£EPA
           United States
           Environmental Protection
           Agency
          Office of Research and
          Development
          Washington DC 20460
EPA/600/R-94/197
November 1994
An Experimental
Evaluation of Two
Sharp Front Models for
Vadose Zone Non-Aqueous
Phase Liquid Transport

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                                                        EPA/600/R-94/197
                                                        November 1994
AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TWO SHARP FRONT
   MODELS FOR VADOSE ZONE NON-AQUEOUS PHASE
                       LIQUID TRANSPORT
                                  by
             Tissa Illangasekare, Dobroslav Znidarcic, Gabriele Walser
           Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering
                           University of Colorado
                         Boulder, Colorado 80309

                                  and

                             James Weaver
                Robert 3. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
                 United States Environmental Protection Agency
                           Ada, Oklahoma 74820
                               CR-816807
                              Project Officer
                             James Weaver
                   Processes and Systems Research Division
                Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
                          Ada, Oklahoma 74820
                                            U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                            Region 5,Library(PL-12J)
                                            77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
                                            Chicago, IL  60604-3590

          ROBERT S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
                 OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
           UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                         ADA, OKLAHOMA  74820

                                                 /•jTV
                                                 Uf) Printed on Recycled Paper

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                                 DISCLAIMER
      The information in  this document  has been  funded in  part by  the  United  States
Environmental Protection Agency under CR-816807 to the University of Colorado at Boulder. The
authors  also acknowledge  funding from the  EPA Great Plains-Rocky Mountains Hazardous
Substance Research Center and equipment support from the National Science  Foundation. It
has been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative review,  and it has been approved
for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

      All  research projects funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency that  make
conclusions or recommendations based on environmentally  related measurements are required
to participate in the Agency Quality Assurance Program.  This project was conducted  under an
approved Quality Assurance Project  Plan  and the procedures therein specified were  used.
Information on the plan and documentation of the quality assurance activities are available from
the Principal Investigator.

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                                           FOREWORD
                EPA is charged by Congress to protect the Nation's land, air and water systems.  Under
         a mandate of national environmental laws focused on  air and  water quality, solid  waste
         management  and the control of toxic  substances, pesticides, noise and radiation, the Agency
         strives to formulate and implement actions which lead to a compatible balance between human
         activities and  the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life.

                The Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory is the Agency's center of expertise
         for investigation  of the soil and  subsurface environment.   Personnel at the Laboratory are
         responsible for management of research programs  to:  (a)  determine the fate,  transport and
         transformation rates of  pollutants in the soil, the unsaturated and the saturated zones  of the
         subsurface environment; (b) define the processes to be  used  in characterizing the soil and
         subsurface environments as a receptor of pollutants;  (c) develop techniques for predicting the
         effect of pollutants on  ground water, soil,  and indigenous organisms;  and (d) define and
         demonstrate the applicability of using natural processes, indigenous to the soil and subsurface
         environment, for the protection of this resource.

                Light  nonaqueous phase  liquids (LNAPLs) are one of the most common, yet complex,
         subsurface contaminants.  Although the LNAPL itself remains distinct from the subsurface  water,
         chemical constituents of the LNAPL can cause serious ground water contamination.   Because
^      of the number of parameters which determine the flow and transport of LNAPL contaminants,
; ~?      models are needed to assess the  impacts of this kind of contaminant.  Models are derived from
Y\      a certain conceptualization of the flow and from theoretical principles.  Before model results can
         be accepted,  there needs to  be testing  of the  models with experimental data.  This  report
^       describes a set of experiments that were designed to test two  models for LNAPL flow  in the
.^      vadose zone,  and the comparison of the models against the data. As a result of the study, there
<^      is a clearer understanding of the abilities and limitations of these models.

*f>
(V
                                                                        Clinton W. Hall, Director
                                                                   Robert S. Kerr Environmental
                                                                           Research Laboratory
                                                  IU

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                                   ABSTRACT
       Recent research efforts on  the transport of immiscible organic  wastes in subsurface
systems have focused on the development of numerical models of various levels of sophistication.
However, in real field applications,  the site characterization data needed to obtain the model
parameters are either difficult to obtain or are not easily available. As an alternative, a number
of simple sharp front models  which require  relatively  less data have been developed.  Less
rigorous data requirements and simplicity of use allows these types of models to be used as
screening tools in  risk assessment and remediation design. Laboratory experiments have been
conducted to test two such models developed by the authors.  Fundamental transport parameters
for the media were determined using a flow-pump system. One-dimensional spill simulations of
a non-aqueous phase liquid were conducted in vertical soil columns. Ponding  depth and front
location were tracked visually.  A dual-source  gamma system was tested and then used to obtain
saturation profiles  of the water  and oil phases. The profiles indicate the existence of a sharp front
at the leading edge of the infiltrating oil phase.  At the trailing end of the infiltrating oil, a gradual
decline in saturation was observed.  One of the  models, which is similar in concept to the Green-
Ampt type infiltration models,  assumes sharp  leading  and trailing fronts.  It deviates from  the
experimental  results for long  modeling times.  The second model  based on  kinematic wave
formulation and the method of characteristics  approximates the gradual decline in  saturation
behind the front and simulates the spill behavior well. Based  on these experimental evaluations,
the suitability  and  limitations of these simple models are determined.   Simulated  rainfall
experiments have  been  conducted to observe extent of mobilization of the organic phase through
water application.  Water pushes the organic phase as  a slug in front of the water phase (piston
displacement).  However, the  water mobilizes nearly none of the organic phase below a phase
content of 0.1.  Two-dimensional experiments were conducted in a tank to test  the applicability
of the one-dimensional models to a two-dimensional situation. The saturation profiles were again
determined using  the dual-gamma system.  The vertical movement of the organic phase in the
tank experiments  differed  little from the movement in  the column experiments,  indicating  the
applicability  of one-dimensional models to  the vertical infiltration of  immiscible fluids in  the
unsaturated zone  of a homogeneous soil.

       This report was submitted in fulfillment  of CR-816807 by the University of Colorado at
Boulder under the partial sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  This report
covers a period from July 1990 to August 1992 and work was completed as of  August 1992.
                                          IV

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                               CONTENTS

DISCLAIMER	  ii

FOREWORD 	  Hi

ABSTRACT 	   iv

FIGURES	vii

TABLES 	   x

1.  INTRODUCTION	   1
      1.1  OBJECTIVES	   3

2.  CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS	   4

3.  THEORETICAL BACKGROUND	   6
      3.1   FLOW OF IMMISCIBLE FLUIDS THROUGH POROUS MEDIA	   6
            3.1.1   Porous Media  	   6
            3.1.2  Darcy's Law  	   6
            3.1.3  Fluid Saturation	   7
            3.1.4  Capillary Pressure	   7
            3.1.5  Capillary Pressure-Saturation Relationship 	   8
            3.1.6  Permeability and Relative Permeability 	   8
            3.1.7  Governing Equations of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media	   9
      3.2   SHARP FRONT MODELS	  10
            3.2.1   Infiltration and Redistribution	  10
            3.2.2  Kinematic Oily Pollutant Transport (KOPT) Model  	  11
            3.2.3  Three-Parameter Sharp Front Model	  14
            3.2.4  Comparison of the Models	  17

4.  MATERIALS AND METHODS   	  18
      4.1   SAND CHARACTERIZATION  	  18
      4.2   CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TEST FLUID	  21
      4.3   SAMPLE CELL AND COLUMN  	  21
      4.4   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES FOR COLUMN EXPERIMENTS ....	  24
      4.5   TWO-DIMENSIONAL TANK EXPERIMENTS  	  29

5.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION   	  31
      5.1   DETERMINATION OF MODEL INPUT PARAMETERS 	  31
            5.1.1   Hydraulic Conductivity  	  31
            5.1.2  Suction-Saturation  Measurements in the Small Cell	  33
            5.1.3  Estimation of Brooks-Corey Parameters 35
            5.1.4  Comparison Between Suction-Saturation Curve Estimated from

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                 Flow-Pump Data and Gamma Measurements	  39
      5.2   SPILL EXPERIMENTS IN THE LONG COLUMN	  46
      5.3   RAINFALL EXPERIMENTS IN THE LONG COLUMN  	  57
      5.4   SPILL EXPERIMENTS IN THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL TANK 	  61
      5.5   TESTING OF THE COMPUTER MODELS	  66
      5.6   THE THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MODELS  	  82

REFERENCES	  88

APPENDIX 1. DESCRIPTION AND TESTING OF  THE DUAL-GAMMA SYSTEM  	  92
      1.1  THEORY OF THE DUAL-GAMMA SYSTEM 	  92
      1.2  CONFIGURATION OF THE GAMMA SYSTEM  	  97
            1.2.1  Radiation Source	  97
            1.2.2  Solid Scintillation Counting System	  97
            1.2.3  Traversing Mechanism	  98
            1.2.4  Test Box	  98
      1.3  TESTING PROCEDURES FOR THE GAMMA SYSTEM  	  100
            1.3.1  Modifications of the Gamma System	  101
            1.3.2  Determination of Warm-Up Time	  101
            1.3.3  Overloading of the Detector 	  103
            1.3.4  Random Variation  	  103
            1.3.5  Detector Sensitivity  	  106
            1.3.6  Determination of the Attenuation Coefficients	  107
            1.3.7  Dependence of Apparent Attenuation Coefficient on Beam
                 Strength	  108
            1.3.8  Attenuation Coefficient of Test Fluid (Soltrol)	  109
            1.3.9  Attenuation Coefficient of Sand	  112
            1.3.10 Phase Saturation of Multi-Phase Systems	  112
      1.4   ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS  	  119

APPENDIX 2. EXPERIMENTAL FRONT MOVEMENT DATA	  122

APPENDIX 3. EXPERIMENTAL PHASE CONTENT PROFILES	  132
                                     VI

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                                       FIGURES

 Number                                                                          Page

 Figure 1.      Schematic representation of the relationship between sharp fronts and
              true spreading fronts	  10
 Figure 2.      Base characteristic plane for the KOPT model showing the sharp front
              and continuous wave  which comprise the solution	  13
 Figure 3.      Schematic of a KOPT depth vs. saturation profile  	  14
 Figure 4.      Assumed saturation profile  for the Three-Parameter Sharp Front Model. ...  15
 Figure 5.      Grain size distribution for #70 sand.  Measured with dry sieving method
              (filled squares) and settling tube method (empty squares)	  20
 Figure 6.      Grain size distribution for #125 sand. Measured with dry sieving method
              (filled squares) and settling tube method (empty squares)	  20
 Figure 7.      Kinematic viscosity of Soltrol, Soltrol + iodoheptane and water versus
              temperature. (Szlag and  lllangasekare,1992)	  22
 Figure 8.      Aluminum fitting for bottom  part of sample cell.  Sizes are given in
              inches	  23
 Figure 9.      Aluminum fitting for top part of sample cell. Sizes are given in  inches	  24
 Figure 10.     Saturating the sand filled column with wetting fluid	  25
 Figure 11.     Setup for first scan through dry sand	  26
 Figure 12.     Setup for second scan through fully saturated sand. Water is ponding
              on top of sand	  27
 Figure 13.     Setup for third measurement through partially saturated sand	  27
 Figure 14.     Schematic of a spill in the tank	  30
 Figure 15.     Variation  in #125 sand hydraulic conductivity along the length of the
              chromatography columns	  32
 Figure 16.     Suction-saturation curve measured in the small cell	  34
 Figure 17.     Suction-saturation curve for #125 sand.  Comparison between flow
              pump and gamma system data for small cell	  34
 Figure 18.     Water/air and scaled oil/air  pressure curves for #125 sand  using Brooks
              and  Corey parameters	  36
 Figure 19.     Comparison of front positions as simulated using KOPT in  #125 sand for
              the capillary pressure  curve parameters determined by approaches 1
              and  2	  38
 Figure 20.     Comparison of front positions as simulated using KOPT in  #70 sand for
              the capillary pressure  curve parameters determined by approaches 1
              and  2	  38
 Figure 21.     Suction-saturation profile  for #125 sand and water-air	  40
 Figure 22.     Suction-saturation profile  for #70 sand and water-air	  41
Figure 23.     Suction-saturation profile  for #125 sand and Soltrol-air	  42
Figure 24.     Suction-saturation profile  for #70 sand and Soltrol-air	  43
Figure 25.     Schematic of the  scanning path through the sample column.  If the
              gamma detector moves 1.10 cm sideways from the center  (x=1.1 cm),
              the actual path length  measured is 3 mm less than assumed (21=7.9 cm,
              while 2r=8.2 cm)	  44
                                          VII

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Figure 26.    Comparison of suction-saturation profile as measured with Americium
             gamma scan and with flow pump	  46
Figure 27.    Front elevation versus time for three spills, 500ml, 750ml and 1000ml
             Soltrol on #70 sand	  48
Figure 28.    Front elevation versus time for three spills, 500ml, 750ml and 1000ml
             Soltrol in #125 sand	  48
Figure 29.    Comparison between two identical experiments with 1000ml Soltrol in
             #125 sand	  50
Figure 30.    Phase content profile of 500ml Soltrol in #70 sand. Soltrol is still ponding
             on top of sand	  50
Figure 31.    Phase content profile of 500ml Soltrol spill in #70 sand. A back front  has
             started to develop	  52
Figure 32.    Phase content profile of 500ml Soltrol in #70 sand. A gradual decrease
             in phase content behind the front can be observed	  52
Figure 33.    Set of phase content profiles for 500ml Soltrol spill in #125 sand	  53
Figure 34.    Set of phase content profiles for 500ml Soltrol spill in #125 sand.  Rain
             started 45 minutes after spill	  53
Figure 35.    Set of phase content profiles for 750ml Soltrol spill in #125 sand.  Rain
             started 20 hours after spill	  54
Figure 36.    Set of phase content profiles for 1000ml Soltrol spill in #125 sand	  54
Figure 37.    Set of phase content profiles for 500ml Soltrol spill in #70 sand	  55
Figure 38.    Set of phase content profiles for 750ml Soltrol spill in #70 sand	  55
Figure 39.    Set of phase content profiles for 1000ml Soltrol in #70 sand	  56
Figure 40.    Water and oil content for 750ml Soltrol spill in #70 sand.  Soltrol front
             seems to displace the residual water	  57
Figure 41.    Front elevation versus time for 500ml Soltrol spill in #125 sand, included
             are gamma  scanning time and location	  58
Figure 42.    Comparison between  rainfall application and no rain for 500ml Soltrol
             spill in #125 sand	  59
Figure 43.    1000ml Soltrol spill on #70 sand with rainfall application starting after
             169 minutes. The rainfall rate was held constant at 9.5cm/hour	  59
Figure 44.    750ml Soltrol spill on #70 sand with rainfall application starting after 86
             minutes. The rainfall  rate was held constant at 9.5 cm/hour	  60
Figure 45.    Water and Soltrol content profiles for 750ml spill in #70 sand.  Gamma
             scans were  taken 189 minutes after spill was started. A  constant rainfall
             rate of 9.5cm/hour was applied 86 minutes after the spill  was started	61
Figure 46.    Water and Soltrol phase content for a 500ml soltrol spill in #125 sand.
             Gamma scans were taken 168  minutes after spill was started.  A
             constant rainfall rate  of 9.5cm/hour was applied 45 minutes after the spill
             was started	  62
Figure 47.    Comparison in front movement between tank and column experiment	  63
Figure 48.    Set of phase content profiles for 9.5cm Soltrol spill in # 70 sand in the
             tank	  64
Figure 49.    Soltrol spill front movement in tank with rainfall application	  64
Figure 50.    Set of phase content profiles for 9.5cm Soltrol spill in #70 sand in the
             tank with rainfall	  65
Figure 51.    Phase content profile comparison between models and gamma scan.
             Soltrol is still ponding at the surface	  68

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Figure 52.    Phase content profile comparison between models and gamma scan	68
Figure 53.    Phase content profiles comparison between models and experimental
             results	  69
Figure 54.    Front movement for 1000ml spill, comparison between model and
             experimental results	  70
Figure 55.    Phase content profile comparison between model and experimental
             results	  71
Figure 56.    Phase content profile comparison between model and experimental
             results	  72
Figure 57.    Phase content profile comparison between model and experimental
             results	  73
Figure 58.    Front movement comparison between experiment and KOPT for
             different hydraulic conductivities	  74
Figure 59.    Front movement of 750ml spill in #125 sand, comparison between
             KOPT and experimental results	  75
Figure 60.    Front movement for 500ml spill in #70 sand, comparison between KOPT
             and experimental results	  76
Figure 61.    Front movement for 750ml spill in #70 sand, comparison between KOPT
             and experimental results	  77
Figure 62.    Front movement for 1000ml spill in #70 sand, comparison between
             KOPT and experimental results	  74
Figure 63.    Adjusted KOPT simulation of the 1000 ml spill in the #70 sand  	  78
Figure 64.    Adjusted KOPT simulation of the 750 ml spill in the #70 sand 	  79
Figure 65.    Adjusted KOPT simulation of the 500 ml spill in the #70 sand 	  80
Figure 66.    Schematic representation of the slope of the effective conductivity
             function	  82
Figure 67.    Continuous boundary transition from low to high saturation	  83
Figure 68.    Abrupt boundary transition from low to high saturation which is
             immediately  resolved into a discontinuity	  83
Figure 69.    Continuous boundary transition from high to low saturation	  84
Figure 70.    Abrupt boundary transition from high to low saturation, which generates
             a continuous wave	  85
Figure 71.    Schematic representation  of the effect of the relative permeability
             derivative on the leading and trailing edges of the NAPL body	  86
Figure 72.    Radiation source housing (after Armbruster, 1990)	  95
Figure 73.    Schematic of computer controlled traversing gantry and gamma data
             acquisition system (after Armbruster,  1990)	  98
Figure 74.    Computer automated traversing gantry system (after Armbruster,  1990).  .  .  99
Figure 75.     Multichambered plexiglass box for testing the  gamma system	  100
Figure 76.    Delay in reading of constant count rate after start-up (Am)	  102
Figure 77.    Test for hysteresis (Am)	  104
Figure 78.    Test for hysteresis (Cs)	  104
Figure 79.    Attenuation coefficient of water (Am)	  110
Figure 80.    Attenuation coefficient of water (Cs)	  110
Figure 81.    Attenuation coefficient of Soltrol and iodoheptane  mixture (Am)	  111
Figure 82.    Attenuation coefficient of Soltrol and iodoheptane  mixture (Cs)	  111
Figure 83.    Attenuation coefficient versus bulk density for #125 sand (Am)	  114
Figure 84.    Attenuation coefficient versus bulk density for sand #125 (Cs)	  114
                                          IX

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                                     TABLES
Number                                                                      Page

 1    Characterization of #70 and #125 sands	  19
 2    Hydraulic conductivity for #125 sand	  32
 3    Brooks and Corey parameters  	  37
 4    KOPT parameter values for the #125 and #70 sands	  67
 5    Summary of KOPT model parameter adjustments  	  76
 6    Adjusted KOPT model parameters for the #70 sand	  81
 7    Random variation comparison	  105
 8a   Count statistics for Americium	  106
 8b   Count statistics for Cesium	  107
 9    Attenuation coefficient of water	  108
 10   Volumetric water content in  sand-water mixture	  115
 11a  Volumetric content of organic phase in sand  	  117
 11b  Volumetric content of the organic phase calculated with Equation (42)  	  118
 12   Volumetric content of water and organic phase in sand-water-organic mixture ...  119

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                                   SECTION 1
                               INTRODUCTION
       There are approximately 180,000 confirmed releases of petroleum products and other
chemicals from underground  storage tanks.  The magnitude of this problem has led to the
creation of a number of regulatory programs at both the state and  federal level.  Managers of
these programs are required to make decisions concerning underground storage tank sites, but
must do so with  limited resources.   These managers recognize that  in making technically
defensible decisions, models play a role in some circumstances.  An example is the siting of
storage tank facilities.  In some states,  monitoring frequency must be based on the estimated
arrival time of a leaked petroleum hydrocarbon at the water table. Arrival time estimates can best
be made from flow model results.

       Leaking underground storage tanks and accidental spills result in contaminant  releases
in the unsaturated zone.  The organic liquid then travels downward until it reaches the water
table.  Typically, organic and other chemical wastes are only marginally soluble in water, and
therefore persist as a separate liquid phase for some  distance and time from the initial spill
location.   The separate phase material may exist either  as continuous bulk phase  or as
discontinuous  pockets of "residual" material.  Although direct human exposure to non-aqueous
phase liquid (NAPL) is generally minimal,  the persistence of the NAPL hinders cleanup efforts and
provides a  long-term source of contamination into the ground water through  leaching of more
soluble  components.   The presence of NAPLs has been identified  by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (1992) as  a  major problem at superfund sites  and a major
reason for the failure of pump and treat  remediation schemes to meet their cleanup goals in a
reasonable amount of time.

       Transport and entrapment behavior of NAPLs in soils depends on the distribution and
interaction  of  three fluid phases, namely  water,  NAPL and air.  The  effective control  of
groundwater contamination requires assessment and remediation of these multiple fluid phases
occurring in soils.  Guiding any assessment and remediation efforts are field data and models for
the interpretation of that data.  Unfortunately, neither are widely available for separate phase
contaminants.  Several models have  been reported in  literature, for example those of Faust
(1985), Baehr  and Corapcioglu (1984), Abriola and Finder (1985), Osborne and Sykes (1986),
Kuppusamy et al. (1987), Kaluarachchi and Parker (1989), Faust et al. (1989)  and Kueper and
Frind (1991).  These models are based on concepts  currently used to describe petroleum
reservoir behavior (e.g. Muskat et al., 1937;  Peaceman, 1977) despite the different goals and
needs  for modeling  near-surface, localized  contaminant movement.   Despite a number  of
simplifying assumptions, these models remain  complex; and have  proven useful  in situations
where extensive site and contamination characterization  have been  justified.

       Complex models, such  as those  listed above, however, may not always  be  the most
desirable tool for a given field problem.  Accurate simulations using such models  may require
large computing resources, and there may be a significant investment in training users to set up
the model, run it properly and interpret the output.  A large amount of field data and transport
parameter values are required to run such a model. In addition to the parameters for aqueous
phase  solute  transport  (such  as hydraulic  conductivity, dispersivity,  sorption parameters),

                                          1

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multiphase transport parameters are needed (interphase partition coefficients, capillary pressures
and relative permeabilities) for each  different zone or material present in the field.  The  latter
properties are not well understood and are  difficult to obtain for field problems.  Site data  is
usually incomplete because of monetary, safety and regulatory limitations. Historical records of
pollutant releases are normally nonexistent, although such knowledge should be precisely defined
in a model. Sampling  limitations often result  in situations where the spatial distribution and the
total  mass of  contaminants  cannot  be defined.   These  limitations  may  require many
approximations when running a model.

       "Sharp front" models, which are computationally efficient and simple to apply, may prove
useful for certain applications.  Although they  contain a number of simplifying assumptions, such
models are based on qualitative understanding of the physical behavior of NAPLs in  soils.  A
model  (the Three Parameter Sharp  Front Model) has been developed  based on laboratory
experiments of transport and  entrapment behavior of organics in the saturated and unsaturated
zone (Illangasekare et al., 1987a,  1987b; Illangasekare and Reible, 1987a, 1987b; Reible and
Illangasekare, 1989). This model assumes sharp fronts at the advancing and drainage fronts of
the NAPL and  utilizes three  parameters which characterize the soil and the fluid.  These
parameters consist of  a capillary drive term  at each front and the effective conductivity of the
NAPL.  From a parallel development, similar models were developed from kinematic wave theory.
These are the Kinematic Oily Pollutant Transport (KOPT) (Weaver et  al. 1994a) and Kinematic
Rainfall and Oily Pollutant Transport (KROPT) Models (Charbeneau et al.  1989). Both of these
implementations were for one-dimensional downward transport in uniform soils. KROPT includes
the effect of individual rainfall  events on the NAPL. Here the kinematic wave theory predicts the
displacement  of the NAPL into "NAPL banks,"  which move ahead of infiltrating water (Charbeneau
et  al., 1989).   The intensity of rainfall, soil properties and/or NAPL properties  may cause the
kinematic  theory not to apply to some or part of the simulation.  Currently, improved  dynamic
approximations are being developed at RSKERL (Weaver, 1989, 1991). These have been shown
to  be general models  which  include  the kinematic model as a special case (Weaver, 1991).
Theoretical results so far suggest that there are two flow regimes for  the dynamic model. One
is characterized by incomplete displacement of the NAPL into a NAPL bank and the  other by
complete by-passing of the NAPL by the water phase (Weaver, 1991).

       Although  NAPL flow through  the vadose  zone  is significant  for certain problems, as
discussed in  the  introduction,  interactions with  the water table and dissolution of chemical
constituents of the NAPL are an obvious problem.  For NAPLs lighter than water, KOPT has
been linked with an approximate model for oil lens development at the water table, dissolution
of the chemical contaminant of interest, and subsequent transport to a receptor well (Weaver et
al., 1994b). Thus the simple models have applicability to the vadose zone  itself and as  a means
of  approximating contaminant  loadings to lenses  at  the  water  table and  ground water
contamination.

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1.1  OBJECTIVES

      The primary intent of this study was to generate accurate data sets that describe the flow
of a NAPL in the vadose zone.  These data  can be used to  obtain an understanding of the
transport behavior of NAPLs in the vadose zone and to test simulation models.

      The specific objectives of this research were:
      1)     To develop laboratory techniques and instrumentation necessary for the estimation
             of soil and fluid parameters critical to porous media flow.
      2)     To perform parameter estimation for selected sands and fluids.
      3)     To develop experimental techniques to simulate  spills in unsaturated media with
             given boundary conditions.
      4)     To perform spill simulations in one- and two-dimensional systems and generate a
             data base on the vertical infiltration of NAPLs in the vadose zone.
      5)     To test two simple computer models (the Three Parameter Sharp Front Model and
             KOPT) against the  experimental results.

      The objectives were realized through the following steps: A flow pump system was used
to obtain accurate values for the capillary suction-saturation relationship  and  hydraulic
conductivity.  A dual-gamma attenuation system was calibrated  for  correct phase content
measurements in multiphase systems during spill experiments.  The conductivity of a fine sand
(#125) and a coarse sand (#70) to water and a lighter than water organic test fluid,  Soltrol, were
determined using  a flow pump.   The  flow pump system  and  the gamma system were used
independently to obtain the capillary pressure versus saturation relationships for the two sands.
A column setup was developed to conduct spill  experiments in homogeneously  packed sand that
was residually saturated with water.  Spill experiments with Soltrol were conducted in the column
and a two-dimensional tank.  Saturation was measured continuously during the spills using the
gamma system. Computer simulations with the CD-Three Parameter Sharp Front model and the
KOPT model were conducted. The experimental results were used to evaluate the two models.

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                                  SECTION 2

            CONCLUSIONS AND  RECOMMENDATIONS
       The objective of this project was to generate data for testing unsaturated zone NAPL flow
models.  Procedures were developed for measuring transient NAPL and  water flow in the
unsaturated zone using dual gamma attenuation. Methods were also developed for measuring
necessary model parameters using the flow pump.  The gamma attenuation system provides a
convenient way for the non-destructive measurement of fluid phase  contents in laboratory soil
columns and two-dimensional soil tanks. Phase content of one- and two-phase systems can be
measured during the experiment.  However, great care  has to be taken to obtain  accurate
measurements when using the gamma system.  The  suction-saturation curves  measured with the
gamma system agreed  well with  those  measured with the flow pump setup.   Hydraulic
conductivity was measured with the flow pump setup.

       A number of spill experiments were conducted in a one-dimensional column and in a two-
dimensional tank.  The sand was packed dry, completely saturated with water and then drained
to residual saturation.  Then a measured volume of NAPL was applied at the surface. These spill
experiments conducted on residually water saturated soils  showed that the Soltrol front moves,
in some cases, quickly during infiltration, when there is Soltrol ponded at the soil surface. Once
the ponding ends the rate of movement of the front decreases rapidly. The leading edge of the
LNAPL body remained largely sharp, while the trailing edge became diffuse. Although the water
content in the columns was reduced to residual before beginning the experiment, the Soltrol
mobilized some of the residually entrapped water. Release of water was not unexpected because
the Soltrol/water interfacial tension is less than  half of the surface tension of water.

       The simulated rainfall experiments demonstrated that incoming water has the ability to
displace mobile  NAPL into a bank moving ahead of  the water front.  Once the NAPL saturation
in the bank is reduced below the maximum, the water bypasses the NAPL front. The simulated
rainfalls, however, did not completely remove the NAPL, demonstrating that some NAPL remained
trapped in the unsaturated zone even under the action of infiltrating rainwater. Infiltration of the
NAPL, on the other hand, sometimes caused displacement of the residual pore water.

       Simulations  of the  transient column experiments were  performed  using the three-
parameter model of the University of Colorado and the KOPT model of RSKERL. These models,
although apparently based  on diverse assumptions, are related by the fact that they are both
generalized method of characteristics solutions for a pulse release of NAPL at the ground surface.
With  appropriate choices of parameter values, both models can be made  to reproduce the
observed NAPL  front position as a function of time. The three-parameter model requires a fitting
procedure for determination of its input parameters,  so that accurate application of the model to
situations with no  measured front locations  is difficult.  This model assumes that the NAPL
saturation behind the front remains fixed during redistribution. This assumption caused the model
to over predict the front position when parameters were used from the previous experiment to
simulate a subsequent experiment.  To apply this model without field calibration, it i necessary
to develop methods  to  estimate  the  model  parameters directly  from  the soil-water-NAPL
characteristics.  KOPT was seen to match the  qualitative behavior of the NAPL front by using

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measured parameter data.  There appears to be a tendency in KOPT to under predict the
infiltration rates.  Quantitative agreement of KOPT simulations with  the experimental results
depends on the accuracy of the input parameters.  KOPT allows the reduction of the NAPL
saturations behind the NAPL front during redistribution. The resulting saturation profiles, however,
are highly idealized in comparison to the measured profiles.  In summary,  prediction of NAPL
infiltration and redistribution by the three-parameter model is limited by the need to fit the model
to transient flow experimental data, which is not likely to be available for field problems.  KOPT
predictions are  generally limited by the ability to measure the input parameters,  primarily the
hydraulic conductivity.  Although the observed displacement of the residual water violated the
assumptions  of the models, at least in these cases, the  models were  still able  to  fit the
experimental  results reasonably well.
       The following recommendations are derived from this work:

1.  The University of Colorado, three-parameter model should be revised to include the effects
of  reduced NAPL saturation behind the wetting front.  Kinematic or other appropriate theories
should be used to accomplish this revision. The ability to predict flow experiment behavior with
fitted parameter sets from previous experiments should then be reevaluated.

2.  The assumptions in the RSKERL KOPT Green-Ampt infiltration model should be reevaluated,
based  on  the  apparent  inability of  KOPT  to accurately predict the  ponding  time of the
experiments. This work should focus on the assumptions underlying kinematic models in general
and could be accomplished using kinematic models for water flow in the unsaturated zone. The
use of kinematic models for water, rather than for NAPL, permits the use of relative permeability
expressions (for water) that are more well-established than those for the NAPL; thus one source
of  uncertainty would be eliminated.

3.  Simple models such as these should be included in screening  methodologies for subsurface
NAPL  flow.  The simple models are of  sufficient  accuracy  to  be acceptable for screening
calculations.  The primary factor  which will limit accuracy of model predictions is  the ability to
determine the model parameter values.  This statement is true  for both simple and complex
models. The complexity of the model used for a particular analysis should  be appropriate for the
availability of data, the level of detail of the analysis, and the ability to test model predictions.

4.  Further experimental work  should be performed on the effects of rainfalls on displacement of
NAPLs in the unsaturated zone.   The  experiments presented in this report suggest that rainfalls
can cause NAPL banks to form.  This  behavior was predicted by a model developed by Weaver
(1991), but was not used in this work because it requires restrictive assumptions concerning the
boundary  and initial  conditions.   Some of the qualitative behavior predicted  by the model,
however,  appears to be consistent with the experimental results.

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                                  SECTION 3
                     THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
      The purpose of this section is to summarize some of the important principles and define
the parameters that control the flow of immiscible fluids in porous media. The application of these
to the infiltration and redistribution of liquids in the vadose zone is described.  The basis of the
KOPT and Three Parameter Sharp Front Model are then described.
3.1    FLOW OF  IMMISCIBLE FLUIDS THROUGH POROUS MEDIA
3.1.1   Porous Media

       In the most general sense, a porous medium is a solid body containing voids or pores.
Bear (1972) describes it as a volume occupied by a multi-phase matter in which at least one
phase is solid and at least one is non-solid.  This definition includes solid material and gases or
liquids which occupy the void space.  The solid phase is called the solid matrix. The space within
the porous medium domain that is not part of the solid matrix is referred to as pore space.

       Pores in a porous medium may be either interconnected or isolated. The interconnected
pore space is termed effective pore space. A fluid can only flow if at least part of the pore space
is interconnected. Most natural porous materials have a random void structure.  Pore size, shape
and interconnectedness characterize  the  void space on  the  microscopic  or pore scale.
Macroscopically, effective  porosity,  n,  is defined as the volume fraction  of the medium that
consists of interconnected pores which may conduct fluid.
3.1.2  Darcy's Law

       Darcy's  law provides a relationship  between the  specific discharge and the  hydraulic
gradient.  Mathematically, Darcy's law may be expressed  by the equation

                                   a   =   - KVh                               0)
where q is the Darcy velocity or specific discharge, K the coefficient of proportionality or hydraulic
conductivity and h is the hydraulic head. The Darcy velocity is a macroscopic flux defined over
a representative element or bulk area. This area is taken to be normal to the direction in which
the gradient of h is measured. Hydraulic conductivity for a fully saturated medium depends on
fluid density and viscosity,  as well as the size and  distribution of the pores.

       Darcy's equation can also be applied when the medium is partially saturated. In this case,
the pressure  difference will be determined by capillary forces  in addition to gravitational forces.
The conductivity of the medium for either phase depends on fluid  phase content of the medium.

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3.1.3   Fluid Saturation

       The simultaneous flow of one or more immiscible liquids and a gas, e.g. air, is often
described as unsaturated or partially saturated flow. Under unsaturated conditions the void space
of a porous material may be partially filled with one or more of the liquids with gas  filling the
remaining pore space.  The amount of the void space which is occupied by each fluid affects the
flow through the porous medium.

       The saturation at a point or reference volume, with respect to a particular fluid, is defined
as the fraction of the void volume occupied  by that particular fluid.  Thus for water the saturation,
Sw, is defined as
                     e    =       volume of water in the medium                   /2\
                      w        total volume of voids in  the medium
The saturations of all the fluids occupying the void space must sum to 1.

       Fluid phase content can also be expressed as volume fraction of the total volume of a
porous medium in which it is contained.  The latter is called the "volumetric water content" or
"phase content," and in  most literature is designated by 0.  The relationship between the fluid
saturation, Sf,  and volumetric content, 0t, of fluid f is expressed as:

                                      0,   =   Sfn                                  (3)


where n  is the effective porosity.


3.1.4  Capillary Pressure

       Two  fluids  are  mutually immiscible  because  the  net attractive force  between  their
molecules differs. For example, the net attractive force between molecules of a gas is generally
lower  than  that  between molecules of a liquid.   Likewise the  net  attractive force between
molecules of a nonpolar liquid is lower that that between molecules of a polar liquid,  like water.
Along  the interface between the fluids, the differing forces of molecular attraction lead to an
interfacial tension which causes the fluids to remain distinct, i.e., to be immiscible.  When the
fluids are in contact with a solid surface, similar interfacial forces exist between the solid and the
fluids.  Generally one fluid is more strongly attracted to the solid surface than the other. This fluid
is called  the wetting fluid and the other fluid  is called the nonwetting fluid.   The nature of the
interaction (i.e.,  which  fluid  is wetting) depends on the fluid properties and the nature of the
surface.

       In a porous medium when two immiscible fluids are in contact, a discontinuity in pressure
exists across the interface that separates them.  The difference in pressure is called the capillary
pressure, Pc, and is defined as the pressure difference between the nonwetting, Pnw, and wetting
fluids,  Pw:

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                                             nw     w
The magnitude of the pressure difference depends on the radius of curvature and the surface
tension at the fluid-fluid interface. In a porous medium, the pore geometry and the fluid saturation
determine the radius of the interface and thus the capillary pressure.  Low values of the capillary
pressure are associated with large pores, and on the contrary high values of capillary pressure
are associated with small  pores.
3.1.5   Capillary Pressure-Saturation Relationship

       To  obtain  the  relationship  between  saturation and  capillary  pressure,  various  test
procedures have been developed by petroleum engineers and soil  scientists.  In general, the
sample is de-saturated by increasing the capillary pressure in known increments.  The sample
is allowed to reach equilibrium after each pressure change. Measured values of the change in
saturation and pressure are used to determine the so-called "capillary pressure-saturation curve."
It is also common to plot the capillary pressure as a function of the volumetric water content, the
curve is then referred to as "water  retention  curve" or "water characteristic curve."   Example
results are presented in Section 6. The measured capillary pressure curves depend on the pore
geometry, the  fluid-fluid interactions  and the wettability.  Thus the curve incorporates the
underlying multiphase interactions in a form that is used in modeling.

       The capillary pressure versus saturation relationship  can be defined either when the
sample is drained from full wetting-fluid saturated conditions or when the wetting phase is allowed
to enter the sample and displace the nonwetting fluid.  Usually these curves are measured on a
drainage cycle.  A minimum capillary pressure is required before the sample starts de-saturating
from initially saturated conditions. At this point the non-wetting fluid, such as air,  can enter the
porous sample.  This minimum pressure is called the  "air-entry pressure," or if the non-wetting
phase is  not air, "threshold pressure." Experimental results show that the wetting fluid remains
in the sample at high capillary pressures. The limiting value of saturation when capillary pressure
increases no  longer cause a  release of the wetting fluid is commonly called  the "residual
saturation."
3.1 .6   Permeability and Relative Permeability

       Permeability  is a function of the  porous medium only, whereas hydraulic conductivity
depends both on fluid and porous medium properties.  The relationship between the hydraulic
conductivity and the  soil permeability and fluid properties is given by:
                                     K   =                                         (5)
where K is the hydraulic conductivity, k is called the intrinsic permeability and is presumed to be
a property of the media, p is the fluid density, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and u is the

                                            8

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dynamic viscosity.

       The concept of relative permeability was first postulated by Muskat et al. (1937).  Their
work consisted of extending Darcy's law to two-phase systems.  The term relative permeability
is  used to describe the effect of the degree of saturation on the hydraulic conductivity of a
particular  phase.  It is also  defined as the ratio of the permeability of a fluid at a specific
saturation to the permeability  under completely saturated conditions. Relative permeabilities, for
wetting, krw and non-wetting phases, krnw are given by:

                            if    -  KW      If      -   K"w                         (6)
                            Krw  ~  ~77      Krnw       is
The sum of  the  relative permeabilities for all  phases is always less than one, because of
interference between phases sharing the same flow channels. This interference is directly related
to the wettability characteristics of the soil grains and the fluids (Honarpour et al., 1986).
3.1 .7   Governing Equations of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media

       The sharp front models presented below are based on a simplified version of the mass
conservation law for multiphase flow system. (See, for example, Abriola and Pinder, 1985).
Assuming that the porosity and  density of each fluid are constants, and that the flow is one
dimensional gives a phase conservation equation for fluid f
                                    dt      dz
where q, is the darcy flux of fluid f.  In  equation (7), effects of dissolution, volatilization and
partitioning of the NAPL are ignored. Such phenomena can be incorporated into a simplified
model by assuming that they do not alter the fluid properties of the NAPL and that the NAPL is
not completely lost by these processes (Weaver et al., 1994a).

       The flux, qf, in equation (7) is given by a modified form of Darcy's law ((1)) that includes
multiphase phenomena; that is, it includes the capillary pressure and relative permeability:

                                       kkrf
where krf is the relative permeability of the matrix to fluid f, P, is pressure in phase f  and z has
been  taken as positive downward.  The capillary pressure is included implicitly in equation (8)
as each fluid pressure P, is related  to the other fluid pressures through capillary pressure
relationships (equation (4)).

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3.2    SHARP FRONT MODELS
       In this section, the principles of infiltration are presented along with a discussion of the two
computer models: the Kinematic Oily Pollutant Transport Model the Three-Phase Sharp Front
Model.
3.2.1   Infiltration and Redistribution
       Infiltration and redistribution of liquids in the unsaturated zone are driven by gravity and
pressure gradients.  The pressure gradient may be divided into component of applied pressure,
such as that due to the weight of the liquid, and a component due to the capillary pressure in the
soil or porous medium.  The contribution to flow in the unsaturated zone of each of these driving
forces is described below.  Gravity acts throughout infiltration and redistribution and must always
be included in the model.  The magnitude of the gravity contribution is, at  most,  equal to the
magnitude of the effective conductivity of the medium. Pressures may be imposed on the system
during infiltration.  For example, ponding of liquid at the surface provides a positive pressure, P,
equal to

                          Saturation
              N
              N

              iL
              0)
              Q
                           True
                           Front
                                 Sharp
                                 Front
Figure 1.
Schematic representation of the relationship between sharp fronts and true
spreading fronts.
                                          10

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                                       P= pgd                                   (9)
where p is the liquid density, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and d is the depth of ponding.
The ponding depth helps drive liquid into the unsaturated zone. The capillary pressure gradient
at the soil surface  has a number of important influences on  unsaturated zone  flow.   During
infiltration, one influence of the capillary pressure gradient is to provide an additional driving force,
which is commonly called capillary suction.  The magnitude of this force depends on the soil
properties and the antecedent liquid content.  For infiltration, the combined effects  of gravity, the
imposed pressure gradient, and the capillary pressure gradient must be included  in a model in
order to properly compute the mass of liquid drawn into the profile (Weaver and  Charbeneau,
1992).
3.2.2   Kinematic Oily Pollutant Transport (KOPT) Model

       In the  Kinematic Oily Pollutant Transport (KOPT) Model, the kinematic and dynamic
behavior is approximated in two parts: one for infiltration and one for redistribution (Weaver et al.,
1994a).  For infiltration, a version of the Green-Ampt (1911) model is used, which includes the
effects of gravity, ponding at the surface, and capillary suction on the infiltrating liquid.  This
model accounts for the capillary suction  of the media but does not include the effect of the
capillary pressure gradient on the shape of the front.  Thus the model assumes a sharp front at
the leading edge of the infiltrating liquid. Behind the sharp front, a constant NAPL saturation is
assumed to exist.  Charbeneau (1984) presented a theoretical discussion which demonstrated
that since sharp front models derive from mass conservation, the mean displacement of the true
front  matches that of the  sharp front.  Figure 1 shows the  relationship which is maintained
between the true and  sharp fronts.  The speed of the sharp front is given by:
                                 dt        n(S,-
where z, is the position of the front, q, is the NAPL flux ahead of the front, q2 is the NAPL flux
behind the front, S, is the NAPL saturation ahead of the front, and S2 is the NAPL saturation
behind the front.  S, and q1 are zero when the NAPL invades a pristine medium as they represent
the antecedent conditions. The flux, q2, is given by the Green-Ampt model

                                               "/c.
                                              *2
where Ks is the saturated conductivity to NAPL, Km is the maximum conductivity to NAPL during
infiltration, Hs is the NAPL ponding depth at the surface, \|/ is the NAPL head, the subscripts on

                                          11

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v|/ refer to points behind (1) and ahead of the front (2), and z, is the front position. The integral
in Equation (11)  is evaluated using  a procedure  developed by Neuman (1976), so that all
parameters of the model are based upon the fundamental measured porous media properties.
Kmis generally taken as one-half the maximum effective conductivity to the  NAPL based on field
observation of water infiltration (Bouwer, 1966).

       During redistribution, no more liquid is drawn into the profile.  The imposed pressure can
obviously be dropped from a model.   The gradient  of the  capillary pressure is also dropped as
it does not affect the mean displacement speed of the front. The sharp front approximation is
retained  in KOPT, but now flow is driven  only by  gravity.  Thus the  redistribution model  is a
kinematic model.  The multiphase Darcy's Law, which is used in the previous jump equation 11,
becomes

                                 do   =    K0(SW,S0)                            (12)
where the subscripts "o" and "w" refer to NAPL and water respectively, and a fixed amount of
water in the pore space is assumed.  In three phase systems, as evident in equation (12), the
effective conductivity to the NAPL phase depends, at least, on the water saturation.  Neglecting
hysteresis, the phase conservation equation (7) for the NAPL can be simplified and expanded to

                                                     .  0                        (13)
                               dt      n  dS0   dz
Application of the method of characteristics gives

                          DS0   =   dS0  |  dz dS0
                          Dt         dt   +  dt  dz


along characteristics defined by

                                     dz    1  9K0
(14)
                                                                                 (15)
                                     dt    n
The KOPT model equations (11 and (15)) are all in the form of ordinary differential equations,
which are solved relatively easily by a Runge-Kutta technique (Weaver and Charbeneau, 1992).
Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of KOPT  model  results.  In  the figure the  NAPL
application begins at time "A" and ends at time "B."    The results show a sharp front  at the
leading edge of the infiltrating  NAPL and a continuous wave after infiltration ends.  The process
which follows after the infiltration  ends is known as redistribution.  During redistribution, the
continuous wave is defined by characteristic lines which each represent a constant value of NAPL
saturation. The continuous wave defines the distribution of the NAPL during redistribution, as
well as determining the rate of advance of the various  NAPL saturations.    In this figure, a
constant infiltration rate is used so that, initially, the  sharp front moves at a  constant rate.  Once
the characteristics intersect the front, its speed slows since the saturation at the front decreases

                                          12

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 (equation (10)).

       Figure 3 shows a schematic of depth modeled by KOPT as a function of saturation.
 During infiltration the NAPL is assumed to fill a fixed portion of the pore space from the release
 point to the sharp front.   During  redistribution the NAPL saturation varies  with depth as
 determined by the  continuous wave of Figure 2. The sharp front remains at the leading edge of
 the NAPL body, but the NAPL saturations behind the front can be reduced.
                   A
                              Continuous Wave
     o_
     CD
    Q
                   Sharp Front
                                 Time
Figure 2.      Base characteristic plane for the KOPT model showing the sharp front and
             continuous wave which comprise the solution.
                                       13

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                _
               CD
              Q
 o
I
"5
OD
                           "
                                                    Infiltration
                                                     Profile
                                                Redistribution
                                                   Profile
                       0
                               Liquid Saturation
Figure 3  Schematic of a KOPT depth vs. saturation profile
3.2.3   Three-Parameter Sharp Front Model

      The Three-Parameter Sharp Front Model is a lumped parameter model which adopts the
Green-Ampt (Green and  Ampt,  1911)  formulation  used in  infiltration processes of water  in
unsaturated soils.  The model assumes a piston front of the chemical completely displacing the
air in the available pore space. The available pore space is the total pore space minus the pore
space used by residual water, which  is assumed to be immobile.  The model also assumes a
sharp drainage front during redistribution. Thus, the medium is completely saturated between the
two fronts  and at residual  oil and water  saturation behind the drainage front (Figure 4).

      This idea is put into a mathematical form by combining Darcy's Law with the continuity
equation (Illangasekare and  Reible, 1987a; Reible et al., 1990):
                                         14

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      Q.
      0)
      Q
                          Residual Oil Saturation
                                         Sharp Drainage Front
                                         Sharp Piston Front
                 Residual         Licluid Saturation
                 Water Saturation
   Figure 4.     Assumed saturation profile for the Three-Parameter Sharp Front Model.
                                                           =   0
(16)
where 9 is the volumetric content of organic phase [*], K(6) is the permeability as a function of
phase content [L2], \|/p is the pressure head [L], z is the depth of infiltration [L].

       It can be  seen that  the total head gradient during infiltration is constant, both under
constant ponding and falling head conditions!. The gradient can be determined from the head
at two points, i.e. the head at the ground surface and the head at the front (Figure 1). The head
gradient is:
                                         1
                              dz
                                           [h(zf) -  h(Q)]
(17)
                                           15

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Equations (16) and (17) :

                             6n^   =   KZf+ H + hf                        (18)
where 00  is the volume fraction of organic phase behind front [*], Km is the effective organic
phase conductivity behind front [L/T], h, is the effective capillary suction at sharp front [L], H  is
the ponding depth  [L], and zf is the depth of infiltration [L]

       Equation (18) is solved for three parts of  the NAPL release.  The first part is infiltration
under constant ponding conditions, the second is infiltration under falling head conditions, and the
third is redistribution after all of the NAPL has entered the medium and a drainage front is starting
to develop.  Since it is assumed that the zone between the two fronts is always at full saturation,
the permeability is constant during each of these processes.

       First, the equation is solved for constant head ponding of the infiltrating fluid. The ponded
depth is designated by H. The differential equation can be solved with the initial conditions of z,
= 0 for t = 0 to give:

                                                              -')]                   (19)
                                 m
       Secondly, equation ((18))  is solved for the period when the ponded depth is declining.
During the falling head period, no material is added; thus the depth of the ponding organic phase
at any time can  be given by a simple mass balance:

                                   H0   =    QQzf+H                              (20)

where H0 =  cumulative amount  of liquid added [L].    Including this mass balance  into the
differential front  movement equation and integrating from z, = z(1 at t = t, results in the following
equation:
                   where   H2   =
                                                                                   (21)

                                      hf+ H0
                                           16

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       Thirdly, the differential equation is solved for the redistribution period after ponding has
ended.   For redistribution, the  head gradient is redefined as the head gradient between the
infiltrating front and the drainage front:

                                8/7   =    h(zf)  -  h(zd)
                                dz          zf -  zd
where zd = elevation of the drainage front [L].  A mass balance can be written as:

                              H0   =   90(z, - zd) +  Qrzd                        (23)


where 9r = residual organic phase content [*].  Integrating from z, = z(2 at t = t2 gives:

             ,   .   ^Ift-^-
                          K
             where   H3
                                                                                  (24)

                                - H0 + (Qr - QQ)(hf -  hd)
Equations (19), (21), and (24) in combination define the three-parameter model.  The effective
conductivity,  Km,  and  the  capillary drive heads  at the  two fronts  define the three model
parameters.
3.2.4   Comparison of the Models

       In form, the infiltration portion of the  KOPT model is identical to the Three-Parameter
Sharp Front model. However, in their basic formulation, the models differ in two ways.  First a
constant water saturation above residual is allowed in KOPT, but in the three  parameter sharp
front model the water saturation is at residual.  The reason for this assumption in KOPT is that
the effects of any recharge water flowing past trapped NAPL phases should be incorporated in
field scale simulations.  It is recognized that the effects of injection of a NAPL may be to displace
water from the pore space (Weaver, 1991).  Second, the parameters for KOPT are all determined
from the basic multiphase flow parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, fluid densities and
viscosities, and parameters of the capillary pressure curve.  In the three parameter sharp front
model, lumped parameters that are determined by experiment are used  for the effective NAPL
conductivity behind the front, Km, the head at the front h(zf), and the head at the back front, h(zd).

       During redistribution,  KOPT uses a diffuse drainage wave for the saturation distribution,
so that the assumed distribution shows a smooth variation with depth.  The three parameter
sharp front model uses a sharp front for redistribution as indicated in Figure 4.  Thus the NAPL
distribution during redistribution appears like a slug. The relationship between  the assumptions
for redistribution  is discussed further in  Section 6.

                                           17

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                                  SECTION  4
                      MATERIALS AND METHODS

      This section describes the sands and the NAPL that were used in the experiments.  This
discussion is followed by a detailed description of the apparatus and techniques used to perform
the column and tank experiments.
4.1   SAND CHARACTERIZATION

      Various sands, identified by characteristic mesh sizes from #8 to #125 ,have been used
in experiments conducted at the University of Colorado. In this study, #70 sand and #125 sand
have been selected as test  media for vadose zone experiments.  Both sands have  been
characterized based on their grain size distribution and on their lithology (Held, 1993).

      The grain size distribution was obtained with two different methods:

      Standard Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates (ASTM C 136). Test
      samples are split  representatively,  dried  at  110°C, weighed  and dry sieved in  a
      mechanical sieve shaker for 5 minutes. The analysis was conducted in the porous media
      laboratory of the Civil,  Environmental, and Architectural Engineering Department.
      Settling Tube Analysis as employed in the sedimentology laboratory at INSTAAR, Boulder,
      Colorado.  The procedure is automated, and  data acquisition is  handled by computer
      software from CIMAX Inc., Breckenridge, Colorado.

A microscopic investigation was performed and the results were compared visually to standard
charts (Powers, 1953). The characterization for both sands is compiled in Table 1.

      Figure 5 and Figure 6 give the grain size distribution for #70 and #125 sand, respectively.
The filled squares show the grain size fraction as determined with the dry sieving method; the
empty squares give the grain size fraction measured with the settling tube. It can be seen from
the graphs that both sands are well sorted and fairly uniform.
                                         18

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Table 1.  Characterization of #70 and #125 sands
                                       #70 Sand
                          #125 Sand
a) Grain size
       average particle size, dso
       (from dry sieving)
       uniformity coefficient, d60/d10

b) Grain form
c) Sorting
d) Maturity

e) Modal components
       Lithoclasts
       Quartz, clear
       Quartz, milky
       Feldspar
       Muscovite
       Biotite
       Accessories: Zircon,
       Hematite, Rutile, Garnet

f) Porosity for medium
  compaction
0.185mm

1.86

very angular to
sub-angular,
spherical to sub-
prismoidal

very well to well
sorted

immature
1%
55%
25%
8%
5%
5%

about 1 %
0.45
    0.103mm

    1.45

    sub-angular to
    rounded,
    spherical


    very well sorted


    mature
    95%

    3%

    1%

about 1 %


    0.39
                                          19

-------
 Figure 5.
Figure 6.
                                   Grain size distribution
                                          #70 sand
                  100
                   90
                   80- -
                   70 .......... - .....
               I  «
               CO
               -  50
               S
               •35  40
               I  30-
                   20-
                   10-
                    8:
       01
                                                       -l-h	
                                      0.1                1
                                          grain size [mm]
                                                           10
 Grain size distribution for #70 sand.  Measured with dry sieving  method (filled
 squares) and settling tube method (empty squares).
                     Grain size distribution
                            #125 sand
    100-,
                    8:
                   90	
                   80	
               P"  70	-	
  to
  0)
  N
 •
  o>
                   60"
                   50 .......... ......
                   40-
                   30-
                   ou
                   20-
                   10-
       01

                                      0.1                1
                                          grain size [mm]
                                                           10
Grain size distribution for #125 sand.  Measured with dry sieving method (filled
squares) and settling tube method (empty squares).
                                            20

-------
 4.2   CHARACTERIZATION  OF THE TEST FLUID

       A lighter-than-water liquid, Soltrol 220, was used as the test fluid in all the experiments.
 Soltrol 220  is an isoparaffinic solvent, manufactured by Phillips  Petroleum Company.   It is a
 colorless liquid mixture of C13 to C17 hydrocarbons, with a boiling point between 232°C and
 288°C (Material Safety by Phillips Petroleum Data Sheet).  Its solubility  in  water is negligible,
 which makes it ideal for experiments as a NAPL.  The second  reason to  choose Soltrol for lab
 experiments is its low toxicity. Soltrol has a low vapor pressure  of 0.004 psi, and its vapor is
 heavier than air.  The specific gravity is 0.809 at 15°C. At 23°C, the density is 0.789 g cm"3,
 kinematic viscosity as 6.12 centistokes, surface tension with water 42 dynes cm"1, surface tension
 with air 27 dynes cm"1 (Szlag and Illangasekare, 1992).

       The  gamma attenuation coefficient of Soltrol is very similar to that of  water.  Following
 the work of  Lenhard and Parker  (1987), 1-iodoheptane was mixed with Soltrol to increase the
 attenuation  coefficient of Soltrol.  A volume ratio of 1 to 9 of iodoheptane to Soltrol was used.
 The chemical formula of iodoheptane is CH3(CH2)6I.  Adding iodoheptane changes the  kinematic
 viscosity of  Soltrol  to 4.8  centistokes  at  23°C.   The  viscosities of Soltrol  and  the Soltrol-
 iodoheptane mixture are temperature dependent (Figure 7). The viscosity of  the Soltrol  (90%)
 and iodoheptane (10%) mixture  was also determined  by measurement  at the US EPA Kerr
 Laboratory in Ada,  Oklahoma. The procedure followed  was ASTM D445, which used Cannon-
 Fenske viscometers suspended in a constant temperature water bath. At  25°C, the viscosity of
 the mixture  was 3.78 cp and the density 0.85 g cm"3.  At Kerr Laboratory, the Soltrol surface
 tension was measured and found to be 24 dynes cm"1.

       Automate Red Dye (Morton International) was  used to color the Soltrol.  This  water
 insoluble dye is soluble in petroleum products and insoluble in water. Very  small amounts suffice
 to give the Soltrol a bright red color, but the dye does not change any of the physical properties
 affecting the flow of Soltrol.  (Szlag  and Illangasekare, 1992)
4.3    SAMPLE  CELL AND COLUMN

       Two columns were used in the experiments. The first was a small cell with a height of
4 cm.  It was used for parameter determination experiments.  The spill simulations were done
in a 180 cm column. The columns consisted of a clear plexiglass tube with an inside diameter
of 8.2 cm.  Aluminum end covers were  constructed to fit the top and bottom of the plexiglass
tubes of both the cell and the column. The top and bottom fittings were designed to make an
airtight seal to allow for evacuation of the fluids (air or water) from the sample.  Valves were
provided in both end fittings for the entry and exit of air and water. The bottom fitting contained
a removable high-air-entry-value porous plate, through which the sample could be de-saturated.

       O-rings were used to create an airtight seal around the plexiglass tube.  The top fitting
contained a porous metal plate which  allowed for uniform air entry at the top of the soil surface
(Figure 7).  Two valves were connected to the porous metal plate.  The bottom fitting consisted
of two parts (Figure 8). The lower part held a porous ceramic plate, that was connected to the
two valves. The porous ceramic plate  had to fit tightly inside the aluminum end cover to prevent


                                         21

-------
                       NAPL  Viscosity
                              Soltrol  220
            15
20
25
  30      35
Temperature C
40
45
Figure 7.      Kinematic viscosity  of  Soltrol, Soltrol  +  iodoheptane and  water versus
             temperature. (Szlag and lllangasekare,1992)


air from leaking around it.  An o-ring alone did not completely seal the system, so epoxy was
used to glue the porous plate in place.  The second part of the bottom connection was the fitting
around the sample tube that closed off the bottom of the tube with a flexible mesh to prevent the
sand from leaving the column when the porous plate was removed. The flexible mesh provided
for full contact between the sand and the porous plate. An additional valve was placed in the
side of the bottom fitting to allow for drainage or imbibition of water into the sample without flow
through the porous plate.  Permitting part of the flow to bypass the porous plate avoided two
problems.  First, a low flow rate, due to the low hydraulic conductivity of the  plate, was avoided.
Second, the ceramic porous plate had very fine pores, and fine particles suspended in the water
were found to clog the  pores.  For these reasons,  it was advantageous to drain only the
minimum amount of water through the  porous plate.
                                        22

-------
                               TWO BOTTOM PARTS OF SAMPLE CELL
                                           o-rac 2-153
                          (HUNG 2-156

liJ
HT
/ 35W
\ ?
3.258 .

U-i
•4 ~i
                                             POROUS STONE
                                          i 1/8 in
                                                      1/8 I
                                                         t
                                                         T.lll
                                                 2J58
                                                 ai25
                                                 5M8
  Figure 8.     Aluminum fitting for bottom part of sample cell.  Sizes are given in inches.
       The top aluminum fitting of the sample cell was used to create controlled rainfall.  A small
cell was built that consisted of a 4 cm tall piece of the same kind of plexiglass tube that was used
for the column. A bottom plate was glued to this plexiglass tube. Five holes were drilled in the
bottom plate, and hypodermic needles were inserted into the holes. These needles served as
rainfall ports. The rainfall cell was closed at the top with the top aluminum fitting, and filled with
water supplied  through the valves.  Since the cell was closed on all sides, except for the small
needle openings,  water pressure  built up  inside the cell.  The water pressure regulated the
amount of water flowing through the needles and thus  the simulated rainfall rate.  The water
pressure itself was regulated by the height of a supply reservoir placed above the cell. By fixing
the elevation of the reservoir, a controlled rainfall rate was established.   A calibration was
performed before every experiment, during which the amount of water leaving the cell  per unit
time was measured for each elevation of the supply reservoir above the cell.
                                           23

-------
                        TOP PORTION OF SAMPLE CELL

POROUS STOE








c|
r
T
1
1

1 1
f
4* J



OHfflC

Tiflfl

•**""•
- "--,
" "
1 '


r
1
r

OBUUNCE 18-:

M53
i

]


1 ',i

i»o ipr
^ /"
I
L no-TC

. Ii'*ifl
mm

i
^





















                                                                 g
                                                                 IS
 Figure 9.     Aluminum fitting for top part of sample cell.  Sizes are given in inches.
4.4   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES FOR COLUMN EXPERIMENTS

      In all experiments, it was necessary to pack the test cell or column  as  uniformly as
possible with sand (Armbruster, 1990). To achieve a homogeneous filling, a long tube of smaller
diameter was placed inside the long column, and the sand was poured into the inner tube. The
sand was allowed to fall through eight holes in the tube (four sets each located approximately 30
cm and 60 cm above the column end) into the larger column.  By slowly lifting the tube while the
sand filled the  column, the formation of sand layers was avoided. Pouring of the sand was
stopped when the top of the sand was  about 20 cm below the top of the column.  The supply
container holding the sand was weighed before and after filling the column to determine the
amount  of sand used in the packing.  The volume of the sand pack was calculated from the
height of the sample and  was used with the known weight to estimate the porosity.

      Next, the sand was completely saturated with  the  wetting phase (water or Soltrol,
depending on the particular experiment).  A vacuum was applied at the top of the column,  or
sample cell, to remove all air from the  sand.  After the air had been removed, the liquid was
allowed to enter through the bottom of the column (Figure 10).  The wetting phase was first pulled
through  the porous plate to ensure complete saturation of the plate. After the porous  plate had
been saturated, the saturation process  was continued through the side port above the  porous
plate to permit a faster flow rate. This procedure ensured minimum air entrapment.  The vacuum
                                        24

-------
level, as well as the flow rate of the liquid, could be adjusted with regulating valves.  The column
was filled until the fluid reached a level of about 10 cm above the sand.
           SATURATING  THE COLUMN  WITH  THE LIQUID  PHASE
                                                   Vacuum Pump
Figure 10.    Saturating the sand filled column with wetting fluid.
       The vacuum pump was disconnected and the fluid reservoir connected to the bottom of
the column was lowered to create the desired level of suction. The column was allowed to drain
for a minimum of 2 days.  Residual saturation throughout the column was achieved by water
draining through the porous plate.  A suction head of 3 m of water was applied to the porous
stone.  The porous stone prevented air from channeling through the plate. As long as air was
prevented from being pulled out of the sand, the full suction was applied to the water phase; and
the sand was brought to residual saturation over the whole length of the column without the
creation of a capillary fringe zone. The top of the column was covered with plastic wrapping, to
avoid drying the top of the sand.  The porous stone was removed from the bottom of the column
after having obtained the uniformly residual saturated column.  Air could now escape freely
through the bottom of the column. Thus, the initial water saturation in the soil column was similar
to the initial condition assumed in the computer models.

       Gamma scans were taken after each of the above steps to obtain attenuation coefficients
and the saturation distribution down the column.  Gamma absorption was measured down the
                                         25

-------
length of the column at 1.0 cm intervals. In the first Gamma scan, taken before the introduction
of water, the attenuation was measured along the 20 cm long empty portion of the column, as
well as  the sand-packed portion (Figure  11).  In the second scan, taken after saturating the
column, the attenuation was measured through the part of the empty column, the liquid filled
portion,  and the saturated sand pack (Figure 12).  In the third scan, taken after draining the
column, the attenuation was measured through the empty column, and the partly saturated sand
(Figure 13).
                                   FIRST SCANNING
  Figure 11.     Setup for first scan through dry sand.

-------
                                  SECOND SCANNING
                                     SAW
                                         VSSK
                                         sex
                                         OCtR
                                         SWK
Figure 12.     Setup for second scan through fully saturated sand.  Water is ponding on top
              of sand.
                                     THIRD SCANNING
Figure 13.     Setup for third measurement through partially saturated sand.
                                           27

-------
       The phase content calculations were performed as follows.  The equations defining the
attenuation coefficients and illustrating their usage in the measurement of phase contents are
given in Appendix 1.  The variables and parameters used in the calculation are also defined in
Appendix  1.   In all three  scans, that were described earlier, the gamma radiation /0 was
measured first through the empty column. These readings were used as a standard for correcting
the count  rate for detector sensitivity changes in subsequent measurements.

       The first scan produced values of the initial radiation, /D, through the dry sand.  From the
second scan, the lumped attenuation coefficient for the liquid phase was calculated.  Scanning
the empty column first, then the portion of the column filled with the liquid  phase, allowed the
calculation of the  lumped  attenuation  coefficient  (the attenuation coefficient  density).  The
radiation measured through the fully  saturated sand /(l was corrected using  /s from the first and
the second measurement. The phase content could then be calculated using the corrected /,,, /D
and the lumped attenuation  coefficient.

       After draining the column, the radiation through the partly saturated sand was measured.
The phase content was calculated as above, with the attenuation coefficient calculated from the
second scan.

       In the spill experiments, a known volume of Soltrol was applied to the top of the column
and allowed to infiltrate through the  sand.  The Soltrol was dyed with Automate Red, allowing
visual observation of the  front movement.  At the same  time, the gamma system was used to
obtain phase content profiles along the length of the column.  The scan through the  residually
saturated  column was used to determine the initial count rate,  /0.  The soil column  was also
scanned while the  Soltrol was still ponded  on top of the sand; the attenuation coefficient  for
Soltrol was calculated from this measurement.  Soltrol content profiles during the spill were thus
computed.

       In the rainfall  experiments, the rainmaker was placed on top of the column.  Water was
dyed  green with  food coloring so the water front  could be observed. The food coloring did not
change the viscosity  or surface tension of the water (Szlag and Illangasekare,  1992).

       The porosity of the sand pack must be known to calculate saturations from the volumetric
phase contents that are determined with the gamma system.  When calculating the error in the
saturations, the error in the porosity  has to be accounted for. Three techniques were used to
calculate the porosity of the sand:

1.  Gravimetric Procedure: The weight of the sand used to fill the column and the volume of the
sample can be used directly to calculate the bulk density and porosity. The disadvantage of this
approach  is that  mass of the sand cannot be determined exactly, because of spill losses during
the filling of the column.  Also, the use of total weight and volume gives only an average porosity
for the whole sample.  Assuming that not more than 400 g of  sand are lost  and the error in
measuring the height of the sand is at most 1 cm, the maximum relative error in determining the
average porosity for the whole column is ±3%.
                                          28

-------
2.  Use of a single spectrum of the gamma system:  From the first measurement through the
empty column and the dry sand, a lumped attenuation coefficient for the sand can be calculated.
Knowing the attenuation coefficient, the bulk density can be  calculated.  Problems with this
approach are that the path length through the column cannot be determined very exactly (81 ±1
mm),  which decreases  the  accuracy of the  lumped  attenuation  coefficient.   The  lumped
attenuation coefficient has a relative error of 1 %. The mass attenuation coefficient as calculated
in  the  error propagation  calculations has a relative error of ±3%.  Thus the  total error  in
determining the porosity is ±4%. An advantage of this approach is that the bulk density can be
calculated at any desired location along the column.

3.  Use of two spectra of the gamma system: The Americium and Cesium spectra can be used
to  calculate bulk density and phase content simultaneously.  However, the summation of the
random errors  of both spectra leads to high errors in the porosity measurements.  The error in
the calculation  of porosity is about ±7%.

       If experimental conditions allow for it, the  bulk density should be determined gravimetrically
and with a single spectrum measurement.  Only if a measurement through  dry sand is not
possible, the two spectrum measurement to determine bulk density should be used.
4.5    TWO-DIMENSIONAL TANK EXPERIMENTS

       Spill experiments were conducted in a two-dimensional vertical tank (180 x 120 cm x
5 cm) to investigate the two-dimensional movement of a NAPL in the unsaturated zone. The tank
walls were made of  glass-lined plexiglass walls. The glass lining protected the plexiglass walls
from aggressive chemicals, while the 1.9 cm thick plexiglass provided the necessary wall strength
to support the soil sample.

       The tank was packed with sand using the following procedure.  Approximately 5 cm thick
layers of sand were placed in the tank through a funnel attached to a long tube. Every layer was
then mixed by pulling a long rod through the soil before the next layer of sand was poured in.
A nearly homogeneous packing was  thus achieved. Two valves at the bottom of the steel end
walls of the  tank  permitted saturating the sand with water from the bottom  to minimize the
entrapment of air.  Unlike the one-dimensional column, the tank could not be completely air-
evacuated. The water was drained from the bottom of the tank to create the unsaturated zone.
The bottom of the tank had been filled with  a layer of coarse gravel to prevent the valves from
getting plugged with fines during desaturation. A capillary fringe formed at the bottom of the
tank, because there was no provision for desaturation of the sand  through a porous plate.  All
experiments were stopped when the spill front reached a point 15 cm above the saturated zone.
Up to  this depth, the assumption of uniform  residual saturation held true for the experiments.

       The spill experiments in  the  tank were conducted  in  a manner similar  to the column
experiments.  The Soltrol was applied in a 30 cm wide slug,  with a  maximum ponding depth
corresponding to the ponding depth in the column.  PVC pipes with an outside diameter equal
to the tank width  were used to  retain the infiltrating Soltrol within the source region.  These
barriers penetrated about 5 cm into the sand (Figure 14).
                                         29

-------
       Simulated rainfall was applied across the total length of the tank from a 5 cm diameter
PVC pipe with 86, 1  mm holes.   The rainfall rate was regulated by controlling the number of
holes through which  water was allowed to flow.  The rainfall rate was calibrated before every
experiment. Green food coloring was applied to the rainwater to observe the water front in the
soil.  The observed outline of the fluid front  was traced manually on the tank wall and later
transferred to paper.
                              Rainfall Tube
                     180cm
                                                            Drain Valve
                                                             Gravel
Figure 14.     Schematic of a spill in the tank.
                                           30

-------
                                 SECTION 5
                      RESULTS  AND DISCUSSION

      The experimental results and the model evaluation are presented and discussed in this
section.  Hydraulic conductivity and the capillary suction-saturation relationship for #70 and #125
sand for water and Soltrol were measured.  These parameters were needed as input to the
computer models. The model results were compared with the experimental results.
5.1   DETERMINATION OF MODEL INPUT PARAMETERS

      Hydraulic conductivity is the single most sensitive input parameter for the KOPT and
Three-Parameter-Sharp-Front models. The KOPT model also uses Brooks and Corey parameters
for the capillary pressure versus saturation curve as input values in order to calculate permeability
as a function of saturation.  The Three-Parameter-Sharp-Front model assumes full saturation
behind the front, thus capillary pressure versus saturation and permeability versus saturation are
not used. Experiments with the flow pump, a small column at RSKERL, and  the gamma system
were used to  obtain accurate values for hydraulic conductivity and capillary pressure versus
saturation curves.

5.1.1   Hydraulic Conductivity

      The value of the hydraulic conductivity used in the KOPT model simulations for the #125
sand was determined as follows. A meter long, 5.0 cm diameter, chromatography column was
fitted with sampling ports spaced at 10 cm intervals along the length of the column.  The sand
was allowed to fall through a tube, which  was gradually raised as the column was filled. Carbon
dioxide was passed through the column to displace air before saturating the column with water.
De-aired ground water was  then used to saturate the  column.  Any entrapped carbon dioxide
dissolved rapidly in the water, thus the column became fully saturated.

      Manometers attached to the ports  allowed measurement of the head drop along the length
of the column. Steady state was established in the column and measurements were made after
approximately 2 hours of flow. The  variation of hydraulic  conductivity  along the  column was
determined by this procedure.  Figure 15 illustrates variation of hydraulic conductivity along the
length of the column.  The average hydraulic conductivities from three experiments are shown
in Table 2.
                                        31

-------
       )
      Z5
     T3
      C
      o
     O
      y


      I
     TJ
      >^
     X
          14
          12
10
 8
Experiment 1

Experiment 2

Experiments
             20   30   40    50   60   70    80

          Distance from Bottom of Column (cm)
Figure 15 Variation in #125 sand hydraulic conductivity along the length of the

chromatography columns.
Table 2.  Hydraulic conductivity for #125 sand
Hydraulic Conductivity
Experiment
Long Column 1
Long Column 2
Long Column 3
Average Ks (m/d)
7.70
6.09
12.36
                                     32

-------
Averaging the 17 individual measured conductivities gives a value of 8.50 m/d with a standard
deviation of 2.71 m/d.  The values were averaged to give a single measured Ks value for use in
KOPT.  The standard deviation was used to show the variability associated with packing the
sand in simulations presented later  in this report (Figure 58).

       For the #70 sand, long column experiments were not performed to determine the hydraulic
conductivity.  In this case, however, the hydraulic conductivity was adjusted until data from the
1000 ml spill was matched by the KOPT model.  This value of 15.0 m/d was then used  without
further manipulation in the simulations of the 500 ml and 750 ml spills.

5.1.2    Suction-Saturation  Measurements in the Small Cell

       Steady state suction-saturation profiles for #125 sand for water were measured in the
small  cell.  These measurements had the purpose of verifying the suction saturation  profiles
obtained with the flow pump.  Suction was applied to the cell via the porous bottom plate. A
water reservoir in direct connection with the sample through the porous  plate was lowered in
steps  below the sample to  achieve  a number of defined suction heads. After gradual lowering
of the water reservoir, one had two wait until the extra water was drained from the sample.  The
duration of this waiting  period depended  on the suction change and the starting saturation, but
is usually the order of hours or days. Thus, a measurement of a large number of points was not
feasible. Saturation was measured  with the gamma system,  using only the Americium source.
The porosity was determined gravimetrically. The capillary suction head versus saturation for two
experiments are graphed in Figure 16. Only a few points were obtained; however, it can be seen
that the points can be  connected to form the typical suction-saturation curve,  but as  can be
expected these measurements are less precise than the flow pump data. In addition to the larger
number of data points, the flow pump gives the suction-saturation relationship much quicker than
the gamma system with the small cell.
                                          33

-------
                    SUCTION SATURATION  RELATION
                             #125  SAND AND WATER
                3.0
                2.0-
              LJ
              cc
              Q_
                1.0-
              Q_
              <
              o
                0.0
                  0.0
                                                           SAMPLE 1

                                                            +

                                                           SAMPLE 2
0.2
0.4      0.6
 SATURATION
                                                0.8
                               1.0
Figure 16.    Suction-saturation curve measured in the small cell.

                            TEST WITH #125 SAND
        CO
        en
        
-------
5.1 .3  Estimation of Brooks-Corey Parameters

       The large amount of data obtained with the flow pump was reduced to van Genuchten
model parameters.  Since KOPT is designed to use Brooks and Corey model parameters, two
approaches were used to estimate equivalent Brooks and Corey model parameters from the given
van Genuchten model parameters.  In the first approach, a water/air curve was generated using
van Genuchten's model.  The nonlinear fitting program RETC (van Genuchten et al., 1991) was
then used to determine Brooks and Corey parameters for this "data" set.

       The approximate conversion equations between Brooks and Corey model parameters and
van  Genuchten parameters developed  by Lenhard et al.  (1989) were  used  in  the second
approach. The Lenhard et al. (1989) equations are


                                                                              (25)
                                     1-/77
                                 -       (s      iv-»                       (26)
                             ce  ~  	 (^e   ~ 1J
                                     a
                                   m  =  1  -  -                               (27)
                                              n
(where n is a parameter of the van Genuchten model) and Se is defined by Lenhard et al.'s (1 989)
empirical  relation
where:
                          Sg  =  0.72  -  0.35  exp(-/?4)                     (28)
The values of the van Genuchten parameters from the flow  pump data were converted to
equivalent Brooks and Corey model parameters using this set of equations. Plotted model curves
for both approaches are shown in Figure 17.
                                        35

-------
             O   - f-
              cvj   I .O
             I
             C3
             (D
             §-  0.5
             O
                    0
 o

O D
   Q
 O D
    a
  O  Dr,

o  Water/Air (1)
o  Water/Air (2)
A  Scaled Oil/Air (1)
*  Scaled Oil/Air (2)
                            0.2     0.4      0.6      0.8
                                     Saturation
Figure 18.     Water/air and scaled oil/air pressure curves for #125 sand using Brooks and
              Corey parameters.
       Table 3 shows a comparison of the parameters obtained by each approach.  With the first
approach (nonlinear fitting with RETC), a range of values was obtained during the fitting; and the
95% confidence limits are shown in parenthesis for each parameter in the table. For each fitting,
the residual water saturation was held to the value originally determined from the measured data.
                                          36

-------
Table 3.
Equivalent Brooks and Corey parameters.
Equivalent Brooks and Corey Parameters

#125 Sand
hce (cm)
X
swr
#70 Sand
hce (cm)
X
wr
Approach 1
(nonlinear fitting with
RETC)

42.8 (42.19,43.29)
2.88 (2.70,3.06)
0.22

26.83 (26.39,27.25)
2.44 (2.29,2.59)
0.30
Approach 2
(Lenhard et al. (1989)
Conversion Equations)

56.6
3.76
0.22

37.05
2.571
0.30
       Although the air entry heads, hce, were consistently higher for approach 2, the scaled oil/air
curves remained relatively close.  Since KOPT is relatively insensitive to the capillary pressure
curve parameters, at least during infiltration (Weaver et al., 1992), the model  results were not
greatly affected by these values.  Figure 19 illustrates the effect of variation in the capillary
pressure curve parameters used in KOPT for simulating the 1000 ml Soltrol spill in the #125 sand.
The higher entry head had the effect of causing the front to be displaced downward. The result
was due primarily to the increase in capillary suction during ponded infiltration.  The effect of the
procedure for determining the Brooks  and Corey parameters was also examined for #70 sand
(Figure 20) and found to be similar to that for the #125 sand.
                                          37

-------
      1


     0.8


1=   0.6
JZ

Q   0-4

     0.2


      0
                                      PC(S) Proc. 1
                                 —•  Pc(S)Proc2
                    0      0.05     0.1     0.15     0.2
                                 Time (d)
Figure 19.    Comparison of front positions as simulated using KOPT in #125 sand for the
             capillary pressure curve parameters determined by approaches  1 and 2.
      1


     0.8


     0.6


     0.4


     0.2


      0
                                 —  Pc(S)Proc1
                                 —•  Pc(S)Proc2
                    0      0.05     0.1     0.15     0.2
                                 Time (d)
Figure 20.    Comparison of front positions as simulated using KOPT in #70 sand for the
             capillary pressure curve parameters determined by approaches 1 and 2.
                                     38

-------
5.1.4    Comparison Between Suction-Saturation Curve Estimated from Flow-Pump Data and
Gamma Measurements

       The water/air and Soltrol/air suction-saturation curves were determined with the gamma
system for the #125 and #70 sands.  The column  was first filled with sand, then completely
saturated  with the wetting fluid (water or Soltrol), and allowed to drain  under gravity.   The
drainage water reservoir was held near the bottom of the column. The coordinate origin for the
graphs was set at the elevation of the reservoir where the liquid phase pressure was atmospheric.
All graphs of the suction-saturation  curves show a fully saturated zone  of sand at negative
elevations, i.e. below the water (Soltrol) level, and a fully saturated capillary fringe above the
water (Soltrol) level.  Water (or  Soltrol) at the top of the column is at  residual saturation.  The
gamma data were compared with the suction saturation curves derived from the  Brooks and
Corey  parameters,  which  in turn are obtained, as described before, by converting  the van
Genuchten parameters from the flow pump data with two different approaches.  The gamma
saturation was calculated from the phase content with the porosity calculated from the gamma
scans. This resulted in full saturation values close to 1, and was thus found acceptable.
                                          39

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a) Water-air capillary pressure curve in sand #125 (Figure 21)

       The scanning time for this experiment was 20 seconds at every point.  Nine scans were
repeated at every location. After nine scans, the gamma system moved 1.25 cm vertically down
to the next scanning  location.

       The porosity of the sand as determined gravimetrically was 0.41.  The average porosity
calculated from  the  Americium scan was 0.39.  The residual  saturation was  found to  be
approximately 0.2; the height of the capillary fringe was 0.5 m.  The gamma data agree well with
the Brooks and Corey suction-saturation curves derived from the flow pump data with approaches
1 and 2.
                 2.00
                -0.50
                                   #125  Sand
                          Water-Air  Capillary Pressure Curve
                   0.00    0.20    0.40    0.60    0.80    1.00    1.20
                                         SATURATION
                 Gamma System (Am) —•— Model Parameter (1) —**— Model Parameter (2)
  Figure 21.    Suction-saturation profile for #125 sand and water-air.
                                          40

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b) Sand #70 and water (Figure 22).

       As for the previous experiment, the same scanning time of 20 seconds was used. Two
scans were  repeated  at every location.  After 2 scans, the  gamma system  moved  1.25 cm
vertically down to the next scanning location.

       The porosity of the sand as determined gravimetrically was 0.48.  The average porosity
calculated from the Americium  scan was 0.55.  The residual saturation was  found to  be
approximately 0.25, measured with Americium. The height of the capillary fringe was 0.2 m. The
gamma data agree well with the Brooks and Corey suction-saturation curves derived from the flow
pump data using approaches 1 and 2.
                   0.00
                                   #70  Sand
                          Water-Air Capillary Pressure  Curve
0.20
0.40
  0.60
SATURATION
0.80
                                                           1.00
1.20
                 Gamma System (Am) —•— Model Parameter (1) —*^~ Model Parameter (2)
  Figure 22.    Suction-saturation profile for #70 sand and water-air.
                                         41

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c) Sand #125 and Soltrol (Figure 23).

       The scanning time for this experiment was 20 seconds at every point.  Two scans were
repeated at every location. After 2 scans, the gamma system moved 1.25 cm vertically down to
the  next scanning location.

       The porosity of the sand as determined gravimetrically was 0.37.  The average porosity
calculated from the Americium spectrum was 0.41. The residual saturation  was found to be
approximately zero, the height of the capillary fringe was 0.2 m. The gamma data agree well with
the  Brooks  and Corey suction-saturation curves derived from the flow pump data  using
approaches  1 and 2.
                    .00
                                   #125  Sand
                          Soltrol-Air  Capillary Pressure Curve
0.20
0.40
  0.60
SATURATION
                                                   0.80
                                1.00
                                1.20
                 Gamma System (Am) —'— Model Parameter (1)
                             Model Parameter (2)
   Figure 23.    Suction-saturation profile for #125 sand and Soltrol-air.
                                          42

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d) Sand #70 and Soltrol (Figure 24)

       The scanning time for this experiment was 20 seconds at every point.  Two scans were
repeated at every location. After 2 scans, the gamma system moved 1.25 cm vertically down to
the next scanning location.

       The porosity of the sand as determined gravimetrically was 0.49. The average porosity
calculated from the Americium spectrum was  0.52.  The residual saturation  was found to be
approximately 0.2; the height of the capillary fringe was 0.1 m.  The gamma data show the same
entry pressure as the Brooks and  Corey suction-saturation curves derived from the flow pump
data with approaches 1 and 2.
              Ld
              O

              (A
                 1.20
                 1.00
                -0.20
                                    #70  Sand
                          Soltrol-Air  Capillary Pressure Curve
                   0.00     0.20     0.40     0.60     0.80
                                         SATURATION
1.00
1.20
                 Gamma System (Am) —'— Model Parameter (1)  —*— Model Parameter (2)
  Figure 24.    Suction-saturation profile for #70 sand and Soltrol-air.
                                          43

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       The following steps were taken to calculate the saturation from the gamma count rate.
The count rates were corrected for detector sensitivity by using measurements taken through a
standard absorber. The count rate through the empty  column was used  as the standard count
rate.  However, this correction was usually very small compared to the random variation in the
measurement.  Measuring I0 along the length of the column would allow  the use of one I0 for
every  point in  the  column.    Even  though all attempts were made  to  pack the column
homogeneously, some small  scale variations of porosity along the column are possible. The
changes in I0 over the length of the column due to the  small variations of porosity were smaller
than the random error in the measurement of I0. Thus, I0 was averaged over the whole column.
The same was true for the porosity. The saturation was then computed from the phase content
by using the porosity averaged from the gamma system measurements.

       The suction-saturation  curve for  both sands with  water  that  were measured  with the
gamma system have similar entry pressure and residual saturation as do the curves that were
created from flow pump experiments.  The suction-saturation curves for Soltrol showed a lower
capillary  fringe than for water due to the lower interfacial tension.  The measurements with
Americium show a large random variation, but the averaged values have a  good accuracy.  It was
found that the attenuation  coefficient is different for the #70 sand than for the #125 sand. The
#70 sand was sieved from crushed sandstone, whereas the #125 came from naturally deposited
material. The different composition of the two sands was responsible for the different attenuation
coefficients.

       The porosity as determined with the gamma system was generally higher than the porosity
found gravimetrically.  A possible explanation is an error in path length.  A higher value of porosity
(about 5%) was measured when the path length through the column was 3 mm shorter than that
which was assumed for the calibration. If the gamma system does not shoot through the center
of the column (along a diameter), but was off-centered by a maximum of 1.10 cm, the path  length
may change up to 3 mm (Figure 25).
                              r •  4.1Ocn
                              1=  3.95cn
                              x-  1.1Ocn
Figure 25.
Schematic of the scanning path through the sample column.  If the gamma
detector moves 1.10 cm sideways from the center (x=1.1 cm), the actual path
length measured is 3 mm less than assumed (21=7.9 cm, while 2r=8.2 cm).
                                         44

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      The suction-saturation relationship measurements in #70 and #125 sand for water and
Soltrol were conducted with a large number of measurement points.  This was expected to
increase the accuracy of the suction-saturation curve. The suction-saturation curve for #125 sand
and water was measured with the largest number of observations: 9 measurements over 20
seconds  every 1.25 cm  along the column  length  of 140 cm.  This resulted in  over  1000
measurements per column scan. One column scan took approximately 10 hours.   Part of the
reason for taking so long was the slow processing of data by computer integration at every scan
point.  The slow XT computer was subsequently replaced by a faster AT (286 PC) machine. The
number of measurements per step was also reduced from nine to two for the next measurements.
The suction-saturation curve for nine measurements per step produced results which are in good
agreement with the flow pump measurements  (Figure 26) and the curves parameterized from flow
pump data.
                                        45

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                             TEST WITH #125 SAND
Figure 26.    Comparison of suction-saturation profile as measured with Americium gamma
             scan and with flow pump.
5.2   SPILL EXPERIMENTS IN THE LONG COLUMN

      After residual water saturation was established, Soltrol spills were performed in the long
column.  A slug of Soltrol was applied to the top of the column. The movement of the Soltrol was
observed visually,  and the front location and ponding depth were recorded.  Simultaneously,
gamma scans were performed to determine the phase content of Soltrol along the length of the
column.  Comparisons of the visually observed front location with the gamma data showed that
the visually observed front coincided with the front detected by the gamma system.

      Six different spill experiments were  performed with spill volumes of 500 ml, 750  ml and
1000 ml Soltrol, respectively, on columns packed with #70 and #125 sand. The visually observed
front elevations are shown in Figure 27 and Figure 28 for sand #70 and sand #125, respectively.
The top of the sample was assumed to be  at 120 cm for all experiments.
                                        46

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                                    #70  Sand
                          Visually  Observed  Front  Movement
                  120
                  100-
                  801
               I  6(H
               "5

               £  40 H
                  20-
                     Ponding
                       1000ml
                       ZSOrrt
Front Elevation

500ml Soltrol Spill
                           50      100     150     200
                                         Time in minutes
               250
300
350
Figure 27.     Front elevation versus time for three spills, 500ml, 750ml and 1000ml Soltrol on
              #70 sand.
                                           47

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                 120
                 100-
               § 80
               § 60
              I 10
                 20-

                  0
                                 #125  Sand
                        Visually  Observed Front Movement
0
       1000ml
1000ml
50
100
                                        150    200
                                       Time in minutes
250
300
350
Figure 28.    Front elevation versus time for three spills, 500ml, 750ml and 1000ml Soltrol in
             #125 sand.
       As the Soltrol infiltrated downward, the rate of propagation of the front declined. It can be
seen that the larger spill volumes of fluid penetrated faster into the sand due to the additional
driving force from the greater ponding depths.

       By comparing the profiles  for #70 sand and #125 sand, it can be  seen that  in the
beginning of the spills, the  oil penetrated faster into the  #70 sand than into #125 sand and
ponding ended much faster for the coarser sand. This behavior was expected as the #70 sand
has a higher hydraulic conductivity than the #125 sand (15 m/d  vs. 8.5 m/d). However, the speed
of  movement  decreased  faster  for #70 sand,  and the oil movement  in  later stages of
redistribution was slower than for #125 sand.  The reason  for this  was the larger average pore
size and porosity of the #70 sand. The  larger the  porosity, the faster was the decrease in the
amount of free flowing liquid phase; and  with a smaller amount of oil available for flow, the flow
slowed down.  It seems that the Soltrol  movement depended mainly on the amount of  Soltrol
pushing behind the front. A highly oil saturated zone behind the front pushed the front faster than
a lesser saturated zone. Since #70 sand  has a larger porosity than #125 sand, the saturation
dropped faster below full saturation. At that point in time the front slowed down markedly.  Thus
the front in  the #70 sand slowed down faster than  in #125 sand.  This was specifically marked
for the 500 ml Soltrol spill, where the front was slower in #70  sand soon after ponding ends.

       The first  experiment with  1000  ml Soltrol  in #125 sand, was repeated twice.   The
experiments were named H and D and  are so named in the  Appendices. These experiments
                                         48

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gave  slightly different results (Figure 29).  This was not surprising  as differences between
nominally identical experiments were expected. Two possible explanations for the results are that
there  were  differences  in the packing of the columns, which led to variations in  hydraulic
conductivity; and that there were variations in the water saturation between the two experiments.
However, the differences between the repeated experiments were small.  Comparing two spills
in #125 sand with 500 ml Soltrol shows that both fronts move almost simultaneously, until rainfall
commenced in  one of the experiments (Figure 42).

       The gamma scans show the shape of  the oil content profiles along the column. Three
example  profiles are shown here, while the complete set of profiles is shown later.  The data are
given  in Appendix 3 in tabular form.  Figure 30  shows an infiltration profile in #70 sand, while
there  was still ponding  at the soil surface.  Figure 31  and Figure 32  show the profile  after
redistribution of the Soltrol has begun. The times given  in the figures are the exact times after
the beginning of the spill at which the front was measured. The porosity  of the #70 sand in this
spill was  0.47; the residual water content approximately 0.1.

       Figure 33 through Figure 39 show all of the Soltrol phase content  profiles measured with
the gamma system for infiltration of 1000  ml, 750 ml , 500 ml in the #70  and #125 sands.  The
earlier of the profiles show that the sample  reached full saturation  behind the front.  However,
after longer times, the saturation behind the front decreased until the Soltrol was near residual
saturation throughout the column.
                                          49

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                           #125  Sand  1000ml Soltrol
                           Visually Observed Front Movement
                   120


                   100-1
                 §  80 1
                I
                   20-
                       Exp.
                      0   50   100  150  200  250  300  350  400  450
                                        Time in minutes
  Figure 29.    Comparison between two identical experiments with 1000ml Soltrol in  #125
               sand.
                120


                100-


              E  80-
              o
              c
              I  40
                 20-
                  0
                  -0
                            #70 Sand  500ml Soltrol
                        Phase Content Profile after  2 1  Minutes
0.1      0.2     0.3
    Phase Content
0.4    *  0.5
Figure 30.    Phase content profile of 500ml Soltrol in #70 sand. Soltrol is still ponding on top
             of sand.
                                         50

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       Integration of the Soltrol phase content for the 500 ml spill, #125 sand experiment shown
in Figure 33 gives values close to the total spill volume of 500 ml.  The profile taken at 357 min.
gives a total Soltrol volume of 482 ml, 470 ml at 406 min., and 346 ml at 930 min.  After 930 min.,
part of the  Soltrol volume has already drained out of the columns. This integration shows that
the gamma systems accounted for approximately the correct total volume of the spill.

       Integration of the Soltrol  phase  content profiles  in Figure  34, at 263 minutes and 410
minutes, gives total Soltrol volumes of 812 and 811 ml,  respectively.  The profiles were taken
after the rainfall began at 45 minutes.  The volume estimates were much higher than the actual
spill volume of 500 ml. The reason for the large error is that both gamma spectra had to be used
for the calculation of two unknown phase contents: water and Soltrol.  This approach  led to a
larger error in the absolute values of phase content, as explained in Appendix 1.   In the profiles
after 263 min. and 410 min., the  calculated water volume was negative, and the Soltrol content
was too high.  Thus the profiles  give qualitative  information about the shape of the Soltrol and
water fronts, but do not give quantitative values for the phase contents. The phase content data
for all profiles are given in Appendix 3.
                                          51

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                 120
                 100-
                            #70 Sand  500ml Soltrol
                         Phase Content Profile after 82 Minutes
                                   o.i
               0.2      0.3
            Phase Content
0.4
0.5
Figure 31.    Phase content profile of 500ml Soltrol spill in #70 sand. A back front has started
             to develop.
                 120
                 100-
               E 80
               u
               g 60
                 20-
                  -0.1
                            #70 Sand  500ml Soltrol
                         Phase Content Profile after  17 Hours
F
        0.1      0.2     0.3
            Phase Content
                                                          0.4
        0.5
Figure 32.     Phase content profile of 500ml Soltrol in #70 sand. A gradual decrease in phase
              content behind the front can be observed.
                                           52

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                               No.  1 25 Sand  500ml Soltrol
                  120


                  100'


                   80


                   60
                uj  40
                   20
                                       Phase Content
Figure 33.    Set of phase content profiles for 500ml Soltrol spill in #125 sand.
                                 No. 125  Sand 500ml  Soltrol
                                  Rain 500ml/hr after 45 Minutes
                    120r
                    100'
                     80 ;
                     60
                  o

                  03  40
                     20
                                 <- 0.3 ->
                                         Phase Content
  Figure 34.    Set of phase content profiles for 500ml Soltrol spill in #125 sand. Rain started
                45 minutes after spill.
                                            53

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                E
                o


                c
                o

                o
                >
                JD

                LJ
                  120r
100j




 80'




 60




 40




 20
                                No.  1 25 Sand  750ml Soltrol

                                 Rain 500ml/hr  after 20 hours
                            Soltrol
                            Water
                     Phase Content
Figure 35.    Set of phase content profiles for 750ml Soltrol spill in #125 sand.  Rain started

              20 hours after spill.
                               No.  125 Sand  1000ml  Soltrol
                                       Phase Content
Figure 36.    Set of phase content profiles for 1000ml Soltrol spill in #125 sand.



                                          54

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                                No.  70 Sand 500ml Soltrol
                  100r
                                       Phase Content
Figure 37.    Set of phase content profiles for 500ml Soltrol spill in #70 sand.
                                No. 70  Sand 750ml Soltrol
                                Rain 500ml/hr after 86 Minutes
                               <- 0.5  ->
                                       Phase Content
Figure 38.    Set of phase content profiles for 750ml Soltrol spill in #70 sand.

                                          55

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                                No. 70 Sand  1000ml Soltrol
                                Rain 500ml/hr after 1 69 minutes
                   120
                   100
                    80
                  o  60
                  o
                  >
                  a>
                 in  40
                    20
                           Soltrol  <- 0 4 ->
                           Water
                                       Phase Content
  Figure 39.     Set of phase content profiles for 1000ml Soltrol in #70 sand.
       In general the gamma profiles taken during the spill show a sharp front at the leading edge
of the Soltrol slug and a diffusive back front during the redistribution phase of the spill.  During
infiltration, the sand reached a maximum Soltrol saturation behind the front. When redistribution
began, the maximum saturation Soltrol  behind  the front decreased.  All of the simulations
presented below were based on the assumption that the phase content of the residual water was
constant and did not change during the spill. However, some experiments where Soltrol and water
saturations were both determined  indicate that Soltrol displaced  some of the residual water
(Figure 40). Actually, in well sorted sand like the ones  that were used in these experiments,
irreducible saturation is much lower (-5%)  than the residual saturation we obtained (Personal
communication,  A.T.  Corey,  1993).   Release of water  may  also be due to the fact that the
interfacial tension between Soltrol and water is about half of the surface tension of water.

       The profiles were not taken at one point in time,  because it takes  about  40  minutes to
complete the measurements from  top of the column to the bottom. Figure 41 shows the front
movement  of a spill and  the location of the gamma scan.  The diagonal lines signify the
downward moving gamma system. The time it takes to scan one profile is the horizontal distance
between the beginning and the  end of one diagonal scan line.  It can  be seen that the front
moved before  the complete profile was scanned. Hence, the  same liquid mass might  be
measured twice leading to overestimation of the Soltrol volume.
                                          56

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                             #  70  Sand 750ml Spill
                            Water  and Soltrol Phase Content
                   120
  100-


§ 80 H
c
S 60
                  o
                  I  40 H
                    20-
                     -0.1
                                                    \
                                                 Soltrol Front
                                      Water Content
                   0.1     0.2     0.3     0.4
                       Phase Content
0.5
   Figure 40.     Water and oil content for 750ml Soltrol spill in #70 sand. Soltrol front seems to
                displace the residual water.
5.3    RAINFALL EXPERIMENTS IN THE LONG COLUMN

       To observer and record the behavior of the spilled fluid during a rainfall event, simulations
were conducted where water was applied at the soil surface after the Soltrol spill. A number of
rainfall experiments were conducted where water and oil fronts  were observed visually. The
phase  content profiles were  recorded with the gamma system.  A comparison between front
movement of a 500 ml spill in #125 sand with and without simulated rainfall is shown in Figure 42.
In one  experiment a rainfall of 500 ml/hour (9.5 cm/hour) was started 45 minutes after the spill
occurred.  The water pushed the oil front downward compared to the  front without rain.

       The water for the rainfall simulation was dyed dark green with food coloring. This made
it possible to observe the water front moving downward.  However, in the sand that was reddened
from residual Soltrol, the water front was hard to observe; and in some cases a water front could
not be observed visually.  In these cases, the  water front position  was determined from the
gamma data. Such was the case for the spill shown in Figure 42.  From the gamma scan, it was
found that the water front was nearly at the same location as the Soltrol front (Figure 34). The
water front caught up with the Soltrol front soon after the rain had started;  then both fronts moved
together. Figure 43 and Figure 44 show two spills conducted in the #70 sand: the first with 1000
ml Soltrol, the second with 750 ml Soltrol.  In both cases, the rainfall was started more than 1
hour after the spill occurred. For both experiments, the water front could be observed. The water
front moved with almost constant speed, as seen from the elevation versus distance curve being
close to a straight line.  This behavior was a result of the constant  water flux  applied  to the
                                         57

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                          #125  SAND 500ml  SOLTROL 10/15/91
                      0    50   100   150   200   250  300  350  400  450
                                         TIME IN MINUTES
                          SCANS PRFORMED
  Figure 41.     Front elevation versus time for 500ml Soltrol spill in #125 sand, included are
                gamma scanning time and location.

surface, which led to a constant water flux in the sand, and the observed movement of the water
front.  Even when the water enters the region where there was still large amounts of the slower
moving Soltrol, the water phase did not slow down.

      The graphs (Figure 43 and Figure 44) show a distinct bend in the Soltrol front where the
water front began to push the Soltrol slug down.  Later, however, the water front caught up with
the Soltrol front.  The point  in time when the water front caught the Soltrol was determined by the
amount of rainfall and the time when the rainfall started. The water front passed the Soltrol front
when  the phase content in the Soltrol slug decreased below  the maximum saturation. The
reduction in Soltrol content was attributable to the residual Soltrol content and the finite volume
of the spill; as the front got deeper, more of the spilled volume of the Soltrol was  trapped at the
residual saturation.  Eventually the  phase content behind the front decreased because  of
continuity.  This behavior can be best  seen on the phase content  profiles (Figure  38 and
Figure 39).
                                          58

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                #125  SAND  500ML  SOLTROL  SPILL
                      Change in Front Movement with Rainfall
                 120
                 100-
                  80
               I  6(H
               *-
               o
               I  40 H
                  20-
                                              no Rainfall
Start Rainfall
after 45 Minutes
                          50     100
                150    200
               Time in Minutes
250
300
350
Figure 42.    Comparison between rainfall application and no rain for 500ml Soltrol spill in
             #125 sand.
                   140
                         #70  Sand  1000ml  Soltrol Spill
                           Rain 500ml/hr after 167 Minutes
                            50
           100    150    200    250    300
                Time in Minutes
                                                               350
RAIN: 500ml/hr

-"- SPILL FRONT — •— PONDING
-*- WATER FRONT
Figure 43.    1000ml Soltrol spill on #70 sand with rainfall application starting after 169 minutes.
             The rainfall rate was held constant at 9.5cm/hour.
                                         59

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                           #70 Sand 750ml Soltrol  Spill
                            Rain 500ml/hr after 86 minutes
                           50    100   150   200    250    300    350
                                       Time in minutes
                               Front
                                        Ponding —"*- Rain
Figure 44.    750ml Soltrol spill on #70 sand with rainfall application starting after 86 minutes.
             The rainfall rate was held constant at 9.5 cm/hour.
       Figure 45 and Figure 46 show profiles obtained with the gamma system. A profile taken
189 minutes after the spill started and 103  minutes after the rainfall started can be  seen in
Figure 45.   The gamma scan confirmed that the water and the Soltrol  back fronts  are  in the
same location. This is a clear indicator that the water was pushing the Soltrol downward in  a fully
saturated NAPL  "bank".  Behind the Soltrol back front, the water and oil saturations added up
to one.  However, limitations  of measurement accuracy of the gamma system prevented the
measurement of small entrapped air saturations.  It is important to note  that the  water did not
seem to mobilize  any of the entrapped Soltrol. Even at the top of the column where the most
water had passed  by, the Soltrol content is still 0.1. However, the Soltrol slug displaced  some
of the residual water, which was assumed to be irreducible in both models evaluated in  this study.

       No water front could be observed visually in the 500 ml spill in the  #125 sand.  However,
the gamma scan in Figure 46  shows that a water front existed;  but it was so close to  the Soltrol
front that it cannot be recognized visually.  The Soltrol bank was very small, due to the small spill
volume.
                                          60

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                 120
                           #70 Sand  750ml Spill
                         Water and Soltrol Phase Content
                                           ((iff saturated soltrol
                                           slug, pushed by water
                                           front
                   -0.1
0.1     0.2     0.3
    Phase Content
Figure 45.    Water and Soltrol content profiles for 750ml spill in #70 sand. Gamma scans
             were  taken 189 minutes  after spill was started.  A constant rainfall rate of
             9.5cm/hour was applied 86 minutes after the spill was started.
       One experiment was conducted to observe possible mobilization of the NAPL (Figure 35).
One day after a 750 ml Soltrol spill in the #125 sand, a constant rainfall rate of 9.5 cm/hour was
applied to the column. The column was at residual Soltrol saturation  when the rainfall was
started, except at the lower end of the column where a capillary fringe zone had built up.  A two-
hour rainfall did not change  the amount of Soltrol in the upper part of the column; the only
observed effect was that the water pushed the Soltrol out of the  capillary fringe zone.
5.4    SPILL EXPERIMENTS IN THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL TANK

       Tank experiments were conducted to observe two-dimensional behavior of NAPL spills
in  the  vadose zone.  These  experiments were designed to  be comparable to the column
experiments.  A 30 cm wide spill zone was created in a 120 cm wide tank that was packed with
#70 sand. The volume of Soltrol applied to the tank resulted in a ponding depth of Soltrol above
the sand of 9.5 cm, which corresponds to the 9.5 cm ponding depth for a 500 ml spill in the
column. In Figure 47 the front  movements of two tank experiments and one column experiment
are compared. The front position for the tank experiment was taken as the front elevation directly
below the center of the spill. The Soltrol plume had a U-shape, thus the front at the edges of the
fluid body lagged behind the front at the center of the body; but by no more than 2 cm.
                                         61

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                 120
                        #125  Sand 500ml  Soltrol Spill
                           Water and Soltrol Phase Content
                   -o.i
                                  0.1
   0.2     0.3
Phase Content
Figure 46.    Water and Soltrol phase content for a 500ml soltrol spill in #125 sand.  Gamma
             scans were taken 168 minutes after spill was started.  A constant rainfall rate
             of 9.5cm/hour was applied 45  minutes after the spill was started.
       It can be seen that there was no significant difference between the column and tank
experiments.  The difference between the two tank experiments seems larger than the difference
between tank and column experiment.  It can be concluded that the column experiments are a
valid approximation of contaminant movement through the
vadose zone in coarse homogeneous systems.  The observed outline of the spill front in the tank
also confirmed the validity of the one-dimensional assumption. The width of the spill area was
30 cm; maximum width of the plume was 40 cm. Thus, lateral spreading due to capillary forces
on both sides was only 5 cm. The lateral spreading relative to the total width will be small for
spills over a large area.

        The gamma profiles for the tank experiment are shown in Figure 48.  The profiles were
taken along the vertical center line of the spill. The profiles exhibit a leading-edge sharp front and
a slow decrease in phase content behind the front.  No data could be collected at the elevation
of 100 cm because a steel bar from the tank frame impaired the measurement. These profiles
show the same  characteristics as the profiles measured in the column.  ,

       A rainfall experiment  was conducted in the tank with rainfall occurring over the whole
length  of the tank, not only in the spill zone.  This completely prevented further lateral expansion
of the Soltrol body. On the contrary, a narrowing of the downward moving body was observed.
This was possibly due to the  fact that a high rainfall rate of 21  cm hour'1  was used. The visually
tracked front movement is shown in Figure 49. This intense rainfall sped up the front  movement.

                                         62

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The rainfall started 22 hours after the spill. At 23 hours the water front caught up with the Soltrol
front, and pushed the Soltrol front downward.  At 24 hours the water front passed the Soltrol front
and started exiting the tank, while the Soltrol front was still above the bottom of the tank.  The
rainfall was stopped when the water reached the bottom of the tank.  After the rainfall was
stopped, the Soltrol front resumed it's pre-rainfall migration rate. The same can be observed from
the phase content  profiles (Figure 50).
                             #70  Sand Soltrol Spill
                          Starting with Ponding Depth 9.5cm
                  120
                     0   100  200  300  400 500  600  700  800  900 1000
                                        Time in Minutes
Figure 47.    Comparison in front movement between tank and column experiment.
                                          63

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                             No. 70 Sand 9 5cm Soltrol Ponding Depth
                                        Phase Content
Figure 48.     Set of phase content profiles for 9.5cm Soltrol spill in # 70 sand in the tank.
  120



  110-



  100 -



0  90 H
_c


S  80 -
                    60 -



                    50 -



                    40
                                #70  Sand  Soltrol Spill

                            Starting with Ponding Depth 9.5cm
                               Soltrol Front
                                          Rain Starl

                                          at 1340 Minutes
                                                       End

                                                      U55 Minutes
                       0      500     1000     1500    2000    2500     3000

                                           Time in Minutes
Figure 49.     Soltrol spill front movement in tank with rainfall application.
                                              64

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                   120
                   100 -
                 £
                 u


                 c
                 o
                                 No.  70 Sand  9.5cm Soltrol

                              Rain 22cm/hr after  22 Hours for 2 Hours
                                        Phase Content
Figure 50.     Set of phase content profiles for 9.5cm Soltrol spill in #70 sand in the tank with

               rainfall.
                                              65

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5.5   TESTING OF THE COMPUTER MODELS

      Two computer models were used to simulate the NAPL spills in the column.  The Three
Parameter Sharp Front Model and the Kinematic Oily Pollutant Transport (KOPT) Model were
compared and tested using the data from Soltrol spill experiment conducted in the long column.

      The  KOPT model was run with independently measured parameters for  the #125 sand.
The following input parameters were used: for Soltrol,  a residual oil saturation of 0.05; for the
sample, a porosity of 0.4 and a residual water saturation of 0.22.  The complete set of parameters
for the KOPT model is listed in Table 4. The three-parameter model was run with the same
parameters; however, the capillary suction at the front and  at the back-front are parameters
which have to be fitted when running the model.  The suction parameters cannot be estimated
from independent experiments.  The first  spill with 500 ml Soltrol in #125 sand was used to
calibrate the three-parameter model.  The following values were  found to give a good fit between
model and experimental results:  a front suction head  of 0.3 cm and a back front suction head
of 21 cm. For both models,  the initial ponding depth was calculated by dividing the volume of
NAPL spilled by the cross-sectional area of the column.  The initial ponding depths were 18.9
cm, 14.2  cm and 9.45 cm for the 1000 ml, 750 ml, and 500 ml  spills, respectively.
                                         66

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Table 4  KOPT parameter values for the #125 and #70 sands
KOPT parameter values for the #125 and #70 sands
Parameter
Saturated Hydraulic
Conductivity, Ks
Brooks and Corey X
Porosity, T|
Residual Water
Saturation
Water Saturation
Air entry head, hce
Oil viscosity, u0
Oil density, p0
Residual oil
saturation
Water surface
tension
Oil surface tension
Initial Ponding
depth, Hs
1000 ml spill
750 ml spill
500 ml spill
Radius
#125 sand
8.5 m/d
2.88
0.41
0.22
0.22
0.4280 m
3.78 cp
0.85 g/cm3
0.05
65 dyne/cm
24 dyne/cm
0.1890 m
0.1420 m
0.0947 m
0.025 m
#70 sand
15 m/d
2.44
0.41
0.30
0.30
0.2683 m
3.78 cp
0.85 g/cm3
0.05
65 dyne/cm
24 dyne/cm
0.1890 m
0.1420 m
0.0947 m
0.025 m
       The observed and calculated front position, back front position and ponding depths are
graphed in Figure 51 along with the model results.  Both models matched the experimental data
reasonably well.  In the each of the- models, the NAPL is assumed to be instantaneously applied
to the sand surface. In actuality, some small time was required for the ponding depth to reach
its full extent as the NAPL was poured into the column. The capillary suction head for the front
and the back-front were adjusted in the three-parameter model until the model fit the data. The
fitted model then  predicted the ponding time accurately.  The KOPT model over-predicted the
ponding time; however, it predicted the front accurately without the need to fit any parameters
beyond considering the effect of variation in hydraulic conductivity.  Three profiles were created
with each model and compared with the profiles obtained from the gamma scans (Figure 51
through Figure 53).
                                          67

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                              No.125 Sand  500ml Soltrol
                               Front Position after 48 Minutes
                  100
                   80
                   60
                c
                _o

                1
                LJ
                   20
                    -°o7
                                               Exp«rinwntgl Data
                                               Three Poranwtw Sharp Front
                                         	Kimmatic Model
        0.1      0.2      0.3
           Phase Content
0.4
                                0.5
Figure 51.     Phase content profile comparison between models and gamma scan. Soltrol is
              still ponding at the surface.
                              No.125 Sand  500ml Soltrol
                                        104 Minutes
                  100
                   80
                £, 60

                .0

                1  40
                   20
               •   Experimental Data
             — — - Three Parameter Sharp Front Model
             	 Kinematic Model
                    -0.1
0.0
0.1      0.2      0.3
    Phase Content
0.4
        0.5
Figure 52.     Phase content profile comparison between models and gamma scan.
                                           68

-------
                             No.125  Sand 500ml Soltrol
                             Front  Position  after 303 Minutes
                  100
                   80
                   60
                I  40
                   20
                   -o
      •   Experimental Data
     	Three Parameter Sharp Front Model
     	 Kinematic Model
0.1      0.2     0.3
   Phase Content
0.4
0.5
Figure 53.     Phase content profiles comparison between models and experimental results.
       Neither of the models represented the true shape of the profile exactly.  Both models
assume a sharp front at the leading edge of the NAPL.  The experimental results, however,
showed some degree of smearing of the front.  The experimental data deviated from a sharp
front mainly after the amount of moving Soltrol became very small. Thus the sharp front models
tracked the experimental data with fair accuracy. Since the speed of the sharp front  matches
the speed of the spreading front (Equation (10)),  the exact shape of the front is  unimportant in
determining its speed.   This fact explains the ability of the sharp front models to match the
experimental data to the degree that they do.  The trailing edge (back front) exhibited a gradual
decrease in phase content; it does not resemble the sharp front assumed by the three-parameter
model  nor the kinematic wave solution of KOPT exactly.  The maximum phase content behind
the front decreases as the Soltrol moves downward. The KOPT model allows reduction of the
maximum NAPL phase content, while the three-parameter model assumes that the phase content
behind the front is always at full saturation.  Since the three-parameter model has been fitted to
this data set,  the front is tracked accurately despite the assumed NAPL saturation behind the
front.
                                         69

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                            No. 125 Sand  1000ml  Soltrol
                                     Front Movement
                                          Front
                                                   Experimental Data
                                                   Three Paroimtir Sharp Front Model
                                                   Kinematic Model
                         40  80  120  160  200 240  280  320  360  400
                                        Time (min)
Figure 54.    Front movement for 1000ml spill, comparison between model and experimental
             results.
       Both models were tested on a spill of 1000 ml Soltrol (Figure 54).  The same capillary
suction head at front and back front were used as determined in the calibration for the 500 ml
spill, since the suction heads are supposed to be material constants (fluid and soil). The KOPT
model again approximates the front very closely; however, the three-parameter model deviates
considerably from the experimental results.  Use of the earlier calibrated suction heads did not
yield an accurate prediction of the spill behavior with a different spill volume. This is a serious
shortcoming  of  the  three-parameter model.   The  profile  comparisons (Figure 55 through
Figure 57) show that the actual front is behind the three-parameter model front. This effect is due
primarily to the assumption of full saturation behind the front, as evident in Figure 56, where the
three-parameter  model front is well ahead of the experimental data.
                                          70

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                            No.125 Sand  1000ml Soltrol
                             Front Position after 1 00 Minutes
                  100
                   80
                c
                _o
                "3
                >
                .£
                UJ
                   60
40
                   20
                   -0.1
                                        Experimental Data
                                        Three Parameter Sharp Front Model
                                        Kinematic Model
         00
0.1
    0.2     0.3
Phase Content
0.4
0.5
Figure 55.     Phase content profile comparison between model and experimental results.
       The influence of hydraulic conductivity on  the KOPT model results was investigated.
Previous uncertainty analysis with KOPT (Weaver et al.,  1992) has demonstrated that the
hydraulic conductivity is a dominant parameter of the model.   In Figure 58, data from two 1000
ml spills in the #125 sand have been compared to the KOPT model predictions for three hydraulic
conductivities (the average Ks of 8.50 m/d and also +/- one standard deviation 5.79 m/d and 11.21
m/d). The conductivities were selected to  represent the average hydraulic conductivity from the
experimental  determination, and the average plus and minus one standard deviation. It can be
seen that both experiments fall within the predicted  boundaries for one standard deviation of the
hydraulic conductivity, and that accurate determination of hydraulic conductivity plays an important
role in determining how closely the model can match the experimental results.  As expected,
the location of the front is highly dependent on the  saturated hydraulic conductivity.

       Comparisons of data from all the #70 sand experiments with the KOPT model are shown
in Figure 59 through Figure 62.  The hydraulic conductivity for the #70 sand was not measured
as it was for the #125 sand.  The hydraulic conductivity used in  KOPT was selected so as to
match the  1000 ml experimental result at approximately 250 minutes. This value was then used
to simulate the  500 ml and 750 ml releases.   In each case, KOPT over predicted the time of
ponding. KOPT also somewhat under predicted the front speed  during infiltration.  These two
features of the simulations suggest that the chosen hydraulic conductivity is too low for the 750
and 1000 ml experiments,  as the long ponding time indicates a relatively low flux
in the sand.
                                          71

-------
         100
           90
           80
           70
           60
       o   50
       o
       0)
40
30
20
10
 0
 -0.1
                          No.  125 Sand 1000ml Soltrol
                           Front Position after  1 90 Minutes
                                               Experimental Data
                                               Three Parameter Sharp Front Model
                                               Kinematic Model
                      0.0
0.1        0.2       0.3
    Phase Content
Figure 56.    Phase content profile comparison between model and experimental results.
                                         72

-------
           -0.1
                          No.  125 Sand  1000ml  Soltrol
                           Front Position after  250 Minutes
                                                   •    Experimental Data
                                                 — — —  Three Parameter Sharp Front Model
                                                        Kinematic Model
     0.2       0.3
Phase  Content
0.5
Figure 57.    Phase content profile comparison between model and experimental results.
                                         73

-------
                  #125  SAND  1000ML SOLTROL
                   Comparison between KOPT and Experiment
               120
                      50   100  150  200  250 300 350  400  450  500
                                   TIME IN minutes
                             Experiment H n  Experiment D
Figure 58.    Front  movement comparison  between  experiment and KOPT for  different
            hydraulic conductivities.
                120
                   #70  Sand  1000ml  Soltro!'Spill
                       50   100   150   200   250   300   350  400
                                   Time in minutes
                          Experimental Data 	Kinematic Model
Figure 62.    Front movement for 1000ml spill in #70 sand, comparison between KOPT and
            experimental results.
                                    74

-------
                   120
                         #125  Sand 750ml  Soltrol Spill
                              100     200     300     400
                                         Time in minutes
500
                                                                     600
                                  Experimental Data 	Kinematic Model
  Figure 59.    Front movement of 750ml spill in #125 sand, comparison between KOPT and
                experimental results.

       By adjusting  the parameters used  in KOPT, the model  may  be forced to match the
experimental results. The selection of the parameter  values is  not entirely arbitrary as  each
model parameter has a unique effect on the front position.  For example, increasing the hydraulic
conductivity generally increases the depth  of the front  as the liquid at all saturations tends to
move faster. Increasing the air entry head, hce, increases the front depth during infiltration, as
there is a greater contribution of capillary suction with  increasing hce.   Of course, if the front
position is increased  during infiltration,  it will also be deeper during redistribution.  The front speed
during redistribution,  however, is unaffected by changing hce as hce is not used  in the kinematic
wave solution for redistribution (Equation (15)) .  Decreasing the Brooks and Corey A. causes the
curvature of the front-time plot to increase, because lower A. values are associated with wider
pore size distributions. In materials with  wide pore size distributions, the effective conductivity
Kew(SJ  drops off rapidly with decreasing  saturation, here illustrated for the water phase by the
Brooks and  Corey (1964) relationship
                             Kew(SJ    -   Kw
                                                 sw -
                                                 1  -S..
                      (29)
Since e is proportional to a constant plus 1/A,, as A, decreases, e increases. So for materials with
wide pore size distributions (low A.), the effective conductivity to water decreases rapidly with

                                           75

-------
                       #70  Sand 500ml  Soltrol  Spill
                  120
                           200
                                   Front
400    600    800    1000   1200   1400
      Time in minutes
                              Experimental Data 	Kinematic Model
  Figure 60.    Front movement for 500ml spill in #70 sand, comparison between KOPT and
               experimental results.
decreasing saturation, Sw. This phenomena results in front vs. time plots where the front speed
decreases sharply with time  and has a  large curvature.   Table  5  summarizes parameter
adjustments that were used to fit the experimental data for the #70 sand.
Table 5  Summary of KOPT Model Parameter Adjustments
Parameter Adjustments
Parameter
Saturated Conductivity
Air entry head, hce
Brooks and Corey X,
Direction
increase
increase
decrease
Effect
Increase depth of
times
Increase depth of
during infiltration
front at all
front especially
Increase curvature of the front-
time plot
                                        76

-------
                       #70  Sand 750ml  Soltrol  Spill
                            100
200     300     400
    Time in minutes
500
600
                              Experimental Data 	Kinematic Model
  Figure 61.    Front movement for 750ml spill in #70 sand, comparison between KOPT and
               experimental results.
      The forced match of KOPT to each of the experiments in the #70 sand will be considered
in turn.  Generally, KOPT lags the experimental data for most of the duration of the 1000 ml spill
and the curvature of the plot is too low. Thus the hydraulic conductivity and A, were targeted for
change. It turned out that in order to match the data, the entry head also had to be increased.
Figure 63  shows the revised  simulation of the experiment.   Table 6 shows the adjusted
parameter values for each of the experiments.
                                         77

-------
                           Measured Front Position
                           KOPT Front Position
                           Measured Ponding Depth
                           KOPT Ponding Depth
               0     100   200    300   400    500
                          Time in Minutes
Figure 63 Adjusted KOPT simulation of the 1000 ml spill in the #70 sand
                                 78

-------
    120

    100

.£   80

     60
       cu
       -
       (D
       o
•
cx5
_(L>
UJ
            40
            20
             0
                 •   Measured Front Position
                — KOPT Front Position
                 o   Measured Ponding Depth
                - - KOPT Ponding Depth
        0     100   200    300   400   500
                   Time in Minutes
                                                     600
Figure 64 Adjusted KOPT simulation of the 750 ml spill in the #70 sand
                                 79

-------
                            Measured Front Position
                            KOPT Front Position
                            Measured Ponding Depth
                            KOPT Ponding Depth
       LLJ
                        500      1000      1500
                          Time in Minutes
2000
Figure 65 Adjusted KOPT simulation of the 500 ml spill in the #70 sand
                                 80

-------
Table 6  Adjusted KOPT parameter values for the #70 sand
Adjusted KOPT parameter values for the #70 sand
Parameter
Saturated Hydraulic
Conductivity, Ks
Brooks and Corey A,
Porosity, n
Residual Water
Saturation
Water Saturation
Air entry head, hce
Oil viscosity, u0
Oil density, p0
Residual oil
saturation
Water surface
tension
Oil surface tension
Ponding depth, Hs
Radius
1000 ml spill
20 m/d
0.25
0.41
0.30
0.30
0.4000 m
3.78 cp
0.85 g/cm3
0.05
65 dyne/cm
24 dyne/cm
0.1890 m
0.025 m
750 ml spill
18 m/d
0.25
0.41
0.30
0.30
0.4000 m
3.78 cp
0.85 g/cm3
0.05
65 dyne/cm
24 dyne/cm
0.1420 m
0.025 m
500 ml spill
10 m/d
0.4
0.41
0.30
0.30
0.2683 m
3.78 cp
0.85 g/cm3
0.05
65 dyne/cm
24 dyne/cm
0.0947 m
0.025 m
       After obtaining a reasonable fit to the 1000 ml spill experiment, the same parameter set
was used for the 750 ml spill. This approach was suggested by the similar match to the data that
was found for the original parameter set (Figure 61  and Figure 62). Only a small  reduction  in
hydraulic conductivity was necessary to force the model to fit the experimental results (Figure 64).
It appears that both experiments are reasonably well fit  by one parameter set and that the
variation is similar to that due to the variation in hydraulic conductivity (Figure 58).  For the 500
ml experiment, however, the original simulation had KOPT leading the data rather than following
it, as it did for the 750 ml and  1000 ml  experiments.  Thus the hydraulic conductivity must be
lowered in the 500 ml spill.  As for the other fitted simulations,  the  Brooks  and Corey A, had  to
be  decreased to fit the data.    Figure 65 shows the revised simulation  of the 500 ml spill
experiment.
                                          81

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5.6    THE THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MODELS

       The relationship between the three-parameter model and KOPT is discussed below. The
basic conceptual framework for both models is essentially the same. A pulse of NAPL is applied
at the surface of a homogeneous porous media, containing a uniform water saturation. The pulse
begins and ends abruptly.  Both models assume that the leading edge, or front, of the NAPL is
sharp.  As demonstrated by Smith (1983) and Charbeneau  (1984), that all other things being
equal, the sharp front models track the location of the true front.
                      10


                       8


                 CO    6
                         0    0.2    0.4    0.6    0.8     1
  Figure 66.    Schematic representation of the slope of the effective conductivity function.
       Intuitively, one expects to treat the leading edge as a front.  The nature of the function
defining the wave speed is what determines if there is to be a discontinuity (sharp front) at the
leading edge of the incoming liquid (Weaver, 1991). Figure 66 shows a monotonically increasing
9Kro/9S0 function as would result from use of the Burdine (1953) and Brooks and Corey (1964)
relative permeability  model.  When the NAPL release begins, the transition along the boundary
is from some low saturation, SL, to some high saturation, SH. Because the characteristic speeds
are determined by the 3K0/3S0 and that function is monotonically increasing, the characteristic
speeds increase from SL to SH.  The result is that the characteristics associated  with  the high
saturation, SH move  faster than those associated with the low saturation, SL. These (and other
characteristics between SL and SH)  must cross at some point in the domain (Figure 67,  point A).
Beyond that point, the classical method of characteristics solution does*not hold, as  it predicts the
non-physical situation where multiple saturations are associated  with points in the  solution
domain.  For such situations, the solution is supplanted with the generalized solutions or jump
conditions.  When the boundary transition is abrupt, however, there is immediate generation of
a front (Figure 68).   Thus, based on the abrupt release scenario used for the two models, the
                                         82

-------
sharp front is expected for the leading edge of the infiltrating liquid.
                                   transition
                               SL  M	H     SH
                      Q.
                      CU
                      O
                                       Front
                                          Time
  Figure 67.    Continuous boundary transition from low to high saturation.
                              SL
SH
                      CL
                      (U
                      Q
                                      Front
                                          Time


  Figure 68.    Abrupt boundary transition from low to high saturation which  is immediately

                resolved into a discontinuity.
                                            83

-------
       When the boundary transition is reversed (from SH to SL), the characteristics do not cross
and a fan-shaped wave is created. This situation occurs at the end of the NAPL release and is
illustrated in Figure 69 and  Figure 70.  In Figure 69 the boundary transition from  SH  to SL is
gradual,  resulting in a continuous wave which originates from a zone along the  surface. When
the boundary transition is abrupt (Figure 70), the wave is said to be a centered simple wave. It
is remarkable that in this case, discontinuous boundary data do  not generate a discontinuity in
the solution.  In general the occurrence of a discontinuity in the solution depends both on the
boundary data and the wave speed, which in this case is determined by the 3K0/3S0 function.

                                transition
                  GL
                  (D
                  Q
                                        Time
  Figure 69.    Continuous boundary transition from high to low saturation.
       The KOPT model is based on this assumed scenario: an abrupt jump up in saturation
followed by an abrupt jump down in saturation.  The model results are seen to be a composite
of the  discontinuity of Figure 68 and the continuous wave of Figure 70.   When  profiles are
constructed  from  the solution,  they  have  low saturations  near  the  surface  since their
characteristics  move slowly.   High  saturations are  found  deeper  in the  profile  as their
characteristics move relatively fast.  The profiles end at the sharp front which can be viewed as
enforcing a mass balance condition.

       If the profiles are perturbed, the sharp front tends to persist; because on the front, high
saturations move faster than low saturations (Figure 71). The speed difference assures that the
characteristics do not separate and spread the front. The  neglected capillary pressure gradient
term is balanced by the tendency of the front to persist. On the trailing edge, the saturations tend
to separate because of the same speed difference. Thus the gravity term tends to create sharp
fronts on the leading edge of the infiltrating liquid and also contributes to spreading of the wave
on the trailing edge.
                                           84

-------
                         SH
                 CL
                 
-------
                   o
                  co
                   o
                        Saturation
                  Q_
                  CD
                 0
Figure 71.    Schematic representation  of the effect of the  relative permeability
             derivative on the leading and trailing edges of the NAPL body.
       In the three parameter model, a sharp front is assumed on the trailing edge of the liquid
NAPL. There are at least two reasons for the occurrence of such a front. First, if the derivative
of the relative permeability is not monotonically increasing as assumed in KOPT, then the
boundary transition from high to low saturation can generate a sharp front. All that is required
is that 3kro/8S0 is not a monotonically increasing function. Models developed by Mualem (1976)
and  Stone  (1970)  have  non-monotonically increasing  3kro/3S0  functions.    If the relative
permeabilities are well described by these functions, then back fronts would be expected.  The
second reason for the existence of a back front is resistance due to air phase flow.  Weaver
(1991) shows that a back front is needed in method of characteristics models when unidirectional
                                          86

-------
air phase flow is included in the model.  The back front, in that case, connects two continuous
waves which are also a part of the boundary transition from high to low saturation.  Even though
they can be valid components of a method of characteristics solution, sharp back fronts are not
likely to persist because of  strong  smoothing by gravity and capillary gradient forces.
                                          87

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                                REFERENCES
Abriola, L.M., and G.F. Finder, 1985.  "A Multiphase Approach to the Modeling of Porous Media
Contamination by Organic Compounds, 1. Equation Development," Water Resources Research,
Vol. 21, No. 1, pp 11-18.

Armbruster, E.J., 1990.  "Study of Transport and Distribution of Lighter  than  Water Organic
Contaminants in Groundwater," Masters Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

Baehr, A., and M.Y. Corapcioglu, 1984.  "A Predictive Model for Pollution from Gasoline in Soils
and Groundwater," Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water, National
Water Well Association, Washington, Ohio.  No. 225,  American Chemical Society.

Bazaraa,  A.S., and H.J. Morel-Seytoux, 1979.  "Users Manual fora Gamma Attenuation System
for the Determination of Water Content in Soils," Report HYDROWAR Program, Eng. Res. Cent.,
Colorado  State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

Bear, J., 1972. "Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media," Dover Publications  Inc., New York,  New
York.

Bouwer, H., 1966. "Rapid field measurements of air entry value and hydraulic conductivity of soil
as significant parameter in flow system analysis",  Water Resources Research, 2, 729-738.

Brooks, R.H., and A.T. Corey, 1966. " Hydraulic Properties of Porous Media," Hydrology Papers,
No. 3, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Burdine, NT., 1953.  "Relative Permeability  Calculations from Pore-Size Distribution Data," Petr.
Trans., Am. Inst. Mining Metal. Eng., Vol. 198,  pp 71-77.

Campbell, J.,  1992.  "Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) Flow Through Heterogeneous Porous
Media: Experimental Study and Conceptual Model Development," Masters Thesis, University of
Colorado at Boulder.

Charbeneau,  R.J.,  1984,  "Kinematic models  for soil moisture and  solute transport," Water
Resources Research, Vol. 29, pp 699-706.

Charbeneau,  R.J., J.W. Weaver,  and V.J.  Smith, 1989.   "Kinematic Modeling of Multiphase
Transport in the Vadose Zone," EPA /600/2-89/035.

Cathey, L, 1958.  "Fatigue in Photomultipliers," IRE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-5,
pp 109-114.

Faust, C.R., 1985.  "Transport of Immiscible Fluids within and below  the Unsaturated Zone: A
Numerical Model," Water Resources Research, Vol.  21, No. 4, pp 587-596.
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Faust, C.R., J.H. Guswaand, and J.W. Mercer, 1989.  "Simulation of Three-dimensional Flow of
Immiscible Fluids Within and Below the Unsaturated Zone," Water Resources Research, Vol. 25,
No. 12, pp 2449-2464.

Garder,  W.H.,  and  C. Calissendorf,  1967.   "Gamma Ray and Neutron  Attenuation in
Measurements of Soil Bulk Density and Water Content," Proceed. Symposium on Use of Isotopes
and Radiation Techniques in Soil Physics and  Irrigation Studies - International  Atomic Energy
Agency, Vienna, Austria.

Green, W.H., and G.A.  Ampt, 1911.  "Studies on Soil Physics," Journal of Agricultural Science,
Vol. 4, No. 5, p  1.

Held,  R.J., 1993. "Investigation of Fingering of Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids in Saturated
Porous Media",  Masters Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

Honarpour, M.C., L.  Koederitz, and A.M. Harvey,  1986.  "Relative Permeability of Petroleum
Reservoirs," CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida.

Illangasekare, T.H., P. Brody, and D.D. Reible, 1987a. "A  Model for Two-Dimensional Transport
of Concentrated Organics in Saturated and Unsaturated Soils," Proceedings of Seventh Annual
American Geophysical Union Hydrology Days, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Illangasekare, T.H., P. Brody, and D.D. Reible, 1987b. "A  Model for Two-Dimensional Transport
of Concentrated  Organic Waste in  the Unsaturated Zone," Proceedings of  International
Conference on Groundwater Contamination: Use of Models for Decision Making, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands.

Illangasekare, T.H.,  and D.D. Reible, 1987a.  "A  Simple Model for Transport  of Free-Phase
Organics  in  Unsaturated Zones  of Aquifers,"  Proceedings  NWWA Conference  on Solving
Groundwater Problems  with Models, Denver, Colorado.

Illangasekare, T.H.,  and  D.D.  Reible, 1987b.   "A Study of  Transport and  Entrapment of
Concentrated Organics  in the Unsaturated Zone," Proceedings of International Conference  on
New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Kaluarachchi, J.J., and  J.C. Parker,  1989.  "An Efficient Finite Element Method for  Modeling
Multiphase Flow,"Water Resources Research, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp 43-54.

Kueper, B.H., and E.O. Frind, 1991. "Two-Phase Flow in Heterogeneous Porous Media; 1. Model
Development," Water Resources Research, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp 1049-1057.

Kuppusamy, J.J., J.  Sheng, J.C. Parker, and R.J.  Lenhard, 1987.  "Finite Element Analysis of
Multiphase Immiscible Flow Through Soils,"Water Resources Research, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp 625-
632.

Lenhard, R.J., J.C Parker, and S. Mishra, 1989.    "On the correspondence between Brooks-
Corey and van Genuchten models,"  Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Vol. 15, No.
4, pp  744-751.

                                         89

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Lenhard, R.J. and J.C. Parker, 1987.  "Measurement and Prediction of Saturation and Pressure
Relationships in Three-Phase Porous Media Systems," J.  Contam. Hydr., Vol. 1, pp 407-424.

McMaster, W.H., N. KerrDel Grande, J.H. Mallet, J.H. Hubbell, 1969. "Compilation of X-ray cross
sections," Section II, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Livermore.

Manna,  M., 1991, Suction-Saturation Measurements in Soils Using the Flow Pump Technique,
Masters Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

Mualem, Y., 1976, "A New Model for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Porous
Media",  Water Resources Research, Vol. 12, pp 513-522.

Muskat,  M.,  R.D. Wykoff, H.G. Botset, and M.W. Meres,  1937.   "Flow of Gas-Liquid Mixtures
Through Sands," Transactions,  American  Institute  of Mining,  Metallurgical  and Petroleum
Engineers, Vol. 123, pp 69-96.

Neuman, S.  P., Wetting front pressure head in the infiltration model of Green and Ampt, Water
Resources Research, 12, 564-566, 1976.

Nofziger, D.L., and D. Swartzendruber, 1974.  "Material Content of Binary Physical Mixtures as
Measured with a Dual Energy Beam of X-Rays," J. Appl.Physics,  Vol. 45, pp 5443-5449.

Oak, M.J., and R. Ehrlich, 1985.  A New X-Ray Absorption Method for Measurement of Three-
Phase Relative Permeability," SPE  14420,  Presented at the 60th Annual  Conference of the
Society  of Petroleum Engineers,  Las Vegas.

Osborne, M., and J. Sykes, 1986, "Numerical Modeling of Immiscible Organic Transport at the
Hyde Park Landfill," Water Resources Research, Vol. 22,  No. 1, pp 25-33.

Peaceman, D., 1977. "Fundamentals of Numerical Reservoir Simulation," Development in Petro.
Science 6,  Elsevier Publishing Co.,  pg 167.

Powers,  M.C.,  1953.    "A  New Roundness Scale  for  Sedimentary  Particles," Journal  of
Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 23, No.  2, pp 117-119.

Reginato, R.J., 1974.  "Count Rate Instabilities in Gamma Ray Transmission Equipment, "Soil Sci.
Amer., Vol 38, pp 156-157.

Reible,  D.D., and T.H.  Illangasekare,  1989.   "Subsurface Processes of Non-Aqueous Phase
Contaminants," Reviewed Book Chapter in Intermedia Pollutant Transport Modeling and Field
Measurement, Editors D. Owen and I. Keplan, Plenum Press.

Reible, D.D., T.H. Illangasekare,  D.V. Doshi, and M.E. Malhiet, 1990.  -"Infiltration of Immiscible
Contaminants in the Unsaturated Zone," Ground Water, Vol. 28, No.  5, pp 685-692.

Smith, R.E., 1983, "Approximate Soil Water Movement by Kinematic Characteristics", Soil Science
Society  of America Journal, Vol.  47, pp 3-8.
                                         90

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Stillwater, R., and A. Klute, 1988.  "Improved Methodology for a Co/linear Dual-Energy Gamma
Radiation System," Water Resources Research, Vol. 24, No. 8, pp 1411-1422.

Szlag, D.C., and T.H. Illangasekare, 1992.  "Experimental Investigation in Modeling of Immiscible
Liquid Entrapment n Porous Media," Proceedings of Conference on Hazardous Waste Research.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.  "Evaluation of Ground-Water Extraction
Remedies: Phase ///'Summary Report, USEPA, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,
Vol. 1, Washington, D.C. PB92-963346.

Weaver, J.W., 1989. "Multiphase Flow Modeling by the Method of Characteristic Approximations,"
EPA/EPRI Environmental Research Conference, Groundwater Quality and Waste Disposal,
Washington, D.C.

Weaver, J.W.,  1991. "Approximate Multiphase Flow Modeling by Characteristic Methods," US
Environmental  Protection Agency, EPA/600/2-91/015.

Weaver, J.W.,  R.J. Charbeneau, and B.K. Lien, 1994a,  "A Screening Model for Nonaqueous
Phase Liquid Transport in the Vadose Zone Using Green-Ampt and Kinematic Wave Theory",
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EPA/600/R-94/039a.

van Genuchten, M.T., 1980.  "A Close-for Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of
Unsaturated Soils," Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol.  44, pp 892-898.
                                        91

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APPENDIX   1     DESCRIPTION   AND  TESTING   OF  THE
DUAL-GAMMA SYSTEM
      An automated gamma system was used for measurement of saturation and bulk density.
Theory, configuration and testing of the gamma system are described in this appendix.

1.1  THEORY OF THE DUAL-GAMMA SYSTEM

      Use of gamma spectroscopy for the measurement of bulk densities and fluid saturation
of porous media is based on the exponential law for monoenergetic ga'mma radiation. This is a
modified form of Lambert's law for light transmission through an absorbing medium.  In gamma
spectroscopy, the rate of energy transmission is described in terms of counts or counts per unit
of elapsed time. A count refers to a recorded gamma emission. If the detected count rate can
be compared with and without absorbing material present,  it can be seen that the count rate is
lower with absorbing material present.  If the effective absorption rate of the material is known,
then it is possible to predict the mass (or volume) of the material.

      If /0 represents the initial energy intensity emitted from a gamma source and entering an
absorbing material, then the energy, /, emerging from the opposite side is given by:
                                  /   =    Ie-™x                             (30)
where u is the mass attenuation coefficient of the material, p is the material density and x  is the
path length through the material traversed by the gamma energy.  The emerging intensity  / may
be given in terms of either a count rate or as a total number of counts. For our application, / is
equal to the total number  of counts  recorded within a specified energy range or "region of
interest."

       Essential to the application of gamma theory is the knowledge of the energy absorbing
characteristics  of the materials present.  Attenuation  rates of gamma radiation  differ widely
between air, different fluids and soils.  It is  important  to note that for our application  the
attenuation of gamma radiation by air is assumed to be negligible.  This can be justified by noting
that  the attenuation  coefficient of air is of the same  order of magnitude as the attenuation
coefficient  for water  (McMaster et al., 1969).  However, air density  is about three orders of
magnitude smaller than the density of water; and thus, attenuation by air is about three orders
of magnitude smaller than attenuation by water.

       The mass attenuation  coefficient, u, of a material describes the rate of gamma energy
absorption.  Units of  measurement  of the mass attenuation coefficient are in  cm2/g.   This
coefficient  differs not only between materials but also for different energy levels of sources of
gamma radiation (i.e. Americium and Cesium sources used in our dual-gamma system).  Mass
attenuation coefficients can be determined using Equation (30) and solving for u.  The procedure
which will be used to determine the attenuation coefficient will be described later.
                                         92

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       In multi-phase systems,  the attenuation due to each phase must be incorporated into
Equation (30).  For the case of sand and water, this equation takes the form,
                              1   =   1 e~(|l»p'x* + vwPw**)                         (31)
where the subscripts s and w stand for sand and water, respectively.  The initial count rate /D is
defined  as the count rate through the empty container, before it is filled with sand and water.
Thus redefining  the  initial count rate eliminates the need  to consider the absorption by the
material  of the  column,  or  any container which  is used  to  hold  the  sample.  For further
simplification, the new initial count rate, /D, can be taken through dry sand.  That is, attenuation
due to the soil is implicit in /D; and any further attenuation is only due to the presence of water.
This leads back to Equation (30).

      As the pores of the soil are partially saturated with water, the true path length through the
water, xw cannot be measured. Only the path length through the total sample, x, is  known.  The
following relation between xw and x is assumed to hold true:

                                    xw   =   nSx                               (32)

where n is the porosity of the sample and S the water saturation.

      A lumped calibration constant (Nofzigerand Swartzendruber, 1974), U, can be defined for
each  material present and for each gamma energy:
                                               UAo
                     UCw   =   V-CwPw         UCo
                                                                                 (33)
where A and C stand for Americium and Cesium sources, respectively.

       Rewriting Equation (31):

                                /   =   /  0-(U,^nSUw)x                           (34)
The lumped attenuation coefficient L/s for the sand is always measured through porous sand, the
porosity is therefore implicit in Us and does not need to be considered in the path length in the
formulation given in Equation (34). When volumetric phase content 9 needs to be introduced the
relation  0 = nS is used.

      Saturation of two fluids can be determined with a dual gamma system by writing Equation
(34) for each gamma source:
                                          93

-------
                            1=1   Q-(*WUAW+ BO^C)*                       (35)
                            'c   =   !CDe-(QwUcw + Q°UC<*X                       (36)
       Equations (35) and (36) are solved simultaneously to yield volumetric phase content for
water and oil:


                                   U  In ICD - U  In  IAD
                                   ""'""      ^'"                         (37)
                                   (UcwUAO-UAWUco)x
                                                                              (38)

                              ~              - UAWUco)x
In the above equations, /D is the count rate through the dry sand.  /D can be expressed with the
count rate through the empty box, using Equation (30):
                                ID   -   ioe-Us*'c*                           (39)
      The lumped calibration constant U cannot be used when the bulk density of a sample is

determined with the gamma system. Equation (34) can then be rewritten as:


                            /    =   /  e-(»ASPB + VwUA*)X                       (40)
                            f\       r\LJ
                                 =1  e
These are two equations for Americium and Cesium with two unknowns, the bulk density and
volumetric water content.  It can be seen that  the bulk density can only be calculated for


                                        94

-------
combinations of one solid phase and one liquid phase. With two liquid phases, three unknowns
in  only two  equations would be  present.   Solving the two equations simultaneously yields
solutions analogous to Equations (37) and (38).
                          0
                           w
                                    (UCW\*-AS ~ UAW»CS)X
                                                                               (42)
                   •L X
"cJn^-
-------
The bulk density of the solid phase and the volumetric saturation of one liquid phase can be
calculated simultaneously.

       Porosity and bulk density are interrelated in the following way:
                                  n   =    1  - -                               (44)
                                                  Ps
where pB is the bulk density and ps is the density of the solid grain (for sand ps = 2.65 g/cm3).


1 .2  CONFIGURATION OF THE GAMMA SYSTEM

       The physical setup of the gamma system is described in the following chapter.


1.2.1  Radiation Source

       Various gamma emitting sources have been used  by other investigators.  Garder and
Calissendorf (1967) found the isotopes Cesium 137 (Cs) and Americium 241 (Am) to be most
convenient and useful for laboratory work in soil physics.  Cesium 137 has a half-life of 30 years
and an energy peak at  0.662 MeV and Americium 241 has a half-life of 458 years and a lower
energy peak at 0.060 MeV. The half-lives are sufficiently long so that decay corrections are not
required for laboratory measurements.  The experimental setup described in this report contains
a Cesium source with 50 mCi strength and an Americium source with a strength of 200 mCi.
Using two different sources of gamma radiation gives the advantage of being able to solve for two
unknowns, i.e. bulk density and saturation of a single fluid  or for known bulk density saturation
of two fluids, simultaneously.  The two sources can be used by alternating the exposure from
each source or arranging the sources in a collinear fashion. Collinear measurements have the
advantage of saving time.

       The sources are enclosed in a shielded lead housing (Figure 73).  The two sources with
the housing  are mounted  diametrically in a rotating inner cylinder mounted on a  bearing.  A
second fixed lead cylinder encloses the inner cylinder. The  outer cylinder has a 0.5 cm diameter
collimation hole aligned with the detector.  The inner cylinder with the radiation sources can be
rotated in  such  a way that one of the sources is in front of the collimation hole.  In this position,
the second source gets located diametrically opposite to the first.  During a  measurement, the
stronger Cesium source is rotated to the back, while the Americium  source is in front. In this
configuration, the  radiation from both sources is detected simultaneously by the detector. All the
tests which are reported here were conducted using this source configuration which produces two
energy peaks in the spectrum. The distance between source collimation hole of the source and
the detector is 34 cm.
                                          96

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1.2.2 Solid Scintillation Counting System

       Radiation is detected using a thallium activated sodium iodide crystal and a photomultiplier
tube. As the ionizing radiation interacts with the fluor crystal, a portion of its energy is transferred
to  the fluor molecules causing excitation of the orbital electrons. Electrons returning to their
original energy level emit the absorbed energy as electromagnetic radiation in the visible or near
ultraviolet region.  The photomultiplier is employed in close proximity to the fluor crystal to convert
the photons to photoelectrons which are greatly amplified by secondary electron emission through
nine series of dynodes to a sizable electrical pulse. The detector used with this system  is  a 2
inch diameter and 2 inch thick Nal(TI) scintillation photomultiplier tube (ORTEC 905-3). All other
components of the counting system were manufactured by ORTEC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. A
preamplifier is used to shape the detector signal and to make the signal to cable noise ratio as
high as possible.  A second amplifier  (ORTEC 575A) gives extra amplification and minimizes
pulse overlap by shortening the time of duration of each amplifier pulse by clipping the pulse. The
electronic system has a specific deadtime after every radiation pulse detected, in which no further
impulses can be measured.  The total deadtime during a measurement depends on the number
of  registered  pulses and is  shown  by the software  in percent.   Positive  pulse shaping was
selected. This indicates the  presence of only  positive portions  of the pulse.

       A multi-channel analyzer (ORTEC 918A ADCAM) is used to select pulses of  the desired
energy. Pulses are counted  using a timer-counter unit. EG&G Ortec ADCAM software is used
to  analyze the signals and present the  results on a PC.  A well regulated and highly stable
voltage is required for the operation of the photomultiplier tube. The model used with  this system
is ORTEC 556.

       A schematic diagram  showing the different components of the gamma system is given in
Figure 73.
                                          97

-------
   lead container
       Cesium source
                Colomation Port
Amplif.


Multi.
Chn.
Anal.


P.C.
                       Nal Crystal
                              Photo Multiplier Tube
            Americium source
   Rotating interior
   cylinder
      1
Figure 73.    Schematic of computer controlled  traversing  gantry  and  gamma data
             acquisition system (after Armbruster, 1990).
1.2.3  Traversing Mechanism

       The principle  of the gamma attenuation necessitates,  external to the soil sample,  a
radioactive source on one side of the test sample and a scintillation detector on the other side.
The setup for these measurements consists of fixed and moving frames (Figure 74). The sample
is attached to the fixed frame.  The detector and source assembly are placed on the platforms
of a moving frame. Horizontal and vertical movements are motor driven and can be controlled
through software specifically designed for this purpose. The software automatically shuts off the
motors while the measurement is taken,  so there is no electronic interference between  the
detector and the motors.

1.2.4  Test Box

       Following Bazaraa and Morel-Seytoux  (1979), a multi-chambered plexiglass box was
constructed for the testing of the Gamma system (Figure 75).  The effective path length traversed
by the gamma radiation may be precisely controlled by sequentially filling compartments with the
material being tested.  The path length was measured with mechanical tools to an accuracy of
1mm.  An aluminum plate (10 mm) was used as a standard absorber.
                                          98

-------
Traversing Gantry System
Motion translator

..-,.
Thompson
shaft — >








Aluminum
Platform














V
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motor , 	 k
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	 i





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sources


/

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;
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_J





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tzz











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Ball_
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f




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	 Thompson shaft
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Figure 74.    Computer automated traversing gantry system (after Armbruster, 1990).
                                       99

-------
                                                           Top View
           2.5cm    2.5cm   2.5cm    2.5cm    2.5cm
     T
    o
   iq
   cJ
Side View
Figure 75.     Multichambered plexiglass box for testing the gamma system
1.3  TESTING PROCEDURES FOR THE GAMMA SYSTEM


      Since the gamma system was the primary instrument used in the collection of phase
content data during spill experiments, it was tested extensively. The following chapter describes
the testing of the gamma system.
                                      100

-------
1.3.1  Modifications of the Gamma System

       Proper alignment of source and detector is an important prerequisite for good performance
of the gamma system. In order to align the detector, elongated, oval-shaped slits were drilled into
the bottom plate of the detector, thus allowing the detector to be moved in three directions to
obtain the desired alignment.  The detector can then be bolted down to the platform  in the
optimum position. By moving the detector in increments, the position was determined where the
detector would read the maximum count rate.  The detector was fastened down when proper
alignment was indicated through the highest observed count rate.  To maintain proper alignment
of the signal, the source also needs to be secured to the platform. The gamma source is in
danger of being moved slightly whenever the platform moves up or down. The gamma source
was bolted tightly to the platform to prevent any movements during vertical motion of the source
platform.

       It is assumed that by securely fastening the source and detector to their  platforms, the
alignment  will not change. However, the platforms  on which the detector and the source are
mounted move in relation to each other when moved  up or down; thus the alignment between
source and detector changes depending on the elevation  at which  the  measurement is taken.
However, initial calibration allows for correction of the count rate for the misalignment, assuming
that the alignment is always the same for each vertical position.

       Electronic shift  in the detector moves the Americium and Cesium peak  from their
theoretical position on an energy scale.  The software used (EG&G) integrates only over a set
range of energy. If the peak shifts (partly) out of this region, the integration procedure does not
capture the whole peak. There is also a limit to the width of the integration region. To eliminate
this problem, a new integration scheme was developed (Campbell, 1992) to allow  a wider region
for the integration. This method tries to avoid  problems with  a shifting peak.  However, most of
the measurements for this research were conducted before the new software was finished. The
calibration described in this report pertains to the original EG&G software. A comparison between
the two integration schemes was performed; and no difference was found between them.

1.3.2  Determination of Warm-Up Time

       It has to be assumed that the measurements with the gamma system are not accurate
unless the detector is at steady state, which requires some warm-up time. Thus, the warm-up
time for the gamma  system was established, by using the following  test.  The system was
completely shut off overnight, and a measurement was started right after the unit was turned on.
The measured radiation intensity of Americium through a standard absorber changed for the first
20 minutes and stayed  constant from then on  (Figure 76a). The measured intensity of Cesium
was constant from the start of the measurement (Figure 76b). It can be concluded that for this
configuration of the  gamma system, the warm-up time is 20 minutes until the readings for
Americium stay constant.
                                         101

-------
                             Countrate after Start-Up (Am)
                               10      20     30      40      50
                                         Time in Minutes
60
Figure 76.     Delay in reading of constant count rate after start-up (Am).
                                            102

-------
1.3.3  Overloading of the Detector

       The objective of this test was to determine whether exposure of the detector to the un-
attenuated radiation will overload the detector. Reginato (1974) reported that the detector shows
a hysteresis after being exposed to an overload of radiation, i.e. the detector stays saturated (up
to about 30 minutes) even after the radiation beam is taken away from the detector. This would
mean that after any prior exposure of the detector to the un-attenuated source, the detector may
not measure accurately. This problem  was investigated with the following procedure (similar to
the one reported by Reginato, 1974).  The detector was first exposed to the un-attenuated source
for 5 minutes.  Afterwards, the gamma  intensity through a standard absorber was measured for
80 minutes. A constant intensity was found which did not decrease over time (Figure 77).  It can
be assumed that the radiation source in our experiment is weak enough so it does not cause any
long lasting, over-saturation of the detector, even if there is no absorber between source  and
detector.

       A second test was conducted to determine whether overloading of the detector led to
fatigue in the detector during the measurement.  High radiation  causes fatigue in the detector
which leads to unstable readings of the count rate. A high count rate per second (high dead time)
has to be avoided. Repeated measurements were conducted through different absorbers over
a 3-hour period.  For an absorber which had little absorption (a thin aluminum sheet), the count
rate for repeated 30 second counts varied widely over the 3-hour test period.  The  count  rate
through a highly absorbing aluminum block, however, stayed fairly constant.  It was shown  that
for  dead times below 10%,  detector fatigue does not cause large variations in the Americium
count rate.  No such clear limit could be found for the Cesium count rate.  It is possible that  due
to the higher energy of the Cesium radiation, there is always some degree of detector fatigue.

1.3.4  Random Variation

       Fluctuations in the intensity of the gamma radiation are due to the random nature of the
radioactive  process.   Repeated measurements  give the statistical  standard deviation of the
process if the measurements are done  right after each other, and it is  assumed that the detector
sensitivity does not change over a short period of time  (Stillwater and Klute, 1988).  Repeated
measurements were conducted through different  absorber thicknesses. For each absorber the
measurement was repeated seven times.  These seven measurements were averaged and the
standard deviation calculated. As expected, the number of counts was found to decrease with
increasing thickness  of the absorber.  The standard deviation  of the measurements for the
Americium source is roughly in the same order of magnitude as  the square root of the number
of counts (Table 7).  For any natural process which follows a Poisson distribution,  the standard
deviation is the square root of the count number.  Radioactive decay follows this distribution. By
confirming this result with  our measurements, it could  be concluded that for measurements
repeated in a short time period, only radioactive decay produces the random variability in the
Americium count rate; and no other random factors influence  the measurement.  The Cesium
count rate has a higher variability as explained above with detector fatigue due to the high energy
gamma radiation.
                                         103

-------
CO
 C
(Q
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CD Count Rate CD Count Rate
CO CO
~ (Thousands) _, (Thousands)
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-------
Table 7.
Random variation comparison
Absorber
2.5 cm
5.0 cm
7.5 cm
10.0 cm
12.5cm
Am
420746
422512
422794
421951
422748
421769
422962
253828
253825
253610
253592
254257
254178
254328
153991
152582
153482
153650
153393
153129
152618
93437
94467
93861
93774
93286
94001
94206
57010
57826
57807
57471
57082
56956
Cs
215399
213736
215162
218724
215636
214287
216905
176889
174382
175343
175540
174949
175677
176973
142146
141825
141351
140603
144475
142727
142691
116292
115674
114680
116150
116223
114444
115627
93060
94342
95165
94940
93348
92001
Am

Average
Standard Dev.
Square root
422212
726
650


average
std
square root
253945
284
504


average
std
square root
153264
484
391


average
std
square root
93862
382
306


average
std
square root
57414
363
240

Cs

Average
Std. Dev.
Square root
215693
1551
464


average
std
square root
175679
885
419


average
std
square root
142260
1139
377


average
std
square root
115584
692
340


average
std
square root
93801
1031
306

      The count rate was measured through the standard absorber for five different times for
both Americium (Am) and Cesium (Cs).  For every length of time, seven measurements were
done.  The measurements are averaged and the standard  deviation was calculated.  The
standard deviation was in the same order of magnitude as the square root of the average.
                                        105

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1.3.5  Detector Sensitivity

       Detector sensitivity is defined as the  amplification factor  of an incoming signal (one
detected gamma ray) to the output signal sent to the computer. Change in sensitivity means that
the same amount of detected gamma rays does not necessarily yield the same output voltage.
Observed count rates thus may change even if there is no change in actual count rate. The
detector sensitivity depends on the temperature of the detector crystal, which in turn depends on
room temperature and detector history (i.e.  previous radiation on the detector, total run time of
the detector) which cannot necessarily be quantified.  It is therefore assumed that the detector
adds another random element to the fluctuations in the count rate measurements. Count rates
through a number of absorbers were measured on different days in order to evaluate fluctuations
of the intensity measurements due to the source plus the detector variations.  All measurements
were conducted with the same standard absorber.  Measurements through the absorber were
taken on randomly selected days and times to find the maximum variability in the count rate. The
standard deviation for these measurements was about one order of magnitude larger than the
square root of the  count rate (Tables 8a and 8b).  If the whole measurement can  be  conducted
within a short time period, problems  due to changing detector sensitivity are minimized.  Longer
measurements would be influenced  by changing detector sensitivity.  For  long measurements,
the count rate through a standard absorber has to be taken before and after the measurement,
and any changes  have to be  accounted for in the calculation of the  absorbance.   For short
measurements where the incident radiation cannot be measured before the measurement (e.g.,
the column through which the  incident radiation is measured, is already  filled with sand and
water), the  incident  radiation through  a  standard absorber is measured before  every sample
exposure.  By knowing the change  in count rates through the standard absorber, the incident
count rate can be corrected.
 Table 8a. Count statistics for Americium
Absorber
Thickness
(Sand)
2.5 cm
5.0 cm
7.5 cm
10.0 cm
12.5 cm
Am
dayl
646849
399178
245226
150340
90161
Am
day 2
627394
393543
242473
148680
81765
Am
day3
636045
395933
245629
149441
79555
Average

636763
396218
244443
149487
83827
Std. Dev.

7959
2309
1402
678
4569
Square root

798
629
494
387
290
                                         106

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 Table 8b.  Count statistics for Cesium
Absorber
Thickness
(Sand)
2.5 cm
5.0 cm
7.5 cm
10.0 cm
12.5 cm
Cs
day 1
222672
194077
155698
129029
107162
Cs
day 2
232268
195370
162304
133198
108229
Cs
day 3
221602
188036
157686
128501
106172
Average

225514
192494
158563
130243
107188
Std. Dev.

4796
3196
2767
2101
840
Square Root

475
439
398
361
327
       The count rate through different absorber for 60 seconds repeated on 3 different days for
Americium and Cesium.   The count rates  are averaged over the 3 days and the standard
deviation was calculated.  The standard deviation was about one order of magnitude larger than
the square root of the average.
1.3.6 Determination of the Attenuation Coefficients

       The lumped attenuation coefficients, U, for different materials were determined using the
following procedure. First the total counts, /„, were recorded through the empty multi-chambered
plexiglass box (Figure 75). Attenuation due to the box is thus included in the initial count.  The
five compartments of the box were then sequentially filled with the test material (sand, water or
oil).  The effective path length through the material traversed by the gamma radiation can thus
be precisely determined by adding the widths of the compartments filled with the test material.
From Equation (30) it can be seen that plotting the natural logarithm of the ratio (/„//) against path
length results in a straight line. A  linear regression is performed, and the resulting slope of the
line is equal to the lumped attenuation coefficient of the test material.  Potential error due to the
random nature of gamma emission was reduced by averaging seven separate scans at each of
five measured path lengths.

       The measurement of the attenuation coefficient for water was repeated four times.  The
lumped attenuation  coefficients, the  standard deviation of the regression, and the standard
deviation between the four measurements are given in Table  9.  The mean value of U for water
was  0.195 cm"1 for Americium and 0.076  cm"1 for Cesium. The total standard deviation of L/for
four  measurements was 0.0024 cm'1 for Americium and 0.0034 cm"1 for Cesium. The graphed
results of one lumped attenuation coefficient determination can be seen in Figure 79.

       As also can be seen in Table 9, the standard deviation for a single determination of the
U for water (from each seven measurements for five different path lengths) is smaller than the
standard deviation between the four measurements conducted  on different days.  Changing
detector  sensitivity as  described above  might cause the larger variability  between separate
measurements.  Also,  changes in detector-sample-source configuration may lead to different
results of the measurement. The distance of the sample to the source influences the absorption,
even if the distance between source and detector is constant.  It is therefore important that the
                                          107

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geometrical configuration of the system stays exactly the same between different measurements.
 Table 9.
Lumped attenuation coefficient of water
Am
U(water)
0.194
0.191
0.195
0.198

standard deviation
of the regression
3.690e-04
8.550e-04
1.2206-03
4.8006-04

total standard deviation:
0.0024
Cs
U(water)
0.077
0.074
0.071
0.081

standard deviation
of the regression
3.080e-04
4.140e-04
3.9006-03
3.000e-04

total standard deviation:
0.0034
       The lumped attenuation coefficient was determined four times.  The results and the
standard deviation for each determination are listed. An overall standard deviation of the four
experiments was calculated.  The graphs below (Figure 79) show the data for one determination
of the lumped attenuation coefficient for Americium and Cesium.

1.3.7   Dependence of Apparent Attenuation Coefficient on Beam Strength

       Attenuation coefficients are material constants, which do not change. It was observed,
however, that the measured or apparent, attenuation coefficients seemed to change for different
measurements. This does not mean that the attenuation coefficient actually changes, but the
poor measurement techniques lead to  apparent changes.   Variable detector sensitivity,  poor
collimation and poor spectral windowing can cause a change in apparent attenuation coefficients.
Thus further experiments were conducted to investigate the stability of the measured attenuation
coefficients.

       A test was conducted to determine whether the apparent attenuation  coefficient of water
is dependent on the radiation strength. The radiation strength was changed  by placing different
absorbers in front of the  radiation  source.   For  Cesium, it was  found that the  attenuation
coefficient was too low for either very high or very low incident radiation. For a small band of
incident radiation, the attenuation coefficient  was almost constant  (Figure 79).  However, the
attenuation coefficient seems to decrease slightly  when the incident radiation increases.   For
Americium, the attenuation coefficient is a function of the incident radiation (Figure 80).  The
attenuation coefficient was graphed versus the 30  second count rate.  The  dependence of the
attenuation coefficient on count rate shows that the attenuation coefficients are not constant.  The
count rate is a measure of radiation strength.  The radiation strength is a function of the radiation
source, the shielding of  the source,  the  attenuation of the sample container and the distance
between  source and sample, and sample and detector.  It is important to note that the source-
sample-detector geometry and the material and geometry of the sample container may influence
the  attenuation coefficients.
                                          108

-------
       Improvements  in  collimation  and  spectral  windowing  were  completed  after these
experiments.  Source and detector were realigned and the integration software was rewritten to
improve spectral windowing.  However, the effects of these improvements on the stability of the
attenuation constants was not tested.  It is still good policy to assume changes  in apparent
attenuation coefficients may occur. If the system allows for it, the measurement of the attenuation
coefficient should  be conducted in  the same sample container as the  actual saturation
measurements, thus the same apparent attenuation coefficient would be used throughout all
measurements.  This procedure was followed in all experiments.
1.3.8   Attenuation Coefficient of Test Fluid (Soltrol)

       The attenuation coefficient of Soltrol was found to be close to the attenuation coefficient
of water (Oak and Ehrlich, 1985).  A different attenuation coefficient between the two fluids (water
and oil) is required to determine the saturation of two fluids in a three-phase system (sand, water
and oil). Therefore, Soltrol was mixed with iodoheptane, where the latter has a larger attenuation
(Oak and Ehrlich, 1985) coefficient and is easily soluble in Soltrol. Following the work of Lenhard
and Parker (1987), a ratio of 1:9 by volume of 1-iodoheptane to the mineral oil Soltrol  220 was
used.  The lumped attenuation coefficient for the doped Soltrol was found to be 0.632 cm"1  for
Americium and 0.056 cm"1 for Cesium (Figure 81).  The standard deviation of the regression was
0.00698 cm"1 for Americium and 0.000691 cm"1 for Cesium.
                                          109

-------
                   Attenuation  Coefficient  of Water
                                     Am
                  1
                 0.9 -

                 0.8-
               ^N
               >0.7-

               ¥0.6 -
               
-------
           Attenuation  Coefficient  of  Soltrol
                                 Am
         6-
       0)
       04
       o
       XI
         2-
                                                   -1	T"
                      -i	r
                            56789
                            Sample Thickness in cm
                                        10    1 1
Figure 81.    Attenuation coefficient of Soltrol and iodoheptane mixture (Am).


                Attenuation Coefficient  of Soltrol
                                  Cs
            \0
            _g
234
                              5678
                              Sample Thickness in cm
                                                9    10   11
Figure 82.    Attenuation coefficient of Soltrol and iodoheptane mixture (Cs).

                                   111

-------
1.3.9  Attenuation Coefficient of Sand

       The lumped attenuation coefficient of sand depends on the bulk density which is related
to porosity.  The  attenuation coefficient for one sand grain is a  constant,  but the void space
between the grains differs depending on the packing of the sand.  Thus, the lumped attenuation
coefficient of the sandy material changes. It is not possible to measure the attenuation coefficient
of one sand grain or to pack the sand in a way that no void spaces exist.  However, by measuring
the lumped attenuation coefficients for  a known bulk density, a  relation between attenuation
coefficient and bulk density can be found; and the attenuation coefficient for sand independent
of bulk density can be calculated. The following steps were  taken to determine the relationship
between bulk density and attenuation coefficient for sand.   The sand was first weighed and
loosely filled into the plexiglass compartment box. The volume of the  sand was determined using
measurements of the compartment size.  From the sample weight and volume, the bulk density
was determined.   From the known mineral density, the porosity was  calculated.   Then the
attenuation coefficient was determined with the gamma system.  The procedure  was repeated
with different degrees of sand compaction, obtained by shaking the container a few times. The
attenuation coefficient was determined for four values of bulk density. For graphing the results,
it was assumed that for zero bulk density the attenuation coefficient is zero, since the absorbance
of air is negligible (Figure 83).  Using  the four measured points and  the point in the origin for a
linear regression,  the following relationships between bulk density, pB, and  lumped attenuation
coefficient, U, were found:

       U = 0.236  cm3g"1cm'1 pB     for Americium, with a standard error of the coefficient =
                                 0.0015,
       U = 0.063  cm3g~1cm~1 pB     for Cesium, with a standard error of the coefficient = 0.0006.

The lumped attenuation coefficients for sand without void spaces with a mineral density of 2.65
are then:

       U = 0.625  cm'1             for Americium,
       U= 0.167  cm"1             for Cesium.
1.3.10   Phase Saturation of Multi-Phase Systems

       The multi-chambered plexiglass box was used to produce two-phase and three-phase
mixtures of known phase content.  Filling three compartments of the box with sand and one
compartment with fluid gives a  theoretical volumetric  phase  content of  33%;  filling two
compartments with fluid gives a volumetric phase content of 67% (Tables 10 through 12).

       Every experiment included  four different measurements: one measurement through the
empty box (/0), one through the box when three compartments are filled with sand (/dry), and two
measurements with three compartments filled with sand and one or two compartments filled with
water (/, Water and /2 Water, respectively). The volumetric phase content of the liquid phase was
calculated in  three ways: first, the volumetric phase content was calculated with the incident
radiation through the dry sand (Equation (30));  second, with the incident radiation through the
empty box (Equation (31)). Equation (29) assumes that the bulk density of the sand is constant

                                         112

-------
and included in the lumped attenuation coefficient.  These calculations can be done for Cesium
and Americium separately. However, since the bulk density of sand for this experiment was not
previously determined, only an average value for the attenuation coefficient of the sand could be
used. The third method of calculation used the Americium and Cesium counts simultaneously
to calculate the phase content independent of the bulk density (Equation (42)).

       Calculations with the incident radiation measured through sand produced the best results.
It is important to note that measurements with Americium seem more reliable than measurements
with Cesium. The attenuation of Cesium is very weak; the results from the Cesium spectrum are
therefore more susceptible to small  fluctuations.  This  can also be seen in the results where
Cesium and Americium counts were used simultaneously for  the calculations because the
calculated phase contents are not as close to the theoretical values as those results calculated
only from the Americium source. The calculations with the incident radiation through the empty
box showed the largest deviation from the true value.

       It seems ideal to measure the incident radiation through the dry sand and rely on the
calculation of the phase content with the Americium data.  However, this assumes bulk density
is constant.  Changes in bulk density when saturating the sand will cause some error. If large
changes in bulk density occur, calculations of the phase content have to be done with Americium
and Cesium spectra simultaneously. Then bulk density and phase content can be  calculated
independently  of each other.  No  error from a  change  in  bulk  density will then  affect the
calculations, however, a larger error  resulting from the Cesium spectrum has to be considered.

      Three-phase mixtures do not allow for the measurement of the bulk density.  The bulk
density  should be determined  gravimetrically  before the  system  is saturated.  It  has to  be
assumed that the bulk density does not change after saturation. A  better assumption is that the
bulk density does not change when an organic phase is introduced after the sand has already
been saturated with water. In three-phase systems, the bulk density should be determined when
the matrix  is fully saturated.
                                         113

-------
                  Attenuation Coefficient  of  Sand
                                    Am
                      0.25
0.5   0.75    1     1.25
     Bulk Density in g/cm~3
                                                   1.5   1.75
Figure 83.    Attenuation coefficient versus bulk density for #125 sand (Am).
                  Attenuation Coefficient  of  Sand
                                     Cs
              0.15
                      0.25   0.5   0.75    1     1.25   1.5
                                 Bulk Density in g/cm~3
                            1.75    2
Figure 84.    Attenuation coefficient versus bulk density for sand #125 (Cs).


                                      114

-------
Table 10.  Volumetric water content in sand-water mixture
Three compartments filled with sand, one or two filled with water
Am
U( water) = 0.1 97655
V
sand
(1)
45658
46100
45308
45992
46096
45572
45050
M
comp.
water
(2)
27709
27348
27287
27562
27415
28352
27856
12
comp.
water
(3)
16326
16705
17119
16679
16884
16991
16790

Theoret

'o
(4)
696423
697342
700459
697945
699347
698219
698018
avg
std
. Water Content
Theoret. Error%
calc. with /dry
wa
contl
(5)
0.332
0.347
0.337
0.340
0.345
0.315
0.319
0.333
0.011
0.333
-0.04
wa
cont2
(6)
0.683
0.674
0.646
0.673
0.667
0.655
0.655
0.665
0.012
0.667
0.278
calc. with /„
wa
contl
(7)
0.286
0.295
0.300
0.291
0.296
0.272
0.284
0.289
0.009
0.333
13.31
wa
cont2
(8)
0.637
0.623
0.609
0.624
0.617
0.612
0.620
0.620
0.008
0.667
6.955
calc. with
Equation
37(42)
wa
contl
(9)
0.161
0.101
0.188
0.185
0.160
0.251
0.240
0.161
0.080
0.333
51.73
Cs
U(water) = 0.08065
'*,
99474
95478
101295
98706
99865
98483
/1
water
81542
81080
82495
81498
81278
80308
12
water
67097
65925
66073
64582
68830
65946


theoret.
/o
197228
199638
202258
199303
200227
198368
avg
std
wa cont
theoret. error
wa
contl
0.323
0.266
0.334
0.312
0.335
0.332
0.317
0.024
0.333
4.885
wa
cont2
0.641
0.603
0.695
0.690
0.606
0.653
0.648
0.036
0.667
2.822
wa
contl
0.060
0.089
0.082
0.078
0.090
0.094
0.082
0.011
0.333
75.42
wa
cont2
0.377
0.425
0.443
0.456
0.360
0.415
0.413
0.034
0.667
38.09
wa
cont2
(10)
0.445
0.635
0.661
0.720
0.411
0.576
0.501
0.493
0.226
0.667
26.1

       The test box was used to determine the volumetric water content in a defined sand-water
mixture.  The first four columns give the measured count  rates through the box for three
compartments filled with sand, three compartments filled with sand plus one compartment filled
with water, three compartments filled with sand plus two compartments filled with water, and
through the empty box, respectively.  The fifth and sixth columns give the water content as
calculated from Equation  (30) with the initial count rate through the dry sand for one and two
                                         115

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compartments filled with water, respectively.  The seventh and eighth columns give the water
content, as calculated from Equation (31), with the initial count rate through the empty box.  The
last two columns (9 and 10) give the water content as calculated following Equation (42).  The
average and the standard deviation were calculated for the seven measurements.  The average
was compared with the theoretical water content and a theoretical error was calculated.   The
suite of calculations was performed for both Cesium and Americium.
                                         116

-------
 Table 11a.  Volumetric content of organic phase in sand
Three compartments filled with sand, one or two filled with Soltrol
Am
/*,
(1)
42372
41197
41608
41250
41417
41493
40796
/, Soltrol
(2)
6968
7424
7251
6618
7286
7206
7281
/2 Soltrol
(3)
1125
1631
1401
980
1789
1454
1840

/o
(4)
711148
714854
715648
718232
717223
717690
718012
avg
std
theoretical water cont
theoretical error %
Cs
V
(1)
110399
110187
111275
109966
108925
109528
109500
/, Soltrol
(2)
89681
91878
91009
90099
91661
89834
90577
I2 Soltrol
(3)
77091
75849
75121
74006
74816
76908
75271

'o
(4)
244441
247998
252515
246966
248440
248353
242186
avg
std
theoretical water content
theoretical error %
calc with /dry
So contl
(5)
0.328
0.312
0.318
0.333
0.316
0.319
0.314
0.320
0.007
0.333
4.015
So cont2
(6)
0.660
0.588
0.617
0.681
0.572
0.610
0.564
0.613
0.041
0.667
8.047
calc with l^y
So contl
(5)
0.439
0.384
0.425
0.421
0.364
0.419
0.401
0.407
0.024
0.333
-22.218
So cont2
(6)
0.758
0.789
0.830
0.836
0.793
0.747
0.792
0.792
0.031
0.667
-18.814
calc with /0
So contl
L(7)
0.333
0.323
0.327
0.344
0.327
0.329
0.327
0.330
0.007
0.333
0.983
So cont2
(8)
0.665
0.599
0.626
0.692
0.582
0.620
0.577
0.623
0.039
0.667
6.531
calc with /0
So contl
(7)
0.330
0.309
0.367
0.342
0.318
0.360
0.289
0.331
0.026
0.333
0.765
So cont2
(8)
0.649
0.714
0.773
0.757
0.747
0.688
0.680
0.715
0.042
0.667
-7.322
       The test box was used to determine the volumetric Soltrol content in a defined sand-Soltrol
mixture.  The first four columns  give the measured count rates through  the  box for three
compartments filled with sand, three compartments filled with sand plus one  compartment filled
with Soltrol, three compartments filled with sand plus two compartments filled with Soltrol and
through the empty box respectively.  The  fifth and sixth columns give the  Soltrol content as
calculated from Equation (30),  with the initial count rate through the dry sand for one and two
compartments filled with Soltrol, respectively. The seventh and eighth give the Soltrol content,
as calculated  from Equation (31), with the initial count rate through the empty box.  The average
and the standard deviation were calculated for the seven measurements.  The average  was
compared to the theoretical Soltrol content, and a theoretical error was calculated. The suite of
calculations was performed for both Cesium and Americium.
                                         117

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Table 11b.  Volumetric content of the organic phase calculated with Equation (42)
Calculated with /-values from Table 5a.
average
standard deviation
theoretical volume content
theoretical error %
So contl
0.271
0.264
0.24
0.283
0.266
0.247
0.283
0.265
0.015
0.333
20.5
So cont2
0.661
0.512
0.528
0.648
0.467
0.564
0.494
0.554
0.07
0.666
16.9
                                          118

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Table 12. Volumetric content of water and organic phase in sand-water-organic mixture
Three compartments filled with sand, one filled with Soltrol
and one with water.
Am
/„„
37639
38261
37240
37752
37914
36665
37579
/1wa+1so
4359
3917
4282
4303
4260
3970
4179

Cs
V
105418
105630
106489
105915
105602
105874
105821
average
std
std %
A1wa+1so
71739
71722
71927
70418
70463
70816
72186



theoretical phase content
theoretical error
water content
with /dty
0.349
0.333
0.361
0.388
0.379
0.369
0.338
0.360
0.019
5.366
0.333
-7.892
oil content
with /^
0.280
0.307
0.277
0.270
0.276
0.285
0.290
0.284
0.011
3.982
0.333
14.910
Denominator k = 0.046
       The volumetric content of water and organic phase were determined simultaneously.  The
first two columns give the count rate for Americium through the dry sand and through the sand-
water-oil mixture, respectively.  The third and forth columns give the count rates for Cesium.  The
fifth and sixth columns give the volumetric phase content for water and oil,  calculated  with
Equations (37) and (38), respectively.  The  average and the standard  deviation of seven
measurements were calculated and compared to the theoretical phase content.  It can be seen
that calculations of two phases simultaneously may lead to error up to 15%.
1.4    ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS

       The results showed that a number of rules have to be followed in order to obtain accurate
results with the gamma system.  It has been shown that random decay of the radioactive source
leads to a randomness in the count rate. The standard deviation of the count rate is equal to the
square root of the count rate. Thus, the count rate has to be sufficiently large to avoid a large
percentage error. The count rate can be increased by increasing source strength or by increasing
counting time.  Increase in the source strength may lead to detector fatigue and should  be
avoided. The counting time can  be  increased only if the variable to be  measured within the
sample does  not change rapidly and  long measurement times are acceptable.  A compromise
between source strength  and  measurement time has  to  be found.   In  this  research,
measurements in spill and rainfall experiments needed to be conducted in short  time intervals.
A measurement time of 20 seconds was chosen for all of the spill experiments. The absorption
of the column was small; thus, without using any absorbers, the observed dead time was above
the threshold  which was found to  lead to detector fatigue (10% dead time).  An aluminum (1.5
                                        119

-------
cm thickness) absorber was placed in front of the source to decrease the radiation.
       Detector sensitivity was defined as the amplification factor of an incoming signal (one
detected gamma ray) to the output signal sent to the computer.  The detector sensitivity was
shown to have a large influence on the measurements. Temperature changes the amplification
gain of the photo multipliers inside the detector (Cathey,  1958).  A constant  temperature  is
necessary to achieve good measurements. However, the detector temperature depends not only
on the environment temperature, but also on the time the detector has already been subjected
to radiation and possibly even the amount of radiation.

       As  has been shown  during the  calibration  experiments, the detector sensitivity did not
change within "short" time periods; thus all measurements performed later were conducted within
the same day, if possible. Every experimental measurement was preceded by a measurement
through a  standard absorber (which could be an aluminum block or the top part of the empty
column). The count rate was then corrected according to the change  in the count rate through
the standard. A 5% change in the count rate through the standard meant that the count rate in
the experiment was accordingly  adjusted  with  a  5% increase (or  decrease).   Also,  no
measurements were performed earlier than one hour after the equipment had been turned on to
insure maximum detector stability.

       It was also seen  that the attenuation coefficient is dependent on radiation strength. In the
physical sense, the attenuation coefficient depends only on the material and the wave length, not
on the radiation strength.  The observed dependence  on  radiation strength results from the
changing detector sensitivity.  Radiation strength as seen by the detector depends not only on
the actual strength of the source, but on the absorbance of absorbers, sample and sample holder.
It is important to note that absorbance might also depend on the location of the sample between
source and detector.  A consistent source-sample-detector configuration was maintained during
all experiments. Ideally the attenuation coefficients  are measured in the same setting as the
actual experiments are  performed.  This was done for all the column and tank experiments to
insure the greatest accuracy for the measurements.

       In general  the results obtained from measurements with the Cesium source are not as
reliable as results  measured with Americium. The high energy radiation emitted by the Cesium
source is subject  to very small absorption.  Thus, the change between incident radiation (dry
sand) and sample radiation (saturated sand) is very little. Hence a change in count rate due to
changing detector sensitivity may  have a large effect.  Ideally, the Cesium  source would  be
replaced with another radioactive source emitting  a  lower energy gamma radiation. However
sources with a lower energy and a long half-life are not generally used in industry or research and
are extremely expensive. Most gamma systems are therefore equipped with an Americium and
a Cesium  source.  A lower accuracy for the Cesium measurements has to be accepted. It was
thus decided for the spill experiments to calculate the bulk density gravimetrically and use the
Americium counts for calculations of phase content for single-phase systems.  Cesium counts
were  only  used for measurements involving two-phase systems (spill experiments with rainfall).
Spill experiments in immobile, residually water saturated columns can be treated as single-phase
experiments, if the residual saturated column is measured and this measurement is used as the
incident radiation, which is assumed  to be constant.   In all experiments  the results were
calculated with Americium and Cesium; however, when not stated otherwise the results presented

                                         120

-------
here show only data collected with Americium.  The Cesium results confirmed the Americium
results in most cases qualitatively, in some cases exactly. In cases where both scans presented
quantitatively good results, the calculation for the spills was performed as for a two-phase system.
The incident radiation was taken through the dry sand, and water and oil phases were calculated
separately.
                                         121

-------
APPENDIX 2  EXPERIMENTAL FRONT MOVEMENT DATA
            SPILL H #125 SAND 500 ML SOLTROL SPILL
            VISUALLY OBSERVED FRONT MOVEMENT
            TIME

            MINUTES

            0
            1
            2
            3
            4
            5
            6
            8
            10
            12
            14
            16
            18
            21
            24
            27
            31
            35
            38
            40
            43
            44
            47
            50
            55
            60
            65
            70
            80
            90
            100
            110
            120
            135
            150
            220
            240
            270
            300
            335
            900
ELEVATION

CM

120
116
115
113
112
111
110
109
108
106
105
104
103
101
100
99
97
95
94
93
92
91.5
91
90
88
87
86
85
84
82
81
80
79
77
75
68
64
62
60
57
21
 PONDING
DEPTH
CM

9.5
7
7.5

6
5
BACK
FRONT
CM
            118.5

            118

            117.5

            117

            114
            111
            110
            108
            106
            103
            101
            100
            98

            97
                                     122

-------
SPILL O #125 SAND 500 ML SOLTROL SPILL
RAIN 500ML/HR AFTER 45 MINUTES

TIME             ELEVATION PONDING DEPTH
MINUTES         CM             CM

 0               120             9.5
 2               115             7
 3               114             6.8
 4               112.5           6.2
 5               111.3           5.8
 6               110.5           5.5
 7               110             5.3
 8               109.4           4.9
 9               108.7           4.6
10               108             4.5
13               106.3           3.9
15               105             3.5
20               102             2.5
27               99              1.3
30               98              1
35               95.5             0.2
36               95              0
40               94.3
45               93.5
50               92.5
53               90.7
55               89.5
58               88
60               87
65               84.5
70               82
80               77.5
85               75
90               72.5
95               69.5
100              67
105              65
110             63
115              60
120              57.5
125              56
132              52
135             50
140             47
145             43
150             41
155             39
160             35
165             32
170             29
                                  123

-------
SPILL P #125 SAND 750 ML SOLTROL SPILL
RAIN 500 ML/HR AFTER 22 HOURS

TIME          ELEVATION PONDING
                             DEPTH
MINUTES       CM            CM
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
90
100
110
120
150
220
240
300
120
116.5
114
113
112.3
111.5
110.8
110
109
108.2
108
106
104.7
103.5
102
101
99
96
94
91.5
89.5
88
86
83.5
82
80
79
77.5
75
73.5
72
70
67
56
53
46
14.2
13
12.5
11.5
11.1
10.8
10.6
10.3
10
9.8
9.5
9
8.6
8.2
7.9
7
6.3
5.5
4.9
3.6
3
2.3
1.7
1
0











SPILL D #125 SAND 1000 ML SOLTROL SPILL

TIME          DISTANCE       PONDING
                             DEPTH
MINUTES       CM            CM
 0
 1
2.5
 4
 6
 8
10
13
16
120
117
114.5
113
111
109.5
108
106
104
                             19
17.5
14
                            BACK
                            FRONT
                            CM
                               124

-------
TIME           DISTANCE        PONDING       BACK
                              DEPTH          FRONT
MINUTES        CM             CM             CM

               21             101
27             98             12
31             97
36             95
41             93.5
46             91.5
51             89.5            9
56             87.5
61             86.5
71             83
81             80             6
91             77.5
101            75
113            72             4
123            69
131            67
141            64             2
151            62
161            59             0
171            56                            117
176            55                            110
181            54                            107
191            52                            106
203            50                            105
211            49                            104
221            47.5                           101.5
236            46                            97
248            44                            91
261            42.5
271            41                            89
301            38                            86
331            34                            81
361            31                            74
406            29.5                           72
SPILL I  #125 SAND 1000 ML SOLTROL
MANUALLY OBSERVED FRONT MOVEMENT

TIME            ELEVATION      PONDING
                              DEPTH
MINUTES        CM            CM
 0
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
 10
 12
 15
 17
 20
120
115.5
112.5
111
110
109
108
107
106.5
106
105
103
101
100
98.5
19




15
14.5
14
13.8
13.6
13.3
12.7
12.3
12
11.6
                                125

-------
TIME            ELEVATION      PONDING
                               DEPTH
MINUTES        CM             CM
24
28
34
41
45
50
55
60
65
70
80
90
100
110
120
125
127
143
150
165
180
300
96
94
91
88
86
84
82.5
81
79
77.5
74
71
68
65
61.5
60.5
59
56
54
52
49
34
11
10.2
9.4
8.4
8
7.4
6.8
6.2
5.7
5.1
4.1
3.2
2.3
1.4
0.6
0






SPILL J  #70 SAND 500 ML SOLTROL SPILL
VISUALLY OBSERVED FRONT MOVEMENT

TIME           ELEVATION      PONDING        BACK
                              DEPTH          FRONT
MINUTES       CM            CM             CM

0              120            9.5
1              115.5           7.5
2              114            7
3              113            6.8
4              112            6.3
5              111            6
6              110            5.6
7              109            5.3
8              108            5.2
10             107            4.5
12             105.5           5
14             104            3.5
16             103            3
18             102            2.6
20             101            2.2
22             100            2
24             99             1.5
27             98             1.1
30             96.5            0.6
35             94.5            0
40             93.5                            119
45             92.5                            117
50             92                             116
60             90                             114
72             88                             114
80             87
90             86                             108
                                126

-------
TIME
MINUTES
              ELEVATION
              CM
100
120
150
180
210
250
381
1020
1320
85
83
80.5
78
77
74.5
69.5
59
55.5
PONDING
DEPTH
CM
BACK
FRONT
CM
                                           106
SPILL M #70 SAND 1000 ML SOLTROL SPILL
RAIN 500ML/HR AFTER 167 MINUTES

TIME           ELEVATION PONDING
MINUTES        CM            CM
       BACK FRONT
              CM
       WATER DEPTH
              CM
 0
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
 20
 22
 24
 26
 28
 30
 32
 34
 36
 38
 40
 44
 47
 50
 53
 57
 60
 65
 70
 75
 80
120
113
111
108.5
107
105.5
104
103
101.5
100.5
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91.3
90.5
89.7
88.3
86.5
85
84
83.2
81
80
78.2
77
75.7
73.7
71.9
70.8
69
67.3
66
64
62
60
58
19



13.2
12.5
12.1
11.7
11.2
10.8
10.4
10
9.6
9.4
8.9
8.6
8.2
8
7.5
7.3
7
6.5
5.8
5.3
4.5
4
3.5
2.9
2.5
2
1.5
0.6
0








               119
               114
               108

               99
               87
                               127

-------
TIME           ELEVATION PONDING     BACK FRONT    WATER DEPTH
MINUTES        CM            CM            CM            CM

90             55
100            52                            81
110            49
125            45
145            41
167            36                                           120
169            35.5                                          100
194            32                                           80.5
220            28                                           75
230            120                                          66
240            26                                           54.5
255            24                                           49.5
265            22                                           43
275            17                                           38.5
285            13                                           34
295            9                                            26
308            3
                                 128

-------
SPILL N #70 SAND 750 ML SOLTROL SPILL
RAIN 500 ML/HR AFTER 86 MINUTES

TIME           ELEVATION PONDING
MINUTES        CM            CM
WATER FRONT
       CM
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
86
90
96
100
105
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
120
113
112
110.5
109
108
106.5
105.5
104.5
103.5
102.3
101.1
100.1
99.2
98.5
97.5
96.8
96
95.2
94.3
93.5
91.8
90.4
88.9
87.3
85.9
84.5
83.7
83
81.4
79.8
77.9
76.1
74.5
73
71.4
70.4
69
67.3
66.5
65.2
64.1
63.2
61.3
60.1
58.3
58
56.8
54.6
52.8
50.2
47.4
45.3
43
40.6
14.2


10.6
10.2
9.8
9.2
8.4
8.1
7.6
7.2
6.8
6.4
6
5.7
5.4
5.1
4.8
4.4
4.1
3.7
3.3
2.7
2.2
1.5
1
0




























                                           110
                                           95
                                           90
                                           86
                                           85
                                           83
                                           81
                                           73
                                           69
                                           65
                                           61
                                           59
                                           56
                               129

-------
               TIME           ELEVATION     PONDING        WATER
                                             DEPTH          FRONT
               MINUTES       CM            CM             CM

               175            37.5                            53
               180            34.6                            47
               185            32                             43

               190            29.5                            39
               195            26.5                            34
               200            23.5                            31
               205            21                             28
               210            17.5                            21
               215            15                             16
               220            12                             12
               225            9                              9
               230            6                              6
               235            4.5                            4.5
               240            4                              4
               245            3.5                            3.5
TANK A
#70 SAND - SOLTROL PONDING DEPTH 9.5 CM
TANK EXPERIMENT
VISUALLY OBSERVED FRONT MOVEMENT

        TIME             ELEVATION
    MINUTES             CM
          0              120
          2              110.7
          3              109.8
          4              107
          5              105.5
          6              104
          7              103.5
          8              102.5
          9              101.5
         10              100.3
         12              99.5
         15              98.5
         20              95
         25              93.5
         30              92
         35              90
         60              85
         90              80
        120              77
        150              74.5
        185              72
        220              70
                                               130

-------
TANKS
#70 SAND - SOLTROL PONDING DEPTH 9.5 CM
RAIN 12000 ML/H AFTER 22 HOURS
RAIN END AFTER 24 HOURS
RESIDUAL WATER CONTENT ASSUMED CONSTANT AT 0.06.

        TIME               ELEVATION           PONDING DEPTH
    MINUTES                      CM                      CM
          0                      120                      9.5
          1                      113                      5.8
          2                      111                      4.5
          3                    109.5                        4
          4                      108                      2.8
          5                      107                      2.5
          6                      105                      1.9
          7                      104                      1.2
          8                    103.5                      0.7
          9                      102                        0
         15                      97
         20                     96.5
         30                      94
         40                      92
         50                      90
         60                      88
         90                      84
        130                      80
        180                      77
        300                      72
        420                      69
       1200                      61
       1342                      60
       1414                     53.5
       1450                     50.5
       1556                      48
       2700                      43
                                              131

-------
APPENDIX 3 EXPERIMENTAL PHASE CONTENT PROFILES
Spill H
#125 Sand 500 ml Soltrol Spill

Gamma Scan Data
     Bulk Density grav.: 1.53g cm"!
     Porosity: 0.42
     Temperature Soltrol: 23°C
Residual Water Content: 0.06
Elevation
cm
120.00
119.00
118.00
117.00
116.00
115.00
114.00
113.00
112.00
1 1 1 .00
110.00
109.00
108.00
107.00
106.00
105.00
104.00
103.00
102.00
101.00
100.00
99.00
98.00
97.00
96.00
95.00
94.00
93.00
92.00
91.00
120.00
119.00
118.00
117.00
116.00
115.00
114.00
113.00
112.00
111.00
110.00
109.00
108.00
107.00
106.00
105.00
104.00
103.00
102.00
Time
min
3.00
4.00
4.00
5.00
5.00
6.00
6.00
7.00
8.00





















34.00
34.00
35.00
35.00
36.00
37.00
37.00
38.00
38.00
39.00
39.00
40.00
40.00
41.00
41.00
42.00
42.00
43.00
43.00
Soltrol
Content
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.29





















0.29
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.28
0.28 '
0.28
0.27
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.28
0.27
0.28
0.27
0.28
0.28
Time
min
9.00
9.00
10.00
10.00
11.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
13.00
14.00
14.00
15.00
15.00
16.00
16.00
17.00
17.00
18.00
18.00
19.00










58.00
58.00
59.00
59.00
60.00
60.00
61.00
62.00
62.00
63.00
63.00
64.00
64.00
65.00
65.00
66.00
66.00
67.00
67.00
Soltrol
Content
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.30
0.29
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.29
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.30
0.28
0.22
0.09
0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01










0.22
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.27
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.28
0.28
Time
min

21.00

21.00

22.00

22.00

23.00

23.00

24.00

24.00

25.00

26.00

26.00

27.00

27.00

28.00

28.00
86.00
86.00
87.00
87.00
88.00
88.00
89.00
89.00
90.00
90.00
91.00
91.00
92.00
92.00
93.00
93.00
94.00
95.00
95.00
Soltrol
Content

0.34

0.33

0.33

0.33

0.34

0.32

0.33

0.28

0.26

0.13

0.00

0.00

-0.01

-0.01

0.00
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.27
0.26
0.27
0.28
                                132

-------
Elevation
cm
101.00
100.00
99.00
98.00
97.00
96.00
95.00
94.00
93.00
92.00
91.00
90.00
89.00
88.00
87.00
86.00
85.00
84.00
83.00
82.00
81.00
80.00
79.00
78.00
77.00
76.00
75.00
74.00
73.00
72.00
71.00
70.00
120.00
119.00
118.00
117.00
116.00
115.00
114.00
113.00
112.00
1 1 1 .00
110.00
109.00
108.00
107.00
106.00
105.00
104.00
103.00
102.00
101.00
100.00
99.00
98.00
97.00
96.00
Time
mm
44.00
44.00
45.00
46.00
46.00
47.00
47.00
48.00
48.00
49.00
49.00
50.00
50.00
51.00
51.00
52.00
53.00
53.00
54.00
54.00












114.00
115.00
115.00
116.00
116.00
117.00
117.00
118.00
118.00
119.00
119.00
120.00
120.00
121.00
122.00
122.00
123.00
123.00
124.00
124.00
125.00
125.00
126.00
126.00
127.00
Soltrol
Content
0.27
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.22
0.15
0.07
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00












0.16
0.16
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.27
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
Time
min
68.00
68.00
69.00
69.00
70.00
71.00
71.00
72.00
72.00
73.00
73.00
74.00
74.00
75.00
75.00
76.00
76.00
77.00
78.00
78.00
79.00
79.00
80.00
80.00
81.00
81.00
82.00





150.00
150.00
151.00
151.00
152.00
153.00
153.00
154.00
154.00
155.00
155.00
156.00
156.00
157.00
157.00
158.00
158.00
159.00
159.00
160.00
161.00
161.00
162.00
162.00
163.00
Soltrol
Content
0.27
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.19
0.15
0.08
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01





0.13
0.14
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.27
Time
min
96.00
96.00
97.00
97.00
98.00
98.00
99.00
99.00
100.00
100.00
101.00
101.00
102.00
103.00
103.00
104.00
104.00
105.00
105.00
106.00
106.00
107.00
107.00
108.00
108.00
109.00
110.00
110.00
111.00
1 1 1 .00
112.00
112.00
228.00
228.00
229.00
229.00
230.00
230.00
231.00
231.00
232.00
232.00
233.00
233.00
234.00
234.00
235.00
235.00
236.00
237.00
237.00
238.00
238.00
239.00
239.00
240.00
240.00
Soltrol
Content
0.27
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.28
0.27
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.14
0.10
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.25
133

-------
Elevation
cm
95.00
94.00
93.00
92.00
91.00
90.00
89.00
88.00
87.00
86.00
85.00
84.00
83.00
82.00
81.00
80.00
79.00
78.00
77.00
76.00
75.00
74.00
73.00
72.00
71.00
70.00
69.00
68.00
67.00
66.00
65.00
64.00
63.00
62.00
61.00
60.00
5900
58.00
57.00
56.00
55.00
54.00
53.00
52.00
51.00
50.00
49.00
4800
47.00
46.00
45.00
44.00
43.00
42.00
41 00
40.00
39.00
38.00
37.00
Time
min
127.00
128.00
128.00
129.00
129.00
130.00
131.00
131.00
132.00
132.00
133.00
133.00
134.00
134.00
135.00
135.00
136.00
136.00
137.00
138.00
138.00
139.00
139.00
140.00
140.00
141.00
141.00
142.00
142.00
143.00
143.00




























Soltrol
Content
0.26
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.24
0.22
0.22
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.17
0.14
0.11
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01




























Time
mm
163.00
164.00
164.00
165.00
165.00
166.00
166.00
167.00
167.00
168.00
169.00
169.00
170.00
170.00
171.00
171.00
172.00
172.00
173.00
173.00
174.00
174.00
175.00
175.00
176.00
177.00
177.00
178.00
178.00
179.00
179.00
180.00
180.00
181.00
181.00
182.00
182.00
183.00
184.00
184.00
185.00
185.00
186.00
186.00
187.00
187.00
188.00
188.00
189.00
189.00
190.00
191.00
191.00
192.00
192.00
193.00
193.00
194.00
194.00
Soltrol
Content
0.25
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.24
0.22
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.15
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
-0.01
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
-001
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
000
000
Time
mm
241.00
241.00
242.00
242.00
243.00
243.00
244.00
245.00
245.00
246.00
246.00
247.00
247.00
248.00
248.00
249.00
249.00
250.00
250.00
251.00
251.00
252.00
253.00
253.00
254.00
254.00
255.00
255.00
256.00
256.00
257.00
257.00
258.00
258.00
259.00
260.00
260.00
261.00
261.00
262.00
262.00
263.00
263.00
264.00
264.00
265.00
265.00
26600
267.00
267.00
268.00
268.00
269.00
269.00
270.00
270.00
271.00
271.00
272.00
Soltrol
Content
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.22
0.22
0.21
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.11
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
134

-------
Elevation          Time         Soltrol          Time         Soltrol          Time         Soltrol
     cm           min        Content           min       Content           min        Content

  36.00                                     195.00           0.00         273.00          0.00
  35.00                                     195.00          -0.01         273.00          0.00
  34.00                                     196.00           0.00
                                                 135

-------
Elevation
cm
120.00
119.00
118.00
117.00
116.00
115.00
114.00
113.00
112.00
111.00
110.00
109.00
108.00
107.00
106.00
105.00
104.00
103.00
102.00
101.00
100.00
99.00
98.00
97.00
96.00
95.00
94.00
93.00
92.00
91.00
90.00
89.00
88.00
87.00
86.00
85.00
84.00
83.00
82.00
81.00
80.00
79.00
78.00
77.00
76.00
75.00
74.00
73.00
72.00
71.00
70.00
69.00
68.00
67.00
66.00
65.00
64.00
63.00
62.00
Time
min
276.00
276.00
277.00
277.00
278.00
278.00
279.00
280.00
280.00
281.00
281.00
282.00
282.00
283.00
283.00
284.00
284.00
285.00
285.00
286.00
286.00
287.00
288.00
288.00
289.00
289.00
290.00
290.00
291.00
291.00
292.00
292.00
293.00
293.00
294.00
294.00
295.00
296.00
296.00
297.00
297.00
298.00
298.00
299.00
299.00
300.00
300.00
301.00
301.00
302.00
303.00
303.00
304.00
304.00
305.00
305.00
306.00
306.00
307.00
Soltrol
Content
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.12
0.11
0.13
0.12
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.15
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.22
0.21
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.12
0.13
0.11
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
Time
min
327.00
327.00
328.00
328.00
329.00
329.00
330.00
330.00
331.00
331.00
332.00
333.00
333.00
334.00
334.00
335.00
335.00
336.00
336.00
337.00
337.00
338.00
338.00
339.00
339.00
340.00
341.00
341.00
342.00
342.00
343.00
343.00
344.00
344.00
345.00
345.00
346.00
346.00
347.00
347.00
348.00
349.00
349.00
350.00
350.00
351.00
351.00
352.00
352.00
353.00
353.00
354.00
354.00
355.00
356.00
356.00
357.00
357.00
358.00
Soltrol
Content
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.09
0.07
0.06
Time
min
375.00
375.00
376.00
377.00
377.00
378.00
378.00
379.00
379.00
380.00
380.00
381.00
381.00
382.00
382.00
383.00
384.00
384.00
385.00
385.00
386.00
386.00
387.00
387.00
388.00
388.00
389.00
389.00
39000
390.00
391.00
392.00
392.00
393.00
393.00
394.00
394.00
395.00
395.00
396.00
396.00
397.00
39700
398.00
398.00
399.00
400.00
400.00
401.00
401.00
402.00
402.00
403.00
403.00
404.00
404.00
405.00
405.00
406.00
Soltrol
Content
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.12
136

-------
Elevation
cm
61.00
60.00
59.00
58.00
57.00
56.00
55.00
54.00
53.00
52.00
51.00
50.00
49.00
48.00
47.00
46.00
45.00
44.00
43.00
42.00
41.00
40.00
39.00
38.00
37.00
36.00
35.00
Time
mm
307.00
308.00
308.00
309.00
310.00
310.00
311.00
311.00
312.00
312.00
313.00
313.00
314.00
314.00
315.00
315.00
316.00
317.00
317.00
318.00
318.00
319.00
319.00
320.00
320.00
321.00
321.00
Soltrol
Content
0.01
0.00
0.01
001
0.01
-0.01
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
Time
min
358.00
359.00
359.00
360.00
360.00
361.00
361.00
362.00
363.00
363.00
364.00
364.00
365.00
365.00
366.00
366.00
367.00
367.00
368.00
368.00
369.00
370.00
370.00
371.00
371.00
372.00
372.00
Soltrol
Content
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
-0.01
Time
min
406.00
407.00
408.00
408.00
409.00
409.00
410.00
410.00
411.00
411.00
412.00
412.00
413.00
413.00
414.00
415.00
415.00
416.00
416.00
417.00
417.00
418.00
418.00
419.00
419.00
420.00
421.00
Soltrol
Content
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
-0.01
137

-------
Elevation
cm
120.00
119.00
118.00
117.00
116.00
115.00
114.00
11300
112.00
111.00
110.00
109.00
108.00
107.00
106.00
105.00
104.00
103.00
102.00
101.00
100.00
99.00
98.00
97.00
96.00
95.00
94.00
93.00
92.00
91.00
90.00
89.00
88.00
87.00
86.00
85.00
84.00
83.00
82.00
81.00
80.00
79.00
78.00
77.00
7600
75.00
7400
73.00
72.00
71.00
70.00
69.00
68.00
67.00
66.00
65.00
64.00
63.00
62.00
Time
mm
899.00
899.00
900.00
900.00
901.00
902.00
902.00
903.00
903.00
904.00
904.00
905.00
905.00
906.00
906.00
907.00
907.00
908.00
909.00
909.00
910.00
910.00
911.00
911.00
912.00
912.00
913.00
913.00
914.00
914.00
915.00
915.00
916.00
917.00
917.00
918.00
918.00
919.00
919.00
920.00
920.00
921.00
921.00
922.00
922.00
923.00
924.00
924.00
925.00
925.00
926.00
926.00
927.00
927.00
928.00
928.00
929.00
929.00
930.00
Soltrol
Content
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.12
0.12
138

-------
Elevation
      cm

   61.00
   60.00
   59.00
   58.00
   57.00
   56.00
   55.00
   54.00
   53.00
   52.00
   51.00
   50.00
   49.00
   48.00
   47.00
   46.00
   45.00
   44.00
   43.00
   42.00
   41.00
   40.00
   39.00
   38.00
   37.00
   36.00
   35.00
  Time
    min

931.00
931.00
932.00
932.00
933.00
933.00
934.00
934.00
935.00
935.00
936.00
936.00
937.00
937.00
938.00
939.00
939.00
940.00
940.00
941.00
941.00
942.00
942.00
943.00
943.00
944.00
944.00
 Soltrol
Content

  0.11
  0.10
  0.11
  0.12
  0.11
  0.08
  0.07
  0.06
  0.05
  0.05
  0.06
  0.07
  0.07
  0.08
  0.08
  0.09
  0.09
  0.06
  0.04
  0.05
  0.05
  0.07
  0.11
  0.11
  0.09
  0.06
  0.03
                                                   139

-------
Spill O
#125 Sand 500 ml Soltrol Spill
Ram 500ml/hour after 45 minutes.
Gamma Scan Data
Temperature Soltrol: 22°C
Temperature Water: 25°C
Residual water content assumed constant at 0.06.
Elevation
cm
120.00
119.00
118.00
112.00
111.00
110.00
109.00
108.00
107.00
106.00
105.00
104.00
103.00
102.00
101.00
100.00
99.00
98.00
97.00
96.00
95.00
94.00
93.00
92.00
91.00
90.00
89.00
88.00
87.00
86.00
85.00
84.00
83.00
82.00
81.00
80.00
79.00
78.00
77.00
76.00
75.00
74.00
73.00
72.00
71.00
70.00
69.00
68.00
67.00
66.00
65.00
64.00
63.00
Time
min
0.00
1.00
1.00
5.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
7.00
8.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
12.00
13.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
15.00
16.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
18.00
19.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
21.00
22.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
26.00
27.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
29.00
30.00
30.00
31.00
32.00
32.00
33.00
33.00
34.00
35.00
Soltrol
Content
0.32
0.33
0.28
0.33
0.30
0.30
0.21
0.11
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
000
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Time
min
42.00
43.00
43.00
47.00
47.00
48.00
49.00
49.00
50.00
50.00
51.00
52.00
52.00
53.00
53.00
54.00
55.00
55.00
56.00
56.00
57.00
58.00
58.00
59.00
60.00
60.00
61.00
61.00
62.00
63.00
63.00
64.00
64.00
65.00
66.00
66.00
67.00
67.00
68.00
69.00
69.00
70.00
70.00
71.00
72.00
72.00
73.00
74.00
74.00
75.00
75.00
76.00
77.00
Soltrol
Content
0.26
0.28
0.25
0.34
0.32
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.29
0.30
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.28
029
0.28
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.20
0.09
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Time
min
116.00
117.00
117.00
121.00
121.00
122.00
123.00
123.00
124.00
124.00
125.00
126.00
126.00
127.00
127.00
128.00
129.00
129.00
130.00
130.00
131.00
132.00
132.00
133.00
133.00
134.00
135.00
135.00
136.00
136.00
137.00
138.00
138.00
139.00
140.00
140.00
141.00
141.00
142.00
143.00
143.00
144.00
144.00
145.00
146.00
146.00
147.00
147.00
148.00
149.00
149.00
150.00
150.00
Water
Content
0.27
0.31
0.13
0.34
0.26
0.23
0.24
0.22
0.29
0.16
0.29
0.24
0.25
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.29
0.23
0.31
0.13
0.26
0.32
0.32
0.28
0.23
0.24
0.30
0.21
0.33
0.23
0.30
0.25
0.31
0.34
0.28
0.24
0.27
030
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.23
021
0.29
0.34
0.26
0.25
0.21
0.21
020
0.23
0.27
Soltrol
Content
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.08
o'.13
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.07
0.13
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.09
0.06
0.09
0.06
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.11
0.11
0.08
0.07
0.10
0.10
0.13
0.12
0.13
0.12
0.11
                                                     140

-------
Elevation
cm
62.00
61.00
60.00
59.00
58.00
57.00
56.00
55.00
54.00
53.00
52.00
51.00
50.00
49.00
48.00
47.00
46.00
45.00
44.00
43.00
42.00
41.00
40.00
39.00
38.00
37.00
36.00
35.00
34.00
33.00
32.00
31.00
30.00
29.00
28.00
27.00
26.00
25.00
24.00
23.00
22.00
21.00
20.00
19.00
18.00
17.00
16.00
15.00
14.00
13.00
12.00
11.00
10.00
9.00
8.00
Time Soltrol Time
mm Content min
35.00 0.00 77.00
36.00 0.00 78.00
37.00 0.00 78.00
37.00 0.00 79.00
38.00 0.00 80.00
80.00
81.00
82.00
82.00
83.00
83.00
84.00
85.00
85.00
86.00
86.00
87.00
88.00
88.00
89.00
90.00
90.00
91.00
91.00
92.00
93.00
93.00
94.00
94.00
95.00
96.00
96.00
97.00
98.00
98.00
99.00
99.00
100.00
101.00
101.00
102.00
102.00
103.00
104.00
104.00
105.00
105.00
106.00
107.00
107.00
108.00
109.00
109.00
110.00
110.00
Soltrol
Content
0.00
0.00
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
0.00
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Time
min
151.00
152.00
152.00
153.00
153.00
154.00
155.00
155.00
156.00
156.00
157.00
158.00
158.00
159.00
159.00
160.00
161.00
161.00
162.00
163.00
163.00
164.00
164.00
165.00
166.00
166.00
167.00
167.00
168.00
169.00
169.00
170.00
170.00
171.00
172.00
172.00
173.00
173.00
174.00
175.00
175.00
176.00
177.00
177.00
178.00
178.00
179.00
180.00
180.00
181.00
181.00
182.00
183.00
183.00
184.00
Water
Content
0.25
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.25
0.24
0.25
0.21
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.18
0.20
0.28
0.23
0.26
0.21
0.30
0.27
0.23
0.21
0.27
0.27
0.18
0.22
0.11
0.18
0.19
0.12
0.19
0.03
0.13
0.05
0.06
0.09
0.04
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.03
0.12
0.08
0.11
0.08
0.08
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
Soltrol
Content
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.13
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.12
0.13
0.12
0.14
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.14
0.14
0.17
0.16
0.20
0.18
0.19
0.22
0.21
0.28
0.26
0.28
0.21
0.08
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
-0.02
0.00
-0.02
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
141

-------
Elevation
cm
120.00
119.00
118.00
112.00
111.00
110.00
109.00
108.00
107.00
106.00
105.00
104.00
103.00
102.00
101.00
100.00
9900
98.00
97.00
96.00
95.00
94.00
93.00
92.00
91.00
90.00
89.00
88.00
87.00
86.00
85.00
84.00
83.00
82.00
81.00
80.00
79.00
78.00
77.00
76.00
75.00
74.00
73.00
72.00
71.00
70.00
69.00
68.00
67.00
66.00
65.00
64.00
63.00
62.00
61.00
60.00
59.00
58.00
Time
min
263.00
263.00
264.00
268.00
268.00
269.00
269.00
270.00
271.00
271.00
272.00
272.00
273.00
274.00
274.00
275.00
276.00
276.00
277.00
277.00
278.00
279.00
279.00
280.00
280.00
281.00
282.00
282.00
283.00
283.00
284.00
285.00
285.00
286.00
286.00
287.00
288.00
288.00
289.00
290.00
290.00
291.00
291.00
292.00
293.00
293.00
294.00
294.00
295.00
296.00
296.00
297.00
297.00
298.00
299.00
299.00
300.00
300.00
Soltrol
Content
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.14
0.14
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.11
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.13
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.10
0.12
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.11
0.12
0.15
0.12
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.12
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.15
Time
min
410.00
411.00
411.00
415.00
415.00
416.00
417.00
417.00
418.00
419.00
419.00
420.00
420.00
421.00
422.00
422.00
423.00
424.00
424.00
425.00
426.00
426.00
427.00
427.00
428.00
429.00
429.00
430.00
431.00
431.00
432.00
433.00
433.00
434.00
435.00
435.00
436.00
436.00
437.00
438.00
438.00
439.00
440.00
440.00
441.00
442.00
442.00
443.00
444.00
444.00
445.00
445.00
446.00
447.00
447.00
448.00
449.00
449.00
Soltrol
Content
0.13
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.15
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.12
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.16
0.16
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.12
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.14
0.12
0.16
0.13
0.12
0.16
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.14
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.15
142

-------
Elevation
cm
57.00
56.00
55.00
54.00
53.00
52.00
51.00
50.00
49.00
48.00
47.00
46.00
45.00
44.00
43.00
42.00
41.00
40.00
39.00
38.00
37.00
36.00
35.00
34.00
33.00
32.00
31.00
30.00
29.00
28.00
27.00
26.00
25.00
24.00
23.00
22.00
21.00
20.00
19.00
18.00
17.00
16.00
15.00
14.00
13.00
12.00
11.00
10.00
9.00
8.00
Time
min
301.00
302.00
302.00
303.00
303.00
304.00
305.00
305.00
306.00
307.00
307.00
308.00
308.00
309.00
310.00
310.00
311.00
311.00
312.00
313.00
313.00
314.00
314.00
315.00
316.00
316.00
317.00
317.00
318.00
319.00
319.00
320.00
321.00
321.00
322.00
322.00
323.00
324.00
324.00
325.00
325.00
326.00
327.00
327.00
328.00
328.00
329.00
330.00
330.00
331.00
Soltrol
Content
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.16
0.14
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.17
0.13
0.13
0.15
0.14
0.20
0.18
0.20
0.20
0.22
0.19
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.20
0.17
0.18
0.16
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.10
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.08
Time
min
450.00
451.00
451.00
452.00
453.00
453.00
454.00
454.00
455.00
456.00
456.00
457.00
458.00
458.00
459.00
460.00
460.00
461.00
462.00
462.00
463.00
463.00
464.00
465.00
465.00
466.00
467.00
467.00
468.00
469.00
469.00
470.00
471.00
471.00
472.00
472.00
473.00
474.00
474.00
475.00
476.00
476.00
477.00
478.00
478.00
479.00
479.00
480.00
481.00
481.00
Soltrol
Content
0.14
0.14
0.17
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.19
0.22
0.20
0.22
0.20
0.19
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.11
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.10
143

-------
Spill P
#125 Sand  750 ml Soltrol Spill
Rain 500ml/hour after 22 hours.
Rain stopped after 24 hours.
Residual water content assumed constant at 0.06.
Bulk Density grav.: 1.58g cm":
 Porosity: 0.40
Temperature Soltrol: 22°C
Temperature Water:  15°C
Elevation
cm
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
Time
min
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
13
13
14
15
15
16
16
17
18
18
19
19
20
21
21
22
23
23
24
24
25
26
26
27
27














Soltrol
Content
0.321395
0.329321
0.309421
0.31455
0.305153
0.298672
0.297413
0.303576
0.277599
0.198615
0.102212
0.029248
0.002517
-0.00058
-0.00266
-0.00066
0.002342
0.004893
-0.00208
0.003454
0.003402
-0.00502
-0.00888
-0.00261
0.00512
0.001176
0.001017
-0.00238
-0.00052
0.004406
0.00081
0.000389
-0.00086
-0.00259
0.002906
0.001231
-0.0014
-0.0059
0.004867














Time
min
35
36
37
37
38
38
39
40
40
41
41
42
43
43
44
45
45
46
46
47
48
48
49
49
50
51
51
52
52
53
54
54
55
55
56
57
57
58
58
59
60
60
61
62
62
63
63
64
65
65
66
66
67
Soltrol
Content
0.325105
0.323595
0.309167
0.312641
0.308274
0.300319
0.30346
0.3073
0.30692
0.302484
0.311327
0.306257
0.298406
0.308721
0.308584
0.304366
0.303474
0.310281
0.310277
0.310326
0.317247
0.303642
0.302242
0.298496
0.302162
0.310644
0.29687
0.301701
0.286235
0.213451
0.082764
0.027531
0.002169
-0.00638
0.002443
-0.01
0.007103
-0.00598
0.007562
-0.00414
-0.00579
0.002348
-0.00665
0.008068
0.00143
0.001818
-0.00379
-0.00845
0.002241
-0.00058
0.000091
0.001278
-0 J0 144
Time
min
84
85
86
86
87
87
88
89
89
90
90
91
92
92
93
93
94
95
95
96
96
97
98
98
99
99
100
101
101
102
102
103
104
104
105
105
106
107
107
108
108
109
110
110
111
111
112
113
113
114
115
115
116
Soltrol
Content
0.304382
0.313989
0.307862
0.296759
0.286766
0.28335
0.28884
0.301457
0.300374
0.306737
0.305699
0.309914
0.300653
0.308305
0.305177
0.296264
0.307834
0.307007
0.308135
0.308367
0.312844
0.305466
0.301831
0.304773
0.308075
0.307153
0.302338
0.307091
0.312527
0.310579
0.298235
0.308088
0.305079
0.299197
0.308752
0.288178
0.29696
0.293014
0.292916
0.277381
0.256315
0.247997
0.233654
0.183608
0.097119
0.04173
0.012097
-0.00341
0.000023
0.003362
0.004117
0.00383
0.00905
                                                      144

-------
Elevation Time Soltrol
cm min Content
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
Time Soltrol Time
min Content min
68 0.004448 116
68 0.004911 117
69 -0.00001 118
69 -0.0039 118
70 0.00382 119
71 0.001178 119
120
121
121
122
123
123
124
124
125
126
126
127
127
128
129
129
130
130
131
132
Soltrol
Content
0.000901
0.004064
0.011956
-0.00114
0.005882
-0.0058
-0.00698
-0.00041
-0.00096
0.000967
-0.00416
0.001721
-0.00465
0.005246
0.005169
-0.00216
0.001984
-0.00212
-0.00054
-0.00131
-0.00525
-0.00353
0.000072
-0.00176
0.000754
0.006763
Elevation
cm
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
Time
min
222
222
223
223
224
225
225
226
226
227
228
228
229
229
230
231
231
232
232
233
234
234
235
235
236
237
237
238
238
Soltrol
Content
0.139204
0.133433
0.120415
0.139868
0.154603
0.159364
0.157828
0.166068
0.163941
0.168992
0.172905
0.164331
0.166436
0.160692
0.16764
0.164345
0.165241
0.178225
0.187165
0.190479
0.200235
0.203275
0.19896
0.200759
0.203814
0.214399
0.219305
0.234544
0.242499
Time
min
1338
1338
1339
1340
1340
1341
1341
1342
1343
1343
1344
1344
1345
1346
1346
1347
1347
1348
1349
1349
1350
1350
1351
1352
1352
1353
1353
1354
1355
Water
Content
0.144979
0.153465
0.103516
0.128181
0.164198
0.162028
0.150073
0.218776
0.192452
0.130889
0.152698
0.115811
0.1441
0.134828
0.019168
-0.03607
0.02421 1
-0.01175
-0.02476
-0.027
-0.03894
0.036962
-0.03289
-0.00399
-0.00717
-0.04216
0.002207
-0.04585
0.021249
Soltrol
Content
0.091675
0.081596
0.091364
0.088822
0.084104
0.094409
0.113314
0.092202
0.101028
0.12352
0.113991
0.125324
0.115629
0.105687
0.143456
0.148412
0.116055
0.124304
0.126784
0.132102
0.141992
0.115677
0.136252
0.125966
0.134604
0.13885
0.12746
0.145441
0.122564
145

-------
Elevation
cm
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
Time
min
239
240
240
241
242
242
243
243
244
245
245
246
246
247
248
248
249
249
250
251
Soltrol
Content
0.260508
0.269769
0.274374
0.294818
0.30007
0.305125
0.294226
0.291864
0.283499
0.288854
0.274299
0.279486
0.279621
0.270216
0.287927
0.277774
0.282282
0.270404
0.260624
0.272595
Time
min
1355
1356
1356
1357
1358
1358
1359
1359
1360
1361
1361
1362
1363
1363
1364
1364
1365
1366
1366
1367
Water
Content
-0.05216
0.011215
0.040745
0.041364
0.066012
-0.04305
-0.01823
0.018016
-0.05205
-0.00805
-0.0184
0.013879
0.074105
-0.02664
0.005915
0.013661
0.006543
-0.02705
-0.01723
0.007295
Soltrol
Content
0.15331
0.130933
0.118616
0.120189
0.115927
0.156652
0.153011
0.145269
0.170474
0.157846
0.16242
0.148417
0.13355
0.175079
0.16989
0.17147
0.177525
0.193801
0.181935
0.179006
146

-------
Elevation
cm
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
Time
min
251
252
252
253
254
254
255
255
256
257
257
258
258
259
260
260
261
261
262
263
263
264
265
265
266
266
267
268
268
269
269
270
271
271
272
273
273
274
274
275
276
276
277
277
278
279
279
280
280
281
Soltrol
Content
0.268172
0.269798
0.264001
0.247496
0.247172
0.249213
0.227322
0.201217
0.207671
0.209191
0.199154
0.191679
0.190148
0.166872
0.136943
0.101618
0.04978
0.018463
0.005528
0.003289
0.007262
-0.00237
0.001498
0.001117
-0.00372
-0.00225
-0.00205
-0.00104
-0.005
0.00714
0.00117
0.00524
0.002832
0.002303
0.001559
-0.007
0.004645
-0.0001 1
0.00577
0.001388
0.003264
0.001559
0.002086
-0.00667
-0.00111
-0.00169
0.000234
0.003263
0.003813
0.008445
147

-------
Elevation
cm
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
Time
min
1370
1370
1371
1372
1372
1373
1373
1374
1375
1375
1376
1376
1377
1378
1378
1379
1379
1380
1381
1381
1382
1382
1383
1384
1384
1385
1385
1386
1387
1387
1388
1388
1389
1390
1390
1391
1391
1392
1393
1393
1394
1394
1395
1396
1396
1397
1397
1398
1399
1399
1400
1401
1401
1402
1402
1403
1404
1404
1405
Water
Content
0.189657
0.146245
0.134889
0.16821
0.116747
0.197937
0.199128
0.155115
0.220114
0.205702
0.233603
0.17787
0.215108
0.183121
0.164539
0.164385
0.17439
0.198703
0.196052
0.159228
0.186667
0.157373
0.169935
0.192451
0.251293
0.146025
0.207926
0.237593
0.144546
0.187412
0.157863
0.204124
0.201097
0.138762
0.190477
0.110413
0.089402
0.075945
0.053337
0.078503
0.04114
-0.0061
0.010551
-0.01496
0.038017
0.01927
0.080263
-0.02305
0.083366
0.016731
-0.01165
0.01997
0.055544
0.008081
0.068431
0.059402
0.000244
0.021465
0.023348
Soltrol
Content
0.074102
0.082651
0.087135
0.0727
0.097788
0.084007
0.09246
0.116601
0.099398
0.096529
0.084963
0.110805
0.101051
0.10746
0.113864
0.118774
0.112528
0.101959
0.102152
0.120629
0.117361
0.125338
0.121097
0.117019
0.098934
0.130904
0.115224
0.104099
0.142185
0.121261
0.136476
0.117088
0.121375
0.141005
0.122302
0.14457
0.157571
0.161106
0.174399
0.165744
0.166164
0.174165
0.167865
0.175652
0.1689
0.170207
0.149756
0.179057
0.158691
0.179565
0.181961
0.160554
0.152028
0.159582
0.134269
0.131527
0.133785
0.131075
0.135525
Time
min
1421
1421
1422
1423
1423
1424
1424
1425
1426
1426
1427
1427
1428
1429
1429
1430
1430
1431
1432
1432
1433
1433
1434
1435
1435
1436
1436
1437
1438
1438
1439
1439
1440
1441
1441
1442
1442
1443
1444
1444
1445
1445
1446
1447
1447
1448
1448
1449
1450
1450
1451
1451
1452
1453
1453
1454
1454
1455
1456
Water
Content
0.212848
0.123033
0.133262
0.115881
0.154487
0.146357
0.193332
0.12922
0.218619
0.228079
0.230086
0.136259
0.194052
0.196762
0.203374
0.220207
0.170265
0.19997
0.198103
0.206597
0.22515
0.193686
0.223513
0.225039
0.172337
0.232413
0,173501
0.216766
0.161671
0.181872
0.112287
0.169721
0.236576
0.241702
0.232258
0.18195
0.227379
0.179764
0.258818
0.234533
0.24548
0.314115
0.32578
0.266255
0.307685
0.271483
0.219466
0.269451
0.258704
0.230429
0.215273
0.181957
0.263721
0.16172
0.186802
0.177893
0.219496
0.159442
0.139538
Soltrol
Content
0.059755
0.092178
0.081021
0.090367
0.084018
0.096124
0.095055
0.121463
0.093449
0.091134
0.090058
0.122137
0.10054
0.103846
0.100511
0.093676
0.111053
0.10651
0.109272
0.104014
0.096471
0.109942
0.096971
0.103036
0.124004
0.098981
0.121781
0.10973
0.131259
0.123189
0.151414
0.129767
0.109869
0.110118
0.115202
0.133562
0.121473
0.138468
0.115333
0.120144
0.12846
0.101009
0.104585
0 12523
0.113659
0.123688
0.137853
0.124603
0.132316
0.137672
0.146575
0.162188
0.135284
0.167395
0.155454
0.15598
0.132148
0.160555
0.170692
148

-------
Elevation
cm
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
Time
mm
1405
1406
1407
1407
1408
1408
1409
1410
1410
1411
1411
1412
1413
1413
1414
1414
1415
1416
1416
1417




















Water
Content
-0.0006
-0.04689
0.02447
-0.00473
0.010884
0.084457
-0.00687
-0.04028
0.006018
0.013007
0.019332
0.033616
-0.0191
0.023031
-0.00636
-0.0008
-0.02643
0.033023
0.006973
0.004372




















Soltrol
Content
0.148847
0.16538
0.148865
0.161537
0.167168
0.167571
0.208782
0.215462
0.199385
0.183799
0.168031
0.157454
0.17212
0.149938
0.161386
0.159746
0.172443
0.150608
0.165142
0.172147




















Time
min
1456
1457
1457
1458
1459
1459
1460
1460
1461
1462
1462
1463
1463
1464
1465
1465
1466
1466
1467
1468
1468
1469
1469
1470
1471
1471
1472
1472
1473
1474
1474
1475
1475
1476
1477
1477
1478
1478
1479
1480
Water
Content
0.122175
0.14633
0.205754
0.205078
0.159125
0.187102
0.162255
0.147996
0.136272
0.068797
0.022058
-0.01704
-0.04864
-0.05013
-0.0463
0.009199
-0.0198
0.002291
-0.03322
-0.01984
-0.03142
-0.0283
0.029261
-0.00162
-0.02767
-0.10046
-0.06853
-0.10423
-0.08295
-0.08867
-0.0519
-0.05169
-0.09289
-0.03094
-0.09616
-0.11323
-0.07694
-0.0668
-0.11033
-0.11824
Soltrol
Content
0.179691
0.172853
0.151969
0.157801
0.170924
0.169052
0.185849
0.193578
0.204128
0.219681
0.225937
0.231223
0.222632
0.208662
0.195959
0.174433
0.174243
0.169585
0.17926
0.180829
0.194223
0.18433
0.158068
0.165354
0.172547
0.210637
0.217613
0.226376
0.206278
0.217552
0.210588
0.205241
0.193792
0.176691
0.206175
0.2206
0.225417
0.223501
0.235993
0.229901
Elevation
cm
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
105
Time
min
1484
1485
1485
1486
1486
1487
1488
1488
1489
1490
1490
1491
1491
1492
Water
Content
0.061236
0.044601
0.006856
0.032048
0.08351
0.081976
0.090117
0.08964
0.090645
0.124996
0.161922
0.103073
0.105764
0.119324
Soltrol
Content
0.08141
0.080946
0.093891
0.092214
0.079274
0.090446
0.100017
0.107004
0.110578
0.102127
0.089849
0.102376
0.106999
0.100525
149

-------
Elevation
cm
104
103
102
101
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
Time
min
1493
1493
1494
1494
1495
1496
1496
1497
1497
1498
1499
1499
1500
1500
1501
1502
1502
1503
1503
1504
1505
1505
1506
1506
1507
1508
1508
1509
1509
1510
1511
1511
1512
1512
1513
1514
1514
1515
1515
1516
1517
1517
1518
1518
1519
1520
1520
1521
1521
1522
1523
1523
1524
1524
1525
1526
1526
1527
1527
Water
Content
0.115838
0.065231
0.162207
0.120098
0.115342
0.094805
0.121346
0.09438
0.138762
0.186386
0.126535
0.190156
0.183173
0.151218
0.175737
0.168375
0.133456
0.129029
0.197049
0.197929
0.217584
0.13869
0.259071
0.171773
0.272299
0.222305
0.229145
0.220628
0.190466
0.277376
0.272957
0.263115
0.256208
0.259806
0.270841
0.266627
0.280435
0.249207
0.220444
0.208149
0.250906
0.148623
0.174418
0.163573
0.173
0.139739
0.182027
0.165833
0.171598
0.160237
0.166245
0.169404
0.232623
0 254598
0.138983
0.14647
0.159429
0.158867
0.154249
Soltrol
Content
0.100936
0.119766
0.083157
0.104282
0.117123
0.125817
0.118018
0.124045
0.110468
0.097228
0.116942
0.093685
0.099742
0.115075
0.110644
0.114088
0.122018
0.122154
0.102719
0.106968
0.106734
0.132964
0.096413
0.128152
0.102031
0.116873
0.118235
0.128201
0.139519
0.114196
0.121322
0.126254
0.127574
0.120467
0.120139
0.127637
0.122583
0.135872
0.144672
0.144098
0 117634
0.151004
0.138138
0.141622
0.138408
0.155967
0.144798
0.152995
0.155905
0.159549
0.17084
0.168451
0.153225
0.140716
0.177721
0.169235
0.16835
0.156214
0.153087
150

-------
Elevation
cm
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
Time
min
1528
1529
1529
1530
1530
1531
1532
1532
1533
1533
1534
1535
1535
1536
1536
1537
1538
1538
1539
1539
1540
1541
1541
1542
1543
1543
Water
Content
0.101796
0.124403
0.1583
0.155863
0.117311
0.129716
0.090141
0.150839
0.118676
0.07105
0.114519
0.052259
0.121778
-0.00313
0.052774
-0.04636
-0.0588
-0.04835
-0.08856
-0.02005
-0.04287
-0.06391
-0.14335
-0.1131
-0.10331
-0.11041
Soltrol
Content
0.174772
0.166265
0.151789
0.160407
0.174846
0.16813
0.192192
0.169155
0.170757
0.176235
0.160796
0.187935
0.17587
0.222959
0.205294
0.252437
0.266917
0.253028
0.234422
0.205467
0.209988
0.228482
0.268172
0.257297
0.248302
0.23797
151

-------
Spill D
#125 Sand
1000 ml Soltrol Spill
Bulk Density grav.: 1.67g cm"!
Porosity: 0.37
Elevation
cm


114.14
111.6
109.06
106.52
103.98
101.44
98.9
96.36
93.82
91.28
88.74
86.2
83.66
81.12
78.58
76.04
73.5
70.96
68.42
65.88
63.34
60.8
58.26
55.72
53.18
50.64
48.1
45.56
43.02
40.48
37.94
35.4
32.86
30.32
27.78
25.24
22.7
20.16
17.62
15.08
12.54
Soltrol
Content
after
6 hours
0.082366
0.142187
0.091357
0.109112
0.142605
0.109846
0.160281
0.143359
0.186652
0.161901
0.197024
0.169978
0.239673
0.222566
0.231926
0.274829
0.304318
0.317352
0.273139
0.266491
0.291925
0.281703
0.343395
0.292227
0.28433
0.26855
0.31173
0.274124
0.280544
0.268412
0.255917
0.23372
0.16046
0.079091
0.00193
-0.04131
-0.02677
0.000306
0.005551
-0.01449
-0.03344
Soltrol
Content
after
27 hours
0.091152
0.064798
0.069389
0.064
0.075153
0.092247
0.076759
0.051913
0.099619
0.108893
0.107505
0.089045
0.097301
0.092384
0.10736
0.139032
0.142354
0.123591
0.134211
0.121273
0.109406
0.101675
0.16055
0.10303
0.114969
0.146399
0.151808
0.176784
0.138455
0.178901
0.181523
0.250728
0.22861
0.25895
0.270626
0.268964
0.29604
0.38219
0.39054
0.316351
0.286392
                                                       152

-------
Spill I
#125 Sand  1000 ml Soltrol Spill
Bulk Density grav.: 1.58g cm
Porosity: 0.40
Temperature Soltrol:  25°C
Residual Water Content: 0.08.
Elevation
cm
120.00
119.00
118.00
117.00
116.00
115.00
114.00
113.00
112.00
111.00
110.00
109.00
108.00
107.00
106.00
105.00
104.00
103.00
102.00
101.00
100.00
99.00
98.00
97.00
96.00
95.00
94.00
93.00
92.00
91.00
90.00
89.00
88.00
87.00
86.00
85.00
84.00
83.00
82.00
81.00
80.00
79.00
78.00
77.00
76.00
75.00
Time
min
15.00
16.00
16.00
17.00
17.00
18.00
18.00
19.00
19.00
20.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
22.00
23.00
23.00
24.00
24.00
25.00
25.00
26.00
26.00
27.00
27.00
28.00
28.00
29.00
29.00
30.00
31.00
31.00















Soltrol
Content
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.31
0.32
0.31
0.32
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.18
0.07
0.01
-0.01
-0.02
-0.01
-0.01
-0.02















Time
min
32.00
33.00
33.00
34.00
34.00
35.00
36.00
36.00
37.00
37.00
38.00
38.00
39.00
39.00
40.00
40.00
41.00
41.00
42.00
42.00
43.00
43.00
45.00
45.00
46.00
46.00
47.00
47.00
48.00
48.00
49.00
49.00
50.00
50.00
51.00











Soltrol
Content
0.26
0.27
0.32
0.32
0.31
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.29
0.25
0.13
0.05
0.01











Time
min
52.00
53.00
53.00
54.00
54.00
55.00
55.00
56.00
57.00
57.00
58.00
58.00
59.00
59.00
60.00
60.00
61.00
61.00
62.00
62.00
63.00
63.00
64.00
64.00
65.00
66.00
66.00
67.00
67.00
68.00
68.00
69.00
69.00
70.00
70.00
71.00
71.00
72.00
72.00
73.00
73.00
74.00
75.00
75.00
76.00
76.00
Soltrol
Content
0.32
0.31
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.28
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.24
0.17
0.07
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
                                                       153

-------
Elevation
cm
120.00
119.00
118.00
117.00
116.00
115.00
114.00
113.00
112.00
111.00
110.00
109.00
108.00
107.00
106.00
105.00
104.00
103.00
102.00
101.00
100.00
99.00
98.00
97.00
96.00
95.00
94.00
93.00
92.00
91.00
90.00
89.00
88.00
87.00
86.00
85.00
84.00
83.00
82.00
81.00
80.00
79.00
78.00
77.00
76.00
75.00
74.00
73.00
72.00
71.00
70.00
69.00
68.00
67.00
66.00
65.00
6400
63.00
Time
min
78.00
78.00
79.00
79.00
80.00
80.00
81.00
82.00
82.00
83.00
83.00
84.00
84.00
85.00
85.00
86.00
86.00
87.00
87.00
88.00
88.00
89.00
89.00
90.00
91.00
91.00
92.00
92.00
93.00
93.00
94.00
94.00
95.00
95.00
96.00
96.00
97.00
97.00
98.00
98.00
99.00
100.00
100.00
101.00
101.00
102.00
102.00
103.00
10300
104.00
10400







Soltrol
Content
0.27
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.29
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.25
0.25
0.21







Time
min
106.00
107.00
107.00
108.00
108.00
109.00
109.00
110.00
110.00
111.00
111.00
112.00
112.00
113.00
113.00
114.00
115.00
115.00
116.00
116.00
117.00
117.00
118.00
118.00
119.00
119.00
120.00
120.00
121.00
121.00
122.00
122.00
123.00
124.00
124.00
125.00
125.00
126.00
126.00
127.00
127.00
128.00
128.00
129.00
129.00
130.00
130.00
131 00
131.00
132.00
133.00
133.00
134.00
134.00
135.00
135 00
136.00
136.00
Soltrol
Content
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.30
030
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.24
Time
min
154.00
154.00
155.00
155.00
156.00
156.00
157.00
157.00
158.00
158.00
159.00
159.00
160.00
160.00
161.00
161.00
162.00
163.00
163.00
164.00
164.00
165.00
165.00
166.00
166.00
167.00
167.00
168.00
168.00
169.00
169.00
170.00
170.00
171.00
172.00
172.00
173.00
173.00
174.00
174.00
175.00
175.00
176.00
176.00
177.00
177.00
178.00
178.00
179.00
179.00
180.00
181.00.
181.00
182.00
182.00
183.00
183.00
184.00
Soltrol
Content
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.27
154

-------
Elevation
cm
62.00
61.00
60.00
59.00
58.00
57.00
56.00
55.00
54.00
53.00
52.00
51.00
50.00
49.00
48.00
47.00
46.00
45.00
44.00
43.00
42.00
41.00
40.00
39.00
38.00
37.00
36.00
35.00
34.00
33.00
Time Soltrol Time
min Content min
137.00
137.00
143.00
144.00
144.00
145.00
145.00
146.00
146.00
147.00
147.00
148.00
148.00
149.00
149.00
150.00
151.00
151.00












Soltrol
Content
0.22
0.18
0.10
0.03
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
-0.02
-0.01
-0.01
-0.02
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
-0.02












Time
min
184.00
185.00
185.00
186.00
186.00
187.00
187.00
188.00
188.00
189.00
190.00
190.00
191.00
191.00
192.00
192.00
193.00
193.00
194.00
194.00
195.00
195.00
196.00
197.00
197.00
198.00
198.00
199.00
199.00
200.00
Soltrol
Content
0.25
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.19
0.15
0.08
0.03
0.00
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.04
-0.03
-0.04
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
155

-------
Elevation
cm
120.00
119.00
118.00
117.00
116.00
115.00
114.00
113.00
112.00
111.00
110.00
109.00
108.00
107.00
106.00
105.00
104.00
103.00
102.00
101.00
100.00
99.00
98.00
97.00
96.00
95.00
94.00
93.00
92.00
91.00
90.00
89.00
88.00
87.00
86.00
85.00
84.00
83.00
82.00
81.00
80.00
79.00
78.00
77.00
76.00
75.00
74.00
73.00
72.00
71.00
70.00
69.00
68.00
67.00
66.00
65.00
64.00
63.00
62.00
Time
min
207.00
208.00
208.00
209.00
209.00
210.00
210.00
211.00
211.00
212.00
212.00
213.00
213.00
214.00
214.00
215.00
216.00
216.00
217.00
217.00
218.00
218.00
219.00
219.00
220.00
220.00
221.00
221.00
222.00
222.00
223.00
224.00
224.00
225.00
225.00
226.00
226.00
227.00
227.00
228.00
228.00
229.00
229.00
230.00
230.00
231.00
231.00
232.00
233.00
233.00
234.00
234.00
235.00
235.00
236.00
236.00
237.00
237.00
238.00
Soltrol
Content
0.13
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.15
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.26
0.25
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.24
Time
min
261.00
261.00
262.00
262.00
263.00
263.00
264.00
264.00
265.00
265.00
266.00
266.00
267.00
267.00
268.00
268.00
269.00
270.00
270.00
271.00
271.00
272.00
272.00
273.00
273.00
274.00
274.00
275.00
275.00
276.00
276.00
277.00
278.00
278.00
279.00
279.00
280.00
280.00
281.00
281.00
282.00
282.00
283.00
283.00
284.00
284.00
285.00
285.00
286.00
287.00
287.00
288.00
288.00
289.00
289.00
290.00
290.00
291.00
291.00
Soltrol
Content
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.24
Time
min
314.00
315.00
315.00
316.00
316.00
317.00
317.00
318.00
318.00
319.00
319.00
320.00
320.00
321.00
321.00
322.00
323.00
323.00
324.00
324.00
325.00
325.00
326.00
326.00
327.00
327.00
328.00
328.00
329.00
329.00
330.00
331.00
331.00
332.00
332.00
333.00
333.00
334.00
334.00
335.00
335.00
336.00
336.00
337.00
337.00
338.00
338.00
339.00
340.00
340.00
341.00
341.00
342.00
342.00
343.00
343.00
344.00
344.00
345.00
Soltrol
Content
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.17
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.19
0.18
0.20
0.23
0.22
0.20
0.22
0.23
025
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.26
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.26
156

-------
Elevation
cm
61.00
60.00
59.00
58.00
57.00
56.00
55.00
54.00
53.00
52.00
51.00
50.00
49.00
48.00
47.00
46.00
45.00
44.00
43.00
42.00
41.00
40.00
39.00
38.00
37.00
36.00
35.00
34.00
33.00
32.00
31.00
30.00
29.00
28.00
27.00
26.00
25.00
Time
min
238.00
239.00
239.00
240.00
240.00
241.00
242.00
242.00
243.00
243.00
244.00
244.00
245.00
245.00
246.00
246.00
247.00
247.00
248.00
248.00
249.00
249.00
250.00
251.00
251.00
252.00
252.00
253.00
253.00
254.00
254.00
255.00
255.00
256.00
256.00
257.00
258.00
Soltrol
Content
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.10
0.02
-0.02
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.04
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.02
Time
min
292.00
292.00
293.00
293.00
294.00
294.00
295.00
296.00
296.00
297.00
297.00
298.00
298.00
299.00
299.00
300.00
300.00
301.00
301.00
302.00
302.00
303.00
304.00
304.00
305.00
305.00
306.00
306.00
307.00
307.00
308.00
308.00
309.00
309.00
310.00
310.00
311.00
Soltrol
Content
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.13
0.10
0.05
0.01
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.02
Time
min
345.00
346.00
346.00
347.00
347.00
348.00
349.00
349.00
350.00
350.00
351.00
351.00
352.00
352.00
353.00
353.00
354.00
354.00
355.00
355.00
356.00
356.00
357.00
358.00
358.00
359.00
359.00
360.00
360.00
361.00
361.00
362.00
362.00
363.00
363.00
364.00
364.00
Soltrol
Content
0.25
0.24
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.24
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.21
0.23
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.21
0.22
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.12
0.11
0.08
0.04
0.01
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
157

-------
Elevation
cm
120.00
119.00
118.00
117.00
116.00
115.00
114.00
113.00
112.00
111.00
110.00
109.00
108.00
107.00
106.00
105.00
104.00
103.00
102.00
101.00
100.00
99.00
98.00
97.00
96.00
95.00
94.00
93.00
92.00
91.00
90.00
89.00
88.00
87.00
86.00
85.00
84.00
83.00
82.00
81.00
80.00
79.00
78.00
77.00
76.00
75.00
74.00
73.00
72.00
71.00
70.00
69.00
68.00
67.00
66.00
65.00
64.00
63.00
62.00
Time
min
367.00
368.00
369.00
369.00
370.00
370.00
371.00
371.00
372.00
372.00
373.00
373.00
374.00
374.00
375.00
376.00
376.00
377.00
377.00
378.00
378.00
379.00
379.00
380.00
380.00
381.00
381.00
382.00
382.00
383.00
384.00
384.00
385.00
385.00
386.00
386.00
387.00
387.00
388.00
388.00
389.00
389.00
390.00
390.00
391.00
391.00
392.00
393.00
393.00
394.00
394.00
395.00
395.00
396.00
396.00
397.00
397.00
398.00
398.00
Soltrol
Content
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.16
0.15
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.24
158

-------
Elevation
cm
61.00
60.00
59.00
58.00
57.00
56.00
55.00
54.00
53.00
52.00
51.00
50.00
49.00
48.00
47.00
46.00
45.00
44.00
43.00
42.00
41.00
40.00
39.00
38.00
37.00
36.00
35.00
34.00
33.00
32.00
31.00
30.00
29.00
28.00
27.00
26.00
25.00
Time
min
399.00
399.00
400.00
401.00
401.00
402.00
402.00
403.00
403.00
404.00
404.00
405.00
405.00
406.00
406.00
407.00
407.00
408.00
409.00
409.00
410.00
410.00
411.00
411.00
412.00
412.00
413.00
413.00
414.00
414.00
415.00
415.00
416.00
416.00
417.00
418.00
418.00
Soltrol
Content
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.23
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.13
0.12
0.10
159

-------
Spill J
#70 Sand  500 ml Soltrol Spill  Porosity: 0.47
Bulk Density grav.: 1.40g cm'3

Temperature Soltrol: 22°C
Elevation
cm
120.00
118.00
116.00
114.00
112.00
110.00
108.00
106.00
104.00
102.00
100.00
98.00
96.00
94.00
92.00
90.00
88.00
86.00
84.00
82.00
80.00
78.00
76.00
74.00
72.00
70.00
68.00
66.00
64.00
62.00
Elevation
cm
120.00
118.00
116.00
114.00
112.00
110.00
108.00
106.00
104.00
102.00
100.00
98.00
96.00
94.00
92.00
90.00
88.00
86.00
84.00
82.00
Time
min
3.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
6.00
7.00
7.00
8.00
8.00
9.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
11.00
12.00
12.00
13.00
13.00
14.00









Time
min
52.00
52.00
53.00
53.00
54.00
54.00
55.00
56.00
56.00
57.00
57.00
58.00
58.00
59.00
59.00
60.00
61.00
61.00
62.00
62.00
Soltrol
Content
0.32
0.31
0.32
0.31
0.17
0.02
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00









Soltrol
Content
0.25
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.29
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.25
0.05
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
Time
min
16.00
16.00
17.00
17.00
18.00
18.00
19.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
21.00
22.00
22.00
23.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
25.00
26.00
26.00
27.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
29.00
30.00




Time
min
74.00
74.00
75.00
76.00
76.00
77.00
77.00
78.00
78.00
79.00
79.00
80.00
81.00
81.00
82.00
82.00
83.00
83.00
84.00
84.00
Soltrol
Content
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.32
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.27
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00




Soltrol
Content
0.21
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.22
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.07
0.01
0.00
0.00
Time
min
32.00
33.00
33.00
34.00
34.00
35.00
35.00
36.00
37.00
37.00
38.00
38.00
39.00
39.00
40.00
40.00
41.00
42.00
42.00
43.00
43.00
44.00
44.00
45.00
46.00
46.00
47.00
47.00
48.00
48.00
Time
min
99.00
100.00
100.00
101.00
101.00
102.00
103.00
103.00
104.00
104.00
105.00
105.00
106.00
106.00
107.00
108.00
108.00
109.00
109.00
110.00
Soltrol
Content
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.23
0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
Soltrol
Content
0.14
0.17
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.22
0.24
0.24
0.26
0.27
0.30
0.31
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.29
0.27
0.06
0.00
                                                       160

-------
Elevation
cm
80.00
78.00
76.00
74.00
72.00
70.00
68.00
66.00
64.00
62.00
60.00
58.00
56.00
54.00
52.00
50.00
48.00
46.00
44.00
42.00
40.00
38.00
36.00
34.00
Elevation
cm
120.00
118.00
116.00
114.00
112.00
110.00
108.00
106.00
104.00
102.00
100.00
98.00
96.00
94.00
92.00
90.00
88.00
86.00
84.00
82.00
80.00
78.00
76.00
74.00
72.00
70.00
68.00
66.00
64.00
62.00
60.00
Time
min
63.00
63.00
64.00
65.00
65.00
66.00
66.00
67.00
67.00
68.00
69.00
69.00
70.00
70.00










Time
min
128.00
129.00
129.00
130.00
130.00
131.00
132.00
132.00
133.00
133.00
134.00
134.00
135.00
135.00
136.00
137.00
137.00
138.00
138.00
139.00
139.00
140.00
140.00
141.00
142.00
142.00
143.00
143.00
144.00
144.00
145.00
Soltrol
Content
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01










Soltrol
Content
0.17
0.14
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.22
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.29
0.23
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
0.00
Time
min
85.00
86.00
86.00
87.00
87.00
88.00
88.00
89.00
90.00
90.00
91.00
91.00
92.00
92.00
93.00
94.00
94.00
95.00
95.00





Time
min
157.00
158.00
158.00
159.00
159.00
160.00
161.00
161.00
162.00
162.00
163.00
163.00
164.00
164.00
165.00
166.00
166.00
167.00
167.00
168.00
168.00
169.00
169.00
170.00
171.00
171.00
172.00
172.00
173.00
173.00
174.00
Soltrol
Content
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.01





Soltrol
Content
0.15
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.20
0.19
0.20
0.19
0.22
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.17
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
-0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
Time
min
110.00
111.00
1 1 1 .00
112.00
113.00
113.00
114.00
114.00
115.00
115.00
116.00
117.00
117.00
118.00
118.00
119.00
119.00
120.00
121.00
121.00
122.00
122.00
123.00
123.00
Time
min
186.00
186.00
187.00
187.00
188.00
189.00
189.00
190.00
190.00
191.00
191.00
192.00
192.00
193.00
194.00
194.00
195.00
195.00
196.00
196.00
197.00
197.00
198.00
199.00
199.00
200.00
200.00
201.00
201.00
202.00
203.00
Soltrol
Content
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
Soltrol
Content
0.15
0.13
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.22
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.29
0.29
0.27
0.27
0.24
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
161

-------
Elevation
cm
58.00
56.00
54.00
52.00
50.00
48.00
46.00
44.00
42.00
40.00
38.00
36.00
Elevation
cm
120.00
118.00
116.00
114.00
112.00
110.00
108.00
106.00
104.00
102.00
100.00
98.00
96.00
94.00
92.00
90.00
88.00
86.00
84.00
82.00
80.00
78.00
76.00
74.00
72.00
70.00
68.00
66.00
64.00
62.00
60.00
58.00
56.00
54.00
52.00
50.00
48.00
46.00
44.00
42.00
40.00
38.00
36.00
Time
min
146.00
146.00
147.00
147.00
148.00
148.00
149.00
149.00
150.00
151.00
151.00
152.00
Time
min
215.00
215.00
216.00
217.00
217.00
218.00
218.00
219.00
219.00
220.00
220.00
221.00
222.00
222.00
223.00
223.00
224.00
224.00
225.00
225.00
226.00
227.00
227.00
228.00
228.00
229.00
229.00
230.00
231.00
231.00
232.00
232.00
233.00
233.00
234.00
235.00
235.00
236.00
236.00
237.00
237.00


Soltrol
Content
0.00
0.00
-0.01
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
Soltrol
Content
0.13
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.21
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.10
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
-0.01


Time
min
175.00
175.00
176.00
176.00
177.00
177.00
178.00
179.00
179.00
180.00
180.00

Time
min
1035.00
1036.00
1036.00
1037.00
1038.00
1038.00
1039.00
1039.00
1040.00
1040.00
1041.00
1041.00
1042.00
1043.00
1043.00
1044.00
1044.00
1045.00
1045.00
1046.00
1046.00
1047.00
1048.00
1048.00
1049.00
1049.00
1050.00
1050.00
1051.00
1051.00
1052.00
1053.00
1053.00
1054.00
1054.00
1055.00
1055.00
1056.00
1057.00
1057.00
1058.00
1058.00
1059.00
Soltrol
Content
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
0.00
-0.01

Soltrol
Content
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.18
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
Time
min
203.00
204.00
204.00
205.00
205.00
206.00
206.00
207.00
208.00
208.00
209.00














































Soltrol
Content
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
-0.01














































162

-------
Elevation          Time         Soltrol          Time         Soltrol
     cm           min       Content           min       Content

   34.00                                   1059.00          0.00
  32.00                                    1060.00           0.00
                                                163

-------
Spill N
#70 Sand  750 ml Soltrol Spill   Porosity: 0.48
Rain 500ml/hour after 86 minutes.
Bulk Density grav.: 1.39g cm3

Temperature Soltrol: 21 °C
Temperature Water: 24°C
Residual water content: 0.06.
Elevation
cm
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
Time
min
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
29
29


Water
Content
-0.0021
0.021777
0.024549
-0.0135
0.009536
-0.01279
-0.0234
-0.00719
-0.02569
-0.00513
-0.01745
-0.03513
-0.01843
-0.01576
-0.00637
-0.0066
0.014298
-0.00681
-0.00504
0.045165
0.024269
0.063355
0.034546
0.039022
0.034515
0.070401
0.048104
0.041587
0.056925
0.076364
0.063285
0.038303
0.077923
0.059252
0.06711
0.086986
0.087412
0.087937
0.095409
0.012663
0.062379
0.045206
0.047899
0.05624
0.041488
0.045979
0.036653
0.073485
0.042619
0.027008
0.045546


Soltrol
Content
0.436065
0.413878
0.399624
0.417071
0.40051 1
0.407971
0.417602
0.409034
0.410186
0.404954
0.406887
0.410969
0.406296
0.405126
0.400578
0.398688
0.385375
0.390456
0.384054
0.291223
0.185312
0.081416
0.041725
0.015172
0.007598
-0.00017
0.008655
0.007629
0.003662
-0.00215
0.00202
0.007975
-0.00362
0.003331
0.013714
0.015609
0.00801 1
0.012111
-0.00328
0.017714
-0.00524
-0.00276
0.003382
-0.00632
0.003214
-0.0012
0.006206
-0.01006
0.000257
0.010582
0.003159


Time
min
32
32
33
33
34
35
35
36
36
37
37
38
38
39
39
40
40
41
41
42
42
43
43
44
44
45
45
46
46
47
47
48
48
49
49
50
50
51
51
52
52
53
53
54
54
55
55
56
56
57
57
58
58
Water
Content
0.020082
0.005478
-0.01243
-0.00579
0.004664
-0.0171
-0.01399
-0.0336
-0.05216
-0.0156
0.013324
-0.01365
0.007238
-0.00883
0.017353
-0.01226
-0.02152
-0.03101
-0.01643
-0.00428
0.002645
-0.01593
-0.00675
-0.0173
-0.0305
0.008034
-0.03066
-0.0298
-0.01833
-0.01634
0.006168
-0.01412
-0.00205
-0.01823
0.042915
-0.02025
0.025825
0.045757
0.029589
-0.00193
-0.01929
-0.01017
-0.00161
0.067099
0.062777
0.060637
0.064453
0.055944
0.076373
0.056413
0.068445
0.041902
0.049095
Soltrol
Content
0.415094
0.419199
0.41538
0.413683
0.401148
0.413873
0.404229
0.411386
0.417362
0.409714
0.39179
0.408329
0.393551
0.399143
0.392564
0.409243
0.402164
0.412982
0.414145
0.405086
0.397021
0.403012
0.403795
0.408682
0.410149
0.394425
0.416712
0.413679
0.409451
0.409847
0.396108
0.40303
0.39128
0.395289
0.382415
0.405123
0.383095
0.372582
0.380606
0.388573
0.378288
0.362655
0.291322
0.115503
0.022412
-0.00191
-0.00182
-0.00412
-0.00702
0.000667
-0.00859
0.002838
0.000235
                                                       164

-------
Elevation
     cm

     62
     61
     60
     59
     58
     57
     56
     55
     54
     53
     52
     51
     50
     49
     48
     47
     46
     45
     44
     43
     42
     41
     40
     39
     38
     37
     36
     35
     34
     33
     32
     31
     30
     29
     28
     27
     26
     25
     24
     23
     22
     21
     20
     19
     18
     17
     16
     15
Time
 min
 Water
Content
 Soltrol
Content
Time
 min
 Water
Content
 Soltrol
Content
59
59
60
60
61
62
62
63
63
64
64
65
65
66
66
67
67
68
68
69
69
70
70
71
71
72
72
73
73
74
74
75
75
76
77
77
78
78
79
79
80
80
81
81
82
82
83
83
0.064315
0.027563
0.095963
0.05727
0.084154
0.085811
0.090741
0.077892
0.071837
0.083629
0.116087
0.073912
0.099507
0.075754
0.075725
0.06341
0.068737
0.064166
0.078085
0.050592
0.061946
0.048876
0.071824
0.057461
0.09276
0.084912
0.072391
0.053982
0.071546
0.066908
0.06512
0.085681
0.101994
0.045738
0.130186
0.094898
0.09689
0.101672
0.069094
0.048835
0.0494
0.061252
0.040356
0.032076
0.052453
0.064478
0.041998
0.056759
-0.00019
0.008226
-0.00927
0.006669
-0.0025
-0.00216
0.000776
0.010098
0.012652
0.012699
-0.0019
0.013418
0.006069
0.014068
0.011621
0.003127
0.000941
-0.00178
-0.00678
0.004157
-0.00149
0.008604
-0.00188
0.008032
-0.00013
0.00101
0.003344
0.006252
0.008956
0.008329
0.018392
0.006983
-0.00194
0.015103
-0.00171
0.008647
0.008789
-0.00088
0.004156
0.011686
0.005208
-0.00338
0.003319
0.003279
-0.00062
-0.00571
0.002677
-0.00037
Elevation
cm
115
114
113
112
111
110
Time
min
88
88
89
89
90
90
Water
Content
0.022644
0.055459
0.06938
0.078093
0.041314
0.02089
Soltrol
Content
0.156551
0.182696
0.162365
0.167817
0.193194
0.207253
Time
min
143
144
144
145
145
146
Water
Content
0.072491
0.107793
0.180822
0.213918
0.217118
0.190631
Soltrol
Content
0.149466
0.174561
0.105462
0.090573
0.095836
0.100615
                                               165

-------
Elevation
cm
109
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
Time
min
91
91
92
92
93
93
94
94
95
95
96
96
97
97
98
98
99
99
100
100
101
101
102
102
103
103
104
104
105
105
106
106
107
107
108
108
109
109
110
110
111
111
112
112
113
113
114
114
115
115
116
117
117
118
118
119
119
120
120
Water
Content
-0.00605
0.011992
-0.02121
-0.03051
-0.00343
-0.00778
-0.02422
-0.01186
-0.03223
0.002654
0.018802
-0.0087
-0.0132
0.006032
0.011961
-0.0207
-0.02953
0.003333
0.015468
-0.02006
-0.04854
-0.00489
0.022442
-0.01772
0.005251
-0.03341
-0.01059
-0.02473
-0.01093
0.023235
0.021165
0.006692
-0.00614
0.023209
-0.01695
0.023749
-0.02788
-0.00811
-0.04779
-0.01543
-0.04573
-0.01424
0.003839
-0.01382
-0.0109
-0.01944
-0.01347
-0.0028
-0.00738
-0.00752
-0.00692
0.002361
0.029263
0.072158
0.100058
0.079208
0.118315
0.072457
0.079455
Soltrol
Content
0.228421
0.218539
0.232044
0.237543
0.220387
0.227932
0.245168
0.257878
0.275399
0.271863
0.259855
0.270393
0.292161
0.300987
0.296928
0.299525
0.30899
0.298718
0.298666
0.308923
0.313236
0.302811
0.299859
0.327471
0.330999
0.363687
0.359557
0.373286
0.377271
0.374419
0.373624
0.387854
0.390446
0.371627
0.372594
0.35892
0.380152
0.363572
0.372731
0.368509
0.383671
0.371026
0.360974
0.37202
0.367767
0.372904
0.363123
0.36403
0.360622
0.360684
0.355766
0.323213
0.205877
0.068899
0.013461
0.017385
0.004975
0.018005
0.013836
Time
min
146
147
147
148
148
149
149
150
150
151
151
152
152
153
153
154
154
155
155
156
156
157
157
158
158
159
159
160
160
161
161
162
162
163
163
164
164
165
165
166
166
167
167
168
168
169
169
170
170
171
171
172
172
173
173
174
174
175
175
Water
Content
0.206981
0.171666
0.201489
0.15615
0.189729
0.160903
0.189334
0.195649
0.177031
0.237925
0.221911
0.185897
0.205324
0.192156
0.214664
0.148386
0.189197
0.165128
0.189162
0.173717
0.172978
0.183894
0.166785
0.174723
0.162955
0.170111
0.161521
0.177936
0.144711
0.151869
0.203353
0.176867
0.195188
0.154749
0.135938
0.165928
0.142003
0.15949
0.139761
0.169607
0.167785
0.162655
0.159116
0.158203
0.166471
0.158695
0.167614
0.152086
0.185208
0.176736
0.162644
0.156262
0.140765
0.17926
0.158846
0.170585
0.16892
0.184322
0.160628
Soltrol
Content
0.090989
0.109689
0.097334
0.121053
0.116199
0.130014
0.130138
0.142742
0.154491
0.138043
0.153349
0.172979
0.169737
0.186786
0.171516
0.197688
0.18497
0.202099
0.193066
0.202995
0.202177
0.19959
0.208403
0.207461
0.202781
0.210764
0.210105
0.207978
0.226641
0.225546
0.201965
0.213113
0.200659
0.21482
0.228269
0.218631
0.228474
0.225929
0.22603
0.219998
0.219563
0.22039
0.218361
0.219687
0.216898
0.212992
0.217657
0.221567
0.211461
0.212884
0.217736
0.225235
0.230212
0.219342
0.229055
0.225101
0.227589
0.222699
0.236005
166

-------
Elevation
cm
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
Time
min
121
121
122
122
123
123
124
124
125
125
126
126
127
127
128
128
129
129
130
130
131
131
132
133
133
134
134
135
135
136
136
137
137
138
138
139
Water
Content
0.060267
0.075933
0.085141
0.05814
0.061648
0.063874
0.08412
0.042494
0.068497
0.066523
0.072138
0.098947
0.071426
0.070858
0.077555
0.08199
0.089298
0.061944
0.096124
0.108651
0.089279
0.087401
0.09958
0.115403
0.102845
0.094817
0.094007
0.09646
0.093639
0.050796
0.06146
0.055359
0.067513
0.059252
0.056705
0.033281
Soltrol
Content
0.021747
0.020877
0.0052
0.005564
0.00492
-0.00139
-0.0066
0.006602
-0.00218
0.001345
0.003327
-0.00193
0.003283
0.006232
0.002881
-0.00324
0.002095
0.014541
0.004179
-0.00072
0.007056
0.007195
0.006608
0.006201
0.009456
0.004839
-0.00393
-0.00755
-0.01065
0.003306
-0.00309
-0.00484
-0.00699
-0.00413
-0.001
0.008964
Time
min
176
177
177
178
178
179
179
180
180
181
181
182
182
183
183
184
184
185
185
186
186
187
187
188
188
189
189
190
190
191
191
192
192
193
193
194
Water
Content
0.156299
0.162142
0.099237
0.109774
0.089905
-0.00825
0.028591
-0.00782
0.011563
-0.01597
0.01514
-0.01935
0.004017
-0.01617
-0.02289
0.023933
0.015658
0.04831
0.069403
0.033693
0.066177
0.042906
0.071789
0.024662
0.117155
0.092692
0.05557
0.072773
0.053973
0.068047
0.046103
0.06032
0.058187
0.029373
0.057959
0.038233
Soltrol
Content
0.240446
0.248383
0.283836
0.286074
0.317966
0.376745
0.374102
0.391797
0.386313
0.408361
0.388966
0.401654
0.398619
0.402514
0.401456
0.377691
0.385259
0.368877
0.366537
0.376103
0.366537
0.374579
0.361509
0.369361
0.224971
0.114325
0.044422
0.0089
0.005443
0.000132
0.002342
-0.00442
-0.0009
0.007116
-0.00279
0.007165
Elevation
cm
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
99
98
Time
min
198
199
199
200
200
201
201
202
202
203
203
204
204
205
205
206
206
207
Water
Content
0.158447
0.088609
0.169189
0.208869
0.208635
0.180898
0.184568
0.188848
0.157865
0.172016
0.147474
0.141321
0.189481
0.171868
0.15171
0.192056
0.193703
0.177577
Soltrol
Content
0.041455
0.172532
0.111806
0.084312
0.087846
0.094052
0.085904
0.084934
0.097205
0.093064
0.10888
0.106529
0.092579
0.105292
0.121853
0.112672
0.119625
0.124196
167

-------
Elevation
cm
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
Time
min
207
208
208
209
209
210
210
211
211
212
212
213
213
214
214
215
215
216
216
217
217
218
219
219
220
220
221
221
222
222
223
223
224
224
225
225
226
226
227
227
228
228
229
229
230
230
231
231
232
232
233
233
234
234
235
235
236
236
237
Water
Content
0.192774
0.195179
0.159506
0.176238
0.18202
0.181726
0.175744
0.15007
0.154756
0.165962
0.147759
0.180137
0.153657
0.190578
0.161468
0.16807
0.159354
0.219149
0.178564
0.166979
0.205682
0.168699
0.186284
0.143084
0.130015
0.153211
0.12715
0.120798
0.137465
0.163926
0.151861
0.180475
0.157808
0.144398
0.153256
0.156112
0.17701
0.20781
0.168711
0.166432
0.146123
0.181502
0.13288
0.215018
0.183802
0.168196
0.180275
0.188921
0.182757
0.197966
0.163351
0.179693
0.165376
0.193399
0.134813
0.127916
0.161476
0.189092
0.173606
Soltrol
Content
0.12986
0.137563
0.150583
0.13632
0.140489
0.143658
0.145356
0.152555
0.156087
0.149461
0.15195
0.148418
0.152612
0.14649
0.155877
0.160164
0.163551
0.158842
0.18348
0.187385
0.182357
0.18734
0.175737
0.190746
0.200492
0.188861
0.192942
0.197469
0.193048
0.186154
0.188678
0.185053
0.19453
0.198124
0.196483
0.197965
0.192433
0.191214
0.200335
0.20097
0.214465
0.199311
0.219292
0.193142
0.211836
0.213815
0.210876
0.20561
0.20601 1
0.202048
0.216811
0.207118
0.207331
0.20517
0.228695
0.231759
0.215973
0.20322
0.210795
168

-------
Elevation
cm
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
Time
min
237
238
238
239
239
240
240
241
241
242
242
243
243
244
244
245
245
246
246
247
247
248
248
249
Water
Content
0.160175
0.157986
0.17089
0.153454
0.15006
0.173378
0.17079
0.165479
0.189581
0.183579
0.196487
0.227302
0.18677
0.177735
0.206018
0.183987
0.166645
0.135436
0.125499
0.147409
0.144637
0.147388
0.121985
0.126341
Soltrol
Content
0.214959
0.219362
0.210099
0.22209
0.217396
0.213209
0.22051
0.216855
0.208458
0.211463
0.209028
0.193052
0.212231
0.207444
0.198866
0.20882
0.214743
0.229005
0.230917
0.215785
0.209865
0.214136
0.217448
0.221398
169

-------
Spill M
#70 Sand  1000 ml Soltrol Spill
Rain 500ml/hour after 197 minutes.
                   Bulk Density grav.: 1.54g cm"3
                  Porosity: 0.42
                   Temperature Soltrol: 21 °C
                   Temperature : 24°C
                   Residual water content: 0.09.
     Elevation
           cm
Time
 min
 Soltrol
Content
120
119
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18

























0.38078
0.375924
0.37668
0.378568
0.375065
0.37321
0.371031
0.373713
0.365993
0.368771
0.366413
0.372206
0.371737
0.363836
0.368107
0.375115
0.371829
0.360849
0.370519
0.36304
0.36725
0.362401
0.359936
0.331833
0.247436
0.145503
0.064516
0.02844

























Time
 min

 21
 22
 22
 23
 23
 24
 24
 25
 25
 26
 26
 27
 27
 28
 28
 29
 30
 30
 31
 31
 32
 32
 33
 33
 34
 34
 35
 35
 36
 36
 37
 37
 38
 38
 39
 39
 40
 40
 46
 46
 47
 47
 48
 48
 49
 49
 50
 50
 51
 51
 52
 52
 53
   Soltrol
  Content

0.382045
0.378838
0.380073
0.376006
0.376569
 0.37063
0.368886
0.373408
0.368896
0.369257
0.365636
0.369567
0.368245
0.368642
0.370051
0.374197
0.369012
0.368216
0.369471
0.361226
0.366363
0.364112
0.367113
0.364345
0.370771
0.360914
0.359397
0.369124
0.360417
0.362968
0.362053
0.354929
0.368426
0.361734
0.368548
0.359956
 0.36311
0.363388
0.363703
0.364781
0.357003
0.363778
 0.36157
0.358426
0.350583
0.347682
0.316525
0.180121
0.081155
0.014973
-0.00157
0.000109
-0.00339
Time
min
66
66
67
67
68
68
.69
69
70
70
71
71
72
72
73
73
74
74
75
75
76
76
77
77
78
79
79
80
80
81
81
82
82
83
83
84
84
85
85
86
86
87
87
88
88
89
89'
90
90
91
92
92
93
Soltrol
Content
0.172758
0.218248
0.236879
0.238478
0.246606
0.245382
0.263249
0.272684
0.269281
0.266618
0.277642
0.275143
0.279838
0.280328
0.284853
0.28706
0.298654
0.305934
0.317301
0.328764
0.328229
0.333405
0.338522
0.347776
0.347226
0.34394
0.340401
0.349505
0.346429
0.34239
0.339208
0.346113
0.347363
0.34175
0.339961
0.345558
0.346061
0.339826
0.339924
0.337306
0.344133
0.347123
0.338315
0.335977
0.335429
0.334882
0.337923
0.340998
0.33737
0.337792
0.332524
0.3364
0.338311
                                                      170

-------
Elevation
cm
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
Elevation
cm
120
119
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
Time
min



































Time
min
120
120
121
121
122
122
123
123
124
124
125
125
126
126
127
127
128
128
129
130
Soltrol
Content



































Soltrol
Content
0.109185
0.13508
0.139412
0.1388
0.146128
0.145665
0.155995
0.162719
0.155592
0.154525
0.161459
0.172154
0.16468
0.174349
0.176445
0.181949
0.192551
0.184965
0.196635
0.195548
Time
min
53
54
55
55
56
56
57
57
58
58
59
59
60
60
61
61



















Elevation
cm
119
117
115
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99
97
95
93
91
89
87
85
83
81
Soltrol
Content
0.001381
-0.00537
0.000853
0.004277
-0.00352
-0.00212
-0.00478
-0.00112
-0.00186
-0.00537
-0.0107
-0.00997
-0.00901
-0.00769
-0.00838
-0.00655



















Time
min
174
175
175
176
176
177
177
178
179
179
180
180
181
181
182
182
183
184
184
185
Time
min
93
94
94
95
95
96
96
97
97
98
98
99
99
100
100
101
101
102
102
103
104
104
105
105
106
106
107
107
108
108
109
109
110
110
111
Water
Content
0.022596
0.049853
0.034437
-0.01122
0.027283
0.033178
-0.02291
0.014256
0.03526
0.004643
-0.01465
0.023935
0.03122
0.03694
0.085124
0.039559
0.057081
0.102681
0.069012
0.035836
Soltrol
Content
0.333674
0.332245
0.329068
0.330891
0.33203
0.328328
0.330552
0.327372
0.325339
0.313994
0.288732
0.175899
0.05306
0.001652
-0.00243
-0.00584
-0.00685
-0.00594
0.001275
0.003101
0.003255
0.000215
-0.0005
0.001131
-0.00045
0.002684
0.009521
0.003812
0.00385
0.002506
0.001023
-0.00113
0.004774
-0.0014
0.002491
Soltrol
Content
0.132895
0.129024
0.147994
0.156578
0.16413
0.164993
0.192861
0.185089
0.183976
0.203913
0.221793
0.21545
0.229573
0.235493
0.231261
0.280542
0.243386
0.239705
0.238562
0.267795
171

-------
Elevation
cm
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
Time
min
130
131
131
132
132
133
133
134
134
135
135
136
136
137
137
138
138
139
139
140
140
141
142
142
143
143
144
144
145
145
146
146
147
147
148
148
149
149
150
150
151
151
152
152
153
153
154
155
155
156
156
157
157
158
158
159
159
160
160
Soltrol
Content
0.201461
0.202318
0.203005
0.218628
0.22772
0.226875
0.229624
0.241596
0.248672
0.245526
0.252386
0.272771
0.301661
0.280627
0.264297
0.262558
0.277086
0.276444
0.267789
0.275319
0.282532
0.296788
0.315689
0.305748
0.307222
0.313109
0.320344
0.31875
0.325898
0.338214
0.329491
0.337143
0.338994
0.343167
0.350017
0.346027
0.344354
0.346087
0.336756
0.338081
0.344609
0.334673
0.335217
0.338111
0.339635
0.332614
0.334614
0.339048
0.336308
0.333189
0.339338
0.335224
0.340667
0.34266
0.341741
0.336567
0.327185
0.305856
0.273611
Elevation
cm
79
77
75
73
71
69
67
65
63
61
59
57
55
53
51
49
47
45
43
41
39
37
35
33



































Time
min
185
186
186
- 187
187
188
188
189
190
190
191
191
192
192
193
193
194
194
195
196
196
197
197




































Water
Content
0.068783
0.055828
0.04292
0.069708
0.060701
0.069072
0.102566
0.073502
0.07688
0.083597
0.026087
0.059297
0.082529
0.044919
0.092513
0.109599
0.104569
0.063194
0.076791
0.091378
0.046074
0.062484
0.099056




































Soltrol
Content
0.271208
0.270481
0.278495
0.274293
0.28319
0.286798
0.282693
0.315018
0.310709
0.330754
0.35338
0.344513
0.337559
0.357007
0.337607
0.33774
0.349641
0.362871
0.352688
0.349946
0.363852
0.327034
0.061648




































172

-------
Elevation
cm
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
Elevation
cm
119
117
115
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99
97
95
93
91
89
87
85
83
81
79
77
75
73
71
69
67
65
63
61
59
57
55
53
51
49
47
45
43
41
39
37
35
Time
min
161
161
162
162
163
163
164
165
165
Time
min
201
202
202
203
204
204
205
205
206
206
207
207
208
208
209
210
210
211
211
212
212
213
213
214
214
215
216
216
217
217
218
218
219
219
220
221
221
222
222
223
223
224

Soltrol
Content
0.151574
0.047519
0.010692
0.000492
-0.00059
-0.00182
-0.0014
-0.00166
-0.00365
Water
Content
0.239309
0.257014
0.25558
0.261764
0.238647
0.271055
0.257131
0.225081
0.247826
0.260028
0.195924
0.177262
0.183549
0.091556
0.075163
0.05993
0.050638
0.047858
0.056674
0.035375
0.048282
0.078261
0.075063
0.050809
0.038783
0.028314
0.091452
0.042391
0.050134
0.069004
0.081507
0.045036
0.033726
0.048818
0.045707
0.034196
0.068016
0.10154
0.108332
0.059817
0.103307
0.071794

Elevation
cm









Soltrol
Content
0.072972
0.086041
0.088396
0.097207
0.111259
0.105498
0.11721
0.128984
0.129007
0.134835
0.173374
0.192864
0.205545
0.258207
0.276195
0.256753
0.272592
0.255742
0.23904
0.241361
0.241561
0.252176
0.249853
0.262873
0.262018
0.277179
0.255687
0.277617
0.279428
0.275723
0.274692
0.30608
0.309254
0.320688
0.343354
0.344799
0.343669
0.341012
0.346361
0.349368
0.34935
0.349391

Time
min









Time
min
230
230
231
231
232
232
233
233
234
235
235
236
236
237
237
238
238
239
239
240
241
241
242
242
243
243
244
244
245
245
246
247
247
248
248
249
249
250
250
251
252
252
253
Water
Content









Water
Content
0.264158
0.213852
0.242138
0.231937
0.205524
0.216627
0.247397
0.225929
0.244003
0.270293
0.244638
0.202503
0.259148
0.248581
0.238882
0.261449
0.302674
0.26048
0.286256
0.251627
0.250592
0.263255
0.23406
0.232628
0.171168
0.13149
0.077367
0.111522
0.07708
0.071849
0.091689
0.038945
0.044974
0.035743
0.069342
0.072242
0.07532
0.065596
0.103279
0.050104
0.055066
0.045147
0.059356
Soltrol
Content









Soltrol
Content
0.069247
0.090368
0.088358
0.097169
0.108806
0.112457
0.096923
0.107072
0.112685
0.111939
0.125769
0.155727
0.142019
0.154967
0.163657
0.163081
0.158145
0.170112
0.166893
0.186039
0.189527
0.185158
0.208158
0.216524
0.264934
0.318537
0.366255
0.358893
0.370646
0.359889
0.338395
0.337643
0.324756
0.322487
0.318906
0.325357
0.337503
0.355909
0.332727
0.360161
0.361036
0.359836
0.350412
173

-------
Elevation
cm
119
117
115
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99
97
95
93
91
89
87
85
83
81
79
77
75
73
71
69
67
65
63
61
59
57
55
53
51
49
47
45
43
41
39
37
35
Time
min
257
258
259
259
260
260
261
261
262
262
263
263
264
265
265
266
266
267
267
268
268
269
269
270
271
271
272
272
273
273
274
274
275
275
276
277
277
278
278
279
279
280
280
Water
Content
0.236304
0.239956
0.216507
0.213728
0.234525
0.203073
0.249328
0.236474
0.202755
0.202582
0.221312
0.234767
0.251781
0.219186
0.306258
0.293141
0.29926
0.279315
0.262188
0.299975
0.293739
0.312737
0.267543
0.255471
0.268374
0.233942
0.256176
0.250755
0.219511
0.26
0.23021
0.256778
0.21519
0.263777
0.190807
0.160426
0.109634
0.075805
0.11384
0.069354
0.096327
0.057551
0.100549
Soltrol
Content
0.060133
0.077781
0.081337
0.087926
0.087599
0.097679
0.087763
0.086281
0.108536
0.117352
0.115818
0.117641
0.123358
0.140182
0.119054
0.128174
0.141492
0.145057
0.15557
0.153649
0.161926
0.162069
0.171436
0.180474
0.179908
0.196161
0.188821
0.192989
0.210159
0.197421
0.209667
0.20123
0.221577
0.202243
0.24485
0.272479
0.326434
0.369031
0.364382
0.378734
0.370862
0.390308
0.371543
Time
min
286
286
287
287
288
289
289
290
290
291
291
292
292
293
294
294
295
295
296
296
297
297
298
298
299
300
300
301
301
302
302
303
303
304
304
305
306
306
307
307
308
308

Water
Content
0.290339
0.244356
0.255862
0.217388
0.194816
0.247605
0.262235
0.253059
0.268187
0.244845
0.253744
0.282258
0.293098
0.278322
0.293429
0.330107
0.313999
0.283878
0.315134
0.270039
0.318291
0.333206
0.282293
0.293712
0.241943
0.225005
0.295491
0.279028
0.301968
0.242073
0.246361
0.249593
0.242212
0.208726
0.245528
0.265931
0.301205
0.255559
0.253478
0.264056
0.232859
0.236952

Soltrol
Content
0.052462
0.066779
0.069245
0.088693
0.091504
0.085901
0.077606
0.082573
0.080298
0.098575
0.102754
0.103684
0.104344
0.125301
0.129956
0.118657
0.129884
0.148978
0.143008
0.164807
0.149236
0.136037
0.159372
0.158408
0.185006
0.196234
0.168389
0.173439
0.170135
0.193253
0.191141
0.193854
0.195181
0.209672
0.201359
0.197708
0.188368
0.210886
0.203375
0.206668
0.218233
0.23008

174

-------
Tank A
#70 Sand 9.5cm Soltrol Ponding Depth
Temperature Soltrol: 23°C
Elevation
cm
120
119
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
105
104
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
Time
min
15
16
16
17
18
18
19
19
20
21
21
22
23
23
24
24
25
30
30
31
32
32
33
34
34
35
36
36
37
37
38
39
39
40
41
41
42
43
43
44
44
45
46
46
47
48
48
49
50
50
51
52
52
53
53
Soltrol
Content
0.335185
0.350383
0.360118
0.362661
0.353848
0.337875
0.350075
0.355796
0.3607
0.34467
0.343592
0.391261
0.414393
0.396858
0.363273
0.361114
0.35
0.160614
0.054263
0.005208
-0.00838
-0.01059
-0.02013
-0.01364
-0.01121
-0.00222
-0.00455
-0.01385
-0.00707
-0.0037
-0.00541
-0.00375
-0.00421
0.010074
0.002807
-0.00158
-0.00719
-0.00608
-0.00353
-0.01113
-0.00297
-0.00657
-0.00169
-0.00305
-0.00298
-0.00133
-0.00412
-0.00685
-0.00655
-0.00707
-0.00104
-0.00964
-0.00713
-0.0041
0.001775
Time
min
68
69
69
70
71
71
72
72
73
74
74
75
76
76
77
77
78
83
84
84
85
85
86
87
87
88
89
89
90
90
91
92
92
93
94
94
95
96
96
97
97
98
99
99
100
101
101
102
103
103
104
104
105
106
106
Soltrol
Content
0.145101
0.151197
0.166528
0.185728
0.18599
0.175085
0.174667
0.174366
0.178328
0.15549
0.138024
0.159517
0.187042
0.193214
0.179339
0.206203
0.23
0.262985
0.268566
0.271967
0.26277
0.25282
0.234971
0.236328
0.256615
0.270824
0.27964
0.267809
0.231042
0.128614
0.038376
0.002689
0.003575
0.009323
0.005136
0.000364
-0.0067
-0.0042
-0.00139
-0.00624
-0.00523
-0.00188
-0.00382
-0.00403
-0.00349
-0.00271
-0.00635
-0.00866
-0.00529
-0.00372
-0.00819
-0.00707
-0.00134
-0.0104
-0.00277
Time
min
121
122
122
123
124
124
125
126
126
127
127
132
133
134
134
135
135
136
137
137
138
139
139
140
140
141
142
142
143
144
144
145
145
146
147
147
148
149
149
150
151
151
152
152
153
154
154
155
156






Soltrol
Content
0.14083
0.144964
0.140674
0.14324
0.133752
0.113024
0.118653
0.141232
0.156462
0.142047
0.147203
0.20316
0.217242
0.219895
0.227894
0.229355
0.215374
0.207881
0.203004
0.215822
0.233348
0.245742
0.24828
0.240389
0.242788
0.247158
0.243009
0.247298
0.26311
0.251949
0.240123
0.231562
0.251949
0.124374
0.027653
-0.00241
0.001611
0.000841
-0.00308
0.000781
-0.00364
-0.0016
0.000125
-0.0047
-0.0019
-0.00593
-0.00099
-0.00863
-0.00435






                                                   175

-------
tion
cm
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
tion
cm
Time
min
54
55
55
56
57
57
58
59
59
60
60
61
62
62
63
64
Time
min
Soltrol
Content
-0.00237
0.000953
-0.00139
0.001473
0.001255
-0.00158
-0.00245
-0.00245
0.010421
0.002574
0.000394
0.001256
-0.00041
0.001243
0.004851
0.001872
Soltrol
Content
Time
min
107
108
108
109
110
110
111
111
112
113
113
114
115
115
116
117


Soltrol Time Soltrol
Content min Content
-0.00117
-0.00123
-0.00372
-0.00035
0.003253
-0.00086
0.001656
0.003835
0.007419
0.005267
-0.00438
0.003093
-0.00178
-0.00127
0.003285
0.002311


120
119
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
1t1
110
109
108
107
106
105
104
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
171
171
t72
173
173
174
174
175
176
176
177
178
178
179
179
180
185
186
186
187
187
188
189
189
190
191
191
192
192
193
194
194
195
196
196
t97
197
198
199
0.113639
0.119516
0.122855
0.133055
0.13609
0.123831
0.124824
0.126251
0.125343
0.111306
0.091076
0.107388
0.127332
0.133719
0.125217
0.131232
0.171888
0.177524
0.185131
0.191158
0.188585
0.176972
0.171484
0.173469
0.19082
0.212616
0.225083
0.218606
0.215071
0.223459
0.22426
0.226133
0.227559
0.24931
0.266689
0.256118
0.2405
0.230234
0.209S73
176

-------
Elevation         Time         Soltrol
     cm          min       Content

     74           199      0.108384
     73           200       0.02375
     72           201      0.004511
     71           201      0.001703
     70           202      0.003089
     69           202      -0.00327
                                               177

-------
TankB
#70 Sand 9.5cm Soltrol Ponding Depth
Rain 12000ml/h after 22 hours
Rain end after 24 hours
Residual water content assumed constant at 0.06.
Elevation
cm
120
119
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
Time
min
7
7
8
9
9
10
10
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
19
20
20
21
22
22
23
23
24
25
25
26
26
27
28
28
29
30




















Water
Content
0.06239
0.064171
0.018889
0.081584
0.091061
0.123558
0.116566
0.088546
0.138062
0.105408
0.11099
0.101597
0.147845
0.157013
0.061979
0.060853
0.051959
0.049788
0.023055
0.070986
0.080244
0.059032
0.034132
0.079058
0.030363
0.000945
0.058244
0.055242
0.069321
0.053829
0.045889
0.114024




















Soltrol
Content
0.380415
0.369694
0.373156
0.34694
0.34845
0.336452
0.339065
0.360088
0.342297
0.338063
0.337725
0.349861
0.334453
0.332685
0.022284
-0.00721
-0.01241
-0.0154
-0.0047
-0.01429
-0.0125
-0.00628
0.018775
-0.00586
0.001083
-0.00147
-0.01405
-0.00764
-0.00861
-0.00675
-0.00604
-0.03315




















Time
min
32
33
34
34
35
35
36
37
37
38
38
39
40
40
45
46
46
47
47
48
49
49
50
50
51
52
52
53
53
54
55
55
56
56
57
58
58
59
59
60
61
61
62
62
63
64
64
65
65
66
67
67
Water
Content
0.051818
0.016052
0.052969
0.049894
-0.01144
0.046766
0.090354
0.104996
0.002361
0.112462
0.135694
0.087892
0.111108
0.117092
0.122808
0.088845
0.05419
0.111406
0.074253
0.040554
0.075849
0.107507
0.103747
0.0051 1
0.046281
-0.0013
0.10958
0.084242
0.079702
0.011301
0.096011
0.056034
0.091905
-0.02254
-0.01057
0.020959
0.022164
0.055111
-0.01289
0.055679
0.039006
0.07637
0.092931
0.070676
0.11497
0.015448
0.075492
0.061327
0.074612
0.040309
0.16001
0.123636
Soltrol
Content
0.177212
0.219551
0.173085
0.167317
0.196705
0.194484
0.191042
0.201764
0.261831
0.241555
0.256734
0.29352
0.314377
0.3297
0.279154
0.279213
0.284217
0.255271
0.24899
0.231928
0.174763
0.077763
0.017674
0.018305
-0.00719
0.004376
-0.04072
-0.01592
-0.01304
0.016097
-0.01511
-0.01411
-0.03
0.011075
0.007369
-0.0025
-0.00589
-0.01909
0.009454
-0.01407
0.000006
-0.01091
-0.01888
-0.01785
-0.03699
-0.00046
-0.02616
-0.01598
-0.01992
-0.00888
-0.0462
-0.02491
                                                     178

-------
Elevation
cm
120
119
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
Time
min
71
71
72
72
73
74
74
75
75
76
77
77
78
78
83
84
84
85
86
86
87
87
88
89
89
90
90
91
92
92
93
93
94
95
95
96
96
97
98
98
99
99
100
101
101
102
102
103
104
104
105
105
106
107
107
108
109
Water
Content
0.06304
-0.00051
0.04831
0.063109
0.020461
0.05107
0.007961
0.056531
0.068307
0.043392
0.021388
0.070542
0.124284
0.098089
0.034825
0.103537
0.040309
0.073002
0.127658
0.194962
0.102187
0.126211
0.147292
0.117993
0.091245
0.035697
0.07336
0.046362
0.049721
0.050697
0.066847
0.047436
0.04072
0.076525
0.072024
0.083231
0.115089
0.119113
0.084432
0.054914
0.101987
0.078151
0.080859
0.077882
0.011603
0.047944
0.03383
0.018084
0.041562
0.072307
0.027178
0.119163
0.096294
0.081111
0.11991
0.116474
0.046988
Soltrol
Content
0.103591
0.159539
0.113125
0.105738
0.140301
0.136033
0.16343
0.149604
0.149985
0.16961
0.184017
0.17769
0.186548
0.23377
0.293614
0.251334
0.278249
0.245978
0.224697
0.206828
0.241174
0.248295
0.260559
0.276845
0.250434
0.241383
0.156725
0.070324
0.017088
-0.00288
-0.01217
-0.01241
-0.01165
-0.02626
-0.01669
-0.0301
-0.04043
-0.04369
-0.02904
-0.00424
-0.01557
-0.00455
-0.01488
-0.01273
-0.00028
-0.00919
0.002316
-0.00288
-0.00488
-0.02005
0.000315
-0.02432
-0.0154
-0.00431
-0.01067
-0.00949
0.007862
Time
min
121
122
123
123
124
124
125
126
126
127
127
128
129
129
134
135
135
136
136
137
138
138
139
139
140
141
141
142
142
143
144
144
145
145
146
147
147
148
148
149
150
150
151
152
152
153
153
154
155
155
156
156
157
158
158
159
159
Water
Content
0.020878
0.008307
-0.04982
0.033241
0.016525
0.060802
0.049795
0.072495
0.014301
0.079443
0.09504
0.077831
0.089806
0.025054
0.081933
0.074515
0.065986
0.034469
0.029531
0.092313
0.02471
0.116506
0.173677
0.139867
0.070315
0.136546
0.080838
0.058556
0.14331
0.120687
0.043572
0.048251
0.004174
0.056081
0.003983
0.070559
0.010544
-0.04346
0.085139
0.020909
0.095654
0.049965
0.052975
0.044588
0.150569
0.044848
-0.019
0.063714
0.04021
0.051499
0.149511
0.003151
0.092654
0.065792
0.073981
0.153732
0.039614
Soltrol
Content
0.082231
0.128111
0.125537
0.096678
0.103042
0.102015
0.119406
0.105232
0.136346
0.122078
0.115977
0.132534
0.134665
0.182857
0.250379
0.222408
0.231579
0.238025
0.237577
0.213862
0.25015
0.228601
0.240552
0.250609
0.264513
0.215304
0.245786
0.257572
0.233878
0.234752
0.227313
0.113123
0.036761
-0.01368
0.002256
-0.02605
0.001978
0.014748
-0.02502
0.005849
-0.01682
0.005506
0.002653
-0.00571
-0.04915
-0.00488
0.007031
-0.01961
-0.00469
-0.01177
-0.03995
0.006106
-0.01572
0.00577
0.009159
-0.02421
0.013817
179

-------
Elevation
cm
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
120
119
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
Time
min
109
110
110
111
112
112
113
113
114
115
115
116
116
172
173
174
174
175
175
176
177
177
178
178
179
180
180
185
186
186
187
187
188
189
189
190
190
191
192
192
193
193
194
195
195
196
196
197
198
198
199
199
200
201
201
202
202
203
Water
Content
0.049074
0.043412
0.153542
0.150973
0.046848
0.126721
0.063305
0.058329
0.034526
0.023134
0.042207
-0.04709
-0.01048
0.001371
0.039336
0.014275
0.031769
0.004804
0.056856
0.023833
0.004239
0.044059
0.091984
0.061844
0.040491
0.03982
0.073496
0.018644
0.10056
0.076629
0.120584
0.00514
0.098119
0.055873
0.115753
0.108956
0.042962
0.098682
0.004156
0.0851
0.100481
0.113349
0.10784
0.188303
0.078859
0.035891
0.068935
0.062215
0.053684
0.050216
0.059099
0.048239
0.086785
0.04755
0.109883
0.105132
0.040983
0.010541
Soltrol
Content
0.003027
0.008223
-0.02176
-0.01907
0.00691
-0.01 329
-0.00172
-0.01178
-0.00333
-0.00822
-0.01424
0.027945
0.025293
0.072323
0.099751
0.091799
0.081291
0.097076
0.088281
0.115389
0.131317
0.121062
0.101434
0.116314
0.130626
0.140506
0.140322
0.226593
0.187849
0.198936
0.177334
0.218495
0.189425
0.218545
0.216521
0.248787
0.278782
0.227986
0.257825
0.23175
0.236072
0.240667
0.2487
0.206529
0.244043
0.235064
0.198469
0.093804
0.011078
-0.00489
-0.0205
-0.01192
-0.01809
0.001841
-0.01592
-0.0243
-0.00327
0.007763
Time
min
160
161
161
162
162
163
164
164
165
165
166
167
167
223
224
224
225
226
226
227
227
228
229
229
230
230
231
236
236
237
238
238
239
239
240
241
241
242
242
243
244
244
245
245
246
247
247
248
248
249
250
250
251
251
252
253
253
254
Water
Content
0.091239
0.095945
0.067757
0.099333
0.102863
0.056211
0.085473
0.066734
-0.01412
0.137599
0.01705
0.060079
0.091521
0.050346
0.051439
0.003084
0.038798
-0.00306
0.058709
0.019412
0.063083
0.035113
0.055456
0.0528
0.035441
0.056993
0.04433
0.054956
0.043834
-0.0308
0.151635
0.033177
0.091142
0.041862
0.102707
0.182012
0.139889
0.119859
0.041539
0.089311
0.083117
0.064025
0.106715
0.042896
0.071397
0.031108
0.02831
0.131387
0.038204
0.053143
0.137887
0.135458
0.07991
0.024185
0.108426
0.013208
0.114873
-0.01383
Soltrol
Content
-0.00682
-0.00277
-0.00582
-0.00669
-0.01192
0.004683
-0.00934
-0.00508
0.009975
-0.03535
0.004333
-0.01286
-0.01684
0.046257
0.080425
0.084552
0.068961
0.095195
0.079487
0.105965
0.086636
0.107674
0.104245
0.108858
0.123088
0.119735
0.140363
0.188828
0.17887
0.20167
0.139383
0.180793
0.173322
0.205556
0.202114
0.211981
0.218448
0.206367
0.230724
0.218558
0.223075
0.251456
0.248232
0.262097
0.235311
0.249845
0.253589
0.202461
0.19935
0.110735
-0.01626
-0.03503
-0.01364
0.000966
-0.00986
0.012928
-0.03171
0.013029
180

-------
Elevation
cm
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
Elevation
cm
120
119
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
Time
min
204
204
205
205
206
207
207
208
208
209
210
210
211
211
212
213
213
214
214
215
216
216
217
217
218
Time
min
1226
1227
1228
1228
1229
1229
1230
1231
1231
1232
1232
1233
1234
1234
1239
1240
1240
1241
1241
1242
1243
1243
1244
1244
1245
1246
1246
1247
1247
1248
Water
Content
0.049027
0.032258
0.093953
0.057846
-0.00731
0.094133
0.012585
0.091366
0.067975
0.147115
0.096795
0.014242
0.104995
0.037091
0.136409
0.039244
0.05097
0.037171
0.078995
0.098603
0.003281
0.118572
0.057905
0.029507
0.077562
Water
Content
-0.02332
0.03017
-0.00779
-0.03034
0.002413
-0.00825
0.026991
0.015507
0.047997
0.055527
0.055224
0.062351
-0.0088
0.047135
0.050996
0.031119
0.021728
0.020452
0.052854
0.041061
0.025922
0.113544
0.100192
0.032008
0.025945
0.049708
0.00416
0.0781
0.090382
0.077282
Soltrol
Content
-0.01757
-0.00482
-0.02826
-0.01206
0.005621
-0.02187
0.00917
-0.01119
0.00716
-0.01454
-0.01076
0.0193
-0.01306
0.010273
-0.0228
0.013291
0.015203
0.016244
-0.00499
-0.01629
0.007773
-0.03376
-0.01273
-0.00866
-0.01226
Soltrol
Content
0.037382
0.055837
0.058641
0.060362
0.057691
0.068463
0.062563
0.061348
0.056271
0.055438
0.060521
0.06196
0.095897
0.083827
0.105359
0.105919
0.096087
0.098398
0.080594
0.083615
0.109952
0.092294
0.122851
0.144407
0.121785
0.104739
0.133281
0.117669
0.136476
0.148831
Time
mm
254
255
256
256
257
257
258
259
259
260
260
261
262
262
263
264
264
265
265
266
267
267
268
268
269
Time
min
1366
1367
1367
1368
1369
1369
1370
1370
1371
1372
1372
1373
1373
1374
1379
1379
1380
1381
1381
1382
1382
1383
1384
1384
1385
1385
1386
1387
1387
1388
Water
Content
0.048683
0.079431
0.041314
0.020381
0.03174
0.030242
0.021972
0.072438
0.125094
0.094205
0.161875
0.062796
0.042648
0.060832
0.113
0.027359
0.119477
0.109016
0.058646
0.040834
0.04937
0.075749
0.06724
-0.00797
0.086693
Water
Content
0.348018
0.313075
0.28648
0.24598
0.292191
0.334267
0.337171
0.305849
0.307626
0.319626
0.322862
0.328212
0.339784
0.342437
0.274335
0.342551
0.344141
0.356734
0.358073
0.325879
0.303862
0.30723
0.44837
0.395905
0.360926
0.391729
0.289643
0.345085
0.339724
0.415638
Soltrol
Content
-0.01602
-0.02347
-0.01196
0.001515
-0.00727
-0.00505
0.005342
-0.01227
-0.01389
0.003436
-0.02097
0.0004
0.013224
0.005819
-0.0149
0.013644
-0.01712
-0.00718
-0.0032
0.002267
-0.0059
-0.01939
-0.01961
0.016575
-0.00961
Soltrol
Content
0.001628
0.036929
0.03427
0.043673
0.033524
0.020225
0.02745
0.040872
0.048635
0.044778
0.04098
0.040562
0.046287
0.057573
0.099505
0.053176
0.0574
0.047866
0.044207
0.065058
0.070697
0.083691
0.042531
0.059132
0.066131
0.051406
0.092478
0.080709
0.095237
0.07362
181

-------
Elevation
cm
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
Elevation
cm
120
119
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
Time
min
1249
1249
1250
1250
1251
1252
1252
1253
1253
1254
1255
1255
1256
1256
1257
1258
1258
1259
1259
1260
1261
1261
1262
1263
1263
1264
1264
1265
1266
1266
1267
1267
1268
1269
1269
1270
1270
1271
1272
1272
Time
min
1417
1418
1418
1419
1419
1420
1421
1421
1422
1422
1423
1424
1424
1425
1430
Water
Content
0.077735
0.094697
0.049286
0.01101
0.023659
0.066486
0.046878
0.023156
0.060458
0.03812
0.050764
0.036535
0.013385
0.039373
0.068717
0.039945
0.047844
-0.00843
0.053083
0.048417
0.033969
0.100541
0.047587
0.089722
0.112153
0.082801
0.050501
0.049626
0.184415
0.066327
0.131352
0.096103
0.074364
0.046109
0.006254
0.091823
0.018015
0.005031
0.095541
0.043731
Water
Content
0.368587
0.259888
0.213705
0.255747
0.235806
0.216977
0.307343
0.226397
0.265674
0.257841
0.259977
0.26701
0.288946
0.254451
0.242645
Soltrol
Content
0.14502
0.136693
0.150148
0.166063
0.172334
0.152912
0.156467
0.170615
0.155228
0.180875
0.189875
0.202349
0.208023
0.177336
0.163614
0.180036
0.164875
0.171898
0.151373
0.137047
0.100832
0.01536
0.004238
0.002282
-0.00846
0.00298
0.004803
0.010695
-0.03786
0.001468
-0.019
-0.012
0.003419
0.008607
0.016362
-0.01634
-0.00119
0.002088
-0.02121
0.008592
Soltrol
Content
-0.01598
0.038901
0.035303
0.016989
0.035807
0.055252
0.019061
0.053054
0.043824
0.0488
0.046029
0.04799
0.047493
0.062805
0.072009
Time
min
1388
1389
1390
1390
1391
1391
1392
1393
1393
1394
1394
1395
1396
1396
1397
1397
1398
1399
1399
1400
1400
1401
1402
1402
1403
1403
1404
1405
1405
1406
1406
1407
1408
1408
1409
1409
1410
1411
1411
1412
Time
min
1518
1519
1519
1520
1521
1521
1522
1522
1523
1524
1524
1525
1525
1526
1531
Water
Content
0.363334
0.255176
0.288842
0.324796
0.323171
0.292324
0.318004
0.347007
0.255328
0.390817
0.28437
0.404945
0.362385
0.397175
0.392436
0.313786
0.269912
0.257062
0.291328
0.138643
0.208714
0.107473
0.023096
0.114893
0.051437
0.084547
0.069573
0.01695
0.144497
0.052768
0.115168
0.050554
0.067412
0.04026
0.021432
0.049697
0.002754
0.070656
0.006093
0.053601
Water
Content
0.151874
0.144045
0.099395
0.078074
0.150682
0.155736
0.145331,
0.157919'
0.186251
0.156269
0.154379
0.129385
0.163284
0.242275
0.116878
Soltrol
Content
0.098357
0.127433
0.123204
0.113955
0.115085
0.128546
0.113833
0.108627
0.155616
0.124135
0.155787
0.113331
0.137089
0.127407
0.121525
0.158915
0.191577
0.20697
0.206691
0.269448
0.22217
0.19062
0.13632
0.035009
0.036119
0.012322
0.001111
0.020761
-0.0207
0.004799
-0.01379
0.013187
0.010181
0.010171
0.00837
-0.00584
0.007612
-0.00834
0.006813
0.000927
Soltrol
Content
0.011343
0.034503
0.034845
0.05089
0.026869
0.030551
0.050912
0.042162
0.032063
0.050653
0.057661
0.066557
0.058252
0.038
0.09421
182

-------
Elevation
cm
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
Time
min
1430
1431
1431
1432
1433
1433
1434
1434
1435
1436
1436
1437
1437
1438
1439
1439
1440
1440
1441
1442
1442
1443
1443
1444
1445
1445
1446
1446
1447
1448
1448
1449
1449
1450
1451
1451
1452
1452
1453
1454
1454
1455
1455
1456
1457
1457
1458
1458
1459
1460
1460
1461
1461
1462
1463
Water
Content
0.29057
0.287298
0.26068
0.283807
0.276167
0.309292
0.227712
0.370408
0.299906
0.231711
0.315814
0.194199
0.325086
0.288764
0.36143
0.341279
0.282841
0.283161
0.279097
0.304016
0.211042
0.259886
0.245979
0.268496
0.317788
0.329733
0.353927
0.24364
0.309804
0.310654
0.346445
0.35818
0.292448
0.294617
0.317714
0.31714
0.321702
0.314409
0.338841
0.316347
0.367118
0.326676
0.335393
0.23145
0.275174
0.308645
0.231476
0.277801
0.306735
0.240395
0.247856
0.201419
0.294729
0.272732
0.209996
Soltrol
Content
0.050668
0.046145
0.051689
0.04307
0.045633
0.044902
0.089483
0.045192
0.067954
0.076214
0.030642
0.080837
0.037184
0.064254
0.042797
0.048673
0.066755
0.069261
0.065775
0.05405
0.092654
0.082576
0.080958
0.077729
0.068233
0.069375
0.075663
0.118347
0.091961
0.0865
0.072318
0.075738
0.109846
0.132708
0.123567
0.134098
0.116491
0.12493
0.124129
0.132426
0.120528
0.127204
0.128116
0.150114
0.124975
0.062583
0.032215
-0.00762
-0.01604
-0.00836
-0.01789
0.004632
-0.02922
-0.02382
-0.0031
Time
min
1531
1532
1533
1533
1534
1534
1535
1536
1536
1537
1537
1538
1539
1539
1540
1540
1541
1542
1542
1543
1543
1544
1545
1545
1546
1546
1547
1548
1548
1549
1549
1550
1551
1551
1552
1552
1553
1554
1554
1555
1555
1556
1557
1557
1558
1558
1559
1560
1560
1561
1561
1562
1563
1563
1564
Water
Content
0.176401
0.170125
0.165808
0.162368
0.242623
0.211326
0.161224
0.246984
0.21238
0.15908
0.217598
0.160322
0.264746
0.183187
0.262525
0.238141
0.177443
0.161341
0.230765
0.205736
0.120027
0.183639
0.2145
0.256107
0.208945
0.250291
0.297049
0.270093
0.23152
0.193834
0.178007
0.218807
0.139574
0.255396
0.243774
0.159496
0.21075
0.257605
0.313137
0.281543
0.31886
0.2477
0.267296
0.30417
0.282376
0.228082
0.200328
0.232239
0.176993
0.168685
0.164603
0.150843
0.200403
0.123615
0.159382
Soltrol
Content
0.061053
0.059504
0.049301
0.049015
0.035419
0.052446
0.080127
0.07114
0.075006
0.073262
0.040701
0.067983
0.041053
0.080305
0.048805
0.046352
0.075968
0.078385
0.050933
0.06407
0.093676
0.069701
0.065893
0.039977
0.070336
0.075802
0.057576
0.070153
0.079991
0.078305
0.086096
0.070771
0.093953
0.049995
0.064055
0.093016
0.083457
0.084269
0.098916
0.142427
0.142484
0.181318
0.149283
0.127259
0.130498
0.141792
0.144014
0.113402
0.107952
0.048875
0.00131
-0.00789
-0.02396
-0.00157
-0.00887
183

-------
Elevation
cm
120
119
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
Time
min
1614
1615
1615
1616
1616
1617
1618
1618
1619
1619
1620
1621
1621
1622
1627
1627
1628
1628
1629
1630
1630
1631
1631
1632
1633
1633
1634
1634
1635
1636
1636
1637
1637
1638
1639
1639
1640
1640
1641
1642
1642
1643
1643
1644
1645
1645
1646
1646
1647
1648
1648
1649
1649
1650
1651
1651
1652
1652
Water
Content
0.099299
0.083579
0.072562
0.059697
0.051822
0.093766
0.091534
0.110886
0.143819
0.123151
0.165009
0.129995
0.135897
0.149208
0.091378
0.144688
0.175418
0.181729
0.127456
0.16576
0.158323
0.151458
0.231703
0.198277
0.20321
0.187102
0.152129
0.156417
0.197846
0.210148
0.178734
0.113472
0.184015
0.137339
0.189683
0.185799
0.146014
0.201541
0.138815
0.18777
0.122137
0.172322
0.195035
0.160347
0.154111
0.197118
0.148312
0.164346
0.179721
0.162082
0.137765
0.175702
0.102128
0.234009
0.190371
0.255789
0.228852
0.282847
Soltrol
Content
0.02202
0.048354
0.042834
0.041956
0.056324
0.055203
0.053666
0.040651
0.034404
0.053359
0.041218
0.051944
0.057053
0.057743
0.089324
0.058669
0.045101
0.037301
0.061107
0.046309
0.060312
0.076068
0.063182
0.063709
0.047485
0.037537
0.060156
0.068696
0.058619
0.060002
0.06356
0.085417
0.0562
0.081122
0.060616
0.061229
0.073604
0.05847
0.075818
0.073524
0.104369
0.096589
0.07849
0.091739
0.091089
0.060282
0.086098
0.070255
0.069543
0.066642
0.082798
0.072233
0.106718
0.106609
0.149036
0.140009
0.153947
0.138625
184

-------
Elevation           Time          Water         Soltrol
      cm             min        Content       Content
      55
      54
      53
      52
      51
      50
      49
      48
      47
      46
      45
      44
1653
1654
1654
1655
1655
1656
1657
1657
1658
1658
1659
1660
0.203331
0.266334
0.223111
0.148463
0.169797
0.122262
0.025402
0.092049
0.055426
0.158824
0.086434
0.102159
0.15988
0.13949
0.144302
0.160737
0.148268
0.149697
0.131732
0.038992
0.016816
-0.02134
0.000933
0.003652
                                                     185   fcU-S. GOVERNMENT  PRINTING OFFICE:  1994 - 650-006/00216

-------