vvEPA
United States Office of Acid Deposition, Environmental EPA,-600 6-87- 002b
Environmental Protection Monitoring and Quality Assurance June 1987
Agency Washington DC 20460
Research and Development
The Total Exposure
Assessment
Methodology
(TEAM) Study:
Elizabeth and Bayonne,
New Jersey, Devils
Lake, North Dakota and
Greensboro, North
Carolina: Volume II.
Part 1
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TOTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY (TEAM) STUDY:
ELIZABETH AND BAYONNE, NEW JERSEY, DEVILS LAKE, NORTH DAKOTA AND
GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA
VOLUME II (SECTIONS 1-7)
FINAL REPORT
PART I
by
E. D. Pellizzari, K. Perritt, T. D. Hartwell, L. C. Michael,
C. M. Sparacino, L. S. Sheldon, R. Whitmore, C. Lenlnger, H. Zelon,
R. W. Handy and D. Smith
Research Triangle Institute
Post Office Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Project Officer
L. Wallace
Air, Toxics, and Radiation Monitoring Research Division
Office of Monitoring, System and Quality Assurance
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
WASHINGTON, DC 20460
„+_! protection Agency
U S. Environmental rro
_ T^'K-i^lT'V (Orb"-1-"'
Region 5, L^rf^.eet Room 1670
E30 S. Deartorn St e
Chicago, IL 60604
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DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared under contract to an agency of the United
States Government. Neither the U.S. Government nor any of its employees,
contractors, subcontractors, or their employees makes any warranty,
expressed or implied, or assumes any legal libability or responsibility for
any third party's use or the results of such use of any information,
apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report, or represents that
its use by such third party would not infringe on privately owned rights.
Publications of the data in this document does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the joint or separate views and policies of
each sponsoring agency. Mention of trade names or commercial products does
not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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CONTENTS
Page
Figures iv
Tables vi
Acknowledgments xvi
Sections
1 Introduction 1
2 Recommendations 3
3 Summary and Conclusions 8
4 Statistical Sample Design and Weighting 47
5 Survey Operations 114
6 Chemical Sampling and Analysis 136
7 Quality Assurance 196
ill
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Weighted median concentrations for breath and daytime
personal air - New Jersey fall season 26
2 Weighted median concentrations for breath and daytime
personal air - New Jersey summer season 27
3 Weighted median concentrations for breath and daytime
personal air - New Jersey winter season 28
4 Median concentrations for matched overnight personal air
and overnight outdoor air - New Jersey fall season . . 35
5 Letter to potential respondents 134
6 New spirometer design for collection of breath samples. . . 152
7 All-glass thermal desorption unit 154
8 Background from a Tenax GC cartridge supplementary cleaned
in the "all-glass" thermal desorption unit 155
9 Background of a new Tedlar bag 157
10 Background of Tedlar bag after purging 10 times with clean
helium 158
11 Carboy stopper used for experiments 160
12 Permeation study 163
13 Chromatogram (GLC) from permeation study 164
14 Chromatogram (GLC) of air sample collected inside van ... 165
15 Chromatogram (GLC) of air sample collected from Tedlar bag
that was stored empty inside van for two days 166
16 Chromatogram (GLC) of clean air stored in Teldar bag for
two days 167
17 Chromatogram (GLC) of helium filled Tedlar bag stored in
van for four days 168
18 Chromatogram (GLC) of clean air in bag and exposed to van
for 30 min 170
IV
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FIGURES CONT'D.
Number Page
19 Portable permeation system 171
20 Spirometer apparatus 178
v
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Respondent Counts and Response Rates Specific to
Sample Stages 10
2 Respondent Counts and Overall Response Rates by Sample
Stages 11
3 Target Compounds Sorted by Percent Measurable in Breath
and Air Samples — New Jersey -- All Three Seasons . . 17
4 Target Compounds Sorted by Percent Measurable in Water
Samples—New Jersey—All Three Season 18
5 Sample Size Ranges by Size, Season and Media 19
6 Target Compounds Sorted by Percent Measurable in Personal
Air and Breath Samples — Greensboro and Devils Lake . 21
7 Target Compounds Sorted by Percent Measurable in Drinking
Water Samples — Greensboro and Devils Lake 22
8 Weighted Medians (/*g/m3) for Air and Breath Concentrations
of Organic Compounds in New Jersey 24
9 Medians (^g/L) of Organic Compounds in New Jersey Drinking
Water 25
10 Ratio of Daytime Personal Air to Daytime Outdoor Air
Weighted Medians by Season in New Jersey 29
11 Ratio of Fall and Winter to Summer Weighted Percents
Measurable for Those Participating in All Three
Seasons in New Jersey for Breath, Daytime Personal
and Outdoor Air 30
12 Ratio of Fall and Winter to Summer Weighted Percents
Measurable for Those Participating in All Three Seasons
in New Jersey for Water 31
13 Ratio of Fall and Winter to Summer Weighted Medians for
Those Participating in All Three Seasons in New Jersey
for Breath, Daytime Personal and Outdoor Air 32
VI
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TABLES CONT'D.
Number Rage.
14 Ratio of Fall and Winter to Summer Weighted Medians for
Those Participating in All Three Seasons in New Jersey
for Water 33
15 Spearman Correlations Between Breath Concentrations and
Preceding Daytime 12-Hour Personal Expsoures to Eleven
Compounds in New Jersey, Greensboro, and Devils Lake . 36
16 Spearman Correlations )i 0.5 Between Prevalent Compounds
in Air and Breath for New Jersey by Season 37
17 Unweighted Geometric Means (pg/m3) for Household Question-
naire Variables With Significantly Different Levels
Based on Analysis of Variance by Media and Compound -
New Jersey — Fall 39
18 Weighted Geometric Means by Proximity to Point Source for
Breath, Overnight Personal and Outdoor Air — New
Jersey — Fall Season 42
19 Percentage of Concentrations Above the Weighted Ninetieth
Percent!le by Answers to the 24-Hour Screener - New
Jersey — Fall Season 44
20 Percentage of Concentrations Above the Weighted Ninetieth
Percentile by Answers to the 24-Hour Screener - New
Jersey -- Fall Season 44
21 Percentage of Concentrations Above the Weighted Ninetieth
Percentile by Answers to the 24-Hour Screener - New
Jersey — Fall Season 45
22 Percentage of Concentrations Above the Weighted Ninetieth
Percentile by Answers to the 24-Hour Screener -
New Jersey — Fall Season 45
23 Percentage of Concentrations Above the Weighted Ninetieth
Percentile by Answers to the 24-Hour Screener -
New Jersey -- Fall Season 46
VII
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TABLES CONT'D
Number Page
24 Economic-Proximity Strata for the Northern New Jersey First
Stage Sample 53
25 Hierarchical Serpentine Ordering of the Devils Lake First
Stage Sampling Frame 57
26 Occupational Categories for Northern New Jersey 61
27 Person-Level Sample Selection Strata for Bayonne 63
28 Person-Level Sample Selection Strata for Elizabeth 64
29 Occupational Categories for Devils Lake 66
30 Person-Level Sample Selection Strata for Devils Lake. ... 67
31 Occupational Categories for Greensboro 69
32 Person-Level Sample Selection Strata for Greensboro .... 70
33 Second Season Sampling Strata for Bayonne 71
34 Second Season Sampling Strata for Elizabeth 72
35 Third Season Sampling Strata for Northern New Jersey. ... 74
36 Household Screening Results for Northern New Jersey .... 83
37 Household Screening Results for Devils Lake 84
38 Household Screening Results for Greensboro 85
39 Post-Strata for Northern New Jersey Screener Weights. ... 87
40 Post-Strata for Devils Lake Screener Weights 88
41 Post-Strata for Greensboro Screener Weights 89
42 First Season Person-Level Sample Result for Northern New
Jersey 92
43 Person-Level Sample Results for Devils Lake 94
44 Person-Level Sample Results for Greensboro 96
45 Weighting Classes for First Season Northern New Jersey
Nonresponse Adjustment 98
46 Second Season Person-Level Sample Results 104
47 Weighting Classes for Second Season Nonresponse Adjustment. 106
48 Third Season Person-Level Sample Results 108
49 Weighting Classes for Third Season Nonresponse Adjustment . 110
50 Samples Collected From Each Participant 137
51 Target Compounds Selected for Monitoring in Environmental
Media 137
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TABLES CONT'D
Number Page
52 Schedule for Collecting Study Samples 138
53 Permeation Tube Stability - Phase 2 Studies 142
54 Representative Instrumental Limits of Detection for Mass
Spectral Analysis 144
55 Limits of Detection for Volatile Organics in Water 146
56 Sample Collection Results for Northern New Jersey -
Season 1 148
57 Thermal Desorption High Resolution Gas Chromatographic
System Operating Parameters 153
58 Permeation Study -- Nanograms of Compounds Added to Atmos-
phere Surrounding Tedlar Bag 161
59 Tedl-ar Bag Permeation Study - Nanograms of Compounds
Measured Inside Tedlar Bag After Exposure to A Surround-
ing Atmosphere Spiked with Compounds of Interest . . . 162
60 Test Compounds and External Standard Calibration Factors. . 172
62 Spirometer Carry-Over 175
63 Sample Collection Results for Northern New Jersey -
Season 2 176
64 Results of Cooling Atmosphere on Tenax Cartridge Back-
ground 181
65 Compounds Used for Generation of Test Atmosphere for
Cartridge Sealing System Study 183
66 Tenax Cartridges Stored in Culture Tubes with Teflon Liner
Seals - Raw Data 184
67 Tenax Cartridges Stored in Culture Tubes with Silicone
Septa Seals - Raw Data 185
68 Results (Averaged Area Counts) for Teflon Liner and Sili-
cone Septa Seals 186
69 Results (ng/cartridge) for 336h Test 187
70 Control Results (Raw Data) - Tenax Cartridges Stored Under
Helium Atmosphere with Teflon Liner Seals. 189
71 Control Study (Raw Data) - Tenax Cartridges Stored Under
Helium Atmosphere with Silicon Septa Seals 190
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TABLES CONT'D
Number Page
72 Sample Collection Results for Devils Lake, ND 192
73 Sample Collection Results for Northern New Jersey -
Season 3 194
74 Sample Collection Results for Greensboro, NC 195
75 Frequency of QC Sample Collection 198
76 Typical Appointment Activity Schedule 199
77 Northern New Jersey 1 - Completeness of Sample Collection
and Analysis 200
78 Northern New Jersey 1 - Relative Molar Response (RMR)
Values Used to Calculate Volatile Organic Content
On Tenax Cartridges 202
79 Northern New Jersey 1 - Precision of Relative Molar Res-
ponse (RMR) Values on LKB-9021 GC/MS 203
80 Northern New Jersey 1 - Precision of Relative Molar
Response (RMR) Values on Finnigan 3300 GC/MS 204
81 Northern New Jersey 1 - Air and Breath Field QC Samples . . 206
82 Northern New Jersey 1 - Water Field QC Samples 208
83 Northern New Jersey 1 - Duplicate Samples (AV, BR, XV)
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD) for F/D
Results 209
84 Northern New Jersey 1 - Duplicate Samples (AV, BR, XV)
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD) for F/Q
Results 210
85 Northern New Jersey 1 - Duplicate WV Samples 211
86 Northern New Jersey 1 - Performance Audit Sample Results,
Volatile Organics on Tenax, RTI 213
87 Northern New Jersey 1 - Performance Audit Sample Results,
Volatile Organics on Tenax, Independent Lab 214
88 Northern New Jersey 1 - Performance Audit Sample Results -
Water Analysis, RTI 217
89 Northern New Jersey 2 - Sampling Team Assignments and
Experience 220
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TABLES CONT'D
Number Page
90 Northern New Jersey 2 - Sample Collection Schedule, Eliza-
beth Partial Listing 221
91 Northern New Jersey 2 - Completeness of Sample Collection
and Analysis 224
92 Northern New Jersey 2 - Relative Molar Response (RMR)
Values Used to Calculate Volatile Organic Content on
Tenax Cartridges 225
93 Northern New Jersey 2 - Precision of Relative Molar
Response (RMR) Values on the Finnigan 3300 227
94 Northern New Jersey 2 - Precision of Relative Molar
Response (RMR) Values on the LKB 2091 229
95 Northern New Jersey 2 - Personal Air Field QC Samples ... 232
96 Northern New Jersey 2 - Breath Field QC Samples 233
97 Northern New Jersey 2 - Spirometer Blanks 235
98 Northern New Jersey 2 - Water Field QC Samples 236
99 Northern New Jersey 2 - Duplicate Samples (AV, BR, XV)
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD) for F/D
Results 237
100 Northern New Jersey 2 - Duplicate Smaples (AV, BR, XV)
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD) for F/Q
Results 238
101 Northern New Jersey 2 - Duplicate WV Samples 239
102 Northern New Jersey 2 - Performance Audit Sample Results,
Volatile Organics on Tenax 241
103 Northern New Jersey 2 - Performance Audit Sample Results,
Volatile Organics on Tenax, Independent Lab 242
104 Northern New Jersey 2 - Performance Audit Sample Results -
Water Analysis, RTI 244
105 Northern New Jersey 3 - Sampling Team Assignments and
Experience 247
106 Northern New Jersey 3 - Sample Collection Schedule,
Elizabeth 248
XI
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TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
107 Northern New Jersey 3 - Completeness of Sample Collection
and Analysis 250
108 Northern New Jersey 3 - Air and Breath Field QC Samples . . 252
109 Northern New Jersey 3 - Water Field QC Samples 253
110 Northern New Jersey 3 - Duplicate Samples (AV, BR, XV)
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD) for F/D
Results 254
111 Northern New Jersey 3 - Duplicate Samples (AV, BR, XV)
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD) for F/Q
Results 256
112 Northern New Jersey 3 - Duplicate WV Samples 257
113 Northern New Jersey 3 - Performance Audit Sample Results,
Volatile Organics on Tenax, RTI 258
114 Northern New Jersey 3 - Performance Audit Sample Results,
Volatile Organics on Tenax, Independent Lab 259
115 Northern New Jersey 3 - Performance Audit Sample Results,
Water Analysis, RTI 260
116 Greensboro - Sampling Team Assignments and Experience . . . 263
117 Greensboro, NC - Sample Collection Schedule 264
118 Greensboro, NC - Completeness of Sample Collection and
Analysis 266
119 Greensboro - Relative Molar Response (RMR) Values Used to
Calculate Volatile Organic Content on Tenax Cartridges 267
120 Greensboro - Fixed and Personal Air Field QC Samples. . . . 270
121 Greensboro - Breath Field QC Samples 271
122 Greensboro - Water Field QC Samples 273
123 Greensboro - Duplicate (D-Type) Samples (AV, BR, XV)
Perceant Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD) for F/D
Results 274
124 Greensboro - Duplicate Samples (AV, BR, XV) Percent Rela-
tive Standard Deviation (%RSD) for F/Q Results .... 276
125 Greensboro - Duplicate WV Samples Percent Relative Standard
Deviation 277
XII
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TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
126 Greensboro - Performance Audit Sample Results, Volatile
Organics on Tenax, RTI 279
127 Greensboro - Performance Audit Sample Results, Volatile
Organics on Tenax, Independent Lab 280
128 Greensboro - Performance Audit Sample Results, Water
Analysis, RTI 281
129 Devils Lake, ND - Sampling Team Assignment and Experience . 284
130 Devils Lake, ND - Sample Collection Schedule 285
131 Devils Lake, ND - Completeness of Sample Collection and
Analysis 286
132 North Dakota - Personal Air Field QC Samples 289
133 North Dakota - Breath Field QC Samples 290
134 Devils Lake - Spirometer Blanks 291
135 North Dakota - Water Field QC Samples 292
136 Devils Lake - Duplicate (D-Type) Samples (AV, BR, WV)
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD) for F/D
Results 294
137 Devils Lake - Duplicate (Q-Type) Samples (AV, BR, XV)
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD) for F/Q
Results 295
138 Devils Lake - Duplicate WV Samples Percent Relative Stan-
dard Deviation (%RSD) 296
139 Devils Lake, ND - Performance Audit Sample Results, Vola-
tile Organics on Tenax, RTI 297
140 Devils Lake - Performance Audit Sample Results, Volatile
Organics on Tenax Independent Lab 298
141 Devils Lake - Performance Audit Sample Results - Water
Analysis, RTI 300
142 Comparison of Benzene-Ds and Benzene Spiked Onto Tenax
Sampling Cartridges 303
Xlll
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Local and state officials in New Jersey, North Carolina, and North
Dakota, gave essential support to this study. In New Jersey, special
efforts were made by Dr. John Sakowski and Mr. David Roach of the Bayonne
Department of Health, Mr. John Surmay and Mr. Robert Travisano of the
Elizabeth Health, Welfare and Housing Department, Dr. Thomas Burke of the
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, and employees of EPA's
office in Region 2. In North Carolina, the Guilford County Health
Department prepared the way for community involvement. In North Dakota,
the Ramsey County Department of Health gave essential advice (including
avoiding the start of duck hunting season, which would have caused our
response rate to plummet). We are most indebted to the hundreds of citizens
in three states who conscientiously wore monitors, kept diaries, and
answered questions about their activities.
xiv
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The broad-term goal of this research program was to test statistical and
chemical methodology for estimating total human exposure to selected toxic or
hazardous substances. Major pathways contributing to human exposure for a
geographical area were investigated simultaneously for each individual in the
study. A comparative analysis of 20 selected organic chemicals has been made
on the air each person breathes, outdoor air in his neighborhood and the water
he drinks. Concurrently, the same chemicals in each person's breath were
measured. The study attempts to establish for each chemical the relative
importance of certain routes of exposure (air, water) and whether a predictable
correlation exists between exposure and body burden (breath).
The specific program objectives were as follows: (1) sampling and analysis
of personal air and drinking water consumed by a probability sampled, volunteer
population; (2) collection and analysis of breath samples from the participants;
(3) collection of information from study participants and other sources regarding
their activities and possible sources of exposure during the period of measured
exposures; (4) statistical analysis of data collected during the study; and (5)
continual monitoring of the study activities including sampling and analytical
procedures and development of improved methodology wherever necessary.
The results of the Phase I portion of this study were used to design the
work in this Phase II. Phase II activities included: (1) defining the target
population; defining primary sampling units (PSUs), geographic area segments;
(2) selecting a stratified probability sample of PSUs; (3) listing housing
units and addresses in all sample PSUs; (4) selecting a cluster of housing
units for screening in each PSU; and (5) selecting a stratified sample of
individuals from screened households as the study participants. The screening
was conducted to allow oversampling of individuals in population subgroups of
special interest. For example, individuals who were potentially exposed to
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toxic substances in the workplace and smokers were oversampled. Exposure
monitoring data were ultimately obtained for three hundred and fifty-five
participants. All sample individuals were visited and invited to participate
in a body burden study that involved personal monitoring and acquisition of
breath samples.
The study was conducted over three seasons (summer, fall and winter) in
Elizabeth and Bayonne, New Jersey and a single season in Devils Lake, North
Dakota and Greensboro, North Carolina using the methodology developed and
evaluated under the Prepilot Phase of this program. A stratified probability
subsample of subjects was selected for the summer and winter studies in New
Jersey.
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SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
Since its inception in 1980, the TEAM study has continuously undergone an
evolution in the statistical and chemical methodology employed for determining
personal exposure and body burden in populations potentially exposed to environ-
mental chemicals. Several recommendations were outlined in the Prepilot Final
Report which were instituted in the Phase I study. Further recommendations
based upon the information gleaned from the Phase I study are offered here.
The statistical sample design employed for the Phase II TEAM studies was
basically sound. The primary purpose of the TEAM studies was to estimate the
distributions of exposure to certain organic compounds. Since these distribu-
tions were expected to have heavy right tails, the samples were designed to
overrepresent the individuals whose potential for high exposure levels appeared
to be greatest. More precise estimation of upper percentiles of the exposure
distributions resulted when members of the oversampled strata actually experien-
ced high exposure levels.
A few relatively simple refinements of the Phase II sample survey design
are recommended to make the design more efficient. The Phase II TEAM sample
design can be refined so that housing units in the screening sample have
identially equal, instead of approximately equal, selection probabilities.
Another refinement would be to select noncompact clusters of housing units for
the screening sample instead of compact clusters, which would slightly increase
precision by reducing intracluster correlation. These two refinements would
result in a small improvement in precision and in slightly increased field
travel costs.
The numbers of first stage units selected for the first stage samples of
area segments were so few for the Devils Lake and Greensboro comparison samples,
three and six, respectively, that these household screening samples were not
representative of the target areas .prior to post-stratification adjustment of
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the sampling weights. A reasonably large sample of first stage units, e.g.,
20 or more, should be selected whenever possible.
The household screening data for the Phase II TEAM studies were manually
edited by the sampling staff to ensure that all individuals suspected of
having a potential for high exposure were classified as such for stratification.
This editing was very important because it was not possible to predesignate
all occupations with a high potential for exposure. Such manual editing of
screening data is likely to be needed in future monitoring studies that use
occupation as a basis for stratification.
However, if the population subgroups to be oversampled can be accurately
identified in the field and the oversampling rates can be prespecified (e.g.,
double the sample selection probabilities for individuals in homes with gas
stoves), then the selection of individuals should be done in the field concur-
rently with household screening. This would eliminate the need to recontact
households to solicit the participation of sample subjects and would almost
surely increase response rates.
The TEAM database is a valuable resource for planning the sample survey
design for future studies that monitor personal exposure to organic compounds.
Two types of design studies utilizing the TEAM data would be: (1) evaluation
of alternative stratification variables and (2) derivation of optimum sample
sizes that maximize precision given fixed cost or minimize cost given fixed
precision.
The primary purposes of stratification of the Phase II TEAM samples were:
1. To guarantee adequate sample representation of important population
subgroups (e.g., low socioeconomic households, young people, the
elderly, etc.).
2. To increase the precision of estimates of the upper percentiles of
exposure distributions by oversampling individuals suspected of
having high potential for exposure (e.g., households living near
suspected point sources, smoking, people with potential occupational
exposure, etc.).
The TEAM database can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of variables used
to stratify the TEAM sample, and other potential stratification variables,
with regard to the second criterion of increasing the precision of certain
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statistics. Such analyses could focus on whether or not potential stratifica-
tion variables represented significant sources of variation, or variance
components, for estimates of upper percentiles of the exposure distributions
for selected chemicals and media. Moreover, multivariate analyses of the TEAM
data could possibly identify linear combinations of TEAM data items that may
be useful for stratification. When investigating potential stratification
variables, one should keep in mind that the household screening instrument
should be kept short to facilitate high response rates at the household screen-
ing stage of sample selection.
The TEAM database can also be used as the basis for derivation of optimum
sample sizes for comparable future monitoring studies. The TEAM data and
survey experience would be used to derive estimates of costs and variance
components with respect to the three stages of the sample survey design.
Given these estimates, the sample sizes that minimize total survey costs
subject to specific variance constraints (e.g., specified precision for the
95th percentile of the daytime personal air exposures for selected chemicals)
can be derived for the three stages of the survey design. Separate precision
constraints can be specified for each stratum, if desired. If optimum sample
sizes are not derived, the precision expected for estimates of important
population parameters should be examined for alternative sample survey designs
before finalizing the design of a future study.
Another refinement of the TEAM survey methodology that should be considered
is sampling person-days, rather than sampling people who subsequently choose
their days for monitoring. If the purpose of a study is to monitor the average
daily personal exposures of people performing their usual activities, person-
day sampling is desirable whenever an individual's exposure is dependent upon
the day on which the person is monitored. When this dependency is present,
bias that cannot be quantified may be introduced by allowing sample subjects
to choose their monitoring days. For example, many subjects might choose to
be monitored on days when they expect to be inactive or staying at home.
Ideally, a specific day should be randomly selected for each individual to be
monitored. Such a procedure would be impractical; the response rate would be
affected very adversely, potentially invalidating the study. Practical methodo-
logy for person-day sampling was investigated in the EPA's study of personal
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exposure to carbon monoxide.1 Further development of person-day sampling
methodology is recommended for future studies in which a person's monitored
exposure is dependent upon the day selected for monitoring.
To improve the data collection efforts, several aspects of the process
should be considered. These include investigating the amount of incentive to
be paid, possibly shifting questions between the Study Questionnaire and the
24 House Screener, and a general review of the data items being collected.
The incentive issue should include consideration of dropping the incentive
entirely, or raising it to a more meaningful value. Review of the questionnaire
should be done with the goal of reducing respondent burdent by eliminating
non-discriminating questions as well as those not completely germaine to the
specific issues being studied. This last point will require specific delinea-
tion of study objectives.
Although there has been extensive analysis of the TEAM Phase I data base
to date there is a great deal of additional analysis that could be undertaken
including the following:
1. The questionnaire data collected from each participant has not been
fully explored. This includes not only the household questionnaire
but also the 24-hour exposure screener which the participant filled
out for activities during his 24-hour monitoring period. In particu-
lar, analysis that could be undertaken in a detailed examination of
questionnaire variables that were selected to predict breath and air
volatile organic levels by stepwise regression analysis. To date
analysis of variances on these selected variables have been run but
a detailed investigation of mean levels for significant variables
remains to be completed. In addition, a detailed examination of the
effect of the various questionnaire variables on indoor air levels
remains to be done. That is, can the indoor-outdoor volatile organic
compound (VOC) level differences noted in TEAM be partially accounted
for by the questionnaire data.
1Whitmore, R. W. , Jones, S. M. , and Rosenzweig, M. S. (1983). Final Sampling
Report for the Study of Personal CO Exposure, Report No. RTI/2390/02-01F,
Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
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2. Volatile organic levels in the air, breath and water samples collected at
the various TEAM sampling locations have not been compared. That is,
comparisons of VOC levels between Elizabeth and Bayonne, NJ; Devils Lake,
ND; and Greensboro, NC have not been reported. These analyses are diffi-
cult due to seasonal differences when samples were collected but are
certainly worth investigating for these three areas of the country.
3. To date no detailed multivariate analyses of the TEAM data base has
been undertaken. In particular one analysis that should be completed
is to use multivariate analysis to group VOCs into groups (i.e.
correlation analysis between VOC levels within media has indicated
that this may be done) and then examine prediction of the VOC group
levels by use of the questionnaire data. This type of analysis
could be extremely useful in planning future surveys.
4. RTI has collected meteorological data corresponding to the TEAM
sampling trips but no analysis of this data has been undertaken to
date. For example, the effects of meteorological data on indoor and
outdoor levels should be investigated. For example, do indoor
levels of various compounds vary with wind direction, temperature,
etc? This may be contrasted with the effects of meteorological
variables on the outdoor fixed site levels.
5. Detailed analysis of the blanks and control samples collected during
the TEAM study should be continued. This involves using multivariate
analysis techniques to determine when a control sample has VOC
levels which are outliers compared with the spiked VOCs levels.
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SECTION 3
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
STATISTICAL SAMPLING DESIGN
The TEAM sample survey design may be summarily described as a stratified
three-stage sample survey design. A stratified sample of geographic areas,
defined in terms of standard Bureau of the Census aerial units, was selected
at the first stage. At the second stage of sampling, housing units were
selected within the areas selected for the first stage sample. A short screen-
ing interview was conducted to collect data on the age, sex, smoking status,
and occupation of all members of participating households. A stratified
sample of individuals was then selected from the participating households for
monitoring of personal exposure and body burden.
The primary purposes of stratification of the Phase II TEAM samples were:
1. To guarantee adequate sample representation of important population
subgroups; and
2. To increase the precision of estimates of the upper percentiles of
exposure distributions by oversampling individuals suspected of
having high potential for exposure.
All samples were stratified by age and socioeconomic status to guarantee
adequate representation of the domains defined by these variables. In addition,
stratification by city assured adequate representation of residents of Bayonne
and Elizabeth in the New Jersey samples. Individuals suspected of having
potential for occupational exposure were oversarapled in all samples. Smokers
were oversampled in the Devils Lake and New Jersey samples. In addition,
individuals living in high or moderate proximity to suspected point sources
were oversampled in New Jersey. An investigation of the individuals with the
highest exposures revealed that nearly all had occupational exposure sources,
which supported the stratification by occupation. However, the TEAM database
could be used to refine the occupational strata. Analyses of differences in
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exposure levels between the New Jersey proximity strata revealed no consistent
differences. Hence, proximity to a point source may not be as important a
determinant of personal exposure as initially suspected. Since smokers had
significantly higher concentrations of benzene in the breath, the value of
stratification by smoking status was supported, also. However, stratification
based upon both active and passive smoking status might be more effective.
The response rates for the Phase II TEAM samples are summarized in Tables
1 and 2. Table 1 displays the response rates and numbers of respondents
specific to the individual sample stages, e.g., personal exposure and body-
burden data were collected from 84.8 percent of the eligible individuals
selected for the Bayonne second season sample. The overall response rates
(obtained as products of the response rates in Table 1) are displayed for each
-sampling stage in Table 2, e.g., 40.3 percent of the eligible members of the
target population were represented by the Bayonne second season participants.
The overall response rates are rather low, especially for the second and third
season samples. Low response rates are typical of studies that monitor personal
exposure and body-burden because of their unusually high respondent burden.
Nonresponse results in bias to the extent that exposure levels are related to
willingness, to participate. However, nonresponse weight adjustments reduce
the potential bias to the extent that the exposures and body burden of respon-
dents and nonrespondents are more alike within weight adjustment classes than
in the overall target population.
SURVEY OPERATIONS
The activities undertaken during Phase I of the TEAM study served to
refine, test, and validate a series of procedures to be used to collect data
during field studies. The procedures involved locating sampled segments of a
target community and constructing a sampling frame. The next part of the
study involved collecting screening/stratification data on the residents with
selected housing units within the frame. After selection of a sample of
desired participants, contacts were made with the chosen individuals in an
effort to enroll them into the final study population, and to administer the
main study questionnaire and to establish a series of appointments for the
collection of the biological and environmental samples. The various field
procedures were supplemented by .numerous in-house activities including data
-------
TABLE 1. RESPONDENT COUNTS AND RESPONSE RATES SPECIFIC TO
SAMPLE STAGES
Study Area
Household
Screening
First
Season
Second
Season
Third
Season
Bayonne, NJ 1788 (86.7%) 154 (54.8%) 67 (84.8%) 25 (84.6%)
Elizabeth, NJ 2638 (83.9%) 201 (48.8%) 90 (75.0%) 27 (96.4%)
Devils Lake, ND 87 (95.6%) 24 (66.7%) NA NA
Greensboro, NC 280 (94.9%) 24 (80.0%) NA NA
10
-------
TABLE 2. RESPONDENT COUNTS AND OVERALL RESPONSE RATES
BY SAMPLE STAGES
Study Area
Household
Screening
First
Season
Second
Season
Third
Season
Bayonne, NJ
Elizabeth, NJ
Devils Lake, ND
Greensboro, NC
1788 (86.7%)
2638 (83.9%)
87 (95.6%)
280 (94.9%)
154 (47.5%)
201 (42.7%)
24 (63.8%)
24 (75.9%)
67 (40.3%)
90 (32.0%)
NA
NA
25 (34.1%)
27 (30.8%)
NA
NA
11
-------
receipt, editing and coding, data entry, development of training guides and
field materials as well as the ongoing supervision of a staff of field inter-
viewers and supervisors.
Based on a review of activities in a pre-pilot study involving a minimum
number of purposively selected respondents some modifications were made in
procedures and forms. The medications and all other processes were well
tested during the main phases of data collection at the three sites. All
processes were seen to be applicable at sites with varying target population
sizes and makeup. Repeated visits within one site caused no apparent problems
for the subsets of respondents involved. While the mobile nature of the
population caused some problem in finding individuals for the third time, no
real reluctance to participants again was noted in those persons who were
found. This indicates that repeat measurements of a population are possible
using the techniques tested during this phase of the study.
The processes and documents used in Phase I should be extensively modified
for use in additional sites to reflect our increased knowledge of sources of
exposure, particularly indoor sources. Other modifications that might be
necessary would deal with changes in questions necessary to collect explanatory
data about sources of chemicals-added to the target list. In a similar fashion,
deletion of target compounds might permit deletion of items in the questionnaire.
This would be judged on a site-by-site basis.
CHEMICAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
Personal air, fixed-site air, drinking water and breath samples were
collected during three different seasons in Northern New Jersey and one each
in Greensboro, NC and Devils Lake, ND. Each participant in the study provided
two personal air samples, two water samples and one breath sample over a
twenty-four hour period. Fixed-site air samples were collected from each PSU.
Field controls and blanks, as well as duplicate samples, were collected to
provide an assessment of data quality.
Volatile organic compounds were isolated from air by drawing the sample
through a bed of Tenax GC using a constant flow pump. Breath samples were
collected in Tedlar bags using a custom-designed spirometer. In a manner
analogous to air samples, the contents of the Tedlar bag were pumped through
Tenax GC cartridges to concentrate the analytes. Tenax GC cartridges were
12
-------
analyzed by capillary GC/MS/COMP. Water samples were collected from the
participants primary drinking water source in 2 oz bottles and analyzed by
purge and trap GC/HECD and GC/FID. In total, 400 participants were sampled,
yielding 3,656 Tenax GC samples and 1,777 water samples for subsequent analysis.
Two sampling protocol refinement studies were performed as a result of
difficulties encountered during sample collection and analysis. The first
study addressed sources of contamination associated with breath collection and
resulted in a greatly improved spirometer design. The second study evaluated
various approaches to preparation and preservation of Tenax cleanliness.
Improvements to the sampling and analysis protocols, resulting from these
modifications were implemented in subsequent sampling trips.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
A quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) program was carried out
during the TEAM study. The results of these procedures will be presented in
this section and will address the following subject areas: (1) sample and
data collection during field operations, (2) monitoring chemical analysis, (3)
determination of analyte recovery and contamination (background) based on the
analysis of field control and blank samples, (4) precision estimates based on
duplicate sample analysis, (5) accuracy assessment based on target compound
measurement in performance audit samples. This information was evaluated and
summary statements presented on (1) field operations, (2) completeness, (3)
precision, and (4) accuracy for each study site (Northern New Jersey 1, 2, 3;
Greensboro; and Devils Lake, ND) .
Field Operations
The sample and data collection activities at the study site proceeded
serious problems (see, however, second trip to Northern New Jersey). The
initial trip to northern New Jersey was plaqued with numerous pump failures
and other situation which were mainly due to the relative inexperience of the
sampling staff. These episodes were part of a learning process; appropriate
changes in operating protocols were implemented which significantly reduced
the occurrence of these problems in subsequent trips.
The 24 hour exposure screener questionnaire was administered to all
participants by the sample collectors. Invariably, some confusion arose over
13
-------
specific questions wich lead to interviewer judgment and a probable inconsis-
tency between questionnaires.
The most serious problem occurred during the second trip to northern New
Jersey. There was evidence that significant workroom contamination had taken
place. To minimize this effect, a helium-purged plastic bag was used success-
fully to protect the Tenax cartridges during the third New Jersey trip.
Completeness
Completeness was defined as the number of samples originally scheduled
for collection for which analytical results were reported (not detected,
trace, or measurable).
Except for the third northern New Jersey study, the completeness of field
sample collection and analysis was greater than 90%. The completeness values
for the third New Jersey trip were quite low: 80%, 94%, 82%, and 80% for
personal air, fixed air, breath, and water samples, respectively. Most of the
scheduled D and Q type duplicates were collected and analyzed except for the
characteristic low completeness performance at the third New Jersey study.
Precision
Precision estimates were based on the analytical results for duplicate
sample pairs. The observed variability included contributions of the collection
and analysis. The agreement between duplicate concentration values for target
compounds was expressed as percent relative standard deviation (%RSD). These
data were evaluated and compared with respect to sample matrix and target
compound.
The data for the first New Jersey, Greensboro, and North Dakota studies
clearly showed that the precision for most targets in personal air samples was
superior to the same compounds in breath samples. In general, the %RSD for
most compounds collected on Tenax was less than 30%. However, there were some
analytes which gave poor precision in samples collected at most sites: benzene
and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. This observation was probably due in part to the
chronic high and variable background of these compounds. Certain aromatic
target compounds were normally associated with the best precision: styrene,
xylenes, ethylbenzene, and dichlorobenzene.
One sample from some duplicate pairs were sent to another laboratory for
analysis and compared to the results obtained at RTI on the other sample of
14
-------
the pair. The data showed, as a general trend, that intralaboratory precision
was better than interlaboratory precision.
In general, target compound precision in a water matrix was excellent
(%RSD less than 10%).
Over all sites, the samples collected at the North Dakota and second New
Jersey sites gave the poorest precision; the samples from the third season New
Jersey exhibited the best precision.
Accuracy
Two criteria were used in assessing method accuracy: (1) the recovery of
target compounds from field control samples and contamination levels on field
blanks and (2) results of performance audit samples.
Recovery of target compounds from Tenax cartridges varied from site to
site. First and third trips to the New Jersey site gave normal background-
corrected recovery data (85% to 110%). Background levels found on field
blanks were acceptably low with the exception of benzene and 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane from the first trip. In general, recovery values at the other sites
were high. Many targets were in the 150-200% recovery range. The corresponding
field blanks were contaminated with certain analytes. Benzene and 1,1,1-
trichloroethane exhibited the highest blank levels, found in some cases at the
100-300 ng level. In general, target recoveries from water were acceptable
and backgrounds nearly nonexistent.
The EPA spiked Tenax cartridges (provided by RTI) with 9 target compounds.
These performance audit samples were submitted blind to the RTI analyst. The
acceptability criterion for observed bias was arbitrarily set at ±32%. The
results obtained during the analysis of the third New Jersey study samples
exhibited the lowest bias over all sites. The observed bias associated with
most of targets during the analysis of Greensboro, first and second New Jersey
samples were less than ±35%. It was noted that bromoform and m-dichlorobenzene
characteristically showed a negative bias, excessively high during the Greens-
boro and first New Jersey sample analysis. The performance audit samples
measured during the North Dakota sample analysis gave the highest bias over
all sites.
The performance audit samples containing target compounds in water were
provided by EMSL/EPA in Cincinnati. In general, the analytical bias ranged
15
-------
between -20% to -10%. Bromine-containing targets were recovered less completely
(40% to 75%).
STATISTICAL DATA ANALYSIS
Introduction
Over a three year period, three visits were made to Bayonne and Elizabeth,
New Jersey to collect exposure and body burden data on twenty volatile organic
compounds (see Tables 3 and 4 for a list of the compounds). The first visit,
made August through November of 1981, collected breath, overnight and daytime
personal air, overnight and daytime outdoor air, and water samples on 354
people. The second visit, made July and August of 1982, monitored 157 people
previously studied in the first trip for the same compounds and media. The
third trip, made January and February of 1983, collected data on 49 people
sampled in both the previous studies. During this period, data was also
collected on the same compounds and media in two comparison sites, Greensboro,
North Carolina and Devils Lake, North Dakota. In Greensboro, twenty-four
people were sampled in October 1982. For each site, a household questionnaire
and 24-hour screener were also aministered to obtain information on the person,
his home, his occupation, and his activities and potential exposures during
the 24-hour study period. The household questionnaire was administered once
to each partaicipant while the 24-hour screener was administered for each
visit to a household.
The sample size ranges for the various sites and season^ by media are
given in Table 5. There was some variation in sample size due to missing
data. Also, the sample sizes for outdoor air were much smaller because outdoor
air monitors were mounted one per segment rather than one per household.
The data were examined for percent measurable (above the quantifiable
limit), concentration levels, comparison of outdoor versus indoor levels,
comparisons between seasons, correlations between media, correlations between
compounds in a media, and differences associated with questionnaire or screener
variables. The analysis was undertaken after extensive data editing in which
outliers were examined in details. Since a probability sample was used to
select the participants, the weighted results apply to the target populations
of the areas (see Section 4 for a detailed description of the sampling procedure)
16
-------
TABLE 3. TARGET COMPOUNDS SORTED BY PERCENT MEASURABLE IN BREATH AND
AIR SAMPLES — NEW JERSEY — ALL THREE SEASONS
Ubiquitous Compounds
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Often Found
Chloroform
Trichloroethylene
Styrene
Occasionally Found
Vinylidere Chloride
1,2-Dichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Bromod i chloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Range over four air media and breath media
Not analyzed in third season air samples.
Range of 7,
Fall
75
80
80
73
89
23
73
36
29
17
0
3
20
2
1
0
0
- 95
- 93
- 93
- 87
- 99
- 76
- 85
- 60
- 53
- 83
- 12
- 4
- 53
- 9
- 9
- 2
- 1
0
0
', Measurable by Season
Summer
55
66
62
58
68
44
61
31
33
46
8
1
7
16
5
0
0
- 93
- 81
- 94
- 97
- 96
- 94
- 84
- 59
- 60
- 82
- 22
- 12
- 43
- 40
- 24
- 3
- 1
0
0
Winter
97
82
53
33
4
19
62
1
0
0
6
1
0
0
- 100
- 100
100
100
100
- 100
- 99
- 92
- 79
- 91
- 95
- 22
- 26
- 33
- 34
*
*
- 1
- 1
17
-------
TABLE 4. TARGET.COMPOUNDS SORTED BY PERCENT MEASURABLE IN WATER
SAMPLES ~ NEW JERSEY —- ALL THREE SEASONS
% Measurable by Season
Fall Summer Winter
Ubiquitous Compounds
Chloroform 99 100 100
Bromodichloromethane 99 100 100
Dibromochloromethane 99 100 93
Often Found
1,1,1-TrJchloroethane 46 49 50
Trichloroethylene 51 44 48
Tetrachloroethylene 43 53 49
Occasionally Found
Vinylidene" Chloride 40 26 43
1,2-Dichloroethane 111
Benzene 1 25 0
Carbon Tetrachloride 6 7 18
Bromoform 263
Chlorobenzene 101
n^p-Dichlorobenzene 203
Never Found
Ethylbenzene 000
Styrene 000
m,p-Xylene 000
18
-------
TABLE 5. SAMPLE SIZE RANGES BY SITE, SEASON AND MEDIA
Breath
Overnight Personal Air
Daytime Personal Air
Overnight Outdoor Air
Daytime Outdoor Air
Water
Population Estimate:
New
Jersey
Fall
1981
295-339
346-348
339-3*1
81-86
86-90
265-354
New
Jersey
Summer
1982
81-143
150-156
142-146
48-71
47-68
156-157
New
Jersey
Winter
1983
49
49
47
9
8
49
Greens-
boro
Spring
1982
23
24
24
6
6
24
Devils
Lake
Fall
1982
23
23
24
5
5
24
128,600 109,400 94,000 130,900
6,200
19
-------
Percent Measurable
The twenty compounds analyzed in breath, air, and water samples can be
sorted into three categories based on the weighted percent of samples measurable
(i.e., exceeding the quantifiable limit). For breath and air samples in New
Jersey, the first category, ubiquitous compounds (more than 50% measurable in
most sample types), included benzene, tetrachloroethylene, ethylbenzene, o-
xylene, m,p_-xylene, m,j>-dichlorobenzene and 1,1,1-trichlorobenzene (see Table
3). Those compounds often found were chloroform, trichloroethylene, and
styrene. Vinylidene chloride, 1,2- dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride,
chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane,
bromoform, and dibromochloropropane were occasionally found (less than 10%
measurable in most sample media).
Fewer target chemicals were found in drinking water in New Jersey (Table
4). Chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane were measurable
in over 90% of all water samples. Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and
1,1,1-trichloroethane were found in about half of the samples. Vinylidene
chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, bromoform, chloro-
benzene and m,p_-dichlorobenzene were found in 0-43 percent of the water samples
while ethylbenzene, styrene and m,£-xylene were never found.
For the two comparison sites in Greensboro, North Carolina and Devils
Lake, North Dakota, most of the prevalent chemicals in New Jersey personal air
and breath samples were also found (Table 6). Only carbon tetrachloride
appeared considerably less often than in New Jersey. Outdoor air was not
included due to small sample sizes. In water samples (see Table 7), essentially
the same chemicals were present as in New Jersey but the percentages in Devils
Lake appeared very low for most chemicals.
In general, the percents measurable were higher for personal air than
breath and outdoor air, but the media did tend to follow the same overall
pattern. For water, however, with the exception of chloroform and possibly
1,1,1-trichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene, there was little relationship
between the compounds ubiquitous in water and those in breath and air samples.
20
-------
TABLE 6. TAPGET COMPOUNDS SORTED BY PERCENT MEASURABLE IN PERSONAL
AIR AND BREATH SAMPLES —
GREENSBORO AND DEVILS LAKE
II
Ubiquitous Compounds
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
^p-Dichlorobenzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Often Found
Chloroform
Trichloroethylene
Styrene
Occasionally Found
1,2-Dichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
£-Dichlorobenzene
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform
Never Found
Dibromochloromethane
Dibromochloropropane
Range of % Measurable
Greensboro Devils Lake
50 - 100
90 - 100
90 - 100
85 - 100
71 - 80
72 - 76
47 - 68
8-68
41 - 64
4-14
4-6
0-16
0-2
0
0-4
0
0
73 - 95
60 - 80
66 - 91
80 - 97
56 - 89
80 - 91
22 - 65
33 - 52
59
5-17
8-14
7-44
0-10
14
0
0
0
I/
*
Outdoor air not included due to small sample sizes.
Benzene was ubiquitous, but high background contamination prevented
quantifying the results.
21
-------
TABLE 7. TARGET COMPOUNDS SORTED BY PERCENT MEASURABLE IN DRINKING
WATER SAMPLES — GREENSBORO AND DEVILS LAKE
Ubiquitous Compounds
Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Often Found
Dibromochloromethane
1,1,1-Tr ichloroethane
Occasionally Found
Tetrachloroethylene
Vinylidene Chloride
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Toluene
1,2-Dichloroethane
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Never Found
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
m,p-Xylene
% Measurable by Site
Greensboro
93
93
93
24
74
10
3
5
*
0
0
0
0
*
*
*
*
Devils Lake
100
73
18
42
0
0
0
5
30
2
2
8
2
0
0
0
0
* Not measured.
22
-------
Concentrations
Daytime air, breath and water weighted median concentrations are compared
to the three seasons in New Jersey in Tables 8 and 9 and Figures 1 through 3.
The medians are given for only those compounds which had relatively high
percents measurable and sufficiently high levels to warrant further investiga-
tion. Overnight air will be examined later. All median estimates in Tables 8
and 9 are weighted and apply to the target populations of 128,000 for fall;
109,000 for summer; and 94,000 for the winter season. In almost all cases,
the daytime personal air median was higher than that for daytime outdoor air
(see Table 10). Also, personal air levels tended to be higher than breath
levels, particularly in the winter as shown in Figure 3. In many instances,
the breath concentrations were higher than daytime outdoor air levels. Benzene,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, m,£- xylene, tetrachloroethylene, and ethylbenzene
showed particularly high levels over several media and seasons. Finally, the
drinking water median concentrations across the three seasons (Table 9) show
that only chloroform, bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane had non-
negligible concentrations in tap water samples. Also, clear is the decline in
VOC water levels in the winter season.
Comparisons Between Seasons for New Jersey
For the forty-nine people who participated in all three seasons of the
New Jersey study, Tables 11 through 13 compare the weighted percents measurable
and median concentrations for breath, daytime personal and outdoor air, and
water. Generally, the percentages measurable for breath tended to be higher
in the fall as compared to the summer while the daytime outdoor air levels
tended to be lower (Table 11). For winter compared to summer, the percentages
tended to be about the same for daytime personal and outdoor air, while breath
showed some tendency to be higher in winter (Table 12). For water, with the
exception of bromoform, the percentages showed little difference between seasons,
In comparison the weighted medians between seasons for breath, the fall
concentrations tended to be higher than those for summer (see Table 13), while
the winter concentrations tended to be lower. For daytime personal and outdoor
air, the fall and winter levels tended to be higher than the summer levels.
For water, there was a slight tendency for the fall levels to be higher and
the winter levels to be lower than the summer medians (see Table 14).
23
-------
TABLE 8. WEIGHTED MEDIANS (yg/m3) FOR AIR AND BREATH CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN NEW JERSEY
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethyl ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylhenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Fall IS
Daytime
Personal
3.1
17
17
1.5
2.6
8.4
2.0
3.5
7.9
5.8
18
)81 (128,
Air
Outdoor
0.6
4.8
7.8
0.9
1.6
3.6
0.7
0.8
3.2
3.1
8.2
I/
600)
•
Breath
1.8
6.6
12
0.7
0.9
6.8
0.8
1.3
2.9
2.2
6.4
Summer
Daytime
Personal
0.8
6.6
NC 21
0.4
3.0
5.9
1.2
2.3
4.2
5.1
13
1982 (109
Air
Outdoor
0.1
5.5
NC
0.8
0.2
3.3
0.4
0.9
1.9
1.8
5.9
=:=.=u=^= C. = S S
.400)
Breath
2.3
5.2
NC
0.2
0.1
4.1
0.8
1.3
1.7
1.0
3.2
Winter
Daytime
Personal
2.2
26
NC
NM 3/
1.6
9.7
1.7
5.8
8.2
9.9
25
1983 (94,
Air
Outdoor
0.1
1.5
NC
NM
0.6
8.0
0.6
0.7
4.1
3.6
10
000)
Breath
0.1
2.3
NC
NM
0.1
4.5
0.2
1.2
1.3
1.0
3.0
I/ Population of Elizabeth and Bayonne for which estimates apply.
2/ Not calculated — cartridges contaminated.
3/ Not measurable (most samples).
-------
TABLE 9. MEDIANS (pg/L) OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN NEW JERSEY
DRINKING WATER
Compound
Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochlorome thane
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Vinylidene Chloride
Benzene
11
Fall 1981
(128,600)
67
13
2.4
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.0
"
Summer 1982
(109,400)
55
12
1.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
-
0.0
0.3
Winter 1983
(94,000)
16
5.8
1.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
-
0.0
I/ Population of Bayonne and Elizabeth to which estimates apply.
25
-------
Mg/nr
20 _
15 -
10 -
NJ
ON
c ^^
LEGEND:
Breath
Persoaal (daytime)
CilLGR 111TRI BENZ CTET TCE PERC STYR MPDI ETHYL OXY MPXY
Figure 1. Weighted median concentrations for breath and daytime personal air - New Jersey fall season.
-------
Mg/m:
20 —
15-
10 —
5 —
LEGEND:
[_J Breath
| Personal (daytime)
Sample Size Range: 81-146
CHLOR 111TRI CTET TCE PERC CHLORB STYR MPDI ETHYL OXY MPXY
Figure 2. Weighted median concentrations for breath and daytime personal air - New Jersey summer season.
-------
yg/m;
26.0
to
00
20 -
15 -
10 —
5 —
25.0
|| Breath
Personal (daytime)
Sample Size Range: 47-49
CHLOR 111TRI TCE PERC SYYR MPDI ETHYL OXY MPXY
Figure 3. Weighted median concentrations for breath and daytime personal air - New Jersey winter season.
-------
TABLE 10. RATIO OF DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR TO DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR WEIGHTED
MEDIANS BY SEASON IN NEW JERSEY
Compound
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trd cbloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Fall
5.2
3.5
2.2
1.6
1.6
2.3
2.8
4.3
2.5
1.9
2.2
Summer
6.0
1.2
0.5
16
1.8
3.3
2.5
2.2
2.8
2.2
Winter
26
17
2.6
1.2
2.8
8.2
2.0
2.8
2.5
29
-------
TABLE 11. RATIO OF FALL AND WINTER TO SUMMER WEIGHTED PERCFNTS
MEASURABLE FOR THOSE PARTICIPATING IN ALL
THREE SEASONS IN NEW JERSEY FOR BREATH
DAYTIME
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Sample Size Range:
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Sample Size Range:
PERSONAL
Breath
1.7
1.5
1.9
2.8
1.0
1.2
0.6
1.0
1.5
1.3
1.4
14 - 44
Breath
0.6
1.3
1.9
0.0
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.5
14 - 44
AND OUTDOOR AIR
Ratio of Fall to
Daytime
Personal Air
0.5
0.9
1.3
1.8
0.6
1.1
1.2
0.8
1.1
1.0
1.0
38 - 40
Ratio of Winter to
Daytime
Personal Air
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.9
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.1
38 - 40
9
Summer
Daytime
Outdoor Air
0.4
2.4
1.0
0.1
0.6
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.8
0.7
1.0
6-8
Summer
Daytime
Outdoor Air
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.0
0.8
1.0
2.0
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
6-8
30
-------
TABLE 12. RATIO OF FALL AND WINTER TO SUMMER WEIGHTED PERCENTS
MEASURABLE FOR THOSE PARTICIPATING IN ALL
THREE SEASONS IN NEW JERSEY FOR WATER
^ -
Ratio of Ratio of
Compound Fall to Summer Winter to Summer
Chloroform 1.0 1.0
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.7 0.9
Trichloroethylene 1.1 1.1
Eromodichloromethane 1.0 1.0
Dibromochloromethane 1.0 0.9
Tetrachloroethylene 1.2 1.1
Bromoform 0.1 0.3
Sample Size Range: 37-49
31
-------
TABLE 13. RATIO OF FALL AND WINTER TO SIMMER WEIGHTED MEDIANS FOR THOSE
PARTICIPATING
FOR BREATH,
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Sample Size Range:
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
in,p-Xylene
Sample Size Range:
IN ALL THREE SEASONS IN NEW JERSEY
DAYTIME PERSONAL AND OUTDOOR
Ratio of Fall to
Daytime
Breath Personal Air
2.2 1.0
3.2 1.8
— _
5.3 1.5
6.3 0.3
1.6 1.3
0.9 1.7
1.0 0.9
1.4 1.3
1.5 1.0
2.2 1.2
14 -44 38 - 40
Ratio of Winter to
Daytime
Breath Personal Air
0.2 1.2
0.7 2.0
— _
1.2 1.0
1.3 0.3
1.0 0.8
0.2 1.2
0.9 2.4
0.4 1.5
0.5 1.7
0.8 2.0
14 - 44 38 - 40
AIR
Summer
Daytime
Outdoor Air
3.2
30
_
1.9
9.2
1.2
1.6
0.3
0.9
1.0
1.1
6-8
Summer
Daytime
Outdoor Air
0.8
12
_
1.2
5.2
3.0
1.0
0.3
1.5
1.3
1.7
6-8
32
-------
TABLE 14. RATIO OF FALL AND WINTER TO SUMMER WEIGHTED MEDIANS FOR THOSE
PARTICIPATING IN ALL THREE SEASONS IN NEW JERSEY
FOR WATER
Ratio of Ratio of
Compound Fall to Summer Winter to Summer
Chloroform 1.2 0.3
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.6 0.6
Trichloroethylene 1.0 1.0
Bromodichloromethane 1.1 0.5
Dibromochloromethane 1.2 0.8
Tetrachloroethylene 1.7 1.0
Bromoform 1.0 1.0
Sample Size Range: 37-49
33
-------
Outdoor Versus Indoor Levels
In order to compare indoor and outdoor air concentration levels, Figure 4
gives unweighted medians for overnight personal and outdoor air for the 85
people who had air monitors outside their homes during the fall season in New
Jersey. For each of the eleven compounds examined, the personal (indoor)
median was significantly higher at the .05 level than the outdoor air level.
This trend was also seen in the summer and winter seasons. Thus, there was a
dramatic difference in matched indoor and outdoor overnight air levels in New
Jersey indicating that other sources than outdoor levels were affecting personal
air levels of sample participants.
Correlations
For New Jersey, ten of the eleven prevalent compounds in breath samples
were significantly correlated (at the .05 level) with the previous twelve-hour
personal air exposures (see Table 15). However, with the exception of m,£-
dichlorobenzene, these correlations were less than .5. The other compound,
chloroform, showed a signficiant correlation between breath and drinking water
concentrations. The correlations between personal air and outdoor air and
between breath and outdoor air tended to be lower. Also, with the exception
of chloroform, the correlations between breath and water concentrations tended
to be low. Generally, the correlations between overnight personal and outdoor
air were higher than those between daytime personal and outdoor air.
Spearman correlations were also calculated between chemicals within media
for personal air, outdoor air and breath samples. Correlations were high for
certain chemicals in all media. For example, the xylene isomers and ethylben-
zene had correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9 in virtually all cases (see
Table 16). On the other hand, chloroform and m,p_-dichlorobenzene showed
little correlation with any other compounds or with each other.
Questionnaire and Screener Data
In an attempt to identify possible sources of exposure to the chemicals,
various questions from the household questionnaire and 24-hour screener filled
out for each participant were examined for the fall season in New Jersey.
Questions from the household questionnaire were analyzed using stepwise regres-
sion to determine which variables warranted further study. Questions dealing
with the home were used for overnight personal air while those dealing with
34
-------
Ug/nr
20 -
15 -
10 -
5 -
LEGEND :
Outdoor
| Personal
* Significantly different at .05 level by Wilcoxon signed rank test
CHLOR 111TRI BENZ CTET TCE PERC STYR MPD ETHYL OXY MPXY
Figure 4. Median concentrations for matched overnight personal air and overnight outdoor air - New
Jersey fall season.
-------
TABLE 15. .SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN BREATH CONCENTRATIONS AND
PRECEDING DAYTIME 12-HOUR PERSONAL EXPOSURES
TO ELEVEN COMPOUNDS IN NEW JERSEY, GREENSBORO,
AND DEVILS LAKE
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dlchlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Sample Size Range:
Fall
.07
.28*
.21*
.24*
.38*
.46*
.19*
.54*
.33*
.26*
.32*
295-
328
New Jersey
Summer Winter
-.11
.28*
-- I/
-.01
.10
.23*
.20*
.38*
.22*
.22*
.27*
76-
132
-.03
.32*
—
—
.35*
.37*
.19
.61*
.44*
.45*
.48*
47
Devils Lake
-.01
.71*
—
-.23
.26
.53*
—
.63*
.12
.21
.19
23
Greensboro
.45*
.22
-.53*
.38
.58*
.32
.68*
-.01
.28
.08
23
_]V Data uncertain based on quality assurance results.
* Significant at p < .05 level.
36
-------
TABLE 16. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS >_ 0.5 BETWEEN PREVALENT COMPOUNDS IN AIR AND BREATH
FOR NEW JERSEY BY SEASON
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Compound I
m,p-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
Ethylbenzene
Styrene
Styrene
Styrene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
1 ,1 ,1-Trlchloroethane
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Chloroform
Compound II
Fall:
Summer:
Winter:
o-Xylene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
ra,p-Xylene
o-Xylene
Styrene
Trichloroethylene
1 , 1 , 1-Trlchloroethane
Styrene
m,p-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
Benzene
Chloroform
Ethylbenzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Breath
(N <•= 29-312)
(N = 20-92)
(N = 15-49)
S F W
.90 .91 .96
.89 .93 .92
.97 .93 .96
.72 .51 .74
.61 .69
.70 .68
.52
.58
.63
.56
.52
.50
.51 .53
.56
.56
.59
.79
Personal Air
Night Day
(N - 82-325) (N •= 52-314)
(N - 50-149) (N - 50-133)
(N - 36-49) (N - 33-47)
S F W S F W
.91 .94 .95 .92 .96 .98
.86 .93 .96 .93 .95 .98
.86 .92 .96 .94 .95 .98
.58 .66 .66 .65 .69 .69
.51 .60 .62 .60 .57 .55
.58 .65 .58 .65 .58 .53
.57 .50
.60 .55
.62 .55
.58
.56
.57
.55 .54
.56
.62 .70 .66
.50
Outdoor Air
Night
(N =
(N =
(N -
S
.91
.95
.94
.81
.72
.73
.71
.69
.62
.56
.84
.71
.56
18-72)
18-60)
7-8)
F W
.92 .92
.94 .89
.92 .97
.59 .87
.64 .97
.54 .88
.55
.58
.65
.56
.63 .82
.60 .89
.60 .79
.60
.51
.61
.53
.65
(N -
(N =
(N -
S
.86
.95
.90
.60
.59
.52
.56
.52
.58
.64
.65
.69
.72
.73
.56
Day
7-72)
14-53)
7-8)
F
.96
.94
.93
.57
.52
.56
.57
.59
.61
.61
.54
.60
.57
.59
W
.79
.83
.97
-------
work and activities outside the home were used for daytime personal air. A
combination of work, home and other characteristic variables were used for
breath. Analyses of variance were then performed on the variables appearing
in the stepwise regressions.
3
Table 17 gives the unweighted geometric means (|Jg/m ) for selected ques-
tions which showed significant differences based on the analysis of variance.
The table indicates, for age, that several compounds had significantly different
levels in breath samples with the highest geometric means in the 40-60 age
group with the exception of benzene in the 18-40 group. However, this may be
caused, to some extent, by employment in the 40-60 age group. Those people
who were employed had higher levels for many of the chemicals in breath and
daytime personal air.
Extended smoker contact at work also accounted for high levels for many
of the compounds. Current smokers had high levels of several compounds in
their breath. In personal air samples, non-smokers living with smokers had
high levels of several compounds. As expected, those who smoked two or more
packs of cigarettes per day had higher breath levels of certain compounds than
those who smoked less and those who did not smoke had the lowest breath levels.
Generally, benzene, styrene, ethylbenzene, and m,p_-xylene had higher levels in
breath and personal air for several variables associated with smoking and
exposure to smoke.
Race also showed significantly different levels for several compounds in
breath and overnight air with Hispanics tending to have the highest levels and
Blacks the lowest. One household characteristic that showed a significant
difference in selected VOC levels was the use of a gas stove versus an electric
oven with styrene levels higher for electric ovens.
Another variable of interest was proximity to potential point source of
exposure. Homes were selected to be in different exposure strata -- high,
medium and low -- based on distance from the possible source. However, there
3
were few significant differences in the geometric means (|Jg/m ) for the eleven
most prevalent compounds (see Table 18).
As seen in the results of the analyses of variance for employment, the
work place appeared to be a source of exposure for many of the compounds. To
further examine this, exposure in breath and personal air to several work
38
-------
TABLE 17. UNWEIGHTED GEOMETRIC MEANS (ug/m3) FOR HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
VARIABLES WITH SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT LEVELS _!/
BASED ON ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE BY MEDIA
AND COMPOUND ~ NEK JERSEY -- FALL
1. AGE
Breath
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Sample Size
2 . EMPLOYMENT
Breath
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Daytime Persona] Air
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
< 18
5.9
5.9
1.1
1.9
1.6
4.1
49-51
Yes
6.8
9.7
1.0
1.8
3.4
2.7
7.1
30
16
1.6
12
2.4
12
8.9
29
Age
18-40
12
7.4
1.5
2.8
2.2
6.1
154-166
Employed
No
3.5
5.5
0.7
1.3
2.0
1.6
4.5
12
11
1.2
7.5
1.7
6.2
5.3
15
40-60 60+
11 7.4
10 6.9
2.3 1.3
3.5 2.2
2.8 1.7
7.1 4.9
71-18 40-44
Sample Size 177-194 131-147
39
-------
TABLE 17 (cont'd.)
3. SMOKING
Smoker Contact at Work
Daytime Personal Air
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylent
Sample Size
0-20% 20-80% 80-100%
15 32
11 13
1.3 1
1.8 2
7.3 9
6.0 7
18 26
33
24
.1 2.
.6 2.
.6 14
.8 11
34
0
9
212-213 56-57 70
Smoke
Breath
Benzene
Tetrachl oroethylene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
m,p-Xylene
Overnight
Personal Air
Chloroform
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Daytime Personal Air
Benzene
m,p-Xylene
Sample Size
Breath 0
Benzene 5.3
Tetrachloroethylene 6.2
Styrene 0.6
Ethylbenzene 2.0
m,p-Xylene 4.4
Sample Size 113-
124
Non- Smoker
Not
Living Living
With With
Smoker Smoker
5.0 5.5
7.2 5.4
0.6 0.5
1.8 2.2
4.2 4.7
2.4 4.7
8.0 14
1.0 2.1
4.7 9.6
3.8 7.4
12 22
8.6 17
16 24
57-64 56-63
Cigarette
2
25 19
8.9 20
1.5 1.2
5.0 3.8
10 8.2
23-24 10
40
-------
TABLE 17 (cont'd.)
4. RACE
Breath
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Styrene
Overnight
Personal Air
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Sample Size
Race
Hispanic
1.8
10
1.5
0.9
28
1.5
3.4
Black
0.8
4.2
0.7
1.2
14
1.3
1.8
Other
1.2
4.6
0.9
0.8
17
2.0
2.4
53-59
38-42 209-241
5. APPLIANCES
Breath
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Daytime Personal Air
Styr^ne
Sample Size
Gas Stove
Yes
0.8
2.6
2.1
5.6
No
1.5
5.4
3.8
9.9
2.0 A.6
293-322 18-19
Breath
Styrene
Overnight
Persona] Air
Trichloroethvlene
Styrene
Daytime Personal Air
Styrene
Sample Size
Electric Oven
~C~
Yes
1.3
3.7
2.8
3.4
24-27
I] Significantly different at .05 level.
2.3
1.7
2.0
287-321
41
-------
TABLE 18. WEIGHTED GEOMETRIC MEANS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE
FOP. BREATH, OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AND OUTDOOR
AIR — NEW JERSEY — FALL SEASON
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Stvrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
High
1.0
4.1
6.4
0.5
0.8
6.2
0.8
1.4
2.0
1.8
4.8
Breath
Moderate
1.4
6.4
8.8
0.6
1.1
9.5*
0.8
2.0
2.7
2.0
5.8
Low
1.4
4.2
9.C
0.7
0.9
6.7
0.7
1.7
2.6
2.1
5.4
Sample Size
94-107
83-90
127-143
Overnight Personal Air
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
High
2.3
14
10
1.6
2.1
4.6
1.3
3.6
6.1
4.7
15
Moderate
4.2*
24.*
13
1.6
2.8
7.4
1.9
6.2
8.2*
6.2
19
Low
3.4
18
14
2.1
2.7
6.6
1.4
5.4
5.6
5.0
14
Sample Size
Compound
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
107
90-92
147-149
Overnight Outdoor Air
0.7
4.0
9*
0
5
5
7
Sample Size:
0.
1.4
3.4
3.2
8.8
18-20
Moderate
0.4
3.3
2.5
0.6
1.0
1.7
0.4
0.8
2.0
2.7
8.5
23-24
Low
0.6
3.7
4.6
0.8
1.7
2.2
0.5
1.0
2.3
2.6
7.8
AQ-42
* Geometric means significantly different between proximity classes at
.05 level (pairwise t-tests).
42
-------
environments were examined based on the answers to the 24-hour screener. In
this analysis, a comparison was made on the percentage of concentration levels
above the ninetieth percentile (see Tables 19 - 23) to determine if the higher
concentration levels could be associated with exposure to a particular work
environment. For those exposed to paint, chloroform and styrene had greater
percentages of concentrations above the ninetieth percentile than for those
not exposed to paint. For those in chemical plants, ethylbenzene and the
xylenes had higher percentages. Benzene was higher for those in garages,
while benzene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene had higher percentages for those in
plastics manufacture and formulation. Those in metal work or smelters had
high percentages for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, styrene, ethylbenzene, and the
xylenes. Detailed results of these analyses along with the median and maximum
concentrations for some of the compounds are given in Appendix BB.
43
-------
TABLE 19. PERCENTAGE OF CONCENTRATIONS ABOVE THE WEIGHTED NINETIETH
PERCENTILE BY ANSWERS TO THE 24-HOUR SCREENEB -
NEW JERSEY — FALL SEASON
0.9 HAVE YOU PAINTED OR BEEN IN A PAINTING STORE DURING THE PAST 24
HOURS?
Daytime
Breath Personal Air
Compound Yes No Yes No
Chloroform 36.* 8.7 14 9.8
l,r,l-Trichloroethane 24 9.0 8.2 11
Benzene 37.* 8.5 13 9.9
Carbon Tetrachloride 27 9.0 5.4 11
Tricoloroethylene 0.0 11.* 17 9.5
Tetrachloroethylene 21 9.9 18 9.8
Styrene 44.* 8.9 36.* 8.4
m,p-Dichlorobenzene 12 9.9 9.6 10
Ethylbenzene 19 9.4 16 9.9
£-Xyler,e 18 9.8 1.0 11
Iiup-Xylene 17 9.8 25 9.3
Sample Size 20-25 285-314 26 314-315
* T-test for difference in answers significant at .05 level.
TABLE 20. PERCENTAGE OF CONCENTRATIONS ABOVE THE WEIGHTED NINETIETH
PERCENTILE BY ANSWERS TO THE 24-HOUR SCREF.NER -
NEW JERSEY — FALL SEASON
Q.9 HAVE YOU WORKED AT OR
HOURS?
BEEN IN A CHFMICAL PLANT DURING THE PAST 24
Daytime
Breath
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethy] ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Fthylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Sample Size
Yes
16
3.2
19
14
22
8.4
22
0.0
30
28
27
19-29
No
10
10
10
10
9.8
11
11
10.*
9.5
9.9
9.8
286-319
Personal Air
Yes
23
23
19
19
5.0
2.9
30
0.0
50.*
46.*
56.*
19
No
9.8
11
9.9
11
1C
10
9.9
10.*
9.3
9.6
9.4
320-322
* T-test for difference in answers significant at .05 level.
44
-------
TABLE 21. PERCENTAGE OF CONCENTRATIONS ABOVE THE WEIGHTED NINETIETH
PERCENTILE BY ANSWERS TO THE 24-HOUR SCREF.NEF -
NEW JERSEY — FALL SEASON
Q.9 HAVE YOU WORKED AT OR BEEN
IN A GARAGE
DURING
Breath
Compound
Chloroform
Yes
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
tn,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Sample Size
4
7
28
10
8
8
9
1
13
15
14
.8
.0
.*
.6
.1
.4
.7
56-61
11
11
7
10
10
11
11
12
9
9
9
No
.*
.1
.*
.6
.4
.5
249-279
THE PAST 24 HOURS?
Daytime
Personal Air
Yes
13
10
22
11
14
11
16
7.7
20
20
18
63-64
9
11
7
11
9
10
9
10
8
8
9
No
.6
.9
.3
.4
.4
.7
.1
276-277
* T-test for difference in answers significant at .05 level.
TABLE 22. PERCENTAGE OF CONCENTRATIONS ABOVE THE WEIGHTED NINETIETH
PERCENTILE BY ANSWEPS TO THE 24-HOUR SCREENER -
NEW JERSEY — FALL SEASON
Q.9 HAVE YOU WORKED AT OR BEEN IN PLASTIC MANUFACTURE OR FORMULATION
DURING THE PAST 24 HOURS?
Daytime
Breath Personal Air
Compound Yes No Yes No
Chloroform 12 10 3.8 10
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 19 9.9 11 11
Benzene 53.* 9.4 25 9.8
Carbon Tetrachloride 37 9.6 20 11
Trichloroethylene 26 9.8 38 9.5
Tetrachloroethylene 7.8 11 17 10
Styrene 42 10 34 9.9
m,p-Dichlorobenzene 5.5 10 5.5 10
Ethylbenzene 54.* 9.2 22 10
£-Xylene 74.* 9.1 22 10
m,p-Xylene 36 9.8 22 10
Sample Size 10-11 295-328 11 328-330
T-test for difference in answers significant at .05 level.
45
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TABLE 23. PERCENTAGE OF CONCENTRATIONS ABOVE THE WEIGHTED NINETIETH
PF.RCENTILE BY ANSWERS TO THE 24-HOUR SCREENER -
NEW JERSEY — FALL SEASON
Q.9 HAVE YOU WORKED" AT" OR* BEEN IN METAL WORK/SMELTERS DURING THE PAST
24 HOURS?
Daytime
Breath Personal Air
Compound Yes No
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
mȣ-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Sample Size
Yes
19
35
23
0.0
0.0
24
26
0.0
18
25
18
15-17
9.9
9.3
9.8
10 *
10 *
10
11
10 *
9.8
9.8
10
289-322
* T-test for difference in answers significant at .05 level.
Yes
10
48 *
18
15
22
29
46 *
0.0
47 *
55 *
64 *
16
No
10
10
9.9
11
9.7
9.8
9.4
10 *
9.3
9.3
9.0
323-325
46
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SECTION 4
STATISTICAL SAMPLE DESIGN AND WEIGHTING
INTRODUCTION
Phase II of the TEAM study was conducted at three purposively chosen
target areas: Bayonne and Elizabeth, New Jersey; Devils Lake, North Dakota;
and Greensboro, North Carolina. The Bayonne and Elizabeth area was selected
as a prototype area expected to perhaps contain point sources of the organic
chemicals being monitored. Conversely, Devils Lake and Greensboro were selected
as comparison areas not expected to contain point sources of these chemicals.
Three seasons of personal exposure, body-burden, and fixed-site monitoring
were conducted in Bayonne and Elizabeth, New Jersey, which is referred to as
the Northern New Jersey study area. The first season monitoring was conducted
from August through November 1981. A subsample of the individuals who partici-
pated in the first season study was selected for the second season study,
which was conducted in July and August 1982. Similarly, the third season
sample was a subsample of the individuals who participated in the first two
seasons, and was conducted in January and February 1983.
The companion study in Greensboro, North Carolina, was conducted in May
1982. And the Devils Lake, North Dakota, study took place in October 1982.
Therefore, these companion studies were performed between the monitoring
seasons of the Northern New Jersey study area.
For each target area of the Phase II TEAM study, the statistical sample
design may be summarily described as a stratified three stage sample survey
design. The first stage sampling units (FSUs) were blocks, block groups,
enumeration districts, or combinations thereof as defined by the U.S. Bureau
of the Census for the 1980 Decennial Census. A stratified sample of the FSUs
was selected with probabilities proportional to the number of occupied housing
units in the FSU based upon the 1980 Decennial Census data. A compact cluster
of housing units was selected at the second stage within each selected FSU. A
47
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short screening interview was conducted for each participating household. The
purpose of the screening interview was to collect data from a knowledgeable
adult household member concerning the age, sex, smoking status, and occupation
of all household members. These data were used to stratify the third stage
sample of individuals selected for personal exposure and body-burden moni-
toring. In addition to stratification by age, sex, and smoking status, the
occupation data were used to stratify by suspected occupational exposure to
the organic chemicals being monitored. The primary purpose of this stratifi-
cation was to oversample people with potentially high exposure levels to
facilitate more accurate estimaton of the population distribution of exposure.
Hence, smokers and individuals identified as having suspected occupational
exposure were oversampled for monitoring.
Probability sampling methods have been used so that the data collected
can be used to make strictly valid statistical inferences concerning the
populations sampled. Hence, sampling weights have been computed that reflect
the procedures used for sample selection. The weight of a sample unit can be
viewed as the number of units in the target population that the sample unit
represents. The initial sampling weight for a unit is calculated as the
reciprocal of either the probability of selection or the expected frequency of
selection when sampling with replacement. The initial sampling weights have
been adjusted to reduce the potential bias caused by nonrespcnse. The final
analysis weights, adjusted sampling weights, serve to differentially weight
the sample data to reflect the level of disproportionality in the final sample
relative to the population of interest.
TARGET POPULATION
The target population for Phase I of the TEAM study contains individuals
who satisfy the following criteria:
(1) Primary place of residence was in the study area (Using 1980 Census
Place boundaries) when the household screening was conducted.
(2) Aged 7 years or older at the time of the household screening.
(3) Did not change status with regard to any key stratification variable
between screening and personal exposure monitoring, i.e.,
48
-------
(a) Did not change smoking status, and
(b) Did not change potential for occupational exposure, and
(c) Did not move outside the geographic stratum used for selecting
FSUs where they resided at the time of screening.
(4) Physically and mentally capable of participating, i.e., able to
complete the consent form and the study questionnaire administered
to the people monitored.
(5) Not living in group quarters1 or on a military reservation.
(6) Present in the study area at the time of personal exposure, body-
burden, and fixed-site monitoring.
Additional criteria are discussed below.
The third criterion above was imposed so that analyses of key strata,
e.g., smokers, individuals with high suspected occupational exposure, or
individuals living in close proximity to potential point sources, would in-
clude only individuals who possess the conditions defining the strata. In
retrospect, this third criterion was not absolutely necessary. Analyses can
be performed by post-strata rather than by sample selection strata, e.g.,
smokers can be identified for analysis as those who responded that they were
smokers in the study questionnaire administered at the time of personal expo-
sure and body-burden monitoring.
Northern New Jersey
First Season—
One additional criterion concerning nursing mothers is needed in order to
completely define the target population for the Northern New Jersey study
area. One stratum of the first season person-level sample in Northern New
Jersey was a stratum of nursing mothers selected for a special substudy. The
individuals selected for the nursing mothers substudy were all women who
indicated during screening that they expected to be nursing their babies at
the time of personal data collection. If a mother selected into the nursing
mothers substudy was no longer nursing her baby when the interview team ar-
rived for the personal data collection, no data were collected and the
*A Group quarters is any living quarters, including houses or individual units
in an apartment complex, in which ten or more unrelated persons abide. Group
quarters include dormitories, barracks, prisons, etc.
49
-------
individual was coded as ineligible. Hence, the target population for the
nursing mothers substudy consists of all individuals who satisfy the six
criteria listed above plus the following criterion:
(7) Mothers who expected at the time of screening to be nursing at the
time of personal data collection, and were actually nursing their
babies at the time of personal monitoring and data collection.
Moreover, the treatment of the data from the nursing mothers substudy affects
the complete description of the first season target population for the full
study. If the data from the nursing mothers substudy are analyzed together
with the data from the main study, the following criterion must be added to
those listed above to completely describe the first season target population:
(7) Mothers who expected to be nursing at the time of screening, but
were not nursing at the time of personal monitoring and data col-
lection are excluded from the target population.
If, on the other hand, the data from the main study are analyzed alone, ex-
cluding the individuals from the nursing mothers study, then the following
criterion must be added to those listed above to describe the first season
target population for the main study:
(7) Mothers who expected at the time of screening to be nursing at the
time of personal monitoring and data collection are excluded from
the target population.
In summary, three target populations have been described for the first season
study in Northern New Jersey: (1) A target population for the nursing mothers
substudy; (2) A target population for the full study (including nursing
mothers); and (3) A target population for the main study (excluding nursing
mothers).
Second Season—
The target population for the second season study in Northern New Jersey
is a subset of the members of the target population for the first season main
study (excluding nursing mothers). In particular, the subset consists of the
members of the main study population who satisfied the first six target popu-
lation criteria listed above at the times of both the first and second season
studies. Hence, members of the first season target population who experienced
a change with regard to a key stratification variable (e.g., changed potential
50
-------
for occupational exposure or moved out of the study area) were excluded from
the second season target population. Since there was no provision for adding
individuals who moved into the study area to the sample, they were not in-
cluded in the second season target population. Hence, the second season
target population is somewhat smaller than the first season target population.
Third Season—
The third season target population in Northern New Jersey consists of the
members of the main study population who satisfied the first six target popu-
lation criteria listed above at the times of the first, second, and third
season studies. Hence, the third season target population is a proper subset
of the second season target population just as the second season population
was a proper subset of that for the first season.
Devils Lake, North Dakota
The target population for the Devils Lake study consists of the indi-
viduals who satisfied the first six target population criteria listed above
with one minor change. This change is that smoking status was deleted from
the third criterion regarding key stratification variables. The reason for
this change was that the smaller sample size planned for the Devils Lake study
made stratification by both potential occupational exposure and smoking status
infeasible. Hence, the Devils Lake sample was not stratified by smoking
status.
Greensboro, North Carolina
The target population for the Greensboro study consists of the indi-
viduals who satisfied the first six target population criteria listed above,
except that smoking status was deleted as a key stratification variable.
Smoking status was not used as a stratification variable because of the small
planned sample size, exactly as described above for the Devils Lake sample.
FIRST STAGE SAMPLE OF AREA SEGMENTS
The first stage sampling units (FSUs) for each study area in the Phase I
TEAM samples were defined from 1980 Decennial Census geographic units. A
stratified sample of FSUs was selected for each study area with probabilities
proportional to the estimated number of occupied housing units in the FSU.
Details of the definitions of the FSUs and their size measures differed
51
-------
between target areas, however. Details of stratification of the first stage
sampling frame were also specific to individual target areas.
Northern New Jersey
The sampling frame for the first stage sample of geographic area segments
was constructed from a 1980 Census data tape. Census data were used in order
to get complete geographic coverage of the target areas, Bayonne and Eliza-
beth, New Jersey. Since it was necessary to select the first stage sample
before the 1980 Decennial Census Summary Tape Files (STFs) were available, a
tape prepared by the Census Bureau to satisfy the requirements of Public Law
94 (reapportionment of congressional districts) was used to construct the
Northern New Jersey first stage sampling frame.
All block level records for Bayonne and Elizabeth, New Jersey were ex-
tracted for constructing first stage sampling units. Each record contained
the population count for the block, but not the housing unit count. Since the
housing unit count was a more natural size measure, the Decennial Census
Advance Reports (PHC80-V-32) were used to estimate the average number of
persons per housing unit for each target city. The estimated number of hous-
ing units for each block was then computed as the ratio of the block popula-
tion divided by the average number of persons per housing unit for the city.
This estimated number of housing units was used as a size measure, and the
block-level records were combined within Census Tracts to form frame units
that contained at least 50 projected housing units each. The block-level
records were combined within Census Tracts because strata for selection of
first stage units had already been defined in terras of Census Tracts. A few
tracts contained fewer than 50 projected housing units; they were defined to
be individual frame units.
A sample of 110 frame units was then selected with probabilities propor-
tional to size as measured by the estimated number of occupied housing units
in each frame unit. The frame units were serpentine ordered1 with respect to
the following characteristics to enable implicit stratification:
1Table 24 defines the serpentine ordering of the economic-proximity strata with-
in city. Serpentine ordering of the other two stratification variables was
accomplished by alternately ordering low to high, high to low, low to high,
etc. within levels of the previous sorting variable. See reference (1) for a
detailed definition of serpentine ordering and another example.
52
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TABLE 24. ECONOMIC-PROXIMITY STRATA FOR THE NORTHERN NEW JERSEY
FIRST STAGE SAMPLE
City
Bayonne
Bayonne
Bayonne
Bayonne
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
1980 Census Tract Nos.a
104,
101,
108,
107,
102,
110,
314,
319.
307,
311,
301,
304,
315,
105
115
108
113
103
111
316
02
308
312
301
305
317
, 112
.99, 109, 116
, 114
, 103.99, 106,
, 318, 319.01
.01, 308.02, 310,
, 313
.99, 302, 303,
, 306, 309
, 320, 321
Proximity
Stratum
Low
High
High
Moderate
Low
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Socio-
economic
Stratum
High
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
Stratum
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Census tract with a suffix of "99" were inadvertently included in the
sampling frame. They represent, by definition, "cruise vessels" that were
in port at the time of the 1980 Decennial Census. They contain no members
of the target population.
The economic-proximity strata are in serpentine sort order as indexed by
the stratum number.
53
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(1) City;
(2) Economic-proximity stratum (see Table 24);
(3) Percentage white population (categorized into 11 levels); and
(4) Expected number of housing units.
The first dimension of stratification, City, was necessary to facilitate
analyses that treat the two target cities, Bayonne and Elizabeth, as two sepa-
rate target populations. One effect of this implicit stratification was to
proportionally allocate the sample of 110 first stage units to the two cities.
The second dimension of stratification was based upon socioeconomic
status and proximity to potential point sources. These economic-proximity
strata are defined in terms of Census Tracts in Table 24. The criteria used to
define these strata are presented in detail in Appendix A. The purpose of the
economic-proximity stratification was to insure representation of the popula-
tion living in low socioeconomic areas and/or areas near potential point
sources because it was expected that their exposure to the monitored organic
chemicals might differ from that of the remainder of the target population.
The purpose of stratification by race was to insure proportional repre-
sentation of whites and non-whites in the sample, which would increase the
precision for exposure and body-burden statistics if the monitored levels were
related to race. In summary, the purpose of the first three dimensions of
stratification of the first stage sample was to control the distribution of
the sample with regard to variables that may be related to exposure to the
chemicals being monitored. The fourth dimension of stratification by size of
the first stage unit helped to insure that both large and small first stage
units would be selected using sequential selection from the ordered frame.
A sample of 110 first stage units was selected with probabilities propor-
tional to size as measured by the estimated number of occupied housing units
in each frame unit. This sample was selected from the ordered sampling frame
discussed above using a sequential minimum probability replacement technique
to achieve implicit stratification (1,2). The ordered sampling frame was
partitioned into exactly 110 equal-sized zones and one first stage unit was
selected from each zone. The stratification was implicit since the sample
size allocated to a stratum was random rather than fixed. Since the sample
was selected sequentially from the ordered frame, the sample was proportionally
54
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allocated to all implicit strata, including city. Exactly 110 distinct frame
units were selected. Of the 110 frame units, or sample segments, that were
selected by this procedure, two segments were ultimately discarded. One of
these segments was a group quarters on board a ship that was docked in Elizabeth
at the time of the 1980 Decennial Census. The other discarded segment was a
military reservation, Bayonne Ocean Terminal. These segments were discarded
because they contained no members of the target population. Thus, the final
first stage sample contained 108 sample segments — 43 in Bayonne and 65 in
Elizabeth. Maps showing the locations of these area segments are presented in
Appendix B.
Devils Lake, North Dakota
The first stage sampling frame for the Devils Lake sample was constructed
from the 1980 Census Summary Tape File 1A (STF 1A). Decennial Census data
were used in order to get complete geographic coverage of the target area.
All block group (BG) and enumeration district (ED) records for Devils Lake
were extracted. These BG/ED records were then combined within Census Tracts
to form frame units that each contained at least 37 occupied housing units
based upon the 1980 Census count. Since the population of Devils Lake is
small and the Census records were all ED records, this process yielded only
ten first stage frame units.
The first stage units were stratified by a measure of socioeconomic
status and by proximity to the one major highway through the town, U.S. High-
way 2. No proximity to point source stratification was performed because
there were no known potential point sources of the organic chemicals being
monitored in Devils Lake.
The measure of socioeconomic status used for stratification was based
upon 1980 Census data for median annual rent for renter-occupied housing units
and median home value for owner-occupied housing units. In particular, a
socioeconomic index, TVALUE, was computed as the weighted average of median
home value and ten times the median annual rent, weighted by the numbers of
renter-occupied and owner-occupied units.
Four strata were defined from the socioeconomic index, TVALUE, and proxim-
ity to U.S. Highway 2:
55
-------
(1) TVALUE < $27,000
and near Highway 2,
(2) TVALUE < $27,000
and not near Highway 2,
(3) TVALUE > $27,000
and near Highway 2,
(4) TVALUE > $27,000
and not near Highway 2.
The purpose of this stratification was to insure proportional representation
of these strata in the sample, which would increase the precision for exposure
and body-burden statistics if monitored levels were related to the stratifica-
tion variables.
A sample of three of the ten first stage units (FSUs) was selected with
probabilities proportional to size as measured by the 1980 Census count of
occupied housing units. The first stage units were selected using a sequen-
tial minimum probability replacement technique to achieve implicit stratifica-
tion via sequential selection from an ordered sampling frame (1,2). The frame
units were sorted into the hierarchical serpentine order shown in Table 25.
The sequential sample selection from this ordered frame then insured geo-
graphic dispersion of the selected first-stage units, and increased the chance
that at least one small first stage unit would be selected. The locations of
the sample segments are shown on the map in Appendix C.
Greensboro, North Carolina
First stage frame units were constructed from 1980 Census block group
(BG) and enumeration district (ED) records for Greensboro in the same manner
as for Devils Lake. The only difference was that the minimum size required
for each Greensboro first stage unit was 51 occupied housing units, rather
than the 37 required for Devils Lake. This difference occurred mainly because
a larger sample of housing units was screened in Greensboro.
The first stage units for the Greensboro sample were stratified by the
same index of socioeconomic status, TVALUE, which was used for the Devils Lake
sample. Three explicit strata were defined from the socioeconomic index for
selection of Greensboro first stage sample units:
56
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TABLE 25. HIERARCHICAL SERPENTINE ORDERING OF THE DEVILS LAKE
FIRST STAGE SAMPLING FRAME
Proximity to
Highway 2
Socioeconomic
Index
Size of
Frame Unit
Near
Near
Near
Near
Not Near
Not Near
Not Near
Not Near
Low
Low
High
High
High
High
Low
Low
Smallest
Largest
Largest
Smallest
Smallest
Largest
Largest
Smallest
57
-------
(1) TVALUE < $25,050,
(2) $25,050 < TVALUE < $36,200, and
(3) TVALUE > $36,200.
The purpose of this stratification was to insure representation of lower
socioeconomic areas in the sample, which would increase the precision for
exposure and body-burden statistics if the monitored levels were related to
the index of socioeconomic status.
The FSUs were selected with probabilities proportional to size as mea-
sured by the 1980 Census count of occupied housing units. A sample of two
FSUs was selected from each stratum to facilitate unbiased estimation of
sampling variances. The first stage units were selected using a sequential
minimum probability replacement technique to achieve implicit stratification
via selection from an ordered sampling frame (1,2). The frame units were
ordered by Census Tract within the three strata defined above, and serpentine
ordered by size within Census Tracts for sample selection.1 The sequential
sample selection from this ordered frame then insured geographic dispersion of
the selected first stage units, and increased the chance that at least one
small first stage unit would be selected. The locations of the sample seg-
ments are shown on the map in Appendix D.
SECOND STAGE SAMPLE OF HOUSING UNITS
The second stage in selection of the Phase I TEAM samples was selection
of a compact cluster of housing units from each sample segment, i.e., from
each FSU selected into the first stage sample. The procedures used in North-
ern New Jersey, Devils Lake, and Greensboro to select the clusters of housing
units were virtually identical except for the cluster sizes. The cluster size
was 51 housing units in Northern New Jersey and Greensboro. Because of the
smaller sample planned for Devils Lake, a cluster size of 34 housing units was
used for the Devils Lake sample. Selection of a fixed number of housing units
from each segment resulted in an approximately equal probability sample of
housing units since the segments had been selected with probabilities propor-
tional to the estimated number of housing units in each segment.
1The frame units were ordered from small to large in the first Tract, large to
small in the second Tract, small to large in the third Tract, etc.
58
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The cluster sizes used for the Phase II TEAM samples (34 and 51) were
relatively large compared to the cluster sizes usually employed for standard
area household surveys (e.g., 5 to 25). These large cluster sizes were con-
sidered appropriate for the Phase II TEAM samples for the following reasons.
First, the number of household to be screened was several times greater than
the number of people to be selected for personal exposure, body-burden, and
fixed-site monitoring. Second, in order to maintain reasonable field costs it
was necessary to keep the number of sample segments reasonably small. These
goals were satisfied by screening a relatively large number of households
within each sample segment. Moreover, a high household screening rate was
necessary in order to identify a sufficient number of individuals with rela-
tively rare characteristics, e.g., people with high potential for occupational
exposure to the organic chemicals being monitored (and nursing mothers for the
Northern New Jersey sample).
All housing units in the compact sample clusters were listed and included
in the screening sample. A half-open interval technique was used during the
field operations to guard against undercoverage of the target population due
to failure to count and list eligible housing units. That is, each listed
sample housing unit was considered to be linked to all missed housing units
between the listed sample housing unit and the next listed housing unit. Each
such missed housing unit was hence included in the sample with the same selec-
tion probability as the housing unit to which it was linked.
THIRD STAGE SAMPLE OF PERSONS SELECTED FOR MONITORING
A short screening interview was attempted for each household selected
into the second stage sample. The purpose of this interview was to collect
information with regard to the age, sex, smoking status, and occupation of
each household member. The screening interview for the Northern New Jersey
study also attempted to identify females who would be nursing a baby at the
anticipated time of personal exposure and body-burden monitoring to enable the
nursing mothers substudy. The third stage sample for each target area of the
Phase I TEAM study was a stratified equal probability sample of the indi-
viduals for whom screening data were collected. The sample sizes and sample
selection strata varied between target areas.
59
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The third stage of sample selection was the final stage of sampling for
the Devils Lake and Greensboro samples. However, second and third season
subsamples were selected from the previous season's participants in Northern
New Jersey. Selection of the second and third season follow-up samples will
be discussed after the third stage sample selection methodology has been
presented for all three Phase II TEAM study areas.
Northern New Jersey
Those females who were identified as potentially nursing a baby at the
anticipated time of personal exposure and body-burden monitoring were treated
as a separate stratum for the Bayonne and Elizabeth samples.
A stratified sample of the remainder of the screened individuals screened
was selected for the first season main study. The person-level sample selection
strata were defined by age, suspected potential for occupational exposure to
the organic chemicals being monitored, proximity to suspected point sources,
socioeconomic status, and smoking status. The primary purposes of this strati-
fication were: (a) to oversample those individuals who appeared to have
greater potential for high exposure levels; and (b) to insure representation
of as many of the population subgroups defined by the stratification variables
as possible-
Stratification of the person-level sample was facilitated by defining the
following stratification variables from the household screening data: AGE,
EXPOSE, and SMOKE. The variables AGE and SMOKE were defined directly from the
screening data as follows:
1 if Age < 7
AGE = 2 if 7 < Age < 17,
3 if 17 £ Age < 65 or Age missing,
4 if Age > 65.
1 if nonsmoker or unknown smoking status,
SMOKE =
2 if smoker.
The occupations reported in the household screening data were first
classified into 23 categories. The distribution of occurrence of these cate-
gories is shown in Table 26 for the age-eligble (Age > 7) members of the
Northern New Jersey household screening sample. These categories were
60
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TABLE 26. OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES FOR NORTHERN NEW JERSEY
Code Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
24
25
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
Category
painter
service station
garage
furniture repair
chemical plant
petroleum plant
dry cleaners
plastics plant
textile mill
wood processing
household cleaning
photo developing
landscaping
gardening
taxi/bus/truck driver
maintenance/ custodian
lab technician
toll collector
none
refused information
nursing mother
re tired/ disabled
unemployed
housewife
student
Suspected
Exposure
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Eligibles
Bayonne
11
16
25
3
79
47
4
14
3
0
6
8
1
2
58
13
6
5
1723
129
14
746
615
285
874
Screened
Elizabeth
36
28
46
3
120
133
8
17
22
5
45
3
6
2
90
20
13
1
2757
129
29
888
847
484
1495
TOTAL
4687
6727
61
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collapsed into two levels of suspected occupational exposure (High and Low)
and encoded as follows:
1 if high suspected occupational exposure,
EXPOSE =
2 if low suspected occupational exposure.
Explicit strata based upon the above variables were defined as shown in
Tables 27 and 28 for selection of the Bayonne and Elizabeth first season
samples, respectively. An equal probability sample was selected from each
explicit stratum using a sequential sample selection technique to achieve
implicit stratification by the variables used to order the records on the
sampling frame (1,2). Within each explicit stratum the records were ordered
in a serpentine manner with respect to the following variables:
(1) SMOKE,
(2) ECONPROX,
(3) Length of time at current residence,
(4) SEX, and
(5) Occupation category as per Table 26 (for Elizabeth only).
Sequential sample selection from the ordered sampling frame resulted in ap-
proximately proportional allocation to the implicit strata defined by the
above sorting variables.
The Northern New Jersey first season sample of 852 individuals selected
for personal exposure and body-burden monitoring was fielded in waves in order
to come as close as possible to the desired number of participants. This
control was necessary for two reasons. First, the expense of the chemical
analyses for each sample subject precluded going much over the target of 440
first season participants. Second, as large a sample as possible was needed
in order to maximize the precision of statistical inferences from the sample
participants to all target population members.
Devils Lake, North Dakota
Population subgroups defined by age, potential for occupational exposure
to the organic chemicals being monitored, socioeconomic status, proximity to a
suspected point source, and smoking status define important analysis domains
for the TEAM study. Hence, the Devils Lake sample was stratified to represent
as many of these analysis domains as possible. This stratification was
62
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TABLE 27. PERSON-LEVEL SAMPLE SELECTION STRATA FOR BAYONNE
Stratum
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
TOTAL
AGE
7-16
7-16
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
65+
17-64
17-64
65+
****
EXPOSE
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
High
High
NURSING
ECONPROX3
All
All
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
All
All
All
All
MOTHERS
SMOKE
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
All
No
Yes
All
j—'—tj-t.
Number
Screened
673
27
227
153
157
213
309
419
196
203
341
465
989
144
129
28
14
4687
Sample
Size
19
9
14
14
16
15
15
16
13
16
14
16
51
35
32
10
14
319
See Table .24 and Appendix A.
63
-------
TABLE 28. PERSON-LEVEL SAMPLE SELECTION STRATA FOR ELIZABETH
Stratum
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
TOTAL
AGE
7-16
7-16
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
65+
65+
65+
65+
65+
65+
65+
65+
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
65+
^--.'-^t— .»-
EXPOSE
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
NURSING
ECONPROX3
All
All
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
All
MOTHERS
SMOKE
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
All
****
Number
Screened
1093
23
487
778
501
661
275
485
265
351
208
297
157
238
52
84
75
67
59
117
52
88
47
95
41
62
40
29
6727
Sample
Size
22
15
33
26
25
27
32
25
26
26
12
13
11
14
13
12
11
10
19
19
15
15
16
17
17
16
17
29
533
See Table 24 and Appendix A.
64
-------
facilitated by defining the variables AGE, SMOKE, and EXPOSE based upon the
household screening data, as described above for the Northern New Jersey
sample. The distribution of occurrence of the occupational categories used in
defining EXPOSE is shown in Table 29 for the age-eligible (Age >_ 7) members of
the Devils Lake household screening sample.
The Devils Lake sample of people selected for monitoring was selected as
an equal probability sample within the explicit strata shown in Table 30 using
sequential sample selection to achieve implicit stratification by the vari-
ables used to order the records on the sampling frame (1,2). Within each
explicit stratum the records were ordered in a serpentine manner with respect
to the following variables:
(1) First stage unit number (which partially preserved the frame order-
ing used for selection of first stage units),
(2) SMOKE,
(3) EXPOSE,
(4) Length of time at current residence,
(5) SEX,
(6) Occupation category as per Table 29, and
(7) Age (in whole years).
Sequential sample selection from the ordered sampling frame resulted in ap-
proximately proportional allocation to the implicit strata defined by the
above sorting variables.
The sample of 45 individuals selected for personal exposure monitoring in
Devils Lake was fielded in waves in order to come as close as reasonably
possible to the desired number of participants. This control was necessary
for two reasons. First, the expense of the chemical analyses for each sample
subject precluded going much over the target of 25 participants. Second, as
large a sample as possible was needed in order to meet the objective of test-
ing the TEAM methodology in Devils Lake.
Greensboro, North Carolina
The Greensboro sample was also stratified by as many dimensions of the
potential TEAM analysis domains as possible. The stratification variables
AGE, SMOKE, and EXPOSE were again defined from the household screening data as
described above for Northern New Jersey. The distribution of occurrence of
65
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TABLE 29. OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES FOR DEVILS LAKE
Code Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15"
17
24
25
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
Suspected
Category Occupational Exposure
painter
service station
garage
furniture repair
chemical plant
petroleum plant
dry cleaners
plastics plant
textile mill
wood processing
household cleaning
photo developing
landscaping
gardening
taxi/bus/truck driver
maintenance/ custodian
lab technician
toll collector
none
refused information
nursing mother
retired/disabled
unemployed
housewife
student
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Eligibles
Screened
3
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
49
0
1
62
15
0
1
TOTAL
137
66
-------
TABLE 30. PERSON-LEVEL SAMPLE SELECTION STRATA FOR DEVILS LAKE
Stratum
Number
1
2
3
4
5
TOTAL
AGE
7-16
17-64
17-64
17-64
65+
EXPOSE
All
High
Low
Low
All
SMOKE
All
All
Yes
No
All
Number
Screened
8
9
32
22
66
137
Sample
Size
8
8
10
11
8
45
67
-------
the occupational categories used to define EXPOSE is shown in Table 31 for the
age-eligible (Age > 7) members of the Greensboro household screening sample.
The Greensboro sample of individuals selected for monitoring was selected
as an equal probability sample within the explicit strata shown in Table 32.
The sample selection technique and frame ordering described above for the
Devils Lake sample were also used for the Greensboro sample.
The sample of 33 individuals selected for personal exposure and body-
burden monitoring was fielded in waves in order to come as close as reasonably
possible to the target of 25 participants, as discussed above for the Devils
Lake sample.
SECOND SEASON SAMPLE OF PERSONS SELECTED FOR MONITORING
A sample of 238 of the 337 respondents for whom personal exposure and
body-burden data were collected in the first season main study in Northern New
Jersey was selected for a second season of monitoring. The second season
target population was defined so that the first season participants in the
nursing mothers substudy were not eligible for the second season sample. A
simple random sample was selected without replacement from the first season
participants within each first season stratum. Whenever sufficient numbers of
first season participants were available, the sample sizes were six and seven
for the Bayonne and Elizabeth first season strata, respectively. The purpose
of this allocation was to adequately represent as many of the first season
strata in the second season sample as possible. The actual second season
sample sizes are given for the Bayonne and Elizabeth samples in Tables 33 and
34, respectively.
THIRD SEASON SAMPLE OF PERSONS SELECTED FOR MONITORING
Prior to selection of individuals to participate in the third season
study in Northern New Jersey, quality control procedures revealed that some of
the environmental and body-burden specimens collected from the second season
participants had been contaminated. When the third season sample was being
selected, the extent to which the data were compromised for the contaminated
specimens was not known. The monitoring data for 39 of the 157 second season
participants was considered to be uncontaminated, and these 39 individuals
were haphazardly distributed among the first season sample selection strata.
Hence, these 39 individuals were all selected into the third season sample.
68
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TABLE 31. OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES FOR GREENSBORO
Code Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
24
25
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
Suspected Eligibles
Category Occupational Exposure Screened
painter
service station
garage
furniture repair
chemical plant
petroleum plant
dry cleaners
plastics plant
textile mill
wood processing
household cleaning
photo developing
landscaping
gardening
taxi/bus/truck driver
maintenance/ custodian
lab technician
toll collector
none
refused information
nursing mother
retired/ disabled
unemployed
housewife
student
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
2
0
4
4
4
0
2
0
26
0
9
0
5
0
17
6
3
0
295
0
5
57
118
33
252
TOTAL
837
69
-------
TABLE 32. PERSON-LEVEL SAMPLE SELECTION STRATA FOR GREENSBORO
Stratum Number AGE EXPOSE Number Screened Sample Size
1 7-16 All 211 6
2 17-64 High 79 6
3 17-64 Low 472 15
4 65+ All 75 6
TOTAL 837 33
70
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TABLE 33. SECOND SEASON SAMPLING STRATA FOR BAYONNE
Stratum
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
TOTAL
AGE
7-16
7-16
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
65+
17-64
17-64
65+
EXPOSE
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
High
High
ECONPROX3
All
All
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
All
All
All
All
SMOKE
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
All
No
Yes
All
First Season
Respondents
11
6
8
11
10
8
9
8
9
4
7
7
12
14
16
3
143
Sample
Size
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
6
6
6
6
6
3
91
See Table 24 and Appendix A.
71
-------
TABLE 34. SECOND SEASON SAMPLING STRATA FOR ELIZABETH
Stratum
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
TOTAL
AGE
7-16
7-16
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
65+
65+
65+
65+
65+
65+
65+
65+
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
17-64
65+
EXPOSE
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
ECONPROX3
All
All
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
All
SMOKE
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
All
First Season
Respondents
20
4
11
14
10
11
11
11
9
11
4
5
3
1
2
4
6
3
7
6
8
5
4
7
8
4
5
194
Sample
Size
7
4
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
4
5
3
1
2
4
6
3
7
6
7
5
4
7
7
4
5
147
aSee Table 24 and Appendix A.
72
-------
New Jersey and the samples selected for Devils Lake and Greensboro were af-
fected by two levels of nonresponse: household-level nonresponse to the
household screening survey and person-level nonresponse by individuals se-
lected for personal exposure and body-burden monitoring. The sampling weights
have been adjusted to reduce the potential bias due to each of these sources
of nonresponse. In addition, the sampling weights for the second and third
season samples in Northern New Jersey have been adjusted to reduce the poten-
tial bias due to nonresponse of people selected for second and third season
personal exposure monitoring.
INITIAL SAMPLE SURVEY WEIGHTS
First Stage Sample of Area Segments
The first stage sampling units (FSUs) for all Phase I TEAM study areas
were geographic areas defined by U.S. Bureau of the Census geographic vari-
ables (i.e., Census blocks, block groups, and/or enumeration districts). For
each study area a stratified sample of FSUs was selected with probabilities
proportional to size using a sequential minimum probability replacement sample
selection procedure (1,2). For each sample, the FSU size measure was the
estimated number of occupied housing units based upon data from the 1980
Decennial Census. Three explicit strata were used for the Greensboro sample;
all strata were implicit strata based upon sequential selection from an or-
dered sampling frame for the other study sites.
The strata and sampling units for the Phase I first stage samples can be
represented by the following indices:
1. Let h=l,2,...H denote the explicit strata for the first stage sample
(H=3 for Greensboro; H=l for Northern New Jersey; H=l for Devils
Lake).
2. Let i=l,2,...,N(h) denote all first stage units (FSUs) on the sam-
pling frame for stratum h.
Letting m(h,i) denote the number of times that the i-th FSU in stratum h is
selected into the sample, the expected frequency of selection of the i-th FSU
is given by
N(h)
E[m(h,i)] = n (h) S(H,i) / I S(h,i), (1)
75
-------
where
n (h) = Sample size allocated to stratum h (n (h)=2 for each of the 3
Greensboro strata; n (h)=110 for the one Northern New Jersey
stratum; n (h)=3 for the one Devils Lake stratum),
S(h,i) = Size measure (estimated number of occupied housing units) for
the i-th FSU in stratum h.
Since first stage units were selected with replacement for all Phase I
TEAM samples, the initial first stage sampling weights are the reciprocals of
the expected frequencies of selection, given by equation (1). Hence, the
initial first stage sampling weight for the i-th FSU selected from stratum h
is given by
N(h)
W (h,i) = I S(h,i) / [n (h) S(h,i)]. (2)
i=l
Second Stage Sample of Housing Units
The second stage of sampling for each Phase I TEAM sample was selection
of a sample of housing units from each FSU selected into the sample, i.e.,
each sample segment. Since all FSUs were selected with probabilities propor-
tional to size, a fixed number of sample housing units, a. , was selected from
each sample segment so that the household selection probabilities would be
approximately equal. The second stage sample sizes were 51 housing units for
the Northern New Jersey and Greensboro sample segments, and 34 housing units
for the Devils Lake sample segments (i.e., n« = 51 for Northern New Jersey;
u_ = 51 for Greensboro; n? = 34 for Devils Lake). Although FSUs were selected
with replacement in all Phase II TEAM samples, no FSU was selected more than
once. Hence, no special procedures were required at the second stage to
account for multiple selection of any FSU.
Selection of the second stage sample for each Phase II TEAM study area
began by counting all housing units in each sample segment. If the count of
housing units in a segment did not exceed the desired segment sample size, n_ ,
all housing units in the segment were selected into the sample. In most cases
the count of housing units exceeded the desired segment sample size, n~, and
a compact cluster of n_ housing units was selected at random from each such
segment. Hence, the conditional probability of selecting the j-th housing
unit in the i-th FSU of stratum h, given that the i-th FSU has been selected
into the first stage sample (i.e., ieS ), is given by
76
-------
n / M(h,i) if M(h,i) > n
P (h.i.jlieS ) = i (3)
1 if M(h,i) < n2,
where
M(h,i) = the housing unit count for the i-th FSU of stratum h.
Multiplying this result by the expected frequency of selection of the i-th FSU
into the first stage sample, equation (1), the unconditional probability of
selection of the j-th housing unit in the i-th FSU of stratum h is given by
N(h)
)] if
P~(h,i,j) = (4)
N(h)
n^h) S(h,i) / I S(h,i) if M(h,i) < n2.
The initial sampling weight for a household is the reciprocal of the
probability of selection, given by equation (4). Hence, the initial sampling
weight for the j-th sample housing unit in the i-th FSU of stratum h is given
by
N(h)
M(h,i) I S n, ,
i=l ^ z
W (h,i,j) = (5)
N(h)
I S(h,i) / [n (h) S(h,i)] if M(h,i) < n0.
i=l L z
For each Phase I sample area these initial household sampling weights are
approximately equal because the first stage units were selected with prob-
abilities proportional to size and a fixed number, n. , of housing units was
selected from each sample FSU, whenever possible. The major source of vari-
ation in the initial household sampling weights given by equation (5) is due
to failure of the estimated number of housing units in the i-th segment,
S(h,i), to be equal to the counted number of housing units, M(h,i).
First Season Sample of Persons Selected for Monitoring
Data on age, smoking status, and potential for occupational exposure were
used to stratify the sample of individuals selected for the first season of
personal exposure and body-burden monitoring. The person-level strata and
77
-------
sampling units for the Phase I third stage samples can be represented by the
following indices:
1. Let k=l,2,...,K denote the explicit strata for the third stage
sample (K=17 for Bayonne; K=28 for Elizabeth; K=5 for Devils Lake;
K=4 for Greensboro).
2. Let 2=1,2, ... ,N(h,i,j ,k) denote the members of stratum k for whom
screening data were collected in the j-th housing unit of the i-th
FSU in stratum h.
An equal probability sample of persons was selected within each of the K
strata for each Phase I TEAM sample site. Hence, the conditional probability
of selection of the £-th member of stratum k who belongs to the j-th housing
unit in the i-th FSU of stratum h, given that the i-th FSU was in the sample
(i.e., ieS ) and screening data were collected for the j-th housing unit
(i.e., jeR ), is given by
P3(h,u,j,k,£ ieS1,jeR2) = n3(k)/N3(k), (6)
where n~(k) = Stratum k sample size for the first season sample, and
N«(k) = Total number of members of stratum k for whom household
screening data were collected.
The stratum sample sizes and frame counts, n_(k) and N~(k), are given in
Tables 27, 28, 30, and 32, for the Bayonne, Elizabeth, Devils Lake, and Greens-
boro samples, respectively.
The reciprocal of the probability of selection given by equation (6) is
the third stage weight component. Hence, the third stage weight component for
the first season sample is
W3(h,i,j,k,£)lieS1,jeR2) = N3(k) / a3(k). (7)
Since the third stage sample of people selected for personal exposure and
body-burden monitoring was a subsample of the respondents to the second stage
household screening survey, the initial sampling weight for the individuals
selected for personal exposure monitoring is the product of the third stage
weight component given by equation (7) and the second stage weight given by
equation (5) after adjusting for second stage nonresponse to the household
screening survey.
78
-------
Second Season Sample of Persons Selected for Monitoring
A subsample of the first season respondents for whom personal exposure
and body-burden data were collected was selected for a second season of per-,
sonal exposure and body-burden monitoring in Northern New Jersey. The second
season sample was selected as a simple random sample of the first season
participants selected without replacement within the first season sample
selection strata (see Tables 33 and 34). Hence, the conditional probability
of selection of the £-th member of stratum k who belonged to the j-th housing
unit in the i-th FSU of stratum h (given that the i-th FSU was in the sample,
the j-th housing unit responded to the screening survey, and the Jd-th indi-
vidual was a first season respondent (i.e., 2eR_)) is given by
P4(h,i,j,k,£ ieS1,jeR2,AeR3) = n4(k)/NA(k), (8)
where n/.(k) = Stratum k sample size for the second season sample, and
N, (k) = Total number of members of stratum k for whom personal expo-
sure and body-burden data were collected in the first season
main study.
The reciprocal of the conditional probability of selection given by
equation (8) is the second season weight component. Hence, the second season
weight component is
W4(h,i,j,k,£ ieS,jsR2,£eR3) = N4(k)/n4(k). (9)
Since the second season sample was a subsample of the first season partici-
pants, the initial second season sampling weight was calculated as the product
of the second season weight component given by equation (9) and the nonre-
sponse-adjusted first season weight.
Third Season Sample of Persons Selected for Monitoring
A subsample of the the second season respondents for whom a second season
of personal exposure and body-burden data were collected was selected for a
third season of personal exposure and body-burden monitoring in Northern New
Jersey. All individuals represented by uncontaminated second season moni-
toring data were selected for a third season of monitoring. Additional sample
members were selected as a stratified simple random sample within collapsed
first season strata. For weighting purposes, the entire third season sample
was treated as a stratified simple random sample selected within the collapsed
first season strata (See Table 35). Hence, the conditional probability of
79
-------
selection of the £-th member of first-stage stratum k and third stage stratum
k' who belonged to the j-th housing unit in the i-th FSU of stratum h (given
that the i-th FSU was in the sample, the j-th housing unit responded to the
screening survey, and the £-th individual was a first and second season respon-
dent (i.e., &&R- and £eR,)) is given by
P5(h,i,j,k,k',£li£S,jeR2,£eR3,J>£R4) = n^k' )/N5(k' ), (10)
where n (k1) = Stratum k' sample size for the third season sample, and
N (K1) = Total number of.members of stratum k' for whom a second
season of personal exposure and body-burden data were
collected.
The reciprocal of the conditional probability of selection given by
equation (10) is the third season weight component. Hence, the third season
weight component is
W5(h,i,j,k,k',Aii8S1,jeR3,£eR4,2sR3) = N5(k')/n5(kf). (11)
Since the third season sample was a subsample of the second season partici-
pants, the initial third season weight was calculated as the product of the
third season weight component given by equation (11) and the nonresponse-
adjusted second season weight.
ADJUSTED ANALYSIS WEIGHTS
Initial sampling weights are usually adjusted to reduce the potential
bias due to nonresponse. There are two types of weight adjustment procedures
that are commonly employed: (1) Post-stratification adjustments and (2)
Weighting class adjustments. The properties of each of these procedures will
be described briefly. Their application for TEAM nonresponse adjustments will
then be discussed.
The two types of nonresponse adjustment procedures share many common
features. The basic concept of each is to adjust the sampling weights of the
survey respondents so that they sum to specified totals. Both procedures
require that the respondents be classified uniquely into categories or cells
such that the respondents are representative of the entire target population
within cells with respect to survey responses and/or propensity to respond.
Thus, preliminary data analysis can indicate which variables are useful for
defining these cells. For person-level adjustments, the variables age, race,
80
-------
and sex are often useful for defining these cells. Smoking status and poten-
tial for occupational exposure may also be useful for the TEAM study.
The weight adjustment cells for both post-stratification and weighting
class nonresponse adjustments are usually required to contain a minimum of 20
respondents, as a rough rule-of-thumb. This minimum number of respondents is
needed because the weight adjustments use the sample members in each weight
adjustment cell to estimate the number of population members in the cell.
These estimates would be very unstable, which would produce unstable adjustment
factors and decrease the precision of survey statistics, if smaller numbers of
respondents were generally allowed to represent the weight adjustment cells.
The post-stratification adjustment of sampling weights is based upon
population totals for the weighting cells or post-strata. These cell totals
are assumed to be known essentially without sampling error. The sum of the
unadjusted sampling weights for all sample members of a post-stratum, both
responding and nonresponding, is an unbiased estimate of the number of members
of the population that belong to the post-stratum. Suppose that the number of
members of the population that belong to the post-stratum is, in fact, known.
The idea of the post-stratification procedure is then to multiply the sampling
weight of each sample respondent in the post-stratum by a common factor so
that the sum of the sampling weights for the survey respondents is precisely
the known number of population members belonging to the post-stratum. If the
known population totals are based upon a source that has better coverage of
the target population than does the sampling frame, this procedure simul-
taneously reduces the bias due to both undercoverage of the target population
by the sampling frame and nonresponse of sample members.
The weighting-class adjustment for nonresponse is identical to the post-
stratification adjustment procedure except that estimated population cell
totals are used, rather than essentially known population totals. If the
survey respondents and nonrespondents can both be classified into weighting-
class cells, the sum of the unadjusted sampling weights for both the cell
respondents and nonrespondents provides an estimate of the number of indi-
viduals in the target population that belong to the cell. This estimated
post-stratum population size can then be used in place of the essentially
known post-stratum size to reduce the bias resulting from nonresponse.
81
-------
Nonresponse occurred at two levels for the TEAM first season samples.
Some eligible housing units failed to respond to the household screener.
Second, some of the individuals selected for personal exposure and body-burden
monitoring did not participate. Post-stratification to population data obtained
from the United States Bureau of the Census was used to compensate for household
nonresponse to the screening interview. A weighting class adjustment procedure
was used to further adjust for nonresponse of individuals selected for personal
exposure and body-burden monitoring.
Household Screener Response
Northern New Jersey--
A total of 5,578 housing unit listings were selected into the Northern
New Jersey sample: 2,204 in Bayonne and 3,374 in Elizabeth. The distribution
of final household screening status for these sample listings is presented in
Table 36. Some of the sample listings were classified as ineligible due to
being vacant, nonresidential, etc. Household screening data were collected
for 1,788 of 2,063 eligible housing units in Bayonne and for 2,638 of 3,145
eligible housing units in Elizabeth. Therefore, the household response rates
were 86.7 percent for Bayonne and 83.9 percent for Elizabeth.
Devils Lake—
The Devils Lake screening sample consisted of 104 housing unit listings.
The distribution of final household screening results is presented in Table 37
for this sample. Of the 104 sample listings, 13 were classified as ineligible
due to being vacant, nonresidential, etc. Of the 91 eligible housing units,
household screening data were collected for 87 housing units, which yields a
response rate of 95.6 percent.
Greensboro—
The Greensboro screening sample consisted of 307 housing unit listings.
The distribution of final household screening results is presented in Table 38
for this sample. Of the 307 sample listings, 12 were classified as ineligible
due to being vacant. Of the 295 eligible housing units, household screening
data were collected for 280 housing units, which yields a response rate of
94.9 percent.
82
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TABLE 36. HOUSEHOLD SCREENING RESULTS FOR NORTHERN NEW JERSEY
Final Result
Bayonne
Frequency
Elizabeth
Total
Eligible Unit
Successful Screening
Refused Screening
Never at Home
Other
2063
1788
87
135
53
3145
2638
173
208
126
5208
4426
260
343
179
Ineligible Unit
Vacant
Non-Existent
Business
Other
141
71
17
10
43
229
117
52
9
51
370
188
69
19
94
TOTAL
2204
3374
5578
83
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TABLE 37. HOUSEHOLD SCREENING RESULTS FOR DEVILS LAKE
Final Result Frequency
Eligible 91
Successful Screening 87
Refused Screening 4
Ineligible 13
Vacant 7
Other Ineligible3 6
TOTAL 104
Business, Not a Housing Unit, etc.
84
-------
TABLE 38. HOUSEHOLD SCREENING RESULTS FOR GREENSBORO
Final Result Frequency
Eligible 295
Successful Screening 280
Refused Screening 4
Never at Home 11
Ineligible 12
Vacant 12
Other Ineligible3 0
TOTAL 307
Business, Not a Housing Unit, etc.
85
-------
Adjustment for Nonresponse of Households Selected for Screening
The initial housing unit weight given by equation (5) is the initial
sampling weight for every individual residing in a screened household because
screening data were collected for all household members, allowing proxy re-
sponses. The target population for the household screening interviews con-
sisted of everyone whose primary residence was in the target area at the time
of household screening, excluding people living in group quarters or on mili-
tary reservations. This target population is very similar to that for the
1980 Decennial Census for each target area. The major differences are that
the Census was conducted in April 1980 and it included people living in group
quarters and on military reservations. The effects of these differences were
considered to be minor because the household screening interviews were con-
ducted only about two years after the Decennial Census. Moreover, the popula-
tions of Bayonne, Elizabeth, and Devils Lake are historically rather stable.
Hence, the 1980 Decennial Census population counts were used for post-strati-
fication adjustment of the screening weights for each Phase I TEAM sample.
Post-stratification ratio adjustment of sampling weights to independent
estimates of post-stratum totals (e.g., estimates based upon Decennial Census
data) simultaneously reduces the potential bias due to both nonresponse and
undercoverage of the target population. Post-strata should be defined so that
population members are relatively homogeneous within post-strata with respect
to response variables and/or propensity to respond. Moreover, post-strata are
usually required to contain at least 20 respondents. These criteria were used
to define the post-strata for all Phase I TEAM sample sites.
The members of responding housing units in the Phase I screening samples
were post-stratified by city and age (as well as sex for Northern New Jersey)
as shown in Tables 39, 40, and 41 for Northern New Jersey, Devils Lake, and
Greensboro, respectively. The index r, where
r = 1,2,...,R,
will be used to denote the post-strata for each sample site (R=10 for Northern
New Jersey; R=3 for Devils Lake; R=3 for Greensboro.) The post-stratification
ratio adjustment factor for the r-th post-stratum was computed as follows:
A2(r) = C(r) / Zr W^h.i.j) (12)
86
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TABLE 39. POST-STRATA FOR NORTHERN NEW JERSEY SCREENER WEIGHTS
Number of
City Age Sex Respondents
Bayonne Under 7 Female
Male
7 to 16 Female
Male
17 to 44 Female
Male
45 to 64 Female
Male
Over 64 Female
Male
Elizabeth Under 7 Female
Male
7 to 16 Female
Male
17 to 44 Female
Male
45 to 64 Female
Male
Over 64 Female
Male
172
202
354
346
1058
1008
649
569
419
283
391
386
562
555
1721
1484
811
711
506
374
1980 Weight
a b
Census Totals Sums
2265
2354
4219
4245
12595
12561
9572
7864
5863
3809
4871
5221
7502
7883
22361
21092
12293
11005
8648
5325
1808
2143
3772
3640
11338
10772
7030
6140
4683
3161
4376
3997
5705
5903
19250
17410
9901
8292
7099
5377
Adjustment
Factor0
1.2527
1.0984
1.1184
1.1661
1.1108
1.1661
1.3189
1.2807
1.2519
1.2051
1.1131
1.3062
1.3148
1.3353
1.1616
1.2114
1.2416
1.3271
1.2182
0.9904
C(r) in Equation (12).
^r W2^n»^»J) in Equation (12), rounded to integral values.
in Equation (12).
87
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TABLE 40. POST-STRATA FOR DEVILS LAKE SCREENER WEIGHTS
Number of
Age Respondents
Under 20 30
20 to 64 64
Over 64 54
1980 Weight Adjustment
Census Totals3 Sums Factor0
2405 813 2.9584
3695 1734 2.1306
1342 1463 0.9171
3C(r) in Equation (12).
I W?(h,i,j) in Equation (12), rounded to integral values.
CA2(r) in Equation (12).
88
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TABLE 41. POST-STRATA FOR GREENSBORO SCREENER WEIGHTS
Age
Under 20
20 to 64
Over 64
Number of
Respondents
355
521
53
1980
Census Totals
47,488
92,867
15,287
Weight
Sums
65,728
96,501
9,780
Adjustment
Factor0
0.7225
0.9623
1.5631
3C(r) in Equation (12).
^r ^2^k»*-»J) ^n Aquation (12), rounded to integral values.
CA2(r) in Equation (12).
89
-------
where C(r) is the 1980 Decennial Census count of members of the r-th post-
stratum and Z denotes summation of all members of responding households who
belonged to post-stratum r.
The adjusted analysis weight for members of responding households is the
product of the initial housing unit weight given by equation (5) and the ratio
adjustment factor given by equation (12). Hence, the adjusted analysis weight
for every member of the r-th post-stratum who belongs to the j-th household in
the i-th FSU of stratum h is given by
W (h,i,j) A (r) if jeR ,
W (h,i,j,r) = ^ L (13)
0 if
where R is the set of responding households in the second stage sample. The
sum of the adjusted analysis weights, W, , over all screener respondents who
belong to post-stratum r is, by definition, the Census count, C(r), for that
post-stratum. These analysis weights should be used for analysis for house-
hold screening interview data. They were also used for development of the
person-level analysis weights.
The weight adjustment factors shown in Table 39 for Northern New Jersey
'indicate fairly uniform minor undercoverage of the target population by the
initial sampling weights. This situation is fairly typical of large sample
surveys. The situation is somewhat different for the Devils Lake and Greens-
boro samples, however, which is probably due to the smaller sample sizes used
for these study sites.
The screening weight adjustment factors in Table 40 indicate that the
elderly were overrepresented in the Devils Lake screening sample, and other
age groups were correspondingly underrepresented. This situation resulted
mainly from the selection of only three first stage units for screening. Two
predominately elderly neighborhoods were selected. A larger sample of the ten
first stage frame units would have yielded a more representative sample of
neighborhoods. However, the post-stratification adjustment of the screener
weights to Census population counts reduces the potential bias due to over-
representation of the elderly in the screening stage of the Devils Lake sam-
ple.
The screening weight adjustment factors in Table 41 indicate that the
elderly were underrepresented in the Greensboro screening sample, and youth
90
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were correspondingly overrepresented. This situation probably resulted from
the selection of only six first stage units for screening. Neighborhoods with
many children were apparently overrepresented in the sample. A larger sample
of first stage units would have yielded a more representative sample of neigh-
borhoods. The disparity in the Greensboro household screening sample (mea-
sured by the ratio of the largest to the smallest weight adjustment factor)
was not as great as that for the Devils Lake sample. Moreover, the post-
stratification adjustment of the screener weights to the Census population
counts shown in Table 42 reduces the potential bias due to underrepresentation
of the elderly in the screening stage of the Greensboro sample.
Response of Persons Selected for First Season Exposure Monitoring
Northern New Jersey--
A sample of 852 people was selected for the first season of personal
exposure and body-burden monitoring in Northern New Jersey: 319 in Bayonne
and 533 in Elizabeth. The distribution of final monitoring status is pre-
sented for this sample in Table 42. Some individuals were classified as
ineligible for the study because they were not in the target area when per-
sonal exposure and body-burden monitoring was conducted, were physically or
mentally unable to participate, or were not correctly identified with regard
to key stratification variables. It was not possible to determine the eligi-
bility of 13 individuals in the Bayonne sample and 64 individuals in the
Elizabeth sample because the field staff were not able to contact them during
the time period when monitoring was being conducted. Assuming the same rate
of eligibility for these individuals as for those with known eligiblity, 11 of
these Bayonne individuals would be classified as eligible, and 47 of the
Elizabeth sample members would be classified as eligible. When these figures
are added to the number of known eligible individuals sampled, the estimated
number of eligible individuals in the samples is 281 for Bayonne and 395 for
Elizabeth.
Since personal exposure and body-burden data were collected for 154 of
281 eligible members of the Bayonne sample, and 201 .of 395 eligible members of
the Elizabeth sample, the person-level response rate was 54.8 percent for
Bayonne and 50.9 percent for Elizabeth. Multiplying these person-level re-
sponse rates by the household screening response rates of 86.7 percent and
91
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TABLE 42. FIRST SEASON PERSON-LEVEL SAMPLE RESULT FOR NORTHERN NEW JERSEY
Bayonne
Code
01
02
03
09
05
06
08
04
07
TOTAL
Final Status
ELIGIBLE INDIVIDUALS
Completed study questionnaire and provided
analyzable environmental and biological
specimens
Completed study questionnaire but did not
provide analyzable environmental and bio-
logical specimens
Refused interview
Responded, but not a sample member
INELIGIBLE INDIVIDUALS
Out of target area during interview period
Key stratification variable incorrect
Physically or mentally unable to participate
ELIGIBILITY UNKNOWN
No contact after repeated attempts
Moved/unable to locate
Frequency Percent
270
154
18
94
4
36
6
24
6
13
12
1
319
84.6
48.3
5.6
29.5
1.2
11.3
1.9
7.5
1.9
4.1
3.8
0.3
100.0
Elizabeth
Frequency
348
201
22
122
3
121
49
49
23
64
62
2
533
Percent
65.3
37.7
4.1
22.9
0.6
22.7
9.2
9.2
4.3
12.0
11.6
0.4
100.0
3Because of field errors, coding errors, etc., data were collected for the wrong household member (one who
was not selected into the sample). No data were collected for the family member who was selected to parti-
cipate. It is assumed for weighting purposes that the selected family member was eligible to participate.
-------
83.9 percent produces overall person-level response rates of 47.5 percent and
42.7 percent for Bayonne and Elizabeth, respectively. Low response rates are
typical of studies that monitor personal exposure and body-burden due to their
unusually high respondent burden. Nonresponse produces bias in the results of
monitoring studies to the extent that exposure levels are related to whether
or not a person is willing to participate in the study. Hence, the effect of
high nonresponse may not be as severe for a monitoring study as it would be
for a study that measures personal attitudes and opinions. Moreover, nonre-
sponse weight adjustments reduce potential bias to the extent that respondents
and nonrespondents are more alike within weighting classes than in the overall
population.
Devils Lake—
A sample of 45 people was selected for personal exposure and body-burden
monitoring in Devils Lake, North Dakota. The distribution of final monitoring
status is presented in Table 43 for the Devils Lake sample. Nine of the 45
sample members were classified as ineligible for the study because they were
not in Devils Lake during the time that the monitoring was being conducted.
It was not possible to determine the eligibility status of two of the sample
members because the field staff were not able to contact them during the
monitoring phase of the study. Assuming the same rate of eligibility for
these individuals as for those with known eligibility, both would be classi-
fied as eligible. Hence, the estimated number of eligible individuals in the
Devils Lake sample is 36.
Since personal exposure and body-burden data were collected for 24 of 36
eligible sample members, the Devils Lake person-level response rate was 66.7
percent. Multiplying this person-level response rate by the 95.6 percent
household-level response rate yields an overall person-level response rate of
63.8 percent. For a study that monitors personal exposure and body-burden,
this is a respectable response rate. Moreover, the nonresponse in this sample
will only bias survey results to the extent that nonrespondents tend to have
different exposures and body burdens than do respondents, as discussed above
for the Northern New Jersey sample.
93
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TABLE 43. PERSON-LEVEL SAMPLE RESULTS FOR DEVILS LAKE
Code
01
02
03
05
06
08
04
07
TOTAL
Final Status Frequency
ELIGIBLE INDIVIDUALS
Completed study questionnaire and provided
analyzable environmental and biological
specimens
Completed study questionnaire but did not
provide analyzable environmental and biological
specimens
Refused interview
INELIGIBLE INDIVIDUALS
Out of target area during interview period
Key stratification variable incorrect
Physically or mentally unable to participate
ELIGIBILITY UNKNOWN
No contact after repeated attempts
Moved/unable to locate
34
24
1
9
9
9
0
0
2
1
1
45
Percent
75.6
53.3
2.2
20.0
20.0
20.0
0.0
0.0
4.4
2.2
2.2
100.0
94
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Greensboro—
The Greensboro sample for personal exposure and body-burden monitoring
consisted of 33 individuals. The distribution of final monitoring status for
this sample is presented in Table 44. Three individuals were classified as
ineligible for exposure monitoring because they were physically or mentally
inable to participate or because they were not correctly classified with
regard to key stratification variables. It was not possible to determine the
eligiblity status of two of the sample members because the field staff were
not able to contact them during the monitoring phase of the study. Assuming
the same rate of eligibility for these individuals as for those with known
eligibility, both would be classified as eligible. Hence, the estimated
number of eligible individuals in the Greensboro sample is 30.
Since personal exposure and body-burden data were collected for 24 of 30
eligible sample members, the Greensboro person-level response rate was 80.0
percent. Multiplying this person-level response rate by the 94.9 percent
household-level response rate yields an overall person-level response rate of
75.9 percent. For a study that monitors personal exposure and body-burden,
this is a very good response rate.
Adjustment for Nonresponse of Persons Selected for First Season Monitoring
Since the sample of persons selected for the first season of personal
exposure and body-burden monitoring was a subsample of the household screener
respondents, the initial sampling weights for the persons selected for per-
sonal exposure and body-burden monitoring are the products of the screener
weights adjusted for household nonresponse, given by equation (13), and the
person-level weight components, given by equation (7). In order to simplify
the notation, the j-th housing unit in the i-th FSU of stratum h will be
referred to henceforth as the hij-th housing unit. Likewise, the £-th sample
subject selected from person-level stratum k will be referred to as the
k£-th sample subject. Hence, the initial sampling weight for the kJZ-th
subject selected from the hij-th housing unit can be expressed as
W?(hij,k£,r) = W6(h,i,j,r) N^k) / n^k), (14)
from equations (7) and (13). The final person-level analysis weights were
computed by adjusting the initial weights given by equation (14) to compensate
95
-------
TABLE 44. PERSON-LEVEL SAMPLE RESULTS FOR GREENSBORO
Code Final Status Frequency Percent
ELIGIBLE INDIVIDUALS 28 84.9
01 Completed study questionnaire and provided 24 72.7
analyzable environmental and biological
specimens
02 Completed study questionnaire but did not 2 6.1
provide analyzable environmental and biological
specimens
03 Refused interview 2 6.1
INELIGIBLE INDIVIDUALS 3 9.1
05 Out of target area during interview period 0 0.0
06 Key stratification variable incorrect 1 3.0
08 Physically or mentally unable to participate 2 6.1
ELIGIBILITY UNKNOWN 2 6.1
04 No contact after repeated attempts 2 6.1
07 Moved/unable to locate 0 0.0
TOTAL 33 100.0
96
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for the potential bias due to nonresponse of individuals selected for monitor-
.ig.
Because of the nature of the definition of the target population for the
..'EAM Phase I studies, it was not possible to obtain an independent estimate of
the population size, e.g., from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Hence, a
weighting class nonresponse adjustment procedure was used instead of post-
stratification. Use of weighting class adjustment procedures requires that
every respondent and nonrespondent be classified into a unique weighting
class. The population members of a weighting class should be relatively
homogeneous with respect to response variables and/or propensity to respond.
Moreover, each weighting class should generally contain 20 or more respon-
dents. These criteria were used to define first season nonresponse weighting
classes for all Phase I TEAM target areas.
The first stage stratification variable ECONPROX and the variables AGE
and EXPOSE, which were used to stratify the third stage sample of individuals
selected for monitoring, were used to define weighting classes for the first
season Northern New Jersey sample members as shown in Table 45. By design,
personal exposure and body-burden data were collected for only 24 members of
the Devils Lake and Greensboro samples. Hence, all sample members were treated
as a single weighting class for each of these study areas, and a single over-
all nonresponse adjustment factor was calculated for each area. In general,
the index s, where
s = 1,2,....S,
will be used to denote the weighting classes for each sample area (S=15 for
Northern New Jersey; S=l for Devils Lake; S=l for Greensboro).
Computation of the weighting class nonresponse adjustment factors was
facilitated by defining indicators of response and eligibility status for all
sample members. These indicators were defined in terms of the Final Status
Coded (FSCs) shown in Tables 42, 43, and 44 for the first season sample mem-
bers. The indicator of respondents for whom personal exposure and body-burden
data were collected was defined for the k£-th sample member from the hij-th
housing unit as follows:
97
-------
TABLE 45. WEIGHTING CLASSES FOR FIRST SEASON NORTHERN NEW JERSEY NONRESPONSE ADJUSTMENT
00
City EXPOSE
Bayonne Low
Low
Low
All
High
***
SUBTOTAL
Elizabeth Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
All
High
High
***
SUBTOTAL
AGE
7-16
17 - 64
17 - 64
65+
17 - 64
NURSING MOTHERS
7-16
17 - 64
17 - 64
17 - 64
17 - 64
65+
17 - 64
17 - 64
NURSING MOTHERS
ECONPROX3
All Areas
1, 2
3, 4, 5
All Areas
All Areas
***•
All Areas
6
7
8
9
All Areas
6, 8
7, 9
***
Weighting
Class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Sample
Size
28
57
92
61
67
14
319
37
65
51
51
53
113
67
67
29C
533
Number of
Respondents
17
36
45
15
30
11
154
24
22
25
19
22
33
27
22
7
201
Weight
Adjustment
Factorb
1.5676
1.5441
1.8704
4.0628
1.9897
1.0000
1.1126
2.1970
1.9691
2.0666
1.8953
1.9780
1.8665
2.2581
2.0037
GRAND TOTAL
852
355
See Table 24 and Appendix A.
A (s) in Equation (20).
c
Most of the mothers selected for the Elizabeth nursing mothers substudy were found to no longer be nursing
at the time of personal exposure and body-burden monitoring and were regarded as ineligible. This partly
reflects the data collection schedule. Most monitoring data for Elizabeth were collected toward the end of
the data collection period and hence many Elizabeth mothers were no longer nursing their babies.
-------
1 if FSC=1 for the k£-th person,
I (hij,k£) = (15)
31 0 otherwise.
Analyses that involve only questionnaire data can be based on the larger set
of all sample members who responded to the study questionnaire, irrespective
of whether or not monitoring data were successfully collected. The indicator
variable that identifies all respondents for whom questionnaire data were
collected was defined for the k£-th sample member from the hij-th housing unit
as
1 if FSC = 1 or 2 for the k£-th person,
I (hij,k£) = (16)
32 0 otherwise.
Some sample members were classified as ineligible for the study because
they were not in the target area when personal exposure and body-burden moni-
toring was conducted, were physically or mentally unable to participate, or
were not correctly identified with regard to key stratification variables.
The indicator of eligible sample members was defined for the k£-th sample
member from the hij-th housing unit as follows:
1 if FSC = 1,2,3, or 9 for the k£-th person,
IE(hij,k£) = (17)
0 otherwise.
It was sometimes not possible to determine the eligibility status of sample
members whom the field staff were unable to contact during the personal expo-
sure monitoring period. Hence, an indicator of the sample members with known
eligiblity status was defined for the kJd-th sample member from the hij-th
housing unit by
1 if FSC £ 4 or 7 for the k£-th person,
IK(hij,k£) = (18)
0 otherwise.
The weighting class nonresponse adjustment procedure makes use of a
sample estimate of the number of population members in each weighting class in
the same way that a post-stratification adjustment uses an independent esti-
mate of the number of members of each post-stratum. For the Phase I first
season TEAM samples, the number of population members belonging to weighting
class s was estimated as
99
-------
I W (hij,k£,r) I (hij,k£)
N(s) = Is W7(hij,k*,r) [ /w
where Z denotes summation over all sample members who belong to the s-th
s
weighting class, and W is the initial weight for sample members given by
equation (14). This estimator is based upon the assumption that the propor-
tion of eligibles among the sample members with unknown eligibility is the
same as that for sample members with known eligibility. The ratio factor in
equation (19) is an estimator of the proportion of population members of
weighting class s who were survey eligible.
The weighting class ratio adjustment factor was computed for the parti-
cipants for whom personal exposure and body-burden data were collected as
follows :
A31(s) = N(s) / [Ig W?(hij,k£,r) IR (hij,k£)]. (20)
Likewise, for all participants for whom study questionnaire data were col-
lected, the weighting class ratio adjustment factor was computed as
A.0(s) = N(s) / [I W7(hij,k£,r) IR (hij,k£)]. (21)
32 s 1 R32
In each case, the symbol "I " denotes summation over all sample members who
belong to weighting class s.
The weight adjustment factors (20) and (21) were multiplied by the ini-
tial weights given by equation (14) to obtain the analysis weights adjusted
for nonresponse and ineligibility. The adjusted weights for the k£-th sample
member from the hij-th housing unit are defined by
W (hij,k£,r) A (s) if k£eR
Wgl(hij,k£,r,s) = ' J1 Ji (22)
0 otherwise,
W (hij,k£,r) A (s) if k£eR ,
W82(hij,k£,r,s) = ^ ^ (23)
0 otherwise,
where R is the set of participants for whom personal exposure and body-
burden data were collected and R._ is the set of all participants for whom
100
-------
study questionnaire data were collected. The summation of each set of ad-
justed analysis weights, W01 and W0_, over all sample members who belong to
o 1 oz /•.
weighting class s is, by definition, the estimated population total, N(s),
for that weighting class.
Truncation and Smoothing of First Season Weights
After all nonresponse adjustments have been applied to any set of sam-
pling weights, a few adjusted weights are sometimes much larger than all the
others. The presence of a few extremely large analysis weights can substan-
tially increase sampling variances and decrease precision of estimates. Hence,
when there are a few outlier weights, these weights are sometimes truncated
(i.e., reduced to a value more comparable to the rest of the weights). The
truncation is usually performed to reduce only the effect of unequal weighting
resulting from nonresponse adjustments, not that resulting from unequal sample
selection probabilities. Finally, truncated weights must be smoothed (ratio
adjusted) within weighting classes so that the final weights sum to the same
estimated population totals as the adjusted analysis weights.
The distributions of the adjusted first season person-level weights, W01
o 1
and W_ , were examined for each weighting class, s, for each Phase II TEAM
sample. One statistic that is often used to measure the loss in precision due
to the presence of unusually large weights is the estimated design effect due
to unequal weighting. The design effect for an estimate is defined as the
ratio of the variance of that estimate for the design employed divided by an
estimate of the variance that would have been achieved by a simple random
sample of the same size. The estimated design effect due to unequal weighting
is typically calculated as
DEFF =IW2/On(IW )2o, (24)
where W is the analysis weight and n is the number of positive weights in the
summation. The estimated design effect due to unequal weighting was calcu-
lated within the weighting classes containing the largest person-level weights,
W~ , for each Phase II sample both before and after changing the values of the
largest weights to equal the next largest weights. The overall sample design
effects due to unequal weighting were also examined both before and after
modifying the largest weights.
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Based upon these analyses, it was decided that truncation and smoothing
was not appropriate for the Devils Lake and Greensboro weights. Therefore,
the adjusted weights, WR and W,.-, given by equations (22) and (23) are the
final analysis weights for these samples.
However, for the Northern New Jersey sample the single largest person-
level weight for the Elizabeth sample (Won = 5681.30) was truncated to the
o l
value of the next largest Elizabeth weight (W0n = 1045.51). This reduced the
ol
estimated unequal weighting design effect from 5.67 to 1.77 within the weight-
ing class containing this largest weight. It also reduced the overall unequal
weighting design effect for the Elizabeth sample from 2.53 to 1.61. The
largest within-weighting-class design effect for the Bayonne sample was 1.18,
and no truncation was performed for the Bayonne weights.
Therefore, the Northern New Jersey truncated weights for the kJi-th sample
member from the hij-th housing unit were defined as
1045.51 if W = 5681.30,
W (hij,k£,r,s) = HL (25)
W0 (hi j , k£, r . s ) otherwise,
o i
994.06 if W = 5401.72,
W92(hij,k£,r,s) = 8/ (26)
W. (hij ,k£, r,s) otherwise,
The final analysis weights for the Elizabeth sample are then the smoothed
versions of the truncated weights, W and W . Hence, the final analysis
weights for the k£-th member of the Northern New Jersey sample from the hij-th
household are given by
I W (hij,k£,r,s)
k£,r>S) = Wgi(hij,k£,r,s) [ 2 > 1 ' (27)
I W (hij,k£,r,s)
W102(hij,k£,r,s) = W92(hij,k*,r,s) [ 2\h±j >td,, r>s) 1 , (28)
where I. denotes summation over all sample members who belong to weighting
class s. The ratio adjustment factors in equations (27) and (28) were all
unity except for the one weighting class for which the largest weight in the
Elizabeth sample .was truncated. The analysis weight W „ should be used for
analyses based on those participants for whom personal exposure and body-
burden data were collected. For those analyses based entirely on the study
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questionnaire data, the analysis weight W may be used; all participants who
provided study questionnaire data, including those for whom personal exposure
and body-burden data were not collected, would then be used in the analyses.
Response of Persons Selected for Second Season Exposure Monitoring
A sample of 238 first season participants for whom personal exposure and
body-burden data were collected was selected for a second season of monitoring
in Northern New Jersey: 91 in Bayonne and 147 in Elizabeth. The distribution
of final monitoring status for the second season sample members is shown in
Table 46. Some individuals were classified as ineligible for second season
study because they were not in the target area when the second season of
monitoring was being conducted, were physically or mentally unable to partici-
pate, or had changed status with regard to key stratification variables. The
eligibility status of two members of the Elizabeth sample was not determined
because the field staff were not able to contact them during the second season
of monitoring. Assuming the same rate of eligiblity for these individuals as
for those with known eligibility, both would be classified as eligible.
Hence, the estimated number of eligible individuals in the second season
sample is 199: 79 in Bayonne and 120 in Elizabeth.
Since personal exposure and body-burden data were collected for 67 of 79
eligible members of the Bayonne sample, and 90 of 120 eligible members of the
Elizabeth sample, the person-level response rate for the second season of
monitoring was 84.8 percent for Bayonne and 75.0 percent for Elizabeth.
Multiplying these second season person-level response rates by the overall
first season person-level response rates of 47.5 percent and 42.7 percent
produces overall second season person-level response rates of 40.3 percent and
32.0 percent for Bayonne and Elizabeth, respectively.
Adjustment for Nonresponse of Persons Selected for Second Season Monitoring
Since the second season sample of persons selected for personal exposure
and body-burden monitoring was a subsample of the Northern New Jersey first
season participants, the initial second season sampling weight was calculated
as the product of the first season weight adjusted for nonresponse, given by
equation (27), and the second season weight component given by equation (9).
Hence, the initial second season sampling weight for the k£-th sample member
selected from the hij-th housing unit was calculated as
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TABLE 46. SECOND SEASON PERSON-LEVEL SAMPLE RESULTS
o
-P-
Bayonne
Code
01
02
03
05
06
08
04
07
TOTAL
Final Result
ELIGIBLE INDIVIDUALS
Environmental and body-burden data were
collected
Appointment not kept
Refused interview
INELIGIBLE INDIVIDUALS
Out of target area during interview period
Key stratification variable incorrect
Physically or mentally unable to participate
ELIGIBILITY UNKNOWN
No contact after repeated attempts
Moved/unable to locate
Frequency
79
67
6
6
12
5
4
3
0
0
0
91
Percent
86.8
73.6
6.6
6.6
13.2
5.5
4.4
3.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
Elizabeth
Frequency
118
90
8
20
27
4
14
9
2
2
0
147
Percent
80.3
61.2
5.4
13.6
18.4
2.7
9.5
6.1
1.4
1.4
0.0
100.0
-------
Wn(hij,k£,r,s) = W1()1(hij,k£,r,s) N4(k) / n4(k). (29)
The initial second season sampling weight, W , was adjusted for nonre-
sponse and ineligiblity of members of the second season sample in exactly the
same way that the initial first season weight, W , was adjusted to produce the
adjusted weight variable, W01. Only the definition of the weighting classes
ol
had to be revised for application of this procedure to the second season
weights.
The second season weighting classes were defined as shown in Table 47.
Let the index t, where
t = 1,2,...,6,
denote the second season weighting classes. The second season adjusted weight
for the kl-th sample member from the hij-th housing unit can then be expressed
as
W (hij,k£,r,s) A (t) if k£eR,,
W (hij,k£,r,s,t) = J (30)
0 otherwise,
here R, denotes the set of second season participants, and the weight adjust-
ment factor, A--(t), is defined exactly as shown in equation (20) except that
each summation, I , over members of the s-th weighting class is replaced by
s
the summation, I , over members of weighting class t.
Truncation and Smoothing of Second Season Weights
The distributions of the adjusted second season weights, W ., were ex-
amined within each second season weighting class, t. The estimated design
effect due to unequal weighting was also calculated within the weighting
classes containing the largest weights, W ?, both before and after changing
the largest weights to equal the next largest weights. In addition, the
overall unequal weighting design effects were computed before and after modi-
fying the largest weights.
Based upon this investigation, it was decided that considerable reduction
in the unequal weighting design effect could be achieved by reducing the
values of the three largest Bayonne weights (W = 3366.05, W - 3192.73, and
W12 = 2835.34) to the value of the fourth largest Bayonne weight (W = 1468.50)
The three sample members whose weights were truncated all belonged to the
second weighting class (t=2). The above truncation of their weights reduced
the estimated unequal weighting design effect from 1.45 to 1.10 within their
weighting class. It also reduced the overall unequal weighting design effect
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TABLE 47. WEIGHTING CLASSES FOR SECOND SEASON NONRESPONSE ADJUSTMENT
Weight
Weighting Sample Number of
City EXPOSE AGE Class Size Respondents Factor3
Bayonne Low 7-39 1 54 37 1.1656
Low 40+ 2 22 17 1.5152
High All 3 15 13 1.0715
SUBTOTAL 91 67
Elizabeth Low 7-39 4 50 35 1.2454
Low 40+ 5 45 27 1.2878
High All 6 52 28 1.5265
SUBTOTAL 147 90
GRAND TOTAL 238 157
3A31(t) in Equation (30)
106
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for the second season Bayonne sample from 1.78 to 1.50. The overall Elizabeth
design effect was 1.86, but there did not appear to be any reasonable way to
appreciably reduce this design effect by means of weight truncation.
Therefore, the truncated second season weights for the k£_th sample
member from the hij-th housing unit were defined as
1468.50 if W = 2835.34, W = 3192.73
W13(hij,k<.,r,S,t) = or W12 = 3366.05 ^
W (hij , kJd,r,s , t) otherwise.
The final second season analysis weight is then the smoothed version of the
truncated weight, W . Hence, the final second season analysis weight for the
k£-th sample member from the hij-th housing unit is given by
I W (hij,k£,r,s,t)
W (hij,k£,r,s,t) = W (hij,k£,r,s,t) [ -^-^ ], (32)
It W13(hij,k£,r,s,t)
where I denotes summation over all sample members who belong to weighting
class t. The ratio adjustment (smoothing) factors in equation (32) were all
unity except for the one weighting class that contained the three truncated
weights.
Response of Persons Selected for Third Season Exposure Monitoring
A sample of 63 second season participants was selected for a third season
of personal exposure and body-burden monitoring in Northern New Jersey: 29 in
Bayonne and 34 in Elizabeth. The distribution of final monitoring status is
shown in Table 48 for the third season sample members. Some individuals were
classified as ineligible for third season study because they were not in the
target area when the third season monitoring was being conducted, were physi-
cally or mentally unable to participate, or had changed status with regard to
key stratification variables. The eligibility status of two of the sample
members was not determined because the field staff were not able to contact
them during the time period when third season monitoring was being conducted.
Assuming the same rate of eligibility for these individuals as for those with
known eligibility, both would be classified as eligible. Hence, the estimated
number of eligible individuals in the third season sample is 54: 26 in
Bayonne and 28 in Elizabeth.
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TABLE 48. THIRD SEASON PERSON-LEVEL SAMPLE RESULTS
o
00
Bayonne
Code.
01
02
03
05
06
08
04
07
TOTAL
Final Result
ELIGIBLE INDIVIDUALS
Environmental and body-burden data were
collected
Appointment not kept
Refused interview
INELIGIBLE INDIVIDUALS
Out of target area during interview period
Key stratification variable incorrect
Physically or mentally unable to participate
ELIGIBILITY UNKNOWN
No contact after repeated attempts
Moved/unable to locate
Frequency
25
22
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
0
29
Percent
86.2
75.9
3.4
6.9
10.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
0.0
100.0
Elizabeth
Frequency
27
27
0
0
6
4
0
2
1
1
0
34
Percent
79.4
79.4
0.0
0.0
17.6
11.8
0.0
5.9
2.9
2.9
0.0
100.0
-------
Since 22 of 26 eligible individuals responded in Bayonne, and 27 of 28
eligible individuals responded in Elizabeth, the person-level response rate
for third season monitoring was 84.6 percent for Bayonne and 96.4 percent for
Elizabeth. Multiplying these response rates by the overall second season
response rates of 40.3 percent and 32.0 percent produces overall third season
response rates of 34.1 percent and 30.8 percent for Bayonne and Elizabeth,
respectively.
Adjustment for Nonresponse of Persons Selected for Third Season Monitoring
Since the third season sample of persons selected for monitoring was a
subsample of the second season participants, the initial third season weight
was calculated as the product of the second season weight adjusted for non-
response, given by equation (32), and the third season weight component, given
by equation (11). Hence, the initial third season sampling weight for the
k£_th sample member selected from the hij-th housing unit was calculated as
W15(hij,k£,r,s,t) = Wl4(hij,k£,r,s,t) N^k1) / n^k'). (33)
The initial third season sampling weight, W..,, was adjusted for non-
response and ineligibiity of members of the third season sample exactly as
described for the second season inital weight, W.... , except that definition of
the weighting classes had to be revised for the third season sample.
The third season weighting classes were defined as shown in Table 49.
Let the index u, where
u = 1,2,3,4,
denote the third season weighting classes. The third season adjusted weights
for the kJd_th sample member from the hij-th housing unit can then be expressed
as
W (hij,k£,r,s,t)A (u) if k£eR
Wl6(hij,k£,r,s,t,u) ° Ji ^ (34)
0 otherwise,
where R denotes the set of all third season respondents, and the weight
adjustment factor, A_ (u), is defined exactly as shown in equation (20) except
that each summation, I , over members of weighting class s is replaced with
s
the summation, I , over members of weighting class t.
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TABLE 49. WEIGHTING CLASSES FOR THIRD SEASON NONRESPONSE ADJUSTMENT
City
Bayonne
Elizabeth
GRAND TOTAL
EXPOSE AGE
Low 7+
High 7+
SUBTOTAL
Low 7+
High 7+
SUBTOTAL
Weighting
Class
1
2
3
4
Sample
Size
20
9
29
20
14
34
63
Number of
Respondents
14
8
22
17
10
27
49
Weight
Adjustment
Factor3
1.2366
1.0000
1.0842
1.0000
A (u) in Equation (34)
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Truncation and Smoothing of Third Season Weights
The distributions of the adjusted third season weights, W , were ex-
amined within each third season weighting class, u. The estimated design
effect due to unequal weighting was also calculated for the weighting classes
containing the largest weights, W , both before and after changing the larg-
est weights to the values of the next largest weights. In addition, the
overall unequal weighting design effects were computed before and after modi-
fying the largest weights.
Based upon this investigation, truncation of the third season weights,
W , did not appear to be an appropriate strategy. The estimated unequal
weighting design effects for the Bayonne and Elizabeth third season samples
were 2.10 and 2.16, respectively. Hence, the adjusted analysis weights, W ,,
given by equation (34) are the final analysis weights to be used for analysis
of the third season database.
QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR SAMPLING WEIGHTS
All sampling weight files produced by RTI's Center for Survey Statistics
(CSS) are routinely subjected to a prescribed regimen of quality assurance
checks. These quality assurance checks ahve been performed for all the Phase
I TEAM sampling weights. These quality assurance checks have been reviewed by
a senior member of the CSS staff, and the weights have been approved for
release to the EPA for analyses.
A copy of the Quality Assurance Check List that was used as the basis for
these quality assurance checks is reproduced in Appendix E. The weight checks
primarily check for agreement of certain weight totals from one stage of
sampling to the next stage of sampling and from sampling weights to nonre-
sponse-adjusted weights.
Unfortunately, there are many ways that errors can be made in computation
of the weights that can go undetected when these quality assurance checks are
applied, especially with regard to the initial sampling weights. Most not-
ably, some types of computer programming errors are difficult to detect.
After the Phase I TEAM sampling weights were initially computed, computer
programming errors were detected and corrected on several occasions. These
errors were not detected by the standard quality assurance checks. Instead,
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they were usually detected when the weight computations were being reviewed in
detail for documentation purposes.
VARIANCE ESTIMATION
The sampling design for each Phase I first season TEAM target area was a
stratified three stage design. Geographic area segments were selected with
replacement at the first stage of selection using probabilities proportional
to the estimated housing unit count based upon 1980 Decennial Census data.
Clusters of housing units were selected at the second stage and screening data
were collected for all members of responding households. Finally, a strati-
fied sample of individuals was selected for personal exposure and body-burden
monitoring at the third stage. The stratified sample of individuals was
selected without specifically allocating the sample size to first stage units.
Hence, the design was not completely nested. A completely nested sample
design would have required selection of an independent sample within each
sampled first stage unit. Nevertheless, the usual sample survey variance
formulas that assume a nested design and with-replacement sampling at the
first stage can be used to compute approximate sampling variances.
A balanced half-sample pseudo-replication technique was investigated for
estimation of sampling variances for the first season Northern New Jersey
sample. Using this technique, the participants would be randomly divided into
two pseudo-replicates and the implicit sample selection strata from the first
stage design would be used to form super-strata. The variance estimation
would then be essentially an estimate based upon differences between half-
sample replicates within super-strata as discussed by McCarthy (3,4). The
pseudo-replication technique may be theoretically superior for analysis of the
first season Northern New Jersey data because it does not assume that the
sample survey is nested. However, it was not implemented because it was not
considered to be cost effective.
The usual variance estimation formulas that assume a nested design and
with-replacement sampling at the first stage have been used to compute sam-
pling variances for all analyses of the Phase II TEAM data. These sampling
variances are based upon the variability between first stage units (FSUs)
within strata. The FSUs for each Phase I sample were selected from an ordered
sampling frame using a sequential, minimum probability replacement sampling
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technique (1,2). Three explicit first stage strata were used for the Greens-
boro sample. The other Phase II samples utilized implicit first stage strati-
fication. The individual FSUs sometimes contained too few participants to be
used directly for the between-FSU variance approximation. Hence, the ordering
of the FSUs on the sampling frame was used to combine proximate FSUs to form
geographically larger analysis FSUs. The frame ordering was also used to
define analysis super-strata consisting of pairs of analysis FSUs.
Estimates of sample precision (variances and standard errors) were com-
puted from differences between analysis first stage units within analysis
super-strata. RTI's special-purpose software for estimating the sampling
variances of statistics calculated from complex sample survey data was used to
perform these computations (5,6). This software computes estimated sampling
variances using the Taylor Series linearization method assuming a nested
design and with replacement sampling at the first stage (7).
For the Northern New Jersey samples, one set of analysis FSUs was defined
for all three seasons of sampling. However, the analysis super-strata that
serve the first and second season samples were collapsed to form a new set of
super-strata for the third season samples.
There were only three FSUs for the Devils Lake sample, and the two FSUs
with the smallest sample sizes were combined to form a single analysis FSU.
Thus, estimates of sampling variances are based upon differences between two
analysis FSUs within a single super-stratum for the Devils Lake sample.
Two FSUs were selected within each of three explicit strata for the
Greensboro sample. The number of participants within each FSU was sufficient
that the estimates of sampling variance are based upon differences between the
two sample FSUs within each of the three first stage strata for the Greensboro
sample.
DOCUMENTATION OF SAMPLING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
During the course of the statistical sampling design many issues were
addressed, some were developed and refined which became the essence of the
narrative presented above while others were eventually discarded. Documentation
of various aspects of sampling design that were considered are further elucida-
ted in Appendices F and G in Part II of this volume.
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SECTION 5
SURVEY OPERATIONS
INTRODUCTION
This section describes the activities undertaken by the survey research
staff, both on-site and off-site, before, during and after all phases of field
activities of the Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) study. The
study involved collecting environmental and biological specimens, and question-
naire data from a random sample of individuals in order to investigate exposure
to various chemicals found in the environment, subsequent body-burdens of
those chemicals and any relationship between these levels. This section discus-
ses the various activities involved in this study, highlighting differences
between activities as they were planned and as they were finally accomplished.
The activities which occurred before the data collection included the selection
of the areas to be studied, the development of data collection instruments, the
preparation of the submission package to the Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), the preparation of the project timetable and the preparation of the off-
site budget.
The field activities included recruiting, hiring, and training of staffs
of field interviewers, counting and listing the selected segments, completing
the household screening, and accomplishing the field questionnaire data collec-
tion. These activities were followed by a series of in-house activities includ-
ing data receipt, editing, and coding, supervising data entry, validating the
screening and questionnaire data, dealing with the refusal population, and
monitoring field status during its progress.
PRE-FIELD ACTIVITIES
Geographical Area Selection
The current study was preceded by a pre-pilot task which was used to test
the methodologies to be implemented during the main phase. Part of the pre-
pilot included a nine-person study in New Jersey and a three-person study in
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North Carolina. New Jersey was selected as one of the geographical areas due
to the apparently high levels of the chemicals of interest, and North Carolina
and North Dakota as comparison areas without chemical manufacturing activity.
Five cities were initially selected in New Jersey and the appropriate municipal
officials were invited to a meeting held in Elizabeth. Federal and regional
EPA officials and state Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) staff
attended as did RTI study staff. As a result of the meeting, which served to
explain the study goals and methods, only two of the cities expressed an interest
in participation. Although originally planned for only one site, it was decided
to conduct the study in both sites since both generally satisfied the study
goals.
The contacts made in Bayonne and Elizabeth served as the basis for all
future logistical arrangements. These included housing, notification of police
officials of the presence of interviewers in the cities, and the recruitment of
interviewers and nurses for the Nursing Mother subsample specimen collection.
Data Collection Instruments
The questionnaires used in this study were based on instruments used in
previous studies examining environmental exposure and body-burden. Changes
were made to the main study questionnaire to reflect the expanded list of
chemicals of interest and the related types of exposures to be examined in this
study. The lists of occupations of interest were expanded and more detailed
questions were added on diet and time spent out-of-doors.
The screening questionnaire was modified to include a question identifying
nursing mothers, who were to serve as a special subsample in the first geographi-
cal area sampled. The request for the telephone number was moved to the end of
the instrument, allowing for development of interviewer-respondent rapport
before requesting somewhat sensitive data.
The only document developed specifically for this study was the Exposure/
Activity Screener. This document was changed during the pre-pilot and before
the main phase of this study. The changes were made in an attempt to gather
the activity pattern data in a way that was easy for the respondent to provide
yet provided the most complete and accurate data for analysis. The first
attempt asked for time spent in specific activities. The second version asked
for description of activities on an hour by hour basis. The final version,
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used in the main study, asked for the major activity during specific time
periods. This form caused few respondent problems, and based on initial analysis,
yielded useful data. Copies of all instruments are included as Appendix H.
OMB Package
Once the data collection instruments were finalized, the Office of Manage-
ment and Budget (OMB) package was prepared. Based on the pre-pilot study,
information on respondent burden and document utility was well known and
documented. All phases of the study plan, including field operations and
sampling and analysis plans were developed easily and the sponsor's reviewer
was kept informed. Due to this communication, the approval by OMB was obtained
in minimal time, approximately six weeks, thus permitting all initial activities
to remain on schedule. An extension was received from OMB to permit activities
during the later part of the study.
FIELD ACTIVITIES
Location of Field Activities
Activities undertaken for this study involved, during the initial time
period, field questionnaire data collection in three locations. During the
summer and early fall of 1981, questionnaire data were collected from a sample
of residents of Bayonne and Elizabeth, New Jersey. During the next spring and
summer, a small sample of individuals was processed in Greensboro, NC and a
subsample of New Jersey respondents was revisited. During the fall of 1982, a
small sample of respondents was processed in Devil's Lake, ND and during the
early part of 1983, a final visit was made to New Jersey. A subsample of the
second visit respondents was contacted during this third visit.
Initial activities undertaken in the three sites were identical in process
varying only in size. The activities undertaken during the second and third
visits to New Jersey involved recontacting earlier respondents and enrolling
them into the continuation of the study. Details of the activities undertaken
during the five field data collection visits are provided in the remainder of
this chapter.
New Jersey Season I
The following sections provide details of all activities during the
initial visit to New Jersey.
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Recruiting and Hiring Interviewers
The size of the field effort required the use of a field interviewer staff
larger than was available in the metropolitan New York area. A newspaper
advertisement was placed in two papers in New Jersey and yielded approximately
thirty responses. These responses were turned over to the New York area
supervisor who was briefed on the project, given a description of interviewer
duties, and asked to screen and recruit ten to fifteen interviewers. Before
she was able to accomplish the task, she was given responsibilities on another
project. The material she had was returned to RTI and given to a survey opera-
tions staff member working on the study. Each of the applicants was interviewed
by telephone and at least one employer reference was checked for those who were
retained. The list of applicants who responded to the ad was supplemented by
recommendations from the supervisor and from previously hired interviewers.
Due to changed plans for the screening, it was determined that twenty
interviewers would be necessary. Allowing for attrition, twenty-one inter-
viewers were hired, the last on July 16, 1981. All non-retained applicants
were notified and were sent applications to be used if they wished their name
to be kept on file for future work.
Segment Count and List
One hundred and ten segments were selected by the population sampling
design statisticians, sixty-six in Elizabeth and forty-four in Bayonne. RTI' s
Philadelphia-based supervisor was given the responsibility for training four of
the interviewers retained, and completing the count and list activities. Ten
days were required to complete this task and on July 10, all field materials
were returned to survey operations personnel. The material was checked by
statistical sampling design personnel. One segment in each site was dropped
from the sample, one because it was a military base, the other because it was a
ship at dock. The remaining 108 segments were divided into assignments for the
interviewers.
Household Screening
The purpose of this phase of the study was to collect screening data on
the residents of fifty-one housing units in each segment. This data was then
used to create the strata from which the specific eligible respondents were
chosen. The first activity was the training of the interviewers. A one-day
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training session was conducted in New Jersey on July 17. Twenty-one interviewers
began the session and twenty completed it. Morning activities consisted of an
introduction to the project, review of administrative details, and a detailed
discussion of the screening activities and procedures to be implemented. The
afternoon was spent in the field, doing actual screenings. Since the New York
area supervisor was no longer available to the project, one of the more experien-
ced interviewers was selected and assigned supervisory responsibilities as an
on-site coordinator. She and the two survey operations staff members went with
groups of interviewers into three segments. Each interviewer approached and
screened several households, completed the appropriate paperwork and then
returned to discuss the activities with the survey operations staff member and
other interviewers. This process helped develop uniformity among t-he interview-
ers and allowed immediate feedback to reinforce good techniques and reduce
problems. Interviewers were asked to continue working through the weekend and
to keep appointments on Monday and Tuesday for review of the first segment's
progress. This review was conducted by the two survey operations staff who
remained at the training site and by the site coordinator.
The household screening activity was originally planned to use ten inter-
viewers over a six-week period. When scheduling constraints compressed the
time available to three weeks, an attempt was made to complete the activity by
doubling the number of interviewers. This action created many problems, as
discussed in the following paragraphs.
The most notable field problem was an insufficient Field Interviewer (FI)
commitment in both time and energy to complete their household screening
assignments in compliance with the schedule. Local Elizabeth and Bayonne
interviewers were retained with the understanding that a full-time commitment
to the project was necessary in order to complete the screening phase within
the scheduled three-week period, July 18 through August 8, 1981. Fifteen of
the eighteen FIs retained were new interviewers to RTI. Because of part-time
commitments to other jobs, family responsibilities and, in a few cases, the
marginal capabilities of the interviewer, an insufficient amount.of interviewing
time was spent each day. Interviewer productivity lagged far behind the
expected and desired levels.
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Conducting household screening during July and August resulted in a high
proportion of households with no contact being made. Many families were on
vacation for most of the screening period, while others were at home at irregular
times because they were taking short trips. Field procedures required interview-
ers to make three attempts at three different times on three different days in
order to establish contact with household members. After three attempts, a
case could be considered completed. Three attempts were not enough. Ultimately,
as many as six to eight attempts were made in order to find someone at home.
Since a case could be counted as completed after three attempts, many
segments could be mailed to RTI as completed but containing a high proportion
of cases where no contacts had been made. In many instances, these segments
were processed and keyed at RTI. When it became clear that these not-at-home
cases would have to be reworked, extensive lists of these cases were prepared
and returned to the field. This process caused even further delay in obtaining
the required number of completed screenings. Having a portion of the segment
material in the field and a portion at RTI increased the difficulty of ascertain-
ing the overall completion status of the fieldwork and assigning cases to
interviewers in such a manner as to expedite the completion of the screening
process.
In retrospect, considering the effort required to complete the screening
operation, screening 5,500 households in three weeks with eighteen to twenty
interviewers was too large a task. The task required perhaps thirty inter-
viewers working no less than six hours a day under the supervision of an
experienced on-site field supervisor. Even with this level of field staffing,
there is some doubt as to whether the required number of completed household
screenings could be obtained given a three week screening period at a time when
many families are on vacation.
Several operational problems further exacerbated the situation. These
included listing of apartment houses and other multi-household units without
use of apartment numbers or proper identification. The interviewers were
informed of the proper path which should have been followed. By following this
path, most problems were alleviated. Those which remained were discussed with
survey operations and sampling design specialists and resolved. Missed housing
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units were included in the consecutive listing, thus yielding several segments
with more than fifty-one units.
The first decisions made to deal with the recognized field operations
problems were to send an RTI Field Supervisor from Atlanta to Elizabeth, New
Jersey and to first complete the screening operation in Bayonne.
The survey research TEAM Project Leader spent August 3 to August 5 in
Elizabeth and the Field Supervisor remained there during the weeks of August 3
and August 10 in an effort to ascertain the completion status of the screening
operation, to make interviewer assignments, and to supervise the interviewers.
During the period August 3 to August 14, the multiple field problems discussed
in the preceding section remained as obstacles to the successful completion of
the screening operation. Additional supervision of the operation was needed,
as well as additional interviewers who could work ten-to twelve-hour days.
On August 13 and 14 decisions were made by survey operations staff to send
an additional Field Supervisor and four experienced interviewers from the St.
Louis area and one survey operations staff member to Elizabeth during the week
of August 16. The decision was made to postpone the screening data collection
training session from August 24 to August 31.
During the week of August 16, Field Interviewer effort was concentrated on
completing the household screening in Bayonne. The Bayonne screening operation
was completed on August 19 and all segment materials were sent by commercial
air express service to RTI on August 20.
The Field Supervisor and interviewers from the St. Louis area returned
home on Saturday, August 22. At the time of their departure, approximately 100
additional completed screening questionnaires for Elizabeth were needed.
The combined efforts of survey operations staff members and two local
interviewers working August 22 and 23 and one interviewer working during the
week of August 24 resulted in the completion of the Elizabeth household screen-
ing operation by August 30. All remaining Elizabeth segment materials in the
field were sent to RTI by commercial air express service on August 31.
The implementation of these actions caused the project schedule to slip
and the screening ultimately lasted for six weeks, 3 weeks longer than origin-
ally planned. This extension in time, plus the use of several additional
personnel, added to the project costs.
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In-House Activities
During the final weeks of the screening phase, and before returning to the
field, several activities took place. During the week of August 16, a survey
operations staff member interviewed eleven Field Interviewers who were candidates
to perform the household interviewing for TEAM. Some of the eleven had performed
well during the screening phase and the remainder were experienced interviewers
who were now available to work during the data collection phase. During the
interviews, a job description for the data collection phase was provided and
interviewer performance requirements were fully explained. Ten of the eleven
gave commitments to survey operations staff to perform the household interviewing
task. Subsequent to the interview, the eleventh interviewer also gave a commit-
ment.
Between August 2 and 25, survey operations staff processed and forwarded
to sampling design the screening questionnaires for Bayonne. By August 30,
survey operations staff had received from sampling design staff those screening
forms which included the household members selected to be interviewed during
the data collection phase. Using these forms, survey operations staff prepared
Field Interviewer assignments which were distributed at the data collection
training session held August 31. A Case Assignment Control Log was used to
list each case assigned to the interviewer. It was also used to record results
in the field and to allow survey operations staff to document off-site and
in-house activities.
A one-day data collection training session for Field Interviewers was held
at the Sheraton Inn at the Newark Airport on August 31. Nine Field Interviewers
attended, all of whom were given assignments in Bayonne. Three of the nine
interviewers were given permanent Bayonne assignments. The other six were
given temporary Bayonne assignments with the understanding that they would be
given Elizabeth assignments as soon as the Elizabeth sample was prepared. Two
other interviewers were held in reserve.
Field Questionnaire Data Collection
During this phase of study, the interviewers were required to contact the
selected sample respondent as listed on the Case Assignment Control Log, fully
explain the study, and gain agreement to participate. This required that the
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respondent sign a Participant Consent Form. The study questionnaire was then
administered and appointments established for the specimen collection team to
meet the respondents. The environmental and biological samples were collected
over a 24-hour period, an exposure/activity screener administered, and the
incentive payment made by the team of RTI chemists.
One survey research project staff member made a trip to Elizabeth, New
Jersey from August 30 through September 4, 1981 for the purposes of training
nine data collection Field Interviewers (FIs), distributing the Bayonne field
assignments to the FIs, monitoring initial FI interviewing efforts, and witness-
ing the first TEAM chemist's visits to a respondent.
The initial regular household sample assigned to FIs in Bayonne consisted
of 199 cases. Fourteen nursing mother cases were assigned to one Bayonne FI.
One survey operation staff member made a trip to Elizabeth from September
15 through September 18 for the purposes of distributing the Elizabeth household
sample to six of the nine FIs who had been temporarily working Bayonne cases,
training one new FI to rework refusal and other nonresponse cases, contacting
nine households which had not been previously screened (for sampling quality
control purposes), monitoring FI progress, and observing a chemist visit to the
first nursing mother respondent.
The initial regular household sample fielded in Elizabeth consisted of 350
cases. In addition, 21 nursing mother cases were assigned to one FI. An
additional 30 regular household cases were also assigned to those FIs working
in Bayonne, bringing the total number of Bayonne regular household cases
fielded to 229.
Each interviewer was required to call in to survey operations on a weekly
basis to report progress. The first report covered two items, general progress
and the two-week sample. A special sample of cases was designated to be
completed during the first two weeks in order to yield estimates of final
response and refusal rates. Based on this data and on the reports on general
progress, additional cases were assigned to the field in an attempt to get the
required number of interviews.
One major problem area in this study, as well as in previous studies
involving involving specimen collection, was the rate of refusals. One inter-
viewer who had not been given a previous field assignment was asked to work on
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refusal conversion. Although she had previous successful experiences in
converting refusals, she was unable to convert any cases in this study. This
experience parallels a prior study where refusal to participate was firm and
apparently based on several concepts, including lack of interest in or benefit
from the study, distaste for providing biological specimens, and general
disregard for surveys. Due to the high refusal rate, and other nonresponses,
a large number of extra cases had to'be fielded. This delayed completion of
this phase and added to the budgeted field cost.
IN-HOUSE ACTIVITIES
Weekly Status Reporting
As was noted, during each week of the data collection phase, each interview-
er was required to call in and give a status report. This report consisted of
providing the current state of each case assigned to them. Each case could be
reported as having "no action taken", being in progress, or being in one of
eight final status codes, ranging from "interview completed/ appointment made"
to "refusal" to "moved out of the area". The current status was noted on the
Case Assignment Control Log and then summarized by interviewer on the "Field
Data Collection Weekly Status Report". One of the reports was prepared each
week for each city and for the "two-week" cases in each site.
Refusal Conversion
In order to try to understand why people were refusing to participate, if
they differ from respondents, and to try to gain some conversions, a systematic
random sample of 30 refusal cases was drawn. These respondents received a
letter asking them to call RTI using a toll-free telephone number. This letter
explained the study and the importance of selected people participating, and
was supported by a letter from the local Health Officer in Bayonne. When
people called in response to the letter, an attempt was made to convert them to
be respondents. When this failed, they were asked why they refused, and were
asked to respond to a subset of questions which was used to examine difference
between the two groups.
If they did not call in, a telephone call or personal visit was used in an
attempt to be sure that they received the letter.
The attempt to convert refusal met with no success and reverted to an
attempt to generate data to compare nonrespondents to respondents. For those
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individuals who responded to the mailed request and called RTI, a qualitative
review of basic demographic information yielded no discernable differences
among comparison groups. However the sample was too small to yield definitive
results.
Validations
As part of the quality assurance mechanism for this study, a 10% validation
of all instruments was conducted. This was done even though all completed
questionnaires were collected from the respondents, thus eliminating the prob-
ability of falsified documents.
A set of procedures was developed, along with letters and log sheets and a
set of validation questions. Once the sample was determined, all but three
were contacted by telephone and the validation questions administered. The
three who had no listed phone number were contacted by letter. Two responded.
All validation questions were compared to the original documents and the
data was found to be consistent. Some variation was seen, but was attributed
to the time difference between the administration of the questions.
Data Receipt, Editing, Coding, and Data Entry
As data were received from the field, the various forms were separated and
logged into the Case Control Log as received. The Screening Questionnaire and
the Locator Information Sheets were sorted by study number, used to prepare a
current address file, and then filed by segment for use in the second season.
Consent forms and incentive receipts were sorted by study number and stored in
a locked file. Batches, of maximum size of thirty, were created by city and by
type of form for both the Study Questionnaires and the Exposure/Activity Screener.
All questionnaires were scan-edited for completeness and legibility. All forms
were therefore ready for editing, coding, and transmittal to Data Entry.
Thirty batches of documents were prepared for Data Entry. These included
fifteen batches of each form, seven from Bayonne, and eight from Elizabeth.
Each document was edited and coded in one step. Editing included checking for
completeness of entries, i.e., leading zeroes, use of all required fields and
assuring legibility of responses. Coding consisted of incorporating unique
numeric entries for alpha-numeric responses. This included uniquely identifying
disease states, medications, and job classifications. The memo included as
Appendix I displays the coding specifications provided to the analysis
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statisticians. Batches were delivered to data entry personnel on a flow basis.
All batches were keyed and then all was rekeyed for verification. All batches
were returned to survey operations and are being maintained in secured storage.
Batch Header sheets were used to document all steps in this process.
Data Release
After discussion with members of the contract's office staff and the RTI
Corporate Vice President, it was determined that the development of a data
release format was an activity to be undertaken by RTI. At the time that
formal permission was sought from the sponsor to release data to those respon-
dents who had formally requested it, the formats would be included for review.
It was suggested that the form of release include for each chemical, by media
in which it was collected, the average value determined, some measure of central
tendency or range of an appropriate group, and any available occupational
standards. The cover letter, in addition to explaining the format used, should
refer the respondent to his physician, health department, or other regular
provided of care for additional explanation. In addition, reference should be
made to any compendia of similar types of analytic data. No interpretation
should be made or implied in this release of data.
Several first season respondents have contacted RTI about their results.
Those who called in were told to make a written formal request. All written
requests were acknowledged. This same letter has been used to acknowledge
requests from respondents in all sites.
Based on the discussions with members of RTI's contract office, the Insti-
tute Corporate Vice President, and project staff, a draft of a data release
format was prepared and circulated internally for review and comment. The
comments were compiled and a final copy prepared. This final format was submit-
ted to RTI's Committee of Human Rights for review and approval. Based on this
review and on an oral presentation, the format was approved conditional on the
addition of a layman's language definition of "occupational exposure standard."
A letter was prepared and sent to the EPA Project Officer requesting
permission to release data to seven of the respondents in the prepilot study.
The letter included a copy of the data release format for review by EPA.
Permission from EPA was received after several requested modifications were
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made. Data release was delayed for several months due to the volume of
environmental and biological samples to be analyzed.
Greensboro Data Collection
The activities undertaken in Greensboro involved the same procedures used
in the main study and included a count and list of selected segments, selection
of a clustered sample of housing units for screening, the screening of the
selected housing units, the selection of the person level sample, the contact
with and recruitment of sample respondents, the collection of data, and the
scheduling and completion of the biological and environmental sampling. Details
of these activities are provided in the following sections of this chapter.
PRE-FIELD ACTIVITIES
Only two activities occurred prior to the initiation of field data collec-
tion. The first was the contacts made with the state and local health depart-
ments to inform them of the study and to request permission to use names of
department personnel as cognizant officials on the Participant Consent Form.
The contacts at both the state and local levels were persons with whom RTI had
worked previously and upon submission of the request, along with copies of the
workplan and data collection instruments, agreement to participate was quickly
obtained. The second activity was the recruitment of interviewers. Contact
was made with two interviewers who had previously worked for RTI. Each was
highly experienced and had worked on a study similar to this one. Both were
available and were retained.
No other pre-field activities were necessary since all the data collection
instruments to be used were the same as were being used in New Jersey. The
previously submitted package for the required Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) clearance covered this activity. All other in-house activities required
to support this effort were based on the previously completed activities, as
described previously.
FIELD ACTIVITIES
Segment Identification, Count, and Listing
The sampling statisticians provided survey research personnel with segment
sketches for the six segments selected for inclusion in the study. The survey
research TEAM manager and a survey assistant drove to Greensboro and worked in
each of.the six segments. Each segment was processed by identifying the segment
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boundaries, and then, following a pre-prepared route, creating a count of every
potential housing unit. Using this count and a random number table, a starting
point was determined, and fifty-one consecutive housing units were listed. The
six lists of fifty-one housing units formed the basis of the remaining field
activities.
Household Screening
The purpose of this phase of the study was to collect data about the
residents of each of the listed housing units. These data included age, sex,
smoking status, and occupation and were used to create the person-level sample
to be contacted. The initial activity in this phase was the training of the
interviewers. Using the pre-prepared interviewer's manual, a one-day training
session was conducted for the two interviewers. During the morning, a didactic
session provided an overview of the study, a review of all details, and a
chance for discussion of all procedures. During the afternoon, the two inter-
viewers and the survey research TEAM Study Manager, who conducted the training,
went to one segment and began work together. By conducting initial interviews
together, and then reviewing each other's subsequent efforts, uniformity between
the two interviewers was assured, as was their complete understanding of the
processes to be followed. Work continued until a screener was completed for
each listed housing unit. Refusal cases were traded in an attempt to convert
them. Not-at-homes/No Contacts were only finalized with central office approval
after a minimum of five attempts at different times of day, on different days.
Distribution of final screening results is provided in Section 4. As segments
were completed they were shipped to RTI, where they were logged in, reviewed,
and edited by survey research staff and then provided to the sampling statisti-
cians for use in selecting the next stage sample.
Field Data Collection
When the sample was created, field assignments were prepared for the two
interviewers, each of whom was sent back into the segments in which they had
worked during the screening phase. A Case Assignment Control Log was used to
convey the assignment to the interviewer and to record results and interim
status of each case as it was worked. This log was used as the basis of the
report provided weekly to RTI. The interviewers were required to contact the
selected sample respondents, fully explain the study, and gain their agreement
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to participate. After this agreement was obtained, a full understanding of the
study documented by completion of the Participant Consent Form, the main
study questionnaire was administered and appointments established for the RTI
chemistry team to meet the respondents to begin the collection of environmental
and biological specimens. After the twenty-four hour collection period, the
Exposure/Activity Screener was administered by the chemistry team, and the cash
incentive was paid and the receipt obtained.
The two interviewers were assigned specific days and times to use in
scheduling initial appointments. Coordination of data collection was maintained
by daily contact between the field interviewers and the chemistry team. This
yielded efficient scheduling of all field activities.
Data Processing
As interviews and data collection were completed, the chemistry team
retrieved all forms and returned them to RTI. Consent forms and incentive
receipts were separated from all other forms and placed in locked storage in
the survey research TEAM Survey Manager's office. Access was available on a
limited basis since these two documents could be used to identify respondents
and to link results to individuals. All other documents contain an identifying
study number used to link questionnaire data to chemistry data for analysis.
The Study Questionnaires and the Exposure/Activity Screeners were placed into
batches as they arrived and were checked in. Each batch was processed as a
unit and was edited for completeness, legibility, and skip patterns, codes were
assigned to non-numeric fields, and the batch sent to Data Entry for conversion
to machine-readable form for analysis. All documents were 100% key-verified
for quality control. The data file was then provided to the statisticians for
analysis.
Data release to respondents was handled in the same fashion as described
previously. The one respondent who requested his data was sent the standard
package as soon as processing was completed.
New Jersey - Second Season
In order to make temporal comparisons, a subsample of first season respon-
dents was selected. This group was contacted by field interviewers and those
willing were enrolled into the study. All field activities were undertaken in
the same manner as in the first season in that appointments for the beginning
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of the twenty-four hour monitoring periods were established by the field
interviewers and then the chemists conducted the environmental and body-burden
monitoring, administered the Exposure/Activity Screener, and disbursed the
incentive payments. All subsequent in-house processing followed the same
routes as described above.
Preparation for Second Season
During May, several activities were undertaken in preparation for the
second season of field data collection. Logistical arrangements were made
including hotel reservations for the field staff and preparations for the
training session for the interviewing staff. Letters were sent to the intervie-
wers confirming the time and location of the training. Letters were sent to
the local contact officials in Bayonne and Elizabeth, and the EPA project
officer was requested to inform the New Jersey DEP officials of our return to
the field. Field forms, instruments, and supplies were prepared, as were
training agendas and notes. Preparations were made to create the field assign-
ments when the sample was selected and delivered to the survey operations
staff.
The sampling group provided two samples sections to the survey operations
staff. The first section was the primary sample, including designated early-
work cases. Assignments for the interviewers were prepared based on segments
that they had previously worked and based on equal size of assignment. The
second section of the sample was a "Hold" sample only to be fielded if the
original assignment did not provide sufficient respondents. These hold cases
were also assigned based on segments previously worked.
Initial Field Activities
A training session was held in Elizabeth and served two purposes. The
first was to review all field activities to be undertaken by the interviewers.
The major changes from the first season were that appointments would be schedu-
led well in advance and that the main questionnaire would not be readministered.
Three weeks of interviewing preceded the first scheduled collection of environ-
mental and biological samples. The second purpose was to deliver field assign-
ments and materials. An RTI Survey Specialist who conducted the training,
remained in Elizabeth for one week to review initial work and to provide field
supervision and assistance.
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New Jersey Second Season—Field staff completed the interviewing process,
including appointment scheduling, during early July. All appointments were
conveyed to the analytical chemistry staff doing the collection of specimens.
Two interviewers were retained to finalize the last apointments, convert initial
refusals, and to follow-up and reschedule broken appointments.
NORTH DAKOTA FIELD ACTIVITIES
Devils Lake, ND was chosen to be the location of a small comparison popula-
tion and activities were completed in the time period between the second and
third sampling trips on the main study sites in New Jersey. The activities
undertaken in Devils Lake involved the same procedures used in the main study
and included a count and list of selected segments, selection of a clustered
sample of housing units for screening, the screening of the selected housing
units, the selection of the person-level sample, the contact with and recruitment
of sample respondents, the collection of data, and the scheduling and completion
of the biological and environmental sampling. Details of these activities are
provided in the following sections.
Pre-Field Activities
Two activities occurred prior to the initiation of field data collection.
The first was the contacts made with various local officials, within the
health department and city government, to inform them of the study and to
request permission to use names of personnel as cognizant officials on the
Participant Consent Form. Initial contacts were made by the EPA Project
Officer with follow-up by RTI staff. The second activity was the recruitment
of interviewers. An advertisement was placed in the local newspaper, and
responses were received and screened at RTI. As part of the initial trip to
the area, interviews were conducted with four applicants. Three were retained
and trained as the interviewing staff.
No other pre-field activities were necessary since all the data collection
instruments to be used were the same as were being used in New Jersey. The
previously submitted package for the required Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) clearance covered this activity. All other in-house activities required
to support this effort were based on the previously completed activities, as
described in previous sections.
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Segment Identification, Count, and Listing
As part of the initial trip to Devils Lake, the survey manager worked each
of the three segments using segment sketches provided by the sampling statisti-
cians. Each segment was processed by identifying the segment boundaries, and
then, following a pre-prepared route, creating a count of every potential
housing unit. Using this count and a random number table, a starting point was
determined, and thirty-four consecutive housing units were listed. The three
lists of thirty-four housing units formed the basis of the remaining field
activities.
Household Screening
The purpose of this phase of the study was to collect data about the
residents of each of the listed housing units. This data included age, sex,
smoking status, and occupation and was used to create the person-level sample
to be contacted. The initial activity in this phase was the training of the
interviewers. Using the pre-prepared interviewer's manual, a one-day training
session was conducted for the two interviewers. During the morning, a didactic
session provided an overview of the study, a review of all details, and a
chance for discussion of all procedures. During the afternoon, the three
interviewers and the survey research TEAM Study Manager, who conducted the
training, went to one segment and began work together. By conducting initial
interviews together, and then reviewing each other's subsequent efforts, unifor-
mity among the three interviewers was assured, as was their complete understand-
ing of the processes to be followed. Work continued until a screener was
completed for each listed housing unit. Refusal cases were traded in an attempt
to convert them. Not-at-homes/No Contacts were only finalized with central
office approval after a minimum of five attempts at different times of day, on
different days. As segments were completed they were shipped to RTI, where
they were logged in, reviewed, and edited. They were then given to the sampling
statisticians for use in selecting the next stage sample.
Field Data Collection
When the sample was created, field assignments were prepared for the three
interviewers, each of whom was sent back into the segments in which they had
worked during the screening phase. A Case Assignment Control log was used to
convey the assignment to the interviewer and to record results and interim
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status of each case as it was worked. This log was used as the basis of the
report provided weekly to RTI. The interviewers were required to contact the
selected sample respondents, fully explain the study, and gain their agreement
to participate.
After this agreement was obtained, and full understanding of the study
documented by completion of the Participant Consent Form, the main study
questionnaire was administered and appointments established for the RTI chemis-
try team to meet the respondents to begin the collection of environmental and
biological specimens. After the twenty-four hour collection period, the
Exposure/Activity Screener was administered by the chemistry team, and the cash
incentive was paid and the receipt obtained.
The three interviewers were assigned specific days and times to use in
scheduling initial appointments. Coordination of data collection was maintained
by daily contact between the field interviewers and the chemistry team. This
yielded efficient scheduling of all field activities.
Data Processing
As interviews and data collection were completed, the chemistry team re-
trieved all forms and returned them to RTI. Consent forms and incentive
receipts were separated from all other forms and placed in locked storage in
the TEAM Survey Manager's office. Access was limited since these two documents
could be used to identify respondents and to link results to individuals. All
other documents contain an identifying study number used to link questionnaire
data to chemistry data for analysis. The Study Questionnaires and the Exposure/
Activity Screeners were placed into batches as they arrived and were checked
in. Each batch was processed as a unit and was edited for completeness,
legibility, and skip patterns, codes were assigned to nonmeric fields, and the
batch sent to Data Entry for conversion to machine-readable form for analysis.
All documents were 100% key-verified for quality control. The data file was
then provided to the statisticians for analysis.
Data Release
As part of garnering participation, respondents were told that they could
request their individual data by writing to RTI. At this time, only three re-
quests have been received and the data was sent to the respondents after
analysis was completed.
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New Jersey Season Three
In further attempt to ascertain effects on exposures of winter conditions,
a third visit to the New Jersey sites was undertaken. A sample of second
season respondents was selected, contacted by mail, and asked to call RTI to
enroll or to refuse. All selected respondents were contacted and the sample
created. Respondents were allowed to choose the day of their participation
from the two week timeframe. Confirmation calls were made 24-48 hours prior to
the appointment and the analytical chemists administered the Exposure/Activity
Screener and disbursed the incentives. Documents were once again processed in
the same fashion as in the first season.
During January, SOC mailed letters (Figure 5), to 77 potential respondents
for the third season of data collection in Elizabeth and Bayonne. After allowing
an appropriate amount of time for calls from the field, further attempts to
contact the selected respondents included telephone calls from RTI or a visit
from a local Field Interviewer, asking the respondent to call RTI. Ultimately,
fifty appointments were scheduled, of which forty-nine were successfully comple-
ted. The one missed appointment could not be rescheduled within the time
available. The data collection instruments for the 49 cases were edited, coded
and sent to data entry, for further processing and subsequent analysis.
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January 3, 1983
//2 3 4 5
6
7
Dear 2 5:
Twice during the past eighteen months you participated in a very important
study of Exposure to Toxic Chemicals sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency. Your cooperation helped to make this study successful, and we
are very appreciative of your efforts. We also appreciate your patience re-
garding the results of the study. A study of this complexity requires a great
deal of time for the analysis of data. The chemistry and numerical analyses
which we do are very lengthy but yield excellent data. We intend to mail to
you, during the third week of January, your results from the first round of the
•tudy. Subsequent data will be sent to you as soon as it is available, which
will probably not be for several months.
One major component of the study was to compare data collected during two sea-
sons of the year. During our analysis we have seen that the differences in
exposure are not what we expected. We feel that this is due to the fact that
the differences in weather conditions between the two seasons in which we
sampled were not as great as we bad expected. In order to have sufficiently
different weather conditions to allow us to make our comparisons, it has been
decided to return to New Jersey once more, this time in the middle of winter,
specifically between January 25 and February 3, 1983.
You have been selected to participate again. Your participation would once
again involve providing us with samples of the air you are breathing by carry-
ing the pump as you did before, and providing water samples and a breath
sample, also collected as before. Our sampling personnel will ask you the same
question, as before, to describe your activities and potential exposures during
Figure 5. Letter to potential respondents.
134
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January 3, 1983
Page 2
the twenty-four hours you are being monitored. To help compensate for this un-
expected return visit, we will pay you an incentive of fifty ($50.00) dollars
for your participation.
Since time is short, and it is vital that we schedule your participation as
quickly as possible, please call me, toll-free, at 800-33A-8571 as soon as you
receive this letter. At that time I will answer any additional questions you
may have, and schedule an appointment for the sampling team to come visit you.
Please call between 8:30 a.m. and 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday. Even if
you can not participate, or do not wish to do so, please call me anyhow so that
I will know that you received this letter and so that no additional attempts
will be made to contact you.
I hope that you have had a very Happy Holiday Season.
Sincerely,
Harvey S. Zelon
TEAM Study Field Director
HSZ/sbf
Figure 5 (cont'd.)
135
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SECTION 6
CHEMICAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
GENERAL COMMENTS
Personal air, fixed-site air, drinking water and breath samples were
collected during three different seasons in Northern New Jersey and one each
in Greensboro, NC and Devils Lake, ND. Table 50 list the samples collected
from each participant. The target compounds selected for each sample type are
shown in Table 51. Fixed-site air samples were collected from each PSU,
generally on the property of a study participant. Field controls and field
blanks equal to 5% (each) of the field samples of that sample type were exposed
in the field. Similarly, duplicate samples equal to 20% for personal and
fixed-site air and 10% for water and breath of the total number of samples
were collected for each matrix. Prior to conducting actual field work, a
schedule for collecting, exposing, preparing, and shipping of field, blank and
control, and duplicate samples was prepared. An example of such a schedule is
presented in Appendix J. This schedule was strictly adhered to during field
sampling.
A schedule of events, and approximate times, is shown in Table 52.
Actual sampling times were scheduled, in as much as was possible, to minimize
burden on the participant. Under this regimen, a sampling team (consisting of
two chemists) was able to initiate sampling on three participants per day. In
sampling efforts where more than one team was used, the maximum number of
participants that could be sampled per day increased proportionately. Increased
sampling staff was also required to perform the logistical duties associated
with the larger trips. Many of these responsibilities are not apparent from
the discussions in this section. Consequently, a more detailed and accurate
presentation of the trip activities is given in Volume III, Section 9.
The most experienced member of the sampling staff was assigned the respon-
sibility of Site Administrator. The site administrator was specifically
136
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TABLE 50. SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM EACH PARTICIPANT
Sample Type Number Collected Per Participant
Personal air 2
Water 2
Breath 1
TABLE 51. TARGET COMPOUNDS SELECTED FOR MONITORING IN
ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA3
Vinylidene chloride Dibromochloropropane
Chloroform m-Dichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichloroethane o-Dichlorobenzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane £-Dichlorobenzene
Carbon tetrachloride Benzene
Trichloroethylene Styrene
Bromodichloromethane Ethylbenzene
Dibromochloromethane o-Xylene
Tetrachloroethylene m-Xylene
Chlorobenzene p_-Xylene
Bromoform
All compounds monitored in personal air, fixed-site air, breath and
water.
137
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TABLE 52. SCHEDULE FOR COLLECTING STUDY SAMPLES
Day Time Function
1 7 - 9 PM 1) Set up personal and fixed-site air
sampling equipment
2) Explain sampling procedures to partici-
pant
3) Collect presampling questionnaires
2 6 - 9 AM 1) Collect personal and fixed-site air
samples
2) Expose second set of personal and fixed-
site air cartridges
3) Collect water sample
3 3 - 6 PM 1) Collect second set of personal and fixed-
site air samples
2) Collect second water sample
3) Administer other exposure questionnaire
4) Collect breath sample
138
-------
responsible for supervising the entire environmental and biological sampling
effort and for serving as liason between the field interviewers and the sampling
teams.
A center of operations was set up at each of the sampling areas (e.g.,
Northern New Jersey). This generally consisted of a conference-type room with
additional tables in a local motel. All sampling equipment, with the exception
of the spirometers, were contained in this room. Furthermore, all sampling
preparation activities and sampling media storage (e.g. Tenax cartridges) were
conducted in this room.
Water, air and breath samples were inventoried and shipped from the field
site by express air carrier to the analytical laboratory at regular intervals
(generally weekly) where they were again inventoried, examined for contamination
and breakage and stored at either -20°C (air and breath) or 4°C (water) awaiting
analysis. Selected samples from all matrices (as specified in the Sample
Collection Schedule) were shipped to independent "quality assurance" (QA)
laboratories for analysis. Personal air, fixed-site air and breath QA samples
were analyzed by IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL. Quality assurance water
samples were analyzed by the University of Miami, Division of Chemical Epidemio-
logy.
Air Volatiles
Volatile organic compounds were collected by pulling air through a 6.0 x
1.3 cm i.d. bed of Tenax GC contained in a glass tube using a constant flow
pump (DuPont Model P125A). Preparation of these cartridges followed an extre-
mely rigorous procedure (described in detail in the Work Plan) to ensure
minimal background from the sampling device. Pump flows were adjusted to
provide for sampling approximately 20 liters of air over an 8-12 hr period
(ca. 30 mL/min). Glass fiber filters (Gelman, 25 mm) were attached to the
inlet end of the Tenax cartridge to remove particulates from the sampled air.
For personal air sampling, the pump and cartridge were carried by the partici-
pant with the inlet of the sample cartridge located in the subject's breathing
zone. A sampling vest was designed to provide for this location and to minimize
participant inconvenience during sampling. For fixed-site air sampling the
pump and cartridge were placed inside a metal box for protection, with only
the inlet end of the sample cartridge protruding. Tenax GC cartridges were
139
-------
stored in sealed cans at all times, except during actual sample collection.
Daily meteorological data was obtained from a local weather service office.
This data was used to assess environmental conditions during sampling.
Accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated by analyzing field
and laboratory controls. These controls were Tenax cartridges fortified with
approximately 200 ng of each target compound prior to sampling. Some control
cartridges were stored in the laboratory (lab controls), others were transported
to the field sampling site and treated as field samples (field controls).
Blank and control cartridges were exposed with field samples at a frequency
equal to 5% (each) of the field samples. Blank and control cartridges were
transported unopened into the participants house along with the sample cart-
ridges and then returned to sealed storage. Exposed Tenax GC cartridges were
analyzed by thermal desorption - injection capillary gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry. In brief, volatile organics were thermally desorbed from the
Tenax GC at 260°C with a nominal helium flow and into a liquid nitrogen cooled
nickel capillary trap (8-10). The condensed vapors were then introduced into
a high resolution fused silica capillary chromatography column by ballistic
heating of the nickel trap to 250°C (9,11). Sample constituents were charac-
terized and quantitated by electron impact mass spectrometry by measuring the
intensity of the extracted ion current profile (8,12,13).
To eliminate the need to acquire complete calibration curves for each
compound of interest, the method of relative molar response (RMR) was used (12-
17). Successful use of this method requires knowledge of the precise amount
of standard present and the relationship of the response of the mass spectrome-
ter to the compound of interest to that of the standard. The following equa-
tions are used to calculate these response factors:
A /g /GMW ,
- unk 6unk unk
where: A = integrated peak area
g = number of grams present
GMW = gram molecular weight
unk = compound of interest
std = standard compound
140
-------
The RMR value is determined from analysis of at least three independent RMR
cartridges during analysis of samples (12). Sample mass (ng ,) of volatile
unK
organics per cartridge can then be calculated as:
A . -GMW -ng _,
,„,. unk unk std
(2) ng
unk A ^,-GMW ,-RMR . . t ,
std std unk/std
The mass (ng/cartridge) is then corrected for background by subtraction of
mean values for each target (BKG) as determined from field blank cartridges.
Mean recovery factors can be calculated for field control cartridges knowing
the amount of each target compound loaded prior to sampling. These recovery
factors were used to correct the background-subtracted amounts. Mathematically,
this entire process can be expressed by:
(3) Total ng = Raw "*/ BKG
Since the volume of air collected on the cartridge is known and the
quantity of a given target compound per cartridge can be calculated, the
ambient air concentration can be computed from (assuming the breakthrough
volume for that compound at the temperature of the collected air has not been
exceeded):
,,^ ,3 Total ng
(4) |J8/m = Total sampled (L)
Relative molar response cartridges were prepared similarly to control
cartridges in that accurately known quantities of target compounds were loaded
onto the cartridge. Two complementary procedures were required for loading
all of the target compounds. One of these procedures involved use of a flash
evaporation system in which small aliquots of a dilute methanolic solution of
some of the target compounds was injected into a heated chamber, vaporized and
swept onto a downstream Tenax cartridge with a small volume of helium. The
other procedure utilized permeation tubes for incorporating target compounds
onto RMR and control cartridges. In this approach, precisely calibrated
permeation tubes were used to deliver prescribed quantities of target compounds
onto cartridges. During periods of use, permeation tubes were calibrated
approximately every three weeks. Table 53 illustrates the mean permeation
141
-------
TABLE 53. PERMEATION TUBE STABILITY - PHASE 2 STUDIES
N>
HJ - Season
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
m-Dichlorobenzene
Vinylidene chloride
Bromodichloromethane
d,- Benzene
o
d,- Bromoethane
Perf luorobenzene
Perfluorotoluene
Tube
Code
28
50
19
117
72
52
US
IX
46
14X
33
157
20
21
42
35X
34X
68
27X
73
74
28X
Ratef
154
244
401
262
435
546
168
370
238
338
395
218
9812
1858
7508
%RSD8
6.9
4.1
2.3
3.0
3.9
2.4
4.7
5.3
6.9
4.9
1.7
5.5
17
3.1
8.6
la
Ho.
Calib.h
12
12
12
13
13
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
10
12
10
NJ - Season 2
Rate
151
230
394
260
425
519
164
414
42
127
393
216
4549
1755
2931
%RSD
4.5
3.1
1.6
2.2
1.2
3.0
1.8
1.8
23
16
1.9
4.8
5.0
4.6
4.4
No.
Calib
5
7
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
4
6
6
5
6
NJ - Season 3°
. Rate
146
223
388
257
420
512
181
410
40
119
315
210
4386
1682
2854
%RSD
3.6
0.4
2.4
2.1
1.7
2.9
2.9
2.5
9.0
8.0
1.8
3.6
7.9
5.4
7.7
No.
Calib,
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
5
4
5
Rate
153
228
393
260
426
523
165
416
48
134
399
216
4491
1744
2905
NDd
%RSD
3.5
3.0
0.7
2.1
0.8
1.3
1.3
0.6
20
15
1.0
1.1
5.9
5.1
5.4
No.
Calib.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
3
4
4
3
4
Rate
157
252
400
262
428
533
167
415
233
326
393
219
4527
1829
2737
NCe
WSD
4.8
8.6
1.9
3.3
1.4
3.7
3.3
0.8
8.1
2.7
1.9
5.1
5.3
4.3
7.4
No.
Calib.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
3
3
3
Calibration period: 8/29/81-3/3/82.
Calibration period: 7/5/82-12/10/82.
Calibration period: 1/23/83-3/14/83.
Calibration period:
Calibration period:
Permeation rate (ng/min).
p
Percent relative standard deviation.
Number of calibrations performed during the period specified.
10/2/82-11/4/82.
5/7/82-6/24/82.
-------
rates, the number of calibrations and the percent relative standard deviation
for each calibration period. With the exception of bromodichloromethane, the
°/iRSDs were less than 10, indicating that the tubes were highly stable during
the periods of use. Permeation rates for the two bromodichloromethane tubes
were significantly lower than those of other targets and the %RSDs were appre-
ciably higher (15-23%). In general, tubes with slow permeation rates tend to
be the least precise.
Because no accepted guidelines were available to RTI limits of detection
for each sample were calculated from the volume of sample collected and the
instrumental LOD for each target. Two assumptions underlie the present method
of determination of the limit of detection and quantifiable limit (QL). The
first assumption is that there is a linear signal to concentration response
over the concentration region of interest. The second assumption is that 500
area counts (from the raw data) constitutes the detection limit. In order to
calculate a limit of detection, a linear regression equation was obtained for
an ion response of a given compound at two points: one point was the origin
(zero response at zero concentration) and the second point was derived from a
known level of compound and the signal observed for this level on a standard
RMR cartridge. For example, if 300 ng of 1,1,1-trichloroethane were loaded on
an RMR cartridge and 20,000 area counts were obtained as the signal in the m/e
97 channel, a linear regression could be performed on two points, (0,0) and
(300,20,000). From this linear regression, the number of nanograms (X) can be
calculated when the system response in raw area counts (Y) is supplied. From
the assumption that 500 area counts constitutes the instrumental limit of
detection, the number of nanograms corresponding to this signal level can be
calculated. This value is the limit of detection. Quantifiable limit has
been defined as four times the limit of detection (_i.e. 2000 area counts).
The number of nanograms corresponding to this signal level can be calculated
from the linear regression equation. The instrumental LOD was then divided by
the volume of air sampled (or the breakthrough volume) for a given sample to
determine a sample-specific LOD. The QL was determined in a similar fashion.
Representative instrumental LODs for each sampling site are presented in Table
54.
143
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TABLE 54. REPRESENTATIVE INSTRUMENTAL LIMITS OF DETECTION FOR
MASS SPECTRAL ANALYSIS3
Sampling Site - Season
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Bromodichlorome thane
Trichloroethylene
Chlorodibromome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Bromoform
p_-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
p_-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Dibromochloropropane
NJ-1
19
23
41
16
4
11
17
12
9
3
8
5
15
6
3
6
5
6
9
NJ-2
8
6
6
7
3
10
10
13
10
9
4
2
12
2
4
2
4
4
15
NJ-3
5
2
3
3
2
4
5
4
4
5
2
1
5
1
2
1
2
2
6
ND
13
5
6
7
_b
10
7
6
24
12
6
4
17
3
_b
3
5
7
28
NC
3
1
3
2
1
3
3
2
3
3
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
4
Calculated for the Finnigan 3300 (ng/cartridge).
Compounds not calculated.
144
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Water Volatiles
Water samples were collected in the morning and in the evening from the
kitchen tap (or alternate primary drinking water source) in each participant's
home. The tap was turned on and allowed to run for 20 seconds prior to sampling.
Samples were collected without headspace in 40 ml amber glass bottles with
sodium thiosulfate added to quench residual chlorine, if present. The samples
were quickly sealed, cooled in ice and refrigerated until analysis.
Details of the analytical procedure are presented in the project Work
Plan (18). In brief, a 5 ml water sample was introduced into the purging
apparatus and the volatile organic compounds partitioned from the aqueous
phase with helium and swept onto a Tenax GC trap. The trapped compounds were
thermally desorbed from the trap, transported to the chromatography column
(1.8 m x 2 mm i.d. glass column packed with 1% SP-1000 on Carbopack B) with
carrier gas and separated under temperature programmed conditions. These
conditions successfully separated all analytes except m- and p_-dichlorobenzene.
The column effluent was split between a Hall electrolytic conductivity detector
(HECD) and a flame ionization detector (FID). This extraction/concentration
procedure enhances the sensitivity over direct injection by a factor of approxi-
mately 1000. With the exception of New Jersey - Season 1, all calibration
data was processed using a polynomial regression approach due to slight non-
linearity of the calibration. New Jersey - Season 1 calibration data was
processed by linear regression. Limits of detection for the target analytes
in water are shown in Table 55.
Control samples were analyzed to obtain recovery factors for each analyte.
Each target compound was fortified into pre-purged, distilled-deionized water
(25 ml). A portion of the control samples were stored at 4°C at RTI during
the field sampling activities (lab controls), and a portion was transported to
the field sampling site and exposed according to the Sample Collection Schedule.
Breath Volatiles
Breath samples were collected from each participant using the procedure
and apparatus presented in the project Work Plan. Tedlar bags used in this
operation, both inhale and exhale, were "rinsed" once and then stored (full)
with helium until needed for sample collection. Similarly, Teflon spirometer
mouthpieces were stored in alcohol when not in use. Immediately prior to
145
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TABLE 55. LIMITS OF DETECTION FOR VOLATILE ORGANICS IN WATER3
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Toluene
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlororaethane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
NJ-1
0.05
0.05
0.5
0.05
0.5
0.5
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.5
1.0
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.5
Sampling
NJ-2
0.05
0.05
0.5
0.05
b
0.5
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.5
b
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.5
Site - Season
NJ-3
0.05
0.05
0.5
0.05
b
0.5
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.5
b
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.5
ND
0.05
0.05
0.5
0.05
0.5
0.5
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.5
b
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.5
NC
0.05
0.05
0.5
0.05
b
_b
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.5
b
_b
0.1
b
b
Expressed in [Jg/L.
Target concentration not calculated.
146
-------
collection of a breath sample, the helium was expelled from the bag and the
mouthpiece was removed from the alcohol. In this collection procedure, the
subject exclusively inhales humidified ultrapure air and subsequently exhales
through a valved mouthpiece of a spirometer into a 40 L Tedlar bag. The
breath sample is then pumped through two parallel Tenax cartridges to adsorb
and concentrate the organic compounds for later analysis. These cartridges
were analyzed identically to those containing air samples.
Computer Software for Data Reduction--
During the early phases of this study, two computer programs were written
to facilitate processing of the large quantities of data. These programs and
the computer languages used are listed below. Complete program step listings
are presented in Appendices K and L.
(1) QUANT - calculation of analyte concentrations in personal air,
fixed-site air, and breath samples from uncorrected nanograms,
recoveries, backgrounds, sampled volumes, and limits of detection
(H-P BASIC).
(2) WATERQNT - creation of files of calibration curves, quantifiable
limits, background and recovery data. Quantitation of water samples
from input sample area counts (CP/M BASIC).
NORTHERN NEW JERSEY
First Season
Introduction—
During the period September 3 through November 21, 1981, 362 people from
Elizabeth and Bayonne, NJ participated in the Total Exposure Assessment Methodo-
logy Study. Sampling was executed by three concurrent chemist teams. Table
56 summarizes the sample collection results. Missing samples were accounted
for in all cases and were generally due to accidental sample container breakage,
pump malfunction or improper collection by study participants.
Air Volatiles--
All aspects of the sample collection procedure proceeded smoothly. Only
minor problems were encountered with the personal air samples. No difficulties
were encountered with sampling pump flow irregularities, as had been experienced
in preliminary studies. Final and initial flow checks for personal and fixed-
site air samples revealed differences of less than 5% for virtually all samples.
147
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TABLE 56. SAMPLE COLLECTION RESULTS FOR NORTHERN NEW JERSEY - SEASON 1
CO
*a
Field Samples (scheduled /collected)
Field Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
QA Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
Field Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
QA Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Field Controls (scheduled/utilized)
QA Controls (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Controls (scheduled/utilized)
Total
Personal Air
724/705
144/131
32/29
81/74
3/3
81/73
6/6
70/70
66/66
1207/1157
Fixed Air
196/183
36/32
14/11
22/19
1/0
22/19
2/0
26/26
26/26
345/316
Breath
362/358
38/37
21/17
56/50
6/5
56/51
6/6
42/42
42/42
629/608
Drinking Water
724/718
72/70
40/40
53/47
10/10
53/49
10/10
33/33
33/33
1028/1010
Based on 362 respondents actually sampled.
Analyzed by the quality assurance laboratory.
-------
Fixed-site samples showed slightly greater differences (up to ca. 10%) then
the personal air samples. This is most likely attributable to the greater
temperature range experienced by the fixed-site pumps.
The main problem (although detected in less than 1% of the samples) was
accidental disconnection of the tubing connecting the sampling cartridge to
the pump. In some instances, the tubing was immediately reattached by the
respondent, and the sample collection was not invalidated. In a few instances,
the sample was lost. Loss of samples due to actual pump failure was negligible.
Instrumental limits of detection were calculated for each of the mass spectro-
meters used during the analysis.
Although sampling flow rates remained constant (ca. +/-5%), different
flow rates were used, covering a range of ca. 25 mL/min to 35 mL/min. Total
air volume collected, therefore, was dependent on both the rate of collection
and the sampling time. Sampling times depended on each participant's availabi-
lity and varied from ca. 7 h to 15 h. This produced large variation in the
volume of air collected (ca. 10-30 L) which, in turn, produced large variations
in the limits of detection (LOD).
Water Volatiles—
Water sample collection was simple, rapid and free of notable problems.
Minimal breakage of sample containers occurred during shipping.
Breath Volatiles--
Several problems occurred during collection of breath samples. Many
samples were highly contaminated with aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e. benzene;
toluene). Apparently, air from inside the sampling van was infiltrating the
sampling bags and/or the Tenax cartridges. To remedy this problem, the
spirometer was redesigned and new spirometers were constructed. These spirome-
ters did not leak and problems with sample contamination were eliminated. A
complete discussion of the design and evaluation of this new spirometer is
presented later.
Regarding the actual sample collection, many participants appeared to be
intimidated by the spirometer. They had difficulty breathing, did not keep
their mouth attached to the mouthpiece and often could not fill the bag comple-
tely. This problem was not specific to any particular group of people (e.g.
children, the elderly) and was not a result of the spirometer design. Thorough
149
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explanation of the sampling procedure and constant encouragement of the sampled
respondent was essential.
Background contamination from the Tenax cartridges was checked using
laboratory and field blank samples. Spirometer blanks (described below) were
not routinely collected during this field trip, consequently contamination
from spirometer operation was not evaluated ana could not be corrected for
during analysis. Since that time a procedure for performing spirometer blanks
was developed and implemented. Using this procedure, the 40 L Tedlar holding
bag was filled through the mouthpiece with the same humidified ultrapure air
used for sampling. This air was then pumped through Tenax cartridges according
to the procedure for field samples. With this approach, it was possible to
assess contamination from the humidified air, the mouthpiece, the Tedlar bag,
and the T«nax cartridge, as well as storage and shipping operations.
As with air samples, detection limits for each sample varied with sample
size (volume of breath sampled). Since there were significant differences in
sample sizes (10-30 L) , detection limits varied accordingly. More strict
control of sampling procedures were implemented prior to subsequent sampling
trips to assure more uniform sample sizes.
Recommendations—
At the conclusion of this sampling and analysis effort several improvements
were made in the procedure for collecting and analyzing volatile organics in
air. First, a uniform air volume was implemented. This required more careful
control of pump flows. Second, a procedure for calculating method limits of
detection based on levels of target organic compounds found on blank cartridges
was proposed. This was considered particularly important for compounds with
significant background. In addition, precautions were instituted to minimize
contamination of sample cartridges prior to and following sample collection.
All cartridges will be stored in Tedlar bags under a constant flow of charcoal-
cleaned helium.
Development and Evaluation of a New Spirometer Design—
The breath collection apparatus (spirometer) used during the New Jersey -
Season 1 sampling trip was altered to eliminate several possible sources of
contamination. The operating principle remained the same as with the older
model. The subject will still breathe clean, humidified air from one Tedlar
150
-------
bag and exhale into another bag; the contents of which are evacuated through
Tenax cartridges by the use of a pump. A diagram of the newly designed spiro-
meter is shown in Figure 6.
The major modifications included placing the Tedlar sampling bags inside
12 gallon glass carboys, constructing an all-Teflon mouthpiece with Teflon
valves, and inserting a stainless steel ball valve so the exhale bag can be
sealed-off from the mouthpiece during evacuation of the exhale bag. The
purpose of the glass carboys was to allow continuous purging of the exterior
of the bags with clean, dry air to reduce permeation of volatile organics from
ambient air (van air) through the walls of the bag. The all-metal mouthpiece
used on the old spirometer was replaced with an all-Teflon mouthpiece for ease
of cleaning and to help eliminate contamination between samples. The ball
valve allows evacuation of the bags without pulling outside air in through the
mouthpiece.
Experiments were performed to validate the newly constructed spirometer
and the revised procedure for collecting breath samples. These studies were
designed to assess contamination, analyte recoveries and carry-over between
runs. In addition, experiments were performed to systematically check sources
of contamination during breath sampling. Possible sources included the Tenax
cartridge, Tedlar bags, the Teflon mouthpiece and the water used to humidify
the inhale air. Lastly, studies were performed to evaluate permeation of
contaminates through the Tedlar bags.
Tenax Cartridges—Prior to beginning any experiments, background contami-
nation from the Tenax cartridges was evaluated using thermal desorption-high
resolution gas chromatographic (HRGC) analysis. The operating parameters of
the HRGC system are listed in Table 57. Cartridges prepared by the standard
method (see Work Plan (11)) showed high levels of contamination (although by
GC/MS the background was low). To minimize these interference all cartridges
were cleaned in an "all-glass" thermal desorption unit (Figure 7) immediately
prior to use. Figure 8 shows background contamination from the Tenax cartrid-
ges. Levels of background contamination found on cartridges were considered
acceptable for the proposed study.
Tedlar Bags—During testing, a Tedlar bag was sealed in one of the glass
carboys and filled with 40 L clean, humidified air. After 5 rain, the air was
151
-------
TEFLON MOUTHPIECE
TENAX
CARTRIDGES
STAIN LESS STEEL
BALL VALVE
HUMIDIFIED AIR SUPPLY TO INHALE BAG
DRY AIR PURGE SUPPLY
12-GALLON GLASS
CARBEY
Figure 6. New spirometer design for collection of breath samples,
-------
TABLE 57. THERMAL DESORPTION HIGH RESOLUTION GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC
SYSTEM OPERATING PARAMETERS
Instrument:
Column:
Carrier gas:
Temperature Pro-
gram:
Thermal Desorption:
Integrator:
Varian 3700 with sub-ambient
cooling of the oven accessory,
FID detection.
Fused silica capillary, 25 m,
wide bore, stationary phase
DB-5 (bonded phase)
Helium, flow rate 1.1 mL/min
20°C for 12 min., 20 to 180°C,
with 7°C/min
8 min at 250°C, 15 mL/min helium
purge. Injection: from -196°C
to 250°C in 3.5 min
Spectra-Physics System L
153
-------
10
TO VENT
HELIUM
Figure 7. All-glass thermal desorption unit. (1) Nupro valve; (2) Nickel
tubing; (3) Brisket heating tape; (4) Teflon union; (5) Glass
connector, Kontes K-671750; (6) Cole-Palme heating cord; (7)
Tenax GC cartridge; (8) Glass connector K-671750; (9) Viton
0-ring; (10) Thermometer.
154
-------
L__L
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
1
10
1
12
1
14
1
16
1
18
1
20
Figure 8. Background from a Tenax GC cartridge suppiementry cleaned in the
"all-glass" thermal desorption unit (1,024 x 10~12 amps full scale)
155
-------
pulled through a pair of sampling cartridges using a Nutech Model 221 sampling
pump. The Tenax cartridges were then analyzed by thermal desorption HRGC.
Backgrounds from both new, unpurged, Tedlar sampling bags and from a
used, purged, sampling bag were evaluated. Analysis showed considerable
contamination in the early regions of the chromatograms. Also, a very large
group of peaks appeared in the middle section of the chromatogram (Figure 9).
By purging the Tedlar bag repeatedly with clean helium, contamination decreased
substantially. There is some indication that at least the later eluting peaks
resulted from outgassing of the Tedlar. By purging the Tedlar bags more than
ten times with clean helium, over a period of several days, the background was
reduced to acceptable levels (Figure 10).
Teflon Mouthpiece—Clean dry air (20 L) was passed through the mouthpiece,
and then through a sampling cartridge. The Tenax cartridge was analyzed by
thermal desorption HRGC. There were no significant differences between a pair
of sampling cartridges containing air passed through the mouthpiece and a pair
of cartridges on which the same volume of dry air was collected. It was
concluded from these results that contamination from the spirometer mouthpiece
is minimal.
Water for Hum-idifying Air—Water from the spirometer bubble represents
another source of sample contamination and was analyzed by purge and trap.
Chloroform was present in very low quantities. This does not appear to be a
major source of contamination.
Permeation Studies—Experiments were performed to determine the extent of
contamination of breath samples by permeation of volatile organics through
Tedlar. Experiments were performed using both spiked clean air and air from
inside the sampling van to assess permeation.
First, an investigation of Tedlar permeation properties as they apply to
breath sampling was carried out by partially filling a sampling bag (contained
in a glass carboy) with clean air. The compounds of interest were added to the
envelope of clean air inside the carboy surrounding the bag. This was done so
as to maintain atmospheric pressure inside the carboy, thus eliminating any
pressure gradient which would force the spiked air into the bag. The bag was
examined for pinholes and leaks prior to beginning the experiments. A tight
seal was insured between the bag and the carboy stopper by using two 0-rings
156
-------
T
4
T
6
8 10 12
Retention Time (min)
-r
14
"I
16
Figure 9. Background of a new Tedlar bag. Chromatogram
from a HRGC analysis.
157
-------
-r
2
T
4
T
6
T
8
T~
10
T
12
14
"I
16
Retention Time (min)
Figure 10. Background of Tedlar bag after purging 10 times
with clean helium. Chromatogram from a HRGC
analysis.
158
-------
and Teflon tape (Figure 11). By attaching valves to the vent and filling
holes, the system could be totally closed to the lab atmosphere.
The permeation experiment was performed three times for 30 min, once for
2 h and twice for 22-23 h. Table 58 shows the amounts of compounds loaded into
the carboy. Table 59 shows the amount of each compound measured inside the bag
after the elapsed time period. Figure 12 represents a sample of air from
inside the Tedlar bag after a 22 h exposure. Figure 13 represents a sample of
the spiked air surrounding the bag after a 23 h elapsed time. This verifies
that the compounds were in contact with the bag for the entire period and were
not lost due to leakage or to adsorption onto the glass or bag surface.
Calculations show the quantity of compounds present in the carboy after 23 h to
be very close to the initial quantity added. However, the calculations are
approximate since the exact volume of the envelope surrounding the Tedlar bag
is difficult to measure. These experiments show that the levels of compounds
observed inside the bag after 22 h are not significantly higher than background
levels, affording the conclusion that permeation into the bag is insignificant
and use of glass carboys unnecessary.
Since breath samples are normally collected in the sampling van, contami-
nation from exhaust and outgassing of synthetic materials in the van was
considered probable. Experiments were performed in the van to assess this
probability.
Empty Tedlar sampling bags were placed in the van and filled with air or
helium to determine the effect of inflation gas on permeation of contaminants
from the van interior. In addition, samples were collected inside the van to
assess potential contaminant levels. Figure 14 shows a 16.1 L air sample from
the closed van interior while the engine was running. Figures 15, 16, and 17
represent bags that were stored for periods of 2-4 days under various conditions.
In Figure 15, the bag was deflated, rolled and stored (non-hermetically) in
the van for 2 days. This has been the method used for transport of the bags
to the field sampling site. After the second day, the bag was removed, immedia-
tely filled with clean air and sampled. In Figure 16, the bag was inflated
with clean air and stored in the van for the same two-day period and then
sampled. Figure 17 represents a bag filled with He and placed in the van for
4 days. After 4-days, the bag was evacuated, immediately filled with clean
159
-------
Fill bag through this hole
Vent for Carbov
0-ring seal
0-rings
Tedlar Bag
Figure 11. Carboy stopper used for experiments.
160
-------
TABLE 58. PERMEATION STUDY - NANOGRAMS OF COMPOUNDS ADDED TO
ATMOSPHERE SURROUNDING TEDLAR BAG
Amount Added to Carboy (ng)
Time Exposure (h)
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
0.5 h
915
925
2010
2060
875
0.5 h
915
925
2010
2060
875
0.5 h
915
925
2010
2060
875
2 h
915
925
2010
2060
875
22.0 h
915
925
2010
2060
875
22.5 h
1830
1850
4020
4120
1750
Volume of air in carboy was ~25 L.
161
-------
TABLE 59. TEDLAR BAG PERMEATION STUDY - NANOGRAMS OF COMPOUNDS MEASURED INSIDE TEDLAR BAG
AFTER EXPOSURE TO A SURROUNDING ATMOSPHERE SPIKED WITH COMPOUNDS OF INTEREST
Exposure Time
(h)
0.5
0.5
0.5
2.0
22.0
22.5
Blankd
Amount Found Inside
Chloroform
NQb
NQ
NQ
ND
ND
ND
NQ
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
16
16
ND
ND
19
25
18
Benzene
41
33
13
12
26
29
28
Bag (ng)
Tetrachloroethylene
NDC
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Chlorobenzene
23
15
22
4
4
11
9
See Table 58 for the quantity of compounds added to the surrounding atmosphere of air.
3
NQ = not quantifiable due to interfering peaks.
"ND = not detected - no peaks observed.
Tedlar bag background.
-------
o\
2468
Figure 12. Permeation study.
spiked air.
I
10
l
22
24
26
28
12 14 16 18
Retention Time (min)
Air sample from Tedlar bag after 22 h exposure to surrounding
"1
30
-------
T
6
T
8
T
10
—r
12
-T-
14
T
16
T
18
—r~
20
22
26
28
"I
30
Retention Time (min)
Figure 13- Chromatogram (GLC) from permeation study. Surrounding spiked air sample from
glass carboy after 23 h elapsed time.
-------
6
8
10
T
22
24 26
Figure 14.
16 18 20
Retention Time (min)
Chromatogram (GLC) of air sample collected inside van (16.1 L)
i
28
30
-------
12 14 16 18 20
Retention Time (rain)
22
24 26 28 30
Figure 15 .
Chromatogram (GLC) of air sample collected from Tedlar bag that was stored empty
inside van for two days. The bag was filled with clean air when removed from van
and sampled immediately.
-------
1—"—nr
10 12 14 1« 18 2O 22 24
Retention Time (min)
28 30
Figure 16
Chromatogram (GLC) of clean air stored in Tedlar bag for two days.
inside van for the two day period prior to analysis.
Bag was kept
-------
ON
Co
20 22 24 26
28 30
Figure 17.
Retention Time (min)
Chromatogram (GLC) of helium filled Tedlar bag stored in van for four days.
Bag was emptied of helium and filled with clean air to be sampled immediately
after removal from van.
-------
air and sampled. This simulates the actual use of the bag during sampling.
As seen in the chromatograms the background for the bag stored with He is much
lower. It should be noted that the van was in use on an actual sampling trip
during these experiments. The conclusion to these studies is that bags should
be stored inflated with He until immediately prior to sample collection to
minimize contamination from the van.
Figure 18 represents a bag filled with clean air and exposed to the van
air for 30 minutes. This shows that contamination from the van is minimal for
at least 30 minutes. The normal residence time for a field sample in the bag
10-15 minutes. Therefore, as long as the sampling system is closed, contamina-
tion of the sample from the van will be minimal.
Recovery Studies—A portable permeation system was used during recovery
studies to calibrate the gas chromatographic system and to generate spiked air
samples for the spirometer. A schematic of this system is shown in Figure 19.
During operation, clean air was directed through the permeation chamber where
known concentrations of organic vapors were generated using precalibrated
permeation tubes. To achieve more dilute samples, the effluent from the
permeation system was split using a series of stainless steel capillary restric-
tors and fine metering valves. After splitting, the spiked air was mixed with
clean, humidified air and this mixture was used to fill the spirometer bags.
Five compounds, listed in Table 60, were chosen for the recovery studies.
The TD-HRGC system was calibrated by the external standard method for each of
the test substances. Tenax cartridges were loaded with the test mixture, the
quantities loaded being calculated from known permeation rates, and loading
time. Calibration factors were calculated as:
K. = G./A.
i 11
G. = P. • t
i i
where K. = calibration factor for compound i;
G. = quantity loaded, ng;
AI = integrated area of the GC peak, arbitrary units;
P. = permeation rate, ng/min;
t = loading time, min
The calibration factors are listed in Table 60.
169
-------
12 14 16 18
Retention Time (min)
20 22 74 26
28
I
30
Figure 18. Chromatogram (GLC) of clean air in bag and exposed to van for 30 min.
-------
TO VENT
*>TOSPIROMETER
Figure 19. Portable Permeation System. (1) Air tank; (2) Molecular sieve/
activated charcoal cartridge; (3) Xylan mass-flow controller/meter:
a. controller sensor; b. meter sensor; (4) Gas washing bottles;
(5) Whitey micrometric valve; (6) Permeation chamber; (7) Haake
thermostatic bath/circulator; (8) Stainless steel capillary flow
restrictors; (9) Nupro fine metering valves.
171
-------
TABLE 60. TEST COMPOUNDS AND EXTERNAL STANDARD CALIBRATION FACTORS
Compound RT, rain
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
4.
5.
6.
14.
16.
9
5
0
9
9
RRTb K,
0.
0.
1.
2.
2.
82
92
00
48
82
ng/area counts
0
0
0
0
0
.014
.0995
.0014
.0091
.0021
0
0
0
0
0
d
s
.002
.0007
.0001
.0009
.0002
e
n
9
9
9
9
9
Absolute retention time.
Retention time relative to benzene.
K - calibration factor.
Standard deviation.
a
"Number of runs.
172
-------
For the recovery studies, the Tedlar bag of the spirometer was filled
with spiked air from the portable permeation unit. Then the air was pulled
through a pair of Tenax cartridges. After the gas chromatographic analysis
of the sampling cartridges, the recovered quantities of the test compounds
(g.) were calculated as:
g. = K. x A.
6i i i
The quantity G., which corresponds to 100% recovery, was calculated from the
volume of air sampled and the initial concentration of analyte in the spiked
air as determined by the permeation rate and the flow rates in the permeation
system.
G. = V x C.
i i
where V = volume of air sampled, L;
C. = concentration of the test compound in spiked air, ng/L
The recovery (R) was calculated as:
R = g. x 100/G.
Experimental results are listed in Table 61. The recovery for chloroform
and 1,1,1-trichloroethane cannot be estimated with a reasonable accuracy due
to background interference. Results showed little effect of either sample
concentration or humidity on recovery.
A second set of experiments were performed to assess sample carryover
between runs. After filling the bag with spiked air and sampling that air,
the bag was refilled with clean, dry air, and the air sampled and analyzed as
described above. Results in Table 62 show approximately 10% carryover between
samples.
Second Season
Introduction--
The second season Northern New Jersey study was conducted on 157 partici-
pants in Bayonne and Elizabeth, NJ during the period July 8 through August 5,
1982. As in Season 1, sampling was conducted by three concurrent two-
person teams. The sample collection results are summarized in Table 63.
173
-------
TABLE 61. SPIROMETER RECOVERIES
Amount Spiked
(ng)
100-200
300-600
100-200
150-300
5-10
Conditions
Humidity
100%
100%
0%
0%
100%
% Recovery + Mean Deviation
Benzene Tetrachloroethylene
81 + 1 121
89+3 112
110 + 17 114
NT 108
93 + 15C 118
± 3
+ 1
+ 28b
+ 5
+ 16C
Chlorobenzene
99
107
95
102
97
+ 1
+ 2
+ 9b
+ 5
± ^°
Duplicate determinations.
Average of four determinations + standard deviation.
f*
Average of seven determinations + standard deviation.
-------
TABLE 62. SPIROMETER CARRY-OVER3
Amount Humidity
Compound Spiked Conditions % Carry-Over + S.D.
Benzene 209 0% 15 + 1
Tetrachloroethylene 214 0% 4 + 4
Chlorobenzene 90 0% 3 + 4
o
Duplicate determinations.
175
-------
TABLE 63. SAMPLE COLLECTION RESULTS FOR NORTHERN NEW JERSEY - SEASON 2
ON
Field Samples (scheduled /collected)
Field Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
QA Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
Field Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Spirometer Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
QA Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Field Controls (scheduled/utilized)
QA Controls (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Controls (scheduled/utilized)
Total
Personal Air
314/313
64/60
32/34
19/19
38/38
7/7
14/14
488/485
Fixed Air
142/141
30/29
12/12
10/10
20/20
4/4
8/8
226/224
Breath
157/152
17/14
22/18
9/9
9/9
18/18
4/4
8/8
224/232
Drinking Water
314/314
32/30
21/40
17/17
17/17
12/12
12/12
425/442
Based on 157 respondents actually sampled.
Analyzed by the quality assurance laboratory.
-------
Participants in this second season study had all participated in the first
season study and consequently were familiar with the sample collection procedure.
Air Volatiles--
No major problems were encountered in the collection of personal and
fixed-site air samples. Performance of sampling equipment was satisfactory.
However, it was discovered that the hotel staff were cleaning upholstered
furnisture (presumably with chlorinated solvents) and replacing carpeting.
Both of these activities were discovered by RTI sampling personnel from strong
odors produced. Post-sampling analysis of blank Tenax cartridges revealed
evidence of gross contamination.
Representative results of calculation of instrumental limits of detection
for each of the mass spectrometers employed for analysis of Tenax cartridges
are shown in Table 54. As in the first season, actual LODs calculated for the
same target analyte in different samples exhibited large variations as a
result of differences in sampling volumes.
Water Volatiles--
Water samples were collected without notable difficulty. Sample analysis
was performed using the procedure outlined in the Work Plan. Unusually frequent
problems with the analytical instrumentation caused a delay in the completion
of the water sample analysis of approximately 3 weeks. Method LODs for water
analysis during the second season are presented in Table 55.
Breath Volatiles--
The problems encountered in the collection of breath samples during
Season 1 were corrected by the redesign of the spirometer. This design (illus-
trated in Figure 20) incorporates several significant changes, including: (1)
changing the material of construction from steel to Teflon; (2) redesigning
the Tedlar bag and its connection to the spirometer; (3) substitution of
® ®
Cajon fittings for Beckmann fittings for connecting the Tedlar bags to the
Tenax cartridges. In addition, the mouthpiece was cleaned with methanol
instead of isopropanol to eliminate the isopropanol interference in the analysis
of breath sample cartridges. To accurately assess the background associated
with collection of breath samples, field blanks were augmented with spirometer
blanks. These spirometer blanks consisted of humidified, ultrapure air
177
-------
Air Line from Tank
Figure 20. Spirometer apparatus.
178
-------
transported through the spirometer and Tenax cartridges in a manner identical
to actual breath samples.
Recommendations—
Gross contamination of Tenax cartridges, both before and after sample
collection, prompted extensive studies to optimize Tenax cleanliness during
cartridge preparation and to preserve pristine character at all times during
cartridge storage and transport. These investigations were conducted over
several months. Improvements in Tenax handling were incorporated into the
sampling protocols as they became available. The research that yielded these
improvements is presented in the following section.
Improvements in Sampling Device Cleanliness—
Introduction—A number of experiments were conducted to assess existing
Tenax cartridge preparation procedures, and to determine the need for modifica-
tions to these techniques. The experiments involved:
(1) design and construction of a prototype thermal desorption block;
(2) comparison of environments for coding of desorbed cartridges (static,
clean room vs. helium purged box);
(3) comparison of solvent extraction times for Tenax (24 h each solvent
vs_. 40 h);
(4) comparison of culture tube seals (Teflon liners vs. silicone septa)
during exposure to a controlled atmosphere of selected volatile
organics;
(5) comparison of culture tube seals as utilized during normal cooling
operations;
(6) determination of the effects of freezer storage at freezer tempera-
tures and at ambient temperatures;
(7) design and construction of a field storage chamber suitable for easy
transport to and from the field, and capable of continuous gas
purge.
The results of these studies are presented below.
Desorption Block Design and Construction—A prototype unit that can
accommodate 4 cartridges was constructed following extensive discussions
between laboratory and machine shop personnel. The unit is similar to existing
units except purge gas flow can be more accurately metered downstream of the
179
-------
desorption chambers, and chamber/seal design provides more "through-cartridge"
flow.
After consideration of numerous materials and designs, a prototype unit
was fabricated and plumbed for flow tests. It was discovered that an acceptable
gas-tight seal could not be effected for each port with this design, which
incorporates a Teflon-backed silicone rubber sheet between the top and base
portions of the unit. The cartridges are held by spring tension against the
Teflon sheet. Preliminary results indicated lack of sufficient seal for the
cartridges, and significant Teflon sheet "creep" at high (i.e. ca. 250°C)
block temperatures. No further efforts were made in desorption chamber
design due to limitations in program resources.
Comparison of Environments for Cooling Of Desorbed Cartridges--TweIve
Tenax cartridges were desorbed simultaneously and were divided into two equal
groups. One group was allowed to cool in a "clean" room (carbon filtered
ventilation) following routine protocol procedures; the other group was placed
in a stainless steel/glass box under continuous, clean helium purge. Within
each group, 3 cartridges were sealed with double Teflon-lined culture tube
caps and 3 were sealed with Teflon-lined silicone septa/culture tube caps.
All cartridges were analyzed following 24 h using GC/FID. Response was quanti-
tated by summation of storage peak areas following the "solvent peak".
The results (Table 64) show that cooling under helium flow in a glass/
stainless steel box produces cartridges with significantly higher background
than those cooled in sealed culture tubes (existing procedure). The type of
seal (Teflon vs. Teflon/silicone) produced no noticeable difference in back-
ground levels. The reason for the higher background for the box-cooled cartrid-
ges is not obvious, since analysis of the box atmosphere revealed no significant
contamination. Furthermore, the helium used in the experiment for the box
purge had been passed through a liquid nitrogen cryogenic trap to remove
residual organics. The conclusion drawn from these results is to continue the
protocol procedure for cooling freshly desorbed cartridges. The use of either
sealing method (septa or Teflon liners) is indicated. Further studies directed
toward the sealing system are addressed below.
Comparison of Culture Tube Sealing Systems—This experiment tested the
effectiveness of two methods for sealing Tenax cartridges in culture tubes,
180
-------
TABLE 64. RESULTS OF COOLING ATMOSPHERE ON
TENAX CARTRIDGE BACKGROUND
Cooling
System
Clean Room
He Box
Culture Tub<
Seal3
S
s
S
T
T
T
S
S
S
T
T
T
GC Response
Area Cts. x 1Q3 Mean Cts. + S.D.
1106.7
1658.4 1315.4 + 299.4
1181.1
1620.4
1270.1 1308.8 + 294.1
1036.0
2671.8
3116.3 2984.7 + 272.1
3165.9
2937.8
3985.9 3104.1 + 811.6
2388.5
% RSD
22.8
22.5
9.1
26.1
S = silicone septa; T = double Teflon cap liners.
181
-------
and in protecting the Tenax from contamination. A stainless steel/glass
exposure chamber was fitted with inlet and outlet ports, and was connected to
a permeation system in order to allow for the passage of known concentrations
of selected organics through the chamber. The chamber was used as a means of
providing a "contaminated" atmosphere within which the cartridge sealing
systems could be tested. Five vapor phase organics were chosen as contaminants,
representing a spectrum of compound volatilities. The five compounds and
their permeation rates are shown in Table 65. These compounds were introduced
into the exposure chamber via flowing nitrogen (100 mL/min). Concentrations
within the chamber ranged from ca. 300 ppb to ca. 1 ppm.
Twelve clean Tenax cartridges were divided into two groups of 6 each.
One group was sealed with double Teflon-lined caps; the other group was sealed
with Teflon/silicone septa. Testing was conducted by exposing all 12 cartridges
in the test chamber for 4 h. Twelve additional cartridges were also divided
into 2 groups, and exposed for 336 h (2 weeks). Exposure within the chamber
consisted of placing culture tubes in a beaker in the chamber (3 from each
group of 6), and placing culture tubes in a sealed 1 gal. paint can in the
chamber (3 from each group). Thus for each time period, the integrity of the
culture tube seal and the paint can seal was determined.
After each of the two time periods, cartridges were analyzed by GC/FID.
Identification of retention times for each of the 5 test compounds were deter-
mined by analysis of spiked cartridges. Integration results (area counts) for
signals appearing at these retention times were noted, and used to determine
seal effectiveness. Results of the study are shown in Tables 50 through 53.
Gas chromatographic retention times and raw area counts for all compounds from
all cartridges are given in Table 66 (Teflon liners) and Table 67 (Teflon/sili-
cone septa). Averaged peak area values are shown in Table 68, while Table 69
provides information on the amount of each test compound (ng) determined for
each cartridge for the 2 week exposure test.
Benzene appears as a contaminant in all cartridges. The data for all
compounds indicate no significant difference between Teflon liners and Teflon/
silicone septa for sealing culture tubes (Table 66 - cf. levels for each
compound outside of can). A marked difference is noted for cartridges located
inside and outside of paint cans. For both types of culture tube seals, much
182
-------
TABLE 65. COMPOUNDS USED FOR GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE FOR
CARTRIDGE SEALING SYSTEM STUDY
Compound Permeation Rates (ng/mL)
Chloroform 154
1,2-Dichloroethane 428
Benzene 399
Tetrachloroethylene 417
Chlorobenzene 338
183
-------
TABLE 66. TENAX CARTRIDGES STORED IN CULTURE TUBES WITH TEFLON LINER SEALS - RAW DATA
t»
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
4h-la
Ret. Time0 Area Counts
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.30 237.0
8.99 233.9
9.22 200.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
4h-0b
Ret. Time Area Counts
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.24 ?
9.22 207.0
9.23 217.0
0
0
0
0
17.25 25.9
0
336H-I
Ret. Time
-
8.56
7.99
8.53
9.05
8.50
9.02
13.93
13.68
13.91
15.16
14.98
15.13
Area Counts
NDf
ND
ND
23.5
29.0
31.8
210.9
185.4
193.3
33.4
32.5
19.9
25.3
35.4
25.4
Ret. Time
8.0
8.51
8.53
8.59
9.00
9.04
9.10
13.89
13.91
13.97
15.12
15.13
15.18
336H-0
Area Counts
30.3
ND
ND
93.0
131.2
148.9
376.5
517.0
681.2
92.3
125.4
93.1
174.2
263.6
240.7
I = Inside paint can.
0 = Outside paint can.
c
Retention time in minutes.
J •}
Area counts x 10 .
Q
Not detected.
Not determined due to GC peak interference.
-------
TABLE 67. TENAX CARTRIDGES STORED IN CULTURE TUBES WITH SILICONS SEPTA SEALS - RAW DATA
oo
01
Chloroforn
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Benzene
Tet rachloroethy lene
Chiorobenzene
4h-Ia
Ret. Time0 Area Counts
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.43 153.7
9.23 262.2
9.19 138.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
4h-0b
Ret. Time Area Counts
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.24 230.2
9.66 140.8
9.30 346.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
336H-I
Ret. Time
_
-
-
8.52
-
8.58
9.00
9.06
9.05
13.88
-
13.94
15.12
-
15.20
Area Counts
HDf
0
ND
19.7
0
27.6
201.4
141.2
217.0
37.1
0
17.8
39.1
0
22.4
Ret. Time
7.96
8.03
8.04
8.52
8.54
8.55
9.01
9.04
9.05
13.89
13.91
13.93
15.11
15.13
15.15
336h-0
Area Counts
14.0
33.7
27.2
141.4
204.0
97.2
578.4
673.5
406.9
111.6
149.9
41.9
211.0
290.4
106.7
I = Inside paint cans.
0 = Outside paint cans.
Retention time in minutes.
j O
Area counts x 10 .
g
Not detected.
ND = Not determined due to GC peak interference.
-------
TABLE 68. RESULTS (AVERAGED AREA COUNTS) FOR TEFLON LINER AND
SILICONS SEPTA SEALS
Teflon-lined Caps
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
4h-Ia
0
0
223.9
0
0
4h-F
0
0
184.9
0
0
4h-0b
0
0
212.1
0
8.6
Silicone
4h-0
0
0
239.1
0
0
336.1
NDC
28.1
196.5
28.6
28.7
Septa Lined Caps
336h-I
ND
15.8
186.5
18.3
20.5
336h-0
ND
124.4
524.9
103.6
226.2
336h-0
25.0
147.5
552.9
101.1
202.7
I = Inside paint cans.
0 = Outside paint cans.
"ND = Not determined due to GC peak interference.
186
-------
TABLE 69. RESULTS (NG/CARTRIDGE) FOR 336h TEST
00
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
Teflon
Inside Cans
ND3
NC
NC
9
11 (11 + 1.5)
12
Liners
Outside Cans
30
NC
NC
36
50 (48 + 10.7)
57
Silicone
Inside Cans
NC
0
NC
8
0 (6 + 5.7)
11
Septa
Outside
14
33 (25 +
27
54
78 (56 +
37
Cans
9.7)b
20.6)
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
21
18 (19 + 1.5)
19
20
19 (17 + 4.4)
12
5 (4 + 0.6)
4
37
51 (52 + 15.0)
67
55
74 (61 + 10.9)
55
25
31 (30 + 5.0)
35
20
14 (18 + 3.8)
21
22
0 (11 + 11.0)
11
0 (3 + 3.0)
3
57
67 (55 + 13.7)
40
66
88 (60 + 32.0)
25
31
42 (30 + 13.0)
16
NC = Not calculated due to GC peak interference.
Values in parenthesis represent average values (+ S.D.) for 3 cartridges.
-------
higher amounts of contaminants were observed for cartridges located outside of
the cans. This increase was noted for all compounds.
The importance of the integrity of the paint can seal for Tenax cartridges
is obvious from the results of this experiment. It appears that the culture
tube closure is adequate using either double Teflon liners or Teflon/silicone
septa.
A second experiment was conducted to serve as a control for the above
study and was carried out in the same fashion using the same experimental
conditions. The only difference in the two studies was the exposure atmosphere
and test times. Twelve clean cartridges were divided into equal groups, one
sealed with Teflon liners and one with Teflon/silicone septa. Each group was
divided into sets of 3 cartridges for exposure tests inside and outside sealed
paint cans. Analysis (GC/FID) for one 12-cartridge set was conducted following
a 4 h helium exposure, and another 12-cartridge set was analyzed following a
72 h helium exposure. Results are shown in Table 70 and 71. Run retention
times and peak areas are given in Table 70 (Teflon liners) and Table 71 (Teflon/
silicone septa).
As indicated by the results, only benzene was detected in these control
tests; the amount detected under the various study conditions indicates that
this compound is a ubiquitous Tenax contaminant not directly associated with
exposure. The lack of detection of the other test compounds in this control
study lends validity to the results of the previous experiment.
Freezer Storage of Tenax Cartridges—A total of 9 cartridges were prepared
as one batch, and divided into 3 groups of 3. One group was retained as a
reference set and was analyzed after storage for 24 h in the "clean" room.
One group was placed in a freezer at ca. -15°C for 1 month, the remaining
group was placed in an unused freezer held at ambient temperature (ca. 22°C)
for one month. All cartridge-containing culture tubes were stored in sealed
paint cans. Results show lower background levels for the cold-stored cartridges.
Construction of a Field Storage Chamber—To prevent intrusion of vapor
phase contaminants into Tenax sample cartridges during storage in the field, a
chamber was designed that could be easily transported to the field work site.
The potential for contamination exists in the length of time Tenax cartrid-
ges must reside in an unprotected atmosphere at ambient temperature for extended
188
-------
00
TABLE 70. CONTROL RESULTS (RAW DATA) - TENAX CARTRIDGES STORED UNDER
HELIUM ATMOSPHERE WITH TEFLON LINER SEALS
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
4h-Ia
Ret. Time Area Counts
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.25 418.1
9.25 281.0
9.32 213.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
4h-0b
Ret. Time Area Counts
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.36 298.8
9.30 219.2
9.27 231.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
76h-I
Ret. Time Area Counts
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.30 237.0
8.99 233.9
9.22 200.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
72h-0
Ret. Time Area Counts
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.21 176.7
9.47 541.6
9.38 237.3
0
0
0
0
. 0
0
0
Inside paint cans.
Outside paint cans.
Retention time in minutes.
Area counts x 10 .
g
Not detected.
-------
TABLE 71. CONTROL STUDY (RAW DATA) - TENAX CARTRIDGES STORED UNDER
HELIUM ATMOSPHERE WITH SILICON SEPTA SEALS
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
4h-Ia
Ret. Time0 Area Counts
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.29 281.6
9.18 192.2
f
0
0
0
0
0
0
4h-0b
Ret. Tine Area Counts
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.36 403.1
9.29 262.6
9.46 245.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
76h-I
Ret. Tine Area Counts
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.32 324.2
9.25 370.1
9.35 251.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
72h-0
Ret. Tine Area Counts
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.39 507.1
9.41 347.0
9.31 228.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I = Inside paint cans.
0 = Outside paint cans.
c
Retention time in minutes.
j o
Area counts x 10 .
eNot detected.
Cartridge lost due to GC malfunction.
-------
sampling efforts. To provide a "clean" field environment, four bags were
fabricated (Nutech Corp.) from Tedlar sheet (4 mil) with inlet and outlet gas
ports. Each bag can accomodate at least 8-1 gal. paint cans and can be main-
tained under continuous helium purge (ca. 100 mL/min). Tedlar is known to
outgas only one compound, dimethylacetamide. Field validation revealed no
contamination of stored cartridges from this or any other compound.
Third Season
Introduction—
Largely as a result of severe (air and breath) contamination of a portion
of the collected samples on Tenax cartridges during Season 2, a third-season
Northern New Jersey study was conducted on 49 previously sampled participants
during the period January 25 through February 3, 1983. The sample collection
results are summarized in Table 72. Sample collection procedures were as
described earlier except where indicated in the following paragraphs.
Air Volatiles--
Sample collection proceeded smoothly during Season 3, despite typically
cold and "wintery" weather, which affected sampling pump flow rate stability.
This was particularly troublesome with fixed-site samples because of their
exposure to the exterior environment. Under these conditions, battery pump
failure was significantly higher than usual. Adjustments to pump flow rates,
made in an attempt to achieve a more uniform sample volume (and hence, LOD),
were required frequently.
As in previous studies, instrumental LODs were calculated for each of the
gas chromatograph/mass spectrometers used for sample analysis. Representative
values are shown in Table 54.
Additional issues that were addressed regarding GC/MS calibration are
given in Appendix M.
Water Volatiles--
Water samples were collected without notable difficulty. Method LODs are
presented in Table 55.
Breath Volatiles—
No problems were encountered with collection of breath samples. As in
Season 2, field blanks and spirometer blanks were collected.
191
-------
TABLE 72. SAMPLE COLLECTION RESULTS FOR DEVILS LAKE, ND
to
Field Samples (scheduled /collected)
Field Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
QA Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
Field Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Spirometer Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
QA Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Field Controls (scheduled/utilized)
QA Controls (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Controls (scheduled/utilized)
Total
Personal Air
48/47
10/10
6/6
4/5
-
2/2
8/10
4/4
2/0
4/0
88/84
Fixed Air
10/10
2/2
0/0
0/0
-
0/0
0/0
0/0
0/0
0/0
12/12
Breath
24/24
3/3
3/3
4/4
4/4
2/2
8/8
2/2
2/2
4/4
56/56
Drinking Water
48/48
6/6
10/10
4/5
-
2/2
4/4
2/2
4/4
4/4
84/85
Based on 24 respondents actually sampled.
Analyzed by the quality assurance laboratory.
-------
DEVILS LAKE, NORTH DAKOTA
Introduction
During the period, October 4 through October 16, 1982, 24 people from
Devils Lake, ND participated in the TEAM study. Sample collection results are
summarized in Table 73.
Air Volatiles
No difficulties were encountered in the collection of personal or fixed-
site air samples. Representative instrumental LODs are shown in Table 54.
Water Volatiles
Water sample collection was completed without difficulty. Method LODs
are presented in Table 55.
Breath Volatiles
Collection of breath samples was executed as outlined in the collection
protocol for this matrix. No problems were noted.
GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA
Introduction
Personal air, breath and fixed-site air samples were collected from 24
participants in the TEAM study conducted from May 8 through May 16, 1982 in
Greensboro, ND. In addition, 12 fixed-site air samples were collected, gene-
rally on the property of one of the participants. A summary of the sample
collection appears in Table 74. No notable difficulties were encountered in
the collection of samples of any medium. Sample analyses were performed as
outlined at the beginning of this section and in the Work Plan (11).
PROBLEMS/IMPROVEMENTS
Problems and improvements in sample collection and analysis were noted
and implemented throughout this study. Considerable effort was dedicated to
refining the methodology in a timely manner to effect the construction of
optimum procedures. The specifics of these refinements and the events which
led to their implementation are discussed, in detail, at the appropriate
location in this section. Ultimately, the experience gained from the collection
and analysis of samples during this phase of the study was incorporated into
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). These SOPs were followed meticulously
in the latter phase of the program.
193
-------
TABLE 73. SAMPLE COLLECTION RESULTS FOR NORTHERN NEW JERSEY - SEASON 3
ft
Field Samples (scheduled /collected)
Field Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
QA Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
Field Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Spirometer Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
QA Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Field Controls (scheduled/utilized)
QA Controls (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Controls (scheduled/utilized)
Total
Personal Air
98/98
18/18
12/12
6/6
-
0/0
12/12
0/0
6/6
4/4
156/156
Fixed Air
18/18
2/2
4/4
2/6
-
2/2
4/12
4/4
6/6
4/4
46/58
Breath
49/49
5/5
6/6
6/6
6/6
4/4
12/12
4/4
8/8
4/4
104/104
Drinking Water
98/98
12/12
14/14
7/12
-
3/3
7/12
3/3
4/4
4/4
152/162
Based on 49 respondents actually sampled.
Analyzed by the quality assurance laboratory.
-------
TABLE 74. SAMPLE COLLECTION RESULTS FOR GREENSBORO, NC
a
Field Samples (scheduled /collected)
Field Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
QA Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
Field Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
QA Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Field Controls (scheduled/utilized)
QA Controls (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Controls (scheduled/utilized)
Total
Personal
Air
48/48
10/10
6/6
3/3
1/1
8/8
0/0
1/1
2/2
79/79
Fixed
Air
12/12
4/4
2/2
2/2
1/1
4/4
2/2
1/1
2/2
30/30
Breath
24/24
3/4
3/3
4/4
2/2
10/10
2/2
2/2
4/4
54/55
Drinking
Water
48/48
6/6
10/8
2/2
2/2
2/2
2/2
4/4
4/4
80/78
Pest/PCBs
24/24
5/5
3/3
3/3
2/2
3/3
2/2
3/3
3/3
48/48
Based on 24 respondents actually sampled.
Analyzed by the quality assurance laboratory.
-------
SECTION 7
QUALITY ASSURANCE
NORTHERN NEW JERSEY
First Season
The first collection of TEAM samples in the northern New Jersey area was
performed at Elizabeth and Bayonne between September 3 and November 23, 1981.
Sampling supplies and equipment were transported to the site by van and stored
in a workroom at the Sheraton Hotel located adjacent to the Newark Airport on
Route 9. A system audit was performed at the sampling site by the RTI QA
Officer during the week of September 21. The description of the field activi-
ties presented below is based on the results of this audit and personal inter-
views with members of the sampling teams.
Sample collection was accomplished by three two-person teams; two were
assigned to Elizabeth and one to Bayonne. Each team remained at the site for
approximately 12 days and was relieved by one of the new teams which arrived
every four days. Thus, each newly-arrived team was able to draw on the cumula-
tive experience and insight of teams with 4 and 8 days of sampling. Individuals
experienced in TEAM sampling techniques were paired with a novice, and a Site
Administrator was designated for successive 12 day periods to oversee the day-
to-day sampling efforts and the adherence to the study protocols.
The sequence of participant identification numbers reserved for the
Elizabeth and Bayonne studies was 12001 to 12300 and 12401 to 12600, respecti-
vely. The first two numbers, 12, indicated that this sampling effort took
place during the initial year of the study and that it was the second visit to
the area. The third digit numbers 0 to 3 and 4 to 6 were unique and descriptive
for Elizabeth and Bayonne, respectively. The last three digits was the parti-
cipant code which was followed by a computer-generated check digit.
196
-------
An environmental and biological sample collection schedule was prepared
by the RTI QA Officer and given to members of the sampling groups at the start
of the study. The schedule identified the participants from whom D-type and
Q-type duplicates were to be collected. It also indicated the times to expose
a matrix field control and blank (QC set). Both sample collections of a D-
type duplicate set were analyzed at RTI. One of the samples of a Q-type
duplicate set were analyzed at an independent laboratory. The frequency of
duplicate collections and QC set exposure were based on guidelines issued by
the Project Director and incorporated into the schedule so that the additional
burden on the participant and sample collector was minimal (see Table 75).
The participants for this study had been recently enlisted by an intervie-
wer retained by RTI survey operations. An appointment schedule was drawn up
for the sample and data collection. Activities performed by the sampling team
during each of the three visits to the participant's residence are shown in
Table 76.
A total of 204 participants (3 of which were ineligible) from Elizabeth
and 158 participants (4 of which were ineligible) from Bayonne were monitored
for personal exposure and body burden. The seven subjects cited above were
family members of the individual actually selected for sampling. The total
362 respondents amounted to 82.3% of the 440 originally projected for sampling.
They lived in 98 primary sampling units. The number of field samples scheduled
for this cohort was 362 breath (one/respondent), 724 water and personal air
(two/respondent), and 196 fixed air collections (two/segment). The completion
figures for these quotas and the scheduled number of D- and Q-duplicates is
shown in Table 77. The field operations was described in a series of proto-
cols (see study Work Plan). It was ascertained from the on-site audit and
staff interviews that the approved protocols were properly implemented during
the sampling phase at the collection site.
Sample Analysis—
Tenax Cartridges—The air and breath samples collected in Northern New
Jersey, first season, were analyzed by capillary column gas chromatography/
mass spectrometry/computer (GC/MS/COMP) employing procedures described in the
Work Plan. The personal air (AV) collections were analyzed on the Finnigan
3300 quadrupole system between September 20, 1981 and March 5, 1982 on 71
197
-------
TABLE 75. FREQUENCY OF QC SAMPLE COLLECTION
No. of Samples as Percent of
Field Samples Collected
Sample Type D-Duplicate Q-Duplicate Field Blank/Control Sets
Personal Air 20% 10% 10%
Fixed Air 20% 10% 10%
Breath 10% 15% 10%
Water 10% 15% 10%
198
-------
TABLE 76. TYPICAL APPOINTMENT ACTIVITY SCHEDULE
Appointment Time Sample/Data Collected
6-9 PM, Day 1 Initiate first AV collection
6-9 PM, Day 2 Terminate first AV collection
Initiate second AV collection
Collect first WV° sample
3-6 PM, Day 2 Terminate second AV collection
Collect second WV sample
Collect BR sample
Administer 24 hour exposure
questionnaire
3Two approximately 12 hour outside (fixed-site) air samples were col-
lected at selected households.
Air sample.
Water sample.
Breath sample.
199
-------
TABLE 77. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 1 - COMPLETENESS OF
SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Samples Scheduleda/Collected (%)
Sample Type Personal Air Fixed Air Breath Water
Field 724/705 (97) 196/183 (93) 362/358 (99) 724/718 (99)
D-Duplicate 144/131 (91) 40/32 (80) 36/37 (100) 74/70 (95)
Q-Duplicate 72/72 (100) 20/20 (100) 53/49 (92) 116/119 (100)
Samples Scheduled /Analyzed (%)
Sample Type Personal Air Fixed Air Breath Water
Field 724/671 (93) 196/183 (93) 362/356 (98) 724/717 (99)
D-Duplicate 144/121 (84) 40/32 (80) 36/34 (94) 74/69 (93)
Q-Duplicate 72/69 (96) 20/19 (95) 53/47 (89) 116/119 (100)
Based on 204 and 158 participants in Elizabeth and Bayonne, respec-
tively (total - 362).
200
-------
analysis days. The fixed air (XV) and breath (BR) collections were analyzed
on the 1KB 2091 magnetic sector system between October 12, 1981 and March 5,
1982 on 63 analysis days and the Varian CH-7 unit between September 29, 1981
and March 2, 1982 on 89 analysis days. Sample storage times between collection
and analysis ranged between 2 weeks and 3.5 months.
During each analysis day, the instrument tune was checked by measuring
the intensity of perfluorotoluene (PFT) fragment ions relative to the base
peak. The performance of the gas chromatographic column was monitored for
peak resolution and symmetry. To monitor performance over time, the relative
molar response (RMR) for each target compound was calculated each day and
compared to a historic RMR mean. Control chart plots of these findings were
maintained during the study.
It was anticipated that after all the samples had been analyzed, a mean
RMR value for each target would be calculated and used in the quantitation
process. This approach requires that all of the daily RMR determinations for
a given compound lie within some acceptable range about the mean. After the
5.5 month analysis period was over, the RMR data of each target on the two
analytical systems were carefully evaluated for uniformity. It was readily
apparent that the RMR data obtained from both systems were not directly amenable
to this treatment. It was found that the RMR values exhibited several different
periods of uniformity. These intervals were usually set off by activities
such as preventative maintainence or prolonged downtime. Further investigations
indicated that the 1KB 2091 exhibited 5 different periods during which RMR
output was relatively constant; the Finnigan 3300 had 7 and the CH-7 system
had 14 such time periods. The mean RMR values used to quantitate targets in
the samples analyzed during these periods are shown in Table 78. Note that
the upward or downward trend for a given period is reflected in the RMR values
of most of the ions. The calculation of target RMRs for each time period was
carried out after deleting a small number of outliers which would have unreali-
stically perturbed the data base. The day-to-day RMR variability and the
number of deleted outliers on each analytical system is shown in Table 79 and
80. In general, a 15% relative standard deviation describes the interday
precision obtained during this work. Aromatics and bromine-containing compounds
tended to exhibit greater within period variability. In addition, the magnetic
201
-------
TABLE 78. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 1 - RELATIVE MOLAR RESPONSE (RMR)
VALUES USED TO CALCULATE VOLATILE ORGANIC CONTENT
ON TENAX CARTRIDGES
LKB, Time Period3
Target Compound
Chloroform
Vinylidene chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorone thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
g,m-Dichlorobenzene
o-Di Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
p-Xylene
Carbon tetrachloride
m/z
83
85
61
96
98
62
64
97
99
78
95
130
132
83
129
127
129
164
166
112
114
173
155
157
104
146
148
146
148
91
106
91
106
117
119
1
.56
.37
.46
.24
.16
.28
.09
.53
.32
.83
.36
.35
.33
.58
.06
.41
.53
.93
.51
.80
.25
.44
.28
.37
.88
.70
.45
.75
.49
1.27
.37
.91
.53
.48
-,45
2
.54
.33
.38
.20
.13
.18
.06
.44
.29
.78
.30
.30
.29
.39
.04
.30
.37
.76
.46
.57
.18
.37
.27
.34
.50
.66
.42
.70
.44
1.06
.33
.72
.44
.36
.35
3
.63
.45
.37
.18
.13
.30
.10
.52
.37
.95
.44
.41
.40
.61
.06
.41
.55
1.36
.65
.89
.28
.46
.40
.41
.82
.73
.48
.80
.44
1.20
.36
.88
.52
.50
.42
4
1.09
.70
.42
.24
.16
.31
.10
.55
.43
1.13
.42
.40
.39
.60
.06
.50
.66
1.60
.61
.93
.30
.60
.44
.56
1.16
1.06
.65
.90
.59
1.33
.46
.99
.63
.40
.59
5
.72
.44
.37
.20
.13
.40
.13
.66
.41
1.01
.47
.48
.47
.82
.09
.66
.85
1.64
.69
1.08
.38
.80
.48
.67
1.32
1.17
.76
1.05
.69
1.91
.56
1.41
.86
.58
.57
1
.53
.33
.22
.17
.11
.27
.09
.54
.38
.61
.56
.44
.42
.76
.08
.82
1.15
.44
.63
.66
.17
.82
.52
.64
.59
1.02
.59
.97
.55
.98
.33
.81
.47
.50
.53
2
.62
.36
.32
.21
.13
.28
.09
.62
.38
.60
.46
.44
.44
.73
.07
.66
.87
.50
.65
.69
.21
.73
.43
.58
.58
1.00
.65
.85
.58
1.14
.35
.93
.46
.48
.46
Finnigan Time Period
3
.82
.50
.37
.27
.18
.26
.10
.77
.45
.59
.49
.51
.50
.79
.09
.82
1.06
.58
.76
.75
.24
1.15
.54
.74
.58
1.02
.65
.91
.59
1.03
.32
1.03
.40
.62
.57
4
.28
.16
.07
.05
.03
.12
.03
.29
.16
.25
.21
.24
.24
.50
.05
.63
.84
.37
.48
.44
.13
1.09
.57
.78
.57
1.23
.80
1.10
.73
.98
.28
1.03
.39
.20
.18
5
.62
.39
.20
.20
.12
.25
.08
.65
.26
.64
.46
.43
.45
.81
.07
.84
1.09
.54
.68
.94
.27
1.12
.63
.86
.95
1.38
.89
1.25
.80
1.69
.49
1.53
.62
.43
.31
6
.30
.19
.09
.09
.05
.08
.03
.27
.15
.25
.18
.24
.23
.32
.04
.43
.57
.30
.41
.37
.12
.67
.43
.55
.48
.95
.61
.56
.55
.82
.25
.76
.32
.18
.16
7
.32
.19
.08
.10
.04
.09
.03
.27
.15
.31
.25
.25
.24
.36
.05
.52
.68
.29
.38
.39
.13
.98
.71
.93
.47
1.26
.87
1.07
.73
.76
.25
.88
.36
.21
.21
SLKB Time Periods:1 - 10/12 to 10/23/81; 2 - 10/29 to 11/11/82; 3 -
11/13 to 12/4/81; 4 - 1/27 to 2/28/82; 5 - 3/1 to
3/5/82.
Finnigan Time Periods: 1 - 9/22 to 10/2/81; 2 - 10/5 to 11/2/81; 3 -
11/8 to 11/24/81; 4 - 11/25 to 12/2/81; 5 -
12/3 to 12/10/81; 6 - 12/11 to 12/23/81; 1 -
1/29 to 3/5/82.
The RMR values for £-xylene were also used to calculate o_-xylene levels.
202
-------
TABLE 79. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 1 - PRECISION OF RELATIVE MOLAR
RESPONSE (RMR) VALUES ON LKB-9021 GC/MS
% RSD (N)/Outliers Deleted During Time Period3
Target Compound
Chloroform
Vinylidene chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroe thane
1,1, 1-Tnchloroethane
Benzene
Tnchloroethylene
Bromodlchlorome thane
Dlbromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
g , rn-Dichlorobenzene
o-Di Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
Carbon tetrachloride
m/z
83
85
61
96
98
62
64
97
99
78
95
130
132
83
129
127
129
164
166
112
114
173
155
157
104
146
148
146
148
91
106
91
106
117
119
1
7(6)/0
9(6)/0
7(6)/0
10(6)/0
14(6)/0
12(6)70
10(6)/0
9(5)/l
8(5)/l
6(6)/0
11(6)/0
10(6)/0
7(6)/0
17(6)/0
14(6)/0
14(6)/0
12(6)/0
10(6)/0
9(6)/0
7(6)/0
7(6)/0
13(6)/0
21(6)/0
18(6)/0
11(6)/0
6(5)/0
6(5)/0
9(5)/0
9(5)/0
13(6)/0
13(6)/0
15(6)/0
12(6)/0
17(6)/0
17(5)/1
2
29(12)/0
29(12)/0
18(12)/0
17(12)/0
27(12)70
22(12)/0
35(12)/0
14(12)/0
14(12)/0
15(12)/0
14(12)/0
12(12)/0
12(12)/0
13(13)/0
16(13)/0
19(13)/0
17(13)70
8(12)/0
8(12)/0
13(12)/0
17(12)70
16(12)/1
23(13)/0
22(13)70
18(12)71
10(12)71
11(12)71
11(12)71
12(12)71
16(12)71
15(12)71
18(12)71
17(12)71
23(12)71
25(12)70
3 4b 5b
22(14)71
23(14)71
17(14)71
18(14)71
18(13)72
18(13)72
22(13)72
19(14)71
24(14)71
15(14)71
17(14)71
17(14)71
17(14)71
19(16)70
18(16)70
16(16)70
16(16)70
19(14)71
18(U)/1
18(14)71
19(14)71
21(15)71
20(15)71
19(15)71
12(14)72
14(14)72
15(14)72
13(14)72
14(14)72
10(15)71
12(15)71
9(15)71
10(15)71
22(14)71
23(14)71
•3
TI7"D T1-? n 1 ]_- 1 1 n / 1 r, , -|r\/1-^/O-»_ n 1 *->/<-» /I . Itlltlnt f* 4 -. f .. «.
LKB Time Periods: 1 - 10/12 to
12/4/81; 4 -
10/23/81; 2 - 10/29
1/27 to 2/28/82; 5 -
to 11/11/81; 3 - 11/13 to
3/1 to 3/5/82.
The RMR values used during time periods 4 and 5 were determined on a daily basis,
203
-------
TABLE 80. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 1 - PRECISION OF RELATIVE MOLAR
RESPONSE (RMR) VALUES ON FINNIGAN 3300 GC/MS
%RSD (N Before Outlier
Target Compound
Chloroform
Vinylidene chloride
1,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Tnchloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Bromodlchlorome thane
Dlbromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
>?hlorobenzene
Sromoform
Dlbromochloropropane
Styrene
£ ,m-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
Carbon tetrachloride
Finnigan Time
m/z
83
85
61
96
98
62
64
97
99
78
95
130
132
83
129
127
129
164
166
112
114
173
155
157
104
146
148
146
148
91
106
91
106
117
119
Periods:
i
19(18)/1
18(18)/1
l6(17)/2
l6(17)/2
15(17)/2
14(19)/0
13(18)/1
16(18)71
17(18)/1
14(19)/0
13(16)/3
16(18)/1
17(19)/0
19(18)/1
15(15)/4
12(18)/1
14(18)/1
14(19)/0
15(19)/0
17(17)/2
20(18)/1
14(17)/2
15(15)/4
13(16)/3
15(17)/2
16(17)/2
14(16)/3
15(17)/2
17(17)/2
14(14)/1
13(12)/3
13(14)/1
18(15)/0
14(16)/3
18(18)/1
1 - 9/22
11/24/81
2
10(9)/0
11(9)/0
10(9)/0
9(9)/0
9(9)/0
10(9)/0
10(9)/0
8(9)/0
6(9)/0
7(9)/0
9(9)/0
7(9)0
9(9)/0
19(9)/0
12(9)/0
10(9)/0
10(9)/0
7(9)/0
7(9)/0
8(9)/0
12(9)/0
10(9)/0
15(6)/3
18(6)/3
9(9)/0
12(9)/0
12(9)/0
13(9)/0
13(9)/0
13(9)/0
12(9)/0
15(9)/0
12(9)/0
17(9)/0
13(9)/0
to 10/2/81
; 4 - 11/25
Deletion)70utliers Deleted During Timi
3
14(11)70
16(11)/0
15(8)/3
17(8)/3
15(8)/3
15(11)/0
15(11)/0
8(10)/0
7(10)/0
18(11)/0
5(9)/l
12(10)/0
13(10)/0
15(11)/0
15(11)/0
10(10)/0
10(10)/0
5(11)/0
5(11)/0
18(10)/0
16(9)/1
11(10)/1
17(10)/1
15(10)/1
8(11)/0
6(11)70
6(11)/0
10(11)/0
9(11)/0
7(11)/0
6(11)/0
9(11)/0
8(11)/0
17(10)/1
17(11)/0
4
11(10)/0
19(10)/0
24(9)/l
21(8)/2
43(7)/3
16(10)/0
15(10)/0
18(9)/1
21(10)/0
12(10)/0
13(9)/1
15(10)/0
15(10)/0
14(10)/0
15(10)70
11(11)70
11(11)70
38(9)71
12(10)70
14(9)72
18(11)70
14(11)70
22(8)72
22(8)72
10(11)70
17(10)71
17(11)70
15(10)71
16(10)71
12(10)70
11(10)70
13(10)70
12(10)70
25(8)72
25(8)72
; 2 - 10/5 to
to 12/2/81; 5
5
15(7)72
17(7)72
27(3)/6
22(3)76
16(9)70
13(7)72
18(8)71
22(9)70
17(8)71
26(7)72
16(8)71
18(8)71
11(8)71
10(9)70
20(9)70
15(7)72
16(9)70
16(9)70
20(9)/0
15(7)72
9(8)71
14(7)72
18(8)71
11(8)71
15(6)73
17(7)72
8(8)71
8(8)71
13(8)71
12(8)/1
15(9)70
13(9)70
19(5)74
24(5)74
11/2/81; 3
- 12/3 to
e Period
6
18(6)/5
24(6)75
15(9)72
18(7)74
24(9)72
24(11)70
19(10)71
20(10)71
22(10)71
14(9)72
21(11)70
20(11)70
20(11)70
22(8)/3
19(8)73
19(9)72
20(9)72
37(8)73
14(9)72
19(9)72
20(9)72
9(11)70
17(10)71
19(10)71
16(6)75
16(11)70
22(9)72
15(11)71
14(11)/0
16(6)75
16(6)75
20(8)73
22(7)74
34(9)72
24(9)72
- 11/8 to
12/10/81;
7
18(16)71
19(15)72
18(19)78
32(24)73
17(18)79
25(22)75
19(23)74
20(19)78
12(20)77
19(21)76
19(25)72
19(24)73
18(23)74
17(20)77
15(24)74
20(26)71
20(25)72
19(26)71
19(25)72
20(17)710
20(18)79
18(23)74
16(21)76
16(22)75
16(23)74
21(24)73
21(25)72
12(22)75
14(22)75
15(25)72
17(25)72
14(24)73
17(25)72
15(25)72
17(25)72
6 - 12/11 to 12/23/81; 7 - 1/29 to 3/5/82.
204
-------
sector instrument (LKB) tended to give more uniform performance within each
RMR period.
Water Samples—Water samples collected in Northern New Jersey, first
season, were analyzed by purge and trap gas chromatography between September 23
and December 29 during 66 analysis days. Samples were stored 2 to 4 weeks
between collection and analysis.
After approximately two-thirds of the samples had been analyzed, the
analytical system required some minor maintenance because of a noisy baseline
and unacceptable standard response. The sensor thermocouple for the valve was
replaced (there was no apparent valve damage); the ion exchange resin was
replaced for HECD; the fan shaft of the HECD was lubricated.
A multi-point calibration curve was generated every 10-14 days. Eight
composite curves were calculated from these data for each period and used to
quantitate target compounds in samples analyzed during that time.
Daily precision estimates were made to demonstrate constant analytical
performance over the period of sample analysis.
Field Control and Blank QC Samples—
Tenax Cartridges—Poor target compound recoveries (less than 50%; greater
than 150%) from field QC cartridges indicate that the sample collection,
storage, or analysis procedures followed in the study are not suitable for the
accurate measurement of the compound in question. A low recovery suggests
losses due to volatility, correction with an unrealistically high blank value,
or improper instrument calibration. The Northern New Jersey first season air
and breath results show no target compounds in this category (Table 81). The
variability in field control recoveries ranged between 10 and 25% RSD with the
aromatic targets exhibiting a precision of 10 to 15% RSD. This parameter is
important in estimating the error associated with applying the recovery correc-
tion in the quantitation process. Benzene was the major contaminant found on
field blanks. Other background included 1,1,1-trichloroethane (33 ng) , chloro-
form (22 ng), and £-x Xylene (22 ng). The high variability (64-99% RSD) in
these blank values suggests that the blank correction of these targets may
represent a serious error source.
205
-------
TABLE 81. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 1 - AIR AND BREATH FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
Field Blanks
%Recovery
Target Compound
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
£-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
N
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
Mean
85
89
100
87
86
80
95
96
95
108
110
96
96
104
101
96
95
100
100
%RSD
27
25
15
22
26
25
13
20
18
17
22
20
18
14
11
14
15
13
14
N
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
Background,
ng
Mean
1
22
NDb
33
97
2
3
ND
ND
11
1
ND
ND
2
3
1
12
8
22
%RSD
200
91
-
64
66
150
167
-
-
91
300
-
-
150
233
200
108
112
96
Corrected for background.
ND = not detected.
206
-------
Water Samples—Recovery data for water field QC samples is shown in Table
82. Note that the recovery of most targets fell in the range 46 to 73%. The
exceptions were benzene (80%) and dibromochloropropane (27%). Except for
1,2-dichloroethane (115% RSD), recovery variability of the targets was less
than 25% RSD.
Duplicate Sample Analysis—
Tenax Cartridges—The agreement between duplicate samples is summarized
in Table 83. Particular attention was given to the eleven target compounds
found occasionally or frequently in measurable amounts (above the minimum
quantifiable limit) in both the field (F) and the corresponding duplicate (D)
sample. The percent relative standard deviation for those sample pairs were
calculated, and the median, 75 percentile, and the maximum value reported.
The median values for most targets in personal and fixed air duplicates were
less than 25%. Only one target in each matrix type had a median %RSD above
30%. In general, breath duplicates showed poorer agreement. Only five targets
had median %RSDs less than 25% and four with %RSDs in excess of 30%.
The target compounds which exhibited the best agreement were the aromatics
o-xylene, p_- dichlorobenzene, and styrene. The compounds which showed the
poorest precision were 1,1,1-trichloroethane and benzene due possibly to the
high and variable background of these targets.
Table 84 summarizes the interlaboratory precision between field samples
and the corresponding Q-duplicates analyzed by the independent laboratory.
Water Analysis—Analysis of D and Q water duplicates was performed. The
results are reported in Table 85. Chloroform, dibromochloromethane, and
bromodichloromethane were present in measurable amounts in practically every
sample.
Performance Audit Sample Analysis--
Tenax Cartridges—Performance audit samples were prepared by fortifying
Tenax cartridges with selected aromatic and aliphatic compounds; all were
target compounds. Tenax for all audit samples was supplied by RTI and fortified
by EMSL in EPA, RTP.
The analysis of the audit cartridges were carried out blind; each cartridge
was given a legitimate study number and chain-of-custody form before being
207
-------
TABLE 82. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 1 - WATER FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
Field Blanks
o
%Recovery
Target Compound
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Xylene
N
24
20
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
Mean
70
65
68
59
80
64
65
58
48
69
71
46
27
65
61
73
70
%RSD
23
6
115
25
18
20
11
12
15
9
13
15
22
20
10
19
20
N
30
30
30
30
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
27
30
27
27
Background,
ng/mL
Mean
NDb
.033
ND
.014
ND
ND
.006
ND
ND
.009
.048
ND
ND
ND
.032
ND
ND
%RSD
-
200
-
304
-
-
410
-
-
329
552
-
-
-
262
-
-
Corrected for background.
ND = Not detected.
208
-------
TABLE 83. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 1 - DUPLICATE SAMPLES (AV, BR, XV)
PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD) FOR F/D RESULTS
Personal Air %RSD
Target Compounds
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
p_-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
g-Xylene
Median (N)
20
27
36
14
14
21
18
23
20
19
24
(24)
(60)
(90)
(16)
(34)
(86)
(78)
(72)
(82)
(77)
(97)
75% Tile Max.
35
45
69
37
31
37
38
40
42
41
50
130
140
130
96
120
120
120
110
130
130
120
Breath, %RSD
Median (N)
36
46
41
42
28
18
22
16
30
12
23
(4)
(8)
(12)
(3)
(5)
(12)
(7)
(8)
(11)
(11)
(12)
75% Tile Max.
63
56
72
59
48
41
41
43
66
56
58
87
100
110
59
51
67
53
57
110
110
120
Fixed Site Air, %RSD
Median 75% Tile Max.
24
23
47
15
25
20
18
22
27
21
24
(4)
(7)
(6)
(8)
(6)
(6)
(8)
(4)
(6)
(6)
(9)
70
67
67
32
37
31
37
27
35
43
48
98
110
110
50
54
78
63
32
120
93
85
-------
TABLE 84. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 1 - DUPLICATE SAMPLES (AV, BR, XV) PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD
DEVIATION (%RSD) FOR F/Q RESULTS
N3
t—1
O
Personal Air, %RSD
Target Compound
Chloroform
1,1, l-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
g-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
g-Xylene
Median (N)
34 (27)
34 (51)
39 (59)
34 (16)
26 (37)
31 (60)
30 (51)
27 (56)
24 (60)
- (0)
34 (66)
75% Tile
45
56
66
76
40
44
54
49
40
-
55
Max.
130
99
138
140
64
100
120
84
120
-
130
(n)
(24)
(60)
(90)
(16)
(34)
(86)
(78)
(72)
(82)
(77)
(97)
Breath, %RSD
Median (N)
40 (20)
53 (36)
33 (39)
13 (3)
33 (13)
28 (43)
34 (19)
27 (23)
28 (42)
- (0)
55 (44)
75% Tile
95
76
75
18
53
51
67
53
58
-
88
Max.
130
120
130
18
76
100
120
100
130
-
130
(N)
(4)
(8)
(12)
(3)
(0)
(2)
(7)
(8)
(11)
(11)
(12)
Fixed S i te Air,
Median (N)
81 (6)
55 (16)
36 (14)
48 (5)
20 (10)
25 (15)
30 (10)
9 (5)
18 (16)
- (0)
42 (16)
75% Tile
103
81
62
69
28
36
63
21
24
-
58
%KSD
Max.
103
110
110
84
56
84
72
33
96
-
90
(N)
(4)
(7)
(6)
(8)
(6)
(6)
(2)
(4)
(6)
(6)
(9)
-------
TABLE 85. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 1 - DUPLICATE WV SAMPLES
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD)
F/D Results
Target Compound
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlororae thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Median (N)
8 (16)
4 (66)
8 (25)
5 (56)
5 (26)
4 (60)
4 (66)
6 (26)
75% Tile
23
6
35
18
18
6
9
24
Max.
57
76
66
63
63
52
101
53
F/Q Results
Median (N) 75% Tile Max.
- (0)
11 (115) 16 85
- (0)
18 (9) 53 78
18 (9) 53 78
8 (115) 11 56
15 (111) 23 74
2 (1)
-------
introduced into the sample chain. The number of audit samples analyzed in
this fashion amounted to approximately 3% of the total field and duplicate
cartridges. The results were reported to EPA without any correction for
background and are summarized in Table 86.
Seven of the nine compounds were found below the amount spiked to the
cartridges. The resulting negative bias was particularly striking for bromoform
and 1,3-dichlorobenzene; the bias for the other targets was less than -30%.
The low level benzene and tetrachloroethylene cartridges were the only ones
analyzed with an apparent positive bias. This finding might have been due to
a variable cartridge background (particularly tetrachloroethylene). In general,
overall precision ranged between 20 and 40%.
The independent laboratory also analyzed performance evaluation cartridges.
The reported results are shown in Table 87.
Water Samples—Quality control water samples from EPA/Cincinnati, OH were
analyzed during the field sample measurement period. The results are tabulated
in Table 88 and show that most of the target compounds had recoveries in the
60 to 80% range. Bromoform and low level tetrachloroethylene recoveries fell
below 60%.
Summary
Field Operations—
In general, the overall performance during the data and sample collection
at the study site was satisfactory. However, some problems did arise relating
to air pump failure, variability of individual air and breath collection
volumes, and the packaging of sample materials for shipment to and from the
study site. These situations developed mainly because of inexperience;
corrective measures were taken during subsequent sampling trips.
Completeness--
The overall completeness for the different sample matrices is defined as
the percent of the samples scheduled for collection and analysis actually
collected and analyzed (see Table 77).
Field sample completeness was 93%, 93%, 98%, and 99% for the personal
air, fixed air, breath, and water collections, respectively. Quality control
sample completeness fell below 90% for D-duplicate personal air (84%) and
fixed air (80%) and Q-duplicate breath (89%).
212
-------
TABLE 86. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 1 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE
RESULTS, VOLATILE ORGANICS ON TENAX, RTI
Target Compound
Benzene
Bromoform
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 3-Dichlorobenzene
ft
Spike Level
L
M
H
M
H
L
M
H
L
M
H
L
M
H
L
M
H
L
M
H
L
M
H
L
M
H
N
14
14
11
27
12
15
12
12
11
15
12
12
12
15
12
15
13
16
13
10
12
16
12
12
14
14
% Rel. Std. Dev.
34.8
33.2
25.9
32.8
35.0
26.0
39.8
64.3
39.5
27.3
30.5
80.8
28.3
20.7
140.
40.9
16.6
25.9
19.0
26.7
22.7
24.7
22.7
48.6
37.0
21.4
%Bias
25.4
2.6
-27.0
-61.4
-55.2
-27.2
-21.0
-10.5
-21.0
-15.6
-12.7
-8.5
-31.0
-27.7
59.1
2.8
-7.4
-0.3
-32.3
-13.3
-12.6
-19.3
-9.0
-40.2
-37.7
-60.4
aL = 100-250 ng, M = 300-450 ng, H = 600-800 ng.
213
-------
TABLE 87. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 1 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE RESULTS,
VOLATILE ORGANICS ON TENAX, INDEPENDENT LAB3
NS
t—•
Target Compound EPA No.
Benzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
1 ,2-Dichloroethane - added, ng
- found , ng
- ^recovery
Trichloroethylene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Chlorobenzene - added, ng
- found, ng
- %recovery
Tetrachloroethylene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Ethylbenzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- ^recovery
o-Xylene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Bromoform - added, ng
- found, ng
- ^recovery
m-Dichlorobenzene - added, ng
- found, ng
- %recovery
FC-BS-50
168
149
89
118
58
49
421
306
73
106
51
48
777
545
70
332
180
54
674
390
58
211
87
31
740
196
26
FC-BS-51
674
466
140
355
96
27
140
309
220
636
57
9
155
595
380
332
259
78
169
660
390
554
98
18
370
249
67
FC-BS-52
336
345
100
710
567
80
140
121
86
106
79
74
466
332
71
332
233
70
169
226
130
277
114
41
740
259
35
FC-BS-53
168
236
150
118
58
49
140
116
83
106
77
73
466
349
75
332
230
69
674
499
74
277
113
41
370
162
44
(continued)
-------
TABLE 87 (cont'd.)
Ln
Target Compound EPA No.
Benzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- ^recovery
1 , 2-Dichloroethane - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Trichloroethylene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Chlorobenzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Tetrachloroethylene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Ethylbenzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
o-Xylene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Bromoform - added, ng
- found, ng
- ^recovery
m-Dichlorobenzene - added, ng
- found, ng
- ^recovery
FC-BS-54
336
504
150
355
257
72
421
265
63
318
64
20
777
474
61
664
120
18
338
485
140
554
207
37
123
169
120
FC-BS-55
674
304
45
355
200
56
421-
289
69
106
206
190
777
499
64
166
392
240
674
396
59
554
210
38
740
26
4
FC-BS-56
336
265
79
355
195
55
140
91
65
318
143
45
155
94
61
664
325
49
674
280
42
830
235
28
370
75
20
FC-BS-57
168
138
82
710
478
67
701
430
61
636
387
61
466
309
66
166
112
68
338
181
54
830
464
56
123
69
56
-------
TABLE 87 (cont'd.)
Target Compound EPA No.
Benzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
1,2-Dichloroethane - added, ng
- found, ng
- %recovery
Trichloroethylene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Chlorobenzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Tetrachloroethylene - added, ng
- found, ng
- %recovery
Ethylbenzene - added, ng
- found, ng
- %recovery
o-Xylene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Bromoform - added, ng
- found, ng
- %recovery
m-Dichlorobenzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
FC-BS-58
336
244
73
710
502
71
701
433
62
636
204
32
777
359
46
664
226
34
169
35
21
277
41
15
370
24
6
FC-BS-59
674
433
64
118
85
72
421
261
62
318
160
50
155
93
60
664
237
36
169
77
46
830
275
33
123
24
20
FC-BS-60
674
580
86
710
482
68
701
501
72
636
222
35
155
77
50
166
84
51
338
176
52
211
58
21
740
37
5
FC-BS-61
168
225
130
118
97
82
701
481
69
318
165
52
466
259
56
166
111
67
338
198
59
830
300
36
123
28
23
Not corrected for background.
-------
TABLE 68. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 1 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE RESULTS -
WATER ANALYSIS, RTI
Sample QC-1 (N=5)
Sample QC-2- (N=4)
Target Compound
Mean Mean
Cone., Mg/L %Recovery Cone., Mg/L %Recovery
Chloroform 8.7
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.67
Trichloroethylene 1.7
Bromodichloromethane 1.2
Dibromochloromethane 1.5
Tetrachloroethylene 0.60
Bromoform 1.3
80
60
65
71
62
55
45
37
8.8
9.2
6.9
9.2
3.4
6.1
81
63
71
80
76
60
59
217
-------
Precision—
The %RSD was calculated for duplicate samples collected on Tenax. The
median %RSD values for most targets in personal and fixed air duplicates were
less than 25%. Only one target in each matrix type had a median %RSD above
30%. In general, breath duplicates showed poorer agreement; only 5 targets
had a median %RSD less than 25% and 4 had median values in excess of 30%.
The target compounds that exhibited the best agreement between duplicates
were o-xylene, £-dichlorobenzene, and styrene. The compounds that showed the
poorest precision were 1,1,1-trichloroethane and benzene, due possibly to the
high and variable background of these targets.
Accuracy--
In general, the recovery of target compounds from Tenax field control
samples was acceptable. Except for carbon tetrachloride (80%), all targets
exhibited blank corrected recoveries of 85-100%. However, four compounds had
high and variable field blank values (compound, ng found on blank cartridge,
%RSD): chloroform, 22,91; 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 33,64; benzene, 97,66; £-
xylene, 22,96. The reported concentrations of these analytes should be viewed
3
as approximate if below 5-10 pg/m .
In general, the performance audit samples on Tenax cartridges indicated
an analytical bias of less than 30%. The exception to this rule was bromoform
and m-dichlorobenzene (both targets exhibited a large negative bias).
Recovery of target compounds from water field controls were low. Except
for benzene (80%) and dibromochloropropane (27%), all blank-corrected recoveries
fell in the range 46 to 73%. Only trace levels of certain targets were seen
on the field blank cartridges.
Second Season
The second collection of TEAM samples in the northern New Jersey area was
performed at Elizabeth and Bayonne between July 8 and August 5, 1982. A
subgroup of the study population utilized during the first season was sampled.
Supplies and equipment were transported to the site by van and stored in a
workroom at the Sheraton Hotel located adjacent to the Newark Airport on Route
9. A system audit was performed at the sampling site by the RTI QA officer on
July 13 and 15, 1982. The description of the field activities presented below
218
-------
is based on the results of this audit and personal interviews with members of
the sampling teams.
Sample collection was accomplished by three two^person teams, two assigned
to Elizabeth and one to Bayonne. Teams were at the site for one week and were
all relieved at the same time by three replacement units. New sampling person-
nel arrived every Saturday morning, and the departing groups left late afternoon
of the same day. An experienced individual was paired with a novice sampler,
and a Site Administrator was designated weekly to oversee the day-to-day
sampling efforts and to monitor compliance to study protocols. The experience
and sampling assignment of each team is shown in Table 89.
The participant identification numbers reserved for the second northern
New Jersey study were 21001 to 21090 and 21401 to 21467 for Elizabeth and
Bayonne, respectively. Each five digit code number was followed by a computer
generated check digit. The first two numbers indicated that the sampling was
the first carried out during the second year of the study. The third digit
numbers were drawn from the same ones used to distinguish Elizabeth (0 to 3)
and Bayonne (4 to 6) during the first season. The last three digits were the
participant code.
A sample collection schedule (Table 90) was prepared by the RTI QA Officer
and given to members of the sampling groups at the start of the study. The
schedule identified the participants from whom D-type and Q-type duplicates
were to be collected. It also indicated the time to expose the matrix field
controls and blanks (QC sets). The frequency of duplicate collections and QC
set exposure were based on guidelines issued by the Project Director and
incorporated into the schedule such that the additional burden on the partici-
pant and sample collector was minimal.
The participants for this study had been recently enlisted by an intervie-
wer retained by RTI Survey Operations. An appointment schedule was drawn up
for the sample and data collection. Activities performed by the sampling team
during each of the three visits to the participant's residence is discussed in
Section 6.
A total of 157 participants (90 from Elizabeth; 67 from Bayonne) were
monitored for exposure to the target compounds. This amounted to 98% of the
219
-------
TABLE 89. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - SAMPLING TEAM ASSIGNMENTS
AND EXPERIENCE
Dates Scheduled
for Sampling
7/8 - 7/17/82
7/17 - 7/24/82
7/17 - 7/31/82
7/31 - 8/7/82
Team
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
Member
SAa
Inexp .
Exp.
Inexp .
Exp.
Inexp .
Exp.
Inexp .
SA
Inexp .
Exp.
Inexp .
SA
Inexp .
Exp.
Inexp.
Exp.
Inexp .
SA
Inexp .
Exp.
Inexp .
Exp.
Inexp .
Sampling
Location
Bayonne
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Sampling Experience
in NJ
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SA - Site Administrator.
220
-------
TABLE 90. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - SAMPLE COLLECTION SCHEDULE,
ELIZABETH PARTIAL LISTING
Participant
No.
21001
21002
21003
21004
21005
21006
21007
21008
21009
21010
21011
21012
21013
21014
21015
21016
21017
21018
21019
21020
21021
21022
21023
21024
21025
Total for 25
Total for 90
Total for 92
Personal Air
F D Q QC
2 1
2 2
2
2 21
2
2
2 2
2
2 1
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 1
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
50 10 6 4
180 36 18 12
184 38 18 12
Breath
F D Q QC
1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
11 1
1
1
25 332
90 9 13 6
92 10 13 7
(continued)
F
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
50
180
184
Water
D Q QC
1
2
2 1
1
2
2
2
1
2
664
18 22 15
18 22 15
221
-------
TABLE 90 (cont'd.)
Participant
No.
21401
21402
21403
21404
21405
21406
21407
21408
21409
21410
21411
21412
21413
21414
21415
21416
21417
21418
21419
21420
21421
21422
21423
21424
21425
Total for 25
Total for 67
Total for 68
Personal Air
F D Q QC
2 1
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2 1
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 1
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
50 10 63
134 26 14 9
136 26 14 9
Breath
F D Q QC
1
1 1
1
1 1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
25 3 3 3
67 7 9 5
68 7 9 5
F
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
50
134
136
Water
D Q QC
1
2
2 1
1
2
2
1
2 1
2
665
14 9 11
14 9 11
222
-------
projected 160 subjects originally projected for sampling. The completion
figures for sample collection and analysis are shown in Table 91.
The methodology employed during the field operations was described in a
series of protocols. It was ascertained from the on-site audit and staff
interviews that the approved protocols were properly implemented during the
sampling phase at the collection site.
A potential source of contamination was noted at the hotel. Carpetting
was being laid in the general area of the workroom. Contamination will be
addressed in more detail later in this report.
Sample Analysis—
Tenax Cartridges—The air and breath samples collected in Northern New
Jersey, second season, were analyzed by capillary column gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry/computer (GC/MS/COMP) employing procedures described in the study
protocols. The personal air (AV) collections were analyzed on the Finnigan
3300 quadrupole system between August 24 and November 24, 1982. The fixed air
(XV) and breath (BR) collections were analyzed on the 1KB 2091 magnetic sector
system between August 9, 1982 and November 15, 1982.
During each analysis day, the instrument tune was checked by measuring
the intensity of perfluorotoluene (PFT) fragment ions relative to the base
peak. The performance of the gas chromatographic column was monitored for
peak resolution and symmetry. To monitor performance over time, the relative
molar response (RMR) for five selected target compounds was calculated each
day and compared to the RMR mean for the previous four analytical runs. The
targets selected for this purpose were vinylide.ne chloride, j>-dichlorobenzene,
p_-xylene, styrene, and dibromochloropropane.
The RMR data generated over the three month analysis period were treated
in the same way as the first season. Time intervals over which the RMRs were
relatively constant were defined and mean values calculated for use during the
quantitation of target compounds (Table 92). The LKB 2091 had six such time
periods, and the Finnigan 3300 exhibited 4 periods. The calculation of target
RMRs for each time period was carried out a.fter deleting a small number of
outliers which would have unrealistically perturbed the data base. The day-
to-day RMR variability and the number of deleted outliers on each analytical
system is shown in Tables 93 and 94.
223
-------
TABLE 91. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - COMPLETENESS OF SAMPLE
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Samples Scheduleda/Collected (%)
Sample Type Personal Air Fixed Air Breath Water
Field 320/313 (98) 142/141 (99) 160/152 (95) 320/314 (98)
D-Duplicate 64/60 (94) 30/29 (97) 17/14 (82) 32/30 (94)
Q-Duplicate 32/34 (100) 12/12 (100) 22/18 (82) 21/40 (100)
Samples Scheduleda/Analyzed (%)
Sample Type Personal Air Fixed Air Breath Water
Field 320/301 (94) 142/139 (98) 160/146 (91) 320/306 (96)
D-Duplicate 64/60 (94) 30/29 (97) 17/14 (82) 32/30 (94)
Q-Duplicate 33/33 (100) 12/11 (92) 22/18 (82) 21/40 (100)
Based on 160 respondents.
224
-------
TABLE 92. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - RELATIVE MOLAR RESPONSE (RMR) VALUES USED TO
CALCULATE VOLATILE ORGANIC CONTENT ON TENAX CARTRIDGE
Samples Analyzed on LKB,
Time Period
Target Compound
Chloroform
Vinylidene chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
m/z
83
85
61
96
98
62
64
97
99
78
95
130
132
83
129
127
129
164
166
1
1.01
.62
.57
.28
.18
.62
.20
.80
.51
1.15
.55
.53
.52
.84
.09
.38
.50
.68
.85
2
.73
.16
.51
.26
.17
.24
.08
.56
.36
.78
.34
.35
.34
.35
.07
.35
.45
.51
.65
3
.66
.43
.51
.25
.16
.44
.14
.56
.35
.95
.54
.53
.50
.71
.08
.43
.55
.58
.76
4
.08
.45
.51
.25
.16
.48
.16
.65
.42
1.03
.51
.49
.48
.74
.08
.49
.63
.57
.73
5
.62
.41
.58
.32
.20
.40
.14
.53
.34
1.20
.49
.50
.49
.66
.07
.74
.96
.70
.89
6
.09
.63
.68
.33
.21
.71
.24
1.01
.06
1.82
.72
.72
.69
.94
.12
.83
1.08
1.03
1.31
Samples Analyzed on ,
Finnigan, Time Period
1
.77
.44
.30
.13
.08
.50
.17
.60
.34
.81
.34
.31
.30
.51
.04
.42
.53
.36
.46
2
.59
.34
.33
.15
.09
.47
.16
.52
.29
.69
.30
.26
.24
.46
.03
.54
.68
.41
.52
3
.53
.30
.26
.12
.08
.38
.14
.45
.26
.48
.21
.18
.17
.37
.03
.49
.62
.43
.55
4
.57
.37
.21
.16
.10
.31
.10
.48
.28
.97
.43
.42
.42
.49
.04
.35
.47
.35
.46
(continued)
-------
TABLE 92 (cont'd.)
ON
Samples Analyzed on 1KB,
Time Period3
Target Compound
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
p_,m-Di Chlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
g-Xylene
Carbon tetrachloride
m/z
112
114
173
155
157
104
146
148
146
148
91
106
91
106
117
119
1
1.00
.33
.53
.28
.41
1.32
1.36
.86
1.22
.78
2.24
.71
1.22
.78
.72
.68
2
.66
.21
.43
.24
.30
1.22
1.12
.72
1.00
.64
2.07
.72
1.00
.65
.51
.51
3
1.04
.34
.39
.16
.20
.86
.82
.53
.73
.47
1.29
.41
.73
.47
.59
.57
4
.21 1
.08
.55
.30
.37
1.08 1
1.11 1
.70
1.01 1
.64
1.62 2
.53
1.01 1
.64 1
.70
.68
5
.17
.39
.76
.38
.52
.85
.26
.81
.11
.74
.18
.71
.93
.08
.57
.55
3LKB Time Periods: 1-8/9 to 8/17/82; 2-8/27-9/2/82; 3-9/28 to
11/22 to 12/10/82; 6-12/2 to 12/16/82.
Finnigan Time Periods: 1-8/24 to 9/17/82; 2-9/20 to 10/5/82;
6
1.59
.63
.86
.40
.51
2.10
1.80
1.18
1.56
1.04
3.13
1.02
2.51
1.47
.99
.95
10/25/82;
3-10/5 to
Samples Analyzed on ,
Finnigan, Time Period
1 2
.76
.24
.60
.29
.39
.76
.99 1.
.58
.82 1.
.49
1.26 1.
.36
1.18 1.
.45
.49
.44
4-10/26
10/11/82
81
26
74
28
38
98
26
75
11
65
62
47
44
57
45
40
3
.84
.26
.68
.28
.38
.86
1.16
.68
1.04
.60
1.39
.41
1.23
.49
.43
.39
to 11/15/82;
; 4-10/12 to
4
.61
.19
.54
.29
.35
.77
1.04
.66
.89
.56
1.25
.40
1.22
.55
.44
.40
5-
H/24/
82.
-------
TABLE 93. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - PRECISION OF RELATIVE MOLAR
RESPONSE (RMR) VALUES ON THE FINNIGAN 3300
% RSD (N Before Outlier Deletion)/
Outliers Deleted During Time Period
Target Compound
Chloroform
Vinylidene chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
£,m-Dichlorobenzene
m/z
83
85
61
96
98
62
64
97
99
78
95
130
132
83
129
127
129
164
166
112
114
173
155
157
104
146
148
1
8(10)/1
8(10)/1
7(n)/o
10(11)/0
11(11)/0
6(11)70
6(11)70
4(10)/1
4(10)/1
8(10)/1
7(10)/1
6(10)/1
7(10)/1
8(11)70
15(9)72
14(11)70
14(11)/0
8(11)70
8(11)70
17(9)/2
18(9)/2
14(10)/1
15(10)/1
17(11)70
12(11)70
13(11)70
14(11)/0
2
17(13)75
18(13)75
ll(26)/6
13(30)/2
13(30)72
14(30)72
14(30)72
17(22)76
16(21)77
15(30)/2
16(29)73
17(28)/4
17(28)/4
14(28)74
16(24)78
12(30)/2
12(30)/2
10(31)71
10(31)71
10(31)71
11(31)71
13(29)72
18(23)79
17(23)79
12(30)/2
12(30)/2
13(29)73
3
12(19)70
13(19)70
18(19)70
16(19)/0
18(19)/0
14(19)70
14(18)71
10(19)/0
12(19)/0
15(17)72
16(18)/1
14(15)74
16(16)73
12(18)/1
20(16)73
11(17)72
11(17)72
2(19)/0
7(19)/0
5(19)70
6(19)/0
i4(-)7-
22(12)/7
22(12)/7
12(19)70
12(19)70
12(7)/0
4
3(3)/0
4(3)/0
12(-)/0
15(-)/0
18(-)70
10(3)/0
10(3)/0
5(3)/0
8(3)/0
13(3)/0
5(3)/0
3(3)/0
7(3)/0
3(3)/0
13(3)/0
6(5)/0
6(5)70
5(3)/0
5(3)/0
7(3)/0
7(3)/0
5(5)/0
25(5)70
26(5)70
8(5)/0
7(5)/0
8(5)/0
(continued)
227
-------
TABLE 93 (cont'd.)
Target Compound
% RSD (N Before Outlier Deletion)/
Outliers Deleted During Time Period'
m/z
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
Carbon tetrachloride
146
148
91 12(11)/0
106 12(11)70
91 11(11)/0
106 12(11)70
117 8(11)/0
119 9(11)/0
12(19)/0 6(5)/0
14(29)73 12(19)/0 6(5)/0
12(31)71 11(19)70 10(5)/0
13(31)71 11(19)70 9(5)/0
12(31)71 11(19)70 8(5)/0
12(30)/2 11(19)/0 10(5)/0
14(32)70 14(18)/1 5(3)/0
14(32)70 13(18)/1 5(3)70
Finnigan Time Periods: 1-8/24 to 9/17/82; 2-9/20 to 10/5/82;
3-10/5 to 10/11/82; 4-10/12 to 11/24/82.
228
-------
TABLE 94. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - PRECISION OF RELATIVE MOLAR RESPONSE (RMR) VALUES
ON THE LKB 2091
S3
% RSD (N Before Outlier Deletion)/0utliers Deleted During
Time Period3
Target Compound
Chloroform
Vinylidene chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
m/z
83
85
61
96
98
62
64
97
99
78
95
130
132
83
129
127
129
164
166
112
114
173
1
13(7)/1
17(8)/0
-/-
!4(6)/4
15(6)/4
18(8)/0
19(8)/0
12(8)/0
19(8)/0
14(7)/1
6(7)/l
4(7)/l
5(7)/l
22(7)/l
23(7)/l
15(7)/3
15(7)/3
18(7)/0
18(7)/1
!4(6)/2
13(6)/2
33(5)/5
2
35(4)/l
34(4)/l
16(6)/0
15(6)/0
13(6)7-
13(5)/0
11(5)/0
20(5)/0
17(5)/0
16(5)/0
9(5)/0
11(5)/0
11(5)/0
1K5)/0
72(5)/0
25(6)/0
27(6)/0
18(5)/0
17(5)/0
10(5)/0
8(5)/0
24(6)/0
3
20(25)/0
21(25)/0
12(25)/1
13(25)/1
14(25)/1
22(25)/0
22(25)/0
21(24)/2
12(21)/2
13(25)71
19(25)/0
20(25)/0
20(25)/0
18(20)73
20(21)/2
26(23)71
26(23)73
25(23)71
23(25)71
35(25)/0
36(25)70
22(-)/0
4
12(24)/3
12(24)73
18(19)75
17(21)73
18(21)73
12(24)/1
12(24)70
15(24)/2
16(24)72
15(24)72
14(24)72
14(24)72
14(24)72
16(21)73
18(22)72
16(23)/11
16(23)/11
20(24)/7
20(24)77
22(24)/ll
24(24)710
56(23)70
5
15(21)74
19(21)/4
31(21)7?
32(21)7?
30(21)7?
13(2l)/4
24(2l)/3
19(21)/4
18(21)/5
19(21)/9
21(21)/4
22(21)74
22(21)/4
18(21)76
20(21)75
39(20)7?
38(20)7?
21(21)79
22(21)79
22(21)/9
21(21)710
39(20)/0
6
34(6)/0
33(6)/0
24(7)70
22(7)/0
20(7)/0
42(5)7?
40(6)/0
36(6)/0
36(6)/0
34(5)/0
42(5)/0
36(5)/0
39(5)/0
52(5)70
36(5)/0
30(7)/0
31(7)/0
38(5)/0
38(5)/0
42(5)/0
50(5)/0
39(7)/0
(continued)
-------
TABLE 94 (cont'd.)
% RSD (N Before Outlier Deletion)/0utliers Deleted During
Time Period
Target Compound
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
j> (m-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
Carbon tetrachloride
m/z
155
157
104
146
148
146
148
91
106
91
106
117
119
1
ll(7)/3
18(7)/3
!4(8)/2
19(8)/2
!8(8)/2
!6(7)/3
15(7)/3
15(7)/3
!6(7)/3
!4(7)/3
U(7)/3
11(7)/1
11(7)/1
2
37(6)/0
38(6)/0
26(6)/0
27(6)/0
28(6)/0
27(6)/0
27(6)/0
22(6)/0
27(6)/0
25(6)/0
25(6)/0
14(5)/0
14(5)/0
3
44(25)/?
43(25)/?
9(25)/5
18(25)/11
10(25)/10
20(25)/11
21(25)/11
8(26)/4
ll(25)/5
ll(25)/3
10(23)/4
18(24)/0
18(24)/0
4
13(23)/17
13(23)/16
15(23)/13
20(23)/15
18(23)/15
23(23)716
24(23)/17
12(23)/11
10(23)713
16(22)711
22(22)/4
18(24)72
17(24)74
5
54(19)70
50(19)70
48(20)/0
31(20)7?
30(20)/?
37(20)7?
33(15)7?
35(20)/?
34(20)7?
42(20)/0
39(20)/0
18(21)75
18(21)75
6
46(7)/0
44(7)/0
38(7)/0
40(7)/0
35(7)/0
40(7)70
36(7)/0
37(7)/0
36(7)70
38(7)7?
39(7)/0
37(6)/0
35(6)/0
LKB Time Periods: 1-8/9 to 8/17/82; 2-
5-11/22 to 12/10/82;
8/27 to 9/2/82* 3-9/28
6-12/2 to 12/10/82.
to 10/25/82; 4-10/26 to 11/15/82;
-------
Water Samples—Water samples collected in Northern New Jersey second
season were analyzed by purge and trap gas chromatography between August 23
and November 22 during 41 analysis days. Samples were stored six weeks to
three and one-half months between collection and analysis.
After one week of sample analysis, a significant loss in sensitivity was
noted. Sample analysis was suspended until this response problem was resolved.
It was determined that the solvent flow through the HECD had increased from
0.40 to 0.76 mL/minute. Adjustment of the flow restored instrument sensitivity
and the sample analysis was resumed after generating a new calibration curve.
A significant loss in resolution and decreased sensitivity occurred
approximately four weeks into the study. It was determined that the column
was at fault. Installation of a new 1% SP-1000 on Chromapak B with a 4 cm
pre-column of 5% FFAP on Chromosorb W solved the problem and sample analysis
was continued. A new oxy-trap was also placed in line with the nitrogen
carrier gas at this time.
During the last month of analysis, the baseline became noisy that sample
analysis had to be discontinued. Maintenance included replacing the HECD
quartz pyrolysis tube and the teflon tubing from the pyrolysis tube to the
cell. The HECD cooling fan was lubricated, and the metering valve (and filter)
was cleaned. Normal performance was achieved and analysis resumed.
However, it should be pointed out that, in spite of the numerous instrumen-
tal difficulties encountered during this work, samples were not analyzed under
these conditions and, consequently, data quality was not compromised.
Field Control and Blank QC Samples--
Tenax Cartridges—In general, the personal air field control samples gave
blank-corrected recoveries of 110 to 135%; only three analytes had recoveries
between 90 and 108% (Table 95). The recovery for trichloroethylene and bromo-
dichloromethane was in excess of 150%. In contrast, the recovery from the
breath field controls were on the low side ranging between 47% to 115% (Table
96). Overall, the Tenax recovery data was scattered between 50% and 150% as a
result of high and variable blank levels.
Tenax contamination was clearly evident from the results of field blank
analyses. Excessive mean levels of benzene (349 ng), chloroform (110 ng),
trichloroethylene (134 ng) , 1,1,1-trichloroethane (125 ng) , and
231
-------
TABLE *5. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - PERSONAL AIR FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
Field Blanks
•a
%Recovery
Target Compound
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
£-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
N
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
21
20
23
22
23
23
23
23
23
22
Mean
90
129
120
117
130
102
157
152
127
135
135
120
131
119
108
110
120
118
119
%RSD
51
48
23
32
31
22
33
27
22
31
46
20
28
20
19
21
24
23
26
N
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
Background,
ng
Mean
9
110
NDb
125
349
ND
134
ND
ND
63
10
ND
ND
9
ND
ND
37
28
78
%RSD
155
80
-
105
74
-
100
-
-
118
112
-
-
99
-
-
87
80
96
Corrected for background.
bND = not detected.
232
-------
TABLE 96. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - BREATH FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
Field Blanks
%Recovery
Target Compound
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
£-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
N
9
4
7
8
3
8
8
7
9
8
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Mean
59
115
78
93
108
73
47
70
77
82
53
86
107
87
78
78
86
83
83
%RSD
58
79
22
35
25
20
40
14
54
30
44
49
63
62
48
53
51
49
49
N
11
6
11
11
6
11
11
11
11
11
10
11
11
11
11
10
11
11
11
Background,
ng
Mean
7.9
54
NDb
77
199
7
103
ND
ND
38
5.9
ND
ND
7.6
1.6
1.6
12
14
29
%RSD
68
76
-
75
77
169
86
-
-
125
64
-
-
94
51
53
96
75
77
Corrected for background.
DND = not detected.
233
-------
tetrachloroethylene (63 ng) were on the blank cartridges. In addition, high
background levels were also observed for the following aromatics: £-xylene
(78 ng), ethylbenzene (37 ng), and o-xylene (28 ng). These background results
were comparable to spirometer blanks (Table 97) and breath blank data (Table
95).
Water Samples—Water QC data showed that blank-corrected recoveries were
48 to 69% for different analytes (Table 98). Benzene (85%) exhibited the
highest recovery.
Duplicate Sample Analysis—
Tenax Cartridges—The agreement between of duplicate samples is summarized
in Tables 99 and 100). Particular attention was given to the eleven target
compounds found occasionally or frequently in measurable amounts (above the
minimum quantifiable limit) in both the field (F) and corresponding duplicate
(D and/or Q) sample. The percent relative standard deviation for those sample
pairs were calculated, and the median, 75 percentile, and the maximum value
reported. The observed precision appeared to depend more on the matrix type
rather than analyte. Agreement between personal air duplicates was between
than between breath duplicates which exhibited less variability than fixed
site air duplicates.
The target compounds which showed the highest precision were carbon
tetrachloride, styrene, and £-dichlorobenzene. The compounds which showed the
highest precision were carbon tetrachloride, styrene, and £-dichlorobenzene.
The compounds which exhibited the poorest precision were benzene and trichloro-
ethylene.
Water—Analysis of D and Q water duplicates was performed, the results
are reported in Table 101. Chloroform, dibromochloromethane, and bromodichloro-
methane were present in measurable amounts in practically every sample.
Performance Audit Sample Analysis—
Tenax Cartridges—Performance audit samples were prepared by fortifying
Tenax cartridges with selected aromatic and aliphatic compounds, including
halogenated structures; all were target compounds. Tenax for all audit samples
was supplied by RTI and fortified by EMSL/EPA at RTF.
The analysis of the audit cartridges were carried out blind; each cartridge
was given a legitimate study number and chain-of-custody form before being
234
-------
TABLE 97. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - SPIROMETER BLANKS
Target Compound
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dib r omo chl o rome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Br omo form
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
£-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
j>-Xylene
N
10
5
10
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Background,
Mean
8.1
81
NDb
110
315
13
148
ND
ND
75
10
ND
ND
15
14
2.4
38
38
73
a
ng
%RSD
45
48
-
56
68
115
65
-
-
96
73
-
-
88
133
68
97
95
101
Corrected for background.
3ND = Not detected.
235
-------
TABLE 98. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - WATER FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
Field Blanks
o
^Recovery
Target Compound
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Xylene
N
20
20
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Mean
54
67
50
59
85
54
60
57
56
55
60
48
NAC
56
62
69
65
%RSD
78
48
57
67
70
80
64
45
44
67
49
50
-
35
42
43
44
N
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Background,
ng
Mean
NDb
.15
ND
ND
.91
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NA
ND
ND
ND
ND
%RSD
-
65
-
-
191
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Corrected for background.
3ND = not detected.
"NA = not analyzed.
236
-------
TABLE 99. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - DUPLICATE SAMPLES (AV, BR, XV) PERCENT RELATIVE
STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD) FOR F/D RESULTS
Personal
Target Compounds Median (N)
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
34
30
47
21
50
29
17
19
26
26
24
(25)
(36)
(34)
(4)
(32)
(39)
(39)
(44)
(52)
(52)
(53)
Air %RSD
75% tile Max.
62
58
80
38
75
48
37
41
51
57
49
130
120
130
44
110
110
97
130
130
120
100
Breath, %RSD
Median (N)
39
54
51
-
40
43
24
30
32
36
61
(4)
(7)
(4)
(0)
(3)
(8)
(5)
(8)
(7)
(7)
(6)
75% tile Max.
54
95
96
-
49
86
76
49
82
110
100
57
130
100
-
49
100
93
79
96
130
110
Fixed Site Air, %RSD
Median 75% tile Max.
72 (4)
33 (12)
35 (14)
32 (9)
74 (10)
40 (19)
24 (11)
41 (20)
59 (20)
65 (20)
51 (22)
110
80
90
66
97
62
56
57
85
92
86
110
130
120
82
120
100
92
86
120
120
120
-------
TABLE 100. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - DUPLICATE SAMPLES (AV, BR, XV) PERCENT RELATIVE
STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD) FOR F/Q RESULTS
to
UJ
CO
Personal
Target Compounds Median (N)
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
p_-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
p_-Xylene
-
-
10
-
36
30
40
36
33
34
(0)
(0)
(0)
(1)
(0)
(23)
(18)
(25)
(25)
(26)
(27)
Air %RSD
75% tile Max.
-
-
-
-
63
51
67
69
63
60
-
-
-
-
100
100
99
130
110
130
Breath, %RSD
Median (N)
-
-
-
-
23
50
36
47
22
31
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(11)
(8)
(5)
(7)
(7)
(9)
75% tile Max.
-
-
-
-
64
66
69
86
110
58
-
-
-
-
89
110
71
97
130
100
Fixed Site Air, %RSD
Median 75% tile Max.
-
-
33
-
45
72
61
61
52
56
(0)
(0)
(0)
(2)
(0)
(15)
(7)
(11)
(13)
(l'6)
(16)
-
-
-
-
89
84
86
99
96
72
-
-
45
-
130
110
120
130
120
120
-------
TABLE 101. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - DUPLICATE WV SAMPLES
U>
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD)
Target Compound
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Benzene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Bromoform
F/D
Median (N)
15
7
18
17
43
5
7
23
4
.2
.0
.9
.6
.4
.2
.0
.8
.2
(4)
(30)
(4)
(6)
(3)
(30)
(30)
(40)
(1)
Results
75%
37
44
77
70
82
28
21
36
Tile
.1
.1
.8
.2
.8
.1
.0
.2
-
Max.
104
121
127
106
82.8
113
83.4
119
-
F/Q Results
Median (N)
-
13
34
16
-
16
20
19
75
(0)
(39)
(1)
(4)
(0)
(39)
(39)
(2)
(1)
75% Tile Max.
-
36 122
-
61 74
-
24 113
34 114
35
-
-------
introduced into the sample chain. The number of audit samples analyzed in
this fashion amounted to approximately 3% of the total field and duplicate
cartridges. The results were reported to EPA without any correction for
background and are summarized in Table 102. The results reported by the indepen-
dent laboratory are shown in Table 103.
At the low spike level, only 1,3-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, and
bromoform demonstrated a negative bias. The remaining six targets showed a
pronounced positive bias (10 to 50%).
Water--Two audit samples of drinking water were submitted blind to the
analyst. The results of these measurements are shown in Table 104. Recoveries
of target compounds ranged between 47 and 77% except bromoform which exhibited
a low recovery (17,25%).
Summary
Field Operations—
In general, the overall performance during the data and sample collection
at the study site proceeded satisfactorily. However, it was noted that adminis-
tration of the 24 hour Exposure Screener Questionnaire did cause some confusion
and uncertainty concerning some areas of inquiry. Questions involving partici-
pant activities and potential exposure were particularly ambiguous.
In addition, it became apparent that workroom contamination was a serious
concern. Measures to minimize this problem were developed shortly after this
trip for use in subsquent sampling.
Water—Two audit samples of drinking water were submitted blind to the
analyst. The results of these measurements are shown in Table 102. Recoveries
of target compounds ranged between 47 and 77% except bromoform which exhibited
a low recovery (17,25%).
Completeness--
The overall completeness for the different sample matrices is defined as
the percent of the samples scheduled for collection and analysis which were
actually analyzed and measured for target compound content (see Table 103).
Field sample completeness was 94%, 98%, 91%, and 96% for the personal
air, fixed air, breath, and water collections, respectively. Only for the
breath QC samples did the completeness drop below 90% (both D- and Q-type
duplicate completeness was 82%).
240
-------
TABLE 102- NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE
RESULTS, VOLATILE ORGANICS ON TENAX
Target Compound
Benzene
Bromoform
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 , 3-Dichlorobenzene
-a
Spike Level
L
M
H
L
M
H
L
M
H
L
M
H
L
M
H
L
M
H
L
M
H
L
M
H
L
M
H
N
7
14
10
9
9
13
8
12
11
6
7
18
15
6
10
14
5
12
9
12
10
14
5
12
10
14
7
% Rel. -Std. Dev.
65.5
68.0
54.8
71.0
36.7
45.7
39.4
44.9
89.1
77.9
52.0
40.9
66.7
55.2
50.6
39.3
64.8
49.2
57.9
41.7
44.6
38.3
37.3
48.8
52.3
43.4
37.6
%Bias
54.2
21.2
-24.2
-13.9
-6.8
-27.0
14.7
32.9
8.4
-5.0
-31.9
-15.4
16.1
-25.3
-27.3
44.6
20.6
-24.0
36.7
11.6
7.3
8.1
23.4
15.4
-22.2
-27.9
-35.3
aL = 100-250 ng, M = 300-450 ng, H = 600-800 ng.
241
-------
TABLE 103. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE RESULTS,
VOLATILE ORGANICS ON TENAX, INDEPENDENT LAB3
ro
f^
N>
EPA No.
Target Compound Team No.
Benzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
1 , 2-Dichloroethane - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Trichloroethylene - added, ng
- found, ng
- %recovery
Chlorobenzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Tetrachloroethylene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Ethylbenzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
o-Xylene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Bromoform - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
FC-BS-56A
21007-0 AV-Q1
128
309
240
180
127
71
356
264
74
107
61
57
631
307
49
295
265
90
599
346
58
141
68
48
FC-BS-61A
21007-0 AV-Q2
598
486
81
360
274
76
143
118
82
646
375
58
158
98
62
295
207
70
128
45
35
281
105
37
FC-BS-62
21406-4 AV-Q1
598
594
99
360
273
76
143
130
91
646
384
59
158
118
75
295
378
130
128
95
94
281
108
38
FC-BS-63
21406-4 AV-Q2
598
529
88
360
271
75
143
115
80
646
395
61
158
99
63
295
250
85
128
62
48
281
119
42
(continued)
-------
N5
*-
U>
TABLE 103 (cont'd.)
Target Compound
m-Dichlorobenzene
EPA No.
Team No.
- added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
FC-BS-56A
21007-0 AV-Q1
627
271
43
FC-BS-61A
21007-0 AV-Q2
376
129
34
FC-BS-62
21406-4 AV-Q1
376
129
34
FC-BS-63
21406-4 AV-Q2
376
147
39
Not corrected for background.
-------
TABLE 104. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 2 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE RESULTS -
WATER ANALYSIS, RTI
Sample QC-1 (N=5)
Sample QC-2 (N=4)
Target Compound
Cone., |Jg/L %Recovery Cone.,
%Recovery
Chloroform 5.8
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.52
Trichloroethylene 1.6
Bromodichloromethane 1.2
Dibromochloromethane 1.3
Tetrachloroethylene 0.62
Bromoform 0.47
53
47
62
71
54
56
17
35
8.2
9.7
6.2
5.9
3.7
2.6
77
59
75
72
50
66
25
244
-------
Precision--
The observed precision appeared to depend more on the matrix type rather
than analyte. Agreement between personal air duplicates was better than
between breath duplicates which exhibited less variability than fixed site air
duplicates.
The target compounds which showed the highest precision were carbon
tetrachloride, styrene, and £-dichlorobenzene. The compounds which exhibited
the poorest precision were benzene and trichloroethylene.
The water duplicate results showed good agreement (less than 10% RSD) for
the three target compounds found most often: chloroform, dibromochloromethane,
and bromodichloromethane. Other target compounds found less often exhibited
poorer precision.
Accuracy--
In general, the recovery of target compounds from Tenax field control
samples was high (110 to 135%). The recovery for trichloroethylene and bromo-
dichloromethane was in excess of 150%. Targets from breath field controls
were characterized by low recoveries (47% to 115%). In general, recovery of
targets from water field controls were lost (50-70%).
Most of the nine targets in the performance audit analysis exhibited a
positive bias, particularly at low levels. 1,3-Trichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene,
and bromoform showed a positive bias.
Third Season
The third collection of TEAM samples in the northern New Jersey area was
performed at Elizabeth and Bayonne between January 25 and February 3, 1983. A
subgroup of the study population utilized during the first and second seasons
was sampled. Sampling supplies and equipment were transported to the site by
van and stored in a workroom at the Holiday Inn adjacent to the Newark Airport
on Route 9. A system audit was performed at the sampling site by the RTI QA
Officer on January 25-27, 1983. The description of the field activities
presented below is based on the results of this audit and personal interviews
with members of the sampling teams. A formal audit report appears in Appen-
dix N.
Sample collection was accomplished by two two-person teams, one assigned
to the Elizabeth area and the other to Bayonne. The two sampling teams remained
245
-------
at the site for the entire collection period; an experienced sampler was
paired with one less experienced. The two experienced individuals shared
responsibility for monitoring day-to-day sampling efforts and assuring compli-
ance with study protocols. The experience and sampling assignments of each
team is shown in Table 105.
The participant identification numbers reserved for the third northern
New Jersey study were 31001 to 31300 and 31401 to 31600 for Elizabeth and
Bayonne, respectively. Each five digit code number was followed by a computer-
generated check digit. The first two numbers indicated that the sampling was
the first carried out during the third year of the study. The third digit
numbers were the same ones used to distinguish Elizabeth (0 to 3) and Bayonne
(4 to 6) during the first season. The last three digits were the participant
code.
A sample collection schedule (Table 106) was prepared by the RTI QA Officer
and given to members of the sampling groups at the start of the study. The
schedule identified the participants from whom D-type and Q-type duplicates
were to be collected. It also indicated the time to expose the matrix field
controls and blanks (QC sets). The frequency of duplicate collections and QC
set exposure were based on guidelines issued by the Project Director and
incorporated into the schedule such that the additional burden on the partici-
pant and sample collector was minimal.
The participants for this study had been recently enlisted by an intervie-
wer retained by RTI Survey Operations. An appointment schedule was drawn up
for the sample and data collection. Activities performed by the sampling team
during each of the three visits to the participants' residence is discussed in
Section 6.
The total number of anticipated respondents was 60 (35 from Elizabeth, 25
from Bayonne). However, only 49 participants (27 from Elizabeth, 22 from
Bayonne) were enlisted and monitored for exposure to target compounds. This
corresponded to an enlistment completion of 82%. The completion figures for
sample collection and analysis are shown in Table 107.
The methodology employed during the field operations was described in a
series of protocols in TEAM Work Plan, Phase 2. It was ascertained from the
246
-------
TABLE 105. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 3 - SAMPLING TEAM ASSIGNMENTS
AND EXPERIENCE
Dates Scheduled - Previous Sampling
Team Member for Sampling Experience
1 Experienced 1/25 - 2/3/83 NJ-1,2; GB; ND
Inexperienced 1/25 - 2/3/83 NJ-1,2
2 Experienced 1/25 - 2/3/83 NJ-1,2; GB; ND
Inexperienced 1/25 - 2/3/83 NJ-1
NJ-1 New Jersey:September to November 1981
NJ-2 New Jersey: August 1982
GB - Greensboro, NC: May 1982
ND - Devils Lake, ND: October 1982
247
-------
TABLE 106. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 3 - SAMPLE COLLECTION SCHEDULE,
ELIZABETH
Participant
Sampling
Sequence
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Total
Total for 35
Personal Air
F D Q QC
2
2 2
2 1
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2 1
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 1
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 21
2
2 2
2
2
2
54 10 6 4
70 14 8 5
Breath
F D Q QC
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 11
1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1
27 3 3 4
35 4 4 5
F
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
54
70
Water
D Q QC
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
6 85
8 10 6
(continued)
248
-------
TABLE 106 (cont'd.) - BAYONNE
Participant
Sampling
Sequence
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Total
Total for 25
Personal Air
F D Q QC
2
2
2 2 1
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 1
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 1
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
44 8 6 3
50 8 6 4
Breath
F D Q
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
22 2 3
25 3 3
QC F
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 2
2
2 44
2 50
Water
D Q QC
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
465
665
249
-------
TABLE 107. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 3 - COMPLETENESS OF SAMPLE
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Samples Scheduleda/Collected (%)
Sample Type Personal Air Fixed Air
Breath
Water
Field 120/96 (80) 18/17 (94)
D-Duplicate 22/18 (82) 2/2 (100)
Q-Duplicate 14/8 (57) 4/4 (100)
60/49 (82) 120/98 (82)
7/5 (71) 14/12 (86)
7/4 (57) 16/14 (88)
Samples Scheduled /Analyzed (%)
Sample Type Personal Air Fixed Air
Breath
Water
Field 120/96 (80) 18/17 (94)
D-Duplicate 22/18 (82) 2/2 (100)
Q-Duplicate 14/8 (57) 4/4 (100)
60/49 (82) 120/96 (80)
7/5 (71) 14/11 (78)
7/4 (57) 16/14 (88)
•a
Based on anticipated respondents.
250
-------
on-site audit and staff interviews that the approved protocols were probably
implemented during the sampling phase at the collection site.
Water Samples—Water samples collected in Northern New Jersey, third
season were analyzed by purge and trap gas chromatography between March 9 and
31 during 14 analysis days. Samples were stored 6 to 8 weeks between collection
and analysis. No problems were noted during the analysis period.
Three multi-point calibration curves were generated to give two composite
curves. These were used to quantitate target samples in samples analyzed
during that time.
A multi-point calibration curve was generated every 10 to 14 days. Six
composite curves were calculated from these data for each period and used to
quantitate target compounds in samples analyzed during that time.
Field Control and Blank QC Samples —
Tenax Cartridges—The personal air and breath field control samples gave
blank-corrected recoveries for most analytes between 84% and 126% (Table 108).
The recoveries of vinylidene chloride (70%), benzene (74%), and dibromochloropro-
pane (75%) were lower and bromodichloromethane (144%) higher than this range.
The field blanks indicated significant contamination of benzene (30 ng/cartridge) ;
1,1,1-trichloroethane (36 ng/cartridge), and trichloroethylene (12 ng/cartridge).
Water Samples—In general, the blank-corrected recovery of analytes was
acceptable (Table 109). Most of the compounds showed a mean recovery of 83 to
119%. Styrene (74%) and chlorobenzene (78%) were lower and 1,1,1-trichloroeth-
ane (126%) was higher than this range. There was very little deviation in the
individual recovery measurements for each target compound (N=7); the %RSD
ranged between 3 and 17%. The absence of any background in the field blanks
undoubtedly contributed to this better-than-normal precision.
Duplicate Sample Analysis —
Tenax Cartridges—The agreement between duplicate samples is summarized
in Table 110. Particular attention was given to the eleven target compounds
occasionally or frequently in measurable amounts (above the minimum quantifiable
limit) in both the field (F) and corresponding duplicate (D) samples. The
percent relative standard deviation for these sample pairs was calculated, and
the median, 75 percentile, and the maximum value reported.
251
-------
TABLE 108. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 3 - AIR AND BREATH FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
Field Blanks
%Recovery
Target Compound
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
£-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
N
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Mean
70
105
124
100
74
97
126
144
107
90
90
95
75
84
84
94
89
89
87
%RSD
34
42
9.4
14
12
4.6
12
9.7
29
9.9
22
19
15
31
28
25
31
27
30
N
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Background,
ng
Mean
ND
8.8
3.2
36
30
ND
12
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2.7
%RSD
-
106
137
118
123
-
197
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
126
252
-------
TABLE 109. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 3 - WATER FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
Field Blanks
%Recovery
Target Compound
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
B r omodi chlo rome thane
Dib r omo chlo rome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Xylene
N
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Mean
119
94
97
126
107
118
114
99
92
109
78
83
NAC
74
83
96
87
%RSD
16
8.3
16
13
4.6
8.4
10
9.5
16
12
13
17
-
7.2
15
3.9
3.1
N
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Background,
ng/mL
Mean
NDb
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NA
ND
ND
ND
ND
%RSD
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Corrected for background.
ND = not detected.
""NA = not analyzed.
253
-------
K>
TABLE 110- NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 3 - DUPLICATE SAMPLES (AV, BR, XV)
PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD) FOR F/D RESULTS
Personal
Target Compounds Median (N)
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
j>-Xylene
28 (16)
22 (17)
24 (16)
6 (2)
30 (13)
10 (17)
16 (18)
17 (18)
21 (18)
17 (18)
14 (18)
Air %RSD
75% tile Max.
56
64
52
-
42
45
44
30
38
40
32
81
98
100
12
95
91
86
73
87
81
88
Breath, %RSD
Median (N)
48 (2)
11 (2)
35 (5)
- (o)
16 (1)
28 (5)
19 (4)
22 (5)
22 (5)
18 (5)
22 (5)
75% tile Max.
87.9
19.8
49.7 59.8
-
-
66.6 81.7
37.6 43.7
43.8 51.4
34.4 42.2
25.8 27.0
29.5 31.7
Fixed Site Air, %RSD
Median 75% tile Max.
- (0)
- (0)
32 (2)
- (0)
- (0)
9 (2)
20 (1)
- (0)
12 (2)
41 (2)
14 (2)
-
-
51.2
-
-
-
-
-
21.8
77.4
18.3
-------
Table 111 summarizes the interlaboratory precision between field samples
and the corresponding Q-duplicates analyzed by the independent laboratory.
In general, the observed precision was very good. All of the median
%RSDs for personal air duplicates were less than 30%. The breath data showed
only vinylidene chloride and benzene exceeding the value. The fixed air
results indicated that only benzene and o-xylene had median %RSDs above 30%
(N=2).
Water Samples—The water duplicate results (Table 112) also showed good
agreement. All of the median %RSDs were below 10%.
Performance Audit Sample Analysis —
Tenax Cartridges—Performance audit samples were prepared by fortifying
Tenax cartridges with selected aromatic and aliphatic compounds, including
halogenated structures; all were target compounds. Tenax for all audit samples
was supplied by RTI and fortified by EMSL/EPA at RTF.
The analysis of the audit samples were carried out blind; each cartridge
was given a legitimate study number and chain-of-custody form before being
introduced into the sample chain. The number of audit samples analyzed in
this fashion amounted to approximately 3% of the total field and duplicate
cartridges. The results were reported to EPA without any correction for
background and are summarized in Table 113. Results reported by the independent
laboratory are shown in Table 114.
Water Samples—Performance audit samples of drinking water were submitted
blind to the analyst. The results are shown in Table 115. Bromoform exhibited
the poorest recovery (22,27%).
Summa ry
Field Operations--
In general, the overall performance during the data and sample collection
at the study site proceeded satisfactorily. One three-person sampling team
composed of highly experience individuals performed all of the sampling activi-
ties. Appendix 0 provides an example Systems Audit Report.
For the first time, the Tenax cartridges (unexposed and sampled) were
protected from ambient contamination in the hotel workroom by storing them in
a helium-field plastic bag arrangement.
255
-------
TABLE 111. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 3 - DUPLICATE SAMPLES (AV, BR, XV) PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD
' DEVIATION (%RSD) FOR F/Q RESULTS
Personal
Target Compounds Median (N)
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
78
58
7
13
29
37
32
59
49
49
25
(8)
(8)
(7)
(2)
(5)
(8)
(6)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
Air %RSD
75% tile Max.
119
99
53
-
50
45
72
82
59
52
38
134
114
78
20
45
71
110
141
60
134
55
Breath, %RSD Fixed Site Air, %RSD
Median (N) 75% tile Max. Median 75% tile Max.
11
75
31
-
-
48
17
42
17
35
20
(1)
(2)
(3) 48
(0)
(0)
(3) 85
(1)
(2)
(3) 65
(3) 36
(3) 33
92
103 53
48 33
-
30
85 17
60
51 78
65 37
36 54
33 33
(1)
(2)
(3) 124
(0)
(1)
(3) 118
(1)
(2)
(3) 108
(3) 118
(3) 116
-
79
124
-
-
118
-
121
108
118
116
-------
TABLE 112. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 3 - DUPLICATE WV SAMPLES
On
Percent
Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD)
F/D Results
Target Compound
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Median (N)
5
8
8
3
9
5
9
.6
.9
.6
.3
.6
.0
.2
(4)
(10)
(5)
(5)
(10)
(10)
(5)
75%
7
23
19
11
21
11
13
tile
.1
.6
.0
.5
.9
.4
.1
Max.
16.
54.
57.
34.
119
22.
30.
F/Q
Results
Median (N) 75% tile Max.
2
6
4
9
7
9
- (o)
34 (13)
- (0)
- (o)
26 (13)
13 (13)
-
39 43
-
-
30 137
21 29
-------
TABLE 113. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 3 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE
RESULTS, VOLATILE ORGANICS ON TENAX, RTI
Target Compound
Benzene
Bromoform
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 3-Dichlorobenzene
f*
Spike Level
L
M
H
L
M
L
M
L
M
H
L
M
H
M
H
L
M
L
M
H
L
M
H
N
3
7
3
7
6
10
3
3
7
3
4
3
6
7
6
7
6
-
-
-
3
7
3
% Rel. Std. Dev.
27.6
60.3
15.0
57.6
8.3
58.8
22.9
16.8
63.0
14.9
61.4
50.7
24.7
64.7
19.8
41.5
14.9
22.3
17.7
24.1
2.3
35.4
30.5
%Bias
-19.5
3.0
-23.5
8.2
-55.9
23.9
88.2
-49.5
23.0
-4.7
36.3
11.4
-28.7
12.9
21.4
-14.4
23.2
-35.4
29.9
-30.0
-60.5
-32.1
-39.4
L = 100-250 ng, M = 300-450 ng, H = 600-850 ng.
258
-------
TABLE 114. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 3 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE RESULTS,
VOLATILE ORGANICS ON TENAX, INDEPENDENT LAB3
EPA No.
Target Compound TEAM No.
Benzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
1 ,2-Dichloroethane - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Trichloroethylene - added, ng
- found , ng
- ^recovery
Chlorobenzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Tetrachloroethylene - added, ng
- found, ng
- ^recovery
Ethylbenzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
o-Xylene - added, ng
- found , ng
- ^recovery
Bromoform - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
m-Dichlorobenzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
FC-BS-101
21070-6 BR-Q
299
226
76
601
321
53
143
189
130
107
89
83
316
279
88
295
270
92
128
121
94
141
107
76
627
368
59
FC-102
31416-1 BR-Q
128
441
340
180
0
0
143
52
36
107
6
6
316
237
75
295
77
26
599
48
8
141
0
0
376
32
8
Not corrected for background.
259
-------
TABLE 115. NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 3 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE RESULTS -
WATER ANALYSIS, RTI
Sample QC-1 (N=l)
Sample QC-2 (N=l)
Target Compound
Cone., M8/I- ^Recovery Cone., |Jg/L %Recovery
Chloroform 5.9
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.52
Trichloroethylene 1.7
Bromodichloromethane 1.2
Dibromochloromethane 1.3
Tetrachloroethylene 0.74
Bromoform 0.61
54
47
65
71
54
67
22
35.1
7.9
10.4
6.6
6.1
4.7
2.8
77
56
80
77
51
84
27
260
-------
Completeness—
The overall completeness for the different sample matrices is defined as
the percent of the samples scheduled for collection and analysis which were
actually analyzed and measured for target compound content (see Table 91).
Field sample completeness was 80%, 94%, 82%, and 80% for the personal
air, fixed air, breath and water collections, respectively. The completeness
for the QC samples was 57 to 88% except for the fixed air samples which were
100%.
Precision--
The estimated analytical precision based on duplicate sample pair results
was very good. All of the median %RSDs for personal air duplicates were less
than 30%. The breath data showed only vinylidene chloride and benzene exceeding
that value. The fixed air results indicated that only o-xylene and benzene
had median %RSDs above 30%.
The water duplicate results also showed good agreement. All of the
median %RSDs were less than 10%.
Accuracy--
Most of the target compounds exhibited recoveries between 84 and 107%.
Three compounds had low recoveries: vinylidene chloride (70%), benzene (74%),
and dibromochloropropane (75%); three compounds gave high recoveries: 1,2-
dichloroethane (124%), trichloroethylene (126%), and bromodichloromethane
(144%). The target recoveries from water fall in approximately the same
range. In this matrix, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and styrene yielded the highest
(126%) and lowest (74%) recovery, respectively.
Most of the compounds measured in the performance audit samples exhibited
a bias of less than ±35%. The exceptions were 1,3-dichlorobenzene, low levels
of ethylbenzene, and high levels of bromoform and chlorobenzene.
GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA
Field Operations
The collection of TEAM samples in Greensboro, NC was performed between
May 8 and May 19, 1982. Sampling supplies and equipment were transported to
the site by van and stored in a workroom at the Greensboro Holiday Inn located
off Interstate 40. A system audit was performed at the sampling site by the
RTI QA Officer on May 11, 1982. The description of the field activities
261
-------
presented below is based on the results of this audit and personal interviews
with members of the sampling team.
Sample collection was accomplished by four two-person teams, each team
remaining at the site for 3 days before being relieved by the next sampling
team. One individual on each team was considered more experienced and was
designated as Site Administrator (SA). The SA was responsible for the success-
ful execution of the day-to-day sampling effort and the overall adherence to
the study protocol. The experience and sampling assignment for each team is
shown in Table 116.
The participant identification numbers reserved for the Greensboro study
were 11701 to 11725. Each number was followed with a computer-generated check
digit. The first two numbers indicated that the sampling was conducted on the
first trip to Greensboro during the initial year of the TEAM study. The
number 7 (third digit) was unique and descriptive for Greensboro, and the last
two digits were the participant code.
The participants for this study had been recently enlisted by an intervie-
wer retained by RTI Survey Operations. An appointment schedule was drawn up
for sample and data collection. Activities performed by the sampling team
during each of the three visits to the participants' residences are discussed
in Section 6.
A sample collection schedule (Table 117) was prepared by the QA Officer
at the start of the study. The schedule identified the participants from whom
D-type and Q-type duplicates should be collected. It also indicated the time
to expose the matrix field controls and blanks (QC sets). The frequency of
duplicate collections and QC set exposure was based on guidelines set by the
Project Director and incorporated into the schedule such that the additional
burden on the participant and sample collector was minimal.
The study participants were selected from six primary sampling units.
One set (two 8-to-12-hour samples) of fixed site air collections was scheduled
at the household of the first-sampled participant residing in each unit.
Duplicate collections were scheduled for the first,.third, and sixth segments
sampled. The duplicate pair from the third segment was designated as a Q-
duplicate. A QC set was exposed when sampling in the fourth unit.
262
-------
TABLE 116. GREENSBORO - SAMPLING TEAM ASSIGNMENTS
AND EXPERIENCE
Team Dates Scheduled Sampling Experience
No. Member for Sampling in New Jersey
1 SA 5/8-5/11 Yes
Inexperienced 5/8-5/11 Yes
2 SA 5/11-5/14 Yes
Inexperienced 5/11-5/14 Yes
3 SA 5/14-5/17 Yes
Inexperienced 5/14-5/17 Yes
4 SA 5/17-5/19 Yes
Inexperienced 5/17-5/19 No
263
-------
TABLE 117. GREENSBORO, NC - SAMPLE COLLECTION SCHEDULE
Participant
No.
11701
11702
11703
11704
11705
11706
11707
11708
11709
11710
11711
11712
11713
11714
11715
11716
11717
11718
11719
11720
11721
11722
11723
11724
11725
Total for 24
Total for 25
Personal Air
F D Q QC
2 1
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 1
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2 1
2
2
2 1
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 1
2 2
2
48 10 6 5
50 10 6 5
Breath
F D Q QC
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1
la
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
la
1 1
1
24 3 3 4
25 3 3 4
F
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
48
50
Water
D Q QC
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
1
2
2
1
2
6 84
6 10 4
Collected on cartridge containing deuterated compounds.
264
-------
The Greensboro study calls for the recruitment and sampling of twenty-
four individuals, or 96% of the target enrollment, were recruited. The corres-
ponding completion figures for sample collection and analysis are shown in
Table 118.
The methodology employed during the field operations was described in a
series of protocols (see TEAM Work Plan, Phase 2). It was ascertained from
the on-site audit and staff interviews that the approved protocols were properly
implemented during the sampling phase at the collection site.
Sample Analysis
Tenax Cartridges--
The air and breath samples collected in Greensboro were analyzed by
capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/computer (GC/MS/COMP)
employing procedures described in the project Work Plan. The personal air
(AV) collections were analyzed on the 1KB 2091 magnetic sector system between
May 25 and June 29, 1982 on 16 analysis days. The fixed air (XV) and breath
(BR) collections were analyzed on the Finnigan 3300 quadrupole system on 13
analysis days between June 2 and 22, 1982. The 1KB and Finnigan analysis was
divided into 3 and 2 time periods, respectively, during which the relative
molar response values were relatively constant. These values were used to
quantitate target compounds in samples analyzed during the corresponding time
period (Table 119). No relative molar response values were identified as
outliers and deleted for that reason.
During each analysis day, the instrument tune was checked by measuring
the intensity of perfluorotoluene (PFT) fragment ions relative to the base
peak. The performance of the gas chromatography column was monitored for peak
resolution and symmetry. To monitor performance with time, the relative molar
response (RMR) for five representative target compounds was calculated each
day and compared to the RMR mean for the previous four analytical runs. The
targets selected for this purpose were vinylidene chloride, p_-dichlorobenzene,
£-xylene, styrene, and dibromochloropropane.
The PFT tune was within the acceptable range on both instruments during
the analysis period. Peak resolution and symmetry were also acceptable on
both systems. Problems with excessive amounts of water were evident from May
25 to June 2 on the LKB. The problem was rectified by changing the column.
265
-------
TABLE 118. GREENSBORO, NC - COMPLETENESS OF SAMPLE
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Samples Projected /Collected (%)
Sample Type Personal Air Fixed Air
Breath
Water
Field 50/48 (96)
D-Duplicate 10/10 (100)
Q-Duplicate 6/6 (100)
12/12 (100) 25/24 (96) 50/48 (96)
4/4 (100) 3/4 (100) 6/6 (100)
2/2 (100) 3/3 (100) 10/8 (80)
Samples Projected /Analyzed (%)
Sample Type
Field
D-Duplicate
Q-Duplicate
Personal Air
50/48 (96)
10/9 (96)
6/6 (100)
Fixed Air
12/12 (100)
4/4 (100)
2/2 (100)
Breath
25/25 (96)
3/4 (100)
3/2 (100)
Water
50/45 (90)
6/6 (100)
10/8 (80)
Based on anticipated 25 participants.
266
-------
TABLE 119. GREENSBORO - RELATIVE MOLAR RESPONSE (RMR) VALUES
USED TO CALCULATE VOLATILE ORGANIC CONTENT ON TENAX CARTRIDGES
Samples Analyzed on
LKB Time Period3
Target Compound
Chloroform
Vinylidene chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
j>,m-Dichlorobenzene
m/z
83
85
61
96
98
62
64
97
99
78
95
130
132
83
129
127
129
164
166
112
114
173
155
157
104
146
148
1
.70
.47
.33
.20
.13
.28
.09
.51
.32
.97
.41
.41
.40
.54
.06
.46
.60
.42
.55
.94
.34
.58
.34
.43
1.00
1.02
.65
2
.80
.52
.32
.19
.13
.27
.08
.49
.31
1.01
.49
.51
.52
.50
.05
.42
.52
.54
.65
1.14
.40
.47
.26
.32
.92
.80
.54
3
1.22
.80
.68
.34
.22
.52
.17
.82
.54
1.16
.53
.54
.52
.75
.08
.52
.67
.46
.59
.82
.27
.56
.32
.42
.91
.79
.51
Samples Analyzed
on Finnigan. Time
Period
1
.48
.32
.20
.19
.12
.20
.06
.34
.21
.34
.37
.38
.33
.04
.33
.45
.36
.48
.88
.26
.43
.23
.31
.73
1.21
.75
2
.72
.47
.31
.21
.14
.28
.09
.39
.23
.40
.39
.39
.40
.04
.36
.48
.32
.42
.92
.28
.46
.28
.36
.09
1.21
.79
(continued)
267
-------
TABLE 119 (cont'd.)
Samples Analyzed on
LKB Time Period3
Samples Analyzed
on Finnigan- Time
Period
Target Compound
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
Carbon tetrachloride
m/z
146
148
91
106
91
106
117
119
1
.98
.63
1.57
.48
1.20
.71
.50
.48
2
.70
.45
1.14
.36
.86
.51
.56
.54
3
.74
.48
1.36
.40
1.10
.64
.78
.76
1
1.15
.71
1.16
.37
1.01
.47
.25
.24
2
1.17
.76
1.55
.48
1.35
.60
.26
.24
LKB Time Periods: 1-5/25 to 6/1/82; 2-6/3/82; 3-6/14-29/82.
DFinnigan Time Periods: 1-6/2 to 6/20/82; 2-6/21 to 6/24/82.
268
-------
On June 4, source "A" on the 1KB was misassigning mass values. The system was
not run until June 9 at which time the problem was corrected by installing
source B.
Water Samples--
Water samples collected at Greensboro were analyzed by purge and trap gas
chromatography between August 11 and 20, 1982 during eight analysis days.
Samples were stored approximately three months between collection and analysis.
No problems were noted during the analysis period (RTI Notebook No. 3257).
Target compounds in water samples were quantitated from the multi-point
composite curve calculated from calibration data obtained before (August 9,
1982) and after (August 23, 1982) sample analysis. The percent change noted
in the slope of the calibration line between August 9 and August 23 for the
targets found in samples is shown in parenthesis: chloroform (-9.6%);
1,1,1-trichloroethane (-13.3%); bromodichloromethane (-14.4%); dibromochloro-
methane (-22.0%); and tetrachloroethylene (-17.8%). In all cases, blanks gave
a zero response.
Daily precision estimates were made to demonstrate constant analytical
performance over the period of sample analysis. The analytical system was
shown to be in-control during the analysis period for the five target compounds
found in the samples. This evaluation was based on the following percent
relative standard deviation values shown in parenthesis: chloroform (9% RSD);
1,1,1-trichloroethane (17% RSD); bromodichloromethane (14% RSD); dibromochloro-
methane (12% RSD); and tetrachloroethylene (10% RSD).
Field Control and Blank QC Samples
Tenax Cartridges—
The Greensboro personal air recovery data (after blank correction) for
vinylidene chloride (50%) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (46%) were low.
The 1,1,1-trichloroethane background was elevated in both Tenax batches
used for sampling (see Tables 120 and 121). Contamination probably occurred
at some stage of the field operation. The variability in this background
level may explain the discrepancy between the blank-corrected 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane field control recoveries: 46% (AV/XV) and 240% (BR). In view of this
behavior, the 1,1,1-trichloroethane results in AV, XV, and BR samples should
be viewed with suspicion.
269
-------
TABLE 120. GREENSBORO - FIXED AND PERSONAL AIR FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
(Tenax Samples)
(Batch 44)
Field Blanks
(Tenax Samples)
(Batch 44)
o
^Recovery
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
g-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
N
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
NL
5
Mean
50
125
161
46
103
86
110
189
172
148
116
120
123
135
113
114
118
-
112
%RSD
24
36
14
88
62
28
29
30
31
18
10
27
32
27
17
21
24
-
25
N
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Background,
ng
Mean
4
30
0
194
193
5
0
0
18
1
0
0
3
3
1
0
9
10
21
%RSD
102
96
-
130
112
224
102
-
117
-
-
-
-
52
-
-
122
125
116
Corrected for background.
ND = not detected.
270
-------
TABLE 121. GREENSBORO - BREATH FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
(Tenax Samples)
(Batch 43)
Field Blanks
(Tenax Samples)
(Batch 43)
^Recovery
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
j>-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
N
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
4
4
5
5
3
2
3
4
4
3
NL
3
Mean
68
140
150
240
180
150
150
190
170
120
120
130
210
110
140
140
126
-
140
%RSD
34
30
19
44
24
6
11
12
11
16
16
20
1
10
11
10
11
-
4
N
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Background,
ng
Mean
3
12
0
363
135
1
7
0
0
15
1
0
0
2
2
1
6
7
24
%RSD
184
73
-
83
69
-
62
-
-
79
-
-
-
38
116
-
92
54
56
Corrected for background.
ND = not detected.
271
-------
Tenax cartridges from batches 43 and 44 contained significant amounts of
benzene (135-193 ng) . The 180% benzene recovery from the BR Tenax batch No.
43 is due to either contamination in the field or the use of control
cartridges with higher than average blanks. The benzene determinations should
also be viewed with suspicion, particularly in breath samples.
Quantitation of certain other target compounds are highly doubtful because
of extremely high recoveries. This is due to significant contamination in the
field or correction with an unrealistically low blank value. In either case,
the reported concentrations of following target compounds (recovery, matrix)
in breath, personal and fixed air are highly doubtful:
1,2-Dichloroethane (161%, AV/XV-149%, BR)
Bromodichloromethane (189%, AV/XV-194%, BR)
Dibromochloromethane (172%, AV/XV-166%, BR)
Dibromochloropropane (230%, BR)
Water Samples--
The background and recovery of target compounds in water field QC samples
is shown in Table 122. Analyte recoveries were between 75 and 120%, except
for 1,2-dichloroethane (65%) and bromoform (65%). There was no detectable
amount of any target compound in the field blanks.
Duplicate Sample Analysis
Tenax Cartridges—
The agreement between the F and D samples of duplicate pairs is summarized
in Table 123. The median %RSD values for 9 of the 11 targets in personal air
were less than 25%. In contrast, only one target (tetrachloroethylene) in
breath duplicates fell in this category. Fixed site duplicates precision was
only slightly better.
Of the nine duplicate sets of personal air samples analyzed at RTI, four
sets gave precision estimates of less than 30% RSD for all of the measurable
analytes. A fifth duplicate pair contained seven measurable analytes with
only one target compound, chloroform, having a higher RSD value, 31.9% RSD.
Three target compounds: ethylbenzene, o- and |>-xylene were measurable in each
of the nine sets and exhibited, in every case, a precision of less than 30%
RSD. Styrene and benzene gave less than 30% RSD estimates in six and five
duplicate sets, respectively. There were only two (of nine) duplicate sets in
272
-------
TABLE 122. GREENSBORO - WATER FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
Field Blanks
%Recovery
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dib r omo chlo r ome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m-Di chlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
N
2
2
1
2
NAa
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
Mean
110
97
65
120
-
100
110
76
75
100
110
65
-
-
92
-
-
-
-
%RSD
3
8
-
6
-
7
6
1
0
10
3
0
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
N
2
2
1
2
NA
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
NA
-
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
Background,
ng
Mean %RSD
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
-
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-
-
0.0
-
-
-
-
NA = not analyzed.
273
-------
TABLE 123. GREENSBORO - DUPLICATE (D-TYPE) SAMPLES (AV, BR, XV)
PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD) FOR F/D RESULTS
N>
-~4
-P-
Personal Air, %RSD
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
p_-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
j>-Xylene
Median
3
33
23
-
34
7
9
12
15
15
9
(N)
(4)
(6)
(6)
(0)
(1)
(6)
(7)
(7)
(9)
(9)
(9)
75% tile
4
77
30
-
-
10
24
17
18
20
21
Max.
32
104
36
-
-
13
33
45
26
22
24
Breath, %RSD
Median
65
-
70
-
42
22
30
38
38
26
35
(N)
(1)
(0)
(3)
(0)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(4)
(3)
75% tile
-
-
103
-
-
105
82
40
84
44
129
Max.
-
-
103
-
-
105
82
124
124
130
129
Fixed Site Air, %RSD
Median (N) 75% tile Max.
- (o)
73 (2) - 92
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
30 (2) - 36
_
21 (2) - 21
55 (3) 61 61
19 (3) 91 91
47 (3) 70 70
-------
which benzene and styrene was measured with a laboratory precision in excess
of 30% RSD. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, £-dichlorobenzene,
and chloroform were measured and found with a RSD less than 30% in only two,
four, and three duplicate sets, respectively. Determination of 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane (MC) exhibited the poorest reproducibility: three of the duplicate
pairs had a %RSD in excess of 30%. In contract, the analytical precision for
chloroform, benzene, tetrachloroethylene, styrene, p_- dichlorobenzene, and
trichloroethylene exceeded 30% RSD in only one duplicate pair.
Four breath duplicate sets were analyzed at RTI. The precision for the
measurement of the breath target compounds (61% RSD, N=27) was much poorer
than for the comparable personal air determinations (19% RSD, N=56). One
explanation for this phenomenon might be the lower concentration of target
compounds in the breath collections.
RTI and an independent laboratory analyzed one sample of the indicated Q-
duplicate collection (Table 124). As in the case of D-duplicates ethylbenzene,
o- and £-xylene were present in measurable quantities in each AV duplicate
set. However, the interlaboratory precision for personal air duplicate results
was not as good as the intralaboratory D-duplicate data. Overall, the average
precision for personal air Q-duplicates was 38% RSD (N=31) compared to the D-
duplicate value of 19% RSD. Breath Q-duplicate agreement was 18% RSD, N=ll
which is decidedly better than the intralaboratory precision estimate, 61%
RSD.
Water Samples--
Analysis of D and Q water duplicates was performed and indicated the
presence of measurable quantites of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and
dibromochloromethane in every sample (Table 125). Of the three, chloroform
was present in the largest amount, 20-60 (Jg/L. The precision of the chloroform
measurements in the six D-duplicate sets was estimated to be 21% RSD. The
analysis of the eight Q- duplicate sets gave a precision estimate for the
chloroform measurements of 28% RSD. The analytical precision of the other
measurable target compounds in the D-duplicate and Q-duplicate samples was 12%
RSD (N=15) and 21% RSD (N=16), respectively.
275
-------
TABLE 124. GREENSBORO - DUPLICATE SAMPLES (AV, BR, XV) PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION
(%RSD) FOR F/Q RESULTS
Personal Air, %RSD Breath
Target Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
Median
26
-
-
-
19
22
14
38
26
25
35
(N)
(3)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(6)
(6)
75% tile Max. Median
54 54 13
_
_
_
52 52 28
7
49
41 42 12
61 130 17
66 130 18
75 130 11
(N)
(1)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
, %RSD Fixed Site Air, %RSD
75% tile Max. Median (N) 75% tile Max.
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
7 38 (1)
- (0)
18 45 (2) - 49
57 (2) - 69
52 (2) - 54
50 (2) - 60
-------
TABLE 125. GREENSBORO - DUPLICATE WV SAMPLES PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD)
Target Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Median (n)
7
17
5
3
14
(6)
(1)
(6)
(6)
(2)
F/D Results
75% tile
9
-
13
8
-
Max.
77
-
57
30
27
Median (N)
18 (8)
- (o)
12 (8)
20 (8)
- (o)
F/Q Results
75% tile
26
-
22
32
-
Max
47
-
52
52
-
N)
-J
--J
-------
Performance Audit Sample Analysis
Tenax Cartridges—
The analysis of the performance audit Tenax cartridges was carried out
blind; each audit cartridge was given a legitimate study number and chain-of-
custody sheet before being introduced into the sample chain. The blank
cartridges provided by RTI were spiked with eight target compounds by EPA.
The results reported to EPA were not corrected for background (see Table 126).
Results reported by the independent laboratory are shown in Table 127.
Water Samples—
Water QA data are shown in Table 128. Target compound measurement in the
audit samples provided by EPA, Cincinnati indicated analyte recoveries in
excess of 70% except for dibromochloromethane (62.5%) and bromoform (39.3%).
Summary
Field Operations—
As described earlier in this section, the overall performance during the
data and sample collection effort at the study site proceeded satisfactorily.
Completeness—
The overall completeness for the different sample matrices is defined as
the percent of the samples scheduled for collection and analysis actually
collected and analyzed (see Table 118).
Field sample completeness was 96%, 100%, 96%, and 90% for the personal
air, fixed air, breath, and water collections, respectively. One of ten
personal air D-duplicates, one of three breath Q-duplicates, and two of ten
water Q-duplicates were missed. All other scheduled sample collections were
successfully carried through the analysis and quantitation.
Precision--
Based on duplicate sample (Tenax) analysis, the target compounds exhibiting
the best precision were ethylbenzene, o-xylene and £-xylene. In general, most
compounds exhibited precision of less than 30% relative standard deviation.
Measurements of 1,1,1-trichloroethane showed the poorest precision. In general,
personal air duplicate sets exhibited significantly better agreement than
breath duplicates.
278
-------
TABLE 126. GREENSBORO - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE RESULTS,
VOLATILE ORGANICS ON TENAX, RTI
Target Compound Spike Level3 N % Rel. Std. Dev. %Bias
Benzene
Bromoform
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 ,3-Dichlorobenzene
M
H
M
H
M
H
H
H
L
H
M
H
L
H
L
M
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
17.6
34.6
42.8
34.3
36.1
34.5
29.5
36.4
21.9
24.9
42.4
23.1
34.1
18.1
22.4
43.1
9.0
1.4
17.1
-42.8
-6.0
-2.8
-17.0
29.6
58.0
5.1
17.1
-2.8
1.4
33.5
-38.0
-3.3
3L = 100-250 ng, M = 275-450 ng, H = 600-800 ng.
279
-------
TABLE 127. GREENSBORO - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE RESULTS,
VOLATILE ORGANICS ON TENAX, INDEPENDENT LAB3
EPA No.
Target Compound TEAM No.
Benzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
1,2-Dichloroethane - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Trichloroethylene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Chlorobenzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Tetrachloroethylene - added, ng
- found, ng
- %recovery
Ethylbenzene - added, ng
- found, ng
- %recovery
o-Xylene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
Bromoform - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
m-Dichlorobenzene - added, ng
- found , ng
- %recovery
AOOA
11761-AVQ1
674
539
80
118
72
61
421
310
74
318
183
58
155
135
87
664
347
52
169
121
72
277
382
138
166
70
42
AOOB
11761-AVQ2
674
639
95
710
497
70
701
518
82
636
448
70
777
611
79
664
482
73
169
210
124
277
167
60
166
176
106
Not corrected for background.
280
-------
TABLE 128. GREENSBORO - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE RESULTS,
WATER ANALYSIS, RTI
Target Compound
Chloroform; found, (Jg/L
present, (Jg/L
recovery, %
1, 2-Dichloroethane; found, [Jg/L
present, (Jg/L
recovery, %
1 , 1, 1-Trichloroethane; found (Jg/L
present, |Jg/L
recovery, %
Carbon tetrachloride; found, (Jg/L
present, (Jg/L
recovery, %
Bromodichlorome thane; found, |Jg/L
present; (Jg/L
recovery, %
Trichloroethylene; found, |Jg/L
present, (Jg/L
recovery, %
Chlorobenzene; found, (Jg/L
present, |Jg/L
recovery, %
Dibromochloromethane; found, (Jg/L
present, pg/L
recovery, %
Bromoform; found, (Jg/L
present, [Jg/L
recovery, %
Tetrachloroethylene; found, |Jg/L
present, [Jg/L
recovery, %
Audit
QC-1
10.0
11.0
90.0
1.0
1.5
66.7
0.8
1.1
72.7
2.1
2.3
91.3
1.3
1.7
76.5
2.3
2.6
88.5
NF
0
—
1.5
2.4
62.5
1.1
2.8
39.3
0.9
1.1
81.8
Sample No.
QC-2
42.0
45.6
92.1
18.0
20.0
90.0
12.0
14.0
85-7
8.5
9.4
90.4
6.6
8.6
76.7
11.0
13.0
84.6
NF
0
—
7.8
12.0
65.0
4.6
10.4
44.2
4.4
5.6
78.6
NF = not found.
281
-------
The quantifiable target compounds ftund consistently in water samples--
chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane—showed average
precision estimates of less than 3070 relative standard deviation.
Accuracy—
Determination of vinylidene chloride and 1,1,1-trichloroethane levels on
Tenax cartridges are suspect. The extremely low recoveries of both, and the
high and variable 1,1,1-trichloroethane blanks warrant this assessment. On
the basis of marginal field recovery and blank: data, the accuracy with which
the following target compounds were measured on Tenax cartridges is suspect:
Benzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Dibromochloropropane
The results of control and blank water samples indicate acceptable accuracy
for measurements in that matrix.
DEVILS LAKE, NORTH DAKOTA
Field Operations
The collection of TEAM samples in Devils Lake, ND was performed between
October 5 and October 14, 1982. Sampling supplies and equipment were transpor-
ted to the site by van and stored in a workroom at the Trails West Motel
located in Devils Lake. A system audit was performed at the sampling site by
the RTI Task Manager on October 6, 1982. The description of the field activi-
ties presented below is based on the results of this audit and personal inter-
views with members of the sampling team. A formal audit report appears in
Appendix 0.
Sample collection was accomplished by one three-person team. The three
individuals remained at the site during the entire collection period and were
the only samplers involved in the field operations. Since each individual in
the three- person team was equally experienced and capable of independent
sampling activities, the experienced/more experienced and Site Administrator
system was not used. The three sample collectors at Devils Lake were RTI's
most experienced at TEAM field sampling. Their previous RTI sampling experience
282
-------
is shown in Table 129. The Task Manager was at the site between October 4 and
October 6, 1982.
The participant identification numbers reserved for the Devils Lake study
were 22801 to 22825. Each number was followed by a computer-generated check
digit. The first two numbers indicated that this sampling effort was the
second one performed during the second year of the TEAM study. The number 8
(third digit) was unique and descriptive for Devils Lake and the last two
digits was the participant code.
The participants for this study had been recently enlisted by an RTI
survey operations team. An appointment schedule was drawn up for sample and
data collection. Activities performed by the sampling team during each of the
three visits to the participant's residence are discussed in Section 6.
A sample collection schedule (Table 130) was prepared by the QA Officer
at the start of the study. The schedule identified the participants from whom
D-type and Q-type duplicates should be collected. It also indicated the time
to expose the matrix field controls and blanks (QC sets). The frequency of
duplicate collections and QC set exposure was based on guidelines set by the
Project Director and incorporated into the schedule such that the additional
burden on the participant and sample collector was minimal.
The study participants were drawn from three primary sampling units. One
set (two 8-to-12-hour samples) of fixed site air collections was scheduled for
collection at the household of the first-sampled participant residing in each
unit. Duplicate (D-type) collections were scheduled in two segments; no
duplicates (Q-type) were taken for submission to and analysis by an external
laboratory.
The Devils Lake study called for the recruitment and sampling of twenty-
five participants. However, only twenty-four individuals or 96% of the target
enrollment were recruited and utilized for sampling purposes. The corresponding
completion figures for sample collection and analysis are shown in Table 131.
The methodology employed during the field operations was described in a
series of protocols (see study Work Plan). It was ascertained that the approved
protocols were properly implemented during the sampling phase at the collection
site.
283
-------
TABLE 129. DEVILS LAKE, ND - SAMPLING TEAM ASSIGNMENT
AND EXPERIENCE
Sampling Team Dates Scheduled Previous Sampling
Member for Sampling Experience
1
2
3
10/5 -
10/5 -
10/5 -
10/14/82
10/14/82
10/14/82
NJ-1,
NJ-1,
NJ-1,
NJ-2,
NJ-2,
NJ-2,
GB
GB
GB
a
NJ-1; Northern New Jersey - September to November 1981.
NJ-2; Northern New Jersey - August 1982.
GB; Greensboro, NC - May 1982.
284
-------
TABLE 130. DEVILS LAKE, ND - SAMPLE COLLECTION SCHEDULE
Participant
No.
22801
22802
22803
22804
22805
22806
22807
22808
22809
22810
22811
22812
22813
22814
22815
22816
22817
22818
22819
22820
22821
22822
22823
22824
22825
Total for 24
Total for 25
Personal Air
F D Q QC
2a
2 2
2 1
2 2
2
2
2
2 1
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 1
2 2
2
2
2
2 1
2 2
2
2a
2 21
2
2 2
2 1
48 10 6 5
50 10 6 6
Breath
F D Q QC
1
1
1
1 1
la
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
la 1
24 3 3 3
25 3 3 4
F
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
48
50
Water
D Q QC
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
6 86
6 10 6
a
Collected on cartridge containing deuterated compounds.
285
-------
TABLE 13i. DEVILS LAKE, ND - COMPLETENESS OF SAMPLE
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Samples Projected /Collected (%)
Sample Type Personal Air Fixed Air
Breath
Water
Field 50/48 (96)
D-Duplicate 10/10 (100)
Q-Duplicate 6/6 (100)
6/10 (100) 25/24 (96) 50/48 (96)
2/2 (100) 3/3 (100) 6/6 (100)
0/0 (0) 3/3 (100) 10/10 (100)
Samples Projected /Analyzed (%)
Sample Type
Field
D-Duplicate
Q-Duplicate
Personal Air
50/47 (94)
10/10 (100)
6/6 (100)
Fixed Air
6/9 (100)
2/2 (100)
0/0 (-)
Breath
25/23 (92)
3/3 (100)
3/3 (100)
Water
50/48 (96)
6/6 (100)
10/7 (70)
Based on anticipated 25 participants.
286
-------
Sample Analysis
Tenax Cartridges—
The air and breath samples collected in Devils Lake were analyzed by
capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/computer (GC/MS/COMP)
employing procedures described in the project Work Plan. The personal air (AV)
collections were analyzed on the Finnigan 3300 quadrupole system between
October 22 and November 8, 1982 on 12 analysis days. The fixed air (XV) and
breath (BR) collections were analyzed on the 1KB 2091 magnetic sector system
between October 25 and November 1, 1982 on 8 analysis days.
During each analysis day, the instrument tune was checked by measuring the
intensity of perfluorotoluene (PFT) fragment ions relative to the base peak.
The performance of the gas chromatography column was monitored for peak resolu-
tion and symmetry. To monitor performance with time, the relative molar
response (RMR) for 5 representative target compounds was calculated each day
and compared to the RMR mean for the previous four analytical runs. The
targets selected for this purpose were vinylidene chloride, p_-dichlorobenzene,
p_-xylene, styrene, and dibromochloropropane.
The PFT tune was within the acceptable range on both instruments during
the analysis period. Peak resolution and symmetry on the 1KB 2091 chromatogra-
phic column was acceptable. However, both parameters fell outside the accept-
able range on the Finnigan 3300 on November 3. The problem was rectified by
replacing the 50 meter OV-101 column with a new 60 meter DB-1 column. One
sample (22816-3 XV-F2) was lost because of a leak on the 1KB GC system.
Water Samples--
Water samples collected at Devils Lake were analyzed by purge and trap gas
chromatography between December 20, 1982 and January 6, 1983 during eleven
analysis days. Samples were stored approximately 2 1/2 months between collec-
tion and analysis. No problems were noted during the analysis period (RTI
Notebook No. 3257).
Target compounds in water samples were quantitated from the multi-point
composite curve calculated from calibration data obtained before (December 17,
1982) and after (January 7, 1983) sample analysis. The percent change noted in
the slope of the calibration line between December 17, 1983 and January 7, 1983
for the targets found in samples is shown in parenthesis: chloroform (+6.0%);
287
-------
1,1,1-trichloroethane (+1.0%); bromodichloromethane (-7.8%); and dibromochloro-
methane (-11.6%). In all cases, blanks gave a zero response.
Daily precision estimates were made to demonstrate constant analytical
performance over the period of sample analysis. However, the raw analytical
data were not processed and, consequently, could not be assessed.
Field Control and Blank QC Samples
Tenax Cartridges—
The Devils Lake personal air results show only ethylbenzene (174%),
dibromochloropropane (159%) and £-xylene (151%) with recoveries in excess of
150% (Table 132). Most of the targets (12) exhibited recoveries greater
than 100%; only 3 compounds gave average recoveries less than 98%. The average
amounts of certain target compounds found on field blanks were notable:
1,1,1-trichloroethane (124 ng) , ethylbenzene (87 ng) , £-xylene (62 ng), trichloro-
ethylene (31 ng), and chloroform (20 ng). Benzene (383 ng) and styrene (767
ng) levels were not reported.
The batch used for breath collections exhibited high background levels of
benzene (374 ng) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (122 ng) (Table 133). The spirometer
blanks for these compounds were also elevated: 96 and 79 ng for benzene and
1,1,1-trichloroethane, respectively (Table 134). These amounts suggest signifi-
cant amounts of contamination and should caution the reader to view these data
accordingly.
Three other target compounds in the breath field controls deserve comment.
High recoveries were noted for dibromochloropropane (210%), £-dichlorobenzene
(164%), and o-dichlorobenzene (162%) indicating either contamination in the
field, correction with an unrealistically low blank value, or improper instru-
ment calibrations. Measurement values of these analytes possess a significant
amount of uncertainty.
Water Samples—
Water QC data are shown in Table 135. The field blanks on return to RTI
were found to be free of all target compounds. The analysis of field controls
indicated that the brominated target compounds tended to give low recoveries
(8.0-75.0%). Except for 1,2-dichloroethane (68% mean recovery), all of the
nonbrominated compounds were recovered within the range 100 + 15%.
288
-------
TABLE 132. NORTH DAKOTA - PERSONAL AIR FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
(Tenax Samples)
(Batch 55)
Field Blanks
(Tenax Samples)
(Batch 55)
%Recovery
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlororaethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
£-Di chlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
N
5
5
5
5
NC
5
5
5
4
5
5
4
4
NC
4
4
5
5
5
Mean
74
102
98
71
-
81
99
107
150
120
125
149
159
-
138
140
174
135
151
%RSD
65
5
9
47
-
10
10
12
16
9
12
22
13
-
18
14
33
28
27
N
5
5
5
5
NC
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
NC
5
5
5
5
5
Background,
ng
Mean
15
20
0
124
-
1
31
0
0
9
8
0
0
-
2
2
87
28
62
%RSD
32
32
0
44
-
-
48
-
-
44
33
-
-
-
104
108
117
41
38
Corrected for background.
NC = not calculated.
289
-------
TABLE 133. NORTH DAKOTA - BREATH FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
(Tenax Samples)
(Batch 54)
Field Blanks
(Tenax Samples)
(Batch 54)
•a
%Recovery
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
p_-Di chlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
N
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Mean
59
58
63
56
79
67
72
68
100
83
87
124
210
144
164
162
124
145
129
%RSD
19
29
19
24
49
10
19
14
35
50
52
25
23
24
23
22
25
22
29
N
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Background,
ng
Mean
32
18
0
122
374
1
14
0
0
13
6
0
0
13
4
2
27
38
49
%RSD
67
52
-
68
57
-
101
-
-
89
145
-
-
90
76
76
86
84
85
Corrected for background.
290
-------
TABLE 134. DEVILS LAKE - SPIROMETER BLANKS
Target Compound
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
£-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
N
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Background,
Mean
8
12
0
79
96
0
10
0
0
11
5
0
0
7
3
4
11
17
22
a
ng
%RSD
107
87
-
86
70
115
132
-
-
66
134
-
-
81
98
17
100
108
96
Tenax Batch No. 54.
291
-------
TABLE 135. NORTH DAKOTA - WATER FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
Field Blanks
%Recovery
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
p_-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
p_-Xylene
N
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
NAb
4
NA
4
Mean
109
90
68
109
91
114
100
75
67
99
88
68
8
82
91
-
90
-
85
%RSD
4
8
15
4
3
4
11
10
34
5
14
41
200
19
11
-
0
-
7
N
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
NA
4
NA
4
Background,
ng
Mean
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-
0.0
-
0.0
%RSD
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Corrected for background.
NA = not analyzed.
292
-------
Two field quality control sets were submitted to the laboratory designated
to analyze the Q-type duplicate samples. Mean recoveries for the control
samples ranged between 72 and 94%. Chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, and carbon
tetrachloride gave 123%, 133%, and 143% recoveries, respectively. The two
field blanks were reported free of target compounds.
Duplicate Sample Analysis
Tenax Cartridges—
The agreement between the F and D samples of duplicate pairs is summarized
in Table 136. The median %RSD values for most targets in breath and fixed air
duplicates were greater than 30%. Only 3 targets in the personal air duplicates
fell in this category. The personal air duplicates certainly showed the
highest precision of the three matrix types.
Table 137 summarizes the interlaboratory precision between field samples
and the corresponding Q-duplicates which were analyzed by an independent lab.
Water Samples—
Chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane were present
in nearly all water samples. The duplicate sets analyzed at RTI gave a mean
36.5% RSD, N=ll. The interlaboratory precision estimated from the Q-duplicate
results was 20.0% RSD, N=13. A summary of duplicate water data is presented
in Table 138.
Performance Audit Sample Analysis
Tenax Cartridges—
Performance audit samples were prepared by fortifying Tenax cartridges
with selected aromatic and aliphatic compounds, including halogenated structures;
all were target compounds. Tenax for all audit samples was supplied by RTI
and fortified by EMSL in EPA/RTP.
The analysis of the audit cartridges were carried out blind; each cartridge
was given a legitimate study number and chain-of-custody form before being
introduced into the sample chain. The number of audit samples analyzed in
this fashion amounted to approximately 5% of the total field and duplicate
cartridges. The results were reported to EPA without any background correction
and are summarized in Table 139. The results reported by the independent lab
are shown in Table 140.
293
-------
TABLE 136. DEVILS LAKE - DUPLICATE (D-TYPE) SAMPLES (AV, BR, XV)
PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD) FOR F/D RESULTS
N5
VO
Personal Air %RSD
Breath, %RSD Fixed Site Air
Target Compounds Median (N) 75% tile Max. Median (N)
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
g-Xylene
- (o)
30 (9) 49
- (o)
10 (1)
45 (2)
28 (6) 41
- (o)
17 32
33 (5) 54
18 (7) 23
18 (8) 50
47
74 10
52
-
76 16
49 6
-
38 13
70 60
51 63
60 73
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(0)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
, %RSD
75% tile Max. Median 75% tile Max.
48 (2)
73 (2)
- (0)
7 (2)
32 (2)
67.0 12 (2)
- (0)
30.0 - (0)
78.0 - (0)
34 (2)
52 (2)
53.0
110
-
13.0
39.0
20.0
35.0
65.0
-------
TABLE 137. DEVILS LAKE - DUPLICATE (Q-TYPE) SAMPLES (AV, BR, XV)
PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD) FOR F/Q RESULTS
N>
IO
t/1
Target Compounds
Chloroform
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
p_-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
Personal
Median (N)
- (o)
52 (3)
- (o)
30 (2)
46 (3)
12 (4)
34 (4)
Air %RSD
75% tile
-
67
-
-
74
51
47
Max.
-
67
-
47
74
100
70
Breath, %RSD
Median (N) 75% tile
46
3
35
13
58
64
46
(2)
(3) 21
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Fixed Site Air, %RSD
Max. Median 75% tile Max.
48
21 No Q Samples
Collected
78
98
90
-------
TABLE 138. DEVILS LAKE - DUPLICATE WV SAMPLES
PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD)
Target Compounds
Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochlorome thane
F/D Results
Median (N) 75% tile Max.
32 (6) 94 120
4.6 (5) 14 130
- (0)
F/Q Results
Median (N) 75% tile Max.
15
14
39
(7) 18 76
(5) 19 25
(1)
-------
TABLE 139. DEVILS LAKE, ND - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE RESULTS,
VOLATILE ORGANICS ON TENAX, RTI
Target Compound
Benzene
Bromoform
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,3-Dichlorobenzene
Spike Level
L
M
H
L
H
H
L
H
L
M
L
M
H
H
H
L
M
H
N
1
3
1
4
1
5
2
3
3
2
1
1
3
5
5
1
3
1
% Rel. Std. Dev.
.
73.9
-
147
-
81.5
90.2
173
129
141
-
-
173
37.4
34.8
_
162
-
%Bias
-0.8
-72.8
40.0
-29.8
-100
-5.5
31.3
-70.5
-59.7
-41.5
11.0
85.0
-84.7
22.5
19.4
109
-74.7
-88.5
aL = 100-250 ng, M = 275-450 ng, H = 500-850 ng.
297
-------
TABLE 140. DEVILS LAKE - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE RESULTS,
VOLATILE ORGANICS ON TENAX INDEPENDENT LAB3
EPA No. FC-BS-91b FC-BS-92
Target Compound TEAM No. 22819-7 BR-Q 22808-0-BR-Q
Benzene - added, ng - 128
- found, ng - 207
- %recovery - 162
1,2-Dichloroethane - added, ng - 601
- found, ng - 374
- %recovery - 62
Trichloroethylene - added, ng - 712
- found, ng - 691
- %recovery - 97
Chlorobenzene - added, ng - 646
- found, ng - 462
- %recovery - 72
Tetrachloroethylene - added, ng - 316
- found, ng - 268
- %recovery - 85
Ethylbenzene - added, ng - 126
- found, ng - 115
- %recovery - 91
o-Xylene - added, ng - 300
- found, ng - 195
- %recovery - 65
Bromoform - added, ng - 705
- found, ng - 477
- %recovery - 65
m-Dichlorobenzene - added, ng - 135
- found, ng - 72
- %recovery - 53
Not corrected for background.
Sample badly cracked; unable to.analyze.
298
-------
Inspection of this table shows very clearly a serious problem not only
with mean recoveries for some target compounds but also with precision (%RSD).
One reason for the extremely poor reproducibility was the frequent inability
of the analyst to detect the compound spike in several samples. There is very
little evidence of satisfactory performance. Only 4 of the 18 bias measurements
fell within the range +20%. The precision estimates of these measurements
were unacceptable. The reason for this poor performance was undoubtedly due
to contaminated cartridges.
Water Samples—
Two audit samples of drinking water were submitted blind to the analyst.
The results reported for these analyses are shown in Table 141. Recoveries
ranged between 50 and 76% for all the target compounds except bromoform (22,23%
recovery).
Summary
Field Operations—
As described earlier in this section, the overall performance during the
data and sample collection at the study site proceeded satisfactorily (see
also Appendix 0) .
Completeness--
The overall completeness for the different sample matrices is defined as
the percent of the samples scheduled for collection and analysis which were
actually analyzed and measured for target compound content (see Table 131).
Field sample completeness was 94%, 100%, 92%, and 96% for the personal
air, fixed air, breath, and water collection, respectively. The only quality
control samples not analyzed were three of ten water Q-duplicates. All other
scheduled sample collections were successfully carried through the analysis
and quantitation.
Precision—
Compared to other studies, the precision for duplicate air sample analysis
was marginal. The agreement for interlaboratory analysis of duplicate sample
pairs was worse. Median RSD ranged between 12-52%.
Precision estimates for inter- and intralaboratory analyses of breath
duplicate samples were worse than air duplicate results. Estimates of 35-60%
RSD were typical for both F/D and F/Q duplicate sample analysis.
299
-------
TABLE 141. DEVILS LAKE - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE RESULTS -
WATER ANALYSIS, RTI
Sample QC-1 (N=l)
Sample QC-2 (N=l)
Target Compound
Cone., (jg/L %Recovery Cone., |jg/L "/.Recovery
Chloroform 6.4
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.57
Trichloroethylene 1.7
Bromodichloromethane 1.2
Dibromochloromethane 1.2
Tetrachloroethylene 0.70
Bromoform 0.61
58
52
65
71
50
64
22
34.7
7.7
9.4
6.2
6.1
3.18
2.4
76
55
72
72
50
57
23
300
-------
Water duplicate samples contained only chloroform and bromodichloromethane
with a mean %RSD of 20 (F/Q) and 3.7% (F/D).
Accuracy--
In general, recovery of target compounds from field control samples was
acceptable. However, the Tenax used for personal and fixed air collections
showed elevated and variable blank levels of the aromatics; benzene, styrene,
and ethylbenzene. Consequently, the reported concentration of these target
compounds are suspect and should be viewed as approximate.
Target compound recoveries from water samples were acceptable.
The breath field controls showed elevated recoveries (144-210%) for four
target compounds: dibromochloropropane, £-dichlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene,
and styrene. In addition, breath field blanks were shown to contain excessive
amounts of benzene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. However, the brominated target
compounds tended to possess low recoveries.
The performance ^audit samples for volatile organic determination gave
unacceptable estimates of bias probably because of the use of contaminated
cartridges.
ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTATION ON QC/QC ACTIVITIES
Documentation on samples provided to the quality assurance laboratories
is given in Appendix P. The correspondence contains the codes of field samples
provided for QA on water, personal air, fixed-site air and breath. Also,
performance audit samples were included.
During the course of this study, samples were either not collected,
compromised or lost. Appendix Q provides detailed information which indicates
the specific types of problems which prevented the 100% complete collection
and analysis of field samples in a study of this type.
As part of the quality control practices, data files were examined for
various possible errors prior to statistical analyses. Appendix R lists
examples of quality control checks performed on the data files. Outlier
information was particularly reviewed for calculation, transcription or data-
entry errors. Where found they were corrected. Examples of sample data
values which were reviewed are given in Appendix S.
301
-------
A routine part of the QA program was the Systems Audit performed by EPA
on the RTI activities. These results are given in the correspondence in
Appendix T.
An independent contractor prepared performance audit samples for analysis
by RTI and the QA laboratories. The general results have been'presented in
earlier sections. Additional detailed statistical analysis of the performance
audit samples is given in Appendix U.
Recent reports claim that distributed air volumes reveals sampling and
analysis accuracies, or the lack of, when using Tenax GC. Statistical analysis
of the organic levels as a function of differential volume sampled did not
support this contention. These results are given in Appendix V, which indicate
that none were significant at the 0.05 level.
Further experiments were conducted which employed spiking Tenax GC sampling
cartridges with deuterated benzene and using these cartridges in sampling.
The recoveries experienced are given in Appendix W. Recoveries across all
media, by media, by site and by instrumentation are all acceptable and agree
very well with those recoveries obtained for sampling cartridges spiked with
benzene, transported, stored and analyzed. These data are indicative of the
apparent accuracy of the Tenax GC sampling and analysis for benzene in this
personal exposure study.
A comparison of benzene-d, and benzene spiked onto Tenax sampling cartrid-
ges by geographical area studied is given in Table 142. The relatively high
recoveries of benzene vs benzene-d, for the summer season in Northern New
— o
Jersey reflects the elevated background discussed earlier; however, the data
are in acceptable agreement in the other cases.
302
-------
TABLE 142. COMPARISON OF BENZENE-D, AND BENZENE SPIKED ONTO
TENAX SAMPLING CARTRIDGES
Benzene-dg - Benzene
Geographical Area Mean + %RSD(N) Mean + %RSD(N)
Northern New Jersey, Fall 82 + 26 (48) 86 + 26 (110)
Northern New Jersey, Summer 93 + 40 (21) 108 + 25 (3)°
Northern New Jersey, Winter 72 + 35 (11) 74 + 12 (5)
Greensboro, NC 80 + 28 (6) 103 + 62 (4)
Devils Lake, ND 87+27 (6) 79 + 49 (4)
o
Deuterated benzene was added to sampling cartridges prior to sam-
pling, cartridges, used in field sampling for breath, personal air
or fixed-site air sampling. Mean plus/minus percent relative stan-
dard deviation (No. of observations) of percent recovered benzene-
bv
Benzene was added to control cartridges which were transported and
stored but not used in field sampling. Mean is percent benzene
recovered.
Q
Represents breath controls only.
303
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1987- 7^8-121/67011,
-------
&EPA
United States Office of Acid Deposition, Environmental EPA/600/6-87/002b
Environmental Protection Monitoring and Quality Assurance June 1 987
Agency Washington DC 20460
Research and Development
The Total Exposure
Assessment
Methodology
(TEAM) Study:
Elizabeth and Bayonne,
New Jersey, Devils
Lake, North Dakota and
Greensboro, North
Carolina: Volume II.
Part 2
-------
EPA/600/6-87/002b
June 1987
TOTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY (TEAM) STUDY:
ELIZABETH AND BAYONNE, NEW JERSEY, DEVILS LAKE, NORTH DAKOTA AND
GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA
VOLUME II (SECTION 8 AND REFERENCES)
FINAL REPORT
PART II
by
E. D. Pellizzari, K. Perritt, T. D. Hartwell, L. C. Michael,
C. M. Sparacino, L. S. Sheldon, R. Whltmore, C. Leninger, H. Zelon,
R. W. Handy and D. Smith
Research Triangle Institute
Post Office Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Project Officer
L. Wallace
Air, Toxics, and Radiation Monitoring Research Division
Office of Monitoring, System and Quality Assurance
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
WASHINGTON, DC 20460
U.S. Environmental Protection A-;-.
Region 5, Library (5PL-16)
230 S. Dearborn Street, Room 1670
Chioagp, IL 60604
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared under contract to an agency of the United
States Government. Neither the U.S. Government nor any of its employees,
contractors, subcontractors, or their employees makes any warranty,
expressed or implied, or assumes any legal libability or responsibility for
any third party's use or the results of such use of any information,
apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report, or represents that
its use by such third party would not infringe on privately owned rights.
Publications of the data in this document does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the joint or separate views and policies of
each sponsoring agency. Mention of trade names or commercial products does
not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
-------
CONTENTS
Page
Figures iv
Tables xii
Section
8 Statistical Analysis of Data 304
References 812
-------
FIGURES
Number Page
21 Weighted histograms of 1,1,1-trichloroethane for daytime
personal air - New Jersey first season 340
22 Weighted histograms of tetrachloroethylene for daytime
personal air - New Jersey first season 341
23 Weighted histograms of ethylbenzene for daytime personal
air - New Jersey first season 342
24 Weighted histograms of a-xylene for daytime personal air -
New Jersey first season 343
25 Weighted histogram of m.n-xylene for daytime personal air -
New Jersey first season 344
26 Weighted Ln histogram of 1,1,1-trichloroethane for daytime
personal air - New Jersey first season 345
27 Weighted Ln histogram of tetrachloroethylene for daytime
personal air - New Jersey first season 346
28 Weighted Ln histogram of ethylbenzene for daytime personal
air - New Jersey first season 347
29 Weighted Ln histogram of Q-xylene for daytime personal air -
New Jersey first season 348
30 Weighted Ln histogram of m,p_-xylene for daytime personal
air - New Jersey first season 349
31 Box plots of weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th
and 75th percentiles for 1,1,1-trichloroethane for
breath, daytime personal air and daytime outdoor air by
city - New Jersey first season 362
32 Box plots of weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th
and 75th percentiles for tetrachloroethylene for breath,
daytime personal air and daytime outdoor air by city -
New Jersey first season 363
IV
-------
FIGURES CONT'D.
Number Page
33 Box plots of weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th
and 75th percentiles for ethyl benzene for breath, day-
time personal air and daytime outdoor air by city - New
Jersey first season 364
34 Box plots of weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th
and 75th percentiles for Q-xylene for breath, daytime
personal air and daytime outdoor air by city - New
Jersey first season 365
35 Box plots of weighted means, geometric mans, medians, 25th
and 75th percentiles for m,p_-xylene for breath, day-
time personal air and daytime outdoor air by city -
New Jersey first season 366
36 Box plots of weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th
and 75th percentiles for styrene for breath, overnight
personal air and daytime personal air by city - New
Jersey first season 367
37 Box plots of weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th
and 75th percentiles for m,p_-dichlorobenzene for breath,
overnight personal air and daytime personal air by city -
New Jersey first season 368
38 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - New Jersey first season 403
39 Benzene - New Jersey first season 404
40 Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey first season 405
41 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - New Jersey first season 414
42 Benzene - New Jersey first season 415
43 Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey first season 416
44 m,p.-Dichlorobenzene - New Jersey first season 417
45 Ethyl benzene - New Jersey first season 418
46 m,p_-Xylene - New Jersey first season 419
47 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - New Jersey first season 420
48 Benzene - New Jersey first season 421
49 Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey first season 422
50 m,p_-Dichlorobenzene - New Jersey first season 423
v
-------
FIGURES CONT'D.
Number Page
51 Ethyl benzene - New Jersey first season 424
52 m.,p_-Xylene - New Jersey first season 425
53 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th
and 75th percentiles for 1,1,1-trichloroethane for
breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal
air by city - New Jersey second season 502
54 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, geometric
means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for m,p_-
xylene for breath, overnight personal air, and day-
time personal air by city - New Jersey second season. 503
55 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians,
25th and 75th percentiles for m,p_-dichlorobenzene
for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime per-
sonal air by city - New Jersey second season 504
56 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians,
25th and 75th percentiles for tetrachloroethylene for
breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal
air by city - New Jersey second season 505
57 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - New Jersey second season 536
58 Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey second season 537
59 m,p.-Dichlorobenzene - New Jersey second season 538
60 Ethyl benzene - New Jersey second season 539
61 m,p.-Xylene - New Jersey second season 540
62 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - New Jersey second season 541
63 Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey second season 542
64 m,p_-Dichlorobenzene - New Jersey second season 543
65 Ethyl benzene - New Jersey second season 544
66 m,p.-Xylene - New Jersey second season 545
67 1,1,1-Trichloroethylene - New Jersey second season .... 546
68 Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey second season 547
VI
-------
FIGURES CONT'D.
Number Page
69 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians,
25th and 75th percent!les for 1,1,1-trichloroethane
for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime
personal air by city - New Jersey third season. . . . 595
70 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians,
25th and 75th percentiles for tetrachloroethylene for
breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal
air by city - New Jersey third season 596
71 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians,
25th and 75th percentiles for m,p.-dichlorobenzene for
breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal
air by city - New Jersey third season 597
72 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians,
25th and 75th percentiles for m.,p_-xylene for breath,
overnight personal air, and daytime personal air by
city - New Jersey third season 598
73 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - New Jersey third season 611
74 Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey third season 612
75 m,R-Dichlorobenzene - New Jersey third season 613
76 Ethylbenzene - New Jersey third season 614
77 m.ji-Xylene - New Jersey third season 615
78 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - New Jersey third season 616
79 Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey third season 617
80 m,P--Dichlorobenzene - New Jersey third season 618
81 Ethylbenzene - New Jersey third season 619
82 m,ji-Xylene - New Jersey third season 620
83 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - New Jersey third season 621
84 Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey third season 622
85 Breath y_s.. overnight personal air for tetrachloroethylene -
Devils Lake 656
86 Breath ys.. daytime personal air for tetrachloroethylene -
Devils Lake 657
VII
-------
FIGURES CONT'D.
Number Page
87 Overnight personal air y_s. daytime personal air for tetra-
chloroethylene - Devils Lake 658
88 Breath y_s_. overnight personal air for m.R-dichlorobenzene -
Devils Lake 659
89 Breath y_s. daytime personal air for ni,p_-dichlorobenzene -
Devils Lake 660
90 Overnight personal air y_s_. daytime personal air for m.,p_-
dichlorobenzene - Devils Lake 661
91 Breath y_s.. overnight personal air for tetrachloroethylene -
Greensboro 686
92 Breath y_s.. daytime personal air for tetrachloroethylene -
Greensboro 687
93 Overnight personal air y_s.. daytime personal air for
tetrachloroethylene - Greensboro 688
94 Breath y_s_. overnight personal air for m,p.-dichlorobenzene -
Greensboro 689
95 Breath y_s_. daytime personal air for m,p.-dichlorobenzene -
Greensboro 690
96 Overnight personal air y_s.. daytime personal air for
m,p.-dichlorobenzene - Greensboro 691
97 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians,
25th and 75th percentiles for 1,1,1-trichloroethane
for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime per-
sonal air by season - New Jersey 713
98 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians,
25th and 75th percentiles for tetrachloroethylene for
breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal
air by season - New Jersey 714
99 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians,
25th and 75th percentiles for m.B-dichlorobenzene
for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime per-
sonal air by season - New Jersey 715
vi 11
-------
FIGURES CONT'D.
Number Page
100 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians,
25th and 75th percent! les for m,p_-xylene for
breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal
air by season - New Jersey 716
101 1,1,1-Trichloroethane for breath - New Jersey 719
102 Tetrachloroethylene for breath - New Jersey 720
103 m.,p_-Dichlorobenzene for breath - New Jersey 721
104 Ethyl benzene for breath - New Jersey 722
105 m,p_-Xylene for breath - New Jersey 723
106 Tetrachloroethylene for overnight personal air - New
Jersey 724
107 Tetrachloroethylene for daytime personal air - New Jersey. 725
108 Tetrachloroethylene for overnight outdoor air - New Jersey 726
109 Tetrachloroethylene for daytime outdoor air - New Jersey . 727
110 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians,
25th and 75th percentiles for 1,1,1-trichloroethane
for breath and daytime personal air by season - New
Jersey 758
111 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians,
25th and 75th percentiles for tetrachloroethylene for
breath and daytime personal air by season - New Jersey 759
112 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians,
25th and 75th percentiles for m,p.-dichlorobenzene
for breath and daytime personal air by season - New
Jersey 760
113 Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians,
25th and 75th percentiles for m,p_-xylene for breath,
and daytime personal air by season - New Jersey . . . 761
114 Medians by compound and season for breath - New Jersey . . 763
115 Medians by compound and season for overnight personal air -
New Jersey 764
116 Medians by compound and season for daytime personal air -
New Jersey 765
IX
-------
FIGURES CONT'D.
Number
117 Medians by compound and season for overnight outdoor air -
New Jersey 766
118 Medians by compound and season for daytime outdoor air -
New Jersey 767
119 1,1,1-Trichloroethane for breath - New Jersey 768
120 1,1,1-Trichloroethane for breath - New Jersey 769
121 1,1,1-Trichloroethane for breath - New Jersey 770
122 Tetrachloroethylene for breath - New Jersey 771
123 Tetrachloroethylene for breath - New Jersey 772
124 Tetrachloroethylene for breath - New Jersey 773
125 m,p_-Dichlorobenzene for breath - New Jersey 774
126 m.p.-Dichlorobenzene for breath - New Jersey 775
127 m,p_-Dichlorobenzene for breath - New Jersey 776
128 Ethyl benzene for breath - New Jersey 777
129 Ethyl benzene for breath - New Jersey 778
130 Ethyl benzene for breath - New Jersey 779
131 m,p_-Xylene for breath - New Jersey 780
132 m,P--Xylene for breath - New Jersey 781
133 ffl,p_-Xylene for breath - New Jersey 782
134 Tetrachloroethylene for overnight personal air - New
Jersey 783
135 Tetrachloroethylene for overnight personal air - New
Jersey 784
136 Tetrachloroethylene for overnight personal air - New
Jersey 785
137 Tetrachloroethylene for daytime personal air - New Jersey. 786
138 Tetrachloroethylene for daytime personal air - New Jersey. 787
139 Tetrachloroethylene for daytime perosnal air - New Jersey. 788
140 75th Percentiles for medians compared for Devils Lake
and Greensboro for breath 797
141 Percentiles and medians compared for Devils Lake and
Greensboro for breath 798
-------
FIGURES CONT'D.
Number Page
142 75th Percentiles and medians compared for Greensboro and
Devils Lake for water 800
143 75th Percentiles and medians compared for Greensboro and
Devils Lake for overnight personal air 803
144 75th Percentiles and medians compared for Greensboro and
Devils Lake for overnight personal air 804
145 75th Percentiles and medians compared for Greensboro and
Devils Lake for daytime personal air 806
146 75th Percentiles and medians compared for Greensboro and
Devils Lake for davtime personal air 807
XI
-------
TABLES
Number Page
143 Household Questionnaire - New Jersey 305
144 24-Hour Exposure and Activity Screener - New Jersey First
Season 312
145 Data Available for Statistical Analysis by Media - New
Jersey First Season 315
146 Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percent Measurable
for Breath Samples (/ig/m3) - New Jersey First Season . 318
147 Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percent Measurable for
Overnight Personal Air Samples (/ig/m3) - New Jersey
First Season 319
148 Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percent Measurable for
Daytime Personal Air Samples (/ig/m3) - New Jersey
First Season 320
149 Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percent Measurable for
Overnight Outdoor Air Samples (/jg/m3) - New Jersey
First Season 321
150 Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percent Measurable for
Daytime Outdoor Air Samples (pq/m$} - New Jersey
First Season 322
151 Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percent Measurable for
Water Samples (ng/mL) - New Jersey First Season. . . . 323
152 Weighted Percentage of Population with Compound Concentra-
tions Measurable by Media - New Jersey First Season. . 324
153 Target Compounds Sorted by Percent Measurable in Air and
Breath Samples - New Jersey First Season 325
154 Target Compounds Sorted by Percent Measurable in Water
Samples - New Jersey First Season 327
xn
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
155 Weighted Percentage of Population with Compound Concentra-
tions Measurable by Media and Site - New Jersey First
Season 328
156 Weighted Percentage of Population with Compound Concentra-
tions Over 10 (/ig/m3) for Breath, Overnight Personal
Air, or 10 (ng/mL) for Water - New Jersey First Season 330
157 Weighted Percentage of Population by City with Compound
Concentrations Over 10 (/ig/m3) for Breath, Overnight
Personal Air, Daytime Personal Air, Overnight Outdoor
Air and Daytime Outdoor Air, or 10 (ng/mL) for Water -
New Jersey First Season 332
158 Weighted Summary Statistics for Breath (/ig/m3) - New Jersey
First Season 334
159 Weighted Summary Statistics for Overnight Personal Air
(/ig/m3) - New Jersey First Season 335
160 Weighted Summary Statistics for Daytime Personal Air
(/ig/m3) - New Jersey First Season 336
161 Weighted Summary Statistics for Overnight Outdoor Air
(/ig/m3) - New Jersey First Season 337
162 Weighted Summary Statistics for Daytime Outdoor Air (/ig/m3)
New Jersey First Season 338
163 Weighted Summary Statistics for Water (ng/mL) - New Jersey
First Season 339
164 Summary of the Magnitude of Compound Levels Compared to the
Median Quantifiable Limits Over Two Sites by Com-
pound and Media - New Jersey First Season 351
165 Weighted Summary Statistics For Breath (/ig/m3) - New Jersey
First Season 352
166 Weighted Summary Statistics for Overnight Personal Air
3) - New Jersey First Season 353
xin
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Number
167 Weighted Summary Statistics for Daytime Personal Air
(/jg/m3) - New Jersey First Season 354
168 Weighted Summary Statistics for Overnight Outdoor Air
(/tg/m3) - New Jersey First Season 355
169 Weighted Summary Statistics for Daytime Outdoor Air
(/Kj/m3) - New Jersey First Season 356
170 Weighted Summary Statistics for Water (ng/mL) - New Jersey
First Season 357
171 Ratio of Elizabeth to Bayonne for Weighted Percentage
Measurable and Weighted Summary Statistics for Breath
New Jersey First Season 359
172 Ratio of Elizabeth to Bayonne for Weighted Percentage
Measurable and Weighted Summary Statistics for
Overnight Personal Air - New Jersey First Season . . . 359
173 Ratio of Elizabeth to Bayonne for Weighted Percentage
Measurable and Weighted Summary Statistics for
Daytime Personal Air - New Jersey First Season .... 360
174 Ratio of Elizabeth to Bayonne for Weighted Percentage
Measurable and Weighted Summary Statistics for
Overnight Outdoor Air - New Jersey First Season. ... 360
175 Ratio of Elizabeth to Bayonne for Weighted Percentage
Measurable and Weighted Summary Statistics for
Daytime Outdoor Air - New Jersey First Season 361
176 Ratio of Elizabeth to Bayonne for Weighted Percentage
Measurable and Weighted Summary Statistics for
Water - New Jersey First Season 361
177 Weighted Summary Statistics for Averaged 24-Hour Exposure -
Personal Air - New Jersey First Season 369
178 Weighted Summary Statistics for Averaged 24-Hour Exposure -
Outdoor air - New Jersey First Season 370
xiv
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Page
179 Weighted Summary Statistics for Averaged 24-Hour Exposure -
New Jersey First Season - Personal Air - Bayonne . . . 372
180 Weighted Summary Statistics for Averaged 24-Hour Exposure -
New Jersey First Season - Personal Air - Elizabeth . . 373
181 Weighted Summary Statistics for Averaged 24-Hour Exposure -
New Jersey First Season - Outdoor Air - Bayonne. . . . 374
182 Weighted Summary Statistics for Averaged 24-Hour Exposure -
New Jersey First Season - Outdoor Air - Elizabeth. . . 375
183 Percent Measurable by Proximity to Point Source and Media -
New Jersey First Season 376
184 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Breath - High - New Jersey First Season 378
185 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Breath - Moderate - New Jersey First Season. . . . 379
186 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Breath - Low - New Jersey First Season 380
187 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Overnight Personal Air - High - New Jersey First
Season 381
188 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Overnight Personal Air - Moderate - New Jersey
First Season 382
189 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Overnight Personal Air - Low - New Jersey First
Season 383
190 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Daytime Personal Air - New Jersey First Season . . 384
191 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Daytime Personal Air - Moderate - New Jersey
First Season 385
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Number
192 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Daytime Personal Air - Low - New Jersey First
Season 386
193 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Overnight Outdoor Air - High - New Jersey First
Season 387
194 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Overnight Outdoor Air - Moderate - New Jersey
First Season 388
195 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Overnight Outdoor Air - Low - New Jersey
First Season 389
196 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Daytime Outdoor Air - High - New Jersey First
Season 390
197 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Daytime Outdoor Air - Moderate - New Jersey First
Season 391
198 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Daytime Outdoor Air - Low - New Jersey First
Season 392
199 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Water - High - New Jersey First Season 393
200 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Water - Moderate - New Jersey First Season .... 394
201 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
for Water - Low - New Jersey First Season 395
202 Unweighted Percentage of Concentrations Measurable for
Those Persons Having Both Overnight Outdoor Air and
Overnight Personal Air - New Jersey First Season . . . 397
xvi
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Number
203 Unweighted Summary Statistics (/*/m3) for Those Persons
Having Both Overnight Outdoor Air and Overnight Per-
sonal Air - New Jersey First Season 398
204 Unweighted Median and Maximim Values (/jg/m3) for Those
Persons Having Both Overnight Outdoor Air and Over-
night Personal Air - New Jersey First Season 400
205 Summary of Medians, Maximum Concentrations, and Their
Ratios for Matched Overnight Personal Air and Over-
night Outdoor Air - New Jersey First Season 401
206 Spearman Correlations of All Concentrations and of Measur-
able Amounts Only - Overnight Outdoor Air YJL. Over-
night Personal Air - New Jersey First Season 402
207 Percent Measurable Overall and by City for Overnight
Personal Air and Expanded Overnight Outdoor Air -
New Jersey First Season 406
208 Weighted Summary Statistics for Overnight Personal Air -
New Jersey First Season 407
209 Weighted Summary Statistics for Expanded Overnight Out-
door Air - New Jersey First Season 408
210 Ratio of Overnight Personal Air to Expanded Overnight Out-
door Air for Weighted Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean,
Median and Maximum - New Jersey First Season 409
211 Spearman Correlations of all Concentrations for Breath, Day-
time Personal Air, Daytime Outdoor Air and Water for
Selected Chemicals - New Jersey First Season 411
212 Spearman Correlations of Measurable Amounts for Breath,
Daytime Personal Air, Daytime Outdoor Air and Water
for Selected Chemicals - New Jersey First Season . . . 412
213 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for
Breath All Amounts - New Jersey First Season 426
xvn
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TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
214 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for
Overnight Personal Air All Amounts - New Jersey First
Season 427
215 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Day-
time Personal Air All Amounts - New Jersey First
Season 428
216 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for
Overnight Outdoor Air All Amounts - New Jersey First
Season 429
217 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Day-
time Outdoor Air All Amounts - New Jersey First Season 430
218 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Breath
Measurable Amounts Only - New Jersey First Season. . . 431
219 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Over-
night Personal Air Measurable Amounts Only - New
Jersey First Season 432
220 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Day-
time Personal Air Measurable Amounts Only - New
Jersey First Season 433
221 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Over-
night Outdoor Air Measurable Amounts Only - New Jersey
First Season 434
222 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Day-
time Outdoor Air Measurable Amounts Only - New Jersey
First Season 435
223 Pearson Correlations of Natural Logarithm of Concentrations
for Selected Compounds for Breath All Amounts - New
Jersey First Season .436
224 Pearson Correlations of Natural Logarithm of Concentrations
For Selected Compounds for Overnight Personal Air All
Amounts - New Jersey First Season 437
225 Pearson Correlations of Natural Logarithm of Concentrations
for Selected Compounds for Daytime Personal Air All
Amounts - New Jersey First Season 438
XVlll
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
226 Pearson Correlations of Natural Logarithm of Concentrations
for Selected Compounds for Overnight Outdoor Air All
Amounts - New Jersey First Season 439
227 Pearson Correlations of Natural Logarithm of Concentrations
for Selected Compounds for Daytime Outdoor Air All
Amounts - New Jersey First Season 440
228 Pearson Correlations of Natural Logarithm of Concentrations
for Selected Compounds for Breath Measurable Amounts
Only - New Jersey First Season 441
229 Pearson Correlations of Natural Logarithm of Concentrations
for Selected Compounds for Overnight Personal Air
Measurable Amounts Only - New Jersey First Season. . . 442
230 Pearson Correlations of Natural Logarithm of Concentrations
for Selected Compounds for Daytime Personal Air Measu-
able Amounts Only - New Jersey First Season. ...... 443
231 Pearson Correlations of Natural Logarithm of Concentrations
for Selected Compounds for Overnight Outdoor Air
Measurable Amounts Only - New Jersey First Season. . . 444
232 Pearson Correlations of Natural Logarithm of Concentrations
for Selected Compounds for Daytime Outdoor Air Measur-
albe Amounts Only - New Jersey First Season 445
233 Coding of Questionnaire Variables for Stepwise Regression . 447
234 Results of Stepwise Regressions for Selected Compounds with
Breath Concentrations as the Dependent Variables and
Questionnaire Variables as Predictors - New Jersey
First Season 449
235 Results of Stepwise Regressions for Selected Compounds
With Overnight Personal Air Concentrations as the
Dependent Variables and Questionnaire Variables as
Predictors - New Jersey First Season 450
236 Results of Stepwise Regressions for Selected Compounds with
Daytime Personal Air Concentrations as the Dependent
Variables and Questionnaire Variables as Predictors -
New Jersey First Season 452
xix
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
237 Analysis of Variance with Questionnaire Variables Using
Natural Logarithms of the Concentrations for Breath -
New Jersey First Season 453
238 Analysis of Variance with Questionnaire Variables Using
Natural Logarithms of the Concentrations for Over-
night Personal Air - New Jersey First Season 456
239 Analysis of Variance with Questionnaire Variables Using
Natural Logarithms of the Concentrations for Daytime
Personal Air - New Jersey First Season 459
240 Analysis of Variance with 24-Hour Screener Variables Using
Natural Logarithms of the Concentrations for Breath -
New Jersey First Season 462
241 Analysis of Variance with 24-Hour Screener Variables Using
Natural Logarithms of the Concentrations for Over-
night Personal Air - New Jersey First Season 464
242 Analysis of Variance with 24-Hour Screener Variables Using
Natural Logarithms of the Concentrations for Daytime
Personal Air - New Jersey First Season 466
243 24-Hour Exposure and Activity Screener - New Jersey Second
Season 470
244 Data Available for Statistical Analysis by Media - New
Jersey Second Season 472
245 Summary of Quantifiable Limits for Breath Samples (/jg/m3) -
New Jersey Second Season 473
246 Summary of Quantifiable Limits for Overnight Personal Air
Samples (/ig/m3) - New Jersey Second Season 474
247 Summary of Quantifiable Limits for Daytime Personal Air
Samples (/*g/m3) - New Jersey Second Season 475
248 Summary of Quantifiable Limits for Overnight Outdoor Air
Samples (/jg/m3) - New Jersey Second Season 476
249 Summary of Quantifiable Limits for Daytime Outdoor Air
Samples (/jg/m3) - New Jersey Second Season 477
xx
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
250 Summary of Quantifiable Limits for Water Samples (ng/mL) -
New Jersey Second Season 479
251 Weighted Percent Measurable - New Jersey Second Season. . . 480
252 Target Compounds Sorted by Percent Measurable in Breath
and Air Samples - New Jersey Second Season 481
253 Target Compounds Sorted by Percent Measurable In Water
Samples - New Jersey Second Season 482
254 Weighted Percent Measurable by Site - New Jersey Second
Season 483
255 Weighted Summary-Statistics for Breath (/*g/m3) - New
Jersey Second Season .... 485
256 Weighted Summary Statistics for Overnight Personal Air
(/jg/m3) - New Jersey Second Season 486
257 Weighted Summary Statistics for Daytime Personal Air
(/wj/m3) - New Jersey Second Season 487
258 Weighted Summary Statistics.for Overnight Outdoor Air
(/tfj/m3) - New Jersey Second Season 488
259 Weighted Summary Statistics for Daytime Outdoor Air
(/ig/m3) - New Jersey Second Season 489
260 Weighted Summary Statistics for Water (ng/mL) - New Jersey
Second Season 490
261 Weighted Summary Statistics for Breath by Site (/jg/m3) -
New Jersey Second Season 492
262 Weighted Summary Statistics for Overnight Personal Air
by Site (/Kj/m3) - New Jersey Second Season 493
263 Weighted Summary Statistics for Daytime Personal Air by
Site (/*g/m3) - New Jersey Second Season 494
264 Weighted Summary Statistics for Overnight Outdoor Air by
Site (/jg/m3) - New Jersey Second Season 495
265 Weighted Summary Statistics for Daytime Outdoor Air by
Site (/tfj/m3) - New Jersey Second Season 496
266 Weighted Summary Statistics for Water by Site (ng/mL) -
New Jersey Second Season 497
xxi
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
267 Ratio of Elizabeth to Bayonne for Weighted Summary
Statistics for Breath - New Jersey Second Season . . . 499
268 Ratio of Elizabeth to Bayonne for Weighted Summary
Statistics for Overnight Personal Air - New Jersey
Second Season 499
269 Ratio of Elizabeth to Bayonne for Weighted Summary
Statistics for Daytime Personal Air - New Jersey
Second Season 500
270 Ratio of Elizabeth to Bayonne for Weighted Summary
Statistics for Overnight Outdoor Air - New Jersey
Second Season 500
271 Ratio of Elizabeth to Bayonne for Weighted Summary
Statistics for Daytime Outdoor Air - New Jersey
Second Season 501
272 Ratio of Elizabeth to Bayonne for Weighted Summary
Statistics for Water - New Jersey Second Season. . . . 501
273 Summary of the Magnitude of Selected Compound Levels Com-
pared to the Median Quantifiable Limits Over the Two
Cities by Breath and Air Samples - New Jersey Second
Season 506
274 Summary of the Magnitude of Selected Compound Levels Com-
pared to the Median Quantifiable Limit Over the
Two Cities by Water Samples - New Jersey Second
Season 507
275 Weighted Summary Statistics for Averaged 24-Hour Exposure -
New Jersey Second Season 509
276 Weighted Summary Statistics for Averaged 24-Hour Exposure -
New Jersey Second Season 510
277 Weighted Summary Statistics for Averaged 24-Hour Exposure -
New Jersey Second Season 511
278 Weighted Summary Statistics for Averaged 24-Hour Exposure -
New Jersey Second Season 512
xxn
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
279 Unweighted Percentage of Concentrations Measurable for
Those Persons Having Both Overnight Personal Air and
Overnight Outdoor Air - New Jersey Second Season ... 513
280 Unweighted Summary Statistics (/jg/m3) for Those Persons
Having Both Overnight Outdoor Air and Overnight Perso-
nal Air - New Jersey Second Season 515
281 Summary of Medians, Maximum Concentrations and Their Ratios
for Matched Overnight Outdoor Air and Overnight Per-
sonal Air - New Jersey Second Season 516
282 Unweighted Median and Maximum Values (/*g/m3) For Those
Persons Having Both Overnight Outdoor Air and Overnight
Personal Air - New Jersey Second Season 517
283 Spearman Correlations for All Amounts of Selected Compounds
for Breath, Personal Airs, and Outdoor Airs - New
Jersey Second Season 519
284 Spearman Correlations For All Amounts of Selected Compounds
Between Water and Breath, Personal Airs, and Outdoor
Airs - New Jersey Second Season. 521
285 Spearman Correlations for Measurable Amounts of Selected
Compounds for Breath, Personal Airs, and Outdoor Airs -
New Jersey Second Season ..... 522
286 Spearman Correlations for Measurable Amounts of Selected
Compounds Between Water and Breath, Personal Airs,
and Outdoor Airs - New Jersey Second Season 524
287 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Breath
All Amounts - New Jersey Second Season 525
288 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Over-
night Personal Air All Amounts - New Jersey Second
Season 526
289 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Day-
time Personal Air All Amounts - New Jersey Second
Season 527
XXlll
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TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
290 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Over-
night Outdoor Air All Amounts - New Jersey Second
Season 528
291 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Day-
time Outdoor Air All Amounts - New Jersey Second
Season 529
292 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for
Breath Measurable Amounts Only - New Jersey Second
Season 531
293 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Over-
night Personal Air Measurable Amounts Only - New
Jersey Second Season 532
294 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Day-
time Personal Air Measurable Amounts Only - New Jersey
Second Season 533
295 Spearman Correlations for Overnight Outdoor Air Measurable
Amounts Only - New Jersey Second Season 534
296 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Daytime
Outdoor Air Measurable Amounts Only - New Jersey
Second Season 535
297 Percent Measurable by Proximity to Point Source and Media -
New Jersey Second Season 548
298 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
and Media - New Jersey Second Season 551
299 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
and Media - New Jersey Second Season 552
300 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
and Media - New Jersey Second Season 553
301 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
and Media - New Jersey Second Season 554
302 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
and Media - New Jersey Second Season 555
xxiv
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TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
303 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
and Media - New Jersey Second Season 556
304 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
and Media - New Jersey Second Season 557
305 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
and Media - New Jersey Second Season 558
306 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
and Media - New Jersey Second Season 559
307 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
and Media - New Jersey Second Season 560
308 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
and Media - New Jersey Second Season 561
309 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
and Media - New Jersey Second Season 562
310 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
and Media - New Jersey Second Season 563
311 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
and Media - New Jersey Second Season 564
312 Weighted Summary Statistics by Proximity to Point Source
and Media - New Jersey Second Season 565
313 24-Hour Exposure and Activity Screener - New Jersey Third
Season 568
314 Data Available for Statistical Analysis by Media - New
Jersey Third Season 569
315 Summary of Quantifiable Limits for Breath Samples (/jg/m^) -
New Jersey Third Season 570
316 Summary of Quantifiable Limits for Overnight Personal Air
Samples (/jg/m^) - New Jersey Third Season 571
317 Summary of Quantifiable Limits for Daytime Personal Air
Samples (/tfj/m3) - New Jersey Third Season 572
318 Summary of Quantifiable Limits for Overnight Outdoor Air
Samples (/jg/m3) - New Jersey Third Season. 573
xxv
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
319 Summary of Quantifiable Limits for Daytime Outdoor Air
Samples (/jg/m3) - New Jersey Third Season 574
320 Summary of Quantifiable Limits for Water Samples (ng/mL) -
New Jersey Third Season 575
321 Weighted Percent Measurable - New Jersey Third Season . . . 576
322 Target Compounds Sorted by Percent Measurable in Breath and
Air Samples - New Jersey Third Season 578
323 Target Compounds Sorted by Percent Measurable in Water
Samples - New Jersey Third Season 579
324 Weighted Percent Measurable by Site - New Jersey Third
Season 580
325 Weighted Summary Statistics for Breath (/jg/m3) - New Jersey
Third Season 581
326 Weighted Summary Statistics for Overnight Personal Air
(/
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Rage
336 Ratio of Elizabeth to Bayonne for Weighted Summary Statis-
tics for Overnight Personal Air - New Jersey Third
Season 591
337 Ratio of Elizabeth to Bayonne for Weighted Summary
Statistics for Daytime Personal Air - New Jersey
Third Season 592
338 Ratio of Elizabeth to Bayonne for Weighted Summary
Statistics for Water - New Jersey Third Season .... 592
339 Summary of the Magnitude of Compound Levels Compared to
the Median Quantifiable Limits Over the Two Sites by
Compound and Media - New Jersey Third Season 593
340 Weighted Summary Statistics for Averaged 24-Hour Exposure -
New Jersey Third Season 599
341 Weighted Summary Statistics for Averaged 24-Hour Exposure -
New Jersey Third Season 600
342 Weighted Summary Statistics for Averaged 24-Hour Exposure -
New Jersey Third Season 601
343 Unweighted Percentage of Concentrations Measurable for Those
Persons Having Both Overnight Outdoor Air and Overnight
Personal Air - New Jersey Third Season 602
344 Unweighted Summary Statistics (/*g/m3) For Those Persons
Having Both Overnight Outdoor Air and Overnight Perso-
nal Air - New Jersey Third Season 603
345 Summary of Medians, Maximum Concentrations and Their
Ratios for Matched Overnight Outdoor Air and Overnight
Personal Air - New Jersey Third Season 603
346 Spearman Correlations for All Amounts Between Media for
Selected Compounds - New Jersey Third Season 605
347 Spearman Correlations Between Water and Other Media For
All Amounts for Selected Compounds - New Jersey Third
Season 607
XXVll
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
34-8 Spearman Correlations for Measurable Amounts for Breath,
Personal Airs, and Outdoor Airs - New Jersey Third
Season 608
349 Spearman Correlations Between Water and Other Media For
Measurable Amounts for Selected Compounds - New Jersey
Third Season 610
350 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Breath
All Amounts - New Jersey Third Season 623
351 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Over-
night Personal Air All Amounts - New Jersey Third
Season 624
352 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Day-
time Personal Air All Amounts - New Jersey Third
Season 625
353 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Over-
night Outdoor Air All Amounts - New Jersey Third
Season 626
354 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Day-
time Outdoor Air All Amounts - New Jersey Third
Season 627
355 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for
Breath Measurable Amounts Only - New Jersey Third
Season 628
356 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Over-
night Personal Air Measurable Amounts Only - New
Jersey Third Season 629
357 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Day-
time Personal Air Measurable Amounts Only - New Jersey
Third Season 630
358 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for Day-
time Outdoor Air Measurable Amounts Only - New Jersey
Third Season 631
XXVlll
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Page
359 Spearman Correlations Between Selected Compounds for
Overnight Outdoor Air Measurable Amounts Only - New
Jersey Third Season. 632
360 Household Questionnaire - Devils Lake 634
361 24-Hour Exposure and Activity Screener - Devils Lake. ... 641
362 Weighted Percentages with Measurable Concentrations For
20 Volatiles for Devils Lake by Media 642
363 Target Volatiles by Percent Measurable for Devils Lake
for Breath 645
364 Target Volatiles by Percent Measurable for Devils Lake
for Overnight Personal Air .............. 646
365 Target Volatiles by Percent Measurable for Devils Lake for
Daytime Personal Air 647
366 Target Volatiles by Percent Measurable for Devils Lake for
Water 648
367 Weighted Summary Statistics for Breath Samples for Devils
Lake (/jg/m3) 649
368 Weighted Summary Statistics for Water Samples for Devils
Lake (/ig/m3) 649
369 Weighted Summary Statistics for Overnight Personal Air
Samples for Devils Lake (/jg/m3) 651
370 Weighted Summary Statistics for Daytime Personal Air Samples
for Devils Lake (/*g/m3) 651
371 Summary of the Magnitude of Compounds Levels Compared to
the Median Quantifiable Limit by Compound and Media
for Devils Lake 652
372 Spearman Correlations for Devils Lake 654
373 Spearman Correlations for Devils Lake 655
374 Spearman Correlations For Devils Lake When Both Media Have
% Measurable Greater than 20% 655
375 Household Questionnaire - Greensboro 663
376 24-Hour Exposure and Activity Screener - Greensboro .... 670
xxix
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
377 Weighted Percentages with Measurable Concentrations for
20 Volatiles for Greensboro by Media 674
378 Target Volatiles by Percent Measurable for Greensboro for
Breath 675
379 Target Volatiles by Percent Measurable for Greensboro for
Overnight Personal Air 676
380 Target Volatiles by Percent Measurable for Greensboro for
Daytime Personal Air 677
381 Target Volatiles by Percent Measurable for Greensboro for
Water 678
382 Weighted Summary Statistics for Breath Samples for Greens-
boro (/jg/m3) 679
383 Weighted Summary Statistics for Water Samples for Greens-
boro (/jg/m3) 679
384 Weighted Summary Statistics for Overnight Personal Air
Samples for Greensobor (/
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
393 Unweighted Summary Statistics for Quantifiable Limits for
Those with First and Second Season Samples (/*g/m3) -
New Jersey 696
394 Unweighted Summary Statistics for Quantifible Limits for
Those with First and Second Season Samples (/*g/m3) -
New Jersey 697
395 Ratio of Median Quantifiable Limit for First Season to
Median Quantifiable Limit for Second Season by Media
and Compound - New Jersey 698
396 Percentage Above the Maximum Quantifiable Limit for First
and Second Seasons by Season, Media and Compound -
New Jersey 699
397 Ratio of First Season Percent Above Maximum Quantifiable
Limit to Second Season Percent Above Maximum Quanti-
fiable Limit - New Jersey 701
398 Weighted Summary Statistics by Season for Selected Com-
pounds For Those with First and Second Season Samples
(/jg/m3) - New Jersey 703
399 Weighted Summary Statistics by Season for Selected Com-
pounds for Those with First and Second Season Samples
(/jg/m3) - New Jersey 704
400 Weighted Summary Statistics by Season for Selected Com-
pounds For Those with First and Second Season Samples
(/jg/m3) - New Jersey 705
401 Weighted Summary Statistics by Season for Selected Com-
pounds For Those with First and Second Season Samples
0*g/m3) - New Jersey 706
402 Weighted Summary Statistics by Season for Selected Com-
pounds for Those With First and Second Season Samples
(/jg/rn3) - New Jersey 707
403 Weighted Summary Statistics by Season for Selected Com-
pounds for Those with First and Second Season Samples
(ng/mL) - New Jersey 708
xxxi
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
404 Ratio of Second Season to First Season for Weighted Summary
Statistics - New Jersey 709
405 Ratio of Second Season to First Season for Weighted Summary
Statistics - New Jersey 709
406 Ratio of Second Season to First Season for Weighted Summary
Statistics - New Jersey 710
407 Ratio of Second Season to First Season for Weighted Summary
Statistics - New Jersey 710
408 Ratio of Second Season to First Season for Weighted Summary
Statistics - New Jersey 711
409 Ratio of Second Season to First Season for Weighted Summary
Statistics - New Jersey 711
410 Spearman Correlations Between First and Second Seasons For
All Amounts of Selected Compounds - New Jersey .... 717
411 Spearman Correlations Between First and Second Seasons For
Measurable Amounts of Selected Compounds - New Jersey. 718
412 Weighted Summary Statistics for 24-Hour Exposure Averaged
Over First and Second Season Samples (/tg/m3) - New
Jersey 728
413 Weighted Summary Statistics for 24-Hour Exposure Averaged
Over First and Second Season (/jg/m3) - New Jersey. . . 729
414 Weighted Summary Statistics for 24-Hour Exposure Averaged
Over First and Second Season Samples (/ig/m3) - New
Jersey 731
415 Weighted Summary Statistics for 24-Hour Exposure Averaged
Over First and Second Season Samples (/jg/m3) - New
Jersey 732
416 Unweighted Summary Statistics for Quantifiable Limits For
Those With First, Second and Third Season Samples
(/K}/m3) - New Jersey 733
417 Unweighted Summary Statistics for Quantifiable Limits For
Those With First, Second and Third Season Samples
(/jg/m3) - New Jersey 734
xxxn
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Page
418 Unweighted Summary Statistics for Quantifiable Limits For
Those with First, Second and Third Season Samples
(/jg/m3) - New Jersey 735
419 Unweighted Summary Statistics for Quantifiable Limits For
Those with First, Second and Third Season Samples
(/Kj/m3) - New Jersey 736
420 Unweighted Summary Statistics for Quantifiable Limits For
Those with First, Second and Third Season Samples
(^g/m3) - New Jersey 737
421 Ratio of Median Quantifiable Limit for First Season to
Median Quantifiable Limit for Second Season by Media
and Compound - New Jersey 738
422 Ratio of Median Quantifiable Limit for First Season to
Median Quantifiable Limit for Third Season by Media
and Compound - New Jersey 739
423 Ratio of Median Quantifiable Limit for Second Season to
Median Quantifiable Limit for Third Season by Media
and Compound - New Jerey 740
424 Percentage Above the Maximum Quantifiable Limit For Those
with First, Second and Third Season Samples - New
Jersey 741
425 Ratio of First to Second Season Percentages Above the
Maximum Quantifiable Limit for Those with First,
Second and Third Season Samples - New Jersey 744
426 Ratio of First to Third Season Percentages Above the
Maximum Quantifiable Limit for Those with First,
Second and Third Season Samples - New Jersey 745
427 Ratio of Second to Third Season Percentages Above the
Maximum Quantifiable Limit for Those with First,
Second and Third Season Samples - New Jersey 746
428 Weighted Summary Statistics by Season For Those with First,
Second and Third Season Samples (/ig/m3) - New Jersey . 747
XXXlll
-------
TABLES CONT'D.
Number Page
429 Weighted Summary Statistics by Season For Those with First,
Second and Third Season Samples (/*g/m3) - New Jersey . 749
430 Weighted Summary Statistics by Season For Those with First,
Second and Third Season Samples (/
-------
vvEPA The Total Exposure
Assessment
Methodology
(TEAM) Study:
Elizabeth and Bayonne,
New Jersey, Devils
Lake, North Dakota and
Greensboro, North
Carolina: Volume II.
Part 2
-------
SECTION 8
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA
NORTHERN NEW JERSEY
This section gives the statistical analysis for the three seasons
(fall, summer and winter) of data collected in Bayonne and Elizabeth,
New Jersey. Each season is analyzed separately followed by analysis of
Devils Lake, North Dakota and Greensboro, North Carolina. The three
seasons of New Jersey are then compared.
First Season
A description of the 362 people studied in Bayonne and Elizabeth in
the first season is given by the results of the Household Questionnaire
(see Table 143). Slightly more than half (50.6%) were male. The age
range was from 5 to 89 years of age. About 56% were employed, 16% were
housewives, 15% were students and 5% were retired. About 46% were
current smokers and 17% were former smokers. The vast majority of
smokers used cigarettes. Fifty-one people listed painting as a hobby
and nine listed it as an occupation. About 74% had window air condi-
tioners and about 95% had gas stoves.
The results of the 24-hour activity screener are given in Table
144. More people were exposed to tobacco (45%) or smoke (60%), service
stations or garages (19%), odorous chemicals (23%), high dust or parti-
culate levels (17%), auto or truck exhaust (17%), and cleaning solutions
(26%) during the study period than any other substances covered by the
screener.
Table 145 presents a summary of the sample sizes available for the
twenty-two volatile compounds collected in environmental and breath
samples for Bayonne and Elizabeth, New Jersey, for statistical analysis
of the TEAM First Season Pilot Study. The table shows variation in the
sample sizes by media and by compound. This indicates that not all
information was collected on each person in the sample. While the
ranges of sample sizes for personal air were relatively small over
compounds, those for breath and water were relatively large. Also, as
described earlier, the sample sizes for outdoor fixed-site were much
smaller than those of the other media.
304
-------
Table 143. HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE - NEW JERSEY
Q.I SEX Male 183
Female 179
362
Q.2 RACE Hispanic 60
Black - Not Hispanic 44
Asian/Pacific Islander 1
White - Not Hispanic 249
Other 2
356
Q.3 AGE 5-17 54
18 - 29 100
30 - 39 76
40 - 49 40
50 - 59 44
60 - 69 36
70-79 9
80 - 89 2
361
Q.4 Employed 203
Unemployed 159
362
Q.8 Length of Time With Present Employer
Less Than 1 Year 44
71
36
21
5
11
6
5
3
202
Q.9 Percent of Time Employment Puts You In Close Contact With
Smokers.
0-9 38
10 - 19 29
20 - 29 14
30-39 7
40-49 5
50 - 59 15
60-69 6
70-79 7
80-89 6
90 - 99 74
201 continued
305
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
- 5 Years
- 10 Years
- 15 Years
- 20 Years
- 25 Years
- 30 Years
- 35 Years
- 40 Years
-------
Table 143 (continued)
Q,10 Does Your Occupation Usually Take You Away From Home?
Yes 190
No 11
201
Q.12 Status If Not Presently Employed.
Housewife 57
Student 55
Unemployed 22
Retired 19
Disabled 5_
158
Q.14 Presently Employed At Usual Occupation.
Yes 200
No 38
238
Q.15 How Long Employed At Usual Occupation.
Less Than 1 Year 46
1-5 70
6-10 30
11 - 15 16
16 - 20 13
21-25 9
26-30 6
31-35 6
36 - 40 4
200
Q.I6 Do You Work In Or At Any Of The Following Occupations Or
Establishments?
Painting 9
Dry Cleaning 0
Chemical Plant 20
Petroleum Plant 14
Service Station/Garage/Engine Repair 12
Furniture Repair or Refinishing 2
Plastics Manufacture or Formulation 16
Textile Mill 1
Wood Processing Plant 1
Printing 4
Scientific Laboratory 4
Dye Plant 2
Hospital 6
Metal Products 7
Battery or Electrical Components Manufacture 2
Refrigerator/Air Cond. Repair or Manufacture 1
Taxi/Eus/Truck Driver 15
Pest Control 0
Drug Manufacturing or Formulating 4
Photo Developing 1
Landscaping/Gardening 2
306 continued
-------
Q.17
Q.18
Table 143 (continued)
Does Anyone Else In Your Household Work At Or In Any Of The
Following Occupations Or Establishments?
Painting 10
Dry Cleaning 1
Chemical Plant 14
Petroleum Plant 8
Service Station/Garage/Engine Repair 9
Furniture Repair or Refinishing 1
Plastics Manufacture or Formulation 7
Textile Mill 5
Wood Processing Plant 0
Printing 4
Scientific Laboratory 3
Dye Plant 1
Hospital 7
Metal Products 21
Battery or Electrical Components Manufacture 4
Refrigerator/Air Cond. Repair or Manufacture 1
Taxi/Bus/Truck Driver 11
Pest Control 0
Drug Manufacturing or Formulating 8
Photo Developing 1
Landscaping/Gardening 0
Average Number' Of Hours Normally Spent Away From Home.
Weekday
Weekend
0 -
4 -
8 -
12 -
16 -
20 -
0 -
4 -
8 -
12 -
16 -
20 -
3
7
11
15
19
24
3
7
11
15
19
24
61
64
169
56
6
4
360
94
122
86
33
9
16
Q.20
360
Do You Now Or Have You Ever Smoked Cigarettes?
Yes 228
No 134
362
continued
307
-------
Table 143 (continued)
Q.21 Age When First Started Smoking.
5-9 5
10 - 14 56
15 - 19 131
20 - 24 26
25-29 6
30-39 1
40 - 49 2
227
Q.22 If You No Longer Smoke, How Old Were You When You Last Gave
Up Smoking?
2
9
12
9
8
4
2
5
5
3
1
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
- 14
- 19
- 24
- 29
- 34
- 39
- 44
- 49
- 54
- 59
- 64
60
Q.23
How Many Cigarettes Smoked Per Day?
1 - 4
5-14
15 - 24
25 - 34
35 - 49
50 or More
26
46
74
45
27
10
228
Q.24
Q.25
Use Other Forms of Tobacco.
Cigars 9
Snuff 0
Chewing Tobacco 3
Pipe 5
Other 0
Does Anyone Else In Your Household Smoke?
Yes 196
No 165
361
continued
308
-------
Table 143 (continued)
Number of Smokers.
1 132
2 34
3 12
4 3
5 4
6 1
7 1
Cigarettes 187
Cigars 4
Pipe 6
Q.26 Pump Own Gas.
Yes 26
No 335
361
Q.27 Do Your Own Dry Cleaning
Yes 5
No 357
362
Q.28 Do You Pursue Any Of The Following Hobbies?
Furniture Refinishing 15
Painting 51
Scale Models 7
Gardening 68
Q.29 Does Anyone Else In Your Household Pursue Any Of The Following
Hobbies?
Painting 37
Furniture Refinishing 15
Scale Models 7
Gardening 68
Q.30 Do You Work With Or Use Insecticides, Pesticides, or Herbi-
cides, As In Farming, Gardening, Or Extermination?
Yes 47
No 315
362
How Often? Rarely 22
Occasionally 17
Often 7_
46
continued
309
-------
Table 143 (continued)
How Often Do You Have Your House Treated For Pests?
Never 200
Weekly 6
Monthly 84
Yearly 72
362
Q.31 What Do You Consider Your Current Physical Condition?
Excellent 106
Good 201
Fair 53
Poor 2
362
Q.32 Currently Taking Any Prescription Medication(s) On A Regular
Daily Basis?
Yes 79
No 282
361
Q.33 Have You Taken Any Non-Prescription Medications In The Past
48 Hours?
Yes 140
No 217
357
Q.34 Are You Presently Under A Doctor's Care?
Yes 59
No 302
361
Q.35 Are You Presently Suffering From Any Respiratory Problems?
Yes 68
No 288
356
Q.36 Which Of The Following Conditions Have You Ever Been Treated
For?
Anemia 40
Liver Disease 4
Kidney Disease 11
Q.37 How Would You Rate Your General Recreation/Exercise Activity
Pattern?
Heavy 53
Light 227
Sedentary 82
362
continued
310
-------
Table 143 (continued)
Q.38 How Would You Rate Your Activity On The Job?
Heavy Physical Activity 65
Light Physical Activity 107
Sedentary 34
Not Applicable 156
362
Q.43 How Many Years Have You Lived In This Area?
1 - 10 150
11 - 20 84
21 - 30 56
31 - 40 28
41 - 50 20
51 - 60 13
61-70 9
71 - 74 !_
361
Q.44 How Long Have You Lived At Your Current Address?
1-9 218
10 - 19 85
20 - 29 34
30-39 11
40-49 2
50-59 3
60 - 69 I
354
Q.45 Do You Cool Your Home With Any Of The Following Appliances?
Central Air Conditioning 14
Window Air Conditioning 267
Evaporative Cooler(s) 2
Window Fan(s) 100
Ceiling Exhaust Fan(s) 15
Circulating Fan(s) 72
Q.46 Do You Have Any Of The Following Appliances?
Gas Stove 342
Electric Oven 28
Gas Furnace 161
Oil Heat 182
311
-------
Table 144.
24-HOUR EXPOSURE AND ACTIVITY SCREENER - NEW JERSEY
FIRST SEASON
Frequencies of 24-Hour Screener
1. Have you pumped your own gas in the past 24 hours?
Yes
No
9
352
361
Have you been to a dry cleaning establishment in
the past 24 hours?
Yes 9
No 352
361
Have you done your own dry cleaning in the past
24 hours?
4. Have you used tobacco in any form in the past 24
hours?
5. Have you remained in close contact with smokers
for extended periods?
6. Have you used or worked with insecticides,
pesticides, or herbicides in any way including
farming, gardening, and extermination in the
past 24 hours?
8. Have you been swimming in the past 24 hours?
9. Have you worked at any of the following
occupations or been in any of the
following businesses?
Painting
Dry Cleaning
Chemical Plant
Petroleum Plant
Service Station/Garage/Engine Repair
Furniture Refinishing or Repair
Plastics Manufacture or Formulation
Textile Mill
Wood Processing Plant
Printing
Scientific Laboratory
Dye Plant
Hospital
Metal Work/Smelters
Yes 3
No 357
360
Yes 161
No 199
360
Yes 215
No 144
359
Yes 20
No 341
361
Yes
No
1
360
361
Past
Week
58
35
37
19
154
10
15
6
8
17
18
4
38
22
%
16
10
10
5
43
3
4
2
2
5
5
1
11
6
Past 24
Hours
27
13
21
9
67
7
11
5
6
9
14
4
13
17
%
7
4
6
2
19
2
3
1
2
2
4
1
4
5
continued
312
-------
Table 144 (continued)
10. Have you been exposed to any of the Past Past 24
following? Week %_ Hours %_
Solvents 79 22 37 10
Odorous Chemicals 162 45 83 23
Toxic or Hazardous Chemicals 49 14 27 7
High Dust or Particulate Levels 87 24 63 17
Auto/Truck Exhausts 93 26 62 17
Cleaning Solutions 165 46 94 26
Degreasing Compounds 39 11 19 5
Other 28 8 19 5
3J3
-------
NOTES TO TABLES 145 TO 242
1. Toluene was not measured in breath, overnight and daytime personal air
or overnight and daytime fixed site outdoor air. Dibrcmochloropropane,
£-dichlorobenzene, and £-xylene were not measured in water.
2. Sample size indicates the number of individual samples. The minimum
and maximum sample size indicate that not all compounds always had a
value for every individual sampled.
3 Field samples and duplicate measurements were averaged before the
percentages were computed.
4. Proximity to point source:
Low = more than 1.5 kilometers from a point source,
High = within 1.5 kilometers of at least one point source,
Moderate = bordering on high exposure areas and intersected by
major highways.
5. Percentages in the tables are population estimates (i.e., they are
weighted statistics). The estimated population is for persons living
in Bayonne or Elizabeth excluding those on military reservations or
living in group quarters, people under seven years of age, the mental-
ly or physically incompetent (including many people over 65), and
those who changed key categories during the start-up of the study
(i.e., those who went from smoker to non-smoker, changed occupational
exposure status, etc.).
6. Measurable is defined as above the quantifiable limit. All concentra-
tion data is considered significant to two figures.
7. Approximate population sizes vary due to differences in sample sizes.
8. Team first season is August through November of 1981.
9. To calculate an estimate of a 95% confidence interval for the geo-
metric mean, the upper limit would be (geo. mean) x (geo. s.e.)2 and
the lower limit would be (geo. mean) * (geo. s.e.)2, where geo. mean
is the geometric mean and geo. s.e. is the geometric standard error.
To obtain a more accurate estimate use 1.96 instead of 2.
314
-------
Table 145. DATA AVAILABLE FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS BY MEDIA
NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sample Size Ranges —
Media Bayonne Elizabeth Combined
Breath 119-144 176-196 295-339
Overnight Personal Air 147-149 197-199 346-348
Daytime Personal Air 142-143 196-198 339-341
Overnight Fixed Site
Outdoor Air 27-31 54-55 81-86
Daytime Fixed Site
Outdoor Air 29-33 56-57 86-90
Water 118-153 147-201 265-354
a/ For 22 volatile organics.
315
-------
Creating the Computer Analysis File
Before statistical analysis could be undertaken, several manipula-
tions were necessary to process the data collected and create computer
analysis files. First, a few observations were deleted because it was
deemed by chemists that the data was questionable. Second, the water
samples collected at two different time periods were averaged. Third,
because of the difficulty of maintaining sufficient GC resolution for
each pair of chemicals, the quantitative values of m-dichlorobenzene and
pj-dichlorobenzene as well as m-xylene and p_-xylene were combined to give
one total number for m,p-dichlorobenzene and one for m,p-xylene. In
this manner all samples could be more readily compared. Thus, analysis
was done on 20 volatile compounds. Fourth, values below the level of
detection (LOD) were set equal to 1/2 LOD and values at trace were set
equal to 5/8 QL (quantifiable limit) where 5/8 QL was the midpoint
between the LOD and the QL. For water there was no LOD category.
Finally, duplicate samples were averaged. The max QL for a particular
media and compound was then defined as the maximum of the individual
quantifiable limits for each sample.
The calculated sampling weights described in Section 4 were adjust-
ed to compensate for missing data. This adjustment was done by weight
class per compound per media. The adjustment factors were calculated by
obtaining the total weight for all observations within a weight class,
then dividing by the total weight for all observations where concentra-
tion Information was obtained and not missing. The original weight of
the observation was then multiplied by the adjustment factor.
,. . , . ,„ original weight x total weight per weight class
adjusted weight = ^ r-r—* r~r ,—~—t—;—rr—-—r
total weight per weight class excluding those
with missing data.
The population of inference was estimated to include 128,603
individuals. Unless otherwise stated, all results apply to this popula-
tion or a specified subgroup of this population.
Quantifiable LJmits
Before presenting percents measurable and summary statistics, the
quantifiable limits for the various compounds and media were examined.
The purpose of this examination was to indicate hew these limits varied
for each compound.
316
-------
Tables 146 through 151 show by medium and compound the minimum of
the range of quantifiable limits (min QL), the maximum of the range of
quantifiable limits (max QL), ratios of max QL to min QL (Rl), weighted
percentages above max QL, weighted percentages measurable, and ratios of
percentage measurable to percentage above max QL (R2). For some com-
pounds , the range between max QL and min QL was quite large as demon-
strated by Rl. Excluding dibromochloropropane which had a very large
difference, Rl for breath had a range from 5 to 27, for overnight
personal air the range was from 3 to 44, for daytime personal air the
range was from 4 to 44, for overnight outdoor air the range was from 2
to 70, and for daytime outdoor air from 5 to 32. As another indication
of the variation in the quantifiable limits there were several large
differences between percentage measurable and percentage above max QL
(R2). For breath, R2 ranged from 1 to 141 (1 to 27 excluding styrene);
for overnight personal air from 1 to 109 (1 to 11 excluding chloroben-
zene); for daytime personal air from 1 to 7; for overnight outdoor air
from 1 to 98 (1 to 55 excluding chloroform); for daytime outdoor air
from 1 to 8. Thus, for breath and air the range in the QLs was quite
large for the various compound. For water, since there was very little
variation in the QLs, there was very little difference in the percentage
measurable and percentage above max QL.
Weighted Percent Measurable
Table 152 shows the weighted percentage of compounds measurable
(above the quantifiable limit) for breath, water, overnight personal
air, daytime personal air, overnight outdoor (fixed-site) air, and
daytime outdoor (fixed-site) air samples for 20 compounds.
In general, of the compounds analyzed, 1,2-dichloroethane, bromo-
dichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, chlorobenzene, bromoform, dibro-
mochloropropane, and ^-dichlorobenzene had low percentages in air and
breath (see Table 153) while 1,2-dichloroethane, berzene, carbon tetra-
chloride, chlorobenzene, bromoform, styrene, ethylbenzene, m,p-dichloro-
benzene, and m,p-xylene were low in water. Generally, for breath,
personal air, and outdoor air, the percentages by compound were approxi-
mately the same while the percentages by compound were often very
different for water (e.g., benzene). For 1,1,1-trichloroethane, ben-
zene, tetrachloroethylene, ethylbenzene, £-xylene, and m,p-xylene, the
317
-------
Table 146. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS AND PERCENT MEASURABLE FOR BREATH SAMPLES (yg/m3)
NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
00
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Compound
Vlnylidene Chloride^-'
Chloroform
1 , 2-DichJoroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrar.hloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichl orome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Ch] orobenzene
Eromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
128,608
295
339
Minimum
Quantifiable
Limit
4.00
0.28
0.40
0.43
0.19
0.38
0.62
0.76
1.28
0.96
0.35
1.48
1.48
0.39
0.58
0.41
0.19
0.34
0.38
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
56.0
4.30
6.40
6.80
5.20
6.40
9.90
13.2
6.80
5.00
2.64
14.4
144
8.90
11.6
10.4
2.20
2.50
2.28
Rl
Ratio
Max QL*
Min QL**
14.0
15.4
16.2
15.8
27.1
17.0
16.0
17.4
5.31
5.21
7.46
9.73
97.3
22.8
20.0
25.6
11.7
7.27
5.94
Percent Above
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
1.77
20.4
0.00
48.3
73.1
1.14
2.98
0.00
0.00
65.4
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.33
13.0
1.18
61,4
45.2
83.2
Percent
Measurable
12.0
60.2
2.75
80.0
89.2
19.9
28.5
0.12
0.00
93.4
2.93
0.00
0.00
46.5
60.5
2.32
93.2
83.2
95.5
R2 Ratio
% Measurable
% Above
Max OL*
6.78
2.95
1,65
1.22
17.4
9.57
—
1.43
26.6
_ _—
—
141
4.65
1.97
1.52
1.84
1.15
* Max QL - Maximum Quantifiable Limit
** Mlr» QL = Minimum Quantifiable Limit
£/ Ha$ a low breakthrough volume.
-------
Table 147. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS AND PERCENT MEASURABLE FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES
(pg/m3) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride^'
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene.
Erorood i chl or ome thane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m.jT-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
128,603
346
348
Minimum
Quantifiable
Limit
5.20
0.52
0.29
2.92
0.15
0.60
0.88
0.48
0.47
0.64
0.34
1.01
0.78
0.39
0.57
0.33
0.77
0.92
1.64
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
244.
14.8
12.8
32.8
1.04
5.60
5.20
9.20
5.60
3.10
3.44
14.4
116.
4.10
8.60
8.80
7.00
7.00
5.10
Rl
Ratio
Max QL*
Min QL**
46.9
28.5
43.8
11.2
6.84
9.33
5.90
19.2
11.8
4.84
10.3
14.3
149.
10.5
15.1
27.0
9.09
7.61
3.11
Percent Above
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
0.00
11.1
1.71
27.3
94.0
11.1
21.7
0.18
0.00
77.1
0.08
0.00
0.00
13.8
31.4
0.75
45.7
30.8
89.2
Percent
Measurable
2.92
57.6
3.39
79.5
95.1
31.3
51.4
1.91
0.00
92.2
8.74
0.00
0.78
82.6
81.5
7.15
93.4
86.9
98.9
* Max QL = Maximum Quantifiable Limit
** Min QL = Minimum Quantifiable Limit
a/ Has a low breakthrough volume.
R2 Ratio
% Measurable
% Above
Max QL*
5.20
1.98
2.91
1.01
2.82
2.37
10.6
1.20
109.
00
60
9.53
.04
,83
1.11
-------
Table 148. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS AND PERCENT MEASURABLE FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES
(yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
N>
O
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Compound
a/
Vinylidene Chloride-'
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromof orm
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
o-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
128,603
339
341
Minimum
Quantifiable
Limit
5.20
0.58
0.40
1.20
0.20
0.52
1.11
0.72
1.10
0.62
0.49
1.52
1.20
0.55
0.59
0.39
0.34
0.66
2.00
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
236.
23.6
17.6
46.0
2.60
8.80
9.20
14.0
7.20
5.70
5.20
16.0
176.
4.40
13.0
11.6
9.10
12.0
8.00
• g
Rl
Ratio
Max QL*
Min QL**
45.4
41.0
44.0
38.3
13.3
16.9
8.27
19.4
6.55
9.19
10.6
10.5
147.
8.00
22.0
29.5
26.8
18.2
4.00
-"- --• "-- - — - s s
Percent Above
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
2.44
6.25
0.62
25.0
86.4
6.07
19.3
0.00
0.00
62.1
0.00
0.00
0.00
18.2
23.7
3.25
42.2
23.5
82.1
Percent
Measurable
5.98
42.5
2.91
73.2
90.6
23.7
45.6
1.56
0.00
88.8
4.40
0.00
0.00
77.4
75.6
8.66
88.8
82.4
98.3
R2 Ratio
% Measurable
% Above
Max QL*
2.45
6.80
4.69
2.93
1.05
3.91
2.36
1.43
4.29
3.19
2.66
2.10
3.51
1.20
* Max QL = Maximum Quantifiable Limit
** Min QL = Minimum Quantifiable Limit
a/ Has a low breakthrough volume.
-------
Table 149. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS AND PERCENT MEASURABLE FOR OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR SAMPLES
(ug/m3) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Estimated Population Size: 128
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Compound
if
Vinyl idere Chloride^'
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichl oromethane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m , £-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dich] orobenzene
Ethylbenzerie
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
,603
81
86
Minimum
Quantifiable
Limit
2.88
0.26
0.40
0.38
0.30
0.26
0.49
0.68
0.92
0.17
0.14
1.32
1.68
0.25
0.48
0.25
0.18
0.62
0.62
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
48.0
10.0
14.8
12.0
3.00
3.40
12.6
36.8
15.2
4.80
7.70
18.4
60.0
6.00
13.2
17.6
2.70
3.70
1.10
Rl
Ratio
Max QL*
Min QL**
16.7
38.5
37.4
31.9
9.87
13.1
25.7
54.1
16.5
28.2
55.0
13.9
35.7
23.6
27.5
69.6
15.0
5.97
1.77
Percent Above
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
1.26
0.46
0.00
8.47
69.5
2.95
0.95
0.00
0.00
21.7
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.52
0.00
0.00
53.6
42.1
98.2
Percent
Measurable
1.26
45.0
3.88
85.2
89.5
53.3
52.6
0.09
0.00
80.5
1.97
0.00
0.00
32.0
42.6
0.53
88.5
80.4
98.2
R2 Ratio
% Measurable
% Above
Max QL*
1.00
97.9
10.0
1.29
18.1
55.4
3.70
61.5
1.65
1.91
1.00
* Max QL = Maximum Quantifiable Limit
** Min QL = Minimum Quantifiable Limit
a/ Has a low breakthrough volume.
-------
Table 150. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS AND PERCENT MEASURABLE FOR DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR SAMPLES
(pg/m3) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Compound
a/
Vinylidene Chloride-'
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1 ,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
P.romodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p_-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
128,603
86
90
Minimum
Quantifiable
Limit
3.44
0.35
0.48
0.40
0.38
0.32
0.47
0.78
0.95
0.48
0.19
1.60
2.28
0.40
0.48
0.45
0.19
0.47
0.60
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
31.6
7.54
10.0
3.90
5.60
2.90
12.4
27.8
12.2
2.60
4.36
14.6
100.
9.60
5.60
14.6
2.60
3.20
2.90
Rl
Ratio
Max QL*
Min QL**
9.19
21.4
20.8
9.75
14.7
9.01
26.7
35.6
12.8
5.45
23.2
9.13
43.9
24.1
11.7
32.7
13.7
6.81
4.83
Percent Above
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
0.35
4.45
0.00
55.2
55.0
3.52
0.00
0.00
0.00
68.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.82
0.00
60.8
49.1
78.9
Percent
Measurable
0.35
35.5
3.33
81.4
74.6
49.0
45.8
0.00
0.00
81.0
3.73
0.00
0.00
16.9
22.6
1.16
80.4
72.7
88.9
R2 Ratio
% Measurable
"L Above
Max QL*
1.00
7.98
1.47
1.36
13.9
1.81
— —
4.70
1.32
1.48
1.13
* Max QL = Maximum Quantifiable Limit
** Min QL = Minimum Quantifiable Limit
a/ Has a low breakthrough volume.
-------
Table 151. SUMMAPY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS AND PERCENT MEASURABLE FOR WATER SAMPLES (ng/mL) -
NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Estimated Population Size: 128,
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Compound
Vinylidere Chloride
K> Chloroform
00 1,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Berzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Brorcodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
To! uene
Tetrachl oroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Styrene
m ,j>-Dichl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
m,p_-Xylene
* Max QL = Maximum Quantifiable
** Min QL = Minimum Quantifiable
603
265
354
Minimum
Quantifiable
Limit
0.05
0.05
0.50
0.05
0.50
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.50
0.05
0.10
0.50
0.50
0.10
0.50
0.50
Limit
Limit
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
0.05
0.05
0.50
0.05
0.50
0.05
0.28
0.10
0.10
0.50
0.05
0.20
0.50
0.50
0.10
0.50
0.50
Rl
Ratio
Max QL*
Min QL**
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
5.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Percent Above
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
40.0
99.8
0.52
45.6
0.16
5.83
40.1
99.7
99.7
12.8
52.8
0.00
2.37
0.00
2.18
0.00
0.00
Percent
Measurable
40.0
99.8
0.52
45.6
0.16
5.86
51.4
99.7
99.7
15.8
53.1
0.86
2.37
0.00
2.26
0.00
0.00
R2 Ratio
% Measurable
% Above
Max QL*
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.01
1.28
1.00
1.00
1.23
1.01
1.00
1.04
— — —
-------
Table 152. WEIGHTED PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION WITH COMPOUND CONCENTRATIONS MEASURABLE BY MEDIA -
NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,2-Di chloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Rromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene (isomers)
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
ci-Xylene
m,£-Xylene (isomers)
Breath
128,603
295
339
12.0
60.2
2.75
80.0
89.2
19.9
28.5
0.12
0.00
93.4
2.93
0.00
0.00
.5
.5
46.
60.
2.32
93.2
83.2
95.5
Overnight
Personal
Air
128,603
346
348
2.92
57.6 *
3.39
79.5 *
95.1
31.3
51.4
1.91
0.00
92.2
8.74
0.00
0.78
82.6
81.5
7.15
93.4 *
86.9 *
98.9
Daytime
Personal
Air
128,603
339
341
5.98
42.5
2.91
73.2
90.6
23.7
45.6
1.56
0.00
88.8
4.40
0.00
0.00
77.4
75.6
8.66
88.8
82.4
98.3
Outdoor
Air
128,603
81
86
1.26
45.0
3.88
2
5 *
85
89
53.3
52.6
0.09
0.00
80.5
1.97
0.00
0.00
32.0 *
42.6 *
0.53
88,
80,
98.2
Daytime
Outdoor
Air
128,603
86
90
0.35
35.5
3.33
81.4
74.6
49.0
45.8
0.00
0.00
81.0
3.73
0.00
0.00
16.9
22.6
1.16
80.4
72.7
88.9
Water
128,603
265
354
40.0
99.8
0.52
45.6
0.16
5.86
51.4
99.7
99.7
15.8
53.1
0.86
2.37
0.00
2.26
0.00
0.00
= not measured.
* = T-test for difference between overnight and daytime percentages significant at .05 level,
-------
Table 153. TARGET COMPOUNDS SORTED BY PERCENT MEASURABLE IN AIR AND
BREATH SAMPLES - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
UBIQUITOUS COMPOUNDS a/
m,£-Xylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethylbenzene
Benzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
o-Xylene
Range of % Measurable
89 - 99
80 - 93
80 - 93
75 - 95
73 - 85
73 - 87
OFTEN PRESENT
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Styrene
m,p_-Dichlorobenzene
36
20
29
17
23
60
53
53
83
76
OCCASIONALLY FOUND
1,2-Dichloroethane
Chlorobenzene
£-Dichlorobenzene
Dibromochloropropane
Bromodichloromethane
Vinylidene Chloride
3
2
1
0
0
0
4
9
9
1
2
12
NEVER FOUND
Bromoform
Dibromochloromethane
0
0
a/ Greater than 50% measurable in personal air, breath and outdoor air.
325
-------
percentage measurable was 70% or higher for breath, day and night
personal air, and outdoor air samples. For water (see Table 154),
chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane were mea-
surable in 70% or more of the samples. The bromo- compounds had very
low percentages in breath, personal air, and outdoor air but bromodi-
chloromethane and dibromochloromethane had over 99% measurable in water.
Most benzene compounds were high in breath and air but low in water.
The exceptions were chlorobenzene and £-dichlorobenzene which were low
in all media. For personal air and outdoor air, percentages were about
the same day and night with nightime percentages usually slightly
higher.
By City
Percentages measurable for the six sample types are analyzed by
city in Table 155. The table also shows the results of t-tests of dif-
ferences between the two cities with an asterisk placed by the higher
percentage if the difference proved significant. Generally, there were
no marked differences between the two cities, but in several cases the
percentages for Elizabeth did tend to be higher. Fifteen of the 22
percentages that were significantly different were higher for Elizabeth.
Water especially showed higher percentages in Elizabeth for some com-
pounds. Six of the eleven compounds that showed significant differences
were significantly different in two or more media. Seven of the eleven
compounds were chloro- compounds.
Percent Above 10
Table 156 shows the percentages by compound with concentrations
greater than 10 yg/m3 for breath, personal air, and outdoor air and
greater than 10 ng/mL for water. For water, chloroform and bromodi-
chloromethane showed percentages of 95% or greater, while all others
were less than 1%. For breath and the airs, the percentage for personal
air was highest, usually followed by breath, then outdoor air. The
compounds with the largest percentages over 10 ug/m3 were 1,1,1-trichlo-
roethane, benzene, tetrachloroethylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, and m,p-
xylene. Daytime personal air had eight compounds with percentages
greater than 20 percent while overnight personal air had six, daytime
outdoor air had three, overnight outdoor air only had two and breath,
five.
326
-------
Table 154. TARGET COMPOUNDS SORTED BY PERCENT MEASURABLE IN WATER
SAMPLES - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
% Measurable
UBIQUITOUS COMPOUNDS a/
Chloroform 99
Trichloroethylene 51
Bromodichloromethane 99
Dibromochloromethane 99
Tetrachloroethylene 53
OFTEN PRESENT
Vinylidene Chloride 40
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 46
Toluene 16
OCCASIONALLY FOUND
1,2-Dichloroethane 1
Benzene 1
Carbon Tetrachloride 6
Chlorobenzene 1
Bromoform 2
m_,£-Dichlorobenzene (isomers) 2
NEVER FOUND
Styrene 0
Ethylbenzene 0
m,£-Xylene (isomers) 0
a/ Greater than 50% measurable in water.
327
-------
Table 155. WEIGHTED PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION WITH COMPOUND CONCENTRATIONS MEASURABLE BY MEDIA
AND SITE - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
00
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,l,]-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Brcmodichloromethane
Dibrcmochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
in,p_-Xylene
Overnight Personal
Breath
Bayonne
54,172
119
144
11.7
61.8
4.53
79.2
85.1
33.9 *
26.4
0.00
0.00
96.2
3.09
0.00
0.00
25.9
43.4
5.50
89.7
68.9
95.2
Elizabeth
74,431
176
196
12.2
59.0
1.45
80.6
92.2
9.66
30.0
0.20
0.00
91.4
2.81
0.00
0.00
61.5 *
72.9 *
0.00
95.8
93.7 *
95.8
Air
Bayonne
54,172
147
149
0.83
39.2
5.17
78.9
95.9
36.2
46.4
0.01
0.00
96.6 *
5.07
0.00
1.86
79.6
75.6
9.13
92.2
88.6
98.8
Elizabeth
74,431
197
199
4.45
70.9 *
2.09
79.9
94.6
27.8
55.1
3.29
0.00
89.0
11.4
0.00
0.00
84.7
85.8
5.72
94.2
85.7
99.0
Daytime Personal
Air
Bayonne
54,172
142
143
1.57
28.8
1.86
68.0
89.9
27.8
35.6
0.00
0.00
92.5 *
2.51
0.00
0.00
75.6
71.4
6.74
83.6
78.7
97.7
Elizabeth
74,431
196
198
9.18
52.5 *
3.67
77.1
91.0
20.8
52.9 *
2.69
0.00
86.1
5.77
0.00
0.00
78.8
78.6
10.1
92.6 *
85.2
98.7
continued
-------
Table 155. (continued)
K>
Overnight Outdoor
Air
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethy] ene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Mbromochloropropane
Styrene
iri,£-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
in,£-Xylene
Bayonne
54,172
27
31
0.00
35.9
7.12
85.4
98.7 *
41.8
35.4
0.22
0.00
91.0 *
4.68
0.00
0.00
11.9
19.5
0.22
95.2
71.9
96.9
Elizabeth
74,431
54
55
2.18
51.7
1.53
85.0
82.7
61.7
65.2 *
0.00
0.00
72.9
0.00
0.00
0.00
46.6 *
59.3 *
0.75
83.6
86.5
99.2
Daytime Outdoor
Air
Bayonne
54,172
29
33
0.00
22.2
0.00
91.7 *
78.6
38. A
38.1
0.00
0.00
95.6 *
2.04
0.00
0.00
4.08
11.0
0.00
73.3
60.0
85.4
Elizabeth
74,431
56
57
0.60
45.2
5.75
73.8
71.7
56.6
51.4
0.00
0.00
70.5
4.96
0.00
0.00
26.3 *
31.2 *
2.01
85.6
81.9
91.4
Water
Bayonne
54,172
118
153
0.00
100
1.24
2.60
0.39
3.84
1.83
99.6
99.6
18.24
9.08
0.81
0.00
0.00
2.51
0.00
0.00
Elizabeth
74,431
147
201
69.2 *
99.7
0.00
76.9 *
0.00
7.33
87.5 *
99.7
99.7
14.04
85.1 *
0.90
4.09
0.00
2.08
0.00
0.00
T-test for difference in percent measurable significantly different between cities at
the .05 level if both percentages are less than 10%, then they are not tested.
not measured.
-------
Table 156. WEIGHTED PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION WITH COMPOUND CONCENTRATIONS OVER 10 (yg/m3) FOR BREATH,
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR, DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR, OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR AND DAYTIME
OUTDOOR AIR, OR 10 (ng/mL) FOR WATER - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Overnight Daytime Overnight Daytime
Compound Breath Personal Air Personal Air Outdoor Air Outdoor Air Water
Sample Size: 295-339 346-348 339-341 81-86 86-90 265-354
Vinylidene Chloride^ 28.4 32.0 34.3 1.26 1.79 0.00
Chloroform 7.06 18.9 20.3 0.46 0.00 99.7
],2-Dichloroethane 0.00 1.71 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.52
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 33.3 70.2 63.2 11.0 18.1 0.00
Benzene 55.7 62.6 67.0 28.3 37.6 0.00
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.14 6.66 4.04 0.85 0.00 0.00
Trichloroethylene 2.98 11.8 16.9 2.75 0.59 0.00
Promodichloromethane 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 94.9
Dibromochlorometbane 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Toluene 0-00
Tetrachloroethylene 31.2 30.0 44.7 7.42 29.3 0.00
Chlorobenzene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Eromoform 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Dibrorcochloropropane 3.89 6.94 9.16 0.00 9.05
Styrene 0.33 2.00 4.75 0.52 0.00 0.00
m,£-Dichlorobenzene 13.6 25.7 24.2 1.73 2.78 0.00
£-Dichlorobenzene 1.18 0.75 3.84 0.00 0.00
Ethylbenzene 7.77 28.9 32.2 6.67 8.67 0.00
o-Xylene 2.75 18.7 26.4 5.32 5.84
m,£-Xylene 25.8 69.2 72.1 47.0 45.6 0.00
:: £. c:r E £ s. s s & :
-— = not measured.
a/ The quantifiable limit usually exceeded 10 yg/m3 for breath and personal air
-------
Table 157 shows the percentages by compound with concentrations
greater than 10 vg/m3 or 10 ng/mL for the six media by city. Generally
the percentages were about the same for both cities with Elizabeth
tending to be slightly higher for some compounds. Some compounds
appearing different by city were ethylbenzene and chloroform for daytime
and overnight personal air, benzene for overnight outdoor air, and
1,1,1-trichloroethane for daytime outdoor air. In all cases, Elizabeth
showed the higher percentage.
Weighted Summary Statistics - Overall
Additional analyses were done on selected compounds with high
enough percentages measurable to warrant closer study (see Tables 153
and 154). In particular, weighted summary statistics were computed for
eleven compounds for breath, personal air, and outdoor air and eight
compounds for water.
Tables 158 through 163 give median quantifiable limits, arithmetic
means, arithmetic standard errors, geometric means, geometric standard
errors, ranges, and percentiles for these selected compounds by media.
The reader should view the estimated weighted 99th percentile with
caution. In examining the tables it is noted that the mean was higher
than the median and the geometric mean. The difference in these statis-
tics was sometimes quite large as for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachlo-
roethylene and m,p-dichlorobenzene for daytime personal air. One
explanation for this can be illustrated by comparing the 90th percentile
to the maximum concentration, as shown in the range. In some cases
cited above, the maximum value was 1,000 times larger than the 90th
percentile. This suggested large outliers which were increasing the
mean. Generally, for air and breath samples, the daytime personal air
values were largest followed by overnight personal air, then the breath
values which were larger than daytime outdoor air values which were
slightly larger than nighttime outdoor air values.
Figures 21 through 30 show histograms of the original data along
with histograms obtained after taking the natural logarithms of the data
for selected compounds for daytime personal air. The histograms on the
original scale show only the values up to the 90th percentile. The
figures show that the histograms, after taking natural logs were closer
to being normally distributed than those on the original scale. Thus,
331
-------
to
to
Table 157. WEIGHTED PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION BY CITY WITH COMPOUND CONCENTRATIONS OVER 10 (vg/m3)
FOR BREATH, OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR, DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR, OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR
AND DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR, OR 10 (ng/mL) FOR WATER - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Compound
Sample Size:
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Eromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromofonn
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
ro,£-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xy]ene
m,_p_-Xylene
Breath
Bayonne
119-144
9.23
5.46
0.00
25.7
49. 4
2.5?
0.11
0.00
0.00
31.0
0.00
0.00
9.24
0.00
15.1
2.79
8.17
4.27
25.8
Elizabeth
176-196
42.3
8.22
0.00
38.9
60.3
0.14
5.06
0.00
0.00
31.4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.58
12.6
0.00
7.48
1.64
25.8
Overnight
Bayonne
147-149
20.2
10.9
2.67
59.9
52.5
12.9
6.26
0.00
0.00
31.1
0.00
0.00
4.67
1.11
27.8
0.00
18.2
11.3
60.7
Personal Air
Elizabeth
197-199
40.6
24.7
1.02
77.7
69.9
2.09
15.9
0.00
0.00
29.2
0.14
0.00
8.60
2.65
24.1
1.30
36.6
24.1
75.5
Daytime Personal Air
Bayonne
142-143
21.7
8.78
1.86
52.6
58.7
8.21
9.37
0.00
0.00
_.__
45.4
0.00
0.00
6.77
5.29
21.2
3.84
14.6
15.2
65.2
Elizabeth
196-198
43.5
28.7
0.17
71.0
73.0
1.01
22.3
0.00
0.00
___
44.2
0.00
0.00
10.9
4.35
26.4
3.84
45.0
34.5
77.1
continued
-------
Table 157. (continued)
U)
to
Compound
Sample Size:
Vinyl idene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroe thane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Promodichloromethane
Dibromochlorome thane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Pibrcmoch] oropropane
Styrene
m,£-Dl chlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
Overnight C
Bayonne
27-31
0.00
0.00
0.00
13.0
14.9
2.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.73
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.24
0.00
0.00
1.24
4.66
57.0
hitdoor Air
Elizabeth
54-55
2.18
0.79
0.00
9.60
38.0
0.00
4.75
0.00
0.00
— _
6.47
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.98
0.00
10.6
5.81
39.8
Daytime (
Bayonne
29-33
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.34
43.5
0.00
1.40
0.00
0.00
___
26.6
0.00
0.00
21.5
0.00
2.50
0.00
2.29
1.89
43.1
Dutdoor Air
Elizabeth
56-57
3.09
0.00
0.00
25.2
33.4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
— —
31.3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.98
0.00
13.3
8.72
47.4
Bayonne
118-153
0.00
99.6
1.24
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
94.8
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
^__^_.^:'- " sr =• =r sr
Water
Elizabeth
147-201
0.00
99.7
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
95.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-• not measured.
-------
Table 158. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR BREATH (pg/m3) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
: 128, (
t
Mid a/
Q.L.
2.08
2.30
0.44
1.70
1.50
4.10
0.97
1.32
0.40
1.10
0.52
303
195
J39
Arith.
Mean
3.12
15.0
18.7
1.31
1.77
13.3
1.15
8.10
4.58
3.35
8.95
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.38
2.64
1.44
0.28
0.21
1.96
0.13
1.72
0.58
0.38
0.99
c/
Geo.
Mean
1.30
4.79
8.19
0.60
0.93
7.33
0.72
1.72
2.45
1.99
5.34
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.14
1.14
1.20
1.13
1.13
1.09
1.10
1.12
1.15
1.12
1.13
Median
1.80
6.60
12.0
0.69
0.88
6.80
0.79
1.30
2.90
2.20
6.35
75
3.70
13.0
24.0
1.06
1.80
12.9
1.25
3.50
5.30
3.70
11.0
Percem
90
8.20
30.0
42.0
2.25
3.94
31.0
2.40
21.0
8.90
6.30
19.0
tiles
95
11.5
42.0
56.0
2.7
5.9
44.0
3.0
44.0
12.0
9.2
21.0
99
26.0
185
120
20.0
14.0
190
7.2
110
29.0
17.0
53.0
Range
.05 -
.06 -
.02 -
.05 -
.08 -
.12 -
.06 -
.11 -
.02 -
.05 -
.05 -
29.0
520
200
250
30.0
280
31.0
158
290
220
350
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Compound
Chloroform
u> 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
OJ
*- Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
letrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,£-Dich]orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o_-Xylene
in,£-Xylene
a/ Mid Q.I.. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b_/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
cj Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
AJ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Mean - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
-------
Table 159. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
128, (
*•
Mid a/
Q.L.
2.96
24.0
0.60
2.50
2.45
2.16
0.76
1.20
4.50
4.90
4.80
i03
J46
548
Arith.
Mean
8.73
113
29.7
13.9
7.27
11.3
2.68
56.0 *
12.6
15.7
54.6
b/
Arith.
S.E.
2.39
72.2
5.22
9.63
2.25
0.86
0.31
14.8
2.07
6.75
27.3
c/
Geo.
Mean
3.32
18.6
12.5
1.79*
2.60
6.30
1.52
5.12
6.43
5.26
16.0
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.07
1.11
1.09
l.ll
1.10
1.08
1.06
1.19
1.06
1.08
1.08
Median
3.30
16.9
15.0
1.50
2.25
6.35
1.75
3.80
6.30
4.90
14.0
75
7.90
38.0
32.0
2.44
4.80
12.0
3.00
13.0
12.0
8.70
25.0
Percei
90
16.0
78.0
54.0
5.75
12.0
26.0
4.60
82.0
22.0
15.0
47.0
itiles
95
24.0
180
73.0
18.0
22.5
35.0
6.20
260
35.0
27.0
87.0
99
215
880
320
200
140
70
16
1200
110
250
605
Range
.06 -
.36 -
.02 -
.14 -
.16 -
.08 -
.05 -
.08 -
.17 -
.16 -
.20 -
215
8300
510
1100
350
250
76
1500
380
750
3100
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Compound
u> " " "
OJ
01 Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,_p_-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
c^-Xylene
in,p_-Xylene
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b_/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
cj Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
dy Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
* T-test for difference in means between overnight and daytime significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 160. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR (vg/m3) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Compound
ition Size: 128,(
Jize: :
5ize: !
Mid a/
Q.L.
4.10
jthane 8 . 20
1.10
>ride 3.08
IP 3.44
lene 3.25
1.06
:ene 1.40
1.80
5.50
2.10
303
339
341
Arith.
Mean
7.43
816
26.2
4.62
18.9
78.0
15.2
35.1
24.8
17.2
48.6
b/
Arith
S.E.
1.18
665
1.68
1.48
6.25
46.0
7.33
8.62
7.36
4.18
10.2
=-=3=SS=:
c/
Geo.
Mean
3.01
19.1
11.2
1.29
3.05*
9.15*
1.84
4.73
7.33
6.12
18.5
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.08
1.13
1.13
1.11
1.09
1.08
1.13
1.17
1.09
1.07
1.08
Median
3.10
16.9
17.0
1.50
2.63
8.40
2.00
3.50
7.90
5.81
18.0
75
7.70
47.0
32.0
2.63
6.65
20.0
3.50
8.70
14.0
11.0
32.0
Percent
90
19.0
130
65.0
4.9
15.5
50.0
6.0
85.0
32.0
22.0
59.0
"-'"""•-"" £ £ S
tiles
95
28.5
380
81.0
9.9
46.0
69.0
10.0
210
52.0
35.0
100
99
89
4400
160
37
405
1100
140
490
420
300
860
Range
.08 -
.16 -
.02 -
.06 -
.19 -
.12 -
.07 -
.11 -
.08 -
.08 -
.12 -
89
333,000
270
900
1,400
12,000
6,500
790
1,500
830
1,800
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichlc
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p_-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
in,£-Xylene
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
W Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
_d/ Geo.-S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
* T-test for difference in means between overnight and daytime significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 161. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR (ug/m3) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Compound
^Chloroform
~"*1, 1 ,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trlchloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,j>-Xylene
128,603
81
86
Mid a/
Q.L.
1.20
3.00
0.36
1.20
4.80
0.99
1.30
1.30
1.20
1.70
1.04
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard
c/ Ceo. Mean = Geometric
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
b/ c/
d/
Percentiles
Arith. Arith. Geo. Geo.
Mean
1.22
5.41
8.61
1.16
2.13
3.72
0.90
1.54
3.76
3.97
11.0
Limit
Error of Arith.
Mean
Standard
Error -
S.E. Mean S
0.23 0.55
0.69 3.66
1.04 4.10
0.14 0.79
0.35 1.37
0.31 2.08
0.14 0.55
0.24 1.00
0.45 2.49
0.50 2.80
1.24 8.34
Mean
exp(s) where s is
.E.
1.30
1.19
1.17
1.12
1.19
1.14
1.14
1.12
1.20
1.18
1.17
the
ej Because of limited samples sizes, the estimated percentages
* T-test for difference
in means
between
overnight and day
time
Median
0.66
4.50
6.70
0.81
1.30
2.60
0.61
1.20
2.90
2.90
9.90
standard
should be
75
1.40
8.40
11.0
1.30
3.00
4.10
0.94
1.69
5.30
5.50
16.0
error of
90
2.90
11.0
15.0
2.06
3.88
6.90
1.70
2.50
6.90
7.90
21.0
95
4.80
12.0
24.0
2.50
7.50
15.0
2.80
4.00
11.0
11.0
26.0
the weighted mean
e/
99
6.60
19.0
49.0
5.90
11.0
23.0
5.40
13.0
13.0
11.6
29.0
Range
.04 -
.05 -
.04 -
.04 -
.08 -
.06 -
.06 -
.07 -
.04 -
.18 -
.13 -
21.5
40.0
91.0
14.0
15.0
27.0
11.0
13.0
20.0
27.0
70.0
of LN(x).
viewed with caution.
significant at .05
level.
-------
Table 162. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
b/
Mid a/ Arith. Arith.
Compound
w Chloroform
00 1,1,1 -Tri cbloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tricbloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,_p_-Xylene
Q.L. Mean S
1.32 1.50
1.44 8.60
1.08 9.54
1.50 1.00
1.86 2.37
1.20 8.32*
1.40 0.82
1.60 1.94
2.10 4.26
2.30 3.99
2.90 11.6
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
F/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith.
c/ Ceo. Mean = Geometric
dV Geo. S.E. = Geometric
Mean
Standard Error -
c/
Geo.
. E . Mean
0.32
2.02
0.95
0.12
0.36
1.40
0.09
0.56
0.64
0.56
1.67
Mean
exp(s)
~e/ Because of limited sample sizes, the estimated
^ T-test for difference
in means between
0.58
3.32
3.77
0.70
1.43
3.76*
0.61
0.78
2.61
2.65
6.96
where
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.22
1.25
1.24
1.18
1.16
1.24
1.13
1.12
1.23
1.19
1.22
s is the
Percentiles
Median
0.60
4.80
7.80
0.94
1.60
3.60
0.71
0.81
3.20
3.10
8.20
standard
percentiles should be
overnight and
daytime
75
2.00
10.0
16.0
1.20
2.60
13.0
1.13
1.30
5.90
5.30
18.0
error o
90
3.50
14.3
20.0
1.80
6.30
23.0
1.50
2.88
8.70
8.30
24.5
95
6.90
20.0
27.0
1.95
6.88
26.0
1.90
5.40
14.0
11.0
31.0
f the weighted mean
e/
99 Range
8.70
41.0
33.0
3.80
8.10
57.0
3.44
57.0
15.0
12.0
35.0
of LN(x)
04 -
05 -
05 -
04 -
08 -
11 -
07 -
10 -
06 -
08 -
08 -
•
8.80
470
44.0
7.10
11.0
57 .0
5 .12
57.0
16.0
19.0
37.0
viewed with caution.
significant at .
05 level .
-------
Table 163. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR WATER (ng/mL) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Estimated Population Size: 128,603
Minimum Sample Size: 265
Maximum Sample Size: 354
Compound
LO Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1 -Tri chloroethane
Tri chloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethyl ene
Mid a/
Q.L.
.05
.05
.05
.05
.10
.10
.50
.05
Arith.
Mean
0.25
69.9
0.59
0.56
13.6
2.45
0.42
0.44
-. . - . ._ -..^ -!_-
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.04
1.47
0.09
0.08
0.15
0.05
0.03
0.06
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.08
65.9
0.13
0.15
13.2
2.34
0.36
0.13
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.10
1.03
1.14
1.14
1.02
1.02
1.03
1.13
Percentiles
Median
0.03
66.8
0.03
0.06
13.4
2.38
0.31
0.06
75
0.24
83.4
0.75
0.73
14.6
2.71
0.31
0.60
90
0.82
94.8
2.14
1.87
16.5
3.21
0.64
1.45
95
1.19
102
3.03
2.50
17.5
3.38
0.97
1.82
99
1.85
128
4.43
3.93
19.9
4.17
2.63
2.65
Range
.03 -
.03 -
.03 -
.03 -
.06 -
.06 -
.31 -
.03 -
2.36
168
5.34
4.18
23.4
8.39
2.73
3.32
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
cj Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Frror - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
-------
.p-
o
33111
3IIII
ITIII
1*111
fill*
HIM
13111
mil
SMI
I II 21 31 41 91 tl II
• I II III III 121 131 HI 191 It!
Mg/m3
Figure 21. Weighted histogram of 1,1,1-trichloroethane for daytime personal air - New Jersey first season.
-------
3)1(1
HIM
211*1
2MM
2IIII
HIM
I9IM
I2III
*•*•* •*••• ••*•• •••** ••**• •••••
1IM
••••• ••••• ••••• • •••• ».«.« ••••• ••••• ••••* ••••• ••••• ••••« ••••• •••••
t 1 t * It 19 II 21 2* 2T 31 S3 34 3«
•9 «•
Pg/m3
Figure 22. Weighted histogram of tetrachloroethylene for daytime persona] air - New Jersey first season.
-------
MCtUENC*
I
t
I
22111 •
I
I
I
tlltt •
I
I
I
llllt «
I
I
Itttt «
I
I
I
Mill «
I
I
I
mil •
i
i
i
ittit «
i
i
i
•in •
i
i
i
ill! •
I
I
I
4111 •
I
ant •
i
i
i
2 « i I II
M It
II
22
21
32
Mg/m3
Figure 23. Weighted histogram of ethylbenzene for daytime personal air - New Jersey first season.
-------
'•CtMtMCf
Still
Mill
IIMI
IMM
HIM
HIM
tlltl
• Ill
till
*•••
till
-I.* I.I l.i 1.2 4.1 '*.« ••• «.* 11.2 12.• M.4 !».• 11.4 19.2 21.1 >2.« 2«.l
Pg/m-
Figure 24. Weighted histogram of o-xylene for daytime personal air - New Jersey first season.
-------
MM!
IIMI
IIMI
MM!
ItIM
HIM
III*
it
sa
•• ««
»t »•
/
Mg/m
Figure 25. Weighted histogram of m,p-xylene for daytime personal air - New Jersey first season.
-------
MMUCNCT
• TIM
Mill
tllll
ISMI
Itlll
till
till
111!
-] -* -I I I
II II If IS
ln(yg/m3)
Figure 26. Weighted Ln histogram of 1,1,1-trichloroethane for daytime persona] air - New Jersey first season.
-------
ttMl
Cs I9MI
1IMI
MM
111*
•l.t •••• t.t ••• 1.4
ln(pg/m3)
Figure 27. Weighted Ln histogram of tetrachloroethylene for daytime personal air - New Jersey first season.
-------
MCIUCNCV
Sllll
triii
Mill
tun
till!
•••<> •*•<« ««««• •••••
mil
•in
*««•» • •*<• ««••« «.... ••••« •••••
tin
llll «.... ..... ..... ....< ..... ..... ....• •••••
• •••• ••••• ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ••••• •••••
tn(ug/m3)
Figure 28. Weighted Ln histogram of ethylbenzene for daytime personal air - New Jersey first season.
-------
MIBUCNC"
00
)!••• *
I
t
JJMO •
I
31011 •
I
I
I
2TMI •
I ..... .....
I
I
U » ••••
I ..... .....
2IIM • ••••
I ..... .....
I
HIM « •••
I ••••
I * .....
| ..... .«... .....
13(11 * .....
I •
I
I •• ••• •• • ••
till* * .....
I ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
I ..... ..... • .....
I ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
« ..... .....
I
I ..... ..... .....
MM • .....
I •
i '.'.'.'.'. •!'.!'.I '.'.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'. II'.*.'. ".III!
*
I ..... .....
t ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... •«.«•
I ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....• ..... ••••• ••••• .....
-1.* -I.I -1.2 -«.fc 1.0 «.t 1.2 I.a 2.4 3.1 3.4 4.2 «.• 9.« t.l l.t T.2
ln(ug/m3)
Figure 29. Weighted Ln Histogram of o-xylene for daytime personal air - New Jersey first season.
-------
39111
SUM
Mill
(••It
llltl
Sill
•t.« -I.I -1.2 -H 1.1 ' «.fc 1.2 l.t
Figure 30. Weighted Ln histogram of m.p-xylene for daytime personal air - New Jersey first season.
-------
the figures indicate that the median and the geometric mean were much
better measures of central tendency for the data than the arithmetic
mean. Accordingly, in general, statistical tests on differences between
geometric means (e.g., between cities) are presented here along with
arithmetic means. Tests between medians are not presented since the
data was weighted and software was not available for testing weighted
medians.
Tables 158 through 163 also indicate that compounds with relatively
high levels in breath, personal air and outdoor air included 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, benzene, and m,p-xylene. Tetrachloroethylene also had
relatively high levels, particularly in breath and personal air. For
water, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane had
relatively high levels.
In comparing the mid QL (median quantifiable limit over all samples
for the compound and media) to the summary statistics, it became appar-
ent that a compound such as ethylbenzene for breath had relatively low
summary statistics but relatively high percentage measurable because of
a relatively low median QL.
Table 164 gives a general comparison between the magnitude of the
compound levels and the median QLs. If the magnitude were low in
comparison with the median QL for both cities, then the comparison was
labeled "low". If the magnitude were high for a city, then the name
appears. Benzene, tetrachloroethylene, ethylbenzene, £-xylene, and
m,p-xylene showed high magnitudes over most media (excluding water) for
both cities. 1,2-Dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene,
bromoform, dibromochloropropane, and £-dichlorobenzene showed low
magnitudes when compared with median QL over all the media in which
information was obtained.
Weighted Summary Statistics - By City
Tables 165 through 170 give median QLs, weighted arithmetic means,
arithmetic standard errors, medians, geometric means, geometric standard
errors, percentiles, and ranges for selected compounds by city for the
six media. Generally, each statistic for breath, personal air, and
water was higher for Elizabeth than for Bayonne. For outdoor air this
trend was not at all evident. The tables also show the results of
statistical test of differences between the two cities for the arith-
350
-------
Table 164. SUMMAPY OF THE MAGNITUDE OF COMPOUND LEVELS COMPARED TO THE MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS OVER
TWO SITES BY COMPOUND AND MEDIA - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Compound
Vinyl idene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trich] oroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachl oroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochl oropr opane
Styrene
m,p-Dichl orobenzene
o-Dichl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath
Bayonne
low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
low
low
low
low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
low
low
low
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
low
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Bavonne
Elizabeth
=_ - - r — ' .—.—--.....
Overnight
Persona]
Air
Elizabeth
low
Bayonne
Bayonne
Elizabeth
low
low
low
low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
low
low
low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
low
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Daytime
Personal
Air
low
low
Bayonne
Bayonne
Elizabeth
low
low
low
low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
low
low
low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
low
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Bayonne
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Overnight
Outdoor
Air
low
low
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
low
low
Elizabeth
low
low
low
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Daytime
Outdoor
-Air
low
low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
low
low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
low
low
low
low
low
low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Payonne
Elizabeth
Water
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
low
Elizabeth
low
low
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
low
Elizabeth
low
low
low
low
low
low
low = magnitude of compound levels to median quantifiable limit low for both cities.
Bayonne = magnitude of compound levels to median quantifiable limit relatively high for Bayonne.
Elizabeth = magnitude of compound levels to median quantifiable limit relatively high for Elizabeth.
-------
Table 165. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR BREATH (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Site: Bayonne
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Tr i chloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethyl ene
Styrene
m,_p_-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzerie
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Site: Elizabeth
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
ChJorof orm
1 , 1 , 1-Trir.hloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tr i chloroethy lene
Tetrachlordethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
54,172
119
144
Mid a/ Arith.
Q.L. Mean
1.70 3.07
0.60 9.84
0.51 17.7
1.20 1.78
1.20 1.06
1.60 11.1
1.80 0.98
1.60 10.6
0.43 3.88
1.20 2.85
1.50 9.11
74,431
176
196
2.16 3.15
3.00 18.7
0.25 19.4
2.70 0.96
3.96 2.29*
4.20 14.8
0.65 1.27
0.99 6.30
0.20 5.09
0.40 3.72
0.40 8.84
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.52
2.30
2.63
0.62
0.21
1.99
0.14
3.61
0.85
0.57
1.85
0.52
4.06
1.59
0.13
0.34
3.03
0.19
1.36
0.78
0.51
1.05
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard
c/ Ceo. Mean = Geometric
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
* T-test for difference
Error of Arith.
Me nil
Standard Error -
in means between
Mean
exp(s)
cities
i s:srs — sz s c
c/
Geo.
Mean
1.43
2.99
7.12
0.59
0.68
6.72
0.61
1.49
2.09
1.67
5.14
1.21
6.74*
9.07
0.61
1.16*
7.81
0.81
1.91
2.75
2.26
5.49
where s
_... _-— . - —
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.21
1.29
1.35
1.26
1.21
1.17
1.18
1.25
1.25
1.19
1.23
1.20
1.13
1.26
1.13
1.17
1.10
1.12
1.12
1.18
1.17
1.16
is the
significant at
Percentiles
Median
1.94
5.70
9.90
0.75
0.88
6.60
0.85
1.00
2.00
1.70
5.70
1.75
7.30
15.0
0.55
0.88
6.90
0.74
1.50
3.60
2.60
6.50
standard
.05 level
75
3.60
11.0
22.0
1.06
1.25
12.0
1.19
3.70
5.15
3.10
11.0
3.9
18.0
24.0
1.0
2.9
13.0
1.3
3.2
5.3
4.0
11.0
error of
.
90
6.60
19.0
47.0
1.44
1.80
31.0
1.80
20.0
8.70
6.30
21.0
9.60
39.0
38.0
2.38
5.60
31.0
2.80
21.0
8.90
6.40
16.0
95
11.0
32.0
54.0
2.20
2.80
36.0
2.80
110
12.0
9.50
27.0
12.0
62.0
57.0
2.88
11.0
44.0
3.40
33.0
13.0
9.00
21.0
99
26.0
185
170
25.0
5.90
50.0
5.25
140
29.0
17.0
53.0
17.0
360
120
4.8
14.0
190
7.2
82.0
23.0 '
17.0
36.0
Range
.05 -
.06 -
.05 -
.05 -
.08 -
.12 -
.07 -
.12 -
.02 -
.14 -
.05 -
.05 -
.13 -
.02 -
.05 -
.15 -
.81 -
.06 -
.11 -
.03 -
.05 -
.07 -
26.0
220
170
250
18.0
130
7.8
158
45.0
46.0
150
29
520
200
48
30
280
31
100
290
220
350
the weighted mean of LN(x) .
-------
Table 166. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
u>
Ul
Site: Bayonne
Estimated Population Size
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
54
,172
147
149
Mid a/ Arith.
Compound
Chloroform
1,1 ,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m ,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene .
m,p-Xylene
Site: Elizabeth
Estimated Population Size
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Chloroform
1 ,1 ,1-Tric.hloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethyl ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,_p_-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Q.L.
2.70
9.90
0.86
2.70
2.30
3.00
0.64
1.20
2.00
2.30
1.64
74
4.70
25.0
0.39
2.40
3.10
2.16
1.36
0.94
5.10
5.10
5.10
Mean
3.89
29.0
21.8
7.80
3.53
11.5
1.92
69.8
11.9
10.5
29.7
,431
197
199
12.3
174
35.4
18.4
9.99
11.2
3.23*
45.9
13.0
19.5
72.7
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.39
8.01
4.15
1.89
0.68
0.81
0.13
24.9
4.41
4.13
9.70
4.12
125
8.52
16.6
3.86
1.37
0.55
18.0
1.62
11.3
46.8
c/ d/
Geo.
Mean
2.19
13.4
10.6
2.52*
2.25
6.52
1.11
5.41
4.98
4.34
13.7
4.50*
23.5 *
14.0
1.40
2.90
6.14
1.92*
4.92
7.74*
6.04*
17.9
— = — — - • ' •'-— —
Ceo
S.E
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
£==.=.= :
Percentiles
•
12
12
11
12
15
11
11
39
11
11
11
08
16
13
17
14
11
07
20
07
12
11
Median
2.50
14.2
11.0
2.00
1.94
6.50
1.40
3.80
4.70
4.30
13.5
4.80
21.0
18.0
1.38
2.44
6.35
2.10
3.90
7.90
5.50
17.0
75
5.56
21.0
22.0
4.00
4.00
12.0
2.40
14.0
7.30
6.80
20.0
10.0
44.0
41.0
2.31
5.25
12.0
3.10
9.90
14.0
10.0
28.0
90
10.3
52.0
37.5
17.0
7.50
30.0
4.40
154
16.0
14.0
47.0
24.0
130
61.0
3.7
15.0
25.0
4.7
82.0
27.0
17.0
47.0
95
12.0
75.0
54.0
38.5
12.0
44.0
4.95
410
27.5
27.0
75.0
34.0
290
120
5.75
30.0
31.0
7.20
140
46.0
27.0
94.5
99
18
500
320
91
29
61
12
1200
270
250
605
215
8300
510
1100
350
90
29
915
100
750
3100
Range
.24 -
.37 -
.08 -
.28 -
.17 -
.08 -
.05 -
.08 -
.17 -
.21 -
.21 -
.07 -
.37 -
.02 -
.14 -
.16 -
.15 -
.14 -
.10 -
.60 -
.16 -
.60 -
22
990
320
200
30
130
16
1500
270
250
605
215
8300
510
1100
350
250
76
1250
380
750
3100
_ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b_/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
cj Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
* T-test for difference in means between cities significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 167. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Site: Bayonne
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Compound
Chlorof orn,
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
: i jp-Dichlorohenzene
Ftl^ 31. ( i ^ti.e
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Site: Elizabeth
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Tr ichl oroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dirb] orober? ciic-
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
54,172
143
143
Mid a/ Arith.
Q.L. Mean
3.70 4.57
7.60 59.9
1.12 19.3
3.08 6.18
3.36 10.4
2.90 20.7
0.94 5.20
1.50 39.6
1.80 12.0
3.20 10.2
2.10 32.7
74,431
196
198
5.10 9.51*
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.77
16.8
2.03
2.90
5.06
2.53
2.54
14.1
3.09
2.46
8.79
1.92
23.0 1370 1130
0.48 31.3 *
3.08 3.48
3.56 25.2
3.25 120
1.90 22.5
1.40 31.9
5.60 34.1
7.40 22.3
5.60 60.1
2.29
1.53
9.99
79.1
12.4
10.9
12.4
6.88
16.2
c/
Geo.
Mean
2.21
12.6
8.79
1.57
2.39
8.62
1.30
4.27
5.14
4.66
14.3
3.78*
25.9 *
13.3
1.11
3.64*
9.54
2.36*
5.09
9.49*
7.47*
22.2 *
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.11
1.19
1.14
1.22
1.15
1.08
1.21
1.30
1.07
1.08
1.08
1.11
1.17
1 .20
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.16
1.22
1.14
1.11
1.13
Percentiles
Median
2.50
11.0
12.0
1.60
2.25
8.30
1.60
3.40
5.00
4.38
14.0
3.63
22.0
22.0
1.19
3.44
8.60
2.40
3.60
9.63
6.88
22.0
75
5.63
33.0
24.0
3.13
5.20
23.0
2.70
8.10
8.90
7.65
24.0
11.8
61.0
40.0
2.30
9.20
19.0
4.20
15.0
18.0
14.0
40.0
90
9.5
88.0
46.0
9.9
9.9
43.0
4.0
100
17.0
15.0
41.0
21.0
240
74.0
3.44
24.0
52.5
7.30
53.0
40.0
26.0
74.0
95
18
150
73
18
14
76
14
250
30
20
72
38.0
630
85.5
4.9
55.0
69.0
10.0
210
54.0
42.0
110
99 Range
41
1200
130
57
405
290
140
490
270
190
800
89
6100
232
37
1100
2300
820
490
640
570
1400
27 -
39 -
11 -
07 -
29 -
13 -
07 -
11 -
23 -
26 -
12 -
08 -
16 -
02 -
12 -
19 -
39 -
10 -
15 -
08 -
08 -
70 -
41
4300
170
900
405
330
140
790
410
390
860
89
330,000
270
450
1,400
12,000
6,500
765
1,500
830
1,800
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric.
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
* T-test for difference
Error of Arith.
Mean
Standard Error -
in means between
Mean
exp(s)
cities
where s
is the
significant at
standard
.05 level
error of
•
the weighted mean
of LN(x)
•
-------
Table 168. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Site: Bayonne
Estimated Population Size: 54,172
Minimum Sample Size: 27
Maximum Sample Size: 31
Mid a/ Arith.
Compound Q.L. Mean
Chloroform 1.90 1.15
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane 12.0 6.52
Benzene 3.00 8.05
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.30 1.65*
Trichloroethy]ene 5.30 2.22
Tetrachloroethylene 3.80 4.12
Styrene 4.40 0.96
m,p-Dichlorobenzene 2.50 1.41
Ethylbenzene 2.70 3.71
o-Xylene . 1.70 4.17
m,p-Xylene 1.04 11.7
Site: Elizabeth
Estimated Population Size: 74,431
Minimum Sample Size: 54
Maximum Sample Size: 55
Chloroform 0.76 1.26
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane 2.92 4.60
Benzene 0.36 9.01
Carbon Tetrachloride 0.39 0.80
Trichloroethylene 0.69 2.06
Tetrachloroethylene 0.92 3.42
Styrene 0.59 0.86
m,p_-Dichlorobenzene 0.83 1.63
Ethylbenzene 0.98 3.80
o-Xylene 1.70 3.82
m,p-Xylene 0.62 10.5
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error
e/ Because of limited sample sizes, the
b/
c/
Arith. Geo.
S.E. Mean
0.31
1.09
1.22
0.28
0.48
0.63
0.22
0.17
0.75
0.93
2.43
0.33
0.88
1.58
0.11
0.49
0.30
0.17
0.40
0.57
0.52
1.15
. Mean
- exp(s)
estimated
* T-test for difference in means between cities
0.78
5.14
6.13*
1.20*
1.83
2.87*
0.65
1.14
3.05
3.13
8.82
0.42
2.85
3.05
0.59
1.11
1.64
0.49
0.91
2.15
2.58
8.00
where is
d/
Percentiles
Geo.
S.E.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
is
.42
.24
.20
.12
.32
.12
.18
.12
.27
.35
.38
.43
.28
.25
.20
.23
.20
.21
.18
.28
.19
.16
the
Median
0.99
6.80
8.10
0.94
2.10
2.60
0.60
1.56
3.65
3.35
11.4
0.54
4.00
5.40
0.75
1.13
2.10
0.74
0.92
2.50
2.50
8.60
standard
75
1.90
8.40
8.80
1.55
3.00
3.20
0.75
1.69
5.30
5.50
16.0
1.32
5.10
12.0
1.00
1.90
4.80
1.13
1.70
5.40
5.60
12.0
error of
90
1.90
11.0
12.0
2.90
3.38
6.30
2.20
2.00
5.30
7.10
18.0
3.90
9.70
24.0
1.31
5.35
7.20
1.50
2.50
11.0
9.20
21.0
95
2.90
12.0
14.0
4.80
4.10
20.0
2.80
4.00
6.80
8.15
21.0
5.2
13.0
34.0
1.9
9.9
11.0
3.4
3.7
11.0
11.0
26.0
the weighted
e/
99
6.6
21.0
91.0
14.0
7.5
27.0
11.0
4.0
20.0
27.0
70.0
6.0
15.5
49.0
2.5
15.0
23.0
5.4
13.0
13.0
11.6
29.0
mean of
Range
.15 -
.33 -
.38 -
.34 -
.63 -
.83 -
.18 -
.17 -
.11 -
.69 -
.13 -
.04 -
.05 -
.04 -
.04 -
.08 -
.06 -
.06 -
.07 -
.04 -
.18 -
.39 -
LN(x).
8.4
21.0
91.0
14.0
9.6
27.0
11.0
4.0
20.0
27.0
70.0
21.5
40.0
49.0
2.5
15.0
23.0
5.4
13.0
16.0
16.0
48.0
percentiles should be viewed with caution.
significant
at
.05 level ,
»
-------
Table 169. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Site: Bayonne
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Site: Elizabeth
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,jp-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
54,172
29
33
Mid a/ Arith.
Q.L. Mean
2.90 1.20
1.44 6.42
2.00 10.3
1.80 1.17
8.40 3.42
0.71 9.12
5.50 0.93
2.26 2.87
2.10 3.66
2.30 3.85
2.90 10.6
74,431
56
57
0.60 1.72
0.68 10.2
0.68 8.98
0.60 0.88
1.04 1.61
1.44 7.75
0.89 0.74
1.10 1.26
0.68 4.69
0.68 4.10
2.48 12.3
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.09
0.62
1.22
0.17
0.86
2.14
0.15
1.17
0.41
0.56
1.88
0.55
3.43
1.35
0.17
0.21
1.89
0.11
0.37
1.04
0.87
2.51
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.80
4.13
5.89
0.88
2.32*
5.55
0.70
1.05*
2.80
3.02
7.51
0.45
2.83
2.73
0.60
1.01
2.82
0.56
0.63
2.48
2.40
6.59
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.12
1.19
1.20
1.23
1.32
1.25
1.20
1.19
1.15
1.19
1.27
1.40
1.44
1.38
1.27
1.21
1.41
1.19
1.17
1.40
1.31
1.34
a/ Mid Q.I,. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard
Error of Arith.
Mean
Percentiles
Median
0.75
4.80
9.60
1.13
2.60
4.90
0.95
1.00
3.10
2.70
8.20
0.26
4.50
7.80
0.63
1.38
2.90
0.61
0.69
3.30
3.30
9.05
75
1.81
8.80
16.0
1.20
5.63
12.0
1.20
2.51
4.50
5.10
16.5
2.55
11.0
17.0
1.20
2.30
13.0
1.00
1.30
7.50
6.80
20.0
90
2.40
10.0
19.0
1.95
6.88
20.0
1.44
2.88
7.60
7.50
20.0
6.70
20.0
20.0
1.60
3.70
26.0
1.60
3.10
10.8
8.70
31.0
95
2.90
13.5
26.0
2.40
7.45
24.0
1.81
8.00
7.90
8.60
26.0
8.7
41.0
27.0
1.8
4.5
27.0
1.9
4.0
14.0
11.0
33.5
99
6.90
57.0
33.0
7.10
11.0
57.0
5.13
57.0
16.0
19.0
30.0
8.7
41.0
38.7
3.8
6.3
50.0
2.1
11.4
15.0
12.0
35.0
Range
.12 -
.12 -
.11 -
.13 -
.23 -
.44 -
.12 -
.?0 -
.12 -
.71 -
.71 -
.04 -
.05 -
.05 -
.04 -
.09 -
.11 -
.07 -
.10 -
.06 -
.08 -
.08 -
6.90
57.0
33.0
7.10
11.0
57.0
5.13
57.0
16.0
19.0
37.0
8.8
470
44.0
3.8
7.2
50.0
2.1
11.4
15.0
12.0
36.0
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
* T-test for difference
Standard Error -
in means between
exp(s)
cities
where s
is the
significant at
standard
.05 level
error of
•
the weighted mean
of LN(x).
-------
Table 170. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR WATER (ng/mL) - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Site: Bayonne
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodi cllloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Site: Elizabeth
Estimated Population Size:
Minimum Sample Size:
Maximum Sample Size:
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachl oroethylene
54,172
118
153
Mid a/ Arith.
Q.L. Mean
0.05 0.03
72.4
0.05 0.04
0.05 0.03
0.10 13.4
0.10 2.12
0.50 0.42
0.05 0.03
74,431
147
201
0.05 0.40*
0.05 68.1
0.05 0.99*
0.05 0.94*
0.10 13.8
0.10 2.68*
0.50 0.42
0.05 0.74*
£/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
h/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith.
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
* T-test for rllffprpnrp
Mean
Standard Error -
•in nuaflnc li^fuf^fan
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.00
1.46
0.01
0.00
0.12
0.03
0.04
0.00
0.06
2.31
0.15
0.15
0.25
0.09
0.04
0.10
Mean
exp(s)
n i t" ^ oc
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.03
68.8
0.03
0.03
13.0
2.07
0.37
0.03
0.17*
63.9
0.38*
0.45*
13.4
2.57*
0.36
0.37*
where s
clonlf -I,
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.00
1.03
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.01
1.06
1.02
1.20
1.04
1.27
1.27
1 .02
1.03
1.05
1.25
is the
Percentiles
Median
0.03
72.1
0.03
0.03
13.5
2.20
0.31
0.03
0.20
65.1
0.56
0.64
13.4
2.55
0.31
0.52
standard
ft1; loirol
75
0.03
84.0
0.03
0.03
14.7
2.41
0.31
0.03
0.54
81.0
1.37
1.39
14.6
2.97
0.31
1.29
error of
i
90
0.03
94.5
0.03
0.03
16.2
2.54
0.68
0.03
1.07
99.0
3.02
2.42
16.8
3.34
0.53
1.68
95
0.03
102
0.03
0.03
16.4
2.62
0.97
0.06
1.65
105
3.55
3.42
18.8
3.72
0.92
2.03
99 Range
0.03
118
0.06
0.05
17.5
2.97
2.73
0.10
1.85
134
4.49
3.93
23.4
8.39
2.63
2.88
03 -
22 -
03 -
03 -
06 -
06 -
31 -
03 -
03 -
03 -
03 -
03 -
06 -
06 -
31 -
03 -
0.03
125
2.86
0.17
18.8
3.03
2.73
0.15
2.36
168
5.34
4.18
23.4
8.39
2.63
3.32
the weighted mean of LN(x).
-------
metic mean and geometric mean, with an asterisk placed by the higher
value if the differences were significant. For breath, personal air,
and water, several of the tests showed significance with those statist-
ics that were significantly different being predominantly higher for
Elizabeth. For daytime outdoor air, those that were significantly
higher were higher for Bayonne.
Tables 171 through 176 give the ratios of Elizabeth to Bayonne by
the six media for percentage measurable, arithmetic mean, median,
geometric mean, and maximum value. For breath, daytime personal air,
overnight personal air, and water, the ratios show again the higher
values for Elizabeth. For daytime and overnight outdoor air, the
relatively small ratios show the apparently lower values for Elizabeth.
The difference appeared most prevalent in the maximum values as demon-
strated by the relatively large ratios for 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
tetrachloroethylene, and styrene for daytime personal air and vinylidene
chloride, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene for water.
Figures 31 through 35 show box plots of selected compounds for
breath, daytime personal air, and daytime outdoor air. The plots give
means (•), geometric means (x), medians, 25th and 75th percentiles by
city. These plots demonstrate how large outliers could inflate the
mean. This was particularly true for daytime personal air.
Figures 36 and 37 show box plots for styrene and m,p-dichloro-
benzene for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal air by
city. For both chemicals breath values appear smaller than personal
air. For styrene the values for Elizabeth were higher while for m,p-
dichlorobenzene the values for Bayonne were sometimes higher.
Tables 177 and 178 give weighted summary statistics for the aver-
aged 24-hour exposure (obtained by averaging daytime and overnight
concentrations) for personal air and outdoor air. Here again the
concentrations for personal air were greater than those for outdoor air.
In comparing the 24-hour average statistics to those for overnight and
daytime personal air, the statistics for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichlo-
roethylene, tetrachloroethylene, styrene, ethylbenzene, and the xylenes
were generally higher for daytime personal air while the others were
generally higher for overnight personal air. In comparing the 24-hour
average statistics to those for overnight and daytime outdoor air the
358
-------
Table 171. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGHTED PERCENTAGE MEASURABLE
AND WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR BREATH -
NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, l-Tr±chloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m ,p_-Dichlorobenz ene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Percentage
Measurable
0.96
1.02
1.08
0.28*
1.14
0.95
2.37*
1.68*
1.07
1.36*
1.01
Mean
1.03
1.90
1.10
0.54
2.16*
1.33
1.29
0.60
1.31
1.31
0.97
Median
0.90
1.28
1.52
0.73
1.00
1.05
0.87
1.50
1.80
1.53
1.14
Geometric
Mean
0.84
2.25*
1.28
1.03
1.70*
1.16
1.34
1.28
1.31
1.36
1.07
Maximum
Value
1.12
2.36
1.18
0.19
1.67
2.15
3.97
0.63
6.44
4.78
2.33
* T-test for difference between cities significant at .05 level.
Table 172. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGHTED PERCENTAGE
MEASURABLE AND WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
Percentage
Measurable
1.81*
1.01
0.99
0.77
1.19
0.92*
1.06
1.13
1.02
0.97
1.00
Mean
3.15
5.99
1.62
2.36
2.83
0.97
1.68*
0.66
1.09
1.86
2.45
Median
1.92
1.48
1.64
0.69
1.26
0.98
1.50
1.03
1.68
1.28
1.26
Geometric
Mean
2.06*
1.75*
1.33
0.56*
1.29
0.94
1.73*
0.91
1.55*
1.39*
1.31
Maximum
Value
9.77
8.38
1.59
5.50
11.7
1.92
4.75
0.83
1.41
3.00
5.12
T-test for difference between cities significant at ,05 level.
359
-------
Table 173. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGHTED PERCENTAGE
MEASURABLE AND WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,_p_-Xylene
Percentage
Measurable
1.82*
1.13
1.01
0.75
1.49*
0.93*
1.04
1.10
1.11*
1.08
1.01
Mean
2.08*
22.8
1.63*
0.56
2.43
5.80
4.33
0.81
2.85
2.18
1.83
Median
1.45
2.00
1.83
0.74
1.53
1.04
1.50
1.06
1.93
1.57
1.57
Geometric
Mean
1.71*
2.05*
1.51
0.71
1.52*
1.11
1.81*
1.19
1.85*
1.60*
1.55*
Maximum
Value
2.17
76.7
1.59
0.50
3.46
36.4
46.4
0.97
3.66
2.13
2.09
* T-test for difference between cities significant at .05 level.
Table 174. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGHTED PERCENTAGE
MEASURABLE AND WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
Percentage
Measurable
1.44
1.00
0.84*
1.48
1.84*
0.80*
3.93*
3.04*
0.88
1.20
1.02
Mean
1.10
0.71
1.12
0.49*
0.93
0.83
0.89
1.15
1.02
0.91
0.90
Median
0.55
0.59
0.67
0.80
0.54
0.81
1.23
0.59
0.68
0.75
0.75
Geometric
Mean
0.54
0.56
0.50*
0.49*
0.61
0.57*
0.75
0.80
0.70
0.83
0.91
Maximum
Value
2.56
1.90
0.54
0.18
1.56
0.85
0.49
3.25
0.80
0.59
0.69
* T-test for difference between cities significant at .05 level
360
-------
Table 175. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGHTED PERCENTAGE
MEASURABLE AND WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Percentage
Measurable
2.04
0.80*
0.91
1.47
1.35
0.74*
6.44*
2.85*
1.17
1.36
1.07
Mean
1.44
1.59
0.87
0.75
0.47
0.85
0.79
0.44
1.28
1.06
1.16
Median
0.34
0.94
0.81
0.56
0.53
0.59
0.64
0.69
1.06
1.22
1.10
Geometric
Mean
0.57
0.69
0.46
0.68
0.43*
0.51
0.80
0.60*
0.89
0.80
0.88
Maximum
Value
1.28
8.25
1.33
0.54
0.65
0.88
0.41
0.20
0.94
0.63
0.97
T-test for difference between cities significant at .05 level.
Table 176. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGHTED PERCENTAGE
MEASURABLE AND WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS
FOR WATER - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Percentage
Measurable
*
1.00
29.6 *
47.8 *
1.00
1.00
0.77
9.37*
Mean
12.8 *
0.94
22.6 *
29.4 *
1.03
1.27*
1.00
21.0 *
Median
6.37
0.90
17.8
20.5
0.99
1.16
1.00
16.5
Geometric
Mean
5.47*
0.93
11.6 *
14.1 *
1.03
1.24*
0.97
10.9 *
Maximum
Value
75.7
1.35
1.87
24.3
1.25
2.77
0.96
22.8
Percent measurable for.Bayonne is 0.
361
-------
60 -
30 -
OX
ro
15 -
(11.0)
(9.84)
(5.70)
(2.99)
(1.30)
Bayonne
• (18.7)
(18.0)
(7.30)
(6.74)
(2.60)
Elizabeth
BREATH
(59.9)
(33.0)
(12.6)
(11.0)
(4.75)
(65.5)
(61.0)
(25.9)
(22.0)
(9.10)
Bayonne Elizabeth
DAYTTME PERSONAL AIR
LEGEND:
•
X
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
(8.80)
(6.42)
(4.80)
(4.13)
(11.0)
(10.2)
(4.50)
(2.83)
(1.20)
Bayonne Elizabeth
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR
Figure 31
pl°ts °f weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles
for 1 ,1 ,1-tr irh] oroethane for breath, daytime personal air and daytime outdoor
air by city - New Jersey first season.
-------
Mg/m3
30 H
15 -
(12.0)
(11.1)
(6.72)
(6.60)
(4.30)
(14.8)
(13.0)
(7.81)
(6.90)
(3.80)
(23.0)
(20.7)
(8.62)
(8.30)
(3.30)
(120)
(19.0)
(9.54)
(8.60)
(3.50)
LEGEND:
(12.0)
(9.12)
(5.55)
(4.90)
(3.30)
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
(13.0)
(7.75)
(2.90)
(2.82)
(0.94)
Bayonne Elizabeth
BREATH
Bayonne Elizabeth
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Bayonne Elizabeth
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR
Figure 32. Box plots of weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles
for tetrachloroethylene for breath, daytime personal air and daytime outdoor air
by city - New Jersey first season.
-------
30 -
15 -
(5.15)
(3.88)
(2.09)
(2.00)
(1.13)
(5.30)
(5.09)
(3.60)
(2.75)
(1.80)
(12.0)
(8.90)
(5.14)
(5.00)
(2.75)
(34.1)
(18.0)
(9.63)
(9.49)
(5.00)
LEGEND:
•
X
75th Percentlle
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentlle
(4.50)
(3.66)
(3.10)
(2.80)
(1.63)
(7.50)
(4.69)
(3.30)
(2.48)
(1.10)
Bayonne
Elizabeth
BREATH
Bayonne Elizabeth
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Bayonne Elizabeth
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR
Figure 33. Box plots of weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles
for ethylbenzene for breath, daytime personal air and daytime outdoor air by city -
New Jersey first season.
-------
Mg/m3
20 -
10 -
oo
Os
(3.10)
(2.85)
(1.70)
(1.67)
(1.10)
Bayonne
(4.00)
(3.72)
(2.60)
(2.26)
(1.50)
• (10.2)
(7.65)
(4.66)
(4.38)
(2.60)
(22.3)
(14.0)
(7.47)
(6.88)
(4.20)
LEGEND:
(5.10)
(3.85)
(3.02)
(2.70)
(1.56)
Elizabeth
BREATH
Bayonne Elizabeth
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
75th Percentlle
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentlle
(6.80)
(4.10)
(3.30)
(2.40)
(1.10)
Bayonne Elizabeth
DAYTTME OUTDOOR AIR
Figure 34. Box plots of weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles
for £-xylene for breath, daytime personal air and daytime outdoor air by city -
New Jersey first season.
-------
MB/"3
60 '
30
ON
ON
(11.0)
(9.11)
(5.70)
(5.14)
(2.80)
(11.0)
(8.84)
(6.50)
(5.49)
(3.70)
Bayonne Elizabeth
BREATH
(32.7)
(24.0)
(14.3)
(14.0)
(8.60)
(60.1)
(40.0)
(22.2)
(22.0)
(11.0)
LEGEND:
(16.5)
(10.6)
(8.20)
(7.51)
(3.00)
Bayonne Elizabeth
DAYTIME PERSONAL ATR
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
(20.0)
(12.3)
(9.05)
(6.59)
(4.30)
Bayonne Elizabeth
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR
Figure 35. Box plots of weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles
for m,p-xylene for breath, daytime personal air and daytime outdoor air by city -
New Jersey first season.
-------
Pg/nr
ON
•-J
4-
3-
2-
1-
LEGEND:
(1.19)
(0.98)
(0.85)
(0.61)
(0.31)
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
Percentile
(1.30)
(1.27)
(0.81)
(0.74)
(0.43)
(2.40)
(1.92)
(1.40)
(1.11)
(0.70)
. (3.23)
(3.10)
(2.10)
(1.92)
(1.18)
(5.20)
(2.70)
(1.60)
(1.30)
(0.71)
(22.5)
(4.20)
(2.40)
(2.36)
'(1.19)
Bayonne
Elizabeth
BREATH
Bayonne Elizabeth
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Bayonne Elizabeth
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 36. Box plots of weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles
for styrene for breath, overnight personal air ard daytime personal air by city -
New Jersey first season.
-------
Mg/m3
15
10 -
CO
5 -
LEGEND:
•
X
75th Percentlle
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentlle
(10.6)
(6.30)
1(3.70)
(1.49)
(1.00)
(0.48)
(3.20)
(1.91)
(1.50)
(0.75)
(69.8)
(14.0)
(5.41)
(3.80)
(1.06)
• (45.9)
(9.90)
(4.92)
(3.90)
I—1(1.60)
(39.6)
—I (8.10)
(4.27)
(3.40)
I '(l.OO)
• (31.9)
(15.0)
(5.09)
(3.60)
(1.30)
Bayonne
Elizabeth
BREATH
Bayonne Elizabeth
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Bayonne Elizabeth
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 37. Box plots of weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles
for m,p-difhloroberzene for breath, overnight personal air and daytime personal
air by city - New Jersey first season.
-------
Table 177. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR AVERAGED 24-HOUR EXPOSURE - PERSONAL AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 128,603
Sample Size Range: 334-336
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Tr i chloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
8.03
486
28.1
9.46
13.2
44.7
9.07
45.0
18.9
16.8
52.6
a/
Arith.
S.E.
1.74
357
3.25
5.03
3.33
22.4
3.68
11.8
3.75
3.92
15.4
b/
Geo.
Mean
3.80
24.7
16.1
1.81
3.40
9.33
1.99
5.70
7.98
6.67
20.0
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.08
1.11
1.08
1.12
1.10
1.08
1.09
1.18
1.08
1.08
1.08
Percentiles
Median
3.75
19.5
17.5
1.53
2.87
8.35
1.90
3.78
7.15
6.20
19.0
75
8.40
47.8
34.5
2.86
6.00
19.7
3.25
13.2
13.9
9.95
28.5
90
16.
170
53.
6.
16.
35.
5.
114
25.
18.
6
5
03
4
5
52
7
8
56.5
95
23.8
332
79.0
19.2
30.5
53.0
7.70
275
50.5
36.2
145
99
152
4180
225
451
203
552
71.3
835
310
386
905
Range
0.08 -
0.46 -
0.02 -
0.20 -
0.24 -
0.39 -
0.08 -
0.14 -
0.46 -
0.61 -
2.58 -
152
165,000
260
551
701
6,010
3,250
1,140
752
417
1,600
a/ Arith. Std. Error = Standard error of arith. mean.
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
£/ Geo. Std. Error = Geometric standard error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
-------
Table 178. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR AVERAGED 24-HOUR EXPOSURE - OUTDOOR AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 1<
Sample Size Range: "
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbe.nzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
>8,603
76-81
Arith.
Mean
1.33
6.85
8.48
1.08
2.17
6.30
0.84
1.49
3.91
3.89
10.9
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.24
1.25
0.87
0.11
0.23
0.79
0.08
0.26
0.46
0.44
1.20
b/
Geo.
Mean
0.79
4.13
4.96
0.85
1.64
3.47
0.67
0.98
2.88
2.98
8.53
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.27
1.19
1.18
1.11
1.15
1.22
1.11
1.14
1.19
1.16
1.16
Median
1.06
5.35
6.45
0.91
1.90
3.30
0.75
0.95
3.70
3.47
11.0
75
1.60
7.10
11.2
1.30
2.50
9.35
0.96
1.70
5.60
5.55
16.8
Percen
90
3.70
12.4
17.8
1.78
4.44
14.0
1.46
2.32
8.12
7.65
19.8
tiles
95
4.00
14.9
25.0
2.30
5.75
18.8
2.04
6.00
8.40
10.2
23.5
99
4.43
23.0
34.0
5.95
7.19
30.3
3.65
12.2
13.5
11.5
30.5
Range
0.05 -
0.07 -
0.05 -
0.14 -
0.13 -
0.10 -
0.07 -
0.08 -
0.19 -
0.29 -
0.84 -
12.2
255
34.5
7.06
9.75
30.3
3.65
12.2
13.5
11.8
31.2
a/ Arith. Std. Error = Standard error of arith. mean.
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
c/ Geo. Std. Error = Geometric standard error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x),
-------
arithmetic means and percentiles were generally higher for daytime
outdoor air while the geometric means and maximum values were generally
higher for overnight outdoor air.
Tables 179 through 182 compare the average 24-hour weighted summary
statistics for Bayonne and Elizabeth for personal and outdoor air. For
personal air with the exception of the geometric mean for carbon tetra-
chloride, all means that were significantly different were higher for
Elizabeth. For overnight air only the arithmetic mean for trichloro-
ethylene and both means for carbon tetrachloride showed a significant
difference. All three were higher for Bayonne.
Table 183 gives the percentage measurable by proximity to point
source for the six media. Generally the three levels were not signifi-
cantly different. Exceptions were trichloroethylene and m,p-dichloro-
benzene for breath with the moderate level highest; carbon tetrachloride
for water with the high level highest; carbon tetrachloride for overnight
personal air with the low level highest; for daytime personal air
tetrachloroethylene with the high level highest and trichloroethylene
and ethylbenzene with the moderate level highest; for overnight outdoor
air benzene with the high level highest and carbon tetrachloride and
trichloroethylene with the low level highest; and for daytime outdoor
air styrene with the low level highest and £-xylene with the moderate
level highest.
Tables 184 through 201 give the weighted summary statistics by
proximity to point source by media. Pairwise t-tests were done on the
means. If any of the pairwise tests were significant, an asterisk was
placed by the largest mean. For breath, while the moderate level did
show some tendency to be higher, only the geometric mean of tetrachloro-
ethylene was significantly so. For overnight personal air the arithme-
tic means for the low level were generally highest with the mean for
tetrachloroethylene significantly so. The geometric means tended to be
higher in the moderate level for overnight personal air with the geome-
tric means for chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and ethylbenzene
significantly highest. For daytime personal air the means in the
moderate level generally were highest with the geometric means for
1,1,1-trichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene significantly so. How-
ever, the arithmetic mean for benzene was significantly higher in the
371
-------
Table 179. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR AVERAGED 24-HOUR EXPOSURE - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
PERSONAL AIR - BAYONNE
Population Estimate: 54,172
Sample Size Range: 138-140
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichl oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
4.18
43.4
20.6
6.81
6.90
16.1
3.44
53.2
12.1
10.4
31.4
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.56
9.39
3.23
1.69
2.73
1.28
1.26
20.5
2.96
2.73
7.23
b/
Geo.
Mean
2.48
15.8
12.0
2.42*
2.63
8.86
1.48
5.54
5.61
5.04
15.8
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.10
1.14
1.07
1.17
1.16
1.09
1.16
1.35
1.07
1.07
1.07
Percent! les
Median
2.62
14.4
12.2
1.73
2.22
7.90
1.55
3.68
5.25
4.60
14.6
75
5.16
29.2
23.8
4.45
3.85
20.6
2.92
12.7
8.35
7.25
23.0
90
10.4
67.5
39.5
8.69
9.50
35.5
3.90
122
16.2
12.0
42.5
95
13.1
98.5
58.0
22.0
11.2
53.0
7.80
330
23.0
24.0
57.2
99
26.0
639
225
101
203
148
71.3
835
170
158
430
Range
0.28 -
0.46 -
0.12 -
0.28 -
0.26 -
0.99 -
0.08 -
0.14 -
0.88 -
0.61 -
2.58 -
26.0
2,260
225
451
203
183
71.3
1,140
212
202
456
a/ Arith. Std. Error = Standard error of arith. mean.
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
c7 Geo. Std. Error = Geometric standard error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x)
^ T-test for difference in means between cities significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 180. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR AVERAGED 24-HOUR EXPOSURE - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
PERSONAL AIR - ELIZABETH
Population Estimate: 74,431
Sample Size Range: 194-196
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
10.8*
808
33.6*
11.4
17.7
65.5
13.2
39.0
23.8
21.4
68.0
a/
Arith.
S.E.
2.93
613
4.94
8.59
5.24
37.6
6.23
13.8
5.83
6.28
25.8
b/
Geo.
Mean
5.17*
34.2*
19.9*
1.47
4.09*
9.69
2.47*
5.83
10.3*
8.19*
23.9*
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.10
1.15
1.12
1.16
1.12
1.12
1.10
1.19
1.10
1.10
1.12
Percentiles
Median
5.12
23.5
23.0
1.38
3.39
8.62
2.40
3.90
9.65
7.25
21.0
75
10.5
65.5
42.5
2.31
7.90
18.7
3.75
13.8
17.0
11.8
30.0
90
22.0
235
67.5
3.75
20.5
33.5
5.95
67.0
32.6
24.0
62.0
95
30.0
516
93.5
5.20
45.8
52.0
7.70
190
68.4
42.5
207
99
152
4180
260
551
562
1160
411
702
323
386
1600
Range
0.08 -
2.51 -
0.02 -
0.20 -
0.24 -
0.39 -
0.42 -
0.27 -
0.46 -
0.62 -
2.95 -
152
165,000
260
551
701
6,010
3,250
1,010
752
417
1,600
aj Arith. Std. Error = Standard error of arith. mean.
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
cj Geo. Std. Error = Geometric standard error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x)
* T-test for difference in means between cities significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 181.
WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR AVERAGED 24-HOUR EXPOSURE - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
OUTDOOR AIR - BAYONNE
CO
.mate: 54,172
ige: 24-28
Arith.
Mean
1
>ethane 5
7
.orlde 1
:ne ?
rlene 7
0
izene 1
3
3
10
.05
.78
.35
.41*
.63
.42
.93
.52
.53
.73
.4
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.13
0.52
0.70
0.22
0.34
1.30
0.08
0.31
0.28
0.35
1.40
b/
Geo.
Mean
0.81
4.58
5.87
1.12*
2.32*
4.79
0.81
1.16
3.08
3.14
8.52
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.18
1.17
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.22
1.09
1.24
1.14
1.16
1.23
Percentiles
Median
0.94
5.90
5.45
0.97
2.02
4.25
0.78
1.35
3.70
3.47
11.0
75
1.14
6.50
10.5
1.75
3.84
10.9
1.03
2.12
4.35
4.24
12.8
90
1.
8.
12.
2.
4.
16.
1.
2.
5.
6.
18.
64
30
6
05
50
0
52
12
75
58
0
95
2.90
11.5
19.5
3.29
4.55
18.0
2.04
6.00
6.50
7.90
20.5
Range
0.16 -
0.43 -
0.95 -
0.34 -
0.48 -
0.64 -
0.22 -
0.18 -
0.45 -
0.81 -
1.99 -
6.15
30.8
24.0
7.06
7.20
30.3
2.86
6.00
10.1
11.8
22.0
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Compound
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trich]
Benzene
Carbon Tetra
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dich]oro
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
a/ Arith. Std. Error = Standard error of arith. mean.
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
c7 Geo. Std. Error = Geometric standard error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted
mean of LN(x).
* T-test for difference in means between cities significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 182. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR AVERAGED 24-HOUR EXPOSURE - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
OUTDOOR AIR - ELIZABETH
to
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
74,431
51-53
Arith.
Mean
1.53
7.62
9.30
0.84
1.83
5.68
0.78
1.46
4.]8
4.00
11.3
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.39
2.11
1.35
0.12
0.29
1.07
0.13
0.38
0.76
0.71
1.80
b/
Geo.
Mean
0.77
3.82
4.38
0.70
1.28
2.90
0.58
0.86
2.75
2.86
8.54
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.49
1.32
1.32
1.17
1.23
1.35
1.17
1.16
1.32
1.26
1.24
Percentiles
Median
1.14
4.81
7.54
0.78
1.40
3.01
0.67
0.90
3.55
3.60
9.70
75
2.50
7.55
15.0
1.06
1.92
8.00
0.96
1.42
5.60
5.55
17.0
90
3.90
14.9
22.3
1.64
4.20
13.5
1.21
2.32
8.40
7.75
22.5
95
4.43
23.0
25.5
1.66
5.75
18.8
2.30
3.70
9.25
10.2
23.5
Range
0.05 -
0.07 -
0.05 -
0.14 -
0.13 -
0.10 -
0.07 -
0.08 -
0.19 -
0.29 -
0.84 -
12.2
255
34.5
2.37
9.75
29.4
3.65
12.2
13.5
11.5
31.2
a/ Arith. Std. Error = Standard error of arith. mean.
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
cj Geo. Std. Error = Geometric standard error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted
mean of LN(x).
* T-test for difference in means between cities significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 183. PERCENT MEASURABLE BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA -
NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichlorbethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibronochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
High
8.20
51.6
3.75
77.4
85.1
18.7
18.9
0.00
0.00
92.2
4.36
0.00
0.00
42.0
49.2
0.72
89.1
83.1
95.8
Breath
Moderate
14.8
59.4
2.17
83.8
90.7
19.4
40.5*
0.00
0.00
93.5
2.68
0.00
0.00
53.1
70.1*
3.52
97.5
85.4
94.2
Overnight Personal
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethyl ene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochlorome thane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m , p-Dichlor obenz ene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
High
1.18
54.1
5.29
75.7
91.2
21.2
42.0
1.79
0.00
89.1
6.81
0.00
0.00
82.0
74.8
8.77
91.3
84.4
100
Moderate
5.50
66.0
4.03
85.3
95.3
28.5
55.4
1.24
0.00
94.2
13.4
0.00
0.00
88.0
84.1
3.26
97.9
90.9
99.3
Low
12.0
65.6
2.62
78.6
90.4
20.9
24.4
0.28
0.00
94.1
2.32
0.00
0.00
44.0
59.5
2.30
92.5
81.7
96.4
Air
Low
2.02
53.6
1.98
77.3
97.0
38.4*
53.5
2.42
0.00
92.5
6.47
0.00
1.72
79.1
83.0
9.03
91.2
95.5
98.0
High
43.9
100
0.00
50.7
0.73
10.5*
50.0
99.2
99.2
10.9
51.2
0.00
2.02
0.00
2.14
0.00
0.00
Water
Moderate
53.9
99.5
0.00
57.1
0.00
10.2
65.5
99.5
99.5
16.6
60.1
0.00
2.72
0.00
1.06
0.00
0.00
Daytime Personal
High
3.37
30.9
1.72
75.4
91.2
21.0
36.5
5.19
0.00
94.2*
5.36
0.00
0.00
83.9
66.7
11.0
89.4
83.6
100
Moderate
6.72
46.5
3.17
77.3
89.0
29.9
55.8*
0.00
0.00
__ _
87.8
6.01
0.00
0.00
77.0
74.5
10.3
96.4*
90.0
99.5
Low
28.4
100
1.16
35.0
0.00
0.47
42.3
100
100
17.7
49.1
1.91
2.31
___
0.00
3.15
___
0.00
— —
0.00
Air
Low
6.87
45.9
3.36
69.4
91.2
21.1
43.6
0.67
0.00
_._
86.6
2.81
0.00
0.00
74.3
81.1
6.34
83.4
76.8
96.5
continued
376
-------
Table 183 (continued)
Overnight Outdoor Air
Daytime Outdoor Air
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
High
0.00
50.2
2.47
87.8
98.6*
33.5
28.6
0.00
0.00
87.3
1.67
0.00
0.00
36.8
29.8
0.00
100
83.2
97.6
Moderate
0.00
44.5
0.29
82.6
76.6
48.6
50.4
0.00
0.00
73.2
4.19
0.00
0.00
26.2
51.2
0.29
80.2
80.5
100
Low
3.45
40.9
8.33
85.1
93.0
75.5*
76.4*
0.26
0.00
84.7
0.26
0.00
0.00
32.6
45.8
1.19
85.0
77.7
97.3
High
0.00
24.1
0.00
81.2
'59.5
30.4
21.8
0.00
0.00
81.6
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
13.6
0.00
68.8
51.8
73.1
Moderate
0.00
39.0
6.84
81.3
76.6
56.6
50.4
0.00
0.00
82.5
2.91
0.00
0.00
17.6
18.6
0.00
91.8
91.9*
100
Low
0.81
40.4
3.04
81.5
82.8
55.3
57.8
0.00
0.00
79.7
6.66
0.00
0.00
27.1*
31.4
2.70
80.3
73.1
91.6
* Percentages significantly different between proximity at .05 level (pairwise
t-tests).
377
-------
Table 184. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE
FOR BREATH - HIGH - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 32"7000
Sample Size Range: 94-107
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
3.36
10.3
17.3
0.95
1.54
11.0
1.25
6.52
4.20
3.09
8.96
£/
Arith.
S.E.
0.88
2.73
2.93
0.23
0.60
1.45
0.41
2.87
1.28
0.90
2.75
b/
Geo.
Mean
1.04
4.07
6.41
0.50
0.80
6.17
0.77
1.44
2.01
1.82
4.78
y
Geo.
S.E.
1.25
1.28
1.34
1.12
1.26
1.13
1.29
1.20
1.24
1.21
1.25
Median
1.10
6.90
11.0
0.55
0.88
5.60
0.87
1.00
2.20
1.70
5.80
Range
0.05 -
0.07 -
0.03 -
0.05 -
0.08 -
0.12 -
0.07 -
0.13 -
0.02 -
0.14 -
0.05 -
29.0
520
150
48.0
30.0
68.0
14.0
110
75.0
46.0
150
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
c/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
378
-------
Table 185. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
BREATH - MODERATE - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 42,000 =====
Sample Size Range: 83-90
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
3.11
15.2
17.3
1.48
2.02
19.1
0.97
9.60
4.27
3.06
8.59
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.84
2.78
2.26
0.60
0.17
5.03
0.10
3.26
0.87
0.55
1.26
y
Geo.
Mean
1.43
6.43
8.79
0.60
1.11
9.47*
0.75
1.97
2.69
2.00
5.75
£/
Geo.
S.E.
1.30
1.13
1.38
1.22
1.17
1.17
1.09
1.22
1.30
1.30
1.26
Median
2.10
7.10
12.0
0.70
0.94
7.35
0.78
1.40
3.40
2.40
6.50
Range
0.06 -
0.13 -
0.02 -
0.05 -
0.15 -
1.00 -
0.08 -
0.11 -
0.03 -
0.05 -
0.25 -
17.0
360
120
250
14.0
200
6.50
140
65.0
36.0
130
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
379
-------
Table 186. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
BREATH - LOW - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate:54,000 =======================
Sample Size Range: 127-143
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
2.99
17.4
20.6
1.36
1.71
10.2
1.22
7.81
5.01
3.72
9.22
I/
Arith.
S.E.
0.39
5.35
2.50
0.29
0.29
1.46
0.16
1.64
0.91
0.59
1.27
y
Geo.
Mean
1.36
4.22
8.95
0.66
0.88
6.66
0.67
1.73
2.56
2.08
5.39
£/
Geo.
S.E.
1.23
1.29
1.35
1.21
1.20
1.07
1.17
1.21
1.19
1.15
1.17
Median
1.95
5.70
15.0
0.70
0.81
6.90
0.69
1.40
3.30
2.50
6.60
Range
0.05 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
0.05 -
0.09 -
0.12 -
0.06 -
0.12 -
0.03 -
0.08 -
0.07 -
16.0
520
200
25.0
18.0
280
31.0
158
290
220
350
a./ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
cj Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
380
-------
Table 187. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - HIGH - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 29,700
Sample Size Range: 107
Arlth.
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m, p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mean
4
35
20
3
12
7
2
33
10
7
24
.87
.7
.1
.39
.3
.72
.34
.5
.3
.61
.2
a/
Arith.
S.
0
9
2
1
8
1
0
11
1
1
4
E.
.83
.80
.31
.04
.25
.51
.23
.4
.71
.20
.02
i/
Geo.
Mean
2.28
13.8
10.0
1.59
2.12
4.55
1.32
3.60
6.13
4.69
15.1
c/
Geo.
S.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
E.
.15
.21
.12
.22
.16
.24
.16
.16
.11
.15
.12
Median
2
15
17
1
1
4
1
2
6
4
14
.69
.0
.0
.44
.75
.60
.60
.70
.00
.97
.0
Range
0.07 -
0.37 -
0.02 -
0.29 -
0.17 -
0.23 -
0.08 -
0.08 -
1.10 -
0.16 -
2.20 -
34.0
500
155
69.0
350
70.0
44.5
810
380
240
930
£/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
c_/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
381
-------
Table 188. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - MODERATE - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 40,500
Sample Size Range: 90-92
Arith.
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m)p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mean
14
47
31
3
6
12
2
75
17
14
43
.4
.4
.4
.52
.88
.3
.63
.5
.5
.6
.2
a/
Arith.
S.
7
6
5
1
2
1
0
29
4
4
11
E.
.80
.91
.23
.02
.83
.94
.26
.9
.89
.75
.3
b/
Geo.
Mean
4
23
12
1
2
7
1
6
8
6
19
.23*
.6*
.8
.58
.82
.44
.88
.16
.19*
.20
.0
£/
Geo.
S.E.
1.22
1.08
1.12
1.20
1.25
1.16
1.13
1.30
1.02
1.04
1.05
Median
3.50
24.0
18.0
1.69
2.28
7.80
2.00
4.10
7.80
5.20
18.0
Range
0.08 -
2.20 -
0.02 -
0.14 -
0.16 -
0.27 -
0.05 -
0.24 -
1.10 -
0.65 -
2.74 -
215
990
320
91
140
150
29
1500
270
250
605
.0
.5
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
cj Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
382
-------
Table 189. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - LOW - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 58,500 _=-—=—«=
Sample Size Range: 147-149
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
6.77
196
33.4
26.4
4.97
12.4*
2.88
53.9
10.2
20.6
77.9
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.75
153
10.6
20.3
0.66
1.37
0.66
21.1
1.86
13.8
57,4
k/
Geo.
Mean
3.40
18.3
13.7
2.08
2.73
6.61
1.42
5.39
5.57
4.97
14.5
£/
Geo.
S.E.
1.12
1.20
1.17
1.20
1.10
1.10
1.06
1.34
1.11
1.14
1.15
Median
4.40
15.6
13.0
1.56
2.40
7.00
1.50
4.20
5.35
4.55
13.0
Range
0.07 -
0.37 -
0.04 -
0.25 -
0.16 -
0.08 -
0.06 -
0.10 -
0.17 -
0.21 -
0.21 -
59.0
8300
510
1100
47.0
250
76.0
1250
320
750
3100
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
cj Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
383
-------
Table 190. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR - HIGH - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 31,000
Sample Size Range: 106-107
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
5.64
90.7
19.6
2.34
8.54
32.1
3.04
26.3
14.8
10.8
31.0
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.62
53.0
1.03
0.67
4.45
18.9
0.69
10.9
3.94
2.04
5.68
y
Geo.
Mean
2.46
11.6
11.4
1.27
2.58
7.34
1.58
3.45
6.80
5.70
17.0
' £/
Geo.
S.E.
1.12
1.20
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.17
1.20
1.26
1.09
1.06
1.08
Median
2.86
10.5
17.0
1.44
2.38
6.50
1.70
2.70
6.30
5.20
16.0
Range
0.08 -
0.16 -
0.03 -
0.17 -
0.19 -
0.39 -
0.08 -
0.15 -
0.08 -
0.08 -
0.12 -
42.0
36,000
130
24.0
550
1,100
140
490
420
300
800
a_l Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
_£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
384
-------
Table 191. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR - MODERATE - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 39,000
Sample Size Range: 88
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
n^p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
8.52
150
26.4
3.23
28.8
205
9.01
44.0
36.0
23.7
58.3
sJ
Arith.
S.E.
3.20
72.5
3.53
0.91
13.6
151
4.06
14.6
23.0
12.6
29.0
y
Geo.
Mean
2.76
24.0*
10.3
1.30
3.73
13.4*
2.31
5.45
8.66
7.26
20.4
£/
Geo.
S.E.
1.19
1.27
1.36
1.32
1.22
1.21
1.33
1.25
1.23
1.17
1.20
Median
2.60
20.6
21.0
1.44
3.44
15.0
2.06
3.60
8.00
6.60
20.0
Range
0.08 -
0.17 -
0.02 -
0.12 -
0.21 -
0.39 -
0.13 -
0.11 -
0.81 -
0.81 -
2.60 -
89.0
4,400
130
83.0
1,400
12,000
210
790
1,500
830
1,800
aj Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
385
-------
Table 192. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR - LOW - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 58,500
Sample Size Range: 145-146
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
7.65
1640
29.7*
6.76
17.9
17.8
25.8
33.9
22.6
16.4
51.3
a/
Arith.
S.E.
1.52
1430
2.46
3.16
9.41
2.59
15.0
13.2
4.27
3.36
9.01
b/
Geo.
Mean
3.56
21.5
11.6
1.29
2.91
7.95
1.71
5.08
6.83
5.68
18.0
£/
Geo.
S.E.
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.13
1.10
1.05
1.12
1.32
1.13
1.10
1.13
Median
3.81
17.5
14.0
1.50
2.38
8.40
2.10
3.90
8.50
6.10
18.0
Range
0.23 -
0.46 -
0.04 -
0.07 -
0.29 -
0.13 -
0.07 -
0.14 -
0.21 -
0.26 -
0.70 -
73.0
330,000
270
900
1,100
290
6,500
765
640
770
1,500
aj Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
386
-------
Table 193. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - HIGH - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 41,000 =^======
Sample Size Range: 18-20
Compound
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
0.96
4.93
7.45
1.40
1.89
2.99
0.89
2.02
3.95
3.88
11.1
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.40
1.38
1.02
0.37
0.57
0.42
0.11
0.69
0.95
1.13
3.08
y
Geo.
Mean
0.65
3.95
5.88*
0.99
1.49
2.54
0.73
1.36
3.38
3.20
8.85
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.63
1.34
1.28
1.20
1.41
1.16
1.09
1.22
1.34
1.46
1.51
Median
0.66
4.60
8.80
0.92
1.50
2.38
0.70
1.56
4.00
4.20
12.0
Range
0.04 -
0.05 -
0.05 -
0.23 -
0.08 -
0.12 -
0.07 -
0.18 -
0.69 -
0.93 -
0.13 -
1.90
8.40
15.0
14.0
3.75
8.40
3.31
13.0
9.50
7.80
21.0
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
c_/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
387
-------
Table 194. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - MODERATE - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 41,000
Sample Size Range: 23-24
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
1.35
4.99
10.4
0.85
1.79
3.16
0.99
1.08
3.70
3.97
11.5
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.50
1.05
2.31
0.10
0.79
0.38
0.32
0.13
0.86
0.75
1.89
i/
Geo.
Mean
0.44
3.34
2.50
0.63
0.97
1.74
0.44
0.76
2.01
2.71
8.50
£/
Geo.
S.E.
1.63
1.41
1.31
1.15
1.45
1.27
1.37
1.24
1.46
1.20
1.24
Median
0.32
4.30
6.70
0.80
1.06
2.60
0.60
0.88
2.50
2.70
8.70
Range
0.04 -
0.33 -
0.04 -
0.04 -
0.13 -
0.11 -
0.06 -
0.07 -
0.04 -
1.00 -
2.10 -
6.60
21.0
91.0
2.40
11.0
27.0
11.0
3.50
20.0
27.0
70.0
aj Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
388
-------
Table 195. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - LOW - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 46,000
Sample Size Range: 40-42
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
1.33
6.20
8.04
1.22
2.65
4.84*
0.83
1.53
3.66
4.04
10.4
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.32
1.33
2.00
0.24
0.40
0.72
0.20
0.28
0.58
0.74
1.20
y
Geo.
Mean
0.58
3.69
4.63
0.81
1.74
2.25
0.52
0.98
2.26
2.55
7.77
£/
Geo.
S.E..
1.48
1.37
1.41
1.31
1.16
1.32
1.27
1.22
1.30
1.28
1.16
Median
0.88
4.00
5.80
0.80
1.50
2.50
0.45
1.00
2.40
2.50
8.40
Range
0.04 -
0.07 -
0.04 -
0.05 -
0.11 -
0.06 -
0.06 -
0.10 -
0.11 -
0.18 -
0.39 -
21.5
40.0
39.0
5.90
15.0
23.0
4.00
9.20
16.0
16.0
48.0
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
c/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
389
-------
Table 196. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR - HIGH - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 35,000
Sample Size Range: 23-24
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
1.13
4.72
7.29
0.90
2.68
6.04
0.81
3.72*
3.04
3.04
7.12
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.16
1.00
1.42
0.18
1.06
0.93
0.12
1.70
0.24
0.40
0.66
y
Geo.
Mean
0.58
2.17
2.30
0.63
1.48
3.26
0.61
0.93
2.09
1.92
4.15
£/
Geo.
S.E.
1.20
1.16
1.23
1.27
1.42
1.13
1.21
1.29
1.09
1.14
1.23
Median
0.48
3.40
2.10
0.83
1.53
3.60
0.69
0.70
2.10
1.81
6.00
Range
0.07 -
0.07 -
0.07 -
0.09 -
0.13 -
0.18 -
0.11 -
0.11 -
0.12 -
0.08 -
0.08 -
8.80
57.0
44.0
3.00
8.10
24.0
3.44
57.0
16.0
19.0
26.0
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
cj Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
390
-------
Table 197. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR - MODERATE - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 38,000 =======:
Sample Size Range: 21-22
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m ^-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
2.30
11.2
10.4
1.01
1.95
8.71
0.88
0.64
5.73
5.04
15.8
a/
Arith.
S.E.
1.08
3.26
1.12
0.29
0.45
3.16
0.19
0.11
1.76
1.55
4.38
k/
Geo.
Mean
0.55
5.04
4.07
0.72
1.26
4.19
0.70
0.46
3.30
3.51
11.2*
£/
Geo.
S.E.
1.92
1.78
1.34
1.42
1.37
1.61
1.24
1.20
1.71
1.52
1.46
Median
0.26
10.0
8.30
0.86
1.60
2.90
0.69
0.61
4.40
3.70
12.0
Range
0.05 -
0.08 -
0.07 -
0.07 -
0.13 -
0.19 -
0.08 -
0.10 -
0.08 -
0.37 -
1.90 -
8.70
41.0
27.0
3.80
11.0
27.0
5.13
2.51
15.0
12.0
35.0
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
391
-------
Table 198. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR - LOW - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 55,000
Sample Size Range: 41-43
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
mtp-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
1.20
9.31
10.4
1.06
2.47
9.54
0.78
1.67
4.05
3.89
11.6
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.14
4.04
1.58
0.17
0.33
2.56
0.11
0.36
0.69
0.64
2.01
b/
Geo.
Mean
0.59
3.27
4.90
0.74
1.53
3.82
0.56
1.01*
2.57
2.69
7.02
£/
Geo.
S.E.
1.22
1.39
1.49
1.31
1.18
1.45
1.20
1.17
1.33
1.28
1.38
Median
0.92
4.80
10.0
1.13
2.00
5.10
0.71
1.06
4.00
3.80
11.0
Range
0.04 -
0.05 -
0.05 -
0.04 -
0.09 -
0.11 -
0.07 -
0.11 -
0.06 -
0.29 -
0.22 -
7.00
470
30.0
7.10
7.45
57.0
2.10
8.00
11.0
12.0
37.0
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
c/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
392
-------
Table 199. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
WATER - HIGH - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 30,200
Sample Size Range: 88-109
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Arith.
Mean
0.21
71.4
0.51
0.43
13.9
2.39
0.38
0.42
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.03
2.14
0.10
0.07
0.31
0.06
0.01
0.08
b/
Geo.
Mean
0.09
65.9
0.14
0.14
13.2
2.30
0.35
0.14
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.19
1.06
1.30
1.29
1.04
1.02
1.02
1.30
Median
0.03
64.0
0.05
0.03
13.8
2.36
0.31
0.10
Range
0.03 -
0.22 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.06 -
0.06 -
0.31 -
0.03 -
2.36
128
2.86
2.14
19.8
4.87
2.23
2.03
£/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
c_/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
393
-------
Table 200. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
WATER - MODERATE - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 40,400
Sample Size Range: 65-93
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Arith.
Mean
0.22
71.7
0.63
0.52
14.0
2.49
0.43
0.45
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.06
3.58
0.21
0.14
0.25
0.06
0.07
0.12
b/
Geo.
Mean
0.10
66.9
0.18
0.19
13.5
2.40
0.37
0.16
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.32
1.07
1.51
1.46
1.03
1.02
1.08
1.40
Median
0.07
67.2
0.16
0.22
14.0
2.43
0.31
0.14
Range
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.06 -
0.06 -
0.31 -
0.03 -
1.07
134
3.55
2.42
19.9
4.64
2.63
2.44
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
W Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
~cl Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
394
-------
Table 201. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE FOR
WATER - LOW - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 58,000
Sample Size Range: 113-152
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Tr ichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Arith.
Mean
0.28
67.8
0.61
0.65
13.2
2.45
0.43
0.45
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.06
1.60
0.12
0.16
0.23
0.12
0.05
0.10
b/
Geo.
Mean
0.07
65.3
0.11
0.12
13.0
2.33
0.37
0.11
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.18
1.02
1.21
1.27
1.02
1.03
1.06
1.24
Median
0.03
67.2
0.03
0.03
13.1
2.30
0.31
0.03
Range
0.03 -
27.1 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
6.33 -
1.01 -
0.31 -
0.03 -
1.92
168
5.34
4.18
23.4
8.39
2.73
3.32
£/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of
the weighted mean of LN(x).
* Means significantly different between proximity classes at .05 level
(pairwise t-tests).
395
-------
low level. For overnight outdoor air the geometric means were almost
all highest in the high level with the mean for benzene significantly
so. The arithmetic means show no tendency to be higher in any one level
but the arithmetic mean for tetrachloroethylene was significantly higher
in the low level. For daytime outdoor air again the means tended to be
highest in the moderate level with the geometric mean for m,p-xylene
significantly so. However, the arithmetic mean in the high level, the
geometric mean in the low level for m,p-dichlorobenzene were signifi-
cantly higher. For water there appeared to be little difference in the
levels.
In Appendix X the percentages measurable and weighted summary
statistics are given by city by proximity to point source. Percentages
measurable and weighted summary statistics are also given by potential
exposure based on responses to the 24-hour screener.
Comparison of Overnight Personal and Outdoor Air
To gain additional insight into the comparison between indoor and
outdoor air, Tables 202 through 206 compared the unweighted percentages
of concentrations measurable and unweighted summary statistics for 85
people in New Jersey who provided both overnight personal air and
overnight outdoor air data. The fixed sites which collected the outdoor
air were in the vicinity of the subject's home.
Table 202 shows the percentage measurable overall and by city. The
overnight personal air percentages were usually higher than the over-
night outdoor air percentages. Overall, ten of the eighteen compounds
examined had more than 40 percent of the samples measurable in both
media. Of these ten compounds, nine had more samples with measurable
concentrations for personal indoor air than outdoor air, although in
several cases the percentages were similar. Statistically significant
differences in percent measurable between overnight personal air and
overnight outdoor air were noted for five compounds with four of these
having higher percentages for the personal air samples (i.e., chloro-
form, chlorobenzene, styrene, and m,p-dichlorobenzene).
Table 203 gives the unweighted arithmetic means, standard errors,
medians, and ranges for overnight outdoor air and overnight personal air
samples for eleven compounds. All eleven compounds showed higher means
and medians for personal air. For ten of the eleven means and all of
396
-------
Table 202. UNWEIGHTED PERCENTAGE OF CONCENTRATIONS MEASURABLE FOR THOSE PERSONS HAVING BOTH
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR AND OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR DATA - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
CO
\0
—I
Compound
Sample Size Range:
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromoch] oropropane
Styrene
m,p_-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dich] orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
Overall
Outdoor
81-85
42.4
5.88
82.4
88.1
61.9 *
61.9
1.18
0.00
77.1
4.71
0.00
0.00
42.2
43.9
3.70
87.8
84.3
96.4
Personal
84-85
63.5 *
3.53
83.5
90.5
24.7
52.9
4.71
0.00
87.1
11.8
0.00
0.00
83.3 *
76.5 *
8.24
94.0
90.5
97.6
Bayonne
Outdoor
27-30
30.0
10.0
80.0
96.6
55.2 *
48.3
3.33
0.00
82.1
13.3
0.00
0.00
17.2
29.6
3.70
89.3
72.4
93.1
Personal
29-30
43.3
6.67
76.7
89.7
20.0
33.3
3.33
0.00
96.7
3.33
0.00
0.00
76.7 *
70.0 *
6.67
93.3
90.0
96.7
Elizabeth
Outdoor
54-55
49.1
3.64
83.6
83.6
65.5 *
69.1
0.00
0.00
74.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
55.6
50.9
3.70
87.0
90.7
98.2
Personal
54-55
74.5 *
1.82
87.3
90.9
27.3
63.6
7.27
0.00
81.8
16.4 *
0.00
0.00
87.0 *
80.0 *
9.09
94.4
90.7
98.2
* T-test for difference between media significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 203. UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS (yg/m3) FOR THOSE PERSONS
HAVING BOTH OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR AND
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Compound
Mean
Standard
Error
Median
Range
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR
Sample Size Range: 81-85
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p_-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
1.68
5.83
9.66
1.22
2.42
4.17
1.04
1.33
4.03
4.23
11.7
0.38
0.64
1.36
0.18
0.31
0.55
0.16
0.20
0.41
0.44
1.12
0.74
4.20
7.00
0.81
1.34
2.60
0.67
0.80
3.20
3.00
9.90
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.04
0.18
0.13
- 21.5
- 40.0
- 91.0
- 14.0
- 15.0
- 27.0
- 11.0
- 13.0
- 20.0
- 27.0
- 70.0
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Sample Size Range: 84-85
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
in,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
8.36*
53.0 *
21
1 *
86*
48
10.7 *
3.00*
40.1 *
13.1 *
7.60*
21.0 *
2.59
14.4
2.51
0.22
0.60
2.98
0.66
15.4
3.87
0.90
2.34
2.94**
15.6 **
13.0 **
1.38**
2.00**
5.60**
1.80**
2.80**
6.10**
4.98**
15.5 **
0.08
0.36
0.02
0.20
0.24
0.08
0.06
0.12
0.17
0.20
0.20
- 215
- 880
- 120
- 14.0
- 47.0
- 250
- 53.5
- 915
- 320
- 46.0
- 120
**
T-test for difference in means between media significant at .05 level.
Wilcoxon signed rank test for difference in medians between media
significant at .05 level.
39,8
-------
the medians the value for personal air was significantly higher. For
some compounds such as chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, m,p-dichloro-
benzene, styrene, and ethylbenzene, the maximum values of the ranges
were much higher for personal air.
Table 204 gives a summary of median and maximum values overall and
for the two cities by the two media. For overnight outdoor air, the
median and maximum values for Bayonne tended to be higher while the
opposite was true for overnight personal air.
Table 205 gives a summary of median and maximum concentrations for
overnight outdoor and personal air and their ratios. The table demon-
strates how much larger the overnight personal air values were than the
overnight outdoor air values. In all cases examined, the personal air
median and maximum values were larger than the corresponding outdoor air
values.
Table 206 shows the Spearman correlations between overnight outdoor
air and overnight personal air for all values and for measurable amounts
only for the eleven compounds. Although many of the correlations were
significantly different from zero, in general, the magnitudes were low
with none of the correlations greater than .63.
Figures 38 through 40 show the natural logarithmic plots of select-
ed chemicals for overnight outdoor air versus overnight personal air.
One was added to each number before the log was taken so each plot
starts at 0. The lines represent the mid QL values for the compound for
the two media. An "0" represents both measurable and an "X" represents
one or both not measurable. The Spearman correlations for all concen-
trations and for only those with both media measurable are also shown.
Although the logarithmic transformations improved the plots and there is
some evidence of a positive trend, it is evident that there was not
strong correlation between the two media. This is partly due to the
large number of observations below or near the max QL.
Tables 207 through 210 give percentages measurable and summary
statistics for overnight personal air and expanded overnight outdoor
air. The outdoor air fixed sites were chosen one per segment with
several people in the sample from each segment. The expanded outdoor
air refers to the matching of the concentrations for the one fixed site
per segment to each person in the segment, assuming that had there been
399
-------
Table 204. UNWEIGHTED MEDIAN AND MAXIMUM VALUES (ug/m3) FOR THOSE PERSONS HAVING BOTH OVERNIGHT
OUTDOOR AIR AND OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
o
o
Compound
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,j>-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m.jD-Xylene
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m.jD-Xylene
Overall
Median
0.74
4.20
7.00
0.81
1.34
2.60
0.67
0.80
3.20
3.00
9.90
2.94
15.6
13.0
1.38
2.00
5.60
1.80
2.80
6.10
5.00
15.5
Maximum
Value
21.5
40.0
91.0
14.0
15.0
27.0
11.0
13.0
20.0
27.0
70.0
215
880
120
14.0
47.0
250
53.5
915
320
46.0
120
Bayonne
Median
1.04
6.35
8.30
1.40
1.58
3.00
0.65
0.94
3.12
3.00
10.8
2.08
11.5
13.0
1.72
1.66
5.85
1 .45
4.45
5.05
4.80
15.0
Maximum
Value
8.40
21.0
91.0
14.0
9.60
27.0
11.0
4.00
20.0
27.0
70.0
14.0
650
45.0
14.0
9.10
32.0
16.0
810
28.0
29.5
87.0
Elizabeth
Median
0.39
3.20
6.10
0.75
1.20
2.10
0.71
0.62
3.20
3.00
9.12
3.83
17.0
14.0
1.29
2.30
5.50
1.89
2.70
7.55
5.70
15.9
Maximum
Value
21.5
40.0
49.0
2.50
15.0
23.0
5.40
13.0
16.0
16.0
48.0
215
880
120
5.75
47.0
250
53.5
915
320
46.0
120
-------
Table 205. SUMMARY OF MEDIANS, MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS, AND THEIR RATIOS FOR MATCHED
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR AND OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Compound
Ch] oroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tr ichl oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,£-DichJ orobenzene (isomers)
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene (isomers)
Overnight
Outdoor Air
0.74 (21.5)*
4.20 (40.0)
7.00 (91.0)
0.81 (14.0)
1.34 (15.0)
2.60 (27.0)
0.67 (11.0)
0.80 (13.0)
3.20 (20.0)
3.00 (27.0)
9.90 (70.0)
Overnight
Personal Air
2.94 (215)
15.6 (880)
13.0 (120)
1.38 (14.0)
2.00 (47.0)
5.60 (250)
1.80 (53.5)
2.80 (915)
6.10 (320)
4.98 (46.0)
15.5 (120)
Personal/
Outdoor Ratio
3.97 (10.0)
3.71 (22.0)
1.86 (1.32)
1.70 (1.00)
1.49 (3.13)
2.15 (9.26)
2.69 (4.86)
3.50 (70.4)
1.91 (16.0)
1.66 (1.70)
1.57 (1.71)
* Median (maximum concentration).
-------
Table 206. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS OF ALL CONCENTRATIONS AND OF
MEASURABLE AMOUNTS ONLY - OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR
AIR VS. OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR -
NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON a/
All Concentrations
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m.jv-Xylene
Spearman
Correlation
0.19
0.20
0.34*
0.35*
0.48*
0.42*
0.19
0.44*
0.18
0.22*
0.25*
Sample
Size
85
85
83
84
84
83
82
82
81
82
82
Measurable Amounts
Spearman
Correlation
0.27
0.20
0.19
0.57*
0.49*
0.26
0.09
0.63*
0.26*
0.23
0.22
Sample
Size
28
57
69
17
31
56
33
32
68
63
77
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
a/ See Tables 211 and 212 for other media.
402
-------
«,n(yg/m3)
3.6
3. 3
3. 0
O 2. 7
V
E
R
N 2. 4
I
O
H
T 2. 1
0
U
T 1.8
0
O
O
R 1. 3
A
I
R 1.2
0. 9
0.6
0.3
O.O-l
r(all) = .20 (N=85)
«. r(meas) = .20 (N=57)
<•
o
0
X O X O (
0
0
0
0 X
X X 0 X
0 0
X X
O 0
o
0
X 0
xo
0 0 O
X 00
X X 0
O X O 0 X
X X
0
X O 0
0 X
X
X X
X X
.+ + + + + +
o
0
0 0
0
} 0
0
0 O
O X
0
o
0
0
0 0
o
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
X
OVERNICHT PERSONAL AIR
Figure 38. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - New Jersey first season.
-------
£n(yg/m3)
o
•C-
5.0 «
1.5
1.0
0
V 3.5
L
R
N
I
6 3.0
H
T
0
U 2.5
T
0
0
0
R 2.0
A
I
R
1.5
1.0
0.5
r(all) = .34* (N=83)
r(meas) = .19 (N=69)
X !
0.0 «XX !
.».-..-..«..
0.0 0.5
o o
0 00 0
0 0
00 000
000 0 0
0 000 0
0 00
0 00
000 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 00
0
00
00 0
000 0
000
X X
1.0 1.5 2.C
J.I) 3.5 1.3 1
GV-:*NIGHT PERSONAL AIF
5.0 5.5 6.3 6.5 7.C 7.5
X,n(yg/m3)
Figure 39. Benzene - New Jersey first season.
-------
£n(jjg/m3)
*-
o
t/i
J.fc
3.3
3.0
0 2.7
V
E
R
N 2.4
I
G
H
T 2.1
0
u
T 1.8
0
0
0
R 1.5
A
I
R 1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
X
'
0
X XX
0
X X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
X
0.0 0.5 l.J
r(all) = .42* (N=83)
r(meas) = .26 (N=56)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
b 0
00 0 0
0
0 0
0
0
00 0
0 0
0 0
0
00 0 0
x x c o
00 0
X
C 0
000 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
xo
X X
X
X
X X
! X X
l.b 2*'J 2.5 i.O i.i> 1.0 1.5 5.C 5.5 fc.C
OVERNIGHT p:R30NAL AIR
Figure 40. Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey first season.
-------
Table 207. PERCENT MEASURABLE OVERALL AND BY CITY FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR AND EXPANDED
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate -
Overall: 128,603
Bayonne: 54,172
Elizabeth: 74,431
Overall
Compound
Vinyl idene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochl oromethane
Tetrachl oroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibroiriochl oropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Sample Size Range:
Overnight
Personal Air
2.92
57.6
3.39
79.5
95.1
31.3
51.4
1.91
0.00
92.2
8.74
0.00
0.78
82.6
81.5
7.15
93.4
86.9
98.9
346-348
Overnight
Outdoor Air
1.03
33.0
3.14
82.2
82.8
56.4
56.9
0.43
0.00
77.8
2.78
0.00
0.00
37.4
44.6
0.76
89.8
82.1
94.2
285-301
Overnight
Personal Air
Bayonne
0.83
39.2
5.17
78.9
95.9
36.2
46.4
0.01
0.00
96.6*
5.07
0.00
1.86
79.6
75.6
9.13
92.2
88.6
98.8
147-149
Elizabeth
4.45
70.9*
2.09
79.9
94.6
27.8
55.1
3.29
0.00
89.0
11.4
0.00
0.00
84.7
85.8
5.72
94.2
85.7
99.0
197-199
Overnight
Outdoor
Air
Bayonne Elizabeth
0.00
22.6
4.22
82.5
90.5
53.8
42.3
1.02
o.oo-
82.3
6.59
0.00
0.00
16.5
28.7
1.08
88.6
67.8
87.1
107-121
1.78
40.5
2.36
82.1
77.2
58.4
67.5
0.00
0.00
74.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
52.6*
56.1
0.52
90.7
92.5*
99.3
174-180
Significantly different between cities at .05 level by t-test.
-------
Table 208. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethy 1 ene
Styrene
m,p-Dichl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
128,603
346-348
Mid a/
Q.L.
2.96
24.0
0.60
2.50
2.45
2.16
0.76
1.20
4.50
4.90
4.80
Arith.
Mean
8.73
113.
29.7
13.9
7.27
11.3
2.68
56.0
12.6
15.7
54.6
b/
Arith.
S.E.
2.39
72.2
5.22
9.63
2.25
0.86
0.31
14.8
2.07
6.75
27.3
c/
Geo.
Mean
3.32
18.6
12.5
1.79
2.60
6.30
1.52
5.12
6.43
5.26
16.0
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.07
1.11
1.09
1.11
1.10
1.08
1.06
1.19
1.06
1.08
1.08
Median
3.30
16.9
15.0
1.50
2.25
6.35
1.75
3.80
6.30
4.90
14.0
75
7.90
38.0
32.0
2.44
4.80
12.0
3.00
13.0
12.0
8.70
25.0
Perce
90
16.0
78.0
54.0
5.75
12.0
26.0
4.60
82.0
22.0
15.0
47.0
ntiles
95
24.0
180
73.0
18.0
22.5
35.0
6.20
260
35.0
27.0
87.0
99
215
880
320
200
140
70.0
16.0
1200
110
250
605
Range
0.07 -
0.37 -
0.02 -
0.14 -
0.16 -
0.08 -
0.05 -
0.08 -
0.17 -
0.16 -
0.21 -
215
8300
510
1100
350
250
76.0
1500
380
750
3100
a_l Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit.
V Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean.
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric. Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
-------
Table 209. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR EXPANDED OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 128,603
Sample Size Range: 286-301
Compound
Chloroform
£ 1, 1 ,1-Trichloroethane
00 Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethyl ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dj chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzeiie
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mid
Q.L
1.
1.
0.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
0.
1.
1.
a/
Arith.
Mean
00
10
48
10
70
00
30
25
6?
70
10
0
4
8
1
2
3
0
1
3
3
10
.91
.83
.09
.31
.22
.32
.83
.49
.64
.73
.5
E- = =. £
b/
Arith
S.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
E.
.14
.54
.73
.25
.36
.24
.11
.24
.41
.36
.02
: = E £
c/
Geo.
Mean
0
2
3
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
7
.42
.98
.37
.84
.38
.12
.51
.87
.43
.78
.72
d/
Geo.
S.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
E.
.16
.18
.17
.09
.17
.08
.14
.11
.19
.12
.17
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit.
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith
c_l Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error
Mean.
Median
0.48
50
40
0.81
1.31
2.50
0.60
0.94
,70
,70
2.
2.
9.50
75
1,
6.
10
20
11.0
30
90
00
0.99
69
83
50
14.0
Percentiles
90
1.90
11.0
15.0
,10
,13
95
3.10
15.0
24.0
4.80
50
6.30
1.60
2.50
6.90
7.40
21.0
8.40
2.76
4.00
11.0
8.15
26.0
99
6.60
19.0
49.0
14.0
13.0
20.0
5.40
13.0
13.0
11.6
29.0
Range
0.04 -
0.05 -
0.04 -
0.04 -
0.08 -
0.06 -
0.06 -
0.07 -
0.04 -
0.18 -
0.13 -
- exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
21.5
40.0
91.0
14.0
15.0
27.0
11.0
13.0
20.0
27.0
70.0
-------
Table 210. RATIO OF OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR TO EXPANDED OVERNIGHT
OUTDOOR AIR FOR WEIGHTED ARITHMETIC MEAN, GEOMETRIC
MEAN, MEDIAN AND MAXIMUM - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mean
9.58
23.3
3.67
10.6
3.27
3.41
3.24
37.7
3.45
4.21
5.19
Mean
7.91
6.24
3.70
2.14
1.89
2.97
3.01
5.89
2.64
1.89
2.07
Median
6.82
4.82
2.78
1.85
1.71
2.54
2.92
4.05
2.33
1.81
1.47
Maximum
10.0
208
5.60
78.6
23.3
9.26
6.91
115
19.0
27.8
44.3
409
-------
a fixed site in each person's yard the readings would be basically the
same for each fixed site in a segment. The percentages measurable for
expanded overnight outdoor air as shown in Table 207 were very similar
to those of overnight outdoor air in Tables 152 and 155. Also compared
to the unweighted percentages measurable in Table 202, there was little
difference. In comparing weighted summary statistics for the expanded
overnight outdoor air with those in Table 161 again little difference
was found. In Table 210 the ratios of overnight personal air to expand-
ed overnight outdor air for arithmetic mean, geometric mean, median and
maximum are given. In each case the ratio was greater than one signi-
fying that the personal air value was larger. For the maximum value the
ratio was as large as 200 for 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
The statistics for expanded outdoor air by city are given in Tables
X-69 through X-72 of Appendix X.
Correlations
To examine the relationships between the various media, unweighted
Spearman correlations were computed for the eleven compounds discussed
in the previous summary statistics tables.
Table 211 gives unweighted Spearman correlations for all concen-
trations (measurable and below the QL) between breath, daytime personal
air, daytime outdoor air, and water. The correlations for overnight
personal air and overnight outdoor air are given in Table 206. While
for breath versus daytime personal air, all but one correlation was
significantly different from zero; only one (m,p-dichlorobenzene) was
greater than .5. None were greater than .5 between breath and daytime
outdoor air. For daytime personal air and daytime outdoor air, only
tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene showed correlations greater
than .5. There was very little, if any, correlations between water and
the other media.
To further examine correlations between media, Table 212 gives
Spearman correlations for measurable amounts only (see Table 206 for
overnight personal air and overnight outdoor air). The table indicates
the large decrease in sample size between media when only measurable
concentrations were included (particularly for water). As with the
correlations based on all observations (measurable or not), water and
the other media were not well correlated for the compounds examined.
410
-------
Table 211. SPFARMAN CORRELATIONS OF ALL CONCENTRATIONS FOR BREATH, DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR, DAYTIME
OUTDOOR AIR AND WATER FOR SELECTED CHEMICALS - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON a/
Breath
and
Daytime Personal Air
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 ,1-Tri cbloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tr ichloroethyl ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
*- o-Xylene
i-1 m,p_-Xylene
Spearman
Correlation
.07
.28*
.21*
.24*
.38*
.46*
.19*
.54*
.33*
.26*
.32*
Samp le
Size
315
320
326
303
295
326
302
305
327
322
328
Breath and
Daytime Outdoor Air
Spearman
Correlation
.07
.26*
.27*
.07
.34*
.35*
.01
.31*
.18
.23*
.24*
Sample
Size
80
81
86
76
72
85
75
75
83
82
85
Daytime Personal Air
Breath and Water
Compound
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Trd chloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p_-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Spearman
Correlation
.20*
.19*
-.02
-.05
.04
.04
.00
.08
.00
.00
Sample
Size
325
330
253
314
305
337
231
315
254
0
256
and Water
Spearman
Correlation
-.03
.08
-.05
-.22*
.05
-.02
.00
.04
.00
.00
Sample
Size
341
341
254
339
341
341
255
341
253
0
255
Daytime
Personal Air
and
Daytime Outdoor Air
Spearman
Correlation
.10
.22*
-.01
.32*
.52*
.61*
.02
.30*
.21
.24*
.24*
Sample
Size
85
85
87
84
85
87
87
84
83
86,
86
Daytime Outdoor Air
and Water
Spearman
Correlation
.15
-.12
.00
-.28*
-.26*
-.10
.00
.00
.00
.00
Sample
Size
87
87
74
88
87
89
78
86
74
0
76
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
a/ See Table 206 for the correlations between overnight personal air and overnight outdoor air.
-------
Table 212. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS OF MEASURABLE AMOUNTS FOR BREATH, DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR, DAYTIME
OUTDOOR AIR AND WATER FOR SELECTED CHEMICALS - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON a/
Breath
and
Daytime Personal Air
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tri chloroethy lene
Tetrachloroethyl ene
Styrene
n,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,_p_-Xylene
Compound
Chi orof orm
1 ,1 ,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroe thy lene
Tetrachl oroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Spearman
Correlation
.07
.28*
.17*
.01
.54*
.44*
.23*
.63*
.37*
.28*
.30*
Breath and
Spearman
Correlation
.25*
-.04
-.20
-.13
-.04
-.60
Sample
Size
84
203
275
24
58
286
129
140
282
233
309
Water
Sample
Size
188
125
0
4
39
167
0
6
0
0
0
Breath and
Daytime Outdoor Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.51* 18
.39* 56
.31* 58
.83* 6
-.03 12
.41* 63
-.27 8
.53 14
.08 69
.15 62
.20 77
Daytime Personal Air
and Water
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.01 145
.02 128
0
0
-.17 93
.11 163
0
.14 7
0
0
0
Daytime
Personal Air and
Daytime Outdoor Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.39 19
.31* 52
.03 59
.23 11
.35 24
.51* 66
-.19 11
.29 18
.27* 63
.16 59
.15 80
Daytime Outdoor Air
and Water
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.28 35
-.27 41
0
0
.36 27
-.03 40
0
0
0
0
0
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
a/ See Table 2.06 for the correlations between overnight -personal air and overnight outdoor air.
-------
Also, in almost all cases, the correlations were less than .5 between
all pairs of media.
Figures 41 through 52 show plots of breath versus daytime personal
air and breath versus daytime outdoor air for selected chemicals on the
natural logarithmic scale. One was added to each number before the log
was taken. The lines represent the median QL values for the compound
for the two media. An "0" represents both measurable and an "X" repre-
sents one or both not measurable. These plots demonstrate the lack of
strong correlation between the media for each compound. Again, it is
obvious that part of the lack of correlation was caused by the large
proportion of observations below or near the maximum quantifiable limit.
Until both media have a significant portion of relatively large values
it is difficult to show correlations between them.
Tables 213 through 222 give the Spearman correlations between the
eleven selected compounds for breath and the airs for all amounts and
measurable amounts only. The eleven compounds were divided into three
groups — aromatics (benzene, styrene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene and
m,p-xylene), chlorinated solvents (1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethy-
lene, and tetrachloroethylene), and miscellaneous (m,p-dichlorobenzene,
chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride). For breath and the airs the
strongest correlations were associated with the aromatics with ethylben-
zene and the xylenes in particular.
Tables 223 through 232 give the Pearson correlations for the
natural logarithm of the concentrations for the selected compounds by
breath and the airs. Again the strongest correlations were associated
with the aromatics.
Questionnaire and 24-Hour Screener
To further examine the relationship between certain characteristics
of the people in the study and the amount of exposure to the compounds
analyzed, the following approach was used. First, stepwise regressions
were done on natural logarithms of the concentrations of breath and the
personal airs using selected questions from the questionnaire. Second,
analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were done on the variables which appeared
in the stepwise regression models. Third, means for the variables which
showed significant differences in the ANOVAs will be calculated.
413
-------
An(pg/m3)
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
B 3.5
R
E
A
T 3.0
H
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
X
x
x
r(all) = .28* (N=320) ° °
r(meas) = .28* (N=203) °
0
0
0 00
0
X 0 0
0 0
00 0 00 0
00 0
0 00
0 000 00
0 10 00 X 0 0
010X00 000
X X X 0 10 XX 0000 00 0 0
XO 0 1 0 00 0
OX 00 0 0 0 CO
0000 00 XOOO 00 0
X 010 000 00 0
X 0 000 OOOX 0 000 00 0 0
X XXXXI OX 00 0
X X 00 X XO 00 0 0
X 00 1 OX OOX 0 00 0
00 010 00000 0
X XX 000 XX
X OX 0X0 OOX
X XO 1 XO 00 X
X 0 ! 0 00
xx i xoxo o
0 X X OXX 0000 0 0
X X X 0 !0 X 0 0 0X0 0
! 0 U
x x i o x o o
1 X X
XX ! X
XX XI X X X
X XX XXXXX XX X XX XX X
0.0 * ! X
6789
DAYTIME P-ZRSONAL AIR
1C
11
12
Figure 41.' 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - New Jersey first season.
-------
X.n(pg/m3)
6.C
5.S
5.0
4.5
4.0
B 3.5
R
E
A
r i.o
H
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
jt
X
X
X X
0
X 0
X X
X X
X
X
X
> X X
r(all) = .21* (N=326)
r(meas) = .17* (N=275)
0
0
0
000 C
0
C 00
0 0
0 0000
0 00 0 0 C
0 00 00 00 00 00
0 0000
00 000 00
0 0000 00 0 0
CO 0 00 00 0
0 0 0 00 00 00 0 0
0 0 00 00000 0 000
0 0 0 00 000000 00 00 0 00
0 000000 00 00 00 0
0 0000 0000 OC 0 00
X 0 OOOOOOCOC 0 0
0 000 00 00000 0
0 00 0 000
00 0 0 000 000 00
0 00 00 00 00
0 0 00000 000 0 00 00
00 00 0 00
00 000 0 0
X 0 0 0 0 00 0 00
0 00 000 0
00 0 0000
x oooo
x o o
X X XO
o xx
0 X 0
0 0
X 0
X X
X X
X X XX XXXX XX
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
2. J
2.b 3.0 3.5
LSYTIME P^hSONAL AIk
4.0
4.5 5.0 ".5 ft.o £n(yg/m3)
Figure 42, Benzene - New Jersey first season.
-------
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
1.9
B 3.5
R
E
A
T 3.0
H
2.5
2.C
1.5
1.0
0.5
X 0
0
X
X
r(all) = .46* (N=326)
r(meas)0= .44* (N=286)
0 0
0
0
c
0 0
0
000 0
00 0
0 0 00 0 0
00 0 0 0 CO 0
0 0
00 0
0 000 000
0000000 0 0
00 0 00 00
0 0 00 0 000 000 0 0
00 10 0 0 00 00 0 0 0
XXtOOOOOOO 0 0 0
0 XOOOO 00 0 0 000 000 0
X !000 000 OOOO 0 0 00 00
xx x o o ou oo o oooo u o
X ! 00 0 0 OOOO 000
0100 000 000000 OOOO
X 000! 0 00 00 OOOO 00 0 0 0
X 010 0 0 00 0 0
X XO 00 0 00 00
OXXO 0 OX 00 00
o x 10 ox oooo o
xc too o o
X 1 0
X X X 0 X 0
X
X
0.0 *
O.C 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
2.5 3.0 3.5 1.C 1.5 5.0 5.5 t.C 6.5 7.0 7.b 6.0 8.5 9.0 ?.5 1C.C
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
£n()jg/m3)
Figure 43. Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey first season.
-------
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
B
R
e
* 2.5
f
H
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
C.O
X
0
0
r(all) = .54* (N=305) 0 „
r(meas) = .63* (N=140) o o
0
0 00
0
0
0
000
0
00
0
0 0
0 00
0
OX 00
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0
00 0
xi x o o o
1 0
01 0 0 0 00
XI X 00 0 0
1 0 X 0 00 0
X XIX X 0 0 0
X 001 000 0
0 X 0 X 00 0
X 01 0 0 0 OX 0 0 0 CO
0X01 00 XO 0000 0 0
XXX XXOIOO 00 OX 00
X X XXXXXXX003 0 0 X X C XXX X 0X0 X
xxx x oxo x o o x x o x
XX XOXXXXIX XX X XO XXXX XX
XXX XXX XIXXXX XXX XX X
XXXX XIX X
xxxx ixxxxxx x xx x x
XX XXX XX X X X X X
1
0.0 0.5 l.i 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 1 . 0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.C 6.5 7.J 7.f.
UAYTIMc PiaSONAL -IB
£n(ug/m3)
Figure 44. m,p-Dichlorobenzene - New Jersey first season.
-------
oo
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
8 3.5
R
£
A
T 3.0
H
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
X
0 X
r(all) = .33* (N=327)
r(meas) = .37* (N=282)
0
0
0
0
3 0
X 0
0
0 0
00 0
00 0
OX 0 000 0 C
000 0
XOO 0000 000
000000 0 0
0 X 0 00 0000 0
00 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 00 0 0
00 00 0 000 0 000 0000
000000 00 0 CO
0 000 00 00 000 0 0000 0 0
XX OX 00 000 00 0 00 0
X OOX OOX 0 000000 00 0 0
0 XIOOO 0 XX 0000 00 0 0 00 0
OOXX 0 000 00 0 0 000 0000
0! 0 0 00 X 00 000 0 00
0030 00 00 OOX 0
X 0 00 XO X 0 0 C
X 0 OX 00 00 00 0
o o oo 5 o
0 G 00 XXO X X
X X
0.0 • X! XX XXX XX X
0.0 O.t> 1.0 1.5 2.0 <:.5 3.0 3.5 1.0 l.b 5.0 5.5 fc.C fa. 5 7.0 7.5
OAtTIME PCS35NAL AIR
Figure 45. Ethylbenzerie - New Jersey first season.
-------
6.0
5.5
5.0
1.0
B 3.5
R
£
•A
T 3.0
H
2.b
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
O.b
X
0
X
X
r(all) = .32* (N=328) C
r(meas) = .30* (N=309)
0
c
0 0
0
00 0
0 00 0 C
0 0
00 0 0
0000 0 0 00 0
OOOOOCOO 0 0 00
00 0000000 0 0
00 00 0000 0 00 0 0 0
00 00 000 0000 00 0 0 P
X 0000 0
0 00 0 00 00 00
0 0000 000000 00 000 0 00
00 00 0 000 0000 0 C
0 0 00000000 0 00000 000 00 00
000 0000 0000 0
0 00 0 0 00 00000 00 00 0 0
XO 0 0 00 0 00000 0000 0
00 0 0 00 00 0 0000
0 000 0 000 0
0 000 00000 00 0
00 0 00 C 0
00 0 000 0
0 0 0000
G 0
X 000 00
x o o o o xo
X XX X X
X XX X
X
0.0 O.b 1.0 l.b 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 1.C 1.5 5.0 *.5 (•. C fc.F 7.C 7.? £n(ug/m )
DAYTIME: PERSONAL AIP
Figure 46. m,£-Xylene - New Jersey first season.
-------
6.0
5.5
5.0
B 3.5
R
E
*
T 3.0
H
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
0
X
X X
r(all)
r(meas)
.26* (N=81)
.39* (N=56)
o o
0 0
00 0
0 0
0
000
0 00
0 0
0 00
x a ox
o o
0-0--XO-
0.0 0.5 l.-j l.f 2.0 i.5 3.0 3.5 1.0 t.b 5.D i.5 fc.O i.5
OAYTIHt OUTDOOR AIR
Figure 47. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - New Jersey first
season.
-------
£n(yg/m3)
r(all) = .27* (N=86)
6.D
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
B 3.5
A
E
A
T 3.0
H
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
O.C
0
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
XX
X
X
» X
r(meas) = .31* (N=58)
0
0
0
0
o o
0 0
0
0 000
00 0
0
0 0
0 0
000 U 0
0 000
x o oo o
X 0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0 00 0
000 0
0
o o
0
X
0
0
XX X
CAYIIKC OUTOOon »1P
Figure 48. Benzene - New Jersey first season.
-------
An(|jg/m3)
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
B 3.5
R
E
A
I 3.0
H
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
XX
X
X X
D.O
r(all) - .35* (N=85)
r(meas) = .41* (N=63)
0 0
X
0 0
x o
0-0-
o o
0 0
00 0
0
0
p
0
00 C-0—0-
X 0
0 X
0 0
0 0
0.0 0.2 0.1
.f, O.b 1.0 1.2 1.4 l.fc 1.8 2.0 i.Z 2.1 2.6 2.b 3.1 J.i 3.4 3.6 3.6 1.P
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR
Figure 49. Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey first season.
-------
r(all) - .31* (N=75)
to
5.0
3.5
3.0
B
R
E
A 2.5
I
H
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
X 0
X
X
0
X
XX X
xo o
X
X X
X X
XX X
XX XX 0
X X
XX X
XX X X XX
XX X XX X
XXXX X X
X
X XX
X
r(meas) = .53 (N=14)
0
0
0
0
X
0
X
0
0
X
X X
0.0 »
0.0 C.2 0.1 O.b 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 l.t l.b 2.0 £.2 2.H 2.6 2.8 J.u 3.2 3.4 3 .t 5.b 4.0
D4YTIMF CUTDOOi) AIF
£n(ug/m3)
Figure 50. m»p-Dichlorobenzene - New Jersey first season.
-------
£n(pg/m3)
6.C
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
8 3.5
R
E
A
£ T 3.0
4S H
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
r(all) = .18 (N=83)
r(meas) = .08 (N=69)
0
X
0
0
X 0
0
0 0
x o x
X 00
X X C
o x
X
x x
> x
1.0 0.2 0.4 (j.6 O.o l.J
0
0
0
0 0
00 C
0 0
0 00
0
0
0 0
00 0
0000 0 00
0003 0
00 0 C 00
00 000
000
0 X
0 0
3 0
X
1 . i 1.4 l.b 1.8 2.9 2*2 2.4 2.6 2 . t 3.1
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR
£n(yg/m3)
Figure 51. Ethylbenzene - New Jersey first
season.
-------
«.n(pg/m3)
Ni
Ui
2.0
5.5
5.0
4.0
B 3.5
ft
E
T 3.0
H
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
r(all)
r(meas)
XX
.24* (N=85)
.20 (N=77)
o u
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
00
0 00
0
0 0
000
000 C
0000 000 00 0
00 0
00 O 0
000 0 C
0 0
•3 0
0 0
0 0
0 00 0
0
0
.0 0.2 0.1 0.6 O.b 1.0 !.<: 1.1 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.1 i.f, ?.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 5.F 1.C
DiJIIMi: ouTDOOn AIR
Figure 52. m,£-Xylene - New Jersey first
season.
-------
Table 213. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR BREATH ALL AMOUNTS -
NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sample Size Range: 301-337
Compound
A
B
C
.e-
os D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Tri chloroethylene
Tetrachloroethy] ene
m,p-Di chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
ABCDEFGHIJ
.58* .69* .61* .65* .33* .43* .39* .17* .43*
.58* .50* .51* .23* .31* .25* .22* .27*
.93* .94* .41* .51* .47* .30* .51*
.92* .45* .49* .46* .30* .52*
.40* .47* .44* .26* .48*
.37* .33* .12* .46*
.35* .06 .44*
.23* .37*
.18*
K
.25*
.19*
.32*
.33*
.30*
.38*
.35*
.32*
.06
.56*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 214. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR ALL AMOUNTS -
NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sample Size Range: 344-348
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
Compound ABCDEFGHIJ
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Tr ichl oroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
.52* .66* .59* .63* .51* .48* .55* .12* .51*
.67* .61* .65* .47* .39* .47* .30* .43*
.91* .93* .47* .45* .49* .30* .43*
.93* .45* .44* .49* .31* .31*
.48* .46* .51* .29* .37*
.47* .47* .22* .43*
.53* .16* .35*
.22* .35*
.19*
*
K
.30*
.24*
.26*
.20*
.29*
.33*
.34*
.41*
.05
.25*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 215. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR ALL AMOUNTS -
NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sa
Co
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
mple Size Range: 338-341
mpound
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Tr J ch loroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aroma tics Solvents Miscellaneous
ABCDEFGHIJ
.49* .62* .53* .59* .39* .48* .41* .13* .52*
.60* .60* .61* .30* .37* .33* .21* .26*
.90* .95* .45* .47* .47* .18* .32*
.93* .39* .43* .49* .21* .21*
.45* .46* .50* .21* .26*
.56* .50* .19* .29*
.58* .11* .32*
.14* .24*
.15*
K
.33*
.16*
.28*
.20*
.29*
.30*
.37*
.36*
. .05
.40*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 216. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR ALL AMOUNTS -
NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sample Size Range: 79-86
Compound
A
B
C
•P-
K>
vo D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Trichloroethy] ene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dichlcrobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
ABCDEFGHI
.53* .73* .69* .62* .58* .53* .71* .32*
.59* .54* .46* .34* .41* .50* .32*
.93* .91* .53* .50* .79* .45*
.93* .52* .46* .77* .37*
.48* .42* .71* .43*
.52* .56* .27*
.66* .25*
.35*
J
.55*
.36*
.36*
.33*
.33*
.65*
.43*
.48*
.25*
K
.30*
.24*
.18
.12
.07
.36*
.27*
.39*
.25*
.28*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 217. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR ALL AMOUNTS -
NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
U)
o
Sa
Co
A
E
C
D
E
F
G
F
I
J
K
mple Size Range: 84-90
impound
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xyl ene
m,p-Xy3ene
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
Trich] oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
AECDEFGHIJ
.37* .65* .63* .61* .48* .48* .51* .11 .63*
.45* .43* .36* .40* .62* .55* .24* .23*
.95* .94* .72* .61* .70* ..22* .50*
.96* .65* .63* .75* .18 .44*
.66* .56* .68* .16 .45*
.60* .54* .16 .50*
.74* .28* .40*
.22* .32*
.15
K
.30*
.29*
.36*
.35*
.29*
.45*
.42*
.37*
.10
.30*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 leve.1 .
-------
Table 220. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR MEASURABLE
AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sample
Number
317
270
311
286
336
257
164
310
248
145
85
Size
Range: 52-314
Group I: Aromatics
Compound A B C D
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Benzene .42* .55* .50*
Styrene .60* .57*
Ethylbenzene .95*
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1,] -Tr i chloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m.p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Group II:
Chlorinated
Solvents
E F G H
.55* .34* .22* .31*
.58* .28* .22* .21*
.95* .46* .22* .36*
.96* .41* .17* .40*
.46* .22* .43*
.39* .41*
.32*
Miscellaneous
I J
.01 .43*
.13 .26*
.08 .36*
.10 .22*
.09 .32*
-.01 .38*
.16 .24*
.13* .09
.14
K
.33*
.28*
.27*
.24*
.30*
.39*
.24
.24*
-.12
.50*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 221. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR MEASURABLE
AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sample
Number
75
35
73
70
81
71
52
65
36
36
53
Size Range: 18-72
Group I: Aromatics
Compound A B C D E
A Benzene .56* .65* .55* .58*
B Styrene .59* .64* .54*
C Ethylbenzene .94* .92*
D o-Xylene .92*
E m,p-Xylene
F 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
G Trichloroethylene
H Tetrachloroethylene
I m,p-Di chlorobenzene
J Chloroform
K Carbon Tetrachloride
Group IT:
Chlorinated
Solvents
F G H
.44* .65* .52*
.34 .51* .33
.41* .53* .63*
.41* .49* .60*
.36* .61* .60*
.48* .47*
.60*
Miscellaneous
I J
.21 .35*
.48* .35
.13 .47*
.17 .41*
.16 .35*
-.11 .52*
.23 .36*
.06 .45*
.05
K
.16
.38
.04
.12
.07
.19
.19
.29
.17
.13
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 222. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR MEASURABLE
AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sample
Number
68
15
74
70
83
69
45
71
20
35
45
Size
Range: 7-72
Compound A
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Group 11:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents
B C D E F G H
.07 .57* .52* .56* .36* .27 .40*
.37 .54* .33 .81* .60* .36
.94* .93* .59* .37* .59*
.96* .47* .41* .61*
.48* .43* .61*
.15 .38*
.54*
Miscellaneous
I
-.13
-.02
-.21
-.17
-.44
-.30
-.61*
-.03
J
.22
.38
.28
.47*
.48*
.57*
-.08
.11
-.25
K
.29
.06
.38*
.44*
.26
.16
.25
.23
-.14
.38
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 223. PEARSON CORRELATIONS OF NATURAL LOGARITHM OF CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR
BREATH ALL AMOUNTS - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
.p-
u>
Sample Size Range: 301-337
Compound
A
E
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Arcmatics Solvents Miscellaneous
ABCDEFGHIJ
.47* .65* .57* .66* .34* .42* .34* .13* .43*
.56* .53* .52* .26* .31* .28* .21* .27*
.88* .93* .38* .47* .47* .28* .48*
.90* .44* .45* .45* .26* .51*
.41* .45* .46* .24* .48*
.37* .35* .13* .47*
.29* .06 .41*
.22* .34*
.18*
K
.27*
.25*
.27*
.32*
.27*
.34*
.34*
.28*
.06
.47*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 224. PEARSON CORRELATIONS OF NATURAL LOGARITHM OF CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR ALL AMOUNTS - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sample Size Range: 344-348
Compound
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1 ,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethy] ene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dac.h] orobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
ABCDEFGHIJ
.41* .55* .51* .54* .43* .45* .49* .12* .43*
.58* .50* .50* .37* .38* .44* .26* .37*
.89* .92* .45* .46* .51* .26* .40*
.92* .44* .44* .51* .25* .27*
.48* .45* .53* .25* .33*
.47* .46* .15* .38*
.49* .14* .33*
.20* .35*
.16*
K
.20*
.19*
.24*
.25*
.30*
.33*
.29*
.36*
.03
.15*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 225. PEARSON CORRELATIONS OF NATURAL LOGARITHM OF CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR ALL AMOUNTS - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
(jO
00
Sample Size Range: 338-341
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
Co
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
mpound
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Tr i chloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Di chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
ABCDE FGHTJ
.37* .46* .43* .48* .34* .39* .34* .10 .49*
.52* .50* .50* .22* .28* .34* .14* .23*
.89* .92* .42* .38* .45* .13* .25*
.88* .40* .37* .47* .12* .17*
.43* .37* .46* .16* .20*
.52* .49* .10 .23*
.52* .09 .28*
.10 .20*
.15*
K
.32*
.14*
.29*
.27*
.31*
.30*
.32*
.28*
.07
.33*
- ••-". s •;._-
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 226. PEARSON CORRELATIONS OF NATURAL LOGARITHM OF CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR ALL AMOUNTS - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sa
Co
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
mple Size Range: 79-86
mpour.d
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Di chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
AECDEFGHI
.52* .56* .63* .53* .58* .51* .67* .25*
.63* .57* .49* .40* .48* .50* .30*
.85* .73* .46* .47* .71* .44*
.81* .48* .49* .78* .32*
.46* .38* .63* .38*
.57* .51* .29*
.64* .24*
.28*
J
.44*
.44*
.26*
.30*
.31*
.61*
.48*
.44*
.21
K
.21
.20
.26*
.09
.08
.38*
.25*
.32*
.26*
.28*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 227. PEARSON CORRELATIONS OF NATURAL LOGARITHM OF CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR ALL AMOUNTS - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sample Size Range: 84-90
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
Compound ABCDEFCHIJ
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Benzene
Styrene
Ethyl benzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Tr ichloroethy] ene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dich] orobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
.42* .68* .59* .53* .56* .57* .50* .14 .65*
.39* .37* .28* .43* .61* .52* .24* .24*
.85* .81* .72* .63* .64* .16 .52*
.94* .64* .65* .72* .21 .45*
.58* .53* .61* .11 .41*
.66* .54* .11 .52*
.75* .23* .44*
.18 .33*
.15
K
.32*
.33*
.38*
.41*
.35*
.50*
.44*
.39*
.17
.33*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 228. PEARSON CORRELATIONS OF NATURAL LOGARITHM OF CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR
BREATH MEASURABLE AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sample Size Range: 29-312
No. Compound
302
162
317
282
325
267
80
320
178
189
65
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m.p-Dlchlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Group IT:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
ABCDEFGHIJ
.55* .61* .49* .55* .17* .12 .30* -.01 .35*
.56* .54* .54* .07 .18 .22* .12 .27*
.94* .94* .30* .16 .40* .13 .43*
.93* .22* .14 .34* .09 .40*
.28* .02 .41* .15* .37*
.27* .30* .16 .27*
-.09 -.06 .35*
.10 .28*
-.00
K
.47*
.64*
.04
.41*
.19
.14
.39*
-.06
-.05
.13
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 229. PEARSON CORRELATIONS OF NATURAL LOGARITHM OF CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR MEASURABLE AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sample Size Range: 29-312
No. Compound A
327
295
325
306
343
277
180
320
278
203
116
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
fl
I
J
K
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
BCDEFGHI
.41* .58* .55* .57* .41* .32* .47* .05
.60* .56* .56* .37* .32* .34* '.18*
.91* .91* .42* .30* .42* .14*
.95* .43* .25* .39* .16*
.43* .32* .42* .19*
.41* .39* .01
.34* .14
.10
J
.39*
.27*
.38*
.26*
.32*
.50*
.42*
.28*
.03
K
.25*
-.02
.18
.27*
.26*
.48*
.23*
.21*
-.01
.43*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 230. PEARSON CORRELATIONS OF NATURAL LOGARITHM OF CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR MEASURABLE AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sample Size Range: 52-314
No. Compound
317.
270
311
286
336
257
164
310
248
145
85
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m , p-Dl chl or obenz ene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents
ABCDEFCH
.35* .48* .45* .49* .33* .12 .27*
.58* .50* .57* .18* .08 .24*
.95* .94* .47* .12 .32*
.93* .47* .11 .34*
.47* .13 .38*
.33* .42*
.29*
Ml
I
-.00
.06
.06
.07
.05
-.09
.10
.08
scellaneous
J
.41*
.14
.31*
.20*
.28*
.32*
.12
.07
.17
K
.34*
.37*
.48*
.47*
.49*
.53*
.19
.23
-.11
.43*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 231. PEARSON CORRELATIONS OF NATURAL LOGARITHM OF CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR MEASURABLE AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sample Size Range: 18-72
No. Compound
75
35
73
70
81
71
52
65
36
36
53
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Benzene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Trichloroethyl ene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dich] orobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group It Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
ABCDEFGHI
.67* .69* .64* .69* .41* .71* .52* .17
.62* .70* .57* .46* .49* .47* .24
.93* .90* .46* .58* .64* -.21
.92* .45* .52* .61* -.23
.40* .65* .64* -.13
.42* .48* -.26
.58* .17
-.09
J
.29
.39
.51*
.46*
.34*
.48*
.39*
.41*
.09
K
.12
.40
.06
.12
.07
.19
.15*
.30*
.12
.16
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 232. PEARSON CORRELATIONS OF NATURAL LOGARITHM OF CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR MEASURABLE AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Sample Size Range: 7-72
Group
No. Compound A B
68
15
74
70
83
69
45
71
20
35
45
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Benzene .05
Styrene
Ethyl benzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Group II:
Chlorinated
I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
C D E F G H I
.62* .59* .56* .36* .30 .35* .02
.40 .52* .35 .65* .60* .40 -.14
.95* .93* .56* .36* .59* .12
.96* .46* .30 .62* .22
.44* .42* .62* -.23
.26 .32* -.19
.53* -.77*
.05
J
.22
.39
.27
.40*
.40*
.51*
-.07
.16
-.18
K
.21
.19
.42*
.46*
.26
.17
.29
.24
.02
.36
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Stepwise regression is an unweighted method of building a potential
regression model by bringing in the independent variables one at a time
until no appreciable gain can be achieved by including another variable.
Caution should be exercised in using stepwise results for anything other
than a preliminary step in the selection of variables for further study
due to the small sample sizes for some of the variables. Table 143 at
the beginning of this section gives the results of the questionnaire
indicating the sample sizes for the variables. Table 233 gives the
coding of the variables chosen to be included in the stepwise pro-
cedures. The questions were chosen by their apparent relevance to each
media. Those questions covered on the 24-hour screener will be discuss-
ed later.
The results of the stepwise regressions for breath for the eleven
selected compounds is shown in Table 234. The number in the table
represents the order the variable was selected into the model. The sign
in parentheses represents the sign of the coefficient in the regression
model. For breath, the variables employed and race appeared most often
while the variables close smoker contact, driver, furniture refinishing
as a hobby, painting as a hobby, non-prescription medication, hours away
from home, window fan, ceiling exhaust fan and gas furnace never appear-
ed. Chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and m,p-xylene were affected by
the least number of variables with none, two and three, respectively,
while tetrachloroethylene and m,p-dichlorobenzene were affected by the
most with six. In general, the correlations for the models were low,
ranging from .23 for 1,1,1-trichloroethane and carbon tetrachloride to
.49 for styrene.
The stepwise regressions for overnight personal air for the eleven
selected compounds are given in Table 235. The variables used were
those which were concerned with the home. The most prevelant variables
were poison (pesticides, herbicides, insecticides) and ceiling exhaust
fan chosen five and four times, respectively. The variables age, scale
model building, window air conditioning and circulating fan were never
chosen. Trichloroethylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, o^xylene and m,p-xylene
used the least number of variables with one or two each, while chloro-
form used the most with six. As with breath, the correlations were low
with a range of .11 for o-xylene to .28 for 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
446
-------
Table 233. CODING OF QUESTIONNAIRE VARIABLES FOR STEPWISE REGRESSIONS
(Q.I) Sex Male=l
Female=0
(Q.2) Race Hispanic=l
Black=2
Other=0
(Q.3) Age = age in years
(Q.7) Employed l=yes
0=no
(Q.9) Close smoker contact = %
(Q.16.17) Taxi/Bus/Truck driver l=yes
0=no
(Q.20) Smoke 0=nonsmoker not living with smoker
l=nonsmoker living with smoker
2=former smoker
3=now smoking
(Q.23) Packs 0=no cigarettes
l=less than % pack
2=about % pack
3=about 1 pack
4=about 1% packs
5=about 2 packs
6=more than 2 packs
(Q.28-1) Furniture refinishing as a hobby l=yes
0=no
(Q.28-2) Painting as a hobby l=yes
0=no
(Q.28-3) Scale models as a hobby l=yes
0=no
(Q.28-4) Gardening as a hobby l=yes
0=no
(Q.30) Poisons - Insecticides, Pesticides, Herbicides l=yes
C=no
(Q.31) Physical condition l=excellent
2=good
3=fair
4=poor
447
-------
Table 233 (continued)
(Q.32) Taking prescription medicine l=yes
0=no
(Q.33) Taking non-prescription medicine l=yes
0=no
(Q.18) Away=aver"age week day hours away from home
(Q.45-1) Central air conditioning yes=l
no=0
(Q.45-2) window air conditioning yes=l
no=0
(Q.45-4) window fan(s) yes=l
no=0
(Q.45-5) ceiling exhaust fan(s) yes=l
no=0
(Q.45-6) circulating fan(s) yes=l
no=0
(Q.46-1) gas stove yes=l
no=0
(Q.46-2) electic oven yes=l
no=0
(Q.46-3) gas furnace yes=l
no=0
(Q.46-4) oil heat yes=l
no=0
448
-------
Table 234. RESULTS OF STEPW1SE REGRESSIONS-!-' FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS WITH BREATH CONCENTRATIONS AS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND QUESTIONNAIRE
VARIABLES AS PREDICTORS - NFW JERSFY FIRST SEASON
VO
1.1,1-
Trl-
Chloro- chloro-
Questlonnaire Variable form ethane
(Q.I) Sex
(Q.2) Race
(Q.3) Age
(Q.7) Employed 1 (+)
(Q,9) Close Smoker
Contact
(Q16.17) Taxi /Bus/
Truck Driver
(Q.20) Smoke
(Q.23) Packs
(Q.28.1) Furniture
Reflnlshlng
(Q.28.2) Painting
(Q.28.3) Scale Models
(Q.28.4) Gardening
(Q.30) Poison
(Q.31) Physical Cond.
(Q.32) Prescription
Medication
(Q.33) Non-Presrlption
Medication
(Q.I 8) Hours away
from hone
(Q.45.1) Central AC
(Q.45.2) Window AC
(Q.45.4) Window fan
(Q.45.5) Celling
Exhaust Fan
(Q.45.6) Circulating
Fan
(Q.46.1) Gas Stove
(Q.46.2) Electric Oven
(Q.46.3) Gas Furnace
(Q.46.4) Oil Heat 2 (-)
Rs - (corr)J .05
R - corr .23
Sample Size 311 315
Carbon Tri- Tetra-
2/ 3/ Tetra- chloro- chloro-
Benzene chloride ethvlene ethylene Styrene
3 (-) 4 (-)
4 (+) 2 (+) 2 (+)
6 (+)
2 (+) 1 (+) 4 (+)
1 (+) 1 (+)
5 (+) 3 (+)
5 (-)
3 (+) 4 (+)
2 ( + )
1 (+) 2 (+) 5 (+)
5 (-)
3 (+)
3 (+)
4 (-) 1 (-)
.18 .05 .08 .14 .24
.42 .23 .29 .38 .49
323 300 291 323 297
".P-
Plchloro- Ethyl-
benzene benzene o-Xylene m,p-Xylene
4 (+) 4 (+) 2 (+)
2 (+) 1 (+) 2 (+)
1 (+) 1 (+)
3 (-)
2 (+)
1 (+)
6 (+)
5 (+)
3 (-) 3 (-) 3 (-)
4 (-)
.09 .11 .09 .09
.30 .33 .30 .31
301 323 318 325
Number 4/
of Times
Selected
2
6
1
7
0
0
4
2
0
0
1
1
2
1
0
0
4
2
1
0
0
2
3
1
o
4
\l All questionnaire variables in final model were significant at .10 level. All regressions run on LN (concentration) levels.
2/ Column indicates that LN (benzene) - linear function of "smoke". The variable correlation coefficient for this regression is .23.
2/ Number In column indicates most significant questionnaire variable, 2nd most significant, ...: (+) • regression coefficient is positive:
(-) - regression coefficient is negative. For coding of questionnaire variables, see Table 233.
Number of times over selected compounds that questionnaire variable was selected by stepwise regression procedure.
-------
Table 235. RFSIll TS OF STKPWISE REGRESSIONS-!-' FOR SELECTFP. COMPOUNDS WITH OVERNIGHT PERSONAL A1K CONCENTRATIONS AS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES
AND QUESTIONNAIRE VAR1AW.KS AS PREDICTORS - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
-P-
U\
O
Questionnaire Variable
(Q.I) Sex
(Q.2) Race
(Q.3) Age
(Q.20) Smoke
(Q.23) Packs
(Q . 2 8 . 1 ) Furnl ture
Refinlshing
(Q.28.2) Painting
(Q.28.3) Scale Models
(Q.28.4) Gardening
(Q.30) Poison
(Q.45.1) Central AC
(Q.45.2) Window AC
(Q.45.4) Window fan
(Q.45.5) Celling
Exhaust Fan
(Q.45.6) Circulating
Fan
(Q.46.1) Gas Stove
(Q.46.2) Electric Oven
(Q.46.3) Gas Furnace
(Q.46.4) Oil Heat
Rz - (corr)*
R • corr
Sample Size
U 11
Chloro-
form
3 (-)
2 (+)
6 (-)
1 (-)
5 (+)
4 (+)
.07
.27
339
jj All questionnaire variables In
TJ Column Indicates that
1.1.1-
Trl-
chloro-
ethane
4 (+)
3 (-)
1 (+)
2 (-)
.08
.28
340
final model
Carbon Trl-
Tetra- chloro-
Benzene chloride ethylene
1 (-)
2 (+)
2 (+)
3 (-)
1 (+) 2 (+)
1 (*)
3 (-)
.03 .04 .02
.17 .21 .14
339 400 341
were significant at .10 level.
LN (chloroform) * linear function of packs, poison,
Tetra-
chloro-
ethylene Styrene
2 (+)
2 (+)
3 (-)
1 (+)
3 (-)
1 (-)
.04 .06
.20 .24
341 340
All regressions run
. ... and gas furnace.
".P-
Dichloro-
benzene
2 (-)
1 (+)
.03
.16
339
Ethyl-
benzene o-Xylene m,p-Xylene
1 (+) 1 (+)
4 (-)
3 (+) 1 (+)
2 (+)
2 (-)
.06 .01 .02
.25 .11 .14
340 339 340
Number 4/
of Times
Selected
1
1
0
2
1
3
1
0
2
5
3
0
3
4
0
1
1
2
3
on LN (concentration) levels.
The correlation coefficient for this regrest
lion
Is .27.
3/ Number in column Indicates most significant questionnaire variable, 2nd most significant, ...; (+) - regression coefficient is positive;
(-) - regression coefficient is negative. For coding of questionnaire variables, see Table 233.
£/ Number of times over selected compounds that questionnaire variable was selected by stepwlse regression procedure.
-------
The results of the stepwi.se regressions for daytime personal air
for the eleven compounds are given in Table 236. Again, the variables
chosen were those that apparently related to daytime activities. By
far, the most prevalent variable was employed while the variables race,
packs of cigarettes and hours away from home did not appear. For
trichloroethylene and m,p-dichlorobenzene no variables appeared in the
model. As previously, the correlations were low with a range of .09 for
chloroform to .31 for m,p-xylene.
One-way analyses of variance for the variables appearing at least
once in the stepwise regressions by compound and media were then per-
formed. Table 237 gives the results of the ANOVAs for breath. The
variables hours away from home, number of cigarettes, smoke, age groups
and employed were significant for many of the compounds. Particularly
high F-values were noted for benzene and styrene under smoke and 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene and m,p-
xylene under employed.
The one-way analyses of variance for the variables appearing in the
overnight personal air stepwise regressions are presented in Table 238.
The variables smoke and non-prescription medication were significant
over many of the compounds. 1,1,1-trichloroethane under ceiling exhaust
fan had a particularly high F-value.
The one-way analyses of variance for the variables appearing at
least once in the daytime personal air stepwise regression are given in
Table 239. The variables hours away from home, smoker contact at work
and employed showed significant differences over many compounds.
Employed also showed particularly high F-values for 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane, ethylbenzene, £-xylene and m,p-xylene as did prescription
medication for m,p-xylene.
Throughout the stepwise analyses and ANOVAs the variables associ-
ated with smoking and employed appeared frequently and often with strong
results.
The unweighted geometric means for those compounds which showed
significant differences are given in Table X-107 in the appendices.
One-way analyses of variance were also done on selected variables
from the 24-hour activity and exposure screerer. Table 144 at the
beginning of this section gives a breakdown of the answers to the
451
-------
Tahle 236. RESULTS OF STF.PW1SF. REGRESSIONS^' FOR SEI ECTFK COMPOUNDS WITH DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR CONCFN1 RATIONS AS THE DEI'F.NDFNI VARIABLES
AND QUESTIONNAIRE VARIABLES AS PRFPICTORS - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
l-n
N>
Chloro-
Queationnaire Variable form
(Q.
(0-
(f)
(Q.
(Q.
(Q.
(Q.
-------
Table 237. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE WITH QUESTIONNAIRE VARIABLES USING NATURAL LOGARITHMS OF THE
CONCENTRATIONS FOR BREATH - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
On
Compounds
Chi orof orm
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tr i chloroethy] ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Type of Heat
F- Value Prob.
0.24 .79
2.30 .10
2.24 .11
1.19 .31
3.92* .02
0.73 .48
1.23 .29
0.32 .73
1.02 .36
1.09 .34
0.63 .53
Central Air
Conditioning
F- Value Prob .
1.63 .20
0.18 .67
0.02 .89
0.84 .36
0.73 .39
0.13 .72
1.59 .21
8.47* .00
0.00 .99
0.01 .94
0.02 .89
Hours
Away From
F-Value
0.77
4.09*
2.90*
1.43
1.43
6.50*
2.33
1.96
3.77*
5.39*
4.26*
Window
Home
Prob.
.51
.01
.03
.23
.23
.00
.07
.12
.01
.00
.01
Air
Conditioning
F-Value
0.01
0.66
0.03
0.40
0.36
0.48
2.27
0.01
0.65
0.48
1.43
Prob.
.92
.42
.87
.53
.55
.49
.13
.93
.42
.49
.23
Packs of
Cigarettes
F-Value Prob.
0.83 .55
0.74 .61
5.80* .00
0.45 .85
0.54 .78
3.12* .01
6.96* .00
0.79 .58
2.59* .02
0.89 .50
3.02* .01
Circulating Fan
F-Value Prob .
0.09 .76
0.25 .62
0.97 .32
3.30 .07
3.56 .06
0.00 .96
0.14 .70
2.57 .11
0.18 .67
0.00 .98
0.55 .46
Smoke
F-Value
0.87
0.73
23.1 *
0.66
0.98
3.57*
19.5 *
1.27
7.21*
1.53
6.98*
Prob.
0.46
0.54
0.00
0.58
0.40
0.01
0.00
0.28
0.00
0.20
0.00
Gas Stove
F-Value
1.33
0.17
1.18
0.86
0.28
2.50
6.45*
1.67
5.92*
6.15*
4.47*
Prob.
.25
.68
.28
.35
.59
.11
.01
.20
.02
.01
.04
continued
-------
Table 237. (continued)
On
-e-
Electric Oven
Compounds
Chloroform
1 , ] , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Tri chloroethane
Benzene-
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethy] ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
F- Value Prob.
0.12
0.01
0.28
0.10
0.12
0.70
4.36*
0.05
2.85
2.01
1.65
Age
.73
.91
.60
.76
.73
.40
.04
.82
.09
.16
.20
Groups
F-Value Prob.
0.43
1.86
2.77*
0.29
1.59
3.28*
1.67
2.67*
2.70*
3.20*
3.06*
.73
.13
.04
.83
.19
.02
.17
.05
.05
.02
.03
Sex
F-Value
0.00
1.43
0.57
0.37
0.12
3.00
1.26
0.30
1.58
6.64*
2.78
Race
F-Value
3.29*
5.37*
0.78
0.23
6.63*
1.57
3.04*
1.80
1.79
3.00
0.92
Prob.
.94
.23
.45
.54
.73
.08
.26
.58
.21
.01
.10
Prob.
.04
.01
.46
.80
.00
.21
.05
.17
.17
.05
.40
Driver
F-Value Prob.
0.30
2.15
(T.OO
2.32
1.88
0.28
0.16
0.06
0.01
1.28
0.23
Employed
.59
.14
.96
.13
.17
.59
.69
.81
.92
.26
.63
Poison
F-Value Prob.
0.12
3.20
2.83
0.54
4.46*
6.44*
0.34
0.01
' 2.31
0.87
1.66
Physical
.73
.07
.09
.46
.04
.01
.56
.94
.13
.35
.20
Condition
F-Value Prob.
1.20
12.8 *
8.03
1.98
2.85
27.1 *
8.50*
4.77*
15.9 *
19.8 *
14.1 *
.27
.00
.00
.16
.09
.00
.00
.03
.00
.00
.00
F-Value Prob.
0.65
0.84
2.46
1.86
0.18
0.13
2.18
1.80
0.80
2.12
0.85
.59
.48
.06
.13
.91
.94
.09
.15
.50
.10
.47
continued
-------
Table 237. (continued)
-O
t_n
Scale Models
Compounds
Chloroform
1 , ] , ] -Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichl oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
F-Value
1.30
0.01
1.08
0.47
0.05
0.58
6.75*
0.05
0.07
0.03
0.00
Prob.
.25
.94
.30
.49
.82
.45
.01
.82
.80
.86
.98
Gardening
F-Value
0.07
0.91
0.01
1.92
1.08
0.08
1.15
2.86
0.16
0.27
0.25
Prob.
.79
.34
.93
.17
.30
.78
.28
.09
.69
.60
.62
* Significantly different at .05 level.
LCONC = LN (Cone * 1000)
-------
Table 238. ANALYSTS OF VARIANCE WITH QUESTIONNAIRE VARIABLES USING NATURAL LOGARITHMS OF THE
CONCENTRATIONS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Ln
ON
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethyl ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Physical
Condition
F-Value
0.54
1.00
0.59
0.49
0.68
1.35
0.39
0.84
1.75
0.98
0.80
Central
Prob.
.66
.40
.63
.69
.57
.26
.77
.48
.15
.40
.50
Air
Conditioning
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethyl ene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
F-Value
1.46
4.59*
0.59
0.42
0.53
0.13
0.00
5.08*
1.36
2.84
1.13
Prob.
.23
.03
.44
.52
.47
.72
.96
.02
.24
.09
.29
Type of Heat
F-Value
1.90
1.94
1.25
1.11
0.39
0.01
1.35
0.95
2.95
0.85
1.76
Window
Prob.
.15
.15
.29
.33
.68
.99
.26
.39
.05
.43
.17
Air
Conditioning
F-Value
6.01*
0.61
3.29
1.18
0.46
4.95*
0.20
0.85
0.41
0.07
0.61
Prob.
.01
.44
.07
.28
.50
.03
.66
.36
.52
.80
.43
Packs of
Cigarettes
F-Value
1.62
0.49
1.18
1.54
0.65
0.18
1.26
0.56
0.38
0.22
0.17
Prob.
.14
.81
.32
.16
.69
.98
.28
.76
.89
.97
.98
Smoke
F-Value
3.18*
2.06
2.86*
0.23
1.45
1.28
8.33*
1.96
6.41*
5.42*
6.23*
Prob.
0.02
0.10
0.04
0.88
0.23
0.28
0.00
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
Ceiling
Exhaust
F-Value
4.41*
13.2 *
4.63*
6.41*
2.17
2.19
0.05
0.78
0.91
1.63
1.00
Fan
Prob.
.04
.00
.03
.01
.14
.14
.82
.38
.34
.20
.32
Paint
F-Value
0.72
0.35
0.00
2.29
0.66
0.00
0.18
3.25
1.54-
0.73
0.28
Prob.
.40
.55
.96
.13
.42
.98
.67
.07
.22
.39
.60
continued
-------
Table 238. (continued)
Electric Oven
Compounds
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
F-Value
3.17
1.34
1.53
O.OC
3.87*
0.92
5.34*
0.02
1.04
1.04
1.11
Prob.
.08
.25
.22
.98
.05
.34
.02
.88
.31
.31
.29
Sex
F-Value Prob.
0.09
2.78
0.55
0.36
1.33
5.52*
0.50
0.09
2.94
2.71
2.41
.77
.10
.46
.55
.25
.02
.48
.77
.09
.10
.12
Driver
Poison
F-Value Prob.
0.33
0.99
1.15
0.00
0.01
0.21
0.49
3.89*
2.61
1.60
0.86
.57
.32
.28
.97
.93
.65
.48
.05
.11
.21
.35
Prescription
Medication
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m.p-Diehlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
F-Value
0.31
0.77
0.00
0.00
2.75
0.66
0.28
0.46
0.07
0.21
1.12
Prob.
.58
.38
.95
.99
.10
.42
.60
.50
.80
.65
.29
Race
F-Value
2.42
4.54*
0.61
3.57*
3.84*
0.73
1.12
0.46
2.90
1.43
2.35
Prob.
.09
.01
.54
.03
.02
.48
.33
.63
.06
.24
.10
Employed
F-Value
5.23*
4.19*
1.58
0.11
0.24
6.22*
2.06
0.02
5.48*
3.29
2.75
Prob.
.02
.04
.21
.74
.62
.01
.15
.90
.02
.07
.10
Nonprescription
Medication
F-Value Prob .
0.98
0.27
0.14
0.03
1.04
0.62
1.65
1.20
2.05
0.53
0.98
.32
.60
.71
.86
.31
.43
.20
.27
.15
.47
.32
F-Value
3.10
6.89*
1.29
0.76
0.45
1.20
4.40*
0.43
6.88*
7.06*
7.80*
Prob.
.08
.01
.26
.38
.50
.27
.04
.51
.01
.01
.01
continued
-------
Table 238. (continued)
-o
<_n
Furniture
Ref inishing
Compounds
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethy 1 ene
Styrene
m,p-Dlch] orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
F-Value
0.66
0.02
1.96
1.07
3.06
1.00
0.01
0.17
8.70*
4.15*
3.56
Prob.
.42
.89
.16
.30
.08
.32
.91
.68
.00
.04
.06
- — . . . ui_j. — _
Gardening
F-Value
0.09
0.12
1.73
0.11
1.84
0.91
2.74
1.57
0.31
0.32
0.42
r= r r = T T-; =-=: =~
Prob.
.76
.73
.19
.73
.18
.34
.10
.21
.58
.58
.52
* Significantly different at .05 level.
LCONC = LN (Cone * 1000)
-------
Table 239. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE WITH QUESTIONNAIRE VARIABLES USING NATURAL LOGARITHMS OF THE
CONCENTRATIONS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
JN
(_n
VO
Hours
Away From Home
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trich] oroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Compounds
Ch] orof orm
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tr i chl oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
F-Value Prob .
0.45
6.58*
1.14
0.88
1.35
1.49
3.09*
0.29
6.99*
5.37*
9.65*
Smoker
at
.72
.00
.33
.46
.26
.22
.03
.83
.00
.00
.00
Contact
Work
F-Value Prob.
1.39
6.65*
5.21*
5.70*
1.15
2.43
4.62*
0.97
6.61*
6.70*
9.53*
.25
.00
.01
.00
.32
.09
.01
.38
.00
.00
.00
Paint Smoke
F-Value
0.16
0.22
0.57
0.94
0.06
0.12
1.96
1.04
0.95
2.59
1.68
Central
Prob.
.69
.64
.45
.33
.81
.73
.16
.31
.33
.11
.20
Air
Conditioning
F-Value
0.54
0.18
1.15
0.04
0.16
0.27
0.44
4.17*
0.69
1.95
1.54
Prob.
.46
.67
.29
.85
.69
.60
.51
.04
.41
.16
.22
F-Value
0.84
1.29
3.15*
0.55
0.39
0.63
2.25
2.19
2.57
2.13
3.28*
Window
Prob.
0.48
0.28
0.02
0.65
0.77
0.60
0.08
0.09
0.05
0.09
0.02
Air
Conditioning
F-Value
10.7*
1.25
0.10
0.12
1.82
1.63
0.01
0.16
0.02
0.87
0.13
Prob.
.00
.26
.76
.73
.18
.20
.92
.69
.89
.35
.72
Scale Models
F-Value
0.22
1.30
0.04
1.09
0.95
0.23
8.49*
2.39
0.34
0.00
0.66
Gas
F-Value
3.28
3.49
0.01
1.58
0.08
0.87
7.63*
0.01
2.52
1.21
2.07
Prob.
.64
.25
> .85
.30
.33
.64
.00
.12
.56
.99
.42
Stove
Prob.
.07
.06
.92
.21
.78
.35
.01
.90
.11
.27
.15
continued
-------
Table 239. (continued)
ON
o
Electric Oven
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
F-Value
1.50
3.50
0.00
1.39
0.03
1.08
4.15*
0.12
1.32
0.95
1.61
Prob.
.22
.06
.99
.24
.87
.30
.04
.73
.25
.33
.21
Sex
F-Value
2.51
0.81
0.74
0.01
0.79
0.79
0.56
0.37
11.6 *
11.5 *
18.0 *
Prob.
.11
.67
.39
.91
.38
.37
.46
.54
.00
.00
.00
Type of
F-Value
1.72
0.33
0.14
0.22
0.34
1.03
1.30
0.07
1.28
0.69
1.41
Heat
Prob.
.18
.72
.87
.81
.71
.36
.27
.94
.28
.50
.24
Physical
Condition
F-Value Prob.
3.24*
2.25
1.68
3.60*
2.13
0.93
0.35
1.51
1.94
2.48
1.75
.02
.08
.17
.01
.09
.43
.79
.21
.12
.06
.16
Prescription
Driver
Compounds
Chloroform
] ,1 ,1-TrJchloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
F-Value
3.20
0.50
0.49
0.18
1.44
0.02
1.64
4.14*
0.01
0.03
0.11
Prob.
.07
.48
.49
.67
.23
.90
.20
.04
.91
.86
.74
Poison
F-Value
0.56
0.02
0.06
0.21
1.78
4.58
0.44
0.03
0-.30
0.16
0.37
Prob.
.46
.88
.80
.65
.18
.03
.51
.87
.58
.69
.54
Medication
F-Value
0.00
1.69
3.97*
0.00
0.51
2.30
2.29
0.01
6.24*
6.78*
12.2 *
Prob.
.99
.19
.05
.99
.47
.13
.13
.93
.01
.01
.00
Employed
F-Value Prob.
0.56
20.6 *
4.62*
5.58*
1.02
8.59*
7.14*
0.48
20.5 *
15.3 *
29.4 *
.46
.00
.03
.02
.31
.00
.01
.49
.00
.00
.00
* Significantly different at .05 level.
LCONC = LN (Cone * 1000)
-------
screener. The ANOVAs for breath are given in Table 240. The variables
painting, tobacco and close contact with smoker showed significant
F-values for many of the compounds. Benzene, styrene, ethylbenzene and
m,p-xylene had particularly high F-values for tobacco. Ethylbenzene and
the xylenes under painting, benzene under close contact with smokers,
styrene under chemical plant, and ethylbenzene and the xylenes under
solvents also had high F-values.
The one-way analyses of variance for overnight personal air for the
eleven compounds are given in Table 241. There were fewer significant
differences for overnight personal air than for breath. Styrene under
tobacco and close contact with smokers showed high F-values.
The one-way analyses of variance for daytime personal air for the
selected variables from the screener are given in Table 242. While
daytime personal air showed more significant differences than overnight
personal air, it did not show as many as breath. The variables high
dust or particulate levels and painting showed the most significant
differences. Styrene, ethylbenzene and m,p-xylene under painting;
o-xylene under garage; ethylbenzene, £-xylene and m,p-xylene under
solvents and odorous chemicals; 1,1,1-trichloroethane, ethylbenzene, and
the xylenes under high dust or particulate levels; and styrene under
degreasing compounds all showed high F-values.
The percentages measurable, medians and maximum values by 24-hour
screener variables and media are given in Tables X-l through X-22 in
Appendix X for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene, trichloroethylene,
m,p-dichlorobenzene, m,p-xylene and tetrachloroethylene.
461
-------
Table 240. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE WITH 24-HOUR SCREENER VARIABLES USING NATURAL LOGARITHMS OF THE
CONCENTRATIONS FOR BREATH - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
ON
Q.9
Painting
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon TetracMoride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Stvrene
m , p-Dichlorobenz ene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
F-Value
7.45*
6.33*
6.80*
3.58
1.36
8.69*
9.54*
1.85
11.1 *
11.9 *
10.3 *
Q
Chemical
F-Value
1.48
1.34
2.73
1.28
2.74
3.55
14.7 *
0.02
8.59*
9.86*
9.41*
Prob.
.01
.01
.01
.06
.24
.00
.00
.18
.00
.00
.00
.9
Plant
Prob.
.23
.25
.10
.26
.10
.06
.00
.89
.00
.00
.00
Q.4
Tobacco
Q.5
Close Contact
With Smokers
F-Value Prob .
0.55
2.89
63.2 *
0.05
5.35*
3.69
64.7 *
0.02
24.3 *
4.31*
23.1 *
Q.9
Garage
.46
.09
.00
.83
.02
.06
.00
.89
.00
.04
.00
F-Value Prob.
3.17
0.08
1.62
0.72
1.05
0.51
0.07
0.00
0.89
1.51
1.23
.08
.78
.20
.40
.31
.48
.79
.97
.35
.22
.27
F-Value Prob .
1.30
0.50
11.3 *
1.96
7.52*
3.97*
9.18*
0.00
9.56*
5.50*
9.37*
Q.10
Solvents
.26
.48
.00
.16
.01
.05
.00
.99
.00
.02
.00
F-Value Prob .
2.82
3.09
2.44
0.56
3.56
3.02
7.87*
0.20
16.0 *
14.9 *
15.9 *
.09
.08
.12
.45
.06
.08
.01
.65
.00
.00
.00
Q.6
Pesticides,
Insecticides,
Herbicides
F-Value Prob .
3.06
0.33
0.15
0.01
0.88
0.14
0.02
0.81
0.00
0.03
0.10
Q.10
Odorous
Chemicals
08
57
70
91
35
71
89
37
yy
86
/b
F-Value Prob.
0.10
1.77
0.67
0.00
1.26
1.69
1.50"
0.74
6.33*
9.44*
6.87*
76
18
41
97
26
19
22
39
Ul
00
01
continued
-------
Table 240. (continued)
ON
Q.10
Hazardous or
Toxic Chemicals
Compounds
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichl oroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tri chloroethylene
Te t r achlor oethy lene
Styrene
m , p-Di chl or obenz ene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
F-Value
3.75
1.97
1.68
0.37
0.04
0.39
0.56
1.12
0.01
0.19
0.09
Q.
Prob.
.05
.16
.20
.54
.84
.53
.46
.29
.91
.67
.77
10
Q.10
High Dust
Or Particulate
Levels
F-Value
0.10
3.04
1.22
0.00
2.71
0.72
5.43*
0.51
2.86
3.82
2.95
Prob.
.75
.08
.27
.96
.10
.40
.02
.48
.09
.05
.09
Q.10
Auto/Truck
Exhaust
F-Value
0.17
0.32
0.25
1.13
1.60
0.25
0.55
1.13
0.13
0.07
0.35
Prob.
.68
.57
.62
.29
.21
.62
.46
.29
.72
.79
.55
Q.10
Cleaning
Solutions
F-Value
1.70
2.52
0.43
1.16
0.06
0.01
0.26
0.39
0.47
0.88
0.74
Prob.
.19
.11
.51
.28
.80
.92
.61
.53
.49
.35
.39
Degreasing
Compounds
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethyl ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m)p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
F- Value
0.76
2.02
0.28
0.09
0.44
1.11
0.02
1.49
1.81
1.33
2.22
Prob.
.38
.16
.60
.76
.51
.29
.90
.22
.18
.25
.14
* Significantly different at .05 level.
LCONC = LN (Cone * 1000)
-------
Table 241. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE WITH 24-HOUR SCREENER VARIABLES USING NATURAL LOGARITHMS OF THE
CONCENTRATIONS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
ON
Q.9
Painting
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Di chl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethyl ene
Styrene
m , p-Di chlor obenz ene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
F-Value
0.24
0.11
2.23
0.67
0.01
0.18
0.47
0.04
0.24
0.02
0.48
Q
Chemical
F-Value
0.61
1.21
0.22
0.15
0.59
0.35
4.47*
2.68
2.97
1.40
3.56
Prob.
.63
.74
.14
.41
.94
.67
.49
.83
.62
.89
.49
.9
Plant
Prob.
.44
.27
.64
.70
.44
.55
.04
.10
.09
.24
.06
Q.4
Tobacco
Q.5
Close Contact
With Smokers
F-Value Prob.
0.42
0.24
4.49*
0.00
0.70
2.33
11.3 *
0.01
1.38
0.23
1.81
Q.9
Garage
.52
.62
.03
.95
.40
.13
.00
.93
.24
.63
.18
F-Value
1.19
1.17
8.61*
0.35
1.96
4.64*
15.3 *
0.07
2.31
1.43
1.83
Q.
Prob.
.28
.28
.00
.55
.16
.03
.00
.80
.13
.23
.18
10
Solvents
F-Value Prob .
2.95
1.46
2.53
0.46
3.12
0.15
0.01
0.63
0.45
0.05
0.08
.09
.23
.11
.50
.08
.70
.92
.43
.50
.83
.77
F-Value
0.62
4.79*
2.36
3.02
0.08
0.00
1.79
3.06
4.69*
3.19
3.80
Prob.
.43
.03
.13
.08
.78
.99
.18
.08
.03
.08
.05
Q.6
Pesticides,
Insecticides,
Herbicides
F-Value Prob .
1.04
0.45
0.01
0.01
0.34
0.20
0.05
0.08
0.38
0.26
0.30
Q.10
Odorous
Chemicals
31
50
93
92
56
66
82
78
54
61
58
F-Value Prob .
0.28
0.36
0.01
1.64
0.32
0.68
0.47
0.00
0.24
0.02
0.07
60
55
93
20
57
41
50
96
63
89
79
continued
-------
Table 241. (continued)
Q.10
Hazardous or
Toxic Chemicals
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethyl ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
F-Value
0.52
2.64
0.00
0.81
0.35
0.15
0.80
2.83
3.20
4.69*
5.46*
Q-
Prob.
.47
.11
.96
.37
.56
.70
.37
.09
.07
.03
.02
10
Q.10
High Dust
Or Particulate
Levels
F-Value
0.27
1.98
0.04
1.14
1.27
3.57
2.66
0.04
8.07*
6.02*
6.86*
Prob.
.61
.16
.85
.29
.26
.06
.10
.85
.00
.01
.01
Q.10
Auto/Truck
Exhaust
F-Value
0.06
1.20
1.43
0.43
0.06
1.42
0.25
0.63
0.00
0.20
0.04
Prob.
.81
.27
.23
.51
.81
.23
.62
.43
.97
.66
.84
Q.10
Cleaning
Solutions
F-Value
0.23
1.20
0.31
2.90
0.17
0.65
0.06
0.37
0.86
0.79
0.93
Prob.
.63
.27
.58
.09
.68
.42
.80
.54
.35
.38
.34
Degreasing
Compounds
Compounds
Ch] orof orm
1 , ] , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachlor oethy 1 ene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
F- Value
1.56
2.68
0.22
1.66
0.66
2.60
3.87
2.06
2.73
1.38
2.18
Prob.
.21
.10
.64
.20
.42
.11
.05
.15
.10
.24
.14
* Significantly different at .05 level.
LCONC = LN (Cone * 1000)
-------
Table 242. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE WITH 24-HOUR SCREENER VARIABLES USING NATURAL LOGARITHMS OF THE
CONCENTRATIONS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR - NEW JERSEY FIRST SEASON
Compounds
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethy 1 ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Compounds
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethy lene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Q.9
Painting
F-Value
0.01
3.96*
1.13
1.39
0.48
2.61
18.2 *
0.64
12.2 *
9.24*
20.2 *
Q
Chemical
F-Value
1.80
2.40
0.48
3.99*
0.41
0.24
3.78
1.59
5.12*
0.49
5.45*
Prob.
.91
.05
.29
.24
.49
.11
.00
.42
.00
.00
.00
.9
Plant
Prob.
.18
.12
.49
.05
.52
.62
.05
.21
.02
.48
.02
Q.4
Tobacco
F-Value Prob.
0.01
1.38
6.92*
0.00
0.58
1.47
7.55*
0.00
2.53
2.17
4.26*
Q.9
Garage
.94
.24
.01
.95
.45
.23
.01
.97
.11
.14
.04
Q.5
Close Contact
With Smokers
F-Value
1.47
0.41
7.85*
0.65
1.74
0.00
7.58*
1.33
2.27
0.43
1.57
Q.
Prob.
.23
.52
.01
.42
.19
.98
.01
.25
.13
.51
.21
10
Solvents
F-Value Prob .
0.68
0.03
1.29
0.00
0.76
0.74
0.52
0.29
6.95*
10.4 *
8.98*
.41
.86
.26
.99
.38
.39
.47
.59
.01
.00
.00
F-Value
1.03
1.66
0.00
0.18
1.42
0.60
4.26*
0.24
12.1 *
10.0 *
16.7 *
Prob.
.31
.20
.95
.67
.23
.44
.04
.63
.00
.00
.00
Q.6
Pesticides,
Insecticides,
Herbicides
F-Value Prob.
0.21
0.07
. 0.17
0.34
1.16
0.02
0.60
0.03
0.62
0.79
0.58
Q.10
Odorous
Chemicals
65
80
68
56
28
90
44
86
43
37
45
F-Value Prob .
0.06
3.06
2.44
0.81
8.91*
1.66
3.69
1.68
19.4 *
19.9 *
12.9 *
80
08
12
37
00
20
06
20
00
00
00
continued
-------
Table 242. (continued)
ON
Compounds
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethvlene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Compounds
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tet rachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Q.10
Hazardous or
Toxic Chemicals
F- Value Prob .
0.32 .57
0.28 .60
0.67 .41
0.01 .92
0.27 .61
0.48 .49
1.92 .17
2.19 .14
1.02 .31
1.18 .28
0.06 .80
Q.10
Degreasing
Compounds
F- Value Prob .
0.27 .61
1.15 .28
0.17 .68
0.51 .48
1.51 .22
0.43 .51
14.6 * .00
0.00 .99
8.87* .00
4.80* .03
7.17* .01
Q.10
High Dust
Or Particulate
Levels
Q.
10
Auto/Truck
Exhaust
F-Value Prob .
0.65
10.6 *
0.30
4.03*
7.17*
4.77*
0.91
2.98
22.3 *
16.7 *
23.9 *
42
00
58
05
01
03
34
08
00
00
00
F- Value
3.84
0.16
0.14
0.23
1.74
0.77
0.05
0.02
3.23
3.69
3.43
Prob.
.05
.69
.70
.63
.19
.38
.82
.90
.07
.06
.06
Q.10
Cleaning
Solutions
F-Value Prob .
1.47
0.11
0.03
0.00
0.80
0.48
0.07
0.15
0.33
1.67
1.28
2.3
74
86
98
37
49
79
70
57
20
26
a- g!i^"
* Significantly different at .05 level.
LCOMC = LN (Cone * 1000)
-------
SECOND SEASON
As a follow-up to the initial TEAM study in Bayonne and Elizabeth,
New Jersey, a second season study was conducted in July and August of
1982. A subsample of 157 of those who had participated in the first
season study were selected representing approximately 109,500 people.
To gain insight into possible sources of exposure, the 24-hour
activity screener was again administered at the end of the 24-hour study
period. Table 243 summarizes the 24-hour exposure and activity screener.
As in the first season, the largest number of people exposed were
associated with smoking and tobacco, service station/garage/engine
repair, odorous chemicals, auto/truck exhaust and cleaning solutions.
However, there was a large increase in the number of people who had been
swimming.
Table 244 shows the sample size ranges for Bayonne and Elizabeth
for each media over the twenty compounds studied. The variation in
sample size reflects the fact that not every analysis for each compound
for each media could be done for each subject. Also, fixed outdoor
sites were not set up at each home but only at one home per sample
segment. The data file was created in the same manner as described in
first season.
Quantifiable Limits
Tables 245 through 249 give the minimum and maximum quantifiable
limits, the ratio of the maximum to the minimum, the percentage of
concentrations above the maximum quantifiable limit, and the percentage
measurable for each compound in each media. Generally there were no
large differences between the minimum and maximum quantifiable limits as
reflected in the ratio of max QL to min QL. Some exceptions were
chlorobenzene and dibromochloropropane for breath (ratios of 22.2 and
24.8, respectively), and dibromochloromethane and dibromochloropropane
for overnight and daytime outdoor airs (with ratios of 20.0, 69.3, 28.3,
and 110, respectively). However, some compounds with moderate ratios
such as trichloroethylene and styrene for overnight and daytime personal
air and carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene,
styrene, and m,p-dichlorobenzene for overnight and daytime outdoor air
showed large differences between percent above the maximum quantifiable
limit and the percent measurable (e.g., m,p-dichlorobenzene for over-
468
-------
NOTES TO TABLES 243 to 312
1. The terms daytime outdoor air and overnight outdoor air refer to
samples collected during the day and during the night from fixed
sites outside the participants' homes.
2. Toluene was not measured in breath, air or water samples. Dibro-
mochloropropane, £-dichlorobenzene, and £-xylene were not measured
in water.
3. Sample size indicates the number of individual samples. The
minimum and maximum sample sizes indicate that not all compounds
always had a value for every individual sampled.
4. Duplicate measurements were averaged before the percentages were
computed.
5. Proximity to point source:
Low = more than 1.5 kilometers from a point source,
High = within 1.5 kilometers of at least one point source,
Moderate = bordering on high exposure areas and intersected by
major highways.
6. Percentages in the tables are population estimates (i.e., they are
weighted statistics). The estimated population is for persons
living in Bayonne or Elizabeth excluding those on military reserva-
tions or living in group quarters, people under seven years of age,
the mentally or physically incompetent (including many people over
65), and those who changed key categories (i.e., whose who went
from smoker to non-smoker, changed occupational exposure status,
etc.).
7. Measurable is defined as above the quantifiable limit. All concen-
tration data is considered significant to two figures.
8. Approximate population sizes vary due to differences in sample
sizes.
9. New Jersey second season was July and August of 1982.
10. To calculate an estimate of a 95% confidence interval for the
geometric mean, the upper limit would be (geo. mean) x (geo. s.e.)2
and the lower limit would be (geo. mean) T (geo. s.e.)2, where geo.
mean is the geometric mean and geo. s.e. is the geometric standard
error. To obtain a more accurate estimate use 1.96 instead of 2.
469
-------
Table 243. 24-HOUR EXPOSURE AND ACTIVITY SCREENER -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
1. Have you pumped your own gas in the past 24 hours? Yes 5
No 152
2. Have you been to a dry cleaning establishment in Yes 3
the past 24 hours? No 154
3. Have you done your own dry cleaning in the past 24 No 157
hours?
4. Have you used tobacco in any form in the past 24 Yes 74
hours? No 83
Which of the following forms of tobacco
did you use?
cigarettes 72
cigars 2
snuff 0
chewing tobacco 0
pipe 1
5. Have you remained in close contact with smokers for Yes 80
extended periods? No 68
6. Have you used or worked with insecticides, pesti- Yes 12
cides, or herbicides in any way including farming, No 145
gardening, and extermination in the past 24 hours?
8. Have you been swimming in the past 24 hours? Yes 17
No 140
In which of the following did you swim?
Outdoor Pool 14
Indoor Pool 1
Lake 2
River 0
Ocean 1
continued
470
-------
Table 243 (continued)
9. Have you worked at any of the following occupations or been in any
of the following businesses during the past week?
Past Past
Week 24 Hrs
Painting 25 11
Dry cleaning 14 4
Chemical plant 17 12
Petroleum plant 10 6
Service station/garage/engine repair 68 31
Furniture refinishing or repair 2 1
Plastics Manufacture or formation 5 5
Textile mill 2 1
Wood processing plant 2 0
Printing 4 3
Scientific laboratory 6 5
Dye plant 1 1
Hospital 12 3
Metal work/smelter 7 4
None 9 5
10. Have you been exposed to any of the following during the past week?
Past Past
Week 24 Hrs
Solvents 41 21
Odorous chemicals 53 27
Toxic or hazardous chemicals 30 12
High dust or particulate levels 29 17
Auto/truck exhausts 53 22
Cleaning solutions 69 39
Degreasing compounds 13 6
Other 14 6
471
-------
Table 244. DATA AVAILABLE FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS BY MEDIA -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Sample Size Ranges Over Compounds
Media Bayonne Elizabeth Combined
Breath 33 - 62 48 - 81 81 - 143
Overnight Personal Air 60 - 66 90 150 - 156
Daytime Personal Air 58 - 61 84 - 85 142 - 146
Overnight Fixed Site Outdoor Air 16 - 28 32 - 43 48 - 71
Daytime Fixed Site Outdoor Air 15 - 26 32 - 42 47 - 68
Water 67 89 - 90 156 - 157
aj For 20 volatile organics.
472
-------
Table 245. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR BREATH SAMPLES (ug/m3) -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trich]oroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromoch]oromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m.p-Di chlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Minimum
Quantifiable
Limit
5.18
0.48
0.39
0.56
0.18
0.64
0.42
0.56
0.52
0.40
0.18
0.72
1.60
0.20
0.35
0.31
0.17
0.17
0.17
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
22.4
1.40
2.92
2.64
0.80
2.20
2.56
3.28
3.64
2.40
4.00
4.40
39.6
0.72
1.20
1.20
0.40
0.72
0.72
Max QL
Min QL
4.32
2.92
7.49
4.71
4.55
3.44
6.04
5.86
7.00
6.00
2.22
6.11
24.8
3.53
3.41
3.82
2.33
4.19
4.19
Percent
Above a/
Max QL
15.0
55.7
0.00
57.1
54.5
1.56
29.0
0.84
0.00
63.6
2.55
0.00
0.00
52.1
50.3
3.17
61.3
54.4
64.8
Percent
Measurable
22.0
59.4
1.23
61.3
55.1
7.53
33.1
2.69
0.00
74.0
16.0
0.00
0.00
61.2
60.8
5.23
62.5
58.5
67.6
a/ The percentage of concentrations above the maximum quantifiable limit,
-------
Table 246. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES (yg/m3) -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichl oroe thane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trlchloroethylene
Bromodichl oromethane
Dibromochl oromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
nup-Di chlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Minimum
Quantifiable
Limit
6.00
0.38
0.44
0.60
0.18
0.78
0.72
0.48
0.68
0.52
0.29
0.84
0.68
0.18
0.71
0.29
0.18
0.18
0.18
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
48.0
1.80
2.04
2.96
1.20
3.10
4.00
3.00
6.80
3.40
3.08
4.80
8.00
1.70
1.10
1.96
1.10
1.04
1.04
Max QL
Min QL
8.00
4.74
4.64
4.83
6.82
3.96
5.56
6.25
10.0
6.54
10.6
5.71
11.8
9.66
1.55
6.76
6.25
5.9]
5.91
Percent
Above
Max QL
3.34
47.0
0.55
82.4
80.7
3.90
39.2
0.56
0.00
65.9
3.87
0.00
0.00
42.8
83.8
4.51
92.8
93.6
95.0
Percent
Measurable
9.75
51.4
2.31
83.8
82.2
15.3
60.0
3.44
0.00
81.3
16.0
0.00
0.00
82.1
94.1
24.0
94.0
96.7
96.4
-------
Table 247. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES (pg/m3) -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trich
Benzene
Carbon Tetr
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloroi
Dibromochloroi
Toluene
Tetrachloroet'
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromoch] oro;
Styrene
m>p-Dichlorobi
c>-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o^-Xylene
m>p-Xylene
Minimum
Quantifiable
Limit
.oride 6.00
0.48
hane 0.52
oethane 0.60
0.18
iloride 0.56
ene 0.72
le thane 0.52
lethane 0.72
ylene 0.52
0.35
0.88
ropane 0.72
0.12
nzene 0.27
;ene 0.35
0.18
0.18
0.18
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
48.0
2.12
2.12
3.72
1.76
3.52
6.00
4.40
8.40
3.88
4.80
6.00
9.60
2.10
1.70
2.40
1.36
1.10
1.10
Max QL
Min QL
8.00
4.42
4.08
6.20
10.0
6.32
8.33
8.46
11.7
7.46
13.6
6.82
13.3
17.6
6.25
6.86
7.73
6.25
6.25
Percent
Above
Max QL
3.08
35.0
1.36
59.8
65.4
0.14
37.7
0.06
0.00
63.8
0.51
0.00
0.00
29.3
67.0
2.79
79.6
86.6
89.9
Percent
Measuiable
11.0
45.6
2.20
64.4
66.2
6.77
60.1
2.47
0.63
68.2
16.1
0.00
0.00
65.0
85.0
6.85
86.5
88.4
91.8
-------
Table 248. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR SAMPLES (pg/m3) -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
-C-
-~J
ON
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichl oroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tr n cli] oroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochlorome thane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromof orm
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-DichJ orobenzene
o-Dichl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Minimum
Quantifiable
Limit
3.60
0.39
0.29
0.56
0.17
0.60
0.44
0.40
0.48
0.34
0.17
0.64
0.56
0.15
0.34
0.24
0.17
0.17
0.17
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
39.2
1.12
1.80
2.24
0.48
2.30
1.36
1.80
9.60
2.72
1.36
4.80
38.8
1.40
2.00
2.68
0.44
0.44
0.44
Max QL
Min QL
10.9
2.86
6.2.7
4.00
2.86
3.83
3.09
4.50
20.0
8.10
8.10
7.50
69.3
9.21
5.88
11.3
2.62
2.62
2.62
Percent
Above
Max QL
0.00
31.3
1.73
63.5
92.7
10.7
53.1
0.00
0.00
40.3
13.1
0.00
0.00
7.11
21.1
0.00
81.4
84.6
89.0
Percent
Measurable
10.9
31.3
12.3
75.1
92.7
43.4
55.3
0.00
0.00
66.2
39.8
0.00
0.00
49.8
72.5
11.6
85.2
84.6
89.3
-------
Table 249. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR SAMPLES (yg/m3) -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Chloroform
1,2-Dichlo
1,1,1-Tric
Benzene
Carbon Tet
Trichloroethy1ene
Bromodichl
Dibromochl
Toluene
Tetrachlor
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochl
Styrene.
m,p-Dichlo
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
-------
night outdoor air had a ratio of 5.88 with percent measurable of 72.5
and a percent above max QL of 21.1). For water samples the quantifiable
limit was constant for each compound. Therefore the percent measurable
and percent above the maximum quantifiable limit were the same.
Table 251 shows the weighted percentage of compound concentrations
measurable by media and compound. Overall, the patterns were similar
for breath, personal air and outdoor air while the pattern for water was
different. Generally, personal air percentages seemed higher than
breath and outdoor air percentages. Exceptions were outdoor air higher
for carbon tetrachloride and chlorobenzene and breath higher for chloro-
form. Compounds showing relatively higher percentages measurable were
1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene,
styrene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, ethylene, £-xylene, and m,p-xylene for
breath and the airs (see Table 252). For water chloroform, bromodi-
chloromethane, and dibromochloromethane showed very high percentages
(see Table 253). Also, t-tests were performed to determine if there
were significant differences between overnight and daytime for personal
and outdoor airs. For personal air the overnight percentages were
significantly higher for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene, carbon tetra-
chloride, tetrachloroethylene, styrene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, £-dichloro-
benzene and £-xylene. For outdoor air only benzene and m,p-dichloroben-
zene were significantly higher for overnight.
Table 254 gives the percentage measurable by site. For breath and
overnight personal air the percentages for Elizabeth were generally
slightly higher but not significantly so. For daytime personal air,
overnight and daytime outdoor air the percentages for Bayonne were
generally slightly higher but again not significantly so. For water,
however, the percentages for vinylidene chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethy-
lene, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and
bromoform were significantly higher for Elizabeth while benzene was
significantly higher for Bayonne.
Summary Statistics
Tables 255 through 260 show weighted summary statistics by media
for those compounds showing 25 or more percent measurable in breath, the
airs and water. Benzene was not included because of high background
contamination of the samples. Summary statistics given are median
478
-------
Table 250. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR WATER SAMPLES (ng/mL) -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Quantifiable Percent
Limits a/ Measurable
Vinylidene Chloride 0.05' 25.9
Chloroform 0.05 99.8
1,2-Dichloroethane 0.50 1.46
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.05 48.6
Benzene 0.50 25.4
Carbon Tetrachloride 0.05 6.68
Trichloroethylene 0.05 43.8
Bromodichloromethane 0.10 99.8
Dibromochloromethane 0.10 99.8
Tetrachloroethylene 0.05 43.3
Chlorobenzene 0.10 0.00
Bromoform 0.50 6.32
Styrene 0.50 0.00
m,p—Dichlorobenzene 0.10 0.00
Ethylbenzene 0.50 0.00
m,p-Xylene 0.50 0.00
a/ Quantifiable limits were constant for each compound.
4.79
-------
Table 251. WEIGHTED PERCENT MEASURABLE - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
00
o
Estimated Population Size:
Sample Size:
Vinyl idene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1 -Trichleroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
nibromochlorome thane
Toluene
Tetrachl oroethylene
Chi orobenzene.
Bromoform
Dibromochl oropropane
Styrene
m , p-Di chl or obenz ene
o-Dichl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
109,438
81-143
Breath
22.0
59.4
1.23
61.3
55.1
7.53
33.1
2.69
0.00
74.0
16.0
0.00
0.00
61.2
60.8
5.23
62.5
58.5
67.6
150-156
Overnight
Personal
Air
9.75
51.4
2.31
83.8 *
82.2 *
15.3 *
60.0
3.44
0.00
81.3 *
16.0
0.00
0.00
82.1 *
94.1 *
24.0 *
94.0
96.7 *
96.4
142-146
Daytime
Personal
Air
11.0
45.6
2.20
64.4
66.2
6.77
60.1
2.47
0.63
68.2
16.1
0.00
0.00
65.0
85.0
6.85
86.5
88.4
91.8
48-71
Overnight
Outdoor
Air
10.9
31.3
12.3
75.1
92.7 *
43.4
55.3
0.00
0.00
66.2
39.8
0.00
0.00
49.8
72.5 *
11.6
85.2
84.6
89.3
47-68
Daytime
Outdoor
Air
8.38
34.4
4.40
73.4
70.0
33.0
43.2
0.35
0.35
73.1
30.7
0.00
0.00 .
46.1
44.0
7.85
80.7
82.1
84.9
156-157
Water
25.9
99.8
1.46
48.6
25.4
6.68
43.8
99.8
99.8
—
43.3
0.00
6.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
, _
-.',- T-test for difference in overnight and daytime significant at .05 level.
= not measured.
-------
Table 252. TARGET COMPOUNDS SORTED BY PERCENT MEASURABLE IN BREATH
AND AIR SAMPLES - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Range of %
Measurable
Ubiquitous Compounds
1,1,1-Trichioroethane 61 - 84
Benzene 55 - 93
Tetrachloroethylene 66 - 81
Ethylbenzene 62 - 94
o-Xylene 58-97
m,p-Xylene 68-96
Often Present
Chloroform 31 - 59
Trichloroethylene 33 - 60
Styrene 46 - 82
m,p-Dichlorobenzene 44 - 94
Occasionally Found
Vinylidene Chloride 8-22
1,2-Dichloroethane 1-12
Carbon Tetrachloride 7-43
Bromodichloromethane 0 - 3
Dibromochloromethane 0 - 1
Chlorobenzene 16-40
o-Dichlorobenzene 5-24
Never Found
Bromoform 0
Dibromochloropropane 0
481
-------
Table 253. TARGET COMPOUNDS SORTED BY PERCENT MEASURABLE IN WATER
SAMPLES - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
% Measurable
Ubiquitous Compounds
Chloroform 100
Bromodichloromethane 100
Dibromochloromethane 100
Often Present
1,1,1-TrichToroethane 49
Trichloroethylene 44
Tetrachloroethylene 43
Occasionally Found
Vinylidene Chloride 26
1,2-Dichloroethane 1
Benzene 25
Carbon Tetrachloride 7
Bromoform 6
Never Found
Chlorobenzene 0
Styrene 0
m, p-Dichlorobenzene 0
Ethylbenzene 0
m,p-Xylene 0
482
-------
Table 254. WEIGHTED PERCENT MEASURABLE BY SITE - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
CO
CO
Sample Size
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromoch]oromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Ch]orobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
jo-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
.on Sizes: Bayonne -
Elizabeth
49,542
- 59,896
Overnight
Breath
Bayonne
33 - 62
e 14.4
46.2
2.72
ane 56.4
44.0
.de 9.23
29.4
ne 0.16
ne 0 . 00
e 71.0
9.88
0.00
ne 0.00
56.0
e 65.0
6.91
59.4
55.8
69.0
Elizabeth
48 - 81
28.2
70.4
0.00
65.4
64.3
6.12
36.1
4.78
0.00
76.4
21.1
0.00
0.00
65.5
57.4
3.83
65.1
61.4
66.3
Personal Air
Bayonne
60 - 66
7.94
47.1
5.10
84.8
81.4
13.8
64.8
1 .23
0.00
82.9
14.9
0.00
0.00
77.8
96.4
25.4
92.9
96.6
96.0
Elizabeth
90
11.2
55.0
0.00
83.1
82.8
16.4
56.0
5.26
0.00
80.0
16.8
0.00
0.00
85.6
92.3
22.9
94.8
96.8
96.8
Daytime
Personal
Air
Bayonne Elizabeth
58 - 61 84 - 85
6.44
41.5
2.43
56.7
63.0
3.64
62.3
2.85
1.40
74.0
17.7
0.00
0.00
65.1
90.0
4.74
85.4
92.2
96.9
14.7
48.9
2,00
70.8
68.9
9.37
58.2
2.16
0.00
63.3
14.8
0.00
0.00
64.9
80.9
8.59
87.3
85.2
87.6
-------
00
Sample Size:
Vinyl idene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,?-Dichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Eroiriodi chl orome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromof orm
Dibromochloropropare
Styrene
cvp-Dichlorobenzene
o-Di chl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
m,p-Xylene
Table 254. continued
Overnight
Outdoor Air
Bayonne
16 - 28
9.70
31.2
24.8
84.6
100.
52.5
53.1
0.00
0.00
74.6
45.0
0.00
0.00
59.2
77.5
6.63
90.7
89.6
95.3
Elizabeth
32 - 43
11.8
31.4
1.96
67.2
86.6
35.9
57.2
0.00
0.00
59.3
35.4
0.00
0.00
42.1
68.3
15.8
80.6'
80.5
84.4
Daytime
Outdoor Air
Bayonne
15 - 26
16.9
37.7
9.73
68.0
69.0
35.2
35.5
0.00
0.00
75.5
34.4
0.00
0.00
52.3
58.6
15.5
78.8
79.9
86.1
Elizabeth
32 - 42
1.33
31.7
0.00
77.9
70.7
31.2
49.7
0.64
0.64
71.1
27.7
0.00
0.00
41.0
32.0
1.53
82.2
84.0
84.0
Bayonne
67
0.00
100.
1.77
26.1
33.7*
0.00
7.45
100.
100.
1.97
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Water
Elizabeth
89 - 90
47.2*
99.7
1.20
67.3*
18.4
12.2*
73.8*
99.7
99.7
77.4*
0.00
11.5*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
* T-lest for difference between cities significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 255. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR BREATH (wg/m3) - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
00
Ul
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tri cllloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
in,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m_,_p-Xylene
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
0.92
me 1.76
le 1.12
0.80
• 1.50
0.79
0.42
• 0.66
0.24
0.40
0.40
Arith.
Mean
6.33
14.8
0.44
5.86
10.4
0.60
1.57
6.30
4.71
5.45
10.0
b/
Arith.
S.E.
1.50
4.33
0.09
1.19
2.20
0.11
0.26
1.09
1.10
1.39
2.22
— "c7
Geo.
Mean
1.34
2.60
0.23
0.48
2.82
0.21
0.46
1.08
0.68
0.64
1.36
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.42
1.38
1.10
1.28
1.22
1.14
1.18
1.18
1.25
1.26
1.25
Percentiles
Median
2.30
5.20
0.17
0.14
4.10
0.12
0.75
1.30
1.70
1.00
3.20
75th
8.50
18.0
0.28
4.10
8.80
0.50
1.40
4.80
3.60
4.40
8.30
90th
22.0 '
34.0
0.88
20.0
22.0
1.50
4.10
22.0
8.70
9.50
19.0
95th
25.0
60.0
1.40
28.0
38.0
2.20
6.20
28.0
15.0
15.0
36.0
Range
0.06 -
0.07 -
0.08 -
0.07 -
0.05 -
0.02 -
0.03 -
0.04 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
38.0
900.
9.60
110.
330.
7.70
57.0
190.
120.
150.
240.
aj Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
W Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d7 Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - Exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
-------
Table 256. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroe thy lene
oo Tetrachl oroethy lene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m , p-Dichlor obenzene
Fthylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
1.28
2.32
2.30
2.20
1.64
0.78
0.95
0.83
0.68
0.68
0.62
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
* T-test for difference
Mean
Standard
Arith
Mean
4.64
20.7
b/ £/
Arith. Geo.
S.
0.
3.
1.24* 0.
4.82
9.02
0.66
1.97
48.6
7.78
8.05
18.6
Limit
Arith.
Error -
In arithmetic or
0.
0.
0.
0.
21.
1.
1.
2.
Mean
Exp(s)
E.
88
28
09
77
87
11
14
9
66
15
06
where
Mean
1.26
8.16*
0.95*
1.84
4.33
0.36
1.31
5.12*
4.22
4.91
11.4
s is the
Geo.
S.E. Median
1.31 0.88
1.22 12.0
1.08 1.31
1.23 2.70
1.18 5.50
1.17 0.39
1.07 1.40
1.18 3.20
1.12 4.90
1.11 5.40
1.12 13.0
standard error
geometric means between overnight and
75th
7.60
24.0
1.63
7.20
11.0
0.69
2.20
13.0
7.90
9.10
23.5
Percent iles
90th
13.0
58.0
1.94
12.0
19.0
1.38
4.05
95th
15.0
68.0
2.40
15.0
33.5
2.70
6.40
63.0 180.
13.0
12.0
33.0
of the weighted mean
daytime
significant
18.0
20.0
49.0
of LN(x)
Range
0.05 -
0.08 -
0.11 -
0.09 -
0.07 -
0.04 -
0.02 -
0.44 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
.
35.0
170.
7.20
59.0
98.0
6.60
10.0
1550
180.
100.
150.
at .05 level.
-------
Table 257. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
.p-
oo
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethy]ene
Chiorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
c^-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b_/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - Exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
* T-test for difference in arithmetic or geometric means between overnight and'daytime significant at .05 level
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
1.36
i 2.40
2.50
2.84
2.40
1.12
1.00
1.00
1.08
0.68
0.27
Arith.
Mean
3.88
218.
0.66
7.85
12.5
0.62
2.17
50.7
10.6
15.8
55.1
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.52
194.
0.04
1.91
1.90
0.09
0.34
34.0
2.79
4.58
23.2
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.94
4.97
0.51
2.28
4.09
0.33
1.08
3.29
3.17
3.94
8.43
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.14
1.34
1.07
1,28
1.25
1.14
1.16
1.15
1.22
1.19
1.24
Percentiles
Median
0.75
6.60
0.41
3.00
5.90
0.26
1.20
2.30
4.20
5.10
13.0
75th
4.40
24.0
0.88
8.00
15.0
0.80
2.60
7.80
8.50
9.10
22.0
90th
11.0
92.0
1.50
21.0
30.0
1.88
4.25
31.0
15.0
18.4
41.0
95th
14.5
140.
1.63
29.0
44.0
2.44
5.10
110.
21.0
30.0
53.0
Range
0.06 -
0.08 -
0.11 -
0.09 -
0.07 -
0.04 -
0.02 -
0.03 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
140.
49,000
7.10
120.
240.
6.40
150.
2600
579.
1800
10,000
-------
-p-
00
00
Table 258. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR (ug/m3) - NEW
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Triclil oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
rn,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
a/ '
Mid.
Q.L.
0.56
0.89
0.82
0.76
0.70
0.72
0.53
1.20
0.25
0.25
0.20
Arith
Mean
12.3
10.5
1.05
7.75
3.98
0.77
0.60
1.39
3.50
4.34
11.2
b/
Arith.
S.E.
3.58
2.03
0.15
2.20
0.81
0.17
0.11
0.13
0.62
0.78
1.71
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.48
3.02
0.65
1.06
1.26
0.29
0.26
1.02
1.54
1.91
4.77
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.59
1.50
1.22
1.45
1.31
1.25
1.24
1.12
1.30
1.30
1.31
JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Percentiles
Median
0.08
4.70
0.61
1.40
1.80
0.40
0.41
1.30
2.50
3.40
9.15
75th
13.0
13.0
1.50
9.10
5.45
0.87
0.73
1.80
5.70
5.70
16.0
90th
44.0
32.0
2.50
27.0
11.0
1.85
1.30
2.50
7.40
10.0
24.0
95th
89.0
46.0
3.10
44.0
14.5
2.89
1.70
2.70
8.80
12.0
27.0
Range
0.05 -
0.07 -
0.08 -
0.06 -
0.04 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.09 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
130.
51.0
5.40
61.0
26.0
6.30
11.0
7.60
28.0
31.0
65.0
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
* T-test for difference
Error of
Mean
Standard
in arithm
Arith.
Error -
tttir. or
Mean
Exp(s) where
peompfrir mpa
s is the
i n R b p fup t
standard
in mrprn-i
error
oVit" anr
of the weighted mean
1 f\ aTTt- •? mo
of LN(x)
at- n=; i
•
-------
Table 259. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
-p-
00
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethyl ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
0.92
0.92
1.12
0.96
0.88
0.77
0.58
1.35
0.30
0.30
0.30
Arith.
Mean
14.1
14.3
1.02
7.81
8.49
0.82
0.79
1.27
2.99
2.93
8.55
b/
Arith.
S.E.
5.16
3.64
0.18
3.00
2.77
0.27
0.23
0.29
0.52
0.50
1.42
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.64
3.53
0.66
0.82
2.02
0.31
0.30
0.70
1.20
1.25
3.27
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.50
1.60
1.20
1.52
1.38
1.27
1.33
1.21
1.27
1.26
1.31
Percentiles
Median
0.13
5.50
0.75
0.19
3.30
0.31
0.36
0.94
1.90
1.80
5.90
75th
6.50
17.0
1.20
7.40
8.30
0.88
0.73
1.40
4.10
3.80
11.5
90th
59.0
45.0
2.00
20.0
17.0
1.40
2.60
1.90
8.00
7.60
22.0
95th
67.0
76.0
4.10
47.0
26.0
3.50
4.00
5.10
8.10
7.90
29.0
Range
0.07 -
0.09 -
0.12 -
0.08 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
0.02 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
230.
78.0
5.10
106.
95.0
11.7
6.30
13.0
39.0
19.0
47.0
at
b/
£/
I/
*
Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - Exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
T-test for difference in arithmetic or geometric means between overnight and daytime significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 260. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR WATER (ng/mL) - NEW JERSEY
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichl oroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochl oromethane
Tetrachl oroethylene
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.50
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.05
Arith.
Mean
0.10
61.1
0.19
0.71
0.39
13.6
2.07
0.36
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.02
2.01
0.03
0.06
0.06
0.89
0.07
0.06
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.05
56.9
0.07
0.45
0.09
12.5
1.94
0.08
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.11
1.03
1.14
1.05
1.16
1.04
1.04
1.13
SECOND SEASON
Percentiles
Median
0.03
54.8
0.03
0.31
0.03
12.3
1.91
75th
0.07
77.1
0.15
0.41
0.14
15.2
2.35
0.03 0.11
90th
0.25
97.8
0.54
2.09
1.37
18.4
3.12
0.65
95th
0.59
104.
0.91
3.34
1.80
19.5
3.75
1.91
Range
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.31 -
0.03 -
0.06 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
2.48
134.
2.57
4.83
8.27
54.0
7.19
9.26
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b_/ Aritrh. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
Aj Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - Exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
-------
quantifiable limit, arithmetic mean, arithmetic standard error, geo-
metric mean, geometric standard error, median, percentiles, and range.
The standard error given with the geometric mean is not a measure of the
precision of the mean but is to be used to easily construct confidence
intervals. For each compound and media the arithmetic mean was larger
than the median and the geometric mean. This presumably was caused by
large maximum values which represented high conce'ntration levels result-
ing in a skewed frequency distribution. Generally, the medians were
larger than the geometric means. Some exceptions were chloroform in the
airs and carbon tetrachloride for breath, daytime personal air, and
overnight outdoor air. For breath, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloro-
ethylene, and m,p-xylene showed relatively large values for the summary
statistics. For overnight personal air, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, m,p-
dichlorobenzene, and m,p-xylene showed relatively high arithmetic means.
1,1,1-trichloroethane and m,p-xylene showed relatively high geometric
means and medians, while m,p-dichlorobenzene had a relatively large
maximum value. For daytime personal air 1,1,1-trichloroethane, m,p-
dichlorobenzene, and m,p-xylene showed relatively high arithmetic means.
1,1,1-trichloroethane and m,p-xylene had rather higher maximum values.
For overnight outdoor air chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and m,p-
xylene showed relatively high arithmetic means. 1,1,1-trichloroethane
and m,p-xylene had relatively higher geometric means and medians while
chloroform had a rather high maximum value. For daytime outdoor air,
chloroform and 1,1,1-trichloroethane showed relatively high arithmetic
means while 1,1,1-trichloroethane and m,p-xylene had relatively high
geometric means and medians. Chloroform had the highest maximum value.
For personal air and outdoor air the arithmetic means and geometric
means were tested to see if there were any differences between overnight
and daytime. For overnight personal air the arithmetic mean for carbon
tetrachloride and the geometric means for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon
tetrachloride and m,p-dichlorobenzene were significantly higher. For
outdoor air there were no significant differences between daytime and
overnight. For water (see Table 260), chloroform consistently had the
highest summary statistics followed by bromodichloromethane.
Tables 261 through 266 give the weighted summary statistics by
media by city for the selected compounds. In addition, results of
491
-------
Table 261. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR BREATH BY SITE (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
BAYONNE
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachl oride
Trichl oroethylene
Tetrachl oroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenz'ene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
ELIZABETH
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trirh] oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chi orobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
0.93
1.60
1.00
0.76
0.92
0.73
0.46
0.60
0.23
0.40
0.42
0.92
2.04
1.28
0.84
1.50
0.79
0.40
0.76
0.25
0.40
0.40
Arith.
Mean
5.19
10.4
0.52
3.05
7.57
0.50
1.57
8.18
5.16
5.47
11.2
7.27
18.5
0.38
8.19*
12.8
0.69
1.56
4.75
4.33
5.43
9.09
b/
Arith.
S.E.
2.61
3.24
0.18
0.86
1.79
0.07
0.37
1.63
2.00
2.38
4.10
1.87
7.53
0.06
1.96
3.72
0.19
0.37
1.43
1.13
1.60
2.20
£/
Geo.
Mean
0.75
1.79
0.23
0.33
2.27
0.22
0.43
1.43
0.66
0.58
1.42
2.14
3.54
0.23
0.67
3.37
0.21
0.48
0.85
0.69
0.69
1.30
Geo.
S.E.
1.87
1.52
1.18
1.24
1.45
1.13
1.25
1.21
1.36
1.47
1.36
1.51
1.58
1.12
1.55
1.19
1.25
1.27
1.30
1.37
1.32
1.38
Median
0.18
2.80
0.15
0.12
3.80
0.26
0.66
1.70
2.90
1.30
3.60
6.20
7.80
0.17
0.14
4.30
0.11
0.91
1.10
1.60
1.00
2.40
75th
7.10
19.0
0.46
2.30
8.80
0.43
1.40
6.60
3.50
3.30
8.60
8.50
17.0
0.28
10.0
9.40
0.56
1.30
2.60
3.80
4.90
8.20
Percentil
90th
22.0
30.0
0.88
6.20
22.0
1.50
3.10
27.0
8.10
6.90
16.0
25.0
40.0
0.81
22.0
29.0
2.10
4.10
16.0
11.0
12.0
26.0
es
95th
23.0
34.0
1.60
8.60
27.0
1.50
10.0
28.0
14.0
9.20
26.0
25.0
-60.0
1.40
28.0
38.0
2.20
6.00
22.0
17.0
26.0
39.0
Rang<
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.02
3
- 38.0
- 71.0
- 9.60
- 110.
- 57.0
- 6.50
-20.0
- 74.0
-120.
- 150.
- 240.
- 38.0
- 900.
- 4.10
- 93.0
-.330.
-7.70
- 57.0
- 190.
- 110.
- 110.
- 140.
£/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable limit
b_/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
£/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - Exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
* T-test for difference in arithmetic or geometric means between cities significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 262. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR BY SITE (pg/m3) - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
-p-
VO
BAYONNE
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1 -Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethyl ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chi orobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
1.24
2.52
2.36
1.90
1.64
0.76
0.95
0.74
0.37
1.04
1.04
Arith.
Mean
4.17
17.2
1.30
5.64
10.3
0.66
2.43*
89.1
11.0
10.6
2.43*
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.96
1.59
0.13
1.40
1.18
0.20
0.27
48.8
3.59
2.45
4.13
£/
Geo.
Mean
1.08
7.88
1.06
2.21
5.48
0.36
1.49
7.34
5.27
6.00
14.4
a/
Geo.
S.E.
1.35
1.17
1.08
1.36
1.21
1.28
1.13
1.33
1.19
1.14
1.15
Median
0.81
12.0
1.38
3.00
7.10
0.39
1.90
4.25
6.60
6.60
16.0
75th
7.80
20.0
1.50
8.10
13.0
0.59
2.50
13.0
9.00
9.95
27.5
Percentil
90th
13.0
44.0
1.75
12.0
22.0
1.38
6.40
150.
18.0
20.0
49.0
.es
95th
14.0
58.0
2.00
17.0
36.0
2.70
8.30
800.
22.5
35.5
66.5
Range
0.06
0.09
0.13
0.10
0.08
0.05
0.02
0.46
0.03
0.13
0.03
i
- 28.0
- 86.0
-7.20
- 59.0
- 60.0
- 6.60
- 10.0
- 1550
- 180.
- 100.
- 150.
ELIZABETH
Chloroform
1,1 ,l-Tric.h3oroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chiorobenzene
Styrene
m^p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
£/
d/
*
1.30
2.20
2.30
2.24
1.84
0.81
1.10
0.94
0.75
0.18
0.18
5.04
23.7
1.19
4.15
7.94
0.67
1.58
15.2
5.10
5.94
13.9
1.39
5.59
0.12
0.80
1.19
0.13
0.12
4.75
0.52
0.62
1.73
1.44
8.40
0.87
1.58
3.57
0.37
1.17
3.80
3.51
4.16
9.43
1.51
1.41
1.14
1.34
1.29
1.22
1.08
1.23
1.18
1.18
1.20
2.20
11.0
1.25
2.30
4.70
0.41
1.30
2.60
4.50
5.00
11.5
7.50
25.0
1.75
5.10
11.0
0.86
2.00
13.0
7.30
8.00
16.0
13.0
66.0
1.94
10.4
18.0
1.50
3.40
23.0
10.0
10.0
27.0
15.0
130.
2.40
14.0
28.0
3.10
3.80
63.0
13.0
16.0
31.0
0.05
0.08
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.04
0.02
0.44
0.02
0.02
0.02
- 35.0
- 170.
- 6.50
- 53.0
- 98.0
-5.20
- 8.30
- 320.
- 46.0
- 54.0
- 120.
Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - Exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
T-test for difference, in arithmetic or geometric means between cities significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 263. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR BY SITE (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
BAYONNE
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachlorlde
Trichloroethy] ene
Tetrach] oroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Stvrene
m,p-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
ELIZABETH
Chi orof orm
1 , ] , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrach] oride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrach] oroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dir.h.l orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
1.36
2.40
2.54
3.32
2.50
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.00
0.60
1.36
2.44
2.32
2.52
2.40
1.10
0.90
0.88
0.27
0.27
0.2.7
Arith.
Mean
3.46
25.5
0.70
7.34
12.8
0.44
1.75
23.6
10.9
11.2
24.0
4.23
378.
0.63
8.28
12.3
0.77
2.52
73.1
10.3
19.7
80.8
y
Arith.
S.E.
0.61
10.1
0.07
2.85
2.79
0.09
0.35
11.5
3.67
3.30
6.04
0.78
362.
0.06
2.61
2.57
0.13
0.56
62.1
4.08
8.13
42.7
£/
Geo.
Mean
0.84
3.35
0.56
2.56
6.08
0.28
1.13
4.71*
3.62
4.92
12.0
1.04
6.88
0.48
2.08
2.94
0.37
1.04
2.45
2.85
3.28
6.32
£•/
Geo.
S.E.
1.26
1.46
1.11
1.59
1.38
1.17
1.28
1.21
1.36
1.25
1.27
1.13
1.55
1.09
1.26
1.33
1.22
1.21
1.23
1.31
1.31
1.41
Percentiles
Median 75th
0.56
5.50
0.39
3.00
7.80
0.23
1.10
3.00
5.30
5.70
14.0
0.81
8.70
0.41
2.82
4.90
0.41
1.20
1.80
3.80
4.80
10.0
3.90
15.0
1.04
10.0
18.0
0.51
2.20
9.90
8.40
9.10
24.0
5.50
28.0
0.69
7.80
13.0
1.20
2.90
6.50
8.50
9.10
22.0
90th
11.0
59.0
1.56
22.0
31.0
1.16
3.20
37.5
15.0
18.4
41.0
11.0
110.
1.50
20.0
30.0
2.10
4.30
31.0
17.0
17.0
43.0
95th
15.0
140.
1.63
30.0
44.0
1.55
4.70
65.0
20.0
19.0
48.0
14.5
300.
1.56
25.0
40.0
2.63
5.10
170.
21.0
33.0
69.0
Range
0.15
0.09
0.28
0.12
0.23
0.05
0.04
0.63
0.04
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.08
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
- 32.0
- 390.
-3.40
- 57.0
- 58.0
- 4.80
- 10.0
- 630.
- 579.
- 400.
- 540.
- 140.
- 49,000
- 7.10
- 120.
- 240.
-6.40
- 150.
- 2600
- 550.
- 1800
- 10,000
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
c_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - Exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
* T-test for difference in arithmetic, or geometric means between cities significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 264. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR BY SITE (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
VO
Ul
BAYONKE
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichl oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
ELIZABETH
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
0.56
0.92
0.86
0.73
0.70
0.64
0.49
0.84
0.29
0.29
0.20
0.60
0.89
0.75
0.76
0.60
0.72
0.56
1.64
0.25
0.25
0.20
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
* T-test for difference
Error of
Mean
Standard
Arith,
Mean
13.0
9.32
1.19
6.86
4.43
0.80
0.66
1.29
3.41
4.46
11.2
11.8
11.5
0.94
8.50
3.62
0.74
0.54
1.46
3.57
4.25
11.1
Limit
Arith.
Error -
in arithmetic or
b/
Arith.
S.E.
3.54
1.96
0.22
2.24
1.09
0.20
0.21
0.16
0.65
1.10
2.07
5.85
3.33
0.19
3.55
1.17
0.27
0.10
0.20
1.01
1.10
2.61
Mean
Exp(s) where
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.49
3.09
0.78
0.96
2.02
0.38
0.30
1.02
2.21
2.66
6.91
0.46
2.97
0.56
1.14
0.85
0.23
0.22
1.02
1.15
1.45
3.51
s is
d/
Geo.
S.E. Median
1.99
1.33
1.23
1.57
1.39
1.26
1.44
1.19
1.29
1.30
1.22
1.87
2.01
1.34
1.78
1.43
1.41
1.29
1.15
1.50
1.50
1.56
the standard
geometric means between cities
0.08
3.40
0.69
1.40
2.10
0.51
0.50
1.30
3.10
3.90
9.90
0.09
6.90
0.51
1.90
1.10
0.13
0.33
1.20
2.30
3.40
8.00
error
75th
20.0
11.0
1.70
7.00
5.50
0.64
0.67
1.50
5.30
5.80
16.0
7.80
13.0
1.38
9.10
5.40
0.92
0.83
1.80
5.70
4.90
19.0
of the
Percentiles
90th
35.0
29.0
2.20
18.1
11.0
1.85
1.20
2.50
6.20
6.70
24.0
44.0
46.0
2.50
36.0
7.40
1.60
1.46
2.70
8.80
10.0
27.0
weighted mean
95th
51.0
32.0
4.80
38.0
13.5
2.70
1.20
2.70
6.70
15.6
24.0
98.0
46.0
2.90
44.0
18.0
3.30
1.80
2.70
10.0
10.8
27.5
of LN(x)
Range
0.05 -
0.07 -
0.08 -
0.06 -
0.05 -
0.03 -
0.02 -
0.09 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.06 -
0.07 -
0.08 -
0.07 -
0.04 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.21 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
.
130.
51.0
5.40
61.0
22.0
5.20
7.50
3.80
7.65
15.6
26.5
98.0
46.5
3.10
44.0
26.0
6.30
11.0
7.60
28.0
31.0
65.0
significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 265. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR BY SITE (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
ON —
BAYONNE
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Tr j chloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachl oroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
ELIZABETH
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichl oroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethyl ene
Tetrach] oroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m ,p-Dichl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xy]ene
m,p-Xylene
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
0.92
0.88
0.96
0.88
0.88
0.77
0.58
1.50
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.96
1.40
1.20
1.12
0.92
0.60
0.41
1.35
0.30
0.30
0.30
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
* T-test for difference
Error of
Mean
Standard
Arith.
Mean
14.8
18.4
1.14
9.93
10.0
1.04
0.77
1.69
3.33
3.51
10.3
13.5
10.9
0.92
6.06
7.22
0.64
0.80
0.93
2.71
2.45
7.12
Limit
Arith.
Error -
in arithmetic or
b/
Arith.
S.E.
5.29
6.70
0.35
6.47
4.59
0.56
0.32
0.59
0.81
0.96
2.71
8.35
3.65
0.17
1.83
3.35
0.18
0.32
0.22
0.66
0.45
1.19
Mean
Exp(s) where
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.87
3.42
0.73
0.55
2.54
0.34
0.33
0.89
1.28
1.38
3.64
0.49
3.62
0.60
1.15
1.67
0.28
0.28
0.58
1.14
1.15
3.00
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.69
2.21
1.34
1.87
1.65
1.45
1.59
1.45
1.52
1.48
1.53
1.80
1.75
1.25
1.69
1.48
1.37
1.43
1.18
1.31
1.29
1.40
Percentiles
Median
0.12
6.80
0.69
0.16
4.40
0.31
0.46
1.19
2.80
2.20
5.80
0.14
4.10
0.81
0.75
2.60
0.25
0.25
0.55
1.90
1.70
6.10
75th
20.0
17.0
1.50
6.41
9.90
0.61
0.73
1.80
4.74
5.40
13.0
4.40
14.0
1.20
7.45
5.70
1.00
0.72
1.19
2.90
3.00
8.60
90th
59.0
76.0
2.80
30.0
15.0
1.40
2.15
5.10
8.10
7.60
29.0
19.0
31.0
1.40
19.0
19.0
1.50
2.60
1.80
5.50
5.20
95th
67.0
78.0
4.10
79.0
22.5
4.30
4.00
5.20
11.0
13.0
34.0
97.0
45.0
3.90
23.0
26.0
1.80
4.90
1.88
8.00
7.90
14.5 22.0
Range
0.09 -
0.09 -
0.12 -
0.09 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
0.02 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.07 -
0.12 -
0.12 -
0.08 -
0.08 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.08 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
95.0
78.0
4.60
106.
95.0
11.7
5.20
6.85
12.0
13.6
36.0
230.
67.0
5.10
55.0
74.0
6.50
6.30
13.0
39.0
19.0
47.0
s is the
standard
geometric means significantly
error of
different
the weighted mean
between
cities at
of LN(x)
.
.05 level.
-------
Table 266. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR WATER BY SITE (ng/mL) - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
BAYONNE
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trich] oroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Bromodich] oromethane
Da bromochl oromethane
*; Tetrachloroethylene
ELIZABETH
Vanylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzene
Tricbloroethylene
Bromod i chl oromethane
Dibromochl oromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
0.05
e/
0.05
0.50
0.05
e/
e/
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.50
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.05
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric
(F/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
* T-test for difference
Error of
Mean
Standard
Arith.
Mean
0.03
47.6
0.04
0.93*
0.03
10.3
1.61
0.03
0.16*
72.2 *
0.31*
0.53
0.68*
16.4 *
2.45*
0.64*
Limit
Arith.
Error -
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.00
1.73
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.39
0.05
0.00
0.04
2.91
0.07
0.10
0.14
1.44
0.10
0.13
Mean
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.03
45.9
0.04
0.53*
0.03
9.98
1.56
0.03
0.07*
67.8 *
0.13*
0.40
0.20*
15.0 *
2.32*
0.18*
Exp(s) where s is the
in arithmetic or geometric
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.00
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.01
1.22
1.04
1.25
1.08
1.29
1.05
1.04
1.24
Percentiles
Median
0.03
48.2
0.03
0.31
0.03
10.6
1.63
0.03
0.03
71.6
0.11
0.31
0.12
14.8
2.30
0.11
standard error
means between cities signiJ
75th
0.03
53.4
0.04
0.58
0.03
11.7
1.80
0.03
0.10
83.6
0.41
0.31
0.94
17.2
3.05
0.51
of the
90th
0.03
56.0
0.07
3.34
0.03
12.4
2.03
0.03
0.56
102.
0.91
0.77
1..73
19.4
3.49
1.88
95th
0.03
64.2
0.07
4.54
0.07
12.6
2.05
0.03
0.64
106.
1.32
2.22
2.84
22.4
3.81
3.53
Range
0.03
18.0
0.03
0.31
0.03
4.80
0.66
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.31
0.03
0.06
0.06
0.03
- 0.03
- 116.
- 0.15
- 4.83
- 0.10
- 41.0
- 7.19
- 0.14
- 2.48
- 134.
- 2.57
- 3.93
- 8.27
- 54.0
- 4.70
- 9.26
weighted mean of LN(x).
ficant at .05 level.
-------
t-tests of arithmetic weans and geometric means between cities are pre-
sented. For breath the only significant difference between means for
the two cities was the arithmetic means for trichloroethylene with
Elizabeth higher. For overnight personal air styrene and m,p-xylene had
significantly higher arithmetic means for Bayonne. For daytime personal
air the geometric mean for m,p-dichlorobenzene was significantly higher
for Bayonne. While the arithmetic means for 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
m,p-dichlorobenzene and m,p-xylene appeared much higher for Elizabeth,
they were, in fact, not significantly higher due to large associated
standard errors. Both the large arithmetic means and large standard
errors were caused by very high maximum values as reflected in the
range. For the outdoor airs no means were significantly different
between the two cities. For water all means were significantly differ-
ent with benzene higher in Bayonne and Elizabeth having higher levels
for the other seven compounds examined.
To help summarize Tables 261 through 266, Tables 267 through 272
give the ratios of Elizabeth to Bayonne by media for the arithmetic
means, the geometric means, the medians, and the maximum values.
Generally, the summary statistics were higher for Bayonne for overnight
personal air. For the outdoor airs the arithmetic means, geometric
means and medians were usually higher for Bayonne while Elizabeth
generally had higher maximum values. For daytime personal air the
geometric means were generally higher for Bayonne while the arithmetic
means and maximum values were usually higher for Elizabeth. For water
the statistics were generally higher for Elizabeth. No pattern was
apparent for breath.
Figures 53 through 56 give box plots for breath and the personal
airs for selected compounds. The plots demonstrate the trend of per-
sonal air levels being higher than breath levels. The plots also show
the skewness of the concentration distributions.
Tables 273 and 274 gives a general comparison between the magnitude
of the selected compound levels and the median quantiable limits (QLs)
by media. If the magnitude were judged low in comparison with the
median QLs for both cities, then the concentrations were labelled "low".
If the magnitude were judged high for a city, then the name of the city
appears. For breath and the airs, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloro-
498
-------
Table 267. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGHTED SUMMARY
STATISTICS FOR BREATH - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
1.40
1.79
0.73
2.68
1.69
1.38
1.00
0.58
0.84
0.99
0.81
Geo.
Mean
2.84
1.98
1.02
2.01*
1.48
0.96
1.13
0.60
1.05
1.20
0.92
Median
35.4
2.79
1.17
1.22
1.13
0.43
1.38
0.65
0.55
0.77
0.67
Maximum
1.00
12.7
0.43
0.85
5.79
1.18
2.85
2.57
0.92
0.73
0.58
* T-test for difference in means between cities significant at .05
level.
Table 268. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGHTED SUMMARY
STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
1.21
1.38
0.92
0.74
0.77
1.01
0.65*
0.17
0.46
0.56
0.57*
Geo.
Mean
1.34
1.07
0.82
0.72
0.65
1.04
0.78
0.52
0.66
0.69
0.65
Median
2.71
0.92
0.91
0.77
0.66
1.06
0.68
0.61
0.68
0.76
0.72
Maximum
1.25
1.98
0.90
0.90
1.63
0.79
0.83
0.21
0.26
0.54
0.80
* T-test for difference in means between cities significant at .05
level.
499
-------
Table 269. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGHTED SUMMARY
STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Tri chloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
1.22
14.8
0.90
1.13
0.96
1.77
1.44
3.10
0.95
1.76
3.37
Geo.
Mean
1.23
2.05
0.84
0.81
0.48
1.32
0.92
0.52*
0.79
0.67
0.53
Median Maximum
1.45 4.38
1.58 126.
1.04 2.09
0.94 2.11
0.63 4.14
1.76 1.33
1.09 15.0
0.60 4.13
0.72 0.95
0.84 4.49
0.71 18.5
* T-test for difference in means between cities significant at .05
level.
Table 270. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGHTED SUMMARY
STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Chloroform
1 ,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Stvrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
E thy Ib enz ene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
0.91
1.23
0.79
1.24
0.82
0.93
0.63
1.13
1.05
0.95
0.99
Geo.
Mean
0.94
0.96
0.72
1.19
0.42
0.59
0.73
] .00
0.52
0.54
0.51
Median
1.13
2.03
0.73
1.36
0.52
0.25
0.66
0.92
0.74
0.87
0.81
Maximum
0.75
0.91
0.57
0.72
1.18
1.21
1.47
2.00
3.66
1.99
2.45
T-test for difference in means between cities significant at .05
level.
500
-------
Table 271. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGHTED SUMMARY
STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m, p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethyl-benzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
0.92
0.59
0.80
0.61
0.72
0.61
1.05
0.55
0.81
0.70
0.69
Geo.
Mean
0.57
1.06
0.81
2.09
0.66
0.83
0.84
0.65
0.89
0.83
0.82
Median
1.17
0.60
1.18
4.84
0.59
0.82
0.54
0.46
0.68
0.77
1.05
Maximum
2.42
0.86
1.11
0.52
0.78
0.56
1,
1,
,21
.90
3.25
1.40
1.31
T-test for difference in means between cities significant at .05
level.
Table 272. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGPTED SUMMARY
STATISTICS FOR WATER - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Bromodi chloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Arith.
Mean
5.23*
1.52*
7.74*
0.56*
19.7*
1.60*
1.53*
19.8*
Geo.
Mean
2.32*
1.48*
3.53*
0.76*
5.93*
1.51*
1.49*
5.68*
Median
1.00
1.48
3.56
1.00
3.94
1.41
1.42
• 3.42
Maximum
79.2
1.15
17.3
0.81
84.3
1.32
0.65
66.6
* T-test for difference in means between cities significant at .05
level.
501
-------
Ug/nr
o
to
30 ~
25 ~
20 -
15 -
10 -
5 -
LEGEND:
(19.0)
(10.4)
(2.80)
(1.79)
(0.22)
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
(18.5)
, (17.0)
(7.80)
(3.54)
(0.29)
(20.0)
(17.2)
(12.0)
(7.88)
(4.65)
1 (25.0)
(23.7)
(11.0)
(8.40)
(5.15)
x (25.5)
(15.0)
(5.50)
(3.35)
(0.32)
x (378)
(28.0)
(8.70)
(6.88)
(1.56)
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
BREATH
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Bayonne
Elizabeth
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 53. Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
1,1,1-trichloroethane for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal air by
city - New Jersey second season.
-------
Mg/m3
24-
LEGEND:
18-
en
O
12-
6-
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
(11.2)
(8.60)
(3.60)
(1.42)
(0.06)
x (9.09)
(8.20)
(2.40)
(1.30)
(0.07)
(27.5)
(24.3)
(16.0)
(14.4)
(11.0)
(16.0)
(13.9)
(11.5)
(9.43)
(7.50)
(24.0)
(14.0)
(12.0)
(6.95)
x (80.8)
(22.0)
(10.0)
(6.32)
(3.80)
Bayonne Elizabeth
BREATH
Bayonne
Elizabeth
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Bayonne
Elizabeth
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 54. Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
m,p-xylene for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal air by city -
New Jersey second season.
-------
Pg/nr
15 _
10
Oi
o
5 -
LEGEND:
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
* (8.18)
(6.60)
(1.70)
(1.43)
(0.15)
. 75)
(2.60)
(1.10)
(0.13)
(89.1)
(13.0)
(7.34)
_J (2.30)
x (15.2)
(13.0)
(3.80)
(1.29)
(23.6)
1 (9.90)
(4.71)
(3.00)
(1.90)
x (73.1)
- 1 (6.50)
(1.80)
(0.74)
Bayonne Elizabeth
BREATH
Bayonne
Elizabeth
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Bayonne
Elizabeth
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 55. Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
m,p-dichlorobenzene for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal air by city -
New Jersey second season.
-------
Pg/m3
20 —
15 -
10 -
i—
X
»
LEGEND:
(8.80)
(7.57)
(3.80)
(2.27)
(0.33)
:
X
»
* Mean
Median
* Geometric Mean
"~~~^ 25th Percentile
(12.8)
(9.40)
(4.30)
(3.37)
(1.50)
X
*
(13.0)
(10.3)
.10)
(5.48)
.20)
X
»
(11.0)
(7.94)
(4 70)
OC"7\
. ;>/;
(2.80)
X
»
(18.0)
(12.8)
(7.80)
(6.08)
(1 88)
X
*
(13.0)
(12.3)
(4.90)
(2.94)
(0.36)
Bayonne Elizabeth
BREATH
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 56. Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
tetrachloroethylene for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal air by city
New Jersey second season.
-------
Table 273. SUMMARY OF THE MAGNITUDE OF SELECTED COMPOUND LEVELS COMPARED
TO THE MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS OVER THE TWO CITIES
BY BREATH AND AIR SAMPLES - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
n^p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Overnight
Personal
Air
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Daytime
Personal
Air
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Overnight
Outdoor
Air
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Bayonne
Bayonne
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Daytime
Outdoor
Air
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Low
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low = magnitude of compound levels to median quantifiable limit low for both
cities.
Bayonne = magnitude of compound levels to median quantifiable limit relatively
high for Bayonne.
Elizabeth = magnitude of compound levels to median quantifiable limit relatively
high for Elizabeth.
506
-------
Table 274. SUMMARY OF THE MAGNITUDE OF SELECTED COMPOUND LEVELS
COMPARED TO THE MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMIT OVER THE
TWO CITIES BY WATER SAMPLES - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Water
Vinylidene Chloride Low
Chloroform Bayonne
Elizabeth
1,1,1-Trichloroethane Elizabeth
Benzene Low
Trichloroethylene Elizabeth
Bromodichloromethane Bayonne
Elizabeth
Dibrotnochloromethane Bayonne
Elizabeth
Tetrachloroethylene Elizabeth
Low = magnitude of compound levels to median quantifiable limit low for
both cities.
Bayonne = magnitude of compound levels to median quantifiable limit
relatively high for Bayonne.
Elizabeth = magnitude of compound levels to median quantifiable limit
relatively high for Elizabeth.
507
-------
ethane, ethylbenzene, and the xylenes were judged high over both cities,
while carbon tetrachloride and chlorobenzene were judged low over both
cities. For water, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloro-
methane were judged high over both cities while vinylidene chloride and
benzene were judged low over both cities.
24-Hour Exposure
Tables 275 and 276 give the averaged 24-hour exposure for personal
air and outdoor air. In comparing the 24-hour exposure statistics for
personal air to the daytime and overnight statistics (see Tables 256 and
257) the arithmetic mean and maximum values for daytime personal air
were generally highest while the geometric means for overnight air were
highest. For outdoor air no trend was apparent.
Tables 277 and 278 present the averaged 24-hour exposure for
outdoor and personal air by site. There was no significant difference
between the two cities for the arithmetic or geometric means. In
comparing the averaged 24-hour exposure with daytime and overnight
personal air, for Bayonne the overnight air was generally highest. For
Elizabeth the comparison showed the arithmetic means generally highest
for daytime personal air while the geometric means were generally
highest for overnight personal air. In comparing the averaged 24-hour
exposure with daytime and overnight outdoor air, for Bayonne the arith-
metic means for daytime outdoor air tended to be highest while the
geometric means for overnight outdoor air generally were highest. For
Elizabeth the opposite was true.
Indoor Versus Outdoor
Tables 279 through 282 compare overnight personal air to overnight
outdoor air for those 71 persons who had fixed site air monitors outside
their homes. In Table 279 the unweighted percent measurable is given
overall and by city. Overall, 1,2-dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride
and chlorobenzene were significantly higher in outdoor air while 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, styrene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, and the
xylenes were significantly higher for personal air. For Bayonne, carbon
tetrachloride and chlorobenzene were significantly higher in overnight
outdoor air while m,p-dichlorobenzene and £-xylene were significantly
higher in overnight personal air. For Elizabeth, chloroform, styrene,
m,p-dichlorobenzene and the xyleres were significantly higher in over-
508
-------
Table 275. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR AVERAGED 24-HOUR EXPOSURE - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
PERSONAL AIR
Population Estimate: 109,438
Sample Size: 139-145
Ln
0
VO
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, l-Trich3 oroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tri chl oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chi orobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
4.18
119.
0.96
6.09
10.7
0.64
2.09
49.8
9.26
12.0
37.0
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.57
97.5
0.06
1.15
1.18
0.08
0.20
21.2
1.62
7.38
11.2
b/
Geo.
Mean
1.70
9.63
0.81
2.98
5.62
0.41
1.41
5.06
4.79
5.64
13.0
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.20
1.24
1.07
1.23
1.19
1.14
1.09
1.17
1.14
1.12
1.13
Median
2.28
10.4
0.91
3.88
7.30
0.38
1.50
3.25
5.25
6.55
15.5
75
5,
27,
1
7,
40
5
10
15
12.5
0.90
2.65
10.2
8.25
8.10
21.5
Percentiles
90
11
58
1.62
.5
.4
.5
.2
11,
24.
1.53
4.27
60.5
12.4
17.5
34.2
95
16.3
125.
1.95
19.5
34.5
1.84
4.55
200.
18,
24,
.5
.4
50.5
99
18.5
265.
3.59
63.6
58.5
3.38
9.55
1300.
100.
58.0
110.
Range
0.06
0.08
0.12
0.11
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.29
0.03
0.03
0.03
75.5
24,500
4.70
63.6
121.
4.00
76.3
300
292.
902.
5,000
- 1
a./ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
c"/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Mean - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
-------
Table ?76. WEIGHTED
SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR
OUTDOOR AIR
Population Estimate: 109,438
Sample Size: 46-68
Ul
t— '
0
Compound
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tr ichloroethy 1 ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ch] orobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
13.0
12.6
1.03
7.52
6.15
0.80
0.64
1.34
3.21
3.61
9.85
a/
Arith,
S.E.
3.70
2.53
0.14
2.06
1.63
0.18
0.12
0.16
0.38
0.43
0.90
b/
Geo.
Mean
0.87
4.89
0.75
1.50
2.16
0.39
0.37
1.01
1.91
2.20
5.95
AVERAGED 24-HOUR EXPOSURE
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.60
1.43
1.17
1.44
1.29
1.21
1.20
1.12
1.20
1.21
1.23
- NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Percentiles
Median
0.12
6.06
0.73
1.37
3.50
0.41
0.43
1.14
2.85
2.95
8.55
75
11.6
19.5
1.44
9.65
6.45
0.81
0.95
1.42
3.97
4.75
12.5
90
47.5
38.5
2.30
25.7
11.8
2.04
1.35
2.84
6.20
8.64
19.4
95
61.5
42.3
2.96
32.0
17.5
3.00
2.17
3.80
7.80
8.70
22.5
Range
0.07 -
0.09 -
0.10 -
0.08 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
0.02 -
0.10 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
137.
56.5
3.60
52.8
52.2
5.86
6.15
7.40
19.5
16.8
34. a
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Mean - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LNfx)
-------
Table 277. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR AVERAGED 24-HOUR EXPOSURE - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
PERSONAL AIR - EAYOMNF
Population Estimate: 49
Sample Size: 55-60
Compound
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Tri chloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
PERSONAL AIR - ELIZABETH
Population Estimate: 59
Sample Size: 84-85
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethy] ene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
,542
Arith.
Mean
3.69
20.2
1.01
6.03
11.4
0.54
2.13
56.8
11.2
11.1
24.6
,896
4.58
201.
0.91
6.15
10.1
0.71
2.06
44.0
7.68
12.8
47.3
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.71
4.85
0.08
1.80
1.81
0.13
0.25
26.0
2.38
1.96
3.54
0.85
184.
0.07
1.48
1.53
0.09
0.30
32.0
2.13
4.07
20.5
b/
Geo.
Mean
1.
7.
0.
3.
6.
0.
1.
6.
6.
7.
17.
2.
12.
0.
2.
4.
0.
1.
3.
3.
4.
10.
28
17
91
30
62
36
57
83
03
01
0
15
3
74
74
91
45
30
95
96
72
5
£/
Geo.
S.E.
1.26
1.22
1.07
1.42
1.28
1.23
1.16
1.29
1.23
1.18
1.17
1.28
1.41
1.11
1.29
1.26
1.18
1.10
1.23
1.18
1.17
1.19
Median
1.34
9.20
0.93
3.18
7.82
0.32
1.58
4.05
6.65
7.25
18.0
3.32
13.6
0.86
3.97
5.12
0.43
1.28
2.25
4.80
6.05
11.6
Percentiles
75
4.27
20.2
1.05
8.00
14.5
0.64
2.75
12.0
9.95
9.55
25.0
6.00
31.6
1.18
6.85
12.0
1.08
2.65
9.95
7.01
7.95
20.8
90
12.1
37.5
1.53
14.2
27.0
1.33
4.27
69.5
17.5
20.5
45.0
10.0
60.2
1.69
10.8
20.6
1.59
3.59
35.4
10.8
13.8
26.4
95 Range
14.8
58.5
1.75
17.0
38.0
1.70
5.40
715.
31.6
41.6
81.5
17.1
154.
1.95
19.5
26.5
1.99
4.50
124.
16.3
19.0
38.2
0.15 -
0.09 -
0.30 -
0.30 -
0.21 -
0.10 -
0.03 -
0.61 -
0.15 -
0.27 -
0.50 -
0.06 -
0.08 -
0.12 -
0.11 -
0.08 -
0.05 -
0.03 -
0.29 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
29.0
205.
4.30
44.5
58.5
3.38
9.55
794.
292.
203.
279.
75.5
24,500
4.70
63.6
121.
4.00
76.3
1,300
276.
902.
5,000
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
c7 Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Mean - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x)
-------
Table 278. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR AVERAGED 24-HOUR EXPOSURE - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Ln
M
NJ
OUTDOOR AIR - BAYONNE
Population Estimate: 49
Sample Size: 15-26
Compound
Ch] oroform
1 ,1 ,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrach] oroethylene
Ch] orobenzene
Styrene
IF , p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
OUTDOOR AIR - ELIZABETH
Population Estimate: 59
Sample Size: 31-42
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trich] oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m, p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
,542
Arith.
Mean
14.4
14.2
1.15
7.78
7.02
0.93
0.61
1 .50
3.31
3.93
10.7
,896
1] .8
11.2
0.93
7.31
5.42
0.69
0.67
1.20
3.14
3.35
9.11
a/
Arith.
S.E.
4.13
3.77
0.24
3.55
2.42
0.32
0.15
0.29
0.35
0.61
0.88
5.76
3.39
0.15
2.37
2.22
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.64
0.61
1.44
Geo.
Mean
1
4
0
1
3
0
0
1
2
3
8
0
4
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
4
.11
.78
.86
.21
.49
.48
.42
.14
.59
.02
.35
.71
.98
.68
.80
.46
.32
.33
.92
.49
.69
.49
£/
Geo.
S.E.
2.03
1.74
1.26
1.72
1.26
1.34
1.24
1.22
1.14
1.16
1.09
1.84
1.60
1.23
1.63
1.45
1.29
1.32
1.14
1.35
1.34
1.40
Median
0.10
10.2
0.64
1.04
4.90
0.52
0.43
1.28
3.50
3.35
10.7
0.12
6.06
0.78
2.11
2.30
0.41
0.44
1.10
2.20
2.45
7.20
Percentiles
75
29.5
21.0
1.71
9.45
7.15
1.01
0.88
1.94
4.08
4.75
12.5
9.54
13.0
1.20
9.65
4.60
0.67
0.97
1.25
3.97
4.35
12.2
90
40.5
42.3
2.75
28.5
11.8
2.44
1.09
3.80
4.65
8.64
21.6
49.3
36.2
2.15
25.7
13.2
1.72
1.36
2.10
6.90
7.35
18.9
95
47.5
42.3
2.96
39.7
14.0
3.00
2.17
3.80
6.75
8.64
22.5
74.0
38.5
2.30
32.0
17.5
3.90
2.68
4.17
9.00
8.95
24.5
Range
0.08 -
0.09 -
0.26 -
0.08 -
0.12 -
0.05 -
0.02 -
0.10 -
0.06 -
0.06 -
1.04 -
0.07 -
0.17 -
0.10 -
0.11 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
0.02 -
0.23 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
109.
48.0
3.60
52.8
52.2
5.86
2.79
4.14
7.80
8.70
22.5
137.
56.5
3.40
35.0
50.0
4.35
6.15
7.40
19.5
16.8
34.8
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Mean - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x)
-------
Table 279. UNWEIGHTED PERCENTAGE OF CONCENTRATIONS MEASURABLE FOR THOSE PERSONS HAVING
BOTH OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR AND OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon TetrachJeride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodlchlorotnethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromofonn
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Sample Size Range
Overall
Outdoor
8.45
39.6
14.1*
ie 71.7
53.5*
54.9
: 0.00
: 0.00
66.2
49.3*
0.00
0.00
56.3
74.6
12.7
85.9
83.1
88.6
48 - 71
Personal
1.41
54.9
4.23
88.6*
12.7
66.2
7.04
0.00
74.6
22.5
0.00
0.00
78.9*
94.4*
22.5
95.8*
98.6*
98.6*
70 - 71
Bayonne
Outdoor
7.14
43.8
25.0
79.0
53.6*
53.6
0.00
0.00
75.0
57.1*
0.00
0.00
64.3
78.6
10.7
89.3
85.7
92.6
16 - 28
Personal
0.00
46.4
10.7
92.6
10.7
64.3
3.57
0.00
78.6
17.9
0.00
0.00
78.6
100. *
28.6
100.
100. *
100.
28
Elizabeth
Outdoor
9.30
37.5
6.98
67.6
53.5*
55.8
0.00
0.00
60.5
44.2
0.00
0.00
51.2
72.1
14.0
83.7
81.4
86.0
32 - 43
Personal
2.33
60.5*
0.00
86.0
14.0
67.4
9.30
0.00
72.1
25.6
0.00
0.00
79.1*
90.7*
18.6
93.0
97.7*
97.7*
43
* T-test for difference between media significant at .05 level.
-------
night personal air while carbon tetrachloride was significantly higher
in outdoor air.
The unweighted summary statistics for the two media are given in
Table 280. The means and medians were tested for significant differ-
ences between the two media. Only the arithmetic mean for chloroform
tested significantly higher for overnight outdoor air while means for
1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, styrene, ethylbenzene,
o_-xylene and m,p-xylene were significantly higher for overnight personal
air. The medians for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene,
styrene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene and m,p-xylene were
significantly higher for overnight personal air. Generally the maximum
values for overnight personal air were about the same or higher than
those of overnight outdoor air. The notable exception to this was the
maximum value for chloroform which was much higher for overnight outdoor
air.
Table 281 gives the median and maximum values for overnight personal
air and overnight outdoor air and their ratios. These ratios further
illustrate the trend of personal air values being larger than outdoor
air values. With the exception of the maximum value for chloroform
(ratio = .27) the ratios were approximately one or greater. Parti-
cularly noteworthy were the medians for chloroform (ratio = 16.67) and
the maximum values for m,p-dichlorobenzene (ratio = 204).
Table 282 presents the unweighted median and maximum values overall
and by city for the two overnight media for those 71 persons having had
an air monitor outside their homes. While there appears to be no large
differences in the medians over the two cities for outdoor air, all but
one compound (trichloroethylene) showed higher median values in Bayonne
over Elizabeth. For maximum values, in seven of the eleven compounds,
Elizabeth was higher but with the exception of ethylbenzene and m,p-
xylene not remarkably so. For overnight personal air, again Bayonne
generally had higher median and maximum values. Two exceptions to this
were chloroform and carbon tetrachloride with both the median and
maximum values higher in Elizabeth. Generally there appears to be no
great differences between the values for Bayonne and Elizabeth; however,
the median for chloroform in Elizabeth and the maximum values for
514
-------
Table 280. UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS (yg/m3) FOR THOSE PERSONS HAVING BOTH OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR
AND OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Overnight Outdoor Air
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
o-Xylene
ir.,]D-Xylene
Sample Size:
* T-test for difference
** Wilroxon siened rank 1
Mean
13.9 *
10.8
1.22
7.75
3.92
0.74
0.75
1.46
3. 47
4.04
11.0
in means
:est for t
S.E.
3.97
1.84
0.12
1.54
0.61
0.13
0.18
0.16
0.47
0.54
1.23
between
Hf fereri
Median
0.12
5.00
0.97
1.36
1.80
0.43
0.44
1.20
2.50
3.40
8.98
48 - 71
media
ce in m
Range
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.09
0.02
0.02
0.02
signif ii
edians 1
- 130.
- 51.0
-5.40
- 61.0
- 26.0
-6.30
- 11.0
-7.60
- 28.0
- 31.0
- 65.0
cant at
aetween
Overnight Personal
Mean
5
17
1
6
9
0
2
44
9
9
21
.05
medi
.19
.2 *
.39
.63
.78*
.78
.22*
.8
.56*
.29*
.1 *
] evel
a sici
S.E. Median
0.94
2.49
0.15
1.08
1.84
0.12
0.24
22.6
2.61
1.74
2.98
70 -
or less.
idflcant a
2.00
9.95**
1.38
3,92
4.70**
0.42
1.75**
2.60**
5.40**
5.90**
14.0 **
71
it .OS 1,
Air
Range
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.44
0.02
0.02
0.02
evel.
- 35.0
- 120.
-6.50
- 59.0
- 98.0
- 6.60
- 10.0
- 1550
- 180
- 100
- 150
-------
Table 281. SUMMARY OF MEDIANS, MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS AND THEIR RATIOS
FOR MATCHED OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR AND OVERNIGHT
PERSONAL AIR - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Overnight
Outdoor Air
Overnight
Personal Air
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Tr n chloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
3
8
.12
.00
.97
.36
.80
.43
.44
.20
.50
.40
.98
(130.)*
(51
(5.
(61
(26
(6.
(11
(7.
(28
(31
(65
.0)
40)
.0)
.0)
30)
.0)
60)
.0)
.0)
.0)
2
9
1
3
4
0
1
2
5
5
14
.00
.95
.38
.92
.70
.42
.75
.60
.40
.90
.0
(35.0)
(120.)
(6.50)
(59.0)
(98.0)
(6.60)
(10.0)
(1550)
(180.)
(100.)
(150.)
Personal/
Outdoor Ratio
16.7 (0.27)
1.99 (2.35)
1.42 (1.20)
2.88 (0.97)
2.61 (3.77)
0.98 (1.05)
3.98 (0.91)
2.17 (204.)
2.16 (6.43)
1.74 (3.23)
1.56 (2.31)
* Median (Maximum)
516
-------
Table 282. UNWEIGHTED MEDIAN AND MAXIMUM VALUES (ug/m3) FOR THOSE PERSONS
HAVING BOTH OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR AND OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Overnight
Overall
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Median
0.12
5.00
0.97
1.36
1.80
0.43
0.44
1.20
2.50
3.40
8.98
Maximum
130.
51.0
5.40
61.0
26.0
6.30
11.0
7.60
28.0
31.0
65.0
Outdoor Air
Bayonne
Median
0.39
5.90
1.00
1.25
2.55
0.52
0.47
1.30
3.25
3.82
9.90
Maximum
130.
51.0
5.40
61.0
22.0
5.20
7.50
3.80
7.65
15.6
26.5
Elizabeth
Median
0.12
4.90
0.97
1.36
1.38
0.17
0.41
1.10
2.30
2.80
8.00
Maximum
98.0
46.5
3.10
44.0
26.0
6,30
11.0
7.60
28.0
31.0
65.0
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m ^-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
jo_-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Overnight Personal Air
Overall
Median
2.00
9.95
1.38
3.92
4.70
0.42
1.75
2.60
5.40
5.90
14.0
Maximum
35.0
120.
6.50
59.0
98.0
6.60
10.0
1550
180.
100.
150.
Bayonne
Median
0.75
11.6
1.34
4.65
6.20
0.39
1.90
3.42
6.10
7.25
19.5
Maximum
28.0
86.0
5.50
59.0
60.0
6.60
10.0
1550
180.
100.
150.
Elizabeth
Median
3.10
9.90
1.38
3.80
4.00
0.45
1.70
2.40
5.00
5.50
13.0
Maximum
35.0
120.
6.50
34.0
98.0
3,70
8.30
320.
19.0
21.0
62.0
517
-------
m, p-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, and the xylenes in Bayonne appeared
larger.
The 41 people who had fixed site air monitors outside their homes
and listed no outdoor activities or trips on their screeners were
examined in Tables X-97 through X-104 in the appendix. Overall, there
were no large differences between the 41 who listed no trips or outdoor
activities and the 71. However, there was a tendency for the values to
be slightly higher for the 41.
Correlations
Table 283 gives the Spearman correlations between breath and the
airs for all amounts for the selected compounds. Overall, the correla-
tions were low with a magnitude of less than .70 and many less than .35.
The strongest correlations appeared between breath and daytime personal
air, between daytime and overnight personal air, between overnight
personal air and overnight outdoor air, and between daytime and over-
night outdoor air. The correlations between breath and daytime personal
air appeared stronger than those between breath and overnight personal
air. Also, the correlations between overnight personal air and over-
night outdoor air seemed to be stronger than those between daytime
personal air and daytime outdoor air. There was very little correlation
between water and the other media (see Table 284).
Table 285 gives the Spearman correlations for breath and the airs
for the selected compounds for measurable amounts only. The strongest
c'orrelations appeared to be for m,p-dichlorobenzene between breath and
daytime personal air and between overnight personal air and daytime
personal air.
Table 286 presents the Spearman correlations between water and the
other media for the selected compounds for measurable amounts only.
Again, there was very little correlation between water and the other
media.
Tables 287 through 291 give the Spearman correlations between the
selected compounds by media for all amounts. The compounds were grouped
into aromatics (styrene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene and m,p-xylene), chlori-
nated solvents (1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and tetrachlo-
roethylene) and miscellaneous (m,p-dichlorobenzene, chloroform, carbon
tetrachloride and chlorobenzene). The aromatics showed the strongest
518
-------
Table 283. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS FOR ALL AMOUNTS OF SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR
BREATH, PERSONAL AIRS, AND OUTDOOR AIRS - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m, p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrschloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m, p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath and
Overnight Personal Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
-.04 80
.11 132
.24* 137
.04 138
.11 141
.08 136
.07 141
.34* 139
.09 140
.03 139
.09 140
Breath and
Overnight Outdoor Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.40* 38
.09 47
.22 63
.25* 63
-.02 66
.33* 62
-.17 65
.28* 64
-.18 64
-.19 64
-.11 63
Overnight Personal Air
and
Daytime Personal Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.28* 144
.34* 139
.16 144
.28* 145
.40* 145
.37* 144
.35* 144
.61* 145
.20* 145
.16 145
.19* 145
Breath and
Daytime Personal Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
-.11 76
.28* 125
-.01 126
.10 129
.23* 132
.06 127
.20* 132
.38* 131
.22* 132
.22* 131
.27* 132
Breath and
Daytime Outdoor Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.05 37
-.04 45
-.07 60
.13 60
.09 63
.20 59
-.02 62
.05 61
-.17 61
-.16 61
-.13 61
Overnight Personal Air
and
Overnight Outdoor Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
-.01 48
.10 52
.39* 71
.33* 71
.40* 71
.36* 71
.13 71
.35* 71
.24* 71
.29* 71
.24* 70
continued
519
-------
Table 283 continued
Overnight Personal Air
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachl oroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
and
Daytime Outdoor
Spearman
Correlation
-.02
.05
.14
.17
.31*
.19
.15
.29*
.19
.22
.15
Air
Sample
Size
47
50
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
Daytime Personal Air
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m ^-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xy lene
m,p-Xylene
and
Daytime Outdoor
Spearman
Correlation
-.09
.05
-.04
.13
.54*
.05
.03
.24
.20
.08
.13
Air
Sample
Size
43
47
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
Daytime Personal Air
and
Overnight Outdoor Air
Spearman
Correlation
.04
.12
.06
.32*
.34*
.15
.20
.14
.25*
.13
.14
Sample
Size
43
49
65
66
66
65
65
66
66
66
65
Overnight Outdoor Air
and
Daytime Outdoor
Spearman
Correlation
.68*
.55*
.39*
.41*
.48*
.30*
.15
.27*
.25*
.24
.19
Air
Sample
Size
46
51
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
67
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
520
-------
Table 284. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS FOR ALL AMOUNTS OF SELECTED COMPOUNDS
BETWEEN WATER AND BREATH, PERSONAL AIRS,
AND OUTDOOR AIRS - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Vinyl idene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethan
Dibromochloromethare
Tetrachloroethylene
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlcromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochlor'ome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Breath and Wa
Spearman
Correlation
.07
-.18
-.03
.06
.20*
.24*
.01
Daytime
Personal Air and
Spearman
Correlation
-.09
-.02
.00
-.05
-.12
-.07
-.12
Daytime
Outdoor Air and
Spearman
Correlation
.01
-.30*
-.03
.04
.08
.19
-.12
ter
Sample
Size
136
81
139
139
136
136
142
Water
Sample
Size
146
145
142
146
146
146
146
Water
Sample
Size
68
47
51
68
68
68
68
Overnight
Personal Air and
Spearman
Correlation
.04
.06
-.07
-.14
-.13
-.13
-.17*
Overnight
Outdoor Air and
Spearman
Correlation
-.02
-.47*
-.10
-.11
.17
.11
-.26*
Water
Sample
Size
156
156
150
156
156
156
156
Water
Sample
Size
71
48
53
71
71
71
71
Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
521
-------
Table 285. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS FOR MEASURABLE AMOUNTS OF SELECTED COMPOUNDS
FOR BREATH, PERSONAL AIRS, AND OUTDOOR AIRS - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Tr i ch loroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p_-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
ir.,p-Xylene
Breath and
Overnight Personal Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.18 14
-.01 66
-.80 4
.13 31
.20 83
-.03 6
.11 75
.48* 87
.16 92
.11 84
.11 97
Breath and
Overnight Outdoor Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.36 10
-.02 20
-.55 6
-.35 13
.04 33
.36 7
-.57* 20
.00 34
-.19 36
-.25 29
-.33 36
Overnight Personal Air
and
Daytime Personal Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.40* 47
.23* 84
.05 11
.35* 63
.36* 88
.38* 8
.23* 89
.58* 120
.10 126
.03 131
.11 134
Breath and
Daytime Personal Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
-.28 13
-.04 57
0
-.07 29
.22 75
-.22 7
.18 61
.57* 75
.31* 79
.34* 73
.23* 87
Breath and
Daytime. Outdoor Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.00 8
-.14 18
-.63 4
-.09 10
.10 37
.60 4
-.30 20
.01 23
-.35 29
-.19 26
-.22 31
Overnight Personal Air
and
Overnight Outdoor Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.07 12
-.18 35
.20 5
.09 31
.21 42
.08 12
-.07 35
.33* 53
.21 59
.22 59
.17 62
continued
522
-------
Table 285. continued
Overnight Personal Air
and
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p_-Di Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m , p_-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
Daytime Outdoor
Spearman
Correlation
-.19
-.01
-.30
.14
.09
-.25
.17
.45*
.05
.13
.16
Daytime Personal
and
Daytime Outdoor
Spearman
Correlation
-.17
-.20
-.04
.43*
.80
-.31
.15
.17
.01
.15
Air
Sample
Size
14
36
5
25
39
7
26
36
50
55
56
Air
Air
Sample
Size
7
26
2
19
37
4
21
31
47
51
53
Daytime Persona] Air
and
Overnight Outdoor Air
Spearman
Correlation
-.05
-.24
.34
.36*
.02
-.22
.08
.19
.07
.10
Sample
Size
8
27
1
27
34
9
28
44
53
52
57
Overnight Outdoor Air
and
Daytime Outdoor
Spearman
Correlation
.16
.44*
.13
.30
.42*
-.06
-.07
.30
.22
.14
.05
Air
Sample
Size
15
32
20
23
38
19
21
33
46
47
50
Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
523
-------
Table 286. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS FOR MEASURABLE AMOUNTS OF SELECTED COMPOUNDS
BETWEEN WATER AND BREATH, PERSONAL AIRS, AND OUTDOOR AIRS -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Breath and Wafer
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Spearman
Correlation
.40
-.18
-.16
.24
-.80
-.24
Daytime
Personal Air and
Spearman
Correlation
.10
-.03
.18
-.07
.60
-.07
Daytime
Outdoor Air and
Spearman
Correlation
-.22
.07
.29
-.21
Sample
Size
4
45
46
22
4
0
50
Water
Sample
Size
5
71
55
37
5
1
44
Water
Sample
Size
1
20
20
13
1
1
23
Overnight
Personal Air and Water
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.50 3
-.13 83
-.28* 69
.04 42
-.46 7
0
.03 57
Overnight
Outdoor Air and Water
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
2
-.31 19
-.20 18
.22 17
0
0
.03 21
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
524
-------
Table 287. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR BREATH ALL AMOUNTS -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Ln
Sample Size Range: 80 - 142
Co
A
B
C
D
E
F
C
H
I
J
K
=::
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
mpound ABCDEFGHI
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Tri chloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
.82* .83* .82* .19* .26* .48* .38* .20
.88* .93* .26* .28* .59* .37* .24*
.87* .25* .26* .60* .38* .25*
.27* .26* .60* .42* .28*
.55* .36* .20* .70*
.37* .02 .70*
.29* .29*
.14
J
.08
.00
-.01
.04
.38*
.49*
.18*
-.06
.69*
K
.53*
.52*
.54*
.46*
.44*
.60*
.45*
.22*
.48*
.30*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 288. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR OVERNIGHT. PERSONAL AIR ALL AMOUNTS
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
ON
Sample Size Range: 149 - 156
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
Compound A
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Tri ch] oroethy lene
Tetrachloroethyl ene
m,p-Di ch] orobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chi orobenzene
BCDEFGHIJ
.70* .64* .67* .37* .18* .37* .37* .30* .10
.89* .89* .40* .36* .47* .38* .43* .20*
.92* .33* .28* .38* .42* .31* .15
.34* .27* .38* .43* .33* .18*
.55* .40* .22* .47* .17*
.51* .08 .60* .14
.25* .60* .09
.19* .02
.21*
K
.27*
.44*
.33*
.31*
.39*
.61*
.62*
.20*
.66*
.16*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 289. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR ALL AMOUNTS
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Sample Size Range: 141 - 146
Group IT:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
Co
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
mpound
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1,1 -Tri cbloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tet rachloride
Chlorobenzene
ABCDEFGHIJ
.74* .62* .66* .39* .36* .45* .39* .15 .25*
.91* .91* .50* .51* .55* .30* .16 .31*
.93* .44* .47* .50* .32* .12 .27*
.44* .41* .45* .34* .12 .31*
.62* .51* .16 .35* .35*
.65* .22* .36* .24*
.33* .36* .36*
.14 .19*
.39*
K
.45*
.48*
.39*
.36*
.47*
.50*
.54*
.20*
.42*
.38*
"- -
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 290. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR ALL AMOUNTS
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Sample Size Range: 47-71
Compound
A Styrene
B Ethylhenzene
C o-Xylene
Ln
co D m,p-Xylene
E 1 ,1,1-Tricbloroethane
F Tricbloroethylene
G Tetrachloroethylene
H m.p-Dlchlorobenzene
I Chloroform
J Carbon Tetrachloride
K Chlorobenzene
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscel
ABCDEFGHI
.81* .78* .74* .58* .59* .70* .39* .53*
.96* .96* .67* .63* .84* .59* .48*
.93* .62* .58* .79* .62* .38*
.58* .56* .80* .60* .35*
.84* .77* .38* .74*
.68* .25* .67*
.42* .51*
.13
laneous
J
.63*
.63*
.54*
.53*
.65*
.55*
.56*
.19
.75*
K
.70*
.75*
.73*
.68*
.70*
.73*
.68*
.30*
.67*
.72*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 291. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR ALL AMOUNTS
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Sample Size Range: 46 - 68
Compound
A
E
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
ia^'i'-s
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Tr i chl oroethy lene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dich3orobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
ABCDEFGHIJ
.65* .67* .60* .62* .40* .38* .43* .47* .37*
.97* .95* .63* .45* .62* .47* .38* .48*
.92* .60* .38* .59* .49* .35* .43*
.57* .41* .56* .44* .29* .42*
.76* .51* .11 .71* .84*
.39* .09 .70* .58*
.21 .24 .33*
.09 .15
.67*
K
.61*
.71*
.67*
.68*
.72*
.72*
.47*
.35*
.62*
.58*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
correlations for breath, personal airs and outdoor airs. Also chloro-
benzene and tetrachloroethylene for overnight outdoor air showed high
correlations with most other compounds. For daytime outdoor air 1,1,1-
trichloroethane and chlorobenzene showed high correlations with most
other compounds.
Tables 292 through 296 give the Spearman correlations between the
selected compounds by media for measurable amounts only. Again the
aromatics showed the strongest correlations. Carbon tetrachloride for
daytime personal air also showed high correlations with several com-
pounds, as did tetrachloroethylene for overnight outdoor air and tri-
chloroethylene and chlorobenzene for daytime outdoor air.
Figures 57 through 68 show scatter plots for breath versus daytime
personal air, breath versus daytime outdoor air, and overnight personal
air versus overnight outdoor air for selected compounds on the natural
logarithmic scale. One was added to each number before the log was
taken. The lines represent the median QL values for the compounds for
the two media. An "0" represents both measurable and an "X" represents
one or both not measurable. These plots demonstrate the lack of strong
correlation between the media for each compound. Again, it is obvious
that part of the lack of correlation was caused by the number of obser-
vations below or near the quantifiable limits.
Proximity to Point Source
Tables 297 through 312 discuss the percentages measurable and
concentrations by proximity to point source. The t-tests were done
pairwise with an asterisk by the highest value if any of the tests were
significant. Overall there were few significant differences between
percentage measurable for the three levels of proximity (see Table 297).
However, for breath, benzene, m,p-dichlorobenzene and ethylbenzene
showed significant differences with the high level of proximity highest.
For water 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethy-
lene and bromoform showed significant differences with the moderate
level highest in three of the four cases. For overnight personal air
chlorobenzene had a significant difference with the low level showing
the highest percentage. For daytime personal air j>-dichlorobenzene
showed significant difference with high level highest. For overnight
outdoor air vinylidene chloride and styrene both had significant differ-
530
-------
Table 292. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR BREATH MEASURABLE AMOUNTS ONLY
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Rampl
No.
93
96
88
101
90
52
111
92
45
17
33
=
e
Size Range: 11-92
Group I :
Compound A B'
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
ii-a..
Styrene .72*
Etliylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Tricbloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m , p-Dl chlor obenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Group IT:
Chlorinated
Aromatics Solvents
C D E F G
.61* .70* .01 .37* .24*
.89* .97* -.05 .48* .47*
.90* .04 .56* .46*
.04 .56* .45*
.26 .33*
.32*
Miscellaneous
H I
.12 .11
.15 .03
.17 .13
.18 .17
-.01 .59*
.11 .30
.03 .10
-.10
J
.02
.13
.19
.12
.39
-.18
.33
.50
.79*
-.
K
.58*
.52*
.63*
.54*
.48*
.76*
.43*
-.03
.64*
-.30
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 293. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR MEASURABLE
AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
(jO
Sample
Size Range: 9 - 149
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
No. Compound A
125
145
150
149
123
102
1?5
147
83
30
27
A
E
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
:_"•'__
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
tn,p-Xylene
1 ,1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethy] ene
Tetrachloroethylene
m.p-Ddchl orobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
BCDEFGHI
.58* .51* .58* .31* .07 .34* .29* .06
.86* .86* .28* .25* .39* .25* .18
.91* .16 .22* .29* .31* .10
.21* .27* .34* .33* .17
.51* .39* .18 .24*
.47* .06 .22
.18 .41*
.02
J
.01
.02
.04
.13
.03
.53*
.12
.11
.10
K
.30
.55*
.40*
.49*
.47*
.64*
.74*
-.07
.41
.07
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 294. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR MEASURABLE
AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Sampl
No.
100
132
134
137
93
85
102
123
71
14
26
e
Size Range: 5 - 133
Compound
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
3
J
K
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents
ABCDEFGH
.65* .60* .65* .18 .33* .54* .38*
.93* .94* .36* .44* .43* .08
.92* .26* .41* .38* .19*
.33* .42* .42* .14
.62* .39* -.12
.56* .11
.36*
Miscel]
I
.37*
.25*
.18
.28*
.23
.35*
.38*
.12
aneous
J
.69*
.46
.58*
.67*
.39
.61*
.07
.27
.70*
K
.54*
.43*
.36
.30
.38
.39
.27
.13
.34
.30
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 295. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR MEASURABLE
AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Sample
Size Range: 18 - 60
Group TT:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
No. Compound A
40
61
59
62
38
39.
47
53
19
38
38
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Styrene
Fthy] benzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Di chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
BCDEFGHT
.81* .72* .73* .35 .49* .56* .42* .33
.95* .94* .44* .51* .71* .59* .37
.91* .29 .38* .62* .60* .11
.34* .42* .69* .60* .08
.66* .47* .20 .71*
.42* .31 .38
.35* .10
.11
J
.52*
.51*
.46*
.42*
.66*
.42*
.36*
.18
.56*
K
.42*
.57*
.54*
.50*
.31
.54*
.22
.32
.28
.60*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 296. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR MEASURABLE
AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Samp]
No.
31
52
55
56
39
31
4P
36
20
29
25
e
Size Range: 14 - 53
Group I: Aromatics
Compound A B C D
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Styrene .42* .48* .36
Ethylbenzene .95* .90*
o-Xylene .86*
m,p-Xylene
1 ,1 ,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chi orobenzene
Group II:
Chlorinated
Solvents
E F G
.71* .58* .56*
.73* .65* .60*
.74* .69* .52*
.65* .64* .59*
.84* .57*
.52*
Miscellaneous
H I
.63* .67*
.42* .08
.36* .14
.37* .14
.50* .72*
.39 .64*
.34 -.04
.08
J
.53*
.32
.36
.21
.51*
.68*
.17
.28
.83*
K
.74*
.66*
.69*
.64*
.57*
.81*
.45*
.54*
.55*
.50*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
X.n(Mg/m3)
ID
•
9 •
r(all)
r(meas)
.28* (N-125)
-.04 (N=57)
7 •
!
i
I
I
fa •
B i
R !
£ !
» 5 *
T I
H
I
J • XX
>X
»
U
C ! 0
00 !
! u
XO t 00 CO 0
X ! 0 0
0' 0 0 00 0
X > 0 00
• ; 0 OGU 0
X • CO 0
! C 0 0
! 00
a o
!C 0
1 •
fl XX
! XKXX XX
- « -
0
!* «XXX XXXIX » XX XX X
! X
L.VUM'. Hf-iSC
Figure 57. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
11
«n(vjg/m3)
ill
- New Jersey second season.
-------
On
1
(
1
fc.C «
1
1
b.b «
i
!
5.0 «
i
i
t.b »
f
1
t
1.0 •
!
! X
H J.b «
H I X
r- f X
A ! X
T 3.0 «
H f X
! X
! 0 0
!•*• »
1 X X X
! XX C
• X X
2.0 « X X
! X X
'. X 0
! X
1.5 * X X
t
1
1 .0 • X
! «
! X X
! X »
0.", » «
! t
'. XX X J X
! XX XX
P.O « x A
r(all) = .23* (N=132)
r(meas) = .22 (N=75) °
0
0
0
'1
00 0
0 0
0 0
0
00 0
0 0
00 0 0
r
0
0
C 0
C
co o r
000 0 C
00 0
0 0
00 0 0 0 0 0
00 0 30
C 00
o o r
0 C t
1
X
X X X X X
> XXX
X XX
.'.b
1. •
1 .b
I - 1 1 I" V: " iOt<-.L -JF'
Figure 58. Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey second
season,
-------
.5
r(all) = .38*
r(meas) = .57*
(N=131)
(N=75)
5.0 •
A. 5 •
!
I
!
1.0 «
U1
W
00
3.5 «
I
I 3.0 •
J.5 .
!
!
!
2.0 «
!
•
!
l.'j «
P.'
n.o
!
!
!
0! 0
!
.
X 0!
0 •
X ! 0
r OX '
XX TO
X 0 ! CO
t 0 ! 0
0 X
X t'
d
OC.
0 ! 0 C1 0 t
()X !C, 0
' ,
XX IXX
> • x
XX X XXXXXXXX X X
x x'x x
o.c
P.I
I.-
T 11" I . •<'. f.
> I
pigure 59. m,p-Dichlorobenzene - New Jersey second season.
-------
«,n(yg/m3)
Ul
5.C
l.f
4.0
5.5
3.0
?«!i
2.1
1.5
1.0
0.-1
U.C
i
«
!
! X
*
!
i
1
.
1
1
*
1
I
t
*
|
1
1
•
*
1
I
!
i
*
! 0
! A X 0
i
! X U
4
* * X
1
1
• x c
*
•
! X 0
i
i
»
'! X
! X >
« «X XX )
0
r(all) = .22* (N=132)
r(meas) = .31* (N=79) n
t:
0 0
0 0
0
0 I 0
0
0 0
I u 0
U 0 0
o c o
0
0
CO
U
t t
0 0
C 0 0 0 0 0 0
U 0 0 0
(.00 00
0 i
0 U 0 U
0 0
o
0 C
,;c u
OO 0
r, o
> a x
> X X •
I / X»AX»XXX««XXXX XXX
r.j r.'. i.. i.
: .•=> i. <.' 7.
~ Y T I" t-'_ k , r N *L 4 .' >•
Figure 60. Ethylbenzene - New Jersey second season.
-------
«,n(Mg/m3)
fc.C «
5.5 •
H.3 •»
r !
i !
I 3.3 «
H t
2.5 »
!X
i
I
r.o «
! *
i
l.h «
I
• XX
I
i.r »
r(all)
r(meas)
.27* (N=132)
.23* (N=87)
o o
0
0 0
1,0 0
0 0
C 00
0
C, 0
t 0
000 0
,) 0
U C 0 0 C
G t
1)00 C
J
00 0
(. 0
I
C- 0
I 0
j no
L. (i 0 C 0
0 (>
0-
0
A XX XX XX
>AXM IX XAXXX>XX>X X X
i. o. f i.. i. :. i
J.I t.t 1. »• '.1 t.,'. ', .1
' tl l: ;
7. H f .
-------
£n(ug/m3)
10 •
r(all) = -.04 (N=45)
r(meas) = -.14 (N=18)
6 •
i
h !
M !
r •
• 5 «
T I
H !
1 •
0 «
X X • X X
x xx
i -»i !••• DUT:oo(-
£n(Mg/m3)
Figure 62. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - New Jersey second season,
-------
£n(yg/m3)
!
!
!
!
•
!
i r(all) = .09 (N=63)
; ; r(meas) = .10 (N=37)
f i
s.r « •
! !
4.5 • !
! I
I ! ')
! !
I ! 0 0
K 3.5 « !
R I X !
E ! ! C
A ! X I
T 3.0 « '
HI ! u
V! ' '
! X ! C
.?.' « X !
! ! 0
! x u !
! X U ! 00
2.0 « ! U C
! 0 ! 0 0
! X X l. !
! ! r,0
N5
X G !
X '
! X >
0. •> « U ! X C
I i
! X ( ! AX X
! X ! X
O.n • « i
o.; .. i o.; i. ? i. L t. j ;. i, ;•,
lit T I'ti IDT jOCcv <• lh
Figure 63. Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey second season.
-------
I. J.b »
f< !
1 !
4 !
T 3.0 »
II <
I
i.b «
X
r(all) = .05 (N=61)
r(meas) = .01 (N=23)
• X 0
! 0
2.0 •
X »0
1.1 »
> X X
! X X f C
i
0 . t, f 0
' X»X I X X XXX'X
0. II « <• • A
3.1 c.. '.- p., u. i.. i.. i.-. i.f- i.' r. . :.- '.* r.f .-.• '. «,n(pg/m3)
Figure 64. m^p-Dichlorobenzene - New Jersey second season.
-------
£n(ug/m3)
ui
B
K
E
A
T
H
1
• 0
i
1
i
1
i
1
l.b «
! X
! 0
I
3.0 *
|
! (
!
i
2.5 • X
|
!
2.0 «
|
i
t X C
1.5 » X
! X
I
1 X
1
1.0 •
1
!
i
O.^i • X X
! x
! X
i
i
C. j « xx
0.<- r.2
r(meas) = -.35 (N=29)
c,
0
0 0
0
j r
C P
X 0
0
0 0
0 00
0
I
0
0 o r
0 0
n
X
X
A >
ixxxxxxxx x /
0.*» j.b 0.' l.n 1»> 1 . * l.( 1.6 t.C 2.1 ^.*i i:.t ^.i- i.o i.i .'.«• 3.K i.» *••'£!
i/»» T ii' OUT:,:;;F- t IK
Figure 65. Ethylbenzene - New Jersey second season.
-------
Ul
6.0 •
I
5.5 «
i
i
5.0 « 0
4.5 *
! *
{
i
1.0 «
1
1
! X
•"> 3 . *i «
ft ! X
C I
* !
T 3.0 «
H 1
;
i
2.E »
> X
2.0 » X
r x
! X
i
i
i
i
l.C •
! <
( }
i
i
i
' (
0.0 «
r(all) = -.13 (N=61)
r(meas) = -.22 (N=31)
t
r
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
c
0 0
0
0
000 0
0
0 <~ '
0
i, o u
c
c
0
1 X XXX
» * A K > A X XXX XXX XX
tl.t'
.b 0. 1
i . ^ 1.1 l.b X.t ?.U 2.2
t i»Tl»-i OUIDOCR » 1
.: «.n(yg/m3)
Figure 66. nvg-Xylene - New Jersey second season.
-------
£n(yg/m3)
! !
! >
! t
! I 0
! ! 0 00
! !
• • r(all) = .10 (N=52
5'b I !' c u r(meas) - -.18 (N=35)
i t
« «
! ! t
I ! 0
0 3.0 * ! 0 0
V ! !
[ I !
* • !
•j ! • c r,
II • r oo
fi 2 .5 » 000 0
H ! ! C
T • ! 0
! ! 0
0 ! !
U t ' Cl
I 2.0 » !
01 ! 0
OIK !
0 « ! 00 C
H ! '0
I * ! u
t l.b • I 0
I ! !
R ! '
! ! U
j i
i i
1.0* •
! ! 0
! ! X
! ! f. C
t i
t i
c.; « !
! ! X
! •
! X x r '
! * ! > X x
! ' X X X X X X
o.:. « '
-•--•-•• —~-«~*---~-——«-»_»-—*-.«'-~~_— -.-_. ...... ,._ ..._._»..„. _t... .___.. -*. -...-- ..-•..._...-....K.._4.-__....*4^..___...«...
o.i. ...'• i.-- ;.•- ... ..b s.j ;.t -.0 -..-, r..: '.- f... «.n(yg/m3)
OVi h M till I i Kifi'iiL - Ii.
Figure 67. 1,1,1-Trichloroethylene - New Jersey second season.
-------
£n(yg/m3)
0
V
r
N
I
ft
H
T
n
u
T
D
0
P
A
I
R
I
I
t
3.0 «
i
2.7 «
1
2.1 »
i
2.1 »
i
l.t «
I
1 . 'j « X
t
I
1.2 •
! X X
! X
O.r- •
> XX X
G.L »
i
i
! X
O.i « X
1
f
0*0 *
0.0 r . <•
t
r(all) = .40* (N=71)
I r(meas) = .21 (N=42)
1
1
1
• c
I
1
X !
i
• C
i C
1
U '. 3
i
! C
i
v! 0
! r o
r. ! o o u
i 0
c t o o c a
• C 0
.' 0
*
! 0
<0
< 0 0
! 0 0
! 0
X!
! C
0 t
! (
r !
! r
X ! X
i
i
' 0
» » .• X ! X X XX '
o.. 1.2 i., .-.u 2.1 :.» '.? '.t «." '•"
«.n(vig/m3)
OV- i- tllbnT HtK^CNAL - I-
Figure 68. Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey second season.
-------
Table 297. PERCENT MEASURABLE BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA -
NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromof orm
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Sample Size
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachlorcethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromof orm
Dibrcmochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzere
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Sample Size
High
23.5
84.5
0.00
63.4
87.0*
12.8
47.9
5.98
0.00
80.0
22.7
0.00
0.00
74.3
76.6*
5.33
78.2*
65.6
77.6
15-38
Breath
Moderate
31.8
63.8
0.44
73.4
56.3
6.97
36.5
2.39
0.00
_ __
76.6
14.1
0.00
0.00
69.7
65.8
3.10
67.2
71.6
73.4
29-44
Overnight Personal
High
7.23
56.9
0.30
83.9
75.5
16.5
53.4
7.04
0.00
62.7
1.50
0.00
0.00
80.3
88.3
20.4
89.6
98.6
98.6
40-41
Moderate
16.2
54.2
0.00
90.3
88.6
15.4
55.9
0.00
0.00
— __
88.4
18.1
0.00
0.00
86.3
97.7
35.6
95.3
95.6
95.6
45
Low
14.2
48.9
2.26
51.2
45.4
5.79
24.5
1.71
0.00
««_
69.4
14.9
0.00
0.00
49.0
50.4
6.76
52.4
46.2
58.9
37-62
Air
Low
6.05
47.1
4.88
79.6
80.2
14.6
65.9
4.45
0.00
___
83.9
20.4*
0.00
0.00
79.8
93.9
16.9
94.8
96.7
96.1
70
High
25.2
100.
0.00
62.4*
19.3
3.52
38.8
100.
100.
»__
37.1
0.00
3.52
___
0.00
0.00
— _ —
0.00
0.00
41
Water
Moderate
31.0
100.
1.90
53.8
32.3
13.4*
60.8
100.
100.
66.0*
0.00
12.5*
__ —
0.00
0.00
. — _
0.00
_— —
0.00
45-46
Daytime Personal
High
12.1
46.0
0.00
61.0
56.6
13.6
58.3
4.56
0.00
___
58.5
15.9
0.00
0.00
60.3
84.8
11.4*
81.5
91.9
91.9
34
Moderate
13.5
41.8
0.00
76.0
69.9
9.54
62.5
4.80
0.00
66.4
12.4
0.00
0.00
66.2
89.8
1.65
88.4
86.9
88.4
41-44
- ~ - - - - — -
Low
22.3
99.7
1.75
38.9
22.7
2.93
32.9
99.7
99.7
28.7
0.00
2.83
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
70
Air
Low
8.67
48.2
4.64
58.0
67.1
2.15
59.0
0.00
1.33
73.1
18.9
0.00
0.00
65.9
81.7
8.91
86.9
88.1
94.2
67-68
continued
548
-------
Table 297. (continued)
Overnight Outdoor
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachlorcethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromofonn
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xvlene
m,p-Xylene
Sample Size
High
4.96
41.4
0.65
84.5
91.8
23.1
48.0
0.00
0.00
55.4
24.9
0.00
0.00
23.1
69.0
5.36
88.5
88.5
88.3
10-18
Moderate
0.00
26.4
9.55
62.2
87.8
41.4
44.2
0.00
0.00
72.2
42.6
0.00
0.00
58.0
72.8
7.11
86.6
86.6
86.9
15-21
Air
Low
21.6*
31.7
20.6
80.0
96.6
56.2
67.0
0.00
0.00
68.2
46.2
0.00
0.00
59.2*
74.1
18.2
82.4
81.1
91.7
23-32
Daytime
Outdoor
High Moderate
8.97
43.5
0.00
86.2
68.8
30.7
30.0
0.00
0.00
67.6
24.6
0.00
0.00
57.0
48.3
15.0
82.6
82.6
88.4
10-18
7.75
29.4
0.00
68.3
59.6
23.3
30.9
0.00
0.00
68.1
20.7
0.00
0.00
31.6
29.5
0.00
76.9
76.9
75.2
14-19
Air
Low
8.44
34.9
9.51
70.8
77.2
40.2
58.0
0.75
0.75
___
79.2
40.2
0.00
0.00
48.8
50.4
8.63
81.8
85.0
88.8
23-31
* Percentages significantly different between proximity at .05 level (pairwise t-tests).
549
-------
ences with the low level highest. Daytime outdoor air had no signifi-
cant differences. However, caution should be used in interpreting the
outdoor air data due to small sample sizes.
Tables 298 through 312 give the arithmetic mean, arithmetic stand-
ard error, geometric mean, geometric standard error, median and range by
proximity to point source and media. Pairwise t-tests were done on the
arithmetic and geometric means. If any of the tests were significant
then an asterisk was placed by the largest. For breath only the geo-
metric mean for styrene showed a significant difference in level with
the moderate level highest. However, for seven of the eleven compounds
the low level had the largest maximum values. For overnight personal
air the arithmetic means for carbon tetrachloride, styrene and m,p-
dichlorobenzene and the geometric mean for styrene showed significant
differences. For styrene and m,p-dichlorobenzene, the low level had the
highest values while for carbon tetrachloride the moderate level had the
highest value. As with breath the highest maximum values for eight of
the eleven compounds were at the low level. For daytime personal air
there were no significant differences in the means. Again the low level
showed the highest maximum values for nine of the eleven compounds. For
overnight outdoor air arithmetic means for styrene, chlorobenzene and
m,p-dichlorobenzene and the geometric mean for styrene showed signifi-
cant differences. For the arithmetic mean of styrene the moderate level
was highest while for all others the low level was highest. For daytime
outdoor air no means tested significantly higher.
550
-------
Table 298. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA
- NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
BREATH - HIGH
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Compound __
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m^p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
mtp-Xylene
20,500
15-38
Arith. Arith. Geo.
Mean S.E. Mean
14.4
13.9
0.47
06
19
0.68
1.59
8.94
3.71
2.98
7.73
4.64
6.84
0.14
1.72
2.23
0.14
0.65
2.37
1.24
1.20
2.28
6.92
2.52
0.24
0.86
2.79
0.23
0.68
1.69
1.18
0.68
2.32
s./
Geo.
S.E.
2.39
1.66
1.30
1.49
1.55
1.19
1.31
1.44
1.74
2.16
1.72
Median
22.0
6.40
0.16
0.17
3.80
0.10
0.70
1.80
3.00
1.20
6.30
Range
0.07 -
0.08 -
0.08 -
0.08 -
0.05 -
0.02 -
0.03 -
0.05 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
23.0
63.0
4.10
110.
28.0
6.10
10.0
63.0
15.0
12.0
29.0
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
cj Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error
of weighted mean of LN(x).
* Arithmetic or geometric means significantly different between proximity
at .05 level (pairwise t-test).
551
-------
Table 299. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA
- NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
BREATH - MODERATE
Population Estimate: 38,500
Sample Size Range: 29-44
Compound
Chloroform
1 ,1 ,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachlorcethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
nvp_-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith
Mean
4.41
12.6
0.39
6.15
12.4
0.60
1.66
5.15
3.86
5.46
8.72
Arith.
Mean
4.41
12.6
0.39
6.15
12.4
0.60
1.66
5.15
3.86
5.46
8.72
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.99
1.33
0.07
1.67
4.94
0.20
0.42
1.51
1.09
2.08
2.60
y
Geo.
Mean
1.28
4.50
0.26
0.49
3.84
0.26
0.69*
1.21
0.88
1.11
1.67
sJ
Geo.
S.E.
1.51
1.43
1.18
1.56
1.26
1.28
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.39
1.41
Median
2.30
11.0
0.17
0.11
5.60
0.28
0.97
1.70
1.90
1.90
2.40
Range
0.06 -
0.11 -
0.09 -
0.07 -
0.22 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.04 -
0.03 -
0.02 -
0.03 -
38.0
71.0
2.80
93.0
330.
7.20
20.0
190.
30.0
59.0
81.0
£/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error
of weighted mean of LN(x).
* Arithmetic or geometric means significantly different between proximity
at .05 level (pairwise t-test).
552
-------
Table 300. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA
- NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
BREATH - LOW
Population Estimate: 50,500
Sample Size Range: 37-62
Arith.
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mean
5
17
0
5
10
0
1
6
5
6
12
.92
.0
.47
.16
.2
.57
.48
.07
.76
.48
.0
a
/
ArTth.
S.E
1.
8.
0.
1.
2.
0.
0.
1.
2.
2.
4.
b/
Geo.
Mean
87
85
18
96
91
16
43
74
14
49
19
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
.90
.73
.21
.38
.23
.18
.28
.81
.33
.41
.92
c/
Geo.
S.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
E.
.60
.70
.15
.41
.45
.25
.37
.27
.48
.45
.49
Median Range
0.58
2.04
0.16
0.14
3.40
0.10
0.21
0.81
0.91
0.08
1.60
0.08
0.07
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.03
- 38.0
- 900.
- 9.60
- 90.0
- 175.
7.70
- 57.0
- 74.0
- 120.
- 150.
- 240.
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
W Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error
of weighted mean of LN(x).
* Arithmetic or geometric means significantly different between proximity
at .05 level (pairwise t-test).
553
-------
Table 301. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTTGS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA
- NEW JEPSEY SECOND SEASON
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - HIGH
Population Estimate: 21,300
Sample Size Range: 40-41
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Tr j chloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
4.24
29.8
1.08
4.28
6.46
0.43
1.53
30.1
4.96
5.65
14.1
a/
Arith.
S.E.
1.70
10.3
0.10
1.55
0.80
0.15
0.09
7.96
0.62
0.97
2.34
b/
Ge^.
Mean
1.07
10.1
0.86
1.49
2.64
0.23
1.05
4.20
3.27
4.06
9.83
0.53
17.0
,20
,70
,70
1
2
5
0.21
1
2
4
4
40
30
50
80
11.0
Median Range
0.06
0.09
0.13
0.10
0.08
0.04
0.02
0.46
0.03
0.13
0.03
20.0
170.
2.00
15.0
34.0
1.69
5.70
270.
25.0
28.0
68.0
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error
of weighted mean of LN(x).
* Arithmetic or geometric means significantly different between proximity
at .05 level (pairwise t-test).
554
-------
Table 302. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AMD MEDIA
- NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - MODERATE
Population Estimate: 37,500
Sample Size Range: 40-45
Arith.
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mean
4
22
1
5
9
0
1
15
6
6
15
.40
.8
.49*
.22
.57
.67
.82
.0
.04
.55
.9
a/
Arith.
S.E.
1.44
3.08
0.13
1.74
1.45
0.10
0.17
3.23
0.70
0.78
2.44
b/
Geo.
Mean
1
12
1
1
5
0
1
6
4
4
11
.44
.8
.16
.88
.29
.42
.27
.30
.19
.85
.0
c/
Geo.
S.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
E.
.67
.29
.08
.29
.30
.19
.12
.18
.24
.22
.27
Median
2
14
1
2
5
0
1
6
5
6
15
.10
.0
.50
.30
.30
.39
.50
.70
.65
.20
.0
Range
0.06 -
0.09 -
0.13 -
0.09 -
0.07 -
0.04 -
0.02 -
0.46 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
18.5
86.0
6.50
59.0
98.0
5.20
9.10
300.
46.0
54.0
120.
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
c/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error
of weighted mean of LN(x).
* Arithmetic or geometric means significantly different between proximity
at .05 level (pairwise t-test).
555
-------
Table 303. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA
- NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - LOW
Population Estimate: 50,600
Sample Size Range: 70
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m_j_p_-D i ch 1 o r ob en z ene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
5.00
15.5
1.13
4.76
9.69
0.76
2.25*
81.3*
10.3
10.2
22.6
a/
Arith.
S.E.
1.44
5.14
0.13
0.91
1.61
0.22
0.28
47.6
3.47
2.38
4.04
y
Geo.
Mean
1.23
5.54
0.86
1.98
4.61
0.39
1.46*
4.76
4.71
5.37
12.5
£/
Geo.
S.E.
1.46
1.40
1.14
1.39
1.34
1.27
1.13
1.31
1.24
1.22
1.22
Median
0.81
8.20
1.20
3.00
6.10
0.41
1.30
2.80
4.90
5.10
13.0
Range
0.05 -
0.08 -
0.11 -
0.09 -
0.07 -
0.04 -
0.02 -
0.44 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
35.0
130.
7.20
34.0
50.0
6.60
10.0
1550
180.
100.
150.
£/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error
of weighted mean of LN(x).
* Arithmetic or geometric means significantly different between proximity
at .05 level (pairwise t-test).
556
-------
Table 304. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA
- NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
=:= r = s: =
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR - HIGH
Population Estimate: 19,600
Sample Size Range: 34
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
E thy Ib enz ene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
3.89
27.6
0.66
3.61
9.78
0.68
1.99
16.5
10.5
11.9
25.7
a/
Arith.
S.E.
1.45
19.6
0.15
0.70
4.54
0.29
0.85
7.26
6.82
7.18
14.3
b/
Geo.
Mean
0.86
4.10
0.55
1.67
2.59
0.33
1.06
3.42
3.35
4.54
10.1
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.57
1.53
1.23
1.17
1.60
1.51
1.65
1.59
1.88
1.62
1.69
Median
0.23
2.50
0.38
3.00
3.50
0.23
0.81
2.00
4.10
5.05
13.0
Range
0.09 -
0.08 -
0.11 -
0.11 -
0.19 -
0.05 -
0.03 -
0.08 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
24.0
360.
1.90
29.0
75.0
6.40
10.0
230.
100.
110.
210.
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
~cj Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error
of weighted mean of LN(x).
* Arithmetic or geometric means significantly different between proximity
at .05 level (pairwise t-test).
557
-------
Table 305. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA
- NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR - MODERATE
Population Estimate: 37,800
Sample Size Range: 41-44
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith
Mean
3.89
40.4
0.68
8.27
13.4
0.57
1.87
8.51
6.40
7.51
16.7
Arith.
Mean
3.89
40.4
0.68
8.27
13.4
0.57
1.87
8.51
6.40
7.51
16.7
*J
Arith.
S.E.
1.21
16.9
0.08
3.56
3.90
0.11
0.27
1.82
1.20
1.51
3.38
V
Geo.
Mean
0.91
8.31
0.53
2.66
4.06
0.30
1.08
3.06
3.09
3.61
6.63
sJ
Geo.
S.E.
1.18
1.50
1.07
1.81
1.60
1.11
1.26
1.15
1.34
1.34
1.57
Median
0.80
13.0
0.42
3.10
5.05
0.23
1.25
3.10
5.50
5.90
14.0
Range
0.12 -
0.09 -
0.15 -
0.12 -
0.10 -
0.05 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
29.0
300.
2.90
57.0
61.0
2.80
10.0
270.
67.0
43.5
100.
£/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
F/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
c/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error
of weighted mean of LN(x).
* Arithmetic or geometric means significantly different between proximity
at .05 level (pairwise t-test).
558
-------
Table 306. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA
- NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
DAYTIME PERSONAL ATR - LOW
Population Estimate: 52,100
Sample Size Range: 67-68
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
3.87
409.
0.65
9.15
13.0
0.63
2.46
94.2
13.6
23.3
94.0
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.60
407.
0.05
2.99
2.07
0.12
0.69
72.7
5.32
9.81
48.7
b/
Geo.
Mean
1.01
3.80
0.49
2.29
4.88
0.35
1.09
3.42
3.17
3.98
9.37
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.28
1.44
1.11
1.23
1.24
1.21
1.19
1.26
1.25
1.22
1.24
Median
0.75
5.50
0.38
2.40
6.40
0.31
1.31
2.00
4.70
4.50
12.0
Range
0.06 -
0.08 -
0.13 -
0.09 -
0.07 -
0.04 -
0.02 -
0.18 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
140.
49,000
7.10
120.
240.
4.80
150.
2,600
579.
1,800
10,000
£/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error
of weighted mean of LN(x).
* Arithmetic or geometric means significantly different between proximity
at .05 level (pairwise t-test).
559
-------
Table 307. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA
- NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - HIGH
Population Estimate: 27,300
Sample Size Range: 10-18
a/
Compound
Arith. Arith. Geo.
Mean S.E. Mean
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1 -Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
22.1
12.7
0.94
5.30
2.71
0.41
0.24
1.30
2.12
2.53
7.18
8.21
4.04
0.13
3.00
1.15
0.14
0.10
0.15
0.85
0.70
2.23
1.11
5.41
0.69
0.89
0.93
0.16
0.10
0.98
1.01
1.46
3.31
£/
Geo.
S.E.
2.34
1.35
1.15
2.06
1.52
1.40
1.44
1.21
1.54
1.36
1.52
Median
0.09
6.90
0.61
0.69
1.80
0.13
0.10
1.20
1.50
2.30
7.80
Range
0.06 -
0.10 -
0.10 -
0.10 -
0.05 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.22 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
130.
51.0
3.20
27.0
18.0
2.70
1.20
2.70
7.30
6.70
22.0
aj Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
F/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
c/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error
of weighted mean of LN(x).
* Arithmetic or geometric means significantly different between proximity
at .05 level (pairwise t-test).
560
-------
Table 308. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA
- NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - MODERATE
Population Estimate: 33,300
Sample Size Range: 15-21
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
7.46
7.84
0.94
4.72
3.36
0.50
0.76*
1.02
2.77
3.51
9.36
a/
Arith.
S.E.
4.62
2.46
0.29
2.69
1.25
0.13
0.29
0.03
0.31
0.38
1.06
b/
Geo.
Mean
0.32
1.71
0.49
0.52
0.94
0.25
0.30
0.77
1.37
1.67
4.15
£/
Geo.
S.E.
1.91
2.54
1.63
1.78
1.61
1.54
1.45
1.13
1.58
1.65
1.78
Median Range
0.08 0.05 - 89.0
4.70 0.07 - 46.5
0.47 0.08 - 5.40
0.46 0.07 - 61.0
1.10 0.04 - 22.0
0.40 0.02 - 2.89
0.46 0.02 - 7.50
1.00 0.21 - 6.60
2.50 0.02 - 7.40
3.40 0.02 - 8.10
10.0 0.02 - 20.5
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
~cl Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error
of weighted mean of LN(x).
* Arithmetic or geometric means significantly different between proximity
at .05 level (pairwise t-test).
561
-------
Table 309. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA
- NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - LOW
Population Estimate: 48,900
Sample Size Range: 23-32
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
12.9
11.4
1.20
11.2
5.12
1.15*
0.68
1.68*
4.76
5.92
14.9
a/
Arith.
S.E.
5.73
3.36
0.22
3.73
1.32
0.31
0.11
0.28
1.18
1.58
3.50
b/
Geo.
Mean
0.49
3.47
0.77
1.87
1.81
0.43
0.40*
1.26
2.13
2.42
6.61
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.97
1.54
1.23
1.66
1.55
1.34
1.32
1.22
1.52
1.57
1.57
Median
0.08
4.20
0.69
2.80
4.00
0.46
0.56
1.43
3.10
4.10
15.0
Range
0.06 -
0.07 -
0.08 -
0.06 -
0.05 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.09 -
0.03 -
0.02 -
0.03 -
98.0
46.0
4.80
44.0
26.0
6.30
11.0
7.60
28.0
31.0
65.0
a./ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error
of weighted mean of LN(x).
* Arithmetic or geometric means significantly different between proximity
at .05 level (pairwise t-test).
562
-------
Table 310. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA
- NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR - HIGH
Population Estimate: 28,200
Sample Size Range: 10-18
Compound
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m_, p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
16.7
14.6
1.07
4.96
5.58
0.52
0.87
1.65
3.63
3.08
9.95
a/
Arith.
S.E.
12.4
4.15
0.20
3.25
1.77
0.07
0.34
0.55
1.18
0.79
2.29
y
Geo.
Mean
1.03
7.16
0.71
0.54
1.65
0.25
0.35
0.79
1.23
1.30
4.27
£/
Geo.
S.E.
1.93
1.32
1.21
2.15
1.49
1.13
1.54
1.46
1.16
1.08
1.19
Median
0.14
13.0
0.69
0.16
3.40
0.18
0.62
1.19
1.60
1.40
5.90
Range
0.09 -
0.14 -
0.14 -
0.11 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
0.02 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
95.0
45.0
4.30
30.0
19.0
4.60
6.30
13.0
39.0
19.0
47.0
e_l Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
cj Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error
of weighted mean of LN(x).
* Arithmetic or geometric means significantly different between proximity
at .05 level (pairwise t-test).
563
-------
Table 311. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TO POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA
- NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
DAYTIKE OUTDOOR AIR - MODERATE
Population Estimate: 30,600
Sample Size Range: 14-19
Arith.
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tr ichloroethyl ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
in,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xyler.e
Mean
15
14
0
8
10
0
0
0
2
2
6
.1
.1
.79
.08
.9
.72
.84
.94
.39
.42
.98
a/
Arith.
S.E.
8.72
8.89
0.23
6.33
7.65
0.37
0.57
0.17
0.98
1.00
2.70
b/
Geo.
Mean
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
.66
.50
.53
.65
.42
.24
.26
.70
.85
.88
.92
c/
Geo.
S.
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
E.
.61
.44
.41
.41
.76
.74
.75
.15
.55
.53
.70
Median
0
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
5
.13
.10
.75
.16
.90
.16
.18
.84
.90
.70
.30
Range
0.07 -
0.12 -
0.12 -
0.08 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
97.0
76.0
2.00
79.0
95.0
4.30
4.90
5.90
16.0
13.0
34.0
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
c/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error
of weighted mean of LN(x).
* Arithmetic or geometric means significantly different between proximity
at .05 level (pairwise t-test).
564
-------
Table 312. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY PROXIMITY TC POINT SOURCE AND MEDIA
- NEW JERSEY SECOND SEASON
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR - LOW
Population Estimate: 50,700
Sample Size Range: 23-31
Compound
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trd chloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
12.6
14.3
1.13
9.24
8.65
1.05
0.71
1.26
3.00
3.15
8.72
a/
Arith.
S.E.
7.49
5.19
0.33
4.49
3.52
0.5C
0.29
0.49
0.50
0.67
1.75
y
Geo.
Mean
0.53
3.19
0.72
1.21
2.80
0.39
0.31
0.66
1.45
1.52
3.89
£/
Geo.
S.E.
1.67
2.12
1.34
1.61
1.68
1.39
1.46
1.37
1.44
1.46
1.49
Median
0.12
7.20
0.75
1.10
4.40
0.44
0.42
0.94
2.80
2.30
5.80
0.07
0.09
0.12
0.09
0.07
0.03
0.02
0.08
0.03
0.03
0.03
- 230.
- 78.0
- 5.10
- 106.
- 74.0
- 11.7
- 4.00
- 6.85
- 8.55
- 13.6
- 36.0
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
c7 Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error
of weighted mean of LN(x).
* Arithmetic or geometric means significantly different between proximity
at .05 level (pairwise t-test).
565
-------
THIRD SEASON
The third and final TEAM sample for Bayonne and Elizabeth, New
Jersey, was conducted in January and February of 1983 when 49 people
were studied. The group consisted of a subsample of the individuals who
participated in the study during the first two seasons and represented a
population of approximately 94,000. The following tables are an analy-
sis of information obtained in the third season study.
To gain insight into possible sources of exposure to the compounds,
the 24-hour exposure and activity screener was again administered at the
end of the 24-hour study period. Table 313 gives a summary of the
responses to the screener. As before, smoke and tobacco, service
stations, odorous chemicals and cleaning solutions accounted for the
most sources of potential exposure.
Table 314 shows the sample size ranges for Bayonne and Elizabeth
for each media for the third season. Fixed outdoor sites were not set
up at each home but only at one home per sample segment. Due to the
small number of outdoor fixed air sites, no by city analyses were done
for this media.
Tables 315 through 319 give the minimum and maximum quantifiable
limits, the ratio of maximum quantifiable limit to minimum quantifiable
limit, percent above the maximum quantifiable limit, and percent measur-
able for breath and the airs. Generally there were no large differences
between the minimum and maximum quantifiable limits as reflected in the
ratio of max QL to min QL. Some exceptions were 1,2-dichloroethane and
chlorobenzene for overnight personal air and 1,1,1-trichloroethane for
daytime personal air. However, some compounds with moderate ratios such
as styrene for breath and bromodichloromethane for overnight personal
air showed relatively large differences between percent above the
maximum quantifiable limit and the percent measurable. In general, the
ratios were smaller than for first and second seasons. The quantifiable
limits for water (see Table 320) were constant for each compound.
Percent Measurable
Table 321 shows the weighted percentage of compound concentrations
measurable by media and compound. Overall, the patterns for breath and
the airs were somewhat similar while the pattern for water was different.
Generally, the percentages for personal air were the same or higher than
566
-------
NOTES TO TABLES 313 TO 359
1. The terms daytime outdoor air and overnight outdoor air refer to
samples collected during the day and during the night from fixed
sites outside the participants' homes.
2. Toluene was not measured in breath, air or water samples. Dibro-
mochloropropane, o-dichlorobenzene, and j>-xylene were not measured
in water.
3. Sample size indicates the number of individual samples. The
minimum and maximum sample sizes indicate that not all compounds
always had a value for every individual sampled.
4. Duplicate measurements were averaged before the percentages were
computed.
5. Percentages in the tables are population estimates (i.e., they are
weighted statistics). The estimated population is for persons
living in Bayonne or Elizabeth excluding those on military reserva-
tions or living in group quarters, people under seven years of age,
the mentally or physically incompetent (including many people over
65), and those who changed key categories (i.e., whose who went
from smoker to non-smoker, changed occupational exposure status,
etc.).
6. Measurable is defined as above the quantifiable limits. All
concentration data is considered significant to two figures.
7. Approximate population sizes vary due to differences in sample
sizes.
8. New Jersey third season was January and February of 1983.
9. To calculate an estimate of a 95% confidence interval for the
geometric mean, the upper limit would be (geo. mean) x (geo. s.e.)2
and the lower limit would be (geo. mean) T (geo. s.e.)2, where geo.
mean is the geometric mean and geo. s.e. is the geometric standard
error. To obtain a more accurate estimate, use 1.96 instead of 2.
567
-------
Table 313. 24-HOUR EXPOSURE AND ACTIVITY SCREENER -
NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
1. Have you pumped your owr gas in the past 24 hours? Yes 1
No 48
2. Have you been to & dry cleaning establishment in Yes 1
the past 24 hours? No 48
3. Have you done your own dry cleaning in the past 24 Yes 0
hours? No 49
4. Have you used tobacco in any form in the past 24 Yes 26
hours? No 23
Which of the following forms of tobacco
did you use?
cigarettes 25
cigars 1
snuff
chewing tobacco
pipe
5. Have you remained in close contact with smokers for Yes 29
extended periods? No 20
6. Have you used or worked with insecticides, pesti- Yes 1
cides, or herbicides in any way including farming, No 48
gardening, and extermination in the past 24 hours?
8. Have you been swimming in the past 24 hours? Yes 0
No 49
9. Have you worked any any of the following occupations or been in any
of the following businesses during the past week?
Past Fast
Week 24 Hrs
Painting 6 3
Dry cleaning 7 1
Chemical plant 5 2
Petroleum plant 4 1
Service station/garage/engine repair 25 11
Furniture refinishing or repair 1 1
Plastics manufacture or formation 1 1
Textile mill 0 0
Wood processing plant 3 2
Printing 1 1
Scientific laboratory 5 5
Dye plant 0 0
Hospital 7 3
Metal work/smelter 3 2
None 10 7
continued
568
-------
Table 313 (continued)
10. Have you been exposed to any of the following during the past week?
Past Past
Week 24 Hrs
Solvents 12 6
Odorous chemicals 25 13
Toxic or hazardous chemicals 4 1
High dust or particulate levels 14 8
Auto/truck exhausts 11 6
Cleaning solutions 22 10
Degreasing compounds 5 4
Other 6 4
Table 314. DATA AVAILABLE FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS BY MEDIA
NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Sample Size Ranges
Media Bavonne Elizabeth Combined
Breath 22 27 49
Overnight Personal Air 22 27 49
Daytime Personal Air 21 26 47
Overnight Fixed Site Outdoor Air 549
Daytime Fixed Site Outdoor Air 448
Water 22 27 49
a/ For 20 volatile organics.
569
-------
Table 315. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOF BREATH SAMPLES (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
O
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Tr ichl oroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene b/
TetracbJ oroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Minimum
Quantifiable
Limit
6.60
0.39
0.60
1.40
0.31
0.96
0.40
0.78
1.16
_____
£/
0.20
0.96
0.96
0.20
0.21
0.15 c/
W
r 1
W
C/
_ JW
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
9.60
0.64
0.96
2.20
0.31
1.56
0.96
1.24
1.88
— — —
0.31
1.56
1.56
0.31
0.28
0.31
___•_
Max QL
Min QL
1.45
1.64
1.60
1.57
1.00
1.63
2.39
1.59
1.62
~-_~~ _
1.55
1.63
1.63
1.55
1.33
2.06
____
Percent
Above a/
Max QL
94.9
17.8
0.00
50.8
99.8
0.00
18.6
0.00
0.00
15.8
0.00
0.00
29.7
91.2
0.60
Percent
Measurable
94.9
24.8
0.00
62.. 6
99.8
0.00
34.2
0.32
0.00
100.
28.7
0.00
0.00
63.0
91.2
1 .72
100.
100.
100.
aj The percentage of concentrations above the maximum quantifiable limit.
b/ Toluene was not measured.
c/ 100% measurable.
-------
Table 316. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES (pg/m3)
NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Ln
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene b_/
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoforni
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
(>-Xylene
mtp-Xylene
Minimum
Quantifiable
Limit
8.44
0.36
0.33
0.55
0.20
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.60
0.87
0.19
0.76
0.76
0.35
0.35
0.19 ,
c/
w
£/
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
17.2
0.38
1.66
0.61
0.20
1.15
0.92
1.82
1.48
1.10
0.90
1.24
2.94
0.48
0.35
0.50
Max QL
Min QL
2.04
1.06
5.08
1.11
1.00
2.22
1.64
3.03
2.47
1.26
4.74
1.63
3.87
1.37
1.00
2.60
— _— _
- ~. —
a/
Percent
Above
Max QL
2.63
82.0
5.17
92.3
97.0
22.9
76.9
0.74
0.00
91.5
0.37
0.00
0.00
80.9
89.7
12.6
___ _
Percent
Measurable
2.63
82.0
18.0
92.3
97.0
25.6
78.7
23.9
0.00
92.0
23.0
0.00
0.00
88.3
89.7
20.4
100.
100.
100.
£/ Percent of compound concentrations above maximum quantifiable limit.
b_/ Toluene was not measured.
c/ 100% measurable.
-------
Table 317. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES (ug/m3)
NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Virylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
TrichJ oroethylene
Brcmodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene b/
Tetrachloroethylene
Chiorobenzene
Bromoform
D ibromochloropropane
Styrene
m.p-Dichlorobenzene
-------
Table 318. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR SAMPLES (yg/m3)
NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Ul
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene b_/
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromoch]oropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
_•=• r c =• s. t
Ml n imum
Quantifiable
Limit
Lde 4.40
0.22
le 0.48
:hane 1.10 ,
—1
ride 0.58
> 0.48
lane 0.60
lane 0.92
me 0.31
0.16
0.76
jane 0.76 ,
c/
c/
;ne —
; 0.15 ,
c"/
— — — — "*" /
c/
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
5.00
0.44
0.76
1.30
1.28
0.77
1.04
1.52
0.32
0.26
1.28
1.28
0.26
____
Max QL
Min QL
1.14
2.00
1.58
1.18
2.20
1.60
1.73
1.65
1.04
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.73
__ —
a/
Percent
Above
Max QL
1.29
4.49
0.00
54.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
81.6
3.97
0.00
0.00
33.6
Percent
Measurable
1.29
4.49
0.00
54.0
100.
0.00
19.1
0.00
0.00
81.6
21.2
0.00
0.00
100.
100.
33.6
100.
100.
100.
aj Percent of compound concentrations above maximum quantifiable limit,
b_/ Toluene was not measured.
c/ 100% measurable.
-------
Table 319. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR SAMPLES (yg/m3)
NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene b_/
Tetrachloroethylene
Ch.1orobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
• i .t
ci-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Minimum
Quantifiable
Limit
Lde 5.60
0.32
le 0.48
:hane 1.10 ,
r /
-ide 0.81
> 0.41
lane 0.64
lane 0.96
:::: £>
0.14
0.80
jane 0.80
0.20
;ne 0.20
j 0.14 ,
_____
C/
c/
Maximum
Quantifiable
Limit
6.00
0.68
1.00
2.40
1.70
1.00
1.36
2.04
~"
0.34
1.68
1.68
0.20
0.29
0.34
__ —
—
Max QL
Min QL
1.07
2.10
2.08
2.18
2.10
2.43
2.13
2.13
"II
2.51
2.10
2.10
1.00
1.45
2.51
__ —
a/
Percent
Above
Max QL
1.29
31.4
0.00
33.7
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
::::
0.00
0.00
0.00
86.2
52.9
0.00
Percent
Measurable
1.29
33.7
0.00
33.7
100.
0.00
32.7
0.00
0.00
100.
32.7
0.00
0.00
86.2
52.9
1.29
100.
100.
100.
a_l Percent of compound concentrations above maximum quantifiable limit,
b_/ Toluene was not measured.
c/ 100% measurable.
-------
Table 320. SUMMARY OF QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR WATER SAMPLES (ng/mL)
NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Quantifiable Percent
Limits aj Measurable
Vinylidene Chloride 0.05 , 43.5
Chloroform 100.
1,2-Dichloroethane 0.50 0.52
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.05 49.5
Benzene 0.50 0.00
Carbon Tetrachloride 0.05 18.0
Trichloroethylene 0.05 , 47.8
Bromodichloromethane 100.
Dibromochloromethane 0.10 , , 92.6
Toluene '
Tetrachloroethylene 0.05 49.0
Chlorobenzene 0.10 0.52
Bromoform 0.50 b/ 3.38
Dichlorochloropropane
Styrene 0.50 0.00
m,p-Dichlorobenzene 0.10 , , 3.39
cv-Dichlorobenzene —
Ethylbenzene 0.50 fe, 0.00
_p_-Xyletie
nvp-Xylene 0.50 0.00
aj Quantifiable limits were constant for each compound.
b_/ Was not measured.
c/ 100% measurable.
575
-------
Table 321. WEIGHTED PERCENT MEASURABLE - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Estimated Population Size: 94,044
Sample Size: 49
Vinyliclene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dich]oroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylerie
Bromod ichlorotnethane
Dibromochlorome thane
Toluene
Tetrachl oroethy lene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoforni
Dibromoch] 01 opropane
Styrene
m)p-DJch]orobenzene
j3-Dich] orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
nvp-Xylene
Breath
94.9
24.8
0.00
62.6
99.8
0.00
34.2
0.32
0.00
100.
28.7
0.00
0.00
63.0
91.2
1.72
100.
100.
100.
49
Overnight
Personal
Air
2.63
82.0
18.0
92.3
97.0
25.6
78.7 *
23.9
0.00
92.0
23.0
0.00
0.00
88.3
89.7
20.4
100.
100.
100.
47
Daytime
Personal
Air
9.25
91.9
22.4
99.1
100.
18.9
61.7
7.52
0.00
92.6
5.80
0.88
1.09
91.3
90.8
19.4
100.
100.
100.
9
Overnight
Outdoor
Air
1.29
4.49
0.00
54.0
100.
0.00
19.1
0.00
0.00
81.6
21.2
0.00
0.00
100.
100.
33.6
100.
100.
100.
8
Daytime
Outdoor
Air
1.29
33.7
0.00
33.7
100.
0.00
32.7
0.00
0.00
100.
32.7
0.00
0.00
86.2
52.9
1.29
100.
100.
100.
49
"Water
43.5
100.
0.52
49.5
0.00
18.0
47.8
100.
92.6
49.0
0.52
3.38
0.00
3.39
0.00
0.00
* T-test for difference in percent measurable between overnight and daytime significant at .05
level.
-------
those for breath or outdoor air. One notable exception was vinylidene
chloride which showed a very high percentage for breath and low percent-
ages for the airs. Compounds showing high percentages were benzene,
tetrachloroethylene, styrene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, £-
xylene, and m,p-xylene for breath and the airs and chloroform, bromo-
dichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane for water. Tables 322 and 323
present a summary of compounds and their frequency of appearance for
breath and the airs and for water, respectively.
Table 324 shows the percent measurable by media by city. Due to
small sample sizes the percent measurable by city for outdoor air is not
shown. Significant differences between the two cities were found for
chloroform in overnight personal air and for 1,2-dichloroethane in
daytime personal air. In both cases Bayonne had the higher percentage.
However for water Elizabeth was significantly higher for vinylidene
chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethy-
lene. Generally in those compounds where there was a difference in
percent measurable Bayonne was higher for breath and personal air while
Elizabeth tended to show higher percentages in water.
Summary Statistics
Tables 325 through 330 give weighted summary statistics by media
for ubiquitous and often present compounds (see Tables 322 and 323).
Due to the small sample sizes for outdoor air, care should be used in
interpreting the data. Summary statistics given are median quantifiable
limit, arithmetic mean, arithmetic standard error, geometric mean,
geometric standard error, median, percentiles, and range. The standard
error given with the geometric mean is not a measure of the precision of
the mean but is to be used to easily construct confidence intervals.
Generally the arithmetic mean was larger than the geometric mean and
median indicating the presents of relatively large maximum values. For
breath (see Table 325) tetrachloroethylene had relatively high summary
statistics. In addition, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene
had relatively large ranges. For overnight personal air (see Table 326)
1,1,1-trichloroethane, m,p-dichlorobenzene and m,p-xylene had relatively
high arithmetic means. 1,1,1-trichloroethane and m,p-xylene had higher
geometric means and medians while m,_p_-dichlorobenzene had by far the
highest maximum value. For daytime personal air (see Table 327) 1,1,1-
577
-------
Table 322. TARGET COMPOUNDS SORTED BY PERCENT MEASURABLE IN BREATH
AND AIR SAMPLES - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Range of %
Measurable
Ubiquitous Compounds
Tetrachloroethylene 82 - 100
Styrene 62 - 91
n^p-Dichlorobenzene 53 - 100
Ethylbenzene 100
o-Xylene 100
m,p-Xylene 100
Benzene 97 - 100
Often Present
Chloroform"* 4-92
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 33 - 99
Trichloroethylene 19 - 79
Occasionally Found
Vinylidere Chloride 1 - 95
1,2-Dichloroethane 0-22
Carbon Tetrachloride 0-26
Bromodichloromethane 0 - 24
Chlorobenzene 6 - 33
Bromoform 0 - 1
Dibromochloropropane 0 - 1
o-Dichlorobenzene 1-34
Never Found
Dibromochloromethane
578
-------
Table 323. TARGET COMPOUNDS SORTED BY PERCENT MEASURABLE IN WATER
SAMPLES - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Ubiquitous Compounds
Chloroform"
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
% Measurable
100
100
93
Often Present
Vinylidene Chloride
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
43
50
48
49
Occasionally Found
1,2-Dichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Bromoform
Chlorobenzene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
1
18
3
1
3
Never Found
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
nvp-Xylene
0
0
0
: r t z. rr r :
579
-------
Table 324. WEIGHTED PERCENT MEASURABLE BY SITE - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Estimated Population Sizes: Bayonne - 48,503
Elizabeth - 45,541
00
O
Sample Size
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethyleiie
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
ChJ orobenzene
Rromoform
Dibrcmochloropropane
Styrene
rn^p-DJchlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
tv-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath
Bayonne
22
97.6
33.7
0.00
61.6
0.00
26.7
0.00
0.00
100.
31.2
0.00
0.00
76.3
98.1
2.70
100.
100.
100.
Elizabeth
27 ""
92.1
15.2
0.00
63.8
0.00
42.2
0.67
0.00
,1
100.
26.
0.00
0.00
48.8
83.8
0.67
100.
100.
100.
Overnight
Personal Air
Bayonne
22
0.00
100. *
30.6
100.
26.8
96.0
39.0
0.00
98.6
22.5
0.00
0.00
98.6
86.4
21.3
100.
100.
100.
Elizabeth
27
5.43
62.9
4.44
84.2
24.4
60.2
7.92
0.00
84.8
23.5
0.00
0.00
77.2
93.3
19.4
100.
100.
100.
Daytime
Personal Air
Bayonne
21
0.90
98.5
41.3 *
99.2
26.3
66.6
14.3
0.00
86.4
4.61
0.00
2.11
97.4
99.3
19.6
100.
100.
100.
Elizabeth
26
18.2
84.8
2.30
99.0
10.9
56.4
0.34
0.00
99.3
7.07
1.82
0.00
84.8
81.7
19.3
100.
100.
100.
Water
Bayonne
22
13.6
100.
1.02
24.8
0.00
12.1
1.02
100.
85.7
1.02
1.02
0.00
0.00
0.72
0.00
0.00
Elizabeth
27
75.4 *
100.
0.00
75.7 *
0.00
24.2
97.7 *
100.
100.
100. *
0.00
6.98
O.O'O
6.23
0.00
0.00
T-test for difference between cities significant at .05 level,
-------
Table 325. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR BREATH (ug/m3) NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Sample Size = 49
Ch] orof orm
1 ,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
oo Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
a/
Mid. Arith.
Q.L. Mean
0.48 0.34
1.60 4.01
0.64 0.55
e/ 10.6
0.23 0.67
0.28 6.25
e/ 2.14
e/ 1.63
el 4.70
a/ Mid Q.I.. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith.
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
e/ 100% measurable.
Mean
Standard Error -
b/
Arith.
S.
0.
0.
0.
2.
0.
2.
0.
0.
1.
Mean
Exp(s)
E.
11
88
12
66
20
14
55
34
05
where
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.16
1.92
0.26
5.94
0.35
1.81
1.41
1 .17
3.40
sis
d/
Arith.
S.E.
1.26
1.23
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.37
1.18
1.16
1.16
Percentiles
Median
0.07
2.30
0.12
4.50
0.24
1.20
1.30
0.98
3.00
the standard error
75th
0.35
4.10
0.82
11.0
0.43
8.20
1.80
1.60
4.20
90th
0.67
9.80
1.80
27.0
2.00
17.0
3.85
2.70
8.10
of the weighted
95th
1.90
11.0
1.80
45.0
3.50
43.0
11.0
6.90
21.0
mean of LN(x)
Range
0.05 -
0.19 -
0.08 -
1.20 -
0.13 -
0.13 -
0.36 -
0.31 -
0.85 -
•
3.60
300.
5.50
170.
6.60
43.0
24.0
25.0
53.0
-------
Table 326. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR (ug/m3) - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
0.38
0.61
0.68
0.87
0.35
0.35
— —
Arith.
Mean
4.01
31.1
3.05
13.3
2.16
53.6
e/ 11.1
e/ 9.83
e/ 29.2
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.96
7.96
0.89
4.84
0.52
25.4
2.15
1.55
5.31
c/
Geo.
Mean
1.96
14.4
1.34
6.38
1.25
5.51
6.31
6.56
18.7
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.39
1.48
1.39
1.44
1.23
1.61
1.32
1.28
1.32
Median
2.20
17.5
1.50
6.60
1.30
4.20
5.30
6.00
19.0
75th
6.15
38.0
3.20
20.0
2.80
12.0
20.0
16.0
57.0
Percent!
90th
12.0
86.0
5.40
36.0
4.50
140.
27.0
22.0
63.0
les
95th
15.5
120.
7.10
72.0
11.0
220.
30.0
23.5
67.0
Range
0.23 -
0.34 -
0.07 -
0.54 -
0.22 -
0.22 -
0.37 -
0.47 -
1.10 -
15.5
200.
41.0
72.0
11.0
570.
32.0
27.0
67.0
Sample Size = 49
Chloroform
1,1,1-Tri chloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m>p-Xylene
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
~&l Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - Exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
£/ 100% measurable.
*^ T-test for difference in means between overnight and daytime significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 327. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR (pg/m3) - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Sample Size = 47
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Tri chloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethyl ene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
0.47
0.68
1.12
1.36
0.56
0.56
e
e
e
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
e/ 100% measurable.
* T-test for difference
Error of
Mean
Standard
in means
Arith,
Mean
4.02
65.8
6.30
41.7
2.62
92.8
/ 14.1
/ 16.8
/ 43.6
Limit
Arith.
Error -
between
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.89
22.7
2.42
17.8
0.47
30.7
3.34
3.97
9.55
Mean
Exp(s) where
£/
Geo.
Mean
2.25
21.0
2.07
8.65
1.67*
13.4
8.01
9.38*
24.5
s is the
overnight and daytime
d/
Geo.
Percentiles
S.E. Median
1.26 2.
1.38 26.
1.56 1.
1.60 9.
1.19 1.
1.53 5.
1.30 8.
1.31 9.
1.33 25.
20
0
65
70
70
80
20
90
0
standard error
significant
at
75th
4.40
41.0
7.10
20.5
3.70
150.
17.0
18.0
54.0
90th
10.0
75.0
15.0
164.
4.00
200.
26.0
38.0
100.
95th
16.6
310.
29.0
230.
5.40
320.
47.5
42.0
122.
of the weighted mean of LN
.05 level,
Range
0.07
0.09
0.14
0.17
0.34
0.27
0.95
1.10
2.60
(x).
- 40.0
- 8400
- 53.0
- 1800
- 130.
- 770.
- 310.
- 720.
- 1400
-------
Table 328. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR (pg/m3) -
NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Ln
00
Sample Size - 9
Chloroform
1 , ] , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethyl ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m ,p-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
a/
Mid. Arith
Q.L. Mean
0.33 0.09
1.16 1.35
0.48 0.25
0.32 1.86
e/ 0.64
e/ 1.20
e/ 3.40
e/ 3.08
e/ 8.46
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.05
0.45
0.11
0.71
0.12
0.65
0.59
0.52
1.44
£/
Geo.
Mean
0.05
0.74
0.14
0.85
0.55
0.58
2.97
2.71
7.42
I/
Geo.
S.E. Median
1.16 0.04
1.73 1.40
1.56 0.06
2.00 1.30
1.22 0.53
1.56 0.65
1.21 4.00
1.20 3.20
1.20 11.0
Percentile
75th
0.06
1.90
0.39
3.30
1.00
1.30
5.20
4.30
12.0
Range
0.04
0.15
0.06
0.04
0.24
0.16
1.40
1.30
3.60
-1.20
- 10.0
- 0.74
-5.20
- 1.00
-4.60
- 5.30
- 5.20
- 14.0
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
e/ 100% measurable.
* T-test for difference
Error of Arith.
Mean
Standard Error -
in means between
Kean
Exp(s) where
overnight and
s is the
daytime
standard error
significant at
of the weighted
.05 level.
mean of
LN(x).
-------
Table 329. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Sample Si?e = 8
Ch-1oroform
1 ,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
0.44
1.50
0.64
0.20
0.25
____
e/
e/
e/
e/
Arith.
Mean
0.43
2.04
0.45
7.58*
0.69
1.15
4.24
4.08*
10.3 *
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.28
0.74
0.17
1.80
0.13
0.72
0.64
0.75
1.47
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.17
1.35
0.29
6.00*
0.58
0.49
3.77
3.54*
9.22
Geo.
S.E.
2.08
1.67
1.77
1.32
1.30
1.75
1.22
1.24
1.20
Median
0.09
1.50
0.63
8.00
0.61
0.71
4.10
3.60
10.0
Percentile
75th
1.20
3.90
0.78
14.0
0.91
0.77
5.60
5.00
14.0
Range
0.04 -
0.18 -
0.06 -
1.30 -
0.13 -
0.13 -
1.20 -
1.10 -
3.10 -
1.20
11.0
0.97
14.0
1.10
3.80
6.30
6.70
20.5
a] Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d"/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - Exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
e/ 100% measurable.
*^ T-test for difference in means between overnight and daytime significant at .05 level.
Table 330. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR WATER (ng/mL) - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Sample Size = 49
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,1 ,1-Trichloroethane
Tr i chloroethy lene
Bromodichlorotnethane
Dibromochl oromethane
Tetrachl oroethylene
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
0.05
e/
0.05
0.05
e/
0.10
0.05
Arith.
Mean
0.20
17.2
0.21
0.38
5.40
1.38
0.39
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.07
1.76
0.05
0.09
0.72
0.13
0.09
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.08
13.8
0.09
0.11
4.39
1.11
0.11
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.35
1 .24
1.19
1.25
1.24
1.24
1.26
Percentiles
Median
0.03
16.0
0.03
0.03
5.80
1.55
0.03
75th
0.35
24.4
0.32
0.66
7.06
1.82
0.55
90th
0.72
26.4
0.76
1.25
8.34
1.99
1.31
95th
0.87
29.6
0.80
1.50
8.34
2.06
1.37
r = r r = = =- — ===
Range
0.03
0.75
0.03
0.03
0.35
0.06
0.03
- 0.91
- 32.7
- 1.64
- 3.45
- 16.1
- 3.02
- 4.97
a/ Mid Q.L." =" Median Quantiflab'lV Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - Exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
e/ 100% measurable.
-------
trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene and m,p-xylene
showed relatively high arithmetic means. 1 , 1 , 1-trichloroethane and
m,p-xylene had relatively high geometric means and medians. 1,1, 1-tri-
chloroethane, tetrachloroethylene and m,p-xylene showed relatively
higher maximum values while m,p-dichlorobenzene showed the highest
percent lie values. The maximum values for daytime personal air were
larger than those for overnight personal air. For overnight outdoor air
(see Table 328) ethylbenzene, £>-xylene, and m,p-xylene had the highest
values for arithmetic mean, geometric mean, median, and 75th percentile.
However, 1 ,1 , 1-trichloroethane and m,p-xylene exhibited the highest
maximum values. For daytime outdoor air (see Table 329) tetrachloro-
ethylene and m,p-xylene showed the highest summary statistics. Personal
air statistics were consistantly higher than those for outdoor air. For
water (see Table 330) chloroform and bromodichloromethane exhibited the
highest summary statistics.
Tables 331 through 334 give the summary statistics by city for
selected compounds for breath, the personal airs and water. In addi-
tion, results of testing arithmetic and geometric means between cities
are presented. For daytime and overnight personal airs the arithmetic
and geometric means for chloroform were significantly higher for Bayonne.
For water the arithmetic and geometric means for 1 , 1 , 1-trichloroethane,
trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene tested significantly higher
for Elizabeth. Generally, the means and medians for breath, overnight
personal air, and daytime personal air seemed higher for Bayonne while
the maximum values appeared higher for Elizabeth. For water, all
summary statistics were generally higher for Elizabeth.
Tables 335 through 338 summarize the relationship between Elizabeth
and Bayonne by giving their ratios for the arithmetic and geometric
means, the medians and maximum values. For overnight personal air the
values for Bayonne were generally higher as shown by the small ratios.
For breath and daytime personal air the values for the means and medians
were generally higher for Bayonne while the maximum values were general-
ly higher for Elizabeth. For water the summary statistics were general-
ly higher for Elizabeth.
Table 339 summarized a comparison of compound concentration levels
to median quantifiable limits by compound by city for breath, the
586
-------
Table 331. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR BREATH (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
BAYONNE
Sample Size: 22
Population Estimate: 48,
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
ELIZABETH
Sample Size: 27
Population Estimate: 45,
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethy] ene
Styrene
m,p-Dichl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
503
a/
Mid. Arith,
Q.L. Mean
0.40 0.43
1.50 2.34
0.60 0.33
e/ 11.8
0.22 0.74
0.22 8.87
el 2.63
e/ 1.73
£/ 5.42
541
0.52 0.24
1.75 5.78
0.76 0.78
e/ 9.26
0.28 0.60
0.28 3.45
e/ 1.61
e/ 1.52
e/ 3.93
b/
Arith.
S.
0.
0.
0.
3.
0.
4.
0.
0.
1.
0.
1.
0.
3.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
E.
20
57
09
33
30
37
92
56
77
06
99
19
99
26
07
34
34
72
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.18
1.78
0.20
8.69
0.34
2.74
1.54
1.15
3.56
0.14
2.07
0.34
3.96
0.35
1.16
1.29
1.20
3.23
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.45
1.32
1.27
1.38
1.40
1.73
1.29
1.24
1.27
1.33
1.37
1.49
1.30
1.47
1.45
1.19
1.23
1.16
Percentiles
Median
0.06
1.80
0.09
9.60
0.24
2.30
1.30
0.98
3.00
0.08
2.03
0.28
3.40
0.19
0.54
0.98
0.90
2.70
75th
0.67
3.20
0.62
11.0
0.29
13.0
1.70
1.60
4.20
0.35
9.65
1.35
4.70
0.66
8.20
1.80
2.30
3.90
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith.
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
e/ 100% measurable.
* T-test for difference
Mean
Standard Error -
in means between
Mean
Exp(s)
cities
where
sis the
significant at
standard error
.05
level.
90th
1.90
4.10
0.82
27.0
3.50
19.0
11.0
6.90
21.0
0.57
9.80
1.80
45.0
2.00
8.20
2.50
2.50
7.35
95th
1.90
4.10
0.82
27.0
3.50
43.0
11.0
6.90
21.0
0.64
12.0
2.40
57.0
2.00
15.0
3.85
2.70
8.10
Range
0.05 -
0.19 -
0.08 -
1.60 -
0.13 -
0.13 -
0.37 -
0.31 -
0.85 -
0.05 -
0.21 -
0.08 -
1.20 -
0.13 -
0.15 -
0.36 -
0.36 -
1.20 -
3.10
15.0
1.50
82.5
6.60
43.0
16.0
6.90
26.0
3.60
300.
5.50
170.
2.00
15.0
24.0
25.0
53.0
of the weighted mean of LN(x).
-------
Table 332. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Ul
00
oo
RAYONNE
Sample Size: 22
Population Estimate: 48,503
a/
Chloroform
1 ,1,1-TrJchloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tet ra chlor oethyl ene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
ELIZABETH
Sample Size: 27
Population Estimate: 45,
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichl oroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mid.
Q.L.
b/
Arith. Arith.
Mean
S.E.
e/ 5.87* 1.24
0.65
0.93
0.37
0.35
541
0.38
0.61
0.68
0.87
0.35
0.35
«_»«.
e/ 25.2
2.14
19.1
2.69
27.2
e/ 14.1
e/ 11.9
e_l 35.2
2.03
37.3
4.02
7.07
1.61
81.8
e/ 7.86
e/ 7.67
e/ 22.8
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith.
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
e/ 100% measurable.
* T-test for difference
Mean
Standard
in means
Error -
between
7.40
0.43
7.89
0.80
22.8
2.56
1.68
6.24
0.62
15.8
1.92
2.73
0.39
37.9
2.32
1.94
6.53
Mean
Exp(s) where
c/
Geo.
Mean
3.70*
18.9
1.70
11.4
1.60
3.51
8.77
8.73
25.5
1.00
10.8
1.04
3.42
0.97
8.89
4.44
4.84
13.4
s is the
cities significant at
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.27
1.38
1.21
1.54
1.22
1.98
1.26
1.19
1.23
1.48
1.94
1.81
1.46
1.33
1.81
1.52
1.48
1.54
standard
Percentiles
Median
2.50
17.5
1.50
8.60
1.55
2.30
6.95
5.95
20.0
0.88
22.0
0.98
2.70
0.92
8.90
4.90
6.00
17.0
error
75th
12.0
38.0
2.80
21.0
2.80
5.30
27.0
22.0
63.0
3.00
42.5
3.80
6.60
1.65
112.
12.0
12.1
37.0
90th
15.5
70.0
5.40
72.0
11.0
120.
30.0
23.5
67.0
4.60
120.
6.70
18.0
4.50
]40.
20.0
15.0
57.0
95th
15.5
70.0
5.40
72.0 v
11.0
220.
30.0
23.5
67.0
6.15
120.
29.5
38.0
4.50
570.
20.0
15.0
57.0
Range
0.54 -
2.40 -
0.07 -
0.58 -
0.23 -
0.22 -
0.37 -
0.47 -
1.10 -
0.23 -
0.34 -
0.09 -
0.54 -
0.22 -
0.22 -
0.79 -
0.89 -
2.30 -
15.5
70.0
7.70
72.0
11.0
220.
32.0
24.0
67.0
14.0
200.
41.0
38.0
8.60
570.
29.0
27.0
57.0
of the weighted mean of LN(x) .
.05 level.
-------
Table 333. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
BAYONNE
Sample Size: 21
Population Estimate: 48,503
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachl oroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xyler,e
m,p-Xylene
Ul
CO " ' "
^ ELIZABETH
Sample Size: 26
Population Estimate: 45,541
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Tri chloroethane
Tri chloroethylene
Tetrachl oroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
a/
Mid.
Q.L.
0.80
2.80
1.20
1.36
0.57
0.54
0.47
0.68
1.12
1.20
0.56
0.56
— — — —
Arith.
Mean
5.78*
34.2
6.62
54.8
2.51
65.1
e/ 15.7
e/ 15.8
e/ 45.7
2.14
99.5
5.96
27.7
2.75
122.
e/ 12.3
e/ 17.9
e_/ 41.3
b/
Arith.
S.E.
1.31
13.3
3.80
28.0
0.20
22.1
4.95
3.70
10.2
0.52
50.7
2.82
17.4
0.98
51.6
4.42
7.23
16.4
c/
Geo.
Mean
3.68*
22.8
2.52
13.7
2.01
19.0
10.6
11.8
32.9
1.33
19.2
1.68
5.31
1.36
9.20
5.92
7.39
17.9
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.27
1.62
1.91
2.25
1.10
1.78
1.18
1.14
1.15
1.32
1.50
1.73
1.31
1.34
1.88
1.62
1.65
1.69
Median
4.40
32.0
1.50
16.0
2.60
5.80
14.0
15.9
50.0
1.50
23.0
1.90
3.30
1.10
6.00
7.70
9.00
23.0
75th
7.40
44.0
7.10
24.0
3.80
150.
17.0
18.0
57.0
2.70
37.0
3.40
9.40
2.00
200.
12.7
12.5
35.0
Percentil
90th
16.6
75.0
29.0
164.
3.85
160.
47.5
42.0
122.
3.50
310.
11.0
20.5
5.40
320.
24.0
38.0
100.
.es
95th
16.6
75.0
29.0
230.
3.85
270.
47.5
42.0
122.
6.75
315.
40.0
86.0
5.40
770.
26.0
38.0
100.
Range
0.07 -
1.75 -
0.14 -
0.17 -
0.34 -
0.34 -
1.50 -
1.80 -
4.20 -
0.29 -
0.09 -
0.14 -
0.75 -
0.35 -
0.27 -
0.95 -
1.10 -
2.60 -
25.5
310.
29.0
230.
23.0
270.
47.5
42.0
122.
40.0
8400
53.0
1800
130.
770.
310.
720.
1400
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
c_f Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
&_/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - Exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
ej 100% measurable.
* T-test for difference in means between cities significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 334. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR WATEF (ng/mL) - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
BAYONNE
Sample Size: 22
Population Estimate: 48,503
a/
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichl oroethylene
Eromod i chl oromethane
D ibromochl or ome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
ELIZABETH
Sample Size: 27
Mid.
Q.L.
0.05
e/
0.05
0.05
e/
0.10
0.05
Arith.
Mean
0.14
19.7
0.04
0.03
5.93
1.35
0.03
b/
Arith
S.E.
0.12
3.26
0.00
0.00
1.34
0.20
0.00
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.05
13.6
0.04
0.03
4.20
0.98
0.03
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.62
1.51
1.03
1.00
1.50
1.48
1.00
Percentiles
Median
0.03
24.4
0.03
0.03
6.77
1.55
0.03
75th
0.03
26.4
0.03
0.03
8.11
1.61
0.03
90th
0.87
29.6
0.05
0.03
8.34
1.82
0.03
95th
0.87
29.6
0.07
0.03
8.53
1.82
0.03
Range
0.03 -
0.75 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.35 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
0.87
32. /
0.17
0.04
16.1
2.31
0.04
Population Estimate: 45,541
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Ti ichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichl oromethane
DibroiTiochl oromethane
Tetrachl oroethyl ene
0.05
e/
0.05
0.05
e/
e/
e/
0.25
14.6
0.40*
0.75*
4.83
1.42
0.76*
0.06
1.14
0.10
0.17
0.37
0.14
0.17
0.15
14.0
0.22*
0.40*
4.61
1.27
0.44*
1.31
1.09
1.37
1.37
1.09
1.12
1.31
0.27
14.5
0.35
0.66
5.07
1.47
0.66
0.40
16.8
0.60
1.06
5.82
1.99
1.31
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric
e/ 100% measurable.
* T-test for differences
Error of
Mean
0.56
19.4
0.80
1.50
6.47
2.06
1.37
0.72
21.9
1.25
2.30
6.87
2.61
2.72
0.03 -
8.15 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
2.87 -
0.59 -
0.04 -
0.91
26.0
1.64
3.45
8.05
3.02
4.97
Arith. Mean
Standard Error -
in means
between
Exp(s) where s is the
cities
significant at
standard error
.05
level .
of the weighted mean
of LN(x)
.
-------
Table 335. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGHTED SUMMARY
STATISTICS BREATH - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Arith.
Mean
0.55
2.47
2.35
0.78
C.8C
0.39
0.61
0.88
0.72
Geo.
Mean
0.78
1.17
1.70
0.46
1.05
0.42
0.84
1.04
0.91
Median
1.33
1.28
3.13
0.35
0.81
0.23
0.75
0.92
0.90
Maximum
1.16
20.0
3.67
2.06
0.30
0.35
1.50
3.62
2.04
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
in,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
T-test for difference in means between cities significant at .05
level.
Table 336. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGHTED SUMMARY
STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR -
NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Chloroform
1,1,1 -TricMoroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
0.35*
1.48
1.88
0.37
0.60
3.01
0.56
0.65
0.65
Geo.
Mean
0.27*
0.57
0.61
0.30
0.61
2.53
0.51
0.55
0.53
Median
0.35
1.26
0.65
0.31
0.59
3.87
0.71
1.01
0.85
Maximum
0.90
2.86
5.32
0.53
0.78
2.59
0.91
1.13
0.85
T-test for differences in means between cities significant at .05
level.
591
-------
Table 337. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGHTED SUMMARY
STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR -
NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
0.37*
2.91
0.90
0.51
1.10
1.88
0.79
1.13
0.90
Geo.
Mean
0.36*
0.84
0.67
0.39
0.68
0.48
0.56
0.63
0.55
Median
0.34
0.72
1.27
0.21
0.42
1.03
0.55
0.57
0.46
Maximum
1.57
27.1
1.83
78.3
5.65
2.85
6.53
17.1
11.5
T-test for differences in means between cities significant at .05
level.
Table 338. RATIO OF ELIZABETH TO BAYONNE FOR WEIGHTED SUMMARY
STATISTICS FOR WATER - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromod ichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Arith.
Mean
1.75
0.74
10.3 *
23.8 *
0.81
1.05
24.3 *
Geo.
Mean
3.04
1.03
6.02*
12.9 *
1.10
1.31
1.42*
Median
8.66
0.59
11.3
21.1
0.75
0.95
21.0
Maximum
1.05
0.80
9.56
82.5
0.50
1.31
122.
T-test for differences in means between cities significant at .05
level.
592
-------
Table 339. SUMMARY OF THE MAGNITUDE OF COMPOUND LEVELS COMPARED TO THE
MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS OVER THE TWO SITES BY
COMPOUND AND MEDIA - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichlcroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p_-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Low
Low
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Low
Low
Bayonne
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Overnight
Personal
Air
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Low
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Daytime
Personal
Air
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Low
Low
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
B ayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Water
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Low
Elizabeth
Low
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low = magnitude of compound levels to median quantifiable limit low for
both cities.
Bayonne = magnitude of compound levels to median quantifiable limit rela-
tively high for Bayonne.
Elizabeth = magnitude for compound level's to median quantifiable limit
relatively high for Elizabeth.
593
-------
personal airs, and water. Chlorobenzene, bromoform, dibromochloropro-
pane, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and £-dichlorobenzene
were comparably, low for the four media and both cities. Although no
compound was considered high for all four media and both cities; chloro-
form, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene,
ethylbenzene, styrene, and the xylenes were judged high over most
categories. Bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane were judged
high only in water while styrene, ethylbenzene and the xylenes were
judged high in breath and the airs but low in water.
Figures 69 through 72 give box plots of 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
m,p-xylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, and tetrachloroethylene for breath and
the personal airs by city. The plots demonstrate the trend of personal
air levels being higher than breath levels and also the extreme skewness
of some of the distributions.
Tables 340 and 341 present the averaged 24-hour exposure for
personal air and outdoor air. The averaged 24-hour exposure was obtain-
ed by averaging the overnight and daytime concentrations for each
person. In comparing the averaged 24-hour personal air to overnight and
daytime personal air, the arithmetic means and most geometric means were
highest for daytime personal air. Similarly, daytime outdoor air levels
were higher than overnight levels. As mentioned earlier, personal air
was higher than outdoor air.
Tables 342 shows the summary statistics for averaged 24-hour
exposure for personal air by city. The arithmetic mean for chloroform
and the geometric means for chloroform and tetrachloroethylene tested
significantly higher for Bayonne. For each city the daytime statistics
were generally higher than the overnight ones.
Tables 343 through 345 compare overnight personal air to overnight
outdoor air for those nine people having air monitors outside their
homes. Care should be used in interpreting these data due to the small
sample size. Table 343 gives the unweighted percent measurable for the
two media. The percent measurable for personal air was significantly
higher for chloroform and trichloroethylene while the percent measurable
for outdoor air was significantly higher for styrene. Table 344 gives
the mean, standard error, median, and range for overnight personal and
594
-------
yg/nr
30 -
01
20 -
10 -
LEGEND:
(3.20)
(2.34)
(1.80)
(1.78)
(1.00)
Bayonne
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
(9.65)
(5.78)
(2.30)
(2.07)
(1.19)
Elizabeth
BREATH
(38.0)
(25.2)
(18.9)
(17.5)
(13.0)
Bayonne
(42.5)
(37.3)
(22.0)
(10.8)
(3.20)
Elizabeth
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
(44.0)
(34.2)
(32.0)
(22.8)
(10.0)
Bayonne
(99.5)
(37.0)
(23.0)
(19.2)
(7.40)
Elizabeth
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 69. Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
1,1,1-trichloroethane for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal air by
city - New Jersey third season.
-------
Pg/nr
25 -
20 -
15 -
10 H
5 -
LEGEND:
x (11.8)
(11.0)
(9.60)
(8.69)
(4.10)
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
* (9.26)
(4.70)
(3.96)
(3.40)
(2.10)
(21.0)
(19.1)
(11.4)
(8.60)
(4.30)
x (7.07)
(6.60)
(3.42)
(2.70)
(1.80)
* (54.8)
(24.0)
(16.0)
(13.7)
(7.80)
x (27.7)
(9.40)
(5.31)
(3.30)
(2.90)
Bayonne Elizabeth
BREATH
Bayonne
Elizabeth
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Bayonne
Elizabeth
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 70. Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
tetrachloroethylene for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal air by
city - New Jersey third season.
-------
200 -
150 _
100 -
Ln
VD
50 -
LEGEND:
(13.0)
(8.87)
(2.74)
(2.30)
(0.77)
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
(8.20)
(3.45)
(1.16)
(0.54)
(0.34)
(27.2)
(5.30)
(3.51)
(2.30)
(2.05)
(112)
(81.8)
(8.90)
(8.89)
(1.80)
(150)
(65.1)
(19.0)
(5.80)
(4.95)
(200)
(122)
(9.20)
(6.00)
(2.90)
Bayonne Elizabeth
BREATH
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 71. BOX plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
n^p-dichlorobenzene for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal air by
city - New Jersey third season.
-------
Ug/md
60 -
45 -
30 -
Ln
00
15 -
LEGEND:
x Mean
Median
* Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
(5.42) (3.93)
(4.20) (3.90)
x (3 56) x (3 23)
[*J (3.00) * (2.70)
(1.90) (2.40)
X
(35.2)
(25.5)
(20.0)
^.lU . UJ
*
(37.0)
(22 8)
(17.0)
(13.4)
(4 30)
X
*
I tL~i r\\
(D/ .0)
{ so n*\
(45.7)
(32.9)
(13.0)
x
(41.3)
(35.0)
(23 0)
(17.9)
C8 601
Bayonne Elizabeth
BREATH
Bayonne
Elizabeth
Bayonne
Elizabeth
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 72. Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
m,p-xylene for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal air by city - New
Jersey third season.
-------
Table 340. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR AVERAGED 24-HOUR EXPOSURE - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
PERSONAL AIR
Population E
Sample Size: 47
Compound
Chloroform
1,1,1-Tricl
Tricb]oroethylene
Tetrachloroe
Styrene
m,p'-Dichloro
Ethylbenzene
_o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
= =- sr = = =
jtimate: 94,044
47
£/
Arith. Arith.
Mean
4.02
>roethane 48.5
rlene 4.68
:hylene 27.3
2.39
>enzene 73.0
12.5
13.3
36.3
S.E.
0.88
14.2
1.44
10.1
0.42
26.7
2.34
2.41
6.46
Geo.
Mean
2.35
20.9
1.98
10.3
1.55
12.7
7.59
8.35
22.7
sJ
Geo.
S.E.
1.33
1.38
1.46
1.46
1.23
1.46
1.32
1.30
1.33
Percentiles
Median
2.68
22.2
1.50
9.85
1.33
7.90
11.0
11.5
29.5
75th
6.45
42.5
4.18
20.5
2.95
75.1
18.5
17.7
57.0
90th
10.4
74.5
9.50
92.5
4.95
170.
27.5
25.0
67.0
95th
11.6
215.
17.2
119.
6.80
190.
38.8
32.8
92.5
Range
0.26
1.02
0.11
0.98
0.28
0.44
0.87
1.00
2.45
27.0
- 4230
41.0
- 908
- 65.2
- 670
- 157
- 363
- 710
£/ Arith. S.E. = Stand Error of Arith. Mean.
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
c_l Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where is is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x)
-------
Table 341. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR AVERAGED 24-HOUR EXPOSURE - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Ov
o
o
OUTDOOR AIR
Population Estimate: 94,044
Sample Size: 8
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetracbloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
0.26
1.68
0.35
4.47
0.66
1.26
3.79
3.51
9.20
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.14
0.30
0.13
1.19
0.13
0.81
0.64
0.63
1.46
b/
Geo.
Mean
0
1
0
3
0
0
3
3
8
.13
.43
.24
.70
.57
.55
.39
.11
.29
c
Geo
S.E
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
/
75th
•
83
27
68
28
25
76
21
22
20
Median
0.07
1.70
0.42
4.02
0.69
0.68
4.45
3.85
10.5
Percent! le
0.
2.
0.
8.
0.
1.
5.
4.
13.
62
02
68
65
91
14
25
55
0
Range
0.05 -
0.43 -
0.07 -
1.30 -
0.18 -
0.16 -
1.30 -
1.20 -
3.35 -
0.62
10.5
0.73
8.70
1.05
4.20
5.45
5.50
13.9
£/ Arith. S.E. = Stand Error of Arith. Hear.
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
c/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where is is the standard error of the weighted
mean of I,N(x) .
-------
Table 342. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR AVERAGED 24-HOUR EXPOSURE - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
PERSONAL AIR - BAYONNE
Population Estimate: 48,503
Sample Size: 21
Arith.
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trich] oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
PERSONAL AIR - ELIZABETH
Population Estimate: 45
Sample Size: 26
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichl oroethane
Trich] oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mean
5.84*
29.8
4.39
36.6
2.59
45.8
14.9
13.8
40.3
,541
2.09
68.4
4.99
17.4
2.18
102.
10.1
12.8
32.0
£/
Arith.
S.E.
1.01
9.65
1.95
16.1
0.49
16.6
3.02
2.41
6.75
0.57
30.4
2.22
8.10
0.61
44.3
2.85
4.14
10.2
y
Geo.
Mean
4
22
2
20
1
15
10
10
30
1
19
1
5
1
10
5
6
16
.32*
.1
.43
.1 *
.93
.1
.2
.5
.0
.23
.6
.59
.04
.23
.5
.55
.51
.8
£/
Geo.
S.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
E.
.28
.51
.54
.65
.20
.65
.22
.18
.20
.37
.63
.77
.32
.35
.80
.58
.58
.63
Median
6.25
35.0
1.40
15.2
2.20
5.65
11.2
12.0
38.5
1.39
22.2
1.50
3.85
1.29
7.90
6.50
7.95
20.0
Percentiles
75th
10.4
46.2
4.18
44.0
3.32
75.1
21.2
20.0
58.5
2.70
35.0
4.20
9.85
1.45
162.
13.8
12.0
40.0
90th
11.6
55.5
17.2
92.5
6.80
135.
38.8
32.8
92.5
3.60
215.
7.60
21.4
4.95
170.
17.0
25.0
67.0
Range
0.48 -
2.70 -
0.44 -
2.34 -
0.28 -
0.53 -
1.28 -
1.78 -
5.25 -
0.27 -
1.02 -
0.11 -
0.98 -
0.28 -
0.44 -
0.87 -
1.00 -
2.45 -
14.0
165.
17.2
119.
14.8
190.
38.8
32.8
92.5
27.0
4230
41.0
908
65.2
670
157
363
710
by Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
cj Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Frror - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean
of LN(x).
* T-test for difference in means between cities significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 343. UNWEIGHTED PERCENTAGE OF CONCENTRATIONS MEASURABLE FOR THOSE
PERSONS HAVING BOTH OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR AND
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
II,
Overall
Outdoor Personal
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochl oropropane
Styrene
nSp-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Sample Size:
11.1
22.2
0.00
66.7
100.
0.00
22.2
0.00
0.00
77.8
33.3
0.00
0.00
100. *
100.
33.3
100.
100.
100.
9
11.1
77.8 *
11.1
88.9
100.
11.1
77.8 *
22.2
0.00
77.8
33.3
0.00
0.00
55.6
77.8
11.1
100.
100.
100.
9
* T-test for difference between media significant at .05 level.
602
-------
Table 344. UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS (pg/tn3) FOR THOSE PERSONS HAVING BOTH OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR
AIR AND OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
OS
o
Sample Size:
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m>p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
9
Overnight Outdoor Air
Mean
0.25
2.85
0.34
1.94
0.62
1.03
3.62
3.15
9.17
S.E.
0.14
1.09
0.08
0.58
0.10
0.48
0.49
0.46
1.17
Median
0.06
1.90
0.37
1.50
0.53
0.32
4.00
3.20
11.0
Range
0.04
0.14
0.06
0.04
0.24
0.16
1.40
1.30
2.60
- 1.20
- 10.0
- 0.74
-5.20
- 1.00
-4.60
-5.30
-5.20
- 14.0
Overnight
Mean
4.76
38.8
2.76
17.4
2.52
14.8
11.2
9.50
25.5
S.E.
1.90
17.9
0.79
7.92
1.18
13.2
4.40
3.30
8.63
9
Personal Air
Median
1.40
20.0
1.80
9.30
0.68
1.20
4.40
5.10
15.0
Range
0.22 -
0.38 -
0.08 -
0.43 -
0.22 -
0.22 -
0.79 -
0.89 -
2.30 -
15. b
170.
7.10
72.0
11.0
120.
32.0
23.5
63.0
Table 345. SUMMARY OF MEDIANS, MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS AND THEIR
RATIOS FOR MATCHED OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR AND
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Overnight
Outdoor
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethyl ene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
0
1
0
1
0
0
4
3
11
.06
.90
.37
.50
.53
.32
.00
.20
.0
(1.
(10
(0.
(5.
(1.
(4.
(5.
(5.
(14
Air
20)*
.0)
74)
20)
00)
60)
30)
20)
.0)
t . ~ ~ ~
Overnight
Personal Air
1
20
1
9
0
1
4
5
15
.40
.0
.80
.30
.68
.20
.40
.10
.0
(15.5)
(170.)
(7.10)
(72.0)
(11.0)
(120.)
(32.0)
(23.5)
(63.0)
Personal/
Outdoor Ratio
23
10
4
6
1
3
1
1
1
.3
.5
.86
.20
.28
.75
.10
.59
.36
(12
(17
(9.
(13
(11
(26
(6.
(4.
(4.
.9)
.0)
59)
.8)
.0)
.1)
04)
52)
50)
* Median (Maximum)
-------
outdoor airs. For each of these statistics the values were higher for
personal air. This can be more readily seen by the ratios in Table 345.
Correlations
Table 346 gives the Spearman correlations for all amounts (measur-
able or not) for the selected compounds for breath, daytime and overnight
personal airs, and daytime and overnight outdoor airs. Due to the small
sample sizes for outdoor air, several apparently high correlations were
not significantly different from zero. The strongest correlations were
between breath and daytime personal air, overnight and daytime personal
airs, and overnight personal and outdoor airs.
Table 347 gives the Spearman correlations between water and the
other media. There was very little correlation.
Tables 348 and 349 give Spearman correlations among the media for
measurable amounts only. The strongest correlations again appeared
between breath and daytime personal air, overnight and daytime personal
air, and overnight personal and outdoor air. Also, there was still very
little correlation between water and the other media.
Figures 73 through 84 show plots of breath versus daytime personal
air, breath versus daytime outdoor air and overnight personal air versus
overnight outdoor air for selected compounds on the natural logarithmic
scale. One was added to each number before the log was taken. The
lines represent the median QL values for the compound for the two media.
An "0" represents both measurable and an "X" represents one or both not
measurable. These plots demonstrate the lack of strong correlation
between the media for each compound.
Tables 350 through 354 give the Spearman correlations between
selected compounds by media for all amounts. The selected compounds
were grouped into aromatics (styrene, ethylbenzene, £-xylene and m,p-
xylene), chlorinated solvents (1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene
and tetrachloroethylene) and miscellaneous (m,p-dichlorobenzene and
chloroform). The strongest correlations were associated with the
aromatics. In fact, the correlations between ethylbenzene, cj-xylene and
m,p-xylene were always greater than .83.
Tables 355 through 359 give the Spearman correlations between
selected compounds by media for measurable amounts only. Again, the
aromatics showed the strongest correlations.
6P4
-------
Table 346. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS FOR ALL AMOUNTS BETWEEN MEDIA FOR SELECTED
COMPOUNDS - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Breath and
Overnight Personal Air
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m, p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Spearman
Correlation
.05
-.03
-.01
.50*
.15
.41*
.00
-.00
.04
Sample
Size
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
Breath and
Overnight Outdoor Air
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m, p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
nvjj-Xylene
Spearman
Correlation
-.11
.39
-.13
-.10
.03
.51
-.13
-.25
-.12
Sample
Size
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Overnight Personal Air
and
Daytime Personal Air
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m, p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Spearman
Correlation
.63*
.39*
.56*
.53*
.65*
.50*
.59*
.57*
.63*
S amp le
Size
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
Breath and
Daytime Personal Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
-.03 47
.32* 47
.35* 47
.37* 47
.19 47
.61* 47
.44* 47
.45* 47
.48* 47
Breath and
Daytime Outdoor Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.60 8
.24 8
.43 8
-.49 8
-.14 8
.60 8
.12 8
-.04 8
.07 8
Overnight Personal Air
and
Overnight Outdoor Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.18 9
.63 9
.78* 9
.22 9
.72* 9
.32 9
.7S* 9
.68* 9
.89* 9
continued
605
-------
Table 346 continued
Overnight Personal Air
and
Daytime Outdoor Air
Daytime Personal Air
and
Overnight Outdoor Air
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Spearman
Correlation
-.31
-.07
.13
.02
.42
.42
.05
.26
.37
Sample
Size
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
8
8
Daytime Personal Air
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Stvrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
and
Daytime Outdoor
Spearman
Correlation
-.19
-.71*
-.05
.50
.33
.57
-.17
.21
.23
Air
Sample
Size
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Spearman
Correlation
-.32
.51
.30
.83*
.40
.42
.42
.33
.61
Sample
Size
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Overnight Outdoor Air
and
Daytime Outdoor
Spearman
Correlation
.10
.10
.34
.47
.95*
.80*
.40
.60
.49
Air
Sample
Size
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
— — _. _ . — , —
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
606
-------
Table 347. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN WATER AND OTHEF MEDIA FOR ALL AMOUNTS
FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Breath and Water
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichl orome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Spearman
Correlation
.00
.18
-.10
.20
-.16
.13
-.16
Daytime
Sample
Size
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
Personal Air and Water
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Vinylidene Chloride
Ch] orof orm
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Spearman
Correlation
.31*
.11
-.00
.19
.03
-.17
-.16
Daytime
Outdoor Air and
Spearman
Correlation
.23
.02
-.11
.41
.49
.18
-.33
Sample
Size
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
Water
Sample
Size
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Overnight
Personal Air and
Spearman
Correlation
.35*
.10
-.00
-.02
-.04
-.11
-.14
Overnight
Water
Sample
Size
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
Outdoor Air and Water
Spearman
Correlation
.15
.06
.49
.00
.43
.65
-.49
Sample
Size
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
607
-------
Table 348. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS FOR MEASURABLE AMOUNTS FOR BREATH,
PERSONAL AIRS, AND OUTDOOR AIRS - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Tricbloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath and
Overnight Personal Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
-.11 15
.20 26
.41 11
.51* 46
.38 26
.49* 42
.00 49
-.00 49
.04 49
Breath and
Overnight Outdoor Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
0
.82 5
1
.18 7
.21 5
.61 7
-.13 9
-.25 9
-.12 9
Overnight Personal Air
and
Daytime Personal Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.61* 42
.34* 43
.49* 29
.51* 42
.65* 40
.42* 40
.59* 47
.57* 47
.63* 47
Breath and
Daytime Personal Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
.20 12
.46* 26
.28 14
.40* 45
.13 27
.61* 40
.44* 47
.45* 47
.48* 47
Breath and
Daytime Outdoor Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
0
2
2
-.49 8
3
.60 5
.12 8
-.04 8
.07 8
Overnight Personal Air
and
Overnight Outdoor Air
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
2
-.14 6
2
.40 5
-.16 5
.82* 7
.78* 9
.68* 9
.89* 9
continued
608
-------
Table 348. continued
Overnight Personal Air
and
Daytime Outdoor Air
Daytime Personal Air
and
Overnight Outdoor Air
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m , p-Dichlor obenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Spearman
Correlation
-.55
-.95
1.00*
.05
.26
.37
Daytime Personal
and
Daytime Outdoor
Spearman
Correlation
.61
-.20
.40
-.17
.21
.23
Sample
Size
2
2
1
6
4
4
8
8
8
Air
Air
Sample
Size
3
3
1
7
5
4
8
8
8
Spearman
Correlation
-.03
.75
-.08
.37
.42
.33
.61
Sample
Size
2
6
2
7
7
6
9
9
9
Overnight Outdoor Air
and
Daytime Outdoor
Spearman
Correlation
.70
.93*
1.00*
.40
.60
.49
Air
Sample
Size
1
1
0
6
7
5
8
8
8
Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
609
-------
Table 349. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN WATER AND OTHER MEDIA FOR MEASURABLE
AMOUNTS FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Breath and Water
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Vinylidene Chloride-
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Spearman
Correlation
.58*
.15
.09
-.47
.07
Daytime
Personal Air and
Spearman
Correlation
.18
-.00
-.14
-.31
Daytime
Outdoor Air and
Spearman
Correlation
.40
Sample
Size
16
15
15
12
1
0
28
Water
Sample
Size
3
44
27
22
2
0
26
Water
Sample
Size
1
3
1
2
0
0
4
Overnight
Personal Air and Water
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
1
-.05 46
-.05 30
-.47* 19
-.25 7
0
-.14 27
Overnight
Outdoor Air and Water
Spearman Sample
Correlation Size
1
2
.40 4
1
0
0
3
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
610
-------
b.O «
b.b *
5.0 «
2.1 «
I
l.C «
I
I
I
O.t »
' X
C . V. »
x
n o
0 0
r(all) = .32* (N=47)
r(meas) = .46* (N=26)
o t
o
-o-o-
XX X
xx x
XXX X
X
i.r
t.O
«.n(vig/m3)
LiT Tl^i Hi ^iGNAL I- Ik
Figure 73. 1,1,1-trichloroethane - New Jersey third season.
-------
«.n(yg/m3)
3.5 «
!
3.0 •
R !
K !
£ !
» 2.5 •
T I
H
l.b
!
!
l.C •
r(all) = .37* (N=47)
r(meas) = .40* (N=45)
000
000 ('
0 0 00
0 0000
CO
c
U C
LO 0 0
0
o.c
p..
*.b ^.
I .'. 1 Til-'" h<_h COI.-L ^ ! f<
Figure 74. Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey third season.
-------
r(all) = .61* (N=47)
r(meas) = .61* (N=40)
3.C «
f
2.7 «
2.0 •
ON
I
2.1 «
I
I
!
1.8 •
!
I
0 . •' «
0
! C
0.7 •
•-
!
!
C.J «
XX
10
. 0 0
t.r
)
Figure 75. lUtp-dichlorobenzene - New Jersey third season.
-------
t
4.00 •
•2.7b
2.60 •
r(all) = .44* (N=47)
r(meas) - .'
2.10 •
U !
* ' 0
f ! 0
« 1.7b • to
I !
H !
t 0 0
U
o
0
o o oo
i.co • o ooo
» o
r o
' o t o
o.7s « n
' C 00
1 ,00 (,
'. 0 000
c.'..o • o oo
0«C ?•' 1.0 l.ii ^.0 i.L '..3 3.: 1." 4.'j
Ale
season.
Figure 76. Ethylbenzene - New Jersey third
-------
en
3.t
3.:
3.0
2.7
B
0
E
« 2.1
I
H
2.1
l.fl
J.b
O.b
00
i.: o i. 7 --,
00
0 C 0
r(all) = .48* (N=47)
r(meas) = .48* (N=47)
0 00
o c
o
oo o
0
i.n(vig/m3)
L : 1 Ill't Ht i.SONAL -II-
Figure 77. m,p-xylene - New Jersey third season.
-------
o\
6.0 »
5.5
S.O
4.0 •
•
T 3.0 «
H !
I
<
t
•
2.C *
t
r(all) = .24 (N=8>
r(meas) = (N=2)
3 . 'i l.i- P . - i. - l.< 1.4 i .t 1. ft 2*
liYTI"' -H.
i. £n(vig/m3)
Figure 78. 1,1,1-trichloroethane - New Jersey third
season.
-------
1.5
S.5 •
•
I
3.0 «
!
It !
R !
E !
A • 2.5 «
T •
H !
!
l
2.0 «
f
1.'. «
r(all) = -.49 (N=8)
r(meas) = -.49 (N=8)
1.7 ..'i 1.1 1.3 l.'j 1.7 l.i c.l £•'
UA» 7IM-_ OUT )01h < It-
"r"*in(ug/m3)
Figure 79. Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey third
season.
-------
R.n(yg/m3)
3.3 .
3.0 •
2.1 •
H 2.1 « !
R ! !
t" ! *
» I 1
T l.lt • •
•
!
00 l-^> * !
1 0
0.<> *
O.ft *
C.A
r(all) = .60 (N=8)
r(meas) = .60 (N=5)
i..' i. •• i.« j.<. i.f-
litYHK CjTDOfi- *:,>
«,n(pg/m3)
Figure 80. m^-dichlorobenzene - New Jersey third
season.
-------
£n(yg/m3)
J.OP
2.75 •
2.?5 •
?.CO •
U !
R !
1.60 •
1.00 •
!
0.75 »
r(all) - .12 (N=8)
r(meas) = .12 (N=8)
O.t.0 •
!
!
ii i. ii 1.1
j( YTI IL OUl.'t UP - IF
.7 i.r i." ?.'£n(yg/m3)
Figure 81. Ethylbenzene - New Jersey third season.
-------
*n(ug/m3) f
r(all) = .07 (N=8)
r(meas) = .07 (N=8)
3.t,
3.3 .
3.C «
I
!
f
2.7 «
II I
H !
C I
2.1 «
c o
O.h *
I .0
:.o ..?
I ' » II"' CiUTPuOli < K
Figure 82. m^-xylene - New Jersey third season.
-------
ON
N5
«.n(pg/m3)
! I
2 .
r(all) = .63 (N=9)
r(meas) = -.14 (N=6)
0
0
o o
0
X
! x
•
i
1
i
i
i
1
i
".*r«,n(pg/m3)
CVLKNIfcHT
Figure 83. 1,1,1-trichloroethane - New Jersey third season.
-------
N5
Jln(ug/m3)
2.0 «
!
1 • n *
l.fr •
f
!
l.» «
l.C «
!
I
o.s «
I I
R !
O.b «
!
!>.? *
r(all) = .22 (N=9)
r(meas) = .40 (N=5)
*•" £n(pg/m3)
tvi
Figure 84. Tetrachloroethylene - New Jersey third season.
-------
Table 350. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR BREATH ALL AMOUNTS -
NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Sample Size Range: 49
Compound
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Group IT:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
ABCD EFGHI
.76* .71* .71* .21 .32* .28 .42* .39*
.92* .96* .51* .52* .52* .40* .48*
.96* .41* .50* .44* .38* .41*
.46* .55* .50* .36* .48*
.39* .34* .21 .35*
.33* .14 .47*
.36* .18
-.04
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 351. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
ALL AMOUNTS - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
ON
N>
Sample Size Range: 49
Compound
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethy] ene
ir^p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
ABCD EFGH
.73* .69* .64* .34* .47* .48* .34*
.96* .96* .28 .37* .38* .20
.95* .20 .31* .36* .20
.32* .40* .39* .19
.71* .37* .10
.39* .15
.12
I
.59*
.58*
.50*
.58*
.61*
.56*
.47*
.20
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 352. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
ALL AMOUNTS - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Sample Size Range: 47
Co
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
mpound
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethy 1 ene
m^p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatlcs Solvents Miscellaneous
ABCD EFGH
.69* .65* .64* .15 .32* .59* .13
.98* .98* .12 .33* .61* .11
.98* .17 .38* .60* .11
.16 .37* .59* .14
.45* .33* .32*
.50* .23
.36*
I
.45*
.11
.10
.10
.27
.26
.45*
.33*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 353. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR
ALL AMOUNTS - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Ov
N>
Sample Size Range: 9
Compound
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
f_K",
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethyl ene
Tetrachloroethylene
m>p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
ABCD EFGH
.87* .97* .88* .41 .43 .09 .79*
.89* .97* .51 .73* .28 .68*
.92* .42 .42 .15 .83*
.54 .64 .44 .76*
.72* .27 .47
.29 .19
.18
I
-.20
-.06
-.19
.08
.43
.21
.77*
-.03
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 354. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR
ALL AMOUNTS - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Sample Size Range: 8
Group I :
Compound A B
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
1
— — -
Styrene .50
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Tr ichl oroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-D i ch 1 o r ob enz ene
Chloroform
Group IT:
Chlorinated
Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
CD E F G H I
.83* .47 .29 .43 .62 .64 .19
.83* .97* .45 .29 .12 .48 .38,
.79* .48 .45 .38 .62 .36
.36 .18 .26 .57 .24
.90* .08 -.07 .95*
.11 -.19 .90*
.78* -.14
-.29
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 355. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR BREATH MEASURABLE AMOUNTS
ONLY - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
K3
00
Sample Size Range: 6-49
No. Compound
30
49
49
49
28
16
49
44
15
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethy] ene
Tetrachlorcethy] ene
m,p-Dichlorobenzerie
Chloroform
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
ABCD EFGH
.74* .69* .68* .18 .47 .17 .21
.92* .96* .16 .01 .52* .27
.96* .08 .07 .44* .24
.07 .04 .50* .22
.07 .13 -.12
.2.1 -.09
.33*
I
.24
.13
.14
.05
.19
-.03
.10
.49
* Significantly different from .zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 356. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
MEASURABLE AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
ON
Sampl
No.
43
49
49
49
47
40
46
47
46
e
Size Range: 36-49
Compound
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichlo roe thy lene
Tetrachl oroethy lene
m,p-Dichlorobeinzene
Chloroform
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents
A B C D E F G
.66* .62* .58* .24 .41* .55*
.96* .96* .22 .17 .25
.95* .13 .15 .23
.25 .19 .27
.53* .24
.27
Miscellaneous
H
.04
.11
.12
.10
.00
.25
.10
I
.50*
.57*
.47*
.57*
.55*
.39*
.44*
.16
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 357. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
MEASURABLE AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
Sampl
No.
43
47
47
47
45
36
45
42
44
e Size Range: 33-47
Group I: Aromatics
Compound A B C D
A Styrene .60* .55* .53*
B Ethylbenzene .98* .98*
C o-Xylene .98*
D m,p-Xylene
E 1 ,1 ,1-Tri chloroethane
F Trichloroethylene
G Tetrachloroethylene
H m,p-Dichlorobenzene
I Chloroform
Group II:
Chlorinated
Solvents
E F G
.14 .34* .47*
.14 .20 .58*
.16 .28 .57*
.16 .24 .56*
.70* .37*
.42*
Miscel]
H
.07
-.00
.00
.05
.33*
.32
.26
Laneous
I
.39*
.13
.11
.11
.30
.18
.39*
.27
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 358. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR
MEASURABLE AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
U>
Samp]
No.
7
8
8
8
3
2
8
5
3
e
Size Range: 5-8
Compound
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Group II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents
A B C D E F G
.25 .75 .20 £/ £/ .43
.83* .97* a/ £/ .12
.79* £/ £/ .38
£/ £/ .26
£/ £/
£/
Miscellaneous
H
.70
-.30
.30
-.41
£/
SJ
.36
I
£/
£/
£/
£/
£/
£/
£/
£/
a/ Less than 5 sample amounts measurable.
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
Table 359. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR
MEASURABLE AMOUNTS ONLY - NEW JERSEY THIRD SEASON
13am]
No.
9
9
9
9
6
2
7
9
2
jle
£o
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Size Range: 6-9
mpound
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Tr ichloroethy] ene
Tetrachloroethylene
nvn-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Croup II:
Chlorinated
Group I: Aromatics Solvents Miscellaneous
A B C D E F
.87* .97* .88* -.90* a]
.89* .97* -.64 a_l
.92* -.87* a_l
-.62 a/
£/
G H
.68 .79*
.82* .68*
.79* .83*
.89* .76*
a./ -.64
a/ a]
.74
I
a/
a/
£/
£/
£/
£/
£/
£/
—• —- " j-— "- •
a/ Less than 5 sample amounts measurable.
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
-------
DEVILS LAKE, NORTH DAKOTA
Twenty-four respondents from Devils Lake, North Dakota were survey-
ed during October of 1982. Samples were collected for breath, water,
overnight personal air and daytime personal air. Fixed site outdoor air
samples were collected for only five respondents and this number was too
small to analyze (see Appendix BB for actual data). Samples were col-
lected and chemically analyzed for 22 different volatile compounds.
A description of the twenty-four respondents is given by the
results of the Household Questionnaire (see Table 360). Slightly more
than half (14) were male. The age range was from 8 to 76 years. Half
were employed. A third were current smokers while one person was a
former smoker.
The results of the 24-hour activity screener are given in Table
361. More people were exposed to tobacco (9), smoke (14), or cleaning
solutions (7) during the study period than any other substances covered
by the screener.
Creating the Computer Analysis File
Before statistical analysis could be undertaken, several manipula-
tions were necessary to process the data collected and create computer
analysis files. Water samples for each respondent had been collected at
two different time periods. These two samples were averaged. Also
because of the difficulty of maintaining sufficient GC resolution for
each pair of chemicals, the quantitative values of m-dichlorobenzene and
£-dichlorobenzene, as well as m-xylene and £-xylene were added to give
one total value for m,p-dichlorobenzene and one value for m-pj-xylene.
Thus all samples are more readily comparable on the 20 volatile com-
pounds. Next, values below the level of detection (LOD) were set equal
to 1/2 LOD and values at trace were set equal to 5/8 QL (quantifiable
limit) where 5/8 was the midpoint between the LOD and the QL. For water
there was no LOD category. Finally five duplicate overnight personal
air and five duplicate personal air samples were analyzed and samples
were averaged. The max QL for a particular media and compound was then
defined as the maximum of the individual quantifiable limits for each
sample.
The calculated sampling (see Section 4) weights were adjusted to
compensate for missing data. This adjustment was done by compound by
633
-------
Table 360. HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE - DEVILS LAKE
Q.I
Q.2
SEX
RACE
Male
Female
10
II
24
Hispanic
American Indian/
Alaskan Native
Black - Not Hispanic
Asian/Pacific Islander
White - Not Hispanic
Other
Q.3
AGE
7
18
30
40
50
60
70
Q.4
Q.8
Employed
Unemployed
17
29
39
49
59
69
79
12
12
24
5
11
5
0
0
1
_2
24
Q.9
Length of Time With Present Employer
Less Than 1 Year 6
1 - 5 Years 5
6-10 Years 1_
12
Percent of Time Employment Puts You In Close Contact With
Smokers.
0-9 1
10-19 5
20-29 1
30-39 0
40-49 0
50-59 1
60-69 0
70-79 0
80 - 89
90 - 99
1
_3
12
continued
634
-------
Table 360 (continued)
Q.10 Does Your Occupation Usually Take You Away From Home?
Yes 12
No 0
12
Q.12 Status If Not Presently Employed.
Housewife 2
Student 7
Unemployed 2
Retired 1
Disabled 1_
13
Q.14 Presently Employed At Usual Occupation.
Yes 10
No 1_
11
Q.15 How Long Employed At Usual Occupation.
Less Than 1 Year 3
1-5 4
6-10 2
11-15 _!_
10
Q.16 Do You Work In Or At Any Of The Following Occupations Or
Establishments?
Painting 3
Dry Cleaning 0
Chemical Plant 0
Petroleum Plant 0
Service Station/Garage/Engine Repair 3
Furniture Repair or Refinishing 1
Plastics Manufacture or Formulation 0
Textile Mill 0
Wood Processing Plant 0
Printing 0
Scientific Laboratory 1
Dye Plant 0
Hospital 3
Metal Products 0
Battery or Electrical Components Manufacture 0
Refrigerator/Air Ccnd. Repair or Manufacture 1
Taxi/Bus/Truck Driver 0
Pest Control 0
Drug Manufacturing or Formulating 0
Photo Developing 0
Landscaping/Gardening 4
continued
635
-------
Table 360 (continued)
Q.17
Does Anyone Else In Your Household Work At Or In Any Of The
Following Occupations Or Establishments?
Painting
Dry Cleaning
Chemical Plant
Petroleum Plant
Service Station/Garage/Engine Repair
Furniture Repair or Refinishing
Plastics Manufacture or Formulation
Textile Mill
Wood Processing Plant
Printing
Scientific Laboratory
Dye Plant
Hospital
Metal Products
Battery or Electrical Components Manufacture
Repair or Manufacture
Q.18
Refrigerator/Air Cond.
Taxi/Bus/Truck Driver
Pest Control
Drug Manufacturing or Formulating
Photo Developing
Landscaping/Gardening
Average Number Of Hours Normally Spent Away From Home.
Weekday
Weekend
0
4
8
12
0
4
8
12
16
20
- 3
- 7
- 11
- 15
_ o
- 7
- 11
- 15
- 19
- 24
6
2
11
5
24
6
10
4
1
0
3
24
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
Q.20 Do You Now Or Have You Ever Smoked Cigarettes?
Yes 9
No _15
24
continued
636
-------
Table 360 (continued)
Q.21 Age When First Started Smoking.
10-14 4
15-19 4
20-24 J_
9
Q.22 If You No Longer Smoke, How Old Were You Wher You Last Gave
Up Smoking?
15-19 1
Q.23 How Many Cigarettes Smoked Per Day?
1-4 2
5-14 2
15-24 1
25-34 1
35-49 _2
8
Q.24 Use Other Forms of Tobacco.
Cigars 3
Snuff 0
Chewing Tobacco 1
Pipe 1
Q.25 Does Anyone Else In Your Household Smoke?
Yes 9
No 15
24
continued
637
-------
Table 360 (continued)
Number of Smokers.
1 5
2 3
Cigarettes 9
Cigars 1
Pipe 0
Q.26 Pump Own Gas.
Yes 11
No _13_
24
Q.27 Do Your Own Dry Cleaning
Yes 1
No 23_
24
Q.28 Do You Pursue Any Of The Following Hobbies?
Furniture Refinishing 2
Painting 5
Scale Models 1
Gardening 2
Q.29 Does Anyone Else In Your Household Pursue Any Of The Following
Hobbies?
Painting 2
Furniture Refinishing 0
Scale Models 0
Gardening 7
Q.30 Do You Work With Or Use Insecticides, Pesticides, or Herbi-
cides, As In Farming, Gardening, Or Extermination?
Yes 4
No _2£
24
How Often? Rarely 3
Occasionally 1
Often __!_
5
continued
638
-------
Table 360 (continued)
How Often Do You Have Your House Treated For Pests?
Never 15
Weekly 0
Monthly 1
Yearly _8
24
Q.31 What Do You Consider Your Current Physical Condition?
Excellent 4
Good 11
Fair 9
Poor 0
24
Q.32 Currently Taking Any Prescription Medication(s) On A Regular
Daily Basis?
Yes 8
No _1_6
24
Q.33 Have You Taken Any Non-Prescription Medications In The Past
48 Hours?
Yes 7
No ll_
24
Q.34 Are You Presently Under A Doctor's Care?
Yes 5
No _19
24
Q.35 Are You Presently Suffering From Any Respiratory Problems?
Yes 7
No 17
24
Q.36 Which Of The Following Conditions Have You Ever Been Treated
For?
Anemia 0
Liver Disease 0
Kidney Disease 0
.Q.37 How Would You Rate Your General Recreation/Exercise Activity
Pattern?
Heavy 5
Light 16
Sedentary _3_
24
continued
639
-------
Table 360 (continued)
Q.38 How Would You Rate Your Activity On The Job?
Heavy Physical Activity 7
Light Physical Activity 3
Sedentary 2
Not Applicable j_2
24
Q.43 How Many Years Have You Lived In This Area?
1-10 14
11-20 6
21-30 3
31-40 _!_
24
Q.44 How Long Have You Lived At Your Current Address?
0-9 20
10-19 _3_
23
Q.45 Do You Cool Your Home With Any Of The Following Appliances?
Central Air Conditioning 0
Window Air Conditioning 3
Evaporative Cooler(s) 0
Window Fan(s) 8
Ceiling Exhaust Fan(s) 15
Circulating Fan(s) 13
Q.46 Do You Have Any Of The Following Appliances?
Gas Stove 4
Electric Oven 22
Gas Furnace 7
Oil Heat 5
640
-------
Table 361. 24-HOUR EXPOSURE AND ACTIVITY SCREENER - DEVILS LAKE
Frequencies of 24-Hour Screener
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
the past 24 hours?
24 hours?
hours?
for extended periods?
past 24 hours?
8.
9.
occupations or heen in any of the
following businesses?
Painting
Dry Cleaning
Chemical Plant
Petroleum Plant
Service Station/Garag
Furniture Refinishing
Plastics Manufacture <
Textile Mill
Wood Processing Plant
Printing
Scientific Laboratory
Dye Plant
Hospital
Metal Work/Smelters
in the past 24 hours?
ling establishment in
.leaning in the past
form in the
past 24
ontact with smokers
insecticides
>
any way including
rmination in
the
e past 24 hours?
e following
f the
Engine Repair
r Repair
Formulation
Past
Week
3
1
0
0
12
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Past
0
24
24
r
23
24
0
24
24
9
15
24
14
10
24
0
24
24
0
24
24
24
% Hours %
13
4
0
0
50
4
0
0
0
0
4
0
13
0
^
^
1
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
O
L.
1
8
4
0
0
13
4
0
0
0
0
4
0
8
4
continued
641
-------
Table 361 (continued)
10. Have you been exposed to any of the
following?
Solvents
Odorous Chemicals
Toxic or Hazardous Chemicals
High Dust or Particulate Levels
Auto/Truck Exhausts
Cleaning Solutions
Degreasing Compounds
Other
Past
Week
5
7
2
4
1
15
1
5
%
21
29
8
17
4
63
4
21
Past 24
Hours
3
4
2
3
1
7
1
1
%
13
17
8
13
4
29
4
4
Table 362. WEIGHTED PERCENTAGES WITH MEASURABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR
20 VOLATILES FOR DEVILS LAKE BY MEDIA
SAMPLE SIZE
Breath
23
Water
24
Overnight
Personal
Air
23
Daytime
Personal
Air
24
Compounds
Vinylidene Chloride 2/
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromcchloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
jo-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
I/ Indicates not measurable - all values are missing.
2/ Vinylidene chloride has low breakthrough volume.
52.1
65.3
5.47
84.7
96.6
10.9
51.8
0.00
O.OC
1 /
95.3
44.0
0.00
OAf\
• \J \J
59.0
59.3
7 39
80.0
f.c. a
OJ . O
80.0
0.00
100.
2.29
42.3
O.OC
0.00
5.29
73.1
18.5
29 . 7
0.00
2.29
7.58
0.00
2.29
0.00
0.00
17.9
22.0
17.3
90.6
14.0
39.2
14.0
0.00
73.0
14.0
0.00
0.00
89.30
0.00
60.1
90.6
96.6
8.59
24.1
8.59
79.7
7.58
32.7
0.00
0.00
74.1
7.15
0.00
0.00
56.2
10.6
66.5
85.0
90.8
642
-------
NOTES TO THE TABLES 362 TO 374
1. Toluene, benzene, and styrene were not measured in overnight or
daytime personal air. Toluene also was not measured in breath.
Dibromochloropropane, £-dichlorobenzene, and £-xylene were not
measured in water.
2. Field samples and duplicate measurements were averaged before
percentages were computed.
3. Percentages in the tables are population estimates (i.e., they are
weighted statistics).
4. Measurable is defined as above the quantifiable limit. All
concentration data are considered significant to two figures.
5. Devils Lake data was collected in October 1982.
643
-------
media. The adjustment factors were calculated by obtaining the total
weight for all observations, then dividing by the total weight for all
observations where concentration information was obtained and not
missing. The original weight of the observation was then multiplied by
the adjustment factor.
Adjusted Weisht = original weight x total weight
Adjusted weignt total weight less those with missing data
Weighted Percent Measurable
Table 362 shows the weighted percentages of individuals with
concentrations measurable (% above quantifiable limit) for all twenty
compounds analyzed by media. Some caution should be observed in inter-
preting the data since the information was based on only 24 observa-
tions.
Tables 363 through 366 summarize the results given in Table 362 by
listing the compounds by media according to the frequency of percent
measurable.
Generally for these twenty volatiles, breath, overnight personal
air and daytime personal air showed similar patterns in percentages
measurable. Water had its own distinct pattern. There were six com-
pounds common to both airs and the breath samples in the greater than
50% category. They were 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene,
m>p-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, and m,p-xylene. Breath
also had chloroform, benzene, trichloroethylene and styrene in the high
percent measurable category. The high category for water contained
chloroform and bromodichloromethane. One compound, dibromcchloropropane
was common to all four media in the never present category. In addi-
tion, in this same category, breath, overnight personal air, and daytime
personal air all had three other compounds, and water had six.
Weighted Summary Statistics
Tables 367 through 370 give the weighted summary statistics for
those volatile compounds whose weighted percentages with measurable
concentrations were greater than twenty percent. These tables are
organized by media.
Table 367 contains the statistics for compounds for breath for
Devils Lake. Benzene, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and
m,p-xylene showed relatively large means, ranges, and geometric means.
Table 368 has the statistics for water. Only five of the twenty com-
644
-------
Table 363. TARGET VOLATILES BY PERCENT MEASURABLE FOR DEVILS LAKE
FOR BREATH
Ubjquitous Compounds % Measurable
Chloroform 65
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 85
Benzene 97
Trichloroethylene 52
Tetrachloroethylene 95
Stylene 59
m, p-Dichlorobenz ene 59
Ethylbenzene 80
o-Xylene 66
m,p-Xylene 80
Often Present
Chlorobenzene 44
Occasionally Present
1,2-Dichloroethane 5
Carbon Tetrachloride 11
o-Dichlorobenzene 7
Never Present
Bromodichloromethane 0
Dibromochloromethane 0
Bromoform 0
Dibromochloropropane 0
645
-------
Table 364. TARGET VOLATILES BY PERCENT MEASURABLE FOR DEVILS LAKE
FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Ubiquitous Compounds % Measurable
1,1,1-TrichloroYtb.ane 91
Tetrachloroethylene 73
m,p-Dichlorobenzene 89
Ethylbenzene 60
£-Xylene 91
m,p-Xylene 97
Often Present
Chloroform 22
Trichloroethylene 39
Occasionally Present
1,2-Dichloro~ethane 17
Carbon Tetrachloride 14
Bromodichloromethane 14
Chlorbbenzene 13
Never Present
Dibromochloromethane 0
Bromofonn 0
Dibromochloropropane 0
o-Dichlorobenzene 0
646
-------
Table 365. TARGET VOLATILES BY PERCENT MEASURABLE FOR DEVILS LAKE
FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Ubiquitous Compounds % Measurable
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 80
Tetrachloroethylene 74
m,p-Dichlorobenzene 56
Ethylbenzene 66
o-Xylene 85
m,p-Xylene 91
Often Present
Chloroform 24
Trichloroethylene 33
Occasionally Present
1,2-Dichloroethane 9
Carbon Tetrachloride 8
Chlorobenzene 7
o-Dichlorobenzene 10
Never Present
Dibromochloromethane 0
Bromodichloromethane 0
Bromoform 0
Dibromochloropropane 0
647
-------
Table 366. TARGET VOLATILES BY PERCENT MEASURABLE FOR DEVILS LAKE
FOR WATER
Ubiquitous Compounds % Measurable
Chloroform 100
Bromodichloromethare 73
Often Present
1,1,1-Tricbloroethane 42
Toluene 30
Occasionally Present
1,2-Dichloroethane 2
Trichloroethylene 5
Dibromochloromethane 18
Chlorobenzene 2
Bromoform 8
m,p-Dichlorobenzene 2
Never Present
Vinylidene Chloride 0
Benzene 0
Carbon Tetrachloride 0
Tetrachloroethylene 0
Styrene 0
Ethylbenzene 0
ffijp-Xylene 0
648
-------
Table 367. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR BREATH SAMPLES FOR DEVILS LAKE (yg/m3)
SAMPLE SIZE = 23
ESTIMATED POPULATION = 6,163
4s
•vo
Volatiles
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Tri chloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m , p-Dichlor obenz ene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Median
QL
0.48
0.48
0.22
0.68
2.04
0.68
0.48
0.74
0.25
0.44
0.49
Mean
3.45
30.4
60.1
2.52
16.6
2.54
2.05
2.09
8.44
6.79
13.8
Standard
Error
0.57
3.62
1.84
1.47
3.06
1.60
1.13
0.72
4.39
2.87
6.00
Median
2.90
9.30
55.5
0.89
8.00
0.48
0.52
0.82
1.40
2.70
4.50
75th
Percentile
4.40
28.0
82.0
4.80
20.0
3.00
3.50
1.80
9.90
7.60
17.0
Geometric
Mean
0.91
5.73
22.3
0.61
8.92
0.55
0.75
0.86
1.68
1.42
3.08
Range
0.05- 19.0
0.06-680.
0.03-230.
0.08- 16.0
0.26-170.
0.08- 27.0
0.06- 11.0
0.10- 27.0
0.03- 62.0
0.05- 42.0
0.05- 84.0
Table 368. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR WATER SAMPLES FOR DEVILS LAKE (yg/mL)
SAMPLE SIZE = 24
ESTIMATED POPULATION = 6,163
Volatiles
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Median
QL
I/
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.50
Standard
Mean
0.46
0.04
0.21
0.09
0.59
Error
0.06
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.14
Median
0.38
0.03
0.18
0.06
0.31
75th
Percentile
0.51
0.04
0.25
0.06
0.40
Geometric
Mean
0.38
0.04
0.16
0.08
0.44
Range
0.12- 1.39
0.03- 0.07
0.06- 1.02
0.06- 0.45
0.31- 3.16
I/
— indicates all values are measurable.
-------
pounds sampled had weighted percentages greater than twenty percent for
water. Of these five, chloroform and toluene had the largest mean,
median, range, and geometric mean by far. By comparison with the rest,
bromodichloromethane had fairly high statistics.
Table 369 shows the weighted summary statistics for overnight
personal air. The four highest means, ranges, and geometric means were
1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene", m,p-dichlorobenzene, and
m,p-xylene. Trichloroethylene and £-xylene also had fairly large means,
geometric means, and medians. Daytime personal air weighted summary
statistics are given in Table 370. 1,1,1-trichloromethane, tetrachlo-
roethylene, £-xylene and m,p-xylene had the largest values for mean,
standard error, median, geometric mean, and range. M,£-dichlorobenzene
had a fairly large median and geometric mean.
In general the means were much larger than the medians. This again
shows the skewness of these distributions. Also, the 75th percentile
quite often was much less than the MAX value.
Table 371 compares the magnitude of the compound concentrations to
the median quantifiable limit by media and compound. A compound was
reported as high if the % measurable was greater than 50. Overall, most
compound levels were low in comparison to the median QL. For air and
breath volatiles, the compounds with relatively high levels were 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, m^p-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene,
<5-xylene, and m,p-xylene. Breath also had relatively high levels for
chloroform, benzene, trichloroethylene, styrene, and ethylbenzene.
Water had high levels for bromodichloromethane only.
Correlations Between Media
Table 372 gives the Spearman correlations among the three media for
the compounds (toluene was missing for these three media). Again, care
should be taken in interpreting these statistics due to small sample
size. Also remember that many of the compounds had a majority of their
concentrations below the QL. Significant correlations between breath
and overnight personal air were found for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetra-
chloroethylene, chlorobenzene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, and
m,p-xylene. For breath and daytime personal air, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
tetrachloroethylene, and m,p-dichlorobenzene were significant. 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, dibromochloromethane, tetrachloro-
650
-------
Table 369. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES FOR DEVILS LAKE (pg/tn3)
SAMPLE SIZE = 23
ESTIMATED POPULATION = 6,
Volatiles
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Tri chloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
163
Median
QL
0.94
2.00
1.08
2.00
1.10
0.79
0.66
0.48
0.56
Mean
0.76
117.
5.52
11.9
1.48
10.6
2.83
4.32
10.5
Standard
Error
0.28
87.9
4.78
8.60
0.99
7.70
0.28
0.04
0.32
Median
0.56
37.0
0.75
4.70
0.63
1.30
2.75
2.90
6.00
75th
Percentile
0.75
82.0
3.50
20.0
0.75
5.20
4.50
5.80
15.0
Geometric
Mean
0.38
25.5
0.86
5.02
0.52
2.28
1.22
2.63
5.83
Range
0.11- 2.80
0.25-1100.
0.12- 32.0
0.25- 45.0
0.12- 7.90
0.49-230.
0.08- 11.0
0.07- 19.0
0.07- 40.0
Table 370. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES FOR DEVILS LAKE (vg/m3)
SAMPLE SIZE = 24
ESTIMATED POPULATION = 6
Volatiles
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
,163
Median
QL
1.44
2.32
1.68
3.44
1.70
1.50
1.12
0.84
0.84
Mean
3.26
45.1
4.30
36.1
3.90
15.0
17.7
30.1
49.2
Standard
Error
2.32
25.2
3.41
28.7
3.28
9.56
10.7
23.0
32.8
Median
0.19
13.0
0.26
5.40
0.24
2.10
1.40
2.50
6.30
75th
Percentile
0.78
36.0
3.20
10.0
1.13
4.20
6.00
5.30
13.0
Geometric
Mean
0.43
10.6
0.81
4.98
0.50
2.65
1.59
2.78
6.87
Range
0.14- 50.0
0.25-300.
0.17- 47.0
0.43-1600
0.17- 64.0
0.23-320.
0.12-260.
0.11-490.
0.11-730.
-------
Table 371.
SUMMARY OF THE MAGNITUDE OF COMPOUND LEVELS COMPARED TO
THE MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMIT BY COMPOUND AND
MEDIA FOR DEVILS LAKE
Compounds
Breath
Water
Overnight
Personal
Air
Daytime
Personal
Air
Vinylidene Chloride 2j
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Brotnodichlorotnethane
Dibromochlorome thane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromofonn
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
high
low
high
high
low
high
low
low
— I/
high
high
low
low
high
high
low
high
high
high
low
high
low
low
low
low
low
high
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
___
low
low
high
low
low
low
low
— ..
high
low
low
low
high
low
high
high
high
___
low
low
high
low
low
low
low
—
high
low
low
low
_ —
high
low
high
high
high
I/ Indicates compound was missing for this media.
2J Vinylidene chloride is not reported for air and breath due to
low breakthrough volume.
* 100 percent measurable.
652
-------
ethylene, bromoform, dibromochloropropane, m,p- dichlorobenzene, and
m,p-xylene were found to be significant for overnight and daytime
personal air.
Tables 372 through 374 shows the Spearman correlations for water
and the other three media. There were no significant correlations
between water and any of the other media.
In general a significant difference was found when both media have
percent measurable greater than twenty percent. This is shown in Table
374 for breath, daytime personal air, and overnight personal air. This
was not true for water. Only chloroform and 1,1,1-trichloroethane had
percent measurable greater than twenty for both water and another media.
Figures 85 through 90 show natural logarithmic plots of tetra-
chloroethylene and m,p-dichlorobenzene for breath versus outdoor person-
al air, breath versus daytime personal air, and outdoor versus daytime
personal air. These two compounds were selected because they showed
high percentages measurable over all media as well as having significant
correlations between media.
One was added to each number before the log was taken so each plot
starts at 0 or greater. The lines represent on each plot the max QL
values for the compounds for the two media plotted. If the compound was
100% measurable in the media, then no max QL line is shown. An "0"
indicates that both media were measurable and an "X" indicates that one
or both media were not measurable. The Spearman correlations are also
shown. Although the logarithmic transformation improved the plots and
there was some evidence of a trend in several of the plots, it is
evident that there was seldom a strong correlation between the various
media. Part of this lack of correlation was due, as the plots indicate,
to the number of data points below or near the max QL. Also, the
limited sample sizes made it difficult to interpret the plots since one
data point could have a large effect on the correlation (e.g., Figure
86).
653
-------
Table 372. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS FOR DEVILS LAKE
SAMPLE SIZE
Compounds
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Br omod ichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath &
Overnight
Personal
Air
(22)
-.14
-.04
.60*
-.02
.18
-.10
-.04
.53*
.44*
-.06
-.15
.45*
.07
-.02
-.09
-.03
Breath &
Daytime
Personal
Air
(23)
-.01
.18
.71*
-.23
.26
.31
.34
.53*
.37
.29
.36
.63*
.01
.12
.21
.19
Overnight
and
Daytime
Personal
Air
(23)
.14
-.02
.73*
.32
.52*
-.06
.45*
.60*
.30
-.45*
-.43*
.54*
.35
.01
.33
.60*
* Significant from zero at .05 level.
654
-------
Table 373. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS FOR DEVILS LAKE
SAMPLE SIZE
Compounds
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorometbane
Dibromochloromethane
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
m,p-Dichloroben2ene
Water &
Breath
(23)
.00
.28
.18
.26
-.02
-.02
.08
-.04
.32
Water &
Overnight
Personal
Air
(23)
.25
.03
.47
.13
.12
.34
.26
-.04
-.16
Water &
Daytime
Personal
Air
(24)
.12
.14
.20
-.29
.43
.46
.05
.41
-.15
Table 374. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS FOR DEVILS LAKE WHEN BOTH MEDIA
HAVE % MEASURABLE GREATER THAN 20%
SAMPLE SIZE
Compounds
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylere
Chloroform
Trichloroethylene
Breath &
Overnight
Personal
Air
(22)
.60*
.53*
.45*
-.02
-.09
-.03
-.14
.18
Breath &
Daytime
Personal
Air
(23)
Overnight
and
Daytime
Personal
Air
(23)
.71*
.53*
.63*
.12
.21
.19
-.01
.26
.73*
.60*
.54*
.01
.33
.60*
.14
.52*
* Significant from 0 at .05 level.
655
-------
ln(pg/m3)
ON
6.0
s.s
,..
I
9
C «••
0
r
C
* 3.0
I
N
1
Z.O
1.5
1.0
0.0
1
X
X
I 1
X
X
r - .53
o N - 22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 C
0 0
0
C
0
IOC OF OVCHNICHT PCFSONtL »IP « I £n(yg/in3)
Figure 85. Breath vs. overnight personal air for tetrachloroethylene - Devils Lake
-------
ln(wg/m3)
fc.O
S.S
s.o
I
0
r, 4.1
0
F
S.S
9
f
» 3.0
T
H
• *.S
i
2.0
I.S
l.c
0.5
t.B
(
0
X
K
I
I
I
0
X
X
k
1.6 0.5 1.0 1.5
0
r - .53
N « 23
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 D
0
0 0
IOC OF 0«TTI«C PERSONAL MR • I
Figure 86. Breath vs. daytime personal air for tetrachloroethylene - Devils Lake.
-------
tn(ug/m3)
00
4.0
L 3.5
0
6
9
F
3.0
0
V
r
II
ri
1 2.S
C
N
T'
r
t 2.0
0
M
A
L 1.5
•
• 1.0
1
o.s
fl.fl
0
X
X X
> I
>
X
1.0 0.* 1.0 !.•>
0
0
0
0
o r • .60
o N - 23
0
0 0
0
0
X
X
LOG OF OTTIMC PCKSON1L *IR • 1 tn(pg/m3)
Figure 87. Overnight personal air vs. daytime personal air for tetrachloroethylene - Devils Lake
-------
tn(ng/m3)
3.t
3.3
J.O
2.T
L
•)
G 2.«
o
F
2.1
«
r
• l.S
T
M
• l.S
1
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
*
1
i
•
'
•
f
t
*
t
i
i
•
•
t
«
t
!
*
?
f
• 0
*
•
!
•
*
I
t
«
'
!
t
t
f XX
•
•
•
1.0 O.1.
r
r - .45
N - 22
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
n o
IX I I
1.0 1.5 2.0 ?.•• 3.0 <.S «.0 «.!> 5.0 «•-> *•(
IOC OF OVERNIGHT PC*SON»L *IP • 1 in(ug/m3)
Figure 88. Breath vs. overnight personal air for m.p-dichlorobenzene - Devils Lake.
-------
ln(pg/m3)
3.1
3.0
2.7
r - .63
N - 23
0.6
0.3
1.5
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.3 '.0 «.b 5.H
toe or o»Tti"E pcnsofitL AIP • I tn(ug/m3)
Figure 89. Breath vs. daytime personal air for m,£-dichlorobenzene - PevlJs Lake.
•i.S
-------
4.0 .
!
•
S.5 »
c s.o
R 4.0 •
1 t
I 1
r. >
H . S.S •
T •
E 5.0 •
II !
a •
N 2."> •
t •
L !
i
• 2.0 •
I •
• 1.5 »
I
1 >
i
1.0 >
r
N
.54
23
1.0
\.*>
?.•> 3.0 3.5 «.0 «.••
(.06 OF D*»tI«E CtRSOM«L «!(« « 1 ln(pg/|n3)
Figure 90. Overnight persona] air vs. daytime personal air for m,£-dichlorobenzene - Devils Lake.
-------
GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA
Twenty-four respondents from Greensboro, North Carolina were
surveyed during May of 1982. Samples were collected for breath, water,
overnight personal air and daytime personal air. Fixed site outdoor air
samples were collected for only six respondents and this number was too
small to analyze (see Appendix BB for actual data). Samples were col-
lected and chemically analyzed for 22 different volatile compounds.
A description of the twenty-four respondents is given by the
results of the Household Questionnaire (see Table 375). Almost two
thirds (15) were male. The age range was from 7 to 72 years. Slightly
more than half (13) were employed. Nine were current smokers while six
were former smokers.
The results of the 24-hour activity screener are given in Table
376. More people were exposed to tobacco (10), smoke (10), odorous
chemicals (7), or cleaning solutions (7) during the study period than
any other substances covered by the screener.
Creating the Computer Analysis File
Before statistical analysis could be undertaken, several manipula-
tions were necessary to process the data collected and create computer
analysis files. Water samples for each respondent had been collected at
two different time periods. These two samples were averaged. Also
because of the difficulty of maintaining sufficient GC resolution for
each pair of chemicals, the quantitative values of m-dichlorobenzene and
p_-dichlorobenzene, as well as m-xylene and c-xylene were added to give
one total value for m,p-dichlorobenzene and one value for m,p-xylene.
Thus all samples are more readily comparable on the 20 volatile com-
pounds. Next, values below the level of detection (LOD) were set equal
to 1/2 LOD and values at trace were set equal to 5/8 QL (quantifiable
limit) where 5/8 was the midpoint between the LOD and the QL. For water
there was no LOD category. Finally, five duplicate overnight personal
air samples and nine duplicate daytime personal air samples were averag-
ed. The max QL for a particular media and compound was then defined as
the maximum of the individual quantifiable limits for each sample.
The calculated sampling weights (see Section 4) were adjusted to
compensate for missing data. This adjustment was done by compound by
media. The adjustment factors were calculated by obtaining the total
662
-------
Table 375. HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE - GREENSBORO
Q.I SEX Male 15
Female 9_
24
Q.2 RACE Hispanic
Black - Not Hispanic
Asian/Pacific Islander
White - Not Hispanic
Other
Q.3 AGE 7-17 5
18-29 5
30-39 4
40-49 3
50-59 3
60-69 1
70-79 3
80 - 89 0
24
Q.4 Employed 13
Unemployed 11
24
Q.8 Length of Time With Present Employer
Less Than 1 Year 4
1-5 Years 3
6-10 Years 2
11 - 15 Years 1
16 - 20 Years 1
21 - 25 Years 1
26 - 30 Years 0
31 - 35 Years 0
36 - 40 Years 0
41 - 45 Years !_
13
Q.9 Percent of Time Employment Puts You In Close Contact With
Smokers.
0-9 4
10-19 1
20-29 0
30-39 0
40-49 1
50-59 1
60-69 1
70-79 0
80-89 0
90 - 99 4
12 continued
663
-------
Table 375 (continued)
Q.10 Does Your Occupation Usually Take You Away From Home?
Yes 13
No 0
13
Q.12 Status If Not Presently Employed.
Housewife 4
Student 5
Unemployed 0
Retired 2
Disabled 0
11
Q.14 Presently Employed At Usual Occupation.
Yes 14
No !_
15
Q.15 How Long Employed At Usual Occupation.
Less Than 1 Year 3
1-5 3
6-10 4
11-15 0
16-20 0
21-25 1
26-30 0
31-35 0
36-40 0
41-45 0
46 - 50 !_
12
continued
664
-------
Table 375 (continued)
Q.16 Do You Work In Or At Any Of The Following Occupations Or
Establishments?
Painting 0
Dry Cleaning 0
Chemical Plant 0
Petroleum Plant 0
Service Station/Garage/Engine Repair 0
Furniture Repair or Refinishing 0
Plastics Manufacture or Formulation 0
Textile Mill 2
Wood Processing Plant 0
Printing 0
Scientific Laboratory 0
Dye Plant 0
Hospital 0
Metal Products 0
Battery or Electrical Components Manufacture 0
Refrigerator/Air Cond. Repair or Manufacture 0
Taxi/Bus/Truck Driver 1
Pest Control 0
Drug Manufacturing or Formulating 0
Photo Developing 0
Landscaping/Gardening 1
Q.17 Does Anyone Else In Your Household Work At Or In Any Of The
Following Occupations Or Establishments?
Painting 0
Dry Cleaning 0
Chemical Plant 1
Petroleum Plant 0
Service Station/Garage/Engine Repair 0
Furniture Repair or Refinishing 0
Plastics Manufacture or Formulation 0
Textile Mill 0
Wood Processing Plant 0
Printing 0
Scientific Laboratory 0
Dye Plant 0
Hospital 2
Metal Products 0
Battery or Electrical Components Manufacture 0
Refrigerator/Air Cond. Repair or Manufacture 0
Taxi/Bus/Truck Driver 1
Pest Control G
Drug Manufacturing or Formulating 0
Photo Developing 0
Landscaping/Gardening 0
continued
665
-------
Table 375 (continued)
Q.18
Average Number Of Hours Normally Spent Away From Home.
Weekday
0
4
8
12
16
20
3
7
11
15
19
24
6
4
10
2
0
0
22
Weekend
0
4
8
12
16
20
3
7
11
15
19
24
10
6
4
2
0
0
22
Q.20 Do You Now Or Have You Ever Smoked Cigarettes?
Yes 15
No 9
24
Q.21 Age When First Started Smoking.
10
15
20
25
14
19
24
29
2
10
3
1
16
Q.22
If You No Longer
Up Smoking?
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
24
29
34
39
44
49
54
59
64
Smoke, How Old Were You When You Last Gave
1
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
J_
6
Q.23
How Many Cigarettes Smoked Per Day?
1 - 4
5-14
15 - 24
25 - 34
3
2
7
4
16
continued
666
-------
Table 375 (continued)
Q.24 Use Other Forms of Tobacco.
Cigars 0
Snuff 0
Chewing Tobacco 2
Pipe I
Other 0
Q.25 Does Anyone Else In Your Household Smoke?
Yes 12
No 11
23
Q.26
Number of Smokers.
1
2
3
4
Cigarettes
Cigars
Pipe
Pump Own Gas.
Yes 10
No 13
2
1
0
1
10
2
0
Q.27
Q.28
Q.29
23
Do Your Own Dry Cleaning
Yes 4
No 20
24
Do You Pursue Any Of The Following Hobbies?
Furniture Refinishing 2
Painting 3
Scale Models 2
Gardening 10
Does Anyone Else In Your Household Pursue Any Of The Following
Hobbies?
Painting 4
Furniture Refinishing 2
Scale Models • 1
Gardening 5
continued
667
-------
Table 375 (continued)
Q.30 Do You Work With Or Use Insecticides, Pesticides, or Herbi-
cides, As In Farming, Gardening, Or Extermination?
Yes 4
No 19
23
How Often? Rarely 1
Occasionally 3
Often 0
How Often Do You Have Your House Treated For Pests?
Never 2
Weekly 0
Monthly 1
Yearly 21
23
Q.31 What Do You Consider Your Current Physical Condition?
Excellent 11
Good 9
Fair 4
Poor 0_
24
Q.32 Currently Taking Any Prescription Medication(s) On A Regular
Daily Basis?
Yes 8
No 16
24
Q.33 Have You Taken Any Non-Prescription Medications In The Past
48 Hours?
Yes 11
No 13
24
Q.34 Are You Presently Under A Doctor's Care?
Yes 5
No 19
24
Q.35 Are You Presently Suffering From Any Respiratory Problems?
Yes 8
No 16
24
continued
668
-------
Table 375 (continued)
Q.36 Which Of The Following Conditions Have You Ever Been Treated
For?
Anemia 1
Liver Disease 0
Kidney Disease 0
Q.37 How Would You Rate Your General Recreation/Exercise Activity
Pattern?
Heavy 6
Light 14
Sedentary 4_
24
Q.38 How Would You Rate Your Activity On The Job?
Heavy Physical Activity 4
Light Physical Activity 8
Sedentary 2
Not Applicable 10
24
Q.43 How Many Years Have You Lived In This Area?
1-10 10
11-20 8
21-30 4
31-40 0
41-50 1
51 - 60 !_
24
Q.44 How Long Have You Lived At Your Current Address?
0-9 12
10-19 3
20-29 5
30 - 39 !_
2
Q.45 Do You Cool Your Home With Any Of The Following Appliances?
Central Air Conditioning 13
Window Air Conditioning 9
Evaporative Cooler(s) 0
Window Fan(s) 3
Ceiling Exhaust Fan(s) 2
Circulating Fan(s) 1
Q.46 Do You Have Any Of The Following Appliances?
Gas Stove 1
Electric Oven 23
Gas Furnace 12
Oil Heat 3
669
-------
Table 376. 24-HOUR EXPOSURE AND ACTIVITY SCREENER - GREENSBORO
Frequencies of 24-Hour Screener
1. Have you pumped your own gas in the past 24 hours?
Have you been to a dry cleaning establishment in
the past 24 hours?
Have you done your own dry cleaning in the past
24 hours?
4. Have you used tobacco in any form in the past 24
hours?
5. Have you remained in close contact with smokers
for extended periods?
6. Have you used or worked with insecticides,
pesticides, or herbicides in any way including
farming, gardening, and extermination in the
past 24 hours?
8. Have you been swimming in the past 24 hours?
9. Have you worked at any of the following Past
occupations or been in any of the Week %
following businesses?
Painting 4 17
Dry Cleaning 1 4
Chemical Plant 0 0
Petroleum Plant 0 0
Service Station/Garage/Engine Repair 12 52
Furniture Refinishing or Repair 1 4
Plastics Manufacture or Formulation 0 0
Textile Mill 2 9
Wood Processing Plant 0 0
Printing 1 4
Scientific Laboratory 0 0
Dye Plant 2 9
Hospital 2 9
Metal Work/Smelters 1 4
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Past
Hours
2
1
0
0
5
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
4
19
23
1
22
23
0
23
23
10
13
23
10
12
22
3
20
23
0
23
23
24
%
9
4
0
0
22
4
0
4
0
4
0
4
4
0
continued
670
-------
Table 376 (continued)
10. Have you been exposed to any of the Past Past 24
following? Week %_ Hours %_
Solvents 14 14
Odorous Chemicals 16 70 7 30
Toxic or Hazardous Chemicals 14 14
High Dust or Particulate Levels 6 26 4 17
Auto/Truck Exhausts 3 13 29
Cleaning Solutions 10 43 7 30
Degreasing Compounds 00 00
Other 29 14
671
-------
weight for all observations, then dividing by the total weight for all
observations where concentration information was obtained and not
missing. The original weight of the observation was then multiplied by
the adjustment factor.
. ,. , TT . , original weight x total weight
Adjusted Weight = 7-7—1 • i.,. i ^Tu ^TL ^~- T~T~
J ° total weight less those with missing data
Weighted Percent Measurable
Table 377 shows the weighted percentages of individuals with
concentrations measurable (% above quantifiable limit) for all twenty
compounds analyzed by media. Some caution should be observed in inter-
preting the data since the information was based on only 24 observa-
tions.
Tables 378 through 381 summarize the results given in Table 375 by
listing the compounds by media according to the frequency of percent
measurable.
Generally for these twenty volatiles breath, overnight personal air
and daytime personal air showed similar patterns in percentages measur-
able. Water had its own distinct pattern. There were seven compounds
common to both airs and the breath samples in the greater than 50% cate-
gory. They are 1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene, tetrachloroethylene,
m,p-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, £-xylene, and m,p-xylene. Breath and
overnight personal air also had chloroform and styrene in the high
percent measurable category. The high category for water contained
chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and tetrachloro-
ethylene. One compound, dibromochloropropane, was common to breath and
both airs in 'the never present' category. In addition, in this same
category, breath had two other compounds, overnight personal air had
five, daytime personal air had four, and water had four.
Weighted Summary Statistics
Tables 382 through 385 give the weighted summary statistics for
those volatile compounds whose weighted percentages with measurable
concentrations were greater than twenty percent. These tables are
organized by media.
Table 382 contains the statistics for compounds for breath for
Greensboro. Benzene, tetrachloroethylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, and
m,p-xylene show relatively large means, ranges, and geometric means.
Ethylbenzene also shows a relatively large geometric mean. Table 383
672
-------
NOTES TO THE TABLES 377 TO 389
1. Toluene was not measured in breath, overnight personal air or
daytime personal air. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane was not measured in
breath. Benzene, dibromochloropropane, styrene, £-dichlorobenzene,
ethylbenzene, o-xylene and m,p-xylene were not measured in water.
2. Field samples and duplicate measurements were averaged before
percentages were computed.
3. Percentages in the tables are population estimates (i.e., they are
weighted statistics).
4. Measurable is defined as above the quantifiable limit. All concen-
tration data are considered significant to two figures.
5. Greensboro data was collected in May 1982.
673
-------
Table 377. WEIGHTED PERCENTAGES WITH MEASURABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR
20 VOLATILES FOR GREENSBORO BY MEDIA
SAMPLE SIZE
Compounds
Vinylidene Chloride 2/
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath
23
24.2
68.4
4.37
i /
80.4
5.38
68.3
0.00
0.00
100.
16.5
4.37
0.00
63.5
71.5
2.25
90.3
90.3
84.9
Water
24
9.56
92.6
0.00
24.0
3.25
5.21
92.6
92.6
74.7
0.00
0.00
0.00
Overnight
Personal
Air
24
0.00
65.2
13.5
72.6
fiS 0
6.41
8.46
0.00
0.00
66.4
0.00
0.00
Onn
S7 1
80.2
n nn
100.
i nn
i nn
Daytime
Personal
Air
24
.2
.4
28.0
46.8
10.
76.
55.6
4.29
37.6
0.00
0.00
50.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
41.0
72.8
0.00
95.0
95.0
95.0
I/ Indicates not measured - all values are missing.
21 Vinylidene chloride has low breakthrough volume.
674
-------
Table 378. TARGET VOLATILES BY PERCENT MEASURABLE FOR GPEENSBORO
FOR BREATH
Ubiquitous Compounds % Measurable
Chloroform 68
Benzene 80
Trichloroethylene 68
Tetrachloroethylene 100
Styrene 64
m,p-Dichlorobenze 71
Ethylbenzene 90
£-Xylene 90
m,p-Xylene 85
Often Present
None
Occasionally Present
1.2-Dichloroethane 4
Carbon Tetrachloride 5
Chlorobenzene 16
Bromofora • 4
o-Dichlorobenzene 2
Never Present
Bromodichloromethane 0
Dlbromochloromethane 0
Dibromochloropropane 0
675
-------
Table 379. TARGET VOLATILES BY PERCENT MEASURABLE FOR GREENSBORO
FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Ubiquitous Compounds % Measurable
Chloroform 65
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 72
Benzene 65
Tetrachloroethylene 66
Styrene 57
m,p-Dichlorobenze 80
Ethylbenzene 100
£-Xylene 100
m,p-Xylene 100
Often Present
none
Occasionally Present
1,2-Dichloroethane 14
Carbon Tetrachloride 6
Trichloroethylene 8
Never Present
Bromodichloromethane 0
Dibromochloromethane 0
Chlorobenzene 0
Bromoform 0
Dibromochloropropane 0
o-Dichlorobenzene 0
676
-------
Table 380. TARGET VOLATILES BY PERCENT MEASURABLE FOR GREENSBORO
FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Ubiquitous Compounds % Measurable
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 76
Benzene 56
Tetrachloroethylene 50
m.p-Dichlorobenzene 73
Ethylbenzene 95
o-Xylene 95
m,p-Xylene 95
Often Present
Chloroform 47
Trichloroethylene 38
Styrene 41
Occasionally Present
1,2-Dichloroethane 10
Carbon Tetrachloride 4
Never Present
Eromodichloroethane 0
Dibromochloromethane 0
Chlorobenzene 0
Bromoform 0
Dibromochloropropane 0
o-Dichlorobenzene 0
677
-------
Table 381. TARGET VOLATILES BY PERCENT MEASURABLE FOR GREENSBORO
FOR WATER
Ubiquitous Compounds % Measurable
Chloroform 93
Bromodichloromethane 93
Dibromochloromethane 93
Tetrachloroethylene 74
Often Present
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 24
Occasionally Present
Vinylidene Chloride 10
Carbon Tetrachloride 3
Trichloroethylene 5
Never Present
1,2-Dichloroethane 0
Chlorobenzene 0
Bromoform 0
m,p-Dichlorobenzene 0
678
-------
Table 382. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR BREATH SAMPLES FOR GREENSBORO (pg/m3)
SAMPLE SIZE = 23
ESTIMATED POPULATION =
Volatiles
Chloroform
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chi orobenzene
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
130,901
Median
QL
0.36
0.28
0.48
I/
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.28
0.26
Mean
2.58
19.3
1.67
9.87
0.45
0.72
5.74
2.47
2.69
5.88
Standard
Error
1.67
2.72
0.78
1.51
0.37
0.10
3.62
0.39
0.68
1.28
Median
0.67
15.0
0.54
3.90
0.04
0.40
1.25
1.50
1.20
3.80
75th
Percentile
1.22
24.0
1.20
18.0
0.13
1.40
4.80
3.18
2.40
6.20
Geometric
Mean
0.48
5.27
0.50
5.92
0.07
0.33
1.12
1.50
1.14
2.42
Range
0.04- 35.0
0.03- 96.0
0.05- 11 .1
1.10- 39.0
0.02- 8.01
0.03- 2.90
0.04- 54.0
0.16- 13.0
0.03- 14.4
0.03- 35.0
indicates all values are measurable.
Table 383. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR WATER SAMPLES FOR GREENSBORO (pg/mL),
SAMPLE SIZE = 24
ESTIMATED POPULATION = 130,901
Volatiles
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Brcmodichlorome thane
Dibromochloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Median
QL
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.05
Mean
42.6
0.03
7.11
1.19
0.13
Standard
Error
6.10
0.01
0.62
0.12
0.06
Median
43.8
0.03
7.81
1.21
0.07
75th
Percentile
55.6
0.03
9.16
1.51
0.17
Geometric
Mean
24.6
0.03
5.18
1.00
0.08
Range
0.03-90.6
0.03- 0.05
0.06-11.4
0.06- 1.86
0.03- 0.64
-------
has the statistics for water. Only five of the twenty compounds sampled
had weighted percentages greater than twenty percent for water. Of
these five, chloroform had the largest mean, median, range, and geo-
metric mean by far. By comparison with the rest, bromodichloromethane
also had fairly high statistics.
Table 384 shows the weighted summary statistics for overnight per-
sonal air. The five highest means, ranges, and geometric means were
1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene, tetrachloroethylene, m,p-dichloroben-
zene, and m,p-xylene. 0-xylene also had a fairly large mean, geometric
mean, and median. Daytime personal air weighted summary statistics are
given in Table 385. 1,1,1-trichloroethane had by far the largest values
for mean, standard error, median, 75th percentile, geometric mean, and
range. M,p-xylene had a fairly large median and geometric mean.
In general, the means were much larger than the medians. This
again shows the skewness of these distributions. Also the 75th per-
centile quite often is much less than the maximum value.
Table 386 compares the magnitude of the compound concentrations to
the median quantifiable limit by media and compound. A compound was
reported as high if the percent measurable was greater than 50. Over-
all, most compound levels were low in comparison to the median QL. For
air and breath volatiles, the compounds with relatively high levels were
benzene, tetrachloroethylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene,
or m,p-xylene. 1,1,1-trichloroethane was also high for air samples.
Water had high levels for chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochlo-
romethane, and tetrachloroethylene.
Correlations Between Media
Table 387 gives the Spearman correlations among the three media for
the 19 compounds (toluene was missing from all media). Again, care
should be taken in interpreting these statistics due to small sample
size. Also remember that many of the compounds have a majority of their
concentrations below the QL. Significant correlations from zero between
breath and overnight personal air were found for benzene, tetrachloro-
ethylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, £-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, and
m,p-xylene. For breath and daytime personal air, chloroform, carbon
tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, and nyp-dichlorobenzene were sig-
nificant. 1,2-dichloroethylene, benzene, tetrachloroethylene, chloro-
680
-------
Table 384. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES FOR GREENSBORO (yg/m3)
00
SAMPLE SIZE = 24
ESTIMATED POPULATION = 130,901
Volatiles
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trlchloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Median
QL
1.16
2.88
0.64
2.20
2.10
1.20
0.55
0.96
I/
___
Mean
2.35
38.7
10.2
1.32
6.24
0.28
1.18
11.9
4.93
6.83
13.2
Standard
Error
0.47
13.1
1.87
0.41
2.42
0.05
0.27
6.18
1.02
1.11
3.04
Median
2.60
24.0
12.0
0.99
2.50
0.17
0.55
2.90
2.10
3.60
6.30
75th
Percentile
3.30
75.0
16.0
1.63
5.10
0.20
2.35
7.50
7.40
10.0
18.0
Geometric
Mean
1.35
10.2
2.23
0.76
3.28
0.21
0.69
3.61
3.03
4.35
8.24
Range
0.13- 5.50
0.29-110.
0.06- 43.0
0.21- 8.70
1.13- 57.0
0.12- 1.13
0.06- 3.10
0.12- 72.0
0.68- 20.0
0.82- 26.0
1.80- 62.0
I/ indicates all values are measurable.
Table 385. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES FOR GREENSBORO (yg/m3)
SAMPLE SIZE = 24
ESTIMATED POPULATION = 130,901
Volatiles
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Median
QL
1.30
3.04
0.84
30
04
0.77
1.50
0.56
0.68
0.68
Mean
2.02
67.7
7.93
6.84
59
48
10.6
5,
5.
15
74
12.8
Standard
Error
0.40
20.1
1.55
4.20
1.40
1.08
5.52
1.41
1.38
2.89
Median
0.81
39.5
7.60
2.06
4.10
0.75
.30
.90
.50
7.45
75th
Percentile
3.00
120.
13.0
3.90
10.5
1.03
9.40
5.00
8.50
14.0
Geometric
Mean
1.07
19.0
1.55
1.75
3.60
0.90
3.70
3.15
3.73
7.85
Range
0.15- 7.50
0.31-310.
0.09- 35.5
0.32- 76.0
0.35- 47.0
0.09- 22.0
0.81- 65.0
0.35- 32.0
0.43- 24.0
0.43- 66.0
-------
Table 386. SUMMARY OF THE MAGNITUDE OF COMPOUND LEVELS COMPARED TO
TEE MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMIT BY COMPOUND AND
MEDIA FOB GREENSBORO
Compounds
Vinylider.e Chloride 2/
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochlorome thane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath
____
high
low
I/
high
low
high
low
low
high
low
low
low
high
high
low
high
high
high
Water
low
high
low
low
low
low
high
high
high
low
low
low
...
Overnight
Personal
Air
_«~.
high
low
high
high
low
low
low
low
high
low
low
low
high
high
low
high
high
high
Daytime
Personal
Air
..._
low
low
high
high
low
low
low
low
high
low
low
low
low
high
low
high
high
high
I/ indicates compound was missing for this media and site.
T/ Vinylidene chloride is not reported for air and breath due to
low breakthrough volume.
682
-------
Table 387. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS FOR GREENSBORO
SAMPLE SIZE
Compounds
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenz ene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
(23)
.03
-.23
.00
.53*
.10
.29
.26
.24
.42*
-.05
.24
.35
.36
.56*
.43*
.45*
.37
.45*
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
Breath &
Daytime
Personal
Air
(23)
.45*
-.33
.00
.22
-.53*
.38
.24
.11
.58*
-.20
.11
.06
.32
.68*
.02
-.01
.28
.08
Overnight
and
Daytime
Personal
Air
(24)
.35
.69*
.05
.59*
-.01
.28
.29
.28
.41*
.49*
.28
-.20
.27
.65*
.21
.26
.29
.21
Table 388. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS FOR GREENSBORO
SAMPLE SIZE
Compounds
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Br omod ichlor omethane
Dibromochloromethare
Tetrachloroethylene
Water &
Breath
(23)
-.23
-.22
0
0
.22
.36
.24
-.01
Water &
Overnight
Personal
Air
(24)
-.08
.21
-.21
-.05
.35
-.04
.13
-.05
Water &
Daytime
Personal
Air
(24)
-.04
-.04
-.17
-.14
.26
-.09
-.25
-.26
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level
683
-------
benzene, and m^p-dichlorobenzene were found to be significant for
overnight and daytime personal air.
Table 388 shows the Spearman correlations for water and the other
three media. There are no significant correlations from zero between
water and any of the other media.
In general, a significant difference was found when both media have
percent measurable greater than twenty percent. This is shown in Table
389 for breath, daytime personal air and overnight personal air. This
is not true for water. The only compound having percent measurable
greater than twenty for both water and another media is chloroform.
Figures 91 through 96 show natural logarithmic plots of tetra-
chloroethylene and m,p-dichlorobenzene for breath versus outdoor per-
sonal air, breath versus daytime personal air, and outdoor versus
daytime personal air. These two compounds were selected because they
showed high percentages measurable over all media as well as having
significant correlations between media.
One was added to each number before the log was taken so each plot
starts at 0 or greater. The lines represent on each plot the max QL
values for the compounds for the two media plotted. If the compound was
100% measurable in the media, then no max QL line is shown. An "0"
indicates that both media were measurable and an "X" indicates that one
or both media were not measurable. The Spearman correlations are also
shown. Although the logarithmic transformation improved the plots and
there was some evidence of a trend in several of the plots (particularly
when compound levels were much larger than the MAX QL), it is evident
that there was seldom a strong correlation between the various media.
Part of this lack of correlation was due, as the plots indicate, to the
number of data points below or near the max QL. Also, the limited
sample sizes made it difficult to interpret the plots since one data
point could have a large effect on the correlation (e.g., Figure 95).
684
-------
Table 389. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS FOR GREENSBORO WHEN BOTH
MEDIA HAVE % MEASURABLE GREATER THAN 20%
SAMPLE SIZE
Compounds
Breath &
Overnight
Personal
Air
(23)
I/
*
Chloroform
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o_-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1,1-Trichlcroethane
Breath &
Daytime
Personal
Air
(23)
Overnight
and
Daytime
Personal
Air
(24)
.03
.53*
.42*
.36
.56*
.45*
.37
.45*
JY
.45*
.22
.58*
.32
.68*
-.01
.28
.08
.00
.35
.59*
.41*
.27
.65*
.26
.29
.21
.05
1,1,1-Trichloroethane is not measured in breath.
Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
685
-------
ln(ug/ra3)
L
3
G
0
F
B
A
F
4
T
H
•'
I
f
f
f
3.5» •
1
1.23 •
•
1
! I
1.00 •
1 II
t
2.»5 •
1
f
2. SI •
1
t
2.25 •
!
•
1
2.00 •
•
1
! I
1.75 •
,
> > 1
1.50 •
• 0
! 0 0
t
1.25 •
! X
1.00 >
t
f
t
O.T« • »
f
0.50 *
0
1
0
0
0 r - .42
N =• 23
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
LOG Of OVCPniGMI PERSONAL »|R • I J.n(yg/m3)
Figure 91. Breath vs. overnight personal air for tetrachloroethylene - Greensboro.
-------
ln(ug/m3)
00
3.30 •
I
3.23 •
I
I
3.00 •
2.»3 •
L !
0 I
9 2.SO •
0 !
r •
.2.29 •
1 •
• !
t •
* 2.00 •
1.30 •
1.23 •
•
1.00 •
•
0.75 >
0.50
II X
r - .58
N - 23
0
.0 0.? 0.« O.h O.D 1.0 I.? 1.4 |.ft l.fl 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.f i.H 3.r -'•? 3.* **t-
ion OF OATTinc 'CRSONii »|P • i ln(yg/m3)
Figure 92. Breath vs. daytime personal air for tetrachJoroethylene - Greensboro.
-------
tn(ug/m3)
L
1
r.
a
r
a
V
C
ft
•1
1
C
II
T
r
t
00 •
J
N
L
*
1
a
*
i
4.2
,.,
3.t
3.3
3.0
2.T
2.4
2.1
l.S
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
1
»
i
f
>
•
1
9
•
1
!
•
f
I
1
*
t
f
f
*
1
1
•
t
I J(
*
1
*
* X •
?
1
*
• X X
« X
4 X
1 X « 1
• «
*
1
0
r - .41
N - 24
r
0
0
0 0
0
X 0
X
>
n.O 0.2 0.« l.f. O.B 1.0 1.? 1.4 t.f. I. It 7.0 7.2 2.« 2.<- 2.F 3.0 *..
LOG OF 0»YIIM[ PCRSON*L AIR • 1
3.f .' . ' «.
Figure 93. Overnight personal air vs. daytime personal air for tetrachloroethylene - Greensboro.
-------
tndig/m3)
1
4.,:
J.S •
•
1
3.0 •
t
^ •
0 1
f' ',
0 2.3 «
f i
B •
4 i
E •
CTN « 2.0 «
00 1 1
^° H ! «
f
• I
1
t I.) •
1
t X
i
1
1.0 «
f
t
1
1
o.s •
'
! II
»
> I
0.0 •
p
C 0
0
0
0 r - .56
N « 23
0
0 0
0
0
0
I X M X
x
*
0.«
O.fl
1.2
l.t 2.0 2.* 7.4 9.2 J.t «.0
LOG Or OVCKNIGHt PfRSON«L MR • 1 Z.n(yg/m3)
Figure 94. Breath vs. overnight personal air for m,p-dlchlorobenzene - Greensboro.
-------
ln(ug/m3)
L
0
6
0
F
9
H
c
*
t
H
1
1
"'i
S.S •
t
t
t
1.0 »
«
1
•
Z.5 «
i
i
1
i
2.0 •
•
! 0
! 0
1.5 •
t
• 1
1.0 •
i
0.5 •
i
• « XX
! X K
0.0 • 1
p.* o.r 0.9 t
T-
00
0
r - .68
N - 23
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
X
1
LOO or O«YTI"E PtRSomi AIR • i in(pg/m3)
Figure 95. Breath vs. daytime personal air for m.p-dichlorobenzene - Greensboro.
-------
in(pg/m3)
I
4.0 •
I
•
J.S •
•
1
1.0 •
2.5
1.5 •
!
•
1.0 •
XX
t
9
0 0
r - .65
N - 24
0.0 •
!>.•> «.» tt.l I.I l.J 1.5 l.J 1.9 2.1 2.3 7.5 2.T 7.9 J.I J.J }.f. «.7 3.'. ».l «.
LOG OF OtTT!»C PER50H»l «|K • 1 ltl(ug/m3)
Figure 96. Overnight personal air vs. daytime personal air for m.p-dlchlorobenzene - Greensboro.
-------
COMPARISON BETWEEN SEASONS IN BAYONNE AND ELIZABETH, NEW JERSEY
The TEAM study in Bayonne and Elizabeth, New Jersey, monitored
exposure to hazardous chemicals for a sample of individuals over three
seasons. The first season of exposure monitoring was conducted from
August through November 1981. The second season sample consisted of a
subsample of the individuals who participated in the first season study,
and was conducted in July and August 1982. Similarly, the third season
sample consisted of a subgroup of the individuals who participated in
the study during the first two seasons, and was conducted in January and
February 1983. Data was collected on 354 individuals in the first
season, 157 in the second, and 49 in the third. The following analysis
was conducted on only those individuals who had data in all seasons of
comparison (i.e., in comparing first, second and third seasons the
sample was those 49 people with first, second and third season informa-
tion). Therefore, second season weights were used in the comparison of
the 157 people who had both first and second season data and third
season weights were used on those who had all three seasons. The
weights were adjusted for missing values as described earlier in the
first season discussion.
Tables 390 through 394 compare the quantifiable limits for those
persons with first and second season samples for breath, overnight
personal air, daytime personal air, overnight outdoor air, and daytime
outdoor air for the nineteen compounds analyzed. The quantifiable
limits for water were constant for each compound. With few exceptions
the medians, ninetieth percentiles, and ranges for first season were
larger than those for second. In some instances such as m,p-xylene for
daytime personal air, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and £-xylene for overnight
personal air, the medians were as much as ten times larger for first
season (see Table 395).
The percentage of sample concentrations above the maximum quanti-
fiable limit for both first and second seasons is given in Table 396.
For breath, the compounds 1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene, tetrachloro-
ethylene, ethylbenzene, and m,p-xylene had significantly higher percent-
ages in the first season while trichloroethylene tested significantly
higher in the second season. For overnight personal air benzene, carbon
tetrachloride and ethylbenzene had significantly higher percentages in
692
-------
00
Table 390. UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST AND SECOND
SEASON SAMPLES (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY
BREATH
First Season
Median
Compound
Vlnylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dich] oroetbane
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichl oromethane
Dibromoch] oromethane
Tetrachl oroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromof orm
Dibrovnochl oropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Q.L.
14.
2.
1.
1.
0.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
1.
2.
4.
1.
1.
1.
0.
1.
0.
90th
Percentile
8
16
29
30
48
69
69
32
88
25
10
27
20
26
50
26
36
20
87
35
3
4
4
5
4
7
4
4
4
1
6
68
6
4
3
2
2
1
.1
.06
.40
.08
.10
.49
.02
.00
.40
.30
.76
.40
.0
.40
.62
.84
.20
.28
.80
Range
4.00 -
0.44 -
0.44 -
0.48 -
0.26 -
0.38 -
0.63 -
0.80 -
1.28 -
1.30 -
0.37 -
1.48 -
1.48 -
0.39 -
0.58 -
0.41 -
0.24 -
0.39 -
0.40 -
50.0
3.50
6.00
6.40
5.10
6.00
9.90
13.2
6.80
4.30
2.10
11.6
132.
8.90
9.40
8.40
2.20
2.50
1.80
Median
Q.L.
13.2
0.92
0.66
1.82
0.28
1.10
0.84
0.84
1.50
1.16
0.72
2.12
4.10
0.42
0.66
0.68
0.24
0.40
0.40
Second Season
90th
Percentile
18
1
1
2
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
.0
.28
.56
.52
.72
.96
.56
.62
.14
.19
.45
.80
.60
.60
.01
.92
.36
.56
.59
Range
6.40 -
0.48 -
0.39 -
0.56 -
0.18 -
0.64 -
0.42 -
0.56 -
0.52 -
0.40 -
0.18 -
0.72 -
1.60 -
0.20 -
0.35 -
0.31 -
0.17 -
0.17 -
0.17 -
22.4
1.40
2.40
2.64
0.80
2.20
2.56
2.72
3.00
2.40
4.00
3.84
39.6
0.72
1.20
1.20
0.40
0.72
0.72
: : = s. = = :
-------
Table 391. UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST AND SECOND
SEASON SAMPLES (pg/m3) - NEW JERSEY
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
First Season
Median
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichl oroethane
1,1,1 -Trl cbloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethy] ene
Bromodich] oromethane
Dibromochlorometbane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chi orobenzene
Bromofcrm
Dibrcmochloropropane
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenz ene
o-Dichl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Q.L.
52.
3.
6.
22.
0.
2.
2.
3.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
5.
4.
3.
90th
Percentile
0
00
40
8
61
50
30
24
68
10
51
52
81
10
20
00
00
60
32
199.
10.
8.
28.
1.
4.
4.
6.
2.
3.
2.
4.
70.
2.
6.
J •
7.
6.
5.
0
00
0
02
00
00
00
85
00
45
80
8
92
40
86
00
02
00
Range
5.20 -
0.68 -
0.29 -
2.96 -
0.15 -
0.60 -
0.88 -
0.48 -
0.47 -
0.64 -
0.37 -
1.01 -
1.24 -
0.42 -
0.57 -
0.33 -
0.77 -
0.92 -
1.64 -
244.
13.6
12.8
32.8
1.04
5.20
5.20
8.40
4.80
3.00
3.08
14.4
116.
4.10
8.60
7.60
7.00
7.00
5.00
Median
Q.L.
27.2
1.24
1.10
2.20
0.44
2.30
2.24
1.36
1.84
1.80
0.85
2.12
3.09
1.04
0.88
0.80
0.72
0.21
0.41
Second Season
90th
Percentile
44.
1.
1.
2.
0.
2.
3.
2.
4.
2.
2.
3.
5.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
0
72
44
88
99
80
25
14
80
78
20 •
57
60
50
10
51
08
04
04
Range
6.00 -
0.38 -
0.44 -
0.60 -
0.18 -
0.78 -
0.72 -
0.48 -
0.68 -
0.52 -
0.29 -
0.84 -
0.68 -
0.18 -
0.71 -
0.29 -
0.18 -
0.18 -
0.18 -
48.0
1.80
2.04
2.96
1.20
3.10
4.00
3.00
6.80
3.40
3.08
4.80
8.00
1.70
1.10
1.96
1.10
1.04
1.04
-------
Table 392. UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST AND SECOND
SEASON SAMPLES (pg/m3) - NEW JERSEY
ON
VO
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
First Season
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tr ichloroethylene
Broroodi chloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Median
Q.L.
52.0
4.01
7.60
23.0
0.82
3.24
3.20
4.00
2.24
3.55
2.12
3.28
2.50
1.15
1.40
1.34
2.40
5.68
4.25
90th
Percentile
192.
12.0
11.6
32.7
2.50
5.38
6.40
8.00
4.40
5.61
3.30
7.14
99.4
4.00
9.74
3.00
8.56
9.52
6.40
Range
5.20 -
0.60 -
0.40 -
1.60 -
0.20 -
0.61 -
1.20 -
0.76 -
1.24 -
0.62 -
0.51 -
1.72 -
1.24 -
0.56 -
0.59 -
0.39 -
0.66 -
0.66 -
2.10 -
208.
19.0
14.8
43.0
2.50
8.30
9.20
13.2
6.80
5.70
5.20
15.2
156.
4.40
12.0
11.0
9.10
11.0
6.40
Median
Q.L.
27.2
1.37
1.40
2.34
0.68
2.44
2.88
1.88
2.36
2.40
1.10
2.86
4.40
1.00
1.00
1.10
0.50
0.72
0.27
Second Season
90th
Percentile
44.0
1.76
1.86
3.00
1.11
3.08
4.00
2.84
5.76
3.40
3.06
4.18
6.80
1.82
1.45
1.72
1.32
1.07
1.10
Range
6.00 -
0.48 -
0.52 -
0.60 -
0.18 -
0.56 -
0.72 -
0.52 -
0.72 -
0.52 -
0.35 -
0.88 -
0.72 -
0.12 -
0.27 -
0.35 -
0.18 -
0.18 -
0.18 -
48.0
2.12
2.12
3.72
1.76
3.52
6.00
4.40
8.40
3.88
4.80
6.00
9.60
2.10
1.70
2.40
1.36
1.10
1.10
-------
Table 393. UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST AND SECOND
SEASON SAMPLES (pg/m3) - NEW JERSEY
VO
CT\
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trich]oroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromorh]oropropane
Styrene
m,p-DJchlorobenzene
£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o^-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
First Season
Median
Q.L.
8.20
0.98
1.08
2.75
0.42
1.10
1.60
1.90
1.92
1.00
0.84
2.56
11.6
1.09
1.04
1.02
0.97
1.70
1.04
90th
Percentile
15.0
2.31
2.86
3.50
2.36
1.50
6.52
7.20
3.79
2.18
1.18
4.80
42.0
5.36
3.04
3.29
2.70
3.47
1.10
Range
2.88 -
0.26 -
0.40 -
0.56 -
0.30 -
0.26 -
0.49 -
0.68 -
0.92 -
0.29 -
0.14 -
1.32 -
1.68 -
0.25 -
0.48 -
0.25 -
0.18 -
0.62 -
0.62 -
29.2
8.80
14.8
3.50
2.36
1.70
12.0
36.8
15.2
2.28
7.70
18.4
60.0
6.00
8.18
10.7
2.70
3.70
1.10
Second Season
Median
Q.L.
8.80
0.60
0.80
1.60
0.40
0.88
0.78
0.84
0.84
0.67
0.64
1.20
2.12
0.64
1.10
0.50
0.29
0.25
0.25
90th
Percentile
28.6
1.02
1.26
2.22
0.48
2.20
1.14
1.48
7.44
2.56
1.12
3.83
32.3
1.23
1.88
2.19
0.44
0.44
0.44
Range
3.60 -
0.39 -
0.29 -
0.56 -
0.17 -
0.60 -
0.44 -
0.40 -
0.52 -
0.34 -
0.17 -
0.68 -
0.56 -
0.15 -
0.34 -
0.24 -
0.17 -
0.17 -
0.17 -
39.2
1.12
1.80
2.24
0.48
2.30
1.36
1.80
9.60
2.72
1.36
4.80
38.0
1.40
2.00
2.68
0.44
0.44
0.44
-------
Table 394. UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST AND SECOND
SEASON SAMPLES (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY
vo
•-J
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichl oroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachl oroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromof orm
Dibromoch] oropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
First Season
Median
Q.L.
8.30
1.26
1.39
1.76
0.72
1.21
1.40
2.84
2.84
1.30
1.10
3.56
15.2
1.03
1.30
1.33
1.54
2.28
2.48
90th
Percentile
18
3
3
3
5
2
9
10
5
2
1
7
61
7
2
5
2
3
2
.8
.35
.40
.70
.20
.09
.25
.9
.68
.32
.82
.20
.9
.57
.94
.20
.55
.14
.90
Range
3.44 -
0.35 -
0.52 -
0.48 -
0.44 -
0.35 -
0.46 -
0.84 -
0.95 -
0.48 -
0.20 -
1.68 -
2.36 -
0.40 -
0.48 -
0.59 -
0.48 -
0.47 -
1.76 -
21
5
6
3
5
2
11
19
8
2
3
10
100
9
5
9
2
3
2
.4
.21
.12
.70
.60
.35
.0
.3
.90
.60
.06
.9
.
.60
.60
.90
.60
.20
.90
Median
Q.L.
12.4
0.96
1.08
1.26
0.60
1.20
1.08
1.16
1.04
0.96
0.68
1.36
2.70
0.44
0.89
0.60
0.45
0.38
0.30
Second Season
90th
Percentile
27
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
8
2
1
5
48
1
2
2
I
0
0
.3
.61
.62
.45
.00
.72
.52
.98
.96
.20
.41
.28
.0
.12
.50
.66
.13
.67
.56
Range
6.40 -
0.52 -
0.41 -
0.68 -
0.21 -
0.57 -
0.66 -
0.44 -
0.48 -
0.44 -
0.17 -
0.64 -
0.58 -
0.13 -
0.18 -
0.23 -
0.21 -
0.21 -
0.21 -
56.0
1.64
2.24
3.52
1.00
3.52
2.12
2.64
13.6
2.88
2.00
6.80
64.0
2.00
3.00
3.90
1.30
0.72
0.56
-------
Table 395. RATIO OF MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMIT FOR FIRST SEASON TO MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE
LIMIT FOR SECOND SEASON BY MEDIA AND COMPOUND - NEW JERSEY
Compound
Vinylldene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chi orobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene •
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath
1.12
2.35
1.95
0.71
1.71
1.54
2.01
1.57
1.25
1.94
1.53
1.07
1.02
3.00
2.27
1.85
1.50
3.00
2.18
Overnight
Personal Air
1.91
2.42
5.82
10.4
1.39
1.09
1.03
2.38
0.91
1.17
1.78
1.19
0.59
1.06
1.36
1.25
6.94
21.9
8.10
Daytime Overnight Daytime
Personal Air Outdoor Air Outdoor Air
1.91 0.93 0.67
2.93 1.63 1.31
5.43 1.35 1.29
9.83 1.72 1.40
1.21 1.05 1.20
1.33 1.25 1.01
1.11 2.05 1.30
2.13 2.26 2.45
0.95 2.29 2.73
1.48 1.49 1.35
1.93 1.31 1.62
1.15 2.13 2.62
0.57 5.47 5.63
1.15 1.70 2.34
1.40 0.95 1.46
1.22 2.04 2.22
4.80 3.34 3.42
7.89 6.80 6.00
15.7 4.16 8.27
-------
Table 396. PERCENTAGE ABOVE THE MAXIMUM QUANTIFIABLE LIMIT FOR FIRST AND
SECOND SEASONS BY SEASON, MEDIA AND COMPOUND -
NEW JERSEY
Breath
Sample Size Range
Compound
Vinylidene chloride
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroe thane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochl oropropane
Styrene
m, p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
76
First
Season
2.09
44.7
0.00
62.1 *
71.6 *
2.63
0.24
0.00
0.00
70.2 *
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.58
13.5
0.00
64.2 *
44.9
87.8 *
- 138
Second
Season
3.51
46.6
0.00
46.1
39.7
0.88
17.9 *
0.00
0.00
46.4
2.98
0.00
0.00
3.64
18.9
0.00
47.8
37.0
55.5
Overnight
Outdoor Air
Sample Size Range
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroe thane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,_p_-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
,
44
First
Season
1.42
0.00
0.00
59.4
82.8
6.93
0.00
0.00
0.00
49.1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.19
1.35
0.00
58.1
44.8
93.0
- 61
Second
Season
0.00
25.0 *
0.00
61.6
85.7
10.7
16.5 *
0.00
0.00
43.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.19
0.00
0.00
55.6
51.6
88.8
Overnight
Personal Air
148
First
Season
0.00
15.8
0.00
20.3
92.1 *
10.5 *
12.7
0.00
0.00
67.8
0.17
0.00
0.00
13.7
26.3
0.33
51.5 *
30.2
89.8
- 154
Second
Season
0.00
9.02
0.00
16.1
80.6
1.01
31.3 *
0.00
0.00
65.7
3.88
0.00
0.00
9.99
31.6
1.70
34.4
37.2
87.1
Daytime
Personal Air
138-
First
Season
3.85
12.2
1.20
23.8
93.0 *
6.25
14.8
0.00
0.00
65.9
0.00
0.00
0.00
24.1 *
23.8
7.08
45.3 *
30.0
92.6 *
142
Second
Season
0.38
4.69
0.00
15.4
62.4
0.00
22.8
0.00
0.00
50.4
0.44
0.00
0.00
8.03
19.8
0.00
19.5
18.7
75.1
Daytime
Outdoor Air
41
First
Season
0.00
0.29
0.00
54.8
38.1
5.30
2.55
0.00
0.00
59.2
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.30
0.00
55.7
46.9 *
88.4 *
- 59
Second
Season
0.00
28.7 *
0.00
62.4
49.8
6.38
16.1 *
0.00
0.00
51.0
6.42
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.18
0.00
31.1
19.4
74.2
Water
115
First
Season
36.4 *
100.
0.80
43.3
0.00
5.08
50.0
100.
100.
49.9 *
0.00
4.22
0.00
0.35
0.00
0.00
- 157
Second
Season
25.9
99.8
1.46
44.2
22.7 *
6.68
41.6
99.8
99.8
42.5
0.00
6.32
___
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
T-test for difference between seasons significant at .05 level.
699
-------
the first season while trichloroethylene was again significantly higher
in the second. For daytime personal air benzene, styrene, ethylbenzene
and m,p-xylene were significantly higher in the first season. For
overnight and daytime outdoor airs, chloroform and trichloroethylene
were significantly higher in the second season while for daytime outdoor
air £-xylene and m,p-xylene were significantly higher in the first
season. Thus, higher percentages for trichloroethylene in the second
season were observed for both personal and outdoor air. For water
vinylidene chloride and tetrachloroethylene percentages were signifi-
cantly higher in the first season while benzene was significantly higher
in the second.
Table 397 further compares the percentages above the maximum
quantifiable limit for both seasons by showing the ratio of first to
second seasons. If either of the percentages were less than ten then
the ratio was not given. For tetrachloroethylene, ethylbenzene and
m,p-xylene the first season was consistantly higher while for others
such as £-xylene or 1,1,1-trichloroethane the percentages were greater
in some media and less in others in the second season. In general, the
first season percentage was higher for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene,
tetrachloroethylene, ethylbenzene, £-xylene and m,p-xylene while the
percentages for trichloroethane and m^-dichlorobenzene were usually
higher in the second season. For outdoor air tetrachloroethylene,
ethylbenzene and m,p-xylene showed higher percentages in the first
season while 1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene and carbon tetrachloride
percentages appeared higher in the second season. For water chloroform,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, bromodichloromethane and dibrcmochloromethane
showed little or no change between seasons while vinylidene chloride,
trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene seemed higher in the first
season.
Table X-105 in the appendix gives a comparison of percent measur-
able for those with first and second seasons. Carbon tetrachloride and
tetrachloroethylene showed a decrease in percent measurable for breath
and the airs in the second season and vinylidene chloride, chloroben-
zene, and m,p-dichlorobenzene showed an increase across breath and the
airs. Breath showed perhaps the largest change between seasons with
seven compounds — chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene, tetra-
700
-------
Table 397. RATIO^-'OF FIRST SEASON PERCENT ABOVE MAXIMUM QUANTIFIABLE LIMIT TO SECOND SEASON
PERCENT ABOVE MAXIMUM QUANTIFIABLE LIMIT - NEW JERSEY
Overnight Daytime Overnight Daytime
Compound Breath Personal Air Personal Air Outdoor Air Outdoor Air Water
Vinylidene Chloride 1.41*
Chloroform 0.96 1.00
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1.35* 1.26 1.55 0.97 0.88 0.98
Benzene 1.80* 1.14* 1.49* 0.97 0.77
Carbon Tetrachloride 0.65*
Trichloroethylene 0.40* 0.65 1.20
Bromod]chloromethane 1.00
Dibromochloromethane 1.00
o Tetrachloroethylene 1.51* 1.03 1.31 1.14 1.16 1.17*
Chiorobenzene
Brotnoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,_p-Dichl orobenzene 0.72 0.83 1.20
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1.34*
1.21
1.58*
1.50*
0.81
1.03
2.33*
1.60
1.23*
1.05
0.87
1.05
1.79
2.42*
1.19*
* T-test for difference between seasons significant at .05 level.
a/ Ratio shown if both percentages greater than 10.
-------
chloroethylene, ethylbenzene, ^-xylene, and benzene decreasing by at
least twenty percentage points. For daytime personal air the first
season percentages tended to be higher while for overnight outdoor air
the second season percentages tended to be higher.
Tables 398 through 403 give the weighted summary "statistics by
media and season for selected compounds for those with first and second
season samples. These summary statistics include arithmetic mean,
geometric mean, median, percentiles, and range. The seasonal means were
tested and an asterisk was placed by the value if it proved to be
significantly higher at .05 level. These tables were summarized in
Tables 404 through 409 which give the ratios of second season to first
season for the arithmetic mean, geometric mean, median and maximum
concentration.
Overall, for most compounds, the geometric means and medians were
higher for first season (fall). In fact, for breath, daytime personal
air and water, the geometric means were often significantly higher in
the first season. For overnight and daytime personal air, the arithme-
tic means and maximum values tended to be higher in the first season
while breath and overnight outdoor air showed some tendency to have
higher arithmetic means and maximum values in the second season (summer).
For daytime outdoor air and water the arithmetic means tended to be
higher in the first season but the maximum values tended to be higher in
the second. Generally, these tendencies indicate that in many cases
large outlying values could appear in either season for the various
compounds causing large arithmetic means but when measures of central
tendancy were examined the first season usually had the higher concen-
trations. Also, outdoor airs had not nearly so many significant differ-
ences as the other media.
Tables 404 through 409 summarize the comparison between seasons
with the ratios of second season to first for the arithmetic mean,
geometric mean, median and maximum values. The small ratio values
further illustrate the tendancy for higher values in the first season.
For example, carbon tetrachloride for breath and the airs showed small
ratios over the four statistics. However, chloroform for the outdoor
airs showed particularly high maximum values in the second season
resulting in high arithmetic means as demonstrated by the high ratios.
702
-------
Table 398. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY SEASON FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST AND SECOND SEASON SAMPLES
(ug/m3) - NEW JERSEY
O
Co
BREATH - FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Compounds
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trlchloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
109,438
76-138
a/
Mid
Q.L.
2.16
1.32
1.70
1.50
2.60
0.99
1.20
0.43
1.10
0.43
Arith.
Mean
3.76
20.4
1.56*
1.52
13.9
1.28
5.71
4.76
3.64
9.33
b/
Arlth.
S.E.
0.46
5.71
0.39
0.16
3.99
0.16
1.18
0.72
0.54
1.06
c/
Ceo.
Mean
2.28
5.87*
0.69*
0,94
7.26*
0.76
1.56
2.58*
2.04*
5.89*
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.17
1.27
1.14
1.14
1.13
1.10
1.18
1.12
1.11
1.10
Percentile
Median
2.90
9.10
0.70
0.90
6.65
0.89
1.20
2.90
2.20
6.60
75th
5.40
17.0
1.06
1.70
13.0
1.30
2.90
5.40
3.73
9.80
90th
9.60
32.0
2.63
3.69
27.0
2.80
20.0
8.60
6.70
20.0
95th
11.0
79.0
3.00
4.88
45.0
4.50
30.0
12.0
9.50
24.0
99th
12.0
400.
25.0
8.30
190.
7.20
82.0
23.0
17.0
36.0
Range
0.06 -
0.06 -
0.06 -
0.09 -
0.81 -
0.06 -
0.12 -
0.03 -
0.05 -
0.18 -
15.0
520.
48.0
14.0
190.
31.0
92.0
290.
220.
350.
BREATH - SECOND SEASON
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tr ichloroethy lene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
109,438
76-138
0.93
1.76
1.08
0.80
1.50
0.42
0.60
0.24
0.40
0.42
6.65
14.6
0.44
6.20*
10.6
1.66
6.72
4.73
5.56
10.1
1.60
4.35
0.10
1.27
2.23
0.28
1.25
1.12
1.42
2.26
1.46
2.49
0.23
0.51
2.81
0.48
1.22
0.70
0.66
1.36
1.45
1.39
1.12
1.31
1.21
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28
1.27
2.30
5.40
0.17
0.13
3.90
0.80
1.50
1.90
1.10
3.20
9.30
17.0
0.28
4.50
8.80
1.50
5.40
3.50
4.40
8.30
22.0
28.0
0.88
20.0
25.0
5.00
23.0
8.70
9.50
19.0
25.0
60.0
1.40
28.0
38.0
6.70
28.0
17.0
17.0
39.0
38.0
73.0
4.10
93.0
99.0
13.0
65.0
85.0
no.
140.
0.06 -
0.07 -
0.08 -
0.07 -
0.05 -
0.03 -
0.04 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
38.0
900.
9.60
110.
330.
57.0
190.
120.
150.
240.
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. - Standard Error of Arith. Mean
£/ Geo. Mean - Geometric Mean
&l Geo. S.E. • Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
* T-test for difference in means between seasons significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 399. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY SEASON FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST AND SECOND SEASON SAMPLES
(ug/m3) - NEW JERSEY
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 109,438
Sample Size Range: 148-154
a/
Compounds
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Tr ichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m , p-Dlchlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylcne
Mid
Q.L.
2.90
23.6
2.50
2.30
3.00
0.76
1.20
4.30
4.30
1.64
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - SECOND
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
109,438
148-154
1.30
2.32
2.30
2.20
1.64
0.95
0.83
0.68
0.68
0.62
Arith.
Mean
10.7
40.2 *
3.50*
3.49
11.1
3.55
51.2
10.7
7.71
26.7
SEASON
4.68
20.7
1.24
4.84
9.04
1.97
49.0
7.85
8.10
18.7
b/
Arith.
S.E.
3.78
6.90
0.74
0.56
1.34
1.34
17.6
1.18
0.97
5.73
0.89
3.30
0.09
0.78
0.88
0.14
21.8
1.68
1.17
2.09
£/
Geo.
Mean
3.96*
15.2 *
1.68*
1.92
5.74
1.63
4.38
6.51*
4.98
15.3
1.29
8.21
0.95
1.84
4.32
1.30
5.12
4.24
4.91
11.4
i/
Geo.
S.E.
1.14
1.12
1.14
1.10
1.12
1.13
1.23
1.11
1.10
1.12
1.31
1.23
1.08
1.23
1.18
1.07
1.18
1.12
1.11
1.12
Percentlle
Median
4.55
15.0
1.50
1.94
5.80
1.80
3.30
7.10
5.10
15.0
1.06
12.0
1.31
2.70
5.50
1.40
3.20
4.90
5.40
13.0
75th
8.40
25.0
2.40
3.50
11.0
3.00
9.60
12.1
8.20
25.0
7.60
24.0
1.63
7.20
11.0
2.20
13.0
8.00
9.10
23.5
90th
17.0
64.0
5.40
6.30
30.0
4.40
120.
23.0
14.0
46.0
13.0
58.0
1.94
12.0
20.0
4.05
63.0
13.0
12.0
33.0
95th
28.0
225.
14.0
14.0
35.0
6.00
380.
31.5
19.0
63.0
15.0
68.0
2.40
15.0
33.5
6.40
180.
18.0
20.0
49.0
99th
215.
425.
38.5
30.0
53.0
76.0
915.
64.0
59.0
350.
34.0
130.
5.50
34.0
50.0
9.10
1550
59.0
79.0
150.
Range
0.09 -
0.37 -
0.20 -
0.16 -
0.08 -
0.06 -
0.08 -
0.17 -
0.21 -
0.21 -
0.05 -
0.08 -
0.11 -
0.09 -
0.07 -
0.02 -
0.44 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
215.
880.
69.0
50.0
250.
76.0
930.
320.
75.0
350.
35.0
170.
7.20
59.0
98.0
10.0
1550
180.
100.
150.
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. - Standard Error of Arith. Mean
£/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. - Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where 6 is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
* T-test for difference in means between seasons significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 400. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS
SEASON FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST AND SECOND SEASON SAMPLES
) - NEW JERSEY
O
Ln
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Compounds
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trlchloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m , p-Dlchlorobcnzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylenc
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trlchloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trlchloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
- FIRST SEASON
109, 438
138-142
a/
Mid
Q.L.
3.88
25.0
3.00
3.16
3.30
1.20
1.30
1.80
5.50
2.10
Arlth.
Mean
9.12*
1390
4.46
7.96
22.6 *
28.0
28.2
20.4 *
15.2
40.9
b/
Arlth.
S.E.
2.08
1350
2.01
3.03
3.33
17.6
8.40
4.21
3.36
7.11
£/
Geo.
Mean
3.21*
21.1 *
1.32*
2.86
10.3 *
2.46*
4.70
8.36*
6.78*
21.0*
i/
Geo.
S.E.
1.20
1.12
1.15
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.25
1.14
1.12
1.10
Percentlle
Median
3.10
17.0
1.50
2.38
10.0
2.20
3.30
8.38
6.88
21.0
75th
8.50
39.0
2.63
5.44
23.0
3.90
8.35
17.0
13.0
40.0
90th
21.0
130.
5.70
12.0
52.5
7.00
47.0
35.4
25.0
57.0
95th
41.0
240.
10.0
17.0
68.0
18.0
210.
44.0
27.0
74.0
99th
89.0
8500
37.0
100.
160.
820.
490.
410.
390.
860.
Range
0.08 - 89.0
0.39-330,000
0.17 - 900.
0.28 - 405.
0.39 - 1600
0.07 - 6500
0.16 - 490.
0.08 - 1100
0.08 - 770.
1.31 - 1500
- SECOND SEASON
109,438
138-142
1.36
2.40
2.50
2.84
2.40
1.00
1.00
1.08
0.68
0.27
3.92
218.
0.66
7.71
12.2
2.18
51.5
10.6
15.9
55.2
0.53
194.
0.05
1.94
1.82
0.35
34.5
2.86
4.63
23.3
0.92
4.86
0.51
2.24
3.96
1.08
3.25
3.14
3.91
8.39
1.14
1.35
1.07
1.28
1.24
1.17
1.16
1.23
1.19
1.24
0.69
6.20
0.41
3.00
5.80
1.10
2.25
4.20
5.10
13.0
4.40
24.0
0.88
7.80
14.0
2.60
7.40
8.40
9.05
22.0
11.0
92.0
1.50
21.0
30.0
4.25
31.0
15.0
18.4
41.0
15.0
140.
1.63
29.0
44.0
5.10
110.
21.0
30.0
53.0
29.0
390.
1.75
120.
75.0
10.0
2600
110.
110.
220.
0.06 - 140.
0.08 -49,000
0.13 - 7.00
0.09 - 120.
0.07 - 240.
0.02 - 150.
0.03 - 2600
0.02 - 579.
0.02 - 1800
0.02-10,000
a/ Mid Q.L. - Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arlth. S.E. - Standard Error of Arith. Mean
£/ Geo. Mean - Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. » Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s IB the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
* T-test for difference In means between seasons significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 401. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY SEASON FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST AND SECOND SEASON SAMPLES
(ug/m3) - NEW JERSEY
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m.p-Dlchlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Tr Ichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m , p-Dlchlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
- FIRST i
109, 438
44-60
a/
Mid
Q.L.
1.00
2.92
1.10
1.80
1.40
1.50
1.30
0.92
1.60
1.10
- SECOND
109,438
44-60
0.56
1.04
0.88
0.76
0.60
0.56
1.10
0.29
0.25
0.20
SEASON
Arith.
Mean
0.87
4.99
1.19
2.12
3.31
0.81
1.23
3.68
3.90
10.8
SEASON
9.73*
10.2 *
1.09
6.51
3.47
0.51
1.33
3.59
4.45
11.5
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.21
0.77
0.18
0.30
0.35
0.12
0.18
0.42
0.41
1.14
2.40
1.67
0.14
2.16
0.61
0.08
0.16
0.70
0.91
2.00
£/
Geo.
Mean
0.39
3.54
0.83
1.47
2.24
0.54*
0.79
2.43
2.91
7.94
0.48
3.63
0.72
1.04
1.25
0.26
0.95
1.69
2.02
5.30
i/
Geo.
S.E.
1.27
1.19
1.11
1.16
1.10
1.14
1.18
1.21
1.15
1.21
1.59
1.42
1.17
1.37
1.37
1.26
1.15
1.34
1.36
1.37
Median
0.45
4.20
0.81
1.50
2.60
0.60
0.94
3.50
3.05
11.0
0.09
6.90
0.64
1.40
1.80
0.45
1.20
2.90
3.80
10.0
75th
1.19
5.90
1.30
3.00
4.00
0.94
1.56
4.90
5.70
16.0
7.80
13.0
1.44
7.00
5.50
0.73
1.70
5.00
5.50
16.0
Perce
90th
1.61
11.0
2.10
4.10
6.30
1.30
1.90
6.90
7.40
18.0
35.0
23.0
2.50
27.0
9.40
1.20
2.40
7.30
8.10
24.0
ntile
95th
2.90
12.0
2.90
6.50
6.90
2.80
3.70
11.0
8.15
21.0
51.0
46.0
3.20
38.0
11.0
1.35
2.70
8.80
15.6
27.5
99th
5.20
19.0
14.0
7.50
20.0
5.40
9.20
13.0
11.6
26.0
130.
51.0
4.80
44.0
18.0
1.70
7.60
28.0
31.0
65.0
Range
0.04 -
0.07 -
0.16 -
0.11 -
0.06 -
0.06 -
0.07 -
0.11 -
0.18 -
0.13 -
0.05 -
0.07 -
0.08 -
0.06 -
0.04 -
0.02 -
0.09 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
6.00
19.0
14.0
11.0
27.0
11.0
13.0
20.0
27.0
70.0
130.
51.0
4.80
44.0
18.0
11.0
7.60
28.0
31.0
65.0
a/ Mid Q.L. - Median Quantifiable Limit
W Arith. S.E. - Standard Error of Arith. Mean
£/ Geo. Mean » Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. - Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s Is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
* T-test for difference in means between seasons significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 402. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY SEASON FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST AND SECOND SEASON SAMPLES
(yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR -
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Compounds
Chloroform
FIRST SEASON
109,438
Al-59
a/
Mid
Q.L.
1.40
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane 2.10
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR -
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m.p-Dlchlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1.40
1.70
1.44
1.20
1.50
1.68
2.20
2.48
Arlth.
Mean
1.20
6.20
1.20
2.15
8.66
0.78
1.19
3.76
3.72
10.9
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.16
1.04
0.24
0.36
2.81
0.14
0.28
0.61
0.64
1.95
£/
d/
Geo. Geo.
Mean S
0.64
3.40
0.78
1.28
3.64*
0.50
0.68
2.56*
2.62*
7.22*
.E. Median
L.15 0
1.29 4
[.20 1
L.17 1
1.34 4
L.20 0
1.17 0
.20 2
1.19 2
1.22 7
.74
.50
.00
.25
.20
.51
.63
.90
.90
.70
75th
1.81
7.60
1.25
2.60
10.0
0.98
1.38
4.80
4.90
14.0
Percentlle
90th
3.30
14.0
1.85
6.30
23.0
1.60
2.69
7.90
8.60
26.0
95th
3.34
20.0
3.80
7.45
40.5
1.90
5.40
8.70
11.0
30.0
99th
4.91
57.0
7.10
11.0
57.0
5.13
8.00
14.0
12.0
35.0
Range
0.04 -
0.06 -
0.04 -
0.11 -
0.11 -
0.08 -
0.11 -
0.06 -
0.29 -
0.22 -
7.00
57.0
7.10
11.0
57.0
5.13
11.4
14.0
12.0
36.0
SECOND SEASON
109,438
41-59
0.96
0.92
1.12
1.02
0.92
0.58
0.88
0.30
0.30
0.30
16.5 *
14.1
1.05
8.84
6.54
0.84
1.15
2.42
2.59
7.28
6.25
3.61
0.20
3.67
2.50
0.26
0.35
0.45
0.51
1.41
0.75
3.42
0.66
0.91
1.58
0.31
0.60
0.94
1.04
2.73
.56 0
.59 5
.22 0
.58 0
.38 3
.36 0
.29 0
.24 1
.27 1
.35 5
.14
.50
.75
.19
.05
.36
.70
.80
.69
.30
7.54
17.0
1.20
7.40
5.70
0.73
1.30
2.80
2.80
8.60
59.0
45.0
2.30
19.0
13.4
2.60
1.90
4.70
5.60
13.0
88.0
76.0
4.10
47.0
20.0
4.00
5.20
5.50
13.0
34.0
230.
78.0
4.60
106.
95.0
4.90
6.85
12.0
13.6
36.0
0.07 -
0.09 -
0.12 -
0.08 -
0.06 -
0.02 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
230.
78.0
5.10
106.
9.50
6.30
13.0
39.0
19.0
47.0
al Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
£/ Geo. Mean • Geometric Mean
Al Geo. S.E. - Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
* T-test for difference in means between seasons significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 403. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY SEASON FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST AND SECOND SEASON SAMPLES
(ng/mL) - NEW JERSEY
O
00
WATER - FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Compounds
Vlnylldene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Bromodlchlorome thane
Dlbromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
WATER - SECOND SEASON
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Vlnylldene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Tr ichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dlbromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
109,438
115-157
a/
Mid
Q.L.
0.05 ,
0.05
0.50
0.05 ,
e"/
0.05
109,438
115-157
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.50
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.05
Arlth.
Mean
0.21*
70.4*
0.51*
0.31
0.47
13.8
2.48*
0.36
0.10
61.1
0.19
0.71*
0.39
13.6
2.07
0.36
b/
Arlth.
S.E.
0.04
2.80
0.13
0.00
0.09
0.23
0.08
0.08
0.02
2.01
0.03
0.10
0.06
0.89
0.07
0.06
c/
Ceo.
Mean
0.08*
67.4 *
0.12*
0.31
0.13
13.6
2.39*
0.11
0.05
56.9
0.07
0.46*
0.09
12.5
1.94
0.08
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.19
1.04
1.29
1.00
1.25
1.02
1.03
1.23
1.11
1.03
1.14
1.08
1.16
1.04
1.04
1.13
Median
0.03
66.4
0.03
0.31
0.05
13.4
2.41
0.04
0.03
54.8
0.03
0.31
0.03
12.3
1.91
0.03
75th
0.24
83.5
0.7C
0.31
0.70
14.8
2.71
0.43
0.07
77.1
0.15
0.42
0.14
15.2
2.35
0.11
Perct
90th
0.62
95.0
1.75
0.31
1.59
16.8
3.25
1.41
0.25
97.8
0.54
2.28
1.37
18.4
3.12
0.65
intlle
95th
0.98
102.
2.62
0.31
2.01
17.8
3.45
1.58
0.59
104.
0.91
3.34
1.80
19.5
3.75
1.91
99th
1.65
134.
3.55
0.31
3.51
23.4
8.39
2.03
1. 11
116.
1.65
4.54
3.26
54.0
4.59
3.63
Range
0.03 -
28.8 -
0.03 -
0.31 -
0.03 -
7.00 -
0.99 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.31 -
0.03 -
0.06 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
2.36
168.
4.43
0.31
4.02
23.4
8.39
3.32
2.48
134.
2.57
4.70
8.27
54.0
7.19
9.26
£/ Mid Q.L. - Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. - Standard Error of Arith. Mean
cl Geo. Mean » Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. - Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
e_/ 100% measurable
* T-test for difference In means between seasons significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 404. RATIO OF SECOND SEASON TO FIRST SEASON FOR WEIGHTED
SUMMARY STATISTICS - NEW JERSEY
BREATH
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
1.77
0.72
0.28*
4.08*
0.76
1.30
1.18
0.99
1.53
1.08
Geo.
Mean
0.64
0.42*
0.33*
0.54
0.39*
0.63
0.78
0.27*
0.32*
0.23*
Median
0.79
0.59
0.24
0.14
0.59
0.90
1.25
0.66
0.50
0.48
Maximum
2.53
1.73
0.20
7.86
1.74
1.84
2.07
0.41
0.68
0.69
T-test for difference in means between seasons significant at .05
level.
Table 405. RATIO OF SECOND SEASON TO FIRST SEASON FOR WEIGHTED
SUMMARY STATISTICS - NEW JERSEY
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
0.44
0.52*
0.35*
1.39
0.81
0.55
0.96
0.73
1.05
0.70
Geo.
Mean
0.33*
0.54*
0.57*
0.96
0.75
0.80
1.17
0.65*
0.99
0.75
Median
0.23
0.80
0.88
1.39
0.95
0.78
0.97
0.69
1.06
0.87
Maximum
0.16
0.19
0.10
1.18
0.39
0.13
1.67
0.56
1.33
0.43
T-test for difference in means between seasors significant at .05
level.
709
-------
Table 406. RATIO OF SECOND SEASON TO FIRST SEASON FOR WEIGHTED
SUMMARY STATISTICS - NEW JERSEY
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
0.43*
0.16
0.15
0.97
0.54*
0.08
1.83
0.52*
1.05
1.35
Geo.
Mean
0.29*
0.23*
0.39*
0.78
0.39*
0.44*
0.69
0.38*
0.58*
0.40*
Median
0.22
0.36
0.27
1.26
0.58
0.50
0.68
0.50
0.74
0.62
Maximum
1.57
0.15
0.01
0.30
0.15
0.02
5.31
0.53
2.34
6.67
T-test for difference in means between seasons significant at .05
level.
Table 407. RATIO OF SECOND SEASON TO FIRST SEASON FOR WEIGHTED
SUMMARY STATISTICS - NEW JERSEY
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachl oroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
11.2 *
2.05*
0.92
3.07
1.05
0.63
1.08
0.98
1.14
1.06
Geo.
Mean
1.23
1.03
0.87
0.71
0.56
0.48*
1.20
0.70
0.69
0.67
Median
0.19
1.64
0.79
0.93
0.69
0.75
1.28
0.83
1.25
0.91
Maximum
21.7
2.68
0.34
4.00
0.67
1.00
0.58
1.40
1.15
0.93
T-test for difference in means between seasons significant at .05
level.
710
-------
Table 408. RATIO OF SECOND SEASON TO FIRST SEASON FOR WEIGHTED
SUMMARY STATISTICS - NEW JERSEY
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
13.7 *
2.28
0.88
4.11
0.76
1.08
0.97
0.64
0.70
0.67
Geo.
Mean
1.17
1.01
0.85
C.71
0.43*
0.62
0.88
0.37*
0.40*
0.38*
Median
0.19
1.22
0.75
0.15
0.73
0.72
1.12
0.62
0.58
0.69
Maximum
32.9
1.37
0.72
9.59
1.67
1.23
1.14
2.79
1.58
1.31
T-test for difference in means between seasons significant at .05
level.
Table 409. RATIO OF SECOND SEASON TO FIRST SEASON FOR WEIGHTED
SUMMARY STATISTICS - NEW JERSEY
WATER
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
~
Arith.
Mean
0.48*
0.87*
0.37*
2.29*
0.83
0.99
0.83*
1.00
Geo.
Mean
0.62*
0.84*
0.58*
1.48*
0.69
0.92
0.81*
0.73
Median
1.00
0.83
1.00
1.00
0.60
0.92
0.79
0.75
= ====-
Maximum
1.05
0.79
0.58
15.2
2.06
2.30
0.86
2.79
* T-test for difference in means between seasons significant at .05
level.
711
-------
As an example of the levels observed in the two seasons, Figures 97
through 100 give boxplots of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene,
m,p-dichlorobenzene and m,p-xylene for breath, overnight and daytime
personal air for first and second seasons. For 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
tetrachloroethylene and m,p-xylene the values tended to be higher for
the first season while for m,p-dichlorobenzene there was some tendancy
for the values to be higher in the second season. The plots again
indicate the extreme skewness of many of the concentration distributions
and show why when examining the arithmetic means, it is difficult to
draw any conclusions.
The Spearman correlations between first and second seasons for
selected compounds for all amounts is given in Table 410. With the
exception of vinylidene chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethy-
lene and tetrachloroethylene in water, none of the correlations were
above .50.
The Spearman correlations for measurable amounts only between the
two seasons is given in Table 411. With the exception of carbon tetra-
chloride for breath and styrene for daytime outdoor air, neither of
which were found significantly different from zero, none of the correla-
tions were more than .50. Overall, for breath and the airs the correla-
tions for all amounts and those for measurable amounts were similar.
However, for water the correlations for all amounts were generally much
higher.
Figures 101 through 109 further demonstrate this lack of correla-
tion between the seasons with natural logarithmic plots of selected
chemicals for first season versus second. One was added to each number
before the log was taken so each plot starts at 0. The lines represent
the mid QL values for the compound for the two seasons. An "0" repre-
sents both measurable and an "X" represents one or both not measurable.
The Spearman correlations are also shown.
Tables 412 and 413 give weighted summary statistics for personal
air and outdoor air exposures averaged over the 24-hour period and over
the two seasons. In comparing personal air to outdoor air, the summary
statistics seemed higher for personal air and, with the exception of
chloroform and trichloroethylene remarkably so (e.g., the geometric mean
712
-------
Mg/m;
40 -
30 —
20 -
OJ
10 —
LEGEND:
(20.4)
(17.0)
(9.10)
(5.87)
(2.30)
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
(17.0)
(14.6)
(5.40)
(2.49)
(0.27)
* (40.2)
(25.0)
(15.2)
(15.0)
(7.70)
(24.0)
(20.7)
(12.0)
(8.21)
(4.70)
(1390)
(39.0)
(21.1)
(17.0)
(8.70)
x (218)
(24.0)
(6.20)
(4.86)
I (0.38)
Season 1 Season 2
BREATH
Season 1 Season 2
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Season 1 Season 2
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 97. Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
1,1,1-trichloroethane for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal air by
season - New Jersey.
-------
20 _
15 _
10 —
5 ~
x (14. 0)
(7.26)
(6.65)
LEGEND:
x (10.6)
, (8.80)
(3.90)
(2.81)
(0.94)
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
(ll.D
*- (11.0)
(5.80)
(5.74)
(2.80)
(11.0)
(9.04)
(5.50)
(4.32)
(2.90)
(23.0)
(22.6)
(10.3)
(10.0)
(3.80)
—I (14.0)
(12.2)
(5.80)
(3.96)
(1.50)
Season 1 Season 2
BREATH
Season 1 Season 2
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Season 1 Season 2
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 98. Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
tetrachloroethylene for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal air by
season - New Jersey.
-------
Mg/nr
* (51.2)
* (49.0)
(51.5)
20 -
15 -
•-4
h-"
tn
10 -
5 -
LEGEND:
(5.71)
(2.90)
(1.56)
(1.20)
(0.63)
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
x (6.72)
I 1 (5.40)
(1.50)
(1.22)
(0.14)
1 (9.60)
(4.38)
(3.30)
1(1.06)
(13.0)
(5.12)
(3.20)
(1.75)
x (28.2)
(8.35)
(4.70)
(3.30)
1 '(1.30)
—1(7.40)
(3.25)
(2.25)
(1.06)
Season 1 Season 2
BREATH
Season 1 Season 2
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Season 1 Season 2
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 99. Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
m,p-dichlorobenzene for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal air by
season - New Jersey.
-------
Wg/nr
40 -
30 -
20 —
10 -
* (55.2)
LEGEND:
(9.80)
(9.33)
(6.60)
(5.89)
1 ' (3.80)
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
(10.1)
(8.30)
(3.20)
(1.36)
(0.06)
x (26.7)
I 1 (25.0)
(15.3)
(15.0)
(9.30)
(23.5)
(18.7)
(13.0)
(11.4)
(8.90)
(40.9)
(40.0)
(21.0)
(12.0)
(22.0)
(13.0)
(8.39)
(6.80)
Season 1 Season 2
BREATH
Season 1 Season 2
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Season 1 Season 2
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 100. Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
m,p-xylene for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal air by season -
New Jersey.
-------
Table 410. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FIRST AND SECOND SEASONS
FOR ALL AMOUNTS OF SELECTED COMPOUNDS - NEW JERSEY
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Breath
Corre- Sample
lation Size
.02 76
.15 133
-.03 125
-.01 124
.19* 138
.15 131
.42* 128
.25* 137
.09 135
.18* 138
Overnight
Outdoor Air
Corre- Sample
lation Size
-.09 44
.01 48
-.03 60
.01 60
.06 59
-.00 59
-.19 59
.02 59
.03 59
-.10 59
Water
Corre- Sample
lation Size
.64* 157
-.09 157
.66* 157
.00 115
.75* 157
.11 157
.40* 157
.72* 157
Overnight
Personal Air
Corre- Sample
lation Size
.08 153
-.01 148
-.17* 153
.04 154
.04 154
.19* 152
.49* 152
.03 152
.12 151
.16 152
Daytime
Outdoor Air
Corre- Sample
lation Size
.18 41
.19 46
-.15 58
.09 57
.08 58
.08 59
-.20 56
-.15 55
-.06 57
-.24 57
Daytime
Personal
Corre-
lation
.01
.11
.00
.08
.03
.16
.26*
.11
.25*
.17*
Air
Sample
Size
141
138
139
142
142
141
142
142
142
142
* Significantly different from zero'at .05 level.
717
-------
Table 411. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FIRST AND SECOND SEASONS
FOR MEASURABLE AMOUNTS OF SELECTED COMPOUNDS - NEW JERSEY
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Overnight
Breath
Corre- Sample
lation Size
-.20 31
.09 74
.70 6
-.06 18
.23* 103
.24 49
.43* 48
.02 90
.22 70
.10 94
Overnight
Outdoor Air
Corre- Sample
lation Size
.30 5
-.10 29
.14 19
-.30 22
.11 32
-.18 16
.33 16
.07 46
.08 41
-.06 51
Water
Corre- Sample
lation Size
.23 41
-.10 156
.18 62
0
.06 67
.11 156
.41* 156
.03 67
Personal
Corre-
lation
.28
-.07
-.32
-.09
.03
.06
.^3*
-.03
-.01
.09
Dayti
Air
Sample
Size
48
98
9
51
115
106
112
136
131
144
me
Daytime
Personal Air
Corre- Sample
lation Size
-.08 32
.32* 68
-.63 4
.10 44
.17 91
.39* 78
.26* 88
.22* 118
.33* 111
.24* 131
Outdoor Air
Corre-
lation
.10
.14
.01
.29
.26
.60
-.50
-.12
-.19
-.14
Sample
Size
5
29
10
15
33
5
3
34
35
44
* Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
718
-------
K,n(vig/m3)
vo
10 «
9
a
7
S
c
C 6
0
N
0
S 5
E
A
S
0
N »
3
2
1
0
X
X
X
X 0
0
0
X
K
xx xx x
» XX
r(all) = .15 (N = 133)
r(meas) = .09 (N = 74)
0
0
0 00
X
0 0
0 0
0 000000 00 0
0 00 0
X 0 0 00 0
X 00 0
00 0 00 00 0
0 00 0 0
0000 0
0 0 0 00 0
0 0 00 0
00 0 0
xx o
x x x x o
0
X
IXX X XX X X X X XX XXXX X X X X X
I XXX
.0 O.S 1.0 1.5 2.0 ?.S 3.0
3.5 4.0 4.5
FIRST SEASON
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Figure 101. 1,1,1-trichloroethane for breath - New Jersey.
-------
£n(yg/m3)
K>
O
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
S 4.0
C
c
0
N 3.5
0
S
t 3.0
*
S
0
N 2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0 <
X
0
X
X
X
'
0
c
0
XX
XX
X
r(all) = .19* (N=138)
r(meas) = .23* (N=103)
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
00 0
0 0 00
00 0
00 0
00
0000 0
0
0 00
0
00 0 0
00 00
00000 0
0000 0
0 000
00 0 0
0 000 00 000
0 0 0 00 0
100
0 000 0
0
) 00 0
00 OX
X X
X 0
X
X XOX X X XX XX X
X X X X X X
XX XX
D.4 O.B 1.2 1.6
2.0
2.4 2.6 3.2
FIRST SEASON
3.6 4.0
4.8 5.2
Figure 102. Tetrachloroethylene for breath - New Jersey.
-------
ro
S
E
C
0
N
0
S
E
A
S
0
N
t
1
6.0 «
1
1
1
5.5 «
1
1
5.0 *
1
1
4.5 »
1 X
1
f
4.0 *
1
1
1
3.5 »
|
1
!
3.0 « X 0
1 X
1
1
2.5 « X
1 X
1
! X
2.0 »
1 X
1 X X
! X
1.5 * X X
I X
t X 0
t X X
1.0 « X X X 0
! X X X X 0
! X XXX
rvaj-J.^ = .<+z~ \fi=±/.oj
r(meas) = .43* (N=48)
0
0
0
0
X 0 0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0
0
000
0 0
0
0
0 0
0 0
X 0
0
000 X
00 X
! X 0 0 0
1 XXX X XXX !X XX
! X X IX
i X XXXXX XXX XX X! X X XX
o.o « x x xxx i
O.D 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.P 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 £n(yg/m3)
FIRST SEASON
Figure 103. m,p-dichlorobenzene for breath - New Jersey.
-------
«.n(pg/m3) (
5.0 «
4.5
4.0
3.5
S
E
C 3.0
0
N
0
S 2.5
" I
Ni *
0
N 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
X
0
X
X
X
* X
r(all) = .25* (N=137)
r(meas) = .02 (N=90)
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 00
00 0
00 00
0
0 00 0
000 0
0 00
00 0
00 0000
0 000000 00
00 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
00 00
0 0
0 00
0 0
0 00
00 0 0
x oo
0 0
X XX
X XXX XXX XX XX X X X XX X X X XX X
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
2.5 3.0 3.5
FIRST SEASON
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 A.O
£n(vjg/m3)
Figure 104. Ethylbenzene for breath - New Jersey.
-------
X,n(pg/m3)
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
$ 4.0
E
C
0
N 3.5
0
$
E 3.0
A
S
0
N 2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
X
X
X
X
0
X
> X
r(all) = .18* (N=138)
r(meas) = .10 (N=9A)
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
00 0
0 0
0 0
000 0
000 00
0 00
0
0 000
00 00
0 0
0 000 0 00
0 0
0 0 00000
0
0 00
000
000 0
0 00
) 0
0 00 0
0 0 0 000
0 0
0
0
X X XX X X X
XX XX X X X XXX XX XX XX XXX XX
0.5
1.0
1.5 2.0
2.5 3.0 3.5
FIRST SEASON
4.0
4.5
Figure 105.
for breath - New Jersey.
-------
£n(vjg/m3)
1
5.0 <
4.5
4.0
3.5
S
E
C 3.0
0
N
0
S 2.5
•^ E
* {
0
N 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
X
0
0
0
X
X
X 0
X 0
X
X 0
0
0
X
X X
X X
X
•
rv.au; = .ut ^^=134;
r(meas) = .03 (N=115)
0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0 0
00 00
0 00
0 0
0 0
000 0
0000 0
0
0000 0 00
0 00
00 0 0 00
00 0
00 00
0 00 000 0
0 00 00
00 0 0 00
00 00
00000 0
00 0 0
0
X ' XO
x o x x
00 X
X
X 0
X X
XXX XX XX X X X
XX X
0.0 0.5 l.P 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
FIRST SEASON
Figure 106. Tetrachloroethylene for overnight personal air - New Jersey.
Jln(yg/m3)
-------
6.0
5.5
5.0
S 4.0
E
C
0
N 3.5
0
S
E 3.0
*
S
0
N 2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
X
0
X
0
0 0
0
0 00
X 0
X
00
0 X
0
X
00
0
0
XX
X
X
X XX
X
»
c\ai-j.) = . u J \n=i-<4£)
r(meas) = .17 (N=91)
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 00 00
00 0
00 00 0
0 0
0 0
00 0 0 0
00 0
0 00
00 0
0 00 0 00 0
00 0
00 00 00 0
000 0 0
0 0
0 0
o xx x
X X XX
XX XX
XX XX X
XX XXX X X XXX X
X XXX
O.D 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
FIRST SEASON
Figure 107. Tetrachloroethylene for daytime personal air - New Jersey.
£n(yg/m3)
-------
£n(vig/m3)
* 7
3.00
2.75
2.50
2.25
S 2.00
e
c
0
N 1.75
0
$
t 1.50
A
S
0
N 1.25
1.00
0.75
OKA
.9V
0.25
0.00
X
X
X
X X
X
0
X
X
x
XX
k
r(all) = .06 (N=59)
r(meas) = .11 (N=32)
0
0
0
0
0
0
X 00
0
0 0
00 0
0 0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0 0
X
o x
OX 0
0
0
0
X X
X
X XXX XX XX
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 O.B 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 £n(yg/m )
FIRST SEASON
Figure 108. Tetrachloroethylene for overnight outdoor air - New Jersey.
-------
1
5.0 •
4.5
4.0
3.5
S
E
C 3.0
0
N
0
S 2.5
E
A
S
0
N 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
X
X 0
X
X
X
X
XX XX
*
r(all) = .08 (N=58)
r(meas) = .26 (N=33)
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0 0
0
X °
0 °
0 0
0
00 0 0
0
00 0
0
0 0
0
0
0
X
X X
XXX XXXXX X
I
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.« 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0
FIRST SEASON
£n(ng/ra3)
Figure 109. Tetrachloroethylene for daytime outdoor air - New Jersey.
-------
00
Table 412. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR 24-HOUR EXPOSURE AVERAGED OVER FIRST AND SECOND SEASON SAMPLES
(Ug/m3) - NEW JERSEY
PERSONAL AIR
Population Estimate: 109,438
Sample Size Range: 134-140
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Tr i chloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
7.20
418.
2.46
5.15
13.8
9.02
44.5
12.6
11.1
33.0
a/
Arith.
S.E.
1.50
388.
0.52
0.78
1.54
4.41
11.2
1.70
1.75
6.67
b/
Geo.
Mean
4.04
21.2
1.43
3.56
9.46
2.20
6.73
8.09
7.19
19.8
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.15
1.11
1.08
1.12
1.09
1.08
1.20
1.09
1.08
1.07
Percentile
Median
4.46
18.4
1.25
3.17
9.08
2.10
4.24
8.00
6.98
18.6
75th
8.38
36.2
1.72
5.84
17.0
2.80
14.6
12.0
9.90
25.4
90th
14.3
85.2
3.04
10.4
24.3
4.30
105.
17.8
16.5
40.8
95th
18.0
147.
6.06
14.2
39.6
6.80
358.
23.9
25.2
67.2
99th
78.0
2350
17.3
34.5
61.5
206.
654.
173.
150.
367.
Range
0.22 -
2.49 -
0.30 -
0.31 -
1.68 -
0.19 -
0.42 -
0.61 -
0.44 -
2.28 -
78.0
94,900
226.
34.5
407.
1660
654.
299.
326.
2640
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
c/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
-------
Table 413. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR 24-HOUR EXPOSURE AVERAGED OVER FIRST AND SECOND SEASON
(pg/m3) - NEW JERSEY
OUTDOOR AIR
Population Estimate: 109,438
Sample Size Range: 40-56
Compounds
Chloroform
1 , ] , ] -Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethy 3 ene
Styrene
m,p-Dichl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
7.17
9.02
1.13
5.06
5.63
0.71
1.24
3.39
3.70
10.2
a/
Arith.
S.E.
2.09
1.15
0.11
1.25
1.10
0.08
0.14
0.26
0.35
0.62
b/
Geo.
Mean
1.58
6.30
0.96
2.53
3.82
0.58
1.03
2.99
3.27
9.50
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
Percentile
27
15
09
26
15
11
11
08
10
07
Median
1.41
6.35
0.92
2.10
3.59
0.59
0.96
3.15
3.45
10.3
75th
5.59
11.3
1.24
5.78
6.77
0.88
1.52
4.02
4.25
12.2
90th
20.6
20.9
1.88
13.5
12.2
1.42
2.44
4.72
7.10
14.2
95th
38.0
29.4
2.49
23.5
17.4
1.93
3.85
6.77
7.45
16.6
Range
0.06
0.56
0.22
0.13
0.30
0.09
0.31
0.65
0.70
2.50
- 69.2
- 32.0
- 5.11
- 27.7
- 29.0
- 3.13
- 6.21
- 13.0
- 10.0
- 23.1
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
by Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
c_l Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x)
-------
for 1,1,1-trichloroethane was 21.2 for personal air and 6.30 for outdoor
air).
Tables 414 and 415 give the weighted summary statistics for aver-
aged 24-hour exposure over the two seasons for personal air and outdoor
air by city. Overall, the statistics for personal air were higher for
Elizabeth. The exception was carbon tetrachloride which was consist-
antly higher for Bayonne. For outdoor air the statistics tended to be
higher for Bayonne.
COMPARISON OF FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD SEASONS
The quantifiable limits for those people having all three seasons
of data for breath and the airs by compound is given in Tables 416
through 420. The quantifiable limits for water were constant for each
compound. For breath and the personal airs the unweighted median,
ninetieth percentile and range are given. For the outdoor airs only the
unweighted median and range are given due to small sample sizes.
Overall, the values for first season were highest, followed by second
season with third season lowest. Vinylidene chloride and dibromochloro-
propane had particularly high quantifiable limits over breath and the
airs.
To further examine the relationship of quantifiable limits among
the seasons Tables 421 through 423 give the ratios of median quanti-
fiable limits between seasons. The ratios confirm the previous observa-
tion that the first season medians were generally highest followed by
second season medians with third season lowest.
The weighted percentage above the maximum quantifiable limit by
season, media and compound is given in Table 424. Due to small sample
sizes, caution should be used in interpreting the results for outdoor
air. Pairwise t-tests were performed to test differences between
seasons. If any of the pairs proved significantly different, then an
asterisk was placed by the highest percentage. Generally, there were
few significant differences between percentages for the seasons. Breath
had the most significant differences with seven, five of which were
highest in the first season (fall). Daytime personal air was next with
four significant differences, three of which were highest in the third
season (winter).
730
-------
Table 414. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR 24-HOUR EXPOSURE AVERAGED OVER FIRST AND
SECOND SEASON SAMPLES (ug/m3) - NEW JERSEY
PERSONAL AIR - BAYONNE
Population Estimate: 49,542
Sample Size Range: 51-56
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Arith.
Mean
4.23
33.6
3.53
4.62
12.7
2.09
42.9
9.80
9.07
23.0
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.58
8.33
1.15
1.15
1.86
0.24
19.6
1.44
1.21
2.28
b/
Geo.
Mean
2.
13.
1.
3.
9.
1.
6.
6.
6.
17.
61
6
75
32
20
70
91
50
41
9
c/
Geo.
S.E.
1.17
1.10
1.13
1.23
1.17
1.15
1.34
1.14
1.12
1.09
Percentile
Median
3.03
10.0
1.34
3.17
7.41
1.61
4.24
5.99
6.32
18.0
75th
5.26
22.2
2.65
5.32
17.0
2.59
17.1
9.05
8.35
24.6
90th
13.2
40.2
5.07
8.41
26.3
3.96
68.8
16.2
15.2
44.6
95th
15.0
139.
10.6
13.2
35.5
4.84
407.
28.0
28.2
54.0
Range
0.22 -
2.49 -
0.60 -
0.70 -
1.68 -
0.19 -
0.85 -
0.61 -
0.44 -
2.28 -
18.0
1140
226.
27.0
61.5
6.80
562.
252.
202.
367.
PERSONAL AIR - ELIZABETH
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachl oroethylene
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
59,896
81-84
9.66
736.
1.57
5.60
14.7
14.7
45.9
14.9
12.8
41.3
2.67
726.
0.22
1.08
2.40
8.51
12.6
2.91
3.03
12.1
5.
30.
1.
3.
9.
2.
6.
9.
7.
21.
78
7
22
76
68
74
59
70
90
6
1.23
1.16
1.09
1.14
1.10
1.05
1.25
1.08
1.10
1.09
6.34
27.2
1.16
3.49
9.26
2.36
3.98
8.86
7.62
20.0
9.32
54.4
1.58
6.61
17.1
2.99
9.78
13.0
10.9
25.4
15.6
104.
2.19
10.4
24.3
4.38
148.
18.7
16.5
40.8
20.6
147.
3.07
15.2
44.4
32.5
218.
23.9
25.2
108.
0.46 -
3.87 -
0.30 -
0.31 -
1.75 -
0.51 -
0.42 -
2.57 -
2.53 -
6.20 -
78.0
94,900
21.8
34.5
407.
1660
654.
299.
326.
2640
a/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x),
-------
Table 415. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR 24-HOUR EXPOSURE AVERAGED OVER FIRST AND
SECOND SEASON SAMPLES (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY
nirrnnnR ATT? HAVONMT?
Population Estimate: 49,542
Sample Size Range: 27-37
a/
Arith. Arith.
Compounds
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethyl ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mean S.E.
8.52
10.6
1.46
6.02
7.56
0.71
1.39
3.20
3.75
10.2
2.47
1.94
0.22
2.48
2.45
0.11
0.27
0.31
0.60
0.82
b/ £/
Geo. Geo.
Mean S.E.
2
6
1
2
4
0
1
3
3
9
.05
.83
.26
.87
.87
.62
.14
.03
.42
.91
1.49
1.30
1.15
1.46
1.35
1.15
1.21
1.10
1.17
1.09
Median
1.57
8.05
1.08
2.10
4.32
0.60
0.98
3.16
3.54
10.4
Percentile
75th
15.6
15.6
1.71
7.35
8.05
0.85
1.52
3.79
4.31
12.1
90th
20.6
24.8
3.11
23.5
17.4
0.92
2.51
4.67
7.10
14.2
95th
24.0
29.4
3.11
27.7
29.0
1.93
3.85
5.18
7.10
14.3
Range
0.18
0.59
0.68
0.60
0.77
0.16
0.34
1.47
1.07
6.98
- 54.8
- 29.4
- 5.11
- 27.7
- 29.0
- 1.93
- 3.85
- 5.18
- 7.10
- 14.3
OUTDOOR AIR - ELIZABETH
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Tri chloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tr ich] oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
59,896
29-37
6.05
7.69
0.86
4.26
4.04
0.71
1.12
3.55
3.66
10.1
3.23
1.46
0.09
1.13
0.49
0.12
0.10
0.38
0.40
0.91
1
5
0
2
3
0
0
2
3
9
.28
.89
.77
.28
.12
.55
.95
.96
.14
.18
1.36
1.16
1.12
1.33
1.13
1.16
1.08
1.11
1.11
1.10
1.27
5.38
0.75
2.27
2.87
0.49
0.93
3.15
3.32
9.80
5.46
9.45
1.02
5.46
5.50
0.90
1.23
4.35
4.25
12.3
7.20
15.1
1.38
13.4
7.01
1.71
1.42
6.02
6.25
14.8
38.0
20.9
1.80
13.4
12.2
1.71
2.44
8.73
9.45
18.1
0.06
0.56
0.22
0.13
0.30
0.09
0.31
0.65
0.70
2.50
- 69.2
- 32.0
- 2.25
- 19.6
- 13.4
- 3.13
- 6.21
- 13.0
- 10.0
- 23.1
£/ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arith. Mean
W Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
£/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
-------
Table 416. UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST,
SECOND AND THIRD SEASON SAMPLES (lig/m3) - NEW JERSEY
BREATH
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dlchloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
n , p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
First Season
Median
Q-L.
1.52
1.44
1.44
0.80
*
1.96
1.75
1.57
1.88
2.60
1.12
2.40
9.00
1.80
1.70
1.32
0.35
1.30
1.10
90th
Percentile
38.1
2.20
4.40
6.40
4.46
8.44
10.3
5.28
3.20
1.84
7.72
85.2
8.36
5.84
5.76
2.20
2.49
1.80
Range
4.80 -
0.48 -
0.56 -
0.48 -
0.38 -
0.63 -
0.80 -
1.32 -
1.30 -
0.39 -
1.56 -
1.56 -
0.40 -
0.69 -
0.60 -
0.24 -
0.40 -
0.40 -
50.0
2.20
6.00
6.40
6.00
9.90
13.2
6.80
3.20
2.04
10.8
108.
8.90
8.80
7.60
2.20
2.50
1.80
Median
Q.L.
13.0
0.64
0.52
0.98
0.22
1.00
0.76
0.76
1.48
0.70
0.68
1.94
3.92
0.40
0.70
0.64
0.22
0.42
0.44
Second Season
90th
Percentile
17.9
1.28
1.22
2.51
0.48
1.58
1.46
1.05
1.81
1.96
2.37
2.33
4.80
0.47
0.80
0.76
0.25
0.54
0.54
Range
7.60 -
0.60 -
0.39 -
0.68 -
0.20 -
0.64 -
0.56 -
0.56 -
0.60 -
___
0.44 -
0.20 -
0.76 -
1.76 -
0.22 -
0.56 -
0.39 -
0.20 -
0.22 -
0.23 -
22.4
1.28
2.04
2.56
0.48
2.16
1.60
1.96
2.18
1.96
2.52
2.62
5.20
0.48
0.80
0.80
0.25
0.56
0.56
Third Season
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
a,p-Xylene
Median
Q.L.
8.40
0.50
0.72
1.70
0.31
1.20
0.64
0.96
1.45
—
*
0.25
1.20
1.20
0.25
0.24
0.24
*
*
*
90th
Percentile
9.60
0.63
0.89
2.20
0.31
1.45
0.88
1.18
1.74
—
0.29
1.46
1.46
0.31
0.28
0.30
Range
6.60 -
0.39 -
0.60 -
1.40 -
0.31 -
0.96 -
0.40 -
0.78 -
1.16 -
___
0.20 -
0.96 -
0.96 -
0.20 -
0.21 -
0.15 -
9.60
0.64
0.96
2.20
0.31
1.56
0.96
1.24
1.88
0.31
1.56
1.56
0.31
0.28
0.31
* 100% measurable.
733
-------
Table 417. UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST,
SECOND AND THIRD SEASON SAMPLES (ug/m3) - NEW JERSEY
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachlorlde
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
First Season
Median
Q.L.
56.0
2.90
6.40
23.6
0.72
2.40
2.58
2.88
1.60
___
2.70
1.48
2.40
1.76
0.66
1.20
0.96
0.77
4.15
*
90th
Percentile
200.
8.40
7.86
28.0
0.76
3.80
4.35
5.60
3.32
___
3.00
2.48
5.60
72.4
3.00
7.72
2.11
0.77
5.30
Range
5.20 - 216.
1.90 - 9.00
0.29 - 9.00
4.70 - 28.0
0.61 - 0.76
1.10 - 4.50
1.20 - 4.70
0.48 - 7.20
0.72 - 4.80
___
2.40 - 3.00
0.37 - 2.96
1.12 - 10.8
1.24 - 108.
0.44 - 3.00
0.79 - 8.60 .
0.37 - 7.60
0.77 - 0.77
0.92 - 5.30
Median
Q.L.
22.6
1.14
0.84
2.16
0.36
1.90
1.16
0.92
1.52
...
2.31
1.31
2.07
3.36
1.10
0.97
0.71
0.80
0.21
0.41
Second Season
90th
Percentile
44.0
1.66
1.43
2.44
0.92
2.70
3.30
1.88
4.80
_—_
3.30
2.62
3.34
5.24
1.61
1.00
1.39
1.10
0.21
0.62
Range
6.00
0.48
0.60
0.72
0.20
0.89
0.80
0.48
0.72
_
0.60
0.39
0.96
0.80
0.20
0.94
0.31
0.21
0.21
0.21
- 44.0
- 1.80
- 1.80
- 2.44
- 0.92
- 3.00
- 3.92
- 3.00
- 6.40
«*.
- 3.30
- 3.08
- 4.80
- 7.60
- 1.64
- 1.00
- 1.92
- 1.10
- 0.21
- 0.62
Third Season
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m, p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Median
Q-L-
13.0
0.38
0.56
0.58
0.20
0.84
0.68
0.92
0.76
0.93
0.37
0.92
1'.12
0.40
0.35
0.37
*
*
*
90th
Percentile
14.5
0.38
0.68
0.61
0.20
0.99
0.92
1.15
1.12
___
1.10
0.48
1.12
1.36
0.48
0.35
0.46
Range
8.44 - 17.2
0.36 - 0.38
0.33 - 1.66
0.55 - 0.61
0.20 - 0.20
0.52 - 1.15
0.56 - 0.92
0.60 - 1.82
0.60 - 1.48
___
0.87 - 1.10
0.30 - 0.90
0.76 - 1.20
0.76 - 2.94
0.35 - 0.48
0.35 - 0.35
0.19 - 0.48
100% measurable.
734
-------
Table 418. UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST,
SECOND AND THIRD SEASON SAMPLES (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromofonn
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
^^L^.
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
First Season
Median
Q.L.
52.0
4.10
7.80
13.4
0.54
3.31
3.38
3.88
2.20
___
1.96
2.02
3.37
2.59
1.00
1.70
1.50
2.40
2.60
2.10
90th
Percentile
180.
11.5
12.4
32.4
0.84
5.20
6.40
7.50
4.40
___
3.30
3.77
7.56
121.
4.10
11.2
3.60
3.00
3.50
2.10
Median
Range
5.20 -
0.60 -
0.52 -
1.60 -
0.20 -
1.25 -
1.20 -
0.80 -
1.24 -
0.62 -
0.51 -
1.80 -
1.40 -
0.64 -
0.99 -
0.59 -
1.80 -
1.20 -
2.10 -
192.
17.0
14.8
33.0
0.84
6.40
6.40
10.4
6.80
3.30
4.00
14.4
144.
4.10
11.6
11.0
3.00
3.50
2.10
Q.L
27
1
1
2
0
1
2
1
2
-'
2
2
2
4
1
0
1
0
0
0
Second Season
90th
Percentile
.1
.20
.28
.26
.61
.53
.03
.34
.00
-—
.32
.35
.93
.48
.23
.97
.05
.31
.64
.27
44
1
1
2
1
3
3
2
6
-
3
3
4
7
1
1
2
1
1
0
.0
.65
.84
.56
.00
.04
.91
.32
.72
— -
.40
.79
.76
.92
.98
.20
.02
.20
.00
.27
Range
6.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
1.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
00 -
68 -
59 -
68 -
23 -
91 -
92 -
78 -
08 -
—
80 -
56 -
36 -
08 -
27 -
27 -
42 -
27 -
27 -
27 -
44.0
1.68
2.04
2.56
1.00
3.34
4.00
2.68
8.00
3.40
4.80
5.60
9.20
2.00
1.20
2.32
1.20
1.00
0.27
Third Season
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Median
Q.L.
13.2
0.56
0.78
1.74
*
1.10
1.10
1.26
1.08
— _
1.28
0.49
1.32
1.52
0.56
0.54
0.50
*
*
*
90th
Percentile
15.4
0.80
0.96
2.80
1.40
1.40
1.56
1.64
___
1.36
0.60
1.68
1.99
0.57
0.72
0.60
Range
8.40 -
0.47 -
0.40 -
0.68 -
0.60 -
0.83 -
0.84 -
0.88 -
1.20 -
0.21 -
0.91 -
0.91 -
0.54 -
0.43 -
0.21 -
25.0
0.80
1.20
2.80
1.40
1.40
1.80
2.40
1.36
0.72
2.08
2.48
0.57
0.72
0.72
* 100% measureable.
735
-------
OJ
Table 419. UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST, SECOND AND
THIRD SEASON SAMPLES (pg/m3) - NEW JERSEY
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR
First Season
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Med.
10
1
1
3
*
1
3
6
3
-
0
1
4
13
4
2
3
2
2
*
Q.L.
.0
.90
.48
.00
.30
.30
.40
.36
—
.99
.04
.00
.6
.80
.60
.00
.70
.70
Range
2.88 -
0.38 -
0.56 -
3.00 -
1.20 -
0.66 -
0.96 -
1.32 -
0.99 -
0.60 -
1.88 -
3.12 -
0.56 -
0.76 -
0.76 -
2.70 -
1.70 -
17.2
2.20
14.8
3.00
1.50
6.40
36.8
15.2
0.99
6.00
18.4
60.0
6.00
3.20
3.92
2.70
3.70
Second Season
Med. Q.L.
8.80
0.60
0.76
2.16
0.44
1.52
0.80
0.80
0.72
1.56
0.72
0.92
1.76
1.00
0.97
0.96
0.20
0.20
0.20
Range
5.60 -
0.39 -
0.29 -
2.16 -
0.44 -
0.66 -
0.73 -
0.50 -
0.52 -
—
0.40 -
0.20 -
0.70 -
0.66 -
0.20 -
0.84 -
0.37 -
0.20 -
0.20 -
0.20 -
38.4
1.12
1.36
2.16
0.44
2.30
1.36
1.60
5.60
-
2.72
1.36
3.88
35.6
1.40
1.10
1.60
0.20
0.20
0.20
Med. Q
4.
0.
0.
1.
*
0.
0.
0.
1.
—
0.
0.
0.
0.
*
*
0.
*
*
*
Third Season
.L.
80
33
56
16
82
52
76
14
-
31
16
94
94
18
Range
4.40
0.22
0.48
1.10
0.58
0.48
0.60
0.92
-
0.31
0.16
0.76
0.76
0.15
- 5.00
- 0.44
- 0.76
- 1.30
- 1.28
- 0.77
- 1.04
- 1.52
—
- 0.32
- 0.26
- 1.28
- 1.28
- 0.26
* 100% Measurable.
-------
Table 420. UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR THOSE WITH FIRST, SECOND AND
THIRD SEASON SAMPLES (ug/m3) - NEW JERSEY
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR
Compound
Vinyl idene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodich] oromethane
Dibromoch] oromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichl orobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m.p-Xylene
First
Med. Q.L.
11.0
3.04
2.48
*
2.00
1.85
3.10
6.74
5.20
0.88
1.45
5.80
47.0
4.35
2.87
3.32
2.35
2.30
2.90
Season
Range
3.72 -
0.35 -
0.52 -
2.00 -
0.41 -
0.62 -
0.88 -
1.24 -
0.88 -
0.73 -
1.76 -
3.84 -
0.53 -
0.88 -
0.92 -
2.10 -
2.30 -
2.90 -
20.4
3.80
4.40
2.00
2.32
11.0
14.4
7.60
0.88
2.32
9.20
100.
9.60
5.60
6.80
2.60
2.90
2.90
Second
Med. Q.L.
12.8
0.96
1.03
0.92
0.36
0.96
0.96
1.20
1.22
1.66
1.10
1.78
3.18
0.94
1.40
1.06
*
*
*
Season
Range
8.00 -
0.92 -
0.70 -
0.88 -
0.36 -
0.94 -
0.80 -
0.66 -
0.72 -
1.12 -
1.08 -
0.96 -
0.88 -
0.80 -
0.91 -
0.44 -
56.0
1.64
1.68
3.30
0.36
3.36
1.08
1.88
4.40
2.20
1.24
5.20
64.0
1.10
1.90
1.88
Third
Med. Q.L.
5.90
0.44
0.68
1.45
1.12
0.62
0.91
1.36
*
0.21
1.13
1.13
0.20
0.25
0.22
*
*
*
Season
Range
5.60 -
0.40 -
0.48 -
1.10 -
0.81 -
0.41 -
0.64 -
0.96 -
0.14 -
0.80 -
0.80 -
0.20 -
0.20 -
0.14 -
6.00
0.68
1.00
2.40
1.70
1.00
1.36
2.04
0.34
1.68
1.68
0.20
0.29
0.34
* 100% Measurable.
-------
00
Table 421. RATIO OF MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMIT FOR FIRST SEASON TO MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE
LIMIT FOR SECOND SEASON BY MEDIA AND COMPOUND - NEW JERSEY
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroe thane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachlorlde
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath
1.17
2.25
2.77
0.82
*
1.96
2.30
2.06
1.27
3.71
1.65
1.24
2.30
4.50
2.43
2.06
1.59
3.10
2.50
Overnight
Personal Air
2.48
2.54
7.62
10.9
2.00
1.26
2.22
3.13
1.05
_ _ _
1.17
1.13
1.16
0.52
0.60
1.24
1.35
0.96
19.8
*
Daytime
Personal Air
1.92
3.42
6.09
5.93
0.89
2.16
1.66
2.90
1.10
— — _
0.84
0.86
1.15
0.58
0.81
1.75
1.43
1 .Ik
4.06
7.78
Overnight
Outdoor Air
1.14
3.17
1.95
1.39
*
0.86
4.12
8.00
4.67
____
0.63
1.44
4.35
7.73
4.80
2.68
3.12
13.5
13.5
*
Daytime
Outdoor Air
0.86
3.17
2.41
*
5.56
1.93
3.23
5.62
4.26
0.53
1.32
3.26
14.8
4.63
2.05
3.13
*
*
*
* At least one season 100% measurable.
-------
Table 422. RATIO OF MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMIT FOR FIRST SEASON TO MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE
LIMIT FOR THIRD SEASON BY MEDIA AND COMPOUND - NEW JERSEY
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochl oromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chi orobenzene
Bromof orm
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Di chl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath
1.81
2.88
2.00
0.47
A
1.63
2.73
1.64
1.30
*
4.48
2.00
7.50
7.20
7.08
5.50
*
*
*
Overnight
Personal Air
4.31
7.63
11.4
40.7
3.60
2.86
3.79
3.13
2.11
2.90
4.00
2.61
1.57
1.65
3.43
2.59
*
*
*
Daytime
Personal Air
3.94
7.32
10.0
7.70
A
3.01
3.07
3.08
2.04
1.53
4.12
2.55
1.70
1.79
3.15
3.00
*
A
*
Overnight
Outdoor Air
2.08
5.76
2.64
2.59
A
1.59
6.35
8.42
2.95
3.19
6.50
4.26
14.5
A
A
16.7
A
A
A
Daytime
Outdoor Air
1.86
6.91
3.65
A
A
1.65
5.00
7.41
3.82
A
6.90
5.13
41.6
21.8
11.5
15.1
A
A
A
* At least one season 100% measurable.
-------
Table 423. RATIO OF MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMIT FOR SECOND SEASON TO MEDIAN
QUANTIFIABLE LIMIT FOR THIRD SEASON BY MEDIA AND
COMPOUND - NEW JERSEY
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Tr i chloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochlorome thane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Di chlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath
1.55
1.28
0.72
0.58
0.71
0.83
1.19
0.79
1.02
*
2.72
1.62
3.27
1.60
2.92
2.67
*
*
*
Overnight
Personal Air
1.74
3.00
1.50
3.72
1.80
2.26
1.71
1.00
2.00
2.48
3.54
2.25
3.00
2.75
2.77
1.92
*
*
*
Daytime
Personal Air
2.05
2.14
1.64
1.30
*
1.39
1.85
1.06
1.85
1.81
4.80
2.22
2.95
2.20
1.80
2.10
A
*
*
Overnight
Outdoor Air
1.83
1.82
1.36
1.86
*
1.85
1.54
1.05
0.63
5.03
4.50
0.98
1.87
*
*
5.33
*
*
*
Daytime
Outdoor Air
2.17
2.18
1.51
0.63
*
0.86
1.55
1.32
0.90
*
5.24
1.58
2.81
4.70
5.60
4.82
*
*
*
* At least one season 100% measurable.
-------
Table 424. PERCENTAGE ABOVE THE MAXIMUM QUANTIFIABLE LIMIT FOR THOSE WITH FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD
SEASON SAMPLES - NEW JERSEY
Sample Size:
14-44
Breath
First
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibrcmochl oromethane
Toluene
Tetrachl oroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochl oropropane
Styrene
m,p-Di chlorobenzene
o-Dichl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Season
0.
75.
0.
63.
100.
0.
0.
0.
0.
—
85.
0.
0.
0.
0.
16.
0.
66.
58.
91.
19
6 *
00
2 *
*
39
00
00
00
-
1
00
00
00
94
9
00
6 *
2
8 *
Second
Season
0
42
0
41
51
0
24
0
0
-
63
4
0
0
2
27
0
57
35
61
.10
.0
.00
.8
.6
.00
.2 *
.00
.00
—
.3
.83
.00
.00
.87
.6
.00
.5
.3
.3
Third
Season
27.9 *
0.00
0.00
14.4
99.7
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
74.5
0.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
29.7
0.00
14.0
17.1
87.4
46-49
Overnight Personal Air
First
Season
0.00
26.9
0.00
21.8
98.7
19.0 *
22.2
0.00
0.00
59.4
0.39
0.00
0.00
20.2
27.6
0.47
99.6
48.1
100.
Second
Season
0.00
28.2
0.00
37.3
88.0
0.00
44.1 *
0.00
0.00
85.2 *
6.39
0.00
0.00
20.2
33.5
0.19
95.1
49.8
99.1
Third
Season
0.00
14.8
5.01
31.8
92.3
0.00
15.5
0.00
0.00
69.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
16.3
35.8
0.00
88.7
65.0
100.
38-40
Daytime Personal Air
First
Season
0.82
4.47
0.00
22.0
96.1
1.47
20.5
0.00
0.00
72.6
0.00
0.00
0.00
27.3
12.4
5.64
87.8
85.5
91.7
Second
Season
0.00
0.42
0.00
14.9
72.9
0.00
55.8 *
0.00
0.00
84.6
1.08
0.00
0.00
16.8
28.1
0.00
69.2
74.8
88.6
Third
Season
0.46
0.73
0.00
38.4
100. *
0.00
32.2
0.00
0.00
59.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
9.59
37.5*
0.00
89.7*
89.8
100.
continued.
-------
Table 424. continued
Sample Size
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Y.ylene
m,p-Xylene
6-9
Overnight Outdoor Air
6-8
Daytime Outdoor Air
First
Season
0.00
0.00
0.00
85.1 *
100.
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
83.2
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
52.9
36.5
100.
Second
Season
0.00
14.3
0.00
72.6
96.7
0.00
13.8
0.00
0.00
38.2
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
62.8
92.8 *
98.1
Third
Season
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.40
100.
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
25.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
23.1 •
0.00
54.0
49.5
100.
First
Season
0.00
0.00
0.00
67.6
98.9
0.00
23.1
0.00
0.00
74.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
48.4
48.4
74.7
Second
Season
0.00
39.3
0.00
41.2
96.7
1.91
26.1
0.00
0.00
97.6
24.2
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.91
0.00
68.6
44.4
100.
Third
Season
0.00
0.00
0.00
34.6
85.7
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
85.1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
86.2
83.0
100.
Percentages significantly different between seasons at .05 level (pairwise tests)
-------
Tables 425 through 427 give the ratios of percentages above the
maximum quantifiable limit between seasons. The ratio is given only if
both percentages were above ten. In comparing first season (fall) to
second season (summer) for breath, daytime personal air and overnight
outdoor air, the percentages for first season were generally higher.
While for overnight personal air, second season tended to be higher.
First and third season percentages above the maximum quantifiable limit
were compared in Table 426. For breath and overnight personal air the
percentages for first season tended to be higher while for daytime
personal air and daytime outdoor air third season (winter) was usually
higher. In comparing second and third seasons (see Table 427) overnight
personal air and daytime outdoor air tended to have the higher percent-
ages in the second season while daytime personal air was generally
higher in the third season.
The percentages measurable for the three seasons by season, media
and compound are given in Table X-106 of the appendix. For breath,
water and the personal airs, third season tended to have the highest
percentages.
The weighted summary statistics for those with all three seasons of
data are given in Tables 428 through 433. The arithmetic and geometric
means were tested overall using a program SURREGR [8-1] especially
designed to analyze weighted survey data. An asterisk was placed by the
highest mean if a significant difference was found between seasons. For
breath and water there was a tendency for the statistics to be highest
in the first season (fall) and lowest in the third (winter). For
overnight personal air, there was also a slight tendency for first
season to be highest and third season to be lowest. For daytime per-
sonal air, third season showed some inclination to be highest with
second season (summer) lowest.
Figures 110 through 113 show box plots by season for breath and
daytime personal air for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene,
m,p-dichlorobenzene and m,p-xylene. These plots show the variation
between seasons among the different compounds. For daytime personal air
there was some tendency to have the highest values in the third season
while for breath no overall trend appeared.
743
-------
Table 425. RATIO5/ OF FIRST TO SECOND SEASON PERCENTAGES ABOVE THE MAXIMUM
QUANTIFIABLE LIMIT FOR THOSE WITH FIRST, SECOND
AND THIRD SEASON SAMPLES - NEW JERSEY
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
nvp-Dichlo
£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
tnjjp-Xylene
Breath
1.80
-
1.51
1.94*
1.34
Overnight
Personal Air
0.96
-
0.58
1.12
-
0.50
0.70*
Daytime Overnight
Personal Air • Outdoor Air
Daytime
Outdoor Air
enzene 0.61
zene —
1.16
1.65
1.50*
1.01
0.83
1.05
0.97
1.01
1.48
1.32*
-
0.37*
0.86
1.17
1.03
2.18
a/ Ratio not given if one or both percentages less than 10%.
* T-test for difference between seasons significant at .05 level.
1.64
1.02
-
0.89
0.76
1.63
0.44
1.27
1.14
1.04
-
-
0.84
0.39*
1.02
-
-
0.71
1.09
0.75
-------
Table 426.
-p-
Ul
OF FIRST TO THIRD SEASON PERCENTAGES ABOVE THE MAXIMUM
QUANTIFIABLE LIMIT FOR THOSE WITH FIRST, SECOND
AND .THIRD SEASON SAMPLES - NEW JERSEY
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
^-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath
4.41*
1.00 '
1.14
Overnight
Personal Air
1.81
0.69
1.07
1.43
0.85
Daytime
Personal Air
Overnight
Outdoor Air
Daytime
Outdoor Air
0.57
0.96
0.64
1.23
1.00
3.33
0.57
4.75*
3.40
1.05
1.24
0.77
1.12
0.74
1.00
0.33*
0.98
0.95
0.92
-
0.98
0.74
1.00
a/ Ratio not given if one or both percentages less than 10%.
* T-test for difference between seasons significant at .05 level.
1.95
1.15
0.88
0.56
0.58
0.75
-------
a/
Table 427. RATICF- OF SECOND TO THIRD SEASON PERCENTAGES ABOVE THE MAXIMUM
QUANTIFIABLE LIMIT FOR THOSE WITH FIRST, SECOND
AND THIRD SEASON SAMPLES - NEW JERSEY
Overnight Daytime Overnight Daytime
Compound Breath Personal Air Personal Air Outdoor AJr Outdoor Air
Vinylidene Chloride - - -
Chloroform - 1.90
1,2-Dichloroethane - - - - -
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 2.91* 1.17 0.39 - 1.19
Benzene 0.52* 0.95 0.73* 0.97 1.13
Carbon Tetrachloride - - - - -
Trichloroethylene - 2.84* 1.74
Bromodichloromethane - - - -
Dibromochloromethane - - -
Toluene - - -
Tetrachloroethylene 0.85 1.23 1.43 1.53 1.15
Chlorobenzene - - - - -
Bromoform - - -
Dibromochloropropane - - - - -
Styrene - 1.23
m^p-Dichlorobenzene 0.93 0.94 0.75
^-Dichlorobenzene - - - - -
¥thylbenzene 4.11* 1.07 0.77* 1.16 0.80
o>-Xylene 2.07 0.77 0.83 1.87 0.54
nup-Xylene 0.70 0.99 0.89 0.98 1.00
— ~ - - ;
aj Ratio not given if one or both percentages less than 10%.
* T-test for difference between seasons significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 428. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY SEASON FOR THOSE WITH FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD SEASON SAMPLES (yg/m3)
NEW JERSEY
BREATH - FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 94,044
Sample Size Range: 14-44
a/
Compound
Chi orof'orm
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
BREATH - SECOND SEASON
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichl oroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tr i chlor oethy lene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mid
Q.L.
1.44
0.80
1.96
1.75
2.60
1.80
1.70
0.35
1.30
1.10
0.64
0.98
1.00
0.76
0.70
0.40
0.70
0.22
0.42
0.44
Arith.
Mean
4.43
12.5 *
0.93*
1.91
11.3
1.52
6.30
6.60
5.42
11.8
4.71*
8.56
0.28
8.32*
8.00
1.77*
10.6
5.17
6.27
11.3
b/
Arith.
S.E.
1.45
2.20
0.29
0.43
2.77
0.28
2.45
2.23
1.93
3.05
1.87
2.19
0.10
3.23
1.97
0.61
2.86
1.48
2.54
3.41
c/
Geo.
Mean
3.31*
5.62
0.58*
1.20*
7.50
0.76
2.97
3.01*
2.50*
6.38*
1.08
1.54
0.18
0.63
3.27
0.58
2.50
0.85
0.91
1.58
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.44
1.79
1.24
1.21
1.25
1.12
1.31
1.20
1.30
1.20
2.47
1.50
1.24
1.78
1.48
1.52
1.67
1.73
1.61
1.66
Percentile
Median
4.00
10.9
0.69
1.20
6.65
1.00
2.40
4.10
3.10
8.00
1.80
3.40
0.13
0.19
4.10
1.10
2.50
2.90
2.10
3.60
75th
4.40
17.0
0.99
1.70
13.0
1.30
4.50
5.70
4.10
11.0
6.20
, 11.0
0.25
8.60
12.0
1.70
11.0
5.30
5.70
14.0
90th
11.0
25.0
1.06
5.80
31.0
5.25
26.0
8.60
11.0
21.0
16.0
27.0
0.88
20.0
18.0
7.40
36.0
15.0
12.0
26.0
95th
11.0
33.0
2.81
5.80
33.0
5.25
26.0
8.60
11.0
21.0
16.0
36.0
1.40
38.0
25.0
7.40
63.0
30.0
59.0
81.0
Range
0.06 -
0.06 -
0.14 -
0.09 -
0.81 -
0.07 -
0.17 -
0.03 -
0.05 -
0.18 -
0.08 -
0.09 -
0.08 -
0.07 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
0.07 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
15.0
360.
48.0
7.30
81.0
14.0
79.0
290.
220.
350.
38.0
71.0
2.80
110.
330.
14.0
190.
37.0
59.0
81.0
continued
-------
Table 428. (continued)
—i
.o
CO
BREATH - THIRD SEASON
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tri chl oroethylene
Tetrachl oroethylene
Styrene
m.p-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mid
Q.L.
0.50
1.70
1.20
0.64 ,
P /
0.25
0.24 ,
e/
e/
e"/
Arith.
Mean
0.32
3.80
0.15
0.50
8.37
0.83
8.02
2.16
1.64
4.68
Arith.
S.E.
0.11
0.96
0.01
0.13
2.58
0.27
2.83
0.72
0.44
1.37
Geo.
Mean
0.19
1.84
0.15
0.26
5.27
0.41
2.36
1.44
1.18
3.41
Geo.
S.E.
1.61
1.30
1.04
1.32
1.34
1.33
1.38
1.23
1.20
1.21
Median
0.29
2.30
0.15
0.25
4.20
0.28
2.30
1.30
0.98
3.00
Pe
75th
0.57
3.90
0.16
0.78
9.60
0.88
13.0
1.80
1.60
4.20
rcentile
90th
0.67
6.85
0.18
1.50
23.0
3.50
17.0
4.70
2.50
8.10
95th
0.67
12.0
0.20
1.80
27.0
3.50
43.0
11.0
6.90
21.0
Range
0.05 -
0.19 -
0.12 -
0.08 -
1.20 -
0.13 -
0.13 -
0.36 -
0.31 -
0.85 -
1.20
300.
0.20
5.50
170.
3.50
43.0
24.0
25.0
53.0
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b_/ Arith. S.E. = Standand Error of Arith. Mean
£/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d_/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standand Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
e_/ 100% measurable.
* T-test for difference in means between seasons significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 429. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY SEASON FOR THOSE WITH FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD SEASON SAMPLES (yg/m3) -
NEW JERSEY
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 94,044
Sample Size Range: 46-49
a/
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trlchloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethy] ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mid
Q.L.
2.90
23.6
2.40
2.58
2.70
0.66
1.20
0.77
4.15 ,
P /
- SECOND
1.14
2.16
1.90
1.16
2.31
1.10
0.97
0.80
0.21
0.41
Arith.
Mean
7.68
33.3
5.37*
3.86
9.64
4.68
18.4
9.25
6.26
17.8
SEASON
7.50
24.7
1.06
5.12
11.5
2.29
22.1
16.2
11.3
22.2
b/
Arith.
S.E.
1.21
7.80
2.45
1.04
2.24
2.61
8.82
0.91
0.51
1.96
1.39
4.48
0.13
1.04
2.44
0.52
3.86
9.60
5.27
7.76
c/
Geo.
Mean
4.19
14.4
2.10*
2.07
5.46
1.55
2.97
6.19
4.75
13.8
2.84
13.4
0.89
1.76
7.22
1.51
5.20
5.26
5.27
1.25
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.25
1.17
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.41
1.13
1.11
1.13
1.35
1.24
1.15
1.45
1.14
1.24
1.25
1.33
1.29
1.26
Percentile
Median
5.13
15.0
1.94
1.94
4.20
1.80
1.60
7.20
5.05
14.0
4.80
15.5
1.06
4.30
7.55
2.00
4.25
5.60
5.10
11.0
75th
14.5
26.0
2.38
3.90
12.0
2.20
9.60
8.30
6.90
20.0
13.7
43.0
1.60
9.60
11.0
2.40
10.0
9.85
8.80
23.5
90th
18.5
61.0
8.50
8.20
32.0
3.85
39.0
20.0
12.0
37.0
20.0
58.0
1.90
12.0
34.0
4.70
60.0
13.0
14.0
27.5
95th
28.0
260.
38.5
18.0
32.0
6.00
39.0
27.0
14.0
44.0
28.0
60.0
1.90
13.0
46.0
10.0
120.
180.
100.
150.
Range
0.27 -
2.94 -
0.30 -
0.24 -
1.38 -
0.08 -
0.49 -
0.48 -
0.58 -
1.40 -
0.06 -
0.09 -
0.13 -
0.10 -
0.08 -
0.02 -
0.48 -
0.03 -
0.13 -
0.03 -
42.0
290.
69.0
50.0
110.
76.0
750.
320.
43.0
140.
28.0
60.0
3.60
53.0
98.0
10.0
430.
180.
100.
150.
continued
-------
Table 429. (continued)
o —
OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR - THIRD SEASON
Mid Arith.
Compound Q.L.
Chloroform 0.38
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane 0.58
Carbon Tetrachloride 0.84
Trichloroethylene 0.68
Tetrachloroethylene 0.93
Styrene 0.40
m,p-Dichlorobenzene 0.35 ,
Ethylbenzene ,
o-Xylene ,
m,p-Xylene
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standand Error of
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standand
e/ 100% measurable.
* T-test for difference in means
Mean
4.02
30.1
0.85
3.05
13.3
2.16
53.3
11.0
9.77
29.1
Limit
Arith.
Error -
between
Arith.
S.E.
0.96
8.03
0.14
0.89
4.84
0.52
25.3
2.14
1.53
5.29
Mean
exp(s)
seasons
Geo. Geo.
Mean S.E.
1
13
0
1
6
1
5
6
6
18
where
.97
.6
.64
.34
.38
.25
.47
.28
.53
.7 *
1.39
1.49
1.15
1.39
1.44
1.23
1.60
1.32
1.28
1.32
Median
2.20
17.5
0.51
1.50
6.60
1.30
4.20
5.30
6.00
19.0
s is the standard error
significant
at .05
3 evel .
Percentile
75th
6.15
32.0
0.70
3.20
20.0
2.80
12.0
20.0
16.0
57.0
of the
90th
12.0
86.0
2.40
5.40
36.0
4.50
140.
27.0
22.0
63.0
weighted
95th
15.5
120.
3.00
7.10
72.0
11.0
220.
30.0
23.5
67.0
•
mean of
Range
0.23
0.34
0.10
0.07
0.54
0.22
0.22
0.37
0.47
1.10
LN(x).
- 15.5
- 200.
3.50
- 41.0
- 72.0
- 11.0
- 570.
- 30.0
- 27.0
- 67.0
-------
Table 430. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY SEASON FOR THOSE WITH FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD SEASON SAMPLES (ug/m3) -
NEW JERSEY
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR - FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 94,044
Sample Size Range: 38-40
a/
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m , p-Dichlor obenz ene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR -
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Tr ichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichl oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mid
Q.L.
4.10
13.4
3.31
3.38
1.96
1.00
1.70
2.40
2.60
2.10
SECOND
1.20
2.26
1.53
2.03
2.32
1.23
0.97
0.31
0.64
0.27
Arith.
Mean
4.10
54.3
1.60
3.95
16.5
4.80
8.53
15.0
12.6
31.7
SEASON
2.98
17.7
0.81
8.47
13.8
2.04
173. *
0.64
12.2
56.6
b/
Arith.
S.E.
1.24
22.7
0.32
0.78
3.00
1.64
3.91
3.49
3.59
6.11
0.67
3.89
0.12
2.55
2.95
0.34
158.
1.77
3.23
36.7
c/
Geo.
Mean
1.89
15.9
1.08*
2.51
8.63
2.65
2.84
6.42
5.50
17.1
1.16
7.32
0.67
3.40
7.40
1.16
4.40
4.18
4.75
10.1
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.40
1.33
1.08
1.30
1.18
1.16
1.43
1.35
1.30
1.26
1.59
1.45
1.19
1.76
1.54
1.41
1.86
1.56
1.57
1.65
Percentile
Median
1.88
18.5
1.05
2.38
11.0
2.50
2.10
8.38
6.40
18.5
1.94
10.0
0.69
7.40
8.45
1.47
2.40
6.25
6.40
14.8
75th
3.70
24.0
1.60
5.60
25.0
4.75
5.50
15.0
11.0
31.0
4.30
28.0
1.31
14.2
20.0
2.80
19.0
15.0
16.0
41.0
90th
10.6
46.0
2.06
8.60
36.0
6.00
36.0
23.0
16.0
43.0
6.30
36.0
1.44
22.0
30.0
5.10
110.
21.0
23.0
45.0
95th
15.0
71.0
2.38
9.30
68.0
12.0
47.0
23.0
16.0
45.0
8.40
59.0
1.63
22.0
30.0
5.10
2600
26.0
30.0
46.0
Range
0.08 -
0.85 -
0.17 -
0.29 -
0.39 -
0.08 -
0.62 -
0.23 -
0.27 -
1.31 -
0.09 -
0.09 -
0.17 -
0.12 -
0.10 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
73.0
4200
83.0
45.0
68.0
45.0
190.
1100
770.
1400
31.0
82.0
3.40
29.0
75.0
10.0
2600
110.
640.
10,000
continued
-------
Table 430. (continued)
Ul
NJ
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR - THIRD SEASON
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trich] oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
tn.p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mid
Q.L.
0.56
1.74
1.10
1.10
1.28
0.56
0.54 .
f* 1
e/
e/
Arith. Arith.
Mean
4.28
73.2
0.87
6.96
40.7
2.81
54.7
14.9
17.9 *
46.9
S.E.
0.95
27.2
0.07
2.58
17.9
0.55
21.0
3.54
4.30
10.1
Geo.
Mean
2.29
21.3 *
0.80
2.29
8.20
1.72
10.3
8.59*
10.0 *
26.7 *
Geo.
S.E.
1.29
1.47
1.07
1.58
1.71
1.17
1.74
1.26
1.26
1.27
Percentile
Median
2.35
20.0
0.69
2.30
6.50
1.70
5.80
9.60
11.0
29.0
75th
5.40
53.0
0.88
7.10
22.0
3.80
75.0
17.0
18.0
54.0
90th
10.0
75.0
1.58
29.0
164.
4.00
200.
39.0
38.0
100.
95th
16.6
310.
1.58
29.0
230.
5.40
200.
47.5
42.0
122.
Range
0.07 -
0.09 -
0.37 -
0.14 -
0.17 -
0.34 -
0.27 -
0.95 -
1.10 -
2.60 -
40.0
8400
4.40
53.0
1800
130.
320.
310.
720.
1400
a/ Mid Q.I.. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standand Error of Arith. Mean
£/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standand Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
e/ 100% measurable.
* T-test for difference in means between seasons significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 431. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY SEASON FOR THOSE WITH FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD SEASON SAMPLES
(yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 94,044
Sample Size Range: 6-9
a/
Compound
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Tr ichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR -
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mid
Q.L.
1.90
3.00
1.30
3.30
0.99
4.80
2.60
2.70
2.70
SECOND
0.60
2.16
1 .52
0.80
1.56
1.00
0.97
0.20
0.20
0.20
Arith.
Mean
0.69
8.11
1.41
1.98
3.97
0.52
1.38
5.13
, 3.98
• 12.2
SEASON
1.92
9.20
0.94
7.15
3.86
0.71
1.31
4.25
5.13
16.0
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.25
3.02
0.19
0.58
0.70
0.18
0.52
2.10
1.27
5.20
2.02
2.51
0.27
6.10
2.03
0.16
0.18
1.18
0.98
4.14
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.30
6.10
1.33
1.37
3.72
0.34
0.87
3.69
3.24
8.94
0.15
5.83
0.79
1.62
2.29
0.60
1.24
3.40
4.39
12.9
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.97
1.37
1.14
1.53
1.18
1.78
1.83
1.49
1.38
1.53
2.25
1.68
1.35
1.72
1.70
1.23
1.12
1.30
1.21
1.31
Median
1.19
5.90
1.20
3.00
3.80
0.60
1.69
2.70
2.80
5.70
0.08
8.60
0.69
1.40
1.30
0.50
1.10
3.10
4.20
11.0
75th
Percentile
1.31
13.0
1.60
3.31
5.00
0.75
2.50
11.0
7.40
26.0
0.08
12.0
1.38
1.90
6.30
1.20
1.30
7.65
5.50
26.5
Range
0.05 -
1.88 -
0.75 -
0.41 -
0.62 -
0.07 -
0.10 -
1.60 -
1.06 -
3.30 -
0.05 -
0.27 -
0.11 -
0.10 -
0.05 -
0.02 -
0.53 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
0.02 -
1.50
19.0
2.10
3.38
6.20
1.70
2.50
11.0
7.80
26.0
13.0
21.5
1.70
44.0
9.40
1.35
2.35
8.80
10.8
27.5
continued
-------
Table 431. (continued)
OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR -
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethyl ene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
THIRD SEASON
Mid
Q.L.
0.33
1.16
0.82
0.52
0.31 ,
e~/
e/
~/
Arith.
Mean
0.07
1.46
0.55
0.25
1.30
0.64
1.37
3.40
3.08
8.51
Arith.
S.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
E.
.03
.62
.04
.15
.72
.12
.89
.59
.52
.67
Geo.
Mean
0.05
0.75
0.54
0.13
0.56
0.55
0.59
2.97
2.71
7.44
Geo.
S.E.
1.16
1.80
1.07
1.75
2.58
1.22
1.75
1.21
1.20
1.23
Median
0.04
1.40
0.52
0.06
0.74
0.53
0.65
4.00
3.20
11.0
75th
Percentile
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
5
4
11
.06
.90
.61
.52
.95
.00
.50
.20
.30
.0
Range
0.04 -
0.15 -
0.16 -
0.06 -
0.04 -
0.24 -
0.16 -
1.40 -
1.30 -
3.60 -
0.67
10.0
0.69
0.74
3.30
1.00
4.60
5.30
5.20
14.0
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiab]e Limit
b/ Arith. S.E. = Standand Error of Arith. Mean
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standand Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of
LN(x).
e_/ 100% measurable.
* T-test for difference in means between seasons significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 432. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY SEASON FOR THOSE WITH FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD SEASON SAMPLES
(pg/m3) - NEW JERSEY
t_n
Ln
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR -
Population Estimate:
Sample Size Range:
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tr ichl oroethy lene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
nitp-Dichlorohenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR -
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Tr ichl oroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichl oroethy lene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
in , p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
FIRST
94,044
6-8
Mid
Q.L
3.
—
1.
3.
0.
4.
2.
2.
2.
2.
SECOND
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
1.
—
—
— —
SEASON
a/
Arith.
.
04 ,
_ —'
85
10
88
35
87
35
30
90
Mean
0.92
5.36
0.89
3.27
3.92
1.66
0.67
2.64
2.80
7.49
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.46
2.51
0.23
2.18
0.75
0.95
0.28
0.37
0.40
1.73
£/
Geo.
Mean
0.58
3.59
0.71
1.47
3.50
0.94
0.44
2.44
2.61
6.51
Q 1
Geo.
S.E.
1.68
1.62
1.45
1.84
1.23
1.59
1.64
1.18
1.19
1.31
Median
0.38
3.60
1.13
1.10
3.30
0.95
0.60
2.40
2.70
6.40
75th
Percentile Range
1
4
1
1
5
0
0
3
3
12
.70
.50
.25
.94
.50
.95
.60
.00
.70
.0
0.04 -
1.20 -
0.26 -
0.39 -
0.11 -
0.33 -
0.11 -
1.31 -
1.44 -
1.81 -
2.06
14.0
3.00
11.0
11.0
5.13
2.69
4.50
3.70
12.0
SEASON
96
92
96
96
66
94
40c/
e/
~ e/
~ e/
16.3
21.0
1.06
20.2
25.2
0.84
1.61
5.38
5.47
13.4
13.3
16.3
0.29
17.1
19.9
0.32
0.36
2.46
2.40
6.58
1.03
1.40
0.90
1.08
7.31
0.51
1.30
3.31
3.87
8.51
4.85
5.03
1.30
4.70
2.20
1.71
1.26
1.61
1.51
1.64
0.12
0.12
0.60
0.12
2.70
0.59
1.80
2.80
2.80
5.80
7
17
1
28
19
1
1
12
13
34
.54
.5
.80
.0
.0
.50
.80
.0
.0
.0
0.12 -
0.11 -
0.42 -
0.10 -
0.14 -
0.10 -
0.38 -
1.10 -
1.70 -
3.10 -
95.0
76.0
4.30
79.0
95.0
6.30
13.0
39.0
19.0
47.0
continued
-------
Table 432. (continued)
DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR - THIRD SEASON
Mid Arith. Arith.
Compound
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachl oroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Q.L.
0.44
1.45
1.12
0.62 ,
e/
0.20
0-25 /
*=/
e/
e/
Mean
0.45
2.23
0.79
0.45
7.58
0.69
1.86
4.24
4.08
10.3
S.E.
0.29
0.77
0.08
0.17
1.80
0.13
1.05
0.64
0.75
1.47
Geo.
Mean
0.
1.
0.
0.
6.
0.
0.
3.
3.
9.
18
41
77
29
00
58
72
77
54
22
Geo.
S.E.
2.14
1.71
1.10
1.77
1.32
1.30
2.45
1.22
1.24
1.20
75th
Median
0.09
1.50
0.75
0.63
8.00
0.61
0.48
4.10
3.60
10.0
Percentile Range
1.
3.
0.
0.
14.
0.
3.
5.
5.
14.
20
90
94
78
0
91
80
60
00
0
0.05
0.18
0.51
0.06
1.30
0.13
0.13
1.20
1.10
3.10
1.20
- 11.0
1.06
0.97
- 14.0
1.10
3.80
6.30
- 6.70
- 20.5
£/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
b_/ Arith. S.E. = Standand Error of Arith. Mean
c/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
d/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standand Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x)
e_l 100% measurable.
* T-test for difference in means between seasons significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 433. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS BY SEASON FOR THOSE WITH FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD SEASON SAMPLES (ng/mL) -
NEW JERSEY
WATER - FIRST SEASON
Population Estimate: 94,
Sample Size Range: 49
Compound
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodi chloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
WATER - SECOND SEASON
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichl oromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
WATER - THIRD SEASON
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Tri chl oroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichl oromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
,04
Mi
Q-
0
-
0
0
_
-
0
0
-
0
0
_
-
0
0
-
0
0
-
0
0
4
a/
d
L.
.05 /
.05
.05 ,
P /
e/
.05
.05 ,
P /
.05
.05 ,
el
P /
.05
.05 ,
e/
.05
.05 ,
f* I
.10
.05
Arith.
Mean
0.18
71.1 *
0.37
0.46
13.6 *
2.49*
0.35
0.17
56.8
0.26
0.53
12.9
2.30
0.48
0.20
17.2
0.21
0.38
5.40
1.38
0.39
b/
Arith.
S.E.
0.06
5.49
0.10
0.12
0.43
0.12
0.12
0.05
2.39
0.07
0.22
0.49
0.17
0.24
0.07
1.76
0.05
0.09
0.72
0.13
0.09
c/
Geo.
Mean
0.07
68.0 *
0.11
0.12
13.4 *
2.43*
0.11
0.06
54.2
0.10
0.11
12.4
2.15
0.11
0.08
13.8
0.09
0.11
4.39
1.11
0.11
d/
Geo.
S.E.
1.35
1.08
1.42
1.39
1.03
1.05
1.34
1.27
1.04
1.31
1.46
1.04
1.07
1.46
1.35
1.24
1.19
1.25
1.24
1.24
1.26
Median
0.03
65.0
0.03
0.03
13.1
2.41
0.05
0.03
54.4
0.05
0.03
12.0
2.04
0.03
0.03
16.0
0.03
0.03
5.80
1.55
0.03
Pei
75th
0.37
83.9
0.75
0.73
14.8
2.61
0.43
0.08
71.6
0.26
0.46
14.9
2.74
0.45
0.35
24.4
0.32
0.66
7.06
1.82
0.55
rcentile
90th
0.62
95.0
1.09
1.63
16.8
3.34
1.45
0.44
78.8
0.91
1.73
16.5
3.81
1.88
0.72
26.4
0.76
1.25
8.34
1.99
1.31
95th
0.64
128.
1.20
1.63
16.8
3.34
1.93
1.11
80.0
1.32
3.26
18.2
3.81
3.53
0.87
29.6
0.80
1.50
8.34
2.06
1.37
Range
0.03 -
33.0 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
7.48 -
0.99 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
18.0 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
5.78 -
0.73 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.75 -
0.03 -
0.03 -
0.35 -
0.06 -
0.03 -
1 .22
128.
2.44
3.42
19.0
4.64
1.93
2.48
114.
2.57
4.43
41.0
7.19
3.53
0.91
32.7
1.64
3.45
16.1
3.02
4.97
a/ Mid Q.L. = Median Quantifiable Limit
W Arith. S.E. = Standand Error of Arith. Mean
c_l Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean
jd/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standand Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean of LN(x).
e/ 100% measurable.
* T-test for difference in means between seasons significant at .05 level.
-------
60-
45-
Ln
OO
30-
15 -
LEGEND:
(17.0)
(12.5)
(10.9)
(5.62)
(4.00)
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
(11.0)
(8.56)
(3.40)
(1.54)
(0.12)
(3.90)
(3.80)
(2.30)
1(1.84)
1(1.00)
(54.3)
(24.0)
(18.5)
(15.9)
(5.80)
(28.0)
(17.7)
(10.0)
(7.32)
(2.80)
x (73.2)
(53.0)
(21.3)
(20.0)
(7.40)
Season 1
Season 2
BREATH
Season 3
Season 1 Season 2 Season 3
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 110. Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
1,1,1-trichloroethane for breath and daytime personal air by season - New Jersey.
-------
Ug/nr
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
LEGEND:
(13.0)
(11.3)
(7.50)
(6.65)
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
1.0)
(8.00)
(3.27)
(i.:
(9.60)
(8.37)
(5.27)
(4.20)
(3.00)
(25.0)
(16.5)
(11.0)
(8.63)
(3.30)
(20.0)
(13.8)
(8.45)
(7.40)
(5.10)
x (40.7)
1 (22.0)
(8.20)
(6.50)
(2.90)
Season 1
Season 2
BREATH
Season 3
Season 1 Season 2- Season 3
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 111. Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
tetrachloroethylene for breath and daytime personal air by season - New Jersey.
-------
80-
60 _
40-
20-
LEGEND:
(6.30)
(4.50)
(2.97)
(2.40)
(1.10)
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
(11.0)
(10.6)
(2.50)
(1.10)
(13.0)
(8.02)
(2.36)
(2.30)
(0.53)
(8.53)
(5.50)
(2.84)
(2.10)
(0.94)
x (173.)
I 1(19.0)
(4.40)
(2.40)
(2.00)
(75.0)
(54.7)
(10.3)
(5.80)
(2.80)
Season 1
Season 2
BREATH
Season 3
Season 1 Season 2 Season 3
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 112. BOX plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
m,p-dichlorobenzene for breath and daytime personal air by season - New Jersey.
-------
60 -
45 -
30 —
15 -
LEGEND:
(11.8)
(11.0)
(8.00)
(6.38)
(4.60)
75th Percentile
Mean
Median
Geometric Mean
25th Percentile
(14.0)
(11.3)
(3.60)
(1.58)
(0.06)
(4.68)
(4.20)
(3.41)
(3.00)
(2.10)
(31.7)
(31.0)
(18.5)
(17.1)
(10.0)
(56.6)
(41.0)
(14.8)
(10.1)
(7.20)
1 (54.0)
(46.9)
(29.0)
(26.7)
(13.0)
Season 1
Season 2
BREATH
Season 3
Season 1 Season 2 Season 3
DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
Figure 113. Box plots for weighted means, geometric means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for
m,p-xylene for breath and daytime personal air by season - New Jersey.
-------
Figures 114 through 118 show the medians by season and media for
chloroform, trichloroethylene, styrene, ethylbenzene and £-xylene.
While breath showed a tendency to have the highest medians in the first
season followed by the second season with the lowest medians in the
third season, no other media exhibited any type of overall trend.
Figures 119 through 139 give scatter plots between seasons of the
natural logarithms of the concentrations for 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
tetrachloroethylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene and m,p-xylene
for breath and tetrachloroethylene for overnight and daytime personal
airs. As previously, one was added to each number before the log was
taken so each plot starts at 0. The lines represent the mid QL values
for the compound for the two seasons. An "0" represents both measurable
and an "X" represents one or both not measurable. These plots show the
lack of correlation between the seasons.
Tables 434 and 435 give the weighted summary statistics for per-
sonal air and outdoor air exposures averaged over the 24-hour period and
over the three seasons. In comparing personal to outdoor air, the
summary statistics were generally higher for personal air. Most notable
were 1,1,1-trichloroethane and m,p-dichlorobenzene.
REFERENCES
8-1 Shah, B.V. [1982]. SURREGR: STANDARD ERRORS OF REGRESSION COEFFI-
C1ENTS FROM SAMPLE SURVEY DATA.
762
-------
yg/m3
15 -1
10 -
5 ~
n
n
Season
123
CHLOROFORM
123
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
123
STYRENE
123
ETHYLBENZENE
123
0-XYLENE
Figure 114. Medians by compound and season for breath - New Jersey.
-------
yg/m3
15 ~
10 -
5 —J
D.
n
123
CHLOROFORM
123
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
2 3
STYRENE
123
ETHYLBENZENE
123
0-XYLENE
Figure 115. Medians by compound and season for overnight personal air - New Jersey.
-------
Ug/m3
15 •
10 -
5 —I
123
CHLOROFORM
123
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
123
STYRENE
123
ETHYLBENZENE
123
0-XYLENE
Figure 116. Medians by compound and season for daytime personal air - New Jersey.
-------
pg/m3
15 —I
10 —<
5 —
n
JZL
123
CHLOROFORM
123
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
2 3
STYRENE
123
ETHYLBENZENE
123
0-XYLENE
Figure 117. Medians by compound and season for overnight outdoor air - New Jersey.
-------
ug/nr
15-
10 -
5 -
n PI i-i n
123
CHLOROFORM
123
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
123
STYRENE
123
ETHYLBENZENE
123
0-XYLENE
Figure 118. Medians by compound and season for daytime outdoor air - New Jersey.
-------
£n(ng/m3)
oo
5.0 <
4.5
4.0
3.5
S
E
C 3.0
0
N
o
S 2.5
E
A
S
0
N 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0 <
>
X
X
X
»
0
X
0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0
X
0 00
'
0
0
000 0
0
0
0
0
0 0
X
X X
X
X X X X X X
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
2.5 3.0 3.5
FIRST SEASON
4.0
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Figure 119. 1,1,1-trichloroethane for breath - New Jersey.
-------
vO
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
I
H
I
R 3.5
0
S
C 3.0
A
S
0
N 2.5
2.0
1.5
In
. ii
0.5
0.0
X
X
X
X
»
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
X 00
0
0
0 00
0
X
xx x
X X
XX XXX XX
XX X X
0.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 1.5 4.0
FIRST SEASON
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 X,n(lJg/in3)
Figure 120. 1,1,1-trichloroethane for breath - New Jersey.
-------
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
T
H
I
R 3.5
D
S
E 3.0
A
S
0
N 2.5
2.0
1.5
1*0
0.5
0.0
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
»
D.O 0.4
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
X
X X
X XX X X
XXX X
0.6 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.0
£n(iag/m3)
SECOND SEASON
Figure 121. 1,1,1-trichloroethane for breath - New Jersey.
-------
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
S 4.0
e
c
0
N 3.5
D
S
C 3.0
A
S
0
N 2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0 « X
0 0
0 0
0 0
X X
X X
0.5 O.T 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.5
FIRST SEASON
Figure 122. Tetrachloroethylene for breath - New Jersey.
-------
5.0 «
4.5
4.0
3.5
T
H 3.0
I
R
0
S 2.5
t
A
S
0
N 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0 *
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0 0
00
0 0
0 0
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 1.1 4.3 4.5
FIRST SEASON
£n(pg/m3)
Figure 123. Tetrachloroethylene for breath - New Jersey.
-------
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
T
H 3.0
I
R
D
S 2.5
E
A
S
0
N 2.0
1.5
1.0
O.S
X II X
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
00
000
0 0
0.0 «
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.S t-0 On f nr,/„, 3<|
SECOND SEASON
5.5 fc.o £n(pg/m3)
Figure 124. Tetrachloroethylene for breath - New Jersey.
-------
6.0
5.5
5.0
* 4.5
S 4.0
c
c
0
N 3.5
0
S
C 3.0
A
S
0
N 2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
OK
* 3
0.0
*
0
X
X
X
X
0 X
Jl
X X
X
0
XX X X
XXX X
»
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
X
0
X
0 X
X X
0.0 0.4 0.6 1.2
1.6
2.0 2.4 2.B
FIRST SEASON
3.2 3.b
4.0 4.4 4.8 £n(yg/m3)
Figure 125. m^-dichlorobenzene for breath - New Jersey.
-------
£n(ug/m3)
T
H
I
K
0
S
e
A
S
0
N
3.6
3.3
3.0
2.T
2.4
2.1
i.a
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X 00
X 0 0
X
X 00
X XX
o.o 0.4 o.a
0
0
0
0
0
0
X
X X
0
0 0
0
00 0
0
X X
1.2 1.6 2.0 2.* 2.8 3.2 3.6 «.0 «.« «.8
«,n(pg/ra3)
FIRST SEASON
Figure 126. m^p-dichlorobenzene for breath - New Jersey.
-------
t )
3.6
3.3
3.0
2.7
2.4
T
H
t
R 2.1
D
S
C 1.8
A
S
0
N 1.5
1.2
0.9
0*6
0.3
0*0
X
X
X
X 0
X
X
X X
»
1.0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
00 0
0
0 0
0
0
00 0
00 0
00 00
X X
5 1.0 1.5 2.0 £.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 £n(yg/m )
SECOND SEASON
Figure 127. m,p-dichlorobenzene for breath - New Jersey.
-------
Mg/m0)
3.6
3.3
3.0
2.7
S 2.4
e
c
0
N 2.1
0
S
E 1.8
*
S
0
N 1.5
1.2
0.9
O.f>
0.3
0.0
0
X
X
X
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
X
X X
X XX X XX XX
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
«.n(yg/m3)
FIRST SEASON
Figure 128. Ethylbenzene for breath - New Jersey.
-------
CD
3.25
3.00
2.50
2.25
T
H
I 2.00
D
S 1.T5
C
A
S
0 1.50
N
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
X
X 0
X
»
1.0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
x o
0
0
0 0
00 0 0
0 00
0 00
0
0
000
000 0
0 00
0
0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
FIRST SEASON
*n(yg/m3)
Figure 129. Ethylbenzene for breath - New Jersey.
-------
3.25
3.00
2.75
2.50
2.25
T
H
I 2.00
ft
0
S 1.75
e
*
s
0 1.50
N
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
•
1
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0 00
0
0
0 0
0
0
0 0
00 0
0 0
00 0
0
0 0
SECOND SEASON
Figure 130. Ethylbenzene for breath - New Jersey.
-------
s.o
4.5
4.0
3.5
S
E
C 3.0
0
N
0
S 2.5
E
*
S
0
N 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
X
X
X
X
0
X
>
1.0 0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
00
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
XX XX X X X
XX X
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 S.O 5.5 6.0
FIRST SCASON
Figure 131. m^-xylene for breath - New Jersey.
-------
CO
X.n(ug/m3)
4.2
3.9
3.6
3.3
3.0
T
H
I 2.7
ft
D
S 2.4
E
A
S
0 2.1
N
1.8
1.3
1.2
0.9
0.6 <
0
x
X
X
> X
1.0 0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0 00
0
0 0
0
0 000
0
0 0
00 0
0 000
0
0
0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.D 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
FIRST SEASON
Figure 132. m.p-xylene for breath - New Jersey.
-------
4.2
3.9
3.6
3.3
3.0
T
H
I 2.7
ft
0
-J S 2.4
00 r
ho E
A
S
0 2.1
N
l.B
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
X
X
X
X
X
X
• X
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 °
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0 °
0
0 0
o o
0
0 °
0
1
1
0.4 O.b 1.2 l.b 2.0 2.4 2.6 3.2 3.b 4.0 4.4 4.8
SLCOND SEASON
Figure 133. m,p-xylene for breath - New Jersey.
-------
Jtn(yg/m3)
~J
00
(jj
5.0 *
4.5
4.0
3.5
S
E
C 3.0
0
N
0
S 2.5
C
A
S
0
N 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
«•* --
O.b
10
01
0 001
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
xo
.*.____«.
O.B 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.6
FIRST SEASON
Figure 134. Tetrachloroethylene for overnight personal air - New Jersey.
-------
£n(vig/m3)
4.0
S.3
J.O
T
H 2.5
I
ft
0
-4 $
» E 2.0
S
0
N
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
X
0
0
0
0
0
0
X 0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0
00000 0
0 0
,
0
0
0 000
0
0
000
0
0
0
0
0
0
X 0
X X
1.6 0.6 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.6 l.B 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.b 2.8 3.0 3.2 1.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 £n(yg/m )
FIRST SEASON
Figure 135. Tetrachloroethylene for overnight personal air - New Jersey.
-------
«,n(yg/m3)
00
4.0
3.5
1.0
T
H 2.5
I
ft
D
S
e 2.0
*
s
o
N
1.5
t.O
0.5
0
0 0
000
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0
00 0
0
0
0
0
X X
0.0 t
.^..•••••..4»»__.».»«4»»««»»»».»—•-•-.-—»»-—--•--•*--.•—«-.— •»••---•—-•«•»-»-••--•••*•------ — •*---••--••—*-•••-•"•••*••"••"• •""•*••"
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 l.b 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8
SECOND SEASON
£n(yg/m3)
Figure 136. Tetrachloroethylene for overnight personal air - New Jersey.
-------
£n(pg/m3)
oo
s.o »
4.5
4.0
J.S
S
E
C 3.0
0
N
D
S 2.S
e
A
s
0
N 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0 •
-#--
0.0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0 0
00 0
0
0.4 0.8 1.2 l.b 2.0 2.4 2.6 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8
FIRST SCASON
Figure 137. Tetrachloroethylene for daytime personal air - New Jersey.
£n(yg/m3)
-------
00
—J
I
10 «
T
H 6
I
ft
0
S 9
E
A
S
0
N 4
0 *
0.0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
00 0 0
0
0 00
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.0 3.2 3.6 4*0 4.4 4.8
FIRST SEASON
Figure 138. Tetrachloroethylene for daytime personal air - New Jersey.
K.n(pg/m3)
-------
£n(yg/m3)
00
oo
1
10 «
9
8
T
T
H 6
I
D
S S
E
A
S
0
N 4
J
2
1
0
X
X
0
X
*
0
0
0 0
0
00 0 0
0 00
0 00 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 00
0
000 0 00 0
0
X
X
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 l.b 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.6
SECOND SEASON
Figure 139. Tetrachloroethylene for daytime personal air - New Jersey.
£n(yg/m3)
-------
00
Table 434. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR 24-HOUR EXPOSURE AVERAGED OVER FIRST, SECOND, AND
THIRD SEASON SAMPLES (vig/m3) - NEW JERSEY
PERSONAL AIR
Population Estimate: 94,044
Sample Size Range: 37-40
Arith.
Compound Mean
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tr ichl oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m.p-Xylene
5.17
39.7
1.79
5.22
17.8
3.22
49.0
13.0
11.8
34.4
a/
Arith.
S.E.
0.27
7.10
0.53
0.94
4.37
0.82
27.0
1.82
1.71
8.13
b/
Geo.
Mean
4.69
23.1
1.32
4.17
13.2
2.20
11.2
9.66
8.77
23.4
£/
Geo.
S.E. Median
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.05
.24
.20
.20
.29
.11
.55
.09
.11
.10
5.15
24.9
1.14
4.24
14.0
1.92
6.57
9.88
8.20
25.0
Percentiles
75th
6.16
40.7
1.51
5.13
25.4
3.30
57.4
14.3
16.0
38.2
90th
8.02
91.0
2.74
12.5
35.5
4.90
91.9
18.2
16.9
45.8
95th
8.71
91.0
7.43
12.5
44.2
7.23
438.
40.7
27.5
55.0
Range
1.20
2.75
0.39
1.33
2.52
0.23
1.10
2.99
2.13
5.67
- 14.0
- 1440
- 14.9
- 23.7
- 339.
- 30.0
- 438.
- 222.
- 304.
- 1990
a] Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arithmetic Mean.
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
c_l Geo. S.E. = Geometric Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the weighted mean
~~ of LN(x).
-------
Table 435. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR 24-HOUR EXPOSURE AVERAGED OVER FIRST,
SECOND, AND THIRD SEASON SAMPLES (yg/m3) - NEW JERSEY
vo
O
OUTDOOR AIR
Population Estimate: 94,044
Sample Size Range: 6-8
Arith.
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mean
3.39
7.90
0.94
5.55
7.69
0.82
1.46
4.08
4.03
11.9
a/
Arith.
S.E
2
3
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
,
.36
.72
.14
.38
.90
.24
.33
.41
.52
.98
b/
Geo.
Mean
1.07
5.63
0.90
2.39
5.34
0.70
1.33
3.97
3.92
11.8
c/
Geo.
S.E.
2.49
1.56
1.16
2.08
1.51
1.31
1.27
1.10
1.13
1.09
75th
Median
0
3
0
1
4
0
1
3
3
11
.32
.59
.95
.21
.42
.67
.39
.73
.60
.2
Percentile
3
7
1
8
6
1
2
5
5
13
.74
.71
.34
.97
.65
.64
.04
.20
.65
.7
Range
0.29
2.37
0.62
0.43
1.88
0.40
0.56
3.34
3.14
9.24
- 16.1
- 20.0
-1.74
- 15.7
-20.7
- 1.68
- 2.67
- 10.1
- 6.30
- 15.3
a_ Arith. S.E. = Standard Error of Arithmetic Mean.
b_/ Geo. Mean = Geometric Mean.
c/ Geo. S.E. = Geometric. Standard Error - exp(s) where s is the standard error of the
weighted mean of LN(x).
-------
GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA AND DEVILS LAKE, NORTH DAKOTA COMPARED
Introduction
Twenty-four respondents in Greensboro, North Carolina were surveyed
during May 1982 and twenty-four in Devils Lake, North Dakota during
October 1982. Samples were collected for breath, water, overnight
personal air and daytime personal air. Five fixed site outdoor air
samples were collected from Devils Lake and six from Greensboro. These
sample sizes are too small to have any meaningful analysis. Therefore,
fixed site outdoor air is not included in this report. Samples were
collected and chemically analyzed for twenty-two different volatile
compounds.
Percent Detected
The volatiles chloroform, benzene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloro-
ethylene, styrene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, £-xylene and m,p-xylene all
showed over fifty percent measurable in breath samples for both sites as
shown in Table 436. In addition, 1,1,1-trichloroethane for Devils Lake
was over fifty percent measurable. In water samples chloroform and
bromodichloromethane showed over fifty percent measurable for both
sites. In addition, dibromochloromethane and tetrachloroethylene were
over fifty percent for Greensboro. Common to both sites showing over
fifty percent for overnight personal air were 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
tetrachloroethylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, ethybenzene, jo-xylene, and
m,p-xylene. Greensboro also had chloroform, styrene, and benzene
showing over fifty percent measurable. Both sites had six common
compounds for daytime personal air. They were 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
tetrachloroethylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, £-xylene, and
m,p-xylene. In addition, benzene was over fifty percent measurable for
Greensboro. Over all media, Devils Lake had a total of 25 volatile
compounds in excess of fifty percent measurable; while Greensboro had a
total of 29.
Toluene, bromoform, 1,2-dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride,
£-dichlorobenzene, and dibromochloropropane showed less than twenty
percent measurable over all four media.
Generally, for volatiles, breath, overnight personal air, and
daytime personal air showed similar patterns in percentages measurable.
Water had its own distinct pattern.
791
-------
Table 436. WEIGHTED PERCENTAGES OF INDIVIDUALS WITH CONCENTRATIONS
MEASURABLE (% above quantifiable limit —
i.e., % measurable)
Volatile
Vinylidene Chloride^
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
E thy Ib enz ene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath
Greens-
boro
(23)-7
68.4
4.37
80.4
5.38
68.3
0.00
0.00
100.
16.5
4.37
0.00
63.5
71.5
2.25
90.3
90.3
84.9
(at \
/*)
Devils
Lake
(23)
65.3
5.47
84.7
96.6
10.9
51.8
0.00
0.00
95.3
44.0 *
0.00
0.00
57.0
59.3
7.39
80.0
65.8
80.0
Overnight
Personal Air (%)
Volatile
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzere
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Greens-
boro
(24)
65.2
13.5
72.6
65.0
6.41
8.46
0.00
0.00
66.4
0.00
0.00
0.00
57.1
1.21
0.00
100.
100.
100.
Devils
Lake
(23)
22.0
17.3
90.6
14.0
39.2
14.0
0.00
73.0
14.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
60.1 *
90.6 *
96.6
Water (I
Greens-
boro
(24)
92.6
0.00
24.0
3.25
5.21
92.6
92.6
74.7
0.00
0.00
0.00
Daytime
'o )
Devils
Lake
(24)
100.
2.29
42.3
0.00
0.00
5.29
73.1
18.5 *
29.7
0.00
2.29
7.58
0.00
2.29
0.00
0.00
Personal Air (%)
Greens-
boro
(24)
46.8
10.2
76.4
55.6
4.29
37.6
0.00
0.00
50.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
41.0
C.90
0.00
95.0
95.0
95.0
Devils
Lake
(24)
24.1
8.59
79.7
7.58
32.7
0.00
0.00
___
74.1
7.15
0.00
0.00
1.30
10.6
66.5 *
85.0
90.8
continued
792
-------
Table 436. (continued)
Ratios (Greensboro/Devils Lake)
Volatile
Breath Water
Overnight Daytime
Personal Personal
Air Air
Vinylidene Chloride
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m, p-Dichlorobenz ene
jo-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o—Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1.05
0.80
0.83
0.49
1.32
1.05
0.37
08
21
0.93
0.00
0.57
0.98
1.27
5.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
13
37
1.06
2.96
0.78
0.80
0.46
0.22
0.00
0.91
0.00
1.94
1.19
0.96
0.57
1.15
0.68
0.00
0.90
1.66
1.10
1.03
1.30
0.00
1.43
1.12
1.05
\J Sample Size.
2J Vinylidene Chloride is not reported for air and breath due to low
breakthrough volume.
* T-test for difference in % detected significant at .05 level or
less.
• Indicates compound was missing for this media and site.
793
-------
The ratios in Table 436 were obtained by dividing the Greensboro
value by the Devils Lake value. Of the 13 values computed for breath, 8
were greater than one. Of the five obtained for water, 2 were greater
than one, but of the remaining three, 2 were greater than 0.90. Of the
ten ratios calculated for overnight personal air, 4 were greater than
one. Ten ratios were obtained for daytime personal air. Eight were
greater than one. Excluding water, 4 volatile ratios were greater than
one for the 3 remaining media. The volatiles were chloroform, ethylben-
zene, o-xylene and m-p-xylene.
There was a significant difference between percent detected at the
p = .05 level for chlorobenzene for breath. The same was true for
dibromochloromethane for water; ethylbenzene and o-xylene for overnight
personal air and ethylbenzene for daytime personal air.
Summary Statistics
Tables 437 through 440 give the weighted summary statistics for
those volatile compounds whose weighted percentages with measurable
concentrations were greater than twenty percent. The tables were
organized by media with both sites on the same page for easier compari-
sons.
Figures 140 through 146 show the 75th percentiles and the medians
for both Devils Lake and Greensboro for the various volatile compounds
by media.
Table 437 contains the statistics for breath for Greensboro and
Devils Lake. Benzene, tetrachloroethylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, and
m,p-xylene showed relatively large arithmetic means, ranges, and geo-
metric means. Ethylbenzene showed a relatively large geometric mean
also. The largest arithmetic means, medians, geometric means, and
ranges for breath for Devils Lake were 1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene,
tetrachloroethylene, ethylbenzene, and m,p-xylene. Of the above,
m,p-dichlorobenzene was unique to Greensboro; and 1,1,1-trichloroethane
and ethylbenzene were unique to Devils Lake.
For Greensboro the three highest medians were benzene, tetrachloro-
ethylene, and m,p-xylene. For Devils Lake the top three were benzene,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, and tetrachloroethylene. The top two geometric
means for Greensboro were tetrachloroethylene and benzene. The top four
geometric means for Devils Lake were the same as the arithmetic means.
794
-------
Table 437. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR BREATH SAMPLES FOR GREENSBORO (yg/m3)
Sample Size = 23
Estimated Population =
Volatiles
Chloroform
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
WEIGHTED
Sample Size = 23
Estimated Population =
Volatiles
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Tr i chloroe thy lene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,j>-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
130,901
Median
QL
0.36
0.28
0.48
I/
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.28
0.26
Mean
2.58
19.3 *
1.67
9.87
0.45
0.72
5.74
2.47
2.69
5.88
SUMMARY STATISTICS
6,163
Median
QL
0.48
0.48
0.22
0.68
2.04
0.68
0.48
0.74
0.25
0.44
0.49
Mean
3.45
30.4
60.1 *
2.52
16.6
2.54
2.05
2.09
8.44
6.80
13.8
Standard
Error
1.67
2.72
0.78
1.51
0.37
0.10
3.62
0.39
0.68
1.28
FOR BREATH
Standard
Error
0.57
3.62
1.84
1.47
3.06
1.60
1.13
0.72
4.39
2.87
6.00
Median
0.67
15.0
0.54
3.90
0.04
0.40
1.25
1.50
1.20
3.80
SAMPLES FOR
Median
2.90
9.30
55.5
0.89
8.00
0.48
0.52
0.82
1.40
2.70
4.50
75th
Percentile
1.22
24.0
1.20
18.0
0.13
1.40
4.80
3.18
2.40
6.20
DEVILS LAKE
75th
Percentile
4.40
28.0
82.0
4.80
20.0
3.00
3.50
1.80
9.90
7.60
17.0
Geometric
Mean
0.48
5.27
0.50
5.92
0.07*
0.33
1.12
1.50*
1.14
2.42
(yg/m3)
Geometric
Mean
0.91
5.73
22.3
0.61
8.92
0.55*
0.75
0.86
1.68*
1.42
3.08
Range
0.04- 35.0
0.03- 96.0
0.05- 11.1
1.10- 39.0
0.02- 8.01
0.03- 2.90
0.04- 54.0
0.16- 13.0
0.03- 14.4
0.03- 35.0
Range
0.05- 19.0
0.06-680.
0.03-230.
0.08- 16.0
0.26-170.
0.08- 27.0
0.06- 11.0
0.10- 27.0
0.03- 62.0
0.05- 42.0
0.05- 84.0
__ Indicates all values are measurable.
* T-test for difference in means significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 440 shows the ratios (Greensboro/Devils Lake) for all media for
means, median, geometric means, and the maximum value. For breath only
m>p-dichlorobenzene was greater than one for all four cases.
The only significant difference between the arithmetic means was
for benzene and for the geometric means were for chlorobenzene and
ethylbenzene.
Figures 140 and 141 for breath clearly show the values for almost
all compounds for both the 75th percentiles and the medians to be higher
for Devils Lake than for Greensboro. The only exceptions were the
medians for m,p-dichlofobenzene and ethylbenzene. Even here the differ-
ence was slight.
Table 438 contains the weighted summary statistics for water for
both Greensboro and Devils Lake. All statistics except for median QL
for Greensboro were largest for chloroform and dibromochloromethane.
The largest for Devils Lake were chloroform and toluene. Tetrachloro-
ethylene was unique to Greensboro and toluene is unique to Devils Lake.
Of the volatiles common to both sites, chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane, bromodichloromethane, and dibrcmochloromethane, Greensboro's
arithmetic mean, median, geometric mean, and range was as large, if not
larger, than Devils Lake. All the ratios for chloroform, bromodichloro-
methane, and dibromochloromethane for water were much larger than one as
shown in Table 441. Their range was from 4.13 to a high of 92.5.
Figure 142 shows the 75th percentiles and medians for both sites
for water. Of the four chemicals shown, Greensboro had much higher
concentrations for chloroform and bromodichloromethane. The remaining
two chemicals were about equal.
Both chloroform and bromochloromethane showed a significant differ-
ence between the arithmetic means and the geometric means.
Table 439 shows the weighted summary statistics for overnight
personal air for both sites. The four highest arithmetic means, ranges,
and geometric means for Greensboro were 1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene,
m,p-dichlorobenzene, and m,p-xylene. Tetrachloroethylene and £-xylene
also had fairly large arithmetic means, geometric means, and medians.
Benzene and styrene were unique to Greensboro. Devils Lake highest
arithmetic means, medians, geometric means, and ranges were 1,1,1-tri-
chloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, and m,p-xylene.
796
-------
--J
v£)
—I
20 ~
18 -
16 _
14 _
12 -
10 -
8 -
6 -
2 -
o -*— — '
77
X/yJ
g
0
U-l
O
o
f
,
O
c
rH
_c
75th Percencile
75th
Percentile
Greensboro
i
,-1
Median
Greens
boro
/^
/
^
'X
1
Devils Lake
Median
Devils Lake
i
• 1
//r
t t Jt J / /, / / 'Ss
0
M ^ 0)
o x c
3 c ,
11 ?s g ss
"o >> "I r" >H d >• H^
Figure 140. 75th percentiles and medians compared for Devils Lake and Greensboro for breath.
-------
20 -
18 -
16 —
14 -
12 -
10 -
8 -
6 -
4 -
Ethyl-
benzene
75th
Percen-
tile !
Greens-
boro
Mean
Greens-
boro
75th Percentile
Devils Lake
Median
Devils Lake
o-Xylene m,p-Xylene
Figure 141. Percentiles and medians compared for Devils Lake
and Greensboro for breath.
798
-------
Table 438. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR WATER SAMPLES FOR GREENSBORO (yg/mL)
Sample Size = 24
Estimated Population = 130,901
Volatiles
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Bromodichl oromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Median
QL
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.05
Mean
42.6 *
0.03
7.11*
1.19*
0.13
Standard
Error
6.10
0.01
0.62
0.12
0.06
Median
43.8
0.03
7.81
1.21
0.07
75th
Percentile
55.6
0.03
9.16
1.51
0.17
Geometric
Mean
24.6 *
0.03
5.18*
1.00
0.08
Range
0.03- 90.6
0.03- 0.05
0.06- 11.4
0.06- 1.86
0.03- 0.64
WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR WATER SAMPLES FOR DEVILS LAKE (ug/mL)
Sample Size = 24
Estimated Population =
Volatiles
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochl oromethane
Toulene
6,163
Median
QL
j /
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.50
Mean
0.46*
0.04
0.21*
0.09*
0.59
Standard
Error
0.06
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.14
Median
0.38
0.03
0.18
0.06
0.31
75th
Percentile
0.51
0.04
0.25
0.06
0.40
Geometric
Mean Range
0.38* 0.12- 1.39
0.04 0.03- 0.07
0.16* 0.06- 1.02
0.08 0.06- 0.45
0.44 0.31- 3.16
_!/ Indicates all values are measurable (100% above Max QL).
* T-test for difference in means significant at .05 level.
-------
56 -
54 -
52 -
50 -
48 -
46 -
44 -
42 -
>
12 -
10 -
8 -
6 -
4 -
2 -
7 >
I
m*mm^
1
Yt
%
//
75th Percentile
Greensboro
Median
Greensboro
\
175th Percentile
Devils Lake
/Median - Devils Lake
1
-•" ' \ j
Chloro- 1,1,1-Tri- Bromodi- Dibromo-
form chloroethane chloromethane chloromethan
Figure 142. 75th percentiles and medians compared for Greensboro
and Devils Lake for water.
800
-------
Table 439. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES FOR GREENSBORO (yg/m3)
00
o
Sample Size = 24
Estimated Population =
Volatiles
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-DJ chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
WEIGHTED SUMMARY
Sample Size = 23
Estimated Population =
Volatiles
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1 -Trichloroethane
Trichl oroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
130,901
Median
QL
1.16
2.88
0.64
2.20
2.10
1.20
0.55
0.96
I/
STATISTICS
6,163
Median
QL
0.94
2.00
1.08
2.00
1.10
0.79
0.66
0.48
0.56
Mean
2.35*
38.7
10.2
1.32
6.24
0.28
1.18
11.9
4.93
6.83
13.2
Standard
Error
0.47
13.1
1.87
0.41
2.42
0.05
0.27
6.18
1.02
1.11
3.04
Median
2.60
24.0
12.0
0.99
2.50
0.17
0.55
2.90
2.10
3.60
6.30
75th
Percentile
3.30
75.0
16.0
1.63
5.10
0.20
2.35
7.50
7.40
10.0
18.0
Geometric
Mean
1.35*
10.2
2.23
0.76
3.28
0.21
0.69
3.61
3.03*
4.35
8.24
FOR OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES FOR DEVILS LAKE
Mean
0.76*
117.
5.52
11.9
1.48
10.6
2.83
4.32
10.5
Standard
Error
0.28
87.9
4.78
8.60
0.99
7.70
0.28
0.04
0.32
Median
0.56
37.0
0.75
4.70
0.63
1.30
2.75
2.90
6.00
75th
Percentile
0.75
82.0
3.50
20.0
0.75
5.20
4.50
5.80
15.0
Range
0.13- 5.50
0.29-110.
0.06- 43.0
0.21- 8.70
1.13- 57.0
0.12- 1.13
0.06- 3.10
0.12- 72.0
0.68- 20.0
0.82- 26.0
1.80- 62.0
(yg/m3)
Geometric
Mean
0.38*
25.5
0.86
5.02
0.52
2.28
1.22*
2.63
5.83
Range
0.11- 2.80
0.25-1100.
0.12- 32.0
0.25- 45.0
0.12- 7.90
0.49-230.
0.08- 11.0
0.07- 19.0
0.07- 40.0
I/ Indicates all values are measurable (100% above Max QL) .
* T-test for difference in means significant at .05 level.
-------
£-xylene also had a relatively large value for arithmetic mean, median,
and geometric mean.
The ratio for the arithmetic mean, median, geometric mean, and the
maximum values were greater than one for chloroform, m,p-dichloroben-
zene, £-xylene, m,p-xylene, and ethylbenzene as shown in Table 441.
The only significant difference between arithmetic means was for
chloroform and for the geometric means was for chloroform and ethylben-
zene.
Figures 143 and 144 give the 75th percentiles and medians for both
sites for overnight personal air. Of the nine chemicals reported,
Greensboro was higher for chloroform, m,p-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene,
£-xylene, and m,p-xylene.
So far, for both sites from all three media, breath, water and
overnight personal air, the levels of the compounds have been similar
for each media, i.e., if a volatile was high for one site it tended to
be high for both sites.
Daytime personal air weighted summary statistics for both sites
were given in Table 440. For Greensboro ] ,1,1-trichloroethane had by
far the largest values for arithmetic mean, standard error, median, 75th
percentile, geometric mean, and range. M,p-xylene showed a fairly large
median and geometric mean. The largest arithmetic means, geometric
means, and ranges for Devils Lake were for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetra-
choroethylene, £-xylene and m,p-xylene. Benzene and styrene were unique
to Greensboro while chlorobenzene was unique to Devils Lake. The two
sites were not quite as similar for daytime personal air as they were
for the other three media.
There are no significant differences between the means.
Figures 145 and 146 show the 75th percentiles and medians for both
sites for daytime personal air. Greensboro was higher for all chemicals
except for the median for tetrachloroethylene and the 75th percentile
for ethylbenzene.
Table 441 shows the ratios between sites for the arithmetic mean,
median, geometric mean and the maximum value were greater than one for
1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene.
802
-------
00
o
22 —
20 -
18 —
16 -
14 -
12 -
10 —
8 —
6 —
4 __
2
o
i 1 75th Percentile
75th
Percentile
Greensboro
Median
ZZ Greens- ^
Y/ \ boro ^
ff H.^__ r S A
'// — > /S , , //,
'/^77A S/S/s //;
\
Devils Lake
Median
Devils Lake
_^ \? I
*^% y/,% n
i
Chloro- Trichloro- Tetrachloro- Chloro- m,p-Dichloro- Ethyl-
form ethylene ethylene benzene benzene benzene
Figure 143. 75th percentiles and medians compared for Greensboro and Devils Lake for
overnight personal air.
-------
CO
o
-p-
20 —
18 -
16 ~
14 -
12 -
10 -
8 -
6 -
4 -
2 -i
75th
Percentile
Greensboro
i— —
I
Gl
I
Median
•eensboro
I
80 —
75th Percentile
Devils Lake JQ —
60 —
50 -
40 -
-
Median 30
Devils Lake
20 -
10 -
5 -i
n —
^^•^
I
'//
\
o-Xylene m,p-Xylene 1,1,1-Tri-
chloroethane
Figure 144. 75th percentiles and medians compared for Greensboro and Devils Lake f
overnight personal air.
-------
Table 440. WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES FOR GREENSBORO (yg/m3)
00
o
Sample Size = 24
Estimated Population = 130,901
Volatiles
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xy3ene
WEIGHTED SUMMARY
Sample Size = 23
Estimated Population = 6
Volatiles
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Median
QL
1.30
3.04
0.84
3.30
3.04
0.77
1.50
0.56
0.68
0.68
STATISTICS
,163
Median
QL
1.44
2.32
1.68
3.44
1.70
1.50
1.12
0.84
0.84
Mean
2.02
67.7
7.93
6.84
7.59
2.48
10.6
5.15
5.74
12.8
Standard
Error
0.40
20.1
1.55
4.20
1.40
1.08
5.52
1.41
1.38
2.89
Median
0.81
39.5
7.60
2.06
4.10
0.75
2.30
2.90
3.50
7.45
75th
Percentile
3.00
120.
13.0
3.90
10.5
1.03
9.40
5.00
8.50
14.0
Geometric
Mean
1.07
19.0
1.55
1.75
3.60
0.90
3.70
3.15
3.73
7.85
FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES FOR DEVILS LAKE
Mean
3.26
45.1
4.30
36.1
3.90
15.0
17.7
30.1
49.2
Standard
Error
2.32
25.2
3.41
28.7
3.28
9.56
10.7
23.0
32.8
Median
0.19
13.0
0.26
5.40
0.24
2.10
1.40
2.50
6.30
75th
Percentile
0.78
36.0
3.20
10.0
1.13
4.20
6.00
5.30
13.0
Range
0.15- 7.50
0.31-310.
0.09- 35.5
0.32- 76.0
0.35- 47.0
0.09- 22.0
0.81- 65.0
0.35- 32.0
0.43- 24.0
0.43- 66.0
(ug/m3)
Geometric
Mean
0.43
10.6
0.81
4.98
0.50
2.65
1.59
2.78
6.87
Range
0.14- 50.0
0.15-300.
0.17- 47.0
0.43-1600.
0.17- 64.0
0.23-320.
0.12-260.
0.11-490.
0.11-730.
-------
00
o
16-
14-
12 -
i n
8-
6-
4-
75th Percentile
Greensboro
^
Chloro-
form
m^^^
%
—
fSJ
Median
Greens-
boro
^••^
I
^«MM "7 C *- 1_ *n,_._____*.j1 A
\
/_II_H rei
Devils
Lake
Median
Devils
Lake
ceil
I
t- -L-Lt;
I I
^
Trichloro- Tetrachlo- n^p-Dichlo- Ethyl-
ethylene roethylene robenzene benzene
Figure 145. 75th percent!]es and ir.edians compared for Greensboro and Devils Lake for
daytime personal air.
-------
00
o
16 —
14 -
12 -
10 -
8 -
6 -
4 -
2 —
75th Percent ile
Greensboro ... .
— 1
I
Median
Greens-
boro
l
75th P
Devils
Median
1 Devils
Lake
c>-Xylene m,p-Xylene
150'
130 —
110-
90-
70-
50 —
30 —
10 -
0
1,1,1-Trichloro-
benzene
Figure 146. 75^ percentiles ard medians compared for Greensboro and Devils Lake for
daytime personal air.
-------
Table 441. RATIOS OF WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS
(GREENSBORO/DEVILS LAKE)
RATIOS FOR BREATH SAMPLES
Geometric
Volatiles
Chloroform
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Mean Median Mean
0.75
0.32
0.66
0.59
0.18
0.35
2.75
0.29
0.40
0.43
RATIOS FOR WATER
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
RATIOS
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
RATIOS
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
92.5
0.75
33.9
13.2
FOR OVERNIGHT
3.09
0.33
0.30
0.52
0.19
1.12
1.58
1.26
1.74
0.23
0.27
0.61
0.49
0.08
0.77
1.52
1.07
0.44
0.84
SAMPLES
115.
1.00
43.4
20.2
PERSONAL AIR
4.64
0.65
1.32
0.53
0.27
2.23
1.24
1.05
0.76
0.53
0.24
0.82
0.66
0.13
0.44
1.30
0.89
0.80
0.79
64.6
0.75
32.4
12.5
3.55
0.40
0.88
0.65
0.40
1.58
1.65
1.41
2.48
Max
1.84
0.42
0.70
0.23
0.30
0.26
2.00
0.21
0.34
0.42
65.2
0.71
11.2
4.13
1.96
0.10
0.27
1.27
0.14
0.31
1.37
1.55
1.82
FOR DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR
0.62
1.50
1.59
0.21
0.71
0.29
0.19
0.26
4.26
3.04
7.92
0.76
1.10
2.07
1.40
2.49
1.80
1.22
0.72
1.40
1.98
1.34
1.18 1.14
0.15
1.03
1.62
0.03
0.20
0.12
0.05
0.09
808
-------
Correlations Between Media
Table 442 contains Spearman correlations for breath, overnight
personal air, daytime personal air, by site. Significant correlations
among all combinations of media for both sites were found for tetrachlo-
roethylene and m,p-dichlorobenzene. All three combinations for Devils
Lake for 1,1,1-trichloroethane were also found to be significant. The
highest number of significant correlations across all volatiles was
eight and this was for Devils Lake between overnight personal air and
daytime personal air.
Summary
Table 443 is a summary of the magnitude of compound levels by
media. A compound was reported as high if the % detected was greater
than 50%, otherwise as low. Mostly when a compound was reported as high
in one site, it was also high in the second site. The only exception
for breath was for chlorobenzene where Devils Lake was high and Greens-
boro was low. For water, Greensboro was high for dibromochloromethane
and Devils Lake was low. The same was true for tetrachloroethylene.
The only non-agreement for overnight personal air was for chloroform and
was high for Greensboro and low for Devils Lake. All componds agreed
for daytime personal air.
From looking at the median in Table 441, the ratios seemed to
indicate the values for breath generally were higher for Devils Lake
than for Greensboro. However, the opposite was true for the rest of the
media. The four ratios for water ranged from 1 to 115. For overnight
person air 5 of the 9 were greater than one. Six of the 8 for daytime
personal air were greater than one.
809
-------
Table 442. GREENSBORO AND DEVILS LAKE SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS
CO
M
O
Volatiles
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethyl ene
Bromodichlorotnethane
Dibromochlorome thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromof orm
Dibromochl oropropane
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath &
Overnight
Personal. ,
Air (23)-
.03
-.23
0
.53*
.10
.29
.26
.24
.42*
-.05
.24
.35
.36
.56*
.43*
.45*
.37
.45*
GREENSBORO
Breath &
Daytime
Personal
Air (23)
.45
-.33
0
.22
-.53*
.38
.24
.11
.58*
-.20
.11
.06
.32
.68*
.02
-.01
.28
.08
Overnight
and
Daytime
Personal
Air (24)
.35
.69*
.05
.59*
-.01
.28
.29
.28
.41*
.49*
.28
-.20
.27
.65*
.21
.26
.29
.21
Breath &
Overnight
Personal
Air (22)
-.14
-.04
.60*
-.02
.18
-.10
-.04
.53*
.44*
-.06
-.15
.45*
.07
-.02
-.09
-.03
DEVILS LAKE
Breath &
Daytime
Personal
Air (23)
-.01
.18
.71*
-.23
.26
.31
.34
.53*
.37
.29
.36
.63*
.01
.12
.21
.19
Overnight
and
Daytime
Personal
Air (23)
.14
-.02
.73*
.32
.52*
-.06
.45*
.60*
.30
-.45*
-.43*
.54*
.35
.01
.33
.60*
_!/ Sample Size
* Significant at .05 level.
-------
Table 443. SUMMARY OF THE MAGNITUDE OF COMPOUND LEVELS BY MEDIA —
I/
00
Volatiles
2/
Vinylidene Chloride-
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochlorome thane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene.
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dibromochloropropane
Styrene
m , p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Breath
Greens-
boro
high
low
high
low
high
low
low
high
low
low
low
high
high
low
high
high
high
Devils
Lake
high
low
high
high
low
high
low
low
high
high
low
low
high
high
low
high
high
high
Water
Greens-
boro
low
high
low
low
low
low
high
high
high
low
low
low
Devils
Lake
low
high
low
low
low
low
low
high
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
Overnight
Personal Air
Greens-
boro
high
low
high
high
low
low
low
low
high
low
low
low
high
high
low
high
high
high
Devils
Lake
low
low
high
low
low
low
low
high
low
low
low
high
low
high
high
high
Daytime
Personal Air
Greens-
boro
low
low
high
high
low
low
low
low
high
low
low
low
low
high
low
high
high
high
Devils
Lake
low
low
high
low
low
low
low
high
low
low
low
high
low
high
high
high
\J A compound was reported as high if the % detected was greater than 50%.
2/ Vinylidene Chloride is not reported for air and breath due to low breakthrough volume.
— indicates compound was missing.
-------
REFERENCES
Williams, Rick L. and Chromy, James R., SAS Sample Selection Macros.
Proceedings of the Fifth Annual SAS Users Group International Conference,
1980.
Chromy, James R. , Sequential Sample Selection Methods, Section on Sur-
vey Research Methods of the American Statistical Association, pp. 401-
406, 1979.
McCarthy, Philip J. , Replication: An Approach to the Analysis of Data
from Complex Surveys (NCHS Vital and Health Statistics Series 2 Number
14), Public Health Service, Washington, B.C., 1966.
McCarthy, Philip J. , Pseudoreplication: Further Evaluation and Appli-
cation of the Balanced Half-Sample Technique, (Vital and Health Sta-
tistics Series 2 Number 31), Public Health Service, Washington, B.C.,
1969.
Shah, B.V., RTIFREQS: Program to Compute Weighted Frequencies, Per-
centages, and Their Standard Errors, Research Triangle Institute, Re-
search Triangle Park, NC, 1982.
Holt, M. M. , SURREGR: Standard Errors of Regression Coefficients from
Sample Survey Data, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park,
NC, 1977.
Woodruff, Ralph S., Simple Method for Approximating Variance of a Com-
plicated Estimate, Journal of the American Statistical Association,
Volume 66, pp. 411-414, 1971.
Pellizzari, E. D. , Development of Method for Carcinogenic Vapor Analysis
in Ambient Atmospheres. Publication No. EPA-650/2-74-121, Contract No.
68-02-1228, 148pp., July, 1974.
Pellizzari, E. D., Development of Analytical Techniques for Measuring
Ambient Atmospheric Carcinogenic Vapors, Publication No. EPA-600/2-75-
075, Contract No. 68-02-1228, 187 pp., November, 1975.
812
-------
10. Pellizzari, E. D., J. E. Bunch, B. H. Carpenter and E. Sawicki, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 9, 552 (1975).
11. Pellizzari, E. D., The Measurement of Carcinogenic Vapors in Ambient
Atmospheres, Publication No. EPA-600-7-77-055, Contract No. 68-02-1228,
288 p., June, 1977.
12. Pellizzari, E. D. , Evaluation of the Basic GC/MS Computer Analysis Techni-
que for Pollutant Analysis, Final Report, EPA Contract No. 68-02-2998.
13. Pellizzari, E. D. and L. W. Little, Collection and Analysis of Purgeable
Organics Emitted from Treatment Plants, Final Report, EPA Contract No.
68-03-2681, 216 pp.
14. Pellizzari, E. D., unpublished results.
15. Pellizzari, E. D. , Analysis of Organic Air Pollutants by Gas Chromatography
and Mass Spectroscopy, EPA-600/2-77-100, June 1977, 114 pg.
16. Pellizzari, E. D. , Analysis of Organic Air Pollutants by Gas Chromatography
and Mass Spectroscopy, EPA-600/2-79-057, March 1979, 243 pg.
17. Pellizzari, E. D., Ambient Air Carcinogenic Vapors Improved Sampling and
Analytical Techniques and Field Studies, EPA-600/2-79-081, May 1979, 340
PS-
18. Pellizzari, E. D., M. D. Erickson, C. M. Sparacino, R. Handy, P. Blau, M.
T. Giguere and D. Natschke, Total Exposure Assessment Methodology Study:
Phase II Work Plan, Part II: Protocols for Environmental and Human
Sampling and Analysis, U. S. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3679, September 1981.
813
-------
Appendices
814
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Appendices page
A First Stage Socioeconomic and Proximity Strata for
the Northern New Jersey Sample 816
B Maps Showing the Locations of Northern New Jersy
Sample Segments 825
C Map Showing the Locations of the Devils Lake Sample
Segments , 829
D Map Showing the Locations of the Greensboro Sample
Segments , , , ,,. 831
E Data Collection Instruments...........4,,................. 833
F Recovery of Deuterated Volatile Organics from Spiked
Tenax GC Sampling Cartridgges Used in Field Sampling.... 845
815
-------
APPENDIX A
FIRST STAGE SOCIOECONOMIC AND PROXIMITY STRATA
FOR THE NORTHERN NEW JERSEY SAMPLE
816
-------
FIRST STAGE SOCIOECONOMIC AND PROXIMITY STRATA
Socioeconomic status and proximity to a potential point source of air
emissions were used to stratify the first stage sample of area segments as
shown in Table 8. The purpose of this stratification was to represent
population segments expected to have differing levels of risk for exposure
to toxic substances.
The point sources listed in Tables A-l and A-2 were used to define the
proximity strata. High potential exposure strata were defined to be those
areas within 1.5 kilometers of at least one point source. In Bayonne and
Elizabeth, New Jersey, the residential areas included in the high exposure
*
strata were primarily upwind of the point sources. If there were
*
residential areas downwind of the point sources, these would have been
included by using a slighly wider downwind proximity range (between 1.5 and
2.0 kilometers). Areas bordering high exposure strata were designed to be
moderate exposure strata when they were intersected by major thoroughfares.
All other areas were designated to be low potential exposure strata.
Socioeconomic stratification was the second dimension of the first
stage stratification. The concept underlying this dimension of
stratification was that social and economic characteristics of individuals
may be related to their potential exposure to the monitored organic
chemicals. Hence, a measure of Socioeconomic status was defined and used
as the second dimension of stratification. The Socioeconomic index was
defined at the Census Tract level based upon 1970 Decennial Census data.
The Socioeconomic index was computed as a function of the value of
owner-occupied dwelling units, the monthly rent of renter-occupied dwelling
units, and family income of the families living n the Census Tract. The
1980 Census data were used because it was necessary to complete
identification of the strata prior to availability of comparable 1980
Census data.
Upwind and downwind are based upon prevailing wind directions as
determined from "wind roses" obtained form the National Climatic Data
Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
817
-------
Table A.I: POTENTIAL POINT SOURCES USED IN MAPPING PROXIMITY
STRATA IN BAYONNE, NEW JERSEY
Exxon Corporation, Exxon Chemical Company Division
Location: Foot of East 22nd St.
Bayonne, NJ 07002
ICI Americas Inc., Plastics Division
Location: E. 22nd St. and Ave. J.
Bayonne, NJ 07002
Kenrich Petrochemicals, Inc.
Location:
Bayonne, NJ 07002
Mobay Chemical Corporation, Dyestuff Division
Location: 169 W. 52nd St. and Hobart Ave. and 2nd St.
Bayonne, NJ 07002
N L Industries, Inc., N L Chemicals Division
Location:
Bayonne, NJ 07002
Rona Pearl Inc.
Location: E. 21st and E. 22nd St.
Bayonne, NJ 07002
Southern California Chemical Co., Inc.
Location: Foot of East 22nd St.
Bayonne, NJ 07002
Texaco, Inc.
Location: Constable Hook
Bayonne, NJ 07002
White Chemical Corporation
Location: Foot of East 22nd St. (closed September 30, 1981)
Bayonne, NJ 07002
818
-------
Table A.2: POTENTIAL POINT SOURCES USED IN MAPPING PROXIMITY
STRATA IN ELIZABETH, NEW JERSEY
Allied Chemical Corporation, Chemicals Company
Location: 100 N. Ave. East
Elizabeth, NJ 07201
American Can Company, Metals Recovery Division
Location: 700 Kaplowski Rd.
Elizabeth, NJ 07201
American Cyanamid Company, Industrial Chemicals Division
Location:
Linden, NJ 07037
Chevron, U.S.A., Inc., N. E. Division
Location: 330 S. Front St.
Elizabeth, NJ 07202
Emkay Chemical Company
Location: 319-325 Second St.
Elizabeth, NJ 07206
Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.
Location: 726 Rockefeller St.
Elizabeth, NJ 07202
Tenneco Inc., Tenneco Chemicals, Inc.
Location: 830 Magnolia Ave.
Elizabeth, NJ 07201
819
-------
SMSA ,
LEGEND
Bayonne Point Sources
1 Exxon Chemical Company
2 ICI American
3 Kenrich Petrochemicals
4 Mobay Chemical Corp.
5 Rona Pearl, Inc.
6 Southern California Chemical Co.
7 Texaco, Inc.
8 White Chemical
9 Efkay Plastics
Potential Point Sources Used in Mapping Proximity Strata in Bayonne
820
-------
LEGEND
Bayonne
Stratum
1
2
3
4
5
Description
Low exposure proximity, higher socioeconomic status
High exposure proximity, higher socioeconomic status
High exposure proximity, lower socioeconomic status
Moderate exposure proximity, lower socioeconomic status
Low exposure proximity, lower socioeconomic status
Census Tracts
104,105,112
101, 115
108, 109, 116
107, 113, 114
102, 103, 106, 110,111
821
-------
NEWARK
31^:02 ^A* '
LEGEND
Elizabeth Point Sources
1 Allied Chemical
2 American Can
3 Chevron, U.S.A.
> 'f .. 4 Emkay Chemical Co.
5 Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.
6 Tenneco Inc.
1000 1000 1000 •OQO HXX) KK»0 TOOO MU
Potential Point Sources Used in Mapping Proximity Strata in Elizabeth
822
-------
00
NJ
U)
LEGEND
Elizabeth
Stratum Description
6 Low exposure proximity, higher socioeconomic status
7 Moderate exposure proximity, lower socioeconomic status
^^ 8 High exposure proximity, lower socioeconomic status
9 Low exposure proximity, higher socioeconomic status
314, 316, 318, 319
307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313
301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 309
315, 317, 320, 321
-------
LEGEND
Socioeconomic status* and proximity to potential sources in
Bayonne and Elizabeth, New Jersey
Strata Description
1,9 Low exposure proximity, higher Socioeconomic status
2 High exposure proximity, higher Socioeconomic status
3, 8 High exposure proximity, lower Socioeconomic status
4,7 Moderate exposure proximity, lower Socioeconomic status
5, 6 Low exposure proximity, lower Socioeconomic status
Bayonne Census Tracts by Strata
Census Tracts Stratum
104,105,112 1
101,115 2
108,109,116 3
107,113,114 4
102,103,106, 110,111 5
Elizabeth Census Tracts by Strata
Census Tracts Stratum
314, 316, 318, 319 6
307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313 7
301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 309 8
315, 317, 320, 321 9
*Based on 1970 Census data.
824
-------
APPENDIX B
MAPS SHOWING THE LOCATIONS OF NORTHERN NEW JERSEY
SAMPLE SEGMENTS
825
-------
MAPS SHOWING THE LOCATIONS OF NORTHERN NEW JERSEY
SAMPLE SEGMENTS
The locations of the Northern New Jersey sample segments are shown on
the maps in this appendix. The sample segments are outlined with heavy
black lines and marked with their sample segment numbers. The Bayonne
sample segment numbers are from 01 to 44, inclusive. However, segment
number 09 does not appear on the Bayonne map. This segment was Bayonne
Ocean Terminal, a military reservation; it was dropped from the sample as
an ineligible first stage unit.
The sample segment numbers for the Elizabeth sample are from 02 to 66,
inclusive. Again, one segment was dropped due to ineligibility. Segment
number 01 was dropped from the sample because this sample first stage unit
represented a ship at dock at the time of the 1980 Decennial Census.
826
-------
00
N:
-------
828
-------
APPENDIX C
MAP SHOWING THE LOCATIONS OF THE DEVILS LAKE
SAMPLE SEGMENTS
829
-------
Goose Capital
I • T IT V
First Stage Sampling Units for Devils Lake, North Dakota, Fall 1982.
830
-------
APPENDIX D
MAP SHOWING THE LOCATIONS OF THE GREENSBORO
SAMPLE SEGMENTS
831
-------
171
First Stage Sampling Units for Greensboro, North Carolina, Spring 1982.
832
-------
APPENDIX E
DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS
(a) Household Screening Questionnaire
(b) Study Questionnaire
(c) 24-Hour Exposure and Activity Screener
833
-------
RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
STUDY ON TOXIC CHEMICALS IN
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN SAMPLES
f D*m ADDrovtO
0 M • No 7DOO0364
Th0 information lecorded on thts questionnaire wM be used solely fo> »e»**ieh »ntp
the tflecu 0* environmental lactO't on pubdc health AM results will be summarised lo< gtoup* o< people no information about
individual persons Mill br released without the consent of the individual ThiftQuesiiOnnaue 11 authored by law (P L 94 4691 White
you ere noi ftQui'ed 10 respond, your cooperation it nttdrd 10 make the lesutti of iht lurvev comptehennve. accurate tnd
1. A*een«mbei j j
4 Household'housing unit numbe<
HOUSEHOLD SCREENING QUESTIONNAIRE
2 Site number
3 Stflment number 1^ J I
j j j 5 Interview
7 § What is the exact add'en (or description) of this housing unit'
(Month)
(At>*rrmefit Number)
(C'tyi
(2tp CoOe)
b U thii a*» tirgtblf housing unn> [ 1 | Vti tCo to Qutstton 91 \ 7 \ No (Go to Ou*itton ?et
e If no. md'cate rtaion and STOPt [ \ j Vacant | 7 { No^t*uieni |^3 j But-neii j 4 j G^oup Quarlers
| 5 j VaciTion Qua-teri j 6 | Othe- (SptC'ly) _ .
8 a Do yob n»ve a retponjibif tt'tf ninj respondeni7 [ 1 j Vei tCo 10 Quftif indiv>d^a* wo'ki
(. Thr nature o* the buii^eii wwhrre each person «\of ki five* m borne, tchoo' ttrvict ttitiort. OJ^A, cAenf,ca'p/«/if, rr*r>/e mtli. ere t. and
fl Relationship to you, ftsponoent 6ntficate wttn 'ft'l. beginning, mah the oldest and procttding tp the youngeit
Hotiuhold
Numbti
01
0?
03
M
OS
06
07
08
09
ir
•.
*«•
(Yl.t.l
b.
S««
(M a- F 1
c
Tim* •! Thit
Addrtu
D. M, V
d.
Smokt-
Y/N
•.
Nimt
•I
Emplovtr
1.
Ntlurt
0(
ftui*nrti
f
R«l«tiDnthip
to
Rcspondtnl
tlig>bl>
V/N
.
NrtlCIPtnt
Numbrr
834
-------
11. Indicate the houirhold nmntur numbti (from Oufltion 101 lor anyone working »i or vmplovtd in any of the lollowmg occupinont Enter the
numberdl on th« line ne«t to the M>p'Op>ute occuMtion II no one il employed in »ny o' tne« occupttioni. puce in 'X' ne«t to the entry
•None'.
E
2
E
E
E
IT
Win,., | 7 |
H
photo developing
17. • Do you h«ve « telephone' | 1 | Yei fCo mOvtition
b I* vei. nvhit ii the numb*'' [ 1 { Unlnled I
I 2 I Reiuied
(A't, Coat)
No ICo to Ovettion 12cJ
c II no. whu ii the numbe> o< the neireit telephone'
(Am Code!
13 Ii any woman in the household currently breaitleeding a child o*- planning to do w in the ne«t six months^
[ 1 | Vti (Co n Qufition 13*) I ? I No (Slop, ttttn* niponttent. proc+fd to /»•*! tioutetiotdi
If currently breastfeeding when does she plan to Itop?
If pregnant, what is anticipated due date' _.
(Go to Quftiion 13)
Q
m
Do not k
Refuted
Interviewar Comment*.
835
-------
OMB -
'o.»i NO :cc:
Out 7/31/83
STUDY ON TOXIC CHEMICALS IN
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN SAMPLES
Conducted by
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
QUESTIONNAIRE
THE RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK. NORTH
CAROLINA. IS UNDERTAKING A RESEARCH STUDY FOR THE US ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY TO ASSESS LEVELS AND RELATIONSHIPS Of SELECTED TOXIC
COMPOUNDS IN MAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA. THE INFORMATION RECORDED
IN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE WILL BE HELD IN STRICT CONFIDENCE AND WILL BE USED
SOLELY FOR RESEARCH INTO THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON
PUBLIC HEALTH. ALL RESULTS WILL BE SUMMARIZED FOR GROUPS OF PEOPLE. NO
INFORMATION ABOUT INDIVIDUAL PERSONS WILL BE RELEASED WITHOUT THE
CONSENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL. WHILE YOU ARE NOT REQUIRED TO RESPOND.
YOUR COOPERATION IS NEEDED TO MAKE THE RESULTS OF THIS SURVEY COMPRE'
HENSIVE. ACCURATE. AND TIMELY.
Study number: |
Area number: | | Site number: Segment number: | | | Household number: I
Participant number: | I [
836
-------
First. I would like to ask some general questions about you.
| ' | Male | ? |
1. Stm tl>r fUtrrnt.onl
Female
/Veer/
m Black, not of I 4 I Afcen/Paci
Httoanic O'tfin I I liiandrr
H
White, not ot I , I Other
H,u>enic origin I I teetci
« What ii your bi'thdate'
m-m-m
5. What ii your aoprotimate weight in poundi?
J Ibi. I ' I Do not know
3. Whit wai your age m yeeri at tatt birthday'
Veen
6 What it you approximate height m feet end i
I \fn< I I I Inenei
Next, I would like to ask some questions about your occupation.
7. Are you prcetntiy employed many capacity' I ' I Vti (Cammutl \ ? | Ho ICo re Q 111
8. How long have you been employee by your prevnt employer'
I ' I Dev» I 3 I Montht | 3 | Veari
9. What percent of the time doei your employment put you in tfoia contact with tmokeri'
10. Ooei your occupation uiuaiiy take you away from home? | 1 | Vei IContmutl
11. What ii the name and location (meet addrenl of the company for which you work?
No /Co to O. 131
I I I I I tOo to O.
IZtp Cooei
12. If not preiently employed, which of the following ben descrfcei your natui?
j 3 { Unemployed
[ * | Rewed
I 5 Diubied
m
m
Houtratla
Student
Ke m O. It!
/Continued
13. What it/wii your u«j*i occuotiion'
t 14 tntJ t$ m»Y Ot •kjp0«o' for vnemp/oyK/, rttirnf, sntj tttutjlfti ptrtQni)
14 Arc you prcienTlv cmoiovvd m tht«oeci".'_ j '9 |
Qj Ch.m.t.l »,.„, [7] V..OO .r.c.,..r,, B,.n, QTJ *™l'",'n""""".cni,, [Ej
(TJ Q7i..»,,. nri r.^:.::*""" [El .-r
r*.»too*v..»o.nt
Fu'MitU't '«0*
837
-------
17. Dort anvonr rtw m yew*
«*o*h at o* *» »**y of fit* foHotvinq occupation* or
*?ct *tf th»t M»O'Y t
D — Q :zr.=;
H.— H ,..,._,„
[3 [ Ch«m>cai plant [ 9 j Wooo »roca»i
H* ' n * I '' I Sc**ni«t« iftfei
• ar*fl«'*nfl>n* *toa>r ^ '
I * I a"^,!^'^'^*'' I 1? I Ov»0»a«l
14 I M*T*' »'Muct«
^9] D'ut manwUelu'i
! Of tormulctinfl
., I *«l"t»'atO"a-. cono. I -, . Lana.CKt.nfl/
, 161 "Ol""« '•»•" »' l^1 ' fl.r0.«.nV
^' I T,iii/but/t'uek dr*v«i I 22 I MOn« of tna *b»v«
IB How many hou'i of tbf day. on iKf awraqc. do you normally aptnd av«av from homt' Mvrraor igprnrgtrty for
Vnetkflavi | 1
Houri
Weekend davi
Houri
19 On the average tor eac*> category of vaton or dav of the week, how many hour* do you aoer
teiaieo acnvniei. or m a moto' venicie'
Out of Doori Out of Doora
tenure Job Related
WINTER Weekoav
Weekend dav
SPRING Weekday
Weekend dav
SUMMER Weekday
Weekend
FALL. Weekday
dav
Weekend dav
0
1
0
4
0
7
1
0
1
3
1
1
2
6
9
2
0
2
0
S
0
8
i
1
'
4
'
7
2
0
2
3
out of doori. for icnurr acin/inti. for 109
In Motor
Vth.cn
0| 3
0 6
0 9
1 2
15
1 8
2 I 1
2 «
Next, I would like to ask some questions regarding your personal habits.
20 Oo you now or have you ever vnoked crgarettei' | I | Vei IComatutl \ 2 | No ICo to O 341
21 How old were you when you firn started imokmg? I I I Vean
22 It you no longer emoke. how old were you when you latl |ave uovnoking> I | I Yearl
23
t^e average now many cioareneioo fdidl you amokc oer day'
| 1 I Leu man * oac» 11^ cigarettetl [ * | About t:i oackt 125 3« oga'eiteil
[ 2 | About '.'• oack 15-14 cigarettes) | ^ I About ? oae*i I3S-A9 c"fla*eti«»i
| 3 I About I wc« I IS 2' c<«aretieii | 6 |
More man 2 oac«i ISO o> mo>t c
838
-------
24. Do you uv lOOJCCO •« any oiner form It t. ttftri. ffi. $null. cnewrnf moiccol' [ ' | Vet [ 2 [ No
I'rti. «io*rcji» ;erm: [ 1 | C-g»rt | 2 | Snuff I 3 I Chewing tobacco
| 4 | Pioe | 5 | | Other ISptcii,!
rS Doet anyone eite m your houiehoid intone' | ' | Vet ( How many otheri'
If r'l. cfitct til rnai tep'f • [ ' I Cigaretiet | 2 | C.jj'i | 3 [ Pioe
26 Do you Pump your own gat' | * [ Yet [ 2 I No
27. Do you do your own dry cleaning' [ 1 | Yet | 2
[ 2 |
No
No
28 Do you puriue tny o* the following rtoDbtrt' tChfc* til tfitr
I t I Furnttu'e reltnuhing I 2 I Painting I 3 I Scale modell I ^ I Gardening I £ I Nlone of theie
29. Ooe« anyone e^tc m your houirhoid puriue any of The following hobbies' fCnee* *'/ fA«f topi*.}
I 1 I Painting | 2 | Furniture r»lmiihinj | 3 | Scale modeit [ * | Gardening | 5 | None of thete
30 Do you work miih or u* inKciicidei. eemcidet. or he-bicceu at m terming, gardening, or eitermmr ion>
I 1| Yet ICo to Xi.l | 2 | No fGo re 30t.l
I. He~ often would you my that you work w.th or u. luchiubtuncetr Q] B.t,lv [7] Oee.«n,i.y m O'»r.
ent' | 1 | Never [ 2 | Weekly [ 3 | Monthly [ « | Yearly
b. How often do you have your houv treated for per
Next. I would like to ask some questions regarding your general physical status.
31. What do you consider your current phyucai condition? fCAev* on* /
I 1 I Excellent [ 2 | Good |3| Fair | 4 | Poor
32. Are you currently taking any pretcrvtion medicJtionltl on • regular daily battt' | 1 | Yei | 2 j No
"Vei. ftctly ____________________^___________________________________________________
33. Have you taken any non pretcnption medicationt {atoirin.vitamint, etc ) in the pelt 46 houn' j T ( Yei [ 2 I No
34 Are you preientiy under a doctor'! ure' j 1 | Yet [ 2 | No
" r*l.
35 Are you oretenuv luftermg from any reviratory oroblemt ftuc* ai cold. COufrl lore throft. tfu. afrnma. broncfi't't. ahorrneil c
Orejrft. Itryngttti. olrurnr. 9tC I 9
I 1 I Vet I 2 I No It rn. mc-ir-
I I Liv-' ' I Kid^py I '
36 bVhicn of the lOIIDm.ng conOit ont nave you eve' been treateo for' ( ' | Anemia j 2 I d'Kllf t ' fl'»««»e [ J Nort*
37 How would you rate youi general rereationaiieierciv activity pattern' | 1 I Hea»v I 2 I Light I 3 ' Seotmary
38 How would you rate your activity on the iOb'
| ' | Heavy pnyticai activity | 2 | Light phyncai activity | 3 I Sedentary | 4 | ^'^^"J"*, e'aovai
839
-------
Next. I would like to ask some questions regarding your diet.
39 Which merit) do vow uiuai'v -ai at HO*»»> /CArc* *" Tttttsoo'v t
[7 | areaklait | ? | Cunch I 3 | O.nnpr I 4 I None
40 Wnrn you do not tat at no**r whfrr do vou eai * fCArc* *" thft *DSKV )
3 I School | 3 | wo'k
I 5 I Atmoii nrvr» tat anvv^hftf but at home [^6 J Ot**» ISofcifyl _- -
41 Arc vOu ptfttntly tOMo**'"9 any O* thf following d'tta'V regirT»rntl7 (ChtC* til tftft tDD'y )
I 1 I Meal O'lpa^ed at home but eaten elicwnere
r—i
[ ' |
| ? |
I eoa uictr a.«t [ 4 | O'9m .c leofli I 7 I Othn ISarcit
i'COxi [ 5 j Vrftti
[ Btaucmjdift I 6 | Nonr
Vrftti'iin
42 On in* avmijT hem o'lm do you til in< lolln»ng loofll' ICIie* HI tun uply I
feodiiuH
a Brr<
b F.in
C PO'^
d Pog't'V
C Frefh fruit
1. Frozen frwi
9 Car-ntfi «rui1
h Ffti^i vcgetab'f i
1 FfOltn vfQCTaD'ei
t C»«^fd vtgrtaO'f t
li Eggi
I Cvr«
-
*
9
*
3
'
s
840
-------
Lastly. I would like to ask some questions about your residence and household.
43 Wow mjny yean have you lived in thu area' j I Ve»M
44 Mow long have you lived at your curreni address' I [ I I I I Dayl 2 I Months 3 Years
4S. Do you cool your home with any of the following appliance!' /C/>rcft 911 rftar j
I ' I Central air conditioning
Windo
I * I Window land) [ 7 [ Mont of these
- | ...™»~ a« conditioner ill [ 5 | Ceiling einauit fanis) [_ B | Do not know
[ 3 [ Evaoorative cooierltl [ S [ Circulating fanls) j 9 | Other ISotcilfl ^_^^_______
46 Do vou have any of the following appliances' ICIitct HI ttitt iaaiy.1
I ' I Gai stove [ 3 | Electric oven | 3 | Cat furnace | 4 [ Oil heat
Does your household grow any of in own food m a home garden' *| v>s | ? | No [ 3 [ Do not know
If Y9l »ecify locttton of gtratn" ^.__^
47.
If K" vtcify toettton o
48 Where doei your
household genetally obtain trash fruit and/or vegetables' What percentage u locally grown'
[ | [ Percent
49
iemi> tSerctfy msin tournfllj
SO. What it the onmary lOurc* of your waier for drinking?
I ' I Bottled water | 3 j Tap-community well [ * | Tao—cittern
I ^ I Tap—municipal luoo'v | * \ Tap—private wall | * | Do not kno
Other
SI. It that the same primary lourcc of water lor drink mixei such u cot'ee, tea. Kooi-Atd. etc.'
I ' | Yei I 1 I No If no. how ooei it differ' ISettilyl
Interviewer number
INTERVIEWER INFORMATiON
(Uonml IDtvl
Date of interview
COMMENTS
CD-
IYtt'1
841
-------
STUDY NUMBER
D«te: 1 1.
TEAM Study
24-Hour Enpoiuri ind Activity Sctaentr
OMB Approval No 200O-0364
Eioiration Date 7/3VB3
1 . Nave you pumped vour own gat in th« pail 24 houri?
(•I How many hour* ha» it been tmct you IH1 pumped gil'
2. Have you beentoadry cleaning eitablilhmenl in the put 24 hour»>
(a) How man> houri ago wai that'
3 Have vou done you' own dry cleaning in the patt 74 houri?
(a) How many houri ago wai that?
4 Havr you utcd tobacco >n any form m the pad 24 nou't?
(i) How many hojn ago did you lait UK tobacco'
m
Q
YES tco 10 i,
Houri
!• I I 2 I
NO ICon 0.21
VES ico n ii/ [
Houri
YES ICo to 3, I
Houri
NO ICo 10 Q 31
NO ICo te 0 tl
I 1 I YES (Co 10 O 4,1 I 1 I NO ICo m O 51
Houri
(b) Wh.ch o< the following tormi o' tobacco did you uu' fCAfc* a'/
| 1 | Cigaremi [ 2 | Cigar! | 3 | Snufl | 4 | Chtw.ng Tobacco | 5 | Pipe
5 Have you ramamed piy »n<3 1or 9»cft 'fem
: KOW »w &!* mm t
Number of Number of
Timai E*ien ham Times Eaten
ra
i i
I 21 1 Yfp ~at*r «nfl dnfiki uling tan waif f , ,
• 8 H.,, you been .w.mm.ng ,n the pat. 24 hour.? |~7] VES (Co ID O *•> j_T] NO (Co 10 O SI
a In wh.cn of the following d.d you tw.m' ,—, Oi|ifln _ (——! ,B(100, |——i
842
-------
( He»e you worked at »nv of tne following occuMiiont or bem ,n a«\ el the (allowing bunneiwt dunng the Mil week* /CAec* ,11 *«
tpp'r tneilto ingictlt tnr COtltct in tit Mil 3t hoi/n I
Pen Week
Pen 24 Hour*
I I Painting
j | Dr> cleaning
! j Chemical plant
I I Petrpfeum plant
01
02
03
B
foT]
Service itation'garage'engine repair
j I Furniture retmuhmg or l*pa»
i I Plastics manufacture or formulation
I I Taitile mill
! ( Wood processing plant
I I Printing
I Scientific laboratory
I I Dye plant
Hospital
I I Metal work/smelters
| j None
DD
j 13 j
I '5 j
OB
10
12 '
17 i
E
EEJ
E
26 {
2B
29
10 Hew you been eiooied to »nv of me following during the Mil week' ICIwet til in.r *>piy. ,na ,na,e,n tny n whah Ko« A«M Men
tipoiitt m 0>e lit! 34 hourt.l
Pnt 24 Houri
| I Soiventi It.g.. nluttt, tenant, cnlonfonnl
| I Odoroui cnemiuii It g., H"""". tvllvr. motfitallil
01
D
n
n
n
n
n
TOKIC or huardoui chemical! ft §.. pttticattt} i
High dun or paMicuiatt level* C
rj E
|OB !
Auio'uuck CHheuitt (heavy or long tipoiure. i.e tunnel o* \ 1 1 1
C«pr*Mv«v> | O9 1 \ '° 1
Cleaning lolut.on. (inciud
-------
TEAM Study
24-Hour Exposurt Scrtener — Activity Pinern
11. • For the tint time Pf'iod during which you wo»e an ai' pump (Time on
, Time c
you' maiei activity In aodmon. please indicate >ny otnai KKVUIM which lures e man one hour
Location
Activity
I. please indicate
Lavtl o<
Physical Activity
Indoor/Outdoor Urban/Suburban/Rurat Strenuous/Light
10 11 17
17 IB 19
74
75
76
b Please provide the following information foi each IMP during this time penod
I 07 i
'3 i " i
70 i 71 |
77 78
Mode ol Traffic
Tup Time (minutes) Transport Heavy/Light
1
7
3
4
!
i 7
1 '
1 2
1 7
V.nl,
ation
Windows
Open/Closed
1
1
7
7
1
1
7
2
c Picase md.cate any unusual events which happened during this time period which might have any e'feci on >our exposure to envi-
12 a Fof t"e Mcond time oe'iod dymg wntch you «ofe 11
np (Time O"
T.me o'l ,
you' maior act>vitv In addition, pieue indicate any other activities which lasted
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APPENDIX F
RECOVERY OF DEUTERATED VOLATILE ORGANICS FROM SPIKED TENAX GC
SAMPLING CARTRIDGES USED IN FIELD SAMPLING
845
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TABLE F-l. RECOVERY OF BENZENE-d IN FIELD SAMPLES3
- GREENSBORO, NC -
Medlut" N % Recovery ± S.D. (*RSD)
Al 1 c
6 80 ± 22 (28)
a
Benzene-d6 was added to sampling cartridge prior to sampling, sampling
and analysis conducted and amount determined by GC/MS.
TABLE F-2. RECOVERY OF BENZENE-d IN HELD SAMPLES3
- SECON'D SEASON NEW JERSEY -
Medium T % Recovery +_ S.D. (%RSD)
Personal 16 100 j_ 37 (37)
Breath 5 70 ^ 14 (20)
j»
Deuterated benzene (benzene-d ) was added to sampling cartridge prior
to sampling, sampling and analysis conducted and amount recovered
determined by GC/MS.
846
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TABLE F-3. RECOVERY OF BENZENE-d IN FIELD SAMPLES
- FIRST SEASON NEW JERSEY -
Median of Instrument
Breath
Fixed-site
Personal
LKB-2091
Varian CH-7
Finnigan 3300
All Media/All Instruments
N
15
5
28
16
10
22
48
% Recovery _+
77 _+
96 +_
83 2.
86 ^
80 ±
85 i
82 ±
S.D. (%RSD)
23 (29)
18 (19)
21 (25)
22 (26)
26 (32)
22 (26)
22 (26)
Deuterated benzene (benzene-dg) was added to sampling cartridge prior
to sampling (known amount), sampling and analysis conducted and amount
recovered determined by GC/MS.
TABLE F-4. RECOVERY OF BENZENE-d IN FIELD SAMPLES3
- DEVILS LAKE, ND -
Medium N % Recovery _+ S.D. (%RSD)
All 6 87 _+ 23 (27)
Benzene-d was added to sampling cartridge prior to sampling,
sampling and analysis conducted and amount determined by GC/MS.
847
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1987— 7 «f 8 - 1 2 1 / 67015
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