United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
EPA/600/2-89/017
May 1989
Research and Development
and
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EPA/600/2-89/017
May 1989
ASSESSMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES
FOR SUPERFUND APPLICATIONS -
TECHNOLOGY IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION
by
Thomas Nunno, Jennifer Hyman, Peter Spawn,
John Healy, Clay Spears, and Margaret Brown
Alliance Technologies Corporation
Bedford, MA 01730
Contract No. 68-03-3243
Project Officer
L. H. Garcia
Technical Project Monitor
E. J. Opatken
Water and Hazardous Waste Treatment Research Division
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OH 45268
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590 'jrlft-ri00f
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DISCLAIMER
This material has been funded wholly or in part by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency under contract 68-03-3243 to Alliance
Technologies Corporation, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730. It has been subject
to the Agency's review and it has been approved for publication as an EPA
document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
Today's rapidly developing and changing technologies and industrial
products and practices frequently carry with them the increased generation of
materials that, if improperly dealt with, can theaten both public health and
the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is charged by
Congress with protecting the Nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a
mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and
implement actions leading to a compatible balance between human activities and
the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life. These laws direct
the EPA to preform research to define our environmental problems, measure the
impacts, and search for solutions.
The Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory is responsible for planning,
implementing, and managing of research, development, and demonstration
programs to provide an authoritative, defensible engineering basis in support
of the policies, programs, and regulations of the EPA with respect to drinking
water, wastewater, pesticides, toxic substances, solid and hazardous wastes,
and Superfund-related activities. This publication is one of the products of
that research and provides a vital communication link between the researcher
and the user community.
This study was undertaken to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the
many technologies that are currently under investigation or in practice by the
global communities. The effort concentrated on European technologies because
of their increased activity in the field of hazardous waste management.
E. Timothy Oppelt, Director
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
iii
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ABSTRACT
This report summarizes the results of Phase I of a program to identify
and assess international technologies that could be utilized for hazardous
waste site remediation within the United States. Data was obtained through a
comprehensive literature survey and through telephone contacts/interviews with
agencies, industries, vendors, research groups, and others Involved in the
development and marketing of technologies. Emphasis was placed on
technologies that have been developed and/or applied in Europe, Japan, and
Canada. The factors considered in assessing the applicability of each
technology were: function, operating descriptions, performance, I imitations,
economics, and current status. All remedial technologies identified as a
result of the Phase I activities are described in this report.
Recommendations are provided for further study in Phase II which will focus on
the most promising international technologies.
iv
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CONTENTS
Page
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Acknowledgement vi
1. Summary and Recommendations 1
Introduction 1
General Approach 1
Summary of Results 1
2. Overview of Hazardous Waste Management Programs
in Foreign Countries 22
Introduction 22
Australia Overview 23
Belgium Overview 26
Canada Overview 26
Denmark Overview 28
Federal Republic of Germany Overview 29
France Overview 30
India Overview 32
Japan Overview 33
Netherlands Overview 34
Sweden Overview 36
United Kingdom Overview 37
3. International Technology Fact Sheets 39
Australia 40
Belgium 42
Canada 46
Denmark 64
Federal Republic of Germany 74
Finland 134
France 136
Hungary 151
India 156
Japan 160
Netherlands 191
Sweden 257
United Kingdom 266
4. Individuals Contacted 272
5. Literature References 275
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ACKNOULEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank Mr. Edward J. Opatken, the Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory Technical Project Monitor, whose assistance and
support was utilized throughout the program. The authors also extend their
thanks to the individuals at EPA and other organizations who contributed to
this effort through interviews or materials loaned to the program.
vi
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SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this program is to identify and assess international
technologies that could be utilized for hazardous waste site remediation
within the United States. This report summarizes the results of Phasel of
this program, which identified international alternative technologies
potentially applicable to Superfund site remediation. All remedial
technologies identified as a result of the Phasel activities are described in
this report. Recommendations are also provided for further study in Phase II
which will focus on the most promising international technologies.
GENERAL APPROACH
The technical approach for Phase I focused on the location, acquisition,
and interpretation of existing data, studies, and related documentation for
remedial technologies. Data were obtained through a comprehensive literature
survey and telephone contacts/interviews with agencies, industries, vendors,
research groups, and others involved in the development and marketing of
technologies. Emphasis was placed on technologies that have been developed
and/or applied in Europe, Japan and Canada, because of the premise that these
areas have more advanced hazardous waste programs in place.
An important part of the Phase I activity was the assembly and review of
information that EPA scientific personnel have obtained in their foreign
travel assignments or through contact with foreign consultants or academics.
A list of EPA personnel that were contacted for input to the Phase I
technology identification activity is provided in Section 4, along with
non-EPA contacts. A list of literature found useful to the project appears in
Section 5.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
As a result of the Phase I activities, 95 technologies have been
identified that may be applicable to Superfund site remediation activity. A
summary of these technologies is presented in Table 1. The technologies are
grouped within the table by country and further classified in accordance with
the type of technology (mobile, in situ, physical, thermal, etc.),
applicability to various waste types, and status. These characteristics, in
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conjunction with assessments of the potential applicability of each
technology, were used to develop a recommended list of candidate technologies
for Phase II study. The factors considered in assessing the applicability of
each technology are listed below:
o Function - purpose of the technology and its applicability.
o Description - flow schematic, discussion of theoretical operating
principles and design features.
o Performance - demonstrated performance of the process for clean-up
of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
o Limitations - physical or chemical characteristics that limit the
applicability of the technology.
o Economics - the capital, operating, and maintenance costs.
o Status - current development status, availability, and research
plans.
Each technology selected for Table 1 is described in a "Fact Sheet",
presented in Section 3. The Fact Sheets summarize information developed
during the Phase I investigation.
The preliminary screening results presented in Table 1 identify
IStechno1ogies recommended for further study under Phasell. Technologies
screened from further study include: 1) technologies that are applicable to
only a small percentage of Superfund wastes; 2) technologies that are similar
to conventional techniques in use in the United States; and 3) experimental
technologies that are not well developed. The recommendations in Table 1 fall
into three distinct categories: 1 technologies requiring no further action;
2) technologies whose status or programs should be monitored in the future;
and 3) technologies for which site visits were recommended.
The screening results in Phasel found 32 technologies for which no
further action was recommended. Many of these technologies were limited to
aqueous wastes representing a small portion of Superfund wastes. Other
technologies were considered similar to those commonly employed or developed
in the United States. Thus, technology transfer would not necessarily be
beneficial in these cases.
The majority of the technologies reviewed (63 out of 95) were found to
merit further review of their progress. Many of these technologies were
research efforts in progress. Approximately 15 of these were NATO/CCMS (North
Atlantic Treaty Organization/Committee on Challenges of a Modern Society)
studies in progress. Many of these projects may become useful cleanup
technologies, especially those being followed by the NATO/CCMS work.
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TABLE 1. INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUPERFUND APPLICATIONS
DESCRIPTION
TECHNOLOGY CODE OF TREATMENT STATUS
AUSTRALIA
Ion exchange on cross! inked casein A1 Selective chemical Experimental
(or Cr(«6) removal adsorption of Cr(6»)
on cross-linked casein
BELGIUM
Nigh-temperature slagging 81 Inverted conical chamber Smalt -scale
kiln incineration for combustion of hard- to- operation
incinerate hazardous
wastes
CANADA
Synthetic membrane retrofit with Cl Chain excavation and In patenting
chain extractor synthetic membrane process
placement vehicle
"Kerfing" cutting for slurry floor C2 The void for the slurry Unknown
installation floor is cut with high-
pressure fluid jets
Radiolytic dechlorinat ion of C3 Dechlorination upon Experimental
polychlorinated biphenyls Exposure to high-energy
radiation
CONTAMINANT RECOMMENDED
LOCATION WASTE TYPE TYPE ACTIONS REFERENCE
In process Aqueous Chromium(6«) No further Technical
stream electroplating action Insights, 1986.
solutions and
wastewater
Stationary Solids and Matardous Yes; further U.S. EPA HUERl.
sludges and low-level study New Frontiers,
radioactive needed 1967.
materials
Mobile, Soils Various Monitor NATO/CCMS- Child";,
in-situ contaminants results 1983.
Mobile Most types Various Monitor NATO/CCMS- Childs,
of soil contaminants results 1983.
Unknown Soils and PCBs Monitor U.S. EPA HwTRl.
liquids reaultt Hew Frontiers,
1985.
Devoe-Hotbein extraction using
Vitrokele compositions
Synthetic molecules
selectively extract
metals from solution
Patented and Module, put Heavy metal
available in process solution1;
stream
Heavy metals
No further Technical
action Insights, 1986.
(continued)
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TABLE 1 (continued)
TECHNOLOGY
DESCRIPTION
OF TREATMENT
WASTE TYPE
CONTAMINANT
TYPE
HECOHMFNOFD
ACTIONS
Demonstration of physical/chemical
treatment of ground water at
the Vilte Mercier waste site
CS Air stripping, floccula-
tion, sand fittration
and GAC treatment
Operational Mobile Ground water Various No further NATO/CCHS- Pilot
organics action Study: Demonstra-
tion, Nov. 1987.
PCI destruction using •
diesel engine
Downflou stationary
fixtd-filK reactors
Co A blend of diesel fuel Experimental
and PCB was test-burned
in a diesel engine,
effectively destroying PCSs
C7 An anaerobic reactor with Comnerciatly
stationary films in available
vertical channels
Unknown
Stationary
Liquids
Unknown
Anaerobicalty-
biodegradflble
contaminants
NATO/CCMS- Pilot
Study: Demonstra-
tion, Mar. 1987.
No further OECO- lindsey,
action 28-30 April 1982.
Follow-up
rccomncndcd
Technical
Insights, 19R6.
Aerobic degradation of contaminated
soil at Skrydstrup, Denmark
D1 Biological composting:
layering with activated
sludge and recirculating
the leachate
Field testing
Mobile
Soil
Chlorinated
organics, acids,
paints and
paint sludges
Monitor
r.-sul ts
NMO/CCMS- Pilot
Stixiy: Dpmonstrn-
tlon, Nov. 19117.
NATO/CCMS- Pilot
Sturly: Demonstra-
tion, M.ir. 19H7.
(continued)
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TABLE 1 (continued)
TECHNOLOGY
Anaerobic degradation of contaminated
soil at Skrydstrup, Denmark
Aerobic degradation in the unMturated
ton* with co-aetabol urn by oxidation
of methane and/or propane gat
Anaerobic blodegredation in the
contaminated tone by addition of
sodium acetate
feoe»At tEPUtuc or GEKMANT
Ground water treatment by aeration
and nutrient addition
Encapsulation/Stabilisation techniques
using theranplasts and resins
low-alkaline, waterglass
grouting- Dynagrout
DESCRIPTION
CODE OF TREATMENT STATUS LOCATION
02 Biological composting: Field testing Mobile
layering with sludge
from anaerobic digesters.
leachate recirculation.
impermeable membrane cover
03 Adapted bacteria and lab and field In-situ
injection of • gas/air studies
mixture to promote
biodegradation
04 Ncthanogcne bacteria and Field studies In-situ
sodiua acetate to promote
reductive decMorination
C1 8iologic.il : aeration. Unknown In-situ
nutrient addition, and
re- injection
C2 Ihermoplasts and resins Various stages In-situ
to stabilize, NOPE of development
•CBtoranes to encapsulate
G3 low-alkaline silicate Successfully In-situ
gel with • high demonstrated
SiO /Na 0 ratio
CONTAMINANT
WASTE TTPE TYPE
Soil Chlorinated
organic;, acids.
paints and
paint sludges
lower soil Chlorinated
layers solvents
Deep soil Chlorinated
layers solvents
Ground water Hydrocarbons
and other
organics
Soils Various
cont mi rants
Soils Various
contaminants
RECOMMENDED
ACTIONS
Monitor
resul ts
Nonl tor
resul ta
Monitor
result*
Update
status
Update.
status
Up. late
statin
REFERENCE
NATO/CCMS- Pilot
Slurty: Dcmomtra-
tion, Nov. 1987.
NATO/CCMS- Pilot
Study: Oomonstra-
tion. Mar. 1987.
Christiansen,
?0»7.
Christiansen,
1987.
NAIO/CCMS- Chi Ids,
1983.
TNO- Ass ink, van
Oen Brink, 1986.
Iroun, 19117.
TNO- Assink, van
Orn If ink. 1VK6.
(continued)
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TABLE 1 (continued)
TECHNOLOGY
Mechanical separation of
contaminated, dredged materials
Continuous Nigh-Pressure (CMP)
filter press
In-situ aerobic biodegradation of
aromatic hydrocarbon*
Sol idl < (cat ion/stabi I iiat ion
of acid resin in soils by the
addition of lime
Engineered salt cavern
ultimate disposal
Salt mine disposal and storage-
Nerfa-Neurode facility
DESCRIPTION
CODE OF TREATMENT STATUS LOCATION UASTE TYPE
04 A hydrocyclone and Pilot plant Mobile Sludge
an etutriator separate
contaminated fines from
coarse ataterial
G5 Solid/liquid separation Full scale Mobile Sludges and
of sludge-like suspensions slurries
Gi liodegradation using Developmental !n-situ Ground water
nitrate and nutrient*
enriched injection water
G7 Lime stabilizes acid Unknown In-situ Soils and
resin by polymerization sludges
of the tar constituents
G8 Construction of a salt One facility Stationary Solids and
mine for permanent operating slurf'jes
haz. waste disposal
G9 Disposal and storage of One facility Stationary Solids and
hazardous wastes operating sludges
CONTAMINANT
TYPE
Heavy metals
Various
contaminants
Benzene and
other aroawtic
hydrocarbons
Acid
resins
Some waste
restrictions
Some waste
restrictions
RECOMMENDED
ACTIONS
Update
status
Monitor
profrcaa
Further
study useful
No further
action
Check
status
Update
status
REFERENCE
Bruce, 1986.
Bruce, 1986.
U.S. EPA HVERl.
New Front iers.
1987.
Uirdcmnnn,
Umuel tlxmd.-s.Tint.
198?.
Schneider, 1908.
Stone, 198«.
Teistor, 1988.
U.S. EPA HUTRI.
New frontiers.
1987.
Gulcvich, 198«.
Proctor, 19HZ.
(continued)
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TABLE 1 (continued)
TICMMIOGY
In-situ oaidation af arsenic
1* ground Hoter using
tn-aftv anaerobic bfodearadatton
Mobil* rotary kiln treataent of
Sell cleaning by e»traction
at the Pintscfc sit*
Crotaid Hater treataent
at the Pintsch site
•omediation of dietel fuel
contamination using oione
DC SCt IP! ION
CODE OF IMatMtm SU1US lOCAIION
•*<•}) and precipitation
of as-le-Mn compounds
611 •todegradation of fapt-i-mmtal In-sltu
Ks to uoler and CO
Milk nitrate addition
612 Directly and Indirectly Elected to be Mobile
heated rotary Mln operational (1987)
CD Multi-phase ntractor Operational Mobil*
and Haatenater treatment
CU Oil/water separator. Operational Mobile
flotation, air stripping
toner, and fillers
CIS Oxidation of organics and Operational Mobile
enhanced biodegradation
OMtajtlNMI KCONMMKD
UAS1E 1TPE ITPf act IONS
Crouoi Hater Arsenic Ckock
or sludge* compounds atotua
•tudy
u**ful
Soils AraBMlcs. tars Monitor
and acid resins results
Soil* Organic To*; furtfter
contaminant* *««dy
Cround Hater »ydrocarbon». »»•; furtb*r
phenols, and oils •'"*'
neadad
Cround water Diesel fuel and Monitor
organics results
•UERrNCE
Matthess. 1981.
Mattkes* et at..
ran.
MIO/CCMI- Smith.
Feb. 20. 198*.
Mio/ccm pilot
StunV: Deaiinstra-
tion. Mar. TOI7.
MtO/CCNS Pilot
Sturly: Dnmvi t ra-
tion. Mar. 1V87.
grown. 1987.
•MO/CCK Pilot
Study: Oe«on-.,t ra-
tion. Mar. 19A7.
Magrl. 198?.
by otone treatment
(continued)
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TABLE 1 (continued)
CO
TECHNOLOGY
Klockncr Mgh-prcssur* w*t*r j«t
soil washing system
Ih« IECO System, mine OCR.
for solidifying special waste* and
stabilizing contaminated soils
Biological remediation of soil
and water using the lAT-Biosysten
Lab cultivation of specific
micro-organisms for the
decontamination of abandoned sites
Shell B10REG Process for onsite
cleanup of contaminated soil
EfEU flush gas distillation of
contaminated earth
DESCRIPTION
CODE Of TREATMENT STATUS
Gle Nigh-pressure water jets Patented,
force off toxins adsorbed pilot scale
to soil particles
G17 CaO and hydrophobic Operational
agents stabilize and
disperse oils
GIB Aerobic biodeoradation Operational
using specialized
substrates, bacteria,
enzymes and nutrients
G19 Cultivation in lab of Enpcrimont.il
micro-flora taken from
sites fur future use
G20 B.icteria developed for Operational
new and used oils;
substrate, milled
pine bark
G21 Distillation in a Patented,
rotary kiln experimental
CONTAMINANT
lOCAirON WASTE 1TPE TYPE
Mobil* Soil* Various
contaminants
In-sltu or Slurry ponds Mineral oils
on- site and soils
In-situ Primarily soils Mineral oil
and hydrocarbons
In-situ Soils Biodegradable
or teachable
contaminants
In-situ Soils Hydrocarbons and
similar pollutants
Unknown Soils Distillable
contaminants (i.e.
RECOMMENDED
ACTIONS KEfERfNCE
Monitor Crown, 1987.
results
NATO/CCMS Pilot
Study: Demonstra-
tion, Mar. 1907.
Further Klockner, 1967.
study
useful Steiff, Undated.
Uicdemann.
Unwul tbundcsomt ,
1982.
Yes; further Broun, 1987.
study
needed
Monitor Blown, 1987.
rv.ults
Further Broun, 1987.
study
useful
Yes; further Broun. 1987.
study
(continued)
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TABLE 1 (continued)
TECHNOLOGY
CODE
DFSCRIPTION
OF TREATMENT
LOCATION
WAS IE TYPE
CONTAMINANT
TYPE
RECOMMENDED
ACTIONS
REFERENCE
Onsite soil cleaning using the G22
"Oil C»EI> System"
Thermal cleaning of soils C25
contaminated primarily with organics
Chlorinated hydrocarbon remediation G24
by high-pressure suction
Oil washed from soil
forming a separable
emulsion, H20 recyclable
Rotary kiln to oxidize
high boiling point and
hard-to-burn substances
Suction of volatile
contaminants from
unsaturated soils
Operational
Betch-scale
Pilot-scale
Mobile
Mobile
In-aitu
(mobile)
Soils
Soils
Soils
Oils with Yes; further Brown, 19B7.
heavy metals study
needed
Coal, tar, oils,
mercury, cyanide
and heavy metals
Further
study
useful
Broun, 1987.
Highly volatile *es; further Brown, 1987.
hydrocarbons study
needed
Use of specially-adapted microorganisms
to clean contaminated soil
(toot zone bed treatment of organics
FINLAND
Ekokcm comiercial TSDF- Finland
FRANCE
Rhone-Pout enc/Vicarb process for
Valoriiation of Chlorinated
Residues (VCR)
G2S Four different methods of Operational In-situ
introducing the bacteria
to the site are studied
G26 Biological activity of Experimental Offkite
the root zone of reed bods in the field
is used for treatment
FDl Incineration and Operational Stationary
physical-chemical
treatment plants
Fl Pyrolytic process with Several units Stationary
a burner and very short now in
retention times necessary operation
Soils Heating and diescl Update
oil, gasoline, status
kerosene, phenols
and formaldehyde
Brown, 1987.
Ground water.
Icachate
V.isteuatcr,
sludges, and
possibly sol ids
Solids,
liquids.
gases
Organics
Various
contaminants
Chlorinated
organics
(including PCB<)
Update
status
No further
action
Update
status
Shimell, 1VB7.
Chin, fng. Abstr.
1987.
Vitnrb, 1986.
(continued)
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TABLE 1 (continued)
TECHNOLOGY
Petrifix stabilization process
at the Cert and dump site
The Neostar process:
High- temperature/high-pressure
steam cracking of PCBs
DESCRIPTION
CODE OF TREATMENT
F2 Chemical neutralization
and stabilization
(specific chemicals not
mentioned in literature)
F3 Destroys PCBs without
producing lurans or
dioxin
STATUS
Operation
completed
in 1983
Pilot plant
LOCATION
Mobile
Stat ionary.
potentially
mobile
CONTAMINANT
WASTE TYPE TYPE
Solids t Acid tars/ oil
sludges refinery wastes
liquids PCBs
RECOMMENDED
ACTIONS
Update
status
Monitor
progress
REFERENCE
NATO/CCMS Pilot
Study: Demonstra-
tion, Mar. 1987.
Knmiierczak, 1987.
Cationtc metals recovery
(ran effluent waste streams
Electrochemical
displacement of metals
by iron in a vibrating
reaction vessel
Unknown
Stationary
Metals in Valuable or toxic No further them. Eng. Abstr.,
solutions metals action 1987.
Actfmag Magnetic separation
F5 Magnets agitate a bed
of iron for substitution
with metals from solution
Pilot plant Stationary
Metals in Valuable or toxic No further
solution metals action
Engineer,
1987.
Organic carbon conversion in 16
a High Compacting Multiphasic
Reactor (HCMR)
An active denitrification medium F7
to promote anaerobic biodcgradation
A targe-particle spouted
bed for aerobic
biological treatment
Experimental
Stationary Multiphase wastes
or mobile
Denitrifying bacteria. Bench-scale and Stationary
organic carbon and calcium patented
nitrate as active support
Unknown
Organic* and
hydrocarbons
Anaerobicatly
biodegradable
contaminants
No further
action
No further
action
Elmolch, 1987
Technical
Insights, 1986.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
DESCRIPTION
OF TREATMENT
LOCATION
CONTAMINANT
TYPE
RECOMMENDED
ACTIONS
HUNGARY
Catalytic hydrodehalogcnatio
HI A supported palladium
catalyst replaces Cl
atoms wi th H atoms
Experimental
lab stage and
patented
Stationary
L t qu i ds
Chlorinated
compounds
No further
action
Mathe, 1V87.
Waste elimination by application
of the plasma technique
H2
Plasma dcconposi t ion
of vaporized wastes
Full-scale
unit
Stat ionary
I i(|u i ds
Most wastes
including metals
and halogcnated
hydrocarbons
Monitor
program
Krojcsovics,
1907.
INDIA
DDT Degradation by bacteria
from activated sludge
Aerobic biodegradation
by isolated
microorganisms
Experimental Potentialty Soils
mobile
DDT No further Sharma, 1987.
net ion
Microbial detoxification of
cyanide from wastewater
Aerobic biodegradation
by specif i c
microbial sludge
E xpcri ment aI Unknown Uast ewater
Cyanide No further U.S. EPA HUERL.
action New Frontiers,
1905.
JAPAN
Degradation of PCBs
by microorganisms
Biodcgradation
by the bacterium
Alkat igenes
Experimental
Not yet
determined
Soil
Update
status
Yagi,
Fuji beton encapsulation
process
Encapsulation using
a cross-tinked
si Iicatc material
Commercially Mobile Still bottoms. Chlorinated
available scmisolids, and organics and
slukje clectroplnt ing
wastes
Update
status
Technical
Insights, 1986.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
ro
TECHNOLOGY
Electrolytic decomposition of
iron-cyanide complexes
Biological treatment of
phosphorous compounds
HUT chemical fixation
technology
Removal of arsenic by
precipitation and sedimentation
Removal of arsenic and
gallium by precipitation
Removal of arsenic from
low pH wastewaters
Removal of low concentrations of
arsenic using a chelating resin
DESCRIPTION
CODE OF TREATMENT STATUS
JJ Practical electrolytic Patented
decomposition
J4 Accumulation of Patented
phosphorous compounds by
specific microorganisms
J5 Chemical fixation and Demonstration
detoxification in
the bui I ding of a
macromolecular framework
using inorganic polymers
J6 Precipitation by Operational
addition of H2S04,
NaOCl, and FeCl3
J7 Co-precipitation by Operational
addition of Fe(OH)3,
feUX, and NK40H
J8 Addition of dialkyl Patented and
thiocarbamate as a available
chelat ing agent
J9 Addition of a Amberlite Patented -d
IRA 743, a chelating available
LOCATION WASTE TYPE
S t a t i onary Aqueous
solutions
Hobi le Aqueous
solut ions
Habile Soils
Stationary Unstewoter and
steam from a
gcothermat power
general ing plant
Station.iry Uastewater from
s em i c otvfuc tor
processing
Stationary Uastcwater from
cadmium refining
Stationary Wnstewater or
Ground water
CONTAMINANT
TYPE
Ferrocyanide
and ferricyanide
compl exes
Organic and
inorganic
phosphorous
con pounds
Inorganic and
organic wastes
Arsenic
Arsenic and
gat t iuro
Arsenic
Arsenic
RECOMMENDED
ACTIONS
No further
action
Ho further
act ion
Update
status
No further
ac t i on
No further
ac 1 1 on
No further
action
Mo further
act ton
REFERENCE
Technical
Insights, 1986.
Technical
Insights, 19ft6.
International
Waste Tethnologie:
Undated.
McCoy, 1987.
U.S. EPA HUERI .
New Frontiers,
1985.
U.S. EPA HWERL.
New Front lev s.
1985.
U.S. F.PA HUCRL.
New Front icrs.
19H5.
U.S. CPA HUTRL.
New Front icrs.
19B5.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
DESCRIPTION
OF TREATMENT
CONTAMINANT RECOMMENDED
TYPE ACTIONS
RFrFRFNCE
Treatment of arsenic-containing
wastewaters with titanium conpounds
J10 Selective precipitation Process available Stationary Uastcwater or
by addition of ground water
t i taniurn
Arsenic No further U.S. EPA HUERl.
action Now Frontiers,
1985.
Adsorption of arsenic by
red nmd
J11
Red mud shaken with
H.istcwater adsorbs
arsenic
Experimental Stat ionary u.istcuater
Arsenic
No further U.S. EPA HUFRL.
action New Frontiers,
Plunging water jet system using
inclined short nozzles for
aerobic treatment of wastewater
J12 Aeration for biological
treatment and removal of
dissolved orgumc matter
Experimental Unknown
Organics
No Further Ohk.iwa, 19(16.
action
CO
Mercury roasting of
contaminated soils
THE NETHERLANDS
J13 Mercury is Full-scale
volatilized from soils unit
and recovered
Stationary
Mercury
Update iVnguchi, 1987.
status
Extraction techniques for
treatment of soil in
the Netherlands (Overview)
BSN soil extraction plant
Heijmans soil extraction plant
Physical/chemical
N2 Extraction by high
pressure washing,
separation and dewater ing
N3 Extraction by scruUjing,
prccipitat ion, scparotion
and dcwatertng
Five full-
scjle units
in operation
FulI-scale
uni t
fulI-seal e
uni t
Soils
Soils
Various Monitor NAIO/CCMS Pilot
contaminants rcsul ts StixJy: Dnimnstra-
tion. Mar. 1Vfi7.
Various Check TWO- AssinV, v.tn
contcmiinants st.itu-i Pro 8r ink, IVflA.
Cyanides, heavy Yes; furrhfr INn Assmk, v.»n
metals, end study Dm Brink, 1VM.
hydrocarbons needed
(continued)
-------
TAbLE 1 (continued)
DESCRIPTION
TECHNOLOGY CODE OF TREATMENT
MUZ Bodemsanering mobile N4 Scrubbing, washing
and separation
Ecotechmek soil noshing process N5 Sand slurry is heated
with steam, oil is skinned
sand dcwntercd
Thermal treatment of soil N6 Thermal- generally
in the Netherlands (Overview) rotary kiln or
f luidi led bed
kilns and incinerator
(afterburner)
Furnace (or soils with oil injection
Ecotechniek Rotary Ktln Tubular N9 Direct and indirectly
Furnace for soils heated rotary kiln
with afterburner
N8M indirectly-heated tube N10 Air-tight rotary kiln.
furnace for soils indirectly-heated, with
inert gas flow
STATUS LOCATION
Full-scale Mobile
Full -scale Unknown
unit
Five full- Stat tonary
scale uni ts
in opcrat ion
unit
plant
Full-scale Stat ionary
uni t
Ful I -scale Stationary
unit
CONTAMINANT
WASTE TYPE TYPE
Soils Mineral oils.
metals, cyanides.
some chlorinated
hydrocarbons
S.ind Oils
Soi Is Petroleum
compounds, PCAs,
cyanides and BTEX
Soi I s Petroleum
compounds, PCAs,
cyanides and BTEX
compounds, PCAs,
cyanides and BTEX
Soi Is Petrol ei.m
compounds, PCAs,
cyanides and BTEX
Soils Petrol vim
compounds, PCAs,
cyanides and BTEX
RECOMMfchOtD
ACTIONS
Yes;
study
needed
Check
progf ess
Honi tor
rcsut ts
Check
status
program
Check
status
Check
status
REFERENCE
TMO- Assink, van
°"" 8r'nk' 1W6'
inn A'.sink, v,m
Den Brink, 19H6.
NATO/CCHS Pilot
Slixiy: Dpmonstrn-
tion, H.ir. 19H/.
Don Brink, 1VB6.
TNO- Ass I nk vnn
Di-n Brink, 1986.
THO- Asstnle, v.in
Don Brink, IVnA.
NOM Brochuri-.
19B6.
TNO- Assifik, vnn
Don Brink, 1VIV,.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
DESCRIPTION
TECHNOLOGY CODE OF TREATMENT STATUS
Landf arming efforts in N11 Biological Demons t rat ion
the Netherlands stnge
In-situ biorestorntion of soil N12 Biological Demons i. at inn
contaminated with gasoline stage
and process control
Reclamation of contaminated NU A three-phase slurry Lnb-scnle
soil with a bioreactor aerated and suspended by
air injected from below
organohatogens removal of chlorine atoms
from organic molecules
Extraction of organic bromine N16 Intimate mixing with Pilot plant
compounds frum soils using N.iOH NaOH extracts bromine
The Panel wall as a barrier N17 Barrier of alternating Unknown
CONTAMINANT
LOCATION WASTE TYPE TYPE
In-situ Soils Gns oil, fuel
oi 1 , cutt ing
oil, PCAs
tn-si tu Soi Is Gasol ine
niubi le of low
biodtrgradabi 1 ity
Mobi le Soi Is Various
hydrocarbons
nt*d r t iisuwa t er organoch 1 or j ne
compounds
Ons i te Soi Is Bromine
cwnpouftds
In-situ Sot Is Various
contaminants
RfCOMMtNOrO
ACTIONS
Monitor
resul ts
Yes; further
study
needed
resul ts
Uprttite
s tot us
study
needed
Yes; further
study needed
Moni tor
progi t-ss
RrfERFNCE
NATO/fCMS Pilot
Study* Demon st i f\-
tion, M.ir. \fn\7 ,
NATO/f CMS Pilot
SUHy: D'TKMi.tnt-
tion. M.ir. 1W.
S t ixly : Dwimi is 1 1
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
TECHNOLOGY
Air stripping of volatiles
Microf ittrat ion of zinc -contaminated
ground water
Decontamination of excavated
soil by composting
Special ited microbial degradation
of excavated soil
In-situ steam stripping
of soils
Steam stripping of excavated soil
DESCRIPTION
CODE OF TREATMENT STATUS LOCATION UASTE TYPE
N19 Aeration towers or Unknoun Mobile or Ground water
N20 Zinc separated as zinc Unknoun Mobile or Ground water
hydroxide floes, removed stationary
by membrane filtration
N?1 Soil is aerated and Pilot-scale Off-site Soils
composted, exhaust air
passed through a
compost filter
NZZ Specialized micro- Experimental Off-site Soils
organisms for high-rate
biot realers
N23 Steam volatilizes Pilot plant In-situ Soils
contaminants and is
medium of transport
M?4 Steam volatilizes Bench-scale Mobile Soils
contaminants and is
CONTAMINANT
TYPE
Volatile
Zinc
Casol ine
Halogenated
hydrocarbons
Various
hydroc arbons
Volatile
contaminants
HECOHMENOEO
ACTIONS
No further
No further
act ion
Uixlate
status
Update
status
No further
action
No further
action
REFERENCE
TNQ- Assink, van
TNO Assink, van
Den Brink, 1906.
TNn- Assink, v.»n
Den Brink, 1VI16.
TNO- Assink. van
Den Brink, 19B6.
TNO- Assink, van
Don Brink, IvM.
Assink, 1987.
OHV palletizing process
for metal-plating sludge
Washing of cadmium-polluted soils
medium of transport
»?5 Pure granular metal- Unknoun
carbonate crystals are
produced in • reactor;
pellets are reusable
N26 Soil washing then water Pilot-scale
treatment by sorption
uith resin GT- 71
Stationary Metal-plating Metals
and pickling
baths
In-situ Soils and Cadnuim
ground water
JonVcr, 19B8.
No further Chcm. Eng. Abstr.
action 1987.
Yes, further lit I ir«js, 1987.
study
(continued)
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
TECHNOLOGY
SVIfOEN
Anodic oxidation of cyanide
Heavy metal removal via
sutfate-reducing bacteria
SAKAB Norrtorp rotary kiln
incinerator
UNITED KINGDOM
The electro-reclamation of chlorine
and sodium from soils
The Macguire VO2 aeration system
for biological enhancement
DESCRIPTION
CODE OF TREATMENT
SI Agitation-enhanced
electrolytic oxidation
52 Bacteria reduce sulfatc
to sul fides; heavy
as sul fides
S3 Rotary kiln,
12 meters long
Ut Migration of ions in
soil to an electrode to
facilitate extraction
U2 Aeration to enhance
aerobic biodcgraddtion
STATUS LOCATION WASTE TYPE
Patented, Unknown Cyanide solutions
experimental (electroplating
baths)
Patented, mostly Unknown Heavy metal
experimental aqueous
sotut ions
Operational Stationary Liquids, sludges
since 1983 and solids
Experimental In-situ Soils
Available Stationary Sludge
CONTAMINANT
TYPE
Cyanide
Sul fate, copper,
line and iron
Various
conmtaminants
Metals or
other ions
Biodegradable
contaminants
RECOMMENDED
ACTIONS REFERENCE
No further Technical
action Insights, 19BA.
No further lcchnir.il
action Insights, 191)6.
No further Dial,
action 1«-27 Apiil 19B5.
No further Hamiett, 19BO.
action
No further Processing, IVtlc*.
action
-------
The last category includes a list of 14 technologies selected for site
visits. Among the selected technologies, two thermal technologies, two
biological remedial technologies, and 10 physical/chemical techniques are
found, A listing of the technologies selected for further research and their
associated contacts are given in Table 2.
The reasons for selecting these technologies varied significantly as
shown in Table 2. Although thermal treatment technologies abound elsewhere as
they do in the United States, they have been covered by the NATO/CCMS work and
frequently employ the same principles of operation as in the United States.
Thus, this project did not select many thermal technologies. Several soil
washing technologies were selected due to their extensive use in Europe and
high throughputs compared to the United States' washers. Other technologies
were selected for their unique applications or operational principles.
Finally, a few technologies will be reviewed to understand why they failed, so
that United States' researchers can benefit from this knowledge.
18
-------
TABLE 2. TECHNOLOGIES SELECTION FOR FURTHER STUDY UNDER PHASE II
Technology
Code Contact(s), Company, Tel. No.
Reason for selection
Belgium
High-temperature slagging kiln
incineration (HTSI).
Federal Republic of Germany
Soil cleanup using low
frequency vibration-Pintsch site.
Ground water treatment at the
Pintsch site.
Biological remediation of soil
and water using the
lAT-Biosystem.
EFEU flush gas distillation
of contaminated soil.
Bl Rik Vanbrabant, Project Leader
Belgian Nuclear Research Center
(SCK/CEN)
Waste Treatment Dept.
Boeretang 200
B-2400 Mol, Belgium
011-32 14 31 68 71
G13 Herr Werner/Mr. Groschel
Harbauer GmbH & Co. KG
Ingenieurburo fur Umwelttechnik
Bismarckstrasse 10-12
1000 Berlin 12, FRG
011-49 30 341-19-12
G14 Dr. Sonnen
Harbauer GmbH & Co. KG
Bismarckstrasse 10-12
D-1000 Berlin 12, FRG
030-341-1912
G18 Mr. Lissner/Mr. Henke
Umweltschutz Nord GmbH
Bergedorfer Strasse 49
2875 Ganderkesee 1, FRG
011-49-4222 1023
G21 H. Michel Kim - EFEU GmbH
Ackerstrasse 71-76
1000 Berlin, FRG
011-49-30-4894-672,673
Unique process.
Unique approach.
Integral to soil
clean-up at Pintsch
site (see G13)
Unique approach to
biorestoration.
Unique process.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
Technology
Code Contact(s), Company, Tel. No.
Reason for selection
Federal Republic of Germany (cont.)
Onsite soil cleaning using the G22
TBSG Oil CREP System.
ro
o
Chlorinated hydrocarbon
remediation by high-pressure
suction.
The Netherlands
Metals extraction by soil
washing.
G24
N3
Mobile soil washer for
removing cyanide from
contaminated soil.
N4
Dr. Peterson/Herr Gunchera
TBSG Industrievertratungen GmbH
Langerstrasse 52-54
2800 Bremen 1, FRG
Dr. Stein/Dr. Wolff
Hanover Umwelttechnik GmbH
Impexstrasse 5
6909 Waldorf, FRG
49-622 79 051
Mr. C. Jonker
Mr. Martine Heijmans
Heijmans Milieutechniek BV
P.O. Box 2
5240 BB Rosmalen, the Netherlands
011-31-4192-89111
H.C.M. Breek
HWZ Bodemsanering
Vanadiumweg 5
3812 PX Amersfoort, the
Netherlands
011-31-33-1 38 44
Unique process,
high throughput.
Similar process to
U.S. technology.
Need information on
application and
performance.
Effective soil washer.
High throughput
soil washer.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
Technology
Code Contact(s), Company, Tel. No.
Reason for selection
The Netherlands (cont.)
In situ biorestoration
research.
Electrochemical treatment of
organohalogens in process
waste waters.
Extraction of organic bromine
compounds from soils.
N12 Dr. Reinier van den, Berg
Ms. Esther R. Soczo
RIVM
Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9
Postbus 1
3270 BA Bilthoven,
The Netherlands
011-31-30-743338
N15 Dr.-Ir D. Schmal
TNO/Dept. of Environ. Technology
P.O. Box 217
2600 AE Delft
Schoemakerstraat 97
2628 VK Delft, The Netherlands
011-31 15 69 6087
N16 Dr. W.H. Rulkens, and
Jan W. Assink - TNO
Div. of Technology for Society
Extensive biorestora-
tion research program
with long history.
Unique process.
May have future
application.
Unique application of
soil washing.
Boundary film evaporators
with carbon.
N18
In situ washing of cadmium- N26
polluted soils (site in Utrecht)
A.B. van Luin
Ground Water Institute
P.O. Box 17
8200 AA Lelystad, the Netherlands
011-31-3200-70411
Mr. L.G.C.M. Urlings
Head, Research & Development
TAUW Infra Consult BV
P.O. Box 479
7400 AL Deventer, The Netherlands
011-31-5700-999-11
Unique process with
some problems.
Also, high throughput
soil washing
application.
-------
SECTION 2
OVERVIEW OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
PROGRAMS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
INTRODUCTION
Hazardous waste management in countries throughout the world is an
evolving practice, one which involves continually developing policies and
regulatory approaches to the problems posed by hazardous waste production and
disposal. Most technologically-advanced countries have developed a wide
variety of technologies for dealing with hazardous waste problems, in addition
to sponsoring significant research and development efforts in the field.
The European approach to hazardous waste management is notable because of
its relative success. The Europeans practice decentralization, whereby
individual counties or provinces most often assume the responsibility for the
collection and disposal of hazardous wastes produced in their locality.
Still, while implementation of hazardous waste management systems is often a
local responsibility, most countries do have a National Environmental
Protection Agency which creates the environmental policy for the country,
develops the regulatory framework for meeting the goals of that policy, and
serves to disseminate information on hazardous waste treatment and disposal.
Along with decentralization has arisen the development of organized
collection and transport systems designed to meet the unique needs of each
locality. Problems do arise, however, out of the lack of uniformity of
environmental regulation and policy enforcement throughout the country, in
addition to the lack of local facilities available for proper waste disposal.
Some European countries including the Netherlands, Sweden and Denmark have
constructed centralized incineration facilities and landfills which accept
wastes from all over the country, in response to the shortage of local
facilities.
The exporting of hazardous wastes to neighboring countries, practiced in
the Federal Republic of Germany for example, is also a common practice of
countries lacking proper disposal facilities of their own. Examples of other
less conventional waste disposal practices are co-disposal of hazardous wastes
with municipal wastes seen in the United Kingdom, and disposal at sea,
practiced in the FRG, Japan and Australia.
22
-------
Throughout the world, the high costs of disposal often incurred upon
local municipalities and entrepreneurs, along with the lack of proper disposal
facilities, tends to result in numerous incidences of illegal dumping. This
is especially true in the more populated and politically-reactive developing
countries where enforcement poses unique difficulties. This, along with the
fact that environmental regulations are only a recent phenomenon, give rise to
the contemporary issue of what to do with old, abandoned, contaminated waste
sites, known or suspected to exist in large quantities throughout these
countries.
Most foreign countries are only beginning to catalogue their abandoned
sites with no country surveyed yet having a regulatory mechanism for the
remediation of such sites as sophisticated as the United States' Comprehensive
Environmental Response Compensation and Liabilities Act (CERCLA). The
Canadian Council of Resource and Environmental Ministers (CCREM), however, is
currently working on establishing a "national contingency fund" to respond to
the problem of abandoned sites in Canada. Most central governments are
responding to the problem of abandoned hazardous waste sites by directing
nationwide studies and providing subsidies to local communities for
remediation efforts. However, it is likely in the near future that in most
European communities, the restoration of abandoned hazardous waste sites will
continue to be a local affair.
The following sections provide an overview of the current state of
hazardous waste management practices for each of the individual countries
addressed in this report. Hazardous waste management in Hungary and Finland
has not been covered due to a lack of available information from these
countries.
The most thorough and current information on hazardous waste management
in Denmark, France, Japan and The Netherlands was found primarily in
"International Perspectives on Hazardous Waste Management", published this
year by the Academic Press and edited by William Forester and John Skinner.
The other major sources for the information found in this section are:
• Arnott, Robert A. Non-Regulatory Aspects of European Waste
Management, 1984.
• Biles, Stan. A Review of Municipal and Hazardous Waste Management
Practices and Facilities in Seven European Countries, 1987.
• Williams, Alan C. A Study of Hazardous Waste Minimization in
Europe: Public and Private Strategies to Reduce Production of
Hazardous Waste, 1986.
AUSTRALIA OVERVIEW
In 1982, the management of hazardous wastes in Australia was the subject
of a broad ranging study undertaken by the Australian Environment Council
(AEC) and the Confederation of Australian Industry. The goal of this study
was to commence the management of hazardous wastes and to achieve a marked
23
-------
improvement in environmental standards and safeguards, without massive
investment or conflict between government and industry and, therefore, without
jeopardizing the economic viability of those industries.
Harzardous wastes arising from industrial operations were not
specifically cared for by dedicated systems for their management. The main
concern was to keep these wastes out of the sewerage system. Conditions up
until the mid-1970's were typified by a variety of practices for the treatment
and disposal of hazardous wastes:
• Large industries tended to treat and dispose of their wastes to
standards acceptable to relevant State government bodies. In some
cases these standards were set on a case-by-case basis rather than
as part of a well defined framework.
• Some co-disposal of hazardous wastes with domestic refuse was
undertaken. This was sometimes deliberate and controlled, and in
some cases was not controlled.
• The most common dedicated disposal practice was via lagoon systems,
with retention of solids in the lagoon and loss of liquids by
evaporation and infiltration.
• Instances of illegal disposal and uncontrolled disposal to landfill
occurred.
In 1983, the AEG Report was published, entitled "Management and Disposal
of Hazardous Industrial Wastes." It identified problems with the then
existing situation and made recommendations on how these problems could be
overcome. This report became the framework for the current hazardous waste
management activities in Australia. The report identified the following goals:
• The establishment of adequate facilities, particularly a. single
national high temperature incinerator, for the destruction of
chlorinated organic wastes.
• Establishment of required treatment facilities with a range of
chemical, physical, and biological treatment processes and a
controlled landfill for disposal of other hazardous wastes.
• Establishment of control systems to ensure that hazardous wastes are
properly handled and disposed of, including a hazardous waste
manifest system controlled by one body in each State, with all
States adhering to a common classification system.
• Encouragement of waste minimization and recycling programs.
• Reduction of the existing stockpile of hazardous wastes,
particularly the stable organochlorides, by ocean or overseas
incineration if feasible.
24
-------
At the time of the publication of the 1983 AEC Report, the information on
the quantities and characteristics of hazardous wastes in Australia was poor.
Since the publication, a number of States have undertaken additional surveys:
• 1983 - New South Wales State Pollution Control Commission; estimate
of 60 ML/year (63,500 tons)* of industrial liquid waste generated in
Sydney.
• 1984 - Survey by the Victorian Environment Protection Authority;
estimate of 61 mL/year (64,500 tons) industrial wastes in Melbourne
and 77 ML/year (81,400 tons) in Victoria.
• 1985 - Survey by the South Australian Waste Management Commission,
from manifest records; 53.4 ML/year (56,400 tons) of industrial
wastes.
The level of industrial activity in Australia is characterized by a high
concentration of hazardous waste producing industries in Sydney and
Melbourne. Since'the publication of the 1983 AEC Report, there has been the
development of the 1986 National Guidelines for the Management of Hazardous
Wastes. This calls for the government implementation of these guidelines.
Some of the key principles of this document are:
• The polluter pays principle should apply to all aspects of the
management of hazardous wastes.
• Generators, transporters, storers, treaters, and disposers of
hazardous wastes should be regulated and be required to conform with
the regulatory standards.
• The classification system for hazardous wastes described in the
guidelines should be applied nationally.
• A common transport manifest system should be implemented by waste
management authorities.
• AEC should develop specific technical and environmental guidelines
on site selection criteria for hazardous waste facilities.
• One national high temperature incinerator should be built.
• A national system for the exchange of industrial wastes should be
established.
• Australian and overseas research and development on hazardous waste
management should be monitored by AEC's Advisory Committee on
Chemicals in the Environment.
*ML/year - 1 x 10* liter/year.
25
-------
Since the publication of these guidelines in November of 1986, the six
Australian States have begun to more closely develop a single nationally
coordinated approach to hazardous wastes.
In spite of numerous well prepared proposals, Australia to date has been
unable to establish a high temperature incinerator. Concern by residents and
some sections of public interest groups over the safety and public health
aspects of incineration has forestalled the introduction of this component of
the hazardous waste management system in Australia.
BELGIUM OVERVIEW
Belgium, as declared in their constitution in 1970, is divided into three
regions: the Flemish Region, the Walloon (French-speaking) Region, and the
Brussels Region. While a central parliament retains certain traditional
authority in Belgium, environmental protection is among the powers delegated
to the Regions.
The Flemish Public Waste Agency (known in Belgium as OVAM) was created by
a decree on the management of waste enacted July 2, 1981. The agency has the
authority to plan, regulate and establish facilities for the management of
solid and hazardous waste for the Flemish Region of Belgium. The agency also
supports some research and development of waste processing methods, and
subsidizes new domestic waste treatment facilities such as incinerators. OVAM
operates under the administrative control of the Minister of the Environment.
The work of OVAM in the field of hazardous waste management has included
the development of accurate information on waste generation, treatment and
disposal in the Flemish Region, and the preparation of a Hazardous Waste
Management Plan. OVAM has recently been working to establish a series of
integrated treatment and disposal facilities for the management of hazardous
wastes, through a public/private corporation known as INDAVER. Further
regulatory action designed to tighten the standards for treatment and disposal
of hazardous wastes in the Region is expected.
Although more information was not available at the time, it is assumed
that the Walloon Region and the Brussels Region of Belgium have an agency and
programs similar to those in the Flemish Region.
CANADA OVERVIEW
The management of hazardous wastes in Canada is the responsibility of
both the Federal government and the Provinces of Canada. The Federal
government has the role of gathering and disemminating information, developing
national guidelines, and conducting research, development, and demonstration
activities. In addition, the Federal government has direct responsibility for
the remediation of "Federal lands" including the Yukon and Northwest Territory
and facilities of various Federal government departments such as Canadian
Armed Forces bases, airports, and national parks. The mechanism for dealing
with the management of hazardous wastes is the Canadian Council of Resources
and Environment Ministers (CCREM). The development of a "national contingency
fund" to respond to the release of hazardous substances is presently being
addressed by the CCREM.
26
-------
Within Canada, the remediation of contaminated lands and ground water,
excluding Federally-controlled areas, is the direct responsibility of the
provinces. Environment Canada, working with seven participating provinces,
has initiated the "Waste Disposal Site Program" to respond to hazardous waste
problems. This program consists of three major phases:
I. The identification of all operational and closed waste disposal
sites, collection of available data, and ranking of sites.
II. Preliminary field assessments of all sites, validation of existing
data, and collection of data to fill information gaps.
III. Detailed field assessments of sites to identify impacts and
recommend remedial alternatives, if appropriate.
Phase I site investigation studies have been completed in all Canadian
territories and provinces with the exception of Ontario, Quebec, and British
Columbia, who are conducting independent studies. During Phase I, 9,292 waste
disposal sites have been identified with 747 sites given a Priority 1
ranking. An additional 3,772 sites were identified in the Provinces of
Ontario and Quebec. The total number is expected to grow as further effort is
directed towards finding as yet unidentified sites.
In addition, a limited overview of ground water contamination throughout
Canada has recently been completed. As a result, four sources of ground water
contamination have been identified. These are:
1. Waste Containment and Disposal Operations;
2. Industrial Operations (unintentional releases);
3. Agricultural Activities; and
4. Management Conflicts (deficiencies in maintenance).
In response to the discovery of these abandoned hazardous waste sites,
four classes of remedial alternatives have emerged. Indirect remedial
measures. which do not eliminate the source or extent of contamination, may be
all that is warranted. These interim measures may include purchasing
contaminated properties or providing alternative water supplies to the area.
Direct remedial measures are designed to fully rehabilitate contaminated
properties which would involve both source control (removal) and plume control
(treatment). Other actions may be necessary such as continued monitoring of
affected areas. The fourth alternative available is no action.
At many sites, some form of action has been taken, including ground water
monitoring or the recommendation or implementation of some type of remedial
measure. Where leaking underground storage tanks have been found, leaks have
been repaired and usually some form of product recovery system has been
installed. At these sites, contaminated wells have either been replaced or an
alternative water supply has been provided. It is noteworthy to mention, that
27
-------
either indirect or direct remedial measures have been undertaken or been
proposed for the majority of the abandoned hazardous waste sites found in
Canada.
DENMARK OVERVIEW
Denmark has established a complete system and set of procedures for the
management of hazardous waste, including the following main components:
legislation, a packing/transport system, a transfer station system, and a
central treatment system (Kommunekemi). The three basic principles of this
hazardous waste management system are: the obligation to give notification of
the type and amount of waste produced to the municipal authorities, the
obligation to deliver the waste to the municipal collection system, and the
treatment of the waste at the central plant.
The administration of the Danish system is organized in a decentralized
way, whereby local municipalities do the permitting and are responsible for
the establishment of a collection system. There are no direct subsidies to
enterprises for the treatment of hazardous waste and each delivery of
hazardous waste to Kommunekemi is charged according to a price list. Special
arrangements to facilitate the delivery of wastes do exist, however.
Municipalities may exempt industries from the duty to deliver hazardous
waste to Kommunekemi if environmentally sound treatment of the waste is
ensured. For example, in 1985, 91,198 tons of hazardous waste were treated at
Kommunekemi, however in 1984, 23,750 tons of waste were granted exemptions.
The Kommunekemi facility is a publicly-owned and operated facility,
although the corporate structure is like a share company, owned by all Danish
municipalities. The incinerator plant accounts for Kommunekemi's largest
treatment section. Wastes which cannot be treated at Kommunekemi such as
cyanide-containing hardening salts, mercury, or PCB-containing solid wastes
are deposited in West Germany in a salt mine.
In Denmark, the regional collection and transfer system is effective,
along with control of the industrial hazardous waste stream. Cooperation
between industry, the centralized management system, and the incineration
facility has been successful. Like most other European countries, one of
Denmark's major thrusts has been in research in the field of recycling and
waste source reduction.
In the late 1970's, the identification of several abandoned contaminated
sites prompted the enactment of an emergency law designed to address the legal
and economic problems of such sites. Denmark is subdivided into 16 counties,
each having an environmental agency. These counties were to report hazardous
waste sites for which no principal responsible party could be found. In 1983,
a law was enacted providing an equivalent of 100 million Deutsch Marks (DM)
for the investigation and cleanup of these sites over a 10 year period. To
date, 1,200 sites have been identified which require action. One hundred
different sites are presently being investigated by County administrations,
with 20 of these sites having remedial action on-going. Sites where human
health or the quality of the ground water are threatened have top priority.
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FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY OVERVIEW
The Waste Disposal Act of the Federal Republic of Germany passed in 1972
includes regulations for defining hazardous or special waste, guidelines for
waste disposal, liability for disposal, regional planning for disposal,
licensing of facilities, trip tickets, licensing for transport, and waste
import. More recent acts provide regulations for transportation safety, data
collection, waste collection, recycling and burning of oil, and special
regulations which protect against water pollution.
State governments are responsible for implementing and enforcing the
requirements of the Waste Disposal Act. Most states are equipped with an
Environmental Protection Agency.
Total waste management is performed under the so-called "polluter pays
principle" which means the generator of waste has to pay full cost for waste
disposal. Subsidies are sometimes given for research studies and
investigations in the field of special waste disposal.
Commercial hazardous waste management begins with onsite storage. The
materials are then transported to treatment or disposal plants. In some cases
such as in Bavaria, special collection points have been built to reduce
transport distances and to collect sufficient quantities of waste to minimize
the number of trips. Such collection points are sometimes combined with
pretreatment facilities for sedimentation.
Land incineration systems in the Federal Republic of Germany mostly use
the rotary kiln. Seventeen incinerator facilities are available in the
Federal Republic of Germany, as well as 23 physical/chemical treatment
plants. One large treatment center is the Gesellschaft Zur Beseitigung von
Sondermiill in Bayern mbH (GSB), the central processing plant in Bavaria. It
is a not-for-profit company with facilities for wastewater purification,
physico-chemical treatment, incineration and landfill.
It is estimated that 30,000 tons of special waste per year is incinerated
onboard ships in the North Sea, half of it highly-chlorinated material. PCBs,
however, are not allowed to be burned at sea.
A certain amount of hazardous waste makes its way in and out of the
Country. In 1982, for example, special waste generation in the Federal
Republic of Germany was 4.5 million tons. About 40,000 tons were imported
from Switzerland, the Netherlands, France, and Belgium. About 180,000 tons
were exported, including 140,000 tons into the GDR and 40,000 tons into EEC
countries (Switzerland and Austria).
One underground mine disposal facility is Herfa Neurode, in Kassel,
located in an abandoned salt mine. About 45,000 tons of imported and domestic
special waste are disposed of here each year. Storage in the caves of the
mine is manifested, so that special waste can be excavated later on for
recycling.
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There is only a small capacity remaining for landfilling of hazardous
waste in Germany. German State Ministers for Environmental Affairs have,
therefore, recently decided that each State of the Federal Republic of Germany
should provide sufficient disposal capacity both for burning and for land
disposal.
Since 1984, the research and development of remedial technologies has
been a part of a program for environmental research funded by the Ministry for
Research and Technology. Remedial technology development has been aimed at
two general areas: 1) the prevention of spread of soil and ground water
contamination; and 2) the elimination or reduction of soil and ground water
contamination. These areas are of particular concern since greater than
70 percent of the drinking water in the Federal Republic of Germany is from
ground water.
In addition, special waste exchange markets have been operated for over
10 years by German industry which have helped to minimize or to avoid
unnecessary waste generation. Within the last few years, no major violation
in special waste management has been found in the Federal Republic of Germany.
However, by the end of 1985, 35,000 suspicious sites had been identified
by State authorities including 30,000 abandoned waste disposal sites and 5,000
contaminated industrial sites. It is estimated that 10 percent (3,000) of the
abandoned waste disposal sites and 50 percent (2,500) of the industrial sites
would be classified as environmentally dangerous. No special program is
presently available in the Federal Republic of Germany for remedial actions to
be taken at these sites.
New legislation outlining the economics of waste markets, and new
technologies for waste reduction have been drafted with an improvement of the
situation in special waste management being expected. New technologies are
also under investigation for the immobilization of hazardous components and
for the remediation of abandoned sites. Waste disposal plants should also be
improved further to attain the higher technical standards developed in
underground control for landfills and in flue gas cleaning for incinerators.
The waste disposal program in Bavaria, with several collection points, is
a good example of a system that works. Their philosophy, given by Dr.-Ing.
Gerhard Sierig of Berliner Stadtreinigungsbetriebe, is "A high standard of
living coincides with the high quality of the environment - in the air, soil
and water. It can only be preserved when the amount of waste is reduced by
new technology and when waste disposal technology is improved further."
FRANCE OVERVIEW
A law dated July 15, 1975 "makes it the obligation of each and every
person generating or possessing wastes to ensure their disposal in such a way
as to avoid adversely affecting human health and the environment." The new
law prompted the construction of treatment centers, an end to unauthorized
dumping, new regulations, and the development of more elaborate techniques for
collecting, transporting and storing wastes. Several texts have been appended
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to the above law. They govern classified establishments (1976), control of
chemicals (1977), treatment of used oil (1979), industrial waste landfills
(1980) incineration (1983), and the importation of toxic wastes (1983).
The National Agency for Waste Recovery and Disposal (ANRED) has come to
play a major role in centralizing information and promoting new treatment and
recovery techniques in France. At the same time, ANRED serves an equally
crucial role in the French economy by electing to support those projects in
which a national economic interest is present.
Government authorities are responsible for setting and enforcing
discharge standards. Authorities are presently in the process of drawing up
an invoice system to keep track of special (hazardous) wastes from source to
destination. Transportation and collection of waste, as well as all disposal
and recycling facilities are privately run. Their success is to be determined
by the laws of economics.
The Basin authorities in France are also important waste management
agencies. There are six such basins responsible for water management and
pollution control. The Basin authorities generate significant income through
the assessment of fees for drinking water and water pollution discharges. The
funds are redistributed to finance pollution control within the basin and
support innovative industrial waste stream management at ANRED.
Today there are a wide variety of waste collection and transport firms
grouped together in professional associations, such as the National Union of
Liquid Waste Collectors. Many such companies also do industrial cleaning and
work at contaminated sites. At this time, there is no official authority for
these activities, with the exception of one in northern France.
As of February 1984, wastes were treated as follows:
Various treatment processes 500,000 to 600,000 ton/yr
(incineration, physicochemical, etc.)
Special landfills 500,000 ton/yr
Special treatment in-house 300,000 ton/yr
Upgrading (recycling) 200,000 ton/yr
Incineration at sea 11,000 ton/yr
Exported (4,000 tons to salt mines 10,000 ton/yr
in FRG)
Capacity in the incinerators has now reached saturation point. To ease
the pressure on the incinerators, a few cement factories (five in 1984) have
been authorized to receive certain special wastes, with about 20,000 tons
being removed at present. In 1986 there were 13 landfills and 10
incinerators, three of which can treat only liquid wastes while the other
seven can treat solids, liquids and pastes.
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Five treatment centers, with a total capacity of 250,000 ton/yr are now
in service. The techniques used include processes for treating specific
special wastes (phenolated water, cuproammoniacal effluents) and vary from one
center to another. The most common processes are neutralization, chromium
removal, cyanide removal, and sludge fixing. The nature of physical-chemical
treatments depend on the nature of the waste to be disposed of, and by
extension, the manufacturing activity. Accordingly, the level of innovation
in this area is high and a great deal of laboratory research is carried out.
Discharge-related problems still remain to be solved.
Today there are ten centers in France for treating oil and solvents, with
a total capacity of 100,000 ton/yr. Eighteen centers, with a total of
50,000 ton/yr specialize in waste solvent recovery. Small, highly specialized
firms exist for the recovery and upgrading of wastes such as mercury, silver,
copper, chromium, nickel and cadmium. With this number of highly diversified
firms, France makes it possible for all manufacturers to comply with relevant
legislation for which government authorities are responsible.
Many aspects of hazardous waste management in France are effective and
have been successful. Processes for neutralization, and chromium and cyanide
removal, are now well under control with discharge standards met without any
particular difficulty. The French also have a good understanding of
incineration including that of solid and spadable wastes.
National inventories of abandoned industrial waste dumps were carried out
at the end of the 1970s. While these inventories showed the existence of 100
such dumps, they were far from complete, lacking risk assessments and the
nature and origin of the wastes involved. Over the past 3 years, about 53
operations to decontaminate soil have been conducted. They include a
diagnosis, removal of the most highly toxic wastes, and onsite treatment
(solidification). A technical assistance team, SATED (Service d'Assistance
Technique aux Depots de Dechets) provided by ANRED, is in charge of the
national inventory of wastedumps. Their main activity is providing technical
assistance to industrial firms or local authorities who are having problems
eliminating old dumps that pose a health hazard.
Although measures seem to be working well, there is still room for
improvement in France with regards to the management of hazardous waste.
Treatment centers are striving to conceptualize and develop processes for
wastes not yet properly treated and are working to improve existing treatment
methods in order to better comply with discharge standards that they believe
will become more stringent in the future. Also in the near future, France
will be in need of a number of new landfills approved for the disposal of
hazardous waste, as existing landfills are reaching their capacity.
INDIA OVERVIEW
India, unlike the other countries reviewed in this report, is a
developing country stricken by poverty and over-population. It may be India's
long history of accepting poor water quality caused by bacteria and the
subsequent expectation of large mortality and morbidity rates, that hazardous
waste has been given little consideration. At this time in India, economic
development may be a higher priority than a clean environment.
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Although India is a developing country, it is not technologically
unsophisticated. It has about 140 centers of higher learning that graduate
the "third largest scientific and engineering manpower in the world",
according to an Indian embassy spokesman. It is in these higher learning
centers that research is being carried out in the field of hazardous waste.
Health and safety standards were first required in India through the
Factory Act of 1948. Although this act has since been amended, it is still
outdated today, geared more towards mechanical industries (like textiles) than
chemical plants. Also at this time, no chemical exposure limits had been
set. It is unclear whether the standards have been revised since then. Other
legislation includes the Pesticide Act of 1968, the Water Act of 1974, and the
Air Act of 1982.
India has a Department of the Environment, analagous to the Environmental
Protection Agency in the United States, but it is very thinly staffed and
enforcement is minimal. The State government of Madhya Pradesh, India's
largest State (of which fihopal is the capital), has 15 factory inspectors who
monitor more than 8,000 plants.
Hazardous waste management has so far received perfunctory attention in
India. Quantitative information on a countrywide basis concerning the nature
and quantities of hazardous wastes from chemical industries is not available.
A sample survey, commissioned by the Department of Environment, on selected
chemical industries has revealed that as much as 22 percent of solid wastes
are hazardous in nature. These are usually disposed in nearby, lowlying areas
without proper treatment and protection measures.
India's current laws and regulations do not adequately provide for safe
handling and secured disposal of hazardous substances. An appropriate Act and
institutional mechanism must be instituted to regulate disposal of these
substances. Some steps that have recently been taken include industrial
location policy, procedure of environmental clearance for project approval,
formulation of industry-specific standards, and fiscal incentives for
pollution control. An integrated approach in terms of policy and regulatory
and promotional measures is recommended for coping with the mounting problems
of hazardous waste management.
JAPAN OVERVIEW
The first National Control System in Japan was established with the
enactment of the Japanese Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law (No. 37) on
December 25, 1970. The Law consists of five major chapters: General
Regulations; Municipal Wastes; Industrial Wastes; Miscellaneous Regulations,
and Penal Regulations.
As to the responsibility for industrial waste disposal, the Waste
Disposal Law provides that enterprises must treat their industrial waste
themselves. Japanese enterpreneurs usually recommend in-house treatment of
hazardous waste under the guidance of cities, towns and villages, as well as
prefectures. Each perfecture has an antipollution measure control council in
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which serves as a place to exchange information on industrial waste disposal.
Recently, efforts have been made towards establishing joint treatment
operations through such consultative organizations.
Some industries in Japan are considering organizing an "antipollution
measures committee," to work out antipollution policies and to establish a
nationwide treatment program. Industries such as the steel, tire, and
electrical appliances industry hope to promote improved industrial waste
measures through such an organization.
Guidance and supervision over entrepreneurs and waste treatment
contractors and, on-the-spot inspections are a major part of each prefecture's
industrial waste administration. As of April 1985, the environmental
sanitation inspectors who perform this duty numbered 3,000, a relatively small
number compared with the number of enterpreneurs and treatment contractors.
It has, therefore, been difficult to conduct adequate guidance and supervision
over these activities.
As a result, many instances of illegal industrial waste dumping under the
Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law occur each year. In 1980, 5,456 cases
of illegal disposal were reported throughout the country, 89 percent from
industrial solid wastes. Unfortunately, the number of cases is increasing.
In 1983, 5,983 cases of illegal disposal were reported. The primary reason
for illegal dumping has been the difficulty experienced by individual
entrepreneurs in finding available disposal sites.
Hazardous wastes in Japan are supposed to be pretreated or solidified in
concrete before being deposited in strictly-controlled landfills. Special
treatments are also available, such as cyanide decomposition and disposal at
sea. It is estimated that roughly 85 to 90 percent of final disposal is
landfill disposal while 10 to 15 percent is subject to ocean dumping.
Presently, there are no facilities to treat PCBs, since the treatment method
for PCBs is still under investigation. Transport of hazardous wastes to other
countries for disposal does not occur because it would involve travel by sea.
Future expectations for hazardous waste management in Japan include the
enforcement of statutory regulations. The general regional developmental
plans will include a waste treatment plant project. Also, the number of
environmental and sanitation professionals will be increasing to ensure better
supervision and a better understanding of the different treatment techniques
available. Further research and development will be needed in addition to the
training and education of qualified individuals. Other major industrial waste
management priorities include volume reduction and the promotion of recycling.
THE NETHERLANDS OVERVIEW
In the Netherlands there are many different types of industries and, in
this densely-populated country, toxic waste is produced in many places. To
manage these wastes, a legislative framework of acts exists specifically
created for the protection of the environment. The requirements for
licensing, the limited periods for which permits are granted, and the
conditions attached to permits encourage innovative ways of preventing
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hazardous waste production. In the last 20 years, many industries exerting
high impact on the environment have been reorganized to reduce this impact.
Use of materials which can produce toxic waste such as PCBs or asbestos, is
expressly forbidden or allowed only under stringent conditions.
Hazardous waste has been landfilled in the past. Advances in thermal
treatment technology allowed a rotary kiln incinerator to be started in 1973,
with a new one that came on-line in 1986. In total, about 110,000 tons of the
generated chemical (hazardous) waste are incinerated per year, of which
40,000 tons are incinerated in rotary kilns, 40,000 tons are co-incinerated
with domestic waste, 2,000 tons are incinerated at sea, and the remainder is
exported. At present, 80 percent of the hazardous waste to be landfilled is
exported. Receiving countries include Belguim, United Kingdom, France, the
FRG, and the GDR. Of the 12,000 tons of chemical waste landfilled in the
Netherlands, most is subject to co-disposal with municipal waste. The
Netherlands hope to eventually be self-supporting following the construction
of another rotary kiln incinerator and a controlled landfill by AVR-Chemie.
The basic facilities for final disposal of chemical waste in the
Netherlands are centralized. AVR-Chemie is the central facility and is
jointly owned by the central government (10 percent), the city of Rotterdam
(45 percent), and eight multi-nationals (45 percent). In addition, there are
approximately 40 privately-owned small firms who specialize in a certain part
of the hazardous waste disposal market.
In January 1983, the Interim Soil Cleanup Act was enacted in the
Netherlands. Investigations under this program have identified about 1,600
cases of serious soil contamination which require remedial action. Research
into the areas of site-investigation and remediation required for the
implementation of this act is taking place under various national programs at
institutions such as the prestigious Netherlands Organization for Applied
Scientific Research (TNO)/Division of Technology for Society. Financing the
cleanup of an abandoned site goes by the "polluter pays" principle, except
when the polluting firm cannot be found. In this case, the national
government pays 90 percent of the cleanup costs while the local authorities
pay the remaining 10 percent.
Since the implementation of the Chemical Waste Act in 1979, chemical
waste has become easier to trace, particularly by the central government.
Enforcement, however, has not been as strict as it could have been due to a
lack of efficient division of responsibility between provincial and municipal
authorities. Some corrupt companies have taken advantage of this
disorganization.
Research into both clean and environmentally acceptable technologies will
be continued including a survey of modified processes and modes of production,
and the use of alternative raw materials. Research findings will be
communicated to companies individually, via an information center set up by
industry, through the central government, and through the chambers of commerce
and industry.
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SWEDEN OVERVIEW
Hazardous waste management in Sweden is regulated by a number of laws,
ordinances and regulations which exist at various levels throughout their
society. The "Ordinance on Hazardous Waste" introduced in 1975, was the first
comprehensive piece of legislation to deal directly with the managing of
hazardous wastes. This ordinance regulates the generation, storage,
transport, and disposal of both household and industrial hazardous wastes.
In recent years, the Swedish population has become increasingly more
urbane and concentrated with approximately 70 percent of the population now
living in cities. The quantities of municipal and hazardous waste generated
by the growing urbanized population has created new problems for the
government in the area of hazardous waste management.
In the early 1980's, it was decided that some type of a centralized
treatment facility was necessary to properly treat and dispose of the rapidly
increasing hazardous waste stream in Sweden.
In 1983, the State-owned SAKAB incineration facility, a central treatment
facility designed to meet this need came into operation. Federal laws were
created requiring local jurisdiction over the collection and transport of both
household and industrial hazardous wastes within municipalities to the
facility for disposal. The entire system is owned and operated by public
entities, thus eliminating the regulatory difficulties which often accompany
private sector involvement. The SAKAB facility has been designated as the
sole repository and treatment facility for hazardous wastes in Sweden. SAKAB
also operates a nearby landfill for waste that cannot be incinerated, as well
as for ash and slag from the incinerator itself.
The facility receives 35,000 barrels/year of hazardous waste for
disposal. Approximately 4 to 5 barrels of waste are incinerated each hour.
The waste goes through a preheating area, initially fuelled with oil, to the
rotary kiln itself, to a secondary gas combustion chamber, through the boiler
tubes, through a scrubber, and finally an electrostatic precipitator. The
most recent analysis indicates that less than 0.2 grams of dioxin are produced
annually by the facility. The operators believe that this is the most
dioxin-analyzed facility in the world.
The landfill at SAKAB is actually above-ground. The first level consists
of soil, covered with gravel, followed by asphalt and a liquid sealant. At
this point, the site is ready to receive ash and slag. Following the addition
of the ash and slag, a portable canopy is placed over the top. Soil and sand
is then applied to the canopy and the entire area is grass seeded.
Swedish authorities acknowledge that uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
can occur however well laws and regulations are designed. The incidents of
uncontrolled releases of hazardous substances to the environment, which
reportedly have occurred only in small quantities in Sweden, do have the
capacity to cause serious damage to the environment. Authorities feel that
uncontrolled waste management can be minimized with increased control, with
better resources for the supervisory body, and by managing wastes in a
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service-minded manner and at the "right" cost for the market. The main
problem with respect to inadequacies in supervision and control is the lack of
personnel in the supervisory authorities. This aside, cooperation between
authorities and waste-generating industries has been positive and overall,
hazardous waste treatment systems in Sweden are very efficient.
At present, a nationwide inventory of old landfills is being carried out
by the supervisory authority (the National Swedish Environment Protection
Board, in conjunction with the Swedish Association of Local Authorities) to
determine which landfills contain hazardous wastes. Sites which have been
closed have been assessed, and in some cases, decontaminated. However, a
regulatory mechanism providing for the restoration of abandoned hazardous
waste sites in Sweden has yet to be developed.
UNITED KINGDOM OVERVIEW
The United Kingdom is unique to Europe in the sense that hazardous waste
management practices center primarily around local authorities. The central
government does have some responsibilities as defined in the Control of
Pollution Act of 1974, however, the major role of the central government is
the development of guidance documents for the handling and disposal of
hazardous wastes. The central government agency for environmental matters in
the United Kingdom is the Department of the Environment, which receives its
technical support through the Harwell Laboratory. A prestigious British
institution, the Harwell Laboratory has its sole activities in the development
of waste management technologies.
A negative impact resulting from the decentralization of waste management
practices in the United Kingdom is that each local government and regulatory
agency must maintain the necessary expertise to deal with all aspects of
hazardous waste management. Such a system often results in a lack of
uniformity of environmental regulation and application of environmental
standards.
The United Kingdom also differs markedly from other European countries in
the strong emphasis that it places on government control of land use. For
example, the construction of a hazardous waste disposal facility requires
approval from a local land planning board before it can be built. Licensing
is then required through the Local Waste Disposal Authority who may reject an
application based on indications that a threat to public health is posed by
the facility. The authority also sets conditions on the license controlling
discharges, which center on the premise that "hazardous substance releases to
the environment must be limited to the amount which will not exceed the
capacity of the receptor to absorb the substance with the occurrence of
harmful effects." The Regional Water Authority then has the right to reject a
license if necessary to prevent problems of water pollution.
The presence of these strict land-use controls has been cited as a reason
for the lack of major problems with abandoned contaminated hazardous waste
sites in the United Kingdom. By requiring planning and approval for
industrial and all other land uses for many years, the United Kingdom has
avoided the creation of unknown and unapproved disposal sites of the sort that
have caused problems in the United States.
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The United Kingdom does not have a problem with landfill sites on the
scale reported in some other countries. A preliminary study conducted by the
Institute of Geological Sciences suggested that, of 2,500 operational
landfills in 1971, only 50 appear to have the potential for causing ground or
surface water contamination. Consideration here must also be given to the
unique geography and geology of the United Kingdom, where no area is more than
70 miles from the sea, and many aquifers receiving landfill leachate are
naturally brackish and unusable for human consumption.
Co-disposal of hazardous wastes is the technology of choice in Great
Britain and is institutionally supported by the Department of the Environment
and the Harwell Laboratory. Proponents of the technology feel that the
co-disposal of liquid industrial wastes with domestic solid waste has
minimized, or better yet, eliminated all the negative environmental impacts
associated with the disposal of industrial liquids alone. They believe
household waste has the capacity to attenuate the leaching of polluting
constituents from the industrial waste and aid biodegradation. The British
argue that their co-disposal practices are scientifically based and will not
create future ground water problems. In contrast, the United States does not
allow this technology, due to past difficulties with co-disposal sites.
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SECTION 3
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETS
The following pages present the Fact Sheets developed for each
international technology reviewed. The Fact Sheets summarize pertinent
information available from the literature or interviews.
As shown on the Fact Sheets, limited information is presently available
for many technologies. Often, technical articles or interviews provided only
certain information. In addition, many technologies have not been extensively
demonstrated in field trials, and certain information describing costs,
limitations and performance have not yet been developed.
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Ion Exchange on Cross-linked Casein for Cr6* Removal
Type of Treatment: Chemical
Country: Australia
Institution/Contact: Martin R. Houchin
Australia's Commonwealth Scientific &
Industrial Research Organization
Dr. George Winter
Univ. of Melbourne in Parkville, Victoria
Function: This process removes and recovers Cr^* from waste
electroplating and wastewater solutions.
Description: Acid solutions containing Cr6+, Cr3+, Zn2*, and Cd2*
were passed through an ion exchange column containing 35 kg of +60 mesh
casein. The casein had been previously cross linked using a 2% w/w
formaldehyde solution. The anionic Cr^+ was adsorbed by the casein
while the cationic Cr3+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ passed through the column.
Cr6+ was eluted with ammonia. The casein was then washed, regenerated
with sulfuric acid, and the cycle repeated. The eluant for each cycle
consisted of the (NH^jCrO^ eluate from the preceding cycle with
added ammonia.
Performance: The process is said to have shown promising results.
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: None noted.
Economics: No information available.
Status: Research work on this process is continuing.
Recommendations: No further action. This technology has limited
application to Superfund wastes.
Reference: Technical Insights. New Methods for Degrading/Detoxifying
Chemical Wastes. Emerging Technologies No. 18. International Standard
Book No. 0-914993-16-X, Library of Congress No. 85-51133. 1986.
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: High-Temperature Slagging Kiln Incineration
Type of Treatment: Thermal
Country: Belgium
Institution/Contact: Rik Vanbrabant or Norbert Van de Voorde
Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK/CEN)
Waste Treatment Dept.
Bocretang 200
Mol, B-2400, Belguim
Tel.: 014 31 68 71
Function: High-temperature slagging incineration (HTSI) is designed for
slagging of low-level radioactive waste materials, but also may be
applied to wastes containing various types of hard-to-incinerate
hazardous materials.
Description: At the incineration plant, the wastes are stored in the
original package or in polyethylene bags after checking the packages for
the presence of large metal pieces, explosives or high oxidation
products. The waste is fed to a shredder by means of conveyors. A
weighing device ensures that a suitable feed composition is achieved
within given margin. The shredder reduces the waste to a size of 5 cm.
The shredded waste falls onto a conveyor, to mixing bins which provides
buffer storage volume and enables blending of solid waste with pastes or
sludges before incineration. Screw feeders convey the blended waste from
the mixing bins to the HTSI incinerator.
The waste is loaded into an annular space between the outer wall of the
furnace and an inner cylinder, and is further pushed towards the
combustion chamber. Then, the waste slides down to the outlet hole of
the main combustion chamber and makes an inverted conical surface which
delimits the combustion chamber at its lower part. The surface of the
cone melts locally, forming a thin film of molten slag, flowing along the
slope of the cone and leaving the main combustion chamber through the
central outlet hole, together with the hot flue gas flow. The slag
droplets fall into the granulator where they are quenched and burst to
yield granules, while the combustion gas is channelled into the
horizontal secondary combustion chamber. Here, oxidation reactions are
completed.
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Description (cont.):
Downstream of the secondary combustion chamber, the off-gases are cooled
in a heat exchanger and by injection of water in an evaporative cooler.
Dust is completely filtered out in classical bag filters followed by
absolute HEPA-filters. In a scrubbing unit, the gaseous oxidation
products are absorbed according to the stack emission limits. An off-gas
blower keeps the whole installation in underpressure. Figure 1 shows a
schematic of the process.
Performance: See Table 1.
TABLE 1. EXPERIMENTAL TEST RESULTS OF PCB INCINERATION
Mass flow rate of PCB 248 g/h
Air flow rate 1222 Nm /h
Off-gas flow rate 1272 Nm3/h
% HO in off-gases 7.81%
% C02 in off-gases 8.47%
% N- in off-gases 75.91%
PCB mass flow rate in off-gases 0.55 mg/h
Residence time 1.92 sec
Combustion temperature 957°C
Lambda air factor 1.635
Off-gas 0? concentration 7.8%
Combustion efficiency 99.99977%
Limitations: There have been some problems with phosphorous-containing
wastes corroding the process equipment. The formation of NOX has been
limited by using a pure oxygen feed system. Also, this process is
relatively expensive.
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Figure 1. Schematic of HTSI incineration process.
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Economics: The process has been treating wastes at a cost of 20^ to
30^/kilogram. No economics are available on the new plant.
Status: The construction of the first demonstration plant was initiated in
1974. Since then, the plant has been operating on a regular basis
handling about 5 tons of waste/week. This plant was originally built to
treat radioactive waste, but test burns have been done on hazardous
wastes and mixtures of hazardous and radioactive wastes. A larger-scale
plant with a capacity to treat 100 ton/hour is expected to be operational
in 1989. This technology is being marketed in the United States by IT of
Tennessee, (615)690-3211.
Recommendations: While this technology is very effective at treating
hazardous waste due to its high temperatures (approximately 1,000°C), it
is also expensive. It is recommended that this technology could be
practical for destroying hard-to-treat wastes such as PCBs. This
technology is recommended for a site visit due to its departure from
conventionably available processes and its imminent availability in the
United States.
Reference: U.S. EPA. HWERL Proceedings: 2nd International Conference
on New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management. Pittsburgh, PA.
September 27-30, 1987.
45
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Synthetic Membrane Retrofit with Chain Excavator
Type of Treatment: Barrier
Country: Canada
Institution/Contact: K.A. Childs
Environment Canada
Ottawa, Ontario
K1A 1C8 Canada
Tel: (819) 997-2800
Function: Synthetic membrane and chain excavator for containment of soil,
Description: This system combines the capability of equipment used for
excavating narrow trenches with a dispenser of synthetic flexible
membrane materials. The synthetic barrier could be installed to a depth
of 5 m using this system. The membrane material would be selected on the
basis of having sufficient strength to withstand the stresses imposed at
the time of installation, and its compatibility with the environment in
which it will function. It is reported that the system allows for a
rapid sequence of installation-excavation, membrane placement, and
backfilling. Linear production rates up to 800 m/day are projected. The
concept is shown in Figure 1.
Performance: Not demonstrated.
46
-------
Figure 1. Synthetic membrane system.
47
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Data not available.
Economics: Data not available.
Status: Patents are currently being applied for.
Recommendations: Monitor the effects of chemical, biological, and mechanical
stresses. Applicability would be based on economics and performance.
Reference: NATO/CCMS - Childs, K.A. Environment Canada. Pilot Study on
Contaminated Land - Project D: Liquid Phase Management of Contaminated
Land Including Horizontal & Vertical Barriers, Treatment, & Modeling.
December 1983.
48
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: "Kerfing" Cutting for Slurry Floor Installation
Type of Treatment: Barrier
Country; Canada
Institution/Contact:
K.A. Childs
Environment Canada
Ottawa, Ontario
K1A 1C8 Canada
Tel: (819) 997-2800
Function: Cutting a void underground for installation of a slurry floor
barrier.
Description: The method of bottom sealing by means of a slurry floor requires
that intersecting voids be created under the area of concern. The voids
are subsequently filled with a bentonite slurry. The voids are created
by a "kerfing" system which is essentially a high-pressure, fluid-jet
cutting tool. At normal operating pressures, the system will drive
nozzles of 1 mm in diameter and, in most soils, will cut a slit 1 to 3 m
long. Cutting rates up to several tens of cm/sec can be achieved. When
used as a means of creating a cavity for bottom sealing, the jet is
oriented to cut horizontally from the bottom of a previously drilled
borehole. If the cutter is rotated without raising, a slit or thin disc
is produced. If the cutter is raised, a column section will be formed
(see Figure 1).
Performance: Information not available.
49
-------
Completed section
(slurry filled voids)
Sequential cutting
formed by
Kerfmg Tool
PLAN
Kerfirig/Cu'.ung tool
Contaminated land.
fill or undisicubed soil
Void
/
I^T^XCST? rffZBW*-t£rV!i;vj£:3i
\l
Intersecting voics
SECTION AA
Figure 1. Under sealing by "kerfing".
50
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: The soil or waste to be "cut" must not collapse or contain rocks
or large boulders that would obstruct the void. There is no totally
reliable way of making sure the void is undamaged.
Economics: Not known.
Status: Not known.
Recommendations: Monitor results of the use of this technique to
determine effectiveness.
Reference: NATO/CCMS - Childs, K.A. Environment Canada. Pilot Study on
Contaminated Land - Project D: Liquid Phase Management of Contaminated
Land Including Horizontal & Vertical Barriers, Treatment, & Modeling.
December 1983.
51
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Radiolytic Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Type of Treatment: Physical/Chemical
Country: Canada
Institution/Contact:
Mr. Stuart Iverson
also: Ajit Singh, Walter Kretners, and
Graham S. Bennett
Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.
Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment
Pinawa, Manitoba ROE 1LO Canada
Tel.: (204)753-2311
Function: Previous studies had reported that some chloro-organic compounds
in alkaline isopropanol solutions were dechlorinated upon exposure to
high energy radiation, via a chain reaction. This research was intended
to study the application of the process to PCBs.
Description: Research was conducted using Aroclor 1254 (trichlorobenzene
removed), drained capacitors, and PCB-contaminated soils. Solutions of
PCBs in alkaline isopropanol and slurries of PCB-contaminated soils were
prepared. Conditions were optimized to maximize G(-PCB) values (G =
number of molecules formed or destroyed per 100 eV of energy absorbed).
The solutions/slurries were subject to high-energy radiation with runs
being conducted on 20-L solutions.
In the case of contaminated capicitors and transformers, the system
involves the circulation of an organic solvent through the equipment from
which the PCB/oils have been drained. The solvent picks up any PCBs that
have migrated into the insulation or linings and then flows through a
pipe that is looped through a gamma radiation field.
The effect of the radiation is to cause the chlorine to break off,
leaving a biphenyl. As a result of another chemical reaction, the
chlorine reacts to form potassium chloride, which can eventually be
extracted from the solvent. The solvent is recycled through the system
until the PCBs are removed from the equipment.
52
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: For 20-L runs using Aroclor 1254, the best value for G(-PCB)
obtained was 80. For capacitors, values obtained of G(-PCB) were 25.
The yields for PCB slurries were lower than the solutions by factors of
2 to 4.
Limitations: Advantages of radiolytic process:
1. The process is carried out in the absence of air, eliminating the
formation of benzodifurans and dioxins.
2. On-line monitoring of the dechlorination process eliminates the
possibility of incomplete detoxification.
3. Applicable to bulk PCBs, as well as PCB-contaminated material.
Economics: The estimated cost of PCB ( 54% chlorine) dechlorination is
890, 95 and 54 yenAg. by photolysis, cobalt-60 radiolysis, and
radiolysis with a 3-MeV accelerator, respectively (2 yen equals about
$1 U.S.).
Status: Experimental - The radiolytic dechlorination process has been used
successfully with drained capacitors containing adsorbed PCBs, as well as
soil contaminated with PCBs. The process is likely to be relevant in
industrial applications.
Recommendations: Monitor the results.
Reference: U.S. EPA HWERL. Proceedings: International Conference on New
Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management. September 15 - 18, 1985
Pittsburgh, PA. Co-sponsored by NUS. EPA/600/9-85/025. September, 1985
53
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: DeVoe-Holbein Extraction Using Vitrokele® Compositions
Type of Treatment: Physical/Chemical
Country: Canada
Institution/Contact: Dr. I. W. DeVoe and Dr. B. E. Holbein
DeVoe-Holbein, Inc., Canada
Function: DeVoe and Holbein developed a series of "metal-loving" synthetic
molecules for the selective extraction of certain metals from solution.
Description: This process is analogous to ion exchange. These steps are
followed:
1. Place the DeVoe-Holbein (DH) composition in a cylindrical glass
column.
2. Pass the metal-containing solution through the column.
3. Remove the specific metal for which the DH composition was designed.
4. Divert the flow of water to a second identical column once the
composition in the first column is saturated. Regenerate the first
column with a solution that releases large concentrations of the
metal from the composition.
5. Recondition the metal-free composition with a second solution, thus
completing the recycling and readying the first column for reuse.
DeVoe-Holbein Inc. reports the compositions or compounds, trademarked
Vitrokele®, meet the following criteria:
1. The ability to capture virtually all of a specific, target metal,
even low concentrations, and with many other competing metals.
2. The ability to withstand harsh physical and chemical treatment
without losing structural or functional integrity.
3. The ability to allow easy displacement of the metal, permitting
metal concentration, high volume reduction, reuse of the composition
and, in some cases, reuse of the captured metal.
54
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Description (cont.):
4. The ability to capture substantial quantities of metal per unit of
composition while maintaining high capture efficiency.
5. The freedom from toxicity, i.e., it should not add trace toxic
components to the solution from which the metal is being captured.
6. The capability for being produced at a low cost, enhanced further by
regenerability.
Performance: The process reportedly has been shown to be so selective that
it is possible to remove only iron from a solution as complex as sea
water. The process has been reported to achieve capture efficiencies of
99.5 percent or greater for zinc, nickel, copper, chromium (III and VI),
silver, and mercury in various solutions.
Limitations: Recent tests have indicated that low capacity and selectivity
may represent severe limitations for many applications.
Economics: A 4 gpm module costs $25,000, including 3.5 ft3 of Vitrokele®.
Operating costs are almost trivial according to a company spokesman. No
special training is required of the operator. However, it appears that
capital costs can be appreciable for many applications, due primarily to
low capacity.
Status: Several standard modules in sizes that can accommodate 1 gpm up to
100 gpm are offered commercially. Bed sizes of standard modules run from
0.9 ft3 up to 88 ft3. The technology received U.S. Patent
No. 4,530,963, and has a number of patents pending throughout the world.
Recommendations: No further action recommended.
Reference: Technical Insights. New Methods for Degrading/Detoxifying
Chemical Wastes. Emerging Technologies No. 18. Int'l Standard Book
Number 0-914 993-16-X, Lib of Congress No. 85-51133. 1986.
55
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process; Field Demonstration of Physical/Chemical Treatment of Groundwater at
the Ville Mercier Waste Site
Type of Treatment: Physical/Chemical
Country; Canada
Institution/Contact: Mr. J. Schmidt
Head, Physical Chemical Processes Section
Wastewater Technology Centre
Environment Canada
P.O. Box 5050
Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
Tel.: (416) 336-4541
Function: Rehabilitation of aquifer providing potable water needs of
Ville Mercier, selected as NATO/CCMS Pilot Study in March 1987.
Description: The NATO/CCMS Pilot Study at a hazardous waste site near Ville
Mercier will evaluate the performance of an existing aquifer treatment
system and any improvements instituted during the study period. Ground
water contamination is largely organic in nature. Levels as indicated in
the March 1987 NATO/CCMS Pilot Study Report are shown in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1. TOXIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN RAW GROUND WATER - MERCIER, QUEBEC
Concentration ranges*
Contaminants (ug/L)
Total phenols
Dichlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
1 , 2-Dichloroethy lene
Trichloroe thy lene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Chloroform
Chlorobenzene
200 -
3 -
4 -
10 -
20 -
76 -
23 -
52 -
2 -
1,000
32
54
139
104
164
200
60
12
*Minimum and maximum concentrations observed from
composite samples collected during pumping tests
in the Winter of 1982.
56
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Description (cont.):
A program to rehabilitate the aquifer was started by the Government of
Quebec in 1981. The liquid material which was stored in a lagoon at the
site was first removed (incineration, landfill) in order to prevent
additional contamination of the ground water. Following this, contracts
were awarded to develop a purge-well system and to design and construct a
ground water treatment facility.
The pumping system consists of three extraction wells located a few
hundred meters downstream of the hazardous waste dump site. These wells
create a cone of depression into which contaminated ground water is drawn.
The processes considered for organics removal were oxidation, catalytic
oxidation, air stripping, and carbon adsorption. Air stripping and
activated carbon were chosen. Based on laboratory tests, generally
satisfactory removals were obtained; however, for dichloroethane and
trichloroethane, only 60 percent removal was achieved with air
stripping. With activated carbon, 99 percent removals were achieved.
The wastewater also contained iron and manganese, suspended solids, and
some oil and grease. Therefore, pretreatment prior to the activated
carbon was required. The unit operations selected were coagulation and
flocculation, followed by sedimentation and sand filtration. Both the
pumping system and the treatment system were put into service in
July 1984. Treated ground water is discharged into a small creek that
flows into the Esturgeon River. A process diagram of the ground water
treatment facility is shown in Figure 1.
The ground water treatment facility was designed to meet the following
effluent objectives:
Effluent concentration
Contaminant objective
Phenols
1,1, 2 -Trichloroethylene
1 , 1 , 1 -Trichloroethane
1 , 2 -Dichloroethane
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
Iron
Manganese
2.0 ug/L
4.5 ug/L
33.0 ug/L
50.0 ug/L
0.01 ug/L
0.3 mg/L
0.05 mg/L
57
-------
PROCESS DIAGRAM
CSASULANT
t P|C
*CTIV*TC9 CMION
»ILTt»l (SAC!
TRANSr== P'JMP
SLjOCt
••.IMPS
•-CS-
3 WELLS
CLARIFIES
AERATOR AND
FLASH-MIX
RESERVOIR
2 SAND FILTSSS I St STAGc
GAC
2nd STAGE
GAC
SLUDGE FILTRATION
AND DRYNG SYSTEM
SLUDGE STORAGE
TANK
Figure 1. Ground water treatment facility.
Performance: The following observations were reported in the literature:
o Operation of the treatment system fails to achieve adequate removal
levels for dichloroethane;
o Effluent concentrations of phenols, trichloroethane, and
trichloroethylene meet treatment objectives; and
o Temporal variability is observed in raw ground water contaminant
concentrations.
58
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: The treatment system is probably sensitive to variations in
influent loadings. Residual wastes generated in sludge and activated
carbon must be disposed of.
Operating Problems: In the early stages of the treatment system operation,
serious operating problems were caused by unexpected excessive biological
growth within the whole treatment train, which resulted in the clogging
of equipment (pumps, sand filter, granular activated carbon (GACy
contactors). The use of a combination of oxidizing agents (peroxide and
chlorine) was found to be effective in limiting bacterial growth.
However, although this problem has been partially solved, clogging of the
GAG adsorbers by microbial growth still continues to be observed. The
resulting effects on the performance and length of service of the
adsorbers remain to be assessed and quantified.
Other operating problems encountered include losses of carbon during
backwash, clogging of the packed media in the air stripping column, and
control of the coagulation/sedimentation process (sludge settling,
polymer efficiency). In addition to affecting treatment performance,
these problems also increase operational costs.
Economics: Cost of the system was $2,950,000 (Canadian).
Status: Pumping and treatment system put into service July 1984.
Recommendations: No further action recommended.
References: NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Demonstration of Remedial Action
Technologies for Contaminated Land and Ground Water. 1st International
Meeting, Washington, B.C. November 11-13 1987.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Demonstration of Remedial Action
Technologies for Contaminated Land and Ground Water. 1st International
Workshop, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany. 16-20 March 1987.
59
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process; PCS Destruction Using a Diesel Engine
Type of Treatment; Thermal
Country; Canada
Institution/Contact: Chemical Waste Management Limited
Smithville, Ontario
Function: Destruction of PCBs.
Description: Chemical Waste Management Limited, assisted by Ontario
Research Foundation and EPS, demonstrated the use of a diesel engine for
the destruction of PCBs. The engine used a blend of diesel fuel and PCBs
during the test burn, which was continually monitored for PCBs and
by-products.
Performance: Test results suggest that it is an effective way of
destroying PCBs.
60
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Only applicable to liquid PCBs,
Economics: None available.
Status: Feasibility report and test burns completed. Further development
and testing of the system are being conducted in England through an
agreement with the General Electric Company. Additional studies in
Canada are also under consideration.
Recommendations: No further action recommended. The technology is limited
to liquid organics and is currently experimental.
Reference: OECD - Lindsey, Alfred W. U.S. EPA Hazardous and Industrial Waste
Division. Waste Management Policy Group - Trip Report. Summarizes the
activities of the WMP Group at its 15th semi-annual meeting, 28-30 April
1982.
61
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Title; Downflow Stationary Fixed-Film Reactors
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: Canada
Institution/Contact:
L. van den Berg
Division of Biological Sciences
National Research Council of Canada
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OR6
Tel.: (613) 992-2087
Function: An anaerobic reactor for treating biodegradable toxic
constituents.
Description: This is an anaerobic reactor with stationary films organized
in vertical channels. The most successful reactors had fired clay or
needle-punched polyester as film supports. Rigid, foamed PVC and glass
reactors were ineffective.
Performance: In a test with an unspecified chemical industry waste, a COD
of 14 g/L exhibited 81 percent conversion. The Canadian researchers say
their reactor can withstand low temperatures, severe and repeated
hydraulic overloadings, organic shockloads, sudden changes in waste
composition, and starvation with little or no effect on subsequent
performance. High rates of methane production can be obtained even while
tailoring methane production to energy needs.
62
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: A stationary film support is required to maintain the film
of microorganisms in the reactor and to prevent settling of suspended
solids on parts of the film support surface. Microorganisms do not
adhere to all surfaces.
Economics: No data available.
Status: Commercial units are in use in Canada and Puerto Rico;
agricultural and food processing wastes have been the main application.
Recommendations: Follow-up recommended when full-scale hazardous waste
application is considered.
Reference: Technical Insights Inc. New Methods for Degrading/Detoxifying
Chemical Wastes. Emerging Technologies No. 18. International Standard
Book No. 0-914993-16-X, Library of Congress No. 85-51133. 1986.
63
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Aerobic Degradation of Contaminated Soil at Skrydstruc , Denr..rk
Type of Treatment; Biological
Countrv: Denmark
Institution/Contact:
Danna Borg, M. Sc.
Ministry of Environment
National Agency of Environmental Protection
Strandgade 29, 1401 Copenhagen K, Denmark
Tel.: 45 157 8310
Function: Aerobic degradation of soil contaminated with trichloroethane,
trichloroethylene, paints and paint sludges, and acids, selected as a
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study in March 1987.
Description: Contaminated soil at this site is to be microbially degraded
under aerobic conditions. The project is designed to treat the excavated
soil onsite. A mound of 6,000 cubic meters of contaminated soil will be
placed on a high density polyethylene membrane liner to control
leachate. The layers of soil will be alternated with activated sludge
from a wastewater treatment plant. The leachate is collected frDm the
mound by a drainage system and recirculated throughout the mound using, a
system of pipes. The interior of the mound will be monitored for
humidity and temperature. The aerobic treatment system will be operated
for 3 months with sampling being performed 4 times/month. Processes may
be modified and extended, based on sampling results. A diagram of the
process is shown in Figure 1.
Reclrculation
O
/O
« VJ
\
*» " -••
,__ •
F
Inllltratlon
^^ System
o ^ ^ * *
{ 1
SODr
I o'\.
n3 ol
Contaminated Soil .
and O •
Activated Sewage Sludge
*•-•.
i
—
U«
_
^^^^:"~'"'~^ t
Density Polyethylene Membrane """"V;.'#///// *"
t
Percolate
Storage
Tank
Figure 1. Aerobic degradation of halogenated solvent contaminated soil.
64
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: During the research period (December 1986 - September 1987),
samples were taken once a month in each of the two experiments. The
results very slightly indicated that some biodegradation of chlorinated
solvents had taken place. This may be partially explained by the
unusually low temperatures. Biodegradation of haloalkyl phosphates has
not been found. Since the original owners of the waste site burned much
of their waste, soil samples will be taken to determine dioxin and furan
content. If the soil is found to contain more dioxins and furans than
background levels, the soil may have to be cleaned by supplementary
measures (incineration), even if the content of the other contaminants is
reduced by the biological treatment.
Limitations: Suitable only for aerobically degradable contaminants in
excavated soil.
Economics: No economic data are available.
Status: An initial research period lasted from December 1986 - September
1987. The site and performance of the biodegradation continues to be
monitored.
Recommendations: The results of this project should be monitored.
References: NATO/CCMS Pilot Study; Demonstration of Remedial Action
Technologies for Contaminated Land and Ground Water. 1st International
Meeting, Washington, D.C. November 11-13, 1987.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study; Demonstration of Remedial Action
Technologies for Contaminated Land and Ground Water. 1st International
Workshop, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany. March 16-20, 1987.
65
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Anaerobic Degradation of Contaminated Soil at Skrydstrup, Denmark
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: Denmark
Institution/Contact: Danna Borg, M. Sc.
Ministry of Environment
National Agency of Environmental Protection
Strandgade 29, 1401 Copenhagen K, Denmark
Tel.: 45 157 8310
Function: Anaerobic degradation of soil contaminated with trichloroethane,
trichloroethylene, paints and paint sludges, and acids. Results of a
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study in March 1987.
Description: This project, based on research conducted in the Netherlands,
was designed to treat excavated soil onsite. A mound of 6,000 cubic
meters of contaminated soil will be placed on a high density membrane
liner to collect leachate. Layers of contaminated soil will be
alternated with sludge from anaerobic digesters from a wastewater
treatment facility. The mound will be covered '/ith an impermeable
membrane to limit oxygen transfer, thus creating a closed system.
Leachate will be collected from this mound by a drainage system and
recirculated throughout the mound using a system of pipes. Monitoring of
the interior of the mound will measure humidity and temperature. The
anaerobic treatment system will be operated for 3 months with sampling
being conducted 4 times/month. Based on sampling results, the process
may be modified and extended. A diagram of the process is shown in
Figure 1.
Performance: Results of the project indicate that there has been
little biodegradation of chlorinated solvents and no biodegradation of
haloalkyl phosphates.
Limitations: Applicable only to soils that have been excavated and
contaminants that can be anerobically degraded.
Economics: No economic data are available.
66
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Drains
\
Impermeebit
Membrane ^^ >/
/°
/ o
/
/o
/
/o
/— -===
£=- High
!^r !
Infiltration
1 1 x^ System
^<-^ L f
^o 9 o\
{ i iX
°\
3000 m3 of \
Contaminated Soil ^>. \
and ^ \
Anaerobic Digester Sludge \
r>i\
!
•
, \ Percolate
r^T^-----^ —. ^ Slor«p«
Density Polyethylene Membrane ^^P'""^" Tank
Figure 1. Anaerobic degradation of halogenated solvent contaminated soil
Status: An initial research period lasted from December 1986 - September
1987. The site and performance of the biodegradation continues to be
monitored.
Recommendations: Results of this NATO/CCMS Pilot Study demonstration
project should be monitored.
References: NATO/CCMS Pilot Study; Demonstration of Remedial Action
Technologies for Contaminated Land and Ground Water. 1st International
Meeting, Washington, D.C. November 11-13, 1987.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study; Demonstration of Remedial Action Technologies for
Contaminated Land and Ground Water. 1st International Workshop,
Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany, March 16-20, 1987.
67
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Title: Aerobic Degradation in the Unsaturated Zone with Co-metabolism by
Oxidation of Methane and/or Propane Gas
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: Denmark
Institution/Contact: Karin Christiansen, Chemical Engineer
Ministry of the Environment, Denmark
National Agency of Environmental Protection
Strandgade 29
1401 Copenhagen K, Denmark
Function: Remediation of deep soil layers contaminated by chlorinated
solvents.
Description: In the large-scale remediation of the Skrydstrup waste site, the
waste was excavated; and the major part of the source of the
contaminantion was thus removed. Chlorinated solvents which still remain
in the soil layers under the site constitute a potential threat of ground
water contamination.
Tests will demonstrate the effect on decomposition of chlorinated
solvents using adapted bacteria instead of natural soil bacteria. The
effects of using methane, propane and natural gas will be examined. In
the field, a gas/air mixture will be injected through the unsaturated
zone and water, possibly also nutrients and naturally adapted
micro-organisms will be infiltrated. The gas/air mixture is injected via
7 injection wells with filters from approximately 0.5-1m below the ground
water table. The gas is thus evenly distributed in the investigation
area. A diagram of the treatment is shown in Figure 1.
Performance: Data on performance is not yet available due to the early status
of the project.
-------
Excavated waste
-v
" \
water nutrients microorganisms
Gas I
^ injection y
Unscturated
zone 9 °
o *
• o
o
Water table * *
_ . — — " . *
~~ ~ ~~ 0 *
Degradation
of
chi or i nc ted
organic
solvents
c
o
o
6 «
e * a •
• a '
O
O
e
o
0
6
• ^
o
Figure 1. Degradation of chlorinated organic compounds in the
unsaturated zone by gas/air treatment.
69
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Limitations have not yet been established due to the earlv
status-of the project.
Economics: The planned budget totals 920,000 D.kr.
Status: The project consists of both laboratory tests and field tests.
Together, the tests are expected to last almost 3 years, starting around the
end of 1987.
Recommendations: Results of the NATO/CCMS Pilot-Study demonstration project
should be monitored.
References: Christiansen, Karin "Skrydstrup Chemical Waste Disposal Site".
Proceedings of the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study Demonstration of Remedial Action
Technologies for Contaminated Land and Ground Water, 11-13 November 1987.
70
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Title: Anaerobic Biodegradation in the Contaminated Zone by Addition of
Sodium Acetate
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: Denmark
Ins t i tut ion/Contac t:
Karin Christiansen
Ministry of the Environment, Denmark
National Agency of Environmental Protection
Strandgade 29
1401 Copenhagen K, Denmark
Function: In situ decomposition of chlorinated solvents in deep soil layers
where aerobic conditions are difficult to create.
Description: The test set-up consists of 2 wells at 20 m distance from each
other in the longitudinal direction of the plume, and 4 observation
wells. Sodium acetate will be added to one of the 2 wells and the
chlorinated organic compounds will decompose by means of methanogene
bacteria. Methanogene bacteria, which are believed to promote reductive
dichlorination, are strictly anaerobic and use organic matter or C02 as
electron acceptors. During reinfiltration in the upstream well, sodium
acetate is added, up to 1.5-10 mmol/1. A diagram of the planned test
set-up is shown in Figure 1.
Performance: Data not yet available.
71
-------
Recharge well
Pumping well
Testing wells
SODIUM ACETATE
NUTRIENTS
MICROORGANISMS
^
1
ro
Chlorinated (l
organic j
solvents '•
Oil
11
II
III!
II
Water table
Microbiological degradation .
T"^^"^^^"™J^» • • ^^""""™TI^^™5^ • 4
Water
treatment
Figure 1. Anaerobic microbiological degradation in the ground water zone.
Planned test set-up.
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Data not yet available.
Economics: The test budget totals 1,200,000 D.kr.
Status: The test period is 2 years, to begin some time in early 1988.
Recommendations: Monitor results of the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study.
References: Christiansen, Karin "Skrydstrup Chemical Waste Disposal Site".
Proceedings of the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study Demonstration of Remedial Action
Technologies for Contaminated Land and Ground Water, 11-13 November 1987.
73
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Ground Water Treatment by Aeration and Nutrient Addition
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country; Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact:
K.A. Childs, Senior Advisor
Landfill Site Remediation
Waste Management Branch
Environmental Protection Service
Environment Canada
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 1C8 Canada
Tel.: (819) 997-2800
Function: In situ treatment of ground water.
Description: Ground water from an aquifer contaminated by hydrocarbons was
extracted and treated by aeration and nutrient addition (nitrate and
phosphate) followed by re-injection. Degradation of hydrocarbons was
accelerated by increasing the temperature of the re-injected water. A
diagram of this process is shown below.
Oxygen
Confining Strata
74
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: Most effective in treating hydrocarbons and other organics,
Limitations: Disadvantages include the selectivity of the culture and the
fact that nutrients used to stimulate reactions may have adverse effects
on water quality. Maintaining the reactions may be a problem, and the
long-term effectiveness is not yet known.
Economics: No data available.
Status: Not known.
Recommendations: Update status.
Reference: NATO/CCMS - Childs, K.A. Environment Canada. Pilot Study on
Contaminated Land - Project D: Liquid Phase Management of Contaminated
Land Including Horizontal and Vertical Barriers, Treatment and Modeling.
December 1983.
75
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process; Encapsulation/Stabilization Techniques Using Thermoplasts
and Resins
Type of Treatment: Physical/Chemical
Country; Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Hans L. Jessberger/Ruhr-Universitat Bochum
Function: Encapsulation of soils.
Description: Thermoplasts and resins are mentioned in European literature
as admixtures to stabilize and solidify contaminated material. Formed
(and solidified) contaminated masses can be encapsulated, e.g., with HOPE
membranes.
The references given regarding thermoplasts, resins, and HOPE are:
1. Wiedemann HU: Verfahren zur Verfestigung von Sonderabfalien und
Stabilisierung von verunreinigten Bbden: Stand der Erkenntnisse und
Anwendungsmb'glichkeiten. Berichte des Umweltbundesamtes 1/82,
ISBN 3-503-02157-4, Berlin, 1982.
2. Wackernagel K: Deponieverhalten von Verfestigungsprodukten
mineralol-haltiger Schlamme. Zweckverband Sondermiillplatze
Mittelfranken, Schwaback, im Auftrage des Umweltbundesamtes, Berlin,
1980.
3. HOPE * High Density Polyethylene. Tongers H: Geolock - Eine neue
Mb'glichkeit fur die Abschirmung grundwassergefahrdender Deponien.
Baugrundtagung, Diisseldorf, 1984.
Performance: Not available.
76
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: There can be an unfavorable reaction between the contaminated
material and the additives. Because of possible porosity, the
contaminants can be leached out.
Economics: Costs reported for stabilization/encapsulation in general:
50 to 1000 DM/ton.
Status: Various stages of development,
Recommendations: Update status of leachability studies using
thermoplasts and resins.
Reference: TNO-Assink, J.W., and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International
TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil, November 11-15, 1986. Utrecht,
The Netherlands. Martinus Nijoff Publishers, Boston, MA. 1986.
77
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Low Alkaline, Waterglass Grouting - DYNAGROUTR
Type of Treatment: Barrier
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Author: Dr. H.J. Hass
Company: Dynamit Nobel (developed the gel)
Function: Stable grouting gels for bottom seals and sealing walls.
Description: The grouting material used is a low-alkaline waterglass-type
with a high Si02/Na20 ratio, called DYNAGROUT PPN. The developer
reports the resistance to harmful substances, density, low syneresis,
strength, and the practicable gel times of the silicate gels are achieved
by the DYNAGROUT PPN two-component hardener system.
Sealing walls resistant to aggressive matter have been developed to be
usable in the two-phase and single-phase process. An optimally
harmonized material with a suitable grain distribution and high
resistance to noxious substances has been selected to achieve this aim.
The remaining porous voids are filled with DYNAGROUT PPN gel. Silicate
gels for bottom liners using special gelification agents have been fully
tested and injection gels are ready for use. The well-known and
conventional techniques of slurry trench construction, soil consolidation
and sealing by means of grouting may be used for the execution of the
construction work using the described new materials.
The project that tested the viability of this barrier technology received
a Federal research grant of $0.7 million, met by an equivalent industry
contribution for a total grant of $1.5 million.
78
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: The following table shows a small selection of the results
achieved.
Test substances
Permeability
after 180 days
(k-value)
Permeability
after 360 days
(k-value)
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC)
Organic acids
Organic bases
Water
5.6 x 10~12 m/s
8.3 x 10~l° m/s
2.6 x 10~10 m/s
Nearly impermeable
1.2 x 10~9 m/s
—i n
5.0 x 10 m/s
2.9 x 10~10 m/s 3.9 x 10~10 m/s
Limitations: None mentioned.
Economics: No data available.
Status: DYNAGROUT PPN silicate gels have been tested against potentially
harmful substances and their mixtures for approximately 1 year.
Development of the commercial production phase is ready to begin.
Recommendations: Update status and applicability.
Reference: Brown, Margaret. Correspondence of October 1987.
TNO-Assink, J.W., and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International TNO/BMFT
Conference on Contaminated Soil, November 11-15, 1986. Utrecht, The
Netherlands. Martinus Nijoff Publishers, Boston, MA. 1986.
79
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Mechanical Separation of Contaminated Dredged Material
Type of Treatment: Physical
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: J. Werther, R. Hilligardt, H. Kroning
Technical University Hamburg - Harburg
Function: This process separates fine particles contaminated by heavy metals
from coarse particles in dredged material.
Description: In processing harbor sludge, it was found that 80 to 90 percent
of the heavy metals are fixed to fine clay particles in the size fraction
between 0 to 25 microns. The fraction of clay with particle sizes less
than 25 microns occupied 30 percent of the total sludge material. A
plant was developed to separate the fines from the coarse fraction.
Since only a fraction of the original volume of sludge remains to be
treated, costs are reduced.
A pilot plant was developed, consisting of a rough and an efficient
classifier, a hydrocyclone and an elutriator. These units were used in
succession to separate the coarse from the fines. The liquid fluidized
bed formed in the bottom section of the elutriator provided a means of
cleaning the coarse fraction from the adhering fines.
A further purpose of this pilot plant was to test novel methods for the
dewatering of the classified sludge. Decanting centrifuges, as well as
filter presses are being investigated in order to find financially
acceptable alternatives.
Performance: Figure 1 demonstrates that the clean sand separated from the
sludge has a heavy metal content on the order of magnitude found in
naturally occurring sandstones. First pilot plant results largely
confirm laboratory data, thus indicating the basic feasibility of the
classification concept.
80
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Not available.
Economics: No data available.
Status: Laboratory results were promising, so a pilot plant was built by
Hamburg's Amt fur Stromund Hafenbau. The flow diagram of this plant is
shown in Figure 2. The pilot plant, with a capacity of 1,000 m3/hr,
has been in operation since May 1985.
Recommendations: Additional information should be sought to determine, for
example, how this method compares in terms of economics and practical
limitations to simpler classification methods such as sieving.
Reference: Bruce, A.M. et al. New Developments in Processing of Sludges
and Slurries. Commission of The European Communities. Elgevier Applied
Science Publishers, New York. 1986.
81
-------
Figure 1. Mass balance and distribution of heavy metals
(percentage organic material determined by
oxidation at 600°C; TS s dry material).
I?)
ill "»
tlrpdgina f\p~ ,—1—,
I H
Figure 2. Pilot plant for the mechanical processing of dredged sludges.
82
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Continuous High-Pressure (CHP) Filter Press
Type of Treatment; Physical
Country; Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: U. Loll/Abwasser-Abfall-Aquaztechnik
D-6100 Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany
Function: Dewatering of sludges.
Description: The CHP-filter press is a continuously working, high-pressure
press for solid/liquid separation of sludge-like suspensions.
Developmental design criteria included the following features:
• Continuous sludge feeding;
• Continuous increase of pressure;
• Continuous cake outlet;
• Continuous filter cloth washing;
• Highest possible regulation of the flow rate;
• Good dewatering results;
• High separation cut;
• Low amount of machinery (small dimensions);
• Low energy demand;
• Highest possible pressure up to 20 kp/cnr; and
• Pressure control in amount and activity time.
KYDRAIX.IC CY1.INDET
»crr»Ti>K wooanxr
_
*^_- 1 r n n P | ; •. i ;i r, -. n p\i |f i) n .*• P | . y^ \ . n I! |i p |^| I IJiUl/
Figure 1. Elements of the continuous high pressure filter press,
83
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: Reportedly better than the other methods: centrifuge, belt
filter press, vacuum filters, etc.
anaerobically digested
sludcre
6,4 % dry solids
conditioning with
organic polvmers
Type: BASF CF 600
reached dewatering results
in parallel test under technical conditions
»
decanter centrifuge
26 - 27 % dry solids
belt filter press
25 - 26,5 % ds
t
CHP-fllt
pressure: 5
34 - 38 % ds
CHP-filter press
pressure: 15 bar, 8 irir,
40 - 44,5 % ds
Figure 2. Results of a parallel test with three different dewatering
machines with special reference to the CHP high-pressure
filter press.
Limitations: None available.
Economics: Reportedly less expensive than the other dewatering techniques.
Considering manpower, capital and energy costs, the total cost is about
the same as the other methods, but the results are better.
Status: There are two plants in operation in West Germany. Licenses for
the technology are being considered in Japan and the U.S. Production
model was made available in the Autumn of 1986.
Recommendations: Monitor progress.
Reference: Bruce, A.M. et al. New Developments in Processing of Sludges
and Slurries. Commission of The European Communities. Elgevier Applied
Science Publishers, New York. 1986.
84
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: In Situ Aerobic Biodegradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Dr.-Ing. Peter Geldner
Associate Consultant Engineer
Kaiserallee 61,
Postfach 1627
D-7500 Karlsruhe 1, Federal Republic of Germany
Function: In situ remediation of benzene and other aromatics by stimulating
biological degradation with nitrate and nutrient-enriched injection water.
Description: A biodegredation technique was applied to a site in the Upper
Rhine Graben of the FRG, contaminated by benzene and other aromatics. An
artificial ground water flow circuit was established and controlled by
injection and extraction wells. Degredation by naturally occurring
microorganisms was stimulated by heating the water and by adding nitrate
and essential nutrients such as phosphate and ammonia to the injected
water. A pure water circuit of drinking water standards was maintained
to prevent contaminated flusing water from entering the surrounding
aquifer.
Figure 1 shows the flushing and pure water injection circuits for this
process. The pure water is strip-aerated and filtered to separate iron
and manganese and also methane from the system. This is done prior to
injection to prevent clogging of the injector wells. A similar
arrangement is used to strip the extracted water of hydrocarbons in the
flushing circuit. The pure water injection system consisted of eight
wells, 9 meters deep. The flushing circuit had four wells of the same
kind. Nine extraction wells were located on the opposite side of the
area of contamination from the injection wells. Pure water could be
injected at a rate of up to 20 L/sec with an average of 10 L/sec. The
flushing/injection rate was 5 L/sec, and the extracted water was adjusted
to be always above this rate.
Performance: The remedial action described has been accepted as successful
by the responsible environmental authorities. Degradation data from one
of the extraction wells is shown in Table 1.
85
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
. n
«r circuit i _
X'T\\ ^
Fona jj
nf Currtnt ^
T ,/:'\ E
r.« |
««H i.ll
9sui
Figure 1. Scheme of the remedial facilities
TABLE 1. DECAY OF HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN
EXTRACTION WELL NO. E7
Xylene
Toluene
Benzene
Concentrat
Period
135
5.5 4.5 3.1
2.8 1.6 0.8
1.3 0.9 0.1
:ion (mg/L)
(months)
7 9 11
2.0 1.1 0.8
0.2 n.d.
n.d.
86
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: The process has numerous limitations based on its in situ and
site-specific nature. Most limitations concern the soil and ground
conditions.
Economics: Implementation of in situ biodegradation techniques is not yet
a standardized engineering method. Therefore, more developmental work
has to be done on this project, so that an economic classification in
terms of costs/meter3 of remediated soil can be given.
Status: Engineering modifications or alternatives may be needed for
different applications.
Recommendations: Monitor results with Dr. Geldner. Possibly conduct more
detailed study of Dr. Geldner's approach.
Reference: U.S. EPA. HWERL Proceedings: 2nd International Conference
on New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management. Pittsburgh, PA.
September 27-30, 1987.
87
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Solidification and Stabilization of Acid Resin in Soils
by the Addition of Lime
Type of Treatment: Physical/Chemical
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Dr. Hartmut U. Wiedemann
Umwe1tbunde s amt
Bismarkplatz 1
1000 Berlin 33
Federal Republic of Germany
Function: Solidification and stabilization of hazardous wastes in soils
and sludges.
Description: Acid resin can be stabilized by the addition of lime. The lime
causes polymerization of the tar constituents of acid resins. No special
additive is necessary; calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, calcium
hydroxide, and alkaline slags and ashes are all effective. Temperatures
of 150 to 200°C can be reached in the reaction of acid resin with lime,
which leads to partial coking of organic constituents.
Performance: Not specified.
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Acid resin wastes only.
Economics: No information available.
Status: Unknown.
Recommendations: For the practical adaptation of the appropriate processes,
it is essential to control the reaction temperature, steam emission,
other emissions (S02, hydrocarbons), corrosion problems, and abrasion
problems in the plant used. No further action is recommended.
Reference: Wiedemann, Dr. Hartmut U. Umweltbundesamt. Process for
Solidifying Special Wastes and Stabilizing Contaminated Soils -
State-of-the-Art and Possible Applications. January 1982.
89
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Engineered Salt Cavern Ultimate Disposal
Type of Treatment: Disposal
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Dr.-Ing. Hans J. Schneider
Kavernen Bau - Und Betriebs-GmbH
Roscherstrasse 7, D-3000 Hannover 1
Federal Republic of Germany
Tel.: 0-11-34-846-49
Function: Permanent disposal of hazardous wastes in salt caverns.
Description: Salt caverns are constructed in salt formations by solution
mining. Access wells are installed with standardized deep drilling
techniques, down to the projected final cavern depth. The last cemented
casing typically extends 100 to 200 m into the salt formation. Three
concentric rings are installed for the actual solution mining process.
Freshwater or seawater is pumped into the cavern zone through the inner
ring. The water dissolves the salt on the walls of the cavern and the
brine is extracted through the first annulus. The outer annulus is used
for blanket material (i.e., oil) injection to control vertical leaching
in the roof zone.
Before waste is deposited, the brine-filled cavern is evacuated by use of
submersible pumps. The waste is fed into the cavern via the access
well. It will be continuously delivered at a projected annual rate of
100,000 to 200,000 m3 down an additional string hung in the well. This
ring protects the outer casing against corrosion and abrasion and can be
pulled out and/or replaced in event of damage. After complete filling of
the cavern with waste, the cavern must be permanently sealed against the
biosphere. For this purpose the open borehole above the cavern roof is
filled with salt to establish a natural salt barrier while the cased hole
is filled with cement, clay, and bitumen. The surface site is
recultivated and returned to its original use.
Performance:, The construction of solution-mined salt caverns is a technique
that has been an accepted method of disposal for the past two decades.
More than 1,000 salt caverns are currently in use worldwide, storing
primarily crude oil, oil products, and natural gas.
Salt makes an excellent material as a geologic repository because it
exhibits plastic flow. This property allows the salt to conform to
changes in pressure or movement, inhibiting cracking of the dome. Also,
it is assumed that since the salt domes have existed for millions of
years, their environment is not threatening in any way, and they will
continue to be extremely stable for millions of years to come.
90
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: The construction places certain requirements on the geological
characteristics of the salt structure, such as sufficient thickness,
extension above depths of 2,000 m, and relatively pure salt composition.
In addition, the solution-mining technique itself has specific
requirements such as a water supply of 200 to 400 m3/hr and brine
disposal.
Economics: Projects to date have average construction costs of between
DM 60 and DM 100/m3 in Germany, and between US $20 and $80/m3 in the
USA. There are no cost estimates available yet concerning waste
conditioning and operating costs.
Status: In Germany, in the State of Lower Saxony, plans for the siting
and permitting of a solution-mined salt cavern for final disposal of
hazardous wastes is underway. Planning and construction will last from
1980-1992, with commencement of operation to begin in 1993. A salt
repository for hazardous wastes will be built by Textor of Houston in
eastern Texas after permitting in 1988. They expect to be operational by
1991. This company solution-mines and seals their caverns in the same
way, but solidifies and pellitizes their wastes prior to deposition
underground.
Recommendations: Check status and methods of stabilization and
solidification in the German salt caverns.
References: Schneider, Dr. H.J., Crotogino, A., of Kavernen Bau-und
Betriebs-GmbH. Mail correspondence to J. Hyman of Alliance
Technologies. January 8, 1988.
Stone, R.B., Covell, K.A., and L.W. Weyand. Using Mined Space for
Long-Term Retention of Nonradioactive Hazardous Waste Volume 2 - Solution
Mined Salt Caverns. Contract No. 68-03-3191 for the Land Pollution
Control Division, HWERL, EPA. December 1984.
Texstor. Brochure on facility in Texas for permanent containment of
hazardous waste, deep underground in a salt dome. 1988.
U.S. EPA. HWERL Proceedings: 2nd International Conference
on New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management. Pittsburgh, PA.
September 27-30, 1987.
91
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process; Salt Mine Disposal and Storage - Herfa-Neurode Facility
Type of Treatment; Disposal
Country; Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Dr. Gunnar Johnsson, Managing Director
Kali und Salz AG
Friederick-Ebert Str. 160
D3500 Kassel, P.O. Box 102029
Federal Republic of Germany
Tel.: (0561) 301-395
Function: Disposal and storage of hazardous wastes in an abandoned mine
in a geologically stable salt formation.
Description: In 1972, Kali und Salz established Untertage-Deponie (UTD)
to operate an underground waste disposal facility In the mined-out
section of the Kaliwerk Uintershall potash mine, which 13 located at
Herfa-Neurode in the State of Hessen. This section of the mine was shut
down in 1970. Active mining of potash continues 12 km east to west and
10 km north to south of the waste disposal facility.
This area is geologically unique, located in a stable salt formation
formed 250 million years ago. The salt deposit is between 200 and
300 metres thick and is at a depth of about 700 to 800 metres. Over-
burden includes impermeable clay and shale layers and the salt deposit is
virtually impervious to water. Storage in the caves is manifested so
that special waste can be excavated later on for recycling, although 90
to 95 percent of the waste is probably permanently stored.
Performance: Not specified.
92
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Wastes not accepted at this facility include: all liquids;
wastes which might develop the characteristics of explosiveness,
ignitability or toxicity in the prevailing underground gas-air mixture;
wastes with a high vapor pressure; wastes which might have a tendency to
self-ignition or instability; wastes which might react with the
surrounding salt; or radioactive wastes. Wastes rendered to a semi-solid
consistency are acceptable. In the event of drum puncture, no free
flowing liquids should escape and contaminate the surroundings. While
the UTD operation at Herfa-Neurode is an example of waste disposal for
wastes which cannot be treated by existing technology, the relatively low
cost of waste disposal at this facility probably attracts some wastes
which could be treated elsewhere.
Economics: The cost of waste disposal at this facility is $85.00/ton
(Canadian).
Status: In 1981, 47,000 tonnes of waste were deposited at the facility,
although the facility usually averages about 35,000 to 40,000 tonnes/year
of which about 25 percent originates from foreign countries.
Approximately 100,000 cubic meters of storage space/year is required.
The facility is presently licensed for 15 years, although some 50 years
of capacity presently exist. An additional 30 years potential capacity
is created annually from ongoing potash mining operations.
Recommendations: Update status including the stability of old mines.
Reference: Gulevich, Wladimir. Hazardous Waste Management Programs in
Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. A Report to the German Marshall Fund
of the United States. May 1984.
Proctor & Redfern Group, Toronto Ontario. Ontario's Waste Management
Corp. European Tour. April 26 to May 7, 1982.
93
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process : In Situ Oxidation of Arsenic in Ground Water Using
Potassium Permanganate
Type of Treatment: Chemical
Country ; Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Dipl.-Ing. Klaus Stief, Water Management Division
Federal Environmental Agency
Umweltbundesamt, Bismarckplatz 1
D-1000 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of Germany
Tel.: 030-8903-1 or Ext. 253
Prof. Dr. Georg Matthess
Institute of Geology and Paleontology
University Kiel
2300 Kiel,
Olshausenstrasse 40/60
Tel. : 0431/880 2858
Function: Accelerated oxidation of trivalent arsenic into pentavalent
arsenic and precipitation of complex arsenic-iron-manganese compounds,
Description: The process consists of injecting a solution of KMn04 and
water into the ground through injection wells and piezometers. The
solution naturally mixes with contaminated ground water and the natural
oxidation process of the arsenic is accelerated. The source of the
arsenic was the residue from a zinc ore smelter located near Cologne,
Federal Republic of Germany.
Performance: The arsenic concentrations were initially reduced in average
from 13.6 mg/L to 0.06 mg/L after 2 years. A total of 29 metric tons of
KMn(>4 was injected. A later increase to 0.4 mg/L indicated that the
mixing of contaminated water and oxidizing solution was not complete.
Injections were repeated twice in later years.
94
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Mixing of contaminated water and the oxidizing solution was not
complete, as noted above.
Economics: Total costs amounted to about DM 750,000 for monitoring and
injection wells, injection of KMn04, and disposal of arsenic-
containing sludges as hazardous waste.
Status: The operation took place from December 1976 to May 1977.
No update available at this time.
Recommendations: Check on status. Possibly investigate.
Reference: Matthess, G. "In-Situ Treatment of Arsenic-Contaminated
Ground Water." The Science of the Total Environment. Vol. 21,
pp. 99-104. 1981.
Matthess, G., Moser, H., and P. Trimborn. Single Well Measurements as a
Tool for Decontamination of an Arsenic-Contaminated Ground Water Plume.
IAHS Publication No. 146. pp. 259-265. 1983.
NATO/CCMS - Smith, M.A. Building Research Establishment,
Department of the Environment, England. Draft Report of the NATO/CCMS
Study Group on Contaminated Land. February 20, 1984.
95
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: In Situ Anaerobic Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons in the Subsurface
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Battenmann
c/o Ingenieurburo Dr. Ing. G. Bjornsen
Beratende Ingeniersgesellschaft
Kurfurstenstrasse
5400 Koblenz, Federal Republic of Germany
Tel.: (0261) 39006-62
Function: Subsurface hydrocarbons are removed from the upper aquifer. This
prevents ground water transport of the hydrocarbons to a useable deeper
aquifer that is recharged by the upper aquifer. The use of a barrier
would be ineffective as hydrocarbons would not be removed from subsurface
and impermeability of barrier could not be ensured.
Description: A study of in situ biodegradation of hydrocarbons in the
subsurface was carried out at the Rhine Valley experimental site.
Biodegredation of immobile hydrocarbons from the subsurface required
flushing of the contaminated volume. Bacteriological investigations
initially indicated the presence of the needed bacteria in subsurfaces.
All water for infiltration was saturated with oxygen and enriched with
nitrates which serve as oxygen donators in the anaerobic biodegradation
of hydrocarbons to water and carbon dioxide. The flushing water removed
metabolic waste products of bacteria which may have inhibited growth.
The complete oxidation of 1 g of hydrocarbons to H20 and C02 requires
4 g of nitrates. Ground water modelling was required to determine
location of both injection and removal wells for flushing water so as to
ensure saturation of the contaminated area while also minimizing excess
releases of nitrates to clean areas. Effectiveness of program was
determined by effectively monitoring ground water levels, discharge and
removal rates of flushing wells, nitrate content and concentration of
hydrocarbons, aromatics and alphiatics in subsurface.
Performance: At an injection rate of 5 L/second with an input concentration of
300 mg/L of nitrate, approximately 130 kg of nitrates/day were introduced
into the upper aquifer of the Rhine Valley experimental site. In the 120
days of the experiment, about 7.5 tons of hydrocarbons were removed from
the subsurface (approximately 1/3 of the total HC content).
96
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: The use of biodegradation is impractical in the absence of
bacteria needed for the decomposition of hydrocarbons or in the presence
of inhibitors of bacterial growth such as lead from fuel. Investigations
required to determine applicability include: bacterial, chemical, ground
water modelling, followed by extensive monitoring during operation.
Steps must be taken, including the installation of protective well
systems, to prevent contamination of clean areas with excess nitrates.
Economics: No information provided.
Status: Large-scale/experimental.
Recommendations: Further study is needed to better characterize this
technology.
Reference: Battermann, Gerhard. A Large-Scale Experiment of In Situ
Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons in the Subsurface. Presented at the
Symposium on Ground Water in Water Resource Planning. Federal Republic
of Germany. 1983.
97
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Mobile Rotary Kiln Treatment of Contaminated Soil
at Unna-Boenen
Type of Treatment: Thermal
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Mr. Kowollik Joachim Ronge, General Mgr.
RAG/Bergbau AG Ruhrkohle Aktiengesellschaft
Niederrhein Rellinghauser Strasse 1
Silberstrasse 22 Postfach 10 32 62
D-4600 Dortmund 1, FRG D-4300 Essen 1, FRG
Tel.: 0201-177-2237 Tel.: 0201-177-1
Function: Thermal treatment of contaminated soil in a rotary kiln at a former
coke oven plant. This project was selected as a NATO/CCMS Pilot Study
(March 1987).
Description: The site at Unna-Boenen in Northrhine-Westphalia is a former
coke oven plant of 250,000 square meters in area contaminated with
aromatic hydrocarbons, tars, and acid resins. In the thermal treatment
system, the contractor, Ruhrkohle Aktiengesellschaft, has decided to use
both a direct and indirect heating process. A pilot test study was
conducted and results have been encouraging. A full-scale test plant is
designed for a throughput of 7 ton/hour at a moisture content of up to
20 percent by weight, and volatile matter of 5 percent by weight. The
50 ton/hour full-scale demonstration plant is expected to be operational
by the Fall of 1987. The plant will be constructed as a transportable
unit allowing it to be used at other sites.
The concept includes the following process steps. The soil is crushed by
mechanical means before entering two rotary kilns. The soil is heated to
temperatures of 600°C, releasing the volatile contaminants. On leaving
the rotary kiln, the soil is cooled by water, after which it is prepared
for return to the site. The off gases are heated to post combustion at
temperatures of up to 1,300°C. The air is then scrubbed prior to being
released. Energy requirements are reduced since the high-temperature
phase does not include soil volume. Also, there is comparably less gas
to clean (more stochiometric incineration of gases).
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Description (cont.): Ruhrkohle is planning an additional thermal process.
This new plant will be used for direct heating of the rotary kiln. The
extent of contamination in the soil usually amounts to 1 percent by
weight of the soil. The plant has been designed for this concentration.
Applying temperatures of between 450° and 600°C, an average throughput of
35 to 50 ton/hour is attained. This throughput is dependent on soil
moisture, contaminant concentration, and applied temperature. The cold
soil is passed through the drum under rotating action. The soil is
heated indirectly by heat exchange with the drum, as well as by a
countercurrent flow of hot gases. Further heating of the soil to the
required temperature occurs in the subsequent drum. In this drum, the
soil is heated by radiant heat from the flame of an oil burner, as well
as by exposure to the hot combustion gases. On leaving the rotary kiln,
the soil is cooled by water and prepared for return to the site. The
waste gas leaving the drum passes through a cyclone separator. The gases
are then recycled to the rotary kiln drum. The waste gases are heated
and sent to a combustion chamber where the remaining volatiles are burned
at 950°C. The temperature may ultimately be boosted to 1,200°C to assure
complete destruction. The waste gases are scrubbed prior to release.
Performance: The destruction efficiency of this plant is estimated to be
98 percent. This technology has already been applied in The Netherlands
where 350,000 tons of soil has been treated. The waste gas purification
system fully complies with the clean air regulations of TA-Luft.
Limitations: The economics of thermal destruction process represent their
severest limitation. Application limited to volatile organic compounds.
This mobile incinerator has only been tested on oils and coke facility
soil. Incineration of other hazardous wastes may require additional flue
gas cleanup (e.g., HC1 from chlorinated HCs).
Economics: Costs for other applications will depend heavily n site
conditions, but will reportedly be in the range of $75 to $125/ton of
soil.
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Status: The process represents proven technology. In the Boenen project,
the erection of the rotary kiln plant will end in the spring of 1988.
Commissioning is scheduled for March. RAG expects that operational
experience and computational results will be available at the end of
April, 1988.
Recommendations: The results of this NATO/CCMS study and other applications
of RAG's mobile rotary kiln should be monitored.
Reference: NATO/CCMS Pilot Study; Demonstration of Remedial Action
Technologies for Contaminated Land and Ground Water. 1st International
Workshop, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany. March 16-20, 1987.
100
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Soil Cleaning by Extraction at the Pintsch Site
Type of Treatment: Physical
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Dipl.-Ing. Kaufman
Der Senator Fur Bauund Wohnungswesen-HC
Wurttembergische Str. 6-1
D-1000 Berlin 31, FRG
Tel.: 030-867 7375
Wilko Werner
Managing Director
Harbauer GmbH & Co. KG
Ingenieurburo fur Umwelttechnik
Bismarckstrasse 10-12
1000 Berlin 12, FRG
Tel.: 030/341-1912
Function: Reduction of organic contaminants in soil by extraction.
Description: A research project has been authorized by the government to
determine the effectiveness of extraction techniques. The basis of this
soil decontamination is a multi-phase extractor. The soil is sifted,
then pulverized using a double blade washer. This system has proved very
suitable for decontamination of gravel and sand. The 4-mm sample is
introduced into a pumping system and pumped via injector into the
multi-phase extraction unit in a ratio of 1:3 (1/4 solids to 3/4 water).
An intensive washing process takes place in the extraction unit by the
addition of air. The soil/water mixture is then sent to a
multi-hydrocyclone (separation diameter of 30 mm). If the sand is to be
reused, the sand is removed via an upflow column. Particles up to 20 mm
are removed in a wave plate separator and these fractions dried by vacuum
belt filter, rewashed, and dried again. The smaller particles, less than
5 mm, are removed in a wastewater treatment system, then dried and either
burned or encapsulated. This is required since the contamination is
still present on particles of 5 mm or smaller size. The scum from this
process is sent to the ground water treatment plant.
101
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: No data are available.
Limitations: Limitations are associated with the ability of water to
successfully remove contaminants from soil, and the effectiveness of
subsequent water treatment processes.
Economics: No cost data are available.
Status: This process is operational. Harbauer GmbH, a German cleanup firm,
has developed this technique.
Recommendations: Performance should be monitored and new data from research
studies evaluated. A site visit is recommended to gain performance data
view of the operation and obtain economics data.
Reference: NATO/CCMS Pilot Study; Demonstration of Remedial Action
Technologies for Contaminated Land and Ground Water. 1st International
Workshop, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany. March 16-20, 1987.
102
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Ground Water Treatment at the Pintsch Site
Type of Treatment: Physical
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Dr. Melsheimer , Dr. Sonnen
Der Senator Fur Stadtentwicklung Harbauer GmbH & Co. KG
Und Unweltschutz Bismarckstr. 10-12
Lindenstr. 20-25 D-1000 Berlin 12, FRG
D-1000 Berlin 61, FRG Tel.: 030-341 1912
Tel.: 030-2586 2515
Function: This NATO/CCMS Pilot Study demonstration facility at the Pintsch
site contains a large-scale plant for ground water treatment (Harbauer
system).
Description: The ground water treatment facility is a full-scale plant based
on results from a pilot plant constructed by Harbauer Engineering.
Ground water contamination at the site measured in 1983 indicated
concentrations as follows: hydrocarbons, up to 16,000 mg/L; oils, up to
1,000 mg/L; and phenols, up to 225 mg/L. In addition to the dissolved
and undissolved oils and their compounds, the ground water was
contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), primarily
chlorinated hydrocarbons.
In order to meet the limits permitting discharge of the treated ground
water to the Teltow Channel, a four-stage treatment plant was designed by
Harbauer. The following discharge limits were required: mineral oils,
less than 10 mg/L; VOCs, less than 25 mg/L; phenols, less than 5 mg/L;
and PCBs, non-detectable.
As noted in the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study Report dated March 1987, the plant
is unique in Europe due to its size and configuration. Ground water to
the plant is pumped from nine, 40 m3/h wells providing a maximum flow
to the plant of 360 m3/h. Each well had a mechanical oil separator,
i.e., a Mopmatic-Wringer, for pretreatment. The recovered water contains
benzene (up to 133 mg/L), phenols, and extremely variable concentrations
of chlorinated hydrocarbons (primarily dichloromethane).
The Mopmatic-Wringer oil separators are unable to remove all of the oils
from the ground water. An oil/water separator using the principle of
flotation provides additional treatment. Each well can be independently
connected to this process. In the inlet of the oil separator, recycled
water saturated with compressed air is added and mixed in a pipe. The
103
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Description (cont.): air-saturated water is released through a specially
designed relief valve, whereby very small air bubbles are formed due to
the pressure reduction. These bubbles adhere to the flocculate and
provide a strong uplift. The rapidly rising flocculate is separated in
the flotator and collected in the form of a floating sludge layer. The
more slowly rising (smaller) flocculate is separated in the corrugated
plate assembly where it flows in a countercurrent direction to the top,
reaching the floating sludge layer. This floating sludge layer is
removed by a thickener/stripper device to a sludge chamber. If there is
no oil in the well, then the contaminated ground water directly enters
the second treatment stage along with the discharge from the flotation
oil/water separator unit.
The second treatment process is flotation. The water is equally
distributed to three flotation units with a maximum capacity of
120 m^/h each. Flow is controlled using manually-operated flow
meters. The water is pretreated with FeCl3 and polyelectrolyte in a
tube flocculator. The resultant sludge is removed in a sludge pump and
is expected to be destroyed by plasmar pyrolysis. Flotation removes all
undissolved hydrocarbons to a level of 10 mg/L and approximately 10 to
20 percent of the VOC. The water then flows into a pump receiver tank
and is fed to the third treatment stage by three pumps.
The third stage is an air stripping tower. The stripping tower is 2.5 m
in diameter and 16 m high. It is equipped with two, 5-m-high packed
columns and has an acid-resistant coating on the interior of the tower.
The tower is designed for 360 nr/hr of water and approximately 10,000
m^/hr of air. VOCs, particularly toluene and benzene, are effectively
removed using this method. The tower is designed for 90 percent removal
of VOCs.
The air exhausted from the stripping tower and the flotation process are
treated prior to discharge to the atmosphere. The humid air is
desiccated by an air heater to a solvent recovery plant consisting of
four activated carbon filters, each with a capacity of 3,800 nrVh. The
filters are regenerated using steam; the steam is condensed and sent to a
heavy fraction and volatile separator. The recovered hydrocarbons are
sent to a 20-m^ solvent tank. The solvents are tested to determine
proper disposal (i.e., high temperature combustion if PCBs are detected;
otherwise, solvent recovery). During the air stripping, metals,
particularly iron and manganese, contained in the water oxidize resulting
in a cloudy, brown water. This water flows to the fourth treatment stage.
The water is sent to a classic multilayer gravel filter to remove the
metal precipitates. This process is followed by a six-stage activated
carbon filter. Six stages were selected to allow use of different
activated carbon types to effectively treat the different combinations of
hydrocarbons. This flexibility is necessary because the service time of
104
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Description (cont.): the activated carbon depends on the relevant content of
the hydrocarbon components in the water, in this case primarily phenol
and dichloromethane. The service time, in turn, has a considerable
effect on operating cost, since presently the regeneration of carbon-
containing PCBs and polyaromatics is not possible. The possibility of
microbiological regeneration of activated carbon will be investigated in
the future. The treated water, which is almost of drinking water
quality, is discharged to the Teltow Channel following final monitoring.
Performance: As noted, the treated water is almost of drinking water
quality.
Limitations: Limitations inherent to the potential of the treatment processes
employed (flocculation, stripping, adsorption) can be anticipated.
Economics: Cost data were not available.
Status: The ground water treatment facility is operational.
Recommendations: This plant represents application of existing technology
to cleanup of organic contamination from ground water and should be
monitored carefully. A site visit is recommended to obtain information
on performance and economics.
Reference: Brown, Margaret. Correspondence of October 1987.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study; Demonstration of Remedial Action Technologies for
Contaminated Land and Ground Water. 1st International Workshop,
Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany. March 16-20, 1987.
105
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Remediation of Diesel Fuel Contamination Using Ozone
Type of Treatment: Chemical/Biological
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Federal Ministry for Research & Development
Dr. Peter Werner
DVGW-Forschungsstelle am
Engler-Bunte-Institut der Universitat Karlsruhe
Richard-Willstalter-Allee 5
D-7500 Karlsruhe 1, FRG
Tel.: 0721/608-2589
Function: Purification of ground water by oxidizing organic water contaminants
from diesel fuel with ozone and enhancing subsequent biological
degradation. Process operated by the City Waterworks of Karlsruhe.
Description: This process was placed into operation at Karlsruhe in 1980.
The process is based on experience gained ...n Mulheim/Ruhr using
ozone-enhanced biological purification and activated charcoal. In this
process the water from the most polluted well is treated with ozone and
infiltrated again through the contaminated soil upstream of the well.
The infiltrated water provides a barrier for further infiltration of
contaminants. Reportedly, this ozone treatment leads also to better
biodegradation of the organic pollutants and subsurface soil
contamination. The water is pumped out of the other clear-wells and
distributed without any further treatment, even without chlorination.
The Federal Ministry for Research and Development has contributed to the
development of this new technology.
References cited by Nagel include:
• Sontheimer, Heilker, Jekel, Nolte, Vollmer: The Muhlheim process.
J. AWWA 70, 1978, No. 7, p. 393-396.
• Aquatechnique Sierra S.A., Chippis/Schweiz. Device for the Chemical
Decontamination of Ground Layers and/or Water Polluted with Organic
Substances. Patent BE 18381.
Performance: The literature reported that analytical data prove that this
process leads to an excellent ground water quality.
10G
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Only organic contaminants can be treated with this technique,
Economics: No cost data available, but it is stated that the process could
be very economical.
Status: The process had been in operation for 1.5 years at the time the
paper was presented which was in 1982.
Recommendations: Monitor current applications of this technology through
discussions with Dr. Werner.
Reference: Nagel, G. et al. "Sanitation of Ground Water by Infiltration
of Ozone-Treated Water." GWF-wasser/abwasser, 123 (8): 399-407. 1982,
107
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Klockner High-Pressure Water Jet Soil Washing System
Type of Treatment: Physical
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Dr. Hans-Jurgen Heimhard
Klockner Oecotec GmbH
Neudorfer Str 3-5
D-4100 Duisburg 1
Tel.: 0203-182420
Function: High-pressure water jets are used to remove pollutants from
soil particles.
Description: This process is designed to clean excavated contaminated soil
by contacting the soil with water in a high-pressure jet pipe - the core
of the high-pressure soil washing unit. The contaminated, prehomogenized
soil is drawn into the unit by the suction forces created by water flow
through a number of nozzles arranged circularly and focused at a
concentric point within the pipe. At the focal point, the forces
produced by a pump pressure of up to 350 bar (1 bar = 1 million
dynes/cnr) are reportedly so strong that pollutants adhering to the
soil grains are blasted from the surface. The turbulent flow created by
the soil washing process ensures that each soil grain is washed from all
angles. Further, the duration of treatments can be shortened or extended
by adjusting the angle of the jets, and thereby the length of the jet
cone.
Pollutants removed from the soil are transferred into the process water,
with volatiles further transferred into the air stream drawn into the
unit along with the contaminated soil. Subsequently, the air stream is
separated and treated to remove the pollutants. Treatment of the process
water involves removal of contaminated fine particles and water insoluble
pollutants from the bulk of the treated soil by sedimentation and
filtration processes. The fine particle, pollutant-containing
concentrate constitutes a filter cake solid residue representing 15 to
20 percent of the treated soil. This residue will require further
treatment. The process water released from these residues is
recirculated and fed back into the jet pipe. The bulk of the treated
soil with soil particle size distributions now set above 0.03 to 0.06 mm
diameter can be treated to further reduce residual pollutants.
Reportedly, the removal of the fines from the bulk of the soil enhances
permeability and the biological degradation of residuals from the soil.
108
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Description (cont.):
The soil that had been subjected to the washing process could be put back
in place. Work is underway to build children's playgrounds and a park on
a Berlin site remediated by high pressure soil washing.
Performance: According to Klb'ckner, the process has been used to clean
approximately 100,000 tons of soil with different pollutants and has
proven itself to be economical and effective. Pollutant removals from
soil of 95 to 99 percent have been obtained. The capacity of this
technique varies between 15-40 ton/hour, depending on the clay content of
the soil.
Limitations: Large soil particles (in excess of 10 cm diameter) must be
removed by pretreatment. Small particles (less than 0.03 to 0.05 mm
diameter) are not cleaned effectively by the water jets. These problems
may be solved by the use of a newly developed pneumatic flotation device.
Economics: The prices lie between DM 140 and DM 200/ton of feed depending
on the contamination and the soil type and structure. This includes
wastewater and exhaust air processing and pollutant disposal, i.e., for a
complete treatment service.
Status: This patented high pressure soil washing process is being offered by
Klb'ckner Environmental Engineering of the Federal Republic of Germany.
The process is to be used in a NATO/CCMS Pilot Study demonstration of
remedial action technologies at a former scrap metal site,
Berlin-Chaelottenburg, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, in 1987. The
study, using a 30 ton/hour onsite mobile unit, became operational in
December 1986, but was shut down due to bad weather conditions until
February 1987.
Recommendations: Further information concerning limitations, performance
and cost is needed for the full range of contaminants and soils. Monitor
results.
References: Brown, Margaret. Correspondence of October 19, 1987.
NATO/CCMS-Pilot Study: Demonstration of Remedial Action Technologies for
Contaminated Land and Ground Water. 1st International Workshop,
Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany. March 16-20, 1987.
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Process: The LEGO System using DCR, for Solidifying Special Wastes and
Stabilizing Contaminated Soils
Type of Treatment: Chemical Solidification
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Dr. Hartmut U. Wiedemann and Klockner Oecotec GmbH
Gesellschaft fur Rohstaffruckgewihrung
und Umweltsanierung
Neudorferstrabe 3-5
D-4100 Duisburg 1, Federal Republic of Germany
Tel.: (0203) 181
Function: To increase chemical reactivity of toxic compounds by dispersion.
Description: The technology has been used since 1975. A mobile unit was
reportedly developed in the early 1980s. Solidification of residues
containing mineral oils, including restoration work for slurry ponds and
contaminated soils by a process which uses as an additive quicklime (CaO)
treated with retarders (hydrophobic agents). The process has been
marketed under the description "Dispersion by Chemical Reaction" (DCR) by
Buchen & Leo, Weserstrasse 84, 2820 Bremen 70.
The reagents are worked into the waste over a large area with heavy-duty
earth scrapers. The water present in the slurry or soil reacts with the
CaO, or evaporates in the heat of the reaction. Non-volatile substances
are absorbed and distributed in the easily compactible material. Oily
sludges are thus transformed into road building materials.
Performance: 14 contracts carried out in Europe between 1975 and 1980.
Table 1 shows the values of bearing strength derived from the activities
to date.
TABLE 1. BEARING STRENGTHS IN ACCORDANCE WITH DIN 18.134
(PLATE BEARING TEST) ACCORDING TO GERSCHLER [38]
Place E(vl) E(v2)
Dollbergen
Dollbergen3
Marchegg
Oyten
0.83 kN/sq cm
1.36
4.95
2.65
2.56 kN/sq
4.22
10.78b
6.22
cm
a0.6 M under bed level.
Calculated from E(vl) x 2.2.
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Only practical on large areas (50 x 100 M). Dust formation
can be a problem.
Economics: No data available.
Status: A mobile treatment plant was designed in collaboration with the
Austrian company, Voest-Alpine. The LECO system, as it is called,
consists of two standard containers, a mixer and a reactor. The system
can be easily transported, assembled and dismantled, so it can be quickly
brought into use for oil accidents. In the mixing unit, the wastes are
covered with the necessary amount of additive and intemately mixed with a
mixer specially designed for this purpose. The materials are then led
into the reaction chamber, where the reaction proceeds on slowly moving
belts. The powdery reaction product can be stored temporarily until it
can be used for road construction or other purposes.
Anticipated throughput: 30 m3/hr
Recommendations: Further research needed to better characterize this
technology.
References: Klockner Oecotec. OCR-Technology. Company brochure describing
DCR chemical technology. May 19, 1987.
Steif, Klaus. Note to Don Sanning describing DCR process. Undated.
Wiedemann, Dr. Hartmut U. Process for the Solidification of Hazardous
Wastes and Stabilization of Contaminated Soils: State of Knowledge and
Feasibility. Umweltbundesamt-Bevichfe 1:29-33, 128-42. 1982.
Wiedemann, Dr. Hartmut U. Umweltbundesamt. Process for Solidifying
Special Wastes and Stabilizing Contaminated Soils - State-of-the-Art and
Possible Applications. January 1982.
Ill
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Biological Remediation of Soil and Water Using the lAT-Biosystem
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Mr. Lissner, Mr. Henke
Umweltschutz Nord GmbH
Bergedorfer Str. 49
2875 Ganderkesee 1, FRG
Tel.: (04222) 1023
Function: Biological treatment of mineral oil/hydrocarbon contaminated
soil.
Description: This system converts aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons to
H20 and C02 and may be used with a range of soils (mother earth,
sand, gravel and stone). Substrate is Terra C-Type 12, OX.45, a natural
organic substrate with adapted microorganisms, enzymes, and nutrients.
Thirty-three basic bacteria from 136 collective microorganisms are
available. Process includes: analysis of the soil to identify soil
characteristics, contaminants present, concentration of pollutants, and
other virus/bacteria present which may be harmful to the selected
bacteria; preparation of beds; mixing bacteria with the soil (this and
selection of the substrate are the most critical factors); and laboratory
oversight and analysis as destruction proceeds. Transformation of
hydrocarbons takes place under primarily aerobic conditions.
Performance: Complete destruction takes place in 12 to 24 months, depending
on factors cited under limitations section. Figure 1 shows the
performance of the lAT-Biosystem with respect to initial concentrations
of hydrocarbon.
112
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100-
75-
50-
co
25-
= 4500Dmg/kg
CLEANUP EXPECTED IN 36 MONTHS
100% =25000 mq/kg
CLEANED UP IN 24 MONTHS
= 6000mq/ko
CLEANED UP IN 12 MONTHS
OJ F M A M J J ASONDJ FMAMJJ
AS 0 N D (MONTHS)
Figure 1. Performance of the lAT-Biosystem based on initial concentrations.
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: No chlorinated compounds can be destroyed by this method.
Time required depends both on starting concentration and time of year
(temperature). Concentrations of pollutant (dry basis in soil) of more
than 25,000 mg/kg increase time dramatically.
Economics: Treatment costs are reportedly $65-$110/ton treated. These
costs are comparable with thermal treatment and landfilling costs with
the added advantage that complete destruction is achieved, and there is
no secondary waste generated and no future risk to the environment.
Status: Has been used in Europe on a full-scale basis.
Recommendations: Should be studied further to obtain update performance
and economics results. A site visit is recommended.
Reference: Brown, Margaret. Correspondence of October 19, 1987.
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Lab Cultivation of Specific Microorganisms for the Decontamination of
Abandoned Sites
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Institute fur Umweltanalytik und
Biotechnologie GmbH
Function: Acceleration of biological degradation of pollutants and
combined/alternating use of mechanical and biological methods for onsite
treatment.
Description: The project is divided into two phases: the first phase is the
selective accumulation (cultivation) in the laboratory of an adapted
micro-flora taken from the contaminated soil itself for routine use in
future cases of damage, and trials on a semi-commercial basis of
different methods of influencing the degradation of pollutants in soil.
The second or soil cleanup phase has two possibilities: in situ
degradation by enhancing conditions conductive to the organisms present
(increasing the concentration of nutrients and innoculation with starting
cultures) or onsite removal of pollutants through leaching with
degradation in separate stages by selected microorganisms.
The project has received a Federal Research Grant of 40 percent of total
costs in the amount of $220,000.00.
Performance: Project is progressing. No results available as yet.
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: None noted at present.
Economics: Costs should be competitive with other methods.
Status: Research is in progress; results will be available later in 1988.
Recommendations: Have further discussions with Umweltbundesamt
project director to update information regarding performance, limitations
and economics.
Reference: Brown, Margaret. Correspondence of October 19, 1987.
116
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Shell BIOREG Process for Onsite Cleanup of Contaminated Soil
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Herr Gebhardt
Deutsche Shell
Function: Onsite cleanup of hydrocarbon and other similar pollutants.
Description: Bacteria were developed and applied to virgin oils and later
adapted for used oils. Substrate is milled pine bark, which provides a
medium where bacteria and pollutants interact (porosity, pollutant
affinity, interaction with bacteria, etc.), and also enhances bacterial
development.
Bacteria and substrate are mixed with the soil in beds and provided with
aeration and, where necessary, a leachate collection system and liner.
Shell believes their aeration techniques and substrate mixture are the
keys to this treatment.
Performance: Regeneration time depends on the levels and types of
pollutant present. Critical factors are the mixing of the substrate with
soil and bacteria in the beds, the watering of the beds, and bed height
and size. Reduction of approximately 2,300 kW/kg to 300 kW/kg in
17 months was observed.
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Preliminary tests determine the applicability of biological
treatment on a site-by-site basis, and what adjustments (pH, etc.) are
necessary to modify conditions for maximum bacterial activity. As for
all biological treatments, no chlorinated compounds can be treated.
Economics: Treatment reportedly costs $55 to $80/cubic meter for normal/
average pollutant conditions and $90 to $150 for difficult sites.
Status: Successfully in use.
Recommendations: Obtain more details on limitations and useful
applications of this process through discussion with developers. Monitor
current status.
Reference: Brown, Margaret. Correspondence of October 19, 1987.
118
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: The EFEU Flush Gas Distillation of Contaminated Earth
Type of Treatment: Thermal
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: EFEU GmbH
Mr. Michel-Kim
Ackerstrasse 71-76
D-1000 Berlin 65
Tel.: 469-4672
Function: A more efficient technique of thermally decontaminatine soils,
Description: This method has the advantage that energy consumption is
relatively lower (soil is only heated to 400°C), cracking can be avoided
and, therefore, carbon can be produced and the residue can be easier to
incinerate. The system has four parts:
1. Rotary kiln (or multiple hearth) as the distillation vessel. Here,
flusli gases enter after generation in,
2. The gasifier, where gases are produced;
3. Hot gas precipitator - for removal of dust in the gases without
cooling; and
4. Incinerator for burning of the residues.
Direct heating of the kiln with flush gases has the advantage of
providing for dust removal while avoiding the extra energy consumption
necessary for heating of the kiln walls. Direct heating also has the
advantage of producing a very concentrated distillate. There are three
possible choices for the heating medium which were considered: water
vapor, inert gases, and reducing gases. Water vapor is a good energy
carrier, but requires more energy to heat. Inert gases may not be
totally pure/inert and free or would interfere with stochiometry of
process. Reducing gases were therefore chosen. They are easily
generated (and recycled) and the process can be run at 300 to 500°C or
700 to 800°C where high boiling hydrocarbons are present. In a reducing
atmosphere, the production of undesirable polycyclic by-products is also
reduced (refer to the following three diagrams for a better understanding
of the process and the apparatus).
119
-------
SECONDARY REACTOR '
I'ri n» • ii*?/im.Cl_»jtei fc "Kif ,;-CL
-------
ro
UNDERFEED
PRIMARY
GASIFIER
JXHAUST
TREAM
>R JET
OVEN
EXHAUST STREAM
CLEANER
6
II SEPARATION
MR NOZ2LES
«™ ^ ,„
HIGH
PRESSURE
EXHAUSTER
GAS JET
J COMBUSTION GAS
DUST
REMOVER
DISTILLATION GAS
PRE-COMBUSTION GAS JET
CHAMBER
PYROLYSIS
. DRUM
SOIL/GAS MIXER
1. Old Timber
2. Secondary Gasifer
3. Contaminated Soil
4. Primary Air
5. Secondary Air
6. Combustion Air... Pyrolysis
7. Combustion Air Reverse Combustion
8. Decontaminated Soil
9. Ash
10. Flue Gas
Figure 2. Flow schematic of the EFEU flush gas distillation system.
-------
ro
ro
- System Miclicl-Kini -
FOR THE DECONTAMINATION
OF CONTAMINATED RUBBLE
SUPPLY AIR
140 m'/li
EXHAUST AIR
160 m/'ti
40 CC
® !
NATURAL GAS
4
i
TO f V%- E-VJ
VxKV I
Figure 3. Thermal units of the EFEU gas distillation system.
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: No actual use to date. A patent has been granted and the
engineering details are completely worked through.
Limitations: Substances must be distillable. Best used for low boiling
hydrocarbons or where there is a chance of high boilers which, with the
high temperature phase (700 to 800°C), can be handled with lower energy
consumption than in an incineration process. This technology can have
difficulties with pasty soils (which are difficult to heat evenly) or
soils having uniform or fine consistency (which produced excessive
dust). Sandy soil is excellent because of its heat transfer abilities.
Economics: No actual data. The energy saving is the basic premise for the
process, which could be cheaper than incineration.
Status: EFEU GmbH is seeking a cooperation partner to construct the unit,
Recommendations: Monitor the status and results of this technology;
a site visit is recommended.
Reference: Brown, Margaret. Correspondence of October 19, 1987.
123
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Onsite Soil Cleaning Using the "Oil CREP System"
Type of Treatment: Physical/Chemical
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Fred Gunshera
TBSG Industrievertratungen GmbH
Langenstrasse 52-54
2800 Bremen 1, FRG
Tel.: (0421) 17 63 267
Function: Removal of oil from soil using a mobile cleaning system. A
patented solution is used to wash out oil, forming a separable emulsion
and allowing recycling of the water phase.
Description: System is a basic washing procedure, but uses the product Oil
CREP I (Cleaning, Recycling, Environmental Protection) which forms a
separable emulsion with water and therefore, allows the recycling of the
water layer. Oil CREP I itself is not toxic, contains no aromatics, is
not a dispersion agent, leaves the basic structure of the pollutant oil,
and has the "Environment Friendly" seal of the German environmental
agency.
The system operates on the basic principle of adsorption and cold water
washing with high pressure to create a separable emulsion. This allows
skimming of the oil layer and after clarification, return of clean
wastewater to the wastewater system without special treatment. Heavy
metals are removed as hydroxides. Process steps include centrifuge, oil
removal, pH adjustment, detoxification through oxidation or reduction,
heavy metal precipitation, water clarification, and neutralization
through ion exchange.
Performance: Pilot plant was successfully operated and in 1985, a 20 ft
mobile container unit was built. This unit has been in use with success
since then. Bremen University has conducted independent tests on one
site and found that sand contaminated with 14,000 ppm oil was reduced to
190 ppm, which is well below the 300 ppm level for reuse of sand in the
FRG. Efficiency was 98.7 percent.
124
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Soil must be conditioned to reduce particle size to 60 mm.
Economics: Exact data not available, but considered a proven system.
Status: System is now in use in Europe.
Recommendations: Site visit recommended to obtain performance and
economics data and to view operation if possible.
Reference: Brown, Margaret. Correspondence of October 19, 1987,
125
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Thermal Cleaning of Soils Contaminated Primarily with Organics
Type of Treatment: Thermal
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Dipl.-Ing. M.F. Nussbaumer
Ed. Zublin AG
P.O. Box 2985
7000 Stuttgart 1, FRG
Tel.: (0711) 788-3231
Function: Cleanup of soil contaminated with organics, including aromatic
hydrocarbons and high boiling point substances (benzole and heavy metals
such as mercury; also cyanide).
Description: This program included a theoretical examination of the type of
furnace to be used (sinter belt, fluidized bed, or rotary kiln). Rotary
kiln was selected and a small-scale unit was built for 200 to 400 kg/hr.
Flue gas cleanup included thermal post combustion, dry adsorption by lime
hydrate, and a multi-stage filter system. Following successful operation
of this unit a pilot-scale unit will be developed (5T/hr) and finally, a
production scale unit will be built with a capacity of 20,000 m3
annually. To date, the project has received a 50 percent funding grant
from the Federal Research Ministry in the amount of $2.1 million. Total
project cost is approximately $5 million.
The key factor is control of operating conditions so that high boiling
point and difficult to burn substances are oxidized (e.g., coal, tar,
oil, cyanide, and heavy metals). This technology is based on the rotary
kiln, but is essentially new incineration design.
Performance: A small unit (200 to 400 kg/hr) has been successfully operated
using a wide range of soil types. Soil samples underwent combustion at
temperatures of up to 1100'C. Flue gases were post-combusted at 1200'C.
Analysis of soil showed no organic pollutants present and emissions were
well below TA Luft requirements. Residues are reported as follows:
CO 11 ng/Nm3 dust 3 ng/Nm3
CXHX 3.4
HF 0.02
HC1 0.6
S02 none measured
NO, 52.6
126
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: No special limitations reported.
Economics: 1,000 KCal of energy were used per kg of earth. Costs for the
5 ton/hr unit (36,000 ton/yr) are reportedly approximately $90 to
$125/ton.
Status: A 5 ton/hr unit is under construction and after its successful
operation, a full-scale incinerator will be built.
Recommendations: Technology is feasible and further study would be
useful. Regulatory officials in the Federal Republic of Germany believe
this one is worthwhile. Check on performance with respect to the high
boiling point substances this technology was meant to handle, e.g.,
cyanide, mercury, and heavy metals.
Reference: Brown, Margaret. Correspondence of October 19, 1987.
127
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Remediation by High-Pressure Suction
Type of Treatment: Physical
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Dr. Mathias Stein and Dr. Peter Wolff
Hannover Umwelttechnik GmbH
Impexstrasse 5
6909 Waldorf, FRG
Tel.: 49-62279051
Function: Removal of highly volatile hydrocarbons from unsaturated soils
by suction at an existing site.
Description: For saturated soils, water removal by hydraulic systems can
be used. For unsaturated soil, excavation or artificial saturation
methods must first be employed prior to cleanup; however, these methods
are infeasible where the area of contamination occurs under existing
structures or industrial facilities. The saturation/excavation and
hydraulic methods are also costly, and the soil or water still requires
further cleanup. The method described here allows rapid onsite cleanup
without secondary waste materials. The actual test site was a former
metal finishing works. Trichloroethene at levels up to 14,000 mg/m3 in
the soil air, and 28 mg/kg in the soil was found.
For cleanup, a single pipe of 150 mm diameter was installed to a depth of
6 meters, which was 0.5 m above the ground water level at 6.5 m. A
suction of 400 m3/hr (STP) with a differential pressure of 0.02 bar was
applied at varying depths. To determine the area of influence of the
single suction pipe, smoke cartridges were planted over the entire
landfill area (35 m radius). Suction was detected over the entire 35 m
radius. Actual area is estimated to be greater (probably more than
50 m). In this application no air emissions problems were incurred
because pollutant level was within standards. If such problems occur, an
activated carbon filter system could be installed.
128
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: In 4 months, 70 kg of chlorinated hydrocarbons were removed.
As a side effect, one ground water monitoring well showed a drop in the
initial ground water concentration of 5,400 mg/m3 of water to
205 mg/nr after 1 month. However, this data was contradicted by a
second well where the concentration increased.
Limitations: Site must be unsaturated. Contaminant must be a highly
volatile compound. Results will vary with volatility and soil type.
Economics: Data could not be obtained in short time frame.
Status: Pilot plant has been operational in Rhein-Necar-Raum since 1984,
and technology has been applied at other sites including one with
highly-contaminated peat.
Recommendations: Site visit recommended to see how this operation differs
from U.S. technologies. Follow-up on any theories regarding ground water
remediation. Operational modes and duration of operation should be the
focus of the site visit, as well as economics.
Reference: Brown, Margaret. Correspondence of October 19, 1987.
129
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Use of Specially-Adapted Microorganisms to Clean Contaminated Soil
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Dr. Schussler
BIODETOX
Function: Onsite cleanup of soil contaminated with heating and diesel oil,
gasoline, kerosene, phenols and formaldehyde.
Description: Uses adapted, but not genetically-altered bacteria for the
destruction of heating and diesel oil, gasoline, kerosene, phenols and
formaldehyde. Four methods of introducing the bacteria are used: foam
application to the surface 40 cm deep, surface tilling (2m deep), deep
earth (to 20 m), and ground water. Studies have been done with bedding
experiments to determine optimum conditions for bacterial activity.
Performance: A waste site where soil is being treated in lots of 1,000 m3
has been reduced in the first test run from 12,000 mg/k§ to 60° mgAg *n
6 weeks, and improved in the second test to 300 mg/kg in 4 weeks. The
third test is underway.
Scrap automobile site was cleaned (1.4 hectare size) with hydrocarbon
pollution to 0.6 y deep. 9,000 mg/kg was reduced in 6 weeks to 600 mg/kg.
Cleaning of gravelly soil between railroad tracks using foam method
removed more than 90 percent of pollutant in 4 weeks.
130
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Typical for biological; no chlorinated compounds can be degraded
and heavy metals must be low.
Economics: No cost data available from literature, however, system is noted
as similar in price to conventional cleanup methods (excavation/landfill)
Status: In use in Europe.
Recommendations: Update the status of these projects. Determine most
effective techniques found in FRG.
Reference: Brown, Margaret. Correspondence of October 19, 1987.
131
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Title: Root Zone Bed Treatment of Organics
Type of Treatment; Biological
Country; Federal Republic of Germany
Institution/Contact: Professor Lickuth Hugh Hoather, Spokesman
University of Kassel Cheshire County,
Federal Republic of Germany United Kingdom
Function: Treating organically polluted wastewater using the biological
activity of the root and soil zone of reed beds.
Description: In the soil, wastewater flows along the annular spaces around
the rhizomes of reeds. Bacteria found on these reeds are able to
biochemically oxidize impurities. The reeds provide a constant source of
dissolved oxygen using the root zone, or rhizosphere, through the leaves
and stems.
Depending on the topography, pumping may be required or the treatment
process may be enhanced by recirculating the effluent. A "wetland
habitat" can thus be created which can remain operational with little
maintenance long after the site stops accepting wastes.
Performance: Reduces BOD by 95 percent to levels around 20 mg/L or less.
Nitrification and de-nitrification can also reportedly be achieved.
132
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: This technology may be effective in the United Kingdom where
co-disposal means relatively low concentrations of toxic constituents,
but elsewhere, where concentrations are high, this solution may not be
effective enough.
Economics: Data on economics are not available.
Status: A research program involving a large-scale experiment with a root
zone system for treating leachate was developed by Professor Lickuth in
the Federal Republic of Germany. Cheshire County in the United Kingdom
is currently conducting a reed experiment at the landfill site at Danes
Moss, Macclesfield. In September 1987, the reeds had been planted and
after 6 months the leachate will be introduced. Depending on climate and
weather conditions, the Cheshire County Council, who is running the
research program, predicts 3 years will be necessary to cultivate the
reeds.
Recommendations: Update status.
Reference: Shimell, Pamela B. "British Link Conservation to Solving
Landfill Problems." World Wastes, pp. 42-43. September 1987.
133
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Ekokem Commercial TSDF-Finland
Type of Treatment; Thermal and Physical-Chemical
Country; Finland
Institution/Contact: A. Kavonius and Ekokem Oy Ab
Riihimaki, Finland
Function: Commercial hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal
facility.
Description: Ekokem's hazardous waste treatment plant consists of an
incineration plant with an annual capacity of 35,000 tons of organic
waste, and 15,000 tons of liquid waste; a physical-chemical treatment
plant with a capacity of 3,000 tons; a landfill capacity of 20,000 tons;
a receiving station with a capacity of 54,000 tons (of which 16,500 tons
are for barrels and containers); and a wastewater treatment plant capable
of processing 50,000 tons of wastewater (all capacity data per annum).
Performance: Data not available.
134
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Not available.
Economics: Investment costs of the plant during the construction were
FMK 227 million without interest expenses. Hazardous waste treatment
costs at Ekokem are reported to be comparable to those in Sweden. In
most cases, it is more economical for industries to take their hazardous
wastes to Ekokem than to build their own treatment plants.
Status: Appears to be a new facility (1986).
Recommendations: No further action recommended.
leference: Chemical Engineering Abstracts, No. 2, No. 695. 1987.
(Kavonius, A. Kern. - Kemi., 1986, vol. 13 (11), 970 - 973 (Finnish).)
135
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Rhftne-Poulenc/Vicarb Process for Valorization of Chlorinated
Residues-(VCR)
Type of Treatment: Thermal
Country: France
Institution/Contact: Michel Lavanchy Pierre Boutan
Vicarb S.A. Director, Science &
24, Avenue Marcel-Cachin Technical Liason
38400 Saint-Martin-D'Heres, Rhone-Poulenc
France 52 Vanderbilt Avenue
Tel.: 76-25-2045 New York, NY 10017
Tel.: (212) 883-1260
Function: Thermal destruction process for solid, liquid, or gaseous
chlorinated organic solvents containing a chlorine content of up to 80%,
including PCBs (pyralenes, arochlors, askarels, PCDD, PCDF, etc.),
chlorophenols, pesticides, inorganic salts, contaminated soils, and
wastes/sludges with metal contents up to 7 percent (for most metals
except polyvalent types such as Cr*6 where lower limits on
concentrations may apply).
Description: The VCR process consists of a burner, quench system, HC1
recovery system, steam recovery system, and a gas neutralization system.
These components are discussed below.
• Burner--The atomization and combustion performed in this burner
allows a local temperature of combustion close to 1,600°C in a
furnace having an average temperature of 1,300°C. The burner does
not require pressure on the fluids and uses air at 0.3 to 0.5 bar
for the atomization,
• Quench--Made of graphite of an absolute reliability, the quencher
cools combustion gases from 1,300°C to 60 to 80°C instantaneously,
thus freezing the Deacon equilibrium.
Advantages: limits corrosion, and maintenance.
• Recovery of HC1 Solution--An isothermal absorption of HC1 contained
in the gases is carried out. The concentration of the HC1 produced
depends on the acid content of the gases at the quencher outlet.
Generally, a 33% HC1 solution is produced that can be either
commercialized or distilled.
136
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Description (cont.):
Steam Recovery--3/4 of the residual combustion heat can be recovered
to produce steam at 12 to 13 bars. A boiler is installed between
the furnace and the quencher, with a combusting exhaust temperature
of 300°C.
Gas Neutralization--The low HC1 and chlorine concentrations
remaining in the gases after absorption must be neutralized before
discharge to the atmosphere. Neutralization is performed by means
of soda, according to a specific process in which soda consumption
is minimized, although a large quantity of COj is present. The
hypochlorites thus produced are decomposed in the liquid draining of
this neutralization and the gases thus formed (C02 + C12) are
recycled in the furnace.
Solid Residues--When solid residues must be destroyed, a rotary kiln
can be provided before the traditional furnace for liquid, which is
then used as a post-combustion chamber. The retention time in the
rotary kiln is controlled to ensure complete destruction of the
chlorinated residues.
Performance: The process has achieved:
• Destruction efficiency according to standards (e.g., 99.9999%);
• Contents in the fumes lower than existing norms:
HC1 + C12 50 ppm
NOx 200 ppm
PCDD - PCDF present detection limit
• Working factor: above 0.9 (higher than 8,000 hours/yr);
Limitations: None noted.
137
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Economics: For 1 ton of average formula residues-C2H2 C11 8:
• Electricity (kWh): 150 - 200
• Process water (m3/h): 1.6
• Cooling water (m3/h): 180 at 14eC
• 100% soda (kg/h): 9.2
• Gas (methane) (kg/h) 32
Production: 16 bars steam (kg/h): 4,400
33% HC1 (kg/h): 2,300
Capital costs for a 2 ton/hr unit are on the order of $5 million.
Status: The VCR process has been developed for over 15 years and ten
units have been installed throughout the world as of January 1986:
France (3), Spain (1), Morocco (1), USSR (4), and USA (1 by Borden in
Geismar, LA in 1982).
Recommendations: Update status.
Reference: Vicarb S.A., Combustion of chlorinated residues. (Pamphlet)
January 22, 1986.
138
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Petrifixf* Stabilization Process at the Gerland Dump Site:
iNoyelles sous Bellonne, France
Type of Treatment; Physical/Chemical
Country; France
Institution/Contact: Georges Millieret
Tech. Manager, TREDI Corp.
A-3. AO. Georges Pomjiolou,
Lyon, France
Tel.: 72-33-04-17, and
ANRED, Ministry of Environment, France
Function: Chemical neutralization and stabilization of oil refinery wastes.
Description: As noted in the March 1987 NATO/CCMS Report, site clean-up at
the Gerland Dump Site proceeded as follows:
• Neutralization/Stabilization
- Pumping of cold or, if necessary, electrically-heated acid tars;
- Controlled mixing of pumped tars with adjusted quantities of
preselected chemicals (exact chemicals not mentioned in paper);
and
- Discharge of the treated materials in a previously emptied
lagoon in which a limestone layer had been put above the
polymerized bottom.
• At the end of the clean-up operation, covering stabilized dump with
a vegetative soil cover.
Tredi Corp. (owner of the PETRIFIX trademark was responsible for
operations on behalf of the Gerland Company under the control of local
authorities and with the assistance of ANRED hazardous dump sites' team.
Performance: No data were available.
139
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Clean-up interrupted due to corrosion of electric heating rods.
Pumping no longer possible due to an increase in viscosity, as well as
presence of very heterogenous solid wastes (garbage, empty drums) mixed
with the remaining tars. Treatment process resumed with waste excavation
by mechanical shovel and mechanical mixing with added chemicals.
Economics: Cost of clean-up: 4,796,000 FF including 118,000 FF for
incineration tests (incineration option proved too costly).
Status: Operation completed in September 1983. Grass has been grown on
the vegetative soil and the site sold to a farmer to be used for cattle
breeding.
Recommendations: Update status through NATO/CCMS project,
Reference: NATO/CCMS Pilot Study; Demonstration of Remedial Action
Technologies for Contaminated Land and Groundwater. 1st International
Workshop, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany. 16-20 March 1987.
140
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: The Neostar Process: High-temperature/high-pressure Steam Cracking
of PCBs
Type of Treatment: Thermal
Country: France
Institution/Contact: Centre d'Etudes et Researches du Charbonnages de France
Vernevil, France
Project Leader: Marc Kazmierczak
Function: This process destroys polychlorinated biphenyls using high-
pressure/high-temperature steam without producing hazardous byproducts of
furans and dioxins.
Description: In the Neostar process, steam for cracking PCBs is produced at
2,900°C by reacting hydrogen and oxygen over a burner in a refractory-
lined furnace. The steam is fed to the reactor which operates under
atmospheric pressure at 1,500°C. Preheated liquid PCBs are injected into
the reactor. The process breaks down PCBs to byproducts of chlorine and
a mixed stream of methane, ethane, and other substances that can be
disposed of easily. The process does not form dioxins and furans because
the PCB molecules are broken up using high-temperature, high-pressure
steam without introducing oxygen into the reaction chamber.
In a newly constructed pilot plant, the cracked products are separated,
with the chlorine neutralized in caustic soda and the hydrocarbon stream
recycled to feed the burner. In a commercial unit, the chlorine eotttd b«
used to produce hydrochloric acid.
Performance: No performance data are available.
141
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: None listed.
Economics: Kazmierczak estimates processing costs at $2/kg, a price
competitive with incineration.
Status: Now at pilot plant status.
Recommendations: Progress should be monitored,
Reference: Kazmierczak, Marc. "Steam Cracks PCBs" (News Item), Engineering
News Record, 8 January 1987.
142
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Cationic Metals Recovery from Effluent Waste Streams
Type of Treatment: Physical
Country: France
Institution/Contact: Proserpol Engineering
Bois d'Arcy, France
Function: A technique to remove metals more efficiently.
Description: A new continuous process is more efficient and consumes less
iron than existing batch metal-recovery methods. Key to the process is a
vibrating reaction vessel. In the process, the effluent stream passes
into a 30-L vibrating vessel. Iron scrap particles (0.25 to 0.5 in.) are
continually added. The constant vibration accelerates the
electrochemical displacement, by the iron, of the copper and precious
metals are carried out of the vibrating vessel by the solution. The
entrained iron scraps are screened from solution, then the remaining
copper and precious metal salts are separated in an agitated tank and
filter press.
Performance: 99% of the copper, gold, silver and platinum from the
effluent stream is recovered in a very short residence time (2 minutes)
as compared with several hours in other technologies.
143
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: None available.
Economics: No data available.
Status: Process is new, but status is unknown.
Recommendations: No further action recommended; limited value to
Superfund site remediation.
Reference: Chemical Engineering (Int. Ed.) 11 May 1987, 94 (7), 9 (News
Item).
144
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Actimag Magnetic Separation
Type of Treatment: Physical/Chemical
Country; France
Institution/Contact: Actimag, France/Technique used by Thompson CSF
Tel.: 010-33-50-39-33
Function: To enhance extraction of toxic metals from solution.
Description: The use of magnets to agitate a bed of iron granules has
been applied to extracting valuable or toxic metals from solution. The
technique is being used by Thomson CSF to extract highly toxic byproducts
of chromium plating, and may also be used to recover copper and other
metals from chemical solutions. Actimag's process is designed to enable
safe iron to be substituted for chromium in the solution.
In contrast to conventional contact precipitation techniques, the
solution is passed through moving iron granules, not static ones.
Performance: The Thomson CSF plant processes 10 m3 of chromium effluent
an hour.
145
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: No data available.
Economics: The electromagnets that vibrate the iron granules reportedly
consume 5 kw of electricity.
Status: Pilot-scale.
Recommendations: No further study recommended. Has limited application
to Superfund wastes.
Reference: Engineer, "Magnetic Bed Aids Metal Extraction."
264 (6839-6840), 85. April 23-30, 1987.
146
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Organic Carbon Conversion in a High Compacting Multiphasic Reactor
(HCMR)
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country; France
Institution/Contact: S. Elmaleh, S. Papaconstantinou, G.M. Rios, A. Grasmick
Laboratory Genie Precedes
Univ. Sciences Tech. Languedoc
34060 Montpellier, France
Function: An innovative bioreactor with potential use in aerobic
biological wastewater treatment. It performs aeration and stirring.
Description: The high compacting multiphasic reactor (HCMR) is a
three-phase spouted bed in which regular solid circulation is ensured by
a special distributor. The oxygen transfer characteristics of the HCMR
and its potential use in aerobic biological wasteuater treatment were
evaluated in the literature. The HCMR promotes tight three-phase contact
even when the solid phase is difficult to fluidize. The oxygen transfer
is intense with low energy requirements; the HCMR compares with the most
efficient aeration system. Although biomass hold-up is relatively low
because of the intensity of the drag forces, the HCMR was reported as
one of the most intensive reactors for organic carbon conversion with low
energy requirements and low sludge production.
The HCMR is an alternative to the fluidized bed, the upflow sludge
blanket and activated sludge. It reportedly offers the best performance
for intermediate influent concentrations (between 1 and 5 kg COD m~^).
Performance: The HCMR can treat an influent at a loading rate of 24 kg
COD m~^/day with more than 80 percent conversion.
147
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Biomass holdup is lower than in a classical aerobic
fluidized bed.
Economics: The energy requirement for the conversion of 1 kg COD is about
1 kw hour. Cost data for a full-scale reactor is not available.
Status: Developmental; bench-scale.
Recommendations: No further study recommended. Limited Superfund waste
applications.
Reference: Elmaleh, Papaconstantinou, Rios, and Grasmick. "Organic
Carbon Conversion in a Large-Particle Spouted Bed." The Chemical
Engineering Journal, 34 (1987) B29-B34.
148
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Title; An Active Denitrification Medium to Promote Anaerobic
Biodegradation
Type of Treatment; Biological
Country; France
Institution/Contact: Bruno Cabane, Joel Vergnault
PCUK Products
Chimique Ugine Kuhlman, Paris
Function: An active denitrification support for anaerobic denitrification
of effluents containing up to 10 g/L of nitric nitrogen.
Description: The support is produced by mixing denitrifying bacteria
with organic carbon and calcium nitrate in an anaerobic environment.
central inactive carbonaceous nucleus is obtained by adding an
unassimilable carbonaceous material to the denitrification medium
comprised of the bacteria and calcium nitrate. A homogeneous,
fluidized-bed or fixed-bed reactor is typically used.
Performance: The results of one experiment involving the denitrification
support are shown in Table 1.
149
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
TABLE 1. RESULTS
Influent nitric N
(mg/L)
700
1,400
2.100
2,800
8,400
OF DENITRIFICATION SUPPORT
Owe 11 t ime
(hours)
60
60
60
120
130
% Nitrogen
purification
99.9
99.3
98.0
99.3
90.0
Limitations: Unknown.
Economics: Data not available.
Status: This is a patented technology, U.S. No. 4,318,988. Current use
appears to be limited to bench-scale reactors.
Recommendations: No follow-up recommended. Limited application to
site cleanup wastes.
Reference: Technical Insights Inc. New Methods for Degrading/Detoxifying
Chemical Wastes. Emerging Technologies No. 18. International
Standard Book No. 0-914993-16-X, Library of Congress No.
85-51133. 1986.
150
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Title: Catalytic Hydrodehalogenation
Type of Treatment: Chemical
Country: Hungary
Institution/Contact: Mr. Antal Tungler
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Research Group for Organic Chemical Technology
H-lll Budapest, Muegyetem rkp. 3
Hungary
Function: Dehalagenation of multi-chlorinated compounds.
Description: A new type of supported palladiam catalyst activates
hydrodehalgenation. In other words, the catalyst removes the chlorine
atoms and replaces them with hydrogen atoms. For example, tetra-and
penta-chlorobenzene with supported paladium catalyst at atmospheric
pressure and at temperatures of 120-140°C will react to form benzene and
chlorobenzene.
Performance: Data not available.
151
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Limitations: Information not available.
Economics: The high activity of the catalyst makes it possible to use a low
amount of it, thus reducing costs.
Status: The catalyst is patented (USA: 4,361,500, Hungary: 177,860) as well
as the technology (Hungary: 178,872) but was reported as being in the
experimental lab stage.
Recommendations: This technology is not applicable to Superfund site
remediation.
Reference: Mathe, T., Tungler, A. and J. Petro. "Active environment
protection: hydrodehalogenation of multi-chlorinated compounds" Abstracts of
the Hazardous Waste World Conference, October, 1987.
152
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Title: Waste Elimination by Application of the Plasma Technique
Type of Treatment: Electrical
Country: Hungary
Institution/Contact: Mr. Otto Boday
Villamosipari Kutato Intezet
Bp. XV., Cservenka Miklos u. 86
Tel. 831-927
Function: Destruction of toxic wastes including highly halogenated
hydrocarbons and heavy metals, while recovering energy and producing
usable chemicals.
Description: The Electrical Industry Research Institute has been developing a
process where wastes are brought into a plasma state, breaking down the
chemical bonds. This occurs in the high oxygen content, high temperature
atmosphere of the plasma reactor. The gases leave the reactor in the
form of chlorine-, sulfur-, or metal-oxides. A cooler- and
washer-separator system was developed especially for this system by the
Ventilation Works and the Veszprem University of Chemistry (both in
Hungary). By this device, a large portion of the heating energy used to
decompose the wastes is recovered while reusable chemical materials are
also produced.
In comparison to the Westinghouse plasma incinerator, the Hungarian model
does not flare its outgases. The Hungarian plasma nozzle receives the
wastes in vaporized form, not in the original liquid state used in the
Westinghouse system. Unlike Westinghouse, the Hungarians claim to
recycle some of the heat produced as well as produce reusable chemicals
from the operation. A schematic of the system is shown in Figure 1.
Performance: The authors claim the non-reusable part of the wastes are
"environment-friendly" ones. Data are not available.
153
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Unknown.
Economics: Unknown.
Status: An "industrial size research plant" has been built using the plasma
technology.
Recommendations: Monitor program.
Reference: Krajcsovics, Dr. F., Poesy F. , Emho', Dr. L. and Dr. Zs. Puskas.
"Making Harmless of Specially Hazardous Chemical Industry Wastes by
Plasma Technology". Abstracts of The Hazardous Waste World Conference,
October 1987.
154
-------
6.
en
en
1. Organic chemical waste
2. Electrical feed unit
3. Container
4. Filter
5 Pump
6. Cooling water
7. Plasma jet
8. Heat exchangers
9. Plasma generator
10 Cathode
11. Divided norrle (anode)
12 Wall permeable (or gases
13. Plasma reactor
14. Evaporator
15. Air pre-heater
16 Flue gas heater
17. Air feeding unit
18 Unit feeding cooling-water
19. Gnr. cluom.ilo<|r;i|>h •,
20 liHocfiiclirin ol washinq lyo
21. Gns washors
22 DischiurtP of wnr.hincj lyo
23 Chimnry
Figure 1. A schematic diagram of the plasma process.
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process; DDT Degradation by Bacteria from Activated Sludge
Type of Treatment; Biodegradation
Country; India
Institution/Contact: Surya Kanta Sharma, University of Delhi, New Delhi
K.U. Sadasivam, Indian Agricultural Research Inst.,
New Delhi
J.M. Dave, Nehru Univeristy, New Delhi
Function: Research to evaluate DDT degradation potential of activated
sludge in a bench-scale reactor. Research is investigating isolated
bacteria obtained from sludge liquors enriched with increasing amounts of
DDT. This research may lead to application of these techniques in
cleanup of DDT-contaminated sites.
Description: DDT-contaminated soil and cow dung was used to develop a mixed
culture of micro-organisms. The micro-organisms were extracted and
incubated with a synthetic sludge consisting of whole milk powder,
glucose and tap water, in bench-scale hopper bottom tanks. The tanks
were continuously mixed and aerated with increasing amounts of DDT (1 to
55 mg/L) added once daily. Following this period, the mixed liquor was
allowed to settle with settled sludge, then siphoned out and analyzed for
DDT and metabolites.
The mixed liquor was further enriched with DDT before isolating the
bacteria. From 25 different bacterial strains, seven showing good growth
in high concentrations of DDT were isolated from the liquor. The
isolated bacterial culture was then incubated in an inorganic broth
consisting of Na2 HCO^, KH2 PO^ NH^SO^), MgSO^
Ca(N02), yeast extract, and water. Two standard solutions of DDT
(containing 5 mg/L and 20 mg/L of DDT) were added to the incubation
flasks. After 6 weeks of incubation, under static culture conditions,
the entire contents of the flasks were extracted and estimated for DDT
and its metabolites. Based on morphological and biochemical
characteristics, the isolated materials were identified as Pseudomonas
sp., P. aeryginosa, Micrococus, B. pumilus, B. circulans, Bacillus sp,
and Flavobacteriom sp.
156
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: Analysis of the contents of the flask containing the isolated
bacterial culture and DDT showed almost complete removal of DDT with a
negligible formation of non-polar pollutants (DDD or DDE). The
biodegradation of organic pollutants, in general, was shown by 88.6 to
99.1% reduction in COD and BOD. Analysis of the reactor sludge extracted
prior to the isolation of specific bacteria indicated higher levels of
DDT, possibly due to the solubility of DDT in lipids and fats of the
micro-organisms and milk. Flavobacteria and microiocous were found to be
the most active degraders causing 60 to 69% of degradation of DDT, while
P. aeruginosa and B. pumilus were least active (44% degradation).
The results of the experiment clearly show the presence of bacterial
cultures in nature capable of degrading the DDT to less persistent
compounds under suitable conditions. The amount of DDT degraded by
bacteria was found to increase with the amount of DDT added to the
system. The experiment shows that these bacteria utilize DDT as a carbon
source.
Limitations: Limited to wastewater applications.
Economics: Not available.
Status: Experimental - laboratory conditions.
Recommendations: No further action recommended; this technology probably
has limited value for superfund waste.
Reference: Sharma, Surya Kanta, et al. "DDT Degradation by Bacteria
from Activated Sludge." Environment International, Vol. 13,
pp. 183-190. 1987.
157
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Microbial Detoxification of Cyanide from Wastewater
Type of Treatment; Biological
Country; India
Institution/Contact: N. Shiuaraman and N.M. Parhad
National Environmental Engineering Research Inst
Nehru Mayg, Nagpor 440020 (India)
Function: This research investigation established the biodegradation
of alkali cyanide by specific microbial sludge developed in the
laboratory, and determined the influence of heavy metals on this
process. The feasibility of biological removal of cyanide from gold ore
processing wastewater was also investigated.
Description: Studies were conducted to determine the biodegradation of cyanide
by continuous feeding experiments. Microbial sludge was developed in an
aeration unit with synthetic cyanide waste containing either peptone or
domestic sewage as organic nutrients. The unit was also seeded with the
previously isolated Pseudomuras acidouorans. The synthetic cyanide
wastewater was composed of sodium bicarbonate, potassium dihydrogen
orthophophate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferric chloride, and
distilled water. Heavy metals were incorporated into wastewater for
separate tests to determine heavy metal influence on degradation. Gold
ore processing wastewater was mixed with the sewage (in additional
experiments) to determine industrial applicability of this process.
The cyanide-containing wastewater was fed into the aeration unit by an
electrolytic feeding unit after the microbial sludge was developed to
around 1,000 mg/L as a mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS). The bench
model mixed aeration system was operated at a hydraulic detention time of
around 12 hours. Random measurements were taken to determine cyanide
(influent and effluent) levels, metals, BOD and COD, as well as MLSS.
158
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: Cyanide loading with peptone and sewage worked out to be 0.131
and 0.130 g (CN-lg MLSS/day), respectively. Results indicated cyanide
could be degraded by the microbial flora from both systems (peptone and
sewage) with greater than a 99 percent reduction. With regards to heavy
metals, it was determined that zinc up to 50 mg/L and cadmium up to
20 mg/L did not influence cyanide degradation. Copper, however, even at
5 mg/L affected effective cyanide removal. In addition, cyanide present
in gold ore wastewater could be degraded, however, its removal to the
extent desired ( 0.2 mg/L) was not achieved.
Limitations: The use of these techniques in the industrial setting where
levels of heavy metals are unpredictable, may prove less effective than
the laboratory test.
Economics: Not provided.
Status: Experimental.
Recommendations: No follow-up recommended. Limited Superfund waste
applications.
Reference: U.S. EPA HWERL. Proceedings: International Conference on
New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management. September 15-18, 1985.
Pittsburg, PA. Co-sponsored by NUS. EPA-600/9-85/025. September 1985.
159
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Microorganisms
Type of Treatment; Biodegradation
Country: Japan
Institution/Contact:
Osami Yagi & Rvuichi Sudo
Laboratory of Freshwater Environment
National Institute for Environmental Studies
Yatabe, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
Function: PCB degradation.
Description: A bacterium which was able to decompose PCBs was isolated from
soil. This strain was identified as Alcaligenes by morphological and
physiological characteristics.
Performance: 500 ppm of PCB predominantly containing mono- and dichloro-
biphenyl was significantly decomposed in 3 days by this organism. Eighty
percent of the 100 ppm of PCB, predominantly tri- and dichlorobiphenyl
was degraded after 6 days' cultivation by the addition of meat extract
and peptone.
160
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Not available.
Economics: Data not available.
Status: Laboratory experiment.
Recommendations: Process status requires further updating and further tests
are needed before this technology can be assessed.
Reference: Yagi, 0., and R. Sudo. Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
by Microorganisms. Laboratory of Freshwater Environment, National
Institute for Environment Studies, Japan. Undated.
161
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Fujibeton Encapsulation Process
Type of Treatment: Physical
Country; Japan
Institution/Contact: U.S. Marketing Agent is: New Materials Tech. Corp.,
Jeffrey P. Newton, President
8709 Arthur Circle
Wichita, Kansas 67207
316-683-8896
Developed by Dr. Jiro Fujimasu
Fujimasu Synthetic Chemical Laboratories, Tokyo
Function: This process involves the encapsulation of wastes using a silicate
material which has an improved cross-linking ability and which increases
the number and types of bonding sites around a silicate macromolecule.
Description: For chlorinated hydrocarbons contained in still bottoms, a
semisolid or sludge which is assumed to have a specific gravity of 1.1,
an absorbent such as fly ash would first be mixed with the waste. This
mixture would then be mixed with Fujibeton1s proprietary silicate
material in a ratio of 1 part by weight of still bottom to 0.20 part
F- jibeton. After cure, it would be disposed of as nonhazardous fill.
Alkaline electroplating wastes, in solution, with an assumed specific
gravity of 1.0, would also be mixed with fly ash in equal parts by
weight. This mixture would be treated with Fujibeton, in the same ratio
of 1 to 0.2, and disposed of after cure as fill. In the case of acidic
electroplating wastes, specific gravity 1.0, neutralization to pH 8.5
would be needed and that would require 0.27 Ib of lime/lb of solution.
In the case of chlor-alkali cell wastes, a specific gravity 1.1 would be
required before the Fujibeton treatment.
Fujibeton is supplied in three different products: Fujibeton PC, a
sludge solidifier that immobilizes hazardous constituents of sludge;
Fujibeton B, a soil cement that strengthens the soils used in landfill
liner and cover systems and reduces the permeability of those soils; and
Thomasbeton, a high-strength cement that resists corrosion and high
temperatures. It is suggested for use in structural and lining systems
for waste treatment tanks.
162
-------
TABLE 1. EFFECT OF FUJIBETON ON ELECTROPLATING SLUDGES
Toxic
component
Cadium
Chromium
Copper
Zinc
Nickel
Silver
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Mercury
Lead
Selenium
EPA Toxicity
Sample 1
Untreated
concentration
(ppm)
4,700.00
310.00
9,900.00
24,000.00
190.00
4.3
11.00
47.00
0.78
<0.1
1,700.00
<5.0
Tests of Electroplating Sludge
Sample 1
Treated
leachable
(ppm)
0.06
0.30
0.34
0.88
0.16
0.036
<0.025
0.25
< 0.0002
<0.0002
0.52
<0.05
Sample 2
Untreated
concentration
(ppm)
3,200.00
210.00
5,700.00
15,000.00
140.00
3.5
12.00
101.00
0.88
<0.1
1,200.00
<5.0
Sample 2
Treated
leachable
(ppm)
0.03
0.24
0.71
0.32
,0.13
0.030
<0.025
0.34
<0.002
<0.0002
0.37
<0.05
Tests were run 3 days after treatment.
163
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: Data presented indicate that for electroplating sludge, the
levels of toxic compounds before and after were significantly reduced.
Data were also supplied on sludges contaminated with PCB, one with
1800 ppm (0.069 ppm after treatment) and 9200 ppm (reduced to 0.337 ppm,
3 days after treatment). On a sludge with 2015 ppm chromium, the total
chromium for nine extractions yielded 18.02 ppm. See also Table 1.
Limitations: None reported.
Economics: For the still bottoms, material cost estimates are 5rf/lb of still
bottoms or 45^/gal. For alkaline electroplating wastes, material costs
are 54/gal. For acidic electroplating wastes, material costs are 7.5^/lb
of waste or $6.75/gal. For the chlor-alkali cell wastes, 4.7^/lb of
sludge or 45^/gal. Costs were reported in 1986.
Status: The technology seems to be used extensively in Japan, based on the
fact that 11 plants in Japan currently produce Fujibeton products. This
process has been leased/sold to New Materials Technology Corp. of
Wichita, Kansas, which has exclusive U.S. rights to the process.
Recommendations: Update on status within United States.
Reference: Technical Insights. New Methods for Degrading/Detoxifying
Chemical Wastes. Emerging Technologies No. 18. International Standard
Book No. 0-914993-16-X, Library of Congress No. 85-51133. 1986.
164
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Electrolytic Decomposition of Iron-Cyanide Complexes
Type of Treatment: Chemical
Country: Japan
Institution/Contact: Katsuhiro Okubo
Tokyo, Japan
Function: The process is a practical electrolytic method of
decomposing iron-cyanide complex solutions.
Description: Iron-cyanide complexes, such as potassium ferricyanide or
ferrocyanide, are troublesome and toxic ingredients of the wastes from
such operations as a carburizing process for iron, plating or printing
processes, and photo processing. They are relatively stable and not
easily dissociated in an aqueous solution. The addition of strong
oxidizing agents does not decompose such complexes unless a high
temperature is used. Decomposition by electrolysis has not been
practical because of its low efficiency. However, the Japanese method
reportedly represents a practical electrolytic method, achieved by
adjusting the specific conductivity of the electrolyte to not more than
30 mu/cm.
The apparatus used is shown in Figure 1. The Anode is constructed of
electrolytic graphite, 31 mm in diameter. Part of it is coated with
epoxy resin. The cathode is a titanium net. Anode and cathode are
arranged in the electrolytic cell, about 8 to 9 mm apart. The cell's
volume is about 100 cm3. About 125 mL of electrolyte, adjusted
beforehand to a predetermined temperature in a constant temperature bath,
is fed through a roller pump into the bottom of the cylindrical glass
electrolytic cell at a flow rate of 80 mL/min for continuous circulation
in an overflow system. A voltage is applied between the electrodes to
control anodic current density, the quantity of electricity and the bath
temperature.
Products of the electrolysis are cyanic acid and an iron hydroxide
precipitate. Gas produced at the electrode is discharged through the
condenser to minimize evaporation of water and loss of electrolyte.
Figure 2 shows the results of operation at specific conductivities of
electrolyte of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 mu/cm at 25°C with addition of a
convenient quantity of sodium carbonate. An aqueous solution of
potassium ferricyanide containing 100 mg/L of iron and 280 mg/L of
cyanide was used as electrolyte. pH ranged from 11.0 to 11.4.
165
-------
ELECTROLYTIC
CELL
EPOXY
RESIN
ROLLER
PUMP
CONSTANT
TEMPERATURE
BATH
Figure 1. Apparatus used in electrolytic method of
decomposing iron-cyanide complexes.
166
-------
c
V
•o
~a
2
in
mg/1
500
100
50
10
Total CN
Fe
10
20
30
mu/cm
100
0
E
c
o
o
£
o
50
2Ah
DA3A/dm2
25°c
10
20
30
mu/cm
Figure 2. Results of electrolysis process for decomposing iron-cyanide
complex at several specific conductivities.
167
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: See Figure 2 for performance data. The results show
significant decomposition of the complexes.
Limitations: Not available.
Economics: No cost data are available.
Status: The method is described in U.S. Patent 4,319,968 to Atsuyuki
Ueno and Junichiro Yokota of Tokyo and assigned to Katsuhiro Okubo, also
of Tokyo.
Recommendations: No further action recommended. Limited applicability to
Superfund sites.
Reference: Technical Insights. New Methods for Degrading/Detoxifying
Chemical Wastes. Emerging Technologies No. 18. International Standard
Book No. 0-914993-16-X, Library of Congress No. 85-51133. 1986.
168
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process; Biological Treatment of Phosphorous Compounds
Type of Treatment; Biological
Country: Japan
Institution/Contact: Shigezo Udaka and Makoto Shoda
Nagoya, Japan
Function: This process uses microorganisms to remove phosphorous from
wastewater or ground water.
Description: The method consists of culturing any of several microorganisms
that are capable of accumulating organic and inorganic phosphorus in
water containing such compounds. The microorganisms are introduced to
the contaminated water media, and are removed once they have accumulated
the phosphorus compounds. The microorganisms are capable of accumulating
and containing considerable quantities of phosphorus, releasing only very
small amounts. Cultivation is preferably done under aerobic conditions,
with pH between 6 and 8, and temperature between 25° and 40eC. Addition
of other high BOD waters containing organic carbon or nitrogen or both,
increases the efficiency of the process.
The microorganisms named in the patent are shown in Table 1, along with
experimental data on phosphorus accumulation for each microorganism. For
comparison purposes, similar data are given at the end of the Table on
microorganisms that are not phosphorus accumulators.
Performance: See Table 1.
169
-------
TABLE 1. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS IN REMOVING PHOSPHORUS
COMPOUNDS FROM WATER
Experimental Results
Concentration of Dry cell
Phosphorus in Super- Weight
STRAIN natant ppm by wt mg/1
Arthrobacter globiforrais
ATCC 8010
Arthrobacter simplex
ATCC 15799
Micrococcus luteus
ATCC 398
Micrococcus varians
ATCC 399
Nocardia erythropolis
ATCC 4277
Nocardia restrictus
ATCC 14887
Cellulomonas uda
ATCC 491
Cellulorooras biaiotea
ATCC 486
Oerskovia turbata
ATCC 25835
Oerskovia xanthineolytica
ATCC 27402
Corynebacteriura bovis
ATCC 7715
Corynebac terium aquaticutn
ATCC 14665
Brevibacterium linens
ATCC 9175
Brevibacterium imperiale
ATCC 8365
Kurthia zopfill
ATCC 6900
COMPARISON
Achromobacter lacticum
CCM 69
Aerobacter aerogenes
ATCC 7256
Flavobacterium heparinum
0.22
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.42
0.37
0.58
0.59
0.63
0.65
1.0
1.2
3.0
3.5
6.7
80.0
60.0
75.0
550
520
530
540
580
600
560
550
540
420
750
820
480
460
720
504
691
440
Phosphorus
Content in Cell
g/g — dry cell wt
0.19
0.18
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.18
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.20
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.04
0.05
0.06
ATCC 13125
170
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Not available.
Economics: No cost data are available.
Status: Udaka and Shoda were awarded U.S. Patent 4,220,527 for this
process (assigned to the President of Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan),
Recommendations: Not applicable to Superfund wastes. No further action
recommended.
Reference: Technical Insights. New Methods for Degrading/Detoxifying
Chemical Wastes. Emerging Technologies No. 18. International Standard
Book No. 0-914993-16-X, Library of Congress No. 85-51133. 1986.
171
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: HWT Chemical Fixation Technology
Type of Treatment: Physical/Chemical
Country: Japan
Institution/Contact: U.S. Contact: International Waste Technologies
807 North Waco, Suite 31
Wichita, Kansas 67203
Tel.: (316) 262-1338 or (316) 683-8986
Function: International Waste Technologies (IWT) markets an advanced chemical
fixation technology based on chemical mechanisms which "tie-up" or bond
inorganic and organic toxic wastes in a variety of modalities. A
significant percentage of the pollutant is chemically altered by the HWT
treatment compounds. HWT Chemical Fixation Technology was originally
developed in Japan.
Description: The process consists of a two-phased reaction in which the toxic
elements and compounds are complexed first in a fast-acting reaction and
permanently complexed further in the building of macromolecules which
continue to generate over a long period of time.
The Phase 1 part of the chemical fixation or detoxification reaction can
be described in terms of generating irreversible colloidal structures and
ion exchanges with toxic metals and organics by special intercalation
compounds. In a high percentage of reactions with halogenated
hydrocarbons, a bimolecular displacement or substitution occurs as the
first step in the linking mechanism to the Phase 2 macromolecules.
Phase 2, the generation of the macromolecule framework, is also a
relative irreversible colloid synthesis, however, this is a slower moving
reaction going from solid, to gel, to crystalline, three-dimensional,
inorganic polymer. Of particular importance in the bonding of hazardous
elements and compounds is the development in the Phase 2 part of the
chemical reaction of the sulpho-ferri-aluminate hydrates. The bonding
characteristics and durability of structure are varied to suit a
particular waste situation and desired leaching standards by varying the
composition of the HWT treatment compound.
172
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: Recent test results presented indicate that the process
significantly reduces the leachability and concentration of the toxic
compounds in the solid. Leach values for PCB using the EP Toxicity test
were in the low ppb range, and the concentrations of PCB were reduced by
greater than 50 percent in each case presented. Other test results
indicate favorable results on other compounds as well.
Limitations: None listed, but mixing of the solidifier with soils in situ may
create some problems.
Economics: No information available.
Status: This technology is scheduled for demonstration under EPA's SITE
program.
Recommendations: Update status. Monitor results of U.S. EPA SITE study.
References: International Waste Technologies. "Presentation of the HWT
Chemical Fixation Technology and Japanese In-Place Treatment Equipment.
Undated.
McCoy and Associates, Inc. "New Technology Available for In-Situ Soil
Treatment." The Hazardous Waste Consultant, Vol. 5, Issue 1.
January/February 1987.
173
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Removal of Arsenic by Precipitation and Sedimentation
Type of Treatment: Physical/Chemical
Country: Japan
Institution/Contact: H. Kawashima, D.M. Misic, M. Suzuki
Institute of Industrial Science,
University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan
Function: Treatment of vastewater containing arsenic at concentrations of
2 to 3 ppm with a pH of 7.5 to 8.5, produced in a geothermal power
generating plant.
Description: Wastewater and steam from the power plant initially enter a
separator where steam is directed to the turbines and water enters a
holding tank. A portion of the wastewater is then recycled to the
underground well while the rest is pumped to a reactor where 150 m3/hr
of water are treated. Wastewater in the reactor is mixed with 3.9 L/h of
70% H2S04, 14.9 L/hr NaOCl (7% C12), 10 L/hr FeCl2 (13% Fe).
Water is then pumped to a mixing tank where NaOH (22%) is added, which
raises the pH from 3-4 to 4-4.5. Slurry from the mixing tank enters a
filter press where solids are separated out and taken by conveyor belt to
a holding tank for final disposal. Depending on the concentration of
arsenic in the filtrate, the filtrate may be recycled to the beginning of
the treatment process or treated with NaOH (22%) to raise the pH, and
released to the environment.
Chemical reactions involved in process are:
As03~ + NaCIO -*• As03~ + NaCl
Performance: Arsenic concentration in treated water are reported to be
generally below 0.05 ppm.
174
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: No limitations are noted.
Economics: Cost for this treatment process is approximately Y150/m3;
in U.S. currency $0.60/m3.
Status: This treatment process is presently used by the:
Kyusha Electric Company
Ohdake, Hachiogahasa Plant
Ohita Prefecture, Kyusha
Recommendations: Limited Superfund applications. No further action
recommended.
Reference: U.S. EPA HWERL. Proceedings: International Conference on
New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management. September 15-18, 1985.
Pittsburgh, PA. EPA-600/9-85/025. September 1985.
175
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Removal of Arsenic and Gallium by Precipitation
Type of Treatment: Chemical
Country: Japan
Institution/Contact: H. Kawashima, D.M. Misic., M. Suzuki
Institute of Industrial Science
University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan
Function: Treatment of wastewater containing arsenic and gallium from
semiconductor production.
Description: Co-precipitation of arsenic and gallium from wastewater of a
semiconductor plant is achieved through the addition of Fe(OH)3,
FeCl3, and NH4OH, at a pH of 7. Filtration is used to separate out
the precipitate, which is then resuspended in water and NaOH, at a pH of
9 to 13, to redisolve the gallium. Arsenic remains in solid form which
is filtered out and the sludge is prepared for final disposal.
Performance: Wastewater containing 10 ppm As and 10 ppm Ga and 100 ppm of
Fe(III) was added and mixed with aqueous NH^OH to raise the pH to 5.2.
The co-precipitate, after separation, was resuspended in water and mixed
with NaOH to raise the pH to 13. Arsenic concentration remaining in the
solution containing gallium were below 0.5 ppm.
175
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Not noted.
Economics: Not provided.
Status: The process is in use by the Nippon Electric Company (NEC).
Recommendations: Limited Superfund applications. No further action
recommended.
Reference: U.S. EPA HWERL. Proceedings: International Conference on
New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management. September 15-18, 1985.
Pittsburgh, PA. EPA-600/9-85/025. September 1985.
177
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Removal of Arsenic from Low pH Wastewaters
Type of Treatment; Chemical
Country: Japan
Institution/Contact:
H. Kawashima, D.M. Misic., M. Suzuki
Institute of Industrial Science
University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan
Function: Treatment of wastewater containing arsenic from cadmium refining.
Description: Removal of arsenic in low pH wastewaters is achieved through
the utilization of dialkyl thiocarbamate as a chelating agent. The alkyl
group (R) can be methyl, ethyl, or n-butyl. For removal of arsenic from
cadmium refining wastes, R£ NCSS Na is used. The ratio of dialkyl
thiocarbomate to arsenic ranges from 1 to 5. Wastewater is mixed with
approximately one equivalent of dialky thiocarbamate at 400 rpm for
30 minutes at varying pH values. The compound makes the following metal
complexes;
PR ^ S T
N - " - S| .Me, which are precipitated. The precipitate
LR ^ c Jx
is incinerated and the arsenic is recovered.
Performance: Best results are achieved at a pH of 1.1 at which more than
95% of arsenic is removed.
178
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: The process is most efficient when the pH is between 1 and
2.5, and it is recommended only for pH below 3.
Economics: Not provided.
Status: The patent is available from the Nippon Mining Corporation.
Recommendations: May be applicable to the treatment of ground water
contaminated with arsenic resulting from the discharge of wastewater from
a cadmium refining plant, but no further action is recommended.
Reference: U.S. EPA HWERL. Proceedings: International Conference on
New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management. September 15-18, 1985.
Pittsburgh, PA. EPA-600/9-85/025. September 1985.
179
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Removal of Low Concentrations of Arsenic Using a Chelating Resin
Type of Treatment: Chemical
Country: Japan
Institution/Contact: H. Kawashima, D.M. Misic., M. Suzuki
Institute of Industrial Science
University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan
Function: Removal of arsenic from wastewaters having low concentrations
(2 to 3 mg/L) of arsenic.
Description: A chelating resin containing CH2N - (R) CH2 [CH(OH)]n
CH2OH moiety, where R is H or C^. 5 alkyl and n is 1 to 6, is used to
adsorb the arsenic out of solution.
Performance: The adsorption capacity of Amberlite IRA 743, one of the
chelating resins, was 30 mg As3* (per mL of resin).
180
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Not available.
Economics: Not provided.
Status: Patent held by Unitika Ltd., a manufacturer of synthetic fibers.
Recommendations: Limited Superfund applications. No further action
recommended.
Reference: U.S. EPA HWERL. Proceedings: International Conference on
New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management. September 15-18, 1985.
Pittsburgh, PA. EPA-600/9-85/025. September 1985.
131
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Treatment of Arsenic-Containing Vastewaters with Titanium Compounds
Type of Treatment: Chemical
Country: Japan
Institution/Contact: H. Kawashima, D.M. Misic., M. Suzuki
Institute of Industrial Science
University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan
Function: Removal of arsenic from wastewaters that contain several
metal ions.
Description: Wastewaters are treated with a titanium compound
(Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4) to form titanic acid, which forms a co-precipitate
with arsenic. After co-precipitation and filtration, sludge containing
arsenic can be disposed of in a landfill.
Performance: The process is most effective in the pH range 2-8. After
co-precipitation and filtration, wastewater initially containing 97 mg/L
of arsenic was found to contain 0.026 to 0.054 mg/L of arsenic.
182
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: The only disadvantage is that the process requires 16 hours
process time. Other titanium compounds may be substituted, such as
TiCl4 or TiOS04.
Economics: Not provided.
Status: Process developed by Mitsubishi Razor.
Recommendations: Limited Superfund application. No further action
recommended.
Reference: U.S. EPA HWERL. Proceedings: International Conference on
New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management. September 15-18, 1985.
Pittsburgh, PA. EPA-600/9-85/025. September 1985.
183
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Adsorption of Arsenic by Red Mud
Type of Treatment; Phvsical/Chemical
Country: Japan
Institution/Contact:
H. Kawashima, D.M. Misic., M. Suzuki
Institute of Industrial Science
University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan
Function: Adsorption of arsenic by red mud.
Description: Red mud, obtained from aluminum production, usually contains
approximately 17 to 25% A1203, 25 to 50% Fe203> and 5 to 20%
Si02- Al2C>3 and Fe203 adsorb arsenic. Wastewater containing
arsenic is shaken with red mud for 24 hours. The red mud is then shaken
with 0.01 N sodium hydroxide for 24 hours, separated and reused.
Performance: In the pH range between 5 and 7, removal efficiency is
over 99%.
184
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Not available.
Economics: A very low cost removal process.
Status: Developed by the Agency of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Japan.
Recommendations: Limited Superfund applications. No further action
recommended.
Reference: U.S. EPA HWERL. Proceedings: International Conference on
New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management. September 15-18, 1985.
Pittsburgh, PA. EPA-600/9-85/025. September 1985.
135
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Plunging Water Jet System Using Inclined Short Nozzles for
Aerobic Treatment of Wastewater
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: Japan
Institution/Contact: A. Ohkawa, D. Kusabiraki, Y. Shiokawa, N. Sakai,
and M. Fujii
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Niigata University, Niigata City 950-21, Japan
Function: Use of water jets for aeration for the removal of dissolved
organic matter from wastewater.
Description: In the plunging water jet system, inclined, short nozzles spray
jets of water forcing bubbles into the waste water. The gas entrainment
rate and the bubble penetration depth change, depend on the jet velocity
and the nozzle length. Other variables include the jet nozzle diameter,
the jet length, and the jet angle.
It is attractive compared to conventional aeration systems because it
does not need an air compressor, it is simple in construction and
operation, and it is free of operational difficulties such as clogging in
air diffusers.
Performance: When viewed from the removal ability of dissolved organic
matter, the plunging jet aeration system was capable of treating a
wastewater of considerable high loading without the rate of oxygen
transfer becoming the biooxidation-rate-limiting factor.
The transfer efficiency at low jet velocities was not inferior to the
ones of other types of existing aeration systems; i.e., the application
of this jet aeration system to a high rate reactor for wastewater
treatment is possible.
136
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: There is an increased amount of fine suspended solids in
the treated water caused by the shearing action between sludge floes and
pump blades. This action could also damage frail microorganisms that
could be useful in biodegradation.
Economics: Data not available.
Status: Bench-scale apparatus, experimental.
Recommendations: Limited Superfund applications. No further action
recommended.
Reference: Ohkawa, Akira et al. "Flow and Oxygen Transfer in a Plunging
Water Jet System Using Inclined Short Nozzles and Performance
Characteristics of its System in Aerobic Treatment of Wastewater."
Biotechnology and Bioengineering. Vol. 28 (1986) 1845-1856.
187
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process; Mercury Roasting of Contaminated Soils
Type of Treatment; Thermal
Country; Japan
Institution/Contact: Takashi Ikeguchi Nomura Kosan Company
Senior Research Scientist Itomulka, Hokkaido
Department of Sanitary Engineering (Owner of plant)
The Institute of Public Health
6-1, Shirokanedai 4 Chome,
Minato-Ku, Tokyo
108 Japan
Function: Recovery of mercury from contaminated soils.
Description: A site in Arakawa-Ku, Tokyo is a former electrochemical industry
site largely contaminated by mercury. Remedial technologies were
selected according to the level of contamination as follows:
1. Thermal treatment (roasting) for heavily contaminated soil with
percent order of mercury.
2. Underground containment after immobilization by addition of Na2S,
Fe SO^, and colloidal sulfur for highly contaminated soil (above
10 mg/kg mercury).
3. Underground containment without pretreatment for moderately
contaminated soil (2-10 mg/kg mercury).
In August 1984, containment was completed.
Initially, a small-scale onsite roasting plant (0.3 ton/day) was planned,
but withdrawn due to opposition of the local residents and immature
technology to control mercury vapors to under regulated levels. It was
decided to transport this soil to the mercury recovery plant in the
mountainous site of Hokkaido, about 1,000 km north of Tokyo.
188
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Description (cont.):
This plant is equipped with a vertical, multistage roasting furnace
called a Herreshoff furnace. The primary components of the plant are the
roaster, a condenser to recover mercury, and flue gas cleaning devices.
A flow diagram of this plant is shown in Figure 1. Mercury-containing
waste or soil is roasted at temperatures of 600 to 800°C using heavy
oil. Volatilized mercury is condensed on the inner wall of the condenser
subsequent to dust removal. Trace amounts of mercury and acid gas
components in the flue gas are removed by adsorption and neutralization.
In 1987, the plant was expanded to recover mercury and other metals from
used dry battery cells and other items.
Performance: Ground water wells just outside the containment pit have shown
no ground water pollution so far. No data were available for the mercury
roasting plant.
Limitations: Residues from the roasting furnace must be securely disposed
of. At the Japanese plant, they are landfilled onsite.
Economics: The cost of soil roasting was 65,000 yen/ton and transportation
costs (including packaging) were 16,000 yen/ton. The cost of underground
containment and immobilization treatment is not yet available.
Status: This is a full-scale plant.
Recommendations: Follow-up on efficiency of mercury recovery and toxicity of
residues.
Reference: Ikeguchi, Takashi. "Former Electrochemical Industry Site,
Arakawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan." 1st International Meeting at the NATO/CCMS
Pilot Study Demonstration of Remedial Action Technologies for
Contaminated Land and Ground Water. Washington, D.C. November 11-13,
1987.
189
-------
Addition-agent
Solid waste
Mixing
Mixer
Felletizing
Stock bin
Roasting
Pelletizer
Feeder
Dust
Exhaust gas
Dust collection
Dust collector
Surge tank
Calcine
Cooliftg
Cooling
conveyor
Moisture
control
Condenser
Receiver tank
Soot
Soot hoeing
Exhaust g£s
Gas absorption-
Detaister
Chenical
liquid
1—Residue
Refining
I
Mercury
Draft fan
Test of
leaching
J
Concrete tanX
I
Covering
Eai'ssion Excess
Liquid waste
Waste water treatment
Figure 1. Flow diagram of mercury roasting.
190
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Extraction Techniques for Treatment of Soil in the
Netherlands (Overview)
Type of Treatment: Physical
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: Ms. Ester R. Soczo
RIVM
P.O. Box 1
3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Tel.: 030-743060
Function: Extraction of contaminants from soil as practiced in the
Netherlands.
Description: This discussion is based on information provided in
Attachment 5 (review of soil treatment technologies in the Netherlands)
of the March 1987 NATO/CCMS Pilot Study Report. Specific details appear
in Fact Sheets that follow.
The operational full-scale extraction plants in the Netherlands are
indicated in Table 1.
TABLE 1. OPERATIONAL EXTRACTION PLANTS (MARCH 1987)
Name of Company
BSN B.V.
Heidemij Uitvoering B.V.
Heijmans Milieutechniek B.V.
HUZ Bodemsanering
Mosmans Mineraaltechniek B.V.
Capacity
(ton/year)*
25,000**
34,000
14,000
27,000
8,000
Costs
Dfl/ton
150-250
150-250
150-250
150-250
*0n the basis of 8 hr/day.
**The new plant of BSN is under construction.
191
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Description (cont.): Some treatment results of Netherland plants are
summarized in Table 2. The data show about 90 to 99 percent of
contaminants like oil, cyanides, and PCAs can be removed from the soil.
The cleaning efficiency for heavy metals varies between 70 and 95 percent.
The extraction technique is mainly suitable for treatment of contaminated
sandy soils. However, the presence of small amounts of humus or clay in
the sand does not cause any technical problems. Cleaning of other types
of soil than sand will increase sludge generation, and will result in
substantially higher costs.
TABLE 2. SOME TREATMENT RESULTS OF OPERATIONAL
EXTRACTION PLANTS (MARCH 1987)
Type of soil
Contaminants
Concentration mg/kg dry weight
Initial Final
Sand
Sand,
Sand
Sand,
Loamy
Sand,
Sand,
Sand
Sand,
>10% loam
10% loam
sand
<2,5% humus
<10% peat
>10% loam
Clayey sand
Oil
Mineral oil
CN
CN
CN
PCAs (16 EPA)
PCAs (16 EPA)
Cd
Pb
Zn
Ni
Pb
500 -
1500 -
50 -
50 -
160 -
80 -
1 -
15 -
150 -
50 -
300 -
10000
25000
1000
1000
250
290
190
1750
2050
1400
900
2000
80
8
10
0.4
3
1
42
90
40
50
< 100
- 150
- 25
- 20
7*
- 17
- 9
- 2.5
- 75
- 200
- 75
- 150*
*Flotation technique.
192
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Description (cont.):
Remarks
Specifications of the types of oil and the types of cyanides were
often not mentioned.
Common measurements of PCAs are: the 16 PCAs according to EPA (USA)
After the application of an extraction technique, the soil structure is
always changed with respect to humus-content and particle-size. The
treated soil consists of sand with particle-sizes in a narrow band and
can be re-used, for instance, for road construction or specific building
materials.
Performance: See Table 2; some problem with residual concentrations is
apparent.
Limitations: Residual concentrations appear to be a problem. Problems
anticipated in removing contaminants from soils other than sand.
Economics: The costs of the treatment by means of extraction vary between
Dfl 50-200/ton ($25-100/ton based on March 1987 equivalence), depending
mainly on the quantity of small particles in the soil.
Status: Soil extraction techniques represent a major area of study in
the Netherlands.
Recommendations: More data related to soil types and contaminants is
needed. New approaches should be carefully followed as techniques offer
definite advantages under certain conditions.
Reference: NATO/CCMS Pilot Study; Demonstration of Remedial Action
Technologies for Contaminated Land and Ground Water. 1st International
Workshop, S. Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany. March 16-20, 1987.
193
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: BSN Soil Extraction Plant
Type of Treatment: Physical
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: BSN-Bodemsanering Nederland
Daelderweg 15
Weert, The Netherlands
Tel.: (045)244850)
Function: Soil washing.
Description: The facility at Bodemsanering Nederland B.V. (BSN) has been
in operation since 1983. It was originally developed to separate oil
from sandy soil. The oil separation is based on a high pressure water
jet curtain which physically separates the contaminants from the sand
particles. A simplified process scheme is given in Figure 1. The
process comprises the following steps:
1. Separation of coarse materials (+100 mm).
2. High pressure washing.
3. Separation of coarse sand by sieves and hydrocyclones (+63 urn).
4. Separation of silt by sedimentation (30 to 63 urn).
5. Separation of process water, oil, and fine mineral fraction (+30 urn).
6. Dewatering of the treated soil.
Steps 4 and 5 may be enhanced by coagulants and flocculants. The process
usually uses water without any additives. This fact offers the option of
an additional microbiological treatment of the spent process water and/or
the treated sand, as has been indicated in the process scheme. The
process water will be often recirculated to the high pressure separator.
194
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
p*
SIEVE
i '
MACE-L'P yATER,
f
CHEMICALS
^^J HIGH PRESSLUE
"""'j "ATER
4
MATERIALS
> 100 m
3KTAM1NA:ED
JIL
JETS
k 2
COA5UL,\^S >
SIEVES AND ^^>63>im^ DEWATERINC, vi fliO[^)CICAli
HYUROCYCU1NES ^~~^^"^^ 51Evt ^^, T Rf-AT-.E VT '
CRAV1
THICK
i MirRoeioLOCiCAi i >
NUTRIENTS — * TREATMENT
••••
I SOLIDS.
L ^
i
SLURRY
l
j I >
FLOCC'JUwns
i 3 6
^ SOLIDS
>^ mm
nr 1 CQAjtsE SILT ^ ^ CLEAN
4
OIL/WATES > a'L (<~ ' 8'Cr '
SErAR>70R ^ ^^ SLUDGE (> 1 g/cm5!
5
(C.AI.SLT) LlOL'iD
Figure 1. Process scheme of the installation of Bodemsanering Nederland B.V.
Performance: BSN claims the following fields of application:
• All aliphatics and aromatics with low densities (floating on water);
• Contaminants that are largely adsorbed to those soil particles that
will end up in the residual sludge (process step 5);
• Volatile contaminants, e.g., per- and trichloroethylene (these are
stripped to the air when the soil is led through the high pressure
washer);
• Some water-soluble and biodegradable hydrocarbons, provided the
microbiological option is being chosen; and
• All types of soil with a maximum amount of residual sludge (< 63 urn)
of approximately 20 percent or approximately 2.5 ton/hr.
Some results obtained with this installation are given in Table 1.
195
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
TABLE 1. SOME PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES WITH THE TREATMENT
INSTALLATION OF BSN
Initial Concentration Removal
concentration after treatment efficiency
Contaminant (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (2)
Aroma tics
PNAs
Crude oil
240
295
79.000
45*
15
2.300
81
95
97
*The concentration of aroma tics was reduced to 10 mg/kg on
account of microbiological activity 6 months after treatment.
Limitations: Applicable to only certain types of toxic substances.
Economics: 150 to 250 DfI/tonne
Dfl 1 = $0.3 U.S. (June 1985)
Status: Operational since 1983. Originally developed to separate oil from
sandy soil. Capacity: 20 ton/hr. Installation is easy to transport to
a contaminated site.
Recommendations: Check status with TNO.
Reference: TNO - Assink, J.W. and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International
TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil. November 11-15, 1985.
Utrecht, The Netherlands. Published by Martinus Nijoff Publishers,
Boston, MA. 1986.
196
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Heijmans Soil Extraction Plant
Type of Treatment: Physical/Chemical
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: Mr. C. Jonker
Heijmans Milieutechniek
P.O. Box 2
5240 BB Rosmalen, The Netherlands
Tel.: 04192-89111
Function: Soil washing.
Description: The Heijmans Milieutechniek B.V. facility for extractive
cleaning has been in operation since the Spring of 1985. A simplified
process scheme is shown in Figure 1. The following steps may be
distinguished:
1. Separation of coarse materials ( 10 mm).
2. Intensive mixing of soil and water in order to disperse all soil
particles and to scour off the contaminants (scrubbing), in
combination with a chemical oxidation (only in the case of cyanides,
for detoxification).
3. Separation of coarse sand ( 60 urn) by hydrocyclones.
4. Dewatering of the treated sand.
5. Separation of coarse, low-density materials, e.g., cokes and grass.
6. Separation of silt in a tiltable plate separator. Any free floating
oil is skimmed off.
7. Coagulation and flocculation of the polluted extracting agent;
followed by flotation of the formed floes.
The cleaned extracting agents are generally recirculated to a great
extent. It is possible to control the pH between approximately 3 and 12
in almost every apparatus of the plant.
197
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
TRACT1H6
AGE.VT
I CHEJ11C
j> X
SRASS, COKES, ere,
CHEMICALS
SCRJSBtH UNTE.XSIVE
MIXING) *
CHEMICAL OyiDATlON
» COARSE
MATER lAiS
> 8 in
CONTAMINATED
SOIL
SOLIDS. SLURRY
(KAIKLY) LIQUID
MINERAL
SLJCSE
Figure 1. Process scheme of the installation of Heijmans Milieutechniek B.V.
Performance: The firm claims the following potential fields of application:
• Cyanides;
• Water immiscible and low-density (< 1000 kg/m^) hydrocarbons;
• Heavy metals; or
• Combinations of these types of contaminant.
The soil should preferably contain less than 30 percent of fine solids
(< 63 urn) and humus-like compounds. At this time, the results of a
number of test runs are available. Table 3 gives some examples.
198
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
TABLE 1. SOME RESULTS OF TEST RUNS EXECUTED WITH THE
EXTRACTIVE INSTALLATION OF HEIJMANS
Initial Concentration
concentration after treatment
Contaminant (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
Mineral oil 3.000 - 8.000 90 - 120
Galvanic CN 450 15
Zn 1.600 - 3.200 300 - 500
Cd 66 - 125 5 - 10
Ni 250 - 890 85 - 95
Removal
efficiency
Approx.
Approx.
Approx.
Approx.
66 -
98
94
83
92
89
Limitations: Limited applicability to a number of toxic compounds.
Economics: 150 to 250 DfI/tonne
Dfl 1 = $0.3 (June 1985)
Status: Full-scale plant since Spring of 1985. Ten to 15 tonnes soil/hr.
Whole installation has been constructed in containers and is
transportable.
Recommendations: Site visit recommended.
Reference: TNO - Assink, J.W. and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International
TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil. November 11-15, 1985.
Utrecht, The Netherlands. Published by Martinus Nijoff Publishers,
Boston, MA. 1986.
199
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: HWZ Bodemsanering Mobile Soil Extraction Plant
Type of Treatment: Physical/Chemical
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: H.C.M. Breck
HWZ Bodemsanering
Vanadiumweg 5
3812 PX Amersfoort,
The Netherlands
Tel: 033-1 3844
Function: Soil washing.
Description: HWZ Bodemsanering B.V. has developed this plant for the
cleaning of sandy soil in cooperation with TNO. A simplified process
scheme is given in Figure 1. The following steps may be distinguished:
1. Separation of coarse materials ( 10 mm).
2. Intensive mixing of soil and water in order to disperse all soil
particles and to scour off the contaminants (scrubbing).
3. Washing of the soil with a suitable extracting agent (NaOH) in
up-flow column (jet-sizing). The bottom stream consists of sand
particles larger than approximately 100 um.
4. Dewatering of the cleaned soil.
5. Separation of coarse, low-density materials, e.g., cokes.
6. Separation of silt (approximately 50 to 100 um) by hydrocyclones.
This fraction is normally fed to the dewatering sieve, but may also
be handled separately.
7. The spent extracting agent is cleaned in a number of steps.
Cleaning is carried out by pH-adjustment, coagulation, flocculation,
sludge separation in a tiltable plate separator, removal of the
surplus of added iron by aeration and flotation, and finally a last
pH-adjustment. The cleaned extracting agent is recirculated to a
great extent.
200
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
CRASS, COKES. ETC.
ICE!
T
COAR.SL
MATERIALS
COtOAMiNArED >IO rare
SOIL >iO mm
>150 uini
SOLIDS. SLIIKRY
(MAINLY) LIQUID
OPTIONAL
HCl, Fc,
FLOCCULAKT
[ FLOTAHON
I "*
SEl'lRALlZA'llOS
FLOCCULATION
>
JSECONDARY ,
' (IN ST'JDY)'
7o y
1
TlLTAfiLE PLATC
SEPARATOR
^ FILTER j
' PfttSS |
7c
7b
SLUER
J
7d
SLUOCi: (Fe(OH) >
SLUDGE
DISPOSAL
Figure 1. Process scheme of the installation of HWZ Bodemsanering B.V.
Performance: The plant was initially developed for the cleaning of soil
contaminated with cyanides. Besides cyanides, the potential
applicability of the installation is conformable to Table 1. Thus, the
installation may be considered for the purpose of cleaning soil
contaminated with mineral oils, aromatics, PNAs, some chlorinated
hydrocarbons, cyanides, and/or heavy metals. Some of the results
obtained thus far are given in Table 1.
201
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
TABLE 1. SOME RESULTS OF TEST RUNS EXECUTED WITH THE
EXTRACTIVE INSTALLATION OF HWZ BODEMSANERING
Contaminant
CN (gaswork)
PNA (gaswork)
EOC1
Zn
Pb
Initial
concentration
(mg/kg)
100 - 200
36
20 - 24
81
Approx. 100
Concentration Removal
after treatment efficiency
(mg/kg) (%)
Approx. 10 Approx. 95
0,7 98
0,3-0,5 98 - 99
27 67
Approx. 25 Approx. 75
Limitations: Applicable to a limited number of toxic compounds. The sludge
must be disposed of. The company is considering plans to incinerate the
sludge in a fluidized bed of incinerator at 2650°F.
Also, the most troublesome step in the process is the separation between
the fine mineral fraction (approximately 30 to 65 urn) and the extracting
agent. The best results were obtained with flocculation and filtration.
Economics: 150 to 250 DfI/ton
Dfl 1 = $0.3 U.S. (June 1985)
Status: Full-scale operation since Autumn of 1984. Capacity: 20 ton/hr.
Recommendations: Site visit recommended.
Reference: TNO - Assink, J.W. and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International
TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil. November 11-15, 1985.
Utrecht, The Netherlands. Published by Martinus Nijoff Publishers,
Boston, MA. 1986.
202
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Ecotechniek Soil Washing Process
Type of Treatment: Physical
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: C. P. Pronk
Ecotechniek
Utrecht, Groenewoudesedijk
Postbus 39, 3454 ZG De Meern
Netherlands
Tel.: 030-957922
Function: Soil washing.
Description: Ecotechniek B.V.--A simplified process scheme is given in
Figure 1. The process roughly comprises the following steps:
1. The contaminated sand is slurried up with recycle water and
(indirectly) heated with steam up to a maximum of 90°C. Oil is
dispersed in the water; any floating oil is skimmed off.
2. Separation of sand particles.
3. Dewatering of sand by natural draining.
4-5. Oil-containing process water is cleaned in two steps; separation of
particles and oil thicker than water and, subsequently, skimming of
floatable fractions.
The temperature of the system is dependent on the type of oil to be
separated.
Performance: The installation is especially suitable for sand heavily
contaminated with (crude) oil, preferably less dense than water. Thus
far, experience has been gained in treating 5,000 tonnes of beach sand
contaminated by an oil spill. Sand containing 200,000 rag/kg of oil could
be cleaned to a final concentration of 20,000 mg/kg which resulted,
therefore, in a removal efficiency of 90 percent. The treated sand is
used in the preparation of asphalt.
203
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
COKIA.MINA1ED
SOIL
(OIL/SAND)
SOLIDS, SLURKy
(MAINLT)
Figure 1. Process scheme of the hot-water washing plant of Ecotechniek B.V.
Limitations: Specifically applicable to certain toxic constituents
(see "Performance").
Economics: 150 to 250 DfI/ton
Dfl 1= $0.3 U.S. (June 1985)
Status: Ecotechniek has had a so-called thermal washing installation
available for "several years" (time of article 1985).
Capacity: 20 ton/hr.
Recommendations: Check progress.
Reference: TNO - Assink, J.W. and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International
TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil. November 11-15, 1985.
Utrecht, The Netherlands. Published by Martinus Nijoff Publishers,
Boston, MA. 1986.
204
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Thermal Treatment of Soil in the Netherlands (Overview)
Type of Treatment: Thermal
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: Ms. E.R. Soczo
RIVM
Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9,
Postbus 1
3720 BA Bilthoven
The Netherlands
Tel.: 030-743060
Function: Soil treatment techniques in the Netherlands - thermal treatments
generally based on rotary kiln technology.
Description: This discussion of thermal soil treatment processes is taken
from attachments of the March 1987 NATO/CCMS Pilot Study Report.
Specific details appear in Fact Sheets that follow. Specifically, in
regard to thermal treatment, the operational full-scale thermal plants in
the Netherlands are listed in Table 1.
Treatment results of the plants are summarized in Table 2. On the basis
of these results it can be concluded that thermal treatment is suitable
for the destruction of organic contaminants such as petroleum compounds,
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), polycyclic aromatics
(PCAs), and cyanides. The destruction efficiencies are very high in most
cases (98 to 99.5 percent). (However, these calculated destruction
efficiencies could be different from actual efficiencies because in many
cases the calculations had to be done from a range of concentrations
instead of an average concentration.) On the basis of laboratory results
it is expected that some of the existing plants may be able to
effectively treat soil contaminated with pesticides, such as lindane
( -hexachlorocyclohexane). However, the only group of contaminants that
cannot be destroyed by thermal techniques are the inorganics, e.g., heavy
metals.
205
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Description (cont.):
TABLE 1. OPERATIONAL THERMAL PLANTS (MARCH 1987)
Name of Company
ATM B.V.
Boskalis Esdex Bodemsanering B.V.
Broerius B.V. Bodemsanering
Ecotechniek B.V. 1st installation:
2nd installation:
NBM Bodemsanering B.V.
Capacity
(ton/year)8
60,000C
A , 000d
25,000
55,000
80,000
60,000
Costs
Dflb/ton
100-180
100-180
80-190
100-180
100-180
80n the basis of 8-hr/day.
bThis plant is designed for 24-hr/day operation.
cThe fluidized bed combustion unit of Boskalis Esdex is
a pilot plant.
dDfl 1 is approximately U.S. $0.50 (March 1987).
Experience with thermal plants has shown that this technology can be used
for a variety of soil types, including soils with high concentrations of
humus, peat, loam, or clay. The thermal treatments lead to a change of
the soil structure: the higher the temperature, the greater the
combustion of organic particles (humus). However, generally soil texture
does not change dramatically because the treated soil is mixed with the
dust removed from the flue gases. There is potential for the reuse of
thermally treated soils.
Performance: As shown in Table 2, excellent performance is possible with
thermal treatment equipment.
Limitations: Costs and metal residuals are principal limitations.
206
-------
TABLE 2. TREATMENT RESULTS FROM OPERATIONAL
THERMAL PLANTS (MARCH 1987)
Concentration (mq/ka dry weiqht)
Type of Soil
sand
clay
sand > 10% peat
several
sand
clay
sand
sand > 10% peat
sand > 10% loam
Contaminants
diesel fuel
gasoline
oil
CN complex
CN
BTEX
BTEX
PCAs
PCAS
PCAs
Initial
1,000-50,000
1,000-30,000
0-1,000
200-10,000
0-1,000
0-400
0-500
0-1,000
700-4,000
0-8,000
Final
100-640
<20
<200
1-4*
0-7
<1
<1
<3
0.1*
<0.01
* Thermal treatment by fluidized bed furnace.
NOTES:
1. Specifications of the types of oil and the types of cyanides were often nol
mentioned.
2. BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes.
3. Common measurements of PCAs are the 6 PCAs of Borneff or the 16 polycyclic
aromatics (volatile organics) (PCAs) according to U.S. EPA.
4. CN: cyanides.
207
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Economics: The costs of thermal treatment vary between Dfl 80 to 190/ton
(1 Dfl = $0.5 U.S. dollar, March 1987), and depend primarily on the
moisture content of the soil and the type of contaminants.
Status: Thermal destruction is demonstrated technology.
Recommendations: New developments should be followed but, technology
appears to be similar to that available in the United States. Monitor
results of NATO/CCMS study.
Reference: NATO/CCMS Pilot Study; Demonstration of Remedial Action
Technologies for Contaminated Land and Ground Water. 1st International
Workshop, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany. March 16-20, 1987.
208
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: ATM Rotary Kiln for Soils
Type of Treatment: Thermal
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: Editor: W.B. de Leer
Delft University of Technology
Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry
Function: Rotary kiln.
Description: The ATM Process--The ATM process consists essentially of two
rotary kilns and an incinerator. In the first kiln the moisture content
of the soil is reduced to about 2/3 of its original value, while in the
second kiln, the soil is heated to its final temperature with an oil
burner.
The soil is in direct contact with the flames which have a temperature of
about 1500°C. To prevent explosions, the 02 content in the oven must
be kept below 10 percent, which makes high demands on the seal of the
connections. The burner gases, together with the volatilization
products, are incinerated at 850°C with a residence time of 0.7 seconds.
Flue gas cleaning is completed by means of a bag filter to remove fly
ash. A future extension with a catalytic afterburner is anticipated to
allow the treatment of soil contaminated with cyanides. The emissions of
hydrocarbons (CxHy), carbon monoxide (CO), and dust are being
continuously monitored by process analyzers.
The installation has been designed for the next two typical cases:
Case A Case B
Capacity (t/hr) 28.9 17.1
Moisture content (% w/w) 15 10
Contamination degree (% w/w) 1.25 4.2
Final soil temperature (°C) 600 600
Maximum thermal load: 75.6 GJ/hr
If necessary, the final temperature of the soil can be elevated up to
800°C.
209
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: Capable of cleaning soils to below (A) levels set by the
Dutch government (see Table 1).
TABLE 1. DUTCH REFERENCE LEVELS USED FOR THE JUDGMENT
OF SOIL CONTAMINATION
Concentration level
(rag/kg dry weight)
Component A B
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (total) 1 20 200
Mononuclear aromatics (total) 0.1 7 70
Mineral oil 100 1000 5000
Cyanide (total complex) 5 50 500
A = Background level uncontaminated soil.
B = Level which necessitates further investigation.
C = Level which necessitates a sanitation investigation.
Limitations: Metals not removed by thermal treatment. Organochlorine
compounds may decompose to toxic chlorinated dibenzodioxins.
Economics: Costs for thermal cleaning of soil are reportedly Df 100 to
180/ton ($30 to 60 U.S.) depending on the type of contamination and type
of soil.
Status: Full-scale plant since September 1985.
Recommendations: Check status.
Reference: TNO - Assink, J.W. and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International
TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil. November 11-15, 1985.
Utrecht, The Netherlands. Published by Martinus Nijoff Publishers,
Boston, MA. 1986.
210
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: BOSKALIS-ESDEX Fluidized Bed Furnace for Soils
Type of Treatment: Thermal
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: Ms. R. Haverkamp Begemann
Boskalis-Esdex Bodemsanering
P.O. Box 4234
3006 AE Rotterdam
Tel.: 010-524544
Function: Fluidized bed destruction.
Description: In the BOSKALIS-ESDEX process the contaminated soil is treated
in a fluidized bed furnace at a temperature of 800 to 900°C. The furnace
consists of two compartments, the fluidized bed and the freeboard. On a
pilot-plant scale, the fluidized bed contains 1.5 tons of material with a
particle size of 0.1 to 1.2 mm. Contaminated soil is fed continuously (2
t/h) to the bed, but the cleaned material is removed batch-wise. The
average residence time in the heated zone is 1 hour.
After the initial ignition and heating phase, oil is injected directly in
the fluidized bed with two oil guns. No open flames are present; the
mixture of oil, air, and contaminated soil glows evenly at an average
temperature of 800°C. Higher temperatures must be prevented as above
1000°C the soil starts to sinter, while below a temperature of 630°C the
process shuts off automatically. The temperature in the freeboard is
approximately the same as in the fluidized bed. The average residence
time of the gases in the freeboard is 6 seconds, which is sufficient for
complete incineration.
A cyclone removes dust particles down to 100 to 150 urn, smaller particles
are removed by a bag filter. About 50 to 80 percent of the supplied soil
is removed from the bottom of the fluidized bed as an organic-free
material. Also, peat and humus will disappear after having added energy
to the process. About 15 to 30 percent is removed from the cyclone and a
maximum of 5 percent from the bag filter.
211
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: Capable of cleaning soils to below (A) levels set by the
Dutch government (see Table 1).
TABLE 1. DUTCH REFERENCE LEVELS USED FOR THE JUDGMENT
OF SOIL CONTAMINATION
Concentration level
(mg/kg dry weight)
Component A B
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (total)
Mononuclear aroma tics (total)
Mineral oil
Cyanide (total complex)
1
0.1
100
5
20
7
1000
50
200
70
5000
500
A » Background level uncontaminated soil.
B • Level which necessitates further investigation.
C * Level which necessitates a sanitation investigation.
Limitations: Metals are not removed by thermal treatment. Organochlorine
compounds may decompose to toxic chlorinated dibenzodioxins.
Economics: Costs for thermal cleaning of soil are Df 100 to 180
($30 to 60 U.S.) per ton, depending on the type of contamination and type
of soil.
Status: Pilot-plant stage completed.
Recommendations: Monitor program.
Reference: TNO - Assink, J.W. and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International
TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil. November 11-15, 1985.
Utrecht, The Netherlands. Published by Martinus Nijoff Publishers,
Boston, MA. 1986.
212
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: ECOTECHNIEK Rotating Kiln Tubular Furnace for Soils
Type of Treatment: Thermal
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: C.P. Pronk
Ecotechniek
Utrecht, Groenewoudesedijk
Postbus 39, 3454 ZG De Meern
The Netherlands
Tel.: (030) 957922
Function: Rotary kiln.
Description: The ECOTECHNIEK Process--The soil enters the rotating tubular
furnace and is heated directly in the first half of the furnace to about
125°C with the return gases from the incinerator. The water evaporates
from the soil in this step together with the volatile organic compounds
such as benzene, etc. In the second half of the furnace, the soil is in
direct contact with the flame of one single burner and the hot burner
gases. When the soil leaves the furnace (total residence time =
10 minutes), the soil temperature is 300 to 500°C, depending on the
adjustment of the burner. The installation is designed for a maximum
soil temperature of 550°C at a capacity of 50 ton/hr when sandy soil is
treated with a maximum of 12 percent of water and 1 percent of organic
contamination.
The burner gases and the volatilized contamination are incinerated at a
maximum temperature of 1300°C. Dust formed in the rotating tube furnace
and in the incinerator is removed by a multicyclone and a gas scrubber,
respectively. In this step, acidic products such as sulphur dioxide and
hydrochloric acid are also removed. The water from the gas scrubber is
used for moistening the cleaned soil to a water content of 8 percent.
The dust is returned to the treated soil.
213
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: Capable of cleaning soils to below the (A) level set by the
Dutch government (see Table 1).
TABLE 1. DUTCH REFERENCE LEVELS USED FOR THE JUDGMENT
OF SOIL CONTAMINATION
Concentration level
(mg/kg dry weight)
Component A B
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (total) 1 20 200
Mononuclear aromatics (total) 0.1 7 70
Mineral oil 100 1000 5000
Cyanide (total complex) 5 50 500
A = Background level uncontaminated soil.
B = Level which necessitates further investigation.
C = Level which necessitates a sanitation investigation.
Limitations: Metals not removed by thermal treatment. Organochlorine
compounds may decompose to toxic chlorinated dibenzodioxins.
Economics: Costs for thermal cleaning of soil are Df 100 to 180/ton
($30 to 60 U.S.) depending on the type of contamination and type of soil,
Status: Full-scale operation since 1982.
Recommendations: Check status.
Reference: TNO - Assink, J.W. and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International
TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil. November 11-15, 1985.
Utrecht, The Netherlands. Published by Martinus Nijoff Publishers,
Boston, MA. 1986.
214
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: NBM Indirectly-Heated Tube Furnace for Soils
Type of Treatment: Thermal
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: C.M.A. Van Veldhoven
NBM Bodemsanering B.V.
Zouweg 23
2516 AK The Hague, Netherlands
Tel.: 070-814331
Function: Indirectly heated rotary kiln.
Description: The NBM process is the only thermal process which uses an
indirectly heated tube furnace (see Figure 1). Because the burner gases
are not mixed with the volatilization products, the incinerator can be
designed on a smaller scale. A low flow of inert gas is maintained in
the tube furnace, which produces less dust than in the case of direct
heating systems.
Much attention has been paid to the air-tight sealing of the rotary tube
furnace from the stationary devices for the soil input and output. The
two flanges of the rotating and the stationary parts are pressed together
by a flexible bellows (see Figure 1). Two rings of a high temperature
resistant synthetic material and a carbon ring make the seal tight. The
spaces between the rings are pressurized with inert gas to prevent the
leaking of gases from the furnace to the environment.
The pilot plant has a capacity of 0.5 ton/hr, which gives a residence
time in the furnace of approximately 20 min. The maximum soil
temperature at the end of the furnace is 900°C. Dust is removed in a
cyclone and the volatilized products are incinerated at a maximum
temperature of 1,400°C with a residence time of about 1 sec.
The production plant has a maximum input of 15 tons/hr. In order to
bring the capacity of the plant to the desired level, an extra pre-dryer
has been added to the pilot plant design. The soil temperature is 600°C
and the incinerator temperature is 1100°C with a residence time of 1 sec.
215
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
r
CAS/0'l
Figure 1. Process scheme NBM thermal treatment pilot-plant,
ROTARY TUBE OVEN
INCLINATION
1.5°(MAX)
CARBON RING
PRESSURIZED ROOM
POLYMERIC MATERIAL
BELLOW
Figure 2. Gas-tight flexible coupling between the rotary and
stationary parts of the NBM indirectly heated
rotating tube furnace (patented by SMIT OVENS BV).
216
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: Capable of cleaning soils to below (A) levels set by tnt
Dutch government (see Table 1).
TABLE 1. DUTCH REFERENCE LEVELS USED FOR THE JUDGMENT OF SOIL CONTAMINATION
Concentration level
(mg/kg dry weight)
Component
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (total)
Mononuclear aromatics (total)
Mineral oil
Cyanide (total complex)
A
1
0.1
100
5
B
20
7
1000
50
C
200
70
5000
500
A = Background level uncontaminated soil.
B • Level which necessitates further investigation.
C = Level which necessitates a sanitation investigation.
Limitations: Metals are not removed by thermal treatment. Organochlorine
compounds may decompose to toxic chlorinated dibenzodioxins.
Economics: Costs for thermal cleaning of soil are reported at Dfl 100 to
180/ton ($30 to 60 U.S.) depending on the type of contamination and type
of soil.
Status: Pilot-plant stage completed in 1984. In October 1986, the
production plant was said to be in operation.
Recommendations: Check status.
References: NBM Bodemsanering BV - Netherlands. Brochure discussing
thermal treatment and soil cleaning operations. October 1986.
TNO - Assink, J.W., and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International TNO/BMFT
Conference on Contaminated Soil. November 11-15, 1985, Utrecht, The
Netherlands. Published by Martinus Nijoff Publishers, Boston, MA. 1986.
217
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Landfarming Efforts in the Netherlands
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: Ms. E.R. Soczo
National Institute of Public Health
and Environmental Hygiene (RIVM)
Laboratory for Waste and Emission Research
Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9,
Postbus 1
3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Tel.: 030-743060
Function: Biological degradation of pollutants such as gas oil, fuel oil,
cutting oils, and PCAs.
Description: Landfarming, as a means of restoring contaminated soils, has
reportedly achieved some success in the Netherlands. Although processing
details are not available, good results havr: been achieved in Government-
sponsored programs for many contaminants, including oil compounds and
polycyclic aromatics.
Landfarming is being carried out at the location of a Waste Disposal
Company in Wijster, Province of Drenthe as a NATO/CCMS Pilot Study
project. The aim of this project is to improve landfarming methods in
practice.
Performance:
Initial Concentration after Concentration after
concentration one growing season two growing seasons
Type of oil (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
Gas oil
Fuel oil
Cutting oil
Mineral oil
PCAs
1,800
6,800
2,400
1,100
300
400
800
800
1000
100a
r
300
—
400
70b
aTime period is 2 months.
Time period is 16 months.
These data are based on a growing season entailing the warmest period of
the year (4 to 6 months).
218
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Not applicable for crude oil or higher PCAs, such as
benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene. Isolation of treatment area
needed to prevent migration. Low residual concentrations not shown.
Economics: No economic data are available.
Status: Recently, at least three companies have restored different
contaminated sites by means of landfarming, and the results for soil
contaminated with oil compounds (excluding crude oil) were promising. In
sum, landfarming has been developed to an operational level but has yet
to be optimized.
As of March 1987, cleanup at the Wijster site has been finished regarding
gas oil. Cleanup of crude oil is still going, and field study has yet to
start regarding halogenated hydrocarbons.
Recommendations: Further information on treatment and economics is needed.
Monitor results of NATO/CCMS work.
Reference: NATO/CCMS Pilot Study; Demonstration of Remedial Action
Technologies for Contaminated Land and Ground Water. 1st International
Workshop, S. Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany. March 16-20, 1987.
219
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: In Situ Biorestoration of Soil Contaminated with Gasoline
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: E.R. Soczo and R. Van Den Berg
National Institute of Public
Health & Industrial Hygiene (RIVM)
3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Tel.: 030-743060
Function: This NATO/CCMS demonstration study, started in 1985, will
determine the effectiveness of in situ biodegradation of gasoline in
deeper soil layers. If effective, it is expected that biodegradation
will appreciably reduce costs of traditional (thermal and extraction
cleanup) processes.
Description: This project (at Aspen, in the province of Noord-Brabant)
is aimed at optimizing the treatment of deeper layers of soils
contaminated with gasoline (and small amounts of lead) by enhancing
microbial activity. The stimulation of biodegradation will be carried
out to mimic the most favorable conditions for microbial degradation as
determined under laboratory conditions. Before in situ biorestoration
can begin, the contaminated location must be isolated hydrologically to
avoid further dispersion of contaminants.
Factors important for biodegradation are addition of water and nutrients,
adequate 02, addition of microorganisms, increased soil temperature,
improved contact between oil drops and microorganisms and, if necessary,
adjust pH. Cleanup will be performed by circulating the ground water,
which will be pumped from the saturation phase. Monitoring wells will be
installed for the purpose of measuring contaminant transport and
degradation, oxygen and nutrient levels, microbial activity, pH, water
saturation, and temperature.
220
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: There is presently a lack of data with regard to full-scale
projects, however, laboratory experiments conclude the following:
• The rate of microbial activity and degradation of petroleum product
is low:
• Increased degradation is obtained by: saturation with water, and
buffering;
• Nutrients must be available, but type of nitrogen is not important;
and
• Addition of biodegradable detergents has little effect on
availability of gasoline for microorganisms.
Limitations: Under the most favorable conditions in the laboratory, the
microbial activity and rate of degredation of petroleum products (mainly
gasoline) in contaminated soils is low.
Economics: The cost of reclamation by means of in situ biodegradation can be
estimated when the laboratory experiments and site cleanup operation at
the experimental site are completed.
Status: Selected as a NATO/CCMS Pilot Study demonstration technology
(March 1987). Demonstration on full-scale began in 1987.
Recommendations: Oil products have been ranked as easily biodegradable in
comparison to other contaminants, therefore, some successes in this area
are likely. A site visit is recommended. Also, monitor results of the
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study.
Reference: NATO/CCMS Pilot Study; Demonstration of Remedial Action
Technologies for Contaminated Land and Ground Water. 1st International
Workshop, S. Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany. March 16-20, 1987.
221
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Bioreactor Research
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: Mr. G. J. Annokkee
TNO Div. of Technology for Society
Dept. of Process Technology
P.O. Box 342
7300 AH Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
Tel.: (055) 77 33 44
Function: Biological treatment of soil contaminated with substances of low
biodegradability.
Description: Biological treatment techniques for site restoration are being
actively studied in the Netherlands. These techniques are still in the
development stage; most projects were begun in 1985.
Research into the development of bioreactors has been ongoing for the
last 2 years. The development of bioreactors is important for the
biological treatment of contaminants of low biodegradability; for
instance, halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, and soils
that are generally difficult to treat, such as clay.
Bioreactors have better possibilities for process control, better contact
between contaminants and microorganisms due to an improved homogenization
of the soil (e.g. in slurry reactors) and the possibility for the
application of specially cultivated microorganisms.
Based on the first laboratory results, the following conclusions can be
drawn:
• Biodegradation of halogenated hydrocarbons is strongly enhanced by
the addition of selected microorganisms;
• Biodegradation is enhanced in a soil/water slurry versus in water
only; and
• For the treatment of various types of soils, different process
pathways or reactor systems have to be developed.
222
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Description (cont.):
Further Research--On the basis of this research and research on
landfarming, further investigation into the field of biological soil
remediation will be beneficial. In the near future, research will be
conducted on the following subjects:
• The influence of physical and chemical soil dynamics on landfarming
treatment;
• The possibilities of adding and maintaining specific cultivated
microorganisms in different treatment systems;
• The possibilities of biological treatment of soil contaminated with
chlorinated hydrocarbons;
• The development of bioreactor systems; and
• The development of computer models which can be used to simulate the
effectiveness of biological soil treatment techniques.
New projects investigating the above topics were planned for 1987. These
projects are expected to be done in cooperation with various institutes
and universities. Engineering consultants and companies will also
participate in an early stage in several projects to develop treatment
techniques. The supervision and coordination of these research projects
will also be the responsibility of the RIVM/LAE organization.
Performance: Preliminary results show that -hexachlorocyclohexane ( -HCH)
degrades well under aerobic conditions (in an aerated slurry). A
reduction of -HCH was not observed.
Limitations: A dewatering step is usually necessary with bioreactors.
Economics: To be determined.
Status: Development stages.
Recommendations: Monitor results and discuss with TNO.
Reference: NATO/CCMS Pilot Study; Demonstration of Remedial Action
Technologies for Contaminated Land and Ground Water. 1st International
Workshop, S. Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany. March 16-20, 1987,
223
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Reclamation of Contaminated Soil with a Bioreactor
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact:
K. Ch. A.M. Luyben and R.H. Kleijntjens
Department of Biochemical Engineering
Delft University of Technology
Julianalaan 67,
2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
Tel.: (015) 78 23 53
Function: A faster, controllable alternative to landfarming.
Description: In the reactor, a three-phase slurry is sustained (soil-water-
air) . Microorganisms, primarily Pseudomonas species consume the organic
pollutants, which are adsorbed to the soil particles, converting them to
biomass, C02 and H20. The particles are kept in suspension by the
turbulent liquid motion created by injecting gas in the bottom of the
reactor (see Figure 1). Figure 2 shows a flow sheet of a possible
configuration of unit operations in a full-scale process.
Cross section of Uie reactor.
1. Intense Moving Bed of Solids
2. Entrapment of Solids
3. Rising Bubbles ("Plume Shape"
4. Slurry Motion Upwards
5. Slurry Motion Downwards
6. Settling of Solids
7. Large-Scale Turbulence
8. Capture of Particles in Eddies
9. Small Scale Turbulence
S*
Figure 1. Three-phase slurry bioreactor (soil, water, and air)
224
-------
CONTAMINATED SOIL
ro
ro
in
HAUTA MiXm
•UTTER STONM3C TAMK
WWATMQ SCKCM
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WAS>*«(] CONVCTOK
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V t
P 1C
p II
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C 14
nurm* TKNK
PACHUA RCACTOW
AM
R15I
C 16
f 17
p rat
PACIIIIA RF.ACTOR
AH) CC1MTBJ3SOP
PUMP
C
M 71
K AM COMPHC
AIR COMPRESSOR
SETTLER
COMPRESSOR
C 3* AIR
P79PUMP
MTU NAUTA
Cy77 HVOHO
MIHTW
C.YC10OH (*«»
BIOLOGICAL SOIL DECONTAMINATION PROCESS
R M Kt»l|f»t|«m
TV OH.FT
Figure 2. Flow sheet of a proposed large-scale biological soil decontamination process.
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: Experiments have shown the possibility of reducing the
concentration of contaminating compounds by more than 95 percent within a
residence time of 3 days for soil. One study examined the possibilities
of degradation of diesel fuel, by choosing four model chemicals,
representing the n-alkane, the branched alkane, the alkene and the
aromatic fraction. Within 3 days these chemicals are broken down with a
conversion of 99 percent, which is sufficient to meet Dutch standards.
On n-hexadecane the growth rate is 35 hr"1. The yield is 1-1,5 gr
biomass/gr n-hexadecane. The oxygen consumption rate in the mixed part
of the ditch is very high. Therefore, the oxygen-transfer-rate
coefficient (Kla) should be high too ( 6.10~3 sec"1), which governs
the amount of introduced air. For the other part of the reactor the
amount of air follows the amount needed for suspending the solids.
Limitations: None reported.
Economics: It seems to be possible to degrade diesel fuel compounds and
related compounds like petrol and non-halogenated solvents with a
residence time of 3 to 4 d;'.ys. Because investment costs of this
technology are low, overall cost! are also low. A rough economic
evaluation resulted in a cost estimate of about f. 50,- per ton. Another
advantage of the low investment costs is the possibility to install a
reactor system and use it when necessary.
Status: These are the first tentative results of a 4-year laboratory
project (1986-1990).
Recommendations: Update status.
References: Kleijntjens, R.H., Luyben, K. Ch. A.M., Bosse, M.A., and
L.P. Velthuisen. "Process Development for Biological Soil
Decontamination in a Slurry Reactor." 4th European Congress on
Biotechnology 1987, Volume 1. Edited by O.M. Neijssel, R.R. van der Meer
and K. Ch. A.M. Luyben. Amsterdam. 1987.
TNO - Assink, J.W., and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International TNO/BMFT
Conference on Contaminated Soil. November 11-15, 1985, Utrecht, The
Netherlands. Published by Martinus Nijoff Publishers, Boston, MA. 1986.
226
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Title: Electrochemical Treatment of Organohalogens
Type of Treatment: Electrochemical
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: Dr.-Ir. D. Schmal
TNO Division of Technology for Society
Department of Environmental Technology
P.O. Box 217
2600 AE Delft
Schoemakerstraat 97
2628 VK Delft, The Netherlands
Tel: 015 69 6087
Function: This technology electrochemically removes chlorine atoms from
organic molecules, reducing their toxicity and increasing their
biodegradability. It is used for the treatment of liquids with low
concentrations (1 to 1,000 ppm) of toxic constituents.
Description: Dehalogenation of chlorinated organic compounds in low
concentration aqueous solutions has been developed for the treatment of
waste water and, if applicable, rinse water from polluted soils
containing such compounds. Carbon fibers having a diameter of 10 urn were
selected as the optimal cathode due to their high specific surface area
(SSA - 4 x 105 m"1), availability, and relatively high overpotential
for hydrogen evolution, which is favorable for the efficiency of the
dehalogenation reaction.
A diagram of the flow-circuit is shown in Figure 1. The reactor consists
of two compartments separated by a diaphram. The cathodic reduction of
halogenated compounds results in the formation of non-halogenated
compounds and chloride ions. Hydrogen evolution is a competing reaction,
which decreases current efficiency. As a result, energy consumption is
increased. This technology is applied in practice, however, to low
concentrations (often less than 100 to 1,000 ppm) where energy
consumption is not normally a factor of major importance (see Table 1).
This method is particularly suitable for wastewaters containing polar or
ionic organochlorine compounds which are, in general, difficult to
decontaminate by adsorption or stripping. Carbon adsorption, a possible
treatment for chlorinated organic compounds, does not decrease the
toxicity of the compounds as electrochemical treatment does. Combustion
is not appropriate for the treatment of diluted wastewaters due to high
transportation costs, the necessity of adding large quantities of fuel
and the potential for corrosiveness of the liquids.
227
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
/ J
working
electrode
It
J
\
1
1
1
1
1
1—
— m
c ounter
elecrrode
reserve^
reservoir
Figure 1. Diagram of flow-circuit.
TABLE 1. Energy Consumptions for the Removal of One Cl-Atom From
a Compound at a Concentration of 100 ppm, a Molecular
Weight of 250, and a Cell Voltage of 4V.
Current efficiency (%)
Energy consumed
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.
1
10
100
1,000
1
Performance: Dr. Schmal used Pentachlorophenol (PCP) as an example because
it is a polar, halogenated, non-biodegradable compound with a very
negative reduction potential. Electrolysis at 10 A of 1 liter of 50 ppm
PCP in 0.1 M sodium sulphate/0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution caused the
PCP concentration to decrease as shown in Figure 2. After 30 minutes of
electrolysis, the PCP concentration was below the detection limit of
0.5 ppm, with a current efficiency for dehalogenation of 1 percent.
228
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
numotr of Cl sroms
rtmona j*r Kf moitcult
Figure 2. Relative PCP Concentration and Yield of Cl Ions
per PCP Molecule During Electrolysis:
Cl Ct
Structural formula:
Performance (cont.):
Addition of small quantities of quaternary ammonium compounds as surface
active agents (such as octadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride) improves the
efficiency considerably. The addition of these micelie-forming compounds
is patented (U.S. No. 4,443,309), and reportedly results in a 45 percent
decrease in energy consumption. Irrespective of the molecular structure,
Dr. Schmal found that it is possible to remove all Cl atoms from the
organic molecule in aqueous solutions.
Limitations: Not applicable to high-concentration wastewaters due to
high energy costs.
Economics: The consumption of energy is relatively high at about 50 kWh/m3.
After further development, 10 to 20 kWh/m3 appears to be a realistic
value. A treatment capacity of 100 L of wastewater/L reactor volume/hour
should be attainable. Costs, therefore, should be about Dfl 10 per m-*
of wastewater.
229
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Status: This technology has been studied using a batch-type, bench-scale
reactor. Further investigations are planned in which a pilot reactor
with a treatment capacity of about 100 L/hr will be tested. This second
phase investigation will seek to decrease energy consumption, increase
reaction rates, and predict long-term behavior.
Recommendations: Update status; site visit recommended.
References: Schmal, D., Van Erkel, J., de Jong, A.M.C.P., and P.J. van Duin.
"Electrochemical Treatment of Organohalogens in Process Wastewaters."
Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Environmental Technology,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands. June 22-26, 1987.
Technical Insights, Inc. New Methods for Degrading/Detoxifying Chemical
Wastes. Emerging Technologies No. 18. International Standard Book
No. 0-914993-16-X, Library of Congress No. 85-51133. 1986.
230
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Extraction of Organic Bromine From Soils Using NaOH
Type of Treatment: Chemical
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: Rulkens, Assink & Van Gemert/TNO
P.O. Box 214, 2600 AE Delft, The Netherlands
HWZ Bodemsamering
Vanadiumweg 5
3812 PX Amersfoort, The Netherlands
Tel: (033) 1 3844
Function: Extraction of organic bromine compounds from a contaminated site
in Wierden using NaOH.
Description: Extraction with NaOH solution consists of the following
process steps:
1. Soil pretreatment to separate large objects (e.g., stones) and
reduce the size of large clods of soil (crushing and wet sieving).
2. Intimate mixing of soil with extracting agent (approximately
0.2 percent NaOH solution); the soil-to-water ratio is about 3 to 1
on a weight basis.
3. Extraction and washing of the soil with clean extracting agent in
counter-current flow in two modified screw classifiers in line.
4. Dewatering of soil before redeposition. The remaining alkalinity of
the soil will be largely neutralized by absorption of C02 from the
ambient air.
5. The overflow of the first modified screw classifier is led through a
settling tank for fine mineral particles dragged out from the screw
classifier by the extracting liquid. The particles that settle,
with diameters between approximately 35 urn and 60 urn (approximately
1 percent of the total soil), are collected from time to time and
washed separately by mixing them with NaOH-solution.
6. Sludge forming by adding lime as coagulant and polyelectrolyte as
flocculant. The sludge formed can be separated in a tiltable plate
separator.
231
-------
HINSIIJG
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Figure 1. Process scheme of the proposed onsite treatment
installation for removing organic bromine compounds.
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Description (cont.):
7. Dewatering of the sludge in a solid bowl centrifuge with scroll
discharge.
8. Effluent polishing by deep bed filtration, activated-carbon
adsorption, and finally anion exchange to remove any bromides formed
by hydrolysis. The cleaned extracting agent can be recycled to the
extraction process in the screw classifiers.
Performance: Experiments showed that it is possible to remove the bromine
compounds from the soil down to a level of 1 mg Br/kg or less. The
cleaned extracting agent contains less than approximately 0.6 mg Br/kg,
the main part of which is bromide.
The waste sludge produced contains almost all the humus-like substances;
very fine mineral particles ( 40 urn) and a high concentration of bromine
compounds. The amount of sludge produced is about 5 percent of the total
amount of contaminated soil, owing to the high water content of the
dewatered sludge (approximately 75 percent). The effluent polishing step
produces small amounts of spent activated carbon (approximately 1 litre/
tonne of soil), and some regeneration liquid of the anion exchanger
(approximately 13 litre/tonne of soil).
Limitations: Not available.
Economics: Not provided.
Status: Experiments were conducted on a bench-scale and a pilot plant
scale. An onsite treatment installation was designed based on the data.
Recommendations: A site visit and further study is recommended.
Reference: Rulkens, W.H.; Assink, J.W., and W.J. van Gemert. Detailed
Description of Three Onsite Treatment Methods Developed in the
Netherlands (Appendix F to Chapter 3). Undated.
233
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: The Panel Wall as a Barrier
Type of Treatment: Containment
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact:
K. A. Childs
Environment Canada
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 1C8 Canada
Tel.: (819)997-2800
Function: Barrier wall.
Description: An unusual panel wall was developed in the Netherlands. A
description of how it is constructed follows.
The steel fora Is driven
bt.cween sceel reinforcing
tabes.
M
fVi.*"- \v*'^ = ii
U "•--•*- *„ <
^Si***,*:" *•;--<:
\±/*s*^*• -^*£\±
i E^ *., y*v* u^^'i
b- Smm
The form is withdrawn and the
void filled with slurry. The
form is then driven into
position (f)
The form is withdrawn and the
void filled. The form is then
driven between^ and ff) (i.e.
the void is
ing tubes
The maximum feasible depth of construction In this system is
approximately 35 metres with a wall thickness of 0.15 to 0.30 metres.
234
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: This system is in the final stages of development and
information on effectiveness, durability and costs are incomplete,
Limitations: Not available.
Economics: No data available.
Status: While this technology was in the final stages of development in 1983,
its current status is unknown.
Recommendations: Monitor progress.
Reference: NATO/CCMS - Childs, K.A. Environment Canada. Pilot Study on
Contaminated Land - Project D: Liquid Phase Management of Contaminated
Land Including Horizontal & Vertical Barriers, Treatment and Modeling.
December 1983.
235
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process; Boundary Film Evaporators with Carbon
Type of Treatment: Physical (with activated carbon)
Country; The Netherlands
Institution/Contact:
A.B. van Luin and H. Warmer/Rijkswaterstaat
Institute for Inland Water Management
and Wastewater Treatment
P.O. Box 17
8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands
Tel.: 03200-70411
Function: Removal of volatile contaminants in ground water by activated
carbon.
Description: Inside Boundary Film Evaporators (BFE), polluted water in
batches is brought into contact with air and atomized inside a vertical
vesse'. In the process, a vacuum is created and the volatile compound is
transferred to the air phase. Air is drawn in at the top of the vessel,
and directed towards an activated carbon filter via a condenser. The
water is recirculated until its condition meets the discharge
requirements. The benefit of BFEs is that the air volume needed is quite
small (air-water ratio is approximately 3). This is a major advantage,
if the air must be treated.
Performance: On one location in the Netherlands, influent concentrations
of perchloroethylene and toluene, 22 and 35 mg/L, respectively, are
reduced to less than 0.05 mg/L.
236
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: The fact that water is being treated in batches calls for a
large buffer basin, as well as a compressor. Knowledge (in article)
limited to perchloroethylene and toluene only.
Economics: No data available.
Status: BFEs have been tested in the field, but current status is unknown.
Recommendations: Update status with TNO. A site visit is recommended.
Reference: TNO - Assink, J.W. and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International
TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil. November 11-15, 1985.
Utrecht, The Netherlands. Published by Martinus Nijoff Publishers,
Boston, MA. 1986.
237
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Air Stripping of Volatiles in Ground Water
Type of Treatment: Physical
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: A.B. van Luin and H. Warmer/Rijkswaterstaat
Institute for Inland Water Management
and Wastewater Treatment
P.O. Box 17
8200 AA Lelystad, the Netherlands
Tel.: 03200-70411
Function: Air stripping of volatiles in ground water.
Description: In this process, the water to be treated is fed into the top
of an aeration tower. Air is injected, or drawn in at the bottom.
Instead of tower aerators, plate aerators can be used. With plate
aerators, the polluted water flows through a sealed reactor over a
perforated plate. An underpressure is applied inside the reactor,
allowing air to penetrate through the perforations in the plate, into the
reactor.
Performance: With field applications of plate aerators for the removal of
halogenated hydrocarbons, efficiency rates of 99.9 percent (3 nines)
have been achieved, with air-water ratios of approximately 120. Reducing
the tri- and tetrachloroethylene contents of the effluent to just a few
ug/liter has been proven to be feasible.
238
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Contamination of the bed packing by flocculated iron and
manganese has been seen. These components originate from the ground
water. The oxygen flow causes precipitation. This contamination occurs
in plate aerators as well, but the perforated plate is easy to clean.
Economics: Application of low-energy aerators can cut down on energy
costs. No costs were mentioned.
Status: This technology has been applied in the field, but current status is
unknown.
Recommendations: No further action. Air stripping is commonly applied
in the United States.
Reference: TNO - Assink, J.W., and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International
TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil. November 11-15, 1985, Utrecht,
The Netherlands. Published by Martinus Ni}off Publishers, Boston, MA.
1986.
239
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Microfiltration of Zinc-Contaminated Ground Water
Type of Treatment; Physical
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: A.B. van Luin and H. Warmer/Riikswaterstaat
Institute for Inland Water Management
and Wastewater Treatment
P.O. Box 17
8200 AA Lelystad, the Netherlands
Tel.: 03200-70411
Function: Microfiltration of zinc-contaminated ground water.
Description: Microfiltration, a membrane filtration technique, has been
applied to the treatment of zinc-contaminated ground water. Zinc is
separated as zinc hydroxide floes produced through the action of caustic
soda and the iron in the ground water. These floes are removed from the
water phase through asymmetric microfiltration membranes. At a flow rate
of 15 to 20 m-* of ground water/hour, 36 m^ of membrane area is
required. The concentrate is further thickened and carried off.
Performance: The permeate contains less than 100 ug/L zinc.
240
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Not available.
Economics: No data available.
Status: In 1985 this technique was applied in the field to zinc-contaminated
ground water, but current status is unknown.
Recommendations: No further action recommended. Microfiltration is
commonly applied in the United States.
Reference: TNO - Assink, J.W., and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International
TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil. November 11-15, 1985, Utrecht,
The Netherlands. Published by Martinus Nijoff Publishers, Boston, MA.
1986.
241
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Decontamination of Excavated Soil by Composting
Type of Treatment: Biological
Countrv: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact:
Ir. J. F. de Kreuk
TNO Hoofdgroep Maatschappelijke
Technologic
P.O. Box 217
2600 AE Delft
Tel.: 015-569330
*J.J. Gaastra
Joh. Mourik & Co.
Holding B.V.
P.O. Box 2
2694 ZG Groot Ammers
The Netherlands
Function: Soil cleaning.
Description: A composting-like technique was used (apart from pilot-plant
experiments) by Mourik for decontaminating 1,000 tons of a loamy soil
contaminated with gasoline. The soil, containing about 1,500 mg/kg of
gasoline, was mixed with a fertilizer and placed in a basin equipped with
facilities for air injection into the soil. The soil was covered with a
plastic foil. After passage through the soil, the air was passed through
a compost filter for biological degradation of any volatile compounds it
might have taken up from the soil. The temperature was maintained at 22
to 25°C.
Performance: After 7 or 8 weeks, the oil concentration in the soil had fallen
to 350 to 500 mg/kg. No measurements of microbial activity were carried out.
242
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Not available.
Economics: No data available.
Status: Pilot-plant experiments have been performed on this technology and it
was employed to remediate 1000 tons of loamy soil in the field.
Recommendations: Update status including economics and limitations.
Reference: TNO - Assink, J.W. and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International
TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil. November 11-15, 1985.
Utrecht, The Netherlands. Published by Martinus Nijoff Publishers,
Boston, MA. 1986.
243
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Specialized Microbial Degradation of Excavated Soil
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: Ir. J. F. De Kreuk
TNO Hoofdgroep Maatschappelijke
Technologie
P.O. Box 217
2600 AE Delft, the Netherlands
Tel.: 015-569330
Function: Specialized micro-organisms for high-rate biotreaters.
Description: The Groningen Biotechnology Centre of Groningen University is
engaged in a search for specialized microorganisms capable of degrading
specific chemicals such as the lower halogenated alkanes. Together, with
TNO, the institute will investigate the feasibility using such organisms
in high rate biotreaters affording high rates of biodegradation. Several
microorganisms exhibiting considerable ability to degrade chlorinated
G! to C6 hydrocarbons have already been isolated (Janssen, 1985).*
*Jansen, D.B., A. Scheper, B. Witholt: Degradation of halogenated
aliphatic compounds by "Xanthobacter antotrophicus" G J 10, Appl. Env.
Microbiology 49: 673-677, 1985.
Performance: Data not available.
244
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Data on limitations are not yet available due to the early
status and small scale of the experiments.
Economics: No data available.
Status: Experiments are on a laboratory scale.
Recommendations: Update progress and status of investigations at the
Groningen Biotechnology Centre of Groningen University.
Reference: TNO - Assink, J.W. and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International
TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil. November 11-15, 1985.
Utrecht, The Netherlands. Published by Martinus Nijoff Publishers,
Boston, MA. 1986.
245
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: In Situ Steam Stripping of Soils
Type of Treatment: Thermal
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: Mr. C. Jonker/Heijmans Milieutechniek B.V.
P.O. Box 2
5240 BB Rosmalen, the Netherlands
Tel.: 04192-89111
Function: Treatment of contaminated soil in situ.
Description: The treatment of soil by the method of steam stripping is
founded on the principle that the contamination present in the ground,
expecially the relatively easily vaporizing hydrocarbons, are made
volatile by acceleration through the introduction of steam.
Subsequently, the vaporized contaminated materials, in conjection with an
excess of steam, are driven out of the soil. In situ stream stripping
was further developed, after obtaining the licence, and made virtually
operational by Heijmans Millieutechniek B.V. Steam with a temperature of
between 130 and 180°C is injected into the soil at a number of points.
At another point, near the injection point, a mixture of steam and
gaseous materials is, under a specific pressure, absorbed to the soil.
The steam serves a dual purpose in this respect:
• vaporizes the contaminated materials; and
• becomes the medium of transport for the gaseous materials.
By maintaining a specific underpressure at the absorption point, a
lowering of the boiling point of the hydrocarbons will occur, causing in
combination with the greater pressure-gradient an acceleration of the
vaporizing and removal process, which will be beneficial to the method's
effectiveness. The mixture of steam and gaseous hydrocarbons is
subsequently condensated in a condenser. After the removal of a floating
layer of oily components, if present, the watery condensate is further
treated, e.g., by the method of filtration, air stripping, and/or active
carbon adsorption. Proven techniques in the field of water purification
are used in this respect (see Figure 1).
246
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
I
water puj transport
rificatiij.. ^
Figure 1. Principle diagram of in situ steam stripping.
Applicability of the Method: The system lends itself to the treating of all
types of vaporizable material such as aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, mineral oil and, especially, halogenated
hydrocarbons with boiling points of between 100 and 250°C. The method
produces the best results in sand-containing soils. Dislocation layers
in the form of bog or loam/clay need not present difficulties in view of
the method of injection and absorption to be discussed hereafter. The
introduction may be referred to in respect of ground water treatment and
specific applications below and alongside buildings.
Performance: In August 1983, in Utrecht's Griftpark, a number of tests were
executed in which a vacuum bell of 2 x 2 m^, with four lances for steam
injection, was placed on the land level. The soil was of a layered
composition, i.e., sand, layers of slags, layer of clay and bog with more
sand underneath. Sampling before and after the tests rendered the
following global picture in relation to the degree of removal:
• Benzene
20
izene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene (BTEX) varying from
percent (layer of clay) to 99.5 percent (sand);
• Naphthalene, varying from 60 percent (clay) to 99.9 percent (sand);
• Remaining polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: varying from 35 percent
(bog) to 97 percent (sand); and
• Phenol, varying from 20 percent to 80 percent (sand and clay).
It must be stated that during the treatment the conditions were not the
most favorable, and that the test was not prolonged enough to attain an
insight into all process parameters.
247
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance (cont.):
In February 1985, on the site formerly used by Broomchemie, Wierden, a
number of tests were carried out in which the soil was injected with
steam to a depth of 4.5 meters below the land level by use of a
vacuum bell of 2 x 2 m^ with four lances for steam injection. The soil
was made up of sand, the ground water level was about 5 meters below land
level.
The contamination consisted or organic bromide compounds varying in
concentration between 7700 to 3 mg/kg EOBr dry material. On the basis of
sampling in the part of the soil over which the vacuum bell had stood,
and in which the lances for steam injection had penetrated, it was
established that the maximal concentration of 7700 mg/kg had been reduced
to 220 mg/kg (at a depth of 2 meters below land level), correlating with
a removal percentage of 97. Further analysis, however, showed that the
organic bromide had for a very considerable part been converted into
inorganic bromide, and was only for a minor part present in the
condensate, a condition that was caused by the relatively weak bond of
the bromide ion to the carbon chain.
In November 1984, in the grounds of a former gasworks in Mannheim, a
series of tests was executed employing a system of injection and
absorption points (Figure 2), as well is a vacuum bell (Figure 3). The
soil consisted of rough, sandy material in which between 1.8 and
2.6 meters below land level a contaminated layer had originated. The
contaminations constituted: benzene (55 mg/kg), toluene (15 mg/kg),
xylene and ethyl benzene (2 to 4 rag/kg), and phenol (30 mg/kg). After
steam stripping, all contaminations were found to be below detection
1imi t.
Overall, however, steam stripper performance has been poor.
Figure 2. Parcel of lances hori- Figure 3.
zontal transport of steam.
Vacuum bell with four lances
vertical transport of steam.
248
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Effective only on specific contaminants (i.e., volatile
hydrocarbons). More limitations will probably be discovered after
construction of pilot plant.
Economics: The cost price of in situ treatment is very much dependent on
factors such as soil, nature and concentrations of contaminations, period
of time, etc. For the moment an indication of Dfl 50 - Dfl 150, for each
m3 can be given. On comparison with other methods of treatment of
contaminated soils it must be realized that in the case of in situ
treatment, no costs of excavating, transport and storage are involved.
In addition to this, steam stripping, by its method of condensate
treatment, is a thermic method which does not cause environmental
nuisance.
Status: Trial cleanings performed; the Technological University, Eindhoven
and TNO, Apeldoorn were commissioned to develop on a laboratory and
pilot-plant scale, a mobile steam stripping plant, but due to the poor
performance of the steam stripper, the study has been halted.
Recommendations: A site visit was initially pursued. However, based on poor
performance found from initial contacts, no further study is recommended.
Reference: TNO - Assink, J.W. and W.J. van Den Brink. 1st International
TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil. November 11-15, 1985.
Utrecht, The Netherlands. Published by Martinus Nijoff Publishers,
Boston, MA. 1986.
249
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Title: Steam Stripping of Excavated Soil
Type of Treatment: Thermal
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact:
Mr. Jan Willem Assink
TNO
P.O. Box 342
7300 AH Apeldoorn,
The Netherlands
055-773344
Mr. Jonker
Heijmans Milieutechniek BV
P.O. Box 2
5240 BB Rosmalen,
The Netherlands
04192-89111
Function: Treatment of contaminated soil that has been excavated.
Description: Steam stripping of soil which has been excavated with onsite
capability. ^or a description of the process, refer to the Fact Sheet
"In Situ Steam Stripping of Soils".
Performance: Expected to be able to treat most types of volatile
contaminants in soil. Bench-scale performance was reported to be
unsatisfactory, but results have not been formally published.
250
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: None available.
Economics: Costs appear to be comparable to other current soil
extraction techniques: 100 to 150 Dutch Guilders/ton.
Status: Bench-scale, only 50 to 100 kg of contaminated soil have been
treated in experiments. It is reported that a pilot-scale system will
not be built due to poor performance of the bench-scale system.
Recommendations: Information on this technology has not been published; it
is proprietary information. No follow up is recommended.
References: Assink, Jan W., conversation with J. Hyman on November 9, 1987,
Jonker, C., conversation with J. Hyman on January 28, 1988.
251
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: DHV Pelletizing Process for Metal-Plating Sludge
Type of Treatment: Physical/Chemical
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: Mr. J. Koning and Mr. W.F. Kooper
DHV Consulting Engineers
P.O. Box 85
3800 AB Amersfoort, The Netherlands
Tel.: 033-689111
Function: A pelletizing process to eliminate sludge production,
Description: DHV Consulting Engineers has developed a pelletizing process
that eliminates the sludge-disposal problem of precipitation methods.
Instead of sludge, pure granular metal-carbonate crystals are produced
that can be reused as feed for new electroplating baths. Key to the
technology is a cylindrical pellet reactor partially filled with suitable
seed material, such as sand. The fluid velocity in the reactor is so
high (40 to 100 m/h) that the grains aro kept in suspension, preventing
cementation. A carbonate solution, added to the reactor along with the
wastewater, causes the metal carbonates to crystallize on the seed
material. The reaction takes place very quickly, so that only a small
reactor volume is needed.
Performance: A 3 m-high, 20 cm diameter reactor can treat a flow of
1.2 m3/h.
252
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Not provided.
Economics: Investment costs are estimated at $4,000 to $20,000 for plants
treating 0.5 to 5.0 m3/h.
Status: Unknown.
Recommendations: Seems to have limited Superfund uses. No further
action recommended.
Reference: Chemical Engineering (Int. Ed.), 2 March 1987, 94 (3), 9-10.
(News Item).
253
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Title: Washing of Cadmium-Polluted Soils
Type of Treatment: Physical
Country: The Netherlands
Institution/Contact: L.G.C. M. Urlings
TAUW Infra Consult B.V.
P.O. Box 479
7400 AL Deventer, the Netherlands
Tel: 05700-999-11
J.J. Gaastra
Maurik B.V.
P.O. Box 2
2694 ZG Groot Anuners, the Netherlands
Function: In situ remediation of cadmium-polluted soil.
Description: A photopaper producing plant in Utrecht disposed Cd-containing
wastewater into infiltration ponds. Periodical flooding of these ponds
caused the adjacent soil to become polluted with a total Cd-content of
about 725 kg and concentrations over 20 mg Cd/kg soil.
The polluted sandy soil is to be cleaned by percolation with acidified
water (pH = 3.5). The percolate will be pumped into a ground water
cleaning installation and then re-infiltrated. The acidic water will be
recirculated until the Cd-concentration in the percolate reaches a
constant low value. Batch experiments with pollutant soil were carried
out to study various aspects of the technique. Addition of 10-3 mol HC1
to the ground water enhanced desorption of the Cd from the soil. A
cross-section of the infiltration and withdrawal system is shown in
Figure 1. The three appropriate techniques for removing Cd from the
wastewater were surveyed:
precipitation/flocculation;
biosorption; and
sorption by resins.
Precipitatiion/flocculation was not chosen because it tends to increase
the salt content in the recirculated water. This was undesirable since
the site was in the vicinity of a ground water drinking station.
Biosorption techniques were impractical on this scale. Sorption by
resins was selected and the resin GT-73 was chosen based on its
performance in batch experiments. The full-scale in situ water treatment
plant is shown in Figure 2.
254
-------
pH confroi
pH control
r
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pH control
RESIN FILTERS
Figure 2. Water treatment plant,
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^^^
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groundwafer-
witharawa -
system
^
6m3
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^
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/
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recirculation
255
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Performance: The time for treatment is predicted to be 25-30 days for each of
the six compartments of 1000 m2 each, the capacity of the ground water
treament installation was limited to 250 m3/hr so it was divided into
compartments.
As of February 1988, treatment was going very well. The ion exchange
resin was showing a very good performance, having only lost a few
percents of efficiency after several regenerations with a strong acid.
Limitations: The hydraulic properties of the soil in the field were different
from the initial measurements taken on the episoil.
Economics: Urlings, et al. explains "The benefit can be high as 25 percent of
the total cost of 4 million guilders".
Status: In situ remedial action began in the summer of 1987 and will last
approximately one year. Preliminary evaluation and recommendations are
expected by the end of January 1988.
Recommendations: Further study is needed and therefore, a site visit
recommended.
Reference: Urlings, L.G.C.M.; Blonk, A.T.; Woelders, J.A.; and P.R. Massink.
"In-situ Remedial Action of Cadmium-Polluted Soil", Second European
Conference on Environmental Technology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
22-26 June 1987.
256
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process; Anodic Oxidation of Cyanide
Type of Treatment: Chemical
Country; Sweden
Institution/Contact: Nils-Erik Sodermark
Koping, Sweden
Function: Removal of cyanides from electroplating baths at concentrations
of 10 to 20 g of cyanide/liter of solution by anodic oxidation.
Description: The process is carried out while the cyanide solution is being
stirred by a propeller. Intense agitation draws air into the electrolyte
to shorten the electrolysis time and prevent corrosion of the anode.
Process chemistry details include halide concentration of about twice the
cyanide content; current density of about 3 to 3.5 A/dm^; and pH
adjusted to about 11 with NaOH.
Performance: A test was conducted using 300 liters of liquid waste
containing about 2.5 g of cyanide ion/liter of solution. Process
conditions included: propeller speed of 900 rpm; pH of 11; 1% NaCl by
weight; current density of 3 to 3.5 A/dm2; and a voltage of 16 passed
through the electrolyzer. These process conditions achieved complete
oxidation within 15 minutes.
257
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: Not provided.
Economics: No cost data are available.
Status: The process was patented in the U.S. (4,417,963) by
Joumo Janne of Sweden.
Recommendations: Limited Superfund applications. No further study
recommended.
Reference: Technical Insights. New Methods for Degrading/Detoxifying
Chemical Wastes. Emerging Technologies No. 18. International Standard
Book No. 0-914993-16-X, Library of Congress No. 85-51133. 1986.
258
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Heavy Metal Removal Via Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
Type of Treatment; Biological
Country: Sweden
Institution/Contact: Rolf 0. Hallberg Vyrmetoder AB
Tyreso, Sweden Taby, Sweden
Function: Process removes heavy metals from wastewaters containing sulfate
ions by means of sulfate-reducing bacteria.
Description: The bacteria can be any of the known sulfate reducers,
including Desulfovibrio and Desulfotomaculum. The bacteria reduce the
sulfate to sulfides, producing hydrogen sulfide gas, and leaving the
heavy metals to precipitate out as sulfides. Two vessels are used, one
for culturing the bacteria in a nutrient and the wastewater, and the
other for precipitation. Holding time in the culture vessel may be 10 to
40 hours. An aqueous solution of hydrogen sulfide produced in the
culturing vessel is fed continuously into the precipitation vessel along
with the remainder of the wastewater. The resulting precipitate is
flocky and settles easily.
Performance: Wastewater with a sulfate ion content of about 600 mg/L, copper
content of 10 mg/L, zinc of about 600 mg/L, and iron about 500 mg/L was
treated by this process. Unfiltered water from the precipitation vessel
contained up to 0.1 mg/L of copper, 0.1 mg/L of zinc, hydrogen sulfide of
about 10 mg/L, and 10 mg/L of iron. Iron content could be reduced to
zero by adjusting the pH in the vessel.
259
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: No information available.
Economics: No information available.
Status: U.S. Patent 4,354,937 awarded to Rolf Hallberg of
Tyreso, Sweden, has been assigned to Vyrmztodec AB, Taby, Sweden.
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans has been used in the laboratory
to recover gold from low-grade ores. Mine tailings, incinerator ash, and
electroplating wastes are other areas of application for the process.
Eric Livesey-Goldblatt has been working on the process for GENCOR
Laboratories, a South African firm. He has formed a consulting company,
Biomet, to screen and develop new strains. A Canadian company, Bio
Logicals, has North American rights.
Two Japanese firms are also exploring T. Ferrooxidans for wastewater
treatment. Dow Mining Co., Ltd., and Nippon Electric Co., Ltd., are
pilot testing a 20 mL/min process for the Metal Mining Agency of Japan.
This process and other processes using bacteria for the selective removal
of heavy metals.
Recommendations: Limited Superfund applications. No further action
recommended.
Reference: Technical Insights. New Methods for Degrading/Detoxifying
Chemical Wastes. Emerging Technologies No. 18. International Standard
Book No. 0-914993-16-X, Library of Congress No. 85-51133. 1986.
260
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: SAKAB Norrtorp Rotary Kiln Incinerator
Type of Treatment: Thermal
Country: Sweden
Institution/Contact: Clyde J. Dial
Alternative Technologies Div., EPA
Lars Ljung
Teknist Chef
SAKAB
Norrtorp, 69200 Kumla
Tel.: 019-77200
Function: Incineration at Sweden's central hazardous waste treatment
facility, SAKAB.
Description: The incineration unit is designed to handle about 33,000 tons
of wastes/year. The waste is fed through the front end of a rotary kiln
through a burner or lances for purapable wastes, or through input locks
for drums and solid wastes. The primary air intake is also located at
the front of the kiln. The rotary kiln is 12 meters long and has an
inside diameter of 4-1/2 meters. The kiln and post-combustion chamber
are lined with refractory brick. The temperature of the kiln varies from
1,000 to 1,300°C. They attempt to slag all drums that enter the kiln.
During a visit, there was evidence that this was not being achieved.
The flue gases from the kiln are supplemented with additional air in an
afterburner whose temperature is controlled by using oil. The flue gases
then pass to an exhaust gas boiler where the heat contained in the
exhaust gas is utilized for the generation of steam. The steam is then
to generate electricity for heating the plant and as a source of heat for
the local authority's district heating network. After the flue gases
pass through the steam generator, they are cleaned in a scrubber and then
pass through an electrostatic precipitator. Lime is added in solution
and atomized by a rotating spreader disk. Hydrogen chloride, hydrogen
fluoride, and sulfur dioxide/trioxide contained in the hot gases react
with the lime solution as the water evaporates due to the heat of the
flue gases. The dry reaction product is removed at the bottom of the
reaction tower and the electrostatic precipitator. The clean flue gases
are exhausted through a 60-meter high stack.
261
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Description (cont.):
All these types of waste may be incinerated at SAKAB:
• Waste containing oil;
• Solvent waste;
• Paint or varnish waste;
• Adhesive waste;
• Waste containing organic substances contaminated by heavy metals;
• Waste containing PCB;
• Pesticide waste; and
• Other chemicals and byproducts from the manufacture of plastics,
Pharmaceuticals, and chemicals.
Performance: The standards for the plant's flue gas are as follows
(monthly values): dust, 35 mg/m3; HC1, 35 mg/m3; and HF, 5 mg/m3.
All are corrected to 10 percent carbon dioxide. This plant's standards
are such that not more than 50 mg of organic material can be emitted in
the flue gas per kilogram of completely dry waste feed. A schematic of
the plant is shown in Figure 1.
Limitations: Not provided.
262
-------
Figure 1. A diagram of the SAKAB rotary kiln incinerator.
(see key on following page)
-------
KEY to FIGURE 1
A - District heating station
B - Input building
C - Post-combustion chamber
D - Exhaust gas boiler
E - Flue gas cleaning
F - Electrostatic precipitator
1 Solid waste input
2 Drum input
3 Pumpable waste input
4 Rotary kiln
5 Slag smelter
6 Slag quenching bath
7 Oil burner
8 Contaminated water input
9 Primary air
10 Secondary air
11 Tertiary air
12 Back-pressure turbine
13 Dust discharge
14 Flue gas fan
15 Chimney stack
2S4
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Economics: A total of 250 million Swedish Kroner has been invested in
SAKAB Norrtorp, which also provides the Kumla Local Authority with
district heating.
Status: SAKAB has been in service since 1983.
Recommendations: Although this unit does have merit, it is difficult to
determine if it is new technology. No further action is recommended.
Reference: Dial, Clyde J. Director of U.S. EPA HWERL Alternative
Technologies Division. Trip Report - Stockholm, Zurich, Ebenhausen (FRG)
and Fawley (U.K.). April 14-27, 1985.
265
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process; Electro-reclamation of Chlorine and Sodium From Soils
Type of Treatment: Physical/Chemical
Country; United Kingdom
Institution/Contact: R. Hamnett
University of Manchester
Master's Thesis (under contract of: Corrosion and
Protection Centre Industrial Services (CAPCIS))
Function: 1. Abstraction of toxic elements from the soil.
2. An aid to the permeation of grouting or leaching materials
in soils of low permeability.
Description: Electro-osmosis as a civil engineering technique was originally
developed as a method for dewatering low permeability active clay soils.
The principle is that if an electric potential is applied to a saturated
porous material, electrolyte will flow from the anode to the cathode.
The movement of. cations towards the cathode is accelerated by the
movement of water in this direction. If moisture content is maintained
in the vicinity of the anode as an electrolyte, anions will move in the
other direction. Some electrode configurations are shown in Figure 1.
Performance: Experiments demonstrated the feasibility of removing both
chloride and sodium ions from soil using a reasonably moderate current.
Limitations: There seems likely to be difficulties regarding its application
to earth containing a range of contaminants, some of which may be
strongly bound chemically to the soil. Also, physical breakdown of the
anode occurs due to electrolytic reactions; new anodes must be repeatedly
substituted. Soil must be wet since water provides a transporting medium
for ions. When dissociating Cl from the soil, there is a significant
evolution of chlorine gas at the anode.
Economics: Cost will depend on materials and the cost of electricity at the
site.
266
-------
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267
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-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Status: Laboratory studies on model systems have been carried out with some
promising results. A field experiment was done in 1982 by R. Hamnet for
Building Research Establishment (BRE).
Field experiments need to be performed on an actual site to examine the
effects of the soil electrochemistry and the competing movement of the
other cations and anions on the diffusion of the ion(s) in question.
This seems to be a potentially useful technique, but there are many
variables to be taken into account before the electro-osmosis and
electrolytic processes are understood:
• Temperature;
• Moisture content;
• Soil type;
• Voltage;
• Current;
• Salinity;
• pH; and
• Electrode configuration.
Under the influence of an electric current, other electrochemical effects
besides electro-osmosis and electrolysis need to be evaluated before ion
behavior can be understood:
• Ion exchange;
• Ion diffusion;
• The generation of secondary minerals;
• The generation of pH gradients.
• Mineral decomposition;
• Precipitation of secondary minerals;
• Oxidation; and
• Reduction.
Recommendations: No further action recommended.
Reference: Hamnett, R., and T.P. Dip. A Study of the Processes Involved
in the Electro-Reclamation of Contaminated Soils. Master of Science
Degree Thesis. Pollution Research Unit, University of Manchester.
October 1980.
269
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET
Process: Maguire V02 Aeration System for Biological Enhancement
Type of Treatment: Biological
Country; United Kingdom
Institution/Contact: Tom Maguire & Company
Developed by The Electricity Council
Research Centre (ECRC), Capenhurst
and The Welsh Water Authority
Function: Aeration to enhance biodegradation.
Description: An aeration system could have applications in biochemical
processes. The Maguire V02 system comprises essentially a Venturi and
a pump. It provides a relatively high air input from a very small
volume. Due to a thermophilic process it creates, almost total
destruction of E. coli and Salmonella occurs at temperatures of 55°C to
65°C.
Performance: The unit is capable of increasing air input to a sludge bed
by more than 30 percent in some cases, from a very small volume. The
aeration tank installed by Cadbury at Marlbrook removes 90 percent of the
BOD with an efficiency of 3 kg/kw and has reduced the quantity of sludge
for offsite disposal by over 60 percent.
270
-------
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET (continued)
Limitations: None available.
Economics: A single V02 aerator can dissolve up to 80 kg/hr of oxygen
at a cost of less than 2 p/kg. In the aeration tank installed by Cadbury
at Marlbrook, the Venturi aerators reduced operating costs by 25 percent
and recovered plant costs in about 1 year.
Status: Commercially available and in use.
Recommendations: No further action recommended.
Reference: Processing (News Item). "Aeration System Has New Uses."
p. 9. December 1986.
271
-------
SECTION 4
INDIVIDUALS CONTACTED
A large number of individuals were contacted by telephone or in person.
For example, the August visit to RREL in Cincinnati resulted in contacts with
a number of individuals at EPA, plus individuals at several other
organizations. Contacts which provided useful information are listed below.
RREL - Cincinnati, OH
Earth, Ed - Also went to an international conference in Atlanta with
plenty of s/s technology experts.
Bell, Robert - In England, did work on vegetative uptake as a treatment
technology for soil contaminated with dioxins.
Dial, Clyde - Familiar with European soil cleaning technologies- traveled
extensively throughout Europe researching hazardous waste management.
Hill, Ronald - Traveled to Denmark in August 1981 to meet with the Danish
National Agency of Environment to discuss"Superfund" treatment techniques
(SITE program).
James, Steve - SITE program contact.
Lewis, Ronald - Knows microbial degradation, particularly activities in
The Netherlands.
Oberacker, Donald - Incineration. Attended a seminar in Copenhagen on
municipal waste incineration, but also visitedwaste treatment facilities.
Sanning, Donald E. - Traveled to Europe in 1986; participated in
NATO/CCMS study, 1984; U.S. representative on NATO/CCMS Study, 1987.
Very knowledgeable about foreign technologies and hazardous waste
management practices.
Schomaker, Norbert - Familiar with the NBM thermal desorption process.
Wiles, Carlton - Working with Alberta Province and Environment Canada on
solidification procedures.
272
-------
RREL - Edison, NJ
Freestone, Frank - Chief of Technology Evaluation Staff. Has been
traveling to Europe since 1980, and knows soil washing and incineration
equipment (mobile units used at Denny Farm).
Gruenfeld, Michael - Chief of Chemistry Staff. Attended NATO meetings.
Wilder, Ira - Branch Chief. Experience with Japanese technology.
Yezzi, James J. - Deputy Project Officer,Environmental Emergency Response
Unit. Experience with incineration and soil washing in Europe.
USEPA - Washington, D.C.
DeRossier, Paul - OSWER, Dioxin Disposal Advisory Group. Performed work
for J. Skinner to define innovative technologies. Has a good handle on
European technologies.
Pheiffer, Thomas - OSWER Operations Group.
Skinner, John - Participates in many international activities, and is an
editor of the book "International Perspectives on Hazardous Waste
Management" (copyright 1987).
White, Donald - OSWER, knowledgeable in waste treatment and site
remediation, good program perspective.
Other USEPA Offices
Coursen, Robin - Region VIII. Spent 6 months in Germany.
Dahl, Thomas - National Enforcement Investigations Center, Denver, CO.
Visited UK, Denmark, Federal Republic of Germany and Holland.
Wassersug, Steve - H.W. Management Division Director in Philadelphia.
Spent 3 months in Europe doing a survey of treatment technologies for
Superfund sites on a German Marshall Fund Scholorship.
Wilson, John - Robert S. Kerr Environmental Laboratory, Ada, Oklahoma.
Involved in work on enhanced microbial degradation and went to the
Nether lands.
U.S. Office of International Activities, Washington, D.C. - Perform many
Cooperative Agreements. Contact for the EPA branch is Conrad Kleveno,
Associate Administrator.
Non-USEPA Organizations
Arnott, Robert - ERM, Denver, CO. Spent 16 months traveling in Europe
under the German Marshall Fund looking at technologies. Worked part-time
for WHO with Jim Smith.
273
-------
Brown, Margaret. Byrne Brown Associates, International Consultants.
Familiar with German technologies.
Christian, Mary Jo - Hazardous Waste Treatment Council.
Cywin, Al - NUS Corporation, Arlington, VA. Cleared papers for the
International Conference on Frontiers in Hazardous Waste Management.
The German Marshall Fund.
Haney, Paul - Lawyer with TECHLAW, Denver, CO. Spent 6 months in Berlin
with NEIC.
International Waste Technologies, Wichita, KA.
Johnston, Glen - Roy F. Weston, Westchester, PA. Supervised the report
for the EPA on International Wastewater Treatment Technologies.
Smith, Jim - World Health Organization (part-time).
Stanley, David, and Kenneth Geiger - Tufts University. Prepared a report
for EPA on Foreign Practices in Hazardous Waste Minimization.
World Bank - Office of Environmental and Scientific Affairs. Contact for
remedial efforts is Dr. Robert Batstone.
274
-------
SECTION 5
LITERATURE REFERENCES
Literature sources reviewed were drawn from three basic sources;
Approximately 150 documents collected during a week-long visit to
RREL in Cincinnati;
Computerized and manual literature searches; and
Documents provided by telephone contacts.
Each literature source was reviewed to select technologies for inclusion
in the Fact Sheets. Many technologies were eliminated from further
consideration because they were not state-of-the-art and/or were duplicative
of U.S. applications. Also, many references did not actually describe
specific technologies, or were duplicative of other; references.
A listing of references for technologies selected for the Fact Sheets and
other useful background material appears below.
ANRED. Colloque International Ministre de 1'Environment et du Cadre
deVille. Lyon, 3-6 Fevrier 1981. France.
Arnott, Robert. Colorado Department of Health, Denver. Waste Management
in Northern Europe. Waste Management & Research. 3, 289-302, 1985.
Arnott, Robert. Non-Regulatory Aspects of European Waste Management.
Colorado Dept. of Health. Sponsored by the German Marshall Fund.
November 1984.
Assink, Jan W., Conversation with J. Hyman on November 9, 1987.
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Division. Investigation and Restoration of
Chemically Contaminated Sites. 1986.
275
-------
Battermann, Gerhard. A Large-Scale Experiment of In-Situ Biodegredation
of Hydrocarbons in the Subsurface. Presented at the Symposium on Ground
Water in Water Resource Planning. Federal Republic of Germany.
28 August - 3 September 1983.
Biles, Stan. A Review of Municipal and Hazardous Waste Management
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