United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research and
Development
Washington DC 20460
EPA/600/R-94/210
December 1994
r/EPA
W/?AEM: Program
Documentation for the
Wellhead Analytic
Element Model
-------
EPA/600/R-94/210
December 1994
W/7AEM:
PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION for the
WELLHEAD ANALYTIC ELEMENT MODEL
by
Hendrik M. Haitjema
Jack Wittman
Vic Kelson
Nancy Bauch
School of Public and Environmental Affairs
Indiana University, Bloomington
CR 818029
Project Officer
Stephen R. Kraemer
Processes and Systems Research Division
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
ROBERT S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ADA, OKLAHOMA 74820
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor yea Pr.ntaf1nnnon/f.l0f1panaf
Chicago, IL 60604-3590 ^ Prmted on Recycled Paper
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NOTICE
The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) under assistance agreement number CR-818029 to
Indiana University. It has been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative review, and it has
been approved for publication as an USEPA document.
All research projects making conclusions or recommendations based on environmentally related
measurements and funded by the USEPA are required to participate in the Agency Quality
Assurance Program. This project did not involve environmentally related measurements and did not
involve a Quality Assurance Plan.
The material introduced in this document should be fully understood prior to the application of the
computer codes in WTzAEM to field problems. Both the creation of the conceptual model and the
interpretation of the program's output require an understanding of the Analytic Element Method and
its implementation in W/zAEM. Interpretation of the output generated by the programs is the sole
responsibility of the user.
The software described in this document is available on an "as-is" basis without guarantee or
warranty of any kind, expressed or implied. Neither the United States government (USEPA, Robert
S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory), Indiana University, the University of Minnesota, nor
any of the authors accept any liability resulting from the use of the codes.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendations for use.
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FOREWORD
USEPA is charged by Congress to protect the Nation's land, air, and water systems. Under a
mandate of national environmental laws focused on air and water quality, solid waste management,
and the control of toxic substances, pesticides, noise, and radiation, the Agency strives to formulate
and implement actions which lead to a compatible balance between human activities and the ability
of natural systems to support and nurture life.
The Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory is the Agency's center for expertise for
investigation of the soil and subsurface environment. Personnel at the Laboratory are responsible
for management of research programs to: (a) determine the fate, transport, and transformation rates
of pollutants in the soil, the unsaturated zones of the subsurface environment; (b) define the
processes to be used in characterizing the soil and subsurface environments as a receptor of
pollutants; (c) develop techniques for predicting the effect of pollutants on ground water, soil, and
indigenous organisms; and (d) define and demonstrate the applicability of using natural processes,
indigenous to the soil and subsurface environment, for the protection of this resource.
Computer modeling has many uses in environmental research and development, including:
representing our degree of understanding of subsurface processes in comparison to field and
laboratory observations; and assisting in the design and predicting the performance of aquifer
remediation and protection strategies. Occasionally, a new numerical solution technique comes
along that is particularly well suited for environmental application. This research report explores
the application of the analytic element method tor the modeling of capture zones of pumping wells,
and in particular in the design of wellhead protection areas. The Wellhead Analytic Element Model
(W/zAEM) should be considered a demonstration of a promising technology.
Clinton W. Hall, Director
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
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ABSTRACT
The Wellhead Analytic Element Model (W/zAEM) demonstrates a new technique for the definition
of time-of-travel capture zones in relatively simple geohydrologic settings. The W/zAEM package
includes an analytic element model that uses superposition of (many) analytic solutions to generate
a ground-water flow solution. W/zAEM consists of two executables: the preprocessor GAEP, and
the flow model CZAEM. W/zAEM differs from existing analytical models in that it can handle fairly
realistic boundary conditions such as streams, lakes, and aquifer recharge due to precipitation.
The preprocessor GAEP is designed to simplify input data preparation; specifically it facilitates the
interactive process of ground-water flow modeling that precedes capture zone delineation. The flow
model CZAEM is equipped with a novel algorithm to accurately define capture zone boundaries by
first determining all stagnation points and dividing streamlines in the flow domain. No models
currently in use for wellhead protection contain such an algorithm.
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
System Requirements 2
Hardware Requirements 3
3
Software Requirements 3
Installation Procedure 3
Installing WTzAEM on Your Hard Disk 3
Digitizer Configuration 4
Printer Configuration 4
WTzAEM as a DOS application in Windows 5
CHAPTER 2. MODELING GROUND-WATER FLOW 6
Steady State Dupuit-Forchheimer Flow 6
Steady State Flow 6
Dupuit-Forchheimer Flow 7
Analytic Element Method 7
Hypothesis Testing 8
"\) CHAPTER 3. W/zAEM TUTORIAL 10
:^ Load and Start the GAEP Program 11
' f\ An Example Digital Map 12
\ Prepare a Base Map for Digitizing 15
,~\ Four Step Mark-Up 16
x^ Digitize Features from the Vincennes Quad 17
"^ Associate Map Coordinates with Digitizer Coordinates 17
p\ Digitize Two Sections of a Single Stream 18
Digitize the Elevations 18
Digitize Point Sets for Wells and Other Features 19
Digitize Roads and City Limits 20
View the Digitized Features 20
File Operations in GAEP 21
Edit Features in GAEP 21
View the Data 22
Join Features 22
Create an Input File for CZAEM 23
Creating Analytic Elements 24
Creating Line-sinks: 26
Creating Wells 27
Aquifer Module 28
Saving the CZAEM Input Data on Disk 31
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Imaging Line-sinks Generated in GAEP 31
Model the Site with CZAEM 36
Read CZAEM Input File: VINCENNE.DAT 37
Check the Input File 37
Turning map on and off 39
Changing the Window 39
Solve the Ground-Water Flow Problem 40
Generate Grid for Contouring Heads 41
View Piezometric Contours in PLOT Module 41
Use Pathline Tracing in TRACE Module 42
Initial Capture Zone Analysis 42
Hypothesis Testing 44
Read in New File: VINIMAGE.DAT 45
Create Final Capture Zones 45
Generate a Subzone Around the Well 46
Generate Isochrones Around the Well 47
Sending Graphics to the Printer 49
Exit CZAEM 51
REFERENCES 52
APPENDIX A. GAEP REFERENCE 54
Concepts 55
Files 55
Digital Map Files 55
Analytic Element Files 55
Digital Map Features 56
Stream Features 56
Curve Features 56
Point Set Features 56
Measurement Units 57
CZAEM Units 57
UTM Coordinates 57
Conversion of Latitude-Longitude to UTM Coordinates 57
Coordinate Origins 57
Digitizer Origin 58
Model Origin 58
Digitizer Origin 58
Construction of No-Flow Boundaries 59
Use of GAEP 60
Menus 60
Special Keys 61
Procedure for Using GAEP 62
VI
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Create the Digital Map (Digitize menu) 62
Save the Digital Map (File menu) 62
Create Analytic Elements (Element menu) 62
Save the Analytic Element Data File (File menu) 62
Detailed GAEP Command Descriptions 62
File Menu 63
Aquifer Menu 65
Digitize Menu 67
Digitize/Edit Submenu 70
Element Menu 71
Options Menu 73
Utility Menu 74
UTM / Latitude-Longitude Utility 75
APPENDIX B. CZAEM REFERENCE 78
CZAEM Main Module 78
AQUIFER 82
GIVEN 83
REFERENCE 84
WELL 84
LINESINK 86
CHECK 88
GRID 90
PLOT 92
TRACE 92
CAPZONE in 96
CURSOR 101
PSET 105
STOP 105
APPENDIX C. TABLET CONFIGURATION GUIDE 107
Introduction 107
Installation of GAEP 107
Digitizer Configuration 107
How Do I Configure My Digitizer for GAEP? 108
General 108
Step-By-Step 108
Digitizer Protocols 110
Formatted ASCII Protocol 110
SummaGraphics MM Binary Protocol Ill
SummaGraphics MM ASCII Protocol 112
SummaGraphics Bit Pad Plus Protocol 112
Microsoft Mouse 113
VII
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Keyboard Data Entry (For Systems Without Digitizers) 113
Program TABTEST 114
Commands 115
Tested Configurations for Various Digitizers 118
Appendix C Bibliography 120
Appendix C Acknowledgments 120
VIII
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors express their appreciation to the volunteer group of "guinea pigs" who did the beta
testing of the W/zAEM codes. The codes and documentation were improved after anonymous
technical review, as well as the many hours of review by graduate students at the Indiana University
Groundwater Modeling Lab. Chursey Fountain of the Kerr Lab provided editorial comments and
review.
IX
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
W/zAEM is a steady state ground-water flow modeling package designed to delineate capture zones
and isochrones of ground-water residence times for the purpose of "wellhead protection." The
package has been designed under USEPA assistance (CR # 818029) between the Robert S. Ken-
Environmental Research Laboratory, Indiana University, and the University of Minnesota. The
principal investigators were:
Hendrik M. Haitjema (Associate Professor) Otto D. L. Strack (Professor)
School of Public and Environmental Affairs Department of Civil and Mineral
Indiana University Engineering
Bloomington University of Minnesota
Minneapolis
W/zAEM consists of two independent executables:
GAEP (Geographic Analytic Element Preprocessor) developed at Indiana University
CZAEM (Capture Zone Analytic Element Model) developed at the University of Minnesota
The foundation of the package is CZAEM, which solves the ground-water flow problem and
generates the desired capture zones and isochrones of ground-water residence times. CZAEM is a
single-layer analytic element model for steady state (regional) ground-water flow modeling
(USEPA, 1994). The analytic element method employs superposition of elementary analytic
solutions to ground-water flow features (Strack and Haitjema, 1981, Strack, 1989). The CZAEM
program is an extension of the public domain code SLWL and is designed specifically to solve
ground-water flow problems near well fields. New in CZAEM is the logic to automatically generate
capture zones and isochrones of ground-water residence times (Bakker, Strack, in preparation), as
well as the generation of isochrones for "contaminant fronts" using a new expanded transport
equation (Strack, 1992).
The program GAEP handles data management for CZAEM (Kelson et al., 1993). Data preparation
with GAEP is accomplished in two steps:
1) Create a digital map of hydrography using one or more U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
topographic maps. This procedure is greatly facilitated by use of a digitizer.
2) Create or edit an input data file for CZAEM using the digital map as a template for model
building.
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The purpose of GAEP is to ease the burden of input data preparation, in particular, to facilitate the
editing of input data to improve CZAEM's ground-water flow solutions. Figure 1 shows a cartoon
of the W/zAEM assisted modeling process. Creating and editing CZAEM input data files with
GAEP is done graphically on screen by use of a mouse and appropriate key strokes. By making the
process of modifying ground water models more efficient, GAEP allows the user to quickly evaluate
a site several different ways. This iterative process of modeling is described in Chapter 2 of this
document as the "hypothesis testing" approach to understanding ground-water flow.
GAEP
WhAEM
Model Building
hypothesis
forming
CZAEM
Figure 1 The modeling process using WhAEM.
hypothesis
testing
Flow
Modeling
System Requirements
The ground-water flow modeling system, W/zAEM , has minimum hardware and software
requirements described below. The ground-water flow model CZAEM has been written in Lahey
Fortran1 and runs on IBM-PC compatible personal computers in extended memory. The
geographically-oriented preprocessor, GAEP, is written in Borland C/C++2 and runs in conventional
memory.
1 Lahey is a trademark of Lahey Computer Systems, Inc.
2 Borland is a trademark of Borland International
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Hardware Requirements
80386- or 80486 based PC
At least 1.5 megabytes of available extended memory
At least 2 megabytes of available hard disk space
Numeric Data Processor (except when using a 80486DX system)
Microsoft, PS/2, or compatible mouse device
Digitizer (optional)
Printer (optional)
Software Requirements
PC-DOS or MS-DOS Version 5.0 or higher
DOS extender bound with C ZAEM. EXE (provided)
ANSI. SYS driver (supplied with DOS)
Windows 3.1 (optional)
Installation Procedure
See the file README on the distribution diskette for the most current instructions.
Installing W/iAEM on Your Hard Disk
The installation procedures for W/zAEM are facilitated by the INSTALL.EXE program on the
distribution disk. The installation program will locate potential target drives on the system, install
the products in a target directory specified by the user and, when necessary, make any necessary
changes to your CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files.
To install, place the distribution disk in drive A: or B: and switch your logged drive to the
floppy drive:
or, if using drive B:,
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Next, run the installation program:
A:\> INSTALL
or
B:\> INSTALL
The INSTALL program will determine which available drives can be used for the installation and
request an installation directory (default is C:\WHAEM). Once all the files are unpacked, you will
have the opportunity to let INSTALL make changes to your AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS
files. The changes to these files can be made directly, in which case the old versions will be backed
up, or changes may be saved to a new file and implemented in AUTOEXEC.BAT and
CONFIG.SYS by the user. If changes are required, W/zAEM will not operate properly until they
are made and the system is rebooted with the changes made, in order for them to take effect.
Digitizer Configuration
Geographic data entry into ground water models is accomplished by transferring map data into
digital form. This can be done manually, or through the assistance of a digitizing tablet or digitizer.
GAEP facilitates both approaches. Configuration of the tablet is described in detail in Appendix
C, "Tablet Configuration Guide." A utility program TAB TEST is provided to simplify the process
of setting up a digitizer to use with GAEP. The INSTALL program places a batch file
TABSETUP.BAT in the \WHAEM installation directory. This file contains the DOS commands
required to configure the digitizer. Program TABTEST allows the user to adjust the parameters for
the digitizer driver allowing use of a standard digitizing tablet as the digitizing device. When the
parameters are set properly, exit TABTEST to save the parameters to TABSETUP.BAT. In
Appendix C, the supported tablet configurations are documented, including instructions for several
popular digitizer models.
Printer Configuration
The printer is configured using a batch file. From the DOS prompt:
To create postscript files:
Type: "printer portrait" This sets the CZAEM initialization up to send
graphics to a postscript file (POST.PS) with a portrait
orientation.
Type: "printer landscape" This sets the CZAEM initialization up to send
graphics to a postscript file (POST.PS) with a
landscape orientation.
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To print directly on an HP laser III compatible printer:
Type: "printer hplaser" This sets CZAEM initialization up so that graphics
will be printed on an HP laserjet III.
Another option for those without a Postscript printer is to use a public domain Postscript interpreter,
such as Ghostscript, which is available by anonymous ftp over the Internet (for example, address:
ftp.cica.indiana.edu[129.79.26.27], directory: pub/pc/win3/util/gs*.zip).
W/rAEM as a DOS application in Windows
Both programs, GAEP and CZAEM run as DOS applications under windows, with some rare,
system-specific limitations. Run this way there is a familiar set of tools available to Windows users
for capturing graphics screens, text, and other data generated while modeling.
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CHAPTER 2. MODELING GROUND-WATER FLOW
When using W/zAEM to delineate "time-of-travel capture zones" for well fields, you are engaging
in ground-water flow modeling, which is an art just as much as it is a science. The opinions about
the value of ground-water flow modeling are diverse: some profess an almost religious belief in
model predictions; others call them a fraud. We believe that ground-water flow modeling can be
a valuable tool to gain insight into the often complex subsurface flow processes which are otherwise
hidden from the eye. The success of ground-water flow modeling, however, depends less on the
"model" than on the professional skills and creativity of the hydrogeologist or engineer who
performs the modeling. In designing W/zAEM, we have tried to lower the barriers that can make
ground-water flow modeling a slow, costly, and frustrating experience. We have not tried to create
an "expert system" which claims to make human expertise obsolete.
There are several books that deal specifically with ground-water flow modeling (e.g. Bear and
Verruijt, 1987 and Anderson and Woessner,1992). We assume that you are familiar with the basics
of ground-water modeling in general, but not necessarily with the analytic element method
employed by W/zAEM. Therefore, we are providing a brief overview of some basic concepts that
underlie the use of W/zAEM.
Steady State Dupuit-Forchheimer Flow
Real world aquifer systems are usually far too complex to reproduce in a computer model.
Consequently, several simplifications are made which are designed to make ground-water flow
modeling feasible while maintaining the essential characteristics of the real world flow regime. Two
of the most important simplifications are discussed below.
Steady State Flow
Although in reality the ground-water flow patterns vary in time, W/zAEM deals only with steady
state flow. Consequently, the modeling results reflect average conditions, which, depending on
circumstances, may differ significantly from the actual conditions at any one time. Yet, there are
important reasons to limit the initial study to steady state ground-water flow modeling, such as:
Transient models require significantly more input data than steady state models (e.g. aquifer
storativity, initial conditions).
The transient modeling procedure is much more complex than steady state modeling.
Consequently, it requires more expertise and more resources.
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Many more field data are required to properly calibrate a transient model as compared to a
steady state model.
Instead of attempting transient ground-water flow modeling for delineating time-of-travel capture
zones, it seems more practical to model average conditions. Deviations from average conditions,
such as summer conditions and winter conditions, may be estimated by steady state modeling using
summer and winter data, respectively. Such steady state representations of summer or winter
conditions tend to overestimate the real transient solution; they bracket the actual transient flow
patterns. In this manner, some insight is obtained into the relative importance of transient effects
without engaging in a full blown transient modeling exercise.
Dupuit-Forchheimer Flow
In principle, ground-water flow is three-dimensional in nature. On a regional scale, however,
horizontal flow is found to be far more important than vertical flow components (Dupuit,! 863 and
Forchheimer, 1886). In W/zAEM, we employ the Dupuit-Forchheimer assumption, ignoring
resistance to vertical flow. This assumption means that the piezometric head in the aquifer does not
vary with depth, although vertical components of flow are still possible and may be estimated from
continuity of flow (Strack, 1984). It appears that the Dupuit-Forchheimer assumption is acceptable
as soon as boundary conditions in the aquifer are more than two aquifer thicknesses apart, or when
areal recharge zones are more than two or three aquifer thicknesses in size (Haitjema, 1987).
Otherwise, a fully three-dimensional analysis is warranted (Haitjema, 1985).
Limiting our modeling efforts to steady state Dupuit-Forchheimer flow greatly reduces the amount
of field data required and enhances the efficiency of the modeling process. When done properly,
most of the limitations that result from our simplifications can be overcome, at least in view of our
objective: delineating time-of-travel capture zones. However, before discussing modeling
procedures we will briefly introduce the analytic element method.
Analytic Element Method
The analytic element method was developed at the end of the 1970's by Otto Strack at the University
of Minnesota (Strack and Haitjema, 1981). For a detailed description of the method refer to
Groundwater Mechanics (Strack, 1989). A brief review of the method follows.
This new method avoids the discretization of a ground-water flow domain by grids or element
networks. Instead, only the surface water features in the domain are discretized, broken up in
sections, and entered into the model as input data. Each of these stream sections or lake sections are
represented by closed form analytic solutions: the analytic elements. The comprehensive solution
to a complex, regional ground-water flow problem is then obtained by superposition of all analytic
elements in the model.
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Traditionally, superposition of analytic functions was considered to be limited to homogeneous
aquifers of constant transmissivity. However, by formulating the ground-water flow problem in
terms of appropriately chosen discharge potentials, rather than piezometric heads, the analytic
element method becomes applicable to both confined and unconfined flow conditions as well as to
heterogeneous aquifers (Strack and Haitjema, 1981b).
The analytic elements are chosen to best represent certain hydrologic features. For instance, stream
sections are represented by line-sinks; lakes or wetlands are represented by areal sink distributions.
Streams and lakes that are not fully connected to the aquifer are modeled by area sinks with a bottom
resistance. Discontinuities in aquifer thickness or hydraulic conductivity are modeled by use of line
doublets (double layers). Specialized analytic elements may be used for special features, such as
drains, cracks, slurry walls, etc.
Hypothesis Testing
The ground-water flow solution obtained with W/zAEM depends on many parameters, such as
aquifer hydraulic conductivity, aquifer depth, areal recharge, and the interaction between the
ground-water flow regime and ditches, streams, lakes, and wetlands. Many of these parameters are,
in general, not very well known. In addition, there are real world complexities which cannot be
included in our simplified model, such as local inhomogeneities, variations in recharge, aquifer
stratification, etc. Instead of trying to remove uncertainties in parameterization through extensive
data acquisition efforts prior to the modeling, we suggest a procedure of hypothesis testing.
The strategy is to model time-of-travel capture zones for various bounding values of the uncertain
parameters, for instance, the lowest and highest hydraulic conductivities reported from pumping
tests, or the low and high values on recharge, porosity, and pumping rates (summer and winter). The
procedure accomplishes two things: (1) it will become apparent which parameters most affect the
time-of-travel capture zones, and (2) a selection of time-of-travel capture zones for various extreme
parameter choices may be overlain so that an envelope of time-of-travel capture zones can be
constructed which incorporates uncertainties in the data.
The parameter sensitivity issue may be illustrated by the following example. Assume that the
inclusion of a particular stream in the solution causes a major shift in the capture zone of the well
field. In that case it may not be appropriate to include the stream in the envelope of time-of-travel
capture zones. Instead, it is necessary to determine what the actual role of that stream is in the flow
system. The model may provide clues in this case. For instance, if the stream is indicated on the
USGS quad map as ephemeral (dash-dot line), while the model predicts that it loses large amounts
of water to the aquifer, it is doubtful whether it is in contact with the aquifer. If the stream or ditch
is known to carry water year round, it very well may be a boundary condition for flow in the
regional aquifer. Hypothesis testing allows you to distinguish between those data which can be
accepted and incorporated in the modeling results and those that require further study. In this
manner, your modeling guides data acquisition and analysis activities, and not only vice versa.
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The details of the step-wise approach to modeling with W/zAEM, shown in Figure 2, will be
introduced through a tutorial in the next chapter.
START
MAP PREPARATION
DIGITIZE MAP
FEATURES
EDIT & JOIN
FEATURES
ASSOCIATE
ELEVATION WITH
FEATURES
SAVE DIGITAL MAP
FILE
CREATE CZAEM INPUT
FILE
RUN CZAEM USING
INPUT FILE CREATED
BY GAEP
^-HYPO-
THESIS
TESTING
EVALUATE SOLUTION
RUN GAEP TO ADJUST
INPUT FILE FOR
CZAEM
HYPO-
THESIS
TESTING
CREATE FINAL
CAPTURE ZONES
Figure 2 Hypothesis testing with W/zAEM.
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CHAPTER 3. WMM TUTORIAL
This chapter of the manual is a tutorial for the operation of the Geographic Analytic Element
Preprocessor (GAEP) software package and the Capture Zone Analytic Element Model (CZAEM)
software package for ground-water flow studies.
Data prepared for a wellhead protection demonstration project in the City of Vincennes, Indiana,
will be used to illustrate the operation of W/zAEM. The tutorial data set includes rivers, streams,
and landmark features such as the well locations, municipal boundaries, and roads. Working
through the following exercises should acquaint the new user with many of the key features of the
programs and the basic concepts involved.
The purpose of the tutorial is to illustrate steps in delineating capture zones with W/zAEM. These
steps are:
1. Create a digital map file from a base map.
2. Use the digital map file to create an input data file for program CZAEM.
3. Read this file into CZAEM and solve the ground-water flow problem.
4. Generate graphical output and interpret modeling results.
5. Conduct hypothesis testing.
6. Delineate capture zones.
The reader is advised to work through this tutorial using a computer. We strongly suggest that as
questions come up about specific commands you also take the time to read the CZAEM and GAEP
reference guides in the appendices.
As discussed in Chapter 1, the two programs GAEP and CZAEM are in some important respects
very different. The descriptions provided in this manual reflect that difference. Moving through
the commands in GAEP is done either by clicking on the command with the mouse or typing in the
first letter of the command from the keyboard. Throughout this chapter, the following convention
is followed:
Keys to be pressed are enclosed in angle brackets, e.g., for the enter key.
Text to be typed is shown in quotation marks.
System prompts are in underlined bold face courier font, e.g., C: \WHAEM>.
CZAEM is a command line program which requires direct input of commands using the keyboard.
General keyboard control procedures for moving around within the GAEP program are shown in
Figure 3. We will start with the creation of a digital map file in GAEP.
10
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Function-key control-
- context sensitive help.
- accept the data as entered.
- quit this menu (or exit at the main menu).
Cursor control -
Be aware that the cursor is moved by either the digitizer puck or the
mouse depending on the digitizer settings and the type of data being
entered. Element creation and feature selection are always done
with the mouse.
ZOOM in and out of any graphics image:
- ZOOM OUT
= ZOOM IN
= PAN
Figure 3 General GAEP hints.
Load and Start the GAEP Program
To start GAEP, set your working directory to the C:\WHAEM3 directory. Type "GAEP" and press
the key:
C:\>CD \whaem
C:\WHAEM> qaep
The GAEP program will start, and the introductory menu will appear. Press any key to enter the
main GAEP menu. The main menu screen of GAEP is divided into two parts: an upper line listing
the various modules of the program and the remainder of the screen, which indicates current settings.
Throughout this tutorial, we assume that you have installed W/zAEM on the C: drive. If
otherwise, replace C: by the proper drive letter.
11
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The settings can each be changed in one of the modules of the program. Each module can be entered
by one of two ways: 1) selecting the module with the mouse by clicking the word on the menu bar
once with the left mouse button, or 2) pressing the key for the highlighted letter in the module name.
Appendix A of this document provides a complete description of all GAEP menus, settings, and
options. Figure 4 shows the main menu screen with default settings.
File Aquifer Digitize Element Options Utility Quit
GAEP Release 1.0
Indiana University
SPEA Groundwater Modeling Laboratory
WhAEM Version
Current Directory:
C: \WHAEM\DAT
Current Map File:
Current Element File:
Memory available: 347248
Option Settings:
Unit Conversion:
Digitizer Mode:
Video graphics mode:
M->FT
MOUSE
COLOR
help return to previous menu 07/Aug/94 01:00 PM
Figure 4 GAEP Main Menu screen.
When you run GAEP for the first time, prior to digitizer setup, the "Digitizer Mode:" will be set to
"MOUSE." If a digitizer has been connected and configured for GAEP, as described in Appendix
C, "Digitizer Mode:" will be set to "DIGITIZER." You can toggle this setting by selecting (for
Options), and pressing twice (DigitizerMode, Digitizer). Press to return to the main
menu, which should now look like the menu in Figure 4. Note: the "Memory Available" and the
drive letter before the \WHAEM are, of course, dependent on your particular system.
An Example Digital Map
Before creating a digital map yourself, it may be helpful to take a look at an example. A digital map
file has been prepared for this tutorial and was copied into your \WHAEM\DAT directory as part of the
12
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installation. The file VINCENNE.DM contains hydrologic features, roads and domestic wells (the
file extension .DM is used on all GAEP digital map files). In this session you will read the digital
map, view the contents, digitize a new stream in two separate sections, join the sections, and then
create analytic elements for that stream. If you do not have a tablet, you can skip the exercises on
digitizing.
At the main menu:
Select the File module from the main menu, either with the mouse or the key, and the
File Submenu will appear (Figure 5).
New ReadDM WriteDM LoadElem SaveElem Map ChangeDir setDrive Quit
Current Directory:
C: \WHAEM\DAT
Current Map File:
Current Element File:
Memory available: 347248
Option Settings:
Unit Conversion:
Digitizer Mode:
Video graphics mode:
M->PT
DIGITIZER
COLOR
help return to previous menu 07/Aug/94 01:16 PM
Figure 5 GAEP File Submenu.
Read in the tutorial digital map file:
Select (for ReadDM).
Type "VINCENNE" and press .
This option allows the user to read files from disk. The
program prompts for the file name.
The program displays the number of features read. The
file-name extension .DM is assumed.
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Press the key (or for Quit). Returns control to the main menu.
View the data:
Press in the main GAEP menu.
Enter the DIGITIZE module (Figure 6).
Origin §tream Heads Curve Points View Edit Quit
Current Directory:
C: \WHAEM\DAT
Current Map File:
Current Element File:
Memory available: 347248
Option Settings:
Unit Conversion:
Digitizer Mode:
Video graphics mode:
M->FT
DIGITIZER
COLOR
help return to previous menu 07/Aug/94 02:25 PM
Figure 6 GAEP Digitize Submenu.
Press to view.
The Vincennes digital map will appear on the screen, as shown in Figure 7. Individual features can
be highlighted by moving the mouse; its color changes to yellow, and its name appears at the top
of the screen. All lines are composed of a string of x,y coordinate pairs. Light blue lines are streams
which have associated water table elevations along their reach. Dark blue lines are stream features
which have no associated elevations (not in this file). The light blue lines through the middle of the
study area are the banks of the Wabash River. Other map features are shown in red; roads are
shown as straight and curved lines; production wells and observation well locations (piezometers)
are marked by plus signs.
While viewing features in GAEP, you may change scale or shift the window on the screen as
follows:
Press
Zoom in.
14
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Press
Press the arrow keys
Zoom out.
Pan across the map.
Press ENTER to return to menu
Figure 7. Prepared digital map of the Vincennes area.
When you are finished viewing, press to return to the DIGITIZE menu and again to
return to the main GAEP menu. Then press (for Quit) to exit the GAEP program.
Prepare a Base Map for Digitizing
For this exercise you will be learning about the general operation of the program GAEP by building
an example digital map file using a small portion of the USGS 7.5 minute Vincennes quad (included
as Plate 1). The completed Vincennes digital map file will be used later in the tutorial to build a
CZAEM input data file and to demonstrate CZAEM functions. Digitizing is greatly assisted through
use of a digitizing tablet, but can be also be done "by-hand" (see Appendix C, keyboard entry
protocol). If you would like to skip the digitizing discussion in the tutorial, proceed to section
"Create an Input File for CZAEM."
15
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Note:
The following exercises in the tutorial are designed to give the user practice in creating a GAEP digital map file. It is
not necessary to create a complete file during this exercise; a digital map file VINCENNE.DM is available for later use.
Four Step Mark-Up
Digitizing is tedious but important work. The best rule to apply to the task is DO IT RIGHT THE
FIRST TIME. One of the ways to assure success is to take the time to mark up the project maps
before you digitize a single point.
1) Mark the intersection of the topographic contour lines and the streams.
Label each contour-stream intersection with the contour elevation on each of the streams on
the map. For this particular exercise we will use Swan Pond Ditch, a small stream south of
the City of Vincennes (located in the SE corner of the Vincennes, Indiana, quad sheet). In
order to proceed, you should have all of the contours on this stream marked (contour levels
410-440 ft),
2) If there is no UTM grid on the map, draw and label this grid.
GAEP has been designed to use the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate
system. For more detailed information on UTMs, refer to the UTM Coordinates section of
Appendix A, the GAEP Reference. UTM coordinates are marked along the margins of the
topographic map. Unlike the other coordinates along the border of a USGS 7.5 minute map,
UTMs appear in black type adjacent to light blue tick marks at 1000 meter intervals. Use
these to draw straight lines across the map in a few locations to geo-reference the features
digitized from the map. Be sure to include eastings 4276 000m, 4280 000m, and 4281 000m,
and northings 450 000m and 456 000m. These will be used to define "digitizer origin
points" within the digitizer surface area. An alternate way to get UTM coordinates is to
convert from the latitude and longitude listed for a point on the USGS map using the GAEP
UTM/LatLong conversion option in the Utility Menu (refer to Appendix A).
3) Define a model origin for the project.
The numeric values of UTM coordinates are large because the origin is at the equator (e.g.,
x-coordinates around 456,000 m and y-coordinates around 4,280,000 m near Vincennes).
These large values may cause round-off errors in CZAEM. In order to minimize the
dimensions of the model coordinates, GAEP shifts the origin from the equator to a spot
within the area of interest. This is accomplished by defining a "Model Origin" (also referred
to as the "Local Origin"). This model origin should be used for the duration of the project.
For convenience, the model origin may be located west of the well field where UTM grid
lines cross on the map. For instance, the point (450000, 4280000) may be used which is
located just south of the Wabash River. The well field is located just south of the Wabash
16
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River, west of town, near the sewage treatment area (no comments, please).
4) Mark the locations and water levels of observed piezometric heads on the map from water
levels in domestic -wells, observation wells, or piezometers.
These heads can be used to calibrate the model. For this tutorial we will not be entering
these data.
Digitize Features from the Vincennes Quad
The next few sections will give you practice building a digital map file with GAEP digitizing
utilities. It is assumed that a digitizer (minimum 12 inches by 12 inches) has been connected to the
computer and tested, as described in Appendix C.
Run GAEP by typing "GAEP" at the C:\WHAEM> prompt. From the main menu enter the DIGITIZE
module:
Press The DIGITIZE menu will appear:
Origin Stream Heads Ciove Paints View Edit Quit
Associate Map Coordinates with Digitizer Coordinates
Secure the map sheet onto the digitizer. Position the lower right sections (T2N.R10W) on the
active area of the tablet.
Press for Origin . Defining an origin registers the map to the digitizer.
You are prompted to move the puck to the first
reference point.
Move the puck to the UTM coordinates
450000, 4276000 and press burton one. A prompt will appear for the coordinates of the first
reference point.
Type in the UTM coordinates "450000,4276000",
press . You will be prompted to move the puck to the second
reference point.
Move the puck the UTM coordinates
456000, 4281000 and press . A prompt will appear for the coordinates of the second
17
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reference point.
Type in "456000, 4281000" and press . The map coordinates are now entered in
GAEP, and you will automatically be returned
to the DIGITIZE menu, ready to digitize.
NOTE:
Referencing the map to the digitizer needs to be repeated when you move the map on the digitizer, or when digitizing
a different map using new reference points.
Digitize Two Sections of a Single Stream
From the DIGITIZE Menu:
Select Stream or type .
At the prompt type: "Swan Pond Ditch". Press . The program responds with a default
abbreviation for the feature (SPD ). To accept
this abbreviation press .
Place the puck at the south end of Swan Pond Ditch.
Press burton one on the puck. Repeatedly press button one as you move along the
stream reach. Each point should appear on the screen
as a dark blue plus sign. In general these points should
be nearly the same distance apart along the stream.
Stop digitizing at the intersection of Swan Pond Ditch
and the railroad (where the stream turns sharply to the
east), press .
If you make an error while digitizing, press to abort.
Go through the same steps as above for the remainder of the stream (from the railroad to the edge
of the map). GAEP will label this part of the stream "SPD A."
NOTE:
We are digitizing Swan Pond Ditch in two sections for the purpose of this tutorial only. Later we will join these two
sections into one stream. Normally this is necessary only when a feature continues on another map or extends beyond
the active digitizer area on the current map.
Digitize the Elevations
You are now back in the DIGITIZE Menu after having entered two stream sections, labeled by
18
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GAEP as "SPD ", and "SPD A", respectively. Next we will add surface water elevation
data to these stream sections.
Select Head or press . Digitized features appear on the screen; in our case,
only two sections of Swan Pond Ditch.
Select the southern segment of the stream
with the mouse. Move the mouse (not the digitizer puck), so that the
first segment is highlighted. The segment will appear
yellow and its name will appear at the top of the screen:
[SPD ] Swan Pond Ditch. You may want to use
the and cursor commands to focus on the
area of interest.
Place the digitizing puck on the map where the 410 ft contour line crosses the stream (which
you should have previously marked).
Press puck button one. The following prompt will appear: "Enter elevation".
Type the elevation (410) of the contour. Press . The elevation will appear on the screen
in yellow. To enter another elevation, place the puck at
another contour line-stream intersection, press button
one and type in the contour elevation.
NOTE:
Assume that the surface water elevation at the railroad intersection with the stream is 415 ft. The southern reach of Swan
Pond Ditch, therefore, has only two associated elevation points: 410 at the map boundary and 415 at the railroad.
If an error is made while entering elevations, press to abort.
When the surface water elevations along that reach have been digitized, press to save
and exit the Head module.
Repeat the process for the other stream reach. Notice that when entering the graphics screen
the stream section with digitized water levels (heads) is now colored light blue.
Digitize Point Sets for Wells and Other Features
The locations of the wells are digitized from within the DIGITIZE menu:
Select Point or press . GAEP prompts you for the name of the feature to be
entered.
Type: "VINCENNES WELLFIELD". Press twice. The digitizing screen will appear
on the monitor.
Place the digitizer puck on one of the well marks (the light blue circles along
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the river, west of the city).
Press puck button one.
If you make an error, press to abort.
Press when you are finished.
Move the puck to another well and repeat until all five
wells have been digitized. You will see purple plus
signs on the screen for the points entered. to improve the viewing.
You may repeat the process of digitizing points to
represent the contamination sites and the known head
locations (domestic wells, etc.).
Contamination sites may be digitized as a single, named, point set. Known well/piezometers
elevations may be digitized as another. Non-point sources can be outlined using the "curve"
command discussed below.
Digitize Roads and City Limits
The curve command is used to digitize a set of points that define a curve for non-hydrologic
landmark features such as roads and city limits. From the Main Menu select Curve or press .
At the prompt enter the curve name:
Type: "City Limits".
Place digitizer puck on city limits.
Press twice. The digitizing screen will appear
on the monitor.
Press puck button one. Continue to press puck button
one as you move along the city limits, selecting points
farther apart where the boundary is straight, and closer
together where it is more curved. Plus signs will appear
on the screen for the points entered.
If you make an error, press , and start over.
When finished digitizing, press .
Repeat the procedure to digitize roads. Select a single road for the exercise.
View the Digitized Features
After digitizing Swan Pond Ditch, the city limits, a road, and the well field, select the view
20
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command by pressing , in the DIGITIZE module to see the results. You may have to zoom out
or shift the figure using the arrow keys to see all the features entered. Press or
click the mouse button to return to the DIGITIZE module.
File Operations in GAEP
The File module allows the user to save and read files from disk. To save your digital map
(including the non-hydrologic map features):
Press . Return to the GAEP Main Menu.
Select File or press .
New ReadDM WriteDM LoadElem SaveElem Map ChangeDir setDrive Quit
Select WriteDM or press . The system prompts for a file name, e.g., your name (no
extension needed). Make sure to give a name other than
VINCENNE! We do not want to overwrite the existing file
VINCENNE.DM.
At the title prompt type: type a title, or press .
The file will be saved with the extension ".DM".
Press to return to the main GAEP menu.
Edit Features in GAEP
You have digitized sections of the same stream from a single quad map. These two sections could
have come from a stream which crossed from one map to another. In either case, you may wish to
connect these two sections into one feature.
Using the EDIT menu, you can join these features into a single stream. Commands to edit digitized
features are available in the EDIT menu of the DIGITIZE module.
From the main menu, select the Digitize option and the Edit command, press followed by .
21
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Join View Delete Rename Quit
View the Data
Select the view command . When the graphics screen appears, move the mouse around to
highlight the various features. Note that the stream has two sections and each has a separate name.
Our next step will be to join these features together under a single name; press to return to
the Edit menu.
Join Features
The Join command connects stream or curve segments. The feature that results will have the name
of the segment selected first.
Press to enter the graphics screen.
Highlight one of the two digitized segments by moving the mouse cursor.
Press the left mouse button to select segment. The stream segment color will change from
yellow to red.
Highlight the other segment.
Press the left mouse button. The color will again change to red. You will be
prompted to confirm that these are the correct segments
to join.
Press and . The entire stream reach will appear in red and is now
one feature. A prompt will again appear to let you join
another segment to these. Press twice to return
to the EDIT menu.
If you make an error, press . You will then be returned to the EDIT menu.
Revised digital map can be viewed by pressing .
When you are finished, press . This will to return to the DIGITIZE menu and
again to return to the main GAEP menu.
The same join procedure can also be used to join "curves." The revised digital map file can be saved
on disk. From the Main Menu:
Press (File) and then (WriteDM).
At the prompt, type in a title or press .
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Type in a file name (do not use vincenne!), and press or accept the current file name
by pressing . When the file has been saved to disk, press and then to
exit.
Create an Input File for CZAEM
Up to this point, you have used GAEP to build and edit features of a digital map. The map,
however, is far from complete; only a few features were entered for demonstration purposes. For
the remainder of the tutorial, you will be working with a complete digital map of the Vincennes area:
VINCENNE.DM, which is provided in the \WHAEM\DAT directory.
Relevant information about the aquifer, the well field, and local geology are needed for a ground-
water modeling project. Because CZAEM is a steady state model, the input parameters should be
thought of as average annual values. The following aquifer and well data are required:
Pumping rates and radii for the wells in the well field
Elevation of the aquifer base
Average aquifer thickness
Hydraulic conductivity (permeability)
Porosity
Average head in the study area (called reference head)
Average areal recharge rate
Much of this information can be acquired from state and U.S. Geological Survey reports, well field
data, and domestic well logs from state natural resource or environmental agencies.
GAEP allows the modeler to quickly build an initial model of an area covered by a digital map. It
also makes modification of input data fast and efficient. These quick and easy changes in the
CZAEM input file are important for hypothesis testing, as discussed in Chapter 2.
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Creating Analytic Elements
The Element module in GAEP will be used to create and edit CZAEM input files using
VINCENNE.DM. It is in this step of the process that hydrological features (streams, lakes, wells)
are going to be represented by analytic elements used in CZAEM to solve the ground-water flow
problem. This section of the tutorial outlines the necessary steps to build a basic CZAEM model
containing line-sinks and wells.
First a word about data resolution. A decrease in model "resolution" is apparent moving outward
from the area of interest (see Figure 8). The "near field" features are those in the immediate area
of the well field. These features should be defined with the highest resolution (shortest) line-sinks.
Figure 8 Relative positions of near-field and far-field features in an analytic element model.
Notice the difference in resolution of the line-sinks.
Out in the "far field", hydrologic features can be represented much more coarsely. The purpose of
24
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these "far field" features is to control the ground-water flow into (or out of) the study area of the
model.
Users unfamiliar with the analytic element method and the process of representing streams as
discrete line segments frequently ask, "How many line-sinks are needed and how precisely should
the segments match the actual streams?" Representing streams by an appropriate string of line-sinks
requires experience and trial-and-error runs with CZAEM. The length of the line-sinks determines
the effective resolution with which you can represent a stream. The fact that a stream may have a
long straight section does not mean one long line-sink will adequately represent that section. The
discharge along the section may vary significantly, in which case several (constant strength) line-
sinks are required to properly model that discharge distribution. In general, shorter line-sinks are
used for streams close to the well field (the area of interest). Line-sink length should gradually
increase or decrease with changes in resolution because adjoining line-sinks of significantly different
length may cause numerical inaccuracies. When creating line-sinks, you do not need to precisely
match the stream location or shape, certainly not in the far field. The reader is referred to the
CZAEM User's Guide for exercise in creating line-sink representation of streams (USEPA, 1994).
The Element module requires that streams and wells to be included in the model to already be
digitized and read into GAEP. A complete digital map has been installed in the \WHAEM\DAT
directory for this exercise.
NOTE:
The following section of the tutorial is designed to give the user practice in creating a CZAEM input data file. However,
it is not necessary to create a complete file during this exercise. A completed input file (VTNCENNE.DAT) has been
included for later use in CZAEM.
Start GAEP at the DOS prompt:
C:\WHAEM> gaep
From the main menu:
Select File or press .
Select ReadDM or press .
Type: "VINCENNE". Press to import the file. Press to return to the main menu.
Enter the Element module:
Select Element or press . The following set of choices will appear:
Linesink Well Delete Userwindow Image View Quit
25
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Creating Line-sinks:
Select the Linesink command .
GAEP will display all presently defined map features.
Only streams which have water levels defined (features
displayed in light blue) can be used to generate line-
sinks. In VINCENNE.DM all features are light blue.
For this exercise, we will create line-sinks for Kelso Creek, located east of the well field and the City
of Vincennes, as shown in Figure 9. Prior to selecting the stream, adjust the figure so that the
House button 1: add point Keyboard F3: Done; ESC: CANCEL
A
Figure 9 Kelso Creek with elevation marks where contours cross the stream.
stream fits on the screen using the zoom or and the arrow keys to adjust the
viewing window.
Select the Stream, using the left mouse button. The stream and the water levels at known
points will be displayed on the screen in red.
To create the line-sinks along Kelso Creek, place the mouse pointer at the 400 foot elevation point
and press the left mouse button. Move the mouse along the stream (the pointer on the screen will
move) and press the left mouse button where end points are to be created. When subsequent points
26
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are selected, line-sinks appear in yellow with calculated heads printed at their centers. If an error
is made while creating line-sinks, press to abort. Press the key when you are finished
creating line-sinks for Kelso Creek. The line-sink string appears in yellow with crosses to mark end
points. Figure 10 shows an example of line-sink representation of Kelso Creek.
When finished creating line-sinks, press to return to the Element Menu.
NOTE:
CZAEM cannot handle more than 150 line-sinks. You are advised to keep the number of line-sinks much lower,
particularly for initial modeling runs.
douse button 1: add point Keyboard F3: Done; ESC: CANCEL
interpolated
linesink head
Figure 10 Line-sinks created along Kelso Creek.
Creating Wells
Well elements are created from predefined point sets. A well element in the middle of the five wells
will be used to represent the combined pumping rate of the five wells.
27
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Press or select Well. The screen will show all presently defined map features. The dark red
plus signs are the points which can be selected for creation of well
elements. to get see the individual wells of the wellfield.
Move the mouse cursor toward the plus sign representing the Vincennes wellfield. The
feature will be highlighted and its name will appear at the top of the screen.
Press the left mouse button. You will be prompted to select the well position: "mouse
button 1: well "
Place the cursor in the middle of the points and press the left mouse button. The well element
will be added as a yellow plus sign. You will then be prompted for the well discharge.
Type: "467000". A total pumping center discharge of 467,000 ff/day. A positive discharge
takes water out of the aquifer.
Press . You will be prompted for the well radius.
Type: "1" for 1 ft. Data can be entered in any units, but they must be consistent. Press
again.
If an error is made, press .
Press when finished. You will be prompted for another well feature.
Press to return to the main GAEP menu.
Aquifer Module
The aquifer module is used to add aquifer parameters and a recharge rate to the CZAEM input data
file. To access thejVQUIFER module, select the aquifer command in the main GAEP menu
(Figure 11). Enter aquifer data by selecting the parameter in the AQUIFER menu and typing in the
value. For example, to enter a base elevation of 330 ft, press . You will be prompted for the
elevation of the parameter. Type "330" and press . GAEP will update the value on the
screen. The units used for the aquifer parameters and the recharge must be consistent. The length
unit used for the permeability (hydraulic conductivity) must be the same as that used when digitizing
coordinates (usually feet). The time unit used to define the average areal recharge rate (usually
days) must be consistent with that used to define permeability. This version of GAEP assumes
"days" are used for the unit of time!
Right: Permeability = 100 (feet/day)
Recharge = 0.000913 (feet/day)
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Wrong: Permeability = 3.527E-2 (cm/sec)
Recharge = 4.0 (inches/year)
Base Thick Permeability pOrosity UniformFlow reFerence Rain Quit
Aquifer Parameter Settings:
Base Elevation: 0.0
Thickness: 100.0
Permeability: 100
Porosity: 0.2
Uniform Flow: QO 0
alpha 0.00
Current Directory:
C: \WHAEM\DAT
Current Map File:
Vincenne. dm
Vincennes
Current Element File:
Memory available: 368800
Reference point:
X
Y
Head
0.0
0.0
0.0
Rain element is not defined
Option Settings:
Unit Conversion:
Digitizer Mode:
Video graphics mode:
help return to previous menu
M->FT
DIGITIZER
COLOR
Figure 11 GAEP Aquifer Submodule.
Enter the aquifer data for Vincennes as defined in Table 1. Most of the parameters are self-
explanatory. As a first approximation, the reference point is assigned the average head in the study
area, and located far away from the study area. Coordinates for this point are entered as UTM
values (meters); they will be transformed to coordinates with respect to the "model origin" when
creating a CZAEM input file. See the CZAEM User's Guide (USEPA, 1994) for additional
discussion of the reference point.
The thickness parameter can be used to indicate the presence of a confining layer and subsequently
define the top of the aquifer. In an unconfined aquifer, the thickness parameter is often set
artificially high to assure that flow is unconfined throughout the domain of interest. This does not
affect the computations; see Strack( 1989), section 8, for a full discussion. For the outwash aquifer
near Vincennes, the outwash is less than 100 feet thick.
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Table 1 Aquifer data for Vincennes case study.
Base Elevation
Thickness
Permeability (hydr.cond.)
Porosity
Reference Point X:
Y:
Head:
330
100
350
0.20
0
656160
410
The "rain element" is the only item in the aquifer module which is defined graphically. To define
a "rain element" (circular recharge area):
Press at the AQUIFER menu. The Vincennes digital map will appear on the screen.
You may have to zoom out and shift the figure to get all elements on the screen.
Use the mouse (which controls the cursor) to define the rain circle as follows:
Place the cursor at the center of the near-field (City of Vincennes).
Click the left mouse button.
Move the cursor away from the center. The rain circle expands as the cursor moves.
Click the left mouse button when all of the line-sinks are inside the rain circle. In our case
only the line-sinks on Kelso Creek are present, but imagine that they cover other streams.
Answer "yes" to accept. You are now prompted for the recharge rate.
Type "0.0032" for a recharge of 0.0032 ft/day (14 in/yr). Press . You will be
returned to the AQUIFER menu. If an error is made (before pressing or ), press
to return to the AQUIFER menu.
When finished press . Return to the main GAEP menu.
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Saving the CZAEM Input Data on Disk
The analytic elements and aquifer data created above need to be saved to disk as an input file for
CZAEM. File operations take place within the file menu of the main GAEP menu.
Once you are in the file menu:
Select SaveElem to save the elements and aquifer data to disk. The analytic element file will
contain line-sinks, well elements, aquifer properties, the recharge rate, and (optionally) map
features such as roads.
At the prompt, change the name of the file by typing in a new filename and press .
DO NOT use the name vihcenne.dat! This would overwrite the existing data file.
You will then be prompted for the UTM coordinates of the model origin.
Type in "450000 4280000" and press . You will be returned to the main menu in
GAEP.
The coordinates of all elements saved to the file will be in feet from the model origin. If you want
the coordinates to be in meters, select Options from the main menu. Then select to change the
units to metric. See the GAEP Reference Manual for more details on the Options menu. Exit the
program.
Imaging Line-sinks Generated in GAEP
In some cases, the assumption of a homogeneous aquifer of infinite lateral extent is so far from
reality that the modeler needs to consider other options, hi W/zAEM , the method of images can be
used to model a no-flow boundary condition along an outwash valley wall (Figure 12). For a
complete discussion of image theory, see Strack (1989), pages 27-33.
Note:
The following section is designed to give the user practice in creating an image data file; however, it is not necessary
to complete the exercise. A complete file VINIMAGE.DAT is included on your disk.
31
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no -flow boundary
Figure 12 Geologic setting of an outwash aquifer.
Near the city of Vincennes, this linear no-flow feature can be used to model a sandstone
bedrock/outwash interface that occurs to the south and east of town. In GAEP, the method of
images is implemented by defining an image line through two points on the no-flow boundary of
the aquifer, as shown in Figure 13. The program then images the existing line-sinks across that
boundary and repositions the rain circle so that it is centered on the image line. Any line-sinks
occuring on the east side (the image side) of the line are removed prior to imaging. The application
of this imaging technique (introducing a no flow boundary) is illustrated by the following steps,
from the main menu in GAEP:
Select File or press .
Select ReadNew or press .
Type: "VINCENNE".
Press .
We will first load the completed CZAEM input data file (without
images) -VINCENNE.DAT.
This will bring you back to the Main Menu of GAEP.
32
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Select Element or press .
Go into View and identify Mantle Ditch on the southeast side ot the city.
The bedrock/outwash boundary is nearly parallel to this stream just east of the ditch. We will create
an image line along this stream by the following steps:
Select Image or press .
The screen will shift to a graphics image of the element file
(VINCENNE.DAT). The following prompt will be displayed at
the top of the screen:
point #2
image line to be/aefined
Figure 13 Outwash boundary within regional layout.
Select image origin and press mouse button
Move the cursor south of town, on Mantle Ditch. Press the left mouse button to select the
first image line point. The following prompt will appear at the top of the screen:
33
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Select the second point on image line and press left mouse button.
Move mouse to the NE and notice the GAEP image line .
Rotate the line so that it reasonably approximates the position of the rock outcrop (roughly
parallel to Mantle Ditch and Wabash River).
Click the mouse button to define the image line, as shown in Figure 14.
Define tonga line, clicking tna mousa button »t two points.
Figure 14 Defining the image line with mouse control.
Type: "yes".
Image line OK?
Next you will see a new rain circle in red, centered at the first image line
point.
Use the mouse to open the circle so that it covers the image domain and the "real" linesinks
to the left of the line, as shown in Figure 15.
34
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Click left mouse button.
Defina innga line, clidciiig tha nous* button at two points.
Figure 15 Defining rain circle with mouse control.
Rain circle OK?
Type: "yes".
Enter Recharc
Use same recharge rate as before: (0.0032)
Enter reference head:
As before, use average heads in modeled area:
(405)
Now you are back in the Element menu. Press to View the "image" and "real" linesinks. The
image linesinks are plotted in light gray. From here you may return to the main GAEP menu, press
(File) and save the data in a new input file. We will omit these steps, because a complete file
with images has already been provided for use in the \WHAEM\DAT subdirectory named
VINIMAGE.DAT. Do not replace this file by saving new data to this file name. Exit the program.
35
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Model the Site with CZAEM
You are now ready to run the Capture Zone Analytic Element Model (CZAEM) to determine the
capture zones for the Vincennes City well field. The tutorial will take you through basic operations
of using CZAEM for wellhead protection. A more complete discussion is found in the CZAEM
User's Guide (USEPA, 1994). A reference guide to CZAEM commands can be found in Appendix
B.
There are eight steps to performing a wellhead protection capture zone analysis with CZAEM:
1. Read the input file: VINCENNE.DAT.
2. Visually check the input file.
3. Solve the ground-water flow problem.
4. Generate a grid for contouring piezometric heads.
5. Evaluate the ground-water solution.
6. Create capture zones.
7. Save solution to disk.
8. Test hypotheses by adjusting
input data and start over.
To start the CZAEM program, change
your working directory to the
\WHAEM directory:
C:\>CD \WHAEM
C:\WHAEM>CZ
At the introductory CZAEM
information screen, press to
enter the main module of CZAEM.
When the main module command line
appears on the screen, you are ready
to read in an input file produced with
GAEP. Like GAEP, CZAEM is a
modular program. The most
important operational difference is the
user interface. CZAEM is a
command line program and requires
direct keyboard input. CZAEM
commands can be abbreviated to the
first few letters (enough to make them
unique). This W/zAEM tutorial is
only a brief introduction to the
General CZAEM Hints
All commands may be abbreviated to the first few
letters.
< ? > context sensitive help.
"return" previous menu, exit graphic screen.
previous command.
Cursor control -
The mouse is the default cursor control device.
The mouse buttons are not active.
will delete commands when not in
graphics mode.
< (the left angle bracket key) > will delete commands
while in graphics mode.
36
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program. For more information about the use of CZAEM, the reader is referred to the more
extensive discussion in the separate CZAEM Users Guide (USEPA, 1994).
Read CZAEM Input File: VINCENNE.DAT
The CZAEM input file created by GAEP is an ASCII file which contains the data describing the
flow problem as well as the CZAEM commands needed to process the data. The file is read into
CZAEM through the SWITCH module. GAEP has added the instructions to the VINCENNE.DAT
file to solve the ground-water flow problem, create a grid for contouring the piezometric surface,
and to define some parameters for capture zone delineation.
Files created by GAEP are stored in the c:\WHAEM\DAT\ subdirectory.. To read in the tutorial
CZAEM input file:
Type: "SWI VINCENNE.DAT ".
As the file is being read in, the data will scroll across the screen quickly. When the end of the file
is reached control will be returned to the keyboard (console) and the Main Command Menu (Figure
16) will appear on the screen.
\\\ Module=MAIN MENU Level=0 Routine=INPUT ///
ENTER COMMAND
V
WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM ANY
[ (Xl,Yl,X2,Y2) ///]
-------
Type: "WINDOW ALL".
Type: "LAY ".
This defines a new window including all elements.
The user can examine the distribution of linesinks, as well as the road and well field locations for
the area being modeled. The screen image should look like Figure 17.
-/^
X
\
;
7\ /PV^
/ \ / s\ \
./. _.\-^\ \
\ \
\ X,
\
/\
T
\
Figure 17 Layout of the entire VINCENNE.DAT data file - window all. (Large
overlapping plus signs indicate the well field; they will appear smaller on the screen).
The solid white lines and the small white square are the linesinks and the well element defined
earlier in GAEP. The dark red dashed-dotted lines are roads and the city boundary. to
return to command mode.
38
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Turning map on and off
You may want to turn off the plotting of the roads and wells to reduce visual clutter on the screen.
To do this, at the MAIN MENU:
Type: "MAP". This will place you in the MAP module.
Type: "PLOT OFF ". Plotting of the road and well file is turned off.
Type: "RET ". You are back at the MAIN MENU.
Type: "LAY ". Again, check the image. To turn the map plotting routine back
on, type "PLOT ON" in the MAP module.
Changing the Window
The "window" is the area displayed on the screen and is defined by two coordinate pairs: the lower
left and the upper right corner of the area to be displayed. A new window may be defined by
typing: "WIN xl, yl, x2, y2" where the first coordinate pair is the lower left corner, and the second
coordinate pair is the upper right hand corner of the domain.
The WINDOW PUSH command will save the current window. The WINDOW POP command
will retrieve the last window pushed into memory. It is not saved! Only the windows pushed into
memory can be retrieved (popped). We advise the user to select a set of windows for the project
and take the time to write these coordinates down.
The initial window can be restored with GAEP's User Window utility:
Type: "WIN POP ". This retrieves the last window in memory (selected in GAEP).
You will be restoring a window with lower left coordinates of (4752, -9327) and upper right
coordinates of (21625, 5545).
Type: "WIN". The current window coordinates are printed on the screen.
Type: "LAY ". To see a close-up of the well field, as in Figure 18.
Press again. You will be back at the main menu.
In order to be complete, this tutorial includes instructions for interactively issuing the solve
command (even though this command has been included in the Vincennes file) as well as
instructions and explanation of the grid routine. Because this has been automated, the reader may
elect to skip these topics. You should be aware that any time you change the number of elements,
39
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or aquifer properties, or the reference point, you will need to re-solve and re-grid. Any time you
change the window, or desire a different resolution on a contour plot, you need to re-grid.
Figure 18 Zoomed-in view of layout of VINCENNE.DAT file, including map
features.
Solve the Ground-Water Flow Problem
(Optional: already done in vincenne.dat!)
Once the input data appears correct, you proceed to solve the ground-water flow problem. At the
MAIN MENU:
Type: "SOLVE ".
When SOLVE is complete, the MAIN MENU will appear on
the screen.
40
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Generate Grid for Contouring Heads
(Optional: already done in vincenne.dat)
In order to generate a contour plot of piezometric heads, we will calculate the head at a grid of
evenly spaced points in the current window (domain seen in layout). At the MAIN MENU:
Type: "GRID 30 ".
Important:
Anytime you change the window, you will have to repeat the grid procedure if you want to view
contours inside the new window. This can be done by typing "GRID 30" at the MAIN MENU
after the new window has been defined. The parameter "30" specifies 30 grid points along the
horizontal axis of the plot and an appropriate number of points along the vertical axis to obtain an
even grid spacing. You may create higher resolution plots by increasing this number, but this will
take a little more time.
View Piezometric Contours in PLOT Module
To inspect the computed piezometric head surface, at the MAIN MENU:
Type: "PLOT ". This will place you in the PLOT module. You will see the following
prompt:
EFAULT [NUMBER OF LEVELS] AYOUT
(MIN LEVEL [INCREMENT {>0}][MAX LEVEL]
(MAX LEVEL [DECREMENT {<0}][MIN LEVEL]
MIN. LEVEL= 3.963030E+02 MAX. LEVEL= 4.448840E+02
The "min. level" and "max. level" values on your screen may differ somewhat from those
shown here.
You can either type, "D" , to accept the default contour interval or adjust the
settings by supplying the minimum contour level to be plotted, the desired contour interval
(optional), and the maximum contour level to be plotted (also optional). For example:
Type: "400 5 ". The number of contours will appear on the screen, along with the
following message: THERE ARE 9 LEVELS: PRESS ENTER.
Press . The screen will display a contour plot of piezometric heads plotted from
the lowest to highest head.
41
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Use Pathline Tracing in TRACE Module
While potentiometric contours are the most familiar image of a ground-water flow solution, an
alternative way to evaluate flow is to use the pathline tracing functions of CZAEM to see how
ground-water moves throughout the model domain. This is done in the TRACE module, which
allows the modeler to view a layout of the study area (with or without piezometric contours) and
trace pathlines from any point in the user window. From the main menu:
Type: "TRACE ". The TRACE menu appears on the screen.
Type: "LAY ". A "layout" will appear of the current window without the
piezometric contours. The linesinks, well, and cursor will be
displayed on the screen along with menu selections at the top.
To draw pathlines place the cursor near the upper end of the Mantle Ditch linesinks (the lower left
white line on the screen):
Type: "TRACE 380 ". A pathline will be drawn in purple, with the pathline starting at
the cursor point (x,y) defined by the cursor location, and
elevation equal to 3 80 feet. Markers cross the pathline at one
year intervals.
Place the cursor between City Ditch (the white line straight south of the well) and the well field.
Type: "TRACE ". A pathline will again be drawn, this time starting at the default
value of the top of the aquifer at the cursor location x,y. If you
wish to do so, continue to move the cursor around the domain,
starting pathlines in various locations to "get a feel" for how
ground water is moving. Type "RET" to return to the main
module.
NOTE:
The tic marks on the streamlines indicate ONE YEAR ground-water travel time intervals (defined earlier in
VINCENNE.DAT).
Initial Capture Zone Analysis
It is recommended to use the option WGEN (Well Generate) in the TRACE module to perform
initial analysis of capture zones. The WGEN routine is relatively fast and can be used to get a
clear picture of ground-water flow patterns near the well. After modeling the site and selecting
the most important scenarios, final capture zones can be prepared using the SUBZONE and
TIMEZONE commands in CZAEM. These commands are explained later in this section.
42
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At the MAIN MENU:
Type: "TRACE" .
Type: "SET" .
Type: "BACK ON" .
You will be placed in the TRACE module.
This moves you into the SET submodule of TRACE and allows
you to alter the tolerance and other settings..
This changes the setting of the tracing routine to trace against
the direction of flow. A message will tell you that the tracing
direction is set to backward.
Type:"MAXSTEP 100" . Sets the step size along a pathline to 100 days.
Type: "MARK TIME 730:.
Type: "TERM TIME 3650" .
Type: "RET" .
Type: "LAY" .
Type: "WGEN 16" .
Changes the time markers on the streamlines from
one year to two years (730 days).
This will terminate the pathline trace after 3650 days
or 10 years.
You will be returned to the main menu of the TRACE
module.
Menu choices and the layout of the element features
will appear on the screen, with the cursor located near
the middle of the window. Move the cursor to the
well.
This will trace 16 pathlines from the well and will
define the shape of the capture zone. The pathlines
will show up in purple on the screen. While the lines
are being traced the cursor will disappear. When all
of the lines are complete the cursor reappears. See
Figure 17.
Note:
The well receives part of its water from the Wabash River. The tick marks indicate 2-year increments. This set of
stream line and tick marks provide an approximation of a more detailed 10-year time-of-travel capture zone that will
be generated later with the SUBZONE and TIMEZONE commands.
Type: "MENU" .
You will be returned to the TRACE module screen.
43
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\\X\X VNX££>
Figure 19 Steady state pathlines backward traced from the Vincennes wellfield
(WGEN 16 command in TRACE module; tic marks every two years).
Hypothesis Testing
During the initial stages of modeling the user is comparing modeled piezometric heads with heads
observed in the field. Evaluating the differences between modeled and observed heads is the first
step in model calibration and is one way to judge the adequacy of the ground-water flow model.
This procedure requires good hydrologic insight and substantial modeling skills. Developing these
skills is outside the scope of this tutorial.
The current CZAEM model of the Vincennes area (VINCENNE.DAT) predicts heads to be higher
than have been observed. In addition, it lacks the necessary degree of realism because it does not
include the transition in hydraulic conductivity from the highly permeable channel deposits along
the Wabash River to the sandstone bedrock outcrop east of town. Previous USGS modeling efforts
44
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in this area dealt with this transition as a no-flow boundary (Shedlock, 1980). As discussed earlier
in this tutorial, GAEP allows the modeler to introduce no-flow boundaries by applying the method
of images. The file VINIMAGE.DAT includes an image line that approximates this rock outcrop.
The solution to VINIMAGE.DAT is in much better agreement with field data than
VINCENNE.DAT which ignores this feature.
We will continue our tutorial using the file VINIMAGE.DAT.
Read in New File: VINIMAGE.DAT
Return to the main menu by typing "RET".
Type: "RESET" .
Answer "Y" .
At the main menu type: "SWI VINIMAGE.DAT" .
Create Final Capture Zones
When a set of satisfactory models have been obtained for the ground-water flow around the
Vincennes well field, you can generate capture zones. For this example we will use both of the
two different commands to delineate a capture zone. The first command, "subzone," delineates
the complete capture zone of a well. The second command, "timezone," will draw isochrones
within the capture zone. The water in the area bounded by the isochrone is captured by a well
within a specified time period. Each command can be used to identify a wellhead protection area
for a well field. A solution to the ground-water flow problem must be in memory before creating
capture zones.
The first step in creating a capture zone is to make sure that the well generates at least one
stagnation point within the current window. The subzone routine that is used to create a capture
zone searches the window for a stagnation point generated by the well. Use the WGEN command
to verify that stagnation point(s) are inside the current window. For this purpose repeat the steps
under the heading "Initial capture zone analysis" (See Figure 20).
Compare new streamline patterns with the previous WGEN without the image line.
45
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Figure 20 Modeled steady state path lines from the Vincennes wellfield (WGEN 16
command and the input data VINIMAGE.DAT).
Generate a Subzone Around the Well
For our case the window is suitable (includes all stagnation points for the well) so that we may
proceed delineating the capture zone. This will be accomplished by first entering the CAPZONE
submodule of TRACE and then typing SUBZONE. In the TRACE module:
Type: "CAPZONE" .
Type: "400 5" .
Again, press .
Information about piezometric head levels will appear on the
screen.
This will plot contour levels in 5 foot intervals beginning at the
400 foot level. You will be told how many contours will be
plotted.
An image of the elements and contour lines will appear on the
46
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screen along with the menu choices for the CAPZONE
submodule.
Position the cursor on the well.
Type: "SUBZONE" . The program goes through a three phase calculation procedure.
This takes a few minutes. .
If problems occur at this point (for example, no stagnation point is found), messages will appear
on the screen indicating the nature of the problem. If you receive an error message, type:" COM"
and press to get the menu for the CAPZONE submodule. If the subzone is ready, it will
be plotted on the screen. The subzone you have created for the Vincennes well field should look
like Figure 21.
\ / y/\ v /x'
/K /7 \ _-.-K~" i
/ xX \ , / i
x /X\
- -~0/' \\ X\ <~7 V
,.^i:r'N\ \V \
\ \ \ ^>
\ \ \ > / /
,\ \ \ / > ') !
/ \ \ \ X' \ / /
/\\ \V//
V ^ \ A \ 'N\ / I/
A \ \ /\ \yx \ / ^
/ \ \ V \ ./<, V
/ \ \ /\ v ' N- ./r i
/ \ \ / \ \s v / 3
/ \ '^ \ /'\l§\
i / \ \ /X V./\
/ / \ \ /' l\ \
/ / \ ^- y \ \ \
7 x ^.--x /A / \ x
/ \ / \
/ \ i \
\f ! \
\ \ ' \
/ \ \ i \
Figure 21 Modeled subzone for VINIMAGE.DAT showing source areas for the
wellfield.
Generate Isochrones Around theWell
After the total capture zone has been delineated with the SUBZONE routine, you can compute
47
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steady state time-of-travel capture zones (TIMEZONES) for the well. Place the cursor on the well.
Type: "TIME" .
You will be prompted to enter a minimum time, time step, and
maximum time, or redraw last time zone, calculate the default
time zone, or exit.
Type: "730 730 3650" . Start at 2 years, step 2 years, stop at 10 years.
The time zone calculations may take a while to compute. When the solution is complete, the
timezones will appear on the screen. The steady state time-of-travel (TOT) capture zones for the
well field are illustrated Figure 22.
Figure 22 Steady state time-of-travel capture zones (2-yr intervals) including no-flow
boundary.
Type: "RET" .
Type: "RET" .
To clear the screen and return to the TRACE MENU.
To return to the MAIN MENU.
48
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Sending Graphics to the Printer
In Chapter 1, it was explained that a small batch file needs to be run outside of the program (from
the DOS prompt) which sets the system up for producing hard-copy output. Before generating the
capture zone printouts, be sure that the map file shows all of the features that you need for
interpretation of the results. (Be sure that the PRINTER.BAT file has been run during set-up.)
After using WGEN to identify the solutions which are most useful, you should be ready to generate
pictures of the time zones, subzones or both. There are two ways of doing this in CZAEM:
1) Recalculate the time zones and subzones with graphics output routed to the printer (or a
print file).
2) Save the time zone buffers to disk (binary file) and read them back when you are ready to
generate graphics on the printer.
The following discussion outlines the steps needed to generate images on the printer using each
approach. We assume that you are currently in the CAPZONE module.
To regenerate capture zones and then send graphics to the printer:
Type:"RETURN" . This will put you at the TRACE module.
Type:"PSET" .
Type:"PRINTER" .
Type:"RETURN" .
Type:"CURSOR OFF".
Type:"CAPZONE" .
Type the contour levels: " 4 0 0 5".
Press twice.
The PSET module allows you to control various
settings relating to the graphics displayed by
CZAEM.
This redirects graphics output to the printer.
You are now back in the TRACE module.
This is very important! This is required in order to
go through the next steps.
No graphic appears. The program waits for the
coordinates of the well followed by the
"TIMEZONE" command.
49
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Type:"8549 2234 TIMEZONE". The well is centered at the point (8549,2234). Wait
for the calculations to be complete, then enter the
minimum, increment, and maximum time:
Type:"730 730 3650" Wait for the calculations to be completed.
Type: "RETURN" This closes the Postscript file (PLOT.PS) which may
be copied to any Postscript printing device or it sends
the file to the HP Laser Jet III printer.
Alternately, if you would like to save the image buffers and then read them back later, you would
have to do the following: (This assumes that you are looking at a graphics screen in the
CAPZONE module.)
Type: "CSAVE". To save the subzone and timezone buffers to disk.
(This command is not documented on the menu.)
Enter a filename, (e.g., "vincenne.cap" ).
Type: "RETURN". To get to the TRACE module.
Type: "PSET". To re-route the graphics to the printer.
Type: "PRTNTER".
Type: "RETURN". You are now back at the trace module.
Type: "CURSOR OFF". Do not forget this!!!
Type: "CAPZONE". At the prompt enter the contour levels.
Type: "400 5" (or ). To either print the contours or simply the layout.
Type: "CREAD".
To re-load the buffers enter the filename at the prompt (e.g., "vincenne.cap") (This
command is not documented on the menu.)
Type: "8549 2234 TIMEZONE".
Type: "730 730 3650". To contour from the two to the ten year time-of-travel
capture zones in two year intervals.
Type: "RETURN". To plot to file PLOT.PS or to send the graphics
directly to your HP Laser Jet printer, depending on
50
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your setup.
Exit CZAEM
When you are finished with your work in CZAEM, return to the MAIN MENU,
Type: "STOP" .
51
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REFER]
Anderson, M.P., and W.W. Woessner, 1992. Applied Groundwater Modeling: Simulation of Flow
and Advective Transport. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Bakker, M., and O.D.L. Strack, in preparation. Capture zone delineation with analytic element
models, Water Resources Res.
Bear, J. and A. Verruijt, 1987. Modeling Groundwater Flow and Pollution. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Dupuit, J., 1863. Etudes Theoriques et Practiques sur le Mouvement des Eaux dans les Canaux
Decouverts et a Trovers les Terrains Permeables. Dunod, Paris, 2nd edition.
Forchheimer, P., 1886. Ueber die ergiebegdeit von brunnen-anlagen und sickerschlitzen.
Architekt. Ing. Ver. Hannover, 32:539-563.
Haitjema, H.M., 1985. Modeling three-dimensional flow in confined aquifers by superposition of
both two- and three-dimensional analytic functions. Water Resour. Res., 21(10):1557-
1566.
Haitjema, H.M., 1987. Comparing a three-dimensional and a Dupuit-Forchheimer solution for a
circular recharge area in a confined aquifer. J. Hydrology, 91:83-101.
Haitjema, H.M., in preparation. Groundwater Modeling Using the Analytic Element Method.
Academic Press.
Kelson, V.A., H.M. Haitjema, and S.R. Kraemer, 1993. GAEP: A geographic pre-processor for
groundwater flow modeling. Hydrological Science and Technology, 8(1-4): 74-83.
Shedlock, R.J., 1980. Saline water at the base of glacial outwash aquifer near Vincennes, Knox
County, Indiana, USGS Water Resources Investigation 80-65, 52pp.
Strack, O.D.L., 1984. Three-dimensional streamlines in Dupuit-Forchheimer models. Water
Resour. Res., 20(7):812-822.
Strack, O.D.L., 1989. Groundwater Mechanics. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Strack, O.D.L., 1992. A mathematical model for dispersion with a moving front in groundwater,
Water Resources Res., 28(11):2973-2980.
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Strack, O.D.L., and H.M. Haitjema, 1981a. Modeling double aquifer flow using a comprehensive
potential and distributed singularities. 1. Solution for homogeneous permeabilities. Water
Resour. Res., 17(5):1535-1549.
Strack, O.D.L., and H.M. Haitjema, 1981b. Modeling double aquifer flow using a comprehensive
potential and distributed singularities 2. Solution for inhomogeneous permeabilities. Water
Resour. Res., 17(5)1551-1560.
USEPA, 1994. CZAEM User's Guide: Modeling Capture Zones of Ground-Water Wells Using
Analytic Elements, by O.D.L. Strack, E.I. Anderson, M. Bakker, W.C. Olsen, J.C. Panda,
R.W. Pennings, D.R. Steward, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab Research
Report, EPA/600/R-94/174.
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APPENDIX I GAEP REFERENCE
Written by:
Victor A. Kelson
Groundwater Modeling Laboratory
School of Public & Environmental Affairs
Indiana University, Bloomington
Copyright (c) 1993,1994
This Chapter of the W/zAEM Manual describes the operation of the GAEP program with a number
of different hardware configuration systems. The GAEP program was developed by Vic Kelson
at the SPEA Groundwater Modeling Laboratory, Indiana University, Bloomington. The author
acknowledges Phil DiLavore for his work on the initial design of GAEP. Thanks also to Jack
Wittman of IU and Dr. Stephen R. Kraemer of the USEPA/RSKERL-Ada for assistance and
guidance with this work.
CalComp is a trademark of CalComp Inc.
Summagraphics, SummaSketch, MM1812, and Bit Pad Plus are trademarks of Summagraphics
Corporation.
Microsoft and MS-DOS are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation
80386 and 80486 are trademarks of Intel, Inc.
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Concepts
This Appendix describes the program GAEP (as implemented for the W/zAEM product). It is not
intended as a complete tutorial for GAEP, but as a user reference once the printed tutorial has been
studied. GAEP (Geographic Analytic Element Preprocessor) is a program which greatly speeds
and simplifies the process of developing ground-water flow models using the analytic element
method. The purpose of GAEP is not to supplant the use of GIS tools for ground-water
management, but to provide a specific set of functions which streamline the modeling process.
GAEP allows the modeler to create and manage a digital map of the hydrography of his study
region, irrespective of any planned modeling work. The digital map area used should be large
enough to cover any intended modeling work in a region. Once a digital map is prepared, it can
be used on a variety of modeling projects, with the modeler creating his model from the digital
map using the mouse on his computer. Other considerations, such as aquifer properties, can also
be managed with GAEP. Once the modeler has defined his elements and aquifer properties, a data
file for the CZAEM modeling program can be written, freeing the modeler from the process of
manually editing CZAEM input files.
Files
GAEP manages two different types of data files, "Digital Map" files (*.DM) which are specifically
defined for GAEP's use, and "Analytic Element" files (*.DAT), which are in a format compatible
with CZAEM, but include additional information required for GAEP's interpretation.
Digital Map Files
GAEP creates and manages digital maps in a simple ASCII file format. These "Digital Map" files
contain the locations of streams, lakes and background map features and the elevations of surface
hydrologic features for use in creating analytic elements for CZAEM.
DIGITAL MAP FILES SHOULD NOT BE MODIFIED BY THE USER EXCEPT BY THE USE
OF THE GAEP PROGRAM. USE OF OTHER METHODS FOR EDITING THESE FILES MAY
RESULT IN LOSS OF DATA OR SEVERE MODELING ERRORS.
Analytic Element Files
Once the modeler has completed the definition of analytic elements and aquifer properties for a
55
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model run, GAEP saves the elements in a CZAEM-compatible "Analytic Element Data" file.
Included in the analytic element file are a set of commands which solve the model, create a grid
of heads for contour plotting and create a background map of geographic features. A view window
selected in GAEP by the user is optionally set in the analytic element data file, as well.
ANALYTIC ELEMENT FILES SHOULD NOT BE MODIFIED BY THE USER EXCEPT BY
THE USE OF THE GAEP PROGRAM. USE OF OTHER METHODS FOR EDITING THESE
FILES MAY RESULT IN LOSS OF DATA OR SEVERE MODELING ERRORS.
Digital Map Features
GAEP allows the user to create a variety of digital map features which represent hydrologic
features (which can then be used to create line-sink analytic elements) and other geographic
features such as roads and political boundaries.
Stream Features
A stream feature represents a body of surface water, either a river or the perimeter of a lake.
Stream features are used as the basis for the creation of LINESINK analytic elements. Stream
features are entered as a set of points which define the geographic extent of the feature and a set
of points where the water elevation is known (usually where a topographic contour crosses the
feature). It is important for the user to determine which stream reaches should be included in the
digital map.
Curve Features
A curve feature represents a road, geographic boundary, geological feature, contaminant site or
other linear feature which will ultimately be used in CZAEM to orient the viewer. Typically, only
major roads will be digitized, to ease the interpretation of the model without making the CZAEM
screen too cluttered.
Point Set Features
A point set represents a set of wells, homes, locations of known water levels or other point features
which will ultimately be used in CZAEM to orient the viewer. Point sets are also used as the basis
for the creation of WELL analytic elements. The user should create a point set for each wellfield,
set of known heads or other set of features.
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Measurement Units
CZAEM Units
CZAEM works in a "dimensionless coordinate space"; that is, the modeler is responsible for
maintaining a consistent set of units throughout a project. Before beginning a project, you should
determine which unit of length to use (GAEP supports feet and meters) and which time unit to use
(GAEP assumes days). Once the set of units has been decided upon, the modeler must maintain
them in all his work.
UTM Coordinates
GAEP, however requires that geographic input data be entered in standard georeferenced
coordinates. For convenience and consistency, the developers of the W/zAEM package have
selected the UTM coordinate system for use in GAEP. The UTM system breaks the globe into
"zones," each of which has a central meridian. Within each zone, a set of coordinates is assigned
to each point, measured (in meters) relative to the central meridian (UTM X value at the meridian
is 500000) and to the equator (UTM Y value at the equator is 0). Over a relatively small
geographic area, the coordinates can be considered to be Cartesian. This provides a simple X-Y
coordinate system in data units for modeling work.
Conversion of Latitude-Longitude to UTM Coordinates
For users' convenience, a facility is included in GAEP for converting between UTM coordinates
and latitude-longitude coordinates, given the number of the UTM zone. This feature simplifies the
process of locating digitizer origin points.
Users who are unfamiliar with the UTM coordinate system may wish to investigate this topic
further. A good reference into geographic coordinate systems should be available in your local
library.
Coordinate Origins
The GAEP user is required to set two different types of coordinate origins when managing a
modeling project with GAEP. The first, the "Model Origin," is consistent throughout all GAEP
and CZAEM operations and should be set at the beginning of the project. The second, the
"Digitizer Origin," is set whenever a map is mounted on the digitizing tablet. It is important that
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the modeler not confuse the meanings of these two terms.
As discussed above, CZAEM works in a dimensionless coordinate space. GAEP, however,
assumes that its data are measured in world coordinates which may have a base length unit of
meters or feet. A conversion may be performed by GAEP to change the X-Y coordinates from
meters to feet when creating an analytic element data file if the modeler desires.
Digitizer Origin
Whenever a map is mounted on the digitizer, the GAEP user must tell GAEP how to convert
digitizer coordinates (typically measured in inches or millimeters internally) to "real-world"
coordinates. This task is performed by the use of "Digitizer Origins", which are points marked on
the map for which the world coordinates are known. GAEP requires that the user locate these
points with the digitizer and then enter the world coordinates from the keyboard (Origin command
in the Digitize menu).
A pair of digitizer origin points are required each time the map is mounted on the digitizer and
must fit on the digitizer surface (of course). This means that for a small digitizer, several sets of
digitizer origins may be required on each topographic map. A convenient way to enter these is by
the use of the UTM conversion utility (see above), converting the latitude-longitude points on the
edges of the map, and writing the corresponding UTM coordinates in the map margin.
Model Origin
The numeric values of world coordinates are often so large (particularly in the Y direction for
UTM coordinates) that numerical errors can occur in CZAEM if the geographic coordinates are
simply used directly from GAEP. To prevent this, GAEP requires that the modeler enter a "Model
Origin" in world coordinates that will be the "zero point" for CZAEM's computations. The model
origin should be maintained throughout a particular modeling project, and is included in the
CZAEM input data files prepared by GAEP. To select a Model Origin, simply choose a point near
the model study region and record its world coordinates. It is particularly convenient to mark and
label this point on your maps as well. When prompted by GAEP for a Model Origin, enter the
appropriate world coordinates. GAEP will convert the X-Y coordinates of all element features to
either feet or meters (depending on the "metric output files" option setting) from the model origin.
Digitizer Origin
Whenever a map is mounted on the digitizer, the GAEP user must tell GAEP how to convert
digitizer coordinates (typically measured in inches or millimeters internally) to "real-world"
coordinates. This task is performed by the use of "Digitizer Origins", which are points marked on
the map for which the world coordinates are known. GAEP requires that the user locate these
points with the digitizer and then enter the world coordinates from the keyboard (Origin command
in the Digitize menu).
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A pair of digitizer origin points are required each time the map is mounted on the digitizer and
must fit on the digitizer surface (of course). This means that for a small digitizer, several sets of
digitizer origins may be required on each topographic map. A convenient way to enter these is by
the use of the UTM conversion utility (see above), converting the latitude-longitude points on the
edges of the map, and writing the corresponding UTM coordinates in the map margin.
Construction of No-Flow Boundaries
Implementation of aquifer heterogeneity is considered to be beyond the scope of CZAEM. GAEP,
however, allows the modeler to use the "method of images" to create a single, linear no-flow
boundary in a model. This feature provides a simple, foolproof technique for generating a "worst
case" simulation of this specific case of aquifer heterogeneity. The intent of this feature is to allow
the modeler to determine whether additional modeling with a model code which supports
heterogeneous aquifers is necessary. If the image result is substantially different from the "no
image" result, additional modeling work with a more powerful program is warranted. For a
mathematical discussion of the Method of Images, see Groundwater Mechanics (Strack , 1989)
pages 28-29.
The image line can be used to simulate the aquifer interface between a highly permeable alluvial
channel or glacial outwash zone and a much less permeable aquifer outside the channel or outwash.
The user is cautioned that this feature allows only an analysis of two extremes; one with no aquifer
heterogeneity, and another with a no-flow boundary. The analysis of image-based, no-flow
boundaries should be used only to evaluate the potential effect of a nearby aquifer inhomogeneity
in order to determine whether further modeling with a more sophisticated modeling program is
warranted.
The steps in creating an image region were illustrate earlier in the W//AEM tutorial. The user first
selects the "image origin" the center of the "image axis." This center also is the center of the
rain circle for imaged solutions. The "left-hand rule" is used to determine the region in which
elements are to be imaged, or mirrored across the image line. This mirroring of elements across
the image line generates a mathematical no-flow boundary along the image line.
Once the user has defined the image line, GAEP prompts for a point on the perimeter of the rain
circle, the recharge rate in the rain circle and the head at the reference point. GAEP will
automatically locate the reference point far from the study region along the image axis.
This method for creating no-flow boundaries requires that a regional solution with recharge be
used. Use of uniform flow in an imaged solution is not allowed.
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Use of GAEP
GAEP is designed to be very easy to understand and use. Commands are set out in a logical set
of menus, accessible either from the keyboard or with the mouse. To simplify the discussion of
the various GAEP commands, this manual will first describe the use of the menu system, and the
use of certain "special keys," which are used consistently throughout GAEP.
Menus
The basic GAEP screen is shown in Figure 23. The screen menu shows the current settings of
GAEP options and a list of available commands are arrayed across the top of the screen. GAEP
commands are accessed by either pressing the "hot" key for the command (shown on the menu in
upper case - in red on color monitors) or by placing the mouse cursor on the desired command and
pressing the left mouse button. For example, the F (file), A (aquifer), D (digitize), E (element),
U (utilities), O (options) and Q (quit) "hot" keys are available either by pressing the appropriate
letter on the keyboard or by using the mouse.
File Aquifer Digitize Element Options Utility Quit
GAEP Release 1.0
25 January 1994
Indiana University Current Directory:
SPEA Groundwater Modeling Laboratory C:\WHAEM\DAT
Current Map File:
WhAEM Version
Current Element File:
Memory available: 309920
Option Settings:
Metric Output Files: NO
Use digitizer: YES
Video graphics mode: COLOR
help return to previous menu 25/Jan/94 12:45 PM
Figure 23 GAEP Main Menu.
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Special Keys
In addition to the "hot" keys available from the GAEP menu system, some additional special keys
are used:
Fl Key-Help!
Whenever you are at a GAEP menu, press the Fl key to display a help screen which describes the
commands available from that menu. This feature is available from menus only, not while entering
data or while digitizing.
Esc Kev - Go Back!
At all times while using GAEP, the Esc key (upper left on most keyboards) aborts the current
command and returns to the previous menu. This key is active at all times while using GAEP to
abort the current command. The Esc key is commonly known as the "escape" key.
F3 Kev - I'm Done!
While performing certain functions, the F3 key is used to tell GAEP that an operation is complete
(examples are completing entry of a stream with the digitizer or creating line-sink elements). This
key is used consistently as the "Successful Completion" command while performing data entry.
Page Up / Page Down / Home - Zoom In / Zoom Out
Whenever graphics screen is active, the Page Up and Page Down keys zoom in or out on the area
around the center of the screen. To zoom in, press Page Down. To zoom out, press Page Up. The
Home key zooms out to a window which shows the entire extent of the digital map data presently
loaded. GAEP remembers where you have set the view window for future commands.
Arrow Keys - Scrolling
Whenever graphics screen is active, the left, right, up and down arrow keys scroll the graphics
image. GAEP remembers where you have set the view window for future commands.
Data Entry Considerations - Free-Form Input
Whenever more than one value is requested by GAEP, the user may use either spaces, commas or
other common punctuation characters (except decimal points and minus signs, of course). All
punctuation marks are ignored. For example, if the latitude of a point 37 degrees, 30 minutes, 15
seconds is requested, the user may enter :
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373015 or 37,30,15
Procedure for Using GAEP
The user should apply the following procedure when using GAEP on a modeling project:
Create the Digital Map (Digitize menu)
This step involves the entry of hydrologic features using the digitizer, including the points of
known head, and the maintenance of the digital map using GAEP's editing features.
Save the Digital Map (File menu)
The digital map is saved to a Digital Map File (see above). It is STRONGLY recommended that
the user perform save operations regularly during map creation and editing to prevent loss of data.
Always back up your digital map files to floppy disks for safekeeping!
Create Analytic Elements (Element menu)
Once a digital map is complete, the modeler uses GAEP to create analytic elements (line-sinks and
wells) and to set the various aquifer properties.
Save the Analytic Element Data File (File menu)
After element creation is finished, the user saves the analytic element file for use in CZAEM.
GAEP also allows the modeler to re-load the analytic element file into GAEP for editing and
modifications.
Detailed GAEP Command Descriptions
The remainder of this document describes the commands available from each menu in the GAEP
program in detail, organized by menu. Each GAEP command menu is described separately.
File [F] - File operations
Selects the "File" menu (see Figure 24).
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Aquifer [A] - Set aquifer properties
Selects the "Aquifer" menu (see Figure 25).
Digitize [D] - Digital map creation/editing
Selects the "Digitize" menu (see Figure 26).
Element [E] - Analytic element creation/editing
Selects the "Element" menu (see Figure 28).
Options [O] - Set GAEP options
Selects the "Options" menu (see Figure 29).
Utility [U] - Run GAEP utilities
Selects the "Utilities" menu (see Figure 30).
Quit [Q] - Exit program
Exits GAEP. If changes to the digital map file or analytic element data file have been made but
not saved to disk, GAEP will ask if the user really wishes to leave the program. Answer "YES"
to exit GAEP without saving to disk.
File Menu
This menu provides access to the various file management facilities in GAEP.
New [N] - Clear program memory
Clears all GAEP's memory, both the digital map and any elements which have been created. This
is functionally equivalent to leaving GAEP and re-entering the program.
ReadDM [R] - Read a digital map
Reads a digital map file from the current directory (defaults to x:\WHAEM\DAT after installation,
where x: is the drive where you installed W/zAEM). GAEP will prompt for the name of the file
to be read from disk. Type the name of the file, followed by the key, or press to
abort the command. If a digital map is already loaded, this command will add the newly read map
to the already loaded map. To remove the previously loaded map, either re-start GAEP or use the
New command (see above). Note: A digital map file MUST be loaded before certain functions
can be performed. It is impossible to create or to view analytic elements unless a digital map is
loaded.
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New ReadDM WriteDM LoadElem SaveElem Map ChangeDir setDrive Quit
Current Directory:
C:\WHAEM\DAT
Current Map File:
Current Element File:
Memory available: 309920
Option Settings:
Unit Conversion: FT->M
Digitizer Mode: DIGITIZER
Video graphics mode: COLOR
help return to previous menu 25/Jan/94 12:56 PM
Figure 24 GAEP File Menu.
WriteDM [W] - Write a digital map
Writes the current digital map to a digital map file in the current directory (defaults to x :
\WHAEM\DAT after installation, where x: is the drive where you installed W/zAEM). GAEP will
prompt for the name of the file to be written. The current version of GAEP does not enforce file
extensions, so any filename and extension are allowed, but it is useful to choose a consistent
naming convention. The "unofficial" standard for digital map file names is to use the extension
.DM. Type the name of the file, followed by the key, or press to abort the
command.
LoadElem [L] - Read an analytic element data file
Reads an analytic element data file from the current directory (defaults to x:\WHAEM\DAT after
installation, where x: is the drive where you installed W/zAEM). GAEP will prompt for the name
of the file to be read from disk. Type the name of the file, followed by the key, or press
to abort the command.
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SaveElem [S] - Write an analytic element data file
Writes the currently defined analytic elements and aquifer properties to an analytic element data
file in the current directory (defaults to x:\WHAEM\DAT after installation, where x: is the drive
where you installed W/zAEM). GAEP will prompt you for the Model Origin for the project (see
above discussion of the Model Origin). GAEP will then prompt for the name of the file to be
written. The current version of GAEP does not enforce file extensions, so any DOS filename and
extension is allowed, but it is useful to choose a consistent naming convention. The "unofficial"
standard for analytic element data file names is to use the extension .DAT. Type the name of the
file, followed by the key, or press to abort the command.
Note: If you have defined any GAEP digital map features for "background" maps in CZAEM (that is, curves or point
sets), GAEP will automatically put the background map into your CZAEM-compatible analytic element data file. You
will be asked if you wish to leave out the map features (this is discouraged). If so, answer "YES" to the question,
"Exclude background map?"
Map [M] - Create a background map file
Writes any currently defined "background map features" (that is, curves and point sets) to a
CZAEM-compatible data file in the current directory (defaults to x:\WHAEM\DAT after
installation, where x: is the drive where you installed W/zAEM). GAEP will prompt you for the
Model Origin for the project (see above discussion of the Model Origin). GAEP will then prompt
for the name of the file to be written. The current version of GAEP does not enforce file
extensions, so any DOS filename and extension is allowed, but it is useful to choose a consistent
naming convention. The "unofficial" standard for analytic element data file names is to use the
extension .MAP.
ChangeDir [C] - Change the current directory
Changes the default working directory for GAEP. GAEP will prompt for the new working
directory, which will be the "permanent" directory for future GAEP sessions until changed again.
The default working directory is x:\WHAEM\DAT where x: is the drive where you installed
W/zAEM, after installation. Since this command does not change the INITAEM.DAT file (see
CZAEM documentation), use of this command is discouraged. If you do wish to change the
default directory, please remember to edit INITAEM.DAT so that the DATA directory prefix
matches the new directory.
Quit [Q] - Return to the main menu
Aquifer Menu
This menu allows the specification of aquifer properties.
Base [B] - Set the aquifer base.
Sets the elevation of the base of the aquifer. GAEP will request the elevation, in units consistent
with the desired project units. Enter the value and press . Press to abort.
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Base .Thick Permeability pQrosity JJniformFlow reference Rain .Quit
Aquifer Parameter Settings:
Base Elevation: 0.0
Thickness: 100.0
Permeability: 100
Porosity: 0.2
Uniform flow: QO 0
alpha: 0.00
Reference point: X 0.0
Y 0.0
Head 0.0
Rain element is not defined
Current Directory:
C:\WHAEM\DAT
Current Map File:
Current Element File:
Memory available: 297632
Option Settings:
Unit Conversion: FT->M
Digitizer Mode: DIGITIZER
Video graphics mode: COLOR
help return to previous menu 25/Jan/94 06:39 PM
Figure 25 GAEP Aquifer Menu.
Thick [T] - Set the aquifer thickness.
Sets the thickness of the aquifer. GAEP will request the thickness, in units consistent with the
desired project units. Enter the value and press . Press to abort.
Permeability [P] - Set the aquifer hydraulic conductivity.
Sets the permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of the aquifer. GAEP will request the permeability,
in units consistent with the desired project units (feet per day or meters per day are commonly
used). Enter the value and press . Press to abort.
Porosity [O] - Set the aquifer porosity.
Sets the porosity of the aquifer. GAEP will request the porosity, as a fraction between 0.0 and 1.0.
Enter the value and press . Press to abort.
UniforniFlow [U] - Define a uniform flow field.
Allows the user to set up uniform flow in the model domain (NOT ALLOWED IF IMAGING IS
IN USE). GAEP requests the aquifer discharge magnitude in units consistent with the desired
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project units. Enter the value and press . Next the orientation of the discharge vector (in
degrees) is requested. Enter the value and press . Press to abort.
NOTE: When uniform flow is used, the uniform flow discharge rate is not recomputed when the user changes the
aquifer geometry or permeability. It is up to the user to recompute the uniform flow discharge when aquifer properties
or geometries are adjusted.
Reference [F] - Set the reference point.
Allows the user to define a reference point for the model (see the modeling discussion in the main
W/zAEM manual). GAEP will request the location of the reference point in UTM coordinates.
Enter the location and press . GAEP will then request the reference head. Enter the value
and press . Press to abort at any point.
NOTE: When using imaging, the location is determined by GAEP; only the head will be requested.
Rain Circle [R] - Define a rain recharge circle.
Allows the user to define the rain (areal recharge) element (see the modeling discussion in the
W&AEM tutorial). GAEP will display the digital map and request the center of the rain circle.
Select the center for the rain circle and press the left mouse button. GAEP then requests that a
point on the perimeter of the circle be selected. Select the point and press the left mouse button.
GAEP then requests that a recharge rate be entered, in the same units as the permeability. Enter
the value and press . Press at any time to abort.
NOTE: When using imaging, the center location is determined by GAEP; only the edge and recharge rate will be
requested.
Quit [Q] - Return to the main menu
Digitize Menu
This menu provides all the digital map feature creation and editing facilities. Whenever the user
digitizing a digital map feature, the current UTM coordinates of the puck are shown in the upper
right corner of the screen. During the setting of origins, the digitizer coordinates (in inches ) are
shown. When a digitizing step is begun, the digitizer cursor (white "plus" sign) will appear and
the computer will sound a "beep" tone. Wait for the beep before entering points with the puck.
It is up to the user to determine the number of points to digitize along a feature according to the
detail desired. It is also up to the user to determine what stream extents to include, and whether
ephemeral streams are to be digitized.
Origin [O] - Set the digitzer origins
Sets up the conversion between digitizer coordinates and real-world coordinates on your map.
GAEP will request that the user input one of the digitizer origins marked on the map (see above).
Place the digitizer puck on the first point and press the first button on the puck. GAEP will prompt
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Origin Stream Jleads Curve .Points View Edit Quit
Current Directory:
C:\WHAEM\DAT
Current Map File:
Current Element File:
Memory available: 309920
Option Settings:
Unit Conversion: FT->M
Digitizer Mode: DIGITIZER
Video graphics mode:COLOR
help return to previous menu 25/Jan/94 12:58 PM
Figure 26 GAEP Digitize Menu.
for the UTM coordinates of the first point. Next, GAEP will repeat the process for the second
origin point. Once the digitizer origin is set, it is possible to digitize hydrologic and background
map features. Note: If the digitizer option is set to "mouse markup" mode, you may digitize
onscreen at any time after a digital map is loaded. See the "Options" menu discussion of the
digizer setting.
Stream [S] - Digitize a stream
Allows the user to digitize the location of a stream. GAEP will prompt for the name of the feature;
enter the name and press . GAEP will now design an abbreviation for the name and allow
you to change it by entering a new abbreviation (up to 9 characters), or just press to use
the one GAEP designs. Now, the graphics screen will show the extent of the digitizing area.
Select points on the stream from the map and press the first digitizer button to enter the stream's
location. When complete, press , or press to abort digitizing the feature.
While digitizing, GAEP will display the points entered as dark blue "plus" signs. The points are
connected into a stream feature after the user presses the F3 key. Once entered, the stream will be
displayed as a continuous curve.
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Heads [H] - Digitize heads on a stream
Allows the user to digitize the locations of known elevations on a stream. GAEP will show the
digital map onscreen. Select the feature to have heads added and press the left mouse button.
Now, the graphics screen will show the extent of the digitizer. Select points where elevation
contours cross the stream from the map and press the first digitizer button. GAEP will request the
elevation. Enter the elevation in units consistent with the desired model units (feet or meters).
Repeat the process for all possible elevations. When complete, press , or press to abort
digitizing the heads. If an elevation is entered incorrectly, you should press and start again.
Curve [C] - Digitize a background map curve
Allows the user to digitize the location of a background map curve. A background map curve is
a digital map feature which denotes a road, property boundary, political boundary, or other linear
feature. These curves become "background map" features in CZAEM and are used to orient the
reader when interpreting CZAEM output. GAEP will prompt for the name of the feature; enter the
name and press . GAEP will now design an abbreviation for the name and allow you to
change it by entering a new abbreviation (up to 9 characters), or just press to use the one
GAEP designs. Now, the graphics screen will show the extent of the digitizer. Select points on
the curve from the map and press the first digitizer button to enter the curve's location. When
complete, press , or press to abort digitizing the feature.
Points [P] - Digitize a background map point set
Allows the user to digitize the location of a background map point set. A background map point
set is a digital map feature which denotes a set of wells, houses or other "point" feature. These
points become "background map" features in CZAEM and are used to orient the reader when
interpreting CZAEM output. They are also used as the base points for the creation of WELL
analytic elements (see below). GAEP will prompt for the name of the feature; enter the name and
press . GAEP will now design an abbreviation for the name and allow you to change it by
entering a new abbreviation (up to 9 characters), or just press to use the one GAEP
designs. Now, the graphics screen will show the extent of the digitizer. Select points from the map
and press the first digitizer button to enter each point's location. When complete, press , or
press to abort digitizing the feature.
View [V] - View the digital map
Shows the current digital map on the screen. Streams which have heads associated will be in
bright blue (or white on monochrome systems). Streams without heads are dark blue (or dashed).
Background map curves and points are dark purple (or dotted).
Edit [E] - Edit the background map
Enters the Digitize/Edit submenu (see Figure 27).
Quit [Q] - Return to the main menu
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Digitize/Edit Submenu
Join View Delete Rename Quit
Current Directory:
C:\WHAEM\DAT
Current Map File:
Current Element File:
Memory available: 309920
Option Settings:
Unit Conversion: FT->M
Digitizer Mode: DIGITIZER
Video graphics mode: COLOR
help return to previous menu 25/Jan/94 12:59 PM
Figure 27 GAEP Digitize/Edit Submenu.
Join [J] - Join two map features into a single feature
Allows two segments of a curve or stream to be digitized separately and joined together. GAEP
requests that the first segment be selected from the graphics screen. Select the feature with the
mouse and press the left mouse button. GAEP then requests the second feature; select with the
mouse and press the left button. GAEP will ask "Are you sure?" Press Y to join the features. The
joined feature will keep the name of the first feature selected.
View [V] - View the digital map
Shows the current digital map on the screen. Streams which have heads associated will be in
bright blue (or white on monochrome systems). Streams without heads are dark blue (or dashed).
Background map curves and points are dark purple (or dotted).
Rename [R] - Rename a feature
Allows a feature's name and abbreviation to be changed. GAEP requests that the feature be
selected from the graphics screen. Select the feature with the mouse and press the left mouse
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button. GAEP then requests a new name; enter the new name or simply hit to keep the
old name. GAEP then requests a new abbreviation; enter the new abbreviation or simply hit
to keep the old abbreviation.
Delete [D] - Delete a feature
Allows a digital map feature to be deleted. GAEP requests that the feature be selected from the
graphics screen. Select the feature with the mouse and press the left mouse burton. GAEP asks,
"Are you sure?" Press Y to delete the feature.
Quit [Q] - Return to the Digitize menu
Element Menu
This menu allows for creation of analytic elements.
Linesink [L] - Create line-sink elements
Allows the user to create line-sinks for a stream. GAEP requests that the stream be selected from
the graphics screen. Select the stream with the mouse and press the left mouse button. GAEP will
then show a screen which shows only the feature selected. Select the end points of line-sink
elements, pressing the left mouse button at each point. Line-sink elements will appear with heads
computed by GAEP. Press to complete the creation of line-sinks or to abort. To
create additional line-sinks for the s tream, repeat the procedure.
Note: the first line-sink endpoint entered will not appear on the screen until a second point is entered. It does not
matter to CZAEM whether line-sinks are entered "heading upstream" or "heading downstream," but the user might
wish to work in a consistent manner, creating line-sinks in the same direction for all features.
Well [W] - Create well elements
Allows the user to create wells for a point set. GAEP requests that the "background map point
set" (see the "Digitize/Point" command discussion above) be selected from the graphics screen.
Select the point set with the mouse and press the left mouse button. GAEP will then show a screen
which shows only the feature selected. Select the location of a well and press the left mouse
button. GAEP will prompt for the discharge (in units consistent with the ones determined by the
user) and radius of the well. Repeat the procedure for each well. Well elements will appear
onscreen. Press to complete the creation of wells or to abort.
Delete [D] - Delete elements associated with a digital map feature
Allows elements to be deleted. GAEP requests that the feature be selected from the graphics
screen. Select the feature with the mouse and press the left mouse button. GAEP asks, "Are you
sure?" Press Y to delete all elements associated with the digital map feature.
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Linesink Well Delete Userwindow Image View Quit
Current Directory:
C:\WHAEM\DAT
Current Map File:
Current Element File:
Memory available: 309920
Option Settings:
Unit Conversion: FT->M
Digitizer Mode: DIGITIZER
Video graphics mode: COLOR
help return to previous menu 25/Jan/94 01:00 PM
Figure 28 GAEP Element Menu.
UserWindow [U] - Set the user's window for CZAEM
Allows the user to tell CZAEM the extent of the CZAEM display window. GAEP will show the
digital map and request the lower left corner of the window. Locate the lower left corner with the
mouse and press the left mouse button. GAEP will request the upper right corner; select it with
the mouse and press the left mouse button. GAEP will then ask if the selection is correct. Press
Y to accept the window.
Image [I] - Create a no-flow boundary by imaging
Allows the user to locate a single, linear no-flow boundary. GAEP will display the digital map and
request that the image "origin" be selected. Choose the point which is at the center of the desired
rain circle (on the image line) and press the left mouse button. GAEP will request that the second
image point be entered; select a point which is on the "positive" axis of the image line. That is,
the features which will be imaged will be determined by the "left hand rule," based upon the two
points on the line. GAEP will ask if the entered line is correct. Press Y to select the image line.
GAEP next requests that a point on the perimeter of the rain circle be entered; select and press the
left mouse button. GAEP then requests the recharge rate for the rain circle. Enter the rate of
72
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recharge (in the same units as permeability) and press . Finally, the head at the reference
point will be requested. Enter the reference head and press . To abort the imaging
procedure, press at any time in the procedure.
Please see the discussion of imaging in the introductory portion of this manual.
View [V] - View the digital and element map
Shows the current digital map on the screen, with all elements. Streams which have heads
associated will be in bright blue (or white on monochrome systems). Streams without heads are
dark blue (or dashed). Background map curves and points are dark purple (or dot-dashed). Line-
sink elements which have been created by the user will appear in green, those which were created
by imaging (if any) in white. The image line (if any), rain circle and user window will be shown
in green.
Quit [Q] - Return to the main menu
Options Menu
All of the commands listed here set program option settings and perform no direct action on the
digital maps or analytic elements in use. Once a setting is modified, it is saved to the disk and
remains set until changed, regardless of whether GAEP is re-started.
UnitConv [U] - Set the unit conversion mode
Allows the user to change the way unit conversions are handled when reading or writing analytic
element files. Three modes are supported; "feet-to-meters," "none" and "meters-to-feet." If your
digital map was digitized in UTM, you would use the "meters-to-feet" setting to make analytic
element files in feet or the "none" setting for analytic element files in meters.
When this command is selected, GAEP cycles through the unit conversion options. Continue until
the desired mode is shown on the screen.
Digitizer [D] - Select the digitizer mode
The digitizer mode can have any of three states: "Digitizer", "Mouse Markup", and "Direct." In
"Digitzer Mode," all coordinate input is performed using the presently configured digitizer. In
"Mouse Markup Mode," the mouse may be used to enter points directly on a displayed digital map.
It is NOT RECOMMENDED for general purpose data entry. "Direct" mode allows the user to
enter the coordinate locations (in world coordinates) from the keyboard, such as for wells and
piezometers of known location.
NOTE: Previous versions of GAEP used this command to support the "keyboard digitizer" for users who had no
digitizers. This function is now handled by the digitizer driver as the "keyboard" protocol; see the Appendix C Tablet
Installation Guide for details.
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UnitConv Digitizer VideoMode Quit
Current Directory:
C:\WHAEM\DAT
Current Map File:
Current Element File:
Memory available: 309920
Option Settings:
Unit Conversion: FT->M
Digitizer Mode: DIGITIZER
Video graphics mode: COLOR
help return to previous menu 25/Jan/94 01:01 PM
Figure 29 GAEP Options Menu.
VideoMode [V] - Switch video modes
Switches the video from color to monochrome or back.
Quit [Q] - Return to the main menu
Returns to the main menu. All option settings will be maintained for future GAEP sessions until
changed again.
Utility Menu
This menu provides several useful utility functions.
UTM/LatLong [U] - Enter the UTM/Latitude-Longitude conversion utility
Enters the UTM/LatLong submenu (see Figure 31).
Dos [D] - Run MS-DOS
Starts the MS-DOS shell specified in the COMSPEC environment variable (see MSDOS manual).
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To return to GAEP, type EXIT at the DOS prompt.
Quit [Q] - Return to the main menu
Utm/latlong Dos Quit
Current Directory:
C:\WHAEM\DAT
Current Map File:
Current Element File:
Memory available: 309920
Option Settings:
Unit Conversion: FT->M
Digitizer Mode: DIGITIZER
Video graphics mode: COLOR
help return to previous menu 25/Jan/94 01:02 PM
Figure 30 GAEP Utility Menu.
UTM / Latitude-Longitude Utility
This menu allows the user to convert UTM coordinates to latitude-longitude coordinates or
latitude-longitude coordinates to UTM coordinates, given a known UTM zone.
Zone [Z] - Enter the UTM zone
Allows the user to define the UTM zone for conversions. GAEP will request that the zone number
be entered. Enter the desired zone (look in the lower left corner of the topographic map for the
zone number for you map) and press . Press to abort.
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Zone laTitdue loNgitdue Utm Quit
Geographic Location: Current Directory:
C:\WHAEM\DAT
UTM Zone: 0 Current Map File:
Latitude: 00 d 00 m 00 s
Longitude: 00 d 00 m 00 s Current Element File:
UTM coordinates: X 0.0 Memory available: 297632
Y 0.0
Option Settings:
Unit Conversion: FT->M
Digitizer Mode: DIGITIZER
Video graphics mode: COLOR
help return to previous menu 25/Jan/94 06:56 PM
Figure 31 GAEP Lattidude-Longiture/UTM Utility Menu.
Latitude [T] - Enter the latitude, convert to UTM
GAEP requests the latitude of the point to be converted. Enter the degrees, minutes and seconds
of latitude of the point and press (do not use any text labels such as "degrees" in the data
entry, enter only the numerical values in the specified order). Press to abort. GAEP will
report the UTM coordinates of the point entered in latitude-longitude coordinates.
Longitude [O] - Enter the longitude, convert to UTM
GAEP requests the longitude of the point to be converted. Enter the degrees, minutes and seconds
of longitude of the point and press (do not use any text labels such as "degrees" in the data
entry, enter only the numerical values in the specified order). Press to abort. GAEP will
report the UTM coordinates of the point entered in latitude-longitude coordinates.
UTM [U] - Enter the UTM coodinates, convert to latitude-longitude
GAEP requests the UTM coordinates of the point to be converted. Enter the UTM coordinates and
press . Press to abort. GAEP will report the latitude-longitude coordinates of the
point, based on the UTM zone specified.
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Quit [Q] - Return to the utility menu.
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APPENDIX R. CZAEM REFERENCE
There are two levels of help in CZAEM: 1) brief, context-sensitive help available by typing a
command followed by a question mark (e.g., "trace ?"); and 2) more extensive help available by
typing "help" while in one of the modules. This chapter of the W/zAEM manual is a printout of
these more detailed help files located in the \WHAEM\CZAEM\HELP directory.
CZAEM Main Module
\\\ Module=MAIN MENU Level=0 Routine=INPUT ///
ENTER COMMAND WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM ANY MENU
[(XI,Y1,X2,Y2)///]
-------
(TOL)
CHECK MODULE:
TRACE MODULE:
maximum number of iterations is set.
The program will abort the solving process whenever it detects that
control points are too close together. It will tell you which control
points on which elements are too close. You can then modify your
input accordingly.
Display of all control points that are within TOL from one another,
if the conditions applied at these points are in conflict. The value
of TOL will be used by the solve routine. Thus, you can force the
program to solve problems with control points that are very close
together (but do not coincide) by setting TOL to zero in this
command. Whenever control points have been detected that are too
close, they will be marked on the layout. If the optional argument
TOL is not entered, then the program will display the current value
prior to checking control points.
This module is used for retrieval of data in numeric form.
This module is used to generate pathlines. This module also allows
access to the capture zone routines.
CONTOURING MODULE:
STAND-ALONE
COMMANDS:
This module is used for grid scalar values for contouring.
(NX)
Contour rectangular grid of NX intervals horizontally. The default
of the function to be contoured is piezometric head.
Will cause a layout to be displayed.
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Will cause all screens to be cleared. On printers the previous page
will be ejected.
Suspends execution of the program. Availability of commands
depends upon the memory available with the program installed.
The extended memory versions do not support a meaningful use of
the PAUSE command.
Initiates contour plotting. The program will display the maximum
and minimum levels encountered in the grid to be displayed, and
will ask you to supply starting levels and a contour increment.
After you enter this command, the machine will prompt you for a
title of less than 17 characters. If you press ENTER without text,
the current title is displayed. The title will be displayed on the plots
and on printed output.
<VIEWPORT>(FACTOR)[I1,12]
This command allows you to reduce the plots in size and to move
it to a new position. FACTOR must be <=1. The values of II and 12
are also <=1, and represent the distance as a fraction of the display
width and height over which the plot is to be moved right and up,
respectively.
<WINDO W> [(X1, Y1 ,X2, Y2)]/<ALL>]
<WINDOW> sets the window for subsequent plotting. X1,Y1 and
X2,Y2 represent the coordinates of lower left and upper right
corners of the window, respectively. Typing WINDOW ALL will
change the window size to be large enough to include all elements
in the model. IT IS IMPORTANT THAT YOU ENTER THE
WINDOW BEFORE ENTERING AQUIFER DATA, BECAUSE
MANY DEFAULT VALUES ARE SET AS A FRACTION OF
THE WIDTH OF THE CURRENT WINDOW.
<RESET>
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Resets all values in the program to what they are when the program
is loaded into memory.
<SWITCH>(FILENAME)
Will cause the program to read further input from the file
FILENAME; the last command in the file must be SWITCH CON.
<STOP>
Stops the program.
SERVICE MODULES: <SAVE><READ><CURSOR><SWITCH><PSET><MAP><FIPLOT>
<SAVE>/<READ>
To store or retrieve solutions and grids in binary form; to subtract
grids.
<CURSOR>
Data retrieval by means of the cursor. Changing of well and
line-sink data.
<SWITCH>
Input and output re-direction.
<PSET>
To direct graphics output, and to set plotting attributes.
<MAP>
To generate a background map and to activate plotting of the
background map.
<FIPLOT>
To record plots in binary form.
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AQUIFER
\\\ Module=MAIN MENU Level=0 Routine=INPUT ///
ENTER COMMAND WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM ANY MENU
<AQUIFER> <WINDOW>[ (XI, Y1,X2, Y2) /<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>] <HELP>
<GIVEN> <MAP> <SWITCH>[FILE]
<REFERENCE> <LAYOUT> <SAVE>
<WELL> <GRID> (NUMBER OF POINTS) <READ>
<LINESINK> <PLOT> <PAUSE>
<SOLVE> <TRACE> <RESET>
<CHECK> <CURSOR> <PSET>
<STOP>
aquifer <Enter>
\\\ Module=AQUIFER Level=l Routine=INPUT
<PERMEABILITY> (PERM) <THICKNESS> (THICK) <BASE> (ELEVATION) <POROSITY> ( POROSITY)
<RESETXHELPXRETURN>
This module allows input of aquifer parameters.
The command words are:
<PERMEABILITY>(PERMEABILITY)
Specify the hydraulic conductivity in units of L/T.
<THICKNESS>(THICKNESS)
Specify the aquifer thickness. If the aquifer is unconfmed, choose
a value for THICKNESS large enough to ensure that the aquifer is
everywhere unconfined. Do not choose unnecessarily large values
to prevent loss of accuracy. Transition from confined to unconfined
conditions is automatically taken care of by the program.
<BASE>(ELEVATION)
Specify the base of the aquifer. The program will refer all values
of head with respect to this base. For example, if ELEVATION
equals 10, a head of 20 will correspond to a head of 10 with respect
to the base of the aquifer system. Unnecessarily large values for
base may lead to loss of accuracy.
<POROSITY>(POROSITY)
Set the porosity in the aquifer.
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<TFAO(FACTOR)
Set the factor by which time entries must be multiplied in order to
obtain units as used in the coefficient of permeability and rainfall,
e.g., if permeability is in m/s and times are given in days, then
FACTOR=3600*24=86400.
<RESET>
Reset all parameters in the aquifer module to their default values.
<RETURN>
Return control to the main menu.
GIVEN
The word "given" refers to the already known or "given" average extraction or infiltration rate of
a hydrologic feature such as wells, line-sinks, or ponds.
\\\ Module=MAIN MENU Level=0 Routine=INPUT ///
ENTER COMMAND WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM ANY MENU
<AQUIFER> <WINDOW>[(X1,Y1,X2,Y2)/<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>] <HELP>
<GIVEN> <MAP> <SWITCH>[FILE]
<REFERENCE> <LAYOUT> <SAVE>
<WELL> <GRID>(NUMBER OF POINTS) <READ>
<LINESINK> <PLOT> <PAUSE>
<SOLVE> <TRACE> <RESET>
<CHECK> <CURSOR> <PSET>
<STOP>
given <Enter>
\\\ Module=GIVEN Level=l Routine=INPUT ///
<UNIFLOW> (DISCHARGE) [ANGLE] <RAIN> (X, Y, RADIUS, RATE) <RESETXHELPXRETURN>
This module allows input of the following given functions: uniform flow,
and constant infiltration over a circular region of the aquifer.
The command words are:
<UNIFLOW>(DISCHARGE RATE)[ANGLE OF FLOW IN DEGREES]
Specify the discharge rate and the angle of flow (optional) in
degrees between the direction of flow and the x-axis for uniform
flow. The discharge rate equals the amount of flow per unit width,
83
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
measured over the entire thickness of the aquifer.
<RAIN>(X,Y,RADIUS,INFILTRATION RATE)
Specify the rainfall entering the top of the aquifer. INFILTRATION
RATE is positive for water entering the aquifer and is measured in
volume per unit area (L/T). Only one region of infiltration due to
rainfall may be specified.
<RESET>
Reset all parameters in the module GIVEN to their default values.
<RETURN>
Return control to main menu.
REFERENCE
The reference point is a point in the domain where the head is "known" or assumed. It is usually
treated like the average head in the study area placed at some arbitrary point outside the domain
of interest. It is entered directly from the main command line.
\\\ Module=MAIN MENU Level=0 Routine=INPUT ///
ENTER COMMAND WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM ANY MENU
<AQUIFER> <WINDOW>[(XI,Y1,X2,Y2)/<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>] <HELP>
<GIVEN> <MAP> <SWITCH>[FILE]
<REFERENCE> <LAYOUT> <SAVE>
<WELL> <GRID>(NUMBER OF POINTS) <READ>
<LINESINK> <PLOT> <PAUSE>
<SOLVE> <TRACE> <RESET>
<CHECK> <CURSOR> <PSET>
<STOP>
ref
(X,PREFERENCE HEAD)
X,Y,REFERENCE HEAD : O.OOOOOE+00 O.OOOOOE+00 O.OOOOOE+00
84
</pre><hr><pre>
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WELL
\\\ Module=MAIN MENU Level=0 Routine=INPUT ///
ENTER COMMAND WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM ANY MENU
<AQUIFER> <WINDOW>[(XI,Yl,X2,Y2)/<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>] <HELP>
<GIVEN> <MAP> <SWITCH>[FILE]
<REFERENCE> <LAYOUT> <SAVE>
<WELL> <GRID>(NUMBER OF POINTS) <READ>
<LINESINK> <PLOT> <PAUSE>
<SOLVE> <TRACE> <RESET>
<CHECK> <CURSOR> <PSET>
<STOP>
well <Enter>
\\\ Module=WELL Level=l Routine=INPUT ///
<GIVENXRESETXHELPXRETURN>
This module allows input of wells. The program currently supports
two types of wells: wells with given discharge and wells with the head
specified at the well boundary.
The command words are:
<GIVEN>
Enter wells of given discharge. The user will be prompted for well
coordinates and discharge as follows:
(XW,YW,Q)[RADIUS][[LABEL]]<COMMAND>
where XW,YW represent the x and y coordinates of the center of
the well, and Q the discharge. RADIUS is the radius of the well and
is optional. The radius has a default value of .001 in absolute units.
The value of RADIUS is used in the pathline tracing routine and in
the contouring routine. An optional label may be entered between
brackets. The program will expect continued entry of discharge
specified wells until a command word is entered. You can return to
the well input menu by entering COMMAND.
<HEAD>
Enter wells of given head. The user will be prompted for well
coordinates, radius, and head at the well radius as follows:
(XW,YW,HEAD,RADIUS)[[LABEL]]<COMMAND>
where XW,YW represent the x and y coordinates of the center of
the well, HEAD represents the head of the well at the well radius,
and RADIUS is the radius of the well. An optional label may be
85
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
entered between brackets. The program will expect continued entry
of head specified wells until a command word is entered. You can
return to the well input menu by entering COMMAND.
<FACTOR>(NUMERICAL VALUE)
Specifying a factor by which each discharge value which is as typed
in is to be multiplied to convert it to the units used in the program;
e.g., to convert from GPM to cubic feet/min.
<RESET>
Cause all parameters in the module WELL to be reset to their
default values.
<RETURN>
Return control to main menu.
LINESINK
\\\ Module=MAIN MENU Level=0 Routine=INPUT ///
ENTER COMMAND WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM ANY MENU
<AQUIFER> <WINDOW>[(XI,Yl,X2,Y2)/<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>] <HELP>
<GIVEN> <MAP> <SWITCH>[FILE]
<REFERENCE> <LAYOUT> <SAVE>
<WELL> <GRID>(NUMBER OF POINTS) <READ>
<LINESINK> <PLOT> <PAUSE>
<SOLVE> <TRACE> <RESET>
<CHECK> <CURSOR> <PSET>
<STOP>
linesink <Enter>
\\\ Module=LINE-SINK Level=l Routine=INPUT ///
<GIVENXHEADXSTRING> [<ON>/<OFF>] <TOLERANCE> [TOL] <RESETXHELPXRETURN>
This module makes it possible to enter line-sinks. The line-sinks may be used to model narrow
creeks that may be either above the groundwater table or intersecting it, as well as closed
boundaries.
The line-sinks may be chained together. Either the rate of extraction or the head at the center of
the linesink may be specified. The rate of extraction is positive for removal of water from the
aquifer, and is measured in discharge per unit length of line-sink, i.e., in units of LA2/T. If the line-
sinks are used to model creeks in direct contact with the aquifer, i.e., in cases that the heads are
specified at the centers of the line-sinks, the user should verify, after solving the problem, that
indeed the heads below the linesink are at or above the streambed level. Otherwise, a run should
86
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
be done with these line-sinks entered as elements of given strength. In general, boundaries of
specified head will be modeled more accurately when more elements are used to discretize these
boundaries.
The command words are:
<GIVEN>
Enter line-sinks of constant rate of extraction. The program prompts
for input of coordinates and extraction rate as follows:
(X1,Y1, X2,Y2, EXTRACTION RATE)[[label]]<COMMAND>
The program will expect such lines of input to continue until
another command word is entered. An optional label may be
entered between brackets. You may return to the linesink menu by
entering COMMAND.
<HEAD>
Enter line-sinks of constant head. The program prompts for input
of coordinates and head as follows:
(XI,Yl, X2,Y2, HEAD)[[label]]<COMMAND>
The program will expect such lines of input to continue until
another command word is entered. An optional label may be
entered between brackets. You may return to the linesink menu by
entering COMMAND.
<FCHANGE>[EL.NR.]
Change the location and head of the head-specified linesink element
number EL.NR.
<STRTNG>[<ON>/<OFF>]
<TOLERANCE>[TOL]
This command allows the user to specify whether linesink elements
will be linked together into strings of elements. When line-sinks are
linked into strings, the start nodes of linesink elements on the same
string will be moved to the location of the closest end node on the
string. Typing any command or specifying a start node which is at
least the TOLERANCE distance away from all end nodes on the
string will cause a new string of linesink elements to be started.
This command allows the tolerance for connecting linesink
elements into strings of elements to be displayed and/or specified.
If the start node of the linesink element that is being entered is
within the TOLERANCE distance of the end node of any other
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</pre><hr><pre>
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linesink element on the string, then the element will be linked to the
closest end node on the string.
<RESET>
This command causes all parameters in the linesink module to be
reset to their default values.
<RETURN>
Returns control to the main menu.
CHECK
\\\ Module=MAIN MENU Level=0 Routine=INPUT ///
ENTER COMMAND WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM ANY MENU
<AQUIFER> <WINDOW>[(XI,Yl,X2,Y2)/<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>] <HELP>
<GIVEN> <MAP> <SWITCH>[FILE]
<REFERENCE> <LAYOUT> <SAVE>
<WELL> <GRID>(NUMBER OF POINTS) <READ>
<LINESINK> <PLOT> <PAUSE>
<SOLVE> <TRACE> <RESET>
<CHECK> <CURSOR> <PSET>
<STOP>
check <Enter>
\\\ Module=CHECK Level=l Routine=INPUT ///
<AQUIFERXGIVEN><REFERENCE><WELLXLINESINK>
<HEAD> (X, Y) <DISCHARGE> (X, Y) <CONTROL><SUMMARYXHELPXRETURN>
The check routine is intended to provide access to data such as well locations and discharges,
aquifer thickness and hydraulic conductivity. It also provides a means to check that the solution
meets the conditions specified at the control points. It is important to note that errors caused by
loss of significant digits can always lead to a solution that is inaccurate at certain control points.
Check gives access to data in each of the modules, all of which have individual check routines and
relevant help screens via the <HELP> command.
The following commands give access to modules:
<REFERENCE><AQUIFER><GIVEN><WELL><LINESiNK>
Each of the modules has a command <CONTROL> which displays the conditions at the control
points along with the computed values. For example, the command <REFERENCE> followed by
the command <CONTROL> displays the coordinates at the reference point, the value of the head
specified, and the value of the head computed.
88
</pre><hr><pre>
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The RANGE command, common to nearly all of the check routines, is explained here. This
command sets the type and range of elements to which all subsequent data refers.
The range command words are:
<RANGE>(TYPE,NR1 )[NR2]
TYPE is a word signifying the type of element to be considered (the
types are for WELL: GIVEN, HEAD, or TIME; for LINESINK:
GIVEN or HEAD). The value NR1 is the starting number of the
element to be considered (this number is determined by the
sequence in which the elements of TYPE were entered).
For example, if 10 wells are entered as type=GIVEN, the
command:
RANGE GIVEN 4,8
specifies that subsequent data should pertain to the wells entered as
4,5,6,7, and 8. If NR2 is omitted, the default is to set NR2 equal to
NR1.
Other command words are:
<CONTROL>
Display the conditions at the control points for each of the modules.
In general, the numbers in the last two or three columns should be
identical. Differences in these values indicate inaccuracies for a
given problem. Module specific information for this command is
available by invoking <HELP> in the appropriate module.
<HEAD>(X,Y)[MEASURED HEAD]
Display the head computed at point (X,Y). If an optional value for
MEASURED HEAD is entered, the program will also display the
measured head and the difference between the measured and
computed heads. This command is useful for comparing observed
and predicted heads at observation points. An input file with this
command, followed the X,Y location and the associated measured
head is recommended for model calibration. The input file is
subsequently read using the command <INPUT> in the module
SWITCH.
<OMEGA>(X,Y)
Display the complex potential, i.e. the value of the potential and the
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</pre><hr><pre>
-------
value of the stream function, at point (X,Y).
<DISCHARGE>(X,Y) [DELTA]
Display the components Qx and Qy of the discharge vector (units
of LA2/T) for a point (X,Y). If the optional DELTA is entered,
numerical differentiations are performed over an interval DELTA
in the x and y directions. The numerically computed discharge
components are displayed below those obtained analytically.
<TIME>[TIME]
Display the program time in user units and the value of the time
factor TFAC. Entering the optional parameter TIME will cause the
time to be set to TIME.
<SUMMARY>
Display general information about all of the modules, including the
current and maximum numbers of specific elements. Press the
ENTER key after the summary of each module has been displayed,
in order to display the next summary.
GRID
The grid module can be executed from the main command line.
\\\ Module=MAIN MENU Level=0 Routine=INPUT ///
ENTER COMMAND WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM ANY MENU
<AQUIFER> <WINDOW>[(XI,Y1,X2,Y2)/<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>] <HELP>
<GIVEN> <MAP> <SWITCH>[FILE]
<REFERENCE> <LAYOUT> <SAVE>
<WELL> <GRID>(NUMBER OF POINTS) <READ>
<LINESINK> <PLOT> <PAUSE>
<SOLVE> <TRACE> <RESET>
<CHECK> <CURSOR> <PSET>
<STOP>
grid <Enter>
\\\ Module=GRID Level=l Routine=INPUT
<TITLEXHEADXPOTENTIALXPSIXLEAKAGEXSURFACEXBOTTOMXGRID>(NX)
<WINDOW> [XI, Yl, X2 , Y2 ] <HELPXWRITEXSWRITEXRETURN>
This module will set the function to be gridded before contouring.
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</pre><hr><pre>
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The command words are:
<HEAD>
Set the piezometric head as the function to be used for future GRID
commands.
<POTENTIAL>
Set the potential as the function to be used for future GRID
commands.
<PSI>
Set the stream function as the function to be used for future GRID
commands.
Note that the contours of the stream function may show branch cuts
generated by features that remove water from the aquifer.
The routine will issue a warning if the window has not been set.
<SURFACE>
Set the phreatic surface as the function to be used for future GRID
commands.
<BOTTOM>
Set the aquifer bottom as the function to be used for future GRID.
<WINDOW>(X1 ,Y1 ,X2,Y2)
Set the window boundary, where X1,Y1 are the coordinates of the
lower left corner and X2,Y2 those of the upper right corner.
<GRID>(NUMBER OF INCREMENTS)
Set the number of increments in the X direction of the grid to be
contoured.
<TITLE>
Use this command to specify a title of your problem. The program
will prompt you to enter a title of less than 17 characters, or to press
ENTER to display the current title.
<WRITE>
Use this command to have the program write the grid information
to a file in the form: x,y,item, where item is whatever has been
gridded the last time. This file can then be used later in a contouring
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</pre><hr><pre>
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package, or other program for display. The program will prompt for
the name of the file to be written to.
<RETURN>
Returns control to main menu.
PLOT
The plot module is entered AFTER a grid has been generated in the GRID module. In the plot
module contours are generated based on the grid data.
\\\ Module=MAIN MENU Level=0 Routine=INPUT ///
ENTER COMMAND WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM ANY MENU
<AQUIFER> <WINDOW>[(XI,Yl,X2,Y2)/<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>] <HELP>
<GIVEN> <MAP> <SWITCH>[FILE]
<REFERENCE> <LAYOUT> <SAVE>
<WELL> <GRID>(NUMBER OF POINTS) <READ>
<LINESINK> <PLOT> <PAUSE>
<SOLVE> <TRACE> <RESET>
<CHECK> <CURSOR> <PSET>
<STOP>
plot <Enter>
TRACE
\\\ Module=MAIN MENU Level=0 Routine=INPUT ///
ENTER COMMAND WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM ANY MENU
<AQUIFER> <WINDOW>[ (XI, Y1,X2, Y2) /<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>] <HELP>
<GIVEN> <MAP> <SWITCH> [FILE]
<REFERENCE> <LAYOUT> <SAVE>
<WELL> <GRID> (NUMBER OF POINTS) <READ>
<LINESINK> <PLOT> <PAUSE>
<SOLVE> <TRACE> <RESET>
<CHECK> <CURSOR> <PSET>
<STOP>
trace <Enter>
\\\ Module=TRACE; Level=l Routine=INPDT
<WINDOW> [ (XI, Yl, X2 , Y2 ) /<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>] <TOL> [TOLERANCE] <CURSOR> (<ON>/<OFF>)
<SWITCHXSET><PLOT><LAYOUT><CAPZONEXHELP><RETURN>
This module allows tracing of pathlines and it allows access to the capture zone module.
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The command words are:
<SWITCH>
Set device for numerical output. If OUTPUT=CON, then numerical
data will be printed on graphics screen.
<SET>
Provide access to the routine for setting tracing parameters.
<TIME>[TIME]
Set the time, given in user units, to TIME. Entering the command
without argument will cause the current time to be displayed both
in user and program units. Note that TIME must be positive.
<LAYOUT>
Layout all elements prior to the appearance of the cursor.
<PLOT>
Layout all elements and draw contour plots prior to the appearance
of the cursor.
<CAPZONE>
Allow capture zones to be created.
<CURSOR>(<ON>/<OFF>)
When entering the portion of the program for input of starting
points of pathlines with CURSOR ON, coordinates will be entered
using the cursor. If the CURSOR is OFF, coordinates must be
entered by typing in values. These values must then precede the
command word. You would set CURSOR OFF, for example, if it
is desired to produce the graphical output on the plotter (specified
by entering the commands: PSET and PLOTTER). This facility
also makes it possible to start pathlines at points with specified
coordinates, either typed in or read from a file, using the SWITCH
facility.
<WINDOW>[(X1 ,Y1 ,X2,Y2)/<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>]
Sets the window. Typing WINDOW ALL will change the window
size to be large enough to include all elements in the model.
Specifying WINDOW PUSH will save the window setting to a
stack in memory. Specifying the WINDOW POP command will
retrieve the window settings that were saved via the PUSH option,
in the order in which the window settings were saved. Typing
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<TOLERANCE>[TOL]
<SAVE>
<READ>
<PSET>
<SWITCH>
<RETURN>
WINDOW without any arguments will display the current window
settings.
Sets the tolerance. Entering the command without argument will
cause the current value to be displayed. The default value is
automatically scaled to the current window.
Will save a plan view of pathlines on a file. The program will
prompt for a filename. If this command is not given, then upon
entering the routine TRACE, any plot of pathlines produced will be
saved on a file with the name CZDFLT.PTH. Because the tracing
routine uses the same memory locations as those reserved for
storing grids, the current grid will be saved upon entering trace
under the filename SLDFLT.GRD.
Will read a plan view of pathlines and produce the plot when either
the command PLOT or the command LAYOUT is entered. The
program prompts for a filename (which may be CZDFLT.PTH)
CAUTION: This will occur, for example, if the program attempts
to read a grid file for a pathline plot.
To help avoid this, it is suggested that the files be given easily
distinguishable extensions, such as GRD, and PTH.
+ 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 4-H- I II I + 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ++++
Provides access to the routine for setting plot options.
Provides access to the routine for re-directing I/O.
Return to the main menu.
CURSOR ACTIVITY
Entering one of the commands PLOT, LAYOUT, or START, will cause the cursor to appear on
the graphics screen. Once the cursor appears, move it to the desired position and enter any one of
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the commands listed below. Appearance of the cursor may be suppressed, while retaining the
graphics capabilities of the TRACE module. This is done by entering the command CURSOR OFF
from the main TRACE INPUT menu. In this case, enter manually a pair of coordinates before
giving the appropriate command.
<BASE>
<SURFACE>
<POTENTIAL>
<COORDINATES>
<WLL>
<TRACE>[ELEV]
<TOLERANCE>
Print the base elevation.
Print the aquifer upper boundary elevation. For unconfined flow,
this boundary is the phreatic surface elevation; for confined flow it
is the elevation of the confining layer.
Print the values of both the potential and the stream function.
Print coordinates of cursor location.
Record set of coordinates for lower left corner of the new
WINDOW. Move the cursor to the upper right corner of the
window and press enter. The screen will be cleared and the new
WINDOW will be activated.
Start tracing of pathline, beginning at cursor location at elevation
ELEV. If ELEV is omitted, the pathline starts at either aquifer top
or phreatic surface.
Set the tolerance. Entering this command followed by moving the
cursor will cause a temporary line to be drawn from the position of
the cursor at the time the command was given to the current cursor
position. Pressing the enter key will cause the tolerance to be stored
as the length of the displayed line. This value will be displayed on
the screen. If you press ENTER without moving the cursor, the
current tolerance will be displayed. Note that the value set for the
tolerance using the cursor is temporary; it is valid only while in
cursor mode. To re-set the tolerance permanently, enter the value
after issuing the command MENU.
<WGENERATE>(# LINES)[ELEV]
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Generate pathlines starting at the radius of the well at which the
cursor is located. The pathlines will be generated by backwards
tracing at equally spaced intervals around the well. The elevation
at which the pathlines are started may be specified, otherwise the
pathlines will be started at the bottom of the aquifer.
<BACKWARD>(<ON>/<OFF>)
Enables or disables backward tracing. Once set, backward tracing
will remain into effect until disabled by this command. Note that
the clock will run backward while backward tracing occurs.
<COMMAND>
Causes the command line to be displayed on the screen.
<MENU>
Terminate cursor activity while remaining in the module.
<RETURN>
Returns control to main menu.
CAPZONE in <TRACE>
\\\ Module=CAPTURE ZONE; Level=l Routine=INPUT ///
<COORDINATEXBASEXSURFACEXWINDOW> [ (XI, Yl, X2 , Y2 ) /<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>] <WLL>
<SUBZONEXTIMEZONEXSOURCEXNLINE> (LINES) <PAGEXHELPXCOMMANDXRETURN>
<FRONT>[<ON>[VELOCITY FACTOR]/<OFF>]<WGENERATE>(# LINES)<COLOR>[COLOR1] [2] [3]
<BSAVEXBREAD>{TO BACKSPACE, PRESS < }
This module allows the creation of capture zones. There are two different types of capture zones
which may be created: subzones and time zones.
Subzones are capture zones which delineate the source of all water which enters a well. The
capture zone envelope is drawn for this diagram to show what water will enter the well. Dividing
streamlines are also drawn from the well to the capture zone envelope to show how much of the
water comes from different sources.
Time zones are capture zones which delineate how long it takes the water to reach the well.
Contours are drawn which indicate how long it will take water from different locations in the
aquifer to flow to the well. The capture zone envelope is drawn for this diagram and it is also
equal to the time zone for very large times. The dividing streamlines are not drawn in this
diagram; however, if it is required, then both time zones and subzones may be drawn for the same
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well.
The capture zones are created by moving the cursor close to any discharge well and then typing
in either SUBZONE or TIMEZONE.
The capture zone routines use a set of internal buffers to create the various capture zone diagrams.
These buffers are set large enough to handle all practical cases. If the buffers are filled during the
creation of capture zones, messages will be displayed to suggest how the capture zones may be
created. The.following variables may be changed in order to create the capture zones properly:
- the minimum step, maximum step, and neighborhood in the tracing module,
- the window size,
- the number of time zones being created,
- the initial number of pathlines used to define the capture zones (NLINE).
The command words are:
<SUBZONE>
Create subzones for the well at which the cursor resides.
<TIMEZONE>
Create time zones for the well at which the cursor resides. The user
will be queried for the following information:
ENTER <MINIMUM TIME>[TIME STEP][MAXIMUM TIME], OR
<R>EDRAW LAST TIME ZONES, OR <D>EFAULT TIME ZONES, OR<E>XIT
MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM TIMES FOR CAPTURE ZONE: (min time) (max time)
Specify the times for which time zones are to be created. Entering 'R' will redraw the last time
zones that were created. The minimum and maximum time it takes to reach the boundary of the
time zone is also displayed as an indication of what times to enter.
<SOURCE>
Display the percentage of water going to the well from all the
different subzone sources for the last well at which subzones were
calculated. The subzones are displayed in the counter-clockwise
direction, starting with the first subzone which begins at an angle
greater than zero degrees.
<NLINE>(LINES)
Specify the initial number of pathlines used to define the capture
zones. There must be enough pathlines specified so that water from
two different sources will not both flow between any two adjacent
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pathlines. The default number of lines is adequate for most cases.
<COORDINATES>
<BASE>
<SURFACE>
<WINDOW>[(X1 ,
<WLL>
<SWITCH>
<PAGE>
<COMMAND>
<HELP>
<RETURN>
Print coordinates of cursor location.
Print the elevation of the base of the aquifer at the cursor location.
Print the surface elevation at the cursor location.
I ,X2, Y2)/<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>]
Change the' window size. When the window size is changed, the
capture zones which were in the previous window are redisplayed.
Typing WINDOW ALL will change the window size to be large
enough to include all elements in the model. Specifying WINDOW
PUSH will save the window setting to a stack in memory.
Specifying the WINDOW POP command will retrieve the window
settings that were saved via the PUSH option, in the order in which
the window settings were saved. Typing WINDOW without any
arguments will display the current window settings.
Change the window size by specifying the new window coordinates
via the cursor. This command records the set of coordinates for
lower left corner of the new WINDOW. Move the cursor to the
upper right corner of the new window and press enter. Note that
this command is not allowed when CURSOR is OFF.
Allows access to the switch routines.
Clear the screen and layout the elements. This command erases the
BSAVE or BREAD file which was currently being used.
Causes the command line to be redisplayed.
Causes this help file to be displayed.
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Returns control to the tracing routines.
<FRONT>[<ON>[VELOCITYFACTOR]/<OFF>]
Specify whether to create timezones for the mean velocity of the
contaminant, or for the front of the contaminant. Specifying <OFF>
will create timezones for the mean travel time of the contaminant.
Specifying <ON> along with the VELOCITY FACTOR will create
timezones for the front of the contaminant using the specified
velocity factor. The velocity factor specifies how much faster the
front of the contaminant is traveling than the mean travel time; e.g.
specifying a VELOCITY FACTOR of 2.0 will mean that the front
of the contaminant travels twice as fast as the average ground-water
flow. Note that pathlines in the tracing module are created using
these velocities also.
<WGENERATE>(# LINE)
Generate pathlines which go backwards in time and start at the
radius of the well at which the cursor is located. The pathlines will
be generated by tracing backwards at equally spaced intervals
around the well at the bottom of the aquifer.
<COLOR>[COLOR1][2][3]
Specify the color numbers for the different line types:
- COLOR1 is the color of the subzone dividing streamlines
- COLOR2 is the color of the timezones
- COLORS is the color of the subzone outer envelopes
<BSAVE>(FILE)
Specify a file to which all subsequent capture zone boundaries will
be saved. This file will be closed when any of the following occurs:
a new file is specified to save capture zones, a capture zone file is
read in via the BREAD command, the PAGE command is specified,
or the RETURN command is specified. The default file to which
capture zones are saved is CZDFLT.CZ.
<BREAD>(FILE)
Read and plot the capture zone boundaries which were previously
saved to a file via the BSAVE command.
<CSAVE>(FILE)
Specify a file to which capture zone buffers will be saved. This
command will save all internal buffers which are used by this
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<CREAD>(FILE)
capture zone program to create capture zones. The buffers will only
be saved for the last well for which capture zones were created,
prior to issuing the CSAVE command. This command is to be used
in conjunction with the CREAD command to redraw capture zones
without having to recalculate the capture zone buffers.
Read the capture zone buffers for a well that was previously saved
via the CSAVE command. After reading these buffers, capture
zones may be redrawn for the well.
Note: If any changes to the model of the aquifer was made between
when the capture zone buffers were saved via CSAVE and when
they were read via CREAD, then the capture zones will not be an
accurate representation of the true capture zones for the aquifer.
The subzones and time zones should be recalculated whenever
changes are made to the model of the aquifer. Likewise, the buffers
were created for a particular window, and hence the window setting
which is used during the CREAD command must be the same
window setting which was used during the CSAVE command.
Note: The capture zone buffers which are read via the CREAD
command were created using either the mean velocity of
ground-water or using the front velocity of the contaminant.
Therefore, when buffers are read via the CREAD command, the
variables specified by the FRONT command will also be changed
to correspond to the values which were used when the capture zone
buffers were created.
NOTE1:
The time zone and subzone capture zone routines all use the same buffers, and these buffers are
filled for the well whose capture zone is currently being drawn. Therefore, it is faster to create all
subzone and time zone contours for the given well before creating capture zones for the next well.
NOTE2:
If the buffers are getting full while creating time zones, then try creating just one time zone instead
of multiple time zones at once. Changing the window size may also result in being able to create
time zones more efficiently. Typing in the PAGE command or creating a capture zone at a new
well will clear the internal buffers so that new time zones may be created at the well.
NOTES:
When a capture zone file is read via the BREAD command, the file remains open and any further
capture zones which are created will also be saved in the same file.
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NOTE4:
Calling the PAGE command will erase the capture zone file that is currently being filled.
NOTES:
The window size is not saved in the capture zone file. When the file is read it uses the current
window size.
NOTE6:
The layout of the elements is not saved in the capture zone files.
NOTE7:
The capture zones will not be created correctly if there is a stagnation point too close to the well.
If the capture zone doesn't look correct, then the WGENERATE command may be used to get an
approximate idea of where the stagnation points should be for the well. If the stagnation point is
too close to the well, then either the window size may be changed or the tracing maximum step size
may be changed to correctly create the subzones.
CURSOR
\\\ Module=MAIN MENU Level=0 Routine=INPUT ///
ENTER COMMAND WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM ANY MENU
<AQUIFER> <WINDOW>[(XI,Y1,X2,Y2)/<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>] <HELP>
<GIVEN> <MAP> <SWITCH>[FILE]
<REFERENCE> <LAYOUT> <SAVE>
<WELL> <GRID>(NUMBER OF POINTS) <READ>
<LINESINK> <PLOT> <PAUSE>
<SOLVE> <TRACE> <RESET>
<CHECK> <CURSOR> <PSET>
<STOP>
cur <Enter>
\\\ Module=CURSOR Level=l Routine=INPUT ///
<TOLERANCE> (TOL) <SWITCH><PLOTXLAYOUTXHELP><RETURN>
This module allows access to cursor activity.
The command words are:
<SWITCH>
Allow setting device for numerical OUTPUT. If OUTPUT=CON,
then numerical data will be printed on graphics screen
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<LAYOUT>
Display the layout prior to appearance of the cursor.
<PLO1>
Display both the layout and contour plots prior to the appearance of
the cursor.
<PAGE>
Clear both the text and graphics screens.
<START>
Will cause the cursor to be displayed.
<TOL>(TOL)
Set the tolerance for subsequent MOVE commands (see below) to
TOL.
<RETURN>
Return to the main menu.
Once in cursor mode, enter any of the following commands.
<HEAD>
Print the head.
<POTENTIAL>
Print both the potential and stream function. (Stream function has
meaning only if the infiltration rate at position of cursor is zero).
<DISCHARGE>
Print the two components of the discharge.
<COORDINATES>
Print coordinates of the cursor location. A line is drawn from the
previous point to the current point. You may prevent this line from
being drawn by pressing enter twice. You should do this prior to
entering any other command.
<WINDOW>[(X1 ,Y1 ,X2,Y2)/<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>]
Change the window size. When the window size is changed, the
capture zones which were in the previous window are redisplayed.
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<WLL>
<MENU>
<TOLERANCE>
<SIZE>
<NDISCHARGE>
Typing WINDOW ALL will change the window size to be large
enough to include all elements in the model. Specifying WINDOW
PUSH will save the window setting to a stack in memory.
Specifying the WINDOW POP command will retrieve the window
settings that were saved via the
PUSH option, in the order in which the window settings were
saved. Typing WINDOW without any arguments will display the
current window settings.
Record set of coordinates for lower left corner of the new window.
Move the cursor to the upper right corner of the window and press
enter. You may abandon by entering any key other than enter; the
cursor will then reappear ready for the next command. The screen
will be cleared and the new window will be activated.
Exit from graphics mode; return to main cursor menu.
Set the tolerance for MOVE commands; e.g., commands that will
allow the user to modify endpoints of line-sinks. Entering this
command followed by moving the cursor will cause a temporary
line to be drawn from the position of the cursor at the time the
command was given to the current cursor position. Pressing the
enter key will cause the tolerance to be stored as the length of the
displayed line. This value will be displayed on the screen. If you
press ENTER without moving the cursor, the current tolerance will
be displayed.
Set the maximum size for the display of discharge vectors to the
distance between the previous cursor location and the current one.
Make it possible to plot the discharge normal to any given line. The
discharge is computed at the midpoint of the line between the
current cursor location and the next one, defined by entering a
carriage return. A rubberband line is displayed if the command is
entered properly. Discharge in this context is the component of the
discharge vector normal to the line. Points and discharges up to a
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maximum of 50 are recorded. Plotting is deferred until the
command ENDISCHARGE is given. A scale factor is then
computed such that the largest vector is equal to SIZE. Both
tangential and normal components of the discharge vector are
recorded on the OUTPUT device, as well as the coordinates of the
points in question and the scale factor. The normal component of
discharge is taken positive if pointing to the left with respect to an
arrow pointing from the first to the second point entered.
<ENDISCHARGE>
Terminate the entry of points for plotting normal components of
discharge.
discharge.
<LSMOVE>[STRENGTH]
Make it possible to change the locations of endpoints of linesinks,
and to change their strength. Move the cursor within a distance of
TOL from an endpoint, then move the cursor to the desired location
and press ENTER. If you don't move the cursor, the current
linesink attributes will be displayed. You may change the strength
of the linesink by entering the strength as an optional parameter. If
you move the cursor, a line will appear connecting the old and new
locations of the endpoint. To facilitate updating of input files, both
the old and new locations of the endpoint as well as the linesink
number (according to its position in the input file) are printed on the
OUTPUT device. It is recommended to echo OUTPUT to a file by
the use of the SWITCH command.
<WLMOVE> [DISCHARGE]
Use this command to move wells. It works in the same way as
LSMOVE above.
<MARK>
<RETURN>
Mark a point on the screen with a marker; this marker is temporary
and will not appear on subsequent plots.
Return to the main menu.
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PSET
\\\ Module=MAIN MENU Level=0 Routine=INPUT ///
ENTER COMMAND WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM ANY MENU
<AQUIFER> <WINDOW>[(X1,Y1,X2,Y2)/<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>] <HELP>
<GIVEN> <MAP> <SWITCH>[FILE]
<REFERENCE> <LAYOUT> <SAVE>
<WELL> <GRID>(NUMBER OF POINTS) <READ>
<LINESINK> <PLOT> <PAUSE>
<SOLVE> <TRACE> <RESET>
<CHECK> <CURSOR> <PSET>
<STOP>
pset <Enter>
\\\ ROUTINE SET PLOT MODE ///
<PRINTERXSCREEN><DRIVERXPALETTE> (NUMBER) <MOUSE> (<ON>/<OFF>) <HELP><RETURN>
This module will set the program for various types of hardware
configurations.
<PALETTE>(CODE)
<PRINTER>
<SCREEN>
<DRIVER>
<RETURN>
Selects one out of 4 color palettes; CODE may be 1,2,3, or 4.
Causes all subsequent plots to be sent to the printer. Note that the
resolution on most printers will be much higher for plots generated
in this way than by using screen dumps.
Causes all subsequent plots to be sent to the screen.
Please see read.me file.
Transfers control back to main program unit.
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STOP
\\\ Module=MAIN MENU Level=0 Routine=INPUT ///
ENTER COMMAND WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM ANY MENU
<AQUIFER> <WINDOW>[(XI,Yl,X2,Y2}/<ALL>/<PUSH>/<POP>] <HELP>
<GIVEN> <MAP> <SWITCH>[FILE]
<REFERENCE> <LAYOUT> <SAVE>
<WELL> <GRID>(NUMBER OF POINTS) <READ>
<LINESINK> <PLOT> <PAUSE>
<SOLVE> <TRACE> <RESET>
<CHECK> <CURSOR> <PSET>
<STOP>
stop <Enter>
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APPENDIX C. TABLET CONFIGURATION GUIDE
This appendix contains a description of the digitizing tablet driver provided as part of GAEP and
details about configuration. A description of the program TABTEST, a tool for testing digitizer
installation is included. A number of digitizers have been tested with GAEP. The configurations
for those tablets are also included here.
Introduction
This document describes the configuration procedure for the program GAEP (as implemented for
the W/zAEM product). It also describes the configuration of the digitizer driver, the devices
supported, and gives setup instructions for several digitizers. It is intended that this manual will
be expanded as additional digitizers are tested with GAEP.
Installation of GAEP
GAEP installation was performed as part of the install procedure for the W/zAEM product. A
default GAEP configuration based upon no digitizer being connected to the system was installed.
If you have not yet installed GAEP, refer to the installation information in the W/zAEM
documentation. This manual presumes that you have already installed GAEP on your system.
Digitizer Configuration
The tablet driver included as part of the W/zAEM product supports four common digitizing tablet
protocols:
Formatted ASCII protocol (digitizer writes digitizer inches)
SummaGraphics MM ASCII protocol
SummaGraphics MM Binary protocol
SummaGraphics Bit Pad Plus protocol
It is expected that one or more of these protocols will work with nearly any digitizer on the market.
Both binary mode and ASCII mode protocols are available. A support program, TABTEST, is
provided to assist with digitizer configuration and testing. It is easy to configure GAEP for any
of the protocols by modifying the \WHAEM\TABSETUP.BAT file. Protocol selection for GAEP
is done by setting the environment variable TABLET and appropriately setting the port parameters
in the \WHAEM\TABSETUP.BAT batch file. For example,
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SET TABLET=ASCII COM1 12124
MODECOM1:9600,E,7,2
will select a formatted ASCII mode tablet connected to port COM1 at 9600 bps, even parity, 7 data
bits and 2 stop bits. The tablet is 12" x 12" and has a 4-button puck. TABTEST will modify the
file TABSETUP.BAT once digitizer configuration is complete. The following several pages
document the available protocols.
How Do I Configure My Digitizer for GAEP?
General
Digitizer configuration can be a difficult and frustrating process. GAEP uses a digitizer driver
which was written particularly for its use. As part of the digitizer driver, a support program
(TABTEST) is provided which may be used to ensure that the digitizer and the software are
communicating properly.
This section outlines the basic steps which the user needs to execute to configure the GAEP
digitizer driver for a particular digitizer.
Note:
If your system does not have a digitizer, you may wish to configure GAEP to use a Microsoft (or compatible) mouse
or to request direct keyboard entry of coordinates. The digitizer driver supports these also; no hardware testing is
required. See the appropriate protocol discussion in the "Digitizer Protocols" section of this appendix. TABTEST does
not test these protocols.
Step-By-Step
To configure and test your digitizer with the GAEP digitizer driver, the following step- by-step
process should be performed. Detailed discussions of the options are to be found in the "Digitizer
Protocols," "Program TABTEST" and "Tested Configurations" sections of this appendix.
If necessary, unpack and install your digitizer and cable it to your computer. Place the
digitizer puck on the active digitizing surface.
Locate your digitizer's reference manual and have it handy before beginning the
configuration process.
Examine your digitizer manual and the "Digitizer Protocols" section of this appendix.
Select a protocol to be used. Our experience has shown that the ASCII protocols are easier
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to test, because the tablet transmits readable characters. In some cases, however, only
binary protocols are available. If you have a SummaGraphics Bit Pad Plus, only the Bit
Pad Plus protocol may be used.
Select a transmission baud rate, parity and character format for serial communications.
Recommended settings are:
ASCII Protocols: 9600 bps, even parity, 7 data bits, 2 stop bits
Binary Protocols: 9600 bps, no parity, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit
Configure your digitizer for the desired protocol. This will require that you follow the
instructions in your digitizer manual carefully. This may include setting of hardware
switches in your digitizer or running a DOS-based configuration program, or both.
Note: Software-based digitizer configuration
Depending on your digitizer model, you may need to run a program from DOS to set up the digitizer protocol. Be
aware that many applications which use your digitizer may transmit configuration information prior to their execution.
If a DOS command is needed to configure your digitizer, you will need to manually modify the file TABSETUP.BAT
in the WhAEM installation directory to execute the proper configuration command, once the digitizer communications
have been tested.
Note: Tested Digitizers
Some digitizers have already been fully tested with GAEP. Check the "Tested Configurations" section of this
appendix to see if your digitizer has been previously tested.
Once the digitizer has been configured, run the program TABTEST to test the
communications with the digitizer. Set the TABTEST driver, port (COM1 or COM2) and
the communications settings (baud rate, etc.), then use the <F2> "CommTest" command
(see the "Program TABTEST" section of this appendix for details).
Once the communications test is successful, use TABTEST's <F3> "DriverTest" command
to ensure that the digitizer driver is working and that puck coordinates are being read in
inches from the lower left corner of the digitizer (see the "Program TABTEST" section of
this appendix for details).
Once all of the tests are complete, use the <ESC> command to leave TABTEST, and tell
TABTEST to write the current settings to TABSETUP.BAT in the \WHAEM installation
directory.
If your digitizer required the execution of a DOS program to set up the digitizer
configuration, you will now need to modify the TABSETUP.BAT file in your \WHAEM
installation directory to include the command(s) required to configure the digitizer. Place
the configuration commands at the beginning ofTABSETUP.BAT. The TABSETUP.BAT
file is run automatically prior to each execution of GAEP.
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Digitizer Protocols
The following section of this appendix contains a technical description of the protocols supported
by GAEP. Four digitizer protocols, plus the use of a Microsoft (or compatible) mouse or direct
keyboard entry are supported.
Formatted ASCII Protocol
This is the favored protocol, when possible. The digitizer transmits the puck coordinates directly
as a formatted string, in inches from the lower left comer of the tablet. This protocol is the easiest
to debug in most cases. (CalComp digitizers usually refer to this protocol as mode 8.)
To configure the formatted ASCII driver, the TABLET environmental variable should be set as
follows:
SET TABLET=ASCII <PORT> <X IN> <Y IN> <# BUTTONS>
where:
<PORT> Is the serial port used. Only COM1 and COM2 are supported.
<XIN> Is the size of the digitizer in the X direction, in inches.
<YIN> Is the size of the digitizer in the Y direction, in inches.
<# BUTTONS> Is the number of buttons on the puck.
The configuration used is described in CalComp 2500 Series User's Manual as follows:
Mode Run - the tablet transmits continuously
Commands Enabled (optional - the driver doesn't use commands)
Transmit rate 50 points per second. Can be set as you like; this setting works well
with the 2500 and an 80386 or 80486 system.
Line feed Disable (required)
Out of proximity Enable (optional)
Margin data Disable (optional)
Resolution 1000 Ipi (optional - may be set as desired)
ASCII Format 8 Required. This format transmits "XXXX.X YYYY.Y CC TO
<CR>", where XXXX.X is the X position in inches, YYYY.Y is
the Y position in inches, CC is a two-character code for the puck
button currently pressed, TO is the digitizer status setting (ignored)
and CR is a carriage return.
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NOTE:
The number of significant digits transmitted is dependent on the digitizer resolution; check your digitizer manual for
details.
Baud rate (optional)
Data bits 7 (required)
Stop bits (optional)
Parity (optional)
Echo Disabled
Handshake Enabled
Cursor buttons Set according to your hardware
Beeper Disabled (GAEP beeps when points are entered)
SummaGraphics MM Binary Protocol
To configure the SummaGraphics MM Binary driver, the TABLET environmental variable should
be set as follows:
SET TABLET=MMBINARY <PORT> <X IN> <Y IN> <#BUTTONS> <LPI>
where:
<PORT> Is the serial port used. Only COM1 and COM2 are supported.
<X IN> Is the size of the digitizer in the X direction, in inches.
<Y IN> Is the size of the digitizer in the Y direction, in inches.
<# BUTTONS> Is the number of buttons on the puck.
<LPI> Is the number of lines per inch on the digitizer.
The configuration used is described in the SummaGraphics MM1812 Technical Reference as
follows (all settings are selected by switches on the tablet, except as noted):
Mode Stream - the tablet transmits continuously. Driver sends the "@"
command to select this mode.
Transmit rate 110 points per second. This setting works well with the MM1812
and an 80386 or 80486 system.
Report format Binary
Resolution 500 Ipi
Baud rate 9600
Data bits 8 (required)
Stop bits 1 (required)
Parity Odd
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SummaGraphics MM ASCII Protocol
To configure the SummaGraphics MM ASCII driver, the TABLET environmental variable should
be set as follows:
SET TABLET=MMASCII <PORT> <X IN> <Y IN> <# BUTTONS> <LPI>
where:
<PORT> Is the serial port used. Only COM1 and COM2 are supported.
<X INCHES> Is the size of the digitizer in the X direction, in inches.
<Y INCHES> Is the size of the digitizer in the Y direction, in inches.
<# BUTTONS> Is the number of buttons on the puck.
<LPI> Is the number of lines per inch on the digitizer.
The configuration used is described in the SummaGraphics MM1812 Technical Reference as
follows (all settings are selected by switches on the tablet, except as noted):
Mode Stream - the tablet transmits continuously. Driver sends the "@"
command to select this mode.
Transmit rate 110 points per second. This setting works well with the MM 1812
and an 80386 or 80486 system.
Report format Binary
Resolution 500 Ipi
Baud rate 9600
Data bits 7
Stop bits 2
Parity Odd (by default)
SummaGraphics Bit Pad Plus Protocol
The Bit Pad Plus uses a different protocol than other SummaGraphics digitizers. It is not
configurable, so simply setting the TABLET environmental variable is sufficient:
SET TABLET=BITPAD <PORT> <X IN> <Y IN> <# BUTTONS> <LPI>
where:
<PORT> Is the serial port used. Only COM 1 and COM2 are supported.
<XIN> Is the size of the digitizer in the X direction, in inches.
<Y IN> Is the size of the digitizer in the Y direction, in inches.
<# BUTTONS> Is the number of buttons on the puck
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<LPI> Is the number of lines per inch (200 on the Bit Pad Plus)
The configuration used is described in the SummaGraphics Bit Pad Plus Technical Reference. No
tablet settings are required.
Baud rate 9600
Data bits 8 (required)
Stop bits 1 (required)
Parity Odd (required)
Microsoft Mouse
GAEP supports the use of the mouse for digitizing in two manners. First is the "Mouse Markup"
mode, which allows the user to add features to an existing map. This mode is available regardless
of the TABLET setting and is selected by commands in GAEP. An alternative use of the mouse
is to use the absolute mouse cursor position as a digitizer, so that the position of the mouse on the
screen can be scaled as you desire. It is anticipated that this has little use in the context of GAEP
and its application is discouraged.
The use of the mouse as a "digitizer" is supported in the digitizer drivers and is documented here
only for completeness.
To use the absolute mouse position for digitizing, the TABLET environmental variable should be
set as follows:
SET TABLET=MOUSE
No options are required.
Note:
You will need to set the digitizer origin in GAEP, just as if you had a digitizer (see GAEP manual).
Keyboard Data Entry (For Systems Without Digitizers)
GAEP supports digital map data entry without the use of a digitizer by making the user's keyboard
into a "digitizer." The user can use a quadruled sheet (8 squares to the inch vellum works quite
well), and trace the features to be digitized onto the sheet, along with geo-referenced origin
locations. When GAEP requests data from the "digitizer," the following message appears on-
screen :
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[KEYBOARD DIGITIZER; Fl - BUTTON 1, F2 - BUTTON 2]
To "digitize," you simply press the Fl key for "tablet button 1" or the F2 key for "tablet button 2."
The digitizer driver will then ask for the coordinates of the point to be entered from your grid
sheet. The default is to enter the data in inches, but you may use any grid coordinates you wish.
To use the keyboard data entry method for digitizing, the TABLET environmental variable should
be set as follows:
SET TABLET=KEYBOARD <MAXIMUM X> <MAXIMUM Y>
where:
<xinches> Is the size of the digitizer in the X direction, in inches.
<yinches> Is the size of the digitizer in the Y direction, in inches.
Note:
If the X and Y are maximum values, the driver defaults to a 20" (X direction) by 24" (Y direction) space, calibrated
in inches. You are not restricted to any particular grid coordinate system for data entry; for example, you might have
a grid sheet calibrated in grids that was 500 grids on the X axis by 400 on the Y axis. To tell the driver this, you can
set the TABLET environmental variable as follows:
SET TABLET=KEYBOARD 500 400
and GAEP will work properly, showing the grid sheet extent while performing data entry.
Note:
You will need to set the digitizer origin in GAEP, just as if you had a digitizer (see GAEP manual).
Program TABTEST
Testing serial communications devices such as digitizers can be time consuming and frustrating
due to a lack of standards and because digitizers usually make no directly visible signals.
TABTEST is designed to facilitate this process by allowing you to experiment with parameter
settings and instantly monitor the effect. The configuration process with TABTEST is subdivided
into three steps:
1. Configure the driver for the communications port (COM1 or COM2), baud rate, parity,
and number of data and stop bits ("Port" and "Baud, Etc." commands).
2. Establish basic communications with the digitizer ("CommTest" command).
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3. Test proper functioning of the digitizer driver ("DriverTest" command).
Fl-Help
F6-Tablet
Tablet:
Port:
Baud:
F2-CommTest
F7-Port
F3-DriverTest
F8-Baud,etc.
(+x.xxx,+y.yyy,bb,s)
FlO-Quit
Formatted ASCII
COM1
9600 Parity: Even Data bits:? Stop bits:2
Current setup lines for TABSETUP.BAT:
MODE: COM1:9600,E,7,2
SET TABLET=ASCII COM1 12 12 4
TABTEST vO.2- Graphics Tablet Setup/Test Program
Copyright (c) 1994 V.A. Kelson
Figure 32 TABTEST Menu
Commands
Help <F1>
Displays a help screen
CommTest <F2>
Tests low-level communications, displaying results one byte at a time.
For ASCII mode drivers (ASCII and MMASCID The tablet response as discussed in the
driver reference (see above) will be printed on the screen, with continuous update. The
user should be able to easily read the puck coordinates and button status. When test is
complete, press <ESC> to return to the TABTEST menu.
For binary mode drivers (MMBINARY and BITPAD) The tablet response will be
displayed as five 2-digit hexadecimal numbers, continuously updated. Since it is not easy
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to read these numbers to ensure they are correct, the user can only look to ensure that they
remain constant when the puck is motionless on the tablet and that they change in a regular
pattern when the puck is moved. When test is complete, press <ESC> to return to the
TABTEST menu.
During the communications test you may need to experiment with different drivers and the
various communications parameters.
Note: Common Blunders
The author has typically made two major blunders at this step in testing, both of which seem trivial. First, make sure
that you select the correct communications port (COMl or COM2), and second, make sure that the digitizer puck is
on the active digitizing surface. The driver uses "RUN" mode to read coordinates, and points are only transmitted by
most digitizers when the puck is on the digitizer.
DriverTest <F3>
Tests the tablet driver. Prints puck location in inches from the lower left corner of the
tablet.
The results of this test are the same for all tablet drivers. The current puck coordinates will
be printed and continuously updated. The values printed should be the x- and y-
coordinates of the puck in inches from the lower left corner of the tablet.
During the use of the driver test, you may need to experiment with the selected protocol
selection and the number of lines per inch (LPI) setting. A common problem is that the test
looks fine, but the number of inches is off by some factor. This usually indicates that the
LPI setting is wrong.
Again, be aware of the "Common Blunders" mentioned above.
Tablet <F6>
Selects the tablet driver. A menu is displayed, showing the digitizer driver choices.
Note:
After the tablet driver choice is made, it is usually necessary to set the port parameters (see below).
Port <F7>
Chooses the serial port (COMl or COM2) where the tablet is connected. A menu of
choices is printed; choose the appropriate port, depending upon your cabling.
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Note:
After the port choice is made, it is usually necessary to set the port parameters (see below).
Baud, etc. <F8>
Sets up the COM port parameters for serial communications with the digitizer. The choices are:
Baud rate: 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600 bps
Parity: Odd, Even or None
Data Bits: 7 or 8
Stop Bits: 1 or 2
Notes:
Binary mode tablet drivers (MMBINARY and BITPAD) MUST use 8 data bits. ASCII mode
drivers (ASCII and MMASCII) usually use 7 data bits.
It is usually best to use the default communication parameters for your tablet; check your
tablet's reference manual for details.
Many digitizer models require the execution of a DOS program which sends command to the
tablet, initializing the protocol, baud rate, etc., prior to use. It is most critical that the user
check the digitizer manual THOROUGHLY and perform any necessary tasks prior to
attempting to use TABTEST.
Quit <ESC>
Exits TABTEST. TheuserispromptedwhetherornottoupdateTABSETUP.BAT. If the
user wishes, the updated settings for the TABLET environmental variable and a DOS
MODE command will be placed in \WHAEM\TABSETUP.BAT for execution at startup
for future GAEP and TABLET runs.
Note:
TABTEST does not retain any of the settings internally after termination. Each TABTEST run starts "from scratch."
In most cases, the user will only run TABTEST once when installing WhAEM , and the tablet will work thereafter.
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Tested Configurations for Various Digitizers
During the development of GAEP, several digitizers have been tested, and their known
configurations are shown here. This information is provided as an example of the way one might
use the system.
Note:
If you have a digitizer not shown here and you are successful in using the device with one of the supported protocols,
it would be much appreciated if you would record the tablet and software configuration information and send it to the
author:
Vic Kelson cc:=> Steve Kraemer
Indiana University USEPA/RSKERL
SPEA Groundwater Modeling Laboratory P.O. Box 1198
PV418 Ada, OK 74820
Bloomington IN 47405 Internet: kraemer@ad3100.ada.epa.gov
Internet: vkelson@ucs.indiana.edu
CalComp2500ri2"xl2";>
Soft switch settings:
Bankl: 00000001
Bank 2: 10110001
Bank 3: 01101000
Bank 4: 00100001
Bank 5: 0 1 1 1 0 0 1" 0
Environmental variable settings:
SET TABLET-ASCII COM1 12 12 4 for COM1: connection
MODECOM1:9600,E,7,2
SET TABLET=ASCII COM2 12 12 4 for COM2: connection
MODE COM2:9600,E,7,2
CalComp 9500 r48"x36"^)
Soft switch settings:
Area l(left to right): 0100000001101000
Area2 (Port A): 001000101010
Area 4 (top to bottom): 001000000001 1000
Environmental variable settings:
SET TABLET^ASCII COM1 48 36 16 for COM1: connection
MODECOM1:9600,E,7,1
SET TABLET=ASCII COM2 46 36 16 for COM2: connection
MODECOM2:9600,E,7,1
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CalComp DrawingBoard II r48"x36")
Soft switch settings (18 switches per bank, 2 banks):
Bank A: 110 001 Oil 100 100 000
BankB: 001 001 010 000 000 000
Environmental variable settings:
SET TABLET=ASCII COM1 48 36 4 for COM1: connection
MODE COM1:9600,E,7,2
SET TABLET=ASCII COM2 48 36 4 for COM2: connection
MODE COM2:9600,E,7,2
It is expected that other DrawingBoard II models will use the same soft switch settings.
Calcomp Estimat (36" x 30'")
Soft Switch Settings
Bank A: 110001011100100000
BankB: 001001010000000000
Environmental variable settings:
SET TABLET=ASCII COM1 36 30 4 for COM1: connection
MODECOM1:9600,E,7,1
SET TABLET=ASCII COM2 36 30 4 for COM2: connection
MODE COM2:9600,E,7,1
SummaGraphics SummaSketch Professional (18"xl2")
DIP Switch Settings (0-off, l=on):
Bankl: 11100000
Bank2: 00000000
Bank3: 00000000
Environmental variable settings:
SET TABLET=MMBINARY COM1 18 12 4 500 for COM1: connection
MODECOM1:9600,O,8,1
SET TABLET=MMBINARY COM2 18124 500 for COM2: connection
MODECOM2:9600,0,8,1
SummaGraphics Bit Pad Plus ri2"xl2ir)
No switch settings required.
Environmental variable settings:
SET TABLET=BITPAD COM1 12 12 4 200 for COM1: connection
MODECOM1:9600,N,8,1 (REQUIRED)
SET TABLET=BITPAD COM2 12 12 4 200 for COM2: connection
MODECOM2:9600,N,8,1 (REQUIRED)
Summagraphics SummaGrid IV (24"x36")
(Model CEM2436). Dip switch settings (0=off, l=on):
Bank A: 10011100
BankB: 10000100
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BankC: 00000010
Environmental variable settings:
SET TABLET=MMBINARY COM1 24 36 4 500 for COM1: connection
MODECOM1:9600,O,8,1
SET TABLET=MMBINARY COM2 24 36 4 500 for COM2: connection
MODE COM2:9600,O,8,1
It is expected that these settings will be the same for other SummaGrid models.
Note:
Before using the SummaGrid, the DOS program supplied with the digitizer must be run to set the appropriate tablet
protocols. Check the tablet manual prior to testing.
Appendix C Bibliography
CalComp Inc. CalComp 2500 Series User's Manual.
Kelson, V. A, H.M. Haitjema, and S.R. Kraemer, GAEP: A Geographic Preprocessor for
Groundwater Flow Modeling, Hydrological Science and Technology, 8(1-4): 74-83,
1993.
Summagraphics Corporation. Bit Pad Plus User's Guide. 1987.
Summagraphics Corporation. MM1812 Data Tablet (MM Format) Technical Reference. 1986.
Appendix C Acknowledgments
This document describes the operation of the GAEP program with a number of different hardware
configuration systems. The GAEP program was developed by Vic Kelson at the SPEA
Groundwater Modeling Laboratory, Indiana University. The author acknowledges Phil DiLavore
for his work on the initial design of GAEP. Thanks also to Jack Wittman of IU and Dr. Stephen
R. Kraemer of the USEPA for assistance and guidance with this work.
CalComp is a trademark of CalComp Inc.
Summagraphics, SummaSketch, MM1812, and Bit Pad Plus are trademarks of Summagraphics
Corporation.
Microsoft and MS-DOS are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation 80386 and 80486 are trademarks
of Intel, Inc.
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