EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of
Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
EPA/600/4-91/001
January 1991
Guidelines for
Preparing Logistics Plans
Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program
-------
EPA/600/4-91/001
May 1991
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING LOGISTICS PLANS
J.R. Baker and G.D. Merritt
Lockheed Engineering & Sciences Company
Las Vegas, NV 89119
Exposure Assessment Research Division
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-3478
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEMS LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 89193-3478
Printed on Recycled Paper
U.S. Environmental Protection
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th
Chicago, II 60604-3590
-------
Revision 1
May 1991
Notice
The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency under contract number 68-03-3249 to Lockheed Engineering and
Sciences Company. It has been subject to the Agency's peer and administrative review, and it has
been approved for publication as an EPA document.
The mention of trade names or commercial products in this report is for purposes of
illustration and does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
-------
Revision 1
May 1991
Abstract
The logistics teams for the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) are
responsible for the planning, coordination, and oversight of data collection activities. To carry out
this responsibility, logistics plans will be developed for each component ecosystem in accordance
with the guidance provided in this document. Fifteen logistics elements will be included in each
EMAP logistics plan. This guidance document describes and provides a checklist for each element
to assist writers and reviewers of the logistics plans in ensuring completeness. Additionally, this
document outlines the review process for EMAP logistics plans.
iii
-------
Revision 1
May 1991
Contents
Section Page
Notice ii
Abstract jjj
Figures vi
Tables vi
Acronyms vii
Acknowledgments viii
1 Introduction 1 of 8
1.1 Logistics Overview of the Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program 1 of 8
1.2 Logistics Plan Specifications 2 of 8
2 Guidance and Requirements for Logistics Elements 1 of 20
2.1 Overview of Logistics Activities 1 of 20
2.2 Staffing and Personnel Requirements 2 of 20
2.3 Communications 3 of 20
2.4 Sampling Schedule 5 of 20
2.5 Site Access 6 of 20
2.6 Reconnaissance 9 of 20
2.7 Waste Disposal 11 of 20
2.8 Safety Plan 11 of 20
2.9 Procurement and Inventory Control 12 of 20
2.9.1 Equipment, Supplies, and Services 13 of 20
2.9.2 Procurement Methods 14 of 20
2.10 Training Program 16 of 20
2.11 Field Operations 17 of 20
2.12 Laboratory Operations 18 of 20
2.13 Information Management 19 of 20
2.14 Quality Assurance 19 of 20
2.15 Logistics Review and Recommendations 20 of 20
3 Review of Logistics Plans 1 of 1
4 References 1 of 2
IV
-------
Revision 1
May 1991
Contents (continued)
Section Page
Appendices
A Resource Group Logistics Plan Checklist 1 of 3
B Field Personnel Responsibilities 1 of 6
C Communications 1 of 10
D Example of Sampling Schedule 1 of 3
E Site Access Forms 1 of 3
F Base Station Assessment Sheet 1 of 5
G Sample Safety Plan 1 of 29
H Field Activity Flow Diagrams 1 of 6
I Logistics Summary Table 1 of 5
-------
Revision 1
May 1991
Figures
Figure Page
1-1 Hypothetical timeline for completing each of 15 elements in EMAP
logistics plan 5 of 8
2-1 Example of required communication lines 4 of 20
2-2 Flowchart of sampling site access activities conducted
during the National Surface Water Survey 8 of 20
Tables
Table Page
1-1 Resource Groups within EMAP 1 of 8
1-2 Implementation Teams 3 of 8
1-3 EMAP Functional Structure 3 of 8
1-4 Required Elements for Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
Logistics Plans 4 of 8
2-1 Base Site Technical Support Requirements 9 of 20
2-2 Safety Information to be Logged Daily by Field Personnel 12 of 20
2-3 Partial List of Supply Needs 13 of 20
2-4 Mechanisms for Acquiring Services 14 of 20
2-5 Considerations for Preparing a Statement of Work to Solicit
Analytical Laboratory Services 15 of 20
VI
-------
Revision 1
May 1991
Acronyms
DDRP Direct/Delayed Response Project
EMAP Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ERP Episodic Response Project
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NSWS National Surface Water Survey
QA quality assurance
SCS Soil Conservation Service
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
USFS U.S. Forest Service
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
VII
-------
Revision 1
May 1991
Ackno wledgments
Technical assistance for the development of this guidance document was contributed by O.V.
Peck and M.L Papp, Lockheed Engineering & Sciences Company (Las Vegas, Nevada).
Helpful reviews were provided by W.L Kinney, technical monitor for this project, and KB.
Jones, EMAP Associate Director-Terrestrial Resources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (Las Vegas, Nevada).
External reviews were provided by P.E. Kellar, Kilkelly Environmental Associates (Raleigh, North
Carolina); C.M. Knapp, Technical Resources, Inc. (Davis, California); D. Oswald, U.S. Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Oregon).
D.W. Sutton, K.M. Peres, and J.M. Nicholson contributed technical and logistical support and
word processing was completed by A.M. Tippett, all with Lockheed Engineering & Sciences Company
(Las Vegas, Nevada).
VIII
-------
Section 1
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 1 of 8
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Logistics Overview of the Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in cooperation with other federal and
state organizations, is designing the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP)
to periodically assess the condition and health of the Nation's ecological resources. EMAP will
assist policy makers, both within and outside the Agency, to set environmental policy, identify
funds for research and development, and evaluate the effectiveness of present environmental
regulations in preserving the Nation's natural resources. EMAP will provide a strategy to identify
and quantify the extent, magnitude, and location of degradation or improvement in the
environment. An overview of this program is given in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Program (U.S. EPA, 1990b).
When fully implemented, EMAP will be a highly complex national network. There are
seven resource groups within EMAP (Table 1-1) and each resource group will sample annually
approximately 800 sites across the United States. EMAP must develop interagency agreements
with the various States and federal agencies within the Departments of Interior, Agriculture, and
Commerce to accomplish this monumental task. Organizationally, establishing this multiagency
monitoring program is one of the major logistical challenges facing EMAP in the near future.
Table 1-1. Resource Groups within EMAP
Inland Aquatic
Resource Groups
Surface Waters
Wetlands
Near Coastal
Resource Groups
Great Lakes
Marine Estuarine
Terrestrial
Resource Groups
Agroecosystems
Forests
Arid Ecosystems
The overall scope of EMAP is to assess the health of our Nation's ecological resources.
The breadth of this effort compounds the complexity of the field operations because of the large
number of highly varied biological, physical, and chemical parameters that must be measured
(e.g., biodiversity, habitat structure, toxic compounds, and other contaminants). These
environmental parameters are being evaluated for use in EMAP as ecological indicators.
Indicators must be identified for response, exposure, habitat, and stressor categories.
Measurements of response indicators provide evidence of the overall biological condition of
-------
Section 1
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 2 of 8
ecological resources by measuring either organisms, populations, communities, or ecosystem
processes. Measurements of exposure indicators should indicate resource exposure to physical,
chemical, or biological stressors such as toxic materials, nutrients, heat, acidity, and ionizing or
electromagnetic radiation, to name a few examples. Habitat indicators are physical, chemical,
and biological attributes that represent conditions on a local or landscape scale that are
necessary to support an organization, population or community (e.g., availability of snags, rocky
stream bottoms, or adequate acreage or connectivity of woodland patches). Stressor indicators
in EMAP reflect a natural process in environmental hazards or management action that affects
changes in exposure and habitat. Collecting data on indicators in these categories will require
highly trained and experienced personnel within each of the resource groups.
The complexity of EMAP poses a number of major logistical issues (such as personnel
selection, procurement, and site access) that will confront the logistics planning teams for each
of the resource groups. In a program the magnitude of EMAP, overlooking or ignoring even
apparently minor issues or details, may eventually jeopardize the success of the program.
Therefore, a comprehensive, uniform logistical planning approach is required to ensure that all
logistical details are addressed in sufficient detail to allow achievement of data quality objectives
that are appropriate to data and sample collection components for each resource group.
Each resource group will be required to develop a logistics plan before implementing field
operations. This document provides the guidance that the plan must follow. The guidance is
based upon past logistics experience in large EPA monitoring programs similar to EMAP. These
programs include the National Eutrophication Survey and various acid deposition surveys and
studies (National Surface Water Survey [NSWS], Direct/Delayed Response Project [DDRP], and
Episodic Response Project [ERP]). EMAP will also build upon the logistics experience of other
federal programs. These programs include the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Forest
Inventory and Analysis Program and National Agriculture Statistical Survey; the Soil Conservation
Service's (SCS) National Resource Inventory; the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National
Water-Quality Assessment Program; and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's
(NOAA) Status and Trends Program.
1.2 Logistics Plan Specifications
Each resource group will develop various implementation teams (Table 1-2) based upon
the guidance of the EMAP Technical Coordinators and Technical Directors who are responsible
for cross-cutting activities (Table 1-3). The activities of each of these teams must be fully
integrated to successfully implement individual resource group monitoring programs. Resource
group logistics plans will help to provide this integration by documenting and scheduling all
implementation activities. Logistics plans will be developed prior to initiating resource group
monitoring programs and will be revised, updated, and reviewed (Section 3) every year as the
program is continued.
-------
Section 1
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 3 of 8
Table 1-2. Implementation Team*
Design
Indicators
Characterization
Total Quality Management
Information Management
Remote Sensing
Logistics
Statistics
Assessment
Integration
Table 1-3. EMAP Functional Structure
Functional Task Groups
Position Description
Steering Committee'
Resource Groups
Cross-cutting
Groups
EMAP Director
Deputy Director
Associate Director, Management"
Associate Director, Inland Aquatic Resources
Associate Director, Near Coastal Resources
Associate Director, Terrestrial Resources
Associate Director, Integration and Assessment
Technical Directors c
Wetlands
Surface Waters
Great Lakes
Near Coastal
Agroecosystems
Forests
Arid Ecosystems
Technical Coordinators
Integration and Assessment
Indicators
Design and Statistics
Logistics
Quality Assurance
Methods
Technical Directors
• Information Management
• Landscape characterization
• Air and Deposition Monitoring
Responsible for the overall direction of EMAP.
This Associate Director is responsible for activities at EPA headquarters.
Resource Technical Directors are responsible for individual ecosystem implementation and reporting.
Cross-cutting Technical Coordinators and Technical Directors are responsible for their specific activity across all
resource groups and they report to and Associate Director.
-------
Section 1
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 4 of 8
Each logistics team's primary responsibility is the planning, coordination, and oversight of
its data collection activities. It is essential to plan these data collection activities well in
advance of the actual field work. Logistics planning must be coordinated with, and responsive
to, the needs of all implementation activities and teams within each resource group. The
logistics team must understand completely the environmental and ecological principles that
govern the design and goals of the program. This understanding can be developed only with
continual interactions among the logistics team, the Technical Director and the other
implementation teams. In turn, each of the other implementation teams must consider logistical
requirements fully in developing their activities. Overall coordination is necessary to ensure that
all resource-wide logistical planning is conducted efficiently to meet the goals of the program.
Each logistics plan is a compilation of various plans required for implementation of the
resource monitoring program and must address the 15 elements listed in Table 1-4 and
summarized in this section. These elements are discussed in detail in Section 2.0.
Table 1-4. Required Elements for Environmental Monitoring and Aaaeaament Program Logistic* Plans
Subject Element(s)
Project Management 1-3
Access and Sampling Schedule 4-6
Waste Disposal and Safety 7-8
Procurement and Inventory Control 9
Training and Data Collection 10-14
Logistics Assessment 15
A suggested timeline for completing each of the 15 elements is given in Figure 1-1;
however, timelines will vary from resource group to resource group. Planning should start at
least 1 year prior to implementing field operations. A logistics staff of four to five people
(approximately 2.5 man-year equivalence) will be required to develop the logistics plan when
initiating a new field program. The 15 logistical elements that must be addressed in each
logistics plan are summarized below.
• Project Management
Element 1. Overview of Logistics Activities-Summarize the types of activities required
to complete the project. Maintain a timeline or Gantt chart showing all critical path
milestones (e.g., project design, indicator selection, site selection, access permission,
reconnaissance, procurement, methods selection, development of standard operating
procedures, and resolution of specific quality assurance issues). Show required
-------
Section 1
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 5 of 8
lOGlStlCAL ELEMENT
1 OVERVCW Of LOGISTICAL ACTIVITC3
7 STAFFING
1 COUMUr«CATION»
4 SAWING SCHEDULE
S SITE ACCESS
t flCCOMNAKtSANCE
r WASTE DISPOSAL M.AN
• SAFETY PLAN
I PROCUREMENT AND WVCNTOflV CONTROL
1ltAmmta
1 1 F*LO OPtnAIONS
12 LABOAArOAY OPERATIONS
11 DATA MANAGEMENT ACTIVlTCS
IS LOGISTICS REVCW/ncCOMMCHTOATlONS
TH 0
E
ST a
i.
•
i
NO a
L
J
i
i
-
•i
•i
••
DOC
r
••
•t
••
.
i
••
TH G
IB
••
•i
ST a
•I
.
nxi
OA PLAN
UETMOOinNOlCAJORS SCLECTED
SITES SELECTED
INOCX PEHIOO3 IWINOOWS) DETEnMNCO
Eouw>MENr/surn.v NEEDS LISTED
MfO. UANACEWENT PLAN
TAA00NO UANLIAL
LOCUTIC REPORT
ASSESSMENT 4 flUGAATION
QUALITY ASSLMANCE
MXCATOKS. ASSESSMENT
DESIGN
DESIGN
INOKAIORS
INFO. MANAGEMENT
LOGISTICS
LOGISTICS
ASSESSMENT. nTCCHAriON
Figure 1-1. Hypothetical timeline for completing each of 15 elements In EMAP logistic plan.
deliverable products such as plans, manuals, and reports. Also provide logistics
budget summaries.
Element 2. Staffing and Personnel Requirements-Describe the number of personnel
and the organizational structure necessary to accomplish project objectives. Define
who is responsible for staffing and interagency and teaming mechanisms. Consider
work schedules to determine whether extra positions should be created or whether
existing personnel should work overtime. Create a contingency plan for replacing
staff members when necessary. Identify key personnel and provide plans for
retaining them.
Element 3. Communications-Address communications among field crews, laboratory
crews, and supervisory personnel and between EMAP participants and any local
organizations who should be informed of EMAP field activities. Also include plans for
tracking samples, data, crews, and equipment and supplies. Discuss how field crews
should interact with the public or with the media. Explain how approved changes in
standard operating procedures will be documented and communicated for
implementation.
-------
Section 1
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 6 of 8
Access and Sampling Schedule
Element 4. Sampling Schedule-Based on project, indicator, and statistical design or
other program requirements, devise an efficient schedule for field activities. Consider
geographical sampling windows within geographical areas and other factors such as
climate and site access constraints.
Element 5. Site Access-Address issues related to gaining access to sampling sites
including scientific collection permits, if required. Develop a list of local contacts to
discern property ownership, jurisdiction, and the best site access methods. Address
plans to obtain appropriate access permission and applicable collection permits.
Consider how to coordinate activities in the same area of more than one resource
task group. Discuss ways to arrange long-term access rights, track changes in
ownership of private sites and management of public sites, renotify owners and
managers before re-accessing the sites for future monitoring, and provide contingency
plans in case of future failure to obtain re-access permission.
Element 6. Reconnaissance-Define criteria for selecting base operation sites (take
into consideration personnel and technical support requirements), geographical
location with respect to sampling sites, and time constraints imposed by sampling
design or climate. Sampling sites identified as having potentially difficult physical or
legal access should be visited during field reconnaissance. Additional resources
needed for sampling should be identified if the access problem is due to physical
conditions. If the access problem is legal, one last attempt should be made to obtain
permission to sample.
Waste Disposal and Safety
Element 7. Waste Disposal Plan-Explain how chemical and biological wastes will be
stored, transported, and disposed of safely and legally. Address what permits will be
needed for storage, transport, and disposal of wastes.
Element 8. Safety Plan-Discuss how emergency situations will be evaluated and
handled. Determine emergency contact personnel and what emergency services will
be available in the field. Explain what procedures will be used to initiate search and
rescue operations. List the training or other preventive measures required to conduct
field operations safely. Indicate how this field safety plan will be developed in
conjunction with laboratory, processing, and materials handling safety plans.
Procurement and Inventory Control
Element 9. Procurement and Inventory Control-Identify equipment, supply, inventory
control and resupply, and services requirements of the field program and the
processes by which they will be acquired and maintained. Determine where back-up
-------
Section 1
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 7 of 8
equipment will be stored and how sites will be resupplied. Consider shipping
regulations, especially for chemical and biological materials. Determine what
analytical or other services will be needed and the best mechanisms for acquiring
them. A procurement schedule should be provided for all items.
Training and Data Collection
Element 10. Training Program-Describe who will prepare, review, and revise the field
training and operations manual and the procedures for field measurements, sampling,
sample handling, shipment, data recording, quality control, safety, waste disposal,
and communications. Outline a schedule for the completion of these items. Describe
training needs and identify who will conduct and review training. Address how
personnel will be evaluated to ensure competency.
Element 11. Field Operations-Indicate the organizations that will perform each of the
daily field activities. Describe how and when the daily field activities will be
performed. Discuss and schedule the major events within field operations (i.e.,
mobilization, demobilization, and phase changes in sampling activities). Consider
contingencies such as back-up personnel in the event of sickness. Require real-time
evaluation to identify and resolve problems.
Element 12. Laboratory Operations-Indicate what organizations will be responsible
for each type of sample preparation or analysis and for formulating each laboratory
operations manual. If EPA conducts the activities directly, provide a development plan
for providing appropriate laboratory facilities.
Element 13. Information Management-Describe any data management activities that
might be affected directly by field operations. Establish guidelines for the timely and
responsive transferral of information from field personnel to data managers. Indicate
the groups that will be responsible for preparing and reviewing field data forms;
provide a schedule for the completion of these forms. Develop a schedule for
completion of the information management plan by the information management
group.
Element 14. Quality Assurance-Describe who will provide input to the quality
assurance (QA) plan on field sampling, sample handling and preparation, sample
shipment, sample disposition, and data management. A schedule for completing the
QA plan should be provided to the logistics team and included in the logistics plan.
QA activities should be coordinated with other resource groups using similar methods.
This effort should identify common methods and standards when possible.
-------
Section 1
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 8 of 8
Logistics Assessment
Element 15. Logistics Review and Recommendations-For each year of study within
each resource group, summarize logistics activities. Discuss how personnel will be
debriefed to identify and resolve problems. Discuss pilot studies and associated
methods evaluation experiments; present logistics data summaries within the full-
scale project.
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 1 of 20
SECTION 2
GUIDANCE AND REQUIREMENTS FOR
LOGISTICS ELEMENTS
The logistics plan is developed element by element. As a result, the plan evolves as the
planning, training, and field activities are developed and implemented. The elements are not
addressed in any set order; some elements are developed and finalized early in the planning
phase, while other elements are continually updated and revised (see Figure 1-1). Each element
(or component of an element) is not necessarily the sole responsibility of the logistics team.
However, the logistics plan identifies who is responsible for completing the activities, implements
a timeline for completing activities, and provides a status summary. Elements 1 through 14 of
the plan must be addressed fully and completed prior to initiation of field activities. Element 15
(Logistics Review and Recommendations) is a yearly logistics summary report.
The following guidance and requirements should be used when addressing the individual
elements and developing the logistics plan. A checklist of key points to be addressed for each
element is provided to help in developing and reviewing the logistics plan. These checklists
should also be included in each of the elements of the logistics plan to provide reviewers with a
concise mechanism to evaluate each of the elements for completeness. A complete checklist is
included in Appendix A.
2.1 Overview of Logistics Activities
This element of the logistics plan provides guidance on how to furnish the EMAP steering
committee (EMAP Director, Deputy Director, and the four Associate Directors; see Table 1-3) and
each Resource Technical Director with a concise summary of the status of all activities required
to implement and complete the overall program. This overview will indicate who is responsible
for each activity. Schedules developed in elements 2-15 should be included in this summary. The
overview should also address activities and requirements other than logistical concerns (e.g.,
research design, site selection, indicator selection) that are vital to logistics planning efforts.
The summary should illustrate in a clear, succinct manner the overall progress and should
describe the impact of delays on other activities. The logistics plan will identify who is
responsible for updating the status summary.
The summary will be developed with a timeline or Gantt chart showing all milestones or
critical path activities. The Gantt chart will list the time periods allotted for completing the
design, selecting indicators, and identifying sites. It will also indicate the amount of time
allocated for obtaining access permission, performing reconnaissance activities, procurement,
selection and evaluation of methods, and development of training and operations manuals. All
deliverables should be listed by type, including those from other implementation teams and final
project reports. The due dates for these deliverables should be staggered to allow adequate
time for both internal and external review and production.
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 2 of 20
The timing for individual logistics activities is dependent upon the sequential completion
of prior activities. Therefore, the chart should be updated continually as the schedule changes or
as activities are completed. Revisions should be dated. The EMAP Steering Committee and
Logistics Technical Coordinator will evaluate software available for producing timelines and
Gantt charts and select a standard to be used throughout EMAP.
Most EMAP field activities are logistically feasible. However, budget constraints will
always exist and a balance between what can be done (or how it is done) and available funds
has to be reached. The Technical Director must provide enough budget information to establish
this balance in the logistics planning efforts. Detailed logistics budgets must be developed by
the logistics team to demonstrate that planned logistics activities are within the overall program
budget. Guidance on developing budget summaries should be provided by the individual
Technical Director.
Key points to be addressed in the logistics plan for this element are:
COVERED
Yes No
1. Schedules
2. Responsible individuals or
groups
3. Deliverables
4. Timeline and Gantt charts
5. Date of revision for timeline
6. Budget summary
2.2 Staffing and Personnel Requirements
This element describes staffing responsibilities for each activity. This section of the
logistics plan should describe the number of positions and the chain-of-command necessary to
accomplish the field and laboratory objectives. It will fully define the responsibilities of all field
personnel. Appendix B gives examples of field personnel responsibilities from the NSWS.
Indicate the organization and mechanism (e.g., contractors, cooperative agreements,
interagency agreements) through which each position will be filled (see Element 9; Section 2.9).
If interagency field teams are to be used, discuss the mechanisms for developing these teams
and any constraints imposed by the other agencies involved in the effort. A schedule for the
hiring process and/or establishment of agreements should be developed and included in
Element 1 (Section 2.1).
Determine the anticipated work load based upon the number of sites to be visited, the
number of samples to be analyzed, the time required to conduct each procedure, and any other
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 3 of 20
requirements dictated by the project. Also address the manner in which work schedules will be
maintained. Indicate instances in which overtime will be required or temporary staff will be
hired. Prepare a contingency plan for replacement of personnel lost due to illness or unforeseen
circumstances. Retaining key personnel is critical to program continuity. Discuss how key
personnel will be retained through different periods of the program (i.e., between sampling
seasons).
Key points to be addressed in the logistics plan for this element are:
COVERED
Yes No
1. Flowchart of staff levels and
numbers at each level
2. Definition of staffing responsibility
3. The hiring process
4. Interagency and teaming mechanisms
5. Staff workload management
a. overtime
b. temporary staff
c. replacing lost personnel
6. Retention of key personnel
2.3 Communications
The logistics plan must establish efficient methods of communication to ensure smooth
operation of field sampling, laboratory analyses, and sample tracking activities. A strategy
addressing all required lines of communication (Figure 2-1) should be developed for this element.
If working with other agencies, describe additional communication lines to disseminate
information to these groups. These communication lines are maintained best through use of a
communications center. A description of the communications center should include staffing
prerequisites, hours of operation, communication media, and equipment and supply requirements
(e.g., number of telephone lines, FAX machines, computers, logging and tracking forms).
Similarly, the equipment and supply requirements for remote sites should be described.
The communications strategy should describe methods for tracking sample shipments to
and from laboratories and for sending and tracking data. Individuals responsible for the various
tracking mechanisms during each phase of the data collection process and the information
needed to adequately track samples or data should be specified. The laboratories and field
crews will also need feedback from recipient laboratories, from data management staff, and
from quality assurance staff to resolve problems incurred with respect to data collection or
sample handling.
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 4 of 20
NEWS RELEASES
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
COMMUNICATIONS CENTER
ACCESS REQUESTS
1) SUPfUT RE QUESTS
2) SAMPLE/DATA
31 DALY ACTIVITIES
ANO PLANS
4) AOMIMSTRATIVE
REQUESTS
}) EMERGENCY NEEDS
11 SUPPLY STATUS
2) PROBLEMS FOUND WITH
SAMPLES/DATA
]) ACTIVITIES OF OTHER
BASE SITES
4) ADMINISTRATIVE
REQUESTS
BASE SITES *
EUeROENCY
VISIT
NOTIFICATION
LAND OWNERS
EMERGENCY
CALLS
-A POLICE. AMBULANCE. COAST GUARD
Figure 2-1. Example of required communication lines.
A method of communication for project management to disseminate directions and
information (such as approved changes in sampling schedules and protocols) to all project
participants should be defined. Conversely, the strategy of management to obtain the current
progress information needed to facilitate decision making should be delineated. The
communication staff should also describe how field crews will be informed of the daily progress
of each of the other crews so that they might coordinate efforts, share equipment, or relate
common problems and remedial action. Communications guidelines will show field crews how
to make equipment and supply requests, how to track the progress of those requests, and how
to communicate administrative information. Among other requirements, field crews will need to
report data on hours worked, receive paychecks, submit travel reports, and obtain
reimbursements.
The communications strategy must discuss interactions with the public and media. It
should also address how landowners and authorities will be notified prior to site visits and
explain how local agencies or interest groups will be informed of pertinent events. An
information pamphlet describing the survey goals and operations should be developed for each
resource group. These pamphlets should be sent to the landowners and other interested parties
prior to the implementation of field operations.
A planned line of communication for safety and emergency situations is essential. Field
crews should have a daily check-in procedure for safety. An emergency communications plan
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 5 of 20
should provide contacts for police, ambulance, fire departments, search and rescue personnel, or
the Coast Guard. Field personnel need to be fully aware of all lines of communication, and the
communication strategy should be included in the field training and operations manual described
in Element 10 (Section 2.10). Examples of a communications center plan, forms, and the
information pamphlet used in the NSWS are given in Appendix C.
Key points to be addressed in the logistics plan for this element are:
COVERED
Yes No
1. Communication center
a. staff _ _
b. hours of operation
c. media
2. Tracking
a. samples
b. data
c. supplies
3. Line between field or laboratory crews
and management
4. Line among field crews
5. Public information
6. Safety communications
2.4 Sampling Schedule
Developing a sampling schedule requires a complete understanding, from an ecological
perspective, of the most appropriate sampling periods for collecting each type of data and
sample. The design team must interact with the logistics team and provide various input
parameters: the geographical area to be studied, the sampling site locations, and the desired
sampling period (window). The indicator team should provide other required information such as
the sampling equipment to be used and the required sample holding times. Early in program
planning, the design and indicator teams should define when this information will be available to
establish the timeline (Element 1; Section 2.1) for other activities. An efficient sampling schedule
should take into consideration all of these elements.
Consider geography when preparing the sampling schedule. The locations of sampling
sites in relation to each other and to other points of interest will determine how much time and
fuel will be required for travel to and between sampling sites. Determine the distribution of
sampling sites relative to refueling stations, base sites, and courier services. The Geographic
Information System (GIS) that is being used for EMAP has access to several data bases that
include locations of services such as courier offices and other businesses. The GIS can overlay
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 6 of 20
this information on digital line graph (DLG) maps. The 1:100,000 scale DLG maps are available
for any location within the country and indicate most roads. Higher resolution (1:24,000) OLG
maps are available for just a few locations; they indicate jeep trails and foot paths.
Account for down-time in the schedule by considering typical climatological conditions for
the area during the sampling window. Precipitation, cloud cover, temperature extremes, and
winds can affect access to the sampling sites, efficiency of sample collection, and the quality of
samples. Even if sampling can proceed, the amount of time to visit each site may be
substantially reduced. The difficulty of site access will also be of concern. Physical constraints
include mountains, brush, soft substrate (mud or marsh), low tides, and the lack of paved
roadways. Legal constraints include lack of access permission and any conditions imposed by
landowners or land managers. Parklands, wilderness areas, or publicly owned water supplies
may forbid motorized access. Military reservations may be restricted or require escorts.
When the above factors are examined, a list of proposed schedules and potential base
sites should be created. A final decision on the appropriate schedule and base sites should be
made after reconnaissance of the area (Element 6; Section 2.6). An example of the EMAP 1990
Near Coastal Demonstration sampling schedule is presented in Appendix D.
Key points to be addressed in the logistics plan for this element are:
COVERED
Yes No
1. Design requirements
2. Indicator (methods) requirements
3. Sampling schedule
2.5 Site Access
Obtaining site access permission is frequently difficult and time consuming. A program
of this size requires very long-term arrangements for site access. Such arrangements may
include legal monitoring easements, cooperative agreements with other agencies, or long-term
commitments from private parties for site access purposes. A site access strategy must be
developed and the activities initiated approximately one year before field operations begin. If
more than one resource task group is planning to initiate field activities in the same area.
describe how site access should be coordinated among groups to minimize the number of
contacts landowners receive and to make the process more efficient. The site access strategy
should address how reconnaissance information about a site will be collected and how written
access permission and scientific collection permits will be obtained. It should describe how and
when appropriate government agencies will be contacted to obtain permits and site information.
Important site data to obtain from these agencies include land ownership information and
physical access information. Private land ownership information can usually be obtained through
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 7 of 20
local county assessors or Soil Conservation Service (SCS) offices. The access strategy should
also describe how local contacts will be established for gathering further information about each
sampling site and how to obtain written (legal) access permission on a long-term basis.
Landowners should be provided with a legal release, documentation exonerating them from
liability for any injury incurred on their property. The information pamphlet developed in
Element 3 (Section 2.3) should be included with access permission requests sent to landowners.
The site access plan should address how to track changes in ownership of private sites and
management of public sites, to renotify owners and managers before re-accessing sites for
future monitoring, and to provide contingency plans in case of future failure to retain access
permission.
Scientific collection permits will have to be obtained through individual state wildlife
resource departments, if applicable. King and Schrock (1985) provide general information on
obtaining collection permits for each state. In some instances where field operations may
disturb the environmental integrity of the site, the logistics team must consider whether it is
necessary to conduct an environmental assessment.
A list of sites requiring visits prior to the survey due to difficult physical or legal access
should be developed for the reconnaissance team (Element 6; Section 2.6). Types of physical or
biological hazards (e.g., Lyme's disease) that may be encountered near a sampling site and
locations of the nearest emergency services should also be obtained. Describe who will gather
this information and how it will be disseminated to the appropriate personnel. Physical access
information pertaining to the proximity of roads and highways at any site can be obtained from
standard DLG maps. If available, aerial photographs should be obtained to provide additional
physical access information.
Figure 2-2 and the following discussion provide an example of access activities that were
conducted during the EPA NSWS. Samples of actual site access forms are presented in
Appendix E. For the NSWS, the access coordinator made telephone calls to determine site
ownership information. This person then developed a site dossier for each site. Information on
government contacts, local contacts, ownership of land, and physical access was included in the
dossier. The access coordinator first obtained verbal access permission from each landowner
by telephone, then mailed letters of request to each. When written permission was received, a
copy was placed in the dossier. Field crews used the dossier to contact landowners prior to
visits and to perform access reconnaissance. Information in the dossiers was updated as
required.
Key points to be addressed in the logistics plan for this element are:
COVERED
Yes No
1. Gathering site information
a. contacts
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 8 of 20
COVERED
Yes No
b. physical access
information
c. land ownership information
d. collection and dissemination
of information
2. Permits and written access permission _
3. Maintaining and updating information
SCS, BLM, EPA.
STATE AGENCIES
VERBAL OR
WRITTEN REQUEST
OWNERSHIP INFORMATION
PERMIT INFORMATION
PHYSICAL ACCESS INFORMATION
ACCESS COORDINATOR
VERBAL REQUEST
WITH WRITTEN
FOLLOW-UP
WRITTEN ACCESS PERMISSION
PERMITS
PHYSICAL ACCESS INFORMATION
LANDOWNERS OR
APPROPRIATE AGENCIES
DOSSIER OF
SITE ACCESS
INFORMATION
DOSSIER
USED FOR SITE
RECONNAISSANCE
WRITTEN ACCESS
PERMISSION
PERMITS
PHYSICAL ACCESS
INFORMATION
UPDATE DOSSIER
UPON RECONNAISSANCE
FIELD TEAMS
Figure 2-2. Flowchart of sampling site access activities conducted during the National Surface Water Survey.
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 9 of 20
2.6 Reconnaissance
A reconnaissance plan must be developed prior to field reconnaissance activities. All
reconnaissance activities should be scheduled and included in Element 1 (Section 2.1). The
reconnaissance plan should include a complete field requirement checklist, developed from
Table 2-1, and a list of sampling sites to be visited, based upon information obtained in Element
5 (Section 2.5). A reconnaissance form used to evaluate base site possibilities during NSWS is
presented in Appendix F. The reconnaissance plans need to address how factors such as
normal weather conditions, geography, and social factors (e.g., tourism, seasonal road
conditions, and other access requirements) impact the sampling schedule on a regional basis.
Whenever possible, reconnaissance activities should be conducted during the same type of field
conditions that will be expected during routine program operations.
Reconnaissance of base sites will be based on the proximity of towns or cities to
sampling sites, their expected technical support capabilities (Table 2-1), and personnel support
capacities. These base sites may be fixed or mobile depending on logistical requirements. The
GIS can be helpful by providing DIG maps overlaid with locations of support services as
described in Section 2.4. The list of potential base sites can be finalized during field
reconnaissance.
Table 2-1. Ba<« Site Technical Support Requirements
I. PROXIMITY TO SAMPLING SITES
II. UTILITIES
A. Phone
8. Fuel
C. Electricity
D. Water
III. SPACE
A. Sample processing
B. Equipment maintenance and calibration
C. Storage
1. equipment and reagents
2. samples
3. wastes
IV. WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES
V. SHIPPING FACILITIES
A. Pickup and delivery
B. Overnight shipment (if methods require)
C. High volume carrier
The following discussion illustrates some of the potential base site requirements.
Telephones are essential to satisfy requirements in the communications strategy. Alternate
communication methods, such as two-way radios, may be required at remote locations. There
should also be access to fuel appropriate for the vehicles used. Space is another important
base site requirement. Adequate space should be secured for calibration of field instruments
and for the preparation (and possibly analysis) of samples. Separate storage space may be
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 10 of 20
necessary for equipment, reagents, samples, and waste disposal. Climate-controlled environme-
nts, such as refrigerators or freezers may be required. Security of storage areas should be
addressed as part of the base site requirements. If chemical or biological wastes are
generated, the base site must be located near a qualified shipper or have local facilities available
to handle these wastes (see Element 7; Section 2.7). Shipping facilities are necessary for the
movement of samples, supplies, and mail. Pickup and delivery services should match the daily
and weekly schedules dictated by the sampling schedule methodology. If the holding time for
samples is minimal, then an overnight courier service should be available. During base site
selection, the availability of local businesses for services and equipment purchases should be
considered. These businesses include hardware stores, marine supply stores, sporting goods
stores, and auto service centers. There should also be personnel support services at the base
site. These include lodging, food, banking, and mail. If a base site is to be situated in the same
area for more than several weeks, expenditures for hotel accommodations may become
unreasonable (given project budget constraints) and confining for personnel. Leased homes can
provide a good alternative.
Sampling sites identified as having potentially difficult physical or legal access (see
Element 5; Section 2.5) should be visited during field reconnaissance. If the access problem is
physical, additional resources (e.g., addition of a field crew member or alternative access vehicle)
required to obtain samples from the site should be identified. Reconnaissance at remote sites
such as in wilderness areas may not be possible. Field crews should be notified of such cases
and allocated additional time and resources for sampling in these area. If the access problem
is legal and the landowner is not antagonistic toward EMAP or has not been contacted at all,
one last attempt to obtain access permission should be made during field reconnaissance.
Sites that are not accessible should be reported to the design team. The design team will
determine if the site is dropped and there is a reduction in the total number of sites sampled or
if an alternative site is selected. In all cases, the results of the site reconnaissance visit should
be fully documented and the information provided to the sampling crews and included in the site
dossier.
Key points to be addressed in the logistics plan for this element are:
COVERED
Yes No
1. Timing of reconnaissance activities
2. List of potential base sites
3. Technical support requirements
a. utilities
b. space
c. waste disposal
d. shipping
e. local purchases
4. Personnel support services
a. lodging
b. food
c. banking
d. mail
5. Sampling site access
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 11 of 20
2.7 Waste Disposal
If field operations result in the generation of chemical or biological wastes, the logistics
plan should address proper methods of disposal. Chemical wastes can pose various hazards
due to flammability, explosibility, toxicity, causticity, or chemical reactivity (National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, 1981). Biological wastes can also pose threats in the form of
viruses, bacteria, rickettsia, fungi, or parasites. A plan for waste disposal should be developed
according to regulations imposed by federal, state, and local agencies to ensure a safe working
environment and to minimize liability to the program (29 CFR, 1989, and 49 CFR, 1989). Consider
where wastes will be stored until disposal and what type of containers will be used for storage.
Also consider how wastes will be transported to their disposal site and who will dispose of
them. Waste disposal costs should be identified. An example of a waste disposal plan is found
within the NSWS Safety Plan presented in Appendix G.
Key points to be addressed in the logistics plan for this element are:
COVERED
Yes No
1. Regulations
2. Storage
3. Shipment
4. Disposal
5. Costs
2.8 Safety Plan
Personnel safety is the highest priority for all activities and must be emphasized in safety
plans for field, laboratory, and materials handling activities. Preventive safety measures and
emergency action also must be emphasized. The safety plans must be available to all personnel
and should be included in the field training and operations manual described in Element 10
(Section 2.10).
Because use of proper gear can prevent hypothermia, heat exhaustion, sunstroke,
drowning, or other dangers, the safety plan should discuss appropriate clothing and other
equipment for all field activities. The plan should explain what criteria are to be used for
selection of safety gear for field personnel. The safety plan developer should refer to sections of
the logistics plan regarding training and waste disposal to outline these preventive safety
measures. The plan should address what information field personnel should log prior to their
daily trips (see Table 2-2). The plan should also indicate who will be responsible for maintaining
this information and provide a plan for emergency action. The plan should designate the
American Red Cross Standard First Aid textbook (American Red Cross, 1989) as a guide for
principles of first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for the initial treatment and
evaluation of personnel in emergencies. First aid and CPR training are required for all personnel,
especially those who will be working in remote locations. The safety plan should describe the
criteria and methods to be used for initiating search and rescue operations and refer to the
communications plan (Element 3; Section 2.3) to determine who should be contacted during
emergencies. The plan should also describe which emergency services (i.e., fire departments,
hospitals, and police) should be considered when selecting base sites (Section 2.6). The safety
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 12 of 20
plan should also address how encounters with illicit activities such as drug farms in remote
areas are handled. Current guidance is to avoid these activities if possible, but if they are
encountered report them to the local authorities.
A laboratory safety plan also must be developed. Although the logistics team is not
responsible for developing the laboratory safety plan, the group responsible should be identified
in this element of the logistics plan. A schedule for the development of all safety plans should
be included in Element 1 (Section 2.1). An example of a field and laboratory safety plan used
during NSWS is presented in Appendix G.
Table 2-2. Safety Information to be Logged Dally by Field Pereonnel
Travel itinerary Medical information
Travel route Allergies
Flight plan Conditions (e.g., heart disease, diabetes)
Coordinates to be visited, and order
Time of departure Personal descriptions
Estimated time of return Clothing
Height and weight
Personal contacts (i.e., family) Hair, eye, and skin color
Addresses Age
Telephone numbers Vehicle used and its description
Key points to be addressed in the logistics plan for this element are:
COVERED
Yes No
1. Clothing and safety gear
2. Safety log for crew
a. itinerary
b. medical and personal information
c. personal contacts
3. Emergency action
a. first aid/CPR _ _
b. communication
c. search and rescue
4. Emergency services required
near base sites
5. Safety plan schedules
2.9 Procurement and Inventory Control
The success of any survey is dependent on appropriate equipment, supplies, and services
being supplied on time and at adequate levels. Address the appropriate methods for
enumerating supplies and functional equipment on hand, assessing future needs, and ordering
and restocking replacement supplies and equipment on a timely basis. The federal procurement
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 13 of 20
system (U.S. EPA, 1988) has various restrictions and can be time consuming. Procurement
should be scheduled well in advance to assure the availability of all required items. Close
coordination with design and indicator teams to identify the equipment, supply, and service
requirements is essential. Procurement schedules should be tracked very closely and included in
Element 1 (Section 2-1). The following procurement and inventory activities should be addressed.
2.9.1 Equipment, Supplies, and Services
Identify specific equipment and supplies necessary to satisfy each of the categories in
Table 2-3. Backup equipment should be ordered whenever possible and supply needs should be
overestimated by 5 to 10 percent. Determine appropriate vendors and the process by which
equipment will be procured. Purchases, leases, and loans should all be considered. Outline the
schedule for procurement and delivery of equipment and supplies and for equipment testing in
relation to initiating program activities and moving into the field. Explain where replacement
equipment will be stored. Address the manner in which sites or crews will be resupplied (e.g.,
overnight courier shipments to predetermined locations). Refer to any applicable state and
national regulations, including those for chemicals and biological materials as well as the
shipper's restrictions. Outline how equipment will be maintained or repaired. Consider how
items will be shipped. Provide material safety and data sheets (MSDSs) where required. Provide
contingencies for local purchases when equipment is otherwise unavailable. Develop plans for
the inventory and storage of equipment for subsequent surveys.
Table 2-3. Partial Ust of Supply Need*
1. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTATION
a. measurement devices
b. recording devices, forms, and log books
c. power sources
d. calibration gear
e. maintenance and repair gear
2. SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PREPARATION
a. containers
b. labels and markers
c. forms and log books
d. collection devices
e. preparation devices
f. preservatives
g. shipping containers, forms, and accessories
h. maintenance and decontamination gear
3. SAFETY EQUIPMENT
a. clothing
b. communication
c. flotation (where appropriate)
d. first aid/CPR training and handbooks
e. personal, vehicular, and base station first aid kits
4. TRANSPORTATION
a. vehicles
b. pack and riding animals (for remote
sites)
c. maintenance gear
(including breakdown kit)
d. navigational gear
e. fuel
5. COMMUNICATION
a. radio
b. telephone
c. computers
6. ADMINISTRATION
a. photocopier (or access)
b. forms (e.g., time cards)
c. petty cash
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 14 of 20
Describe services that will be needed for field activities such as sample storage, shipping
and receiving, transportation, accommodations, back-country access and support, and
emergency vehicle and equipment repairs. Discuss all of the appropriate issues related to the
need for services that can be anticipated and those that will arise as a result of changing
conditions in the field.
2.9.2 Procurement Methods
The process by which services (e.g., sample delivery, laboratories) will be acquired and
maintained must be determined. Describe the administrative requirements necessary to make
procurements. Describe how inventories of consumable supplies will be monitored and
replenished. The plan should specify procurement methods that can be used to address the
types of problems to be faced by field teams. Indicate how to procure services for realistic
types of problems that may be faced by field monitoring crews. Discuss the relative merits of
different methods in terms of time and money. Though solicitation and evaluation of analytical
Table 2-4. Mechanisms for Acquiring Services
Mechanism
Federal Government Acquisition
•Fixed price contract (IFB)"
•Competition negotiation (RFP)6
Special Analytical Services
Interagency Agreements
Cooperative Agreements
Subcontracts
*IFB - invitation for bid.
6RFP - request for proposal.
Description
A competitive federal government contract is appropriate
when the work to be accomplished is very well defined.
It entails contract preparation and a competitive bidding
proccess. Plan 6 to 9 months for writing the contract if
it is for more than $10,000.
•Terms are enforceable for QA and cost control.
An alternative competitive federal government contract that is set
up in advance to handle unanticipated and emergency situations.
Cooperative agreements and arrangements with other government
agencies. Trust and good will are important components of
successful agreements.
Cooperative arrangements with non-profit organizations,
typically universities and industries which share in the cost
of a particular project. Cooperative agreements are not as
enforceable as contracted agreements. This mechanism is
preferred for joint activities in which a high degree of
collaboration is appropriate.
Contracts accomplished through a federal agency's primary
support contractor, who is responsible for ensuring that terms
are met by the subcontractor.
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 15 of 20
services is generally the responsibility of the QA task group, the logistics plan should identify
thegroup(s) responsible for acquiring laboratory services and which of the mechanisms
presented in Table 2-4 will be used. Additional guidance is available in the EPA publication
"Contract Administration" (U.S. EPA, 1990a).
In cases where services are solicited through a competitive request for proposal (RFP)
process, a Statement of Work is required as part of the RFP package. Table 2-5 summarizes
some of the major areas that must be included in a Statement of Work. The solicitation process
can be lengthy, depending on the complexity of the required services and associated costs.
Steps in the process should be included in the project timeline (Element 1; Section 2.1).
Table 2-5. Considerations for Preparing a Statement of Work to Solicit Analytical Laboratory Services
General Area
Requirements of Proposed Services
Reporting and Deliverable Requirements
Required Standard Operating Procedures
Quality Assurance Requirements
Considerations
• Sample receipt and preparation
• Storage of unused samples
• Specific analyses
• Bid information
Bid lot size
Timeline for analysis and reporting
• Penalties for noncompliance
• Contents of data submission package
• Sample receipt
• Sample storage
• Sample tracking during analysis
• Laboratory safety
• Document control
• Waste disposal
• Familiarity with project QA plan
• Acceptance criteria for performance samples
• Data review process
• Quality control documentation
Laboratory standard operating procedures
Laboratory quality assurance plan
Instrument performance information
Data control charts
Internal quality control procedures for each method
• Laboratory evaluations (site audits)
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 16 of 20
Key points to be addressed in the logistics plan for this element are:
COVERED
Yes No
1. Equipment and supplies
a. scientific instrumentation
b. sample collection and preparation
c. safety equipment
d. transportation
e. communications
f. administration
2. Schedule of procurement and
equipment testing
3. Storage of back-up supplies
4. Equipment maintenance and repair
5. Shipping needs
6. Services
a. courier services
b. lodging
c. emergency needs
7. Procurement methods
a. equipment and supplies
b. services
2.10 Training Program
Training is an essential factor behind the successful completion of survey activities.
Through training, each aspect of operations can be completed according to design and
management objectives and in a standardized manner. Training should include delineation of
standard operating procedures (SOPs) as specified by a field training and operations manual.
The field training and operations manual will not be included in the logistics plan, but will be
developed as a separate implementation document.
The logistics plan should describe the process required to formulate the field training and
operations manual that will provide step-by-step instructions for executing the SOPs. The
manual will include protocols for measurements, sample collection, sample handling and
processing, sample shipment (and tracking), data recording, associated quality assurance and
quality control issues, safety issues, waste disposal, communications, and preventative
maintenance for equipment. Checklists of equipment and supplies for all activities should also
be included in the manual. The logistics plan should discuss who will prepare and revise the
manual; it should also outline the schedule for completion. When the manual is first used for
training, personnel may discover problems or errors with the SOPs or with the manual. Discuss
how the manual can be revised following training sessions or equipment tests. Also plan a way
to approve and implement revisions in protocols during operations.
Prior to the start of operations, provide a plan to conduct a training program at least 1 to
2 weeks in duration. Training should include field practice with each of the SOPs included in the
field training and operations manual. Each training program should provide a daily schedule of
what will be included in training, who will conduct training, and where the sessions will be held.
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 17 of 20
Specialized training should be addressed, including safety training, leadership training for
supervisory personnel, and instruction on instrument operation or maintenance. If outside
organizations or training films are used for any aspect of training (e.g., the American Red Cross
for first aid and CPR instruction), discuss how their services are to be arranged. Participants
must be evaluated for competency following training based on a field proficiency test. The
training manual should outline procedures for periodic retesting and, if necessary, retraining of
field personnel. Retesting activities should occur at least as frequently as, but not necessarily
limited to, times of phase changes in sampling activities.
Key points to be addressed in the logistics plan for this element are:
COVERED
Yes No
1. Field training and operations manual
a. contents
b. who will prepare it
c. schedule for completion
d. how SOPs will be revised
when necessary
2. Daily schedule for training
a. what is included
b. instructors
c. where training will occur
3. Specialized training
a. for leaders
b. for specialized equipment
c. safety training
4. Training by outside organizations
a. who will do it
b. how arrangements will be made
5. Competency testing
a. on completion of training
b. periodic retesting
2.11 Field Operations
Field operations include each of the daily activities described in the field training and
operations manual (e.g., sample collection, sample processing, and shipping; see Element 10,
Section 2.10) as well as several major events (e.g., mobilization, base site changes,
demobilization, phase changes in sampling) that occur during field activities. Flow diagrams
should be developed for all daily activities and major events. These flow diagrams should be
included in the field training and operations manual described in Element 10 (Section 2.10).
Examples of flow diagrams for the NSWS are presented in Appendix H.
Indicate what organizations will perform each of the daily field activities. Outline a
system of daily debriefing, a session in which field personnel can discuss and record problems
and progress. Discuss and provide a schedule for major events within field operations. Address
where and when each event will occur. Consider contingencies for delays due to climatic
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 18 of 20
conditions, equipment failures, or unexpected obstacles. Real-time evaluation of field operations
is critical to resolving problems and must be developed through the communications center
(Element 3; Section 2.3), the appropriate Technical Directors, and other implementation staff
members.
Key points to be addressed in the logistics plan for this element are:
COVERED
Yes No
1. Daily field activities
a. flow diagrams
b. organizations responsible
c. daily debriefing
2. Major events
a. organizations responsible
b. schedule
c. contingencies
2.12 Laboratory Operations
Laboratory operations include sample preparation, sample analyses, and associated
activities (e.g., receipt of samples, sample tracking, and instrument maintenance). Analytical
laboratory operations will generally follow procedures outlined in either the Statement of Work
document or the QA plan. Laboratory services may be acquired from outside organizations or
activities can be conducted through EPA facilities (see Element 9; Section 2.9.2). Laboratory
operations are not necessarily the responsibility of the logistics team. This section of the
logistics plan will identify which organizations will be responsible for each type of sample
preparation or analysis. If EPA conducts the activities directly, a plan for developing appropriate
laboratory facilities may be required. A plan for documenting the standard operating procedures
(SOPs) should also be provided. (Generally SOPs will be formalized in a separate laboratory
methods manual.) Identify the documents that will contain each of the SOPs, and which
organizations will be responsible for documenting them. A schedule for completion of laboratory
SOPs and acquisition of laboratory facilities should also be provided.
Key points to be addressed in the logistics plan for this element are:
COVERED
Yes No
1. Responsible organization
a. sample preparation
b. sample analyses
2. Facilities development plan
a. facility requirements
b. schedule
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 19 of 20
COVERED
Yes No
3. SOP documentation
a. identify document(s)
b. identify preparers
2.13 Information Management
An information management plan is not the responsibility of the logistics team. However,
field sampling activities and data management are interrelated and a schedule for developing the
information management plan should be included in Element 1 (Section 2.1). In addition,
guidelines for the timely and responsible transferral of information from field personnel to data
managers should be established. The logistics team must provide input for the development of
various field forms. These forms include field data forms, sample labels, sample tracking forms,
and shipping forms. The logistics plan should identify the groups responsible for preparing and
reviewing these forms and provide a schedule for their completion. Field data entry can be either
electronic or on hard copy (paper) forms. If electronic field data entry is used, backup hard copy
forms should be used until the electronic system has been proved reliable in the field. Examples
of all forms or electronic screens, including instructions for their completion, should be included
in the field training and operations manual described in Element 10 (Section 2.10).
Key points to be addressed in the logistics plan for this element are:
COVERED
Yes No
1. Information management plan
schedule
2. Reliable transferral of data
3. Field data forms
a. identification of groups to prepare
and review them
b. schedule for completion
2.14 Quality Assurance
A QA plan will be developed for each resource group and a schedule for completing the
QA plan should be included in Element 1 (Section 2.1). The QA plan will address all phases of
the data collection process: field sampling, sample preparation (processing and shipment),
laboratory analysis, sample disposition (e.g., should the sample be deposited in an archive), and
data management.
The individual resource QA plans are not the responsibility of the logistics team.
However, the logistics team will have to provide input to the QA plan on field sampling, sample
handling and preparation, and sample shipment. Examples of inputs can be found in Drouse et
al. (1986a), Drouse et al. (1986b), and Silverstein et al. (1987). The logistics plan should identify
the groups responsible for developing field QA procedures and provide a schedule for completing
these procedures.
-------
Section 2
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 20 of 20
Kay points to be addressed in the logistics plan for this element are:
COVERED
Yes No
1. QA plan schedule _ _
2. Field QA development _ _
a. organizations responsible for
development and review
b. schedule for completion
2.15 Logistics Review and Recommendations
This element will be an annual summary of the logistics activities for each resource
group. In addition to daily debriefing records, comprehensive debriefings of the primary field
personnel should follow the end of each survey year to identify problems and find resolutions.
The yearly logistics summary of each resource group should include a tabular summary; it
should also address problems and solutions. Appendix I is an example of a tabular format for
this information. Each logistics summary should also provide discussions of pilot studies or
associated methods evaluation experiments that may have been conducted to gain information
on how to best operate the survey. Each summary should present statistical data summaries,
(e.g., number of sites missed, number of samples shipped, and number of samples analyzed)
including tables and graphs, where appropriate. This summary should cover all of the elements
in the logistics plan. The information presented in the logistics report should be incorporated in
the comprehensive annual report for each resource group.
Key points to be addressed in the logistics plan for this element are:
COVERED
Yes No
1. Debriefings
2. Pilot studies and methods evaluations
3. Annual summaries of field activities
4. Logistics statistical data summaries
5. Solutions and recommendations
-------
Section 3
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 1 of 1
SECTION 3
REVIEW OF LOGISTICS PLANS
The logistics plan is developed element by element; individual elements will not be
finalized at the same time. Some elements will be continually updated and revised throughout
the planning stage of the program. Therefore, the review process will not be standardized
across all reviewers. A reviewer signature block will be provided for each element. The EMAP
Logistics Technical Coordinator and Resource Technical Director will specify the reviewers for
each element from the review panel. The logistics plan can be reviewed in its entirety or by
element based on the preference of the reviewer. As discussed in Section 2.0, a checklist of key
points to be addressed for each of the elements will be included to provide the reviewers with a
concise mechanism to evaluate each of the elements for completeness. The review panel will
consist of the following individuals:
1. The EMAP Resource Technical Director.
2. The EMAP Logistics Coordinator.
3. At least one internal reviewer who has experience in logistics for regional- or
national-scale field programs from another EMAP resource group.
Members of the following implementation teams may need to review a specific element
of the logistics plan if it includes data collection activities related to their resource task group:
• Quality Assurance.
• Information Management.
• Characterization.
Each element must be reviewed and approved by the designated reviewers prior to
training and initiation of field activities. In addition, the Resource Technical Director and the
EMAP Logistics Coordinator should periodically review elements, as they are updated and
revised, to identify problems and concerns and to follow the development of implementation.
Conflicts or issues raised in the review process that cannot be resolved between the Resource
Technical Director and the EMAP Logistics Coordinator will be resolved through the Steering
Committee.
-------
-------
References
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 1 of 2
Section 4
References
American Red Cross. 1979. Standard First Aid & Personal Safety. American National Red
Cross. 269 pp.
Codes of Federal Regulation. October 1, 1989. Title 29, parts 1900-1910. U.S. Government
Printing Office. Fed., 1, T.29. 823 pp.
Codes of Federal Regulation. July 1, 1989. Title 49, parts 1000-1199. U.S. Government Printing
Office. Fed 1, T.49. 606 pp.
Drouse. S. K., D. C. Hillman, L W. Creelman, and S. J. Simon. 1986a. National Surface Water
Survey, Eastern Lake Survey (Phase I - Synoptic Chemistry) Quality Assurance Plan. EPA-
600/4-86/008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 211 pp.
Drouse, S. K., D. C. Hillman, J. L. Engels, L. W. Creelman, and S. J. Simon. 1986b. National
Surface Water Survey, National Stream Survey (Phase I Pilot, Mid-Atlantic Phase I,
Southeast Screening, and Mid-Atlantic Episodes Pilot) Quality Assurance Plan. EPA-600/4-
86/044. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 215 pp.
King. S. T. and J. R. Schrock. 1985. Controlled Wildlife, Vol. Ill: State Wildlife Regulations.
Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. 315 pp.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1981. Occupational Health Guidelines for
Chemical Hazards. NIOSH/OSHA DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 81-123. (2 volumes) U.S.
Government Printing Office. 1981 pp.
Silverstein, M. E.. S. K. Drouse, J. L. Engels, M. L Faber, and T. E. Mitchell-Hall. 1987. National
Surface Water Survey, Western Lakes Survey (Phase I--Synoptic Chemistry): Quality
Assurance Plan. EPA 600/8-87/026. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas,
Nevada. 119 pp.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1988. Contractor's Guide for Control of Government
Property. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Property Management Section,
Washington, D.C. 68 pp.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Handbook of Methods for Acid Deposition Studies,
Field Operations for Surface Water Chemistry. EPA/600/4-89/020. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Ecological Processes and Ecological Research/Office of
Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance, Washington. D.C. 137 pp.
-------
References
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 2 of 2
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990a. Contract Administration. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Administration and Resources Management, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990b. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Program. EPA/600/9-90/001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Ecological
Processes and Ecological Research/Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality
Assurance, Washington, D.C. 5 pp.
-------
Appendix A
Logistics Plan Checklist
Appendix A
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 1 of 3
-------
Appendix A
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 2 of 3
COVERED
Yes. No
Element 1. Overview of Logistics Activities
1. Schedules
2. Responsible individuals or groups
3. Deliverable*
4. Timeline and Gantt charts
5. Date of revision for timeline
6. Budget summary
Element 2. Staffing and Personnel Requirements
1. Flowchart of staff ravels and numbers
at each level
2. Definition of staffing responsibility
3. The hiring process
4. Interagency and teaming mechanisms
5. Staff workload management
a. overtime
b. temporary staff
c. replacing tost personnel
6. Retention of key personnel
Element 3. Communications
1. Communications center
a. staff
b. hours of operation
c. media
2. Tracking
a. samples
b. data
c. supplies
3. Line between field or laboratory crews
and management
4. Line among field crews
5. Public information
6. Safety communications
Element 4. Sampling Schedule
1. Design requirements
2. Indicator (methods) requirements
3. Sampling schedule
COVERED
No.
Element 5. Site Access
1. Gathering site information _
a. contact*
b. physical access information _
c. land ownership information
d. collection and dissemination of
information
2. Permit* and written access permission ~
3. Maintaining and updating information _
Element 6. Reconnaissance
1. Timing of reconnaissance activities
2. List of potential base sites
3. Technical support requirements
a. utilities
b. space
c. waste disposal
d. shipping
e. local purchases
4. Personnel support services
a. lodging
b. food
c. banking
d. mail
5. Sampling site access
Element 7. Waste Disposal
1. Regulation*
2. Storage
3. Shipment
4. Disposal
5. Cost*
Elements. Safety Plan
1. Clothing and safety gear
2. Safety log for crew
a. Itinerary
b. medical and personal information
c, personal contacts
3. Emergency action
a. firet aid/CPR
b. communication
c. March and rescue
4. Emergency services required
near base site*
5. Safety plan schedules
-------
Appendix A
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 3 of 3
COVERED
YSI No.
COVERED
M NO
Element 9. Procurement and Inventory Control
1. Equipment and supplies
a. scientific instrumentation
b. sample collection and preparation
c. safety equipment
d. transportation
e. communications
f. administration
2. Schedule of procurement and
equipment tasting
3. Storage of back-up supplies
4. Equipment maintenance and repair
s. Shipping needs
6. Services
a. courier services
b. lodging
c. emergency needs
7. Procurement methods
a. equipment and supplies
b. services
Element 12. Laboratory Operations
1. Responsible organization
a. sample preparation
b. sample analyses
2. Facilities development plan
a. facility requirements
b. schedule
3. SOP documentation
a. identify document(s)
b. identify preparers
Element 13. Information Management
1. Information management plan schedule
2. Reliable transferral of data
3. Field data forma
a. identification of groups to prepare
and review them
b. schedule for completion
Element 10. Training Program
1. Field training and operations manual
a. contents
b. who will prepare it
c. schedule for completion
d. how SOPs will be revised when necessary
2. Daily schedule for training
a. what is included
b. instructors
c. where training will occur
3. Specialized training
a. for leaders
b. for specialized equipment
c. safety training
4. Training by outside organizations
a. who will do It
b. how arrangements will be made
5. Competency testing
a. on completion of training
b. periodic retesting
Element 14. Quality Assurance
1. OA plan schedule
2. Field OA development
a. organizations responsible for
development and review
b. schedule for completion
Element 15. Logistics Review and Recommendations
1. Debriefing* _
2. Pilot studies and methods evaluations
3. Annual summaries of field activities
4. Logistics statistical data summaries _
5. Solutions and recommendations
Element 11. Field Operations
1. Dairy field activities
a. flow diagrams
b. organizations responsible
c. daily debriefing
2. Major events
a. organizations responsible
b. schedule
c. contingencies
-------
-------
Appendix B
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 1 of 6
Appendix B
Field Personnel Responsibilities
This appendix presents an example of descriptions of field personnel responsibilities as
prepared for the National Surface Water Survey. This example is taken from the Handbook of
Methods for Acid Deposition Studies: Field Operations for Surface Water Chemistry (1989.
EPA/600/4-89/020. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Ecological Processes and
Ecological Research/Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance, Washington,
D.C. 137 pp).
-------
Appendix B
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 2 of 6
Section 3.0
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 6 of 14
3.5 Field Personnel
3.5.1 Base Site Staff Positions
A base site usually consists of a base coordinator and a number of two-person sampling
teams. Additional positions, such as a logistics coordinator, may be necessary depending on the
complexity of the project. If helicopters are used, the base site staffing also includes one pilot per
helicopter and one mechanic. Mobile laboratory positions are described in the Handbook of
Methods for Acid Deposition Studies, Laboratory Analyses for Surface Water Chem/stry (U.S. EPA,
1987). Each of the standard base site positions is described below.
3.5.1.1 Base Coordinator-
Base coordinators direct field activities in a particular area. The base coordinator's primary
responsibility is to ensure a thorough and timely progression of lake sample collection and
shipment. Before the field sampling program begins, the base coordinator should select base site
locations, compile necessary information on each site, makes advance arrangements, assist in
training sampling personnel, schedule the sampling sequence, and assign sites to teams. After the
field sampling program begins, the base coordinator:
1. Contacts local property owners for access permission, as needed.
2. Maintains regular phone contact with sampling crews, local cooperators, and a centralized
communications center (Section 3.9).
3. Arranges shipping and receiving of samples and supplies.
4. Checks data forms and logbooks for legibility and completeness.
5. Monitors weather developments.
6. Coordinates daily scheduling and makes changes, as needed.
7. Initiates search and rescue of the sampling crews, if needed.
8. Maintains the project and personnel records.
3.5.1.2 Sampling Teams-
For most surveys, sampling teams composed of two scientists, the team leader and the
sampler, are satisfactory. The team leader maintains overall responsibility for the team
performance and safety and acts both as sampler and QA representative. The sampler assists the
team leader and performs on-site sampling duties. Specific duties of the team leader and sampler
are discussed in sections 4.3 and 4.4, 5.3 and 5.4 and, 6.3 and 6.4 for boat sampling, helicopter
sampling, and stream sampling, respectively.
3.5.2 Specialized Base Site Positions
Other positions in addition to the three previously described may be necessary. Large-scale
surveys may require a logistics coordinator to assist the base coordinator with field activities.
-------
Appendix B
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 3 of 6
Section 3.0
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 7 of 14
Operations involving helicopters require pilots, mechanics, and a ground crew member. A duty
officer position is recommended for surveys that Involve coordination of multiple government and
private organizations or surveys that generate media attention. Extremely complex surveys may
require a separate manager or coordinator for each major activity, each of whom report to the
overall base coordinator. The WLS is an example of a complex survey which involved helicopter
sampling, ground sampling with sample transfer teams, and use of mobile laboratories.
Additionally, WLS was a collaborative effort of multiple EPA-research laboratories, regional offices,
the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, and associated contractors. The base site
organizational structure of WLS is shown in Figure 3-1. Each of these specialized positions is
described below.
FIELD LABORATORY
SUPERVISOR
FIELD LABORATORY
ANALYSTS 131
Figure 3-1. Baaa alia organizational atructur* for the Waatam Laka Survey.
-------
Appendix B
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 4 of 6
Section 3.0
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 8 of 14
3.5.2.1 Logistics Coordinator--
Especially useful during large-scale surveys, the logistics coordinator assists the base
coordinator as needed. In addition, the logistics coordinator provides the following services:
1. Coordinates moves between base sites.
2. Maintains the supply inventory.
3. Verifies that all sampling supplies and access kits are complete.
4. Assists in setting up the calibration room.
5. Assists sampling personnel when they return from the field; checks the field data forms;
assists with post-sampling instrument quality control checks and meter maintenance.
6. Checks on road conditions.
7. Serves as a substitute sampler.
3.5.2.2 Pilots-
The pilot's primary responsibility is to safely transport field personnel and equipment to and
from the preselected lakes, the field site, or other predetermined sites. Pilots report directly to the
base coordinator. The pilots are responsible for the following tasks:
1. Insuring the safety of the sampling team and other individuals who may be involved with
the aircraft.
2. Filing a flight plan with Flight Services.
3. Filing an internal flight plan with the duty officer and/or base coordinator.
4. Arranging refueling at remote refueling stops; these stops are coordinated with the base
coordinator.
5. Reporting to the duty officer and Flight Services the time of departure at each stop and
closing out the flight plan at the end of the day.
6. Reporting to the duty officer for briefing on the next day's sampling plan and assisting
in route selection for sampling. Each evening, the pilot reviews and plots the next day's
sampling route.
7. Checking weather prior to take-off.
8. Aborting flight plan under unsafe conditions.
9. Maintaining an accurate Loran C operation.
10. Reading depth sounder to locate sampling site on lake.
11. Maintaining position of the helicopter while at the sampling site
-------
Appendix B
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 5 of 6
Section 3.0
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 9 of 14
3.5.2.3 Ground Crew Member—
NOTE: These duties may be performed by the base coordinator if the base site supports only
one sampling team.
The duties of the ground crew member are dictated by the needs of the helicopter sampling
team, duty officer, and base coordinator. Preflight departure activities include:
1. Calibrating instruments to be used by the field crew and completing the Hydrolab Cali-
bration Form (Appendix A, Figure A-1).
2. Assisting helicopter sampler teams in obtaining, transporting, and loading equipment and
supplies for the day's sampling activities.
Postflight departure activities include:
1. Meeting with the duty officer or base coordinator to get lists of lakes to be sampled the
following day.
2. Organizing all maps for the lakes to be sampled and completing appropriate parts of
field data forms, including a sketch of each lake drawn from a U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS) 7.5 minute or 15 minute quadrangle map.
3. Obtaining required supplies and QC solutions from the field laboratory coordinator, as
necessary.
4. Completing Lake Coordinates Form (Appendix A, Figure A-2) for next day's sampling sites.
Postflight return activities include:
1. Rechecking calibration of instruments in use during the day and providing completed
calibration forms to the base coordinator.
2. Verifying that all equipment and supplies are ready for the next day.
3. Having defective equipment repaired or replaced through the duty officer.
4. Reporting to the duty officer for debriefing on the day's activities.
5. Delivering Lake Coordinates Form to the pilot for next day's sampling site.
3.5.2.4 Duty Officer-
The primary purpose of the duty officer position during the ELS-1 was to provide a political
liason between government agencies and the media. These duties may be performed by the base
coordinator. The responsibilities of the duty officer include:
1. Coordinating activities of the base site with a centralized communications center.
2. Preparing sampling itineraries and flight plans.
-------
Appendix B
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 6 of 6
Section 3.0
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 10 of 14
3. Tracking daily sampling activities via phone check-in (helicopter) or by contact with the
base coordinator (ground).
4. Tracking progress of sampling via maps and a written log.
5. Debriefing sampling teams each day.
6. Coordinating maintenance of field equipment and supply requests with sampling personnel
and the field laboratory coordinator.
7. Assisting the base coordinator with search and rescue efforts.
3.5.2.5 Sample Transfer Teams-
Sample transfer teams are additional personnel who accompany the ground sampling team.
After collection of samples, the sample transfer personnel transport samples as rapidly as possible
to a pre-arranged pick-up point with a helicopter or vehicle. The purpose of sample transfer teams
is to reduce the length of time between sample collection and processing at the mobile laboratory.
Sample transfer teams were used in the WLS where sampling of lakes in wilderness areas required
long hikes with all equipment carried in backpacks.
-------
Appendix C
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 1 of 10
Appendix C
Communications
This appendix consists of examples of a communications center plan, communications
forms and notices, and an information pamphlet for the National Surface Water Survey: National
Stream Survey.
-------
Appendix C
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 2 of 10
COMMUNICATIONS CENTER PLAN
1) The function of the Las Vegas Communications Center is to
monitor all field sampling activity. The Communications Center
will coordinate and track shipments of QA and field samples to
contract analytical laboratories. The Communications Center
will order and schedule audit samples and will also coordinate
and track all request for support (supplies or information).
?) Scheduled hours of operations for the Communications Center are
0500 to 1700 (PST). Hours may be modified to accommodate peak
communications periods. The center will be staffed by two to
three Lockheed-KMSCO personnel working in shifts.
3) Information compiled by Communications Center personnel will
include number of lakes sampled, number of samples collected,
sample shipment schedules, long-range wuuther forecasts,
equipment and supply requests, and any miscellaneous problems.
This information will be supplied daily by each base
coordinator. Two incoming WATS lines (800-322-8844 and
800-831-2214) will be monitored by recording machines during
the hours the Communications Center is not staffed.
4) All field requests for support will be logged in on the
Internal Communications sheet-NSWS-Incoming Telephone Record,
assigned a request number and tracked until completed. Request
for equipment or supplies will be called in to the Lockheed
warehouse. The Lockheed warehouse will supply the
Communications Center with shipment schedules to the
appropriate field unit. The Communications Center will track
all shipments until received by field unit.
5) The Communications Center also serves as the primary point of
contact for technical and logistical questions survey.
Progress reports relating to field operations and corrective
actions will be generated weekly. These reports are forwarded
to each base coordinator and to members of the NSWS Management
Team.
6) If a base coordinator must leave the base site or is enroute to
a new base site, the Las Vegas CommunicaLions Center will act
as the point of contact for all sampling teams. The base
coordinator will contact the Communications Cunter after
returning from the field and will resume responsibility for
communications and safety.
-------
Appendix C
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 3 of 10
7) The base coordinator will contact the Communications Center
each morning, with sampling schedules and check in times.
Svery evening, the base coordinator will contact the center
again with the sample load and appropriate airbill numbers.
Other information requested Includes the projected sample load
and weather forecast for the next sampling day.
8) Scheduled relocations should be communicated to the
Communications Center as soon as possible to insure a smooth
logistics flow.
0416A
-------
ELS FIELD COMMUNICATION SHEET
Appendix C
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 4 of 10
Date —
Time
Base Site
Caller Name. _
Receiver Name
Sampling Summary
Number of Lakes visited-
0049
LAKE ID *
Sample
Type
COMMENTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Legend
Sample Type' R=Routme. D=0uphcate: B'Blank
SHIPPING SUMMARY: (TO LAS VEGAS)
Number of Syringes:
Number of Cubitamers:
Number of Shipping Coolers:
Flight Information:
Airline Flight »
Audit Samples
Origination
Shipped Via: Fed Ex.
Airbill #•
Saturday Delivery: O
Dep.
Destination
.Other.
Arrival
Next Day's Projection:
Date
Date
(In Las
(To
Verified
Date: / I.
Initial*-
-------
Appendix C
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 5 of 10
SHIPPING SUMMARY
Lab Name:
Batch ID:
Number of Samples:
Number o£ Containers:
Shipped Via: Fed Ex
Saturday Delivery:
Airbill »:
Lakes: _
Streams:
Other
Flight Information:
Airline Flight f
Origination Dep.
Destination
Arrival
Batch Blank ID and Number:
Batch Duplicate ID and Number:
Comments
-------
Appendix C
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 6 of 10
INTERNAL COMMUNICATION SHEET - NSWS - INCOMING TELEPHONE RECORD
DATE OF CALL: TIME OF CALL: LOCATION:
CALLER NAME: RECEIVER NAME:
PURPOSE CORRECTIVE ACTION
' REQUEST NUMBER1 ' NOTIFIED
REQUEST RN-
WAREHOUSE
(Y.N)
(3),
(5).
(6).
| INFORMATION
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
I FOLLOW UP I
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
-------
Name:
Age: .
Height:
Hair: _
Syea: _
Insurance Carrier:
Allergies:
Appendix C
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 7 of 10
3a:e Prepared:
Contacts:
!.'a=e: Name:
Phone: Phone:
Relocation: Relocation:
tlaiae: __^_________________ Hame:
Phone: Phone:
Relocation: Relocation:
Miscellaneous Information:
Figure 3.1. Emergency Contact Pora
-------
EMERGENCY 10 CARD
LOCKHEEO-EMSCO
Tlia hoMar it llili card It partlclpatlna. In mi
U.S. £PA National Surfic« W«««r Surv.y 1906.
SbauU thla paraan naa< niiical attiatiaa,
pliaaa conticti
JEMMY OUOA*
1-100-312-II44
Appendix C
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 8 of 10
LOCKMEIO-EMSCO
1090 E. Flamingo Ad. (SulU 126)
Laa Vagaa. NV 6911*
•uahwaa Phona N«a.
Comm. Canlar l-iOO-J»2-«t44
t-*00-«31-tai4
(70J> 734-92«a
(roil 734-1JH
Stava Plarall (702) 734-12(1
Kan Aabury (701) 714-11I7
NOTICE :
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:
THIS VEHICLE IS BEING USED FOR THE
NATIONAL SURFACE WATER SURVEY
FOR INFORMATION OR IN CASE OF EMERGENCY
PLEASE CONTACT MS. VALARIE SHEPPE AT
1-800-322-8844 OR (702) 734-3216
LOCKHEED ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT SERVICES CO., INC.
-------
Technical queationa about the survey should be
addressed to:
Or. Jay Messer
Technical Director (NSS)
EPA Environmental Research Laboratory
200 S W 35th Street
Corvallis. Oregon 97333
.•acBsaagsssssgassaBSSgi^^
It you would like general Information on the
National Surface Water Survey, you can write to:
Dr. R. A. Linthurst
Director. Aqustic Effects Research Program
U S EPA-EMSL/RTP
MO- 39
Research Triangle Park. N C 27711
Region 4
Roger Pfaff
Air Programs Branch
EPA - Region 4
354 Courtland Sireet. N E
Atlanta. Georgia 30365
1404) 881-4727
7:00 a.m. - 6.46 p.m.
Region 6
Joseph Windier
Air Programs Branch
EPA - Region 6
1201 Elm Street
Dallas. Texas 75270
(214) 767-26OO
B:OO a.m. - 4.3O p m.
EPA Regional Contact Personnel
Region 2
Kevin Doermg
Air Programs Branch. Room 10-06
EPA - Region 2
26 Federal Plata
New York. New York
(212) 2642626
8:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m.
Region 3
Eileen Glenn
Acid Rain Coordinator
EPA - Region 3
841 Chestnut Building (3AM- 12)
Philadelphia. Pennsylvania 19107
(216) 697-9800
8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
Untied Slalet
Environmental Protection
Agency
Beieerch end D«v«lopm«m Much 1986
xvEPA National
Surface
Water
Survey
National Stream
Survey
•0 O 3)
0) 0)
-------
Much attention has been focused recently on an
environmental problem commonly known as "acid
ram " The major man-made sources of the
pollutants which give, rise to actd ram are emission
products from the combustion of fossil fuels in
power planls. smelters, factories, and automobile*
These products, primarily sulfur and nitrogen
compounds, combine with water and other
chemicals m the atmosphere to form acids which
can then fall to the earth in the form of precipitation
Because acids also can be deposited in the form of
snow. fog. or dry particles, 'acid ram* is generally
referred to by scientist* a* "acidic deposition."
Acidic deposition ha* been implicated in the
acidification of lake* and stream* in part* of Europe
and North America However, the extent and
location of surface waters in the United Slate* that
already have changed or are at risk of changing as a
result of acidic deposition are not known. A* a
result, the United Stale* Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) ha* undertaken a National Surface
Water Survey (NSWS) of over 2500 lake* and 500 •
stream* in order to characterize their present
chemical and biological status The first phase of
the National Lake Survey wa* initialed in Fall. 1984
and the National Stream Survey began in Spring.
1986.
Prior to the NSWS. we did not have sufficient
data of known quality to answer with confidence
such questions es:
• How many lakes end stream* are presently
acidic (for whatever reason)?
• How many might be particularly
susceptible to effect* of acidic deposition
In the near future?
• Where ere such lake* end streams faceted?
• Which lekea and dreams should be
monitored In order to dotect long-term
changes caused by acidic deposition?
Prior to beginning the NSWS. we knew from the
scientific literature and previous studies that the
northeastern, upper midwestern. southeastern.
and western regions of the United Stales contained
some lakes and streams which were acidic or
potentially in danger of becoming acidic. Because of
problems associated with different sampling
techniques, data ol unknown or poor quality, and
insufficient chemical information however, we
were unable to draw conclusions about the extent
of the problem in any particular region of the U S
When the NSWS is complete, we expect to be able
to describe with known precision the present status
of surface waters in potentially susceptible regions
and establish a baseline from which we can begin to
monitor future trends
How Will the Data b« Used?
The data will provide environmental policy
makers with a quantification of the number of
surface weter* which are currently acidic in the
regions potentially susceptible to acidic deposition.
Information collected from the NSWS will not tell
us that the observed chemical and biological status
of surface waters is due to acidic deposition. When
combined with the result* of additional studies.
however, the data will provide the means by which
assessment personnel will be able to evaluate the
potential risk to aquatic resources if present levels
of acidic deposition continue or are increased
THE NATIONAL STREAM
SURVEY
The Netional Slreem Survey (NSS) is e project
designed to provide a complete set of physical.
chemical, and biological information using
•undented collection techniques applied to e
statistically representative population of stream* A
preliminary survey of 61 streams in the Southern
Blue Ridge Province in the southeastern U S waa
completed during the spring and summer of 1985
This "pilot" study not only provided valuable
chemical data from this region, but also served as a
basis for improving the design of an even larger
survey of streams in 1986 m other ereas of the
eastern United Stales thai contain streem
resource* potentially at risk
What Information Will be Collected?
During the NSS. water samples are collected and
analyzed for twenty-four different chemical and
physical variables These variables include stream
pH. e measure of a streem'* present acidity, and
acid neutralizing capacity, a measure of a siream's
capacity to neutralize or buffer inputs of acids
Other chemicals associated with surface water
acidification which might adversely affect the
biological populations also are measured
How are Samples Collected and
Processed?
Samples are collected by field sampling teams of
two or three persons, who travel 10 the sampling
sites by backpacking or four-wheel-drive vehicles
The expected concentrations ol many chemicals in
the water are likely to be very low. making the
semple difficult to analyze In addition, the
chemistry of the water samples can change very
quickly after they are collected from the stream, and
therefore the sample* must be processed •*quickly
** possible Some meesurements will be made
using portable field instruments at the stream site,
and other water samples will be flown to specially
equipped field laboratories There they can be
further analyzed or stabilized under carefully
controlled condition* to prevent them from
degrading or becoming contaminated prior to
shipment lo large central laboratories for most of
the analyses
Who Will Assist EPA?
The EPA hes enlisted the cooperation of regionel
Soil Conservation Service end U S Forest Service
personnel. Slate personnel, and private citizens to
assist in the reconnaissance of stream sampling
sites, the location of field staging areas, and
obtaining legal access lo private property as
necessary In addition. EPA regional personnel will
provide liaison with Stale and local agencies and
official* in the designeted study area*.
Where Can Additional Information
be Obtained?
A complete list of NSS stream names, the
counties in which they are located, and the sue
coordinates will be available from the appropriate
EPA regional offices. The EPA regional contacts are
listed in the last section ol this brochure These
contact* will be able lo provide information on
when each site will be sampled as the sampling
activities proceed
-------
Appendix D
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 1 of 3
Appendix D
Example of Sampling Schedule
This sampling schedule example is taken from the Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program: Near Coastal Program Plan for 1990 (Draft, March 1990. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Narragansett, Rhode
Island).
-------
Appendix D
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 2 of 3
Table 7-2. Example of the proposed sampling schedule for Team 1
for the first 10 days of index period 2 (July 20-
July 30). [BS - Base Station activities, I - Index
Station activities, SUPL - Supplemental Station
activities, TEST - Indicator Test Station
activities, DOV - DO Revisit activities, and DOM -
DO Monitoring- activities]
Date Location Activity Time On Travel Travel Launch/
(Station Station by Boat By Car Hauling
Number) (hrs) (hrs) (hrs) (hrs)
7/20/90 Buzzards Bay DOV+BS
(2)
New Bedford DOV
(3)
7/21/90 Nantucket Sound BS
(223)
Nantucket Sound BS
(225)
7/22/90 Narragansett Bay DOV
(212)
Block Island Sound BS
(8)
TOTAL TIME - 11 HOURS
3.5 2;5
TOTAL TIME - 13 HOURS
1
3
1 2
1 1
1
1
TOTAL TIME - 11 HOURS
7/23/90 Myttic River
(203)
DOV
Connecticut River TEST
(206)
7/2/90 Long Island Sound DOV
(193)
Quinnipac River
(207)
TEST
6.5 0.5 1 1
TOTAL TIME - 12 HOURS
1 1 1
6.5 0.5 1
TOTAL TIME - 11 HOURS
-------
Appendix D
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 3 of 3
Table 7-2. Continued
Date Location Activity Time On Travel Travel Launch/
{Station Station by Boat By Car Retrieve
Number) (hrs) (hrs) (hrs) (hrs)
7/25/90 Long Island Sound DOV 1
(201)
Long Island Sound BS 3
(191)
0.75 PI 1
1 3.25 1
TOTAL TIME - 12 HOURS
7/26/90 Hudson River
(186 and 187)
BS+I 4.25 1 3.5 1
TOTAL TIME - 9.75 HOURS
7/27/90 Hackensack River DOV
(169)
Arthur Kill
(164)
TEST F
6.5 3
TOTAL TIME - 13.5 HOURS
7/28/90 Great South Bay DOV
(188)
Napeague Bay
(162 and 163)
0.5
BS+I 4.25 11 1
TOTAL TIME - 11.75 HOURS
7/29/90 Great Peeonic Bay DOV+BS+I 5
(158 and 159)
Begin Second Cycle
7/30/90 Buzzards Bay DOV
(2)
New Bedford DOV+BS
(3)
1
5
0.5 6 1
TOTAL TIME - 12.5 HOURS
TOTAL TIME • 11 HOURS
-------
-------
Appendix E
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 1 of 3
Appendix E
Site Access Forms
Appendix D provides examples of site access forms used during the EPA National Surface
Water Survey (NSWS).
-------
Appendix E
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 2 of 3
a Contact Made
D Permission Granted
NSWS - PHASE II
LAKE ACCESS/VERBAL PERMISSION FORM
Lake I.D.: Lake Name:
County: State:
Lat: ° ' " Long:
II
Watershed I.D.:
Personnel Contacted
Soil Conservation Service
Name: Title:
Phone: ( ) _-
Name: Title:
Phone: (___) ________
Name: Title:
Phone: (___) ________
State Fish and Game Agency:
Name: Title:
Phone: ( ) -
Name: Title:
Phone: ( ) -
Landowner: Lake ( ) or Land Access ( )
Name: Phone: (___)___-____
Address:
Name: Phone: (___) ________
Address:
Comments
Is access permission required for lake sampling (Y/N)
If yes, who to contact?.
Is access permission required in traveling to lake? (Y/N)
If yes, who to contact?.
Has access permission already been obtained by your agency (Y/N)
If no, can you obtain verbal access permission for us?: (Y/N)
Is access to lake open year round (Y/N)
If no, are there alternative routes?: (Y/N)
Describe:
Maps available with defined access routes?: (Y/N)
Cost? (if any)
Additional Information:
0059F
-------
Appendix E
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Page 3 of 3
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEMS LABORATORY
Las Vegas, Nevada 89109
Memorandum
TO: Regional Administrator Ragion .
This memorandum is to advise you of planned travel by Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory personnel to areas in your Region.
NAME ORGANIZATION PHONE NO.
Persotus)
Traveling:
Scheduled
Visits:
Dace(s)
of Travel:
Purpose:
If you or appropriate staff members wish to accompany che traveler(s)
please inform the undersigned.
(Authorizing Official) (Signature)
(Phone No.)
CC: .RSS/ORO (RD-674), Washington, DC
-------
-------
Appendix F
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 1 of 5
Appendix F
Base Station Assessment Sheet
The Base Station Assessment Sheet presented here as an example was used during the
EPA National Surface Water Survey.
-------
Appendix F
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 2 of 5
BASE STATION ASSESSMENT SHEET
Base Site
1. Name of Site:
2. Address of Site:
3. Person in Charge of Facility: Phone:_
4. Parking Space for Laboratory 33' long by 8' wide: yes no
Comments:
5. Parking Space for Four Vehicles: yes no
Comments:
6. Parking Space for Support Vehicle: yes no
Comments:
7. Secured Space (Limited Access): yes no
Comments:
8. 220 Single Phase 100 amp Hookup Available: yes no
Comments:
Name, Address, Phone of Power Co.:_
Distance of Power to Laboratory:.
9. Water Hookup: yes no PSI Above 50: yes no
Comments:
Distance of Hookup to Laboratory:,
10. Sewer Drain: yes no
Comments:
Distance of Drain to Laboratory:,
11. Phone Hookup: yes no
-------
Appendix F
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 3 of 5
Outside Jack Available for Phone: yes no
Comments:
Distance of Phone Jack to Laboratory:.
12. Room to Calibrate Instruments and Store Supplies (10' x 15'): yes no
Comments:
13. Restrooms and Lounge Area: yes no
Comments:
14. Federal Express Available: yes no
Time of Pickup: Service Days:
Distance of Federal Express Office from Laboratory:.
15. Hospital Location:
Distance from Laboratory:
Distance from Airport:
16. Pagers: yes no
Name, Address and Phone for Pagers:.
17. Banking Facility:.
Bank Contact for Letter:
Hotel and Restaurant Facilities
1. Name of Hotel:
Address of Hotel: Phone:
Distance of Hotel from Laboratory:
Distance of Hotel from Airport:
-------
Appendix F
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 4 of 5
Hotel Rate:
Does Hotel have a Logistics Room: yes no
Does Hotel allow outside phone lines installed: yes no
Does Hotel have kitchenettes: yes no
Comments:
3.
Food Establishments in Local Area:
24 hour Food Establishments:
Airport Facilities
1.
2.
Name of Airport:.
3.
4.
Address of Airport:.
Airport Manager:
Distance of Airport to Laboratory:.
Distance of Airport to Hotel:
Major Airlines: yes no
Airline Names:
Commuter Airlines: yes no
Airline Names:
Phone:
Phone:.
Phone:_
Phone:_
Phone:_
Phone:_
Phone:
-------
Appendix F
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 5 of 5
5. Charter Airlines: yes no
Carded by OAS: yes no
Airline Names: Phone:.
Phone:_
Phone:.
6. Jet A Fuel Availability: yes no
0004c
-------
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 1 of 29
Appendix G
Sample Safety Plan
The safety plan presented in this appendix as an example is taken from the draft National
Surface Water Survey, Western Lake Survey, Phase I: Field Training and Operations Manual (F.
A. Morris, D. V. Peck, D. C. Hillman, K. J. Cabbie, and S. L Pierett. 1985. Internal Report. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas,
Nevada).
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 2 of 29
CHAPTER II: SAFETY REGULATIONS
NOTE: All personnel Involved in the National Surface Water Survey must read
and fully understand all safety procedures contained in this chapter
pertaining to activities in which they are involved.
1.0 DAILY CHECK-IN/PERSONNEL ACCOUNTABILITY
1.1 Field Laboratory Personnel
Must report to the Lockheed Field Laboratory Coordinator daily.
1.2 Helicopter Sampling Personnel
Must report to the EPA Field Base Coordinator daily.
1.3 Ground Sampling Personnel
Must report to USFS Field Manager according to schedule established
by USFS.
2.0 VEHICLE SAFETY
2.1 Driving
2.1.1 Maintenance Equipment
a. Spare tire
b. Lug wrench 4-way
c. Operating jack with handle
d. Jumper cables
e. Tool kit
f. Tire gauge
g. Spare fuses
h. Trailer towing:
1) Hitch and ball
II-l
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 3 of 29
Z) Light and brake connector
2.1.2 Safety Equipment
a. Warning triangles and/or flares, 3 each
b. First aid kit
c. Fire extinguisher (2A10BC)
d. Distress signaling flares
e. Water jug, 5-gallon capacity
f. Survival rations
g. Emergency procedures manual:
1} Checklist with remedies for minor vehicle problems.
2) Checklist with minor repairs for radio problems.
3) Procedures for removing immobile vehicles.
4) List of techniques for signaling for help.
h. Shovel
1. Tow strap
2.1.3 Trip Kit
a. Credit card
b. Listing of current vendors.
c. Listing of Interagency Motor Pool locations.
d. Maps of areas to be visited.
e. Written Itinerary, signed by supervisor, including:
1) Routes to be traveled.
2) Intermediate stops.
3) Overnight lodging location and telephone number.
f. Accident reporting kit.
II-2
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 4 of 29
g. Telephone numbers:
1) Motor pool
2) Safety office
3) Supervisor
4) Contract administrator.
2.1.4 Defensive Driving
a. Pre-tr1p planning:
11 Get plenty of rest the night before.
2) Insure any medication you take will not cause drowsiness.
3) Limit dally travel to a maximum of 550 miles.
4) Insure you have received a map reconnaissance of site/
sites to be visited and the routes to be taken; Itiner-
ary should be written and signed by a supervisor.
5} Maps of areas to be visited should be with you.
6} Deviations 1n itinerary must be approved by the super-
visor (radio or telephone).
2.1.5 Driving Rules
a. Observe 55 raph speed limit.
b. Avoid the center line.
c. Maintain your following distance (2-second rule).
d. Make safe passes and be able to judge when you have enough
safe distance to pass.
e. Avoid a fixed gaze.
2.1.6 Accident Reporting
a. Vehicle:
1) Follow procedure on packet (motor vehicle accident
reporting kit).
a) Notify supervisor and safety officer immediately.
b) Recommended vehicle placard Is as follows:
II-3
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 5 of 29
NOTICE: To law enforcement officer, 1f the driver of
this vehicle Is found Incapacitated, please notify
Mr. Wayne Crane at (702)798-2596 or (702) 456-7488.
2) Policy:
NOTE: The following regulations are taken from the
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory Las Vegas
Policy Manual 1450.2A, January 29, 1981.
a. It Is the policy of this Laboratory that all super-
visors and operators of Government-owned or leased
motor vehicles under their control be thoroughly
familiar with reporting procedures when involved in
an accident.
b. The basics of this Issuance also apply to the
reporting of an accident which occurs while driving a
commercial rental vehicle when an employee is away on
official travel authorization. That 1s, if an
employee on an official travel authorization has an
accident while driving a rental vehicle, the accident
must be reported by telephone to his supervisor, the
company from which he contracted the vehicle, and to
the state, county or municipal authorities, as
required by law.
3) Procedures following an accident
a. Operator's responsibilities:
Stop immediately after the accident and determine
whether any personal Injuries have been sustained.
Help the injured secure prompt medical care.
Take all precautions to prevent additional accidents
by placing flares, stationing persons to direct
traffic, etc., thus allowing traffic to proceed.
Notify your supervisor, preferably by telephone, so
that an Investigation can be made while all evidence
and the witnesses are readily available.
Call state, county, or municipal authorities, as
required by law.
Do not sign any papers or make any statement as to
who was at fault (except to the investigating law
enforcement official, your supervisor or to a
Federal Government Investigator).
11-4
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 6 of 29
If practicable, fill In Items 1 through 27 of SF-91,
Operator's Report of Motor Vehicle Accident. The
remainder of the form can be filled 1n later, but 1t
must be submitted to your supervisor before the
close of business the following day.
Assist the witnesses in preparing SF-94, Statement of
Witness. These statements are also to be turned into
your supervisor.
If you receive a citation, subpoena, summons, tag, or
ticket as the result of an accident investigation by
local authorities, you should notify your supervisor
immediately.
b. Supervisor's responsibilities
Whenever a vehicle operator is injured and is incap-
able of complying with the above requirements, the
supervisor shall report the accident to the state,
county, or municipal authorities as required by law,
and complete and process SF's 91 and 94.
Supervisors shall Immediately notify the Director or
his representative of the accident so that an Investi-
gating Officer can be appointed. The Health and Safety
Office shall also be notified. This is important since
the Safety Office must make his report to the Occupa-
tional Health and Safety Office of EPA no later than
two days after the date of the accident. Additionally,
if the employee receives a citation in connection with
the accident, the Agency Occupational Health and Safety
Office and Claims Officer must be notified within 24
hours.
4) Caution to motor vehicle operators
a. Failure to report an accident may result in suspen-
sion of your right to operate or use a Government-owned
vehicle. In order to assure that you have the forms
available with which to accomplish reporting, you
should make certain that the following are in the
glove compartment before operating the vehicle.
GSA owned or leased motor vehicles throughout the U.S
should have the Vehicle Operators Manual and the Motor
Accident Reporting Kit, GSA Form 1627.
For accidents Involving commercial rental vehicles,
use the procedures 1n paragraph 3.a.
II-5
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 7 of 29
b. Operators are cautioned to drive in a safe and pru-
dent manner in accordance with local rules and
regulations.
Should it be determined that the accident resulted
from negligence or misconduct on the part of the em-
ployee, disciplinary action may be taken. Depending
on the seriousness of the offense, any or all of the
following disciplinary actions may be imposed:
• Reprimand
• Temporary or permanent suspension from operation of
Government vehicle.
• Suspension or removal from duty in the case of
civilian officers or employees, or referral of
charges to a board of investigation in the case of
Commissioned Officers.
c. It is required that all Federal vehicles be equipped
with seat belts. Because of proven safety factors
provided by use of seat belts, it is required that all
personnel use them at all times when either driving or
riding as a passenger in vehicles so equipped. Failure
to observe this rule shall be cause for revocation of
the U.S. Government Motor Vehicle Operator's Identif-
ication Card or other appropriate disciplinary action.
3.0 HELICOPTER SAFETY
3.1 General Safety Precautions
1. Helicopter operations will comply with the applicable general
safety rules for aerial operations and practices prescribed for
specialized helicopter operations in the agency manual and Federal,
State, and OAS standards.
2. Helicopters are to be boarded only by authorized personnel.
Authorization will be determined by Field Base Coordinators.
3. Safety training Is mandatory for all ground and helicopter person-
nel as part of their regular sampling duties, as well as those
personnel who will serve as alternates for regular helicopter
personnel.
Training is planned to include the following information:
a. Audiovisual presentation on helicopter safety and ditching
survival.
II-6
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 8 of 29
b. A lecture by a trained individual on helicopter safety and
personal protective equipment, and a general orientation on
helicopter capabilities and limitations.
c. An optional helicopter ditching exercise which will take
place later 1n the project and will be led by the helicopter
pilot.
4. The pilot Is responsible for the safety of the helicopter and
passengers at all times.
3.2 Responsibilities of Passengers
3.2.1 Flight Plan Information
In order to provide the information needed for the flight plan
required by the FAA, the pilot will need to know the:
a. Number of passengers and their weights.
b. Weight of all equipment and supplies to be carried.
c. Your destination.
d. Time needed at or over your sampling or observation site.
3.2.2 Cargo Preparation
Passengers also have Important responsibilities for prepara-
tion of the cargo. To provide the pilot necessary information
for planning the trip, you need to know the weight of all
equipment and supplies to be taken on the flight. You should
know the hazards of all supplies and samples taken on board
the aircraft, and should pack equipment and supplies safely to
avoid problems during the flight.
3.2.3 Individual Preparation
You also need to make individual preparations for the trip by
taking:
a. Clothing for the weather expected and.the activities
planned at the destination.
b. Medication for motion sickness, if needed. The effects of
motion 1n a helicopter are more pronounced than 1n a com-
mercial airliner. Those who are susceptible to motion
sickness may need to take preventive medication. Anyone
afflicted with acrophobia may also have problems as a
passenger.
II-7
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 9 of 29
c. Survival gear that may be needed for the terrain and
weather. If you will be flying to a remote location or
over a hostile environment, you should be prepared for
survival if the aircraft has to make an unscheduled landing.
Although your aircraft will probably be equipped with an
Emergency Locator Transmitter and may carry some emergency
equipment, you and the members of your team should be sure
you have survival gear for the conditions you may encounter,
such as desert, snow, or water.
3.3 Pilot Responsibilities
3.3.1 Safety
In addition to responsibility of filing and closing flight
plans, the pilot is responsible for the safety of the aircraft
at all times. Before the flight the pilot will check his fuel
supply and inspect the aircraft carefully. The pilot will
inspect and check the radio, compass and other navigation
equipment and will also see that all carry-on items and cargo
are properly secured to comply with the weight and balance
restrictions of the aircraft. Optimum performance of the
aircraft depends on its not being overloaded or unbalanced.
Completion of a weight and balance plan is an FAA safety
requirement. •
3.3.2 Passenger Briefing
Before taking off on any flight, the pilot should brief the
passengers about what is expected of them.
The briefing should cover:
a. Basic safety procedures of boarding and deboarding.
b. No smoking and seat belt rules.
c. Location and use of emergency exits.
d. Emergency signals.
e. Emergency procedures in case of ditching or emergency
landing.
f. use of emergency equipment, such as life jackets, rafts,
and signals.
' 3.3.3 Weather Conditions
a. If you will need to make observations or take photographs
from the aircraft, the pilot will schedule the flight when
II-8
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 10 of 29
weather conditions are favorable for your needs and the
particular aircraft that is available.
b. Before embarking, the pilot should always check weather
conditions that exist and that are predicted along the
flight route and at the destination.
c. Detailed weather Information can be obtained at the time
the pilot files the flight plan with the FAA Flight Service
Station.
d. The pilot uses the weather information for plotting the
route of flight, based on the performance characteristics
of the aircraft that will be used.
e. The weather maps provided to the Flight Service Stations by
the Weather Bureau are updated frequently.
f. Weather can present serious hazards in flying. If weather
conditions are unfavorable, the pilot may decide to post-
pone your trip. Never pressure a pilot to fly if the pilot
decides to reschedule a trip because of weather conditions.
Two types of weather that adversely affect flying are high
winds and fog. Near large bodies of water and in coastal
areas fog is the most common and persistent weather hazard.
A few degrees of change in temperature can cause fog to
form rapidly over a wide area, making it dangerous to
navigate and to land.
g. Helicopters are usually limited to flying under weather
conditions and maximum wind speeds which are carefully
defined by the manufacturer. If you charter a helicopter,
ask what limitations there are and plan your activities so
that the limitations are not exceeded.
h. During take-off and landing in high winds, the helicopter
pilot's main concern Is with starting and stopping the main
rotor blades without having them contact the tail boom.
1. The operation of the helicopters is normally limited to
daylight hours. Daylight hours are defined as one-half
hour before sunrise to one-half hour after sunset.
3.4 Flight Plans
3.4.1 Plan Information
Flight plans are extremely important for your safety on any
flight. They Include detailed information on the flight,
including number of passengers and the amount of fuel on
board, which determines maximum flying time. A flight plan
II-9
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 11 of 29
format to be filed by the pilot with the Field Base Operations
Coordinator Is depicted in Figure 1.
I) A flight plan is recorded on a simple form that is "closed"
or completed after the flight arrives at Its destination.
Flight plans include information on:
a. The type of flight.
b. Identification of aircraft.
c. Type of aircraft.
d. Airspeed of the craft.
e. Point of departure.
f. Route of flight.
g. Destination, including lake names, latitudes, and
longitudes.
h. Estimated time of arrival at each lake.
1. Estimated time enroute,
j. Estimated time of arrival back to Field Station.
2) The reverse side of the flight plan has a preflight check
list with space for recording information such an Enroute
Weather and Weather Advisories, weather at the destination
and winds aloft.
3) Flight plans are filed by the pilot with the local FAA
Flight Service Station. The pilot 1s also responsible for
reporting any changes in flight plans and for reporting
arrival at the destination, which closes or completes the
flight plan.
4) The importance of a flfght plan is that it provides the
basic information necessary to search for your aircraft if
it is delayed and does not reach its destination within a
short period after your estimated time of arrival (ETA).
5) If your aircraft has flight difficulty and has to make a
forced landing and you are not able to call for help, a
series of search procedures will be taken to locate your
aircraft.
11-10
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 12 of 29
DATE
A/C No. A/C COLOR
COMPANY NAME PHONE
PILOT'S NflME
PAX WT_
HT flNO BAL COMPLETED: T/0 MT ~_
FLIGHT PLANNED FILED WITH F.S.S. PHONE
WEATHER CHECK FOR ROUTE OF FLIGHT:
PROPOSED FUEL STOPS:
ACTUAL TIME OF DEPARTURE:.
ROUTE OF FLIGHT:
IN-HOUSE FLIGHT CHECK-IN
TIME LOCATION
PROPOSED
PROPOSED
PROPOSED
TIME
ACTUAL
ACTUAL
ACTUAL
LOCATION
COMMENTS :
ACTUAL TIME OF RETURN
DAILY FLIGHT TIME RECORD
1. ENDING HOB8S METER READING
2. BEGINNING H08BS METER READING.
TOTAL HOURS (1.minus 2.)
PILOT'S SIGNATURE DUTY OFFICER
Figure 1. Flight Plan.
11-11
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 13 of 29
3.5 Helicopter Sampling Personnel Responsibilities
3.5.1 Check-in Procedures
1) Helicopter personnel will check in with the Field Station
at least every two hours.
2) After the last lake of the day is sampled, helicopter
personnel must check in with the Base Coordinator and
report an estimated time of arrival.
3) If routine check-In has not occurred within one hour of the
time estimated in the previous communication, search and
rescue procedures will be Initiated. It is, therefore,
mandatory to check In to avoid Initiating unnecessary
search and rescue efforts.
4) If the estimated time of arrival of your aircraft Is
changed because of wind, weather, sampling difficulties or
other problems, 1t is Important that the pilot notify the
nearest Flight Service Station so that search procedures
are not started unnecessarily.
3.5.2 Search and Rescue
1) A search along the sampling route filed in the flight plan
will be Initiated by EPA personnel, craft and vehicles.
2) If this falls to locate missing personnel, Federal, State
and local authorities, as appropriate, will be notified.
3.5.3 Personal Protective Equipment
1) Flight helmet {equipped with radio headphones). This
helmet provides hearing and Impact protection and allows
communication among personnel while aboard the helicopter.
Wearing this helmet is mandatory, to protect personnel from
blows to the head and for hearing protection.
2) A Nomex flight suit which provides some protection against
fire and against hypothermia.
3) A safety harness to prevent falls from the helicopter
while sampling.
4) Life vests or personal flotation devices for each person
on board.
5) Fire-retardant gloves, constructed of Nomex and leather.
6) Leather boots.
11-12
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 14 of 29
7) Survival suit. This 1s a wet suit to be worn by all
personnel while flying over water when the following
conditions exist:
a. The water temperature is less than 60"F.
b. The combined water and air temperature Is less than 120*F.
3.5.4 Preparing and Loading Equipment and Materials
1) In order to avoid chemical damage to or contamination of
aircraft used 1n field activities, chemicals and samples
must be carefully packaged to prevent leakage.
2) Each item of field equipment and box of material to be
taken on board an aircraft should be weighed and marked
with Its weight so the pilot can distribute the weight to
maintain the balance of the aircraft during flight.
3) Handle heavy objects carefully to avoid damaging the floor
of the baggage compartment or the lip of the door. Damage
to these areas can be costly and 1t may take considerable
time to repair. Place the cargo 1n locations designated by
the pilot and tie It down securely.
4) The chin section of the helicopter, located directly 1n
front of the front passenger's feet, consists of a thin,
clear plastic material. Do not place or drop anything in
this area.
5) When loading a helicopter, keep all long-handled tools
clear of the rotors to avoid damage or Injury. Prior to
loading any object longer than four feet, be sure that the
pilot has stopped the main rotor blades completely.
3.5.5 Ground Operations
1) Training of ground personnel will include:
a. .Review of standard procedures.
b. Review of notification procedures.
c. Practice in emergency fire fighting and first-aid
procedures.
2) Safety considerations in ground operations include:
a. Ways of approaching the aircraft.
b. Protection of landing area.
11-13
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 15 of 29
c. Fire fighting preparations.
d. Refueling precautions.
3.5.6 Approaching the Aircraft
a. Since propellers and rotors are often difficult to see and
to avoid, especially when they are rotating, there are
Important precautions that should be followed:
1) Always keep clear of the helicopters rotors.
2) Approach any aircraft 1n view of the pilot, so you can
be seen before the pilot starts engines or moves the
craft.
3) If you must approach a helicopter while Its rotors are
turning, do so In full view of the pilot, or as directed
by the pilot.
4) Stay 100 feet from helicopters at all times unless
required to go nearer.
5) Keep clear of the tall boom of a helicopter and avoid
walking under it or anywhere near the tail rotor blades.
6) Approach a helicopter on the same level as the heli-
copter. If you approach from a level higher than that
where the helicopter Is standing or hovering, you may be
dangerously close to the blades.
7) Walk rather than run when approaching or leaving a heli-
copter and move In a crouch, because the main rotor
blades can be blown below their normal operating level.
3) Whenever rotors are turning on a helicopter, passengers,
pilots and crew members should wear protective helmets.
9) Goggles should be worn by all personnel who load, ser-
vice, fuel or fly in helicopters to prevent eye injury
from dust and dirt stirred up by the rotors.
10) Hearing protection should be worn when working around
helicopters to prevent hearing loss.
3.5.7 Landing Areas
a. Safe use of landing areas requires certain precautions and
safety measures. Smoking regulations should be enforced at
all landing areas.
11-14
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 16 of 29
b. Landing areas should be equipped with adequate fire extin-
guishers for possible emergency use during landing and
takeoff. Several large dry chemical or foam fire extin-
guishers should be immediately available.
c. Ground vehicles should not be moved near an aircraft until
Its rotors or propellers have stopped.
d. Unpaved helicopter landing and refueling areas should be
swept or wetted down to prevent gravel or dust from being
blown about. Landing areas should be kept free of papers,
parachutes and other objects. Although helicopters can be
landed in confined areas, obstructions make a safe landing
almost impossible.
3.5.8 Fire Prevention
a. There should be firefighting equipment and trained person-
nel at any landing area you use. If you are operating from
an isolated landing area, you have a responsibility for
ground safety and emergency firefighting.
b. There should be a ground safety team present at a heli-
copter pad or landing site for all landings and takeoffs.
Fire fighting by this team should be undertaken only if it
is necessary to rescue people from a burning aircraft.
Removal of persons inside a burning aircraft should be the
only reason for fire fighting efforts by EPA or contractor
personnel. If there are no persons inside an aircraft which
1s on fire, ground safety teams should evacuate the area.
c. For effective firefighting and rescue, the ground safety
team should be equipped with hard hats with face shields,
heat-protective gloves, and firefighters' coats or suits.
d. Two mobile dry chemical fire extinguishers are to be
located at the helicopter pad for possible use. If for
some reason those extinguishers are not available, hand
held units shall be used but efforts should be made to
restore the main units to available status.
3.5.9 Refueling
Certain precautions should be taken before aircraft are
refueled:
a. A fire extinguisher should be available.
b. The fuel tank or fuel truck should be grounded.
c. The engine should be shut off and propellers or rotor
blades stopped.
11-15
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 17 of 29
d. There should be no passengers aboard the aircraft.
e. The aircraft should be bonded and grounded.
f. No unauthorized persons should remain within the re-
fueling area.
g. No smoking should be allowed within 50 feet of the fueling
operation, and preferably not within 100 feet.
3.6 In-flight Precautions
1) The seat belt and shoulder harness of each occupant of an aircraft
should be properly fastened prior to takeoff and until the air-
craft is completely stopped after landing. Seat belts should not
be removed, except when necessary activities require temporary
removal, and they should not be removed below 1000 feet altitude
without authorization of the pilot.
2) There should be no smoking during takeoffs, landings, or use of
oxygen. Smoking is permitted during the flight only with the
pilot's permission.
3) Passengers should keep clear of the controls and should not move
around during a flight. If any maps or papers are used during
the flight, they should be held securely so they do not interfere
with operation of the aircraft. No object should be thrown from
any aircraft in flight or on the ground.
4) At low altitudes, passengers can assist the pilot by keeping alert
for hazards, particularly other aircraft, radio towers, and power
and telephone lines. During landings the pilot may ask for assist-
ance 1n seeing that the runway is clear of all aircraft or that
there is tail rotor clearance.
5) Fire extinguishers are located in the aircraft where they are
accessible to both the pilot and the passengers. Never use a fire
extinguisher while in flight unless the pilot directs you to do so.
3.7 Emergencies in Flight
Passengers should be prepared for emergencies which may occur during
a flight, particularly if the flight is over remote areas or water.
3.7.1 Forced Landing
a. During an emergency forced landing, passengers should
follow the instructions of the pilot.
b. The pilot may ask passengers to jettison doors, inflate
flotation equipment, assist the injured or exit the air-
craft.
11-16
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 18 of 29
c. Passengers can also assist the pilot in activating emer-
gency signaling equipment if requested.
3.7.2 Water Survival
a. Certain safety and survival equipment is required 1n every
aircraft operating over water on an extended flight.
Safety and survival equipment Includes a life vest or
personal flotation device for every person and a wet suit
If required by water and air temperatures.
b. Inflatable life vests can be inflated by use of a gas
cartridge or by blowing air into the vest through a tube.
This type fits over your head like a collar and has straps
on the bottom to fit around your waist. Straps should be
tightened securely during flight. Any safety harness used
during sampling activities will be worn beneath the life
vest.
c. The two-cell inflatable life vest should be Inflated after
you are 1n the water by jerking one or both of the activa-
ting tabs (the red tabs) which will Inflate the flotation
cells. This type of life vest will provide buoyancy, but
may not keep your face out of the water. You may want to
inflate only one side at first to see If you get enough
buoyancy, and 1f you need more you can inflate the other
side.
3.7.3 Emergency Locator Transmitters
a. As standard safety equipment, aircraft have emergency
locator transmitters (ELT) which are automatically acti-
vated in the event of a crash to send out a radio signal.
The ELT has a normal range of 150 miles and operates on a
VHP frequency of 121.5 megahertz and a UHF frequency of
243.0 megahertz.
3.8 Helicopter Ditching Survival
1) Since relatively few helicopters are forced to ditch (come down
in water), there is limited Information about the problems, and it
1s easy to underestimate the hazards involved in such an emergency
landing.
2) Helicopter crews tend to believe that water provides a safe emer-
gency landing surface and that ditching 1s a relatively simple and
safe maneuver. However, ditching Is always a dangerous procedure,
and helicopters have been lost In rivers and bays as well as in
larger bodies of water. Unplanned ditchings have resulted from
weather conditions, night operations over water, running out of
fuel, and mechanical failures.
11-17
-------
Appendix Q
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 19 of 29
3) Deliberate or precautionary ditchings have been made by pilots
who recognized that it is safer to choose the time and conditions
which provide the best chances of survival rather than continue
flying and lose control. Factors considered by the pilot in
making a decision to ditch or to continue flying are:
a. Distance to a landing site on shore or 1n proximity to a source
of assistance such as a ship, platform, or aircraft.
b. Expected time delay for rescue.
c. Condition of the aircraft.
d. Weather conditions.
e. Water and air temperatures.
f. Availability of survival equipment.
4) If ditching is anticipated, passengers should secure all tool
boxes, cargo and equipment that may be loose, remain securely
strapped in their seats, locate the exits, and follow the direc-
tions of the pilot. Problems of escaping from an aircraft down
in the water include:
a. Inrushing water which tends to force cabin occupants into rear
corners of the cabin and to cause disorientation in locating
exits.
b. Locating personal flotation devices.
c. Difficulty reaching or opening exits. (It is Important to
know where emergency exit releases are located prior to going
down and to have doors positioned or latched to minimize amount
of inrushing water.)
d. Difficulty in getting to the surface because of dark or murky
water.
e. Aircraft damage or spilled fuel.
3.9 Accident Reporting
1) In case of an accident, the appropriate agency people will be
notified.
2) An aircraft accident form will be completed and expedited to the
proper authorities.
11-18
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 20 of 29
4.0 FIELD LABORATORY SAFETY REGULATIONS
4.1 Operational Practices
NOTE: Field laboratory will contain chemicals which are corrosive,
flammable, and oxidizing.
1) Entrance to work area where corrosive, flammable, or oxidizing
substances are being used must be posted with signs bearing the
legend "AUTHORIZED PERSONS ONLY."
2) Entry of persons to Field Laboratory must be authorized by the
Supervisor. A maximum of five persons will be permitted in the
laboratory at any one time during sample processing. This will
Include three analysts, one Laboratory Supervisor, and the
Field Laboratory Coordinator. Arrangements for observers may be
made with the Laboratory Supervisor during times when routine
laboratory operations are suspended. This 1s necessary to
prevent Interruption of laboratory personnel during sample
processing. Lack of adherence to this regulation could result
1n loss or contamination of samples and/or accidents.
3) The MIBK work area under the clean air station will be covered
with polyethylene-backed absorbent paper (Benchkote) during
MIBK extractions. Paper will be discarded into container
labeled "CAUTION - SOLID HAZARDOUS WASTE MIBK" or "CAUTION -
SOLID HAZARDOUS WASTE - ACID" after procedures are completed.
4) MIBK extractions, and any reagent preparation involving cor-
rosive, flammable, or oxidizing chemicals (see Table 3) will be
conducted in clean work station. Paper will be properly dis-
carded {into solid waste container) when soiled.
5) All hazardous chemicals will be securely capped and stored in
vented chemical storage cabinet beneath the Clean Work Station,
or in the rear of the laboratory trailer. Such chemicals will
be immediately returned to cabinet after use and be stored
separately.
4.2 Personal Protective Equipment
1) Fully-fastened laboratory coats and eye protection will be re-
quired 1n laboratory for all laboratory personnel and visitors.
Visitors may wear disposaole laboratory coats. If a non-
disposable coat 1s contaminated, Immediately remove, place In
plastic bag and give to the Laboratory Supervisor for decon-
tamination and commercial laundering. Disposable lab coats, if
contaminated, must be disposed of 1n solid waste container for
hazardous waste.
11-19
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 21 of 29
TABLE 3. LIST OF CHEMICALS TO BE HOUSED IN FIELD LABORATORY
Name
Ammonium hydroxide (llq)
Aquasorb (sol) - Phosphoric anhydride
Buffers (11q)
Potassium phosphate/sodium
hydroxide
Potassium blphthalate
Glacial acetic acid (llq)
Hydrochloric add (llq)
8-Hydroxyqu1nol1ne (sol)
KC1 (sol)
Mallcosorb (sol) - NaOH
Methyl -Isobutyl ketone (I1q)
Nitric add
Phenol red (llq)
Phosphoric add (llq)
Sodium acetate (sol )
Sodium carbonate (sol)
Sulfurlc acid (I1q)
Tin (sol)
Turbidity Standards - Styrene
dlvlnylbenzene
Mercuric chloride
CAS Number
1336-21-6
1314-56-3
7778-770
1310-73-2
877-24-7
64-19-7
7647-01-0
148-24-3
7447-40-7
1310-73-2
108-10-1
7697-37-2
143-74-8
7664-38-2
127-09-3
497-19-8
7664-93-9
7440-31-5
DOT Rating
Corrosive
Corrosive
NO DOT
Corrosive
NO DOT
Corrosive
Corrosive
NO DOT
Ox1d1zer
Corrosive
Flammable
Ox1d1zer
NO DOT
Corrosive
NO DOT
NO DOT
Corrosive
NO DOT
Non-Toxic
7487-94-7
Polson-B
Quantity
900 ml
2 kg
2 L
2 L
500 mL
1000 mL
500 g
250 mL
2 kg
4 L
1.5 L
1 L
4kg
100 g
500 g
6 L
500 g
6.46 L
500 g
I1q - liquid
sol * solid
11-20
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 22 of 29
2) Analysts performing MIBK extractions and aliquot preservations may
also be required to wear laboratory aprons.
3) Dust-free disposable gloves must be worn during all sample ma-
nipulations. Gloves used during aluminum extraction, aliquot
preparation, and any reagent preparation using controlled chemicals
must be discarded in solid waste container for hazardous waste
(either acid or MIBK). Gloves used on non-hazardous chemicals
may be discarded in non-hazardous waste container.
4) Respirators must be available during the entire MIBK extraction
procedure for all personnel 'in the laboratory. Personnel working
at the Clean Work Station are required to wear half-mask respir-
ators during the MIBK extraction procedure. They must be worn 1n
hazardous or emergency situations (e.g. when the photoionizatlon
detector [4.4(10)] sounds an alarm).
5) Bare feet, sandals, thongs, open-toed shoes, shorts, tanktops,
halter tops, bathing suits, and similarly casual clothes are
not to be worn in the laboratory.
4.3 Work Practices
1) If chemical spill occurs evacuate laboratory personnel and refer
to Us DOT RATING on List A and boxes containing clean-up kits to
determine which clean-up kit to use. Kits are provided for caustic,
flammable, and corrosive chemicals. Follow the instructions pro-
vided with kit.
2) Eating, drinking, smoking, chewing of gum or tobacco, application
of cosmetics or storage of utensils, food or food containers, are
strictly prohibited in the laboratory.
3) Mechanical pipetting aids must be used for all pipetting pro-
cedures. Oral pipetting 1s prohibited.
4) All personnel must wash hands Immediately upon completion of any
procedures in which hazardous chemicals have been used. Im-
mediately after an obvious exposure to toxic substances, personnel
must wash or shower the affected area.
4.4 Facility Safety Requirements
1) A chemically resistant polypropylene sink 1s available 1n the
laboratory as a handwashing facility.
2) Laboratory will contain chemically resistant floor.
3) An emerr"-cy shower facility will be located outside the labora-
tory. A second, non-emergency shower will be located nearby
(e.g., hotel room).
11-21
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 23 of 29
4) An emergency eye wash station will be located In the laboratory
between the sink and the clean work station. It 1s designed to
wash both eyes simultaneously.
5) A mechanical exhaust ventilation system (clean work station) is
provided for controlling laboratory air movement. The movement of
air will be from areas of lower contamination potential to areas
of higher contamination potential. All air from laboratory will
be exhausted outdoors and will not be redrculated. The exhaust
air from the laboratory will be discharged through a stack in the
roof of the laboratory in a way that entry into an adjacent
building's air supply is minimized. The exhaust air will exit
approximately 18 feet above the ground.
6) A hazardous chemical storage cabinet is located under the clean
work station and is vented to the outside through the clean work
station. A flammable storage cabinet is located in the rear of
the mobile laboratory for MIBK waste.
7) A 5-lb and a 10-lb Halon fire extinguisher will be located in the
laboratory in easily accessible locations.
8) Certified Red Cross first aid course and Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR) training courses will be given to all labor-
atory personnel to insure proper emergency care and use of the
first aid kit located near the door of the trailer.
9) An emergency phone listing will be located near the telephone.
10) A photoionization detector will be installed in the laboratory
near the clean work station. The instrument will be calibrated
(Appendix A) to sound an audible alarm signal when the concentra-
tion of MIBK vapors reach or exceed 50 ppb. When the alarm sounds,
all personnel will vacate the laboratory until the Supervisor
determines it is safe to re-enter.
4.5 Waste Disposal
4.5.1 Liquid Waste
a. Liquid waste resulting from MIBK extractions will be placed
in metal disposal can labeled "CAUTION - LIQUID HAZARDOUS
WASTE - MIBK." Disposal will be coordinated with Regional
EPA personnel.
b. Concentrated acids or bases (>10%) will be placed in Nalgene
containers labeled "CAUTION - LIQUID HAZARDOUS WASTE -
ACID (BASE)," diluted with water, and neutralized with
sodium bicarbonate. Disposal will be coordinated with
Regional EPA personnel.
11-22
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 24 of 29
4.5.2 Solid Waste
a. Solid waste resulting from MIBK extractions will be placed
in a heavy plastic bag and stored in a plastic garbage can,
labeled "FLAMMABLE SOLID-N.O.S.". Disposal will be co-
ordinated with and conducted by Regional EPA personnel.
b. Solid waste resulting from use of any hazardous chemicals
will be disposed of as in (a) above, labeled as for liquid.
c. Broken glassware may be placed in same garbage can as in above.
4.6 Accident Reporting
1) Location and phone numbers of hospital, poison control center,
fire department, and police station nearest to trailer location
will be posted in a prominent place immediately after the field
laboratory is set up.
2) Names, addresses, and phone numbers of all laboratory personnel
and those of whom to notify in case of an accident will be provided
to the Laboratory Coordinator immediately upon arrival at trailer
location.
3) Accident report forms will be completed by Laboratory the Co-
ordinator.
4.7 Medical Surveillance of Field Laboratory Personnel
1) Each person stationed in the field laboratory will be required
to undergo a comprehensive medical examination prior to arrival
at the field site. The purpose of this assessment is to estab-
lish a baseline health record and, if predisposing conditions
are evident, to counsel the employee on the advisability of
working with toxic substances in the laboratory. The purpose
of these assessments is to maintain a complete and updated work
related medical history of the employee.
This assessment will include compilation of the following infor-
mation covering the period of the employee's tenure; this infor-
mation will be maintained in the employee's permanent records:
a. Names of all toxic substances to which the subject has been
exposed.
b. Information on the probability, frequency and extent of ex-
posures, and any environmental measurements relating to toxic
substances that were made.
c. The type and amount of toxic substances stored and used, dates
of use, the names of users, and the extent of spills or releases
in the laboratory environment.
11-23
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 25 of 29
The periodic assessment will also include a physical examination,
biomedical or other surveillance of body fluids, and an evaluation
of pertinent functional systems of the body.
The periodicity (within one year) and extent of these assessments
are determined by the Lockheed Health and Safety Officer and
Program Manager.
The Lockheed Health and Safety Officer will be responsible for
requesting and aiding in the scheduling of examinations and will
furnish to the employee, prior to each examination, exposure and
environmental monitoring data as required for inclusion in his
medical records.
The Lockheed Health and Safety Officer and Project Manager will
ensure that accurate records of potential exposure(s) are main-
tained.
2) All laboratory personnel will be required to undergo a blood
test for MIBK, a urine analysis, and an OP-22 scan within 24
hours of each individual's last exposure to MIBK. Arrangements
will be made for testing at a facility near each base site.
4.7.1 Records
The Lockheed Health and Safety Officer will maintain health
assessment records through the tenure of the employee's
service with Lockheed-EMSCO.
After termination, including retirement or death, of the em-
ployee the medical records will be maintained for at least
thirty years after the employee's last work with toxic sub-
stances and in a manner that will ensure ready access as needed.
Comprehensive medical examinations are required for all field
laboratory personnel on a yearly basis In accordance with EPA
Directive 1440 - Toxic Substance Safety Manual.
4.8 Emergency Procedures
Emergencies will generally be in the nature of spills, fires, or
explosions, which may result in the spread of toxic material. Since
it is not possible to devise a set of rules or procedures to govern
all possible emergencies, the following considerations are presented
only as a guide to aid the supervisor and the user in establishing
more specific emergency procedures applicable to his working con-
ditions. The following should be included in this planning:
a. Proper packaging to include double containment of toxic materials
coupled with proper laboratory procedures will limit most spills
to primary containment equipment, such as the hood. All laboratory
11-24
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 26 of 29
safety plans should be designed to prevent incidents from occurring
in the open laboratory.
b. Safety plans should spell out step-by-step procedures to be fol-
lowed immediately after a toxic substance spill. The objective of
these procedures will be to protect personnel and prevent the
toxic material from spreading. The instructions should be brief,
informative, and leave no doubt as to the action to be taken even
under the stress of an unplanned event. The procedures in the
plan should be practiced with harmless materials.
c. Thorough knowledge of chemical and physical properties of the
toxic substance(s) is required to properly treat a spill. The
procedure should address chemical destruction of the compound, and
if this is not feasible or practical, then the physical removal
procedures should be outlined.
NOTE: All employees are responsible for reporting any accidental
spill of a toxic substance and accidents involving potential
exposure (innoculation, ingestion, dermal contact, Inhala-
tion) to the Safety Officer and the Supervisor. The
Supervisor will follow-up to ensure that the Safety Officer
was notified. The Safety Officer will coordinate the
accident-reporting requirements and the clean-up procedures.
4.8.1 Spills and/or Accidental Releases
Spills 1n primary containment equipment are considered minor.
If the spill results 1n the material being splattered out of
the equipment or the formation of aerosols, fumes, dusts,
mists, or gases that are not adequately trapped or entrained,
it should be treated as a major spill. Any release of toxic
material Into the open laboratory should be treated as a
major spill.
1) Minor Spills Involving Toxic Substances
a. Notify all other persons in the room at once and
secure the containment device. Before proceeding with
the clean up, notify the Safety Officer.
b. Permit only the minimum number of persons necessary
to deal with the spill into the area.
c. Confine the spill immediately:
• Liquid spills:
• Don protective gloves.
• Place absorbent paper on the spill.
11-25
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 27 of 29
• Dry spills:
• Don protective gloves.
• Dampen spilled materials thoroughly taking care not
to spread the contamination: use caution in damp-
ening fine, dry particulate material so as not to
create an aerosol; where chemical reaction with
water is possible, use oil as an agent. The liquid
being used should be poured around the spilled
material and be allowed to flow into the spilled
material.
d. Establish a plan and begin decontamination:
• use wipe tests or fluorescence tests to assure
adequate clean up.
e. Monitor all persons Involved in the spill and cleanup
operation.
f. Prepare and submit to the Health and Safety Committee
a complete history of the accident and subsequent
remedial and protective actions taken.
2. Major Spills Involving Toxic Hazards to Persons
a. Notify all persons not involved In the spill to vacate
the area at once; limit the movement of displaced persons
to confine the spread of contamination.
b. The last person out of the laboratory should close the
sash to the laminar flow hood.
c. If the spill is on clothing, remove and double contain
the contaminated clothing (including shoes) immediately.
d. If the spill is on the skin, wash the affected parts
thoroughly in a closed container; retain the wash water
for proper disposal. Obtain medical aid, If necessary.
Use the emergency shower.
e. Report at once all known or suspected inhalations of
toxic materials.
f. Close all doors to the room; post conspicuous warnings
or guards to prevent accidental opening of the doors or
entry.
g. Notify the Supervisor and Safety Officer as soon as pos-
sible and include identification of material involved.
11-26
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 28 of 29
h. Evaluate the hazard and the necessary safety devices
for safe re-entry.
1. Ensure decontamination personnel have adequate protective
clothing and respiratory protection.
j. Establish a plan of operation and begin decontamination
of the area.
k. Determine the cause of contamination and rectify the
condition prior to the start of any area decontamination
operations.
1. Spills should be Inactivated In situ or be absorbed by
any appropriate methods; check clean up with wipe tests
or fluorescence tests.
m. Perform an air survey of the area before permitting
normal work to be resumed.
n. Prepare and submit to the Health and Safety Officer a
complete history of the accident and subsequent remedial
actions.
o. Follow up medical monitoring should be performed on all
persons involved In the spill and cleanup.
p. Permit no one to resume work in the area without the
approval of the Lockheed or EPA Safety Officer.
4.8.2 Other Major Emergencies
1) Fires or Explosions
a. Notify all other persons to vacate the area immedi-
ately.
b. Notify the Fire Department and safety personnel,
including the Safety Officer.
c. Extinguishing the fire may be attempted if a toxic
hazard is imminent.
d. Restrict fire fighting and other emergency activities
to the guidelines and rules prescribed by the Safety
Officer.
e. Monitor all persons Involved in combatting the emer-
gency.
11-27
-------
Appendix G
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 29 of 29
f. Following the emergency, monitor the area and determine
the protective devices required for safe decontanina-
tion.
g. Establish a plan of operation and begin decontamination
in the area.
h. Permit no one to return to work without the approval of
the Safety Officer.
i. Prepare and submit to the Health and Safety Officer a
complete history of the emergency and subsequent remedial
or protective actions.
4.8.3 First Aid
Report all toxic material accidents with possible health
effects, wounds, ingestion, inhalation, etc., to the Medical
Advisor or other professional medical person immediately; use
extreme care 1n providing emergency comfort or first aid
treatment, so as to avoid aggravating the injury.
1) For wounds:
a. Wash wound or affected area Immediately under running
water, spreading the wound sufficiently to allow good
rinsing.
b. Take the Injured person to the nearest medical facility.
c. Employ appropriate measures to prohibit the spread of
toxic material by the injured.
d. Permit no person Injured by or contaminated with toxic
substances to return to work without the approval of the
Health and Safety Officer.
e. Prepare accident and Injury reports as required for the
Safety Officer.
11-28
-------
-------
Appendix H
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 1 of 6
Appendix H
Field Activity Flow Diagrams
This appendix includes examples of flow diagrams for daily activities conducted during the
EPA National Surface Water Survey. (F. A, Morris, D. V. Peck, D. C. Hillman, K. J. Cabbie, and S.
L Pierett. 1985. National Surface Water Survey, Western Lakes Survey, Phase I: Field Training
and Operations Manual. Internal Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada).
-------
Appendix H
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 2 of 6
LSAMPLK TKAHSFERJ
SUPPLY REQUESTS FROM
GROUND CREWS
CHECK IN AUDIT SAMPLES
AND ORGANIZE BATCH
(Toms I «nd 1)
J
[LABORATORY
[SUPERVISOR
DIG
DETERMINATION
PH
DETERMINATION
LYSI
1
5UOT
UCIOR
w
/ATION
CDITY
[NATION
:OLOR
[HATIOH
ANALYST!
SAMPLE
FILTRATION
[AHALYSll
1 I 1
ALUHINUH
EXTRACTIONS
[FIELD SUPPLIES
SHIPPING "1 [CLEAN-UP]
PREPARATION
PREPARE
REAGENTS FOR
FIELD CR£US
SHIP ALIQUOTS
AND DATA FORMS
SHIP SUPPLIES
TO SAMPLING CREV3
Figure 8. Field Laboratory operations flow chart.
IV-9
-------
Appendix H
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 3 of 6
Initial Calibration
Measure QCCS Within
±10% of True Value
(2ppra and 20ppm)
2.0±0.2 and 20.0±2.0
No
Check
Standards
Measure blank1
Blank <0.1 mg-L'1
Record QCCS and Blank
Values in Log Book
Measure 8 Samples2
Record in Log Book
Note ID number on
printout
Measure QCCS Within
±10% of true value
(2ppm)
2.0±0.2
Yes
No
Yes
Enter sequential
data tape in Log
Book with appro-
priate batch
information
Record QCCS values in
Log Book and note
sample ID numbers
associated with
unacceptable QCCS
No
Enough of previously
analyzed lake samples
for reanalysls?
^Analyze blank once per batch.
'Measure one sample per batch in duplicate (same syringe) for Trailer Duplicate (TO).
^Re-analyze samples associated with non-acceptable QCCS.
Figure 9. Flow chart for dissolved Inorganic carbon analysis.
IV-11
-------
Appendix H
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 4 of 6
Initial Calibration
QCCS
within 0.1 pH unit
Record In Log Book
Measure pH
on 5 samples*
Record in Log Book
QCCS within 0.1 pH unit
Yes
No
Record QCCS value
Log Book and note
sample ID numbrs
associated with
unacceptable QCCS
1n
No
Enough of previously
analyzed lake samples
to reanalyze?
^Measure 1 sample per batch 1n duplicate (same syringe) for Trailer Duplicate (TD).
'Previous samples must be reanalyzed after unacceptable QCCS Is obtained.
Figure 10. Flow chart for pH determination.
IV-19
-------
Appendix H
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 5 of 6
Helicopter collects
RHC and DHC samples
Ground crew collects
RGC and OGC samples
(same day) Samples Arrive (1-2 day transport)
at Field Lab
RHC,DHC
Designate HC samples
as "regular" vs.
"alternate"
f
regular
Include in day's
batch and pro-
cess
Ship to "regular"
analytical lab
T
alternate
T
Assign batch, sample
ID from "reference"
field lab. Fill out
separate Batch Form.
Process in lab
I
RGC.DGC
r
RGC
Include in day's
batch and pro-
cess
Ship batch to
"regular"
analytical lab
Ship to "alternate"
analytical lab for
processing with
batch from "reference"
field lab.
1
DGC
Assign batch, sample
ID from "reference"
field lab. Fill out
separate Batch Form.
Process in lab
Ship to "alternate"
analytical lab for
processing with
batch from "reference"
field lab.
Figure 11. Comparability study sample tracking flow chart.
IV-31
-------
Appendix H
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 6 of 6
Initial Calibration
1. Set range switch: 2 NTU
2. Zero the Instrument: 0.00 NTU
3. Set range switch; 20 NTU
Check Instrument operation,
standard concentrations, etc.
Calibration Adjustment
1. Analyze 10 NTU QC sample
2. Adjust Instrument to read 10 NTU
Calibration Linearity Check
1. Analyze 1.7 and 5.0 NTU
2. Set range to 200 NTU
_3. Analyze 20 NTU
Are measured values \No
±101 of actual values /"
(±0.3 for 1.7 NTU QC sample)/
Record values 1n Log Book
and value for.5 NTU
Standard on form 2
Samples associated with
unacceptable QC must be
reanalyzed when- acceptable
QC 1s obtained
Analyze up to 8 samples (1)
Record results In Log Book
Record QC result and
previous sample
results on form 2
Yes/ Analyze 5 NTU QC sample
x 1s measured value 5±0.5 NTU
.No
(1) Analyze one sample per batch 1n duplicate (Trailer Duplicate)
Figure 13. Flow chart for turbidity measurements.
IV-43
-------
Appendix I
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 1 of 5
Appendix I
Logistics Summary Tables
This appendix presents a sample logistics summary table from the National Stream Survey-
-Phase I: Field Operations Report (Hagley, C. A., C. L Mayer, and R. Hoenicke, 1988;
EPA/600/4-88/023; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada; 26-29 pp).
-------
Appendix I
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 2 of 5
Appendix H
Revision 0
Preliminary Draft
Date: June 1990
Page 2 of 5
Tabla «. Summary of Problem*. Solution*, and Recommendation* tor the NS3
PROBLEMS
SOLUTIONS EMPLOYED
RECOMMENDATIONS
Guidelines for how long to delay
before sampling following a rain-
storm not comprehenaive.
Weather information sketchy and
unreliable.
Assignment of upstream and
downstream site sampling order
could not always be random.
Impractical to assign duplicate and
blank samples to site* requiring
lengthy or especially difficult
hikes. Samplers became over-
fatiguod.
Time between first and second
visits to site in Phase I areas less
than 14 days in some cases.
SCHEDULING
Avoided sampling if water
appeared turbid or water level we*
up-
Made decisions based on calls to
many different source*.
Exceptions to random sampling
order were mad* when risks for
sample contamination or safety
were involved.
None employed during survey.
Mone employed during survey.
Set conservative, more definitive
guideline* for basaflow sampling
after rain events.
Subscribe to a weather service
that give* information by county.
Take this possibility Into consider-
ation during planning stagee.
Take this possibility into consider-
ation during planning stages.
Plan schedules to allow more time
for the first sampling cycle than
for the second cycle.
Problems with hotels: Phone
messages lost: incorrect informa-
tion given out.
Length of workdays at times
caused excessive fatigue.
Drivers' fatigue occurred
frequently.
Samplers all arrived back at base
site at different times. Difficult
to hold group •debriefing.'
LOGISTICS
Warned caller* of problem.
Requested cooperation from hotel
management.
None employed during survey.
Alternated long drives between
teams.
Scheduled evening group meetings
or met with each team separately.
Spend more time during reconnais-
sance discussing project needs
with hotel management.
Reduce work toad: Keep episodes
work separate from NSWS survey
work.
Reduce overall work load. Choose
base site* carefully to limit length
of drives.
Lessen work load so that sampler*
return earlier in the day so that
meeting* can be held during
regular work day*.
Tidal streams often not recognized
as tidal by samplera.
Stream dry, stagnant, or flowing
underground for a large proportion
of its length.
SITE ACCESS AND INFORMATION
Stream site data were placed In •
•non-interest category* of stream*
In the data base.
Moved sampling site to wherever
feasible to sample. If necessary
to move 70 to 90% of stream
length, (ample taken at only on*
site. If > 9014 of reach could not
be sampled, site we* eliminated.
Use other indicators In addition to
conductivity to identify tidal
streams, such a* appearance of
stream bank* and vegetation type.
Obtain thle information from
cooperatori. If possible.
Presampling reconnaissance would
eliminate these streams.
(continued)
-------
Appendix!
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 3 of 5
Appendix H
Revision 0
Preliminary Draft
Date: June 1990
Page 3 of 5
Table 9. (continued)
PROBLEMS
SOLimONS EMPLOYED
RECOMMENDATIONS
On second visit, originally sampled
site wa* dry.
Sampling location at special-inter-
est sitea not always readily
apparent.
More time than anticipated spent
accessing sites and verifying
stream 10.
Moved upstream or downstream
until an acceptable site wn found.
Filled out new watershed charac-
teristics form and made notes on
data form.
Sampled at gauging station if
present; at moat represents- live
spot; or at moat downstream of
several possible titaa.
Revised schedules to accommodate
additional time.
Pick sampling aitea more carefully,
considering lower water conditions
that might occur later oa
Clarify site information with
cooperatora, or have cooperatora
accompany sampling teama.
Do presampling reconnaissance for
all streams; increase time for
training In orienteering.
Unacceptably early shipping dead-
lines in smaller towns.
Samples near 0 *C or partially
frozen on arrival at processing
laboratory.
Samples greater than 4 *C on
arrival at laboratory.
Shipments of supplies and stan-
dards inadvertently sent to
incorrect field location by ware-
house personnel.
Styrofoam coolers with heavy
Cubitainers in them brake up
during shipment.
Information sent by courier to the
Las Vegaa communications conter
sometimes lost.
A few shipments were lost or
mlsrouted by the express courier
service.
Nearly ran out of certain supplies.
Cubitainers leaked during ship-
ment.
SHIPPING
Moved to larger towns with later
shipping times, made special
arrangements with couriers, drove
long distances to placea with later
shipping times, or had samplers
ship from remote locations.
Packed samples with fewer gel
packs. Qualified data.
Used only fully frozen gel packs,
higher percentage of nonplastie
gel packs. Qualified data.
Base coordinators contacted com-
munications center on morning of
each shipment and gave shipping
destination for that particular
shipment.
Shifted to hard, plastic cooler*
whenever available and reinforced
Styrofoam coolers with strapping
tape.
Better communication on shipments
to and from the field.
Tracked and recovered shipment*,
but Incident* Inconvenienced field
operetlona.
Conserved supplies and shifted
exceaa supplies between sampling
region*.
Checked that cap* war* fully
tightened before shipping, checked
Cubitainers for hoi**.
Choose sites with late shipping
times, whenever possible.
Same as solution.
Use only hard, plastic coolers with
a combination of hard, plastic and
soft-sided gel packs.
Same as solution.
Use only hard, plastic cooler*.
Require tracking system for all
shipment* to and from field.
Require tracking system for all
shipment* to and from field *o
mining shipments can be traced
quickly.
Set up computerized Inventory
system and make patter predic-
tion* of supplies needed.
Sam* a* solution.
(continued)
-------
Appendix I
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 4 of 5
Table 9. (continued)
Appendix H
Revision 0
Preliminary Draft
Date: June 1990
Page 4 of 5
PROBLEMS
SOLUTIONS EMPLOYED
RECOMMENDATIONS
Assignment of blank* and dupli-
cataa often unclear.
Difficult for bat* coordinators to
limit the number of calls to the
communication* center.
Feedback from laboratory to base
coordinators on sample condition
upon arrival from field not always
received from communications
center.
The laboratory had difficulty
separating Phase I, visit 1 samples
from Phase I, visit 2 samples.
Samplers could not anticipate
when or where they would find
telephones to call In and would
often miss scheduled calls.
COMMUNICATIONS
Took more blank* and duplicate*
than wen needed lor quality as-
surance program.
Called a* needed. Communication*
center provided a staff which waa
sufficient to handle all calls.
None employed during survey.
Samples were clearly labeled "Visit
i* or -Visit 2.'
Samplers maintained call-In sched-
ule whenever possible.
Schedule more specific call-in
time* to Improve communication*.
Allow morning and evening calls.
Provide staff to handle peak
time*. Provide •call-In* check Hit
to baa* coordinator* so they have
reminder* of needed Information.
Provide more direct communication
from laboratory supervisor to field
base coordinator*.
Incorporate a space on the label
for this information.
Preiampling reconnaissance should
Include information on locations of
telephones in remote areas.
No definition for 'slow* stabiliza-
tion (or pH measurements.
Lower range for YSI conductivity
meter had poor resolution.
Difficult to prevent pH probe from
touching beaker walls.
Conductivity QCC solutions were
not always accurate at the begin-
ning of the survey.
Large differences occurred bet-
ween stream temperature and QCC
solutions used at straamside.
EQUIPMENT AND PROTOCOLS
No consistent guidelines followed.
Required constant attention.
Improved the preparation protocols
for QCC solutions.
Kept standards protected from sun
and wind as mucn aa possible.
Define 'slow* stabilization (e.g., >
S trials or > 2 mm. per trial).
Consider other meters for future
work.
Use a pH stand to hold electrode
during measurements.
Continue to follow protocol
designed during NSS survey.
Keep QCC solutions in Insulated,
opaque containers.
Braided stream channel made
hydrologic measurements difficult.
Downstream site not always
suitable for hydrology.
Lower water level* on second visit
caused many steel rods to be out
of water.
HYDROLOGY
Moved upstream or downstream to
an unbraidad channel or sampled
on largest of channel*.
Old hydrology further upstream or
at upstream sit*. Riled out new
watershed characteristic* form for
hydrology sit* and marked map.
Mad* beat estimate possible of
drop in stream level.
Tak* sample* and measurements at
same site ss hydrology.
H»ve criteria pre-established for
choosing alternative hydrologic
locations.
Choow location lot steel red mor*
carefully; us* some kind of per-
manent marker in addition to steel
rod.
(continued)
-------
Appendix I
Revision 1
Date: May 1991
Page 5 of 5
Appendix H
Revision 0
Preliminary Draft
Date: June 1990
Page 5 of 5
Tabla 9. (continued)
PROBLEMS
SOLUTIONS EMPLOYED
RECOMMENDATIONS
In many Screening area streams,
10 meters waa too long a distance
to measure Mow velocity.
Many channels not suitable lor
estimating hydrology.
Used shorter measured distance of
variable length for estimate.
Best estimate possible waa mad*.
Us* flow meter to make measure-
ments at all streams.
Us* flow meter to make measure-
ments at all straama.
Very few target episodes streams
suitable for episodes sampling.
The 0.20-lnches-or-rain- withio
•24hours rule waa not a consis-
tently viable criterion for switch-
ing to episodea sampling.
The pH changed significantly
between replicates during events,
preventing stable reading.
If episodea sampling done after
second site visit, steel rod for
stag* measurement already re-
moved.
Weather at base site not indicative
of weather at stream sites.
Survey suffered under severe time
constraints because the Phase I
and Episodes Pilot surveys were
combined.
Episodes sites were difficult to
find and access at night.
Insufficient directions to replace-
merit team* or runners caused
delay* in reaching site during
episode a.
EPISODES PILOT
Selected additional streams which
were not on original target list
and that had low or moderate
ANC.
Used best judgment.
Took on* Cubitainar of stream
water for each reading, and took
replicatea from it.
Stage measurements from episode
do not relate to stage measure-
ments for. Phase I in data base.
Decision to attempt episodea
sampling waa based on weather at
base sit* combined with forecaats.
It waa often wrong.
The Phase I survey was success-
fully completed at the expense of
the Episodes Pilot survey.
Samplers allowed more time for
setting up episode* sampling
stations.
Map* and careful directions wer*
given to replacement team* and
runners if they could not accom-
pany teams to sit*.
Do reconnaissance of all potential
episodes streams to verify that
they an suitable for sampling.
Allow time for full-scale episode*
project.
Us* same technique used during
Episode* Pilot cr use continuous
monitoring equipment.
Use permanent marker for stag*
measurement in addition to steel
rod.
Subscribe to county-by-county
weather forecasting service. In-
clude time for several Vals*
alarms' In overall schedule.
Conduct protects separately with a
separata set of personnel.
Mark sltaa well, or requir* that
simpler* arrive before nightfall.
Require that runn*rs and replace-
ment team* have visited sit* at
some time previously.
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 19 91 -5te-1 87/to 5t7
------- |