EPA 910/9-82-089d
vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Region 10
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle WA 98101
Air & Waste Management Division February 1984
Wood
Combustion Study
Task 2B
Household Information Survey
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RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION STUDY
TASK 2B
HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION SURVEY
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RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION STUDY
TASK 2B
HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION SURVEY
FINAL REPORT
PREPARED BY:
DEL GREEN ASSOCIATES, INC.
Environmental Technology Division
1535 N. Pacific Highway
Woodburn, Oregon 97071
PREPARED FOR:
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Region X
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
TASK MANAGER
Wayne Grotheer
June, 1982
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THIS REPORT CONSISTS OF SEVERAL DIFFERENT PARTS.
THEY ARE LISTED BELOW FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE.
EPA 910/9-82-089a Residential Wood Combustion Study
Task 1 - Ambient Air Quality Impact
Analysis
EPA 910/9-82-089b Task 1 - Appendices
EPA 910/9-82-089c Task 2A - Current & Projected Air Quality
Impacts
EPA 910/9-82-089d Task 2B - Household Information Survey
EPA 910/9-82-089e Task 3 - Wood Fuel Use Projection
EPA 910/9-82-089f Task 4 - Technical Analysis of Wood Stoves
EPA 910/9-82-089g Task 5 - Emissions Testing of Wood Stoves
Volumes 1 & 2
EPA 910/9-82-089h Task 5 - Emissions Testing of Wood Stoves
Volumes 3 & 4 (Appendices)
EPA 910/9-82-089i Task 6 - Control Strategy Analysis
EPA 910/9-82-089J Task 7 - Indoor Air Quality
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by Region 10, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The assistance of the Washington Energy Extension (Washington
State University) and the Wood Energy Association (Portland) is
gratefully acknowledged by the authors. Their sponsoring of the
household survey was a ncessary part to successfully completing
this project.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
I. Introduction 1
II. Survey Methodology 2
A. Sample Selection 2
B. Response to Survey 3
C. Quality Assurance 3
D. Statistical Analysis 5
III. Survey Results 7
A. Summary by Survey Areas 8
B. Analysis of Data 12
IV. Comparison With Other Recent Surveys 16
Appendix A - Questionnaire
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Portland Survey Area - Area A
Figure 2 Seattle Survey Area - Area B
Figure 3 Spokane Survey Area - Area C
Figure 4 Woodburning Device Usage for All
Households Surveyed
Figure 5 Wood Burned by Type of Woodburning Device
Figure 6 Main Source of Home Heating
Figure 7 Wood Storage Practices - Area A
Figure 8 Wood Storage Practices - Area B
Figure 9 Wood Storage Practices - Area C
page
10
11
13
17
18
19
20
21
22
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Summary of Survey Results 23
Table 2 Survey Results - Section I: Woodburning Stoves 25
Table 3 Survey Results - Wo'od Stoves by Brand 27
Table 4 Survey Results - Section II: Fireplace 31
and Fireplace Inserts
Table 5 Survey Results - Section III: Woodburning 34
Furnaces
Table 6 Survey Results - Section IV: Storage and 35
Use of Firewood
Table 7 Survey Results - Reasons for Anticipated 38
Decrease in Wood Use in 1981-82
Table 8 Survey Results - Reasons for Anticipated 39
Increase in Wood Use in 1981-82
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LIST OF TABLES (Cont.
page
Table 9 Survey Results - Section Va: Plans for 40
Additional Woodburning Units
Table 10 Survey Results - Section Vb: General 42
Household Information
Table 11 Summary of Demographic Information 47
Table 12 Summary of Wood Use by Type of 48
Woodburning Device
Table 13 Annual Wood Use (1980-81) - Significant 50
Relation to Demographic & Wood Use Variables
Table 14 Cross Tabulation of Important Parameter 52
Tables with Chi-square Tests Significant at
Level 0.05 or less
Table 15 Statistical Data on Key Parameters 54
Table 16 Comparison of Portland Survey With 57
Other Recent Surveys
Table 17 Comparison of Seattle Survey With 59
Other Recent Surveys
Table 18 Comparison of Spokane Survey With 60
Other Recent Surveys
v i
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I. INTRODUCTION
Surveys on residential wood combustion practices were conducted in the
metropolitan areas of Portland, Oregon, and Seattle & Spokane, Washington in
the Spring of 1981. These surveys were part of a larger project investigating
various aspects of the air pollution impact associated with increasing
residential wood burning in the Pacific Northwest. The two major goals
were to gather specific data on woodburning activities during February
1981, as well as to gather general data on woodburning practices.
The interest in woodburning activity during February was because tem-
porary air monitoring stations were operated in the survey areas during
that period. Each survey area was selected to include a one-mile
square area around the air monitoring stations, so that the survey
information could be correlated to the ambient data. The results of
this ambient monitoring study is reported under Task 1 of this project.
The general background information gathered from this survey will be
used as supporting information for predicting wood use trends and for
developing possible control strategies to reduce air pollutants from
the use of woodburning devices (Task 2A and 6 of the project). Basic
demographic information, such as household income and house size, also
was gathered to determine if there is any significant correlation between
these parameters and woodburning practices. Based on this information
and the 1980 census data, the survey results for these small geographic
areas then might be used to help predict city-wide residential woodburning
activities.
The survey results are summarized in this report, with the data
presented in chart form. The survey methodology, the statistical
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analyses performed, and the problems encountered will be discussed.
II. SURVEY METHODOLOGY
The survey was designed and administered by two sponsoring agencies,
the Wood Energy Association (a Portland trade association), and the
Washington Energy Extension (University of Washington). Both groups are
interested in wood use practices in their areas and agreed to participate
in this survey. The sponsoring agencies mailed the surveys in May, 1981
and a week after the mailing, a reminder postcard was sent to all
households that had received the survey. After the complete surveys had
been received by the sponsoring agencies, they were sent to Del Green
Associates, Inc. for processing and analysis.
The questionnaire was pretested to ensure that there were no
significant problems with it. Fifteen questionnaires were hand dis-
tributed in an area near the Spokane survey area in April, 1981. No
major misunderstandings or other problems with the questionnaire were
uncovered.
Sample Selection
Reverse telephone directories for Portland, Seattle, and Spokane
were used to obtain lists of households within the study area. The
target area for the surveys was a one-mile square area surrounding
the monitoring stations. Maps of the cities were used to determine
which streets and address ranges fell within a one-mile square area.
Only residences were included in the lists; all business addresses
were excluded. A few residences located in apartment complexes or
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trailer parks also were eli-minated when a preliminary inspection of
the study area showed no evidence of chimneys.
After the final lists had been prepared, a random selection of
800 households was obtained for each of the three cities; the surveys
were mailed to these households.
Response to Survey
The proportion of the sample returning surveys varied for the
three cities. The rate was highest in Spokane where 58 pecent of
the sample responded to the survey. The lowest response rate was
obtained for Portland at 36 percent, while in Seattle, 48 percent
returned the surveys.
Among the individuals who failed to respond to the survey, were
some who sent back blank surveys, some who wrote reasons for refusal
to answer the survey, and some who were no longer at the address.
Blank surveys were received from three percent of the Portland sample,
four percent of the Seattle sample, and one percent of Spokane.
Surveys returned with the notation that the addressee had moved ranged
from one percent to three percent. Outright refusals were received
from nine individuals in Portland, one in Seattle, and four in Spokane.
Among the reasons for refusal that were given were "none of your
business", "against use of wood", "don't use wood", and "not appli-
cable". None of these surveys were considered respondents.
Qua!ity Assurance
Prior to coding, each questionnaire was edited for consistency
and obvious errors or misunderstandings by the respondents. Errors were
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corrected where possible. In those cases where there was an obvious
discrepancy but the correct answer could not be determined, the data was
left as received from the respondents. Some minor additional editing
occurred when the data was recorded for various statistical analyses.
In processing the surveys, codes were assigned to all responses
to the questions; the codes were then recorded on specially prepared
computer coding forms, one coding form for each survey. The accuracy
of the coding then was checked by coders who had not participated in
the original coding. Every tenth survey was re-coded to verify the
accuracy of coding and transcription.
The number of surveys cheeked in this manner was 126 (out of
a total of 1111 surveys), and these surveys had a total of 11,340
responses (90 responses on each survey). The total number of errors
found was 19 or .2 percent. The 95 percent confidence interval for
number of errors in another 126 surveys has a lower limit of 10.4
errors and an upper limit of 27.5 (The confidence interval was obtained
from tables for the Poisson distribution). This means that if another
126 surveys were randomly chosen, there is a 95% chance that there will
be between 10 and 28 errors on the 11,340 responses (90 responses/
survey).
The next step in processing the data was keypunching onto com-
puter cards. This process was done two times, each time by a different
keypuncher, in order to eliminate any errors. The two cards were compared,
and any differences (indicating a keypunch error) were investigated and
corrected.
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A final quality assurance check was made on the data by a run
on a computer using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
(SPSS). Inspection of these statistics provided another check on the
data by insuring that all responses fell into the proper response range
and categories. One error was discovered during this process. This
error, and all others that had been found, were corrected.
Statistical Analysis
All computer computations were done with the SPSS. Some data
modifications were performed on the data before summary statistics
were obtained. The data modifications included re-coding of data and
construction of new variables used to obtain totals from variables
taken directly from the survey.
Before statistics were computed for number of cords burned in
February, some modifications were made in the data. A number of respon-
dents seemed to have misread the questions concerning wood use in
February. Instead of giving the percentage burned in February of the
annual amount of wood burned (i.e., of all the wood burned in a year
in stove #1, 23% was burned in February), some respondents gave percent
of wood burned in each stove (i.e., of all the wood burned in February,
50% was burned in stove #1). Thus, frequently the sum of percentages
for the three stoves (or three fireplaces) added to 100 percent, imply-
ing wood was only used in February. To correct for this in the data,
responses were treated as missing whenever the percentages for multiple
stoves added to 100 percent.
Summary statistics for the responses to the survey were obtained
separately for each of the three survey areas. Some statistics were
5
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obtained for the total samples in each survey area, while some were
performed on subgroups -- subgroups used included woodburning house-
holds and users of fireplaces, wood stoves, and furnaces. For all
questions requiring quantitative responses, means, standard deviations,
and standard errors were obtained. For items with qualitative
responses, frequencies and proportions of responses were calculated.
A copy of the questionnaire is included in Appendix A.
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III. SURVEY RESULTS
These charts and figures present data for the entire group sur-
veyed in each area and for certain sub-groups, such as those households
using wood burning stoves within the previous 12 months. Because of
the many different potential uses for these data, some parameters
(e.g., average annual wood use per household) are presented for several
different groups (all households, households using any woodburning
device within the last 12 months, households using wood stoves in
February, etc.). Care should be taken by the reader that the correct
group or sub-group is assigned to each data point.
It also should be noted that many of the questions were to be
answered only by some of the people questioned, and that in other cases
not everyone answered questions that they were supposed to answer.
This resulted in many different numbers of respondents ("N" values)
being used to calculate average values. Percentages in the tables
are based on calculations which excluded respondents who omitted ques-
tions they should have answered. For example, in Area A, 86 respon-
dents indicated they had a wood stove, 185 indicated they had no wood
stove, and 17 did not answer the question. Table 1, therefore, records
that 31.7% have wood stoves, which is calculated by excluding the 17
non-answers as follows: 86 X 100% = 86 X 100% = 31.7%.
185+86 271
The attached charts give the numerator (86 in the example), so that
the adjusted total number of respondents (the denominator or "N" value)
can be calculated, if desired.
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Some statistical data for the more important parameters are
included in Table 15. An approximate 95% confidence interval for the
mean can be obtained by multiplying the standard error by 2 and adding
and subtracting this value from the mean* (e.g., for cords of wood
burned in Area A, the first line in the table, a confidence interval,
1.0 r 0.2 would be obtained). These confidence intervals can be
applied only to the population in the small areas sampled and not to
the total populations in the cities. For the other data, some very
rough estimates of the reliance to be placed on the data can be in-
ferred from the number of respondents in the sample. (For example,
50% value is more impressive if it reflects 150 of 300 responses than
if it reflects 1 or 2 responses.)
Finally, in interpreting these results it should be remembered that
the survey areas were only one square mile each within much larger
urban areas. The results cannot readily be assumed to be representative
of the entire city-wide area.
Summary of Survey Areas
All three survey areas were chosen to surround the three tem-
porary ambient monitoring sites, which in turn were chosen because
they were in residential areas with evidence of substantial woodburn-
ing activities. Other considerations for the monitoring sites were
* The factor 2 was obtained by rounding the 1.96 value found in the
table for this level of significance. A more accurate estimate of
the confidence interval could be obtained by multiplying the standard
error by a finite population correlation factor, approximately .9 for
Area A and Area B and .7 for Area C. Since results are only approx-
imate due to deviations from normality, and can be applied only to
small portions of the city, application of the correction factor to
make small reductions in the length of the confidence interval is not
warranted.
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security, available power supply, and meeting EPA criteria for siting
of monitors. The monitoring sites are discussed in more detail in
Appendix 1 of Task 1 - Ambient Air Quality Impact Analysis.
Area A - Portland Metropolitan Area - The Portland survey area
is located in Multnomah County, immediately adjacent to Southeast Portland
but outside the city limits. Figure 1 shows two maps giving the location
of the survey area.
The neighborhood surveyed is a working class area, with an aver-
age annual household income of $18,400 and the predominant occupation
of the head of the household being production. The homes are relatively
old (average age of 36 years) and small (1400 square feet), with single
family residences prevailing. Fireplaces were the most common type of
woodburning devices (36.9% of homes), closely followed by wood stoves
at 31.7%. More than half the wood burned was in wood stoves, however.
Area B - Seattle Metropolitan Area - This survey area is located
in Bellevue, a community four miles due east of Seattle across Lake
Washington. Two maps of the survey area are given in Figure 2.
The average annual household income of those surveyed was $35,000,
indicating an upper middle class neighborhood. The residences were
predominately newer (1962) large (2300 square feet) single family
residences owned by the occupants. Fireplaces were present in 97.1% of
the homes, with wood stoves present in only 13.5%.
Area C - Spokane Metropolitan Area - The Spokane survey area is
located just north and outside the City limits. This community is
characterized by newer (1961), medium sized (1700 square feet) single
family homes. The average annual family income was $27,700, representing
9
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Q.
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FIGURE 2
Area B Map
a -L^U^ >wra,.«J^
fl*" V *l .-/ . R-Ti-' IT 1
-*^-^ ?<£/%$'$>-fr?^, ;\ (.
ISUM
:R«VM
'far*
11
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a middle to upper middle class neighborhood. Figure 3 includes two maps
showing the survey area.
Fireplaces are by far the predominant woodburning device, with 97%
of the households surveyed having one or more. Only 11.7% of the homes
had wood stoves, but 22.8% of the wood used was by wood stoves.
Analysis of Data
Without going into detail, several general statements on wood use
in these three survey areas can be made.
Relatively few households use wood as their primary heat source
(5-14%), but most households now use wood at least as a secondary
source of heat and burn substantial quantities of wood (1.0 to 1.6
cords/year/household).
Based on the respondents' anticipated wood use in the 1981-82
heating season and plans to purchase new woodburning units, it
appears that wood use will continue to increase substantially,
at least in the short-term.
Fifty to seventy percent of the wood burned was chopped by
the homeowner.
A majority of the wood was aged over one-year (about 65%) and
stored under cover (about 75%) prior to burning.
As previously explained, the survey areas were very small (one
square mile each) and were chosen to furnish data to correlate with
the short-term ambient monitoring program, rather than to be represent-
ative of each city. However, an attempt was made to determine from
this survey if there was a relation between certain demographic data and
some of the important wood use parameters surveyed. If wood use could
be shown to be dependent on the age of the head of the household, for
example, then a case could be made for extrapolating these survey results
12
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-s
n>
CD
a> oo
-o
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to the total populations of each city based on 1980 census data for a
given age group.
Wood consumption was broken down by various demographic and wood
usage variables. Summaries of the results are presented in Table 13
for variables for which a significance level of .05 or less was reached
in an analysis of variance test. The only result that was obtained for
all three cities was that those who cut their own firewood burn sig-
nificantly more wood than those who purchase their firewood.
Cross-tabulations were obtained between the demographic variables
and some variables related to wood usage. Table 14 gives these cross-
tabulations for which a significant chi-square level was reached (.05
or less) in a test for independence of the variables in the tables. This
test shows whether or not two variables are related (i.e., does wood usage
depend on the age of the head of the household). No significant associa-
tions between variables were found to hold in all three cities. Past
levels of wood consumption and wood storage location were unrelated to
demographic variables. Expected levels of wood consumption 1981-82 were
associated with one demographic variable, age, in Area A and Area B with
the youngest people (under 35 years old) expecting to increase consumption.
Plans to buy stoves, fireplaces, or inserts were associated with demo-
graphic variables in Area C, but not in Area B. (.Statistics for Area A
were excluded here because too few respondents planned any purchases).
The lack of consistent correlations between cities would indicate
that extreme caution should be used in extrapolating these survey results
to each city or to the Pacific Northwest as a whole. It should be noted
14
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that the areas surveyed were very small and that the statistically
significant correlations found might only apply to the small sections
of each city that was studied in the survey.
15
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IV. COMPARISON WITH OTHER RECENT SURVEYS
Three other recent surveys on wood burning practices are compared
with the results from this survey in several of the attached tables.
These surveys were the Talbott Wong and Associates survey for Portland
(1979), the Bonneville Power Administration survey for the Pacific
Northwest (1980), and the Puget Sound Power and Light Company survey
for their service area in northwest Washington (1980). The results of
tnese survyes are used and discussed in another task of this project
dealing with wood use trends.
Comparing and drawing conclusions from these surveys are diffi-
cult for several reasons. The areas surveyed varied considerably;
this survey covered only one square mile in the three urban areas and
respondents were generally pre-selected for occupants of single family
dwellings; the other surveys covered much larger areas and generally
included rural as well as urban areas, and apartments as well as single
family dwellings. A second difficulty encountered was that relatively
few questions could be specifically compared, either because the same
question was not asked in each survey or they were asked of different
groups (i.e., type of wood used was asked of all respondents in one
study, of those who used devices in February, 1981 in this study). The
time lapse between the surveys also could be significant, as several of
the surveys indicated rapid and large changes in patterns of wood use
occurring in the late 70's and early 80's.
16
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FIGURE 4**
Woodburning Device Usage For All Households Surveyed*
Area A
Area B
No Woodburning
Device (1.35)
Woodburning
Furnace
Area C
No Woodburning
Device (1.3%)
Woodburning
Furnace
(1.3%)
* Percentages do not add up to 100% since some households have more
than ona type of woodburning device.
** See page 8 for description of areas.
17
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FIGURE 5
Wood Burned by Type of Woodburning Device
Area A
Furnacss
(4.2:;;
Area B
Area C
Furnaces
Furnaces
(0.8%)
18
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FIGURE 6
Main Source of Home Heating
Area A
More than
One (0.7%)
,jood and
Others
(5.9%)
Area B
Wood and
Otners
Area C
More than
One (1.8%)
Wood and.
Others >*.
(3.9%)
19
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FIGURE 7
Wood Storage Practices
Area A
Other or
Mu 11 p i e
Answer
Inside Heated
Structure
(4.9%)
Inside,
Unneated
Structure
(13.5
WOOD STORAGE LOCATION
Mixture (2.3%)
TIME BETWEEN CUTTING AND BURNING
20
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FIGURE 8
Wood Storage Practices
Area B
Other or
Multiple
Answer
(3.6'-)
Inside Heated
Structure
(4.2*,)
Inside,
Unneatsd
Structure
(14.2";
WOOD STORAGE LOCATION
More tnan 1 year
(67.9%)
Mixture (1.25
TIME BETWEEN CUTTING AND BURNING
21
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FIGURE 9
Wood Storage Practices
Area C
Inside Heated
Structure
(7.5=4)
Other or
Multiple
Answer
Inside,
Unheated
Structure
(32.5',)
Outside,
Uncovered
(15.9?
Outside,
Covered
(40.1*,)
WOOD STORAGE LOCATION
Mixture (O.SS)
IME BETWEEN CUTTING AND BURNING
22
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TABLE 1 *
Summary of Survey Results
Parameter
Number of households
returning questionnaire
Number of questionnaires
sent out
Total number of households
in survey area (excluding
apartments without
chimneys, and trailer
parks) - based on homes
with listed or unlisted
phones
Households using a wood
burning unit within last
12 months
Households using wood as
a primary source of heat
Households having:
Wood stove
Fireplaces
Woodburning furnace
Any woodburning device
No woodburning device
Estimated total number
of cords of wood burned
in last 12 months (all
households in survey
area)**
Area A
288
800
2082
49.7%
14.2%
31.7%
36.9%
1.6%
58.7%
41.3%
2070 cords/yr
Area B
380
800
1429
84.5%
5.8%
13.5%
97.1%
0.6%
98.7%
1.3%
1450 cords/yr
Area C
443
800
930
79.7%
5.0%
11.7%
97.0%
1.3%
96.6%
3.4%
1470 cords/yr
* See page 8 for description of areas.
** This value was calculated assuming the survey respondents
were representative of the entire survey areas.
23
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TABLE 1 (Cont.
Parameter
% of wood burned in each
type of device
Woodstove
Fireplace
Woodburning furnace
Average wood use per
household (all surveyed)1
Average wood use per
woodburm'ng household
Households planning to
buy woodburm'ng unit
Plans for 1981-82 wood
burning compared to
1980-81 (all households)
More
Same
Less
Area A
56.5%
39.3%
4.2%
1.0 cords/yr
2.0 cords/yr
16.5%
31.9%
59.0%
9.0%
Area B
25.3%
74.6%
«0.1%
1.0 cords/yr
1.2 cords/yr
23.9%
27.8%
60.7%
11.5%
Area C
22.8%
76.5?
0.8%
1.6 cords/yr
1.9 cords/yr
20.4%
27.7%
62.9%
9.3%
"Average" refers in this and all tables to be the arithmetic mean.
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TABLE 2
Survey Results
Section 1*: Woodburning Stoves
Parameter
Homes having one or more
wood burning stoves
For households having
woodstove(s):
Number of wood stoves
1
2
3
Were any wood stoves
used in the last 12
months:
Yes
No
For households using
wood stoves in the
last 12 months:
Wood burned in the
last 12 months:
For households using
wood stoves in
February, 1981:
Days in February
wood stove was used
On days in February
wood stove used, hours
per day wood was
burned
Average Values/Percentages (Number of Respondents)
Area A
31.7%
(86)
94.21
(81)
4.7%
(4)
1.2%
(1)
90.7%
(78)
9.3%
(8)
2.11 cords
(76)
22.6 days
(71)
10.0 hours
(71)
Area B
13.5%
(49)
95.7%
(45)
4.3%
(2)
0%
93.8%
(45)
6.2%
(3)
2.15 cords
(45)
20.0 days
(41)
10.6 hours
(41)
Area C
11 70/
1 1 . / '0
(48)
93.6%
(44)
6.4%
(3)
0%
97 . 9%
(46)
2.1%
(1)
3.36 cords
(45)
23.3 days
(38)
14.0 hours
(38)
* Section number refers to section of survey
25
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TABLE 2 (Cont.
Parameter
For households using
wood stoves in
February 1981:
Kind of wood burned
most often in each
stove?
=1 Stove
Softwood
Hardwood
Prepared wood
(Prestolog)
Mixed
#2 Stove
Softwood
Hardwood
Prepared wood
(Prestolog)
Mixed
#3 Stove
Softwood
Hardwood
Prepared wood
(Prestolog)
Mixed
Wood burned in past
12 months
What percentage of the
wood burned in the past
12 months was burned
in February (Stove #1)?
Average Values/Percentages (Number of Respondents)
Area A
Area B
61.1%
(44)
25.0%
(18)
A ?OI
f . C/o
(3)
Q 70/
3 . 1 10
(7)
50.0%
(2)
25.0%
(1)
25.0%
(1)
100.0%
(1)
_-
2.39 cords
(71)
24.2%
(52)
34.1%
(15)
61.4%
(27)
__
4.5%
(2)
100.0%
(1)
__
__
_ _
--
__
2.33 cords
(41)
22.6%
(34)
Area C
88.6%
(39)
2.3%
(1)
2QO/
. 3/0
(1)
6.8%
(3)
50.0%
(1)
__
_*.
50.0%
(1)
_ _
__
3.97 cords
(38)
24 . 9%
(33)
'
i
I
26
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TABLE 3
Survey Results
Woodstoves by Brand
Brand/Model
Acme
Airtight
All Nighter/Littie Moe
Arc/Medium
Arrow/1800
Artie
Blaze
Blazeking
Boxwood
Buck
Carrousel
Cast Iron/Pot Belly
Centennial
Circulator Heater
(Sears)
Cone/36"
Country Air
Country Stove
Dee Dai Co. , Ltd/6118
Efel
Earth Stove
Elizabethan Parlour
Fi redrum
Area A
Number
5
-
1
1
-
1
-
4
-
-
-
-
2
-
1
-
-
1
2
-
-
%*
6.2
-
1.2
1.2
-
1.2
-
5.0
-
-
-
-
2.5
-
1.2
-
-
-
1.2
2.5
-
Area B Area C
i
Number ' %*
-
-
i
-
i
1 2.2
1 2.2
Number
-
1
-
-
-
i
2 4.3
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
1
1
-
2
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
2.2
-
-
2.2
2.2
2.2
-
4.3
2.2
2.2
-
-
1
2
2
1
-
1
-
1
-
-
3
1
-
-
Percent of all wood stoves named in survey.
%*
-
2.2
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.2
4.3
4.3
2.2
-
2.2
-
2.2
-
-
6.5
2.2
-
-
-------
TABLE 3 (Cont.
Brand/Model
Fireside/1000
Fi review Wood Heater/18C
Fisher
Forester
Frank! in
Frontier/Box/1876
Garrison/^2
Glo- Fire/301
Homemade
Howard
Hurricane/300
Insert
Jo tul
KMF-69-7310-R
Kanyon
. King
Kodiak
Kresno/PFS-73
Little Oregon Stove
Lopi
Majestic/Manchester
Pierce
Meyers
Area A
Number
-
1
7
1
10
1
1
1
2
-
1
-
1
1
-
1
1
-
1
-
-
-
% *
-
1.2
8.8
1.2
12.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
2.5
-
1.2
-
1.2
1.2
-
1.2
1.2
-
1.2
-
-
-
Area B
Number
1
-
1
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
2
1
% *
2.2
-
2.2
-
4.3
2.2
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.2
-
-
-
-
2.2
-
2.2
4.3
2.2
Area C
Number
-
1
4
-
1
-
-
1
3
1
1
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
%*
-
2.2
8.7
-
2.2
-
-
2.2
6.5
2.2
-
2.2
-
-
2.2
-
2.2
-
-
2.2
-
-
Percent of all wood stoves named i
n survey.
28
-------
TABLE 3 (Cont.
Brand/ Mo del
Monarch Comb.
Mo n tag
Montgomery Wards
Moreland/Space Heater
Mountain Aire
Norweigian/1977
Oak
Olympic
Parlor Stove
Pay&Pak/Centennial
Pay&Save/Franklin
Petit Godin/3720
Plainsman
Preway/FB 24 FMC
Princess
Pyramid
Radiun/Evertz
Ram
Rancher
Scandia/180
Schrader
Sears Roebuck
Area A
Number
2
2
5
1
-
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
1
-
2
6
% *
2.5
2.5
6.2
1.2
-
1.2
1.2
1.2
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.2
-
-
1.2
1.2
-
2'. 5
7.5
Area B
Number
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
1
1
1
-
1
-
-
-
1
8
1
i
%*
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.2
-
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
-
2.2
-
-
-
2.2
17.4
2.2
Area C
Number
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
_
-
_
_
1
_
_
-
8
2
v *
10
-
-
-
-
2.2
-
_
2.2
_
2.2
-
-
_
-
_
_
2.2
_
_
_
17.4
4.3
Percent of all wood stoves named in survey.
29
-------
TABLE 3 (Cont.
Brand/Model
Sherwood
Shop Stove
Sierra
Sigman
Starfire/FWS-39
Taiwan
Universal/Kitchen Range
Vermont/The Elm
Vulcan
Ward's
Washington Stove Works
Welcome
Western Flame
Westmont
Winwood Ind./36
TOTAL
Area A
Number
1
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
2
1
1
-
-
-
80
%*
1.2
1.2
-
-
-
-
1.2
-
1.2
2.5
1.2
1.2
-
-
-
-
Area B
Number
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
1
-
1
46
%*
-
-
2.2
2.2
-
-
-
-
-
-
6.5
-
2.2
-
2.2
-
Area C
Number
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
46
%*
-
-
-
-
2.2
2.2
-
2.2
-
-
-
-
-
2.2
-
-
Percent of all wood stoves named in survey.
30
-------
Section II
TABLE 4
Survey Results
Fireplaces and Fireplace Insert
Parameter
Homes having one or
more fireplaces
For households having
a fireplace:
Number of fireplaces
1
I
2
3
4
Were any fireplaces
used in the last 12
months:
Yes
No
For households using
a fireplace in the
last 12 months:
Wood burned in the
last 12 months:
For households using
a fireplace in
February, 1981:
Days in February
fireplace used.
On days in February
fireplace used, hours
per day wood was
burned
Average Values/Percentages (Number of Respondents)
Area A 1 Area B
36.9%
(100)
97.1%
1 (368)
QO Q OX
OC. . O/o
(82)
16.2%
(16)
1.0%
(1)
--
76.8%
(76)
23.2%
(23)
1.50 cords
(74)
16.4 days
(50)
7.62 hours
(50)
39.1%
(143)
51.4%
(188)
9.3%
(34)
0.3%
(1)
85.8%
(313)
14.2%
(52)
0.93 cords
(307)
8.91 days
(245)
4. 16 hours
(245)
Area C
97.0%
(423)
17.3%
(73)
75.5%
(318)
6.9%
(29)
0.2%
(1)
83.2%
(347)
16.8%
(70)
1.56 cords
(336)
12.2 days
(266)
6.32 hours
(266)
31
-------
TABLE 4 (Cont.)
Parameter
For households using
a fireplace in
February, 1981:
Kind of wood burned
most often in each
fireplace
#1 Fireplace
Softwood
Hardwood
Prepared wood
(Prestolog)
Mixed
#2 Fireplace
Softwood
Hardwood
Prepared wood
(Prestolog)
Mixed
#3 Fireplace
Softwood
Hardwood
Prepared wood
(Prestolog}
Mixed
In past 12 months,
amount of wood burned
in fireplace(s)
Average Values/Percentages (Number of Respondents)
Area A
56.1%
(32)
35.1%
(20)
3.5%
(2)
5.3%
(3)
60.0%
(3)
20.0%
(1)
20.0%
(1)
--
-
--
2.13 cords
(50)
Area B
19.6%
(44)
69.8%
(157)
6.2%
(14)
4.4%
(10)
11.6%
(10)
75.6%
(65)
8.1%
(7)
4.7%
(4)
71.4%
(5)
28.6%
(2)
1.25 cords
(245)
Area C
85.4%
(223)
5.0%
(13)
7.7%
(20)
1.9%
(5)
86.0%
(80)
6.5%
(6)
4.3%
(4)
3.3%
(3)
50.0%
(3)
16.7%
(1)
16.7%
(1)
16.7%
(1)
1.95 cords
(266)
32
-------
TABLE 4 (Cont.)
Parameter
What percentage of the
wood burned in the past
12 months was burned in
February?
For households using a
fireplace in Feburary 1981:
Fireplaces having a
heat recirculating
insert:
#1
$2
#3
Average Values/Percentage (Number of Respondents)
Area A
22.7%
(50)
57.4%
(35)
12.5%
(1)
--
Area B
13.9%
(245)
19.9%
(54)
7.1%
(11)
0 -IV
O . / to
(.1)
Area C
12.6%
(266)
36.3%
(107)
16.8%
(36)
6.3%
(1)
33
-------
TABLE 5
Survey Results
Section III: Wood Burning Furnaces
Parameter
Homes having wood
burning furnace
For households having
wood burning furnaces:
Was it used in the
last 12 months:
Yes
No
For households using
wood burning furnace
in last 12 months:
Wood burned in
last 12 months.
For households using
wood burning furnace
in February, 1981:
What percentage of
wood burned in last
12 months was
burned in February?
Days in February
furnace used.
On days in February
furnace used, hours
per day.
Kind of wood burned
most often:
Softwood
Hardwood
Prepared Wood
Combination
Average Values/Percentages (Number of Respondents)
Area A
1.6%
(4)
Area B
0.6%
(2)
100.0%
(3)
-
4.0 cords
(3)
19.0%
(3)
28 days
(3)
15.67 hours
(3)
100.0%
(3)
--
-
50.0%
(1)
50.0%
(1)
0.1 cords
(1)
--
--
--
Area C
1.3%
(5)
!
I
16.7%
(1)
83.3%
(5)
3.0 cords
(2)
20.0%
(1)
27.5 days
(2)
13 hours
(2)
100.0%
(3)
--
--
--
34
-------
Section IV:
TABLE 6
Survey Results
Storage and Use of Firewood
pa ya mp f" pr
r u i Q ii ic u c [
How is firewood usually
obtained:
Purchased
Cut own
Month most of firewood
obtained:
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Other (several months/
seasons)
Average Values/Percentages (Number of Respondents)
Area A
28.7%
' (39)
71.3%
(97)
1.0%
(1)
3n
-------
TABLE 6 (Cent.
Parameter
When was wood cut that is
now being burned:
Less than 1 year ago
1 or more years ago
Both
Where is most firewood
stored:
Inside heated structure
Inside unheated struc-
ture
Outside but covered
Outside and uncovered
Other or multiple
answer
Length of time firewood
stored before use
Was fuel other than wood
used in woodburning unit?
Yes
No
If other fuel was used,
what was it?
Oil
Trash
Average Values/Percentaqes (Number of Respondents)
Area A
32.3%
(43)
55.4"
(87)
2.3%
(3)
4.9?;
(7)
19.6%
(28)
42.7%
(61)
25.2%
(36)
7.7%
(ID
11 .8 months
(118)
40.3%
(58)
59.7%
(86)
1.7%
(1)
6.9%
(4)
Area B
30.9%
(101)
67.9%
(222)
1.2%
(4)
4.2%
(14)
14.2%
(48)
55.2%
(186)
22.8%
(77)
3.6%
(12)
11 .9 months
(293)
44.1%
(150)
55.9%
(190)
1.3%
(2)
6.7%
(10)
Area C
36.4 -
(135)
63. l5-
(234)
0 . 5 ^
(2)
7.6%
(29)
32.6%
(125)
40.1%
(154)
15.9%
(61)
3.9%
(15)
10.6 months
(328)
26.1%
(100)
73.9%
(283)
1.0%
(1)
6.0%
(6)
36
-------
TABLE 6 (Cont.)
Parameter
If other fuel was used,
what was it (Cont. ) :
Paper, cardboard
Prestologs
Coal
Gas
Other
Anticipated amount of
wood burned 1981-82
compared to 1980-81:
More
Less
Same
Amount of wood antici-
pated to be burned in
1981-82 (for all house-
holds including non-
woodburning)
Reason for change in wood
use - see Tables 7-8
Wood use in 1979-80
compared to 1980-81:
Less in 1979-80
More in 1979-80
Same
Did not reside at
same address
Average Values/Percentages (Number of Respondents)
Area A
74.1%
(43)
13.8%
(8)
3.4%
(2)
--
-
31.9%
(46)
9.0%
(13)
59.0%
(85)
1.1 cords
(274)
21.8%
(29)
29.3%
(39)
39.8%
(53)
9.0%
(12)
Area B
54.7%
(82)
23.3%
(35)
8.0%
(12)
5.3%
(8)
0.7%
(1)
27.8%
(92)
11.5%
(38)
60.7%
(201)
1.4 cords
(349)
25.4%
(84)
21.8%
(72)
52 . 0%
(172)
0.9%
(3)
Area C
33.0%
(33)
53 . 0%
(53)
3.0%
(3)
4.0%
(4)
--
27.7%
(104)
9.3%
(35)
62.9%
(236)
2.2 cords
(406)
24.0%
(88)
26.5%
(97)
46.7%
(171)
2.7%
(10)
37
-------
TABLE 7
Survey Results
Reasons for Anticipated Decrease in Wood Use
1981-1982*
Reason
Cost/availability of
f i rewood
Too much trouble/
too dirty
Improved efficiency of
unit/operating practices
or installed fireplace
insert
Use other heat source
instead
Switch to coal
Wood burning is too
inefficient
Too much smoke inside/
outside
Change in living
pattern
Insulated house
Expecting warmer
weather
Other
Area A
Number
2
1
2
_
-
_
_
2
3
1
1
o/
/o
16.7
8.3
16.7
_
-
_
_
16.7
25.0
8.3
8.3
Area B
Number
16
4
2
2
1
11
2
4
-
_
1
V
10
37.2
9.3
4.7
4.7
2.3
25.6
4.7
9.3
-
_
2.3
Area C
Number
11
4
5
1
1
7
..
6
1
_
3
V
>o
28.2
10.3
12.8
2.6
2.6
17.9
_
15.4
2.6
7.7
*Respondents filled in their own reasons. The answers were put into
categories during the coding process and further categorized for this table.
38
-------
TABLE 8
Survey Results
Reasons for Anticipated Increase in Wood Use
1981-1982
Reason
Cost/availability of
firewood
Cost/need to conserve
oil , gas, electricity
Change in living
pattern
Want more heat/building
more rooms/want to use
more often/have
repaired unit
Weather more severe
next year
Will get more wood
next year
Enjoy fires
Quality of wood heat
Install new unit(s)
Other
Area A
Number
5
5
-
4
17
8
-
1
5
5
%
10.0
10.0
-
8.0
34.0
16.0
-
2.0
10.0
10.0
Area B
Number
18
27
7
12
11
7
7
-
9
1
3/
!Q
18.2
27.3
7.1
12.1
11.1
7.1
7.1
-
9.1
1.0
Area C
Number
23
14
3
6
29
6
1
-
28
1
jf
20.7
12.6
2.7
5.4
26.1
5.4
0.9
-
25.2
0.9
39
-------
TABLE 9
Survey Results
Section Va: Plans for Additional Wood Burning Units
Parameter
Plan to buy wood burning
stove
Yes
No
If planning to buy wood
burning stove:
Number of months until
purchase:
Buy more than one
Yes
No
How many (if more than
one)
2
4
Plan to buy fireplace
insert
Yes
No
Average Values/Percentaaes (Number of Respondents)
Area A
13.6%
(38)
86 . 4%
(241)
11 months
(30)
5.6%
(2)
94.4%
(34)
50.0%
(1)
50.0%
(1)
6.0%
(15)
94.0%
(234)
Area B
q i a
3.1/0
(34)
90.9%
(340)
10 months
(29)
5.9%
(2)
94.1%
(32)
100.0%
(2)
.
17.9%
(68)
82.1%
(311)
Area C
6.1%
(26)
93.9%
(399)
9 months ',
(23)
7.7%
(2)
92.3%
(24)
100.0%
(2)
. _
16.5%
(70)
83.5%
(355)
40
-------
TABLE 9 (Cont.)
Parameter
If planning to buy fire-
place insert:
Time until purchase:
Buy more than one
Yes
No
How many (if more than
one)
2
3
Plan to install fire-
place:
Yes
No
If planning to install
fireplace:
Time until install-
ation:
Install more than 1
Yes
No
Average Values/Percentages (Number of Respondents)
Area A
8 months
(12)
7.1%
(1)
92.9%
(13)
100.0%
(1)
_ _
2.6%
(7)
97.4%
(260)
16 months
(5)
0%
100%
(3)
Area B
8 months
(61)
4.8%
(3)
95.2%
(60)
66.7%
(2)
33.3%
(1)
1.4%
(5)
98.6%
(361)
12 months
(4)
0%
100%
(4)
Area C
|
8 months
(59)
10. r;
(7)
89.9%
(62)
100. Occ
(7)
__
0.8%
(3)
99.2%
(393)
3 months
(1)
0%
100%
(1)
-------
TABLE 10
Survey Results
Section Vb: General Household Information
Parameter
Main source of home
heating:
Natural Gas
Electricity
Oil
Wood
Wood and other
More than one
Coal
Years residing at address:
Less than 1 year
1-2 years
3-4 years
5+ years
Owner or renter:
Owner
Renter
Year average dwelling
built
Average Values/Percentages (Number of Respondents)
Area A
29.2%
(84)
29.2%
(84)
20.8%
(60)
14.2%
(41)
5.9%
(17)
0.7%
(2)
2.1%
(6)
18.1%
(52)
12.5%
(36)
67 . 4%
(194)
84.0%
(242)
16.0%
(46)
1945
(187)
Area B
C"7 QO/
O/ . O/o
(219)
14.8%
(56)
18.2%
(69)
5.8%
(22)
2.4%
(9)
1 I 01
1 . J. /0
(4)
-_
0.5%
(2)
10.3%
(39)
16.6%
(63)
72.6%
(276)
96.0%
(360)
4.0%
(15)
1962
(307)
Area C
74.1%
(326)
7.5%
(33)
7 C°f
1 . J/c
(33)
5.0%
(22)
0 Qo/
0 . -J 10
(17)
1.8%
(8)
0.2%
(1)
n 7o/
U. / 10
(3)
Q "\et
y . i/o
(40)
11.1%
(49)
79.1%
(349)
95.6%
(416)
4.4%
(19)
1961
(343)
-------
TABLE 10 (Cont.
Parameter
Type of residence
Single family home
Duplex
Condominium
Apartment
Mobile Home
Size of residence
(excluding garage)
Rooms heated
Al 1 rooms
Close some off
% of house not heated
(if any closed off)
Types of insulation
Above ceiling or
below roof
Yes
No
First floor walls
Yes
No
Average Values/Percentages (Number of Respondents)
Area A
96 . 9%
(278)
2.1%
(6)
--
1.0%
(3)
1404 sq. ft.
(206)
54.9%
(140)
45.1%
(115)
34.0%
(115)
89.4%
(245)
10.6%
(29)
54.4%
(124)
45.6%
(104)
Area B
99.5%
(373)
--
--
0.5%
(2)
2311 sq. ft.
(361)
43.2%
(150)
56.8%
(197)
29.1%
(197)
93.7%
(340)
6.3%
(23)
79.5%
(280)
20.5%
(72)
Area C
94.3%
(412)
C Oc/
J . O /Q
(23)
0.2°;
(1)
0.2%
(1)
- _
1719 so. ft.
(407)
62.5%
(257)
37.5%
(154)
30.9%
(154)
98.8%
(426)
1.2%
(5)
87.1%
(350)
12.9%
(52)
43
-------
TABLE 10 (Cont.)
Parameter
Types of insulation(cont,
Storm or double
glazed windows
Yes
No
Storm or double
glazed doors
Yes
No
Weather stripping or
caul king
Yes
No
Insulation of ground
floor, basement, or
attached garage
Yes
No
Normal number of
inhabitants
Average Values/Percentaqe (Number of Respondents)
Area A
72.9%
(188)
27.1%
(70)
64 . 9%
(161)
35.1%
(87)
75.2%
(191)
24.8%
(63)
42.2%
(98)
57.8%
(134)
2.5 people
(Z5S)H
Area B
40.8%
(141)
59.2%
(205)
34 . 9%
(116)
65.1%
(216)
82.3%
(292)
17.7%
(63)
59.8%
(204)
40.2%
(137)
3.1 peoole
(374)
Area C
91.8co
(392)
8.2"-
(35)
89.0%
(374)
11.0%
(46)
85.3%
(347)
14.7%
(60)
51.0%
(201)
49.0%
(193)
3.0 oeoole
(437)
44
-------
TABLE 10 (Cont.
Parameter
Occupation of head of
household
Science, Adminstrative
Teacher
Clerical , Technician,
Sales
Service, Military
Farm, Forest
Production
Highest education level
of head of household
Grammar school
Some high school
High school graduate
Some col lege
College graduate
Trade school graduate
Age of head of household
Under 25
25 - 34
35 - 44
Average Values/Percentaae (Number of Resoondents)
Area A
15.7%
(37)
22.9%
(54)
8.9%
(21)
1 If
1 . J/o
(3)
ci ow
J 1 . O /o
(121)
8 To/
. O/o
(23)
20.5%
(57)
26.3%
(73)
27.3%
(76)
9.7%
(27)
7.9%
(22)
2.5%
(7)
20.3%
(57)
13.5%
(38)
Area B
63.2%
(218)
21.7%
(75)
3 no/
. OA
(13)
1.2%
(4)
10.1%
(35)
0.8%
(3)
2.1%
(8)
12.5%
(47)
18.9%
(71)
61.6%
(231)
4.0%
(15)
0.3%
(1)
10.6%
(40)
23.3%
(88)
Area C
40.0%
(146)
31.0%
(113)
5Q0/
. O/o
(21)
1.4%
(5)
21.9%
(80)
2.4%
(10)
5.9%
(25)
20.3%
(86)
31.9%
(135)
31.2%
(132)
8.3%
(35)
0.7%
(3)
7.0%
(30)
21.6%
(93)
-------
TABLE 10 (Cont.
Parameter
Age of head of household
45 - 54
55 - 64
65+
1980 household income
before taxes
Less than $10,000
$10,000 - 19,999
$20,000 - 29,999
$30,000 - 39,999
$40,000 - 49,999
$50,000+
Average Values/Percentages (Number of Respondents)
Area A
12.1%
(34)
22.1%
(62)
29.5%
(83)
28.4%
(75)
36.0%
(95)
25.4%
(67)
8.0%
(21)
1.1%
(3)
1.1%
(3)
Area B
28.6%
(108)
28.9%
(109)
8.2%
(31)
2.3%
(8)
11.6%
(41)
22.7%
(80)
23.5%
(83)
17.6%
(62)
22.4%
(79)
Area C
27 . 4%
(118)
25.8%
(111)
17.4%
(75)
8.6%
(34)
17.7%
(70)
34.8%
(138)
23.0%
(91)
9.8%
(39)
6.1%
(24)
46
-------
TABLE 11
Summary of Demographic Information
Parameter
Predominant type of
home
% home ownership
Average size of home
Average household
income
Average year home
built
Predominant occupation
Average education level
in years
(head of household)
Average age
(head of household)
Average number of
people in household
Area A
Single family
residence (96.9?)
84 . 0%
1404 sq. ft.
$18,400
1945
Production
(51.3%)
12.4 yrs.
50.6 yrs.
2.5 people
Area B
Single family
residence (99.5=0
96.0%
2311 sq. ft.
$35,000
1962
Science, teacher,
administrative
(63.2%)
14.8 yrs.
49.5 yrs.
3.1 people
Area C
Single family
residence (94.310
95.6%
1719 sq. ft.
$27,700
1961
Science, teacher,
administrative
(40.0%)
13.8 yrs.
51.4 yrs.
3.0 people
47
-------
TABLE 12
Summary of Wood Use
by
Type of Woodburning Device
Parameter
Households surveyed:
-All households
-Woodburni ng-househol ds
-Woodstove-using house-
holds
-Fireplace-using house-
holds
-Furnace-using house-
holds
Households using wood as
primary heat source:
- Woods tove/furnace-
using households
-Fireplace- (no inserts)
using households
-Insert-using house-
holds
Households using wood as
secondary heat source:
- Woods tove/furnace-
using households
-Fireplace-(no inserts)
using households
-Insert-using house-
holds
Total wood burned:
-All households
-Woodburni ng households
Wood burned in wood
stoves
-All households
-Woodstove - using
households
Area A
Area B
i
288 ! 380
143
78
76
3
38
2
4
42
39
31
1.0 cords/yr
2.0 cords/yr
0.6 cords/yr
2.1 cords/yr
321
45
313
1
15
5
7
31
244
56
1.0 cord/yr
1.2 cords/yr
0.3 cords/yr
2. 1 cords/yr
Area C
443
353
46
347
1
11
3
12
36
218
113
1.6 cords/yr
1.9 cords/yr
0.3 cords/yr
3.4 cords/yr
48
-------
TABLE 12 (Cont.
Parameter
Wood burned in fireplace
-All households
-Fireplace-using
households
Wood burned in furnaces
-All households
-Furnace - using
households
Wood burned in stove or
furnace - using house-
holds
-Wood as primary heat
source
-Wood as secondary
heat source
Wood burned in fireplace
using households
(no inserts)
-Wood as primary heat
source
-Wood as secondary
heat source
Wood burned in fireplace
using households
(with inserts)
-Wood as primary heat
source
-Wood as secondary
heat source
Wood burned in February:
-Total survey area* -
all devices
-Total survey area* -
wood stoves
-Per household** -
all devices
-Per household** -
wood stoves
Area A
0.4 cords/yr
1.5 cords/yr
0.04 cords/yr
4.0 cords/yr
2.8 cords/yr
1.7 cords/yr
5.2 cords/yr
0.9 cords/yr
2.0 cords/yr
1.9 cords/yr
433.6 cords
214.0 cords
0.57 cords
0.52 cords
Area B
1
I
0.8 cords/yr
0.9 cords/yr
0 cords/yr
0. 1 cords/yr
3.2 cords/yr
1.6 cords/yr
1.4 cords/yr
0.7 cords/yr
2.9 cords/yr
1.6 cords/yr
303.7 cords
56.4 cords
0.26 cords
0.43 cords
Area C
1.2 cords/yr
1.5 cords/yr
0.01 cords/yr
5.0 cords/yr
5.0 cords/yr
3.0 cords/yr
2.4 cords/yr
0.9 cords/yr
4.3 cords/yr
2.3 cords/yr
326.5 cords
63.9 cords
0.48 cords
0.89 cords
x Includes ai nouseholas In the survey area, out those househo as surveyea and
those that were not. These are projections based on the households surveyed.
** "Household" refers to households surveyed.
-------
TABLE 13
Annual Wood Use (1980 - 81)
Significant Relation to Demographic & Wood Usage Variables*
Variable/Area
Education Area B
Not H.S. graduate
H.S. or Trade school grad.
College graduate
Age Area C
<35
35 - 44
45 - 54
55 - 64
>65
Income Area A
<20,000
20,000 - 29,999
30,000 - 39,999
40,000 - more
Income Area B
<20,000
20,000 - 29,999
30,000 - 39,999
40,000 - more
Home Size Area B
<1500
1501 - 2500
>2500
Wood Storage Location Area B
Enclosed
Outside, covered
Outside, uncovered
Mean - Cords Number Standard
%oS?£: (N) : Deviation
2.4
1.3
0.8
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.1
1.2
0.8
1.5
1.3
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
0.8
1.5
1.0
0.7
0.8
1.3
G.8
11
130
224
31
88
112
106
73
168
67
21
6
47
79
79
139
80
130
143
60
180
76
2.81
1.33
1.04
2.1
2.5
2.1
1.4
1.5
1.3
2.1
2.4
0.8
1.3
1.8
1.0
1.0
1.6
1.3
0.8
1.4
1.3
1.0
Significant at the .05 level
50
-------
TABLE 13 (Cont.)
Variable/Area
Wood Storage Location Area C
Enclosed
Outside, covered
Outside, uncovered
When wood cut Area A
<1 year ago
>1 year ago
When Wood Cut Area C
<1 year ago
>1 year ago
Chop own or Purchase Area A
Purchase precut
Chop own
Chop own or Purhcase Area B
Purchase precut
Chop own
Chop own or Purchase Area C
Purchase precut
Chop own
Mean - Cords
wood burned/
yr/househol d
1.3
2.3
1.7
1.6
0.9
2.3
1.1
1.2
2.3
0.9
1.3
1.2
2.1
Number
(N)
148
148
58
98
216
127
227
39
95
156
166
140
218
Standard
Deviation
2.0
2.2
2.1
1.3
1.1
2.4
1.4
1.0
2.1
1.2
1.4
1.5
2.1
51
-------
TABLE 14
Cross Tabulation of Important Parameter Tables
with
Chi-square Tests Significant at Level .05 or Less
Expected Wood Use 1981-82
AGE
<35
35 - 44
45 - 54
55 - 64
^65
AGE
<35
35 - 44
45 - 54
55 - 64
>65
Area A Area B
Less Same More Less Same More
2 16 17 5 11 20
5 12 5 7 51 21
2 10 7 12 56 28
3 18 11 8 65 19
1 26 5 6 17 3
Storage of Wood - Location
Area B
Enclosed Outside, covered Outside, uncovered
2 27 7
11 48 16
20 59 15
21 41 31
7 11 7
52
-------
TABLE 14 (Cont.)
AGE
<35
35 -
45 -
55 -
265
44
54
64
7
11
5
2
0
Plans to Buy New Stove
Area C
Yes No
26
77
110
107
70
AREA HOME
Sq. Feet
<1501
1501 - 2500
>2500
Plans to Buy New Stove
Area C
Yes
8
10
7
No
208
128
34
53
-------
TABLE 15
Statistical Data on Key Parameters
1 Parameter/City
Total cords wood burned/
year/all households
Area A
Area B
Area C
I Total cords wood burned/
year/woodburning house-
hold
Area A
Area B
Area C
Cords wood burned in
woodstoves/year/al 1
households
Area A
Area B
Area C
Cords wood burned in
woods toves/year/wood-
stove-using household
Area A
Area B
Area C
Cords wood burned in
f i repl aces/year/all
households
Area A
Area B
Area C
Mean
1.0
1.0
1.6
2.0
1.2
1.9
0.6
0.3
0.3
2.1
2.1
3.4
0.4
0.8
1.2
Number
(N)
284
370
423
143
321
353
286
379
439
76
45
45
286
370
425
Standard
Deviation
1.6
1.3
2.1
1.9
1.3
2.1
1.2
0.9
1.4
1.5
1.6
2.9
1.1
1.1
1.6
Standard *
Error
0.098
0.066
0.100 :
0.155
0.072
0.113
0.071
0.046
0.065
0.167
0.244
0.426
0.065
0.056
0.078
To calculate the approximate 95% confidence interval, multiply the standard error
by 2. See page 7 of the text for a discussion of the confidence interval.
-------
TABLE 15 (Cont.
Parameter/City Mean
Cords wood burned in
f i repl aces/year/f i re-
place-uslng household
Area A
Area B
Area C
Cords wood burned in
furnace/year/all
households
Area A
Area B
Area C
Cords wood burned in
furnace/year/furnace
users
Area A
Area B
Area C
Expected cord wood use
1981-82 for all
households
Area A
Area B
Area C
Cords wood burned in
woodstoves in February,
all households, X 100
Area A
Area B
Area C
1.5
0.9
1.5
0.04
0.00
0.01
4.0
0.1
5.0
1.1
1.4
2.2
10.3
3.9
6.9
Number
(N)
74
307
336
288
380
442
3
1
1
274
349
406
262
368
427
Standard
! Deviation
1.7
1.1
1.6
0.5
0.005
0.24
2.6
0.0
0.0
1.7
1.5
3.2
33.3
16.6
36.8
Standard *
Error
0.201
0.064
0.087
0.027
0.000
0.012 !
1.528
0.0
0.0
0.101
0.081
' 0.159
2.059
0.865
1.781
- -
* To calculate the approximate 95% confidence interval, multiply the standard error
by 2. See page 7 of the text for a discussion of the confidence interval.
55
-------
TABLE 15 (Cont.)
Parameter/City
Cords wood burned in
fireplaces in February,
all households, X 100
Area A
Area B
Area C
Cords wood burned in
furnaces in February,
all households, X 100
Area A
Area B
Area C
Mean
7.9
15.9
24.6
0.7
0.0
0.2
Number
(N)
246
249
264
288
379
441
Standard
Deviation
31.0
24.3
43.7
6.7
0.0
4.8
Standard *
Error
1.976
1.539
2.690
0.397
0.0
0.227
* To calculate the approximate 95== confidence interval, multiply the standard error
'by 2. See page 7 of the text for a discussion of the confidence interval.
56
-------
TABLE 16
Comparison of Portland Survey
with
Other Recent Surveys
Parameter
Area surveyed
Number surveyed
Date of survey
% single family dwellings
Annual wood usage
all households
Annual wood usage --
wood burning households
% households with wood
stoves
% households with fire-
places
% households using wood
as a primary source of
heat
Wood storage location
Inside, heated
Inside, unheated
Outside, covered
Outside, uncovered
Other or multiple
answer
Current Study
1 sq. mile,
Portland
288
5/81
97%
1.0 cords
2.0 cords
31.7%
36.9%
14.2%
4.9%
19.6%
42.7%
25.2%
7.7%
BPA Study1
State of Oregon
1,156
12/80
3
2.6 cords
14.5%
DEQ Study 2
(Talbott Wong)
Portland AQMA
400
mid-1979
75?
4
0.7 cords
1.5 cords
4
10%
4
35%
4.5%
21.4%
37.2%
36.7%
4.7%
Pacific Northwest Residential Energy Survey, July 1980. Conducted by El rick I
Lavidge, Inc. under contract to the Bonneville Power Administration.
Impact of Fuel Conversions on Air Quality in Oregon's Air Quality Maintenance
Areas, 12/80. Talbott Wong & Associates on contract to the Oregon Department
of Environmental Quality.
Not limited to single family dwellings.
Note that 25% of households surveyed were not single family dwellings and,
therefore, will probably have fewer woodburning units and burn less wood.
-------
TABLE 16 (Cont.)
Parameter
% of house unheated
(closed off)
Type of wood burned
Softwood
Hardwood
Prestologs
Mixed
Current Study
34%
61. l%2
3
25.0%
3
d ?<"
f . C. 10
3
9.7%
BPA Study1
8 Of
,1
_ _ _
DEQ Study 2
(Talbott Wong)
48.4%
31.3%
8.4%
Pacific Northwest Residential Energy Survey, July 1980. Conducted by Elrick &
Lavidge, Inc. under contract to the Bonneville Power Administration.
Impact of Fuel Conversions on Air Quality in Oregon's Air Quality Maintenance
Areas, 12/80. Talbott Wong & Associates on contract to the Oregon Department
of Environmental Quality.
Question asked only of those burning wood in February 1981 in wood stove.
58
-------
TABLE 17
Comparison of Seattle Survey
with
Other Recent Surveys
Parameter
Area surveyed
Number surveyed
Date of survey
% single family dwellings
with wood stove
% single family
dwellings with fireplace
% single family
dwell ings with no
wood burning device
% of all households
using wood as primary
heat source
Wood burned annually
wood burning household
Wood burned annually --
wood stove users
Wood burned annually --
fireplace users
Cut own firewood
(% of total used)
% house unheated
(closed off)
Current Study
1 sq. mile,
Bel levue
380
5/81
13.5%
97.1%
1.3%
5.8%
1.9 cords
2.1 cords
1.5 cords
50.8%
29.1%
BPA Study1
State of
Washington
1,467
12/80
7.6%
2.0 cords
7%
f Puget Sound P&L
Study2
Service area-
_, y,
338
8/80
25.1%
57.5%
17.4%
11.7%4
!
1.7 cords
2.4 cords
1.4 cords
61.9%
___
Pacific Northwest Residential Energy Survey, July, 1980. Conducted by
El rick & Lavidge, Inc. under contract to the Bonneville Power Administration.
Residential Wood Heating Survey, July, 1980. Puget Sound Power & Light Co.
The Puget Sound P&L service area occupies part of the northwest third of
the state, and is characterized as largely suburban and rural.
Calculated by DGA from % of households burning wood times % of wood burning
households using wood as primary heat sources.
59
-------
TABLE 18
Comparison of Spokane Survey
wi th
Other Recent Surveys
Parameter
Current Study
BPA Study
1
Area surveyed
Number surveyed
Date of survey
Wood burned annually --
wood burning households
% households using
wood as a primary heat
source
% of house unheated
(closed off)
1 sq. mile,
Spokane
443
5/81
1.9 cords
5.0%
31%
State of
Washington
1,467
12/80
2.0 cords
7.6%
7%
Pacific Northwest Residential Energy Survey, July, 1980.
Conducted by El rick & Lavidge, Inc. under contract to the
Bonneville Power Administration.
60
-------
APPENDIX A
Questionnaire
'Study of Woodburning Equipment for Home Heating
as an Alternative Energy Source"
-------
-------
Notes on Questionnaire
Some responses to questions 3i and 4i were treated as "missing"
when it was obvious the respondent had misunderstood the question
(see page 5). Question 4b was not used in data analsyis. This
question asked that each fireplace be identified by the room (to be
written in by the respondent). This question was intended to assist
in the editing of the questionnaires, only.
-------
-------
STUDY OF WOOD BURNING EQUIPMENT FOR HOME HEATING
AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE
Please complete the following questionnaire as accurately as
r.-c-ssible. If you do not know the answer to a question please make
an effort to find it out, either by asking another member of your
.rusehold z- simply checking around your house. Your cooperation is
very important to the success of the study.
If you do not live at the address shown on the letter enclosed,
please"check here F] and do not complete the questionnaire.Please
return the uncompleted questionnaire in Che enclosed self-addressed,
stamped envelope.
Please read each question carefully ana then put a check jv/
in the box next to vour answer.
How long have you lived at the address shown on the enclosed letter?
a. Less than 1 year?
b. 1 to 2 years?
c. 3 to 4 years?
d. 5 years or more? [ |
Do you use natural gas, propane, electricity, oil, coal, wood, or
something else as your main source of home heating?
(Please check ONE answer)
a. Natural gas . . . | j e. Coal
b. Propane f. Wood | |
c. Electricity . . . | j g. Something else (PLEASE NAME)
d. Oil [j
-------
SECTION 1
Wood Burning Stoves (Free Standinej
3. If there is one or more^ wood burning stoves in your home
please check here j_j and complete this section.
(OR)
If there are no wood burning stoves in your home, please
check hereT] and skip to Page 4, Section I~ , callec
"Fireplaces and Fireplace Inserts."
Ja.
3b.
1.
2.
3.
3c,
3d.
How many wood burning stoves are
there in your home?
Please list all the wood stoves
you have by brand name and model.
(If you have more than one stove
of the same brand name and model,
please list each one separately.)
Brand Name
Model
Did you use (any of) your wood
stove(s) during the last 12
months?
Yes
D
No
D
IF NO, SKIP
TO PAGE 4,
SECTION II
(IF YES to Question 3c) During
the last 12 months how many cords
of wood, or what fraction of a
cord, did you burn in your wood
stove(s)? (A cord of wood is
a stack of wood four feet high,
eight feet long, and four feet
wid e.)
(cords)
If you used (any of) your wood
stove(s) during the month of February
1981, please answer the following
questions for each stove. (If you
did not use (any of) your wood stove (s)
during the month of February 1981,
please skip to Page -t, Section II.)
Each answer should refer to your list
of wood stoves in Question 3b, so
your following answers on the lines
marked 1. will apply to the specific
stove you listed on line 1. in Question
3b, and so on.
3e.
1.
2.
3.
3f.
During the month of February of
this year, approximately how
many days did you use each of
your wood stoves?
(days in February)
_(days in February)
(days in February)
On the days you used your stove(s)
during February 1981, about how
many hours per day did you burn
wood in each stove?
(hours per day >
(hours per day)
i.nours per dav)
(PLEASE GO ON TO NEXT PAGE)
-------
i. During trie sarnfc time perioc ,
what kind of_ wood did vou ourn
'nost often in each stove, soft-
woods >.suc!i as fir or cedar),
hardwoods (such as alder, oak, or
maple) , prepared woods (such as
presto-logs), or something else?
(Please name ONE kind of wood
Burned MOST OFTEN in each stove)
1.
2.
3.
During the last 12 months, now
many cords of wood, or what
fraction of a cord, did you burn
in each stove?
(cords)
(cords)
(cords)
3i. What percent (%) of that wood
(your answer(s) to Question 3h)
did you burn in each stove
during February 1981?
(% burned in February)
_(% burned in February)
(% burned in February)
(PLEASE GO ON TO NEXT PAGE)
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SECTION II
Fireplaces and Fireplace Inserts
if you have one or more fireplaces in your home, please check
here fj and complete this section.
(OR)
If you do not have a fireplace in your home, please check
here ( ] and skip to Page 6. Section III. call-id "Wood
' ' t i i
turning rurnaces.
: Lirj3J..ices are tnere in
1.
rlc.i^e list ail the fireplaces
;... h^-'-. '.-y th^ name of thd roo~
ii1 ..:.!_',> tnuv .ire located.
\:anie of Room
4c.
4d.
Did you use (any of) your fire-
place(s) during the last 12
months?
Yes No
IF NO, SKIP
TO PAGE 6,
SECTION III
(IF YES to Question Ac) During
the last 12 months, how many
cords of wood, or what fraction
of a cord, did you burn in your
fireplace(s)? (A cord of wood
is a stack of wood four feet
high, eight feet long, and
four feet wide.)
(cords)
If you 'ijsjfj.'. -.n; -U' ;',;ur u irepiace (s)
j_uritijj i'^?_ nu n^;i j: '-'ebruarv 1981,
please answer rhe following questions
for aach fireuiace. 'If vou did not
use (any ofl vour fireplaces(s) during
the month i; reDruary 1981, please
skip ic Pj.gc , Sicci.jp. III.) Each
answer should refer co your list of
fireplaces in Question 4b, so vour
following answers on the lines marked
1. will apply to the specific fire-
place you listed on line 1. in Question
4b, and so on.
4e. During the month of February of
this year, approximately how
many cays did you use each of
vour fireolaces?
1.
2.
3.
(days in February)
(days in February)
(days in February)
1.
3.
On the Jays you used your fire-
place (s) during February 1981
about how many hours per day
did you ourn wood in each fire-
nlace?
(hours per day)
nour.- oer
-------
3.
1.
2.
3.
41.
1.
2.
3.
ot ter
..o .-,.- - ;ir.£ per
^^r. fLrepi-u-e,
vooas ..sucii as fir or cedarj ,
lardwoods (SMC'H as alder, oak,
or made) , prepared woods (such
as presto-logs), or something
else?
(Please name ONE kind of wood
burned MOST OFTEN in each fire-
place)
During the __;-_£_[- 12 months, how
many cords 01 vood, or what
fraction of a cord, did you
burn in each fireplace?
(cords)
(cords)
(cords)
What percent (%) of that wood
(your answer(s) to Question 4h)
did you burn in each fireplace
during February 1981?
(% burned in February)
(% burned in February)
(% burned in February)
Do any of your fireplaces have
a heat recirculating insert,
such as a heat-c-later7 (Plea = £.
answer for each fireplace listed,
i.
2.
3.
Yes
Yes
Yes
LJ
D
n
No |
No |
i 1
No L-
(PLEASE GO ON TO NEXT PAGE,
-------
TION III
Wood aurr.ing rurnaces
5. If there is a furnace _in your home, in which you burn wood
please check here '_ I and complete this section.
(OR)
If you do not have a. wood burning furnace in your home,
please check here [J and skip to Page 7, Section IV.
called, "Storage and ;Jse of Firewood."
Did you burn woov.J. in your f.irnuce
during Che Las: 12 months?
Yes
No
i ^
IF NO, SKIP
TO PACE 7,
SECTION' IV
5b. (IF YES to Question 5a) During
the last 12 months how many cords
of wood, or what fraction of a
cord, did you burn in your fur-
nace? (A cord of wood is a
stack of wood four feet high,
eight feet long, and four feet
wide.)
(cords)
If you burned wood in your furnace
during the month of February 1981,
please answer the following questions.
(If you did not burn wood in your
furnace during the month of February
1981, please skip to Page 7,
Section IV.)
5c. What percent (%) of that wood
(your answer to Question 5b) did
you burn in your furnace during
February 1981?
(% burned in February)
5d.
5f.
During r:he month of February
of this year, approximately how
many days did you burn wood in
vour rurnace:
(days in February)
On the days you burned wood in
your furnace during February
1981, about how many hours per
day did you burn wood in your
furnace?
(hours per day)
During the same time period,
what kind of wood did you burn
most often in your furnace,
softwoods (such as fir or cedar) ,
hardwoods (such as alder, oak, or
maple) , prepared woods (such as
presto-logs), or something else?
(Please name ONE kind of
wood burned MOST OFTEN)
(PLEASE GO ON TO NEXT PAGE)
-------
i>cerate ana i^se or rirewooa
If you have a wood burning stove, fireplace, or wood burning
furnace, in your home, please complete this section.
(OR)
If you do not have any wood burning facilities in your home,
please skip to I"age 9, Section V, called "General Household
Information."
Do you usually purchase precuc
firewood or do you chop ycur
own firewood?
(Please check ONE)
Purchase precut fire-
wood , or
b. Chop your own fire-
wood?
7. What month of the year do you
usually obtain most of your
firewood?
Are you burning wood that was
cut less than one year ago,
or one or more years ago?
(Please check ONE)
a. Cut less than one year
ago, or
Cut one or more years
ago?
Do you store most of your :i:
wood. . . .
(Please check ONE)
a. Inside your home or
a heated garage? . . . . |
b. In an enclosed but
unheated garage or
shed?
c. Outside in a covered
location?, or ...
d. Outside and uncovered? .
10. How long would you say you
store your firewood before
burning it?
11. Do you burn anything else, other
than wood, in your wood stove,
fireplace, or furnace?
Yes
!
No
D
(IF YES) What besides wood do you
burn?
(PLEASE GO ON TO NEXT PAGE)
-------
Given the current price TV.
availability of wood an.,', ot'ru
fuels, do you think you
-------
SECTION V
General Household Information
Please answer the questions in this section EVEN IF you do not
have a wood burning stove, fireplace, or wood burning furnace in
vour home .
o you have any plans ror buyina
(another) wood burning stove
or your present residence?
Yes
15b.
(I? YES, ANSWER
Questions I5a
and 15b)
(IF YES) How soon do you j
think you might purchase
one?
Do you foresee buying more
than one?
Yes
No
(IF YES) How many do you
think you might buy?
Do you have any plans for buying
a (another) fireplace insert for
your present residence?
! 16a.
16b.
Yes
No
(IF YES, ANSWER
Questions 16a
and 16b)
(IF YES) How soon do you
think you might purchase
oner
Do you foresee buying more
than one?
Yes | [' No
v
(IF YES) How many do you
think you might buy?
(PLEASE GO ON TO NEXT PAGE)
-------
10
Dvj you have any plans ror
buying a fireplace for youi
oresent residence?
Yes
(IF YES, AI-'Su'ER
Questions 17a
and l?b)
(IF i'bS) H.CW soon jo yo<;
think you might purchase
17b.
Do you foresee buying more
than one?
Yes i i N'o ' !
| '
(IF YES) How many do vrui
think you -light buy?
18.
Do you own or rent your
residence?
a . Own
b . Rent
n
19. In what year was your dwelling
built?
20. Is your residence a....?
a. Single family home,
b. Duplex,
c. Condominium,. .
\pn r tmcn t
Wnat i..s tiid = qua re roota^: or
"our i'e.sider"8 iexcluding tn-_
j._ -.re rooir..-
(.IF CLOSE SOME OFF) What
percent (") of your house
co vo'i noi heat?
Do .'ov, HC.\ ;: _:ny of the fv'.l-
types jf insolation in you;
residence.
a. Insulation above
the ceiling or on
the underside of
the roof? ....
b. Insulation on the
first floor walls?
c. Storm or double
glazed windows? .
d. Storm or double
glazed doors? . .
e. Weather stripping
or caulking?, or
f. Insulation or the
ground floor, base-
ment, c r a ttnch e d
garage?
No I
Yes
Yes | | No |
Yes
Yes i i No I
-------
25. What is the o«_cuij the head
the household? (If no DCJC c:
household, check highest > <.;?'.
of education for aJl . Colleji Gradu,.';- . .
r i
f. Trade School Grac.ua'.w-
",'.1:ich of the follovirij.: ...-..
includes the age of the hca.
the household? (If no ^>_.K
b. i 10,000 to S 19,99^
:. 520,000 to 529,999
d. $30,000 to $39.999
a. $40,000 to $^9,999
f. $50,000 or more .
Thank you very much for ycur t:i:
and cooperation in completing r\
auestionnaire.
PLEASE RETURN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE
IN THE ENCLOSED SELF-ADDRESSED
;:-.?:-. LNGTOK ENERGY =:>:TE::?IO::
SERVICE
North 222 Havana
Spokane, Washington 992C2
. Unaer 1~
~: - 3
a. 4i-D^ . .
e. 55-64 . .
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