79 .            III.6.11-1

-------
and collected in a vessel known as an accumulator.   Some of the
liquid in the accumulator is continuously returned to the top
plate of the column as reflux while the remainder of the liquid
is continuously withdrawn as the overhead product stream.  At the
bottom of the column the liquid collects in the reboiler, where
it is heated by steam coils or a steam jacket.  The function of
the reboiler is to receive the liquid overflow from the lowest
plate and return a protion of this as a vapor stream, while the
remainder is withdrawn continuously as a liquid bottom product.

     • Azeotropic Distillation.  An azeotrope is a liquid mixture
that maintains a constant boiling point and produces a vapor of
the same composition of the mixture when boiled.  Because the
composition of the vapor produced from an azeotrope is the same
as that of the liquid, an azeotrope may be boiled away at a con-
stant pressure, without change in concentration in either liquid
or vapor.  Since the temperature cannot vary under these condi-
tions, azeotropes are also called constant boiling mixtures.

An azeotrope cannot be separated by constant pressure distilla-
tion into its components.  Furthermore, a mixture on one side of
the azeotrope composition cannot be transformed by distillation
to a mixture on the other side of the azeotrope.  If the total
pressure is changed, the azeotropic composition is usually
shifted.  Sometimes this principle can be applied to obtain
separations under pressure or vacuum that cannot be obtained
under atmospheric pressure conditions.  Most often, however, a
third component - an additive, sometimes called an entrainer -
is added to the binary  (two-component) mixture to form a new
boiling-point azeotrope with one of the original constituents.
The volatility of the new azeotrope is such that it may be easily
separated from the other original constituents.

     • Extractive Distillation.  Extractive distillation is a
multi-component rectification method of distillation.  A solvent
is added to a binary mixture that is difficult or impossible to
separate by ordinary means.  This solvent alters the relative
volatility of the original constituents, thus permitting separa-
tion.  The added solvent is of low volatility and is not appre-
ciably vaporized in the fractionator.

     • Molecular Distillation.  Molecular distillation is a form
of a very low pressure distillation conducted at absolute pres-
sures of the order of 0.003 mm of mercury suitable for heat-
sensitive substances.  Ordinarily,, the net rate of evaporation is
very low, at a save temperature, owing to the fact the evaporated
molecules are reflected back to the liquid after collisions
occurring in the vapor.  By reducing the absolute pressure to
values used in the molecular distillation, the mean free path of
the molecules becomes very large  (in the order of 1 cm).  If the
condensing surface is then placed at a distance not exceeding a
few centimeters from the vaporing liquid surface, very few


Date:  8/16/79'            III.6.11-2

-------
molecules will return to the liquid and the net rate of evapora-
tion is substantially improved.

III.6.11.3  Technology Status

The process is well developed for processing applications.  Waste-
water applications are less numerous and less demonstrated.

III.6.11.4  Applications

Treatment of waste by distillation is not widespread, perhaps
because of the cost of the energy requirements.  The only hazard-
ous waste materials that can be feasibly and practicably treated
are liquid organics, including organic solvents and halogenated
organics, which do not contain appreciable quantities of mate-
rials that would cause operational or equipment problems.

There are a number of manufacturers of chemicals and chemical
products who have always recovered solvent streams by distilla-
tion for internal reuse.  There are independent operators and
companies that specialize in solvent or chemical reclamation by
distillation.  Historically, distillable solvents have been re-
covered primarily as an economic consideration, but with imposi-
tion of more stringent government regulations for the disposal of
hazardous wastes and increases in the cost of petrochemicals, by-
product credits will become even more important.  Thus, the re-
covery of organic solvents should become more prevalent.  If by-
product credits offset the higher cost of distillation, vs the
cost of other recovery methods, distillation will become a more
competitive means of waste solvent recovery.

The solvent reclaiming industry pertains to those private contrac-
tors engaged in the reprocessing of organic solvents.  In many
cases, these operations also include other means of reclamation
such as steam-stripping evaporation, filtration, etc.

Typical industrial wastes which can be handled by distillation
are listed below:

   • Plating wastes containing an organic component - usually
     the solvents are evaporated and the organic vapors distilled,

   • Organic effluents from printed circuit boards are adsorbed
     on activated carbon.  Regeneration of the activated carbon
     gives a liquid which is distillable for recovery of the
     organic component.

   • Phenol recovery from aqueous solutions is a major waste
     treatment problem.  The recovery process uses a polymeric
     adsorber, which is regenerated using a vaporized organic
     solvent.  A complex distillation system is used to recover
     both the regeneration solvent and the phenol.


Date:  8/16/79.             III.6.11-3

-------
   • Methylene chloride that contains contaminants is a disposal
     problem, but it can be salvaged for industrial application
     by distilling.

   • Methylene chloride can be recovered from polyurethane waste.

   • The separation of ethylbenzene from styrene and recovery of
     both.

   • Waste solvents for reuse in cleaning industrial equipment;
     this is usually a mixture of acetone (ketones) (alcohols)
     and some aromatics.

   • Recovery of acetone from a waste stream that was created by
     the regeneration of a carbon adsorption bed used to remove
     acetone vapor from the offgas in plastic filter products.
         ,&
   • The production of (penicillin) antibiotics results in the
     generation of large quantities of wastes containing butyl
     acetate.  The waste is distilled, and a portion of the butyl
     acetate can be recycled.  The still bottoms, however, are
     hazardous wastes, which contain 50% butyl acetate and 50%
     dissolved organics (fats and protein).  These are disposed
     of by incineration.

   • Waste motor oil from local service stations and from indus-
     trial locations can be re-refined to produce regenerated
     lube oil or fuel oil with the aid of distillation.

III.6.11.5  Limitations

Equipment and auxiliaries are usually comparatively large; they
can have heights up to 200 ft and cover large land areas.

The equipment is expensive, and capital recovery changes usually
constitute the major portion of solvent recovery cost.

Recovery is energy-intensive and is a close second to capital
recovery charges; energy requirements are nominally 250 to 1,200
Btu/lb of feed.

Application to feed is limited in that it will handle only liquid
solutions that are relatively "clean."

Equipment is often complex and requires operation by highly
skilled personnel.

III.6.11.6  Residuals Generated/Environmental Impact

Waste treatment by distillation creates no air or liquid effluent
problems that cannot be easily averted.  Still bottoms may pre-
sent a waste disposal problem, because they sometimes contain


Date:   8/16/79             III.6.11-4

-------
considerable quantities of tars and sludges that are usually  in-
cinerated.  Vacuum distillation using steam or water eductors,
yields volatile  impurities in the condensed steam or water  used
to produce  the vacuum.   Disposal of this water is always  a  prob-
lem.  Where disposal or treatment of this waste is a major  prob-
lem, mechanical  vacuum  pumps might be considered as an  alterna-
tive to the eductor.

III.6.11.7  Reliability

Process is  highly  reliable for proven applications and  when prop-
erly operated and  maintained.

III.6.11.8  Flow Diagram
        FEED
                                              ACCUMULATOR
                                           PUMP
                                           OVERHEAD PRODUCT
                                         CONDENSATE
                               BOTTOMS
                               PRODUCT
Date:  8/16/79'
                           III.6.11-5

-------
III.6.11.9  Performance

Subsequent data sheets provide performance data from studies on
the following industries and/or wastestreams.

                    Industries               Wastestreams
.111.6.11.10  References

 1.  Physical, Chemical, and Biological Treatment Techniques  for
     Industrial Wastes, PB 275 287, U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Washington, D.C., November 1976.  pp. 17-1 through
     17-35.
Date:  8/16/79              III.6.11-6

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III.6.12  chlorination (Disinfection) [1]

III.6.12.1  Function

Chlorination is the most commonly used disinfection process; it is
especially used for the removal of pathogens and other disease
causing organisms.

III.6.12.2  Description

The chlorination process involves the addition of elemental chlo-
rine or hypochlorites to the wastewater.  When chlorine is used,
it combines with water to form hypochlorous (HOCl) and hydro-
chloric  (HC1) acids.  Hydrolysis goes virtually to completion at
pH values and concentrations normally experienced in municipal
wastewater applications.   Hypochlorous acid will ionize to
hypochlorite (OC1) ion, with the amount greatly affected by pH.
However, hypochlorous acid is the primary disinfectant in water.
In wastewater,  the primary disinfectant species is monochloromine.
Therefore, the tendency of hypochlorous acid to dissociate to
hypochlorite ion should be discouraged by maintaining a pH below
7.5.

The amount of chlorine added is determined by cylinder weight loss.
Chlorine demand is determined by the difference between the chlo-
rine added and the measured residual concentration after a certain
period has passed from the time of addition; this is usually
15-30 minutes.   The chlorine or hypochlorite is rapidly mixed with
the wastewater, after which it passes through a detention tank,
which normally contains baffled zones to prevent short circuiting
of wastewater.

III.6.12.3  Common Modifications

Chlorine or hypochlorite salts can be used.  The two most common
hypochlorite salts are calcium and sodium hypochlorite.  Dechlori-
nation may be used; this generally involves the addition of sulfur
dioxide, aeration, or even activated carbon, when chlorine resi-
dual standards are strict.

III.6.12.4  Technology Status

Chlorination of water supplies on an emergency basis has been
practiced since about 1850.  Presently,  chlorination of both
water supplies and wastewaters is an extremely wide-spread
practice.

III.6.12.5  Applications

Used to prevent the spread of wasteborne diseases and to control
algae growth and odors.
 Date:   8/30/79 .              III.6.12-1

-------
III.6.12.6   Limitations

May cause the  formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons,  some of
which are known  to be carcinogenic compounds.  The  effectiveness
of chlorination  is greatly dependent on pH and temperature of the
wastewater.  Chlorine gas is a hazardous material,  and  requires
sophisticated  handling procedures.  Chlorine will react with cer-
tain chemicals in the wastewater, leaving only the  residual
amounts of chlorine for disinfection.  Chlorine will  oxidize
ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, as well as metals present  in their
reduced states.

III.6.12.7   Chemicals Required

Chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, or calcium hypochlorite.

III.6.12.8   Design Criteria

Generally a  contact period of 15 to 30 minutes at peak  flow is
required.  Detention tanks should be designed to prevent short
circuiting;  this usually involves the use of baffling.   Baffles
can either be  the over-and-under or the end-around  varieties.
Residuals of at  least 0.5 mg/L are generally required.   The
following table  presents typical dosages for disinfection:
                                                   Dosage range,
     	Effluent  from	mg/L

     Untreated wastewater  (prechlorination)                6 to 25
     Primary sedimentation                              5 to 20
     Chemical-precipitation plant                        3 to 10
     Trickling-filter plant                             3 to 10
     Activated-sludge plant                             2 to 8
     Multimedia filter following activated-sludge plant     1 to 5
III.6.12.9   Reliability

Process  is  extremely reliable.

III.6.12.10  Environmental Impact

Can  cause the formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons;  chlorine gas
may  be released to the atmosphere; relatively  small  land
requirements.
Date:  8/30/79 •              III.6.12-2

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III.6.12.11  Flow Diagram
                                CHLORINATOR
                     CHLORINE GAS
        SOLUTION WATER
                  EDUCTOR
                 INFLUENT
                            MIXING TANK
                             (OPTIONAL)
                                       CHLORINE
                                                     EFFLUENT
                                           CONTACT TANK
III.6.12.12   Performance

Subsequent data sheets provide performance data from  studies on
the following industries  and/or wastestreams:
           Industries
             Wastestreams
III.6.12.13   References

1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual,
    EPA-430/9-78-009  (draft)  U.S. Environmental Protection
    Agency,  Cincinnati, Ohio,  1978.  252  pp.
 Date:   8/30/79
III.6.12-3

-------
III.6.13  DECHLORINATION  [1]

III.6.13.1  Function

Dechlorination is used  to remove  free  and  combined chlorine.

III.6.13.2  Description

Since about 1970, much  attention  has been  focused on the toxic
effects of chlorinated  effluents.   Both  free  chlorine and chlor-
amine residuals are toxic to  fish and  other aquatic organisms.
Dechlorination involves the addition of  sulfur  dioxide to waste-
water, whereby the following  reactions occur:

         S02 + HOCl + H20 = S04+2  + Cl~ + 3H+ (For free chlorine)        (1)

    SO2 + NH2C1 + 2H2O = SOu+2 + Cl~ + 2H+ + NHa+  (For combined chlorine)   (2)

As noted, small amounts of sulfuric and  hydrochloric acids are
formed; however, they are generally neutralized by the buffering
capacity of the wastewater.   Dechlorination can also be used  in
conjunction with superchlorination.  Because  superchlorination
involves the addition of excess chlorine,  dechlorination is re-
quired to eliminate this residual.  Sulfur dioxide,  the most
common chemical used for dechlorination, is fed as a gas,  using
the same equipment as chlorine systems.  Because  the reaction  of
sulfur dioxide with free or combined chlorine is  practically  in-
stantaneous, the design of contact  systems is less critical than
that of chlorine contact systems.   Detention  of less than 5
minutes is quite adequate, and in-line feed arrangements may  also
be acceptable under certain conditions.

III.6.13.3  Common Modifications

Metabisulfite, bisulfite, or  sulfite salts can  be used,  as can
automatic or manually fed systems.  If chlorine is used at the
site,  sulfur dioxide is preferred,  because identical equipment
can be used for the addition  of both chemicals.   Alternative de-
chlorination systems include  activated carbon,  H202,  and ponds
(sunlight and aeration).

III.6.13.4  Technology  Status

The technology of dechlorination with  sulfur dioxide is  estab-
lished but is not in widespread use.   A  few plants in California
and at least one in New York  are known to  be practicing  effluent
dechlorination with S02 on either a continuous  or intermittant
basis.
Date:  8/23/79 .            III.6.13-1

-------
III.6.13.5  Applications

Dechlorination can be used whenever a chlorine residual is unde-
sirable.  This usually occurs when the receiving water contains
aquatic life sensitive to free chlorine.  Dechlorination is
generally required when superchlorination is practiced or strin-
gent effluent chlorine residuals are dictated.

III.6.13.6  Limitations

The process will not destroy chlorinated hydrocarbons already
formed in the wastewater.  It has been reported that about 1 per-
cent of the chlorine ends up in a variety of stable organic
compounds.

III.6.13.7  Chemicals Required

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfite salts are the most common chemi-
cals used; sodium metabisulfite  (Na2S2O5) can also be used, but
is much less common; infact, any reducing agent can be considered,
depending on cost and availability.

III.6.13.8  Reliability

Sulfur dioxide addition for dechlorination purposes is reasonably
reliable from a mechanical standpoint; the greatest problems are
experienced with analytical control which may lower the process
reliability.

III.6.13.9  Environmental Impact

Requires very little use of land, and no residuals are generated;
is used to eliminate the environmental impact of chlorine resid-
uals; overdosing can result in low pH and low DO effluents,
however.

III.6.13.10  Design Criteria
                   Contact time:

       Sulfur dioxide feed rate:

       Sodium sulfite feed rate:

     Sodium bisulfite feed rate:

   Sodium thiosulfate feed rate:
       1  to  5 min

       1.1 Ib/lb residual  chlorine

       0.57  Ib/lb  chlorine

       0.68  Ib/lb  chlorine

       1.43  Ib/lb  chlorine
Date:  8/23/79
III.6.13-2

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III.6.13.11  Flow Diagram
                                  SULFONATOR
                         SO, GAS
                            MIXING CONTACT TANK
III.6.13.12  Performance

Subsequent data sheets  provide performance data on the following
industries and/or wastestreams:
               Industries
Wastestreams
III.6.13.13  References

 1.  Innovative and Alternative  Technology Assessment Manual
     EPA-430/9-78-009  (draft)  U.S.  Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.   252 pp.
Date:  8/23/79.
                           III.6.13-3

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 III.6.14  OZONATION [1]

 III.6.14.1  Function

 Ozonation is the process of oxidizing organics using ozone

. III.6.14.2  Description

 Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent, as illuatrated by the follow-
 ing redox potentials:

             O3 + 2H+ + 2e~    	>  02 + H2O    E0 = 2.07v            (1)

             MnOu~ + 4H+ + 3e~ 	—*•  Mn02 + 2H2O E0 = 1.70v            (2)

             1/2 C12 + e~     	>•  Cl~        E0 = 1.36v            (3)

 Ozone is sufficiently strong to break many carbon-carbon bonds  and
 even to cleave aromatic ring systems  (e.g., conversion of phenol
 to three molecules of oxalic acid).  Complete oxidation of an or-
 ganic species to C02, H20, etc., is not improbable if ozone dosage
 is sufficiently high.

 In reports of ozonation reactions on processes, ozone dosage is
 commonly expressed in two ways:  ppm of ozone, and pounds of ozone
 per pound of stream contaminant treated.  The ozone dosage in ppm
 ozone is obtained by multiplying the flow rate of ozonized gas by
 the concentration of ozone in the gas and dividing by the flow
 rate of the waste stream.  In disinfection applications, ozone
 doses of <4 ppm are typical for secondary treated streams.  In
 industrial waste treatment applications, it is more usual to
 supply ozone at 10,  20, or 40 ppm.  In the second measure of ozone
 dosage, the weight ratio of ozone to contaminant treated is ob-
 tained from the ppm ozone applied, the residence time of the waste
 stream in the ozone contact chamber, and the concentrations of
 contaminant in the influent and effluent streams.  The ratio can
 vary from less than one  (0.33 parts ozone per part of cyanide
 under optimum conditions) to very large values  (approximately
 80 parts ozone per part of phenol for very low concentrations of
 phenol).  In most applications, the amount of ozone applied is
 1.5 to 3 pounds of ozone per pound of contaminant removed.

 The two measures of ozone dosage are clearly not entirely inde-
 pendent.  However,  it should be noted that 4 hours of treatment
 at 10 ppm ozone will not, a priori/ produce the same result as
 1 hour of treatment of 40 ppm ozone.  The optimum combination of
 instantaneous ozone dose (ppm)  and contact time must be determined
 for each case.

 The extent of oxidation obtained will increase as either the
 weight ratio or the instantaneous dose is increased, up to certain
 limits defined by the fundamental chemistry of the ozonation


Date:  8/30/79 .             III.6.14-1

-------
 reaction(s).   However, there are practical and economic con-
 straints on the amount of ozone that can actually be applied.
 Ozone is generally produced at a concentration of about 1% by
 weight in air (2% maximum)  or 2 to 3% by weight in oxygen (6%
 maximum).   This corresponds to 650 ft3 of air, or to 325 ft3 of
 oxygen, per pound of ozone delivered.  To produce an instantaneous
. dose of 40 ppm 03 in a waste stream, one would have to supply
 208 ft3 of ozonized air per 1,000 gallons (133 ft3)  of waste.
 This would require very efficient mixing indeed to achieve effec-
 tive mass transfer.  With a Venturi mixer, for example, the maxi-
 mum ozone dose obtainable from ozonized air is 15 ppm.  These
 calculations  indicate why there is intense interest in design  and
 development of more efficient ozone delivery systems.

 Ozone is more soluble and more stable in acidic than in basic
 solutions.  However, the rate of most ozonation reactions is rela-
 tively insensitive to pH, and it is rarely worthwhile  to adjust pH
 prior to ozonation.  The cost of the neutralization process will
 frequently offset any gains in ozonation efficiency.  One excep-
 tion to this  generalization is cyanide ozonation.  The cyanate
 formed initially hydrolyzes more rapidly in alkaline media.   If
 complete conversion of cyanide to C02 is required, acidic streams
 should be  adjusted to a pH of about 9 before ozonation.  (Ammonia
 ozonation is  also more effective in alkaline solution, but ozon-
 ation is unlikely to be the treatment method of choice for this
 species.)

 III.6.14.3 Technology Status

 Technology for large-scale  ozone application is well developed.
 Applications  to industrial  wastes are not numerous,  but feasi-
 bility has been demonstrated for cyanides and for phenols.   Labo-
 ratory and pilot studies have demonstrated potential for ozone
 treatment  of  other oxidizable hazardous species including chlo-
 rinated hydrocarbons polynuclear aromatics,  and pesticides.

 III.6.14.4 Applications

 Ozone treatment has been used in Europe and elsewhere  in large-
 scale installations for years,  for disinfection of water supplies.
 Over 500 such installations are in use worldwide.  Within the  past
 few years, there have been  a number of pilot- and full-scale ap-
 plications of ozone to treatment of municipal sewage plant efflu-
 ents in the United States.   The following are some selected ex-
 amples of  application of ozone  to hazardous  waste problems:

      Liquid Effluents:   Cyanide

    •  At an installation in  Kansas,  350 Ib/day of ozone are  used to
      treat effluent containing  cyanides,  sulfides, sulfites, and
      other hazardous components;  this ozonation follows biological
      waste treatment.

 Date:   8/30/79              III.6.14-2

-------
we know of no attempts to do so.  Of course, the waste would still
be subject to the restriction of low levels of oxidizable materi-
al.  (It should be noted that the ozonized air produced by modern
generators is at low pressure (approximately 8 psi) and would not
suffice to fluidize the waste.)

III.6.14.6  Typical Equipment

Ozone is produced by the facile reaction of oxygen molecules with
oxygen atoms that are produced from oxygen by the action of ultra-
violet light or an electric discharge.  The photochemical produc-
tion of ozone is important in stratospheric chemistry, but commer-
cial ozone generators are all of the electric-discharge type.

In an electric-discharge ozone generator, an oxygen-containing gas
is passed between two electrodes, coated with a dielectric materi-
al such as borosilicate glass.  A high voltage (5 to 20 kilovolts)
ac  (50 to 10,000 Hz) potential is maintained across the elec-
trodes.  Generator output is varied according to signals from con-
trol instrumentation, by modulating voltage or frequency.  The
dielectric material provides a uniform-glow discharge across the
electrode gap, preventing an arc discharge.  The geometry of the
electrode system is variable; electrodes may be tubular or flat
and may be mounted either horizontally or vertically.  Tubular
generators are used for most high capacity systems, although one
manufacturer uses a Lowther Plate type for all sizes of generator.
Materials that come in contact with ozone must be corrosion-
resistant; stainless steel, unplasticized PVC, aluminum, Teflon
and chromium-plated brass or bronze are all suitable.

Ozone production is inherently inefficient; about 10% of the ac
energy supplied is used in formation of ozone.  In order to maxi-
mize effiency, the oxygen-containing gas must be free of dust and
organic matter and must be dry  (dew point -50^C)  because water
accelerates the decomposition of ozone.  Ozone is also thermally
unstable; hence, provision must be made for air or water cooling
of the high voltage electrodes.   This requires about 1/3 gpm of
cooling water at 21%C per Ib O3/d.

Most efficient ozone production is obtained when oxygen is used as
the feed gas to the ozonizer, and such feed may be required for
some hazardous waste treatment.   With air as feed gas, output of
ozone is about two times lower in quantity and concentration;
maximum yields from air are about 25 g/m3 or 2% by weight.  Choice
of oxygen, air, or some intermediate oxygen concentration for the
feed gas will depend on economic factors.  Oxygen is a viable
choice only for fairly large-scale systems (>0.5 mgd) or those
where inexpensive oxygen is already available (steel mills, for
example, and some biological treatment plants).  The availability
of pressure-swing oxygen enrichment systems may make oxygen feed
more practical in the future.
Date:  8/30/79  .            III.6.14-4

-------
Venturi mixers and porous diffusers are the two ozone/water mixing
systems in most widespread use.  With the Venturi mixer, ozonized
gas and waste flow cocurrently, and ozonized gas flow is limited
to 30 to 60% of the liquid volume flow.  In a porous diffuser
system, a countercurrent flow is usual, and gas flow may be up to
twenty times the liquid flow.

In some systems the contact column is a packed bed.  This in-
creases surface area and increases the rate of mass transfer of
ozone into solution.  One equipment manufacturer, Til Ecology,
has been using ultrasonics in conjunction with ozonation; this
also increases surface area.  Depending on the extent of treatment
required, it may be necessary to incorporate two or more contact
stages, which may be of different types.  Where oxygen is used as
a feed gas to the ozonizer, it is usual to recycle the effluent
from the contact chamber.

Modern ozone systems are completely automated.  An ozone monitor
provides continuous on-line monitoring of the ozone concentration
in the gaseous effluent from the contactor.  If the concentration
of ozone exceeds a preset level, usually 0.05 ppm, the voltage or
frequency of the ozone generator is reduced.  Depending on the
characteristics of the waste, the system may also include on-line
monitoring for hazardous species concentration in the liquid ef-
fluent.  When appropriate instruments exist, the output signals
may feed back to the ozonator to increase ozone dosage as neces-
sary.  The system also includes automatic shutoff provisions in
the event of loss of ozonator coolant.  Finally, an ambient air
ozone monitor is used to sound an alarm and shut off power to the
ozonator in the event of gross leaks of ozonized air.

III.6.14.7  Reliability

Reliability of this process is dependent on the application.

III.6.14.8  Residuals Generated/Environmental Impact

One advantage of ozonation is that the process leaves no inherent
harmful residue.  In aqueous "ozone demand free" solution, ozone
decomposes to oxygen with a half-life of 20 to 30 minutes.  For
aqueous streams, the residual oxygen produced by ozone decomposi-
tion may be considered a beneficial residue.  Ozone lifetime in a
gaseous stream is somewhat longer, but in practice, stack efflu-
ents from gas ozonation processes are easily controlled to
<0.04 ppm of ozone.

Whether products of incomplete oxidation constitute an environ-
mental hazard must be assessed for each waste stream.  In a number
of cases, it has been found that these products are less toxic and
more biodegradable than the original waste components.
Date:  8/30/79 '            III.6.14-5

-------
 One of the advantages of ozonation systems  over competitive  proc-
 esses is that  they are relatively compact.   This is partly due to
 the fairly short detention time required in the ozone contact
 chamber.  This feature can be  particularly  attractive when a
 treatment process is to be installed in a pre-existing facility.

 Ozone is recognized to be a  toxic substance.   The OSHA Threshold
 Limit Value  (which represents  an airborne concentration to which
 it is believed that nearly all workers can  be  exposed day after
 day without  adverse effect)  is 0.1 ppm of ozone.  The odor of
 ozone is distinctive and serves as an effective warning signal at
 levels well  below the toxic  level; the threshold odor level  is
 0.01 to 0.02 ppm.   Furthermore, all ozonation  systems are equipped
 with monitors  to detect ozone  in gaseous effluents; the monitors
 reduce power to the ozone generator if effluent levels exceed
 0.05 ppm of  ozone.   Since ozone is generated at the same rate as
 it is applied  to the waste and at low pressure «15 psi), the risk
 of exposure  to high ozone levels is extremely  small.

 III.6.14.9   Flow Diagram
      1  AIR INLET
      2  ROTARY AIR COMPRESSOR
      3  AIR COOLER
      4  REFRIGERATOR
      5  AIR DRIER
      6  AIR FLOW MEASUREMENT
 7  OZONISER
 8  H.T. TRANSFORMER
 9  OZONISED-AIR MEASUREMENT
10  POROUS DIFFUSERS
11  INLET OZONISED-AIR-WATER
   EMULSIFICATION TANK
12  OUTLET OZONIZED-AIR-WATER
   EMULSIFICATION
13  AIR RETURN TO ATMOSPHERE
14  COOLING WATER SUPPLY
15  COOLING WATER DISCHARGE
Date:   8/30/79 .
     III.6.14-6

-------
III.6.14.10  Performance

Subsequent data sheets provide performance data on the following
industries and/or wastestreams:

     Adhesives and sealants production

     Electroplating

     Ore mining and dressing
       Gold mining/milling

     Organic chemicals production
       Ethylene dichloride
       Ethylene glycol
       Toluene diisocyanate

     Textile milling
       Knit fabric finishing
       Wool scouring
       Woven fabric finishing

III.6.14.11  References

1.  Physical, Chemical, and Biological Treatment Techniques for
    Industrial Wastes, PB 275 287, U.S. Environmental Protection
    Agency, Washington, D.C., November 1976.  pp. 36-1 through
    36-28.
Date:  8/30/79              III.6.14-7

-------
o
0)
rt
ro
\
u>
                                CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY  FOR OZONATION
H

H

H
•

CT>
 I

CO
Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODs
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorous
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Toluene
Anthr acene/phenanthrene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo (b) f luoranthene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
1 , 2-Trane-dichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
Trichloroethylene
Number of
data points

4
4
33
4
1
3
1

2
2
1
1
2
18
1
2
2
3
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
Effluent concentration
Minimum

4.9
17
15
3
4
0.013
1.1

25
4
250
6.3
89
<2
<22
66
16
90
90
<0.03
2.7
0.9
<0.01
<0.02
<0.02
0.1
0.1
2.1
15
0.9
Maximum

5,190
12,000
2,840
140
4
0.13
1.1

1,200
43
250
6.3
590
16,000
<22
5,000
1,300
460
110
<0.03
2.7
1.2
0.4
<0.02
<0.02
0.1
0.1
2.1
61
0.9
Median

330
212
540
14
4
0.021
1.1

610
. 23
250
6.3
340
190
<22
2,500
650
240
100
<0.03
2.7
1
0.2
<0.02
<0.02
0.1
0.1
2.1
38
0.9
Mean

1,460
3,130
680
43
4
0.055
1.1

610
23
250
6.3
340
2,100
<22
2,500
650
260
100
<0.03
2.7
1
0.2
<0.02
<0.02
0.1
0.1
2.1
38
0.9
Removal efficiency, %
Minimum
a
oa

0
oa
97a
Oa
0
a
oa
oa
°a
°a
°a
Oa
>29
°a
°a
°a
Oa
>97
77
0
oa
>90
>80
50
67

oa
Oa
Maximum

10
92
50
33
97
>99
0
a
oa
48
0
°a
Oa
99
>29
°a
oa
96a
Oa
>97
77
31
>97
>90
>80
50
67a
°a
°a
0
Median
a
oa
50
9
15
97
24
0
a
0
24a
°a
°a
oa
93
>29
°a
°a
°a
Oa
>97
77
15
48
>90
>80
50
6?a
0
0
0
Mean

2.5
48
10
16
97
41
0

Oa
24a
°a
°a
Oa
81
>29
°a
Oa
32a
Oa
>97
77
15
48
>90
>80
50
67a
0
0
0
         Actual data indicate negative removal.

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Chemical Oxidation (Ozone)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric finishing
Plant:  D
References:  A6, p. VII-52
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate   	
                         Bench scale            	
                         Pilot scale             x
                         Full scale             	
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
Screening, neutralization, activated sludge, multi-
media filtration, granular activated carbon
adsorption
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Contactor - 2.0 m (77 in.);  1.58 m3 (416 gal)  column
                     Generator - PCI Ozone Corporation Model C2P-3C
                                 (continuous operation)
Wastewater flow:
Air/oxygen consumption:
Ozone generation rate:  6 g/hr (capacity with pure oxygen feed)
Ozone concentration (in air/oxygen):
Ozone utilization:  427 mg/L
Contact time:
Power consumption:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
             Pollutant/parameter
           Concentration, mg/L   Percent
           Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
13
422
101
23
47
349
106
16
0
17
oa
30

            Actual data indicate negative removal.
 Note:   Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/30/79
       III.6.14-9

-------
                                                  Data source status:
                                                    Engineering estimate
                                                    Bench scale
                                                    Pilot scale
                                                    Full scale
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Chemical Oxidation (Ozone)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Gold mine/mill
Plant:  4105
References:  A2, p. VI-29
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Clarifier

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Air/oxygen consumption:
Ozone generation rate:  18  kg/d  (40  Ib/d)
Ozone concentration (in air/oxygen):
Ozone utilization:
Contact time:  25 min
Power consumption:
Flow rate:  3.2 m3 (850 gpm)  (design);  2.4 m3 (625 gpm)  (actual)
                                 REMOVAL DATA
             Sampling period;
                                   Concentration,  yg/L   Percent
             Pollutant/parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal
             Toxic pollutants:
               Cyanide
                                     900
<20
>97
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  8/30/79
                                  III.6.14-10

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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Chemical Oxidation (Ozone)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Ore mining and dressing
Subcategory:  Gold mill
Plant:  4105
References:  A2, p. VI-58

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Carbon adsorption

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Air feed to ozone generator
Wastewater flow:
Air/oxygen consumption:
Ozone generation rate:
Ozone concentration (in air/oxygen):
Ozone utilization:
Contact time:
Power consumption:
Ozone feed rate:  3 g/hr
Flow rate:  4.9 or 9.5 L/min

                                 REMOVAL DATA
                Data source status:
                  Engineering estimate
                  Bench scale
                  Pilot scale
                  Full scale
       Sampling period:  10 min composite
                                         Concentration, yg/L   Percent
       Pollutant/parameter  Flow, L/min  Influent   Effluent   removal
       Toxic pollutants:
         Cyanide              4.9
         Cyanide              9.5
         160
         160
 40
120
75
30
        Average of 2 tests.
 Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/30/79
III.6.14-11

-------
TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGY:  Chemical Oxidation (Ozone)

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines  and
               Government report
Point source  category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:   Wool scouring
Plant:  A,  W  (different references)
References:   A6,  p.  VII-55; B3, pp.  50-54
                        Data source status:

                          Engineering estimate
                          Bench scale
                          Pilot scale
                          Full scale
Use in  system:   Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
Grit removal,  sedimentation, multimedia  filtration,
activated sludge
DESIGN  OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Contactor -  2.0 m (77 in.); 1.58 m3  (416 gal)  column
                      Generator -  PCI Ozone Corporation Model  C2P-3C
Wastewater flow:
Air/oxygen consumption:
Ozone generation rate:  6 g/hr  (capacity with pure oxygen feed)
Ozone concentration (in air/oxygen):
Ozone utilization:
Contact time:
Power consumption:

                                   REMOVAL DATA
                Sampling period:  24-hr composite, volatile organics were
                               qrab sampled	
                                             Concentration
                                 Percent
                    Pollutant/parameter
                                           Influent   Effluent  removal
                Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
                  Total phenol
               0.017
                        0.013
                                   24
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Copper
Cyanide
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Toluene
Anthracene/Phenanthrene
Benzo (a) pyrene
Benzo (k) f luoranthene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Methylene chloride

<200
83
<40
120
260
<700
<100
400
14
<0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
4.8

1,200
43
250
590
<4
5,000
1,300
460
110
1.2
0.4
<0.02
<0.02
0.1
0.1
61
a
0
48
oa
oa
>98
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
oa
>90
>80
50
67
Oa

                 Actual data indicate negative removal.
                 Presence may be due to sample contamination.

 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not  specified.
Date:   8/30/79
       III.6.14-12

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Chemical Oxidation (Ozone)

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Woven fabric  finishing
Plant:  V
References:  B3, pp. 70-75
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate    	
                         Bench scale             	
                         Pilot scale              x
                         Full scale              	
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
Screening, activated sludge, multimedia  filtration
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Contactor  -  2.0 m (77  in.);  1.58 m3 (416 gal) contactor
                     Generator  -  PCI Ozone  Corporation Model C2P-3C
Wastewater flow:
Air/oxygen consumption:
Ozone generation rate:   6 g/hr  (capacity with pure oxygen feed)
Ozone concentration  (in  air/oxygen):
Ozone utilization:
Contact time:
Power consumption:

                                  REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period: 24-hr composite,
grab-sampled
volatile
organics
Concentration
Pollutant/parameter Influent
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TSS
Total phenol 0
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, yg/L
Antimony
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Toluene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
1, 2-Trans-dichloroethylene
Methylene chlorideb
Trichloroethylene

72
4
.013
1.1

<10
4
<4
75
3
31
<36
<5
190
16
0.9
12
1.3
0.3
<2.0
13
0.4
Effluent

76
12
0.021
1.1

25
4
6.3
89
<2
<22
66
16
240
90
<0.03
2.7
0.9
<0.01
2.1
15
0.9
were
Percent
removal
a
0
°°
0
0
a
oa
0
oa
oa
>33
>29
oa
°a
0
oa
>97
77
31
>97
oa
oa
oa
                  aActual data indicate negative removal.
                   Presence may be due to sample contamination.
Note:  Blanks indicate  information  was not specified
Date:   8/30/79
                                  III.6.14-13

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Chemical Oxidation (Ozone)a

Data source:  Government report                   Data source status:
Point source category:  Adhesives and sealants      Engineering estimate
Subcategory:                                        Bench scale
Plant:  San Leandro                                 Pilot scale
References:  BIO, p. 81                             Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Settling,  ultrafiltration
 Using one catalyst.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Air/oxygen consumption:
Ozone generation rate:
Ozone concentration (in air/oxygen):
Ozone utilization:
Contact time:
Power consumption:

                                 REMOVAL DATA

        Sampling period:  Equal volume grab samples collected
                          throughout an 8-hr day

Concentration
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Cyanide
Zinc
Influent

5,780
76,700
64
140
47

560
2,200
Effluent

5,190
12,100
140
4.0
0.13

1,500
90
Percent
removal

10
84
oa
97
>99

oa
96

         Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.

Date:   8/30/79                 III.6.14-14

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ozonation

Data source:   Effluent Guidelines                 Data source status:
Point source category:  Ore Mining  and dressing     Engineering estimate   	
Subcategory:   Gold mill                            Bench scale            	
Plant:  4105                                       Pilot scale             x
References:  A2,  p. VI-58                          Full scale             	

Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:  Carbon adsorption

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:
Wastewater flow:
Air/oxygen consumption:
Ozone generation rate:
Ozone concentration (in air/oxygen):
Ozone utilization:
Contact time:
Power consumption:
Flow rate:  9.5 L/min
Ozone feed rate:   3 g/hr
Catalyst:  Copper

                                REMOVAL  DATA

       Sampling period:  Both 10 minutes and  20 minutes composite
       	58 samples were taken	

                             Form of     Concentration, yg/L   Percent
       Pollutant/parameter   Catalyst    Influent   Effluent   removal

       Toxic pollutants:
         Cyanide^              Ion         355        20        94
         Cyanide               Wire       163        18        89


        Average of two tests.
        Average of nine tests.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.
 Date:   11/15/79               III.6.14-15

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Chemical Oxidation (Ozone)

Data source:  Effluent Guidelines
Point source category:  Textile mills
Subcategory:  Knit fabric finishing
Plant:  Q
References:  A6, pp. VII-53, 54
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
Use in system:  Tertiary
Pretreatment of influent:
Screening, equalization,  activated sludge, multi-
media filtration
DESIGN OR OPEPATING PARAMETERS

Unit configuration:  Contactor - 2.0 m (77 in.);  1.58 m3 (416 gal) column
                     Generator - PCI Ozone Corporation Model C2P-3C
                                 (Batch operation)
Kastewater flow:
Air/oxygen consumption:
Ozone generation rate:  6 g/hr (capacity with pure oxygen feed)
Ozone concentration (in air/oxygen):
Ozone utilization:  1,130-1,500 mg/L
Contact time:
Power consumption:

                                 REMOVAL DATA
Sampling period:





Concentration, mg/L
Pollutant/parameter
Conventional pollutants:
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Influent

4.2
206
22
4.5
Effluent

4.9
17
15
3


Percent
removal
a
0
92
32
33

            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   8/30/79
       III.6.14-16

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ozonation

 Data source:   Effluent  Guidelines
 Point source  category:   Ore mining  and dressing
 Subcategory:   Gold mill
 Plant:   4105
 References:   A2,  p. VI-58

 Use in system:   Tertiary
 Pretreatment  of influent:  Carbon adsorption

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

 PH:
 Ozonation time:
 Weight ratio  required for complete  oxidation:
 Flow rate:  4.9 L/min
 Ozone feed rate:  6 g/hr
 Turbine speed:
 Unit configuration:  Pure 62 feed to 03 generator
 Mole ratio:
                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;  average of two grab samples
                   Data source status:
                     Engineering estimate
                     Bench scale
                     Pilot scale
                     Full scale
              Pollutant/parameter
      Concentration,  yg/L   Percent
      Influent    Effluent   removal
           Toxic pollutants:
             Cyanide
         195
95
51
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.
 Date:   11/15/79
III.6.14-17

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ozonation

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:a  Organic  chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B2, p.  159
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate   	
                   Bench scale            	
                   Pilot scale              x
                   Full scale
aWastewater from a toluene  diisocyanate process used in the manufacture of
 polyurethane.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS (also see removal data)

pH:
Ozonation time:
Weight ratio required  for complete oxidation:
Gas feed rate:
Ozone, wt. % of feed:
Turbine speed:
Unit configuration:  Tubular reactor,   dispersion of the gas and  liquid was
                     achieved with a nozzle.
Mole ratio:
Liquid flow:   1.75 L/min
 The tubular reactor was  eventually abandoned because of the  inefficiency of
 mixing the gas  and liquid.
                               TOC REMOVAL DATA

11
11
11
11
11
11
a
a
a
8
i
i
i
i
6
6
3.54
3.54
6.04
6.04
a.o
8.0
4.0
4.0
8.0
8.0
4.0
4.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0


Influent TOC
Residence time, nin Mole ratio™ concentration, mq/L
1.8
3.7
1.3
2.6
1.0
2.0
1.7
3.4
1.0
2.0
1.7
3.4
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
0.059
0.059
0.120
0.102
0.127
0.127
0.064
0.064
0.127
0.127
0.068
0.068
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.135
560
560
560
560
S60
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
Effluent TOC
Percent
concentration, mg/L removal
586
561
528
549
520
512
491
544
491
4S1
538
530
527
541
663
538
°D
0D
6
2
6
9
12
3
12
14
4
5
6
2b
0
5
   *Mole ratio (Ozone to IDA) is calculated on the basis of the TOC being pure IDA.
    Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/15/79
III.6.14-18

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ozonation

 Data source:  Government  report
 Point source category:3   Organic chemicals
 Subcategory:
 Plant:
 References:  B2, p. 160
 Use in system:  Primary
 Pretreatment of influent:
                  Data source status:
                    Engineering estimate    	
                    Bench scale             	
                    Pilot scale              x
                    Full scale
  Wastewater from a toluene  diisocyanate process used in the manufacture  of
  polyurethane.

 DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS  (also see removal data)

 PH:
 Ozonation time:
 Weight ratio required for complete  oxidation:
 Gas feed rate:
 Ozone, wt. % of feed:
 Turbine speed:
 Unit configuration:  Tubular  reactor with static mixers3
 Mole ratio:
 Liquid flow:  1.5 L/min
  Tubular reactors were eventually  abandoned because of the inefficiency of
  mixing the gas and liquid.

                               TOC  REMOVAL  DATA
    Sampling period;
pH Gas flow, L/min
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
a
a
6
10
10
24
24
26
26
10
10
20
20
Residence time, mi
1.5
3.0
1.0
2.0
0.7
1.4
1.5
3.0
0.8
1.6
n Mole ratio* c
0.176
0.176
0.424
0.424
0.451
0.459
0.22
0.200
0.396
0.396
Influent TOC
:oncentration, mg/L
1.070
1,070
1,070
1,070
1,070
1,070
1,070
1,070
1,070
1,070
Effluent TOC
Percent
concentration, mg/L removal
970
938
965
933
965
965
1,120
1,050
946
1,030
9
12
10
13
10
10w
ob
2
10
4
    Mole ratio (Ozone to TOA) calculated on the basis of the TOC being pure TOA.
    Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate  information was not specified.
 Date:   11/15/79
III.6.14-19

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ozonation

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:3  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B2, p. 163

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                   Data  source  status:
                     Engineering  estimate   	
                     Bench  scale            	
                     Pilot  scale              x
                     Full scale
 Polyol wastewater was taken from an ethylene glycol process plant.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

pH: >10
Ozonation time:   180 min
Weight ratio required for complete oxidation:  7.3 mg Oa/mg TOC
Gas feed rate:  11.5 L/min
Ozone, wt. % of feed:  1.0-1.2 wt. %
Turbine speed:  700 rpm
Unit configuration:  Stirred tank reactor
Mole ratio:
 A guide TOC reduction is achieved until a refractory compound is produced to
 slow down the reaction rate.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
      Concentration, mg/L   Percent
      Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TOCa
         100
50
                                                              50
            Represents an average concentration.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/15/79
III.6.14-20

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ozonation
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:    Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:3
References:  B2, p.  163
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate   	
                   Bench scale            	
                   Pilot scale             x
                   Full scale
 Polyol wastewater was taken from an ethylene glycol  process plant.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

pH: >10
Ozonation time:  330 min
Weight ratio required for complete oxidation:  7.3 mgOa/mg TOC
Gas feed rate:  11.5 L/min
Ozone, wt. % of feed:  1.0-1.2 wt. %
Turbine speed:  700 rpm
Unit configuration:  Stirred tank reactor
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
                                     Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             BODs                      93.1       614
             TOC                        830       626
                              0
                             25
            Actual data indicate negative removal.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/15/79
III.6.14-21

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ozonation

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:3  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B2,  p.  166
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Air stripping
                      Data source status:
                        Engineering estimate   	
                        Bench scale            	
                        Pilot scale             x
                        Full scale
 Wastewater from an ethylene dichloride process.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
pH:
Ozonation time:
Weight ratio required for complete oxidation:   5.6 mg Os/mg TOC
Gas feed rate:  11.5 L/min
Ozone, wt. % of feed:  1.0-1.2 wt. %
Turbine speed:  700 rpm
Unit configuration:  Stirred tank reactor
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
              Pollutant/parameter
         Concentration, mg/L   Percent
         Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TOC
             409
286
30
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/15/79
      III.6.14-22

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ozonation
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:a  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B2, p. 169
Use in system:  Secondary
Pretreatment of influent:
Steam stripping
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
 Wastewater  from an ethylene dichloride process.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

pH:
Ozonation time:  180 min
Weight ratio required for complete oxidation:
Gas feed rate:
Ozone, wt. % of feed:
Turbine speed:
Unit configuration:
Mole ratio:
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
                                     Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter    Influent    Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TOC
            400
<100
>25
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.
Date:   11/15/79
      III.6.14-23

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ozonation

Data source:   Government report
Point source  category:3  Organic chemicals
Subcategory:
Plant:
References:  B2,  p.  160

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment  of influent:
                 Data source  status:
                   Engineering  estimate   	
                   Bench scale            	
                   Pilot scale              x
                   Full  scale
aWastewater from an toluene diisocyanate process used in the manufacture of
 polyurethane.

DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

pH: <3
Ozonation time:  360 min
Weight ratio required for complete oxidation:   7.0 mg Oa/mg TOC
Gas feed rate:  11.5 L/min
Ozone, wt. % of feed:  1.0-1.2 wt. %
Turbine speed:  700 rpm
Unit configuration:  Stirred tank reactor
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period:
              Pollutant/parameter
    Concentration,  mg/L   Percent
    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Conventional pollutants:
             TOC                      3,360
                2,840
16
            Calculated from influent and % removal.
 Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/15/79
III.6.14-24

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ozonation

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Electroplating
Subcategory:
Plant:  Sealectro Corp.
References:  B8, p. 29
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
None
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

pH:  5.4-9.6
Ozonation time:
Weight ratio required for complete oxidation:
Gas feed rate:
Ozone, wt. % of feed:
Turbine speed:
Unit configuration:
Mole ratio (03/CN):  0.58-43.0

                                 REMOVAL DATA
          Sampling period;
                                   Concentration,   ug/L    Percent
            Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent    removal
          Toxic pollutants:
            Cyanide
          74,000
16,000
78
           Average of seven samples.
           Cyanide present as NaCN.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/15/79
      III.6.14-25

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ozonation
Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Electroplating
Subcategory:
Plant:  Sealectro Corp.
References:  B8,  p.  17
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
None
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

pH:  7.0-8.0
Ozone concentration:  29.7-35.2 mg/L
Weight ratio required for complete oxidation:
Gas feed rate:
Ozone, wt. % of feed:
Turbine speed:
Unit configuration:
Mole ratio (03/CN):  1.05-1.48

                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
                                    Concentration,a yg/LPercent
              Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Toxic pollutants:
             Cyanide13
           14,000
80
99
            Average of two samples.
            Cyanide is present as
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/15/79
      III..6.14-26

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ozonation

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Electroplating
Subcategory:
Plant:  Sealectro Corp.
References:  B8, p. 20
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
None
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

pH:  7.0-12.9
Ozone concentration:  23.8-254 mg/L
Weight ratio required for complete oxidation:
Gas feed rate:
Ozone, wt. % of feed:
Turbine speed:
Unit configuration:
Mole ratio (03/CN):  1.5-12.2
 Operating under upset conditions.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
                                    Concentration,3  yg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter   Influent    Effluent   removal
           Toxic pollutants:
             Cyanide1?
          18,000
690
96
            Average of eight samples.
            Cyanide is present as
Note:  Blanks indicate information was  not  specified.
Date:   11/15/79
     III.6.14-27

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ozonation

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Electroplating
Subcategory:
Plant:  Sealectro Corp.
References:  B8, p. 21
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
None
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

pH:  8.0-9.1
Ozone concentration:  46.0-50.5 mg/L
Weight ratio required for complete oxidation:
Gas feed rate:
Ozone, wt. % of feed:
Turbine speed:
Unit configuration:
Mole ratio (03/CN):  0.35
 Operating at less than stochiometric ozone discharge.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
                                    Concentration,5 pg/LPercent
              Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Toxic pollutants:
             Cyanide
           75,000
10,000
86
            Average of four samples.
            Cyanide is present as Na3Cu(CN)<*.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/15/79
      III.6.14-28

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ozonation

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:   Electroplating
Subcategory:
Plant:  Sealectro Corp.
References:  B8, p.  22
Use in system:   Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
None
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

pH:  7.0-10.0
Ozone concentration:  29.7-194.8 mg/L
Weight ratio required for complete oxidation:
Gas feed rate:
Ozone, wt. % of feed:
Turbine speed:
Unit configuration:
Mole ratio (03/CN):  1.05-3.64
 Operating with small excess of ozone.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
                                    Concentration,   yg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter	Influent   Effluent   removal
           Toxic pollutants:
             Cyanide
           41,000
280
99
            Average of five samples.
            Cyanide is present as
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  11/15/79
     III.6.14-29

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ozonation

Data source:   Government report
Point source category:   Electroplating
Subcategory:
Plant:  Sealectro Corp.
References:  B8,  p.  23

Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS
                              a
                 Data source status:
                   Engineering estimate
                   Bench scale
                   Pilot scale
                   Full scale
pH:  7.9-11.9
Ozone concentration:  64.4-143.3 mg/L
Weight ratio required for complete oxidation:
Gas feed rate:
Ozone, wt. % of feed:
Turbine speed:
Unit configuration:
Mole ratio (Oa/CN"):  2.0-6.6
 Operating with excess ozone.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
                                    Concentration,   yg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Toxic pollutants:
             Cyanide
     24,000
600
97
            Average of sixteen samples.
            Cyanide is present as
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/15/79
111.6.14-30

-------
 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:  Ozonation

 Data  source:  Government report
 Point source category:  Electroplating
 Subcategory:
 Plant:  Sealectro Corp.
 References:  B8, p. 24
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
None
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

pH  (feed to reactor):  7.5-12.6
Ozonation time:
Weight ratio required for complete oxidation:
Gas feed rate:
Ozone, wt. % of feed:
Turbine speed:
Unit configuration:
Mole ratio (03/CN~):  1.05-11.37
 Operating at low cyanide concentrations.

                                 REMOVAL DATA

           Sampling period;	
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
                                                 -a-
                                    Concentration,  yg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter    Influent   Effluent   removal
           Toxic pollutants:
             Cyanideb
            9,200
63
99
            Average of five samples.
           DCyanide is present as Na3Cu(CN)u.
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:   11/15/79
     III.6.14-31

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ozonation

Data source:   Government report
Point source  category:   Electroplating
Subcategory:
Plant:  Sealectro Corp.
References:  B8, p.  25
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
None
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

pH:  9.5-11.9
Ozonation time:
Weight ratio required for complete oxidation:
Gas feed rate:
Ozone, wt. % of feed:
Turbine speed:
Unit configuration:
Mole ratio (03/CN~):  2.01-3.64
 Operating with intermediate concentrations of copper cyanide.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
                                    Concentration,3 yg/L
              Pollutant/parameter   Influent    Effluent
                                Percent
                                removal
           Toxic pollutants:
             Cyanide*5
           34,000
410
99
            Average of five samples.
            Cyanide present as
 Note:  Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/^5/79
      III.6.14-32

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ozonation

Data source:  Government report
Point source category:  Electroplating
Subcategory:
Plant:  Sealectro Corp.
References:  B8, p. 25
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
None
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

pH  (feed to reactor):  9.4-11.0
Ozonation time:
Weight ratio required for complete oxidation:
Gas feed rate:
Ozone, wt. % of feed:
Turbine speed:
Unit configuration:
Mole ratio (03/CN-):  0.35-1.33
 Operating with high concentrations of copper cyanide.
                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
                                    Concentration,a yg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter   Influent    Effluent   removal
           Toxic pollutants:
             Cyanide*3
           69,000
6,000
91
            Average of two samples.

            Cyanide is present as Na3Cu(CN)u-
Note:  Blanks indicate information was not specified.
Date:  .11/15/79
      III.6.14-33

-------
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:   Ozonation

Data source:   Government report
Point source category:   Electroplating
Subcategory:
Plant:  Sealectro Corp.
References:  B8,  p.  26
Use in system:  Primary
Pretreatment of influent:
                       Data source status:
                         Engineering estimate
                         Bench scale
                         Pilot scale
                         Full scale
None
DESIGN OR OPERATING PARAMETERS

pH (feed to reactor):  7.7-11.9
Ozonation time:
Weight ratio required for complete oxidation:
Gas feed rate:
Ozone, wt. % of feed:
Turbine speed:
Unit configuration:
Mole ratio (03/CN-):  0.35-2.7

                                 REMOVAL DATA
           Sampling period;
                                    Concentration,3 yg/L   Percent
              Pollutant/parameter   Influent    Effluent   removal
           Toxic pollutants:
             Cyanide'3
           38,000
1,900
95
            Average of seven samples.
            DCyanide is present as
 Note:   Blanks  indicate information was not specified.
 Date:   11/15/79
      III.6.14-34

-------
 III.6.15  CHEMICALS  REDUCTION  [1]

 III.6.15.1  Function

 Chemical reduction is used  to  reduce metals  to  less  toxic  oxida-
 tion  states.

 III.6.15.2  Description

 Reduction-oxidation, or  "Redox"  reactions  are those  in which  the
 oxidation state of at least one  reactant is  raised while that of
 another is  lowered.  In  the reaction

               2H2CrO<* *  3S02 + 3H20 -Cr2 (SOa) 3  +  5H20          (1)

 the oxidation  state  of Cr changes  from  6+  to 3+ (Cr  is reduced);
 the oxidation  state  of S increased from 2+ to 3+  (S  is oxidized).
 This  change of oxidation state implies  that  an  electron was trans-
 ferred from S  to Cr(VI).  The  decrease  in  the positive valence
 (or increase in the  negative valence) with reduction takes place
 simultaneously with  oxidation  in chemically  equivalent ratios.
 Reduction is used to treat  wastes  in such  a  way that the reducing
 agent lowers the oxidation  state of a substance in order to re-
 duce  its toxicity, reduce its  solubility,  or transform it  into a
 form  that can  be more easily handled.

 The base metals are  good reducing  agents,  as evidenced by  the use
 of iron, aluminum, zinc, and sodium compounds for reduction treat-
 ments.  In addition, sulfur compounds also appear among the more
 common reducing agents.

 Liquids are the primary  waste  form treatable by chemical reduc-
 tion.  The most powerful reductants are relatively nonselective;
 therefore, any easily reducible  material in  the waste stream  will
 be treated.  For example, in reducing heavy  metals to remove  them
 from  a waste oil, quantities of  esters  large enough  to cause  odor
 problems may also be formed by the reduction.

 Gases such as  chlorine dioxide and chlorine  have been treated by
 reducing solutions for the  small-scale disposal of gas in  labora-
 tories.  For reduction of fluorine, instead  of  a solution, a
 scrubber filled with solid  bicarbonate, soda lime or granulated
 carbon is recommended.   Reduction  has limited application  to
 slurries, tars, and  sludges, because of the  difficulties of
 achieving intimate contact  between the reducing agend and  the
 hazardous constituent; consequently the reduction process would
 be very inefficient.

 In general, hazardous materials  occurring  as powders or other
 solids usually have to be solubilized prior  to  chemical reduction.
Date:  8/30/79              III.6.15-1

-------
The first step of the chemical reduction process is usually the
adjustment of the pH of the solution to be treated.  With sulfur
dioxide treatment of chromium (VI), for instance, the reaction
requires a pH in the range of 2 to 3.  The pH adjustment is done
with the appropriate acid (e.g., sulfuric).   This is followed by
addition of the reducing agent.  Mixing is provided to improve
contact between the reducing agent and the waste.  The agent can
be in the form of a gas (sulfur dioxide) or solution (sodium
borohydride) or perhaps finely divided power if there is adequate
mixing.  Reaction times vary for different wastes, reducing
agents, temperatures, pH,  and concentration.  For commercial-
scale operations for treating chromium wastes, reaction times are
in the order of minutes.  Additional time is usually allowed to
ensure complete mixing and reduction.  Once reacted, the reduced
solution is generally subjected to some form of treatment to
settle or precipitate the reduced material.   A treatment for the
removal of what remains of the reducing agent may be included.
This can be unused reducing agent or the reducing agent in its
oxidized state.  Unused alkali metal hydrides are decomposed by
the addition of a small quantity of acid.  The pH of the reaction
medium is typically increased so that the reduced material will
precipitate out of solution.  Filters or clarifiers are often
used to improve separation.

While some stream components may be added or removed, the outputs
steam from a chemical reduction treatment is not very different
from the input stream.  Reducing agents, such as sodium borohy-
ride and zinc, introduce to the reaction mixture ions that are
not easily separable from the product streams.  The effluent
solution is typically acidic and must be neutralized prior to
discharge with materials such as hydrated lime, caustic soda, or
soda ash.

III.6.15.3  Technology Status

Technology for large-scale application of chemical reduction is
well developed.

III.6.15.4  Applications

The following paragraphs describe some selected examples of the
application of chemical reduction to hazardous waste management
problems.

     •  Reduction of Chromium (VI) to Chromium  (III) in Effluents

Numerous plating and metal finishing plants treat their chromium
(VI) wastes using chemical reduction methods.  Cyanides and
chromium are often present together in plating industry wastes.
The concentrations of these substances and their potential re-
covery value influence the selection of the treatment process.
If the cyanide and chromium are not economically recoverable by a


Date:  8/30/79 .             III.6.15-2

-------
method  such  as  ion exchange,  the cyanide radical is first de-
stroyed or converted   to the  less toxic cyanate by oxidation,
and  the chromium (VI)  is converted,  by subsequent reduction, to
chromium (III) ,  which precipitates and is removed as a sludge.

Hexavalent chromium can be reduced to chromium (III) by a variety
of reducing  agents including  sulfur dioxide, sulfite salts, and
ferrous sulfate.   In  industry,  sulfur dioxide is the most widely
used reducing agent for this  purpose.  Because soluble chromium
 (III) compounds  are themselves  toxic, chromium reduction processes
are  usually  followed  by a precipitation operation in which the
chromium (III)  is  precipitated  as Cr(OH)3 with either lime or
sodium  carbonate.   In the tanning and plating industries, sludges
containing from  10 to 80% solids obtained from prior concentra-
tion of chromates  are often redissolved by acidification and then
subjected to reduction followed by precipitation to obtain the
chromium in  an  insoluble, concentrated form.

   • Reduction Using  Sulfur Dioxide

In the  chromium  waste treatment using sulfur dioxide, the re-
action  equations are  as follows:

                          SO2  +  H2O -H2O3                      (.2)

              2H2CrO* +  3H2SO3 - Cr2 (SO*) 3 + 5H2O            (3)

Using hydrated  lime,  the neutralization is:

                        + 3Ca(OH)2 - 2Cr(OH)3 + 3CaSO/*         (4)
Hexavalent chromium can be  reduced to the range of 0.7 to 1 mg/L
in  the  effluent by  using such a treatment including reduction,
chemical precipitation  and  sedimentation.

    • Reduction with Sodium  Metabisulf ite (and Bisulfite)

About three .pounds  of sodium metabisulf ite (Na2S2O2)  are required
to  reduce one pound of  hexavalent chromium using the following
reaction :
      4HsCrO,  + 3Na2S2Os + 3H20 + 6H2 s°« ~2Cr2 (S0j,;3 + 6NaHSO,  + 10H20      (5)

   • Reduction with Ferrous Sulfate

Because of the sludge volume produced,  furrous  sulfate is rarely
used in larger-scale treatment  facilities  according to the
following reaction:
                    + 7H2O + 6H2SO* •* Cr2(SO*)3 + 3Fe2(SOi»)3 + 5OH2O   (6)

   • Removal of Mercury from Effluents


Date:  8/30/79              III. 6. 15-3

-------
Reduction/precipitation processes are being used increasingly to
treat wastewater containing mercury when the flowrate is rela-
tively small and intermittent.  Because of its value and because
it is not amenable to disposal, the elemental mercury produced by
reduction processes is usually recovered for recycle.  Depending
upon the process, a cyclone, filter or perhaps a furnace and
mercury condenser may be used.

In a recently commercialized reduction/precipitation process, a
caustic solution of sodium borohydride (NaBH^)  is mixed with
mercury-containing wastewater.  The ionic mercury is reduced to
metallic mercury, which precipitates out of solution, and the
following reaction occurs :
          4Hg2+ + BH4- + 8  OH~ = 4Hg + B(OH)4~  + 4H20        (7)

In theory, 1.0 pound of sodium borohydride can reduce 21 pounds
of mercury; in actual operations, this is closer to 10 pounds of
mercury.  If the mercury solution is in the form of an organic
complex, the driving force of the reduction reaction may not be
sufficient to break the complex.  In that case, the wastewater
must be chlorinated prior to the reduction step in order to break
down the metal-organic bond.

   • Removal of Lead

Removal of dissolved lead compounds, including organo-lead salts,
in wastewater from the manufacture of tetraalkyl lead compounds
is now being done on a commercial scale.  The reduction process,
using an alkali metal hydride as reductant, lowers the lead con-
tent in the waste stream by altering the chemical form of the
lead so that it can be precipitated.  The reaction is believed to
go partially to elemental lead and partially to an alkyl-lead
compound that is not stable over long periods of time, some of
which is eventually converted spontaneously to elemental lead.
As the element, the lead precipitates and can be removed by
techniques such as settling or by filtration.

The concentration range in the effluents to the reduction process
are 2 to 300 ppm.  The lead is mostly in the form of soluble
organo-lead compounds, which will not precipitate with pH adjust-
ment alone, together with some other lead in the form of soluble
inorganic lead compounds.

After treatment with an alkali metal hydride (sodium borogydride
is preferred in this reaction) , insoluble lead products are
formed.  They include hexaalkyl-dilead compounds (that may with
time decompose to elemental lead) , which are formed from the
soluble alkyl-lead compounds, and elemental lead from the soluble
inorganic lead components.
Date:  8/30/79              III.6.15-4

-------
Low concentrations of the borohydride are preferred because one
of the characteristics of the material is that it hydrolyzes with
evolution of hydrogen and with an accompanying loss in its reduc-
tive properties.  This is particularly true at higher temperatures,
pH below 8 or 9, and in the presence of certain catalysts.  For
this reaction, a pH of 8 to 11 is preferred.

III.6.15.5  Limitations

Introduction of foreign ions into the waste is a real or potential
disadvantage with many of the reducing agents.

III.6.15.6  Typical Equipment

Very simple equipment is required for chemical reduction including
storage vessels for the reducing agents and perhaps for the wastes,
metering equipment for both streams, and contact vessels with
agitators to provide suitable contact of reducing agent and waste.
Some instrumentation is required to determine the concentration
and pH of the waste and the degree of completion of the reduction
reaction.  The reduction process may be monitored by an oxida-
tion-reduction potential electrode.  This electrode is generally
a piece of noble metal (often platinum) that is exposed to the
reaction medium and produces an EMF output that is empirically
relatable to the reaction condition by revealing the ratio of the
oxidized and reduced constituents.  Section III.6.15.9 shows a
process flow diagram for a typical chemical system.

Numerous companies have commercial units for the treatment of
chromium (VI) in industrial effluents.  All of these units offer
the user a pre-engineered system for a specific waste or range
of waste streams.

III.6.15.7  Reliability

The chemical reduction process is well developed and reliable for
chrome and mercury applications.

III.6.15.8  Environmental Impact

One disadvantage of chemical reduction for waste treatment is
that it may introduce new ions into the effluent.  If the level
of these new contaminants is high enough to exceed effluent
regulations, additional treatment operations will be required.
Often these treatments such as precipitation, filtration, or
sedimentation.

   • Air emissions are not expected to be significant from
     these processes.

After chromium  (VI) reduction, the treated solution will be acidic
and will also contain the reduced chromium and any other metals


Date:   8/30/79              III.6.15-5

-------
present in the original waste  stream.   Because this solution  is
corrosive, it may require  neutralization prior to discharge or
further treatment.  Precipitation will occur because of the chem-
ical nature of the materials used and, therefore, settling basins
or clarifiers will be  required to reduce the solids carry-over.

Small amounts of sulfate resulting from the use of sulfur dioxide
on dilute wastes pose  no problem, but the zinc ion can be of
concern.  Reduction with sodium borohydride results in the forma-
tion of greater-than-stoichiometric amounts of soluble borate in
the effluent solution; borate  at sufficiently high levels could
also be of environmental concern.  When the waste constituents
are present only in very small concentrations, these materials  in
the effluents are of little concern;  however, if the processes
are extended to more concentrated waste streams, additional
treatment steps may be needed.

Most chemical reductions will  produce a residue for disposal,
unless the concentration of the waste constituent is so low that
the reducing agent and the reduced waste can be carried away
with the effluent.  Residues  for eventual disposal on land can
be a problem with this treatment process.  The sludges formed in
follow-up treatment may cause  disposal problems because the metal
hydroxides they contain may be susceptible to acid leaching.
Because the common alkalies used are sodium hydroxide and hydrated
lime, a large portion  of the  sludge will be excess lime and cal-
cium sulfate.

Lesser amounts of waste residues will be produced from the use  of
sodium borohydride because the metal can often be precipitated  in
the form of the element or another form that can be processed for
recovery.

III.6.15.9  Flow Diagram

SOO 94 1
AC10 STORAGE

5.000 g.l 	 (~\ 	 _
HASTE STORAGE [ V-X

SO,
STORAGE


1
LK HOPPER
1
^j-" r-l FEED COWETOR |J
1 i
2,500 gal
TREATMENT TANK
J L
1
so,
VAPORIZER
-Q-

ROTARY FILTER 1 , S~\
(50 ft') ^
1
FILTER CAKE 201 SOLIDS
	 1 POLISHING
H FILTER (50 ft')
1
BACK FLUSH
             TREATWffl• BATCH

             WASTE CONCENTRATED CHROHE WASTE .,
                100,000 PPM CrOj; BS« is Cr
                IN 20tM,SO*
             WASTE PROCESSING CAPACITY 2.000 gd/sMft
             OPERATING PERIOD    240 days/yr
                        B hours/day
                                     MM MATERIALS
        240 lt>/day S0a
       2,065 1b/d«y lime
 Date:   8/30/79
III.6.15-6

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III.6.15.10  Performance

Subsequent data sheets provide performance data on the following
industries and/or wastestreams:

        Industries                       Wastestreams
III.6.15.11  References

1.  Physical, Chemical, and Biological Treatment Techniques for
    Industrial Wastes, PB 275 287, U.S. Environmental Protection
    Agency, Washington, D.C.  November 1976.  pp. 38-1 through
    38-13.
Date:  8/30/79              III.6.15-7

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III.7.1  GRAVITY THICKENING [1]

III.7.1.1  Function

Thickening of sludge consists of the removal of supernatant,
thereby reducing the volume of sludge that requires disposal or
further treatment.  Gravity thickening takes advantage of the
difference in specific gravity between the solids and water.

III.7.1.2  Description

A gravity thickener normally consists of two truss-type steel
scraper arms mounted on a hollow pipe shaft keyed to a motorized
hoist mechanism.  A truss-type bridge is fastened to the tank
walls or to steel or concrete columns.  The bridge spans the tank
and supports the entire mechanism.  The thickener resembles a
conventional circular clarifier with the exception of having a
greater bottom slope.  Sludge enters at the middle of the thick-
ener, and the solids settle into a sludge blanket at the bottom.
The concentrated sludge is very gently agitated by the moving
rake, which dislodges gas bubbles and prevents bridging of the
sludge solids.  It also keeps the sludge moving toward the center
well from which it is removed.  Supernatant liquor passes over an
effluent weir around the circumference of the thickener.  In the
operation of gravity thickeners, it is desirable to keep a suffi-
ciently high flow of fresh liquid entering the concentrator to
prevent the development of septic conditions and resulting odors.

Gravity thickening is characterized by zone settling.  The four
basic settling zones in a thickener are:

    • The clarification zone at the top containing the relatively
     clear supernatant.
    • The hindered settling zone where the suspension moves down-
     ward at a constant rate and a layer of settled solids begins
     building from the bottom of the zone.
    • The transition zone characterized by a decreasing solids
     settling rate.
    • The compression zone where consolidation of sludge results
     solely from  liquid being forced upward around the solids.

III.7.1.3  Common Modifications

Tanks can be square or round, with the round variety being much
more prevalent.  Tanks can be manufactured of concrete or steel.
Chemicals can be added to aid in the sludge dewatering.

III.7.1.4  Technology Status

Gravity thickening has been in wide use for many years.
 Date:   9/13/79  .            III.7.1-1

-------
III. 7. 1.5  Applications

Used to thicken primary, secondary,  and  digested sludges.

III. 7. 1.6  Limitations

Does not perform satisfactorily  on most  waste activated, mixed
primary-waste activated, and  alum or iron sludges;  is highly
dependent on the dewaterability  of the sludges being treated.

III. 7. 1.7  Chemicals Required

Lime  (CaO) and/or polymers may be added  to aid in the dewatering
and settling of the sludge; chlorine can be added to prevent
septicity .

III. 7. 1.8  Residuals Generated

Supernatant volume is directly related to the increase in solids
concentration in the thickener;  supernatant will contain varying
amounts of solids, ranging from  tens to  hundreds of milligrams
per liter.

III. 7. 1.9  Design Criteria

See Section III. 7. 1.13;  detentions of one to three days are
usually used; sludge blankets of at  least three feet are common/-
side water depths of at  least ten feet are general practice.

III. 7. 1.10  Environmental Impact

Requires  relatively little use of land;  supernatant will need
disposal, which can be accomplished  by recycling it to the head
end of the plant for further  treatment;  odor problems frequently
result from septic conditions.

III. 7. 1.11  Reliability

Gravity thickeners are mechanically  reliable, but are greatly
affected  by the quality  of sludge received; therefore, they may
be upset  due to a radical change in  the raw wastewater or di-
gested sludge quality.
III. 7. 1.12  Flow  Diagram
                                      WATER LEVEL
                  INFLUENT
                                             EFFLUENT
               RAISED POSITION-
               OF TRUSS ARM
                        HOPPER PLOW
                                   UNDERFLOW
                                         SCRAPER BLADES
Date:   9/13/79  .
III.7.1-2

-------
III.7.1.13  Performance
(No chemical conditioning)
       Type of sludge
   Solids surface
      loading,
      lb/d/ft2
Thickened sludge
     solids
concentration, %
Primary
Waste activated
Trickling filter
Limed tertiary
Primary and activated
Primary and trickling filter
Limed primary
20
5
8

6
10
20
to
to
to
60
to
to
to
30
6
10

10
12
25
8
2.5
7
12
4
7
7
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
10
3
9
15
7
9
12

III.7.1.14  References

 1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual.
     EPA-430/9-78-009 (draft),  U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio,  1978.  252 pp.
Date:  9/13/79 •
III.7.1-3

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III.7.2  FLOTATION THICKENING  [1]

III.7.2.1  Function

Flotation  (Dissolved Air Flotation) thickening utilizes air to
float sludge to the surface of the thickener, thereby  reducing
the water content and volume of the sludge.

III.7.2.2  Description

In a Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) system, a recycled  subnatant
flow is pressurized from 30 to 70 lb/in2  (gage)  and  then
saturated with air in a pressure tank.  The pressurized effluent
is then mixed with the influent sludge and subsequently released
into the flotation tank.  The excess dissolved air then
separates from solution, which is now under atmospheric pressure,
and the minute (average diameter 80ym)  rising gas bubbles
attach themselves to particles that form the floating  sludge
blanket.  The thickened blanket is skimmed off and pumped to the
downstream sludge handling facilities while the  subnatant is
returned to the plant.  Polyelectrolytes are frequently used
as flotation aids to enhance performance and create  a  thicker
sludge blanket.  A description of the DAF process in general is
presented in Section III.4.4.

III.7.2.3  Technology Status

DAF is the most common form of flotation thickening  in use in the
United States, has been used for many years to thicken waste
activated sludges, and to a lesser degree to thicken combined
sludges.  DAF has widespread industrial wastewater applications.

III.7.2.4  Applications

The use of air flotation is limited primarily to thickening of
sludges prior to dewatering or digestion.  Used  in this way, the
efficiency of the subsequent dewatering units can be increased,
and the volume of supernatant from the subsequent digestion units
can be decreased.  Existing air flotation thickening units can
be upgraded by the optimization of process variables,  and by the
utilization of polyelectrolytes.  Air flotation  thickening is
best applied to waste activated sludge.  With this process, it is
possible to thicken the sludge to 6 percent solids,  while the
maximum concentration attainable by gravity thickening without
chemical addition is 2 to 3 percent solids.  The DAF process can
also be applied to mixtures of primary and waste activated
sludge.  DAF also maintains the sludge in aerobic condition and
potentially has a better solids capture than gravity thickening.
There is some evidence that activated sludges from pure oxygen
systems are more amenable to flotation thickening than sludges
from conventional systems.
Date:  9/13/79 .             III.7.2-1

-------
III.7.2.5  Limitations

DAF has high operating costs  (primarily for power  for  aeration
and chemicals) and is therefore generally  limited  to waste
activated sludges.  The variability of sludge characteristics
requires that some pilot work be done prior to design  of  a DAF
system.

III.7.2.6  Chemicals Required

Flotation aids  (generally polyelectrolytes) are usually used to
enhance performance.

III.7.2.7  ResidualsGenerated

Supernatant  (effluent) quality is approximately 150 mg/L  SS,
returned to mainstream of STP.

III.7.2.8  Design Criteria

Data from various air flotation units indicate that solids
recovery ranges from 83 to 99 percent at solids loading rates of
7 to 48 Ib/ft2/d.

Operating data from 14 sewage treatment plants showed  the
following:  influent suspended solids, 3,000 to 20,000 mg/L
(median 7,300); supernatant suspended solids, 31 to 460 mg/L
(median 144); suspended solids removal, 94 to 99+  percent
(median 98.7); float solids, 2.8 to 12.4 percent  (median  5.0);
loading, 1.3 to 7.7 lb/h/ft2  (median 3.1); flow 0.4 to
1.8 gpm/ft2  (median 1.0).

III.7.2.9  Environmental Impact

Requires less land than gravity thickeners; subnatant  stream is
returned to the head of the treatment plant, although  it  should
be compatible with other wastewater; air released  to the
atmosphere may strip volatile organic material from the sludge;
volume of sludge requiring ultimate disposal may be reduced,
although its composition will be altered if chemical flotation
aids are used; air compressors will require shielding to control
the noise generated.

III.7.2.10  Reliability

DAF systems are reliable from a mechanical standpoint; variations
in sludge characteristics can affect process (treatment)
reliability, and may require operator attention.
Date:  9/13/79 •             III.7.2-2

-------
 III.7.2.11   Flow Diagram
                SKIMMER MEGHAN ISM
                                      PRESSURE TANK
(
JBNATANT [~~
RECYCLED _
SUBNATANT

n
• • • -i'-_~*1 TiT.f. .-.«>-;
TO 1 QF 7flMF
' K i ->t /.unc
k, ^BonowT^
<~ rni i FPTOR
^ i « i t

^*^'
Ttfrr
THICKENED
V-SLUDGE-1
'^1
^






RECYCLED
SUBNATANT

' — INFLUENT
ci unrF
jLUUot
' RECYCLE




 III.7.2.12   Performance

 Pressure,  30 to 70 Ib/in2g
 percent of  influent flow;
 solids; solids loading, 5
 type and whether flotation
 addition (when used),  5 to
 capture,  70 to 98+ percent
 0.3  to 2.0  percent; total
 percent; hydraulic loading
  effluent recycle ratio, 30 to 150
air-to-solids ratio, 0.02 Ib air/lb
to 55 Ib/ft2/d (depending on sludge
 aids are used); polyelectrolyte
 10 Ib/ton of dry solids; solids
  total solids in unthickened sludge,
solids in thickened solids, 3 to 12
,  0.4 to 2.0 gpm/ft2.



Sludge
Primary + WAS
Primary + (WAS +
(Primary + Feel
WAS
WAS + Fed 3
Digested primary
Digested primary
Tertiary, alum



tvpe

FeCl3)
3) + WAS


+ WAS
+ (WAS + FeCl3)

Feed
solids
concentra-
tion, ?
2.0
1.5
1.8
1.0
1.0
4.0
4.0
1.0
Typical loading
rate without
polymer ,
Ib/ft2/d
20
15
15
10
10
20
15
8
Typical loading
rate with
polymer ,
Ib/ft2/d
60
45
45
30
30
60
45
24
Float
solids
concentra-
tion, %
5.5
3.5
4.0
3.0
2.5
10.0
8.0
2.0
 III.7.2.13   References

 1.   Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual.
     EPA-430/9-78-009 (draft)  U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 1978.  252 pp.
Date:  9/13/79
 III.7.2-3

-------
 III.7.3  CENTRIFUGAL THICKENING [1]

 III.7.3.1  Function

 Centrifugal thickening is the thickening of sludges using disc,
 basket, or solid bowl centrifuges.

 III.7.3.2  Description

 Centrifuges may be used to thicken  sludges by the use of
 centrifugal force to increase the sedimentation rate of sludge
 solids.  The three most common types of units are the continuous
 solid bowl type, the disc type, and the basket type.  Refer to
 Section III.7.12 for unit descriptions.

 III.7.3.3  Technology Status

 Centrifuges have had limited use in thickening excess activated
 sludges (EAS).   Field trials have been conducted at two
 facilities.  Disc-type units have been selected for three
 treatment plants.

 III.7.3.4  Applications

 Centrifuges may be used for thickening excess activated sludge
 where space limitations or sludge characteristics make other
 methods unsuitable.   Further, if a  particular sludge can be
 effectively thickened by gravity or by flotation thickening
 without chemicals,  centrifuge thickening is not economically
 feasible.

 III.7.3.5  Limitations

 Centrifugal thickening processes can have significant mainte-
 nance and power costs; adequate chemical conditioning may be
 required  in order to achieve 90 percent solids capture and
 4 percent solids concentration with activated sludge in a
 bowl-type unit;  disc-type units require prescreening to prevent
 pluggage  of discharge nozzles, especially if flow is interrupted
 or reduced; rotating parts of disc  units must be manually
 cleaned every  two weeks.

 III.7.3.6  Design Criteria

 See Section III.7.12;  maximum available capacity per unit is
 500 to  600 gpm for disc units and 400 gpm for solid-bowl units.

 III.7.3.7  Environmental Impact

 For some  sludges,  odor controls may be required; noise control
 is always required.
Date:  9/13/79              III.7.3-1

-------
III.7.3.8   Reliability

Pluggage of discharge orifices  is  a problem on disc-type units if
feed to the centrifuge is stopped,  interrupted, or  reduced below
a minimum value.

III.7.3.9   Flow Diagram
    PRIMARY
    EFFLUENT
                       RETURN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
            AERATOR
                       OVERFLOW
                                 SLUDGE
                           CENTRIFUGE
            SECONDARY
            CLARIFIER
                                        SLUDGE
                      EFFLUENT
            D EG R ITT ING
           AND SCREENING
                                UNDERFLOW
REQUIRED FOR DISC
TYPE CENTRIFUGES
ONLY
                                              TO DISPOSAL
III.7.3.10   Performance

Typical  performance data are  presented below for  the disc,
basket,  and solid bowl centrifuges when they are  employed in the
thickening  of EAS.  Note that chemical addition is not always
required.   In general, underflow solids concentration from disc
units  is lower than from solid bowl units  (3 to 5 percent versus
5 to 7 percent).
Type of sludye
EAS
EAS,
EA£ (after roughing
filter)
EAS (after roughing
filter)
EAE
EAS
EAS
EAS



Centrifuge
type
Disc
Disc

Disc

Disc
Basket
Solid bowl
Solid bowl
Solid bowl



Capacity,
91""



50

60
30
10
75
110



150
400

to 80

to 270
to 70
to 12
to 100
to 160



Feed solids,
t
0.75 to 1.0
-

0.7

0.7
0.7
1.5
0.44 to 0.78
0.5 to 0.7



Underflow
eolids,
t
5 to
4.

5 to

6.
9 to
9 to
5 to
5 to



5.5
0

7

1
10
13
7
B



Solids
recovery ,
90»
80

93 to 87

97 to 80
90 to 70
90
90 to 80
65
85
90
95
Polymer
requirement ,
Ib/ton
None
None

None

None
None
-
None
None
<5
5 to 10
10 to 15
 III.7.3.11  References

 1.   Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual,
     EPA-430/9-78-009  (draft)  U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati,  Ohio, 1978.  252 pp.
Date:   9/13/79 -
III.7.3-2

-------
III.7.4  AEROBIC DIGESTION [1]

III.7.4.1  Function

Aerobic digestion is a method of sludge stabilization in an open
tank that can be regarded as a modification of the activated
sludge process.

III.7.4.2  Description

Microbiologicical activity beyond cell synthesis is stimulated by
aeration, oxidizing both the biodegradable organic matter and
some cellular material into CO2, H20, and NOa-  The oxidation of
cellular matter is called endogenous respiration and is normally
the predominant reaction occurring in aerobic digestion.  Stabil-
ization is not complete until there has been an extended period
of primarily endogenous respiration  (typically 15 to 20 days).
Major objectives of aerobic digestion include odor reduction,
reduction of biodegradable solids, and improved sludge dewater-
ability.  Aerobic bacteria stabilize the sludge more rapidly than
anaerobic bacteria, although a less complete breakdown of cells
is usually achieved.  Oxygen can be supplied by surface aerators
or by diffusers.  Other equipment may include sludge recircula-
tion pumps and piping, mixers, and scum collection baffles.
Aerobic digesters are designed similar to rectangular aeration
tanks and use conventional aeration systems, or employ circular
tanks and use an eductor tube for deep tank aeration.

III.7.4.3  Common Modifications

Both one- and two-tank systems are used.  Small plants often use
a one-tank batch system with a complete mix cycle followed by
settling and decanting (to help thicken the sludge).  Larger
plants may consider a separate sedimentation tank to allow con-
tinuous flow and facilitate decanting and thickening.  Air may
be replaced with oxygen.

III.7.4.4  Technology Status

Aerobic digestion is primarily used in small plants and rural
plants, especially where extended aeration or contact stabiliza-
tion is practiced.

III.7.4.5  Applications

Suitable for waste primary sludge, waste biological sludges
(activated sludge or trickling filter sludge), or a combination
of any of these.  Advantages of aerobic digestion over anaerobic
digestion include simplicity of operation, lower capital cost,
lower BOD concentrations in supernatant liquid, recovery of more
of the fertilizer value of sludge, fewer effects from interfering
substances (such as heavy metals), and no danger of methane


 Date:  9/13/79   .             III. 7.4-1

-------
explosions.  The process also reduces grease content and the
level of pathogenic organisms, reduces the volume of the sludge,
and sometimes produces a more easily dewatered sludge (although
it may have poor characteristics for vacuum filters).  Volatile
solids reduction is generally not as good as anaerobic digestion.

III.7.4.6  Limitations

High operating costs (primarily to supply oxygen) make the proc-
ess less competitive at large plants; required stabilization time
is highly temperature sensitive, and aerobic stabilization may
require excessive periods in cold areas or will require sludge
heating, further increasing its cost; no useful byproducts, such
as methane, are produced; process efficiency also varies accord-
ing to sludge age and sludge characteristics, and pilot work
should be conducted prior to design; improvement in dewaterabil-
ity frequently does not occur.

III.7.4.7  Residuals Generated

Supernatant typical quality is SS, 100 to 12,000 mg/L; BOD5,
50 to 1,700 mg/L; soluble BOD5, 4 to 200 mg/L; COD, 200 to
8,000 mg/L; Kjeldahl nitrogen, 10 to 400 mg/L; total phosphorus,
20 to 250 mg/L; soluble phosphorus, 2 to 60 mg/L, pH, 5.5 to 7.7;
digested sludge.

III.7.4.8  Design Criteria

Solids retention time (SRT) required for 40% VSS reduction is
18 to 20 days at 20°C for mixed sludges from AS to TF plant, 10
to 16 days for waste activated sludge only, 16 to 18 days average
for activated sludge from plants without primary settling; volume
allowance, 3 to 4 ft3/capita; VSS loading, 0.02 to 0.4 Ib/ft3/d;
air requirements, 20 to 60 ft3/min/l,000 ft3; minimum DO, 1 to
2 mg/L; energy for mechanical mixing, 0.75 to 1.25 hp/1,000 ft3;
oxygen requirements, 2 Ib/lb of cell tissue destroyed (includes
nitrification demand) and 1.6 to 1.9 Ib/lb of BOD removed in
primary sludge.

III.7.4.9  Environmental Impact

Supernatant stream is returned to head of plant with high organic
loadings; sludge stabilization reduces the adverse impact of land
disposal of sludge; process has high power requirements; odor
controls may be required.

III.7.4.10  Reliability

Less  sensitive to environmental factors than anaerobic digestion;
requires less laboratory control and daily maintenance; relatively
resistant to variations in loading, pH, and metals interference;
lower temperatures require much longer detention times to achieve


 Date:  9/13/79                m.7.4-2

-------
a fixed  level of VSS  reduction; however,  performance loss does
not necessarily cause an odorous product; maintenance of the  DO
at 1 to  2  mg/L with adequate detention results in  a sludge that
is often easier to dewater (except  on vacuum filters).

III.7.4.11  Flow Diagram
           PRIMARY SLUDGE
       EXCESS ACTIVATED OR
       TRICKLING FILTER SLUDGE
                               CLEAR OXIDIZED
                               OVERFLOW TO PLANT
                  SETTLED SLUDGE RETURNED TO DIGESTER
III.7.4.12   Performance
    Material
Influent, %
Effluent, %
Reduction, %
Total solids     2 to 7
Volatile solids  50 to 80  (of above)
Pathogens
                 3 to 12
                           30 to 70 (typical 35  to 45)
                           Up to 85
III.7.4.13   References

 1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual.
     EPA-430/9-78-009  (draft), U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 1978.   252 pp.
                              III.7.4-3

-------
III.7.5  ANAEROBIC (TWO-STAGE) DIGESTION [1]

III.7.5.1  Function

Anaerobic digestion is a process for breakdown of sludge into
methane, carbon dioxide, unusable intermediate organics, and a
relatively small amount of cellular protoplasm.

III.7.5.2  Description

A two-vessel system is used for sludge stabilization.  The first
tank, used for digestion, is equipped with one or more of the
following:  heater, sludge recirculation pumps, methane gas
recirculation, mixers, and scum breaking mechanisms.  The second
tank is used to store and concentrate the digested sludge and to
form a supernatant.

The anaerobic digestion process consists of two distinct simul-
taneous stages of conversion of organic material by acid-forming
bacteria and gasification of the organic acids by methane-forming
bacteria.  The methane-producing bacteria are very sensitive to
conditions of their environment and require careful control of
temperature, pH, excess concentrations of soluble salts, metal
cations, oxidizing compounds, and volatile acids.  They also show
an extreme substrate specificity.  The digester requires periodic
cleanout  (from 1 to 2 years) due to buildup of sand and gravel on
the digester bottom.

III.7.5.3  Technology Status

Anaerobic digestion is in widespread use (60 to 70 percent) for
primary and secondary sludge in plants having a capacity of 1
Mgal/d or more.

III.7.5.4  Applications

This process is suitable for primary sludge or combinations of
primary sludge and limited amounts of secondary sludges.  Diges-
ted sludge is reduced in volume and pathogenic organism content;
it is less odorous and easily de-watered, and it is suitable for
ultimate disposal.  Advantages over single-stage digestion in-
clude increased gas production, a clearer supernatant liquor,
necessity for heating a smaller primary tank thus economizing in
heat, and more complete digestion.  The process also lends itself
to modification changes, such as to high-rate digestion.

III.7.5.5  Limitations

Process is relatively expensive, about twice the capital cost of
single-stage digestion.  It is the most sensitive operation in
the treatment plant and is subject to upsets by interfering sub-
stances, e.g., excessive quantities of heavy metals, sulfides,
Date:  9/13/79  .            III.7.5-1

-------
and chlorinated hydrocarbons.  The addition of activated and
advanced waste treatment sludges can cause high operating costs
and poor plant efficiencies.  The additional solids do not
readily settle after digestion.  The digester requires periodic
cleanout due to buildup of sand and gravel on digester bottom.

III.7.5.6  Chemicals Required

The pH must be maintained using lime, ammonia, soda ash, bicar-
bonate of soda, or lye; addition of powder activated carbon may
improve stability of over stressed digesters; heavy metals are
precipitated with ferrous or ferric sulfate; odors are controlled
with hydrogen peroxide; heat must be provided.

III.7.5.7  Residuals Generated

Supernatant contains 200 to 15,000 mg/L suspended solids; 500 to
10,000 mg/L BOD5; 1,000 to 30,000 mg/L COD; 300 to 1,000 mg/L
TKN; 50 to 1,000 mg/L total phosphorus; scum; sludge; and gas.

III.7.5.8  Environmental Impact

Return of supernatant to head of plant may cause plant upsets;
adverse environmental impact of sludge disposal on land is re-
duced as a result of the process.

Digester gas can be used for on-site generation of electricity
and/or for any in-plant purpose requiring fuel; can also be used
off-site in a natural gas supply system; off-site use usually
requires treatment to remove impurities such as hydrogen sulfide
and moisture; removal of C02 further increases the heat value of
the gas; utilization is more successful when a gas holder is
provided.

III.7.5.10  Reliability

Successful operation subject to a variety of physical, chemical,
and biological phenomena, e.g., pH, alkalinity, temperature and
concentrations of toxic substances of digester contents.  Sludge
digester biomass is relatively intolerant to changing environ-
mental conditions.  Under one set of conditions, particular
concentrations of a substance can cause upsets, while under
another set of conditions higher concentrations of the same
substance are harmless.  Process requires careful monitoring of
pH, gas production, and volatile acids.

III.7.5.10  Design Criteria

Solids Retention Times  (SRT) required at various temperatures
are shown below:
Date:  9/13/79              III.7.5-2

-------
            Temperature, °F
            SRT, days

Volume criteria  (ft3/capita)
                                    Mesophilie Range

                                50   67   75   85   95
                                55   40   30   25   20

                               primary sludge, 1.3/3; primary
                               and trickling filter sludges,
                               2.6/5; primary and waste activated
                               sludges, 2.6/6.
Tank size:  diameter, 20 to  115  ft;  depth,  25  to  45  ft;  bottom
            slope, 1 vertical/4  horizontal.

Solids loading, 0.04 to 0.40  Ib  VSS/ft3/d;  volumetric  loading,
0.038 to 0.1 ft3/cap/d; wet  sludge  loading,  0.12  to
0.19 Ib/cap/d; pH 6.7 to 7.6.

III.7.5.11  Flow Diagram
                GAS RELEASE!
                          GAS
                              GAS RELEASE I
SLUDGE 1
III. 7. 5. 12 Perfon
NLETr
ZONE OF
(MIXING
ACTIVELY
v DIGESTING^
^SLUDGEs^*
SLUDGE RETURN
nance
MIXED
LIQUOR
* *
SLUDGE -
DRAWOFF

SUPERNATANT
DIGESTED SLUDGE
sZV
SUPERNATANT
REMOVAL


Influent Effluent
Total solids

2 to 7% 2.5 to 12%
                                                      Reduction
                                                      35  to 50%
                                                      85  to <100%
Volatile solids
Pathogen
Odor reduction
Sidestream - gas production
     Quantity - 8 to 12 ft3/lb volatile solids added,  or  12  to
                18 ft3/cap, or 11 to 12 ft3/lb total solids
                digested.
     Quality - 65 to 70% methane; trace N2, H2, H2S, and  NH3;
               25 to 30% C02; 550 to 600 Btu/ft3.

III.7.5.13  References

 1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment  Manual.
     EPA-430/9-78-009  (draft) U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio  1978.  252 pp.
Date:  9/13/79 .
                            III.7.5-3

-------
III.7.6  CHEMICAL CONDITIONING  [1]

III.7.6.1  Function

Chemical conditioning is a process for coagulating  sludge
solids and releasing absorbed water.

III.7.6.2  Description

The use of chemicals to condition sludge  for dewatering  is
economical because of the increased yields  and  greater flexibil-
ity obtained.

Chemicals are most easily applied and metered in  liquid  form.
Dissolving tanks are needed  if  the chemicals are  received as
dry powder.  These tanks should be large  enough for at least
one-day's supply of chemicals and should  be furnished in
duplicate.  They must be fabricated or lined with corrosion-
resistant material.  Polyvinyl  chloride,  polyethylene, and
rubber are suitable materials for tank and  pipe linings  for
handling acid solutions.  Metering pumps, which must be  cor-
rosion resistant, are generally of the positive-displacement
type with variable-speed or  variable-stroke drives  to control
the flowrate.  Another metering system consists of  a constant-
head tank supplied by a centrifugal pump.   A rotameter and
throttling valve are used to meter the flow.

The chemical dosage required for any sludge is  determined in the
laboratory.  Filter-leaf test kits are used to  determine
chemical doses, filter yields,  and the suitability  of various
filtering media.  These kits have several advantages over the
Biichner funnel procedure.  In general, it has been  observed that
the type of sludge has the greatest impact  on the quantity of
chemical required.  Difficult-to-dewater  sludges  require larger
doses of chemicals and generally do not yield as  dry a cake.
Sludge types, listed in the  approximate order of  increasing
chemical requirements for conditioning, are as  follows:

     Untreated  (raw) primary sludge
     Untreated mixed primary and trickling-filter sludge
     Untreated mixed primary and waste activated  sludge
     Anaerobically digested  primary sludge
     Anaerobically digested  mixed primary and waste activated
       sludge
     Aerobically digested sludge  (normally  dewatered on  drying
     beds without the use of chemicals for  conditioning).

Intimate admixing of sludge  and coagulant is essential for
proper conditioning.  The mixing must not break the floe after
it has formed, and the detention is kept  to a minimum so that
sludge reaches the filter as soon after conditioning as  possible.
Mixing tanks are generally of the vertical  type for small plants
Date:  9/13/79 '             III.7.6-1

-------
and of the horizontal type for large plants.  They are ordinarily
built of welded steel and lined with rubber or other acid-proof
coating.  A typical layout for a mixing or conditioning tank has
a horizontal agitator driven by a variable-speed motor to provide
a shaft speed of 4 to 10 r/min.  Overflow from the tank is adjus-
table to vary the detention period.  Vertical cylindrical tanks
with propeller mixers are also used.

III.7.6.3  Common Modifications

Elutriation is a unit operation in which a solid or a solid-
liquid mixture is intimately mixed with a liquid for the purpose
of transferring certain components to the liquid.  A typical
example is the washing of digested wastewater sludge before
chemical conditioning to remove certain soluble organic and
inorganic components that would consume large amounts of chemi-
cals.  The cost of washing the sludge is, in general, more than
compensated for by the savings that result from a lower demand
for conditioning chemicals.

The usual leaching operation consists of two steps:  (1) a
thorough mixing of the solid or solid-liquid mixture with the
leaching liquid, and (2) separation of the leaching liquid.  Each
combination of mixing and washing is called a stage.  A stage is
said to be ideal if the concentration of the component being
leached is the same in the separating liquid as it is in the
liquid that remains with the solids.  Mixing and separating can
be carried out either in the same tank or in separate tanks. In
sanitary engineering, separate tanks are usually used for each
stage.

Since alkalinity is usually present in high concentrations in
digested sludge, it is commonly used to measure leaching ef-
ficiency.  A decrease in the quantity of chemicals required to
condition sludge has been correlated with the decrease in al-
kalinity that results from elutriation.

III.7.6.4  Technology Status

The technology of chemical conditioning is well-developed.

III.7.6.5  Applications

Conditioning is used in advance of vacuum filtration and centri-
fugation.

III.7.6.6  Limitations

Although elutriation was used commonly in the past, it has fallen
into disfavor because of the concern that the finely divided
solids washed out of the sludge may not be fully captured in the
main wastewater treatment facilities.  In fact, the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency has stated that sludge elutriation is
Date:  9/13/79 '             III.7.6-2

-------
not considered desirable and its use will not be approved without
adequate safeguards.

III.7.6.7  Chemicals Required

Chemicals used in chemical conditioning include ferric chloride,
lime, alum, and organic polymers.

III.7.6.8  Design Criteria

The dosage of chemicals for various types of sludges for vacuum
filtration is shown below (conditioners are shown in percentage
of dry sludge).


Fresh

solids
Type of sludge
Primary
Primary and
trickling filter
Primary and
activated
Activated (alone)
FeCl3
1-2

2-3

1.5-2.5
4-6
CaO
6-8

6-8

7-9

Elutriated,
Digested digested
FeCl3 CaO FeCl3 CaO
1.5-3.5 6-10 2-4

1.5-3.5 6-10 2-4

1.5-4 6-12 2-4


III. 7. 6. 9 References
 1.  Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering - Treatment, Dis-
     posal, Reuse, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1979.  pp. 634-636.
Date:  9/13/79"             III.7.6-3

-------
 III.7.7  THERMAL CONDITIONING  (HEAT  TREATMENT)  [1]

 III.7.7.1   Function

 Heat treatment  is  essentially  a  conditioning process that pre-
 pares sludge  for dewatering  on vacuum filters or filter presses
 without  the use of chemicals.

 III.7.7.2   Description

 The  heat treatment process involves  heating sludge  to 144°C to
 210°C for  short periods  of time  under pressure of 150 to
 400  lb/in2 gage.   In  addition, the sludge  is sterilized and
 generally  stabilized  and rendered inoffensive.   Heat treatment
 results  in coagulation of solids,  a  breakdown in the cell struc-
 ture of  sludge, and a reduction  of the water affinity of sludge
 solids.

 Several  proprietary variations exist for heat treatment.  In
 these systems,  sludge is passed  through a  heat exchanger into a
 reactor  vessel, where steam  is injected directly into the sludge
 to bring the  temperature and pressure into the necessary ranges.
 In one variation,  air is also  injected into the reactor vessel
 with the sludge.   The detention  time in the reactor is approxi-
 mately 30  minutes.  After heat treatment,  the sludge passes back
 through  the heat exchanger to  recover heat, and then is dis-
 charged  to a  thickener-decant  tank.   The thickened  sludge may be
 dewatered  by  filtration  or centrifugation  to a solids content of
 30 to 50 percent.  The sludge  may be ground prior to heat treat-
 ment.

 III.7.7.3   Technology Status

 The  process of  heat treating sludge,  first introduced in 1935,
 has  become common  during the last decade.   About 100 units are
 currently  in  operation in the  United States.

 III.7.7.4   Applications

 Heat  treatment  is  practiced  as a sludge conditioning method to
 reduce the  costs of sludge dewatering and  ultimate  disposal.   The
 benefits of heat treatment include (1)  improved dewatering
 characteristics of treated sludge without  chemical  conditioning;
 (2)  generally innocuous  and  sterilized  sludge  suitable  for
 ultimate disposal  by  a variety of methods  including  land ap-
 plication  in  some  cases;  (3)  few nuisance  problems;  (4)  a  product
 suitable for many  types  of sludge that  cannot be  stabilized
 biologically;  (5)   reduction  in subsequent  incineration  energy
 requirements;  and  (6)  reduction in size of  subsequent vacuum
 filters and incinerators.
Date:  9/13/79 .             III.7.7-1

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III.7.7.5  Limitations

The thermal conditioning process has very high capital and
operating costs, and may not be economical at small treatment
plants.  Specialized supervision and maintenance are required due
to the high temperatures and pressures involved.  Expensive
material costs are necessary to prevent corrosion and withstand
the operating conditions.  Heavy metal concentrations in sludges
are not reduced by heat treatment, and further treatment of
sludges with high metals concentrations may be required if the
sludge is to be applied to crop land.  The sludge supernatant and
filtrate recycle liquor are strongly colored and contain a very
high concentration of soluble organic compounds and ammonia
nitrogen, and in some cases must be pretreated prior to return to
the head of the treatment plant.

III.7.7.6  Chemicals Required

Chemicals are not normally required for dewatering; corrosion
control aids may be required for the boiler and/or the process;
heat must be provided.

III.7.7.7  Residuals Generated

Sidestream (recycle liquor) contains 50 percent of the sludge
flow  (by volume); stream quality:  BOD, 5,000 to 15,000 mg/L;
COD, 10,000 to 30,000 mg/L; NH3-N, 500 to 800 mg/L; phosphorus,
140 to 250 mg/L; total suspended solids, 9,000 to 12,000 mg/L;
volatile suspended solids, 8,000 to 10,000 mg/L; pH, 4 to 6.

This stream is generally amenable to biological treatment but can
contribute up to 30 to 50 percent of the organic loading to a
treatment plant.  If the plant has not been designed for this
additional load, pretreatment prior to return may be necessary.
Some noncondensable gases may be generated that will require
combustion or disposal.  Boiler breakdown and/or water treatment
residuals  (for boiler feedwater) may result.

III.7.7.8  Environmental Impact

Recycle liquor sent to head of plant can cause plant upsets due
to very high organic loadings.  The process can result in offen-
sive odor production if proper odor control is not practiced.  A
colored effluent may also result, requiring additional processing
where discharge standards prohibit this condition.

The composition of the recycle liquor can vary among the
various processes.  Some liquors may contain a high proportion of
nonbiodegradable matter.  This matter is largely humic acids,
which can give rise to unpleasant odors and taste if present in
water that has been chlorinated prior to use for domestic supply.
If industrial wastes of various types are included in the
Date:  9/13/79 .             III.7.7-2

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 wastewater  to  be  treated,  the actual chemical composition of the
 liquor  resulting  from heat treatment of the sludge should be
 determined  by  a detailed chemical activated carbon adsorption for
 nonbiodegradable  organics.

 III.7.7.9   Reliability

 Limited operating data are available; mechanical and process
 reliability appear adequate after some initial operational prob-
 lems; careful  operator attention is required.

 III.7.7.10   Design Criteria

 Temperature, 140  to 210°C;  pressure, 150 to 400 lb/in2 gage;
 detention time, 30 to 90 min; steam consumption, 6001b/l,000 gal
 of  sludge.

 III.7.7.11   Flow  Diagram
                         CONDITIONED SLUDGE
 III.7.7.12  Performance

 Heat treatment  is a  conditioning  process  intended to enhance the
 performance of  subsequent  operations.   Within the process itself,
 pathogens are destroyed  and  30  to 40 percent of the volatile
 suspended solids are solubilized.   Dewatering efficiency can be
 increased to a  solids capture of  over  95  percent and a solids
 content  of up to 50  percent.

 III.7.7.13  References

 1.  Innovative and  Alternative Technology  Assessment Manual,
     EPA-430/9-78-009 (draft), U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio,  1978.   252pp.
Date:  9/13/79
III.7.7-3

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 III.7.8  DISINFECTION  (HEAT)  [1]

 III.7.8.1  Function

 Heating  to pasteurization  temperatures  is  a well  known method  of
 destroying pathogenic  organisms  that  has been  applied sucessfully
 to disinfecting  sludge.

 III.7.8.2  Description

 Pasteruization implies heating to  a specific temperature  for a
 time period  sufficient to  destroy  undesirable  organisms in
 sludge and to make sludge  suitable for  land disposal on cropland.
 Usually  heat is  applied  at 70 to 75°C for  20 to 60 minutes.
 Treatment can be applied to raw  liquid  sludge  (thickened  or
 unthickened), or stabilized or digested sludge.

 Pasteurization is usually  a batch  process, consisting of  a
 reactor  to hold  sludge,  a  heat source,  and heat exchange
 equipment, pumping and piping, and instrumentation for automated
 operation.   Pasteurization has little effect on sludge compo-
 sition or structure because the  sludge  is  only heated to  a
 relatively moderate temperature.

 III.7.8.3  Technology  Status

 Heating  to pasteurization  temperature is not widely used; the
 process  is more  common in  Europe than in the United States.  In
 West Germany and Switzerland, there are regulations  (actually
 seldom followed) that  require pasteurization when sludge  is
 spread on pastures during  summer growth periods.  The process
 may  find increased application with the renewed interest  of land
 disposal of  sludges.

 III.7.8.4  Application

 Disinfection can be applied to a wide variety  of  sludges  in
 various  forms.   Pasteurization may be redundant where sludges  are
 treated  by other processes which destroy pathogenic matter.  The
 largest  potential application is to otherwise  untreated sludges
 that are disposed of on  land.  Studies  show that  liquid sludge
 need only be cooled to 60°C for  application to land with  no
 adverse  effects  from temperature.  Small treatment plants can
 pasteurize liquid digested sludge  in  a  tank truck with steam
 injection.

 III.7.8.5  Limitations

 Pasteurization has little  or no  effect  on  metals  or other toxic
 materials.   Pasteurized  but undigested  sludges still have
 considerable risk of foul  smelling fermentation after land
 applications.  Limited data are  available  on interferences and


Date:  9/13/79               III.7.8-1

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other process controls required for optimizing  the  process.
Heating unthickened sludge requires excessive amounts  of heat.
Because of the low temperatures involved, heat  recovery is  not
cost effective unless the sludge flow  is at  least 50,000 gal/d.
At this level, one-stage heat recuperation may  be cost effective.
Two-stage recuperation is not cost effective until  a flow of over
100,000 gal/d of sludge is reached.

III.7.8.6  Chemicals Required

Typical boiler feedwater pretreatment  chemicals are used to
prevent scale and/or corrosion; heat must be provided.

III.7.8.7  Residuals Generated

Boiler blowdown and air pollution from the boiler are  generated.

III.7.8.8  Environmental Impact

Reduces the adverse impact of sludge disposal to cropland.   If
steam injection is used to heat the sludge,  chemicals  used  for
feedwater pretreatment must be acceptable for land  spreading of
sludge.

Digested sludge heat can reduce the need for supplemental energy.
Methane from anaerobic digestion can provide the required fuel
for pasteurization.

III.7.8.9  Reliability

Mechanical and process reliability are high; pasteurization can
be fully automated and requires minimum operator attention;
there is little operating experience in the  United  States.

III.7.8.10  Design Criteria

Temperature, 70 to 75°C; time, 20 to 60 minutes; heat  required,
4-6 x 106 Btu/ton of sludge solids.  Two units  or more are
usually designed in parallel so that one unit can be filling
while the other is holding sludge for  the required  length of
time.  Units can share a common boiler.

III.7.8.11  Flow Diagram
       FEED WATER
                    BOILER
STEAM
                SLUDGE
                             HOLD ING TANK
            PASTURIZED SLUDGE
Date:  9/13/79.             III.7.8-2

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III.7.8.12  Performance

Seventy-five degrees Centigrade for 60 minutes  will reduce
coliform indicatiors below  1,000 counts per  lOOmL.   Seventy
degrees Centigrade for 30 to 60 minutes is effective for
destroying pathogens in  digested sludge.  Seventy degrees
Centigrade for 20 minutes is effective for destroying pathogens
in  raw sludge.  Heat treatment also appears  to  destroy viruses.
The table below indicates the time required  for 100 percent
elimination of various typical pathogenic organisms found in
sludge at various temperatures:
                                                Time, rain
	Organism	50°C   55°C   60°C   65°C   70°C

Time required for 100% reduction  (minutes)
Cysts of entamoeba histolytica               5
Eggs of ascaris lumbricoides                60      7
Brucella abortis                                 60            3
Corynebacterium diptheriae                        45                  4
Salmonella typhosa                                     30            4
Escherichia coli                                       60            5
Micrococcus pyrogene var. aureus                                     20
Mycobacterium tuberculosis var.                                      20
Viruses                                                           25
III.7.8.13  References

  1.   Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual,
      EPA-430/9-78-009  (draft),  U.S. Environmental Protection
      Agency, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1978.  252 pp.
Date:  9/13/79  .             III.7.8-3

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III.7.9  VACUUM FILTRATION  [1]

III.7.9.1  Function

Vacuum filters are used to dewater sludges so as to produce a
cake having the physical handling characteristics and moisture
contents required for subsequent processing.

III.7.9.2  Description

A rotary vacuum filter consists of a cylindrical drum rotating
partially submerged in a vat or pan of conditioned sludge.  The
drum is divided radially into a number of sections, which are
connected through internal piping to ports in a valve body
(plate) at the hub.  This plate rotates in contact with a fixed
valve plate with similar ports, which are connected to a vacuum
supply, a compressed air supply, and an atmospheric vent.  As the
drum rotates, each section is thus connected to the appropriate
service.  Various operating zones are encountered during a
complete revolution of the drum.  In the pickup or form section,
vacuum is applied to draw liquid through the filter covering
(media) and form a cake of partially dewatered sludge.  As the
drum rotates, the cake emerges from the liquid sludge pool, while
suction is maintained to promote further dewatering.  A lower
level of vacuum often exists in the cake drying zone.  If the
cake tends to adhere to the media, a scraper blade may be provi-
ded to assist removal.

The three principal types of rotary vacuum filters are the drum
type, coil type, and the belt type.  The filters differ primarily
in the type of covering used and the cake discharge mechanism
employed.  Cloth media are used on drum and belt types; stainless
steel springs are used on the coil type.  Infrequently, a metal
media is used on belt types.  The drum filter also differs from
the other two in that the cloth covering does not leave the drum
but is washed in place, when necessary.  The design of the drum
filter provides considerable latitude in the amount of cycle time
devoted to cake formation, washing, and dewatering; the design
also minimizes inactive time.

The top feed drum filter is a variation of the conventional
drum filter.  In this case, sludge is fed to the vacuum filter
through a hopper located above the filter.  The potential advan-
tages of the top feed drum filter are that gravity aids in cake
formation; capital costs may be lower since the feed hopper is
smaller and no sludge agitator and "related drive equipment are
required; and "blinding" of the media may be reduced.

The coil-type vacuum filter uses two layers of stainless steel
coils arranged in corduroy fashion around the drum.  After a
dewatering cycle, the two layers of springs leave the drum and
are separated from each other so that the cake is lifted off the
Date:  9/14/79 .             III.7.9-1

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lower layer of springs and discharged from the upper layer.  Cake
release is essentially free of problems.  The coils are then
washed and reapplied to the drum.  The coil filter has been and
is widely used for all types of sludge.  However, sludges with
particles that are both extremely fine and resistant to floccula-
tion dewater poorly on coil filters.

Media on the belt-type filter leaves the drum surface at the end
of the drying zone and passes over a small diameter discharge
roll to facilitate cake discharge.  Washing of the media next
occurs before it returns to the drum and to the vat for another
cycle.  This type filter normally has a small diameter curved bar
between the point where the belt leaves the drum and the dis-
charge roll that aids in maintaining belt dimensional stability.
In practice, it is frequently used to insure adequate cake
discharge.

Many types of filter media are available for belt and drum
filters.  There is some question whether increases in yield due
to operating vacuums greater than 15 inches of mercury are justi-
fiable.  The cost of a greater filter area must be balanced
against the higher power costs for higher vacuums.  An increase
from 15 to 20 inches of vacuum is reported to have provided about
10 percent greater yield in three full-scale installations.

III.7.9.3  Common Modifications

Chemical conditioning is often employed to agglomerate a large
number of small particles.  It is almost universally applied with
mixed sludges.

III.7.9.4  Technology Status

Vacuum filtration is the most common method of mechanical sludge
dewatering utilized in the United States.

III.7.9.5  Applications

Generally used in larger facilities where space is limited, or
when incineration is necessary for maximum volume reduction.

III.7.9.6  Limitations

Relatively high operating skill required; operation is sensitive
to type of sludge and conditioning procedures.  As raw sludge
ages  (3 to 4 hours) after thickening, vacuum filter performance
decreases.  Poor release of the filter cake from the belt is
occasionally encountered.  Chemical conditioning costs can some-
times be extremely large if a sludge is hard to dewater.
Date:  9/14/79              III.7.9-2

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III.7.9.7  Chemicals Required

FeCl3 and/or  lime, or polymer  dosing  is  a function of type of
sludge and vacuum  filter  characteristics.

III.7.9.8  Environmental  Impact

Vacuum filtration  involves  relatively high chemical and energy
requirements.

III.7.9.9  Reliability

Large doses of  lime may require  frequent washings of drum filter
media; remedial measures  are frequently  required to obtain oper-
able cake releases from belt filters;  high operating skill is re-
quired to maintain high level  of reliability.

III.7.9.10  Design Criteria

Typical loads are  shown below.   The loading is a function of feed
solids concentrations, subsequent processing requirements, and
chemical preconditioning.
               Sludge  type

            Raw primary
            Digested primary
            Mixed digested

III.7.9.11  Flow Diagram
       Typical  loading,
     Ib dry  solids/hr-ft2

             7 to  15
             4 to  7
          3.5 to  5
 SLUDGE
T

L.
v
1 WATER-AIR
SEPARATOR
VACUUM
PUMP



                         DRUM
                                SLUDGE CAKE FILTRATE
III.7.9.12  Performance

Solids capture ranges  from  85  to  99.5  percent;  cake  moisture is
usually 60 to 90 percent, depending  on feed  type,  solids  concen-
tration, chemical conditioning, machine operation  and management;
dewatered cake is suitable  for landfill,  heat drying,  incinera-
tion or land spreading.
Date:  9/14/79
III.7.9-3

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III.7.9.13  References

 1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual.
     EPA-430/9-78-009  (draft), U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.  252 pp.
Date:  9/14/79              III.7.9-4

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 III.7.10  FILTER PRESS  DEWATERING [1]

 III.7.10.1   Function

 Filter press dewatering  is  the  removal  of  water from sludge using
 conventional filter presses.

 III.7.10.2   Description

 The  recessed plate press is the conventional filter press used
 for  dewatering  sewage  sludges.   This  press consists of vertical
 recessed  plates up to  5  ft  in diameter  (or 5 ft on a side,  if
 square) that are held  rigidly in a  frame and pressed together
 between a fixed and moving  end.   A  filter  cloth is mounted on
 the  face  of  each individual plate.  The sludge  is  fed into the
 press  at  pressures up  to 225 psi gage and  passes through feed
 holes  in  the trays along the length of  the press.   The water
 passes through  the cloth; the solids  are retained  and form a cake
 on the surface  of the  cloth.  Sludge  feeding is stopped when the
 cavities  or  chambers between the plates are completely filled.
 Drainage  ports  are provided at  the  bottom  of each  press chamber.
 The  filtrate is collected in these  ports,  taken to the end of the
 press,  and discharged  to a  common drain.   At the commencement of
 a processing cycle, the  drainage from a large press can be in the
 order  of  2,000  to 3,000  gph.  This  rate falls rapidly to about
 500  gph as the  cake begins  to form, when the filtrate is near
 zero.   At this  point,  the pump  feeding  sludge to the press is
 stopped,  and any back  pressure  in the piping is released through
 the  bypass valve.  The electrical closing  gear  is  then operated
 to open the  press.  The  individual  plates  are then moved in turn
 over the  gap between the plates  and the moving  end;  this allows
 the  filter cakes to fall out.   The  plate-moving step can be
 either manual or automatic.  When all of the plates have been
 moved  and the cakes released, the complete pack of plates is
 pushed back  by  the moving end and closed by the electrical
 closing gear.   The valve to the  press is then opened,  the sludge
 feed pump started, and the  next  dewatering cycle commences.
 Thus,  a cycle includes the  time  required for filling,  pressing,
 cake removal, media washing, and press  closing.

 A monofilament  filter  media is  now  used which,  unlike  multi-
 filament  filter cloth, resists  blinding in service.  Many systems
 utilize an efficient precoat system that deposits  a protective
 layer  of porous material (fly ash,  cement  kiln  dust, buffing
 dust)  on the  filter media to prevent  blinding and  to facilitate
 cake release.

 While  pressure  filters with a total effective filtration area of
 2,5000  ft2 were once considered  large,  today's  units with an
 effective filtration area of 4,500  ft2  are  not  uncommon.
Date:  9/14/79              III.7.10-1

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Until recently, pressure filters, with few exceptions, have
operated at a maximum pressure differential of 100 lb/in2.
Extensive studies during the early 1960's showed that pressure
differentials of up to 225 psi produced filter cake solids con-
centration well in excess of 50 percent.  Some commercially
available systems now operate near these pressures.  As a result
of these greater pressures, filter presses offer several advanta-
ges, such as higher cake solids concentrations, improved filtrate
clarity, improved solids capture, and reduced chemical
consumption.

III.7.10.3  Common Modifications

Modifications to filter press dewatering include various weaves
adn materials for the filter media, precoating materials, and
methods, mechanical plate shifting, and washing devices.

III.7.10.4  Technology Status

Experience in United States with pressure filtration of waste-
water sludges is limited.  Plate presses have been used in
European wastewater plants for many years.  Industry has made use
of the process for many years.

III.7.10.5  Applications

Filter press dewatering is used for sludges prior to incineration
and for hard-to-handle sludges; the process is used where a large
filtration area is required in a minimum floor area.

III.7.10.6  Limitations

Batch discharge requires equalization of pressed cake production
prior to incineration; life of filter cloth is limited; presses
must normally be installed well above floor level so that cakes
can drop onto conveyors or trailers;  cake must be delumped prior
to incineration.

III.7.10.7  Reliability

Pressure filter plate warpage has been a major problem; plate
gasket deterioration (sometimes caused by plate warpage) has also
been a problem requiring maintenance.

III.7.10.8  Design Criteria

     Chamber volume           0.75 to 2.8 ft3/chamber
     Filter areas             14.5 to 45 ft2/chamber
     Number of chambers       Up to 100
     Sludge cake thickness    1 to 1  1/2 in
     Sludge feed rate         Approximately 2 Ib/cycle - ft2
                                (dry  solids basis)
Date:  9/14/79 •             III.7.10-2

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III.7.10.9  Flow Diagram
 SLUDGE —-| STORAGE \


CAKE
1
FILTER PRESS


FILTRATED
DRAIN
                    'CONDITIONING TANK
III.7.10.10  Performance

With input sludges of varying  types  having a TSS of 1 to 10
percent, typical  filter press  production data show cake solids
concentrations of 50 percent with 100  to 250 percent (on dry
solids basis) fly ash conditioning and cycle times of 1.5 to
2.0 h.  Cake solids concentrations of  45 percent have been
achieved with chemical conditioning  (5 to 7.5 percent FeCl3 and
10 to 15 percent  lime) and  cycle  times of 1.0 to 2.0 h.  In
general, cakes of 25 to 50  percent solids concentrations are
achieved.

III.7.10.11  References

 1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual,
     EPA-430/9-78-009  (draft), U.S.  Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati,  Ohio, 1978.   252 pp.
Date:  9/14/79
III.7.10-3

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III.7.11  BELT FILTER DEWATERING  [1]

III.7.11.1  Function

Belt filter dewater is the removal of water from sludge using
filtration in the form of rolling belts.

III.7.11.2  Description

A belt filter consists of an endless filter belt that runs over  a
drive and guide roller at each end like a conveyor belt.  The
upper side of the filter belt is supported by  several rollers.
Above the filter belt is a press belt that runs in the same di-
rection and at the same speed; its drive roller is coupled with
the drive roller of the filter belt.  The press belt can be
pressed on the filter belt by means of a pressure roller system
whose rollers can be individually adjusted horizontally and
vertically.  The sludge to be dewatered is fed on the upper face
of the filter belt and is continuously dewatered between the
filter and press belts.  After having passed the pressure zone,
further dewatering in a reasonable time cannot be achieved by
only applying static pressures; however, a superimposition of
shear forces can effect this further dewatering.  The supporting
rollers of the filter belt and the pressure rollers of the
pressure belt are adjusted in such a way that  the belts and the
sludge between them describe an S-shaped curve.  Thus, there is  a
parallel displacement of the belts relative to each other due to
the differences in the radii.  After further dewatering in the
shear zone, the sludge is removed by a scraper.

Some units consist of two stages; the initial  draining zone is on
the top level, followed by an additional lower section wherein
pressing and shearing occur.  A significant feature of the belt
filter press is that it employs a coarse-mesh, relatively open
weave, metal-medium fabric.  This is feasible  because of the
rapid and complete cake formation obtainable when proper floc-
culation is achieved.  Belt filters do not need vacuum systems
and do not have the sludge pickup problem occasionally exper-
ienced with rotary vacuum filters.  The belt filter press system
includes auxiliaries such as polymer solution  preparation equip-
ment and automatic process controls.

III.7.11.3  Common Modifications

Some belt filters include the added feature of vacuum boxes in
the free drainage zone.  To obtain higher cake solids, a vacuum
of about 6 in Hg is applied.  A "second generation" of belt
filters has extended shearing or pressure stages that produce
substantial increases in cake solids but are more costly.
Date:  9/14/79 .             III.7.11-1

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III.7.11.4  Technology Status

As of 1971, 67 units were installed in Europe.  At that time,
several units were also being installed in the United States.  In
1975, a belt filter press was installed in a 0.9 Mgal/d (average)
plant in Medford Township, NJ.

III.7.11.5  Applications

Hard-to-dewater sludges can be handled more readily; low cake
moisture permits incineration of primary/secondary sludge combi-
nations without auxiliary fuel; large filtration area can be
installed in a minimum floor area.

III.7.11.6  Limitations

To avoid penetration of the filter belt by sludge, it is usually
necessary to coagulate the sludge  (generally with synthetic, high
polymeric flocculants).

III.7.11.7  Environmental Impact

Belt filter dewatering involves relatively high chemical and
energy requirements.

III.7.11.8  Reliability

Almost one year of trouble-free operation had been achieved on
the Medford, NJ plant as of October, 1977.  The two-meter-wide
filter belt showed only slight discoloration and remained cleaned
and free from blinding or other signs of wear.

III.7.11.9  Design Criteria

The loadings shown below are based on active belt area:
                            Sludge loading,   Dry solids loading,
	Sludge type	gal/ft2/h	Ib/ft2/h	
Raw primary                      27-34              13.5-17
Digested primary                 20-24              20.5-24
Digested mixed/secondary         13-17               6.7-8.4
Date:  9/14/79              III.7.11-2

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III.7.11.10  Flow Diagram
          SLUDGE INLET   PRESS BELT
  PRESS ROLLS   DRIVE ROLL
                                      X
                                  FILTER BELT
                           SUPPORT ROLLS
                                                   CAKE DISCHARGE
                                                 DRIVE ROLL
                             FILTRATE
 III.7.11.11  Performance

 The table below  shows performance  achieved in pilot  studies,











Feed
solids,
%
9.5
8.5
7.5
6.8
6.5
6.1
5.5
Secondary/
primary
ratio
100% primary
1/5
1/2
1/1
2/1
3/1
100% secondary

Polymer
dosage
1.6
2.4
2.7
2.9
3.1
4.1
5.5

Pressure
psi gage
100
100
25-100
25
25
25
25
Cake
solids,
%
41
38
33-38
31
31
28
25
Solids
recovery,
%
97-99
97-99
95-97
95
95
90-95
95


Capacity
2,706
2,706
1,485
898
858
605
546

a
b
c
Ib/ton
dry solids.





PSI, gauge.
 III.7.11.12   References

  1.  Innovative  and Alternative  Technology Assessment Manual,
      EPA-930/9-78-009  (draft), U.S.  Environmental Protection
      Agency,  Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.   252 pp.
Date:   9/14/79
III.7.11-3

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III.7.12  CENTRIFUGAL DEWATERING  [1]

III.7.12.1  Function

Centrifuges are used to dewater sludges using centrifugal force
to increase the sedimentation rate of sludge solids.  The solid
bowl, the disc, and the basket are the three most common types
of units.

III.7.12.2  Description

The solid-bowl continuous centrifuge assembly consists of a bowl
and conveyor joined through a planetary gear system, designed to
rotate the bowl and the conveyor  at slightly different speeds.
The solid cylindrical bowl, or shell, is supported between two
sets of bearings and includes a conical section at one end.
This section forms the dewatering beach over which the helical
conveyor screw pushes the sludge  solids to outlet ports and then
to a sludge cake discharge hopper.  The opposite end of the bowl
is fitted with an adjustable outlet weir plate to regulate the
level of the sludge pool in the bowl.  The centrate flows through
outlet ports either by gravity or by a centrate pump attached to
the shaft at one end of the bowl.  Sludge slurry enters the unit
through a stationary feed pipe extending into the hollow shaft
of the rotating bowl and passes to a baffled, abrasion-protected
chamber for acceleration before discharge through the feed ports
in the rotating conveyor hub into the sludge pool.  Due to the
centrifugal forces, the sludge pool takes the form of a concen-
tric annular ring on the inside of the bowl.  Solids settle
through this ring to the wall of  the bowl where they are picked
up by the conveyor scroll.  Separate motor sheaves or a variable
speed drive can be used to adjust the bowl speed for optimum
performance.

Bowls and conveyors can be constructed from a large variety of
metals and alloys to suit special application.  For dewatering
of wastewater sludges, mild steel or stainless steel has been
used normally.  Because of the abrasive nature of many sludges,
hardfacing materials are applied  to the leading edges and tips
of the conveyor blades, the discharge ports, and other wearing
surfaces.  Such wearing surfaces  may be replaced by welding when
required.

In the continuous concurrent solid-bowl centrifuge, incoming
sludge is carried by the feed pipe to the end of the bowl op-
posite the discharge.  Centrate is skimmed off and cake proceeds
up the beach for removal.  As a result, settled solids are not
disturbed by incoming feed.

In the disc-type centrifuge, the  incoming stream is distributed
between a multitude of narrow channels formed by stacked conical
discs.  Suspended particles have  only a short distance to settle,


Date:   9/14/79              III.7.12-1

-------
 so that  small and  low density particles are  readily  collected
 and discharged continuously through  fairly small orifices  in the
 bowl wall.  The clarification capability and throughput  range
 are high, but sludge concentration is  limited by the necessity
 of discharging through orifices  0.050  in to  0.100  in in  diameter.
 Therefore,  it is generally considered  a thickener  rather than a
 dewatering  device.

 In the basket-type centrifuge, flow  enters the machine at  the
 bottom and  is directed toward the outer wall of the  basket.
 Cake continually builds up within the  basket until the centrate,
 which overflows a  weir at the top of the unit, begins to in-
 crease in solids.   At that point, feed to the unit is shut off,
 the machine decelerates, and a skimmer enters the  bowl to  remove
 the liquid  layer remaining in the unit.  A knife is  then moved
 into the bowl to cut out the cake, which falls out of the  open
 bottom of the machine.  The unit is  a  batch  device with  alter-
 nate charging of feed sludge and discharging of dewatered  cake.

 III.7.12.3  Technology Status

 Solid-bowl  and disc-type centrifuges are in  widespread use;
 basket-type centrifuges are fully demonstrated for small plants
 but not  widely used.

 III.7.12.4  Applications

 Solid-bowl  and disc-type centrifuges are generally used  for
 dewatering  sludge  in larger facilities where space is limited or
 where sludge incineration is required.  Basket-type  units  are
 used primarily for partial dewatering  at small plants.   Disc-
 type centrifuges are more useful for thickening and  clarification
 than dewatering.

 111. 7.12.5  Limitations

 Centrifugation requires a sturdy foundation  because  of the vi-
 bration  and noise  that result from centrifuge operation.   Ade-
 quate electric power must also be provided because large motors
 are required.  The major difficulty  encountered in the operation
 of centrifuges has been the sidposal of the  centrate, which is
 relatively  high in suspended nonsettling solids.   With disc-type
 units, the  feed must be degritted and  screened to  prevent  plug-
 gage of  discharge  orifices.

 III.7.12.6  Environmental Impact •

 Centrate is relatively high in suspended nonsettling solids
 which, if returned to treatment  units, could reduce  effluent
 quality  from primary settling system;  noise  may require  some
 control  measures.
Date:  9/14/79              III.7.12-2

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III.7.12.7  Reliability

Pluggage of discharge orifices is a problem on disc-type  units
if feed to the centrifuge is stopped, interrupted,  or  reduced
below a minimum value; wear is a serious problem with  solid-bowl
centrifuges.

III.7.12.8  Design Criteria

Each installation is site specific and dependent upon  a manufac-
turers' product line.  Maximum capacities  of  about  100 tons/h of
dry solids are available in solid-bowl units  with diameters  up
to 54 in and power requirements up to 175  hp.  Disc-type  units
are available with capacities up to 400 gpm of concentrate.

III.7.12.9  Flow Diagram

                    ROTATING  COVER
                     BOWL
SPEED GEAR BOX l| 1!







~~L] "Mr-. ---AV
I npT-^t-"^-^-
H -I j •$ ^ £ v
\\ ' '' {
— ^! 	 1 MAIN DRIVE SHEAVE
— -ti^/M CHEMICALS FOR CONDITIONING
lOC^USJCL.. ^ .. 1 SHUTDOWN
^-2-1 •JTr"'"
I. *> *£—
1 -
1 I " ROTATING "
I CONVEYOR
CENTRATE
DISCHARGE
j
FLUSH
r >
\i * i_ «_J
I i
J
SLUDGE CAKE
^
i 	
DISCHARGE I 	
                                              S SLUDGE
                                               1 SLUDGE PUMP
III.7.12.10  Performance

Solids recovery in solid-bowl centrifuges  is  50  to  75  percent
without chemical addition, and  80  to  95 percent  with chemical
addition.  Solids concentration is 15 to 40 percent depending on
type of sludge.  For basket-type centrifuges,  solids capture is
90 to 97 percent without chemical  addition, and  cake solids  con-
centration is 9 to 14 percent.   Disc-type  centrifuges  can de-
water a 1-percent sludge to  6-percent solids  concentration.

III.7.12.11  References

 1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment  Manual.
     EPA-430/9-78-009  (draft),  U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio,  1978.   252  pp.
Date:  9/14/79
III.7.12-3

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 III.7.13  THERMAL DRYING [1]

 III.7.13.1  Function

 Thermal drying is the process of reducing the moisture in sludge
 by evaporation to 8 to 10 percent using hot air, without combus-
 ting the solid materials.  For economic reasons, the moisture
 content of the sludge must be reduced as much as possible
 through mechanical means prior to heat drying.  The five avail-
 able heat treating techniques are flash, rotary, toroidal,
 multiple hearth and atomizing spray.

 III.7.13.2  Description

 Flash drying is the instantaneous vaporization of moisture from
 solids  by introducing the sludge into a hot gas stream.  The
 system  is based on several distinct cycles that can be adjusted
 for different drying arrangements.  The wet sludge cake is first
 blended with some previously dried sludge in a mixer to improve
 pneumatic conveyance.  Blended sludge and hot gases from the
 furnace at about 1200°F to 1400°F (650 to 760°C) are mixed and
 fed into a cage mill in which the mixture is agitated and the
 water vapor flashed.  Residence time in the cage mill is only a
 matter  of seconds.  Dry sludge with eight-to-ten percent moisture
 is separated from the spent drying gases in a cyclone, with part
 of it recycled with incoming wet sludge cake and another part
 screened and sent to storage.

 A rotary dryer consists of a cylinder that is slightly inclined
 from the horizontal and revolves at about five-to-eight r/min.
 The inside of the dryer is equipped usually with flights or
 baffles throughout its length to break up the sludge.  Wet cake
 is mixed with previously heat dried sludge in a pug mill.  The
 system  may include cyclones for sludge and gas separation, dust
 collection scrubbers, and a gas incineration step.

 The toroidal dryer uses the jet mill principle, which has no
 moving  parts, dries, and classifies sludge solids simultaneously.
 Dewatered sludge is pumped into a mixer where it is blended with
 previously dried sludge.   Blended material is fed into a
 doughnut-shaped dryer, where  it comes into contact with heated
 air at  a temperature of 800°F to 1100°F.  Particles are dried,
 broken  up into fine pieces, and carried out of the dryer by the
 air stream.   The dried, powdered sludge is supplemented with
 nitrogen and phosphorus and formed into briquettes, which are
 crushed and screened to produce final products.

 The multiple hearth furnace is adapted for heat drying of sludge
 by incorporating fuel burners at the top and bottom hearths,
 plus  down draft of the gases.   The dewatered sludge cake is
 mixed in a pug mill with  previously dried sludges before entering
 the furnace.   At the point of exit from the furnace,  the solids


Date:   9/14/79              III.7.13-1

-------
 temperature  is about  100°F, and  the  gas  temperature  is  about
 325°F.

 Atomizing  drying  involves  spraying liquid  sludge  in  a vertical
 tower through which hot  gases pass downward.   Dust carried  with
 hot  gases  is removed  by  a  wet scrubber or  dry  dust collector.
 A  high-speed centrifugal bowl can also be  used to atomize the
 liquid  sludge into fine  particles and to spray them  into the top
 of the  drying chamber where moisture is  transferred  to  the  hot
 gases.

 III.7.13.3  Technology Status

 Heat drying  of sludge was  developed  more than  50  years  ago;
 however, it  is not widely  used.

 III.7.13.4  Applications

 Thermal drying is an  effective way for ultimate sludge  disposal
 and  resource conservation  when the end products are  applied on
 land for agricultural and  horticultural  uses.   Although an
 expensive  process, it can  become a viable  alternative if the
 product can  be successfully marketed.

 III.7.13.5  Limitations

 Cost and high operator skill are limitations of thermal drying.

 III.7.13.6  Chemicals Required

 Nitrogen and phosphorus  may be added to  increase  nutrient values
 of the  dried sludge;  heat  must be provided.

 III.7.13.7  Residuals Generated

 All  solids captured in the wet scrubbers and dry  solids collec-
 tors are recycled and incorporated in the  end  products.

 III.7.13.8  Environmental  Impact

 Potential  exists  for  explosion and air pollution  if  the system
 is not  properly operated and maintained.

 III.7.13.9  Design Criteria

 Approximately 1,400 Btu  are needed to vaporize one pound of
 water,  based on a thermal  efficiency of  72 percent.  Less fuel
 would be required with additional heat recovery.  Chemical
 scrubbers  are used, or chemicals are added prior  to  heat drying.
 Excessive  drying  tends to  produce a  sludge that is dusty or con-
 tains many fine particles; this  is less  acceptable for  marketing
 and  should be avoided.   Wet scrubbers and/or solids  collectors
Date:  9/14/79 -             III.7.13-2

-------
 are  needed.   Standby heat-drying equipment is needed for con-
 tinuous  operation.

 III.7.13.10   Flow Diagram
DEWATERED-
 SLUDGE
t

MIXER



DRYER



COLLECTOR



SCREEN



                                                         DRIED SLUDGE
 III.7.13.11   Performance

 Heat drying  destroys most of the bacteria in the sludge; however,
 undigested heat dried sludge is susceptible to putrefaction if
 allowed to get wet in thick layers on the ground.  Heat drying
 does not cause any significant decrease of the heavy metals con-
 centration in the sludge.  In general, heat-dried sludge con-
 tains nutrients that are only about one-fifth of those contained
 in  chemical  fertilizers.  Heat-dried sludge is therefore useful
 only as a fertilizer supplement and a soil conditioner.

 III.7.13.2  References

  1.   Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual.
      EPA-430/9-78-009 (draft), U.S. Environmental Protection
      Agency,  Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.  252 pp.
Date:  9/14/79
III.7.13-3

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 III.7.14   DRYING  BEDS  [1]

 III.7.14.1 Function

 Drying beds are used to  dewater  sludge  both  by  drainage  through
 the  sludge mass and by evaporation  from the  surface  exposed to
 the  air.   Collected filtrate  is  usually returned to  the  treatment
 plant.

 III.7.14.2 Description

 Drying beds usually consist of  4 to 9  inches of sand,  which is
 placed over 8  to  18 inches of graded gravel  or  stone.  The sand
 typically has  an  effective size  of  0.3  to 1.2 mm and a uniformity
 coefficient of less than 5.0.   Gravel  is normally graded from
 1/8  to 1.0 inch.   Drying beds have  underdrains  that  are  spaced
 from 8 to 20 feet apart. Underdrain piping  is  often vitrified
 clay laid with open joints and  having  a minimum diameter of 4
 inches and a minimum slope of about 1%.

 Sludge is placed  on the  beds  in  an  8-  to 12-inch layer.   The
 drying area is partitioned into  individual beds, approximately
 20  feet wide by 20 to  100 feet  long, of a convenient size so
 that one  or two beds will be  filled by  a normal withdrawal of
 sludge from the digesters.  The  interior partitions  commonly
 consist of two or three  creosoted planks, one on top of  the
 other, to a height of  15 to 18  inches,  stretching between slots
 in  precast concrete posts.  The  outer  boundaries may be  of simi-
 lar  construction  or earthen embankments for  open beds, but
 concrete  foundation walls are required  if the beds are to be
 covered.

 Piping to the  sludge beds is  generally  made  of  cast  iron and
 designed  for a minimum velocity  of  2.5  feet/second.   It  is
 arranged  to drain into the beds  and provisions  are made  to flush
 the  lines and  prevent  freezing  in cold  climates.  Distribution
 boxes are provided to  divert  sludge flow to  the selected bed.
 Splash plates  are used at the sludge inlets  to  distribute the
 sludge over the bed and  prevent  erosion of the  sand.

 Sludge can be  removed  from the  drying  bed after it has drained
 and dried sufficiently to be  spadable.   Sludge  removal is ac-
 complished by  manual shoveling  into wheelbarrows or  trucks, or
 by  a scraper or front-end loader.  Provisions should be  made for
 driving a truck onto or  along the bed  to facilitate  loading.
 Mechanical devices can remove sludges  of 20% to 30%  solids while
 cakes of  30% to 40% are  generally required for  hand  removal.

 Paved drying beds with limited  drainage systems permit the use of
 mechanical equipment for cleaning.   Field experience indicates
 that the  use of paved  drying  beds results in shorter drying times
 as  well as more economical operation when compared with


Date:  9/20/79  •             III.7.14-1

-------
 conventional  sandbeds  because,  as  indicated above,  the use of
 mechanical  equipment for  cleaning  permits  the removal  of sludge
 with  a  higher moisture content  than does hand cleaning.   Paved
 beds  have worked  successfully with anaerobically digested sludges
 but are less  desirable than  sandbeds for aerobically digested
 activated sludge.

 III.7.14.3  Common Modifications

 Sandbeds can  be enclosed  by  glass.   Glass  enclosures (1)  protect
 the drying  sludge from rain,  (2) control odors and  insects,
 (3) reduce  the drying  periods during cold  weather,  and (4)  can
 improve the appearance of a  waste  treatment plant.

 Wedge-wire  drying beds have  been used successfully  in  England.
 This  approach prevents the rising  of water by capillary action
 through the media, and the construction lends itself well to
 mechanical  cleaning.   The first U.S. installations  have been made
 at Rollinsford, New  Hampshire,  and in Florida.   In  small plants,
 it is possible to place the  entire dewatering bed in a tiltable
 unit  from which sludge may be removed merely by tilting the
 entire  unit mechanically.

 III.7.14.4  Technology Status

 Over  6,000  plants use  open or covered sandbeds.

 III.7.14.5  Applications

 Sandbeds are  generally used  to  dewater sludges in small plants;
 they  require  little  operator attention or  skill.

 III.7.14.6  Limitations

 Air drying  is normally restricted  to well  digested  or  stabilized
 sludge, because raw  sludge is odorous, attracts insects,  and
 does  not dry  satisfactorily  when applied at reasonable depths.
 Oil and grease clog  sandbed  pores  and thereby seriously retard
 drainage.   The design  and use of drying beds are affected by
 weather conditions,  sludge characteristics,  land values,  and
 proximity of  residences.   Operation is severely restricted during
 periods of  prolonged freezing and  rain.

 III.7.14.7  Environmental Impact

 Land  requirements are  large; odors  can be  a problem with poorly
 digested sludges  and inadequate buffer zone areas.

 III.7.14.8  Design Criteria

 Open  bed area for various sludge types is  shown below.
Date:  9/20/79              III.7.14-2

-------
                                             Open  bed area,
         	Sludge  type	ft2/capita

         Primary digested sludge                1.0  - 1.5
         Primary and activated sludge          1.75  - 2.5
         Alum or iron precipitated sludge       2.0  - 2.5
 Experience has shown  that enclosed beds require  60%  to 75% of the
 open bed area.  Solids  loading rates vary from 10  to 28 Ib/ft2/yr
 for open beds and 12  to 40 Ib/ft2/yr for closed  beds.   Sludge
 beds should be located  at least 200 feet from dwellings to avoid
 odor complaints due to  poorly digested sludges.

 III.7.14.9  Flow Diagram
                                  t-in. FINE SAND
                                  3-ln COARSE SAND    ./-PIPE COLUMN FOR
                                  3-in. FINE GRAVEL   / GLASS-OVEN
                                  3-ln MEDIUM GRAVEL .
                                  JIOHn. COARSE GRAVEL I
                         "*£ST''"" Hn'COARS£ ™D      ^-UNDERORA1NIAID
                          tal(RVU-                   WITH OPEN JOINTS
 III.7.14.10  Performance

 A cake  of 40% to 45%  solids may be achieved  in  two to six weeks
 in good weather and with  a well digested waste  activated, primary
 or mixed sludge.  With  chemical conditioning, dewatering time
 may be  reduced by 50% or  more.   Solids contents of 85% to 90%
 have been achieved on sand beds,  but normally the  times required
 are impractical.

 III.7.14.11  References

  1.  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual,
      EPA-430/9-78-009  (draft),  U.S. Environmental  Protection
      Agency, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1978.  252 pp.
Date:  9/20/79               III.7.14-3

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 III.7.15  LAGOONS [1]

 III.7.15.1  Function

 Digested sludge has often been applied to sludge lagoons adja-
 cent to or in the proximity of treatment facilities.  These
 sludge lagoons are primarily designed to accomplish long-term
 drying of the digested sludge through the physical processes of
 percolation and evaporation, primarily the latter.

 III.7.15.2  Description

 This method of sludge processing has been extremely popular in
 the U.S. due to its relatively low cost (when inexpensive land
 is plentiful) and minimal operation and maintenance requirements,
 especially at smaller wastewater treatment facilities.  The pro-
 cess is relatively simple, requiring periodic decanting of super-
 natant back to the head of the plant and occasional mechanical
 excavation of dewatered or dried sludge for transportation to its
 ultimate disposal location.  Lagoons can be a very useful process
 step.  Lagoon supernatant is far better (low SS) than supernatant
 from a secondary digester or even a thickener.  Ultimate disposal
 of the product solids often is as a soil conditioner or landfill.

 Sludge lagoons may also be used as contingency units at treatment
 plants to store and/or process sludges when normal processing
 units are either overloaded or out of service.

 The drying time to 30 % solids is generally quite lengthy and
 may require years.  Climatic conditions and pre-lagoon sludge
 processing greatly influence lagoon performance.  In warmer,
 drier climates well-digested sludges are economically and satis-
 factorily treated by sludge-drying lagoons because of their in-
 herent simplicity of operation and flexibility.   Complete
 freezing causes sludge to agglomerate; hence, when it thaws, the
 supernatant decants or drains away easily.  Well digested sludges
 minimize potential odor problems that are inherent in this type
 of system.  Multiple-cells are required for efficient operation.

 III.7.15.3  Common Modifications

 Methods and patterns of loading, supernatant recycling tech-
 niques, and mechanical cleaning techniques vary  with location,
 climate, and type of sludge to be processed.

 III.7.15.4  Technology Status

 Lagoon technology is widely used for industrial  and municipal
 sludge processing throughout the world.
Date:  9/20/79 .             III.7.15-1

-------
 III.7.15.5   Applications

 The  use of  lagoons  is a simple sludge drying method for digested
 sludge in smaller plants because  large  inexpensive land areas
 are  required.

 III.7.15.6   Limitations

 There is a  high potential  for odors and nuisance insect breeding
 if feed sludges are not well-digested.   Odor and nuisance control
 chemicals are  not entirely satisfactory;  also,  definitive data
 on performance and  design  parameters are lacking despite the
 popularity  of  this  approach.

 III.7.15.7   Chemicals Required

 Lime or other  odor  control chemicals may be required  if digestion
 is incomplete.

 III.7.15.8   Residuals Generated

 Generally,  the residuals resulting from a well-operated lagoon
 will be in  the range of 30% solids and  are suitable for use as a
 soil conditioner or landfill.

 III.7.15.9   Environmental  Impact

 Odor and vector portential are high unless unit is properly de-
 signed and  operated; land-use requirement is high; groundwater
 pollution potential is high unless proper site  characterization
 is incorporated into design.

 III.7.15.10  Reliability

 Where properly designed, process  reliability is a function of
 upstream processing (digestion).

 III.7.15.11  Design Criteria
                                       Criteria
                 Pikes       Slopot of 1.2 exterior and l;3 interior *re needed to
                            permit maintunance and mowing and to prevent erosion;
                            width must be sufficient to allow vehicle transport
                            during cleaning.

                 Depth:       1.5 to 4.0 ft of sludge depth (depending upon climate).

                 Bottom:       Separation fro* groundwater is dependent upon application
                            depths and soil characteristics, but should not be l*ss
                            than 4 ft to prevent groundwater contamination.

                 Calls:       A minim* of two ceils is required.

                 Uaading rates:   2*2 to 2.4 Ib solids/yi/ft1 of capacity; 1.1 to
                            3.3 16 solids/ft3 of surface/30 days of bed use; 1 to
                            4 ft2/capita (depending on climate).

                 Uecant.       Single- or multiple-level decant for periodic returning
                            supernatant to head of plant.

                 Sludge removal:   Approximately 1.5 to 3 yr intervals.
Date:   9/20/79 .               III.7.15-2

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 III.7.15.12  Flow Diagram
  DIGESTED SLUDGE
                                         SUPERNATANT TO WET WELL
 III.7.15.13   References

  1.  Innovative  and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual,
      EPA-430/9-78-009 (draft), U.S. Environmental Protection
      Agency,  Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.   252  pp.
Date:  9/20/79  •
III.7.15-3

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III.8.1  EVAPORATION LAGOONS  [1]

III.8.1.1  Function

The evaporation lagoon is an open holding facility that depends
solely on climatic conditions such as evaporation, precipitation,
temperature, humidity, and wind velocity to effect dissipation
(evaporation) of on-site sludge.

III.8.1.2  Description

Individual lagoons may be considered as an alternate means of
sludge disposal on individual pieces of property.  The basic im-
petus to consider this system is to allow building and other land
uses on properties that have soil conditions not conducive to the
workability and acceptability of the conventional on-site drain-
field or leachbed disposal systems.

If the annual evaporation rate exceeds the annual precipitation,
evaporation lagoons may at least be considered as a method of
disposal.  The deciding factor then becomes the required land
area and holding volume.  For on-site installations such as small
industrial applications, there may also be a certain amount of
infiltration or percolation in the initial period of operation.
However, after a time, solids deposition may be expected to even-
tually clog the surface to the point where infiltration is elim-
inated.  The potential impact of wastewater infiltration to the
groundwater, and particularly on-site water supplies, should be
evaluated in any event and, if necessary, lagoon lining may be
utilized to alleviate the problem.

III.8.1.3  Technology Status

The technology of evaporation is well developed in terms of our
scientific understanding and application of climatological and
meteorological data.

III.8.1.4  Applications

The on-site utilization of evaporation lagoons for the disposal
of sludge from smaller industrial or commercial facilities may
be applicable where access to a municipal sanitary sewer is not
available, where subsurface methods are not feasible, and where
effluent polishing for surface discharge is not practical.

III.8.1.5  Limitations

Local health ordinances may limit the use of evaporation lagoons;
lagoons represent a potential health hazard when not properly
disinfected and controlled; facilities require land area and de-
pend on meteorologic and climatological conditions; may require
provision to add makeup water to maintain a minimum depth during


Date:   9/20/79 •             III.8.1-1

-------
dry, hot seasons; public access restrictions are likely.

III.8.1.6  Residuals Generated

Periodic pump out of accumulated sludge is required.

III.8.1.7  Environmental Impact

Potential odors; potential health hazard; land area requirements
may be large; may adversely affect surrounding property values.

III.8.1.8  Reliability

Good reliability; however, should be closely controlled to pre-
vent health hazard.

III.8.1.9  Design Criteria

Hydraulic loading is the primary sizing criteria for an individ-
ual total retention lagoon.  In order to size the system proper-
ly, the following information is needed: (1) anticipated flow of
sludge,  (2) evaporation rates (10-yr minimum of monthly data),
and  (3) precipitation rates (10-yr minimum of monthly data).

III.8.1.10  Flow Diagram
                            MAX 1 UM WATER LEVEL
"wssBs^raras^a^T^Lw
                                                  LINER
                                           (IF REQUIRED)
 III.8.1.11  Performance

 The  performance of evaporation lagoons is necessarily site-
 specific; therefore, the following data are presented on the
 basis  of net annual evaporation rate that may exist in a certain
 area:
Date:  9/20/79 .             III.8.1-2

-------
             Net annual             Lagoon Performance,
          evaporation5, in.	gal water evaporated/ft2/yr
5
10
15
20
40
60
3.1
6.2
9.4
12.5
24.9
37.4
          Net annual evaporation = true annual evaporation -
            annual precipitation.

 III.8.1.12  References

  1.   Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual,
      EPA-430/9-78-009 (draft),  U.S.  Environmental Protection
      Agency, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1978.   252 pp.
Date:  9/20/79 '             III.8.1-3

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 III.8.2  INCINERATION   [1]

 III.8.2.1  Function

 Sludge incineration is a two-step process involving drying and
 combustion after preliminary dewatering.  A typical sludge con-
 tains 75% water and 75% volatiles in dry solids.  Self-sustained
 combustion without supplementary fuel is often possible with
 dewatered raw sludges having a solids concentration greater than
 30%.

 III.8.2.2  Description

 Two types of incinerator furnaces are descriped: the fluidized
 bed furnace, and the multiple hearth furnace.

      Fluidized Bed Furnace.  The fluidized bed furnace  (FBF) is
      a vertically oriented, cylindrically shaped, refractory-
      lined steel shell that contains a sand bed and fluidizing
      air distributor.  The FBF is normally available in diameters
      of 9 to 25 feet and heights of 20 to 60 feet.  There is one
      industrial unit operating with a diameter of 53 feet.  The
      sand bed is approximately 2.5 feet thick and rests on a
      refractory-lined air-distribution grid containing tuyeres
      through which air is injected at a pressure of 3 to 5 psi
      to fluidize the bed.  Bed expansion is approximately 80% to
      100%.   Bed temperature is controlled between 1,400°F and
      1,500°F by auxiliary burners and/or a water spray or heat
      removal system above the bed.  Ash is carried out the top
      of the furnace and removed by air pollution control devices,
      usually wet venturi scrubbers.   Sand is lost by attrition
      at an approximate rate of 5% of the bed volume every 300
      hours of operation.  Furnace feed can be introduced either
      above or directly into the bed depending on the type of
      feed.   Generally, sewage sludge is fed directly into the
      bed.

      Excess air requirements for the FBF vary from 20% to 40%.
      It requires less supplementary fuel than a multiple hearth
      furnace.   An oxygen analyzer in the stack controls the air
      flow into the reactor, and the  auxiliary fuel feed rate is
      controlled by a bed-temperature controller.

      Multiple Hearth Furnace.   The multiple hearth furnace (MHF)
      is a vertically oriented,  cylindrically shaped, refractory-
      lined steel shell having a diameter of 4 to 25 feet and
      containing 4 to 13 horizontal hearths positioned one above
      the other.   The hearths are constructed of high heat duty
      fire brick and special fire brick shapes.  Sludge is raked
      radially across the hearths by rabble arms that are suppor-
      ted by a central rotating shaft that runs the height of the
      furnace.  The cast iron shaft is motor driven with provision


Date:  9/20/79              III.8.2-1

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     for speed adjustment from 1/2 to 1-1/2 r/min.  Sludge is fed
     to the top hearth and proceeds downward through the furnace
     from hearth to hearth.  Inflow hearths have a central port
     through which sludge passes to the next lower hearth.  Out-
     flow hearths have ports on their periphery that also tend
     to regulate gas velocities.  The central shaft contains in-
     ternal concentric flow passages through which air is routed
     to cool the shaft and rabble arms.  The flow of combustion
     air is countercurrent to that of the sludge.  Gas or oil
     burners are provided on some hearths for start-up and/or
     supplemental use as required.

     The rabble arms provide mixing action as well as movement
     to the sludge so that a maximum sludge surface is exposed
     to the hot furnace gases.  Because of the irregular surface
     left by the rabbling action, the surface area of sludge ex-
     posed to the hot gases is as much as 130% of the hearth
     area.  While there is significant solids-gas contact time on
     the hearths, the overall contact time is actually still
     greater, due to the fall of the sludge from hearth to hearth
     through the countercurrent flow of hot gases.

     The various phases of the incineration process occur in
     three zones of the MHF.  The drying zone consists of the
     upper hearths, the combustion zone consists of the central
     hearths, and the lower hearths comprise the cooling zone.
     Temperatures in each zone are shown below.
                                 Temperature,
Zone
Drying
Burning
Cooling
Sludge
a-100
o.l,500
0,400
Air
0.800
o,i,500
0,350

 III.8.2.3   Common Modifications

      Fluidized  Bed  Furnace.  An  air  preheater  is  used  in  conjunc-
      tion  with  a fluidized bed to  reduce  fuel  costs.   Also,
      cooling  tubes  may  be submerged  in  the  bed for  energy recov-
      ery.

      Multiple Hearth  Furnace.  An  afterburner  fired with  oil or
      gasis provided  where required  by  local air  pollution regu-
      lations  to eliminate unburned hydrocarbons and other
      combustibles.
Date:  9/20/79              III.8.2-2

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 III.8.2.4   Technology  Status

      Fluidized  Bed  Furnace.   The  first  fluidized  bed  wastewater
      sludge incinerator  was installed in  1962.  Many  units  are
      now operating  in  the  U.S.  with  capacities  of 200 to
      1,000  Ib/h of  dry solids.

      Multiple Hearth Furnace.   The MHF  is the most widely used
      wastewater sludge incinerator in the U.S.  today.   As of
      1970,  120  units have  been  installed.

 III.8.2.5   Applications

      Fluidized  Bed  Furnace.   The  fluidized bed  furnace is used
      for reduction  of  sludge  volume, thereby reducing land  re-
      quirements for disposal; unit has  energy recovery potential
      and is suitable for plants where hauling distances to  dis-
      posal  sites are long, or where  regulations concerning  these
      alternative methods are  prohibitive.

      Multiple Hearth Furnace.   Same  as  for fluidized  bed  furnace.

 III.8.2.6   Limitations

      Fluidized  Bed  Furnace.   Because a  minimum  amount of  air  is
      always required for bed  fluidization, fan  energy savings
      during load turndown  (i.e.,  sludge feed reduction) are
      minor. FBF is generally not cost  effective  for  small
      plants.

      Multiple Hearth Furnace.   Capacities of MHF's vary from  200
      to 8,000 Ib/h  of  dry  sludge.  Maximum operating  temperatures
      are limited to 1,700°F.  There  may be operational problems
      with high-energy  feeds.  MHF requires 24 to  30 hours for
      furnace warm-up or  cool-down to avoid refractory problems.
      Failure of rabble arms and hearths have been encountered;
      nuisance shutdowns  have  occurred due to ultraviolet  flame
      scanner malfunctions.  Thickening  and dewatering pretreat-
      ment is required.

 III.8.2.7   Environmental Impact

      Fluidized  Bed  Furnace.   Particulate  collection efficiencies
      of 86% to  97%  are required to meet current standards.  There
      are very few data on  the amount of toxic metals  that are
      volatilized and discharged.  Limited test  data indicate  that
      4% to  35%  of the  mercury entering  an incinerator with  emis-
      sion controls  will  volatilize and  be emitted to  the  atmos-
      phere  (excluding  particulate forms).  Gaseous emissions  of
      C), HC1, S02 and  N02  may be  appreciable; additional  air
      pollution  control measures may  be  necessary.   Pesticides and
      PCB's  are  found in  the sludge,  but tests indicate that they


Date:  9/20/79               III.8.2-3

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      can be  destroyed during incineration  and should not be prob-
      lematical.

      Multiple Hearth Furnace.   Same as  for fluidized bed furnace.

 III.8.2.8  Design Criteria

      Fluidized Bed Furnace.   Design criteria for FBF are shown
      below.   Concerning  actual operations, some extensive main-
      tenance problems have  occurred with air preheaters.  Scaling
      of the  venturi scrubbers has also  been a problem.   Screw
      feeds and screw pump feeds are both subject to jamming
      because of either overdrying of the sludge feed at the in-
      cinerator or because of silt carried  into the feed system
      with the sludge.  Another frequent problem has been the
      burnout of spray nozzles or thermocouples in the  bed.
              Parameter
               Design criteria
       Bed loading rate
       Superficial bed velocity
       Sand effective size
       Operating temperature
       Bed expansion
       Sand loss
 50 - 60 Ib wet solids/ft2/hr
 0.4 - 0.6 ft/s
 0.2 - 0.3 mm (uniformity coefficient = 1.8)
 1,400 - 1,500°F (normal); 2,200°F  (maximum)
 80 - 100%
 5% of bed volume per 300 hr of operation
      Multiple Hearth Furnace.
      below.
    Design  criteria for MHF  are shown
                   Parameter
                Design criteria
         Maximum operating temperature
         Hearth loading rate
         Combustion air flow
         Shaft cooling air flow
         Excess air
        1,700°F
        6 - 10 Ib wet solids/ft2/hr with
         a dry solids concentration of
         20 - 40%
        12 - 13 Ib/lb dry solids
        1/3 - 1/2 of combustion air flow
        75 - 100%
Date:   9/20/79
III.8.2-4

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 III.8.2.9   Flow Diagrams

      Fluidized Bed Furnace.
                        FURNACE EXHAUST
           BED COILS FOR
           HEAT RECOVERY

           (NOT USED IN
          THIS ANALYSIS)
             RADIATION
    SUPPLEMENTAL FUEL	•"
           SLUDGE FEED
      Multiple Hearth Furnace
                                                GAS EXHAUST
                        WET SCRUBBER

                        •	SCRUBBER WATER

                          DRAIN
                                          GAS EXHAUST

                        SHAFT COOLING AIR NOT RETURNED
               SHAFT COOLING
                 AIR RETURN
   FURNACE EXHAUST
               SLUDGE FEED—H-
                                    SUPPLEMENTALI
                                       FUEL
                  WET SCRUBBER
                                                   SCRUBBER
                                                     WATER
                                   ASH
                                     COMBUSTION I DRAIN
                                        AIR
                 SHAFT COOLING AIR
 III.8.2.10  Performance

      Fluidized Bed  Furnace.   The mass  of dry solids is reduced to
      25%  to 35% of  the amount entering the unit.

      Multiple Hearth Furnace.   Dry solids are reduced to  20% to
      25%  of the mass entering the unit.   The recoverable  heat
      ranges from  18% of the  total heat input (sludge and  supple-
      mentary fuel)  at 20% solids concentration to  45% of  the
      total heat input at 40% solids concentration.
Date:   9/20/79  '
III.8.2-5

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 III.8.2.11   References

  1.   Innovative  and Alternative  Technology Assessment Manual,
      EPA-430/9-78-009  (draft), U.S.  Environmental  Protection
      Agency,  Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.   252 pp.
Date:  9/20/79 .             III.8.2-6

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 III. 8. 3   STARVED AIR  COMBUSTION  [1]

 III.8.3.1  Function

 Starved  air combustion  is  used for  the  volumetric  and organic  re-
 duction  of  sludge  solids.

 III.8.3.2  Description

 The  process utilizes  equipment and  process flows  similar to in-
 cineration  except  that  less  than the theoretical  amount of air
 for  complete combustion is supplied. Autogenous  starved air com-
 bustion  (SAC)  can  be  achieved with  a sludge solids concentration
 greater  than 25%.  For  lower concentrations,  an auxiliary fuel
 may  be required, depending on the percent volatiles in the
 solids.   High temperatures decompose or vaporize  the solid com-
 ponents  of  this sludge.  The gas phase  reactions  are pyrolytic
 or oxidative,  depending on the concentration of oxygen remaining
 in the stream.   Under proper control, the gas leaving the vessel
 is a low-Btu fuel  gas that can be burned in an afterburner to
 produce  power and/or  thermal energy. Some processes utilize pure
 oxygen instead of  air and thus produce  a higher-Btu fuel gas.
 The  solid residue  is  a  char with more or less residual carbon,
 depending on how much combustion air had to be supplied to reach
 the  proper  operating  temperatures.   Because the process is
 neither  purely pyrolytic nor purely oxidative, it is called
 starved-air combustion  or thermal gasification, rather than py-
 rolysis.  Other processes still  in  the  development stage use
 indirect heating,  rather than the partial combustion.  These are
 true pyrolysis processes.   SAC reduces  the sludge volumes and
 sterilizes  the end product.   Unlike incineration,  it offers the
 potential advantages  of producing useful by-products and of re-
 ducing the  volume  of  sludge without large amounts of supplemen-
 tary fuels.  The gas  that is produced has a heating value up to
 130  Btu/standard dry  cubic foot  using air for combustion and is
 suitable for use in  local applications, such as combustion in an
 afterburner or boiler or for fuel in another furnace.  SAC has a
 higher thermal efficiency than  incineration due to the lower
 quantity of air required for the process.  In addition, capital
 economies can be realized due to the smaller gas  handling re-
 quirements .

 Furnaces may be operated in one  of  three modes resulting in sub-
 stantially  different  heat generation and residue  characteristics.
 The  low  temperature  char (LTC) mode only pyrolyzes the volatile
 material thereby producing a charcoal-like residue with a high
 ash  content.  The  high  temperature  char (HTC) mode produces a
 charcoal-like material  converted to fixed carbon  and ash.  The
 char burned (CB) mode reacts away all carbon and  produces ash
 as a residue.   Heat  recovered is maximum for the  CB mode, less
 for  the  HTC mode,  and substantially less for the  LTC mode of
 operation.


Date:  9/20/79  •            III.8.3-1

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SAC operation has shown the following advantages in addition to
those discussed above:  (1) it is easier to control than a stan-
dard incinerator; (2) .it is a more stable operation with little
response to changes in feed;  (3) it has more feed capacity com-
pared to an equal area for incineration;  (4) all equipment used
is currently being manufactured;  (5) less air pollutants are gen-
erated and air pollution control is easier to manage; and  (6) the
process uses lower sludge solids content for autogenous operation.

III.8.3.3  Technology Status

Autogenous SAC of sludge has been demonstrated at a full-scale
multiple hearth furnaces (MHF) project at the Central Contra
Costa Sanitary District in California.  One SAC unit for disposal
of sludge from a 40 Mgal/d industrial wastewater treatment plant
is reported to have gone on stream in 1978 and other units were
contemplated.

III.8.3.4  Applications

Starved air combustion is used for the reduction of sludge volume
and production of fuel gas for a nearby combustor or furnace;
most existing MHF's can easily be retrofitted to operate in the
SAC mode.

III.8.3.5  Limitations

There are significant disadvantages to starved air combusion in-
cluding:   (1) the need for an afterburner may limit use in
existing installations due to space problems;  (2) relatively
large amount of instrumentation is required;  (3) one must be very
careful of bypass stack exhaust since furnace exhaust is high in
hydrocarbons and may be combustible in air  (this may result in
bypassing only after afterburning with appropriate emergency con-
trols in some areas);  (4) furnace exhaust gases are corrosive;
 (5) combustibles in ash may create ultimate disposal problems;
 (6) sludge volume reduction is lower than with incineration; and
 (7) the process requires recovery of the energy in the product
gas to fully realize the improved efficiency.

III.8.3.6  Environmental Impact

Air pollution can be expected to be less of a problem due to the
lower air flows and the potential for particulate carryover.
Data to date indicate conventional equipment can achieve accepta-
ble controls.  Depending upon the mode of operation, heavy metals
in the sludge can be retained in the residue.

III.8.3.7  Reliability

Mechanical function of MHF units under the SAC mode is expected
to be similar to the conventional operating modes.  Increased
Date:  9/20/79 .             III.8.3-2

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 operating  stability  is  expected  to result  in  higher process re-
 liability.

 III.8.3.8   Design Criteria

 In MHF systems, hearth  loadings  are 9 to 15 Ib wet  (22  percent)
 solids/ft2/h;  for autogenous combustion, sludge solids  content is
 25% to 39%  depending upon volatility.  The off-gas heating value
 is dependent upon operating mode.

 III.8.3.9   Flow Diagram
                                            GAS EXHAUST
                            SHAFT COOLING AIR NOT RETURNED
             SHAFT COOLING AIR
             RETURNED TO FURNACE
        SLUDGE DEWATERING
         AND FEED SYSTEM

                 SLUDGE
                  FEED
COMBUSTION
  AIR
 FURNACE
 "XHAUSL
                                    SHAFT COOLING AIR
                                    RETURNED TO AFTER-
                                     BURNER
                                     AFTERBURNER
 | AFTERBURNER
  EXHAUST_>
                        MULTIPLE
                         HEARTH
                        PYROLYTIC
                        REACTOR
                       WET SCRUBBER
                                                    SCRUBBER
                                                     WATER
                              ASH
    COMBUSTION
       AIR
                                           PRECOOLER AND VENTURI WATER
                                          _ CONNECTED POWER
               SHAFT COOLING AIR
 III.8.3.10   Performance

 Unit can operate without auxiliary fuel, including afterburner,
 with sludge  dewatered  to the range of 29% to  39% solids.   Based
 on a limited number of pilot-scale tests, the off-gas  from an MHF
 unit operating in the  SAC mode, with sludge alone, ranges from
 18 to 73 Btu/standard  cubic foot.

 III.8.3.11   References

  1.   Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment  Manual,
      EPA-430/9-78-009  (draft), U.S.  Environmental Protection
      Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.  252 pp.
Date:   9/20/79
   III.8.3-3

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                        III.9  REFERENCES
 Al  Revised Technical Review of the Best Available Technology,
     Best Demonstrated Technology, and Pretreatment Technology
     for the Timber Products Processing Point Source Category
     (draft contractors report).  Contract 68-01-4827, U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
     October 1978.

 A2  Development Document for BAT Effluent Limitations Guide-
     lines and New Source Performance Standards for Ore Mining
     and Dressing Industry.  No. 6332-M.l, A Division of Calspan
     Corporation, Buffalo, New York, 1979.

 A3  Effluent Limitations Guidelines (BATEA), New Source Perform-
     ance Standards and Pretreatment Standards for the Petroleum
     Refining Point Source Category, March 1978, U.S. Environ-
     mental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

 A4  Effluent Limitations Guidelines for the Paint Manufacturing
     Industry, January 1979, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
     Washington, D.C.

 A5  Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and
     New Source Performance Standards for the Tire and Synthetic
     Segment of the Rubber Processing Point Source Category.
     EPA-440/l-74-013a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
     Washington, D.C., February 1974.  193 pp.

 A6  Technical Study Report BATEA-NSPS-PSES-PSNS:  Textile Mills
     Point Source Category, November 1978.  U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency.

 A7  Technical Review of the Best Available Technology, Best
     Demonstrated Technology, and Pretreatment Technology for
     the Gum and Wood Chemicals Point Source Category.  No. 77-
     094, Environmental Science and Engineering Incorporation,
     Gainesville, Florida, 1978.

 A8  Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations
     Guidelines and Proposed New Source Performance Standards
     for the Gum and Wood Chemicals Manufacturing.  EPA 440/1-76,
     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
     April 1976.
Date:  12/12/79              III.9-1

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 A9  Interim Final Supplement for Pretreatment  to  the  Development
     Document for the Petroleum Refining Industry  Existing  Point
     Source Category.  EPA-440/1-76,  U.S.  Environmental  Protec-
     tion Agency, March 1977.

A10  Effluent Limitations Guidelines  for the Ink Manufacturing
     Industry (BATEA, NSPS,  Pretreatment),  January 1979,  U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Effluent  Guidelines
     Division, Washington, D.C.

All  Technical Assistance in the Implementation of the BAT  Review
     of the Coal Mining Industry Point Source Category,  March  9,
     1979, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,  D.C.

A12  Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations
     Guidelines and Proposed New Source Performance Standards
     for the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing,  Point Source  Category.
     EPA-440/1-75-060, U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency,
     Washington, D.C., December 1976.  331 pp.

A13  Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines
     and New Source Performance Standards for the  Fish Meal,
     Salmon, Bottom Fish, Clam, Oyster, Sardine, Scallop, Herring,
     and Abalone, Segment of the Canned and Perserved  Fish  and
     Seafood Processing Industry, Point Source  Category. EPA-
     440/l-75-041a, U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency,
     Washington, D.C., September 1975.  485 pp.

A14  Development Document for Proposed Existing Source Pretreat-
     ment Standards for the Electroplating, Point  Source Category.
     EPA-440/1-78-085, U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency,
     Washington, D.C., February 1978.  532 pp.

A15  Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines
     and New Source Performance Standards for the  Leather Tanning
     and Finishing Point Source Category.  EPA-440/l-74-016-a,
     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
     March 1974.  157 pp.

A16  Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines
     for the Pesticide Chemicals Manufacturing  Point Source
     Category.  EPA-440/l-78-060-e, U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Washington, D.C., April 1978.  316 pp.

A17  Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines
     and New Source Performance Standards for the  Dairy  Products
     Processing Point Source Category.  EPA-440/l-74-021a,  U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,  D.C.,  May 1974.
     167 pp.
Date:  12/12/79              III.9-2

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   • To provide readily accessible data and information on
     treatability of industrial and municipal waste streams for
     use by NPDES permit writers, enforcement personnel, and
     laboratory researchers; and

   • To provide a basis for research planning by identifying gaps
     in treatability knowledge and state-of-the-art.

A primary output from the treatability program is a five volume
treatability manual.  The treatability manual comprises five
volumes, as follows:
               VOLUME I

               VOLUME II
Treatability Data

Industrial Descriptions
               VOLUME III  Technologies

               VOLUME IV   Cost Estimating

               VOLUME V    Summary

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                             ACKNOWLEDGMENT

     The sheer size and comprehensiveness of this document should make
it obvious that this had to be the effort of a large number of people.
It is the collection of contributions from throughout the Environmental
Protection Agency, particularly from the Office of Enforcement, Office
of Water and  Hazardous Materials and the Office of Research and Develop-
ment.  Equally important to its success were the efforts of the employees
of the Aerospace Corporation and the Monsanto Research Corporation who
participated in this operation.

     No list of the names of everyone who took part in the effort would
in any way adequately acknowledge the effort which those involved in
preparing this Manual made toward its development.  Equally difficult
would be an attempt to name the people who have made the most significant
contributions both because there have been too many and because it would
be impossible to adequately define the term "significant."  This document
exists because of  major contributions by the contractor's staff and by
members of the following:

     Effluent Guidelines Division
          Office of Water and Waste Management

     Permits Division
          Office of Water Enforcement

     National Enforcement Investigation Center
          Office of Enforcement

     Center for Environmental Research  Information

     Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory

     Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research  Laboratory

     Industrial Environmental  Research  Laboratory
          Research Triangle  Park, NC

     Industrial Environmental  Research  Laboratory
          Cincinnati,  OH
          Office  of Research  and  Development

     The  purpose  of this  acknowledgement  is to express my thanks as
Committee Chairman  and the  thanks of  the  Agency to the Committee Members
and  others  who contributed  to the succes* of  this a*fort.
                               William A.  Cawl'Sy', Deputy Director, IlRL-Ci
                               Chairman, Treatability Coordination Committee

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A18  Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations
     Guidelines New Source Performance Standards for the Mineral
     Mining and Processing Industry Point Source Category.  EPA-
     440/1-76-059-a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wash-
     ington, D.C., June 1976.  432 pp.

A19  Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations
     Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the
     Primary Copper Smelting Subcategory of the Copper Segment
     of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category.
     EPA-440/l-75-032b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
     Washington, D.C., February 1975.  213 pp.

A20  Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations
     Guidelines and Proposed New Source Performance Standards
     for  the Raw Cane Sugar Processing Segment of the Sugar
     Processing Point Source Category.  EPA-440/1-75-044, U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., February
     1975.  291 pp.

A21  Development Document for Interim Final and Proposed Efflu-
     ent  Limitations Guidlines and New Source Performance Stand-
     ards for  the Fruits, Vegetables, and Specialties Segment
     of the Canned and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables Point
     Source Category.  EPA-440/1-75-046, U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., October 1975.  520 pp.

A22  Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations,
     Guidelines and Proposed New Source Performance Standards
     for  the Hospital Point Source Category.  EPA-440/1-76—060n,
     U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
     April 1976.  131 pp.

A23  Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and
     New  Source Performance Standards for the Synthetic Resins,
     Segment of the Plastics and Synthetic Materials Manufacturing
     Point Source Category.  EPA-440/l-74-010-a, U.S. Environmen-
     tal  Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., March 1974.  238 pp.

A24  Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and
     New  Source Performance Standards for the Plywood, Hardboard
     and  Wood  Preserving Segment of the Timber Products Process-
     ing  Point Source Category.  EPA-440/l-74-023-a, U.S. Envi-
     ronmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., April 1974.

A25  Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limitations
     Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the
     Major Organic Products Segment of the Organic Chemicals
     Manufacturing Point Source Category.  EPA-440/1-73-009,
     U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
     December  1973.  369 pp.
Date:  12/12/79              III.9-3

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A26  Preliminary Data Base for Review of BATEA Effluent Limita-
     tions Guidelines, NSPS,  and Pretratment Standards  for the
     Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Point Source Category, June
     1979, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  Washington, D.C.

A27  Foundry Industry (contractor's Draft Report).   Contract No.
     68-01-4379, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  Washington,
     D.C., May 1979.

A28  Technical Support Document for Auto and Other  Laundries
     Industry  (draft contractor's report).  Contract 68-03-2550,
     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,  D.C.,
     August 1979.

A29  Draft Development Document for Inorganic Chemicals Manu-
     facturing Point Source Category - BATEA, NSPS, and Pretreat-
     ment Standards  (contractor's draft report).  Contract 68-01-
     4492, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  Effluent Guide-
     lines Division, Washington, D.C., April 1979.

A30  Review of the Best Available Technology for the Rubber
     Processing Point Source Category, July 1978, U.S.  Environ-
     mental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

A31  Draft Technical Report for Revision of Steam Electric
     Effluent  Limitations Guidelines, September 1978, U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

A32  Draft Contractor's Engineering Report for Development of
     Effluent  Limitations Guidlines for the Pharmaceutical
     Manufacturing Industry  (BATEA, NSPS, BCT, BMP, Pretreatment),
     July 1979, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
     D.C.

A33  Alkaline  Cleaning  (contractor's draft report).  U.S. Envi-
     ronmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., March 1974.

A34  Basic Oxygen Furance  (contractor's draft report).   U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., January
     1979.

A35  Coke Making  (contractor's draft report).  U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., January 1979.

A36  Cold Rolling Subcategory  (contractor's draft report).  U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., February
     1979.

A37  Combination Acid Pickling  (contractor's draft report).
     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
     April 1979.
Date:  12/12/79              III.9-4

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A38  Continuous Casting Subcategory (contractor's draft report).
     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
     February 1979.

A39  Hot Coating Subcategories (contractor's draft report).  U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency,  Washington, D.C., March
     1979.

A40  Electric Arc Furnace (contractor's draft report).  U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency,  Washington, D.C., February
     1979.

A41  Hot Forming Section (contractor's draft report)  U.S. Envi-
     ronmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., March 1979.

A42  Hot Forming Primary (contractor's draft report).  U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency,  Washington, D.C., March
     1979.

A43  Hydrochloric Acid Pickling  (contractor's draft report).
     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
     April 1979.

A44  Pipe and Tube (contractor's draft report).   U.S. Environ-
     mental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., March 1979.

A45  Scale Removal:  Kolene and Hydride (contractor's draft
     report).  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  Washington,
     D.C., March 1979.

A46  Sintering  (contractor's draft report).  U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,  February 1979.

A47  Sulfuric Acid Pickling (contractor's draft report).  U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency,  Washington, D.C., April
     1979.

A48  Vacuum Degassing Subcategory  (contractor's draft report).
     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
     February 1979.

A49  Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines
     and Standards for the Coil Coating Point Source Category.
     EPA-440/l-79/071-a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
     Washington, D.C., August 1979.  473 pp.

A50  Devleopment Document for Effluent Limitations Guidlines
     and Standards Leather Tanning and Finishing Point Source
     Category.  EPA-440/1-79/016.  U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Washington, D.C., July 1979.   381 pp.
Date:  12/12/79              III.9-5

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A51  Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines
     and Standards for the Porcelain Enameling Point Source
     Category.  EPA-440-l/79/072-a, U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Washington, D.C., August 1979.  558 pp.

A52  Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and
     Standards for the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point
     Source Category.  EPA-440/l-79-019a, U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., September 1979.  622 pp,

 Bl  Kleper, M. H., A. Z. Gollan, R. L. Goldsmith and K. J.
     McNulty.  Assessment of Best Available Technology Economic-
     ally Achievable for Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing Waste-
     water.  EPA-600/2-78-192, U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 1978.  182 pp.

 B2  CoCo, J. H., E. Klein, D. Rowland, J. H. Mayes, W. A. Myers,
     E. Pratz, C. J. Romero, and F. H. Yocum.  Development of
     Treatment and Control Technology for Refractory Petrochemi-
     cal Wastes  (draft report).  Project No. S80073, U.S. Envi-
     ronmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma.  220 pp.

 B3  Klieve, J. R., and G. D. Rawlings.  Source Assessment:
     Textile Plant Wastewater Toxics Study Phase II.  Contract
     No. 68-02-1874, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
     Washington, D.C., April 1979.  127 pp.

 B4  Schimmel, C., and D. B. Griffin.  Treatment and Disposal of
     Complex Industrial Wastes.  EPA-600/2-76-123.  U.S. Envi-
     ronmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, November 1976,

 B5  Rawlings, G. D.  Source Assessment:  Textile Plant Waste-
     water Toxics Study Phase I.  EPA-600/2-78-004h, U.S. Envi-
     ronmental Protection Agency, Triangle Park, North Carolina,
     March 1979.  153 pp.

 B6  Davis, H. J., F. S. Model, and J. R. Leal.  FBI Reverse
     Osmosis Membrane for Chromium Plating Rinse Water.  EPA-
     600/2-78-040.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
     Cincinnati, Ohio, March 1978.  28 pp.

 B7  Chian, E. S. K., M. N. Aschauer, and H. H. P. Fang.  Evalu-
     ation of New Reverse Osmosis Membranes for the Separation
     of Toxic Compounds from Wastewater.  Contract No. DADA 17-
     73-C-3025, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Com-
     mand, Washington, D.C., October 1975.  309 pp.

 B8  Bollyky, L. J.  Ozone Treatment of Cyanide-Bearing Plating
     Waste.  EPA-600/2-77-104, U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 1977.  43 pp.
Date:  12/12/79              III.9-6

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  B9  Kleper, M. H., R. L. Goldsmith, and A. Z. Gollan.  Demon-
      stration of Ultrafiltration and Carbon Adsorption for
      Treatment of Industrial Laundering Wastewater.  EPA/2-78-
      177, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio,
      August 1978.  109 pp.

 BIO  Kleper, M. H., R. L. Goldsmith, T. V. Tran, D. H. Steiner,
      J. Pecevich, and M. A. Sakillaris.  Treatment of Wastewaters
      from Adhesives and Sealants Manufacturing by Ultrafiltration
      EPA-600/2-78-176, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
      Cincinnati, Ohio, August 1978.

 Bll  McNulty, K. J., R. L. Goldsmith, A. Gollan, S. Hossain, and
      D. Grant.  Reverse Osmosis Field Test:  Treatment of Copper
      Cyanide Rinse Waters, EPA-600/2-77-170, U.S. Environmental
      Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 1977.  89 pp.

 B12  Brandon, C. A., and J. J. Porter.  Hyperfiltration for
      Renovation of Textile Finishing Plant Wastewater.  EPA-600/
      2-76-060, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Triangle
      Park, North Carolina, March 1976.  147 pp.

 B13  Petersen, R. J., and K. E. Cobian.  New Membranes for
      Treating Metal Finishing Effluents by Reverse Osmosis.  EPA-
      600/2-76-197, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  Cincin-
      nati, Ohio, October 1976.  59 pp.

 B14  Lang, W. C., J.  H. Crozier,  F. P. Drace,  and K. H. Pearson.
      Industrial Wastewater Reclamation with a 400,000-gallon-
      per-day vertical tube evaporator.  EPA-600/2-76-260,  U.S.
      Environmental Protection Agency,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, October
      1976.  90 pp.

 B15  Study of Effectiveness of Activated Carbon Technology for
      the Removal of Specific Materials from Organic Chemical
      Processes.  EPA Contract No.  68-03-2610.   Final report on
      Pilot Operations at USS Chemical, Nevella.

 B16  Selected Biodegradation Techniques for Treatment and/or
      Ultimate Disposal of Organic  Materials.   EPA-600/2-79-006,
      U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,
      March 1973.   377 pp.

 B17  Rawlings,  G. D.   Evaluation  of Hyperfiltration Treated
      Textile Wastewaters.   Contract 68-02-1874,  U.S.  Environ-
      mental  Protection Agency,  Washington,  D.C.,  November  1978.

 B18  Extraction of  Chemical Pollutants from Industrial  Waste-
      waters  with Volatile  Solvents.   EPA-600/2-76-220,  U.S.
      Environmental  Protection Agency,  Ada,  Oklahoma,  December
      1976.   510 pp.
Date:  12/12/79              III.9-7

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 B19   Treatment  and Recovery of Fluoride Industrial Wastes.  No.
      PB  234  447, Grumman Aerospace Corporation.  Bethpage, N.Y.,
      March 1974.

 B20   Priority Pollutant Treatibility Review, Industrial Sampling
      and Assessment.  Contract 68-03-2579, U.S. Environmental
      Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, July 1978.  47 pp.

 B21   Effects of Liquid Detergent Plant Effluent on the Rotating
      Biological Contactor.  EPA-600/2-78-129, U.S. Environmental
      Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 1978.  58 pp.

 B22   Olem, H.   The Rotating Biological Contactor for Biochemical
      Ferrous Iron Oxidation in the Treatment of Coal Mine Drain-
      age.  No.  W77-05337, Penn State University, Pennsylvania/
      November 1975.

  Cl   Brunotts,  V. A., R. S. Lynch, G. R. Van Stone.  Granular
      Carbon  Handles Concentrated Waste.  Chemical Engineering
      Progress,  6(8):81-84, 1973.

  C2   Putting Powdered Carbon  in Wastewater Treatment.  Environ-
      mental  Science and Technology, Volume II, No. 9, September
      1977.

  Dl   De, J.  and B. Paschal.   The Effectiveness of Granular
      Activated  Carbon in Treatability Municipal and Industrial
      Wastewaters.  In:  Third National Conference on Complete
      Water Reuse, AIChE and EPA Technology Transfer, June 1976.
      pp. 204-211.

  D2   De, J., B. Paschal, and  A. D. Adams.  Treatment of Oil
      Refinery Wastewaters with Granular and Powdered Activated
      Carbon.  In:  Thirtieth  Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
      University, Indiana, May 1975.  pp. 216-232.

  D3   Argaman, Yerachmiel, and C. L. Weddle.  Fate of Heavy
      Metals  Physical Treatment Processes.  In:  AIChE Symposium
      Series, Volume 70, No. 136.
Date:   12/12/79              III.9-8

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