United States Office of Acid Deposition,
Environmental Protection Monitoring, and Quality Assurance
Agency Washington DC 20460
EPA/600/6-88/009a
August 1988
Research and Development
&EPA
Indoor Air Quality in
Public Buildings:
Volume I.
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EPA/600/6-80/009a
August 1988
INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS
VOLUME I
by
L.S. Sheldon, R.W. Handy, T.D. Hartwell, R.W. Whitmore,
H.S. Zelon, and E.D. Pellizzari
Research Triangle Institute
Post Office Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Contract Number 68-02-3679
PRoject Officer
Lance Wallace
Air, Toxics,- and Radiation Monitoring Research Division
Office of Monitoring, System and Quality Assurance
OFFICE OF ACID DEPOSITION, ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, DC 20460
7-S. Environmental Protection Agency
?-•.:, a 5, Library (5FL-16)
>-. j .-":. "\--.rborn St -eet, Room 1(370
'.'/ • , . ,c , ; '„ 60604
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NOTICE
This document has been reviewed in accordance with
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.
11
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CONTENTS
Page
Disclaimer ii
Figures viii
Tables xii
Acknowledgements xxi
1. Introduction 1
2. Summary and Conclusions 3
Volatile Organics 3
Formaldehyde 5
Inhalable and Respirable Particulates 5
Pesticides/PCBs 5
Elements 6
Nitrogen Dioxide 6
Carbon Monoxide 6
3. Recommendations 8
Study Design 8
Field Sampling 8
Sampling and Analysis Procedures 9
Quality Assurance 10
Statistical Analysis 10
Chamber Studies 10
4. Sampling and Sample Preparation 11
Sample Design 11
Field Sampling 11
Elderly Home-1 11
Volatile Organics 20
Collection Method 20
Preparation of Sampling Materials 20
Preparation of QC Sets 20
Sampling Protocol 20
Inhalable and Respirable Particulates 28
Dichotomous Samplers 28
Piezobalance 29
Pesticides/PCBs 30
Collection Method 30
Preparation of Sampling Materials 30
Preparation of QC Sets 30
Sample Protocol 32
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CONTENTS (cont'd.)
Page
Formaldehyde 32
Collection Method .' . 32
Preparation of Sampling Materials 32
Preparation of QC Sets 32
Sample Protocol 32
Elements 33
Collection Method 33
Preparation of Sampling Materials 33
Preparation of QC Sets 33
Sample Protocol 33
Nitrogen Dioxide 33
Chemiluminescent Monitors 33
Nitrogen Dioxide Badges 34
Carbon Monoxide 34
Monitoring Method 34
Preparation of Sampling Materials 34
Sample Protocol 43
Air Exchange 43
Collection Method ', \ 43
Preparation of Sampling Materials 43
Sample Protocol 43
Primary School 43
Inhalable and Respirable Participates ] 49
Dichotomous Samplers 49
Piezoelectric Monitor 49
Nitrogen Dioxide 49
Carbon Monoxide 49
Air Exchange Rates 49
Office Building - Trip 1, July 1983 50
Inhalable and Respirable Particulates 50
Elements 54
Nitrogen Dioxide 54
Carbon Monoxide 54
Air Exchange Rates 54
Office Building - Trip 2, September 1983 55
Office Building - Trip 3, December 1983 58
Elderly Home - 2 58
Inhalable and Respirable Particulates 58
Air Exchange 62
5. Building Survey 63
Overview 63
Data Collection 63
Data Collection Instruments 64
General Area Description 64
Building Questionnaire 64
Monitor Location Questionnaire 65
IV
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CONTENTS (cont'd.)
Page
Results 66
Elderly Home-1 66
General Area Description 66
Building Description 67
Monitoring Locations 68
Primary School 70
General Area Description 70
Building Description 71
Monitoring Locations 72
Elderly Home-2 72
General Area Description 73
Building Description 73
Monitoring Locations 74
Office Building 75
General Area Descriptions 76
Building Description 76
Monitoring Locations 77
6. Sample Analysis 81
Volatile Organics 81
Analytical Method 81
Method Validation 85
Loading of External Standards 85
Limits of Detection 89
QC Results 89
Sample Analysis 93
Pesticides/PCBs 94
Limits of Detection Quantisation Limits 101
QC Results 103
Sample Analysis 107
Formaldehyde 109
Analytical Method 109
Method Validation 109
QC Results 113
Limits of Detection 113
Sample Analysis 116
Inhalable and Respirable Particulates 116
Analytical Method 116
QC Results 118
Limits of Detection 118
Sample Analysis 118
Elements 120
Analytical Method 120
QC Results 120
Limits of Detection (LOD) 120
Sample Analysis 129
Air Exchange 129
Analytical Method 129
Method Validation 133
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CONTENTS (cont'd.)
Limits of Detection 133
QC Results 136
Sample Analyses 136
7. Sources of Volatile Chemicals 138
Introduction 138
Headspace Screening of Emissions from Materials 138
Procedures 139
Results and Discussion 141
Emission Rate Determination 141
Materials 142
Environmental Chamber 142
Sampling 142
Results and Discussion 144
8. Results 150
Volatile Organics 150
Identification of Volatile Organics in Indoor/Outdoor
Samples 150
Statistical Analysis 150
Computer Analysis 161
Office Building 161
School, Elderly Homes 1 and 2 184
Summary and Comparisons 205
Formaldehyde 212
Inhalable and Respirable Particulate 212
Piezobalance 212
Elderly Home 1 212
School 232
Collected Filter Samples 234
Pesticides/PCBs 240
Elements 241
Nitrogen Dioxide 271
Chemiluminescent NO/NOX Gas Analyzer 271
N02 Badges 271
Carbon Monoxide 280
Air Exchange Rates 280
9. Quality Control and Quality Assurance 289
Office Building 289
Field Operations 289
Sample Analysis 289
Field Quality Control Samples 289
Volatile Organics 289
Pesticide-PCBs/Formaldehyde 297
Duplicate Sample Analysis 297
Volatile Organics 297
Pesticides/PCBs 304
Respirable Particulates 304
Elements 304
VI
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CONTENTS (cont'd.)
Performance Audit Samples 304
Volatile Organics 304
Home for the Elderly 313
Field Operations 313
Sample Analysis 318
Field Quality Control Samples 318
Volatile Organics 318
Pesticdes-PCBs/Formaldehyde 318
Duplicate Sample Analysis 318
Volatile Orgacnis 318
Pesticides/PCBs 328
Inhalable and Respirable Particulates 328
Elements 328
Performance Audit Samples 333
Volatile Organics .... 333
School 333
Field Operations 333
Sample Analysis 333
Field Quality Control Samples 339
Volatile Organics 339
Pesticide-PCBs/Formaldehyde 339
Duplicate Sample Analysis 339
Volatile Organics ... 339
Pesticide/PCBs 339
Performance Audit Samples 345
Volatile Organics 345
References 347
vii
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Tenax background check - GC/FID 22
2 Lab control cartridge - GC/FID chromatogram 24
3 Lab control cartridge - GC/FID chromatogram 25
4 Sampling protocol form for volatile organic, pesticide/PCB,
formaldehyde, and element samples 26
5 Example of a field sampling protocol sheet, inhalable
particulates 27
6 NOX analyzer control chart 35
7 Field data audit sheet - NO, NC>2, NOX calibration 36
8 Sample custody sheet for carbon monoxide 44
9 Example of a field sampling protocol sheet, air exchange . . 46
10 Schematic diagram of the NBS sampler 57
11 Chromatogram of target pesticides analyzed by GC/ECD .... 96
12 Chromatogram of technical Chlordane analyzed by GC/ECD ... 97
13 Chromatogram of Aroclor 1254 analyzed by GC/ECD 98
14 Chromatogram of Aroclor 1260 analyzed by GC/ECD 99
15 GC/ECD chromatogram of sample extract for the analysis of
Pesticides/PCBs 108
16 Exchange rate of air in Dreyfus Auditorium 135
17 Field analysis protocol sheet - Indoor air study 137
18 Schematic of environmental chamber used in emission study . . 143
viii
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FIGURES (continued)
Number
19 Reconstructed ion chromatograms of air samples collected at
Elderly home-1; ES =~150 ng of pentafluorotoluene ... 152
20 Reconstructed ion chromatograms of air samples collected at
Elderly home-2; ES = ~150 ng of pentafluorotoluene ... 153
21 Reconstructed chromatograms of air samples collected at
office-1; ES = ~150 ng pentafluorotoluene 154
22 Reconstructed ion chromatograms of air samples collected at
the school; ES = ~150 ng of pentafluorotoluene 155
23 Indoor median vs. outdoor median concentrations of target
volatiles found in the office building by trip 185
24 Indoor median vs. outdoor median concentrations of target
volatiles found the office building by trip 186
25 Indoor median vs. outdoor median concentrations of target
volatiles found in the office building by trip 188
26 Median concentrations for all 3 trips to the office building -
copier room only - day vs. night 189
27 Median concentrations for all 3 trips to the office building -
copier room only - day vs. night 190
28 Median concentrations for all 3 trips to the office building -
copier room only - day vs. night 191
29 Median concentrations for all 3 trips to the office building -
copier room vs. other rooms - daytime only 192
30 Median concentrations for all 3 trips to the office building -
copier room vs. other rooms - daytime only 193
31 Median concentrations for all 4 trips to the office building -
copier room vs. other rooms - daytime only 194
32 Median concentrations for other buildings (school, elderly
homes-1 and -2) - day vs. night - indoors only 206
33 Median concentrations for other buildings (school, elderly
homes-1 and -2) - day vs. night - indoors only 207
34 Volatile organics indoor median concentration distribution by
trip and site 210
ix
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FIGURES (continued)
Number Page
35 Volatile organics indoor median concentration distributions
by trip and site 211
36 Respirable particulates in 3rd floor lounge of the elderly
home-1 (3/24/83) 226
37 Respirable particulates in 2nd floor lounge of the elderly
home-1 (3/24/83) 227
38 Respirable particulates in 3rd floor lounge of the elderly
home-1 (3/26/83) 228
39 Decline of respirable particulates following smoking - 3rd
floor lounge of the elderly home-1 (3/24/83) 229
40 Decline of respirable particulates following smoking - 3rd
floor lounge of the elderly home-1 (3/26/83) 230
41 Concentrations of silicon found on the fine particulate
filter samples from the school 257
42 Concentrations of iron found on the fine particulate filter
samples from the school 259
43 Concentrations of iron found on the coarse particulate
filter samples from the school 261
44 Concentrations of calcium found on the fine particulate
filter samples from the school 263
45 Concentrations of calcium found on the fine particulate
filter samples from the school 265
46 Concentrations of lead found on the coarse particulate
filter samples from the school 267
47 Concentrations of bromine found on the coarse particulate
filter samples from the school 269
48 Concentration of iron found on the fine particulate filter
samples collected at the outdoor location at the
elderly home-1 272
49 Concentration of lead found on the coarse particulate filter
samples collected at the outdoor location at the elderly
home-1 273
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FIGURES (continued)
Number Page
50 Concentrations of silicon found in the coarse particulate
filter samples collected at the outdoor location at the
elderly home-1 274
51 Concentration of iron found on the coarse particulate filter
samples collected at the outdoor location at the elderly
home-1 275
52 Concentration of calcium found on the coarse particulate
filter samples collected at the outdoor location at the
elderly home-1 276
53 Air exchange rates over time of Merritt Elementary School -
visit 1 285
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TABLES
in Page
1 Monitoring Parameters 12
2 Matrix Exhibiting Monitoring Survey 15
3 Longitudinal Monitoring Schedule 17
4 Approximate Daily Monitoring Schedule for All Facilities ... 18
5 Field Sampling Location Within Elderly Home-1 18
6 Sample Collection at the Elderly Home-1 19
7 Background Check Data of Tenax Cartridges Used at the Elderly
Home-1 21
8 Standards Loaded from Permeation System 23
9 Standards Loaded from Flash System 23
10 Pesticide/PCB Controls 31
11 Parameters Used in the Collection of Air Samples for Air
Exchange Determinations in the Elderly Home-1 45
12 Field Sampling Locations for the School 47
13 Sample Collection at the Primary School 48
14 Parameters Used in Collection of Air Samples for Air Exchange
Determinations in the Primary School 51
15 Field Sampling Locations Within the Office Building 52
16 Status of Collection and Analysis of Indoor Air Study Samples -
Office (Trip 1) 53
17 Status of Collection and Analysis of Indoor Air Study Samples -
Office (Trip 2) 56
18 Sample Collection at the Office Building (Trip 3 -
December 1983) 59
Xll
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TABLES (continued)
Number
19 Field Sampling Locations Within the Elderly Home-2 60
20 Sample Collection - Elderly Home-2 61
21 Samples Analysis 82
22 Operating Parameters for GC/MS System 84
23 Relative Response Factors (RRF) Used for Quantitation of
Volatile Organics 86
24 External Standards Loaded from Permeation System and Analyzed
By GC/FID 88
25 Instrumental LODs and QLs for Volatile Organic Compounds ... 90
26 Percent Recovery for Target Volatiles from Field Control
Samples 91
27 Level of Target Volatiles Found on Field Blanks 92
28 Fractionation Pattern of Target Pesticides and PCBs During
Florisil Chromatography 95
29 Operating Conditions for GC/ECD Analysis of Target
Pesticides and PCBs 95
30 Calibration Standards for Pesticide/PCB Analysis 100
31 Relative Response Factors (RRF) Generated for the Quantitation
of PUF Extracts 102
32 Quantitation Limits (QL) for Target Pesticides and PCB .... 104
33 Percent Recovery for Calculated Field Control Samples 105
34 Level of Target Pesticides/PCBs Found on Field Blanks 106
35 Standards Used to Generate Formaldehyde Calibration Curve ... 110
36 Characteristics of Formaldehyde Calibration Curve 110
37 Formaldehyde Recovery Studies Ill
38 Calibration Curve Data - Triplicate Analysis 112
39 Results of Duplicate Formaldehyde Analysis Performed During
Method Validation 114
xiii
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TABLES (continued)
Number Page
40 Amount of Formaldehyde Found on Field Blanks 115
41 % Recovery of Formaldehyde from Control Samples 115
42 Limits of Detection and Quantisation Limits for Formaldehyde
Analysis 117
43 Results of Analysis of Blank Filters for Respirable Particu-
late 119
44 Elements Analyzed by PIXE Analysis 121
45 Elemental Analysis Performed for Each Sampling Trip 122
46 Elements Found on Field Blanks (Streaker) - Elderly Home-1 . . 123
47 Elements Found on Field Blanks (Streaker) - School 125
48 Elements Found on Field Blanks 127
49 Instrumental Limits of Detection For PIXE Analysis 128
50 Method Limits of Detection (LOD) For Elemental Analysis .... 130
51 Method Quantifiable Limits (QL) for Elemental Analysis .... 131
52 GC/ECD Operating Conditions for Quantitative Analysis of SFs . 132
53 Collection Sequence of Air Samples Using a Syringe-Type Air
Sampler 134
54 Building Materials and Consumer Products Screened 140
55 Summary of Sampling Conditions 145
56 Time Breakdown of Experiment IV (Cleaning Agents) 146
57 Levels of Volatile Organics from Sources 147
58 Emission Rates from Various Selected Sources 149
59 Air Samples for Qualitative Analysis 151
60 Organic Compounds Identified During Selected Air Samples . . . 156
61 Number of Samples Collected for Air Volatiles by Trip and Site 162
xiv
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TABLES (continued)
Number Page
62 Percent Measurable - Air Volatiles - Office Building Overall
3 Trips 163
63 Percent Measurable - Volatile Organics - Office Building
Trip 1, August 1983 165
64 Percent Measurable - Volatile Organics - Office Building
Trip 2, September 1983 166
65 Percent Measurable - Volatile Organics - Office Building
Trip 3, December 1983 167
66 Ratios of Indoor vs. Outdoor of Percent Measurable - Volatile
Organics - Office Building 168
67 Medial QLs Over All Five Sampling Locations - Indoor/Outdoor Air
Samples Combined for Volatile Organics 169
68 Average Concentration of Volatile Organics Found in the Office,
Trip 1 (August 1983) 170
69 Average Concentration of Volatile Organics Found in the Office,
Trip 2 (September 1983) 171
70 Average Concentration of Volatile Organics Found in the Office,
Trip 3 (December 1983) 172
71 Summary Statistics - Volatile Organics - 3 Trips Combined -
Office Building 174
72 Summary Statistics - Volatile Organics - Trip 1 - August 1983
Office Building 175
73 Summary Statistics - Volatile Organics - Trip 2 - September 1983
Office Building 176
74 Summary Statistics - Volatile Organics - Trip 3 - December 1983
Office Building 177
75 Summary Statistics - Volatile Organics - Office Building -
Ratios of Concentrations 179
76 Summary Statistics - Volatile Organics - Office Building -
Median Concentrations 180
77 Summary Statistics - Volatile Organics - Trip 1 - August 1983 -
Office Building - Indoor Concentrations Time 1 vs. Time 2,
3 and 4 182
XV
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TABLES (continued)
Number Page
78 Concentration Ratios for Office Building - Indoor Only .... 183
79 Office Building - Outdoor Concentrations and Concentration
Ratios (Trips 1 and 3) 187
80 Percent Measurable - Volatile Organics - School 195
81 Percent Measurable - Volatile Organics - Elderly Home-1 .... 196
82 Percent Measurable - Volatile Organics - Elderly Home-2 .... 197
83 Average Concentration of Volatile Organics Found at the School 199
84 Average Concentration of Volatile Organics Found at the Elderly
Home-1 200
85 Average Concentration of Volatile Organics Found at the Elderly
Home-2 201
86 Summary Statistics - Volatile Organics - School 202
87 Summary Statistics - Volatile Organics - Elderly Home-1 .... 203
88 Summary Statistics - Volatile Organics - Elderly Home-2 .... 204
89 Summary Statistics - Volatile Organics - Indoor Office
Building Trip 1 vs. Other Buildings (School, Elderly
Homes-1 and 2) 208
90 Summary Statistics - Volatile Organics Indoor Only Office
Building - Trip 3 vs. Other Buildings (School, Elderly
Homes-1 and 2) 209
91 Results of Formaldehye Analysis 213
92 Side-by-Side Readings of Two Piezobalance Instruments in
Elderly Home-1 215
93 Respirable Particulates -- Nonsmoking Areas -- Elderly Home-1 . 216
94 Piezobalance Results - Elderly Home-1 218
95 Respirable Particulates -- Smoking Areas 225
96 Side-by-Side Readings of Two Piezobalance Instruments in the
School 233
97 Respirable Particulate Measurements at the School—May 23, 1983 235
xvi
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TABLES (continued)
Number Page
98 Respirable Particulate Measurements at the School--May 24, 1983 236
99 Inhalable and Respirable Particulate Levels Measured at the
Office Building 237
100 Inhalable and Respirable Particulate Levels Measured at the
Elderly Home-1 238
101 Inhalable and Respirable Particulate Levels Measured at Elderly
Home-2 239
102 Percent Measurable - Elements by Building: 24-Hour Filter . . 243
103 Percent Measurable - Elements by Building: "Streaker" Filter 244
104 Percent of Filter Segments with Measurable Concentrations of
Elements by Building, Indoors/Outdoors, Time Period, and
Method: "Streaker" Filters 247
105 Summary Statistics for Concentrations of Elements by Site
Indoor/Outdoor: 24-Hour Filters 249
106 Listing of Concentrations of Selected Elements: Office,
Trips 1,2,3 and Elderly Home-2 251
107 Average Concentrations of Selected Elements by Location Within
Site: Office Trips, 1,2,3'and Elderly Home-2 253
108 Summary Statistics for Concentrations of Elements by Building,
Indoor/Outdoor, and Method: "Streaker" Filters 255
109 Measured N02 Concentration at Sample Location 1 (Outdoors ) in
the Elderly Home-1 277
110 Measured NO? Concentration at Sample Location 2 (5th Floor
Lounge) in the Elderly Home-2 278
111 Measured N02 Concentration at the Elderly Home-1 279
112 Carbon Monoxide Concentrations Measured at the Elderly Home-1 . 281
113 Measured Air Exchange Rates at the Elderly Home-1 282
114 Measured Air Exchange Rates at the School 283
115 Measured Air Exchange Rates at the Office Trip 1 286
116 Measured Air Exchange Rates at the Office Trip 2 287
xvii
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TABLES (continued)
Number Page
117 Sampling Schedule - Office Building 290
118 Office Building Trip 1 - Sample Inventory Audit 291
119 Office Building Trip 2 - Sample Inventory Audit 293
120 Office Building Trip 3 - Sample Inventory Audit 294
121 Office Building - Completeness of Sample Collection and
Analysis 295
122 Office Building Trip 1 - Volatile Organics QC Samples 296
123 Office Building Trip 2 - Volatile Organics QC Samples 298
124 Office Building Trip 3 - Volatile Organics QC Samples 299
125 Office Building Trip 1 - Pesticide/Formaldehyde QC Samples . . 300
126 Office Building Trip 2 - Pesticide/Formaldehyde QC Samples . . 301
127 Office Building Trip 3 - Pesticide/Formaldehyde QC Samples . . 302
128 Office Building Trip 1 - Volatile Organic Duplicates 303
129 Office Building Trip 2 - Volatile Organic Duplicates 305
130 Office Building Trip 3 - Volatile Organic Duplicates 306
131 Office Building Trip 1 - Pesticides/PCB Duplicates 307
132 Office Building Trip 2 - Pesticides/PCB Duplicates 307
133 Office Building Trip 3 - Pesticides/PCB Duplicates 308
134 Office Building Trip 1 - Element Sample Duplicate -
Location No. 4 309
135 Office Building Trip 2 - Element Sample Duplicate -
Location No. 4 310
136 Office Building Trip 2 - Element Sample Duplicate -
Location No. 6 311
137 Office Building Trip 3 - Element Sample Duplicate -
Location No. 4 312
xviii
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TABLES (continued)
Page
138 Office Building Trip 1 - Performance Audit Results,
Volatile Organics 314
139 Office Building Trip 2 - Performance Audit Results,
Volatile Organics 315
140 Office Building Trip 3/Elderly Home 2 - Performance Audit
Results, Volatile Organics 316
141 Performance Audit Results Reported by the External Laboratory,
Volatile Organics 317
142 Sampling Schedule - Home for the Elderly 319
143 Elderly Home-1 - Sample Inventory Audit 320
144 Elderly Homes 1 and 2 - Completeness of Sample Collections and
Analysis 321
145 Elderly Home-1 - Volatile Organics QC Samples 322
146 Elderly Home-2 - Volatile Organics QC Samples 323
147 Elderly Home-1 - Pesticide/Formaldehyde QC Samples 324
148 Elderly Home-2 - Pesticide/Formaldehyde QC Samples 325
149 Elderly Home-1 - Volatile Organic Duplicates 326
150 Elderly Home-2 - Volatile Organic Duplicates 329
151 Elderly Home-1 - Pesticides/PCB Duplicates 330
152 Elderly Home-2 - Pesticides/PCB Duplicates 331
153 Elderly Home-3 - Element Sample Duplicate - Location No. 3 . . 332
154 Elderly Home-1 - Performance Audit Results, Volatile Organics . 334
155 Performance Audit Results Reported by the External Laboratory,
Volatile Organics 335
156 Sampling Schedule - School 336
157 School - Sample Inventory Audit 337
158 School - Completeness of SamplCollection and Analysis .... 338
XIX
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TABLES (continued)
Number Page
159 School - Volatile Organics QC Samples 340
160 School - Pesticide/Formaldehyde QC Samples 341
161 School - Volatile Organic Duplicates 342
162 School - Pesticides/PCB Duplicates 344
163 School - Performance Audit Results, Volatile Organics 346
164 School - Performance Audit Results Reported by the External
Laboratory, Volatile Organics 346
XX
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank Dr. Lance Wallace of the Air, Toxics, and
Radiation Monitoring Research Division, Office of Monitoring, Systems and
Quality Assurance, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ORD, Washington,
DC) for technical assistance throughout the study. We would like to
acknowledge the participation and technical assistance of members of the
Research Triangle Institute staff: J. Beach, J. Bursey, S. Cooper, J.
Crowder, N. Gustafson, P. Hyldburg, J. Keever, R. Murdock, R. Porch,
D. Smith, K. Thomas, and D. Whitaker.
We would also like to thank Ms. G. Jordan for typing this document.
XXX
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
An association of human exposure to indoor air contaminants and adverse
health effects has been suspected for some time. Generally, total human
exposure to air contaminants is believed to stem from personal habits
(e.g., smoking), the occupational environment, and the outdoor and indoor
environment. Research has focused on identifying air pollutants in each of
these categories. The research performed includes an assessment of
emission sources for each category, physical and chemical characteristics,
and levels and methods for control of the pollutants. The presence of
indoor air contaminants and exposure to populations is of most concern to
persons spending from 70 to over 90% of their time in indoor environments.
Furthermore, the importance of indoor air quality will become greater as
measures to conserve energy, such as reduced ventilation rates, are
instituted in buildings.
Previous research efforts related to indoor air quality have
concentrated on several criteria pollutants (C02, N02, particulates) and
several uniquely indoor pollutants (radon, formaldehyde, asbestos) in
private residences. Large numbers of hazardous air pollutants or
noncriteria compounds (solvents, pesticides, PCBs, polynuclear aromatic
compounds-PNAs) that may exist in buildings where large numbers of people
spend much of their time (schools, office buildings, hospitals) have not
been investigated comprehensively. Little is known regarding pollutant
emission rates from building materials, furnishings, or maintenance
supplies. The influence of air exchange rates and meteorological
conditions on pollutant concentrations in large public access buildings is
not well-understood. This monitoring and analysis effort to characterize
air quality in several types of buildings was undertaken to answer some of
these questions.
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The basic goal of the study was to collect monitoring data on the
chemical composition of indoor air as a function of the sources and
modifying factors present in the indoor environment.
During monitoring, three types of occupied buildings were selected for
study including elderly homes, schools, and office buildings. These
represent building types where the occupants spend a major portion of their
time indoors. Furthermore, in the case of schools and elderly homes, the
occupants may be more suceptible to the adverse health effects of high
pollutant levels. A total of six field monitoring trips were performed;
one each to a school and to two elderly homes. A new office building was
monitored immediately upon completion and then one and five months later to
determine the effect of building age on indoor air pollution levels.
A broad range of organic and inorganic compounds in both the
particulate and vapor phases were included in the monitoring program.
Information on many ancillary variables, such as meteorological conditions,
air exchange rates, building material composition, cleaning and maintenance
materials in use, heating, ventilating, and air conditioning operating
parameters, and other related information, were collected concurrently.
In a parallel study, emission rates of chemicals from building
materials were measured. The materials were chosen according to their
prevalence in the specific study buildings and to the extent they may have
been responsible for the chemicals observed during the monitoring phase.
Thus, a specific aim was to assimilate information on the material content
(e.g., carpets, drapes, furniture, varnishes, waxes, etc.) and the
approximate surface area to volume ratio of these materials in each
facility. Emission rates for volatile organic chemicals were also measured
by a chamber study. Results of this study were compared to the field
monitoring data in an attempt to relate potential sources with measured
pollutant levels.
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SECTION 2
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The purpose of this indoor air study was to survey a variety of public
buildings where occupants spend much of their time indoors. Activities
associated with this survey included sampling and analysis for volatile
organics, pesticides/PCBs, formaldehyde, inhalable particulates, elements,
carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Air exchange rates at the monitoring
locations were also measured. Sampling was performed in four buildings:
two elderly homes, a school, and an office building. The office building
was monitored immediately after construction and again at one and five
months after occupation. At each building, sampling was performed at 3 to 5
indoor locations and a single outdoor location. Samples were collected over
a two to three day period. Because so few samples were collected at each
location and because locations were selected to represent a diversity of
indoor environments within each building, it was difficult to draw definite
conclusions from the data; however, a number of trends were apparent as
discussed below.
Volatile Organics
Full qualitative GC/MS interpretation was performed on 16 indoor and
outdoor samples from each of the four buildings. Over three hundred organic
compounds were identified. Aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons were the
most predominant species. However, volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons,
esters, alcohols, phenols, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, epoxides, carboxylic
acids and sulfur and nitrogen-containing compounds were also identified.
Quantitative analysis was performed for eighteen volatile target
compounds. In general, the percentage of air samples with measurable
concentrations (i.e., % above the quantifiable limit) was high for fifteen
of the eighteen chemicals in indoor air samples. For the three trips to the
office building, all of the air samples contained measurable amounts of
-------
1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene, ethylbenzene, o_-xylene, m,p--xylene,
n-undecane, and n-dodecane. For the school, the percent measurable was 100%
indoors for all of the volatile organics except chloroform and
chlorobenzene. For elderly home-1, the percent measurable was 100% for all
volatiles except trichloroethylene, styrene and n-dodecane. The percent
measurable for elderly home-2 was 100% except for trichloroethylene,
styrene, m.,p_-dichlorobenzene, and o_-xylene.
For all field monitoring trips, the ratio of indoor to outdoor percent
measurable for each target was close to one. This indicated that the same
volatile targets were found in both the indoor and outdoor air.
The indoor air in the newly constructed office building had the highest
concentrations for most of the volatile targets. However, by the third trip
the concentrations had decreased considerably. For example, the median
concentration of ethylbenzene dropped from 80 to approximately 4 /*m/m3; of
iTdecane, 310 to 3 /im/m3; of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 290 to 40 /;g/m3; of
m,p.-xylene, 150 to 12 ^g/m3; of n-undecane, 150 to 10 /jg/m3; and of
n-dodecane, 45 to 8 /*g/m3. For carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene,
styrene, benzene, and tetrachloroethylene, the concentrations were low
during the first trip (> 5 /ig/m3) and remained low during all three trips.
Conversely for chloroform and trichloroethylene, the indoor air
concentrations were low during the first trip and increased significantly by
the third trip. Chloroform was the one volatile target which showed a
substantial change in outdoor concentration over the three sampling trips.
Both indoor and outdoor chloroform concentrations increased from 1 to
approximately 12 /*g/m3 between the second and third trip to the office
building. Indoor/outdoor median concentration ratios for target volatiles
were generally very high for the first trip (20-50 units) and had dropped
significantly by the third trip (2-10 units).
Indoor air concentrations of volatile organics for the school, elderly
home-1, and elderly home-2 were much lower (generally less than 5 /jg/m3)
than found in the new office. For the school, there were no significant
differences between day and night or between indoor and outdoor mean
concentration levels. For the elderly home-1, the outdoor concentrations
were generally greater than the Indoor concentrations with the exception of
styrene, and this difference was not considered significant. A significant
-------
difference in indoor versus outdoor concentration was apparent at the
elderly home-2 for four compounds: chloroform, n-decane, n-undecane, and
n-dodecane. Chloroform exhibited higher indoor concentrations while the
alkanes had higher outdoor concentrations.
Daytime indoor air concentrations were higher than nighttime indoor air
concentrations for the trips to the office and both elderly homes. This is
probably due to compounds being released into the air from daytime
activities.
Formaldehyde
Measurable concentrations of formaldehyde were found at only a few
sampling locations during the six field monitoring trips. Quantisation
limits were generally less than 15 ppb. No conclusion could be drawn from
the limited data.
Inhalable and Respirable Particulates
Inhalable and respirable particulate concentrations were generally low
« 10 /jg/m3) at sampling locations where smoking was not observed. At
locations where cigarettes were smoked, levels ranging from 4-100 /jg/m3 were
measured.
Concentration levels of respirable particulate measured using the
piezobalance versus the dichotomous sampler agreed fairly well at nonsmoking
locations. With the piezobalance, an increase in respirable particulate
levels resulting from a single cigarette could be measured.
Pesticides/PCBs
Significant problems occurred during the analysis of field samples using
packed column GC/ECD. Many of the field samples contained high levels of
air contaminants, which interfered with the analysis of the target
pesticides/PCBs. This led to a number of samples that could not be
quantitated. Further, when background contaminants resulting from other
organics in air samples are high, identification becomes subjective and may
lead to significant errors. Therefore, caution should be exercised in
interpreting data presented for the pesticides and PCBs. Results for the
pesticides/PCBs are not presented in the body of this report, rather they
have been included in the Appendix.
-------
Elements
The only elements consistently detected at measurable levels were
"crustal" ones such as silicon, calcium, and iron. Whether they were more
prevalent indoors or outdoors varied by trip and building. For the office
building, concentrations were highest on the first trip and very low by the
third trip. Concentration levels and percent measurable were generally very
low at both elderly homes. The most interesting data were from the school
where silicon, calcium, and iron were measurable indoors only during the
daytime. Lead and bromine followed an entirely different pattern and were
found mainly outdoors.
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide was measured at one indoor and one outdoor location at
the elderly home-1, using chemiluminescent monitors. Daily mean averages
for the outdoor samples ranged from 18.7 to 31.1 ppb, and 22.7 to 25.0 ppb
for the indoor samples. A comparison of concentrations determined using
passive N02 badges with chemiluminescent monitors showed good agreement for
the outdoor samples; indoor badge measurements were low compared to the
monitors.
Carbon Monoxide
Field data generated using GE carbon monoxide monitors were compiled for
the sampling locations at the elderly home-1. No CO was detected at any of
these locations, due to static electricity (generated by low humidities)
affecting the cable connectors of the strip chart recorders.
CHAMBER STUDY
To assess source contributions that might have been responsible for
elevated levels of volatile organics in the new office building, an
inventory of various building materials was compiled, and consumer products
used were noted. From these listings, several materials were selected for a
headspace screening of volatile organic chemicals emitted. The materials
that accounted for the target chemicals found in the monitoring study were
then selected for an emission rate study. Upon examining the headspace
results for various materials, only small quantities of all of the target
chemicals except a-decane and n-undecane were found in Talon-G, Armstrong
fissured minaboard ceiling, Ficam-W, carpet, nonsmooth carpet, sheetrock,
and Borden E8825 film. The remaining materials, which were pesticides and
-------
cleaning compounds, had trace to substantial quantities of the target
chemicals. In particular, very high levels of 1,1,1-trichloroethane were
detected in the insecticide PT-250.
During the chamber study, the highest concentrations of chemicals were
found when the cleaning agents and an insecticide had been applied to
surfaces. High levels of chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, and carbon tetrachloride were observed as well as
lower quantities of dichlorobenzenes.
Emission rates calculated for various selected materials clearly suggest
that many of the volatile organics may originate from cleaning agents. The
high levels of 1,1,1-trichloroethane are consistent with the previously
observed high values in the new office building. Also, the higher indoor
air levels of other halogenated chemicals observed in the new office
building may be attributed to similar sources with high emission rates. An
interesting observation is the rather ubiquitous emission(s) of n-decane and
n-undecane.
-------
SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
As a result of this Indoor Air Study, several recommendations can be
made about the design and implementation for similar studies.
Recommendations on methods for sampling and analyses have also been
included.
STUDY DESIGN
This study was intended to serve as a broad survey for monitoring a
variety of organic and inorganic chemicals in public access buildings. Of
necessity, this study monitored several different building types with
diverse environments within a building. There was never sufficient data to
allow statistical conclusions to be made about the indoor air quality at a
single type of indoor environment. It is recommended that for future
studies, hypotheses be formulated, i.e., levels of organic pollutants are
high in rooms containing office equipment, then the buildings and locations
in the building, pollutants, and monitoring strategy would be selected to
test these hypotheses.
FIELD SAMPLING
1. If new buildings are to be monitored, careful consideration should
be given to the construction and occupancy schedule for the
building. Unfortunately, many new buildings are being "finished
off" at the same time that the building is being occupied. This
does not allow a suitable period for monitoring the new unoccupied
building. Sampling results will often reflect finishing and moving
activities rather than emissions from new building materials.
2. The number of pollutants for monitoring should be reduced in order
to minimize space and noise burden imposed at each sampling
location. As an alternative to individual monitors, a compact
sampling unit could be designed for collecting multiple sorbent or
filter samples simultaneously.
8
-------
3. Results of this study demonstrated that in many cases indoor air
pollution results from activity patterns and product use.
Therefore, more in-depth and accurate information should be
collected on specific activities.
4. Specific details of the air handling systems must be acquired
before sampling in order to effectively perform air exchange
measurements. It should be noted that the measurements performed
for this study determined exchange with the outside air. For
modelling pollutant sources within a building, air exchange rates
with the rest of the building air would also be required.
5. Participants should be well-informed of the sampling requirements
in a selected building. Throughout this study, many of the
occupants in the buildings studied became uncooperative when the
sampling burden became apparent.
6. Sample custody sheets were adapted from a personal monitoring
program. These procedures should be streamlined in order to reduce
the paperwork required in the field. The large amount of paperwork
required an additional person in the field during each sampling
trip.
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
1. Response factor control limits for GC/MS analysis of volatile
organics should be made more rigorous.
2. Methods for the sampling and analysis of formaldehyde should be
developed to allow for a 12 hr sampling period.
3. The use of the dichotomous sampler for inhalable particulates is
unsuitable for indoor 1?iW sampling because of the size of the
equipment and the noise generated during operation.
4. Simple, reliable passive monitors for monitoring nitrogen dioxide
and carbon monoxide for short sampling periods should be developed.
5. "Streakers" should not be used for the collection and analysis of
indoor air samples for elemental analysis. Not only is the
equipment noisy and large, but insufficient sample is collected
over a 1 hr period to provide adequate detection limits.
Considerably larger sample volumes are required to detect elements
in indoor air.
-------
6. Pesticides/PCBs should be analyzed using capillary column
chromatography. This should help to minimize problems with
interfering compounds.
7. Air exchange rates should be acquired over the same periods (12-24
hr) as the samples.
8. Standard methods for sampling and analysis should be developed such
that data are comparable between field studies and projects.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
1. Methods for preparing control samples for elements and inhalable
particulates should be investigated.
2. Performance evaluation samples should be prepared and analyzed for
all of the parameters monitored rather than just volatile organics.
3. The use of external QA laboratories should be reevaluated for this
type of program. During this program, the QA laboratory was sent
two field samples, two field controls, two field blanks, and
several performance evaluation samples for every 12 samples
collected. Since sample analysis costs range from $200-400 per
sample, a large sum of money is being spent to acquire very little
data. The use of extensive performance evaluation samples would
provide less costly and more reliable data control.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Additional analysis may be needed on the data for volatile organics to
evaluate additional hypotheses concerning specific building types, pollution
sources, occupancy habits, etc.
CHAMBER STUDIES
Standard methods for collecting, storing, scouting, sampling, and
analyzing materials for emission rate studies should be established. Use of
smaller chambers could provide emission rate data at a lower cost.
10
-------
SECTION 4
SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION
SAMPLE DESIGN
The eight groups of chemicals monitored during this research program are
listed in Table 1. Sampling/analytical methods and monitoring schedules are
also given. Table 2 presents the matrix depicting the monitoring strategy
and total number of samples planned throughout this study. An office
building in Research Triangle Park, NC, a primary school in Washington, DC,
and two elderly homes, also in Washington, DC were selected for monitoring.
The number of sampling locations per building, samples collected per day,
monitoring days, and repeat visits are indicated. In all facilities, an
outside location near the air intake was monitored. The indoor locations
were selected on-site to represent a variety of indoor environments. All
monitoring employed fixed-site stations. Longitudinal and daily monitoring
schedules are given in Tables 3 and 4.
All samples were collected using the protocols described in the Draft
Work Plan, Part II: Analytical Protocols. In this section, details of
sample preparation and sampling for each sampling site and each parameter
collected are given. Information on sampling sites, collection method,
method validation, and QC samples has been included.
FIELD SAMPLING
Elderly Home-1
Collection of field samples at elderly home-1 took place in Washington,
DC, from March 23 to 26, 1983. Six sampling locations, one outside and five
inside, were monitored during that time period. A brief description of
these sampling locations is given in Table 5. A more detailed description
is presented in Section 5. The number of samples scheduled for collection
versus those actually collected is given in Table 6.
11
-------
TABLE 1. MONITORING PARAMETERS
Chemical Groups
Sampling Method/Analytical Method
Monitoring Schedule
Group I
chloroform
1,2-dichloroethane
1,1,1-trichloroethane
carbon tetrachloride
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
chlorobenzene
benzene
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
ethyl benzene
£-xylene
o-xylene
styrene
o-dichlorobenzene
g-dichlorobenzene
n-decane
n-undecane
n-dodecane
Group II
inhalable
particulates
Group III
HCB
a-BHC
p-BHC
y-BHC
Collection on Tenax; analysis by
GC/MS
Consecutive 12 h samples
Collection on 10 (j particulate
matter filters
Piezobalance »
Miniram i
Collection on polyurethane foam;
solvent extraction; analysis
by GC/ECD
Consecutive 24 h samples
Continuous automated monitoring
Consecutive 24 h samples
(continued)
-------
TABLE 1. (cont'd.)
Chemical Groups
Sampling Method/Analytical Method
Monitoring Schedule
Group III (cont'd.)
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
trans -Nona chlor
Oxychlordane
tech. Chlordane
PCBs
Group IV
NO,,
Group V
formaldehyde
Group VI
Elements
Chemiluminescent monitors
Passive badge; colorimetric
analysis
Collection on molecular sieve;
analysis by paraosaniline method
Collection on particulate matter
filters (streakers); analysis by
photon induced X-ray emission over
1 or 4 h time periods
Collection on particulate matter
filters; analysis by photon induced
X-ray emission over 24 h time period
Continuous monitoring over sampling
period
Consecutive 24 h samples
30 minute sample once each day
Continuous automated collection
over sampling period
Consecutive 24 h samples
(continued)
-------
TABLE 1. (cont'd.)
Parameters
Sampling Method/Analytical Method
Monitoring Schedule
Group VII
CO
Electrochemical
Continuous monitoring over
sampling period
Group VIII
air exchange
Tracer gas; analysis by GC/ECD
SF, release; collection of air
samples at 15 min intervals
over a 2 h period
Added as targets while the study was in progress.
-------
TABLE 2. MATRIX EXHIBITING MONITORING STRATEGY
Parameter Monitored
Volatile Organics
Inhalable Particulates
Pesticides/PCBs
Nitrogen dioxide
Formaldehyde
Facility
Office
School
Elderly home-1
Elderly home-2
Office
School
Elderly home-1
Elderly home-2
Office
School
Elderly home-1
Elderly home-2
Office
School
Elderly home-1
Elderly home-2
Office
School
Elderly home-1
Elderly home-2
No. Locations/
Bldg.
6
4
6
5
4
0
6
5
6
4
6
5
6
4
6
5
6
4
6
5
No. Samples/
Day
2
2
2
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
I3
0
1
1
1
1
No. Days
2
3
3
3
2
0
3
3
2
3
3
3
0
0
3
0
2
3
3
3
Repetition
No.
3
1
1
1
3
0
1
1
3
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
3
1
1
1
(continued)
-------
TABLE 2. (cont'd.)
Parameter Monitored
Elements
Carbon monoxide
Air-exchange Rates
Facility
Office
School
Elderly home-1
Elderly home-2
Office
School
Elderly home-1
Elderly home-2
Office
School
Elderly home-1
Elderly home-2
No. Locations/
Bldg.
6
4
6
5
6
4
6
5
4
3
5
4
No. Samples/
Day
1
1
1
1
0
0
la
0
2
2
2
2
No. Days
2
3
3
1
0
0
0
3
2
3
2
3
Repetition
No.
3
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
Hourly averages were obtained.
-------
TABLE 3. LONGITUDINAL MONITORING SCHEDULE
Facility FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN
Office building 2 da 2 da 2 da
School 3 da
Elderly home-1 3 da
Elderly home-2
a
From February 1983 lo January 1984.
-------
TABLE 4. APPROXIMATE DAILY MONITORING SCHEDULE FOR ALL FACILITIES
Parameter
Start-Finish Time Period
(Sampling Time)
1. Volatile Organics
2. Inhalable Particulates
3. Pesticides/PCBs
4. Nitrogen dioxide
5. Elements
6. Carbon monoxide
7. Air-Exchange rate
8. Formaldehyde
0700-1800h(llh), 1800-0700(13h)
1800h(24h)
1800h(24h)
1800h(24h)
1800h(24h)
1800h(24h)
0900-1100h(2h)
1800-1830h(0.5h)
TABLE 5. FIELD SAMPLING LOCATION WITHIN ELDERLY HOME-1
Location,
Description
1
2
3
4
5
6
Rooftop: far west corner of building
5th floor lounge: near hallway
3rd floor lounge: near outside glass doors
Dining room: near outer glass doors
4th floor occupied room: nonsmoker
1st floor occupied room: smoker
18
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TABLE 6. SAMPLE COLLECTION AT THE ELDERLY HOME-1
(D
Inhal able
Organic (Coarse & Fine) PCBs
Field Samples (scheduled/collected)
c
Field Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
Field Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Field Control Sets (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Control Sets (scheduled/utilized)
Total
36/36
4/4
4/4
4/4
4/4
4/4
56/56
36/36
2/2
3/3
-
4/4
-
45/45
18/18
2/2
3/3
3/3
4/4
4/4
34/34
Formaldehyde
18/17
2/2
3/3
3/3
3/3
3/3
31/31
Elements Carbon
(Nucleopore & Monoxide NO
Impactor) (Monitor) (Badge)
18/18 6/2 18/18
2/2 2/1 3/3
6/6e - 2/2
-
4/4
-
26/26 8/3 27/27
NO
(Monitor) SF6
2/2 20/17
2/4
-
-
-
-
2/2 22/21
Three days of analysis per filter.
Six syringes collected per sampling period
Does not include QA samples.
Not scheduled.
A blank portion of every filter was analyzed.
-------
Volatile Organics--
Collection method. Volatile organic compounds were collected from air
samples by passing the air through a glass sampling cartridge (10 x 1.4 cm
i.d.) containing 6 cm of 35/60 mesh Tenax. A Dupont-Model P-125 A pump was
used for sample collection. Flow rates were adjusted such that a total of
approximately 0.025 m3 of air was collected for each sample. Flow rates
were adjusted to approximately 0.03 L/min for a 12 h collection period.
Preparation of Sampling Material?. Tenax used during previous field
monitoring studies was recycled for use in the Indoor Air Study field
effort. The Tenax was extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus for 24 h both with
methanol and n-pentane prior to preparation of sample cartridges. After
extraction, the Tenax was dried under a nitrogen atmosphere for 24 h, and
then in a vacuum oven at 100°C for 24 h at 28 inches of water. The Tenax
was sieved to provide a 35/60 particle size range. After packing, each
cartridge was desorbed at 270°C with a purified helium purge for 5 h.
Twenty-four hours after the final desorption step, 10% of the Tenax
cartridges were analyzed by thermal desorption/GC/FID to determine the
background contamination. Data for these checks are presented in Table 7.
The background checks for these cartridges showed no contamination in the
chromatographic region of the target compounds as shown in Figure 1.
Preparation of QC sets. Eight QC sets each consisting of one blank and
two spiked controls were prepared. One spiked control contained those
target compounds which could be loaded from a permeation system. The other
control contained target compounds loaded using flash evaporation.
Compounds and amounts loaded on each cartridge are shown in Tables 8 and 9.
Chromatograms (GC/FID) of control cartridges from the permeation and flash
system are shown in Figures 2 and 3.
Four of the QC sets were used for field QC sets while four served as lab
QC sets.
Sampling protocol. The sampling protocol sheet given in Figure 4 was
employed for acquiring information regarding the sampling for volatile
organics. This sheet was also used for the collection of pesticides/PCBs,
elements, and formaldehydes.
20
-------
TABLE 7. BACKGROUND CHECK DATA OF TENAX CARTRIDGES USED AT THE
ELDERLY HOME-1
Area Counts
xlO3
9,689.2
3,626.2
4,991.8
2,867.6
6,064.8
6,176.0
4,774.3
5,220.1
10,456.0
8,292.9
4,710.1
2,152.9
1,094.6
Date
Desorbed
3-14
3-16
3-16
3-16
3-16
3-16
3-18
3-16
3-18
3-18
3-18
3-20
3-21
Date
Run
3-17
3-18
3-17
3-18
3-18
3-18
3-19
3-19
3-19
3-19
3-19
3-22
3-22
Comments
c
high hydrocarbon background;
no interference with target
compounds
high hydrocarbon background;
no interference with target
compounds
high hydrocarbon background;
no interference with target
compounds
high hydrocarbon background;
no interference with target
compounds (group desorbed
again)
high hydrocarbon background;
no interference with target
compounds (group desorbed
again)
high hydrocarbon background;
no interference with target
compounds
high hydrocarbon background;
no interference with target
compounds
Area counts are total area x 103 through a 40 min run discounting
the solvent peak.
All the cartridges were desorbed twice; the dates correspond to the
last desorption.
c
n-Decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane had not yet been designated
as target compounds.
21
-------
OJ
en
a
o
tx
Blank
ro
CJ
0)
4-1
0)
Q
12
15 18
Time (min)
21
27
30
Figure 1. Tenax background check - GC/FID.
-------
TABLE 8. STANDARDS LOADED FROM PERMEATION SYSTEM
Amount
Compound (ng/cartridge)
Chloroform (//I) 139
1,2-Dichloroethane (#2) • 392
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (#3) 211
Carbon tetrachloride (//A) 239
Trichloroethylene (#5) 480
Tetrachloroethylene (#6) 383
Chlorobenzene (#7) 166
Benzene (#8) 362
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (#9) 480
TABLE 9. STANDARDS LOADED FROM FLASH SYSTEM
Amount
Compound (ng/cartridge)
Ethylbenzene (#11) 346
p-Xylene (#12) 344
o-Xylene (#13) 352
Styrene (#10) 362
o-Dichlorobenzene (#15) 260
p_-Dichlorobenzene (#14) 260
23
-------
4,8
Lab Control
Perm. System
0)
en
C
o
O.
-------
Q>
Q
LC - Flash System
15
UJ
10
15
Time (min)
20
25
30
rigure 3. Lab control cartridge - CC/F1D rhromr.togram.
See Table 9 for identity of peaks.
Compounds loaded from flash system.
-------
FIELD SAMPLING PROTOCOL SHEET - INDOOR AIR STUDY
Date:
SAMPLE CODE:
AIR SAMPLING
Pump Model: Serial Number:
Time (Initial): Flow Rates (Initial):
(Final): (Final):
Total Time: Avg. Flow Rate:
Total Volume Sampled:
Temperature (°F):
Description of Fixed Site Location (include sketch):
GENERAL REMARKS
Figure 4. Sampling protocol form for volatile organic, pesticide/PCB,
formaldehyde, and element samples.
26
-------
FIELD SAMPLING PROTOCOL SHEET - INDOOR AIR STUDY
Date:
Sample Code:
Air Sampling
Pump Model: Serial Number:
Filter Type (circle appropriate filter): Coarse Fine
Dichot Dichot
Time (initial): Rotameter Flow Rate (initial):
(final): (final):
Total Time (min) : Average Flow Rate:
3
Actual Flow Rate (m /man):
Total Volume Sampled:
QC Check, %:
LOG a t ion of Fi xed S i t e Samp1er (i nc1u de s ke t ch):
Remarks:
Figure 5. Example of field sampling protocol sheet
inhalable particulates.
27
-------
Inhalable and Respirable Particulates--
Dichotomous Samplers.
Collection method--Inhalable (IP) and Respirable (RSP) participates were
collected using the schedule described in Table 2 with a low flow rate
(16.7 L/min) ch'chotomous sampler. Samples were collected over a 24 h period
to give a sample size of ~24 m^. IP are defined as those particles with
less than 15 pm aerodynamic diameter (a.d.). RSP are defined as those
particles with a diameter of < 3,5 pm. The samplers used for this project
divided the tota! IP sample into fine or respirable particulate (0 to 2.5 pm
a.d.) and coarse inhalable particulate (2.5 to 15 pm a.d.) fractions that
were collected on separate 37 mm diameter 2 pm pore size Teflon® filters.
For dichotomous samplers, particle size separation was accomplished by
pseudo-impaction into an air stream of differing velocity rather than onto
an impaction surface.
At the outset of the project, ten complete Sierra Model 244 E
dichotomous samplers were received from EPA. Each unit was calibrated and
checked at EPA before being issued to RTI. Rotometer calibration tables
based on the average temperature and pressure of the sampling area
(Washington, DC) for each unit were provided. A field calibration orifice
and the calibration tables were used for daily calibration of the Sierra
dichotomous samplers in the field. Initial calibration was performed using
1 L and 10 L dry gas meters.
Field samples were collected according to the protocol in the Draft Work
Plan. No unusual problems were encountered. Flow measurements obtained for
the Sierra Dichotomous samplers at indoor sites were calculated from the
"Summer Months" calibration table which was developed by using 23.7°C as the
average temperature. This temperature, and therefore the "Summer Months"
calibration table, most closely matched the indoor temperatures of this
sampling site.
Preparation Of QC sets—Seven QC sets were prepared. Each set consisted
of one blank filter for both the respirable and inhalable particulates. No
control filters were prepared. Three sets were used for field blanks while
four sets served as laboratory blanks.
Sampling protocol—The sampling protocol sheet given in Figure 5 was
employed for acquiring sampling information for respirable and inhalable
particulates.
-------
Piezobalance. Quasi-realtime measurements of respirable « 3.5 pm)
particles were made using the TSI Model 3500 Piezobalance®. This device
uses the piezo-electric principle to measure masses as small as 10~9 g.
Particles are pumped at 1 L/min through an inlet leading to an impactor and
an electrostatic precipitator. Nearly all particles < 3.5 p in diameter are
deposited on a quartz disk oscillating at a stable resonant frequency in an
electrical circuit. As the particles accumulate on the crystal, its
frequency decreases directly with the mass collected. An enclosed reference
crystal is used in measuring the frequency change.
Particle concentrations were displayed using an automatic 2-minute
cycle. Longer measurement periods can also be selected by recording the
beginning and ending frequencies and elapsed time.
The instrument has been tested using several different aerosols and has
been found to respond better to moist aerosols than to dry dusts. Since
rapid changes in temperature and/or humidity produce invalid readings, the
instrument was allowed time to equilibrate at each new environment. When
fully equilibrated, the baseline frequency is stable; however, useful data
can be obtained even without complete equilibration by measuring the
baseline drift before and after the measurement period and subtracting the
average drift from the readings.
Recently, a "particle production" phenomenon has been observed in
Piezobalance measurements; that is, nonzero readings are obtained even with
absolute filters attached to the inlet. The physical mechanism involved is
not totally understood at present; however it can be easily neutralized by
attaching a HEPA filter for a portion of the measurement period and
subtracting the resultant reading from each measurement. Readings with the
HEPA filter attached were taken several times daily in both smoking and
nonsmoking environments.
Since the measurements made with the HEPA filter include the baseline
drift, the "particle production" contribution was given by the difference.
between the HEPA filter readings and the baseline drift.
The Piezobalance was employed primarily to supplement the dichotomous
sampler's long-term average mass concentrations by investigating short-term
variations in particle concentrations. In particular, it was expected that
particulate concentrations in smoking areas would reach short-term peaks
well above the 24-hour average values determined by the dichotomous sampler.
29
-------
Each of the five interior sampling locations listed in Table 5 were
sampled. An additional nonsmoking area (the Administrator's office) and an
additional smoking area (the 2nd-floor lounge) were also studied. In the
smoking areas, a record was kept of the number of smokers, cigarettes
smoked, and time of smoking.
Since the piezobalance is factory-calibrated, no calibration was
performed during the monitoring period. A duplicate Model 3500 was operated
side-by-side with the primary instrument on one day.
Pesticides/PCBs--
Collection method. Pesticides and PCBs were collected from air samples
using the schedule described in Table 2 by passing air through a
polyurethane foam (PUF) plug at a flow rate of 5-6 L/min. Samples were
collected over a 24 h period to give a sample size of ~8 m^. One PUF plug
(5 cm x 2 cm) was used for each sample collected. RTI high volume personnel
sampling pumps (BDX-30) were used for sample collection. Sample collection
was performed as described in the protocol in the Draft Work Plan.
Preparation of Sampling Materials. Polyurethane foam (PUF) plugs for
the collection of pesticides and PCBs were prepared immediately prior to
field sampling. Sheets of PUF were cut to 2 x 5 cm cylinders with an arch
punch and jig built at the Research Triangle Institute. The plugs were
extracted for 72 h in acetone followed by a 72 h extraction in hexane.
During Soxhlet extraction, the Soxhlet reservoir was wrapped with aluminum
foil to prevent photodecomposition of the foam. After extraction, the plugs
were dried in a vacuum oven at ambient temperature. Once dry, the plugs
were placed in 8-dram glass vials, capped, and stored in uncoated paint cans
until sampling.
Preparation of QC Sets. Seven QC sets were prepared (3 sets for the
field and 4 sets for the laboratory). QC sets consisted of one spiked and
one unspiked PUF plug.
Stock solutions were prepared for the following pesticides: HCB, a-BHC,
/J-BHC, 7-BHC, Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide, Oxychlordane, tech. Chlordane,
p_,p_'-DDTr p.,p.'-DDE, and p_,p_'-DDD. Aroclor 1260 stock solution was prepared
to serve as the PCB standard. Control samples were spiked with target
compounds at the levels listed in Table 10.
30
-------
TABLE 10. PESTICIDE/PCB CONTROLS
Mass Spiked
Compound (ng)/PUF
Hexachlorobenzene 8.70
a-BHC 7.95
p-BHC 14.85
y-BHC 11.70
Heptachlor 7.20
Heptachlor epoxide 7.35
Oxychlordane 17.88
p_,£'-DDT 13.44
p_,p_'-DDE 13.44
£,£'-DDD 10.92
tech. Chlordane 27.90
Aroclor 1260 53.10
31
-------
Sample protocol. The sampling protocol sheet illustrated in Figure 4
was used for collecting samples for pesticide/PCB analyses.
Formaldehyde--
Collection method. Formaldehyde in air was collected using 10 g of pre-
treated 13X molecular sieve as a sorbent material. During collection, air
was pulled through a 8 mm ID glass tube containing the sieve for 30 minutes
at a flow rate of ~2 L/min to provide a 60 L sample. Exposed sieve material
was emptied from the glass holder and stored in sealed glass bottles until
analysis.
Samples were collected as described in Table 3 using the protocol in the
Work Plan.
Preparation of sampling materials. To prepare sample cartridges,
molecular sieve (~1 kg) was washed in deionized water to remove fines. It
was next filtered under a vacuum through Whatman 5 filter paper and dried
for 24 h in a vacuum oven at 180°C. Once dried, 10 gram aliquots were
transferred to 20 ml serum bottles and baked in an open air oven at 100°C
for twenty minutes. The bottles were removed and sealed while hot with
sleeve-type stoppers. The sieve was shipped to the field in these bottles.
Immediately prior to sampling, the bottle was opened, the sieve transferred
to an empty glass cartridge, and the cartridge attached to the sampling
unit.
Preparation of QC sets. Field and laboratory controls were spiked with
formaldehyde using a flash evaporation system. For spiking, 10 g of
prepared molecular sieve was transferred from the 20 mL serum bottle into a
8 mm ID x 30 cm borosilicate glass tube. The tube was placed into a fitting
on the flash evaporator system and He carrier gas flow was adjusted to 60
mL/min. A 2.5 m L injection of an aqueous formaldehyde solution was
injected into the flash evaporator system and loaded onto the molecular
sieve for two minutes. A total mass of 18.5 /*g was loaded onto each control
using the above method.
Six QC sets were prepared (3 for field use and 3 for the laboratory).
Each QC set consisted of a spiked and unspiked bottle of prepared molecular
sieve to serve as control and blank samples, respectively.
S^P43le_pr.rLtQ£oJL. The sampling protocol sheet illustrated in Figure 4
was used for collecting samples for formaldehyde analyses.
32
-------
Elements--
Collection method. Elements adhering to airborne particulates were
collected on fine (0-2.5 /*) and coarse participate (> 2.5 /j) filters using
streakers provided by Florida State University. Participates were collected
via impaction using a sample flow rate of ~1 L/min. The filters were
mounted on an impactor which rotated throughout the sampling period and
allowed collection of discrete 1 h samples for a sample size of 60 L.
Samples were collected over a 72 h period at each sampling location.
Operational difficulties encountered in the field included significant
fluctuations in flow rate for three of the streakers. All units began at
~1 L/min flow rate but the flow rate for one unit dropped to under 500
mL/min after 24 h. The flow rate increased to ~1 L/min at the subsequent
measurement.
Preparation of sampling materials. The apparatus (i.e., streakers,
pumps, impaction stages) for collection of element samples was supplied by
the PIXE Lab at Florida State University. They also prepared the filters
for use.
The apparatus was tested at RTI prior to actual field use and found to
be in good working order except for two nonfunctional outlet strips.
Preparation of QC sets. An exposed portion of each filter served as a
field blank. Field controls were not prepared.
Sample protocol. The sampling protocol sheet illustrated in Figure 4
was used for collecting samples for elemental analysis.
Nitrogen Dioxide--
Chemiluminescent Monitors.
Collection method—Nitrogen dioxide was measured in the air using
continuous chemiluminescent monitors as described in the protocol. Bendix
NOX monitors were located at sampling sites 1 and 2. Continuous monitoring
for 72 h occurred without any difficulties.
Preparation of sampling materials--Nine Bendix NOX monitors were
acquired from EPA/RTP. Eight of these analyzers were calibrated by gas
phase titration (GPT) prior to being issued and were found to be in
acceptable condition. A cylinder of 100 ppm NC>2 was obtained for
calibration purposes and was certified by the QA laboratory. Sixteen Leeds
and Northrup stripchart recorders and one complete GPT system were also
obtained from EPA/RTP.
33
-------
Sample protocol--Examples of NOX control charts and Field Data Audit
sheet are given in Figures 6 and 7.
Quality assurance—Operation of the NC>2 monitors was audited by
personnel from EPA (EMSL-RTP).
Nitrogen Dioxide Badges
Collection method—Nitrogen dioxide badges supplied by the Toyo Roshi
Company were exposed at each sampling site for three consecutive 24 h
periods. These badges are small (5 x 4 x 1 cm) passive collectors which
operate on a diffusion/absorption principle. A filter treated with
triethanolamine (TEA) absorbs N02 that diffuses through a series of
hydrophobic fiber filters. Badges were exposed to provide a comparison
between N02 concentration measured using this method and the
chemiluminescent monitors.
Preparation of sampling materials—Badges were used directly as supplied
by the manufacturer.
Preparation of QC sets—Two field blanks and four lab blanks were used
as QC samples. Unexposed badges served as blank samples.
Carbon Monoxide—
Monitoring Method. The General Electric direct indicating SPE carbon
monoxide (CO) detector was used to monitor readings of ambient levels of CO.
This monitor operates on the principle of a fuel cell. During operation,
the fuel cell provides continuous output which is formatted into time-period
averages and stored in registers by the on-board electronics for acquisition
at a later date.
Due to instrumental failure, field samples were collected at only 3
sampling locations. The General Electric CO Monitors exhibited highly
erratic responses at all locations throughout the building. Several
monitors would spontaneously trip from log mode, where ppm CO is displayed,
to other program modes. Other monitors produced background noise exceeding
20 ppm CO, rendering the output useless. It is suspected that static
charges within the building facilitated by very low humidity may have been
responsible for disrupting the electronics of the CO monitors.
Preparation of sampling materials. All GE CO monitors for use in this
air study were delivered to RTI in early March. EPA also provided 8 Leeds
and Northrup stripchart recorders modified to 100 mV full scale.
34
-------
Date
Location
Analyzer
NO Zero
N02 Zero
NO Zero
X
NO Span
N02 Span
NO Span
x ^
Vacuum
NO Zero VDC
N02 Zero VDC
NO Zero VDC
X
NO Span VDC
N02 Span VDC
NO Span VDC
x r
Converter Eff.
Remarks:
Figure 6. NO analyzer control chart.
X
35
-------
FIELD DATA AUDIT SHEET - NO, N02, NOX
STATION:
ADDRESS:
TA ' °C; HA -
A initial
T -
Aiinal
ANALYZER/MODEL
SPAN SOURCE
LAST CALIBRATION DATE
SARUAU: DATE:
START TIME: END TIME:
MMHe; PHlC AUDITOR:
S/N EPA S/N
CALIBRATION STD.
FREQUENCY RANGE
CALIBRATION COMMENTS
FLOW SETTINGS
ZERU SETTINGS NU
SPAN SETTINGS NO
OTHER SETTINGS
DAS:
AUDIT SYSTEM
AUDIT STANDARD
ZERO AIR SUPPLY
FLOW CORRECTION; /PA- PH?0\
V 7bO J
DILUTION AIK FLOW: VOLUME
Tl =
T? =
T3 «
NOv N09
NOv NO?
RECORDER:
BUBBLE FLOW METER S/N
i P " P.S-I.; [NO] = - PPM
INOol = PPM
x / 298K \ = = (Cp)
VA = 273°cJ
cc FLOW METER R/0
f = MIN;/ VOLUME \/Cp\ = CC
V f A / WIN
RTI/QA-S/e/80
Rev. 8/3/82
Figure 7. Field Data Audit Sheet - NO, N0?, NO_ Calibration.
36
-------
PAGE 2 OF 7
OZONE GENERATOR FLOW; VOLUME
cc FLOW METER R/0
T3 =
MI
N- /VOLUME\ /CF\
cc_
MIN.
ZERO AIR RESPONSE
TOTAL DILUTION FLOW: VOLUME
VDC % CHART ( ) PPM
NO
N02
NOX
CC/M
AUDIT POINT 1
(SLAMS/NAMS 0-400-0.450 PPM)
CRITERIA
POLLUTANT FLOW MEASUREMENT
VOLUME
Tl =
T2 =
T3 =
cc
FLOW METER R/0
M i N- /VOLUME
J, NOX AUDIT CONCENTRATION =
cc
MIN
PPM
ANALYZER RESPONSE
VDC I CHART ( ) PPM
NO
N02
KTI/QA-5/6/80
Rev. 8/3/80
Figure 7. (cont'd.)
37
-------
TOTAL DILUTION AIR: VOLUME
AUDIT POINT II
(SLAMS/NAMS: 0-150- 0-200 PPM)
POLLUTANT FLOW MEASUREMENT
VOLUME
cc
n
ANALYZER RESPONSE
CC/M
CRITERIA
FLOW METER R/0
MIN- I VOLUME
T
NO, NOX AUDIT CUNCENTRATION -
VDC
NU
NU2
NOX
PAGE 3 OF 7
I CHART ( )
££_
MIN.
PPM
PPM
AUDIT POINT III
(SLAMS/IWIS: 0-030-0.080 PPM)
POLLUTANT FLOW MEASUREMENT
VOLUME
cc
T2 =
T3 =
T =
CRITERIA
FLOW METER R/0
VOLUME
T
NO, NOX AUDIT CONCENTRATION =
cc
MIN
PPM
ANALYZER RESPONSE
VDC
% CHART ( ) PPM
NO
N02
NOX
R7I/QA-S/6/80
Rev. 8/5/82
Figure 7. (cont'd.)
38
-------
PAGE 4 OF 7
TOTAL DILUTION AIR: VOLUME
CC/M
AUDIT POINT IV
CRITERIA
POLLUTANT FLOW MEASUREMENT
VOLUME
cc
T2
T3
FLOW METER R/0
T = MIN. (VOLUME
T
), NOX AUDIT CONCENTRATION
CC_
PPM
ANALYZER RESPONSE
VDC % CHART ( ) PPM
NO
N02
NOX
AUDIT POINT V
CRITERIA
POLLUTANT FLOW MEASUREMENT
VOLUME
cc
T =
FLOW METER R/0
MIN. /VOLUME) (Cp) =
\ T
cc
MIN
NO, NOX AUDIT CONCENTRATION
PPM
ANALYZER RESPONSE
VDC I CHART ( ) PPM
NO
N02
NUX
KTI/QA-S/6/80
Rev. 8/3/82
Figure 7. (cont'd.)
39
-------
PAGE 5 OF 7
ORIGINAL FULL SCALE [NO]
POLLUTANT FLOW MEASUREMENT
VOLUME = cc FLOW METER R/0
Tl =
T2 =
T3 =
T = _ MIN. /VOLUME^
( T ,
'CF\= cc_
AUDIT RESPONSE
VDC I CHART [ ] ORIG
NO
REGRESSION: (Z CHART OR VDC (Y) vs. AUDIT [NU]x> NOX REGRESSION
M = M =
B = B =
R = R=
N02 AUDIT POINT I CRITERIA
(SLAMS/WIS 0.350 — 0-450 PPM)
OZONATOR SLEEVE SETTING =
AUDIT [N02I = [NOloRiG - [NO]REM = _ PPM
ANALYZER RESPONSE
[NO,NOX]REM VDC I CHART ( ) PPM
_ NO _ _ _ _
N02 _ _ _ _
Z CONVERTER EFFICIENCY =
[^CURRENT " tlMxlpRlG " WOx]CURRENr x JQQ
IN021
CURRENT
PTI/QA-S/6/BO
Rev. 8/2/82
Figure 7. (cont'd.)
40
-------
N02 AUDIT POINT II CRITERIA
(SLAMS/NAMS 0.150-0.200 PPM)
OZONATOR SLEEVE SETTING =
AUDIT [N02] = [NOJoRis - [NO]REM = _ PPM
% CONVERTER EFFICIEfCY =
^02^CURRENT ~
CURRENT
N02 AUDIT POINT III CRITERIA
(SLAMS/NAMS 0-030-0-080 PPM)
OZONATOR SLEEVE SETTING
% COJWERTER EFFICIENT =
INU21 CURRENT
PAGE 6 OF 7
ANALYZER RESPONSE
[NO,NOX]REM VDC % CHART ( ) PPM
_ NO _ _ _ _
N02 _ _ _ _
EUDIT [N02l = INO]OR1G - [NO]REM = PPM
ANALYZER RESPONSE
[NO,NOX]REM VDC I CHART ( ) PPM
NO
N02
NOX _
RTI/QA-S/6/80
Rev. 8/2/82
Figure 7. (cont'd.)
41
-------
PAGE 7 OF 7
N02 AUDIT POINT IV CRITERIA
UZONATOK SLEEVE SETTING =
AUDIT [N02l = [NO]ORIG - 1NO]REM = PPM
ANALYZER RESPONSE
[NO,NOX]REM VDC % CHART ( ) PPM
NO
N02
I CON/ERTER EFFICIENCY =
" (1NOX]ORIG ~ lNOx]CURRENr
CURRENT
N02 AUDIT POINT V CRITERIA
OZONATOR SLEEVE SETTING =
CON/ERTER EFFICIENCY =
iN02]CURRENT ' UNQx]ORiG -
[N02]
CURRENT
AUDIT [N02] = 1NO]OR1G - [NO]REM = PPM
ANALYZER RESPONSE
[NO,NOX]REM VDC % CHART ( ) PPM!
NO
N02
NOX
RTI/QA-5/6/80
Rev. 8/2/82
Figure 7.
42
-------
Calibration gases, 50 ppm and 10 ppm CO, were received and certified by
the QA laboratory. Zero air (Airco 0.1 THC grade) was also certified by the
laboratory.
Sample protocol. The protocol data sheet is given in Figure 8.
Air Exchange--
Collection method. Air exchange rates at each sampling location were
determined using a tracer gas technique. The tracer gas, SF^, was released
in the building at the air intake system and allowed to equilibrate with the
building air. Following equilibration, air samples were collected using
sequential syringe samplers (DSI, Model DS1-12).
Air sampling was carried out over 5 time periods. Each period involved
a total of 5 syringe samplers collected in 4 locations within the building.
Table 11 shows the collection schedule used for this building.
Analytical screening by GC/ECD of the air samples collected subsequent to
the first exchange rate measurement showed incomplete dispersion of the
tracer to all areas of the building. To compensate for this, SF6 was
released into three air intake ducts to increase the average SFs
concentration within the building.
Duplicate samples were collected, using separate syringe samplers at
three locations in the building.
Preparation of Sampling Materials.
The DSI sequential syringe samplers were inspected and found in good
working condition. The sampler was used as specified by the manufacturer.
Sulfur hexafluoride was purchased in a gas cylinder from MG Scientific
gases. The gas was checked for purity by GC/ECD analysis. No contaminants
were detected.
Preparation of QC Sets. No QC samples were prepared.
Sample Protocol. The protocol data sheet is given in Figure 9.
Primary School
Collection of field samples from the primary school took place in
Washington, DC, from May 23 to 26, 1983. Four sampling locations, one
outside and three inside, were monitored during that time period. A
description of sampling locations is given in Table 12. The number of
samples scheduled for collection versus those actually taken are given in
Table 13.
-------
FIELD SAMPLING PROTOCOL SHEET - INDOOR AIR STUDY
DATE:
SAMPLE CODE:
AIR SAMPLING
Pump Model: Serial Number:
Zero (Initial): Span (Initial):
Zero (Final): Span (Final):
Time (Initial):
(Final):
Temperature (°F):
Description of Fixed Site Location (include sketch):
GENERAL REMARKS
Figure 8. Sample custody sheet for carbon monoxide,
44
-------
TABLE 11. PARAMETERS USED IN THE COLLECTION OF AIR SAMPLES FOR AIR EXCHANGE DETERMINATIONS
IN THE ELDERLY HOME-1
Collection
Cycle
1
2
3
4
5
Time
Collected
10:00-12:24
19:30-23:54
10:00-12:12
18:15-20:27
10:00-12:12
Day
Collected
1
2
2
3
3
Number of
Release Points
1
2
2
3
3
Number of
Syringes per
Sampler
12
6
6
6
6
Minutes of
Collection
Per Syringe
12
24
12
12
12
Locations
Sampled
2,3,4
2,3
2,3,4,5
2,3,4,5
2,3,4,5
Day 1 began at 18:00 on 3/23/83 and Day 3 ended at 18:00 on 3/26/83.
-------
FIELD SAMPLING PROTOCOL SHEET - INDOOR AIR STUDY
Date:
Sample Code:
SF, Release
p
Release time, initial: Sketch of Location
Release time, final:
Total time (T), (min):
Rotometer reading:
Flow rate (F), (ml/min):
Percent (P) SF, in gas:
Volume (V) of SF, released:
(F x T x P) Tb100 = V
Sequential Air Sampling (Syringe Type)
Model: Serial No.:
Sample Code Initial Time Sketch of Location
(X if not collected)
1 _
2 _
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
(ending time)
Minutes per sample (syringe) No. of samples collected
Remarks
Figure 9. Example of a field sampling protocol sheet, air exchange,
46
-------
TABLE 12. FIELD SAMPLING LOCATIONS FOR THE SCHOOL
Location Description
1 Ground floor: center section, commons
area
2 2nd floor: center section, near stair-
way
3 4th floor: center section, near stair-
way
4 Rooftop: center section, near HVAC unit
47
-------
TABLE 13. SAMPLE COLLECTION AT THE PRIMARY SCHOOL
00
Field Samples (scheduled/collected)
Field Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
Field Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Field Control Set (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Control Sets (scheduled/utilized)
Total
Volatile
Organic
24/23
3/3
4/4
8/8
6/6
12/12
57/56
Pest./PCBs
12/12
2/2
2/2
2/2
2/2
2/2
22/22
Formaldehyde
12/12
2/2
3/3
3/3
3/3
3/3
26/26
Elements SF,
o
12/8 18/17
2/2 2/2
8/8d
-
-
-
22/18 20/19
Does not include QA samples.
Three days of analysis per filter.
"Six syringes collected per sampling period.
A blank portion of every filter was analyzed.
a
'Not scheduled.
-------
Generally, methods for sample preparation and collection were identical
to those used for the elderly home-1. Only modifications and/or
substitutions in these procedure will be discussed.
Inhalable and Respirable Particulates--
Dichotomous samplers. In accordance with the study design, inhalable
and respirable particulates were not measured in the primary school with the
dichotomous samplers. This parameter had been eliminated from the
collection schedule since smoking and other sources of combustion which
produce high aerosol levels should not be present in the school.
Piezoelectric monitor. Quasi-real-time measurements of respirable
particulates (RSP; < 3.5 /jm) were made in the school on May 23 and 24 using
a piezo-electric monitor (Model 3500, Thermosystems, Inc.) as described
previously.
On May 23, measurements were taken at all three indoor sites in the
school and at the outdoor site on the roof near the air intake. On May 24,
all sites were again measured, this time using two piezobalances running
side-by-side and concurrently. An additional site, the school gymnasium,
was also visited at the request of several teachers.
On both days, the instrument(s) were cleaned and allowed to equilibrate
before sampling began. At least three and up to eight consecutive 2-min
readings were taken at each site, both with and without the HEPA filter.
Baseline drift of the reference frequency was checked periodically and found
to be negligible. When the instruments were moved to the roof, where large
changes in humidity and temperature were encountered, the instruments were
equilibrated for an additional 15 minutes to improve stability.
Nitrogen Dioxide—
No analyses for N02 were performed at the primary school as directed by
EPA Project Officer.
Carbon Monoxide —
No analyses for CO were performed at the primary school as directed by
the EPA Project Officer.
Air Exchange Rates--
In parallel with sampling air for various pollutants, several air
exchange rate determinations were conducted at the elementary school. After
release of sulfur hexafluoride (SFs) into the air intakes of the school, air
49
-------
sampling was conducted during six periods over the 3-day study. Each period
involved six syringe samples at 3 or 4 locations within the building. The
parameters used in sampling are shown in Table 14. As multiple parallel
ventilation zones are used in the building only half (2 of 4 zones) were
used in the air exchange determinations. For two exchange rate
determinations however, a syringe sampler was left in a ventilation zone
adjacent to one spiked with SF5.
Office Building - Trip 1, July, 1983
Collection of field samples from a new office building in Research
Triangle Park took place from Wednesday, July 27 to Friday, July 29, 1983.
Six locations were sampled as described in Table 15. The number of samples
scheduled for collection vs. those actually taken are given in Table 16.
At the time of sampling, construction was complete and the building had
been "finished off" (i.e., wall paper, carpeting, wall partitions, and
ceilings were installed); however, numerous moving, cleaning, and other
"finishing" activities were still being performed. Pollutant levels during
monitoring may have reflected these activities rather than emissions from
the new building itself. Because the office building was to be occupied
Monday, July 29, it was impossible to select a sampling period which would
truly represent a newly constructed, unoccupied building.
Generally, methods for sample preparation and collection were identical
to those used for monitoring the elderly home-1. Only modifications and/or
substitutions in these procedures will be discussed.
Inhalable and Respirable Particulates—
Inhalable and respirable particulates were scheduled to be collected at
three locations in the office building (locations, 1, 2, and 3 - Table 15)
and at the outdoor locations. When the dichotomous samplers were set up at
the indoor site, it became apparent that these samplers would not be
suitable for monitoring occupied offices. First, the sampler is bulky and
would occupy too much space in a small office. Second, the pumps are very
noisy and there were no remote locations available to place the pumps as a
method for reducing noise.
Finally, even if the pumps were placed in remote locations, the
partitions between offices were thin and would not effectively reduce noise
levels. After consultation with the EPA Project Officer, it was decided to
50
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TABLE 14. PARAMETERS USED IN COLLECTION OF AIR SAMPLES FOR AIR EXCHANGE DETERMINATIONS
IN THE PRIMARY SCHOOL
Collection Time
Period Collected
1
2
3a
4a
5
6
17:30-19:40
08:45-10:57
17:30-19:40
08:45-10:47
13:00-15:12
08:45-10:57
Date Number of
Collected Release Points
5/23/83
5/24/83
5/24/83
5/25/83
5/25/83
5/26/82
2
2
2
2
2
2
Number of
Syringes per
Sampler
6
6
6
6
6
6
Minutes of Ventilation
Collection per System Locations
Syringe Mode Sampled
12
12
12
12
12
12
Manual 1,2,3
Automatic 1,2,3
Automatic l,2,3,3a
Automatic l,2,3,3a
Automatic 1,2,3
Automatic 2,3
Periods in which exchange rates were determined for an adjacent zone to the one being spiked with SF...
4th floor, zone 2, this was not a sampling site for other parameters.
-------
TABLE 15. FIELD SAMPLING LOCATIONS WITHIN THE OFFICE BUILDING
Location
Trip 1, Aug. 1983
Description
Trip 2, Sept. 1983
Trip 3, Dec. 1983
First floor exterior office
O)
ro
2
3
4
5
6
First floor secretarial office
Second floor office
Second floor secretarial area
Third floor copier room
Outside, at air intake
First floor interior office -
smoker
First floor interior office -
nonsmoker
First floor secretarial area
Second floor office -
unoccupied
Second floor secretarial area
Third floor copier room
Outside, at air intake
First floor interior office -
nonsmoker
First floor secretarial area
Second floor office -
occupied
Second floor secretarial area
Third floor copier room
Outside, at air intake
Monitored from September 6, 1983, 8:00 p.m. to September 7, 10:00 a.m.
Monitored from Septamber 7, 10:00 a.m. to September 8, 10:00 p.m.
"Occupant was on vacation. Individual was two offices away from office sampling during Trip 2.
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TABLE 16. STATUS OF COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF INDOOR AIR STUDY SAMPLES - OFFICE (TRIP 1 - AUG. 1983)
171
CO
Field Samples (scheduled/collected)
Field Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
Field Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Field Control Sets (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Control Sets (scheduled/utilized)
Total
Volatile
Organic
24/24
3/3
4/4
4/4
2/2
2/2
39/39
Pest./PCBs
12/12
2/3
4/4
4/4
2/2
2/2
26/27
Elements
12/12
2/2
4/4
-
2/2
-
20/20
Formaldehyde
12/12
2/2
4/4
4/4
2/2
2/2
26/26
Inhalable
Particulate SF,3
o
8/6
2/1
4/4
-
4/4
-
18/15
16/12
2/0
c
-
-
-
18/12
Six syringes collected per sampling period.
Does not include QA samples.
"Not scheduled.
-------
monitor only two indoor and one outdoor locations with the dichotomous
samplers during the initial visit. During the follow-up visit, a small
battery operated sampler would be used in lieu of the dichotomous samplers.
The piezoelectric monitors utilized at the elderly home-1 and the
primary school were not used for testing in this facility.
Elements--
Following the second field effort (primary school), a decision was made,
with the concurrence of the EPA Project Officer, to sample and analyze for
elements using a different procedure than was used for the first two field
trips. The original approach employed a device ("streaker") that provided
hourly levels of ca. 22 different elements for both inhalable and
noninhalable particulates. The pumps used to collect these samples were
exceedingly noisy, and required remote locations for sampling indoor air.
This factor, coupled with the high expense associated with the analysis of
samples for hourly element levels, led to the decision to use a procedure
that was much less costly, provided integrated air element levels, and had
been field proven by Florida State University to the same extent as the
"streaker" procedure. This new method involved collecting the samples on
air particulate aerosol grade (0.3 m m) filters at a sampling rate of 1
L/min. Samples were collected over a 24 h period to provide a ~1.5 m-*
sample size. The entire filter was analyzed, using PIXE techniques, at a
fraction of the cost of "streaker" analysis. The air was sampled using
portable monitors which were compatible with indoor use in even the quietest
environment.
Nitrogen Dioxide--
A decision was made by the EPA Project Officer not to measure N02 at the
office building.
Carbon Monoxide—
No analyses for CO were performed at the office building as directed by
the EPA Project Officer.
Air Exchange Rates—
In parallel with sampling air for various pollutants, several air
exchange rate determinations were conducted at the office building. After
release of SFg into the air intake, sample collection was carried out over
three sampling periods at four locations within the building. Sampling
54
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locations included one on the first floor, two on the second floor, and one
on the third floor.
Design of the air circulation system provided adequate distribution of
SFs using only one release point. Release and collection of SFs was made
during the second, third, and fourth sampling periods. Release and
collection during the first period was not possible due to the circulation
system being turned-off overnight for maintenance.
Office Building - Trip 2, September. 1983
The second sampling trip to the new office building in Research Triangle
Park took place from Tuesday, September 6 to Thursday, September 8, 1983.
Six locations were sampled as described in Table 15. Sampling locations for
the first trip are also included in this Table. As indicated, all of the
locations, except Location 1, were identical for the first and second trip.
Although it was intended to use all of the same sampling locations, it was
not possible to obtain access to the office originally designated as
Location 1. As a replacement, another office occupied by a smoker was
selected. Prior to beginning monitoring, the occupant was shown the
sampling equipment in operation and agreed to allow sampling over the two-
day period. However, this office was only monitored from 8:00 p.m.,
September 6, to 10:00 a.m., September 7, at which time the equipment was
moved to an unoccupied office on the same corridor after the occupant had
complained that the equipment was too noisy.
The number of samples scheduled for collection versus those actually
taken are given in Table 17.
All monitoring procedures for this trip were identical to those used
during the first trip to the office building except small portable ambient
particulate samplers developed and tested by the National Bureau of
Standards were used in lieu of the dichotomous samplers for collecting
inhalable and respirable particulates. These NBS samplers are small,
battery operated units capable of drawing air, via an impactor stage,
through a set of filters at a rate of ~5 L/min. Samples were collected over
a 24 h period for a total sample volume of ~ 7.2 m^. Nucleopore filters (8
(im) were used as the coarse filters for inhalable parti culates and 3 pm
Teflon filters were the fine filters for respirable particulates. Figure 10
shows a schematic diagram of the NBS sampler including filters.
55
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TABLE 17. STATUS OF COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF INDOOR AIR STUDY SAMPLES - OFFICE (TRIP 2 - SEPT. 1983)
Number of Samples
Field Samples (scheduled/collected)
Field Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
Field Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Field Control Sets (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Control Sets (scheduled/utilized)
Total
Volatile
Organic
24/22
3/3
4/4
4/4
4/4
2/2
41/39
Pest./PCBs
12/12
2/2
3/3
3/3
2/2
2/2
24/24
Elements
12/10
2/2
3/3
-
2/2
-
19/17
Formaldehyde
12/12
2/2
3/3
3/3
2/2
2/2
24/24
Inhalable
Particulate SF,3
6
8/6
2/1
3/3
-
2/2
-
15/12
16/14
2/2
c
-
-
-
18/16
Six syringes collected per sampling period.
Does not include QA samples.
LNot scheduled.
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•Inlet
^ Air Flow
Exhaust
Figure 10. Schematic diagram of the NBS sampler,
57
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Prior to field sampling, it was discovered that the rechargable nickel -
cadmium batteries used to power the NBS sampler failed to provide an
adequate constant flow over time. The problem was circumvented by replacing
the batteries with a variable AC/DC converter power supply which provided a
constant DC voltage equivalent to that obtained by the nickel-cadmium
batteries.
Office Building - Trip 3, December, 1983
The third sampling trip to the new office building in Research Triangle
Park took place from Monday, December 20 to Wednesday, December 22, 1983.
Six locations were sampled as described in Table 15. As indicated, all of
the locations, except number 3, were identical to the second trip. Although
it was intended to use all of the same sampling locations, access could not
be obtained to the office originally designated as number 3. As a
replacement, another exterior office on the same corridor was selected. The
occupant was on vacation during the sampling period and it was felt that
there should be very little difference between this office and the office
sampled during trip 2.
The number of samples scheduled for collection and those actually taken
are given in Table 18. All monitoring procedures for this trip were
identical to those used during the second trip to the office building.
Elderly Home-2
A sampling trip at a second elderly home in Washington, DC, took place
from Monday, January 9 to Thursday, January 12, 1984. Five locations were
sampled as described in Table 19.
A listing of the samples scheduled for collection versus those actually
collected is given in Table 20. All monitoring procedures for this trip
were identical to those used during the second and third trips to the office
building with the exceptions described below.
Inhalable and Respirable Particulates--
On January 9, 1984 the piezobalance instrument used at the first home
for the elderly was again used to measure respirable particulates. Again
the HEPA filter was employed to correct for combined zero drift and gas-to-
particle conversion. The dining room was monitored for one hour (10:40-
11:50 AM) to determine concentrations in a common room with few occupants,
no smokers, and minimum activity.
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TABLE 18. SAMPLE COLLECTION AT THE OFFICE BUILDING (TRIP 3 - DEC. 1983)
Number of Samples
Field Samples (scheduled/collected)
Field Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
Field Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Field Control Sets (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
«o Lab Control Sets (scheduled/utilized)
Total
Volatile
Organic
24/24
2/2
4/7
4/7
4/5
2/2
40/47
Pest./PCBs
12/11
2/2
3/4
3/4
2/2
2/2
24/25
Elements
12/11
2/1
3/3
-
2/2
-
19/17
Formaldehyde
12/12
2/2
3/3
3/3
2/2
2/2
24/24
Inhalable
Particulate SF^
6
8/7
2/0
3/3
-
2/2
-
15/12
16/14
2/1
c
-
-
-
18/15
Six syringes collected per sampling period.
Does not include QA samples.
Not scheduled.
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TABLE 19. FIELD SAMPLING LOCATIONS WITHIN THE ELDERLY HOME-2
Location Number Description
1 First floor common area-lunchroom, lobby
2 Third floor occupied apartment - nonsmoker
3 Fifth floor unoccupied apartment
4 Eighth floor occupied apartment - smoker
5 Outside on the roof
60
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TABLE 20. SAMPLE COLLECTION - ELDERLY HOME-2
Number of Samples
Field Samples (scheduled/collected)
Field Duplicates (scheduled/collected)
Field Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
Field Control Sets (scheduled/utilized)
Lab Blanks (scheduled/utilized)
2 Lab Controls (scheduled/utilized)
Total
Volatile
Organic
30/30
3/2
4/4
4/4
2/2
2/2
45/44
Pest./PCBs
15/15
2/2
3/3
3/3
2/2
2/2
27/27
Elements
15/15
2/1
3/3
-
2/2
-
22/21
Formaldehyde
15/15
2/2
5/5
5/5
4/4
4/4
35/35
Inhalable
Particulate
15/13
1/1
3/3
-
2/2
-
21/19
SF6a
24/24
2/2
c
-
-
-
26/26
Six syringes collected per sampling period.
Does not include QA samples.
n
"Not scheduled.
-------
Two GCA Mini ram instruments were tested side by side with the
Piezobalance under a variety of conditions. The first test took place over
a 10 minute period in an unoccupied first floor staff meeting room
(lO'xlS1). The second test took place in the dining room during lunch
(12:30-1:30 PM). A final test was performed in the dining room between 2:00
and 2:25 PM.
At 3:00 PM on Tuesday, January 10, 1984, the two Minirams were deployed
in the 8th floor smoker's apartment and the 4th floor nonsmoker's apartment.
The continuous measurement feature, by which consecutive 8 hour and 20
minute averages are taken, was not operating on one Miniram. The instrument
was started manually each time sampling was performed in the nonsmoker's
apartment. This Miniram took readings for the first 8 hours and 20 minutes
of each 12-h period, but was off for the final 4 h. Thus, six consecutive 8
h periods were monitored in the smoker's apartment, but only four staggered
8 h periods were monitored in the nonsmoker's apartment.
Air Exchange--
Air samples were collected throughout the monitoring period for
determining air exchange rates in the second elderly home. Sample
collection was carried out over six sampling periods at the four indoor
locations. Several problems were encountered with the release of SF§.
First, the air exchange rates at each sampling location were independently
controlled making a predicatable release of SFg impossible. Second, a
single air intake did not serve the sampling locations and SFs had to be
released directly into each room.
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SECTION 5
BUILDING SURVEY
OVERVIEW
Data Collection
The collection of data on building characteristics and activities
involved several tasks. These included preliminary meetings with RTI and
EPA project staff to determine the data to be collected. Once this
determination had been made, drafts of the various documents were developed
and circulated for review. After the comments were returned and compiled, a
second draft was prepared and the review process repeated. Based on the
final review, the four final data collection documents were prepared. These
forms are more completely described in subsequent paragraphs. The next
phase of the data collection activity was the identification of the
appropriate personnel to be interviewed at the monitoring sites. If
personnel were identified prior to the site visit, initial telephone
contacts were made to identify the types of data to be collected. These
calls were supplemented by contacts from the EPA project staff, facilitating
data acquisition. Once the project team arrived on site, data collection
began with the final identification of the monitoring locations. This
selection was in some cases influenced by data reviewed, and interviews
conducted during the first hours on site. Once the sites were selected,
equipment was placed, and the formal interview process begun. With one
exception, as noted below, all forms were completed at the beginning of the
study period for the particular site. The remaining form captured data on
an ongoing basis, and was thus completed during the start and finish of each
individual monitoring period. The remaining sections of this chapter
describe the data collection instruments and the data collected using them,
for each of the four sites visited as part of this effort.
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Data Collection Instruments
Using the iterative review process described previously, four data
collection instruments were developed. These forms collected different
data, using various sources, and were completed at various times throughout
the monitoring period. The four forms included the General Area
Description, the Building Questionnaire, the Monitor Location Questionnaire,
and the General Interview Information form. Each is described in more
detail in the following paragraphs. Copies of these forms are given in
Appendix A.
General Area Description—
The purpose of this form was to capture general data on the area
surrounding the site being monitored. The area of interest was an
elliptical area of approximately one-half mile radius, with an additional
half mile upwind inclusion. Data descriptive of the area included amounts
of open land, water, hills and other impediments to wind flow, and
descriptions of the surrounding structures or land on each side of the
building. These surrounding areas were described in terms of potential
effects on the monitoring site, and included data on sources of chemicals,
traffic volume, and any unusual occurrences in the immediate past few days.
This form was completed once, at the beginning of the study period for the
particular site.
Building Questionnaire--
This document, also completed once at the beginning of the study period,
was used to capture data describing the structure containing the individual
monitoring locations. The document contains five sections, each with a
differing focus. The first section describes the general characteristics of
the structure, focusing on usage, age and recent renovations, size and
volume, building materials, attached garages, and water supply. The second
section describes the interior of the structure in terms of internal
construction characteristics and materials, the heating, ventilation, and
air conditioning systems, including the normal climate maintained. The
third section focuses on building modifications, especially those affecting
building tightness. The fourth section captured data on internal
maintenance and decor by describing the internal furnishings, use of
pesticides and cleaning products. The types of products, and the frequency
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of application were detailed. The final section describes any external
influences, such as pressure gradients, unusual local events, and any known
outdoor air quality information. In addition, data on local meteorology,
both micro and macro, were recorded in this section.
Monitor Location Questionnaire--
This form collected information about the specific locations where
monitoring devices were placed, and was completed daily for each day that
monitoring was undertaken. Repeated visits to a site generated repeated
completions of this form; some parts of the Building Questionnaire were also
repeated to capture data on any major structural improvements or significant
modifications which might influence the indoor air quality. The Monitor
Location Questionnaire starts with a general description of the location of
the monitors, focusing on the use of the area, as well as its size,
ventilation, insulation, and the presence of products which might affect air
quality through the direct introduction of a chemical, or through the
outgassing of various products as the materials age. Products of particular
interest included foam insulation, polyurethane, plywood, plastics,
carpeting, wall coverings, and pesticides. Data were also collected on the
presence and use of gas cooking stoves, gas or kerosene space heaters, free
standing stoves or fireplaces, clothes dryers, and humidifiers. Information
on the filters or particle scavengers used, and vacuuming and dusting
regimens was collected and supplemented with data on the amounts and
frequency of use of household products, including cleaning supplies, aerosol
products, and housekeeping products. The final section of this form
collected various data and was specific to the period being monitored.
These data include the dates and times of monitoring, the inside and outside
meteorology (temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, and barometric
pressure). Additional data on occupancy levels, smoking status, and the
presence of pets or pest strips were collected, as was an indication of the
presence of open windows. Specific descriptions of any unusual products in
use in the immediate area were made, as was a recording of the details of
any unusual occurrence during the monitoring period.
This form collected information about the data collection process. It
identified the persons from whom data were collected, and recorded addresses
and phone numbers in case recontact became necessary. The form also
65
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provided a final place in which to record any unusual circumstances which
occurred that might have any affect on the data collected and its subsequent
analysis.
RESULTS
Three of the buildings were monitored for one three day period, while
the fourth building was monitored three times in an attempt to discover
temporal relationships within the data collected. The remainder of this
section describes each of the sites visited, including specific information
about the site in general, the building monitored, and the specific
locations of the monitoring instrumentation. The data presented are a
summarization of the data collected on the various instruments described
previously.
Elderly Home-1
During the period of March 23 to March 26, 1983, an elderly home in the
Washington, D.C. area was monitored. The data were collected by direct
observation and measurement, and through discussions with the assistant
administrator and the maintenance engineer of the building. Both
individuals were extremely knowledgeable and helpful. Additional data were
obtained by telephone calls to the pesticide applicators retained by the
owners of the facility. During the time of the monitoring, only one unusual
occurrence was noted and reported. On the first evening that the monitoring
team was on-site, a pot of soup was burned on a stove in a second floor
apartment. An odor was apparent in a wide area around the apartment, and an
attempt was made by the resident to mask the odor with an unidentified
aerosol spray.
General Area Description--
The building was a multi-story structure housing an elderly home in the
Northwest section of Washington, D.C. It was located in a primarily
residential area, with housing on three sides, and a light commercial area
located two blocks to the south. The site was located on the slope of a
hill, rising gently from west to east. There was a small percentage of open
area around the building, and no structures that would impede wind flow.
There were no observed sources of chemicals, other than two nearby parking
lots. The site was located several blocks from the nearest main artery, and
was surrounded by low traffic volume city streets.
66
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Building Description--
The building was a five story, "L-shaped" building located in a
residential area. The building construction was started in 1969, with first
occupancy in 1970. The building was constructed with a brick and glass
exterior, and contained over 25,000 square feet, with normal ceiling heights
of seven and one-half feet, with two exceptions totaling 1900 square feet
under ten-foot ceilings. The building had no garage, and was provided with
normal city utilities, including water. Internal construction included
poured concrete floors covered with carpet or quarry tile, plaster board or
plaster walls, and spray stucco ceilings on the false ceilings containing
the interfloor spacing. Heating was provided by forced hot air using a gas
fired boiler to create steam. Supplemental heat was provided in all
bathrooms through the use of heat lamps. The hot water supply was from the
heating system boiler. The main kitchen facility used gas for cooking,
while individuals used electric appliances in their apartments. Air
conditioning was provided using the same ducts as the heating system to
circulate air cooled using an evaporative cooling system located on the
roof. The cooler system pipes contained chemicals to retard corrosion or
other contamination. Air exhaust was handled through individual vents in
each bathroom, and through larger ports located at the fifth floor lounge,
the kitchen, and the dining room. Additional ventilation could be provided
through over 200 windows in the facility, all of which contained some
sections which could be opened. Other penetration of the structure included
fifteen doors, an overhead door in the shop area, four main air inlets and
exhausts, as well as fifty bathroom exhausts to the roof, and sixteen common
area exhausts. Temperature was maintained at 72°F year round, and the
humidity was not controlled.
At the time of this monitoring, several new internal decor purchases had
been made. These included 850 square feet of lined, synthetic polyester
drapes, 5985 square feet of synthetic carpet in the dining area and some
apartments, 10,000 square feet of new paint in several apartments, and 300
square feet of new plastering. Pesticide treatment occurred twice a month
in all common areas, and as needed in the individual apartments. The last
treatments were nine days prior to the start of monitoring. The products
67
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used contained Resmethrin in an aerosol preparation. Cleaning products used
on a daily basis included Windex window cleaner, Behold spray wax, an
aerosol cleaner, and a quatenary cleaning liquid disinfectant.
Monitoring Locations—
Six individual locations were selected for monitoring and are described
in the following paragraphs. The general description of each location is
followed by any changes observed over the three day monitoring period. The
first location was the roof of the building, at the air intake on the west
end of the building. The location was approximately 60 feet above the
roadway, and was situated on the south side of the west end of the
structure, just outside a six square foot louvered air intake. Temperature,
humidity, and other environmental variables reflected the ambient conditions
at the time of monitoring.
The second location was a fifth floor lounge used as a meeting and music
room. The room contained 1110 square feet in a rectangular shape with a
cutout of 105 square feet. The small cutout area was divided in half, one
side containing mechanical equipment, the other containing a small kitchen.
The kitchen contained a refrigerator, sink, table and several chairs. The
ceiling height was 10 feet. The area contained both forced air inlets and
passive exhaust vents, as well as a full outside wall of windows. The room
contained two couches, two wing-backed chairs, 75 straight-back chairs,
seven tables, a piano, an organ, a television, and a speaker's lectern.
Most of the furnishings were as old as the building, but a few, the piano
and lectern, were only six to seven years old. The wallpaper, carpets, and
some drapes were the same age as the building, while one set of drapes, 100
yards, were eight months of age. The occupancy of the location during the
monitoring period was light, averaging four. No smoking was observed, and
no known sources of chemicals were observed or reported, other than the
routine pesticide application already noted.
The third location was the third floor lounge and piano room. The room
was rectangle of 540 square feet with a seven and one-half foot ceiling
height. The room contained two wall mounted heating and air conditioning
units. A wide assortment of furnishings were found in the room, including
seven stuffed chairs, seven straight back chairs, seven tables, a piano, and
a lecturn. With the exception of the straight-back chairs and the piano,
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all the other furniture was thirteen years old. The vinyl wallpaper and the
cut-pile synthetic carpeting were also thirteen years of age. Occupancy of
the room varied greatly, averaging at least ten in the daytime and thirteen
at night. During one monitoring period, about fifty percent of the
occupants were smokers. Other than the pesticide application described
previously, no sources of chemicals were observed or described.
One wall contained two large sliding glass doors which opened onto an
exterior patio. The door remained closed during the sampling periods.
The fourth location monitored was a common dining area located on the
main level of the building. The area was 990 square feet under a ten foot
ceiling. Air movement was related to five inlets located on the walls and
eight returns in the ceiling, and was supplemented by natural leakage
through one side wall made of windows and glass doors. The room contained
28 tables, a piano and 96 chairs. The chairs had seat cushions with
polyurethane foam. Drapes and wallpaper had been replaced three and one-
half years before, while the polyester carpeting was only six months old.
Occupancy of the room was ninety-six persons during the dinner hour, and
only occasional other use. No smoking was observed, and other than the
normal pesticide usage and the daily use of an all purpose cleaner, no other
sources of chemicals were observed or reported.
The fifth location was a studio style apartment on the fourth floor,
occupied by one person. The unit contained 378 square feet under a seven
and one-half foot ceiling. Ventilation, heating and cooling were provided
through a single unit bringing in outside air through a filter. The air
temperature was modified by passing it across pipes from the central system,
containing hot or cold water. The apartment contained the occupant's own
furnishings of variable age, including a breakfront, a desk, a credenza, two
bookcases, two small tables, two stuffed chairs, four wooden chairs, and a
single bed. The carpeting was approximately one year old and was a
synthetic, cut-pile carpet with a latex backing, glued to the floor. The
unit was occupied by one person, who did not smoke. No sources of chemicals
were observed other than the normal pesticide application, and some
household cleaning products.
The sixth location was also a studio apartment occupied by one
individual. This unit was located on the ground level, at one end of the
building. It also contained 378 square feet under seven and one-half foot
69
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ceilings. The ventilation in this apartment was identical to all others, as
previously described. The apartment contained the belongings of the
occupant, and included a bed on a frame, five wooden frame chairs, one desk,
a wooden table, a wooden cabinet, a wooden dresser, and one stuffed chair.
All furnishings were at least ten years of age. There were no wall
coverings and the carpet was the original, thirteen year old, cut-pile
synthetic. The single occupant was in the apartment most of the time, and
was a moderate smoker, smoking approximately five cigarettes per day. Other
than the pesticide usage reported previously, and a single "stick-up
deodorant" no sources of chemicals were observed or reported.
All monitoring locations in this building remained relatively constant
over the course of the observations. Some variation in the number of
persons present at any time was expected and observed, yet the activities
remained constant.
Primary School
During the period of May 23 to May 26, 1983, a Public School in the
Washington, D.C., area was monitored. The data were collected through
direct observation and measurement, and through discussions with the
maintenance engineer for the building, and with other staff of the facility.
All parties were knowledgeable and helpful. Additional assistance was
provided by the maintenance department of the D.C. school system. No
unusual occurrences were observed or reported during the monitoring period.
The building did not lend itself to the collection of the types of data
necessary for this study for two main reasons. First, the building was of
an open design with no internal walls, other than some structural supports.
This did not permit the clear definition of areas for the contribution of
influences of the internal fittings of the building. Second, the building
used vertical HVAC zones, which when combined with the lack of internal
boundaries, allowed for increased air mixing, with subsequent difficulty in
determining air flows and diffusion.
General Area Description--
This building was a multi-story structure occupying one city block in
the middle of a residential area in Northeast Washington, D.C. It was
surrounded by mainly single family housing, with a few apartment houses
located nearby. There was minimal open area around the site, with the
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exception of the playgrounds of the school. The surrounding streets had
minimal traffic flow, with two exceptions. The street in front of the
school carried more traffic at the beginning and end of the school day, and
there was a major thoroughfare located two blocks south of the school. No
sources of chemicals or other pollutants were observed or reported.
Building Description--
At the time of this monitoring the building was eight years old, and no
additions or renovations had been made to the structure. The building
contained 94,000 square feet with an average ceiling height of 15 feet.
However, there was an area of 6,400 square feet under a ceiling twenty feet
high. The building had an exterior construction of poured concrete and
glass. It had no garage area, and was supplied with standard municpal
utilities, including city water.
The interior construction consisted of poured concrete floors covered
with carpet, concrete or cinder block walls, and poured concrete ceiling
covered with ceiling tiles. The walls in the building were for structural
support only, with areas divided only by the use of portable wall units and
blackboards. Hallway areas had dropped ceilings for the routing of
mechanical equipment.
Electricity was used to create hot air for heating, and was used for
cooking and hot water. Air conditioning was provided with forced air and
condenser coils. Multiple roof units served the various ventilation zones
in the building. Filters were provided at each of the air handling units.
Natural leakage was supplemented by special exhausts for the bathrooms and
kitchen areas. There were no windows in the facility which could be opened,
and of 38 doors, only 10 were used regularly. There were multiple openings
through the floors, due to the open design of the building. The temperature
was maintained at 72°F in the winter and at 68°F during the summer.
Over the six months prior to monitoring, minimal changes were made in
the physical structure. Two 4 x 10 foot patches of the roof were retarred,
and approximately five percent of the walls were repainted with an enamel
paint, and approximately eighty ceiling tiles were replaced. The structure
is treated with pesticides on a monthly basis, the last time being eleven
days prior to the start of monitoring. A one percent solution of Diazinon
in water is applied with an air pump spray can. Cleaning products used on a
71
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regular basis include Exclusive Carpet Shampoo, BK-LFI disinfectant, and a
detergent soap, the last two being used or replenished daily.
Monitoring Locations--
Monitoring equipment was located in four locations at the building. The
first location was an all-purpose meeting area on the ground floor. The
area of this location within the ventilation zone was estimated to be 3200
square feet, under a twenty foot ceiling. Ventilation of this area was
shared with one other section of the zone, and was supplied by one unit
located on the roof. This unit provided forced air for heating, cooling, or
ventilation only.
The area contained a wood stage, five sets of tables and benches, 200
metal chairs, and a piano. All furnishings were the age of the building,
eight years old. Occupancy of this area was variable with the usage. No
smoking was observed, nor were any sources of chemicals observed or
reported. This area was immediately adjacent to the central stairway.
The second and third locations were identical open classroom spaces on
the second and fourth floors of the building. Both locations contained 3200
square feet under ten foot ceilings, and shared air handling facilities.
Both locations contained built-in cabinets along one structural wall, twenty
to thirty desks and chairs, and miscellaneous portable walls and
blackboards. All the areas were open to the rest of the facility, with a
great deal of difficulty involved in delineating the area of interest. No
smoking was observed in the areas, nor were there any sources of chemicals
observed or reported.
The fourth location was on the roof, approximately fifty feet above the
nearest roadway. The monitoring equipment was located near the air handling
units serving the internal areas being monitored. The location was somewhat
sheltered by the low parapet wall around the roof, but was subject to the
ambient conditions of temperature, humidity, wind, and barometric pressure.
Elderly Home-2
During the period of January 9 to January 12, 1984, a second elderly
home in the Washington, D.C. area was monitored. Once again, data were
collected through direct observation and measurement, and through
discussions with the Chief Engineer of the building. Additional information
was obtained during discussion with other staff at the facility. This
72
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facility presented one difficulty in that the central air handling units for
the facility served primarily the common areas of the building, a relatively
small percentage of the structure. This confounded the ability to measure
air flow and diffusion in the structure.
General Area Description--
The structure being monitored was a multi-story residential facility in
Washington, D.C., surrounded on 3 sides by other multi-story buildings.
There was minimal open area in the total urban area surrounding the site.
Wind flow was broken by the tall structures on all sides. The site was
located approximately one-half block from the George Washington University
Medical School. The site was separated by only an open parking area from
the Medical School. The site was surrounded by heavily trafficked city
streets, with one major thoroughfare located one block away. No unusual
occurrences were reported just prior to or during the monitoring period, and
no sources of chemicals were observed in the immediate vicinity.
Building Description--
The building being monitored was a five year old, nine-story residential
facility of brick and glass exterior construction, with no renovations or
additions having been made since construction. The structure contained over
78,000 square feet of usable space, under eight foot ceilings. The only
exception was the first floor, which contained 10,000 square feet under a
nine foot ceiling. The building did not have an attached garage, but did
have some parking spots adjacent to the structure. The building was
serviced by municipal utilities, including city water.
The interior construction consisted of concrete floors covered with
carpeting walls completed with dry wall finish, and ceilings finished with
acoustical tiles. Heating was provided by forced air over pipes containing
water heated in a boiler fired with #2 heating oil. This was also the
source of domestic hot water. Air conditioning was provided by forced air
over water cooled by an electric powered compressor and cooling unit. This
heating and cooling was for the common areas of the building. Climate
control in the individual apartments was maintained through individual wall
mounted heater/air conditioners. The bathrooms and kitchen areas of each
apartment received some central air, and contain exhaust vents to the
central system. Some additional ventilation may be achieved through the 189
73
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windows present in the structure. Usage of these windows was estimated at
70 percent. The building had eight doors and two elevator shafts and two
stairwells to permit additional air circulation. Temperature was maintained
at 75°F and the humidity was maintained at 50 percent. There were filters
in all air handling units. Filters in the main units were changed monthly,
while the filters in each apartment were changed twice a year.
There had been no reported modifications or renovations to the exterior
within the past six months, nor were any weatherization actions taken in the
same period. Changes in interior decor included new furniture in the lobby,
comprised of four chairs, one couch, and two tables; 3000 square feet of new
synthetic carpet, 300 square feet of new wallpaper, and 3600 square feet of
new interior paint. Common areas of the building were treated with
pesticides on a weekly basis, with the latest treatment on the morning that
monitoring began. Treatment was done with an aerosol spray of one percent
solution of Resmethrin, manufactured by Whitmire Research Labs, St. Louis,
MO. Various cleaning products were used on a daily basis, and included Pine
Oil disinfectant, stainless steel polish, an all-purpose cleaner, Comet
Cleanser, and Windex. No other sources of chemicals were observed or
reported.
Monitoring Locations--
Monitoring was carried out at five locations in this site. The first
location was the main dining area on the first floor of the building. The
dining area measured 1800 square feet under a nine foot ceiling, and was
situated three feet below the nearest roadway surface. Ventilation in the
area was from the common air handling units, with mixing provided by three
ceiling fans. The outside wall of this area was glass, with few windows.
Furniture in the area consisted of 48 wood and upholstery chairs, and
thirteen wood tables. The carpeting in the area was five years old, and was
vacuumed daily. Occupancy of the area varied, with peaks at meal time, and
occasional usage at other tines. The main area was designated as a
nonsmoking area.
The second location was the •"'ourtb Poor apartment of s nonsmcker, The
apartment measured 270 squere feet under an eicht foct ceiling, ?nd was
located approximately forty feet above the nearest ^cadway. Furnishinps -'n
the apartment included a wooden bureau two s,cfas, tv-c v/ood tables, two
74
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chairs, and a TV on a cart. The walls were painted dry-wall, and the carpet
was five years old. Raid pesticide and an oil-based dust product were
reported to be used weekly. No other chemical sources were observed or
reported.
The third location was a vacant apartment on the fifth floor. It
measured 200 square feet under an eight foot ceiling, and was located 45
feet above the roadway on the side of the building. The only furnishing in
the apartment were kitchen appliances such as a range and refrigerator. The
apartment contained the same five year old carpeting as noted elsewhere.
During the last twelve hour sampling period the apartment was cleaned in
preparation for occupancy. There was a container of Ajax present and the
distinct odor of Lysol throughout the apartment. An application of
pesticides may have also occurred during that period.
The fourth location was the eighth floor apartment of a person who was a
smoker. It contained 320 square feet under an eight foot ceiling, and was
located eighty feet above the nearest roadway. The resident's furniture
included two plastic side chairs, two wooden desks, a sofa, a bookstand,
three wood tables, and three wood chairs. The wall treatment consisted of
paint over the dry wall, and the carpet was the five year old material found
elsewhere in the building. The only observed source of chemicals in the
immediate vicinity was a neighbor painting his apartment and acrylic paint
which the resident used for a hobby.
The fifth location was on the roof of the building. The location was
approximately ninety feet above the roadway and was protected on one side by
the penthouse structure containing the mechanical equipment. The location
was fully exposed to the ambient meteorological conditions. No sources of
chemical exposure were observed or reported.
Office Building
The final site to be discussed is a multi-story commercial office
building located in the primarily rural Research Triangle Park area of
central North Carolina. The site was visited on three separate occasions
for three days each. Monitoring was undertaken in multiple internal and
external locations, and the data examined for the existence of temporal
variation in the levels of chemicals observed. The first visit was made
during the time period of July 27 to July 29, 1983. This period was just
75
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prior to the building being occupied by the single tenant for which it was
constructed. The second visit was during the period immediately after
occupancy of the building, from September 6 to September 8, 1983. The final
visit was conducted from December 19 to December 21, 1984. General
information about the building and the site on which it is located was
obtained during the first visit and only changes were noted during the
subsequent visits. Some variation in the exact location of the monitoring
locations was necessary due to changes in office occupancy over time; all
changes will be discussed in the appropriate sections. Initial information
was gathered with the assistance of the developer of the building as well as
the manager, and various tradesmen and craftsmen involved in the completion
and maintenance of the facility. Excellent cooperation was obtained from
all persons involved.
General Area Description—
The site was an office building set in a wooded rural area of central
North Carolina. The only major road in the area was an Interstate extension
which is approximately one-half mile to the east through moderately dense
woods. The other roads in the vicinity were local access roads with low
traffic densities except at the beginning and end of the work day. There
were no known sources of chemicals in the adjacent areas, but some final
construction and landscaping activities may have had an influence on the
results. At least one time during monitoring, an oil mixture was sprayed on
hay placed over fresh ground cover.
Building Description—
The building was a newly-constructed, three story, poured concrete and
glass office building. The building contained 55,000 square feet of usable
space, most of which was under nine foot ceilings, with two foot dead space
between floors containing the common plenum for air return. A 1440 square
foot lobby had a ceiling height of twenty feet. There was no parking
structure near the building; employee parking was in an adjacent lot. The
building was served by commercial utilities, including the local city/county
water supply. The building was constructed with movable walls, as well as
false ceilings. The walls were vinyl covering over wall board on both the
fixed and movable walls. The floors were poured concrete covered with
carpet, and the ceilings were finished with acoustical tile.
76
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Heating was a combination of passive solar, natural heat production, and
supplemental forced hot air. Air was heated when passed over pipes of water
heated in a gas-fired boiler. Cooling was provided using the same duct work
to carry air cooled by an electrically powered water cooler and compressor.
Air return was a passive system using the common plenum in the inter-floor
spaces, supplemented by exhausts from the bathrooms and the elevator shaft.
There were no usable windows in the building, five doors, and three other
wall penetrations for the loading dock overhead doors. The temperature was
maintained at 70°F, with an average humidity of 55 percent. Special air
handling and filtration units were provided for the computer facility
contained within the building.
The building received treatment with pesticides twice a month, but had
not yet been treated at the time of the first monitoring. Three products
were in use by the second visit. These included Ficam-W, a water mixed,
pump can sprayed compound used for crawling insects; Whitmeyer PT110 and
PT250, both aerosol sprays of low concentration in an unknown propellent,
and Talon-G, a rodenticide placed in packets in air chases. Cleaning
products used included Sentinel disinfectant/detergent, Seventy-7 synthetic
detergent, Old Dutch Cleanser, and Brillo window cleaner.
Immediately prior to and during the first monitoring period, large
amounts of mineral spirits were used by the crew installing new furniture.
The solvent was used openly with rags to remove adhesives from tables and
desks, chairs and counters. The odor was noticeable mainly on the ground
floor where the office furniture was being installed. During the third
monitoring period, a large mirror was installed in the main lobby of the
building. The mirror covered approximately 300 sq. ft. and was secured to
the wall with both adhesive and clamps. No other products were reported or
observed to be in routine use in the facility.
Monitoring Locations--
During each of the three monitoring visits, five indoor locations and
one outdoor location were used. Due to changes in office assignments, and
other constraints imposed by the occupants of the building, some of the
internal locations varied between visits. Any changes will be indicated as
appropriate. During the first visit, location one was an office on the
first floor of the building. It contains 144 square feet under the standard
77
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nine foot ceiling, and was approximately five feet above grade. Ventilation
was provided through one inlet and one outlet to the common plenum. There
were no furnishings in the office, and the wall coverings and carpets were
brand new. The wall panels were covered with a vinyl film applied with a
water-based adhesive to gypsum board panels, while the fixed walls were a
standard dry wall covered with a fabric backed vinyl using a Glidden
adhesive. This was the standard wall treatment throughout the facility.
The carpet was Dupont Antron II nylon with a polypropylene and latex
backing, applied with Bigelow Nu-Broadlok glue. This was also the standard
floor treatment throughout the building. All areas were vacuumed and dusted
every evening.
During the second visit, location one was a different office on the
first floor. This office contained 96 square feet, and had the same
ventilation, wall treatment, and carpeting as the first office. The
furniture in the office was one month old and included a wooden desk, a
metal typewriter stand, and a vinyl and cloth covered chair. This same
office, being used as a clerical area was visited during the third
monitoring period. The only changes were the addition of some furniture and
a six square foot particle board. The new furniture included two metal file
cabinets, two new metal and vinyl chairs, a computer stand, and a
typewriter. No unusual occurrences were observed or reported during any of
the three visits. The only sources of chemicals specific to the location
were the cleaning products used on a daily basis.
The second monitoring location was a secretarial area in the hallway on
the first floor. The area was 378 square feet but was open and connected to
other areas and hallways. Ventilation was provided through two inlets, and
a single outlet to the common plenum in the inter-floor space. Wall and
floor treatment were the same as the rest of the building. A new credenza
and two desks were the only furnishings in the area. During the second
monitoring period, the second location was a different secretarial area on
the first floor. This location contained 375 square feet, with ventilation
provided by spillover from other areas, with no specific inlets provided.
Wall and floor treatments were standard. Furnishings included three wood
and formica desks, a metal file cabinet, a wood sideboard, three metal and
vinyl chairs, and three plastic floormats. During the third visit, the
78
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second location was a 72 square foot section of hallway located near the two
previous locations. The location was just outside the central computer
facility which was equipped with Halon fire suppression systems. There was
one air inlet located in the area, as well as one duct to the common plenum.
The only furniture in the location was one wood and metal table.
The third monitoring location during the first visit was a 144 square
foot office on the second floor of the building. Ventilation included one
air inlet, and a duct to the common plenum. Wall and floor treatments were
standard. There was no furniture in the office during the monitoring
period, until the last day when a wooden desk was moved into the office.
The same office was used in the second monitoring period. The only observed
difference was the addition of furniture, including a desk chair, two side
chairs, and a wooden file, in addition to the desk from the first visit. No
additional sources of chemicals were observed or reported. During the third
visit, a new second floor office was monitored. It contained 144 square
feet of space, with the standard wall and floor treatments, and one air
inlet. The furniture in the office included three side chairs, a wood desk,
a wood credenza, a wood bookcase, a metal file cabinet, and a desk chair.
The fourth monitoring location was the same for all three visits. It
was a 168 square foot secretarial area located in the hallway adjacent to
the offices monitored as the third site. Ventilation included one inlet,
one duct to the common plenum, and mixing along the open hallway. Wall and
floor treatments were the building standard. During the first visit,
furnishings included a wood/formica/metal desk and a wood and vinyl chair.
At the second visit, a second desk and chair had been added, as well as a
wooden file cabinet, and two plastic chair pads. No changes were noted
between the second and third visits.
The fifth monitoring location was the same for all three visits, and was
a small interior room on the third floor used to house a photocopier. The
room was 132 square feet in area and was located approximately 29 feet above
grade. Ventilation was through one inlet and one outlet. The wall and
floor treatments were as previously described for other areas of the
building. During the first period, the room was empty. At the second
visit, there were three metal bookcases containing miscellaneous office
supplies, a metal and formica table, and a Canon copier. The only change at
the third visit was the addition of a second identical copying machine.
79
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The sixth location was also constant across the visits. It was an
outside location near the main air intakes for the building. The monitoring
equipment was located on a concrete slab, on the east side of the building,
and was exposed to all changes in ambient conditions. No specific sources
of chemicals were observed or reported in the area around this location
during any of the monitoring periods.
80
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SECTION 6
SAMPLE. ANALYSIS
All samples collected during field monitoring (Section 4) were
analyzed using the protocols described in the Draft Work Plan, Part II:
Analytical Protocols.U) In this section, details of sample analysis are
given for each parameter including analytical method, method validation
experiments, limits of detection, QC results, and quantisation method.
Table 21 summarizes information on the number of samples collected and
analyzed for each of eight parameters during each sampling trip.
VOLATILE ORGANICS
Analytical Method
Recovery of volatile organics from Tenax GC was accomplished by thermal
desorption and purging with helium into a liquid nitrogen cooled, nickel
capillary trap.(2"4) The vapors were then introduced into a high resolution
fused silica chromatographic column for component separation.(3,5)
Characterization and quantification of the constituents in the sample were
accomplished by electron impact mass spectrometry by measuring the intensity
of the extracted ion current profile.(3«6«7) Gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry (GC/MS) conditions used during sample analysis are given in
Table 22.
Immediately prior to GC/MS analyses each Tenax cartridges was loaded
with perfluorotoluene (~150 ng) and perfluorobenzene (~50 ng) to serve as
external quantisation standards. Quantisation of GC/MS results was
accomplished using relative response factors (RRF). RRF values for each
target chemical were generated by analyzing standard cartridges loaded with
known amounts of targets and external standard (ES). For any target
chemical (T), the RRF was then calculated as:
AT * "9ES
A- ng
81
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TABLE 21. SAMPLE ANALYSIS
CO
ro
No. of Samples
Parameter
Volatile
Organics
Inhalable
Particulates
Pesticides/PCBs
Formaldehyde
Facility
Office
School
Elderly home
Office
School
Elderly home
Office
School
Elderly home
Office
School
Elderly home
Visit
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
Scheduled
24
24
24
24
36
30
8
8
8
0
18
15
12
12
12
12
18
15
12
12
12
12
18
15
Collected
24
22
24
23
36
30
6
6
7
0
18
13
12
12
11
12
18
15
12
12
12
12
17
15
Analyzed
24
22
24
23
36
29
6
SLa
7
0
17
12
12
12
11
11
18
13
SLa
12
12
12
17
15
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TABLE 21. (cont'd.)
00
CO
*No. of Samples
Parameter Facility
Metals Office
School
Elderly home
CO None collected
NO None collected
Air exchange Office
School
Elderly home
Visit
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
Scheduled
12
12
12
12
18
15
16
16
16
18
20
24
Collected
12
10
11
8
18
15
12
14
14
17
17
24
Analyzed
11
10
11
8
16
15
12
14
14
17
17
24
Samples lost.
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TABLE 22. OPERATING PARAMETERS FOR GC/MS SYSTEM
Parameter
Setting
Inlet-manifoJd:
Desorption Chamber and Valve:
Capillary Trap - minimum:
- maximum:
Thermal Desorption Time:
He purge flow:
GC Conditions:
60 m BB-1 Wide Bore Fused Silica:
Carrier (He) Flow:
Separator Oven:
MS Conditions:
Finnigan 3300:
Scan Range:
Scan Cycle, automatic:
Hold Time:
Filament Current:
Electron multiplier:
270°C
-195°C
240°C
8 min
15 mL/min
40°C (hold 5 rain) - 240°C
4°C/min
1.0 mL/min
240°C
m/z 35 to 350
1.9 sec/cycle
0.1 sec
0.5 mA
1600 volts
84
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AT is the peak area of target compound and ngj are the ng of target
compound loaded onto the cartridge. Likewise, AES and ng^s are the peak
area and amount loaded of the external standard.
Relative response factors were determined prior to the analysis of any
sample cartridges for each field monitoring trip by establishing a data
base of response factors using eight to fifteen standard cartridges. RRFs
for each cartridge were calculated. After eliminating obvious outliers in
this data base, the average RRF and its standard deviation were calculated
for each target volatile.
During each day of sample analysis, two additional standard cartridges
were analyzed. If the RRFs calculated for these cartridges fell within *3
S.D. of the average response factor, then the GC/MS system was considered
in control and the average RRF was used to quantitate targets on sample
cartridges using the following equation:
AT - ngES
ngT " A£S • RRFT
where ngj is the amount of target volatile present on the sample cartridge.
Relative response factors and control limits used for quantitating each
set of field samples are listed in Table 23. Data from this table
illustrate that for several of the target volatiles including benzene,
trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, styrene, and ethyl
benzene, a large variation in relative response factors was considered
acceptable.
Method Validation
Loading of External Standards--
Before each Tenax cartridge was analyzed, known amounts of two external
standards, perfluorobenzene (PFB) and perfluorotoluene (PFT), were added as
a vapor mixture for sample quantisation. A small study was conducted to
determine the reproducibility of this operation. Several cartridges were
loaded with PFB and PFT using a permeation system with a 10 mL gas syringe.
Once loaded, cartridges were thermally desorbed and analyzed by GC/FID.
Chromatographic peak areas were determined using an electronic integrator.
Results shown in Table 24 demonstrate reproducible loading using this
technique.
85
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00
TABLE 23. RELATIVE RESPONSE FACTORS (RRF) USED FOR QUANTITATION OF VOLATILE ORGANICS
Target
Volatile
1,1,1-trichloroetbane
carbon tetrachlorlde
chloroform
1 ,2-dichloroe thane
benzene
trlchloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
chlorobenzene
Ion
61
97
99
117
119
83
85
62
64
78
95
130
132
164
166
77
112
114
Ia
0.56+0.18(0.19-0.96)
1.12+0.29(0.26-1.97)
0.71-1-0.17(0.19-1.24)
0.88+0.16(0.39-1.37)
0.88+0.16(0.37-1 32)
1.69+0.37(0.59-2.78)
1.08+0.24(0.38-1 79)
1.46+0.32(0.49-2.43)
0.45+0.10(0.15-0.75)
3.99+0.72(1.84-6.14)
0.99+0.25(0.23-1.75)
1.02+0.26(0.25-1.80)
0.97+0.24(0.24-1 69)
0.98+0 23(0.28-1 68)
1.24+0.29(0.37-2.11)
1.85+0.40(0 66-3 43)
3.35+0.73(1.24-5 46)
1.04+0.22(0.39-1 69)
Mean RRF
IIb
0.23+0.00(0.22-0.24)
0.49+0 03(0 41-0.57)
0.29+0.02(0.24-0.34)
0.32+0.03(0 22-0.42)
0.31+0.03(0.21-0.41)
0 86+0.02(0.78-0.94)
0 52+0.01(0.48-0.56)
0.58+0.01(0.54-0.62)
0.18+0.00(0.17-0.19)
1.91+0,03(1.81-2.01)
0.48+0.02(0.41-0.55)
0 53+0.02(0.47-0.60)
0.50+0.02(0.44-0.56)
0,29+0 01(0,26-0 32)
0.32+0,01(0.28-0.36)
0.44+0.01(0.42-0.46)
0 83+0.01(0 80-0.86)
0.52+0.01(0.50-0.54)
± SD (Control Limits)
mc
0.15+0.03(0.08-0.23)
0.30+0.05(0.14-0.45)
0.19+0.03(0.09-0.30)
0.16+0.02(0.09-0.23)
0.16+0.02(0.09-0.22)
0.84+0.06(0.65-1.04)
0.55+0.04(0.43-0.67)
0.49+0.08(0.24-0.75)
0.14+0.24(0.07-0.22)
0.83+0.12(0.47-1.18)
0.24+0.09(0-0.52)
0.25+0.10(0-0.54)
0.23+0.09(0-0.49)
0.52+0.15(0.07-0.96)
0.64+0.19(0.11-1.18)
1.10+0.14(0.69-1.51)
2 10+0.27(1.28-2.91)
0.63+0.82(0.39-0.88)
IVd
0.15+0.03(0.08-0.23)
0.47+0.03(0.40-0.55)
0.30+0.02(0.26-0.35)
0.30+0.01(0.26-0.34)
0.30+0.01(0.25-0.34)
0.80+0.03(0.72-0.57)
0.52+0.02(0.47-0.59)
0.54+0.02(0.47-0.59)
0.17+0.01(0.15-0.19)
2.22+0.76(0-4.50)
0.28+0.03(0.19-0.37)
0.32+0 03(0.23-0 41)
0.30+0.03(0.22-0.39)
0.32+0.12(0-0.66)
0.41+0.14(0-0.84)
0.62+0.33(0-1.60)
1.24+0.64(0-3.17)
0.38+0.20(0-0.97)
Ve
0.40+0.11(0.08-0.71)
0.87+0.20(0.28-1.46)
0.56+0.13(0.18-0.94)
0.73+0.13(0.34-1.12)
0.72+0.12(0.35-1.09)
1.03+0.04(0.90-1.16)
0.78+0.14(0.59-0.76)
0.78+0.14(0.37-1.19)
0.25+0.05(0.11-0.40)
2.91+0.63(1.02-4.81)
0.94+0.19(0.36-1.51)
0.97+0.18(0.42-1.51)
0.94+0.16(0.42-1.51)
0.85+0.06(0,66-1.03)
1.02+0.08(0.80-1.25)
1 87+0.14(1.45-2.28)
3.51+0.26(2.73-4 28)
1.12+0.08(0.88-1.35)
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
83 2.16+0.32(1.20-3.12)
166 0.12+0.02(0.07-0 17)
168 0.15+0.02(0.08-0.22)
1.49+0.11(1.15-1.82)
0 09+0.01(0.07-0.11)
0.12+0.01(0.10-0.14)
1.48+0.11(1.14-1.18)
0.09+0.01(0.07-0.27)
0.11+0.01(0.10-0.13)
1.14+0.16(0.65-1.63)
0.07+0.01(0.04-0.10)
0.09+0.01(0.05-0.13)
1.49+0.19(0.93-2.06)
0.10+0.01(0.07-0.13)
0.12+0.01(0.08-0.161)
(continued)
-------
TABLE 23. (cont'd.)
Target
Volatile
£-dichlorobeozene
o-dicblorobenzene
styrene
ethyl benzene
g-xylene
o-nylene
o-decaoe
00
n-undec«a£
D-dodecanc
*I - Elderly horce-1
bll - School
CIII - Office-1
dIV - Office-2
eV - Office-3 aDd Elderly
fNot Calibrated
Ion
146
148
146
148
104
91
126
91
106
91
106
57
85
142
57
85
156
57
85
170
home-^
l*
3.06+0 28(2.21-3.91)
1.88+0.18(1.34-2.41)
2.83+0 28(2.00-3.67)
1.74+0.17(1.22-2.26)
3.52*0.38(2.39-4.65)
4.61*0.46(3.23-5.99)
1.59*0.16(1.09-2.08)
3.67*0.26(2.88-4.47)
2.01*0.19(1.43-2.58)
3.70+0.42(2.43-4.97)
1.95+0.19(1.39-2.52)
NC£
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
Mean KR>
11
1.40*0.08(1.38-1 42)
0.83+0.05(0.58-0.98)
1.29+0.09(1.02-1.56)
0.77+0.05(0.62-0.92)
1.64+0.14(1.22-2.06)
1.40+0.71(0-3.53)
0.43+0.24(0-1.15)
1.56+0 42(0.30-2.82)
0.84+0.24(0.36-1.32)
1.79+0.15(1.49-2.19)
0.90+0.07(0.86-1.04)
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
+ SU (Control Limilb)
I1IC
1.84+0.21(1.21-2.48)
1.12+0.13(7.38-1.51)
1.77+0.19(1 19-2.35)
1.08*0.12(0.72-1.43)
2.11*0.22(1.44-2 78)
2.70*0.45(1.36-4.04)
0.87*0.15(0.41-1.33)
2.26+0.22(1 59-2.93)
1.19+0.10(0.88-1.50)
2 38*0.34(1.36-3.39)
1.18+0.16(0.71-1.64)
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
,*
ivd
1.34+0.10(1 04-1.64)
0.82+0.06(0.64-1.01)
1.29+0.01(1.02-1.56)
0.79+0.05(0 63-0.95)
1.56*0.16(1.09-2.04)
1.78*0.48(0.34-3.23)
0 60*0.18(0.07-1.12)
1.48+0.21(0.86-2.10)
0.86+0.13(0.48-1.24)
1.59+0.15(1.13-2.05)
0.86*0.08(0.61-1.10)
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
Ve
1.85*0.18(1.32-2.37)
1.15+0.11(0.82-1.47)
2.04*0.18(1.50-2.59)
1.26+0.12(0.91-1.61)
2.23+0.29(0.35-3 11)
2.72+0.37(1.64-3.84)
1.25+0.17(0.74-1.75)
2.33+0.33(1.34-3 32)
1.56*0.21(0.92-2.20)
2.31*0.31(1.39-3.23)
1.48+0.19(0.91-2.05)
1.57+0.22(0.90-2.23)
0.52+0 08(0.28-0.74)
0.15+0.02(0.09-0.20)
2.33+0.34(1.31-3.34)
0.66+0.09(0.38-0.93)
0.17+0.02(0.11-0.23)
2.39+0.34(1.36-3.42)
0.75+0.10(0.45-1.05)
0 16+0.02(0.11-0.22)
-------
TABLE 24. EXTERNAL STANDARDS LOADED FROM PERMEATION SYSTEM AND ANALYZED BY GC/FID
CO
CO
Date
Analyzed
4-6-83
4-6-83
4-6-83
4-6-83
4-6-83
4-7-83
4-8-83
4-8-83
4-12-83
Mean ± S.D.
(CV)
Area PFB x 103
757.9
•W50.0
735.2
842.1
826.2
762.4
•V815.1
888.1
712.5
787.7 ± 58 (7.3)
Area PFT
470.
500.
452.
509.
475.
556.
•^550
•^580
636.
525.7 ±
3
x 10 Comments
7
_ Interference in PFB -
Integrated manually
8
1
5
1
Interference in PFB &
PFT
Interference in PFT
7
60 (11)
-------
Limits of Detection
Instrumental limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation limits (QL)
were calculated from the data base generated for relative response factor
determinations. The limits of detection was defined as the ng/cartridges
required to give 500 area counts during analysis, assuming a linear
response for the GC/MS system. The QL was equal to 4X the LOD or the
number of ng/cartridge which would correspond to 2000 area counts. The
calculations for LOD and QL may be expressed as:
ngT • 500
LOD =
HT
2000
QL =
where ngy is the amount of target loaded onto the standard cartridges and
AT is the average GC/MS area response resulting from analysis of the
standard cartridge. Values for LOD and QL used during analysis for each
field monitoring are tabulated in Table 25.
QC Results
Sets of quality control samples were prepared for each sampling trip.
Each set contained an unspiked cartridge to serve as a blank and two spiked
cartridges which served as controls. Cartridges were spiked with 100-500
ng target compounds (see Tables 8 and 9). All field controls and blanks
were analyzed. During the first three trips, the laboratory controls and
blanks were also analyzed; however, during later trips laboratory QC
samples were processed only if poor results were obtained from the field QC
samples. Results of QC analysis are given in Tables 26 and 27. Percent
recovery was calculated as:
ngpc - ngFB
% Recovery = — ^ - ^ x 100%
ngspiked
where ngpcis the average amount of target compound found on field controls;
ngpB is the average amount of target compound found on field blanks; and
n9spiked ^s tne amount of target compound spiked onto field controls.
89
-------
TABLE 25. INSTRUMENTAL LODs AND QLs FOR VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CO
o
ng/cartridge
Compound
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachlo roethane
Styrene
£-Di chlorobenzene
o -Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
I
LOD
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
lf
ND
ND
ND
a
QL
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
ND
ND
ND
nb mc ivd
LOD
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ND
ND
ND
QL
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
ND
ND
ND
LOD
2
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ND
ND
ND
QL
8
12
4
4
4
8
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
ND
ND
ND
LOD
1
2
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ND
ND
ND
QL
4
8
4
4
4
12
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
ND
ND
ND
V
LOD
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
e
QL
4
8
4
4
4
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Elderly home-1
^School
"Office - Trip 1
Wfice - Trip 2
"Office - Trip 3 and Elderly home-2
ND - Not determined
-------
TABLE 26. PERCENT RECOVERY FOR TARGET VOLATILES FROM FIELD CONTROL SAMPLES
% Recovery + S.D.3
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m&ja-Di chlorobenzene
o-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m&j>-Xylene
1,1,2 , 2-Tetrachlorobenzene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Elderly
home-1
77+5
80+4
99+14
76+7
79+3
87+4
91+5
93+4
85+4
82+5
76+3
87+3
87+4
89+7
82+2
NT°
NT
NT
School
105+14
99+16
98+28
79+33
79+23
64+09
89+19
120+60
87+51
114+18
86+14
121+70
87+47
100+43
92+32
NT
NT
NT
Office -
trip 1
122+4
154+5
180+8
245+7
194+2
219+6
45+6
108+3,
"2
108K
107^
119h
113h
118b
113b
NT
NT
NT
Office -
trip 2
89+3
98+5
92+4
67+4
108+9
126+49
102+42
93+59,
Il2b
109K
108^
133b
112h
118b
72+27
NT
NT
NT
Office -
trip 3
86+12
122+28
110+32
101+9
109+12
111+8
100+9
94+10
107+8
109+13
104+12
104+9
106+8
107+8
94+15
124+15
99+14
97+14
Elderly
home-2
103+8
105+16
116+28
81+18
86+13
82+18
99+6
96+8
112+19
110+5
106+5
104+6
102+7
102+5
104+3
117+17
110+7
98+9
Triplicate determinations.
Duplicate determinations - one control lost during analysis,
"Not Tested; compounds were not targets at the start of the study.
-------
TABLE 27. LEVEL OF TARGET VOLATILES FOUND ON FIELD BLANKS
Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m&£-Di chlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m&j>-Xylene
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachlo roe thane
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Elderly
home-1
2+1
ND°
50121
42116
ND
213
ND
1+1
312
411
112
110
1+0
211
3+7
612
311
111
School
6+5
ND
17+5
21112
ND
111
ND
111
1+1
412
1+1
111
111
411
ND
ND
14114
111
ng 1 S.D
Office -
trip 1
4+1
ND
9+2
58122
ND
412
ND
1+1
8+11
210
ND
312
111
411
ND
ND
815
413
•a
. /cartridge
Office - Office -
trip 2 trip 3
4^ 35+28
mr ND
1 7+6
48J' 23112
ND 111
2u 2±2
Jl
ND ND
U 2±1
14h 2±1
°h ^
ND 213
3h l±l
Xh 1±l
3* 312
ND^ ND
°b ND
3^ 516
2 2+1
Elderly
home-2
10161
ND
14111
31113
212
312
111
2+0 ,
n
131+11
111
2+2
1013
5+2
9+4
ND
ND
4+1
411
Triplicate determinations.
Duplicate determinations.
Not Detected.
Very high level also found on laboratory blanks and control cartridges.
-------
Data shows generally acceptable recoveries for field controls.
Exceptions were the high recoveries for 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and trichloroethylene noted
during the first trip to the office building. An examination of the GC/MS
calibration data showed that the relative response factors used to
quantitate samples for the targets were much lower than the relative
response factors calculated from standard cartridges run the day of the
analysis. This discrepancy would result in calculating erroneously high
levels of the target compounds per cartridge and hence give high recovery
values. Although the high recovery values make data for these targets from
the first trip to the office suspect, adjusting concentrations found on
field cartridges by recovery should help minimize the error. It should be
noted that although most of the RRFs calculated from the daily standards
were considered in control, significant quantisation errors resulted. This
emphasizes the necessity for imposing more rigorous control limits in
future studies.
Analysis of field blanks showed fairly high background levels of
benzene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Contamination with
1,1,1-trichloroethane was greatest at the elderly home-1. High levels of
styrene were found on both field blanks from the elderly home-2. High
levels of chloroform were found on field blanks from the third trip to the
office building.
Sample Analysis
Table 21 shows the number of samples for volatile organics both
collected and analyzed for each field monitoring trip.
As described previously, output from the GC/MS analysis was ng of
target per cartridge (ngj). This raw mass was then corrected for
background by subtracting mean values for each target (BKG) as determined
from field blank cartridges. The mean target values for field control
cartridges (spiked with known amounts of each target) allowed for
calculation of recovery. These were used to correct the background
subtracted mass/cartridge values for recovery. Thus, the final, corrected
mass determination was calculated as:
ngT - BKG
Total "9 = recovery
93
-------
Since the volume of air drawn through each cartridge sample was known and
the quantity of substance per cartridge can be determined, when the
breakthrough volume is not exceeded, the level in ambient air is given by:
M Total ng
m3 'Volume Sampled (L)
If the breakthrough volume was exceeded, the "Total ng" calculated was
divided by the breakthrough volume to give an ambient air concentration
value that represents the best estimate of the concentration, assuming a
constant concentration throughout the sampling period.
Pesticides/PCBs
Recovery of target pesticides/PCBs from polyurethane foam (PUF) plugs
was accomplished by a 14 h soxhlet extraction of the PUF with 150 ml of
hexane. The hexane was concentrated to 1 mL by Kuderna-Danish evaporation
followed by nitrogen blowdown.
Samples from the elderly home-1 and the primary school were
fractionated using florisil open column chromatography. Each fraction was
then concentrated to 1 ml using nitrogen blowdown. Chromatographic
conditions and fractionation pattern of the target pesticides and PCBs are
given in Table 28. Samples from the remaining four field trips were
analyzed without fractionation since this procedure did not significantly
improve the ability to quantitate target chemicals, but did significantly
increase analysis time.
An external standard, octachloronaphthalene, was added to each sample
or sample fraction prior to GC analysis. All samples were analyzed by
GC/ECD using the conditions described in Table 29. Chromatograms of target
compounds are given in Figures 11 to 14. Target compounds in PUF extracts
were quantitated using relative response factors (RRF) generated for each
pesticide, PCB, and chlordane peak. RRF values were generated by analyzing
standard solutions (Table 30) prepared in hexane containing known
concentrations of each target and the external standard. For the target
pesticide, the RRF was calculated as:
Ap • pgp
RRF =
AES • PgES
94
-------
TABLE 28. FRACTIONATION PATTERN OF TARGET PESTICIDES AND PCBs
DURING FLORISIL CHROMATOGRAPHY3
Compound
Fraction
I
Fraction
II
a-BHC
HCB
y-BHC
p-BHC
Heptachlor
Oxychlordane
Heptachlor Epoxide
£,£'-DDE
£,£'-DDD
£,E'-DDT
tech. Chlordane
Arochlor 1260
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
310 g of florisil eluted 50 ml of hexane (Fraction I) and 50 mL of
5% methyl-t-butyl ether in hexane (Fraction II).
TABLE 29. OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR GC/ECD ANALYSIS OF TARGET
PESTICIDES AND PCBs
Parameter
Column:
Nitrogen Carrier Flow:
Temperatures:
Injector:
Column:
Detector:
Detector Type:
Specification
1% SE 30 on Supelcoport
25 mL/min
220°C
120°C to 220°C § 5°C/min;
final time, 15 min
260°C
Ni63 BCD
95
-------
cc
i
e
I
y .
E rej
i^: &:
Id =51
•V^i^- -^
O-i i
•o
X
o
f^
u:
o
X
u
ts
4->
o
^
o
c
cS
o
f-H
1
o
1
1
o
x
! U
C3
c
o
1
V.
c
"
•^
u
. w
. c,
o
1
A. 1
l-^
cU
UJ
o
c
1
eJ
J
y
£,
1
il
H
Cl
ij
eCl
1
,
L
(U
(U
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 11. Chromatogram of target pesticides analyzed by GC/ECD.
96
-------
c
c
o
;U
AU
-V.
o
o
o
10
15
20
25
I
30
Figure 12. Chromatogram of technical Chlordane analyzed by GC/ECD.
97
-------
I
10
I
15
!
20
Time (minutes)
25
30
Figure 13. Chromatogram of Aroclor 1254 analyzed by GC/ECD.
98
-------
,,
fil!
1
1
_jv
!/x
i
''
ji
!
,' i
i •
\ \ \
0 5 10
1
ll i
1
! |
I
1
'
f
i
\
1
f
1
1
!
i
i
!
f
1
\
1
1
I
I
u
c
o
1—*
re
f.
Ci-
ro
c
o
f-
c
u
i 2
| u
1 [
1
1 !
1 '
l^[
15 20 25 30
Time (minutes)
Figure 14. Chromatogram of Aroclor 1260 analyzed by GC/ECD.
99
-------
TABLE 30. CALIBRATION STANDARDS FOR PESTICIDE/PCB ANALYSIS
Compound Concentration (pg/pL)
Solution 1
a-BHC 8.48
HCB 9.28
P,y-BHC 28.32
Heptachlor 7.68
Heptachlor epoxide 7.35
trans-Nonachlor 9.41
8-96
7.28
8.96
Solution 2
tech. Chlordane 72.0
Solution 3
Aroclor 1254 247
Solution 4
Aroclor 1260 230
100
-------
where Ap and A£$ are the peak areas measured for the pesticide and external
standard, respectively and pgp and pg^$ are the pg of the pesticide and ES
injected onto the GC column. For the PCBs, RRFs were generated for both
Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260 using the Webb McCall method. (8) For
technical chlordane, it was assumed that each peak in the GC pattern
resulted from an equal amount of chlordane. Since there were eight peaks
for quantisation (Figure 12), the relative response factor for any
individual peak (RRF-j) was calculated as:
AES ' WES
where A-j is the area of response of peak i and pgt is the pg of technical
chlordane injected into the GC column. Prior to analysis of PUF extracts,
RRF factors were calculated from triplicate injections of the standards
listed in Table 30. Each day samples were analyzed, the standards were
reanalyzed, and new RRFs generated. The daily RRFs were used for sample
quantitation. Table 31 lists the relative response factors used during
quantisation.
Detector linearity was demonstrated between 0.4 pg and ~10 ng for all
of the target pesticides, between 12.4 pg and 124 ng for technical
chlordane, and between 77 pg and 23.6 ng for Aroclor 1254. Correlation
coefficients of least squares analysis for each target were generally
greater than 0.99 for calibration curves generated in the above ranges.
Limits of Detection Quantitation Limits
Estimated quantitation limits (QL) were calculated from the data base
generated for relative response factor determinations. During sample
analysis, the data acquisition system was set with a lower threshold limit
of 500,000 area counts. In other words, any chromatographic peak with less
than 500,000 area counts would not be recognized as a peak, therefore, no
data would be acquired. Under these conditions, the estimated quantitation
limits were defined as the number of pg injected onto the GC column which
would give 500,000 area counts during analysis. The calculation for QL may
be expressed as:
pg_ • 500,000
101
-------
TABLE 31. RELATIVE RESPONSE FACTORS (RRF) GENERATED FOR THE
QUANTITATION OF PUF EXTRACTS
Compound
or-BHC
HCB
P,Y-bHi
Hept dor
Hept Epox
t- V H3.. r.l or
p,p'-DDE
p,jj'-DDD
j>,p' -DDT
CLOR ]a
CLOR 2
CLOR 3
CLOR 4
CLOR 5
CLOR 6
CLOR 7
CLOK 8
PCB 70C
PCB 84
PCE 104
PCB 125
PCB 146
PCt 17s
PCb 703
PCE 84
PCB 104
Pub 117
PCb 125
PCB 146
PCB 174
PCE 203
PCE 232
PCB 280
PCB 332
PCB 372
PCE 448
PCB 528
Daily RRF
0 52
0 68
0 70
0 55
0 53
0 72
0 67
1 54
1.28
0 70
0 64
0 66
0 70
0 66
0 98
1 58
0 71
7.81
4 24
8 55
3 80
3 24
1.64
6 11
0 51
8 96
1.22
3 48
3 85
2 68
1.17
1.33
1 35
3 41
0 96
0 49
0.51
0.52
0.56
0 77
0 53
0.46
0 79
0 73
1 36
1.18
0.79
0 69
NC6
NC
0 74
1.12
1.70
0.78
7 54
4.68
17 90
4 62
3.72
1.74
5 99
0 47
8 43
4 20
3.46
3 84
2.59
1 15
1 33
0.72
3.00
0 91
0 47
0 47
0.40
0.38
0.68
0 48
0.50
0.63
0 55
1.06
1.03
0 78
0 69
0 75
0.81
0.77
1 16
1.84
0.81
NC
3.82
10.1
4.91
3 43
1 98
6 10
0.51
8 60
1.21
3.34
4 34
2 89
1 22
1 39
0 76
3 87
1 02
0 46
0.51
0.63
0.65
0 99
0 72
0.63
0.68
0.60
1.21
1 08
0.71
0.62
0 67
0 72
0.70
0.70
0 72
0.72
7.57
4 68
17 9
4.62
3 73
1.74
5.59
0 47
8.16
1.11
3 18
3 86
2.46
1 .08
1.29
0 70
3 25
0.92
0.43
0 47
0 48
0.57
0.69
0.53
0.49
0 69
0.62
1.28
1.03
0.78
0 65
0.68
0.72
0 72
1.07
1 70
0.75
5 69
4.28
16.5
2.37
2.04
1 70
5.57
NC
8 17
NC
3 16
3.87
2 45
NC
1 28
0 70
3 26
NC
0.44
NC
0.52
0.56
0 77
0 53
0.46
0.79
0.73
1 36
1.18
0 69
0.56
0.60
0.65
0 67
1.03
1 57
0.67
5 49
4.21
9.22
2.23
1.92
1.67
9.87
0 50
9 62
1 1
3.29
3.53
2 46
1 10
1.24
0.68
2.78
0 86
0.52
0.50
0 48
0.39
1.02
0 65
0.58
0.87
0.71
1 03
1.31
0.98
0.88
0.80
0.83
0.80
1.19
1.91
0.93
4.88
6.91
10 8
1.17
1.14
1 02
6.08
0 57
8 18
1 29
3.98
2 71
2 29
1 15
1.30
0.59
2 17
0 83
0.58
0.57
0 57
0.48
1 07
0 69
0.51
1.02
0.82
1.26
0.88
1.08
0.87
0.85
0.87
0.83
1.22
2.04
1.01
5.52
8.74
11.2
3.10
4.87
1.17
6.09
0.56
8.14
1 29
3 97
2.70
2.28
1.14
1 30
0.59
2.16
0.83
0.58
0.56
0 44
0.36
0 83
0.50
0.48
1.05
0 67
0 90
1.75
1.08
0.87
0.85
0.98
0.83
1.22
2 04
1.01
5.12
4.64
10.5
2.56
2.21
1.81
5.31
0.55
7.74
1.20
3.67
2.70
2.26
1 15
1.30
0.74
2 13
0.82
0.59
0.55
0.58
0.48
1 26
0.71
0.73
0.92
0.77
1.18
0.96
0 88
0 73
0 77
0 78
0 76
0.81
0.83
0 82
5.50
4 97
11.2
2.66
2.24
1.84
NC
0.39
NC
0.83
2.53
1.85
1 60
0 82
0.91
0 51
1 45
0.57
0.41
0.39
0 56
0 44
1 18
0.68
0 69
0 95
0.79
1 .23
0 58
0.91
0 75
0 72
0 80
0.79
0 84
0.87
0.87
5 50
5 08
11 5
2.74
2 45
1 .99
NC
0 39
11 6
0.89
2.65
1 .91
1.52
0 83
0 93
0 51
1 48
0 57
0 42
0 39
Represents a single peak of tech. chlordane.
Not calculated, RRf from previous day was used for quantitation.
Hep resents a single peak in an Aroclor 1254 standard. Webb-McCall peak numbers are given.
Represents a single peak in an Aroclor 1260 standard. Webb-McCall peak numbers are given.
102
-------
where pgp is the amount of pesticide injected during instrument calibration
and "ftp is the GC/ECD area response resulting from analysis of standard
solutions under the least sensitive conditions. QL values generated using
this procedure are listed in Table 32. Since these values are above the
linear range, all detected values could be quantitated and the limit of
detection is also equal to the QL.
A method QL was calculated assuming a 2 pi injection of a 1 mL sample
extract using a total air volume of 4 m3.
QC Results
Control samples were prepared and analyzed along with field samples for
each sampling site. Unspiked PUF plugs served as blanks. PUF plugs spiked
with the target pesticides, technical chlordane and Aroclor 1260 (see Table
10) were utilized as controls. For the first two sites, both field and
laboratory controls and blanks were processed and analyzed. During
subsequent trips, only the field QC sets were utilized. Results of the
analysis of field controls and blanks are given in Tables 33 and 34.
Percent recovery was calculated as:
% Recovery = — - x 100%
ngspiked
where -
is the average amount of target pesticides found on field controls.
is the average amount of target pesticides found on field blanks; and
n9spiked 1S the amount of target compound spiked onto field controls.
Recoveries calculated for the earlier trips (elderly home-1 and school)
were generally lower and more variable than those calculated for later
field monitoring trips. These results could be attributed to several
factors:
1) Florisil fractionation was performed on the extracts from the
early trips but was not used on later trips;
2) PUF plugs were stored for a longer period of time prior to
extraction;
3) sample extracts were stored for a longer period of time prior to
analysis; and
4) implementation of the analytical technique may have improved with
time.
103
-------
TABLE 32. QUANTITATION LIMITS (QL) FOR TARGET PESTICIDES AND PCB
Compound
a-BHC
HCB
P,Y-BHCa
Heptachlor
trans -Nona chlor
o
Heptachlor Epoxide/Oxychlordane
£,£'-DDE
£,p_'-DDD
£,£'-DDT
Aroclor 1260
tech. Chlordane
QL
(pg injected)
0.57
0.49
1.21
0.67
1.07
0.79
0.96
1.26
0.95
1.84
1.69
Method QL
(ng/m )
0.071
0.061
0.151
0.084
0.134
0.099
0.120
0.158
0.119
0.230
0.211
Compounds coeluted; QL calculated together.
104
-------
TABLE 33. PERCENT RECOVERY FOR CALCULATED FIELD CONTROL SAMPLES
o
01
% Recovery + S.D.
Compound
a-BHC
HCB
p'y-BHCC
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide/
Oxychlordane
£,£'-DDE
£,j>'-DDD
£,£'-DDT
Aroclor 1260
tech. Chlordane
Elderly
home-1
32+32
45+30
42+20
72+47
54+19
65+18
83+6
66+20
14+5
9.3+2.5
School-1
66+64
51+34
75+90
86+86
75+54
70+50
126+109
26+20
72+14
47+25
Office-1
34+6
64+43
59+30
110+25
52+20
79+29
127+17
64+61
78+35
23+25
Office-2
28+22
NCb
NC
NC
57+25
113
194+70
116+5
85+26
48+21
Office-3
65+13
90+34
95+18
94+18
81+15
119+20
255+42
124+19
70+10
63+10
Elderly
home -2
84
95
87
89
72
115
218
166
64
61
Single control valid; FC-2 was contaminated at OCN peak; FC-3 was only spiked with
Aroclor 1260.
Not Calculated; high interferences.
"Compound coeluted; quantitated together.
-------
TABLE 34. LEVEL OF TARGET PESTICIDES/PCBs FOUND ON FIELD BLANKS
ng/sample
Compound
oi-BHC
HCB
P,Y-BHCb
Heptachlor
Heptachlor eppxide/
Oxychlordane
£,£'-DDE
£,£'-DDD
£,£'-DDT
PCBs
tech. Chlordane
Elderly
home-1
16+16
ND
ND
1.4+1.2
1.9+1.9
1.0+1.0
ND
1.9+1.9
14+14
1.2+0
School
ND3
3.1+3.1
ND
ND
1.7+1.7
ND
ND
7.1+8.2
12+14
3.4+2.3
Office-1
1.0+0.71
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
7.4+7.7
7.0+5.9
Office-2
ND
ND
ND
5.6+3.9
ND
ND
ND
8.7+11
2.9+3.3
6.3+3.2
Office-3
ND
ND
ND
4 . 0+4 . 0
ND
ND
ND
ND
7.0+7.4
ND
Elderly
home-2
0.94+0.94
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
9.8+2.7
1.3+1.5
Not Detected.
Compounds coeluted; quantitated together.
-------
The reason for the lower recoveries of Aroclor 1260 and technical
chlordane from controls for the elderly home-1 are unknown; however, low
recoveries were also noted in the laboratory controls for this trip.
Generally, very high recoveries were reported for p_,p_'-DDD. This may have
been a chromatographic problem with some other component in the extract
decomposing to interfere with p_,p_'-DDD. There did not appear to be a
problem with contamination of field or laboratory blanks.
Sample Analysis
Table 21 shows the number of samples for pesticides/PCBs both collected
and analyzed for each field monitoring trip. As described previously,
output from the GC/ECD analysis was ng of target pesticide/PCB per PUF
plug. This raw mass (ng/plug) was then corrected for background by
subtracting mean values for each target (BKG) as determined from field
blank cartridges. The mean target values for field control cartridges
(spiked with known amounts of each target) allowed for calculation of
recovery f actors (RF). These were used to correct the background subtracted
mass/cartridge values for recovery. Thus, the final, corrected mass
determination is calculated as:
Total ng =
Since the volume of air sampled for each sample was known and the
quantity of substance per cartridge can be determined, the level in ambient
air was calculated as:
na __ Total ng
m^ ~ Volume Sampled (m^)
Significant problems occurred during the analysis of field samples
using packed column GC/ECD analysis. Many of the field samples contained
high levels of contaminants which interfered with the analysis of the
target pesticides and PCBs. This is illustrated in Figure 15 where the
large peaks at 12.6 minutes prevented quantitating p.,p_'-DDT and PCBs. When
this occurred, quantisation of the target pesticides/PCBs was not
performed. This resulted in not calculated values for ~20% of the final
data base.
107
-------
y
y
I
0
1
6
1
12
1!
Retention Time (minutes)
24
5P
Figure 15. GC/ECD chroinatogram of sample extract for the analysis
of Pesticides/PCBs.
108
-------
Fractionation using Florisil chromatography removed few of the
interferences. The use of high resolution capillary columns should reduce
problems with coeluting sample components to significantly improve the
precision, accuracy, and completeness of analytical results. This approach
is highly recommended for all future work.
FORMALDEHYDE
Analytical Method
Formaldehyde was recovered from molecular sieve samples by rinsing each
sieve sample with 18.5 ml of distilled deionized water for approximately 20
minutes in a glass stoppered 50 ml vial at room temperature. The sieve
rinse solution was filtered through Whatman No. 2 paper and collected in a
teflon-lined screw cap vial. This solution was reacted with 2.5 mL of
acidified pararosaniline reagent (0.16 g pararosaniline + 20 ml HC1 diluted
to 100 mL with deionized water) with mixing for ~5 minutes. A 250 mL
aliquot of sodium sulfate (0.1% in water) was added and the color allowed
to develop at 25°C for 75 minutes.
After 75 minutes, the solution was transferred to a cuvette and the
absorbance or optical density (O.D.) measured at 570 nm using a Beckman,
DU-2 Spectrophotometer. Samples were read against deionized water.
Quantisation was achieved using a formaldehyde calibration curve
generated from standards which were prepared at concentrations from .0925
to 3.70 ng/ml and processed at the same time as the samples.
Table 35 lists the standards used to generate the calibration curve.
Table 36 characterizes the calibration curves used for sample analysis.
Formaldehyde [HCHO] concentration in the rinse solution from each sieve was
then calculated as:
ruruni i i \\ " ^intercept
[HCHO] (/ig/mL) = slope
Method Validation
Several recovery studies were performed in order to test the analytical
method. First, molecular sieve cartridges were loaded at four different
formaldehyde concentrations and analyzed using the modified pararosaniline
technique. Table 37 gives test conditions and analytical results. A
calibration curve was run each time samples were analyzed. Table 38 shows
109
-------
TABLE 35. STANDARDS USED TO GENERATE FORMALDEHYDE CALIBRATION CURVE
Standard
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Formaldehyde Concentration
((Jg/mL in deionized water)
0
0.093
0.185
0.463
0.925
1.85
2.78
3.70
TABLE 36. CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMALDEHYDE CALIBRATION CURVE
Trip
Elderly home-1
School-1
Office-1
Office-2
Office-3
Elderly home-2
Slope
0.276
0.246
SLa
0.250
0.231
0.225
v .
intercept
-.014
-.024
SL
-0.17
-.024
-.017
r
.998
.998
SL
.998
.980
.995
2
r
.997
.997
SL
.997
.960
.990
Samples lost due to improper analysis.
110
-------
TABLE 37. FORMALDEHYDE RECOVERY STUDIES
Concentration
Amount HCHO Cone. Expected Found
Loaded (pg) (pg HCHO/mL H20) (pg HCHO/mL H20)
4.63 .23 .23
.25
.26
.18
.12
. 14
.17
5.55 .28 .28
.26
.26
.28
.25 (
•24 |a
.27
.31
.36
.33
.28
.26
9.25 .46 .41
.35
.40
.46
.32
.40
.51
18.5 .92 .76
.80
.92
.89
.91
•95 I.
.92 fa
.88
.99
1.03
.83
.88
.85
Recovery
100
109
113
78
52
61
74
100
93
93
100
89
86
96
111
128
118
100
93
89
76
87
100
70
87
111
83
87
100
97
99
103
100
96
108
112
90
96
92
No. of Days After
Loading Analyses
Was Performed
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
9
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
9
9
9
Replicate analyses from the same water rinse solution.
Ill
-------
TABLE 38. CALIBRATION CURVE DATA3 - TRIPLICATE ANALYSIS
Concentration OD
(pg HCHO/mL H20) (at 570 nm)
.0625 .028
.025
.021
.185 .047
.044
.047
.4625 .110
.113
.116
.925 -233
.234
.237
1.85 .486
.489
.489
2.78 .774
.780
.782
3.70 1.063
1.080
1.073
Mean ± SD (CV)
.025 ± .004 (14)
.046 ± .002 (4)
.113 ± .003 (3)
.235 ± .002 (1.)
.488 ± .002 (.4)
.779 ± .004 (.5)
1.072 ± .009 (.8)
3 r = .999
r2 = .998
Slope - .287
y. . = -.014
int
112
-------
reproducibility of the calibration curve when each of the standards was run
in triplicate.
In a second experiment, duplicate formaldehyde samples were collected
in each of five offices in the Dreyfus building at RTI for ~30 min at
2 L/min (total = ~60 L) , to provide an indication of what may be expected
in the field. Formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 23 ppb to 720 ppb.
Results of the duplicates showed good reproducibility as demonstrated in
Table 39.
QC Results
Quality control samples were prepared and analyzed along with field
samples for each sampling site. Unspiked sieve served as blank samples and
sieve spiked with 18.5 /;g of formaldehyde served as control samples.
Results of QC analysis are given in Table 40 and 41. Percent recovery was
calculated as:
% Recovery = — — - — x 100%
/^spiked
where -
is the average amount of formaldehyde found on field controls.
is the average amount of formaldehyde found on field blanks; and
/*9spiked 1>s the amount of formaldehyde spiked onto the sieve.
Results show generally good recoveries for all field monitoring trips
with few problems with background contamination.
Limits of Detection
The instrumental limits of detection (LODoo) and quantitation limits
(QL-Qp) for formaldehyde analysis were defined as:
LODOD = 2X ODFB
QLOD = 3X ODFB
where ODFg is the average optical density of the field blank measurements.
These instrumental LODgo and Qlgo values were then converted to method
LOD and QL values which were the /
-------
TABLE 39. RESULTS OF DUPLICATE FORMALDEHYDE ANALYSIS PERFORMED DURING
METHOD VALIDATION
Sampling Location Formaldehyde
at RTI Concentration (ppb)
1 750
680
2 21
25
3 48
44
4 139
133
5 67
63
114
-------
TABLE 40. AMOUNT OF FORMALDEHYDE FOUND ON FIELD BLANKS
Trip
Elderly home-1
School
Office-1
Office-2
Office-3
Elderly home-2
Formaldehyde
FBa(N)b
2.46(3)
5.68(3)
SLd
2.48(2)
2.20(3)
9.42(4)
Level (|Jg)
LBC
3.04(3)
6.20(3)
SL
2.08(2)
2.08(4)
5.24(4)
Field blank.
Number of blanks analyzed.
^Laboratory blank.
All samples from Office-1 trip lost.
TABLE 41. % RECOVERY OF FORMALDEHYDE FROM CONTROL SAMPLES
Trip
Elderly home-1
School
Office-1
Office-2
Office-3
Elderly home-2
% Recovery
FCa
93 ± 4(3)
60 ± 3(3)
SLd
93 ± 1(2)
78 ± 31(3)
78 ± 14(4)
± S.D.
LCC
95 ± 6(3)
71 ± 8(3)
SL
90 ± 1(2)
66 ± 31(4)
107 ± 7(4)
T~* * 1 J T
Field control.
t)
Number of controls analyzed.
"Laboratory control.
All samples from Office-1 lost.
115
-------
detection and quantisation limits in terms of formaldehyde concentration in
air, where:
inn - , 9?
LOD ' sample volume W) x 1<2Z
Bkg»g/s-jeve is the average amount of formaldehyde found on field blanks
(see Table 40) and 1.22 m^/kg is a constant used to convert m^ of air into
weight assuming 50% relative humidity under standard temperature and
pressure conditions. LOD and QL values calculated for each field
monitoring trip are given in Table 42.
Sample Analysis
Table 21 shows the number of sieve samples collected and analyzed for
each field monitoring trip. Results of the pararosaniline analysis gave jig
of formaldehyde per sieve. This raw mass (/^g/sieve) was then corrected for
background by subtracting the average amount of formaldehyde found on field
blanks ([HCOHjpg). The mean amount of formaldehyde found on field control
sieve allowed for calculation of recovery factors. These were used to
correct the background subtracted mass/cartridge values for recovery. The
final corrected mass determination was calculated as:
(/*g/s1eve) - [HCOH]pB
Total Q = - -
Since the volume of air sampled to produce a given sample was known,
formaldehyde concentration in ppb in air was calculated as:
ruCHOi = total /jg/1.22 m /kfl
L Jppb sample volume (m3)
where -
1.22 m^/kg is the factor used to convert m^ of air into kg weight
assuming 50% relative humidity at standard temperature and pressure
conditions.
INHALABLE AND RESPIRABLE PARTICIPATES
Analytical Method
Filters used for sampling inhalable and respirable particulates with
the Dichotomous sampler were weighed by EPA (EMSL-RTP) before and after
exposure.
116
-------
TABLE 42. LIMITS OF DETECTION AND QUANTITATION LIMITS FOR FORMALDEHYDE ANALYSIS
Trip
Elderly home-1
School
Office-1
Office-2
Office-3
Elderly home-2
OD
.040
.092
SLb
.028
.002
.180
LOD
|Jg/sieve
3.92
9.40
SL
3.60
2.20
17.42
ppba
^20
^50
SL
~15
M.5
M.OO
OD
.060
.038
SL
.042
.003
.270
QL
[Jg/sieve
5.36
13.20
SL
4.72
2.34
25.4
ppb
~32
-^70
SL
•v-30
M.5
•v-150
Exact LOD depends upon the volume collected for each field sample.
All samples from Office-1 trip lost.
-------
Filters used for sampling inhalable and respirable particulates using
the NBS samplers were weighed at Research Triangle Institute before and
after exposure. Filters were weighed using a Mettler Balance (Serial No.
650272) with certified accuracy to 0.001 mg. Filters were equilibrated at
70±1°C and 50*2% relative humidity before weighing. All filters were
exposed to an ionizing source immediately prior to weighing to reduce the
static charge and improve reproducibility of filter weights. Results of
filter weights were reported to the nearest fiq.
QC Results
Unexposed filters were set aside to serve as blanks for each sampling
trip. For each trip, one-half of the blank filters were sent to the field
to serve as field blanks while the other half remained in the laboratory.
All blanks were weighed before and after sampling at the same time as field
samples. No control samples were available. Data for blank samples are
given in Table 43.
Limits of Detection
No limits of detection or quantifiable limits were defined for either
the samples weighed by RTI or the samples weighed by EPA. A particulate
concentration was reported for all samples.
Sample Analysis
Table 21 shows the number of samples for inhalable and respirable
particulates collected and analyzed for each field monitoring trip.
Particulate concentration in air samples was calculated as:
PW - FW - FB
[Particulate] mg/m3 - Volume^f ai/sampled (n.3)
where -
is the filter weight before exposure.
is the filter weight after exposure.
FB is the average amount of particulate found on the blank filters.
During the second trip to the office building, the weight determination
of filters before exposure was not performed properly; therefore, a weight
differential and particulate concentration could not be determined for any
of the samples collected during this trip.
118
-------
TABLE 43. RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF BLANK FILTERS FOR RESPIRABLE
PARTICULATE
Trip Weight Difference (mg) + SD
Elderly home-1 0.008 ± 0.005
School NCb
Office-1 0.002 ± 0.001
Office-2 SL°
Office-3 0.023 ± 0.00?d
0.015 ± 0.0106
Elderly home-2 0.010 ± 0.005d
oe
Height difference = (weight) - (weight) where (weight) and
(weight) are the weights or the same blank sample taken Before
and after field monitoring.
Not collected as specified in the Work Plan.
CAll samples lost from the second trip to the office.
Coarse particulate filter.
g
Fine particulate filter.
119
-------
ELEMENTS
Analytical Method
Filters collected for element determinations were sent to Florida State
University for analysis by proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE)
spectrometry. Analysis was performed for the elements listed in Table 44.
Types and numbers of samples analyzed from each trip are described in Table
45.
At the elderly home-1 and the school where the streakers were used for
sample collection, portions of the filter remained unexposed to serve as
field blanks. During analysis, metal concentrations were determined for
five of the unexposed segments on the filters. For the remaining field
monitoring effort, unexposed filters served as field and laboratory blanks.
Only the field blanks were analyzed. Results of the analysis of blank
filters are given in Tables 46 to 48.
Limits of Detection (LOP)
Instrumental limits of detection were generated by Florida State
University during analysis of each set of samples. These data are given in
Table 49. Instrumental limit of detection is a function of irradiation
time. Filters from the office and the school were irradiated for a shorter
time period than filters from the elderly home-1, and hence have higher
LCDs by approximately two orders of magnitude. However, since large
samples were collected at these sites, approximately the same final
concentration in air could be detected for all samples.
Estimated method LCDs were calculated from the results of field blank
measurements. For the metals which were detected in the field blanks,
method LOD were calculated as LOD = X+2 S.D. where X is the average amount
of the element found on the blank and S.D. is the calculated standard
deviation of the measurement. Where elements were not detected on field
blanks, the method LOD was identical to the instrumental LOD.
For sampling sites where streakers were used (i.e., the elderly
home-1 and the school), method LODs were calculated for each filter
analyzed. Then the highest calculated LOD on any of filters from one site
was used as the method LOD for that field sampling site. For the remaining
sampling sites (i.e., the office and the elderly home-2) , results of all
120
-------
TABLE 44. ELEMENTS ANALYZED BY PIXE ANALYSIS
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorous
Chlorine
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Sulfur
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Arsenic
Bromine
Strontium
Selenium
Rubidium
Cadmium
Mercury
Lead
Iron
Zirconium
Molybdenum
Not analyzed on filters exposed at the elderly home-1.
Not analyzed on filters exposed at the school.
121
-------
TABLE 45. ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED FOR EACH SAMPLING TRIP
to
ro
Location
Elderly
home-1
School
Office-1
Office-2
Office-3
Elderly
home -2
Filter
Type
Mylar
Nucleopore
Mylar
Nucleopore
Nucleopore
Nucleopore
Nucleopore
Nucleopore
Time
Resolution
(hr)
1
1
4
4
24
24
24
24
No. of
Analyses/Site
72
72
18
18
2
2
2
3
No. of
Sites
6
6
4
4
6
6
6
5
Total Number
of Analyses
432
432
72
72
12
12
12
15
Each analysis performed by PIXE for 26 elements.
-------
TABLE 46. ELEMENTS FOUND ON FIELD BLANKS (STREAKER) - ELDERLY HOME-1
W
Amount + S.
D./(ng/filter)
Coarse Particulate Filter
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Sc
Tl
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Pb
Se
Br
IF
NDa
1.7+1.7
3.7+0.95
ND
ND
1.5+0.34
0.92+0.53
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.22+0.21
ND
0.40+0.10
ND
0.06+0.09
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2F
ND
ND
.0+1.1
ND
ND
.3+0.73
.70+0.68
.15+0.34
ND
ND
ND
ND
.09+0.19
ND
.35+0.20
.02+0.05
.04+0.06
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2D
ND
1.0+1.5
2.3+2.2
ND
ND
1.3+0.76
0.91+0.89
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.16+0.22
ND
0.30+0.19
ND
0.05+0.07
0.02+0.04
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3F
ND
ND
4.3+1.0
0.25+0.52
ND
1.8+0.32
1.3+0.23
0.30+0.42
0.11+0.25
ND
ND
ND
0.34+0.20
ND
0.39+0.09
ND
0.06+0.08
0.05+0.07
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.07+0.16
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4F
ND
ND
.7+2.1
ND
ND
.2+0.73
.24+0.55
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
.33+0.21
.07+0.15
.42+0.12
ND
.05+0.07
.03+0.06
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
5F
ND
ND
3.75+0.40
ND
ND
1.5+0.45
1.05+0.63
0.16+0.35
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.14+0.23
ND
0.43+0.10
ND
ND
0.03+0.07
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
6F
ND
.1+1.5
.2+0.65
ND
ND
.4+0.84
.79+0.74
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
.21+0.20
ND
. 40+0 . 09
ND
.32+0.67
.07+0.11
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
6D
ND
1.3+1.8
4.0+0.47
ND
ND
1.7+0.4
3.0+3.5
0.15+0.33
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.44+0.09
ND
0.36+0.06
ND
ND
0.02+0.05
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.02+0.04
(continued)
-------
TAB1.K 46. (cont'd.)
Amount ± S
Fine
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Sc
Tl
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Pb
Se
Br
IF
ND
0.42+0.44
1.23+0.80
ND
6.9+1.0
ND
ND
ND
0.55+0.33
ND
ND
ND
0.05+0.12
ND
0.13+0.12
ND
0.01+0.0?
0.08 + 0. l.£
C,';4St -''.
ND
ND
MI;
Ml x
ID
ND
1.3+0.86
] .7+1.4
ND
ND
0.63+0.59
0.79+0.14
0.11+0.25
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.08+0.11
0.03+0.08
ND
ND
0.11+0.10
NB
ND
V "~\
!.i LJ
Nr:
NT;
2F
ND
0.31+0.70
1.35+1 .14
ND
8.1+0.48
ND
ND
ND
0.14+0.32
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.05+0.12
0.09+0.21
NT)
ND
0.06+0.09
0.87-5-0.06
ND
ND
ND
Kif)
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
r\
L
C
.D./(ng filter)
Parti culate Fi
4F
ND
ND
.86+1
.24+0
.2+0.
ND
ND
ND
. 30+0
ND
ND
.07+0
ND
ITD
.'D
"•-ID
.02+0
. C ' i-0
. f ' <••
, }
j
'• '- ".;
. v ' -HP
.2
.53
52
.41
.15
.05
.13
"0
. 1 1
.17
1
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
Iter
5F
ND
ND
.42+1
ND
.21+0
ND
.18+0
.14+0
.23+0
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
.06+0
.85+0
ND
ND
.10+0
ND
.4
.77
.41
.32
.31
.09
.09
.13
L
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6F
ND
ND
.8+1.1
ND
. 1+0 . 5
ND
ND
ND
.54+0.53
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
.08+0,18
.03+0.06
.02+0.05
.09+0.09
.73+0.43
ND
ND
.02+0 fr;
ND
6D
ND
0.36+0.80
0.99+1.4
0.94+1.3
8. 1+0. 99
ND
0.49+1.1
1 . 4+3 . 1
0.30+0.41
ND
NH
NO
ND
*•'!,
C.CV-'). i <
M i •
T,
C !'R-1'- "' 'f-
0 ,'* ' • ;> '
'••"''
;\-
?• '• r - . '
i —^
Be !
-------
TABLE 47. ELEMENTS FOUND ON FIELD BLANKS (STREAKER) - SCHOOL
Amount ± S.D./
(rig filter)
Coarse Participate
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Br
Sr
Se
Rb
Cd
Hg
Pb
Fl
7.4±9.
31±7.
30±6.
3.317.
ND3
1410.
10±1.
ND
ND
0.7011.
0.20+0.
ND
1.711.
ND
2.510.
ND
0.6110.
0.5310.
ND
0.7310.
0.2310.
ND
0.4610.
ND
8.2717
0.67+1.
ND
5
4
2
3
7
3
2
45
0
88
35
36
54
52
65
.1
5
F2
1.3+12
3813.
3714.
1016
ND
1612
76138
ND
0.5811.
ND
0.4210.
ND
0.3210.
ND
3.110.
ND
0.7010.
0.4910.
ND
0.4713.
0.2710.
ND
0.5410.
ND
ND
ND
ND
5
6
5
95
71
41
34
41
9
61
46
1)2
21+3.
4112.
3916.
9.819.
ND
1612.
9.212.
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.7811.
ND
2 . 810 .
ND
0.84+0.
0.6810.
ND
0.6710.
ND
ND
1.1510.
ND
2.315. 1
ND
ND
6
8
0
0
4
0
1
59
51
11
59
23
Filter
F3
121J
38+7
3517
9.319
ND
1812
9.611
ND
1.7 + 1
1.6+2
1.511
0.6210
1.310
ND
3.010
ND
0.8110
0.7610
ND
0.5310
0 . 3610
ND
0.481°
ND
0.2810
0.9711
ND
i
.6
.5
.4
.5
.0
"• !
J :o: I
42 + 7
34+8
6.018
ND
19+2
;i
.4
.7
.5
.2
34138
5.2112
.6
.0
.0
.86
.82
.60
.12
.26
.50
.55
-68
.61
.39
0.6611
ND
0.6410
0.3210
1.311
ND
2.610
.1413
.331.
.391.
ND
.571.
ND
ND
~42i.
ND
ND
0.66+1
ND
.5
.94
.82
.8
.58
.2
28
32
33
34
.5
(continued)
125
-------
TABLE 47. (cont'd.)
Amount 1 S.D./
(ng/filter)
Fine Particulate
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Br
Sr
Se
Rb
Cd
Hg
Pb
Fl
27128
1712.3
1413.3
ND
6
8
1
1
0.
1.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
ND
.412
.011
.511
.412
27±0
0211
2610
ND
ND
5610
1010
2210
0910
0210
0810
ND
ND
4810
ND
ND
ND
ND
.1
.4
.4
.0
.60
.07
.58
.55
.22
.32
.20
.05
.02
.43
F2
1912
2616
2014
1.810
ND
6.711
9.112
ND
1.211
0.6410
0.7910
ND
ND
ND
0.2610
ND
0.2510
0.1310
ND
0.2210
ND
ND
0.4210
ND
0.3010
ND
ND
.8
.7
.6
.41
.4
.4
.2
.88
.76
.32
.18
.19
.30
.27
.41
D2
17140
2113.
1412.
1.110.
ND
8 . 110 .
7.811.
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.0910.
0.2210.
0.1110.
ND
0.1210.
ND
ND
0.4010.
ND
ND
0.7611.
ND
3
5
24
62
8
21
21
24
26
37
04
Filter
F3
1517.4
23110
1715.8
1.613.7
ND
6.011
6.611
ND
ND
0.2410
ND
0.2210
ND
ND
0.2210
ND
0.3410
0.3810
ND
0.4010
ND
ND
ND
0.3310
ND
0.4510
ND
.8
.4
.52
.49
.30
.27
.28
.30
.74
.86
3
5
1
1
0.
1
1
1
1
1
0.
F4
17+3.4
2313.0
1712.9
ND
ND
.612.2
.912.4
.613.6
.0+1.5
ND
27+0.61
ND
ND
ND
.512.8
ND
.7+2.5
.8+2.4
ND
.8+4.0
ND
ND
.4+3.1
32+0.72
ND
ND
ND
Below the instrumental limit of detection.
126
-------
TABLE 48. ELEMENTS FOUND ON FIELD BLANKS'
ng/f ilter
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Sc
Br
Sr
Zn
Mo
Cd
Hg
Pb
Sc
Co
Rb
Office-1
33
65
590
190
ND
240
210
ND
ND
ND
ND
23
ND
53
22
17
ND
34
33
ND
ND,
h
NC
NC
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Office-2
280
680
610
240
ND
240
220
ND
ND
ND
13
52
ND
98
180
62
ND
87
26
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
50
ND
23
ND
ND
Office-3
NDb
400
460
54
ND
260
640
ND
ND
ND
ND
57
ND
53
22
ND
ND
23
69
ND
ND
ND
1050
ND
41
ND
NC
NC
NC
Elderly
home-2
ND
370
470
ND
ND
270
1200
ND
ND
ND
ND
53
ND
75
17
9
ND
35
13
23
ND
ND
680
ND
ND
ND
NC
NCC
NC
Duplicate determinations.
Not Detected.
"Not Calculated; no analysis performed.
127
-------
TABLE 49. INSTRUMENTAL LIMITS OF DETECTION FOR PIXE ANALYSIS
LOD (ng/filter)
Elderly
home-1
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Sc
T '
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
•"!!
•-is
I'D
Se
3r
Sr
Rb
Cd
Hg
7 >-
Me
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
u
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
-
^
.7
.2
,2
. 4
.95
.94
.85
.72
.59
.51
_,
.30
.25
.20
.17
. 14
j_ '4
12
.22
. 77
.24
.30
NAC
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
J
0
0
o
0
0
0
*J
0
0
0
0
h
F
.4
.1
.1
.88
.90
.81
.75
.59
.5]
.45
k>
.32
.26
.21
.17
.12
.10
.10
. 12
,19
.67
.24
.31
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
6
6
5
4
4
4
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
2
1
1
2
School Office-1,2,3
C
.5
.5
.2
.1
.5
.5
.1
.4
.8
.4
.0
.7
.4
.2
.87
.66
.44
.46
.36
.48
.7
.65
.2
. 1
.3
.1
.0
NA
NA
F Elderly home -2
7
5
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
1
7
2
.0
.2
.9
.9
.3
.2
.0
.4
.0
.7
.4
.2
.96
.82
.62
.45
.37
.43
.33
.62
.3
.54
.09
.6
.4
.4
.4
NA
NA
129
106
112
93
81
82
70
66
57
31
42
37
31
26
21
9.4
13
17
18
28
93
33
44
81
34
201
84
128
15
"' f; o a i s f p i 111 c u 1 a L e >~ 111 K r - streaker.
Fine parties ^ate filter - streaker
>oi; analvxed-
128
-------
fie"M blaik analyses were combined to determine a method LOD. Calculated
methon LCDs are given in Table 50. Quantifiable limits (QL) were defined
as four tiires the IOD. Values for QL are listed in Table 51.
Method LCDs and QLs were much higher for the school than for elderly
home-1 since there were higher levels of contamination on filter blanks.
Sample. Jiiidl^sjs.
Tdhle 2] ihow . -;.he number of filter samples collected and analyzed for
elements for each field monitoring trip. Results of PIXE analyses gave ng
per fi!rcr for up to ?9 elements per filter. This mass was then compared
to the method Oi. for that field monitoring trip. If the mass on the filter
was greater -ban The 01, then that mass was directly converted to the
concentration In e,;r (jiq/rr?) by dividing by the sample volume, where
Concentration (ng/m^) = ng/sampling volume (m^)
No adjustnients in final concentration were made to account for
background contamination or recovery from the filters during analysis.
AIR EXCHANGE
Ana] jlies J __Melho.u
Air samples which had been collected and stored in plastic syringes
were analyzed by GC/ECD to quantitate sulfur hexafluoride (SFs)
concentrations. Conditions for GC analysis are given in Table 52.
Whenever samples were analyzed, a calibration curve was first generated to
confirm instrumental 'inearity using SF's concentrations ranging from 200
ppt to 100 ppb. Eac.i day of analysis, a standard prepared at 100 ppb was
analyzed to demonstrate instrument stability. If the instrument response
for SF5 had changed by greater than 15%, a new calibration curve to verify
linearity was generated. SF5 in samples was quantitated using manually
measured peak heights. AT! of the samples collected from one site during a
single sampling period (one SFs release) were analyzed as a group to
minimize errors due to changes in instrumental response. Air exchange
rates (ACH) were calculated as:
ACH = £ In Pi/Po
where Pi is the chromatographic peak height of SF5 at time t, and
P0 is the initial peak height of SFfr.
129
-------
TABLE 50. METHOD LIMITS OF DETECTION (LOD) FOR ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
LOD (ng/filter)
Elderly
home-1
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Pb
Se
Br
Sr
Rb
Cd
Hg
Zr
Mo
ca
1.7
3.1
4.2
3.5
10
1.8
2.6
0.78
1.60
0.51
0.43
0.37
0.30
0.30
0.51
0.17
0.14
0.55
1.59
0.22
0.77
0.37
0.40
NAC
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Fb
1.7
5.1
7.8
1.4
0.95
3.1
2.7
81.1
0.61
0.51
0.43
0.37
0.82
0.37
0.75
0.14
0.19
0.29
0.12
0.22
0.77
0.24
0.40
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
School
ca
30
43
29
10
2.7
11
11
8.8
5.3
2.4
3.2
1.4
0.82
0.70
1.7
0.55
0.85
0.94
0.12
1.1
1.9
1.3
0.81
2.0
1.81
11
2.9
NA
NA
Fb
40
53
51
39
4.7
23
13
2.8
4.8
5.6
3.6
2.3
4.9
1.2
4.3
0.79
1.9
1.3
0.12
1.9
0.95
1.8
1.5
1.8
1.5
23
3.8
NA
NA
Office--!, 2, 3
Elderly home-2
450
820
700
340
81
690
2100
66
57
83
42
37
79
25
150
9.4
34
24
18
61
93
88
44
81
34
200
94
130
2410
Coarse particulate filter - streaker.
Fine particulate filter - streaker.
"Not analyzed.
130
-------
TABLE 51. METHOD QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS (QL) FOR ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
QL (ng/filter)
Elderly
horae-1
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Pb
Se
Br
Sr
Rb
Cd
Hg
Zr
Mo
6
12
17
14
40
7
10
3
6
2
1
1
1
1
2
0
0
2
6
0
3
1
1
ca
.8
.2
.1
.4
.0
.7
.5
.2
.2
.0
.68
.56
.2
.4
.88
.1
.5
.6
NAC
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6
20
31
5
3
12
11
4
2
2
1
1
3
1
3
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
1
Fb
.8
.6
.8
.4
.4
.0
.7
.5
.3
.5
.0
.56
.72
.2
.48
.88
.1
.92
.6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
120
170
120
40
11
44
44
35
21
9
13
5
3
2
6
2
3
3
0
4
7
5
3
8
7
44
12
School
ca
.2
.6
.3
.8
.8
.2
.4
.8
.48
.4
.6
.2
.2
.0
.2
NA
NA
Fb
160
210
200
160
19
92
52
11
19
22
14
9
20
4
17
3
7
5
0
7
3
7
€
1
6
92
11
.2
.8
.2
.6
.2
.48
.6
.8
.2
.0
.2
.0
NA
NA
Office-1,2,3
Elderly home-2
1800
3200
2800
1400
320
2800
8200
264
230
330
170
150
320
100
600
38
140
96
72
240
370
350
170
324
140
800
380
510
9600
Coarse particulate filter - streaker.
Fine particulate filter - streaker.
Not analyzed.
131
-------
TABLE 52. GC/ECD OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
Parameter
Specification
Column
Nitrogen carrier flow
Temperatures:
Valve/sample loop
Injector
Column
Detector
Sample loop
Make-up gas
Detector type
Pulse width
Pulse interval
2.50 m x 2.1 mm i.d. stainless steel
Chromosorb 102, 80/100 mesh
20.0 mL/min
unheated
80°C
50°C (isothermal)
75°C
1.00 mL volume, stainless steel
None
3
Variable current Sc H ECD
4 pS @ 40 v
1000 pS
132
-------
Method Validation
Several aspects of the procedure for measuring air exchange rate using
sulfur hexafluoride (SFs) as the tracer gas were studied prior to sample
collection and analysis. The gas chromatographic system was tested first.
Two column packings were evaluated: molecular sieve 5ft and Chromosorb 102.
Both packings were 80/100 mesh and packed in 8 ft x 2.1 mm I.D. stainless
steel columns. Using a column temperature of 50°C, SF5 and 02 coeluted
using the molecular sieve packing, but were separated (~2 minutes) using
the Chromosorb 102 packing. The optimum gas chromatographic conditions
tested are those shown in Table 52.
The linear range of the instrument was established next. Using a
cubical Lucite chamber with mixing provided by a magnetic stirrer, an
initial concentration of 100 ppb of SFs in air was prepared. Triplicate
analyses for SFs were made at this point; the chamber was then
exponentially diluted at a rate to provide one "air change" in 26.8 min. A
sample was taken at appropriate intervals and analyzed in triplicate to
provide a calibration curve which was linear from 200 ppt to 100 ppb.
Lower concentrations were not sampled and analyzed due to the effect of
trace impurities in air as well as the effect of the 02 peak on the SF5
peak at these levels.
Once the linearity of the detector was established, a simple stucy for
the release and collection of SFs into a building was performed. Using
Dreyfus Auditorium at RTI, which is a circular one-room structure with ?.
volume of approximately 18,000 cubic feet, the method could be easily
tested. Using instantaneous release of SFg, a syringe sample was
simultaneously started to collect air samples. The collection sequence is
shown in Table 53. The subsequent analyses of the air samples showed tiie
expected exponential decay of the SFe levels in air once the initia'1
mixing stage (c_a. 0.4 h) was complete. A graph of the results is shovvn in
Figure 16. From this data, the air exchange rate (ACH, number of exchanges
per hour) was determined to be 1.11.
LIMITS OF DETECTION
As stated above, the limit of detection for SFs in air samples was ~200
ppt.
133
-------
TABLE 53. COLLECTION SEQUENCE OF AIR SAMPLES USING A
SYRINGE-TYPE AIR SAMPLER
Syringe
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Start
Time
0:00a
0:06
0:12
0:18
0:24
0:30
0:36
0:48
1:00
1:12
1:36
2:00
End
Time
0:06
0:12
0:18
0:24
0:30
0:36
0:48
1:00
1:12
1:36
2:00
2:24
Minutes
Collected
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
12
24
24
24
Mean Time
(hours)
0.05
0.15
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.70
0.90
1.10
1.40
1.80
2.20
This is simultaneous with release of the tracer gas.
134
-------
CO
Ut
4.5
0.5
Equation of Line (pts. 4-12):
y = l.llx + 4.13
Correlation coefficient = -0.998
1.0 1.5
Time After Release (Hours)
2.0
2.5
Figure 16. Exchange rate of air in Dreyfus Auditorium.
-------
QC Results
No QC samples were prepared or analyzed during exchange rate
determination.
Sample Analyses
Table 21 shows the number of samples both collected and analyzed during
each field monitoring trip.
The GC/ECD analysis of air samples gave chromatographic peak heights
for air sampled at a specific time after SFs release into the building.
Infiltration rates at each sampling location are calculated as:
* = l ln(C
-------
Sample Co
RESULTS
Syringe
No.
1
3
5
7
9
11
de:
1
Pk. Ht.
(cm)
17.60
19.70
20. 10
23.30
IS. 10
16.30
INA1* 31
HfialyieU
Attn.
128
64
32
16
16
16
1-1 AE-3F
: 1-12-84
Pk. Ht.
(cm A IX)
2252.8
1196.8
643.2
372.8
241.6
260.8
In (Pk. Ht. >
7.720
7. OB 7
6.466
5.921
5.487
5.564
Mean Tine
Corral at Ion Coefficient:
Exchange Rate (1/hr):
-1. 15190 x * 7.641
tin (Pk. Ht.> VB/ Time]
-.966540
1.151904 (Neg. Slope of Line)
.4666667
.6628263
Figure 17. Field analysis protocol sheet - Indoor air study.
-------
SECTION 7
SOURCES OF VOLATILE CHEMICALS
INTRODUCTION
Results from the field monitoring effort clearly showed the presence of
elevated levels of several volatile organics in public buildings, in
particular, in the newly constructed office building. A comparison of
indoor-outdoor levels indicated ratios greater than an order of magnitude
occurred and decreased with time as the building "aged". For some
chemicals, however, levels increased with time. These observations
suggested that different sources accounted for the trends in the chemical
levels, some perhaps from the building materials used in construction,
others from the consumer products employed as the building became occupied.
To assess source contribution which might have been responsible for
these observations, an inventory of various building materials was compiled
and consumer products used were noted. From these listings of materials,
materials were selected for a headspace screening of volatile organic
chemicals emitted, and those materials which emitted the target chemicals
found in the monitoring study were then selected for an emission rate study.
This section discusses the headspace screening and emission rate studies
conducted to support the results obtained for the new office building.
HEADSPACE SCREENING OF EMISSIONS FROM MATERIALS
The objective of this study was to identify, if possible, the materials
responsible for the high levels of volatile organics found indoors in the
new office building. Materials of interest were obtained from the
contractor who constructed the building, portions of the actual materials
used were acquired.
138
-------
Procedure
The building materials and consumer products tested are shown in
Table 54, together with their uses. Portions of these materials were placed
in 250 mL clean glass vessels fitted with septum top screw-caps. Liquid
materials occupied approximately 10-20% of the total volume of the vessel.
Solid materials occupied 30-50% of the volume of the vessel. The glass
vessels were placed in an oven at 45°C for a period of 2-3 hrs to allow for
equilibration of volatile organics, if any, from each of the materials.
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was employed for the
analysis of the headspace vapors above each of these materials.
A 1 liter gas bulb equipped with two teflon stopcocks was purged with
helium for 10 min at 30°C. Subsequently, the stopcocks were closed and a
known amount of perfluorotoluene (PFT) was injected through a septum into
the glass bulb. The liquid aliquot injected was usually 0.5 to 0.8 ml. The
PFT was allowed to equilibrate for 30 min at 30°C while being stirred with a
teflon coated magnetic stirring bar before gaseous aliquots of PFT were
withdrawn.
One mL of gaseous PFT was pulled into a 10 mL Pressure Lok syringe and
then 1-5 mL of headspace of the sample was also drawn into the syringe.
Prior to injection approximately 2-3 in of the fused silica capillary column
was submerged in liquid nitrogen for 3 min with the GC door open and the
temperature held at 30°C. After 3 min the sample was injected onto the GC
column, GC/MS data acquisition started and 2 min after injection and the
column was removed from the liquid nitrogen cryogenic bath, the GC door was
closed and the temperature program was begun. A 60 m DB-1 coated fused
silica capillary (1 micron film thickness) was programmed from 30°C to 240°
at 4°/min.
Qualitative interpretation of mass spectra obtained from the headspace
analysis was performed. This involved employing a GC/MS operator
interactive INCOS search software routine to compare acquired or unknown
spectra with those found in the NBS/NIH/EPA library.
139
-------
TABLE 54. BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSUMER PRODUCTS SCREENED
Material
Use
Armstrong Fissured Minaboard Ceiling
FICAM-W
Carpet glue
Carpet
Sheetrock
Borden E8825 film
650
PT-110
Talon-G
Old Dutch Cleanser
Seventy-seven
PT-250
Stainless steel polish and cleaner
Brillo
Lemon Speedway Wax
Accoustical ceiling tile
Insecticide
Wallpaper glue
Cleaning Compound
Insecticide
Rodenticide
Cleaning compound
Synthetic detergent
Insecticide
Cleaning compound
Window cleaning
Furniture polish
140
-------
Results and Discussion
Figures B-l to B-19 in Appendix B and Tables C-1 to C-18 in Appendix C
present the chemicals identified in each of the headspace samples.
Table C-1 and C-17 present the organics which were found in a blank or empty
vessel. A few background peaks were observed at very low intensity which
were attributed to the background from the septum employed and hydrocarbons
from the laboratory air. Chemicals originating as background were deleted
in the samples containing building materials or consumer products except
where the levels were extremely high (> 10 times).
Table C-2 presents the organics found in the headspace of Talon-G. As
indicated from this listing, a number of hydrocarbons were detected as well
as a few aldehydes, furans and ketones. Table C-3 presents the volatile
organics found associated with the Armstrong fissured minaboard ceiling.
Most of the chemicals were hydrocarbons. In addition to hydrocarbons,
oxygenated and halogenated hydrocarbons were identified in the headspace of
the remaining materials.
Since the PFT external standard was included during headspace analysis,
the relative levels of TEAM indoor target compounds to PFT were determined
and are presented in Tables D-l to D-18 (Appendix D). Even though the cross
section of ionization, and thus the MS response factor, differs from
chemical to chemical, it is useful to compare the relative amounts of
volatile organics within a sample and to some extent the relative amounts
between samples.
Upon examining the headspace results for various materials, only small
quantities of the target chemicals were found in Armstrong fissured
minaboard ceiling, carpet, Borden E8825 film, and seventy-seven. On the
other hand, the remaining materials had trace to substantial quantities of
target chemicals. In particular very high levels of 1,1,1-trichloroethane
were detected in PT-250.
Based on the higher relative levels found, materials were selected for
an emission rate study.
EMISSION RATE DETERMINATION
In collaboration with the Pierce Foundation at Yale University (New
Haven, CN), an environmental chamber was employed to determine emission
rates for various targeted volatile organics from building materials and
141
-------
consumer products. Several of these chemicals also occurred at relatively
high levels (relative to ambient levels) in the newly constructed office
building.
Materials
The materials selected for the environmental chamber study included
wallpaper, painted sheetrock, carpets and various cleaning agents. Air
samples were collected using the Tenax GC sampling method. Samples were
collected within the environmental chamber, approximately 1 m from the
floor.
Eleven 1.98 m x 1.22 m panels of sheetrock were painted on each side
with Glidden Spread Undercoat No. 555 white to provide a total of 22
surfaces and aged for 1 week prior to beginning the chamber experiment.
Eleven 1.98 m x 1.22 m panels of sheetrock were covered with locally
purchased textured wallpaper to provide 22 covered surfaces. Borden E8825
film was used to glue the wallpaper to the sheetrock. Six 1.98 m x 1.22 m
wood panels were carpeted on each side to provide 12 carpeted surfaces and
also aged for 1 week. Glue employed in the newly constructed office
building was supplied to the Pierce Foundation staff and used to adhere the
carpet to the wood panels.
Environmental Chamber
Tenax GC sampling of the various materials took place in a 1200 cu ft.
(34 m^) environmental chamber. A schematic view of the chamber is given in
Figure 18. Internal surfaces and duct work of the chamber were constructed
of aluminum. The floor (11 m2) consisted of uniformly perforated aluminum
sheets overlayed with an aluminum grating. The perforated floor served as
an air diffuser. Air entered the chamber via a plenum beneath the floor and
flowed linearly upward through the perforations into the ceiling plenum.
Circulation rate of the chamber can be varied by varying the amount of fresh
air brought into the chamber. Determination of the recirculation rate was
accomplished by monitoring the removal of CC-2 injected into the chamber. A
Beckman Model LB-2 infrared C0£ analyzer was used to monitor the C02 decay.
Sampling
Materials (except cleansing agents) were placed inside the chamber not
less than 12 hrs before sampling. A constant recirculation rate was
maintained at all times. The 1.98 m x 1.22 m panels were placed in an
142
-------
OUTSIDE AIM
0- SOO l/i
FLOW METER
DESSICANT
AIR PRYER
nnrtdrd)
pwVSSNXsj PAMPER
ELECTROSTATIC
AIR CLEANER
COOLING
COIL
STEAM
MEAT
EXHAUST
o- too i/»
ELEC
FILTER iED
STEAM
HUMIDIFIER
Figure 18. Schematic of environmental chamber used in emission study
143
-------
upright lengthwise position in the chamber and were spaced 23 cm from any
adjacent panel so all surfaces received maximum exposure. For the experimen
t that utilized the cleaning agents, various surface areas were employed.
Two wood table tops each with a surface area of 0.91 m x 0.91 m were placed
in the chamber. A wood folding table with a surface area of 1.4 m x 0.87 ro
was used and a wood two-tier rolling cart with each tier having a surface
area of 1.19 m x 0.58 m was also replaced in the chamber.
Six Tenax samplers were used for every experiment. Three of the six
samplers were placed inside the chamber while the remaining three samplers
were placed on a bench adjacent to the chamber. The samplers were oriented
to hang unobstructed about 1.07 m over the floor.
Table 55 presents a summary of sampling conditions. In general, for
each of the experiments the relative humidity was 60-75% with an air
exchange rate of - 0.60 ACH. The sampling time was ~ 4 hrs with an average
pump flow rate of 80 mL/min.
Table 56 presents the time breakdown for the experiment involving
cleaning agents. At each time period, an activity was initiated and
completed so that several materials were exposed simultaneously in the
environmental chamber.
Results and Discussion
Table 57 presents the levels of volatile organics that were observed for
each of the experiments. The average background of these volatiles organics
was monitored in an empty chamber and then substracted from the observed
values for each of the four experiments that was conducted.
For the sheetrock that was painted with Glidden paint and aged for 1
week prior to conducting the experiment in the environmental chamber,
emissions of four chemicals were detected above the background levels.
H-Undecane exhibited a concentration of 228 /jg/m3. Benzene was also
detected (18 /;g/m3).
Small amounts of volatile organics were also detected above background
levels in the wall-papered sheetrock experiments. Again the two
hydrocarbons, n-decane and n-undecane were both present. No benzene was
detected in this case.
144
-------
TABLE 55. SUMMARY OF SAMPLING CONDITIONS
Chamber Chamber Vent Sample
Experiment Date Material Temp. RH Rate Time
I 7/26/84 Empty chamber 25°C 60% 0.62 ACH 240 mm
(blank)
II 7/27/84 Sheetrock 25.5°C 65% 0.59 ACH 240 mm
HI 8/1/84 Wallpaper 25°C 75% 0.61 ACH 240 mm
IV 8/2/84 Cleaning agents 26.5°C 75% 0.60 ACH 255mm
V 8/7/84 Rugs 25°C 70% 0.60 ACH 240 Bin
t-*
Average
Pump
Flow
80 ml/mm
80 mL/mm
80 nL/min
80 mL/min
80 mL/min
Volume Chamber
Air Sampler
Sampled Code
19.2 L Al
81
Cl
19.2 L A2
B2
C2
19.2 L A3
B3
C3
20.4 L A4
B4
C4
19.2 L A5
B5
C5
Control
Sampler
Code
Dl
El
Fl
02
E2
F2
D3
E3
F3
D4
E4
F4
D5
E5
F5
ib.
Ut
-------
TABLE 56. TIME BREAKDOWN OF EXPERIMENT IV (CLEANING AGENTS)
Elapsed Time
Activity
0 rain
15 min
Start samplers
Wash 1/3 of each surface with
Brillo
105 min
145 min
Wash 1/3 of each surface with
seventy-7; spray wallboard
with Baygon (6 times; 2 sec.
each spray)
Wash the remaining 1/3 of each
surface with BAB-0
255 min
Stop samplers
146
-------
TABLE 57. LEVELS OF VOLATILE ORGANICS FROM SOURCES
2
Chamber Air Concentration (yg/m )
Chemical
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
m-Di chlorobenzene
g-Di chlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Di chlorobenzene
n-Undecane
Empty Chamber
4.3 ± 2.8(64)
4.2 ± 0.7(16)
0.25 ± 0.5(25)
25 ± 1.7(7)
0.5 ± 0.4(80)
5.7 ± 1.4(25)
8.5 ± 3.6(41)
0.12 ± 0.07(58)
3.6 ± 2.3(65)
11 ± 5.4(50)
2.9 ± 3.4(120)
5.6 ± 4.7(84)
3.8 ± 2.3(62)
4.2 ± 1.2(29)
4.3 ± 1.3(31)
0.13 ± 0.15(115)
5.4 ± 1.2(23)
Sheetrock
ND
ND
4.9 ± 2.3(47)
18 ± 4.5(25)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
38 ± 4.5(12)
ND
228 ± 54(24)
Wallpaper
ND
48 ± 7.3(15)
13 ± 7.6(59)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
4 ± 1(25)
ND
1 ± .5(50)
ND
ND
30 ± 12(40)
ND
47 ± 17(36)
Cleaning Agents
283 ± 5(1. 7)a
236
696 ± 295(42)a
ND
1335 ± 100(7. 5)a
7 ± 2.6(3.8)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
10.5 ± 0.5(3.6)
8.4 ± 0.1(1.2)
3.2 ± 0.5(16)
ND
21 ± 0(0)
Carpet
ND
15 ± 1(7)
22 ± 2.6(12)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
6.4 ± 3.2(51)
13 ± 2.1(16)
8.4 ± 1.2(15)
8.5 ± 2.3(27)
ND
3.5 ± 1.2(36)
46 ± 13(28)
ND
42 ± 12(30)
Data corrected for chamber background.
-------
The highest concentrations of chemicals were found when the cleaning
agents and an insecticide had been applied to surfaces. High levels of
chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and carbon
tetrachloride were observed as well as lower quantities of dichlorobenzenes.
To calculate an emission rate from the observed concentrations we assume
complete mixing and equilibrium:
U - C0 = S/Va
where C» is the equilibrium concentration (/*g/m3), C0 is the background
concentration in the chamber, S is the source emission rate (/
-------
TABLE 58. EMISSION RATES FROM VARIOUS SELECTED SOURCES
CD
Emission Rate (ng/min/m2)
Chemical
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
m-Dichlorobenzene
j>-Dichlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Di chlorobenzene
n-Undecane
Cleaning Agents
and Insecticides
15, 0001250 (1
12,000
37,000115,000
ND
71,00015,300
370147
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
560120
44015
170127
ND
1,100+0
-5)3
(42)
(7.5)
(3.8)
(3-6)
(1-2)
(16)
(0)
Painted
Sheetrock
NDb
ND
31115 (47)
120129 (25)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
240129 (12)
ND
15001350 (24)
Glued
Wallpaper
ND
310146
84148
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2616.5
ND
6.513.1
ND
ND
190177
ND
(15)
(57)
(25)
(50)
(40)
3001110 (36)
Glued
Carpet
ND
180112
260+31
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
77139
150+24
98114
98126
ND
41114
5451150
ND
500+150
( 7)
(12)
(50)
(16)
(15)
(27)
(36)
(28)
(30)
Coefficient of variance (%), N'= 3 observations. ±SD (CV), N = 3 observations.
ND = not detected (values are in ng/min/m ).
-------
SECTION 8
RESULTS
VOLATILE ORGANICS
Identification of Volatile Organlcs in Indoor/Outdoor Samples
In collaboration with the EPA Project Officer, sixteen indoor and
outdoor air samples (Table 59) collected during field monitoring were
selected for full qualitative characterization of volatile organics.
Reconstructed ion current chromatograms for the selected samples are given
in Figures 19-22. The external standard (ES), perfluorotoluene, is marked
on each chromatogram. Since the same amount (150 ng) of external standard
was added to all cartridges, analytical results may be normalized using peak
height of this standard. Component identifications were performed by
searching the EPA/NIH database using an interactive operator - Incos
computer search algorithm. Results of the qualitative interpretation are
summarized in Table 60 separating chemicals by chemical class. Listings of
straight and branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbons are not given since these
compounds were ubiquitous and identification of specific isomers is not
possible without authentic standards. Specific isomer identifications for
the aromatic hydrocarbons were not made for the same reasons. For other
chemical classes, isomer identifications are given, however these
identifications are only tentative, based on the best fit of the
deconvoluted spectra with the database spectrum.
Alphatic hydrocarbons, such as the decanes, undecanes, and dodecanes,
are the most abundant class in all samples, both in terms of the frequency
of detection and concentration.
Statistical Analysis
Several types of statistical analysis were performed on the data for
volatile organics collected during this indoor air study. For the initial
analysis, the percentage of air samples with measurable concentrations
150
-------
TABLE 59. AIR SAMPLES FOR QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Location
Description
Elderly Home
1
2
3
4
5
6
Elderly Home
1
2
3
Office - 1°
1
2
3
4
School*3
1
2
3
- 1
- 2
outside at air intake
5th floor lounge
3rd floor lounge - smoking
dining room
1st floor occupied apartment (nonsmoker)
1st floor occupied apartment (somker)
outside at air intake
3rd floor occupied apartment (nonsmoker)
5th floor unoccupied apartment
outside at air intake
2nd floor secretarial area
3rd floor copier room
2nd floor office
outside at air intake
2nd floor
ground floor
a
Elderly home-1; samples collected 3/83.
Elderly home-2; samples collected 12/83.
"Office, trip - 1; samples collected 8/83.
School, samples collected 5/83.
151
-------
Location 1
Figure 19. Reconstructed ion chromatograms of air samples
collected at Elderly home-1; ES = 150 ng of pen-
tafluorotoluene. (See Table 59 for location
identifications).
152
-------
Location 1
\ wu
Location 2
Location 3
Figure 20. Reconstructed ion chromatograms of air samples collected
at Elderly home-2; ES = ^150 ng of pentafluorotoluene.
(See Table 59 for location identifications).
153
-------
Location 1
Location 2
ui
co
m
CO
Location 3
Location 4
Figure 21. Reconstructed chromatograms of air samples collected at office-1;
ES = ^150 ng pentafluorotoluene (See Table 59 for location identi-
fications) .
-------
I -
I
4
Location 1
1
w
Location 2
on
u
1 \
'l
j
1
i
4L
i'l
1
/'*'
i
,i
'k
A
.1
UlUJ.
Location 3
Figure 22. Reconstructed ion chromatograms of air samples collected at the
school; ES = ^150 ng of pentafluorotoluene. (See Table 59 for
location identifications).
155
-------
TABLE 60. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED DURING SELECTED AIR SAMPLE0
Compounds
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
benzene
toluene
m,£-xylene
o-xylene
styrene
ethyl benzene
phepyl acetylene
isopropyl benzene
n-propyl benzene
ethyl methyl benzenes
trimethyl benzenes
indene
2-methyl phenyl acetylene
sec-butyl benzene
t-butyl benzene
p ropy Ime thy 1 benzenes
dimethylethylbenzenes
diethyl benzenes
tetramethyl benzenes
ethenyl ethyl benzene
methyl propenyl benzene
diethenyl benzene
naphthalene
methyl indane
pentyl benzenes
dimethyl propyl benzene
pentamethyl benzene
ethyltrimethyl benzenes
ethylpropyl benzenes
roethylbutenyl benzene
methyl naphthalenes
methyl dihydronaphthalene
methyl tetralines
dimethyl indans
(3 , 3-dimethylbutyl)benzene
methy-2- (ethylpropyl )benzene
bexaroethyl benzene
triethyl benzenes
dusopropyl benzene
diethyldiraethyl benzene
dimethyl (methylpropyl )benzene
cyclohexenyl benzene
butenyldimethyl benzene
trimethyl (roethylethenyl )benzene
di (roethylethenyl)benzene
dimethyl naphthalenes
ethyl naphthalene
di (methylethenyl )benzene
dimethyl tetralins
ethyl tetralins
biphenyl
trimethyl naphthalene
ethylphenyl benzene
butylhexyl benzene
Elderly
Hooe-1
123456
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X
X XXX
XX XXX
X X X X X
X
X X X X X X
X
X X
XXX
X
X
X X
X X X X X X
X
XX XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Elderly
Home -2
123
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
X
XXX
XXX
X
X
X
XXX
XXX
X
XXX
XXX
XXX
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
Office-1
1234
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X
XXX
X X X X
X X X X
X
X
X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X
XXX
X
X
X X X X
X X
X
X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X XX
X
X
School
1 2 3
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
X X
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
X X
X X
X
XXX
X
X X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X X
Total Times
Identified
16
16
16
16
16
16
3
8
13
16
16
1
2
2
3
14
15
12
8
7
4
2
15
2
8
4
1
4
2
2
15
2
5
3
1
0
1
4
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
7
2
1
1
2
5
1
1
1
(continued)
156
-------
TABLE 60 (continued)
Compounds
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
chloromethane
dichloromethane
chloroform
carbon tetrachlorjde
t rich lor of luororoe thane
dichlorodif luoromethane
dichlorof luorome thane
1 ,1,1-trichloroethane
tnchioroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
1 , 2-dichloroethane
vinylidene chloride
1, 1,2- trichloro- 1,2,2- trifl uoro-
ethane
l,l-dibromo-2-chloro-2-fluoro-
cyclopropane
chlorobenzene
m-dichlorobenzene
g-dichlorobenzene
o-dichlorobenzene
t ri chlorobenzene
3-chloro-l-phenyl-2-butene
Esters
ethyl formate
1-methylethyl formate
n-butyl formate
ethyl acetate
2-propyl acetate
butyl acetate
diethyl acetate
3-methyl-l-butyl acetate
1-phenyl acetate
n-hexyl acetate
n-decyl acetate
o-ethylmethylbenzene acetate
n-pentylbutanoate
I-methylethyl butanoate
m-hexyl butanoate
methylbutyl benzoate
dimethyl phthalate
diethyl phthalate
dibutyl phthalate
Alcohols
ethanol
2-ni troethanol
2-propanol
2-methoxyethanol
1 ,2-propanediol
n-butanol
cyclobutanol
1,2-butanediol
n-pentanol
Elderly Elderly
Hoae-1 Home-2 Office-1 School
123456 123 1234 123
X X X X X X
XXXXXX XXX X X
XX XXX XXX XX
X XXXXX XX
XXXXXX XXX XXX
XXX
X
XXXXX XXX XXXX XXX
XXXXXX XX XXXX XX
XXXXXX XXX XXXX XXX
XX X
X X
XX XX
X
XX XX XX
XXXXXX XX XX XXX
XXXXXX XX XX XX
XXX XXX XXX XX
X X
X
X
X
X
XXXXXX XX
X
X
XX X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
XX XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX X
X
X
XX X
X
X
X X
Total Times
Identified
6
11
10
6
i:
3
1
15
14
16
3
2
4
1
6
13
12
11
2
1
1
1
1
8
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
2
(continued)
157
-------
TABLE 60 (continued)
Compounds
Alcohols (cont'd.)
4-penten-2-ol
n-hexanol
2-cyclohexene-l-ol
2-methylpentanol
2-ethylbutanol
3-methylpentanol
2-(l , 1-dimethylethoxy)-
ethanol
2-butoxyethanol
D-heptanol
5-methylhexanol
3-methylhexanol
2 ,2-dunethyl-l-pentanol
l-methyl-2-cyclohexene-l-ol
3-methylcyclohexanol
2-ethyl-4-methyl-l-pentanol
2-ethyl-l-hexanol
3, 5 -dimethyl eye lohexanol
2,2,4-trimethyl-3-penten-ol
4-methylbenzene methanol
2-propyl-l-hexanol
4 ,5- dimethyl -2-hepten-3-ol
o-ethylbenzeneroethanol
2, 2- dimethyl -1-octanol
2-(l , l-dimethylethyl)cyclo-
hexanol
4-(l ,l-diraethylethyl)cyclo-
hexanol
n-decanol
g,7-dimethyloctanol
2-propyl-l-heptanol
n-undecanol
n-dodecanol
2-butyloctanol
2 , 2-dimethyl-l-decanol
6-ethyl-4,5-decanediol
2-methyl-l-dodecanol
n-hexadecanol
n-heptadecanol
Phenols
phenol
2-methylphenol
2 , 4-dimethylphenol
2 , 3-dimethylphenol
3,4-dimethylphenol
2,5-dimethylphenol
3-ethylphenol
2-t-butylphenol
2-methyl-4-t-butylphenol
Elderly Elderly
Hone-1 Home -2 Office-1 School Total Times
123456 123 1234 123 Identified
X 1
XXXXXXX X g
X X 2
X 1
X 1
X 1
XX 2
X X 2
XXX 3
X 1
X 1 '
X 1
X 1
XX 2
XX X X 4
XXX XXX XXX 9
X X 2
X X X 3
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X XX 3
X 1
X X XXXXX 7
x 1
X X X X XX 6
X X X X XX X 7
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
XX 2
X 1
XX 2
XX X 3
XX 2
X 1
X 1
(continued)
158
-------
TABLE 60 (continued)
Elderly Elderly
Hone-1 Hone-2 Office-1 School
Compounds 123456 123 1234 123
Ketones
acetone XXXXXX XXX XXXX XXX
methylethyl ketone X X
4-pentene-2-one X
2-methyl-l-propen-l-one X
dihydro-2(3H)-furanone X
3-methyl-2-butanone X
3-hexanone X X
4-hexene-3-one X
5-hexene-2-one X
3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone X
2-methyl-3-pentanone X
4-methyl-2-pentane X X
2-hexanone X
2-heptanone XXX
acetophenone XXXX
3,4-dihydro-l(2H)naphthalenone X X
indan-1-one X X
7-methyl-3-octane-2-one X
5-methyl-l(3H)-isobenzofuranone X
2,6-diroethyl-4-hepten-3-one X
5-nonen-4-one X
methylacetophenone X X
1-phenyl-l-propanone X
1-ethylacetophenone X
4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one X
l-(2-methylphenol)ethanone X
5-methyl-2-(l-methylethenyl)- X
cyclohexanone
2-decen-2-one X
2,4-dimethylacetophenone XX X X
1 ,7 ,7-triroethylbicyclo- XX X X
[2'2'l]heptanone
l-phenyl-2-pentanone X
1-phenyl-l-pentanone X
2,3-dlhydro-4,7-diniethyl-lH- X X
inden-1-one
3,3-dimethyl-l-inden-l-one X
4(l-methylethyl)acetophenone X
2,6-bis(l,l-diniethylethyl)-2,5- X
cyclohexadien-1 ,4-dione
benzophenone X X
5-methyl-l-phenyl-l-hexene-3-one X
6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadine-2one X
Total Tiroes
Identified
16
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
(continued)
159
-------
TABLE 60 (continued)
Elderly Elderly
Home-1 Home -2 Office-1 School
Compounds 123456 123 1234 123
Aldehydes
2-oxopropanal X
n-butanal X X
2-roethylpropanol X
2-methyl-2-butenal X
2-furaldehyde XXX X
n-hexanal X
n-heptanal XXX X
3,3-dimethyhexanal XX X
benzaldehyde X X X X
n-octanal X
n-nonanal XXXXXX XXXX XXX
cr-methylbenzaldehyde XX X
4-methylbenzaldehyde x
3-phenyl-2-propanal X
ethylbenzaldehyde XX XX
n-decanal XXXXXX XXX X
n-undecanal X
4(l-methylethyl)benzaldehyde X
n-tetradecanal X
Ethers
methoxyethane X
ethoxyethane X
ethoxy-1-propene X
methylbutylhydroperoxide X
hexylpentylether X
tetrahydrofuran XXX
2-butyltetrahydrofuran X
benzofuran X
4,7-dimethylbenzofuran X X
dihydrobenzopyran X
Epoxides
ethylene oxide X XXX
tnroethyloxirane X
ethyloxirane X X
metbyloxirane X
2,2-dimethyl oxirane X
3,3-dimethyl oxirane X
Carboxylic Acids
acetic acid X XXX XXX XXX
propanoic acid X
propanedioic acid X X
pentanoic acid X
Sulfur-containing Compounds
carbon disulfide X X
6-raethylbenzo(b)thiophene X
benzothiazole X X
thiopropanoic acid-3-sec-butyl ester X
2-ethylthiophenol X
Nitrogen-containing Compounds
propiannde X
benzonitrile X X
3-methylpyrrolidine X
3-methylcinfloline X X
pyridine X
decylhydroxylamine XX X
Total Time
Identified
]
2
1
1
4
1
4
3
4
1
13
3
1
1
4
10
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
See T«ble 59 for location identifications.
160
-------
(% above the quantifiable limit) of target volatiles was calculated for each
field monitoring trip. Then summary statistics including mean, median, and
maximum concentrations were calculated for all targets which were measurable
in 25% of the samples. For a few selected organics, correlations between
concentrations at selected sites were tested using a t-test. Some
comparisons of media concentrations were made between buildings and sampling
trips.
A detailed description of the sampling sites and samples collected is
given in Sections 4 and 5.
Computer Analysis—
Before statistical analysis could be undertaken, several manipulation
were necessary to process the data collected and create computer analysis
files. First, because of the difficulty of maintaining sufficient GC
resolution for each pair of chemicals, the quantitative values of
m-dichlorobenzene and p_-dichlorobenzene, as well as m-xylene and p_-xylene
were added to give one total value for m,p_-dichlorobenzene, and one value
for m,p_-xylene. Thus, all samples were more readily comparable for 18
volatile organics.
Second, values below the limit of detection (LOD) were set equal to 1/2
LOD and values at trace were set equal to 5/8 QL (quantifiable limit), where
5/8 was the midpoint between the LOD and the QL.
Third, the duplicate samples were averaged with their corresponding
field samples. The median QL for a particular compound was then defined as
the median of the individual quantifiable limits for each sample.
The final sample size for each field monitoring trip is given in
Table 61.
Office Building-
Table 62 shows the percentage of air samples with measurable
concentration of volatile organics. Data are given for samples collected
both indoors and outdoors during all three trips to the office building.
The table also indicates if a significant difference was found at the .05
level for percent measurable between indoor and outdoor samples when a
t-test was performed.
This was the case for nine of the compounds. The ratios of percent
measurables for indoor versus outdoor samples are one or greater than one
161
-------
TABLE 61. NUMBER OF SAMPLES COLLECTED FOR AIR VOLATILES BY TRIP AND SITE
Sample Size Available for Analysis
Site Trip 1 Trip 2 Trip 3
Office Building 24 21 24
School Building 23
Elderly Home-1 36
Elderly Home-2 29
162
-------
TABLE 62. PERCENT MEASURABLE - VOLATILE ORGANICS - OFFICE BUILDING
OVERALL 3 TRIPS
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,£-Di chlorobenzene
o-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Percent
Indoor (59)3
98.3
6.8°
100.0
100.0,
62 "7H
98.3°
98.3°
n
28.8°
r\
98.3°
Q
93.1
5.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
' b d
97.8°'°
100 .0
100. od
Measurable
Outdoor (10)3
80.0
0.0
100.0
90.0
90.0
30.0
80.0
0.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
0.0
c
37.5
62.5
25.0
Ratio
(In/Out)
1.3
ee
1.0
l.l
0.7
3.3
1.2
CO
2.0
CO
CO
1.0
1.0
1.3
CO
2.6
1.6
4.0
Sample size.
Sample size for n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane indoor was 44.
"Sample size for n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane outdoor was 8.
Indicates a significant difference at .05 level between percent
measurable for indoor versus outdoor air samples t-test.
163
-------
for twelve volatiles, less than one for carbon tetrachloride and undefined
for the six remaining target volatiles, none of which were detected
outdoors.
Comparing the results from five indoor locations and combining indoor
and outdoor locations, there were nine volatile organics with a high percent
measurable. These nine compounds were chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
benzene, ethylbenzene, g_-xylene, m,p_-xylene, n-decane, n-undecane, and
H-dodecane.
Tables 63 through 65 show percent measurables for indoor versus outdoor
samples and the indoor/outdoor percent measurable ratios for the three trips
to the office building. The tables have been reduced to fifteen volatile
organics because the other three volatiles were detected in less than 25% of
the samples collected for all sampling trips. Table 66 summarizes the
indoor/outdoor percent measurable ratios by trip for all three trips.
Generally, except for carbon tetrachloride, the ratio of percent measurable
between indoor and outdoor samples was one or greater than one. Seven
compounds had a ratio greater than one for trip 1, three compounds had
ratios greater than one for trips 2 and 3. However, when data from all
three trips were combined, there were nine compounds with a percent
measurable ratio greater than one. The highest ratios for trip 1 were for
trichloroethylene (3.8) and styrene (4.0). For the three trips combined the
highest ratios were for trichloroethylene (3.3) and n-dodecane (4.0).
Table 67 shows the median quantifiable limits (QLs) for the fifteen
volatile organics which had sufficient data to compute summary statistics
for samples collected at all five indoor locations and for indoor and
outdoor samples combined. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and ethylbenzene were both
100% detected and thus the QLs are estimated. The lowest median QL was 0.07
/;g/m3 for n-undecane and the highest was 0.56 /jg/m3 for carbon
tetrachloride.
Tables E-l to E-18 in Appendix E give the concentration levels for
volatile organics with percentage measurable greater than 20% found at the
office building. Data are presented for each monitoring location for each
of the three field monitoring trips to the office building. Tables 68 to 70
summarizes this information, giving mean concentration found at each
location for the three trips. For the third trip to the office, high and
164
-------
TABLE 63. PERCENT MEASURABLE - VOLATILE ORGANICS - OFFICE BUILDING
TRIP 1, AUGUST 1983
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Percent
Indoor (20)a
95.0
100.0
100.0,
h
20.0°
h
95.0°
95.0
5.0
100. 0"
f)
90.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
p
100.0
100.0
100.0
Measurable
Outdoor (4)
50.0
100.0
75.0
75.0
25.0
50.0
0.0
25.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
50.0,
r\
100.0
100.0
50.0
Ratio
(In/Out)
1.9
1.0
1.3
0.3
3.8
1.9
00
4.0
00
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
Sample size.
Indicates a significant difference at .05 level for percent measurable
between indoor versus outdoor air.
"Sample size for n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane indoor was 9.
Sample size for n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane outdoor was 2.
165
-------
TABLE 64. PERCENT MEASURABLE - VOLATILE ORGANICS - OFFICE BUILDING
TRIP 2, SEPTEMBER 1983
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,j>-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Percent
Indoor (19)a
100.0
100.0
100.0
89.5
100.0
100.0,
42. lb
94.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
94. 1C
100.0
100.0
Measurable
Outdoor (2)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
Ratio
(In/Out)
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.0
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.9
1.9
2.0
Sample size.
Indicates a significant difference at .05 level for percent
measurable between indoor versus outdoor air.
c
Sample size for n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane was 17,
166
-------
TABLE 65. PERCENT MEASURABLE - VOLATILE ORGANICS - OFFICE BUILDING
TRIP 3, DECEMBER 1983
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,£-Di chloro^enzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Percent
Indoor (19-20)
100.0
100.0
100.0,
80. Ob
100.0
100.0,
r\
40. 0D
100.0,
h
94.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Measurable
3 Outdoor (4)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
50.0
100.0
0.0
50.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
50.0
0.0
Ratio
(In/Out)
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.8
2.0
1.0
OO
2.0
OO
1.0
1.0
1.0
CO
2.0
CO
Sample size.
Indicates a significant difference at .05 level for percent measurable
indoor versus outdoor air.
167
-------
TABLE 66. RATIOS OF INDOOR VS. OUTDOOR OF PERCENT MEASURABLE -
VOLATILE ORGANICS - OFFICE BUILDING
Indoor/Outdoor Ratio
Compond
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,£-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m ,jD-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
jn- Dodecane
Tri£ 1 Trip 2
1
1
1
0
3
1
_
4
-
1
1
2
1
1
2
.9
.0
.3
.3d
.83
.9
_
.oa
-
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1
1
1
0
0
1
_
0
-
1
1
1
1
2
2
.0
.0
.0
.9
.0
.0
_
.9
-
.0
.0
.0
.9
.0
.0
Trip 3
1
1
]
0
2
1
_
2
-
1
1
1
-
2
-
.0
.0
.0
.83
.0
.0
-
.0
-
.0
.0
.0
-
.0
OveraJ
1
1
1
0
3
1
_
2
-
1
1
1
2
1
4
.3
.0
1
.7a
.3U
.2
-
.oa
-
.0
.0
.3
a
.6
ga
,oa
Indicates a significant difference at .05 leve] for percent, measurable
between indoor versus outdoor air.
168
-------
TABLE 67.
Compound
MEDIAN QLs OVER FIVE SAMPLING LOCATIONS - INDOOR/OUTDOOR
AIR SAMPLES COMBINED FOR VOLATILE ORGANICS
Median QL
Sample Size
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
18,
b
15
19
56
15
33
13
19
08,
b
15
20
IB
19
07
11
20
0
1
22
19
3
27
24
15
0
2
2
6
3
7
The number of samples which were below the QL.
^
Compounds were 100% detected, QL estimated.
169
-------
TABLE 68. AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF VOLATILE ORGANICS FOUND IN THE OFFICE, TRIP 1 (JULY 1983)
3
Average Concentration (|jg/m )
1st Floor
Conrpcuud Exterior Office
Chi oroi~oi.il.
1 > '".-Di CP J f~ roethane
1,1,1 -Triehlorccthane
E.., ":. :,e
C--,, /«n Tetfachloi ide
I'rJ chioroethylene
Tc t r •>. chl o roe thy 1 eue
ri~ ^ vrobenzene
;•-'; -rcrte
r.Jyp Dichloroberizene
i -^i'jhlcrobei.xene
T?I V7lb--7.--.ne
'- ""-,' "; C-/.1.'
ii- jj -X>"~ .'-
i T 2 , 2- ' "t- rarh i oroethant-
- _ n ^ -. - , - -,
. ;;:.-l,.ranf
" -ri- '^r-an.-.
0.
0.
398.
4.
0.
0.
5.
0.
0.
1.
0.
89.
130.
160.
0.
-
_
-
83
02
0
9
23
96
64
02
4
2
12
0
0
0
02
a
a
a
1st Floor
Secretarial
0
0
323
5
0
0
8
0
7
0
0
83
61
130
0
430
150
22
.87
.02
.0
.4
.75
.99
.4
.47
.7
.89
.09
.0
.0
.0
.02
.0
.0
.0
2nd Floor
Office
1
0
418
5
0
2
10
0
7
0
0
73
54
110
0
320
180
76
.38
.02
.0
. 1
,85
.1
.7
.02
. 1
.9
.2
.0
.0
.0
.02
.0
.0
.0
2nd Floor
Secretarial
0.
0.
409.
4.
0.
0.
6.
0.
10.
0.
0.
88.
72.
100.
0.
400.
200.
41.
78
02
0
6
17
83
2
02
5
79
09
0
0
0
02
0
0
0
3rd Floor
Copier
0.
0.
346.
3.
0.
1.
2.
0.
6.
3.
0.
90.
60.
140.
0.
380.
166.
50.
55
02
0
2
19
08
6
02
7
3
09
0
0
0
02
0
0
0
Outdoor
0
0
10
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
3
1
0
.38
.02
.3
.5
.86
.27
.64
.04
.15
.06
.06
.4
.4
.3
.02
.6
.9
.13
t Calculated
-------
TABLE 69. AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF VOLATILE ORGANICS FOUND IN THE OFFICE, TRIP 2 (SEPTEMBER, 1983)
Average Concentration (Vg/r
1st Floor
Compound Interior Office
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichlorethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,£-Di chlorobenzene
o-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
1.6
0.06
75.0
3.1
0.89
36.0
1.4
0.15
4.0
1.1
0.09
4.4
6.4
16.0
0.03
39.7
50.3
21.0
1st Floor
Secretarial
2.5
0.03
139.0
7.7
1.2
46.0
2.6
0.16
9.7
1.5
0.14
6.25
10.1
20.0
0.03
50.0
63.0
23.0
2nd Floor
Office
1.6
0.03
82.0
4.1
1.1
38.0
2.6
0.13
5.9
0.98
0.06
4.8
7.2
16.0
0.03
39.0
44.0
17.0
2nd Floor
Secretarial
1.6
0.03
99.0
4.5
1.0
39-0
2.1
0.35
7.4
3 .1
0.10
7.2
8.0
19.0
0.03
25.0
44.0
19.0
3,
n )
3rd Floor
Copier
1.6
0.09
106.0
6.0
0.84
31.0
2.5
0.41
8.3
1.3
0.17
8.8
9.7
23.0
0.03
37.0
43.0
16.0
Outdoor
0.63
0.15
4.2
5.2
1.1
0.07
0.33
0.07
4.4
0.12
0.07
1.20
1.90
3.3
0.02
0.71
0.96
0.43
-------
TABLE 70. AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF VOLATILE ORGANICS FOUND AT THE OFFICE, TRIP 3 (DECEMBER 1983)
Average Concentrat ion (yg/ra
1st Floor
Compound Interior Office
Cnioroform 20.0
I ,2-Dichloroetnarse 0.1:
2 , 1 . 1-Trichloroetnar;e 45 , '
Benzene 6 . 1
Carbon Tecrachlorio^ " . ;
Trichloethyiene 32.;
TeLracnioroethyiens 2 . p
Cr i orobenzen" 0 .22
bcv rer ;- ., . v
m,D-Dichiorobertzerr 0 . 2 '
o-]>i chl orohenze:. (; . C
>-. t nv j D e ri '* rM : c L^-
v"-~ AV ^ f{ " _t . (
m.p-Xy1 f-:' 2.7
. . i . 2 « 2-Tetracnioroetn^r e 0 . 02
n-becar;e u . <_•
n-Undecanc- 25.2
i -2'oaecarie 7.2
1st Floor
Secretarial
10.
0.
55 .
3.
0.
33 .
3.
r, .
f> _
0.
0.
4 .
J .
i L .
0.
7 .
20.
6.
0
10
0
o
6-
0
4
1 3
6
60
03
L
q
0
03
i
(i
4
2nd Floor
Of face
9
0
48
9
0.
30
3
0.
5 .
0 .
0.
4.
2
7 .
0
4.
8 .
3.
.8
.14
. 0
. 0
.34
. 0
. 2
. 1C
.8
-52
.03
. 0
Q
. L
.03
-7
5
.4
2 n d Flo o r
Secretar i a i
3-5.0
0.17
6" .0
8.0
: . 3
2^.0
2 . 5
r .14
7
0 . 7fi
0 . 03
4 'i
3 . 2
8.64
0.03
2.4
:> . 6
2 . 1
3)
3rd Floor
Copier
18
0
30
13
0
it)
3
0
f;
0 .
5 .
3.
8 .
0.
2 .
5.
2.
.0
.20
. 0
. 0
Q
. 0
. 0
.37
, .'4
. 3-
.02
.9
Q
. 6
. 03
, 4
. 8
.8
Outdoor
1 7 . 0
0.09
-J . _"
'j J-,
0 . 85
0 . 5 '.
I .15
0.0''
r
f . .' '
I,.,1
1 .2*-.
] . 0 .
2 . 6 j,
0 . 0 ''
0 . 0.'.
0.2"
(}.\2
-------
variable levels of chloroform were found on field blanks and although data
has been presented, results are questionable for this compound. Tables 71
through 74 give the summary statistics for these data. Mean, median, and
maxium concentrations have been determined. The summary statistics are
given for indoor and outdoor samples separately. Median and maximum
indoor/outdoor concentration ratios have also been calculated.
To do a test on analysis of variance on these data, first the natural
log of the individual concentrations was taken. The model used was
concentration values = period, location. Period refers to day or night
indoor concentrations and location refers to concentrations for indoor
locations only. Significant differences in reported concentration between
time periods or indoor location are indicated in Tables 71 through 74.
Trips 1 and 3 show concentration differences for several compounds for day
versus night samples with daytime samples showing highest concentrations.
For trip 3, there are significant differences in reported concentrations
among the locations for seven of the target volatiles. Table 70 shows
average concentrations at each location.
In order to perform a valid paired t-test for indoor versus outdoor
concentrations, the indoor air sample concentrations had to be averaged over
each of the time periods. For the second visit to the office building only
two outdoor air samples were collected; therefore, the paired t-test was
performed overall but not by trip. Trip 1 and 3 each had four outdoor air
samples. Trips 1 and 3 each had four time periods both indoors and
outdoors. In order for each trip (1 and 3) to have four matched pairs, each
of the five indoor samples was averaged by the time period per sample. Trip
2 had only two outdoor samples. Thus, the sample file consists of ten
matched pairs -- four each for trips 1 and 3, and two for trip 2. Then the
difference (outdoor concentration minus the indoor mean concentration) was
taken and the t-test was performed over all three trips on the fifteen
compounds. Thirteen of the fifteen compounds showed a significant
difference at the 0.05 level as reported in Table 71. Only chloroform and
carbon tetrachloride did not.
Table 71 contains the statistics for volatile organic compounds for the
three combined trips for the office building. The indoor mean, median, and
maximum concentrations and indoor/outdoor ratios for the median and maximum
concentrations are largest for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene,
173
-------
TABLE 71. SUMMARY STATISTICS - VOLATILE ORGANICS - 3 TRIPS COMBINED - OFFICE BUILDING"
Concentration ([Jg/m3)
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,£-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m ,p-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Median QL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.10
.15
.19
.56
.38
.33
.17
.16
.11
•15b
.15
.18
.19
.07
.14
Mean
Indoor
7.1,
180. d'e
6.1 'e
0. 76
21. ^
4.0e
0. 19e
6.4e
l.le
32. d'6
29.
56. e
92. e
59. e
19. 6
Median
Outdoor
7.
6.
3.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
1.
1.
2.
1 .
0.
0.
2
3
0
90
33
78
04
0
10
7
4
2
1
87
20
Indoor Outdoor
1
93
4
0
19
2
_
5
0
6
8
19
35
38
16
.5
.4
.68
.
.2
c
.4
.98
.8
.3
0.74
4.6
2.9
0.89
0.21
0.44
c
0.19
0.11
1.2
1.4
2.4
0.1
0.55
0.14
Max
Indoor
110.
870.
48.
3.1
80.
17.
1.8
18.
9.6
200.
340.
340.
780.
320.
110.
Outdoor
48
15
6
1
1
2
0
8
0
4
2
3
5
0
.2
.4
.1
.4
.13
.2
.18
.1
.4
.9
.6
.2
.84
Ratio
Median
(In/Out)
2
20
1
0
91
5
_
28
8
5
6
7
350
68
110
.0
.5
.8
t
.0
c
.9
.7
.1
.9
Max
(In/Out)
2.
58.
7.
2.
73.
7.
14.
2.
53.
49.
140.
87.
140.
150.
130.
3
7
2
1
2
Indoor sample size was 59, except sample size for n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane was 45. Outdoor sample
size was 10, except sample size for n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane was 8.
Compounds were 100% detected, estimated QL.
"Both percents detectable were less than 50%, therefore medians were not compared.
Indicates a significant difference in concentrations at 0.05 level when performing analysis of variance to
test for a difference in day versus night, with daytime levels higher than nighttime.
3
'Indicates a significant difference between indoor and outdoor concentrations at 0.05 level when performing
paired t-test.
-------
TABLE 72. SUMMARY STATISTICS - VOLATILE ORGANICS - TRIP 1, JULY 1983 - OFFICE BUILDING"
Cn
Concentration (|Jg/m )
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,g-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Median QL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.10
.15
.19
.6
.26
.33
.17
.16
.17
.15°
.15C
.18
.15°
.15°
.18
Mean
Indoor
0.88*
K
380. °
4.6 °
0.44b
1.2
6.7
0.11
8.3
X'4 b
84. J
74.
140.
380.
170.
47.
Median
Outdoor
0.38
10.
1.5
0.86
0.27
0.64
0.04
0.15
0.06
2.4
1.4
1.3
3.6
1.9
0.13
Indoor
0.
290.
4.
0.
1.
4.
--
8.
1.
82.
54.
150.
310.
150.
44.
81
7
08
1
6d
v_l
6
1
Outdoor
0.32
11.
1.6
0.88
0.21
0.36
\A
0.06
0.06
2.3
1.4
0.96
3.55
1.9
0.13
Max
Indoor
3.3
870.
8.5
2.9
3.6
17.
1.8
18.
9.6
200.
340.
340.
780.
320.
110.
Outdoor
0
15
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
4
2
3
5
2
0
.71
.
.9
.2
.60
.8
.10
.47
.11
.1
.2
.1
.6
.2
.24
Ratio
Median
(In/Out)
2.5
26.
3.0
0.1
5.2
13.
i.oa
140.
18.
35.
39.
160.
87.
81.
340.
Max
(In/Out)
4.6
58.
2.9
2.4
6.0
9.4
18.
38.
87.
49.
150.
110.
140.
150.
460.
Indoor sample size was 20, except the sample size for n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane was 9. Outdoor
sample size was 4, except sample size for n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane was 2.
Indicates a significant difference in concentration at 0.05 level when performing analysis of variance to
test for a difference in day versus night, with daytime levels being higher.
"Compounds were 100% detected, estimated QL.
Both percents detectable were less than 50%, therefore medians were not compared.
-------
TABLE 73. SUMMARY STATISTICS - VOLATILE ORGANICS - TRIP 2, SEPTEMBER 1983 - OFFICE BUILDING'
Concentration (|jg/m3)
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,|)-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Median QL
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
,15b
'15b
.15b
.21
.58
,15b
•19K
,15b
,08
,15b
15b
,15b
.19
.19
,19
Mean
Indoor
1.
JOO.
7.
1.
38.
2.
0.
7.
1.
6.
8.
19.
38.
48.
19.
8<:,d
1
0
c
3C
25
2d
2
4
4
Median
Outdoor
0
4
5
1
0
0
0
4
0
1
1
3
0
0
0
.63
.2
.2
.1
.07
.33
.07
.4
.12
.2
.9
.3
.71
.96
.43
Indoor Outdoor
1.
88.
4.
0.
27.
2.
--
6.
1.
6.
8.
19.
40.
49.
19.
5
6
92
1
3
2
8
4
0.63
4.2
5.2
1.1
0.07
0.33
4.4
0.12
1.2
1.9
3.3
0.71
0.96
0.43
Max
Indoor
4.4
270.
48.
1.7
80.
5.2
0.78
16.
1.7
10.
13.
27.
61.
88.
30.
Ratio
Median
Outdoor
0.76
4.4
6.2
1.3
0.08
0.42
0.13
8.2
0.13
1.2
2.4
3.6
1.4
1.9
0.84
(In/Out)
2.
21.
0.
0.
390.
6.
1.
10.
5.
4.
5.
56.
51.
43.
4
9
8
4
4
7
4
8
Max
(In/Out)
5.
61.
7.
1.
1000.
12.
6.
2.
13.
8.
5.
7.
44.
46.
36.
8
7
3
0
0
3
4
5
Indoor sample size was 19 except the sample for n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane was 17. Outdoor sample
size was 2.
Compounds were 100% detected, estimated QL.
"Indicates a significant difference in concentrations at 0.05 level when performing analysis of variance to
test for a difference in day versus night, with daytime levels being higher.
Indicates a significant difference in concentration at 0.05 level when performing analysis of variance to test
for differences among the 5 indoor locations.
^
"Both percents detectable were less than 50%, therefore medians were not compared.
-------
TABLE 74. SUMMARY STATISTICS - VOLATILE ORGANICS - TRIP 3, DECEMBER 1983 - OFFICE BUILDING'
Concentration
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trich loroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetra-r.Ioride
Trichl oroethy Lene
Tetrachioroethvj.ene
Chlorobenzen, -
Styrene
m , £-Dichlorocenzene
Ethvlbenzenr
o-Xvlene
~n.£-Xy lene
n-Decane
a-llndecane
n-Dodecane
Median QL
0.
0 ,
0,
0.
0.
0.
n
0 .
0.
0 .
0.
c .
0.
0.
f\
b
. 15b
. 15"
. i /
• 26,
. _ o
.09
" C
• L:K
. - -->!
. 1 5b
.19
.07
. 11
Mean
(|Jg/m3)
Median
Indoor Outdoor
18.
49. °
6. 6C '
0.86
27.
3.0°
0.21C'
3.8C'd
0.56
4.8C
3,5C
9.0C
4.4C''I
13. C'(
4.6c'd
17
3
3
0
0
1
0
o
1
1
^
0
0
0
.5
.3
.85
.51
.1
.03
.21
. 12
i
.0
./
.06
.33
.12
Indoor Outdoor
13
41
3
0
25
1
_
3
0
4
3
8
4
9
3
t
.6
.76
.7
e
.4
.50
.5
.2
O
. z.
.1
. 7
.9
9
3
3
0
0
0
_,
0
0
-J
1
0
2
0
0
0
.9
.3
.4
.78
.44
.88
e
.19
. 14
.3
.99
. 7
.03
.30
.14
Max
Indoor
110
170
25
3
51
8
0
I
11
7
18
11
37
10
. 1
.6
.67
.5
.4
7
. £
Ratio
Median
Outdoor
48.
6.4
6.0
1 .4
1. :
2 . 4
2 , 4
0.44
0.18
: o
1.5
3 . Q
0 . i 8
f} h,
0 . L ?.
(In/Out)
1
12
i
1
56
1
_
18
3
7
3
3
140
32
28
. 3
. 1
.0
.9
e
. 6
.6
.2
.0
Max
(In/Out)
2.
27.
4.
2.
46.
3.
17.
1 7.
6 .
5 .
4.
4 .
61.
61.
56.
3
2
2
6
1
8
8
6
Indoor sampte size was 20 except the sample for m,p-dichlorobenzene, n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane
was 19. Outdoor sample size was 4.
"Compounds were 100% detected, estimated QL.
Indicates a significant difference in concentrations at 0.05 level when performing analysis of variance to
test for a difference in day versus night, with daytime levels being higher.
Indicates a significant difference in concentration at 0.05 level when performing analysis of variance to test
for differences among the 5 indoor locations.
^
Both percents detectable were less than 50%, therefore medians were not compared.
-------
n},p_-xylene, n-decane, a-undecane, and n-dodecane. The median concentration
ratios are greater than one in all cases, except for carbon tetrachloride,
and are greater than one in all cases for the maximum ratios. The median
concentration ratios are as large as 350 for a-decane, indicating that the
indoor air concentrations are higher than the outdoor air concentrations.
Table 72 shows the summary statistics for trip 1 to the office building
for indoor versus outdoor sample concentration. In all cases, except for
carbon tetrachloride, the mean, median, and maximum concentrations are
larger for indoor compared to the outdoor samples. The highest median
concentration ratios are for styrene (140), m,p_-xylene (160), and n-dodecane
(340).
Table 73 shows the summary statistics for trip 2 to the office building
for indoor versus outdoor sample concentrations. In all cases, except for
benzene and carbon tetrachloride, the median concentrations are larger for
indoor than for outdoor air samples. Median carbon tetrachloride
concentrations are slightly less for indoor than outdoor samples. The
maximum indoor concentrations in all cases are larger than the outdoor
concentrations. The four largest indoor/outdoor median concentration ratios
are for trichloroethylene (390), a-decane (56), a-undecane (51), and
a-dodecane (43).
Table 74 contains the summary statistics for the third trip to the
office building for indoor versus outdoor sample concentrations. In this
case, all mean, median, and maximum concentrations are equal or larger for
indoor samples. The four largest indoor/outdoor median concentration ratios
are for trichloroethylene (56), a-decane (140), a-undecane (32), and
a-dodecane (28).
Table 75 is a summary table of the ratios of indoor versus outdoor
median air concentrations for the office building by trip, overall, and for
trip 1, time period 1 only. In most cases, the ratios are larger than one
indicating larger concentrations indoors than outdoors. The four largest
overall indoor/outdoor median ratios are for trichloroethylene (91),
a-decane (350), a-undecane (68), and a-dodecane (110). In general, these
ratios decrease with time.
Table 76 is a summary table indicating the indoor/outdoor median
concentrations for the office building by trip and overall. Generally, the
178
-------
TABLE 75, SUMMARY STATISTICS - VOLATILE ORGANICS - OFFICE BUILDING - RATIOS OF CONCENTRATIONS
CO
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichlo roe thane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p_-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Trip
Median
(In/Out)
2.5
26.
3.0
0.1
5.2
13.
d
140.
18.
35.
39.
160.
87.
81.
340.
la
Max
(In/Out)
4.6
58.
2.9
24.
6.0
9.4
18.
38.
87.
48.
150.
110.
140.
150.
460.
Trip
Median
(In/Out)
2.4
21.
0.9
0.8
390.
6- 4 ,
d
1.4
10.
5.7
4.4
5.8
56.
51.
43.
2
Max
(In/Out)
5.8'
61.
7.7
1.3
1000.
12.
6.0
2.0
13.
8.3
5.4
7.5
44.
46.
36.
Trip
Median
(In/Out)
1.3
12.
1.1
1.0
56.
1.9,
_d
18.
3.6
3.6
3.2
3.0
140.
32.
28.
1*
Max
(In/Out)
2.3
27.
4.2
2.2
46.
3.6
37.
17.
6.1
5.8
4.8
4.6
61.
61.
56.
Overall
Median
(In/Out)
2.0
20.
1.5
0.8
91.
5.0,
d
28.
8.9
5.7
6.1
7.9
NC6
68.
110.
Trips
Max
(In/Out)
2.3
58.
7.7
2.2
73.
7.1
14.
2.2
53.
42.
140.
87.
140.
150.
130.
August 1983.
September 1983 .
CDecember 1983.
Both percent detectabls were-less than 50%, therfore medians were not compared,
Not calculated.
-------
TABLE 76. SUMMARY STATISTICS - VOLATILE ORGANICS - OFFICE BUILDING - MEDIAN CONCENTRATIONS
oo
o
Median Concentrations
Trip 1
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichlo roe thane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
In
0.81
290.
4.7
0.08
1.1
4.6
8.6
1.1
82.
54.
150.
310.
150.
44.
0
11
1
0
0
0
-
0
0
2
1
0
3
1
0
a
Out
.32
.
.6
.88
.21
-36d
.06
.06
.3
.4
.96
.6
.9
.13
Trip^2
1
88
4
0
27
2
—
6
1
6
8
19
40
49
19
In
.5
.6
.92
,
-1d
—
.3
.2
.8
.4
0
4
5
1
0
0
-
4
0
1
1
3
0
0
0
b
Out
.63
.2
.2
.1
.07
"33d
.4
.12
.2
.9
.3
.71
.96
.43
(Mg/m3)
Trip 3
13
41
3
0
25
1
-
3
0
4
3
8
4
9
3
In
.6
.76
'7 d
.4
.50
.5
.2
.2
.1
.7
.9
9
3
3
0
0
0
-
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
c
Out
.9
.3
.4
.78
.44
O O
.OO
.19
.]4
.3
.99
.7
.03
.30
.14
Overal
1
93
4
0
19
2
-
5
0
6
8
19
35
38
16
In
.5
.4
.68
• 2 d
.4
.98
.8
.3
.
0
4
2
0
0
0
—
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
1
Out
.74
.6
.9
.89
.21
•44d
.19
.11
.2
.4
.4
.10
.55
.14
August 1983.
^September 1983.
"December 1983.
Both percents detectable were less than 50%, therefore medians were not compared.
-------
indoor concentrations are higher than the outdoor concentrations. Overall,
the three largest indoor/outdoor median concentration ratios are for
1,1,1-trichloroethane (93), n-decane (35), and n-undecane (38).
Visual inspection of the concentration data for trip one to the office
building (Appendix E, Tables E-l to E-6) shows large increases in indoor
concentrations of some of the target volatiles during time period 2 with a
gradual decrease in concentration during periods 3 and 4.
The high concentrations of the aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons
during periods 2 (day 1), 3, and 4 were most likely due to activities which
occurred within the building during that period. This trip to the office
took place immediately after completion of the building. During the
sampling period some "finishing" of the building and moving activities were
taking place. During time period 2 (day 1), all of the furniture was being
moved into the building and cleaned with a hydrocarbon-based solvent. Use
of this solvent would cause a large increase in the measured hydrocarbon
level; concentrations for periods 3 and 4 would decrease due to air exchange
in the building. To investigate these occurences, summary statistics were
calculated for the first time period (night 1) versus time periods 2 (day
1), 3 (night 2), and 4 (day 2) combined. Median and maximum concentration
ratios were then calculated using time period 1 as the baseline which
represents a new building without the moving activities (time periods 2, 3,
and 4/day 1). Results in Table 77 show highest median ratios for ethyl
benzene, Q-xylene, m,p_-xylene, and benzene. n-Decane and n-undecane also
showed ratios greater than one for both median and maximum concentration.
Table 78 shows the ratios calculated for median and maximum indoor
sample concentrations for two cases. The first case shows trip 1 versus
trip 3 data. The second case shows trip 1, time period 1 versus trip 3.
Table 79 lists the outdoor concentrations for the office building for
trip 1 and trip 3 and their ratios for median and maximum concentrations.
Six median trip I/trip 3 concentration ratios are greater than one; the
remaining nine are less than one and range from 0.03 (chloroform) to 0.9
(n-dodecane). This table demonstrates that although there was a decrease in
indoor concentrations for target volatiles between trip 1 and trip 3, this
same relationship is not true for the outdoor concentrations for trips 1 and
3.
181
-------
TABLE 77. SUMMARY STATISTICS - VOLATILE ORGANICS - TRIP 1 - OFFICE BUILDING - INDOOR CONCENTRATIONS
TIME 1 (Tl) VS. TIME 2,3, AND 4 (T2,3,4)
00
ro
Concentration
Median QL
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,]3-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Tl,2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
,3,4
.18,
b
. 15b
.56
.15
.40
.11
.20
•°7b
.15b
.20
.15b
.19,
.15D
.07
Mean
Tl
0.96
311.
2.8
1.2
1.5
4.8
0.02
7.8
1.2
10.
14.
38.
210.
130.
66.
T2,3,4
0.85
400.
5.2
0.18
1.1
7.3
0.14
8.5
1.5
110.
95.
170.
470.
190.
38.
Median
Tl
0.99
260.
1.4
0.46
1.2
4.8
7.9
1.2
7.5
13.
39.
200.
96.
50.
T2,
0
410
4
0
1
4
-
9
1
110
64
160
450
200
43
3,4
.76
.7
.08
.1
.5
.0
.0
•
(|Jg/m3)
Ratio
Max
Tl
1.2
510.
5.7
2.9
3.0
8.1
0.02
14.
1.8
18.
19.
46.
310.
210.
56.
T2 , 3 , 4
3.3
870.
8.5
0.66
3.6
17.
1.8
18.
9.6
200.
340.
340.
780.
320.
110.
Median
T2,3,
1
3
0
0
0
-
1
0
15
5
4
2
2
0
4/T1
.8
.6
.4
.2
.9
.9
.1
.8
•
.
.3
.9
Max
T2,3,4/T1
2.8
1.7
1.5
0.2
1.2
2.1
90.
1.3
5.3
11.
18.
7.4
2.5
1.5
2.0
Sample size for time 1 was 5 except sample size for n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane was 3.
for time 2,3, and 4 was 13 except sample size for n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane was 6.
Compounds were 100% detected, estimated QL.
'Both percent detectables were less than 50%, therefore medians were not compared.
Sample size
-------
TABLE 78. CONCENTRATION RATIOS FOR OFFICE BUILDING - INDOOR ONLY
Concentration Ratios
Trip I/Trip
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylenc
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
c>-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
ri-Dodecane
Median
0.
7.
1.
0.
0.
2.
0.
2.
2.
18.
17.
18.
76.
16.
11.
06
I
3
1
02
8
1
6
1
3
Max
0
5
0,
0
0,
2
2
2
6
18
47.
19
71
9
11 .
.1
.1
.3
.9
.1
.0
.7
.4
.9
Trip l-i
Median
0
6
0
0
0
2
2
2
1
4
4
49
99
13
.07
.3
.4
.6
.5
.8
NC
.3
.4
.7
.1
.7
L3/Trip 3
Max
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
28
5
5
.01
.9
.2
.9
.06
.9
.93
.9
.3
.6
.6
.6
.7
.6
Trip 1 - time period 1 only.
183
-------
Figures 23 through 25 are plots of the indoor median versus the outdoor
median concentrations for the office building by trip. Again, these figures
show the indoor, trip 1, median concentrations to be larger than outdoor,
trip 1, median concentrations. Also, there is usually a decrease in indoor
concentrations for trip 2 and trip 3 compared to trip 1.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m,p_-xylene, n-decane,
n-undecane, and n-dodecane show this trend. The outdoor concentrations tend
to be more or less constant.
Figures 26 through 28 show the median indoor concentrations for three
trips combined for the copier room only for day versus night for the fifteen
selected compounds. In nine of the fifteen cases the daytime median
concentration is higher than the nighttime median concentration. This is
true for chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, ethylbenzene,
o-xylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, styrene, m,p_-dichlorobenzene, and
m,p_-xylene.
Figures 29 through 31 show the median concentrations for three trips
combined for the copier room versus all other rooms for daytime only. In
five cases, median concentrations for samples collected in the copier room
are higher than for samples collected in the other rooms. These are
m,p_-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m,p_-xylene, and styrene.
School, Elderly Homes 1 and 2--
Table 80 shows the percentages of air samples with measurable
concentrations of target volatiles in indoor and outdoor samples collected
during field sampling at the school. Except for chloroform and
chlorobenzene, both indoor and outdoor locations have percent measurables
greater than 50%. Ratios of percent measurable in indoor versus outdoor
samples were also calculated. Excluding the lowest ratio (0.4 for
chloroform) and the highest (1.5 for styrene), the remaining range is from
0.9 to 1.2, with a value of 1.0 for nine of the indoor/outdoor percent
measurable ratios demonstrating few differences between indoor and outdoor
samples.
Tables 81 and 82 give the same information for the elderly homes 1 and
2. For elderly home-1, all compounds for indoor and outdoor samples are
greater than 50% measurable except for 1,2-dichloroethane,
o-dichlorobenzene, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. Excluding these three
184
-------
CO
1 2 J
Trichloroethylene
1 2 J
Chlorobenzene
1 2
n
benzene
Trip
Chloroform
Carbon
Tetrachloride
Figure 23.
concencr.tlon.
tm,et
»rB
vo
latile, found In
-------
981
Median Concentration (yg/ni )
-£>
O
H-
00
c
<; M
o 3
MO-
(H O
rt O
H-i-i
I—'
m 3
ra n>
ex.
1-hH-
O 03
C d
0) p-
O
O O
Hi 1-1
Hi
H-3
n ro
ro p-
c 3
H-
MO
CLO
P-3
3 O
OQ ro
d
CTrt
rt rt
i-t H-
H-O
•a 3
• en
ao
ru
rt
3 ^J
re
E
X
c
3
a.
n>
n
a
3
re
\/
• •
//
O
c
a.
o
SSI
-------
TABLE 79. OFFICE BUILDING - OUTDOOR CONCENTRATIONS AND CONCENTRATION
RATIOS (TRIPS 1 AND 3)
Concentration (yig/m ]__
Trip
Median
0
•oethane 11
1
iloride 0
ene 0
lylene 0
0
0
>nzene 0
2
1
0
3
1
0
.32
.6
.88
.21
.36
.02
.06
.06
.3
.4
.96
.6
.9
.13
1
Trip 3
Max
0.
15.
2.
1.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
4.
2.
3.
5.
2.
0.
71
9
2
60
80
10
47
11
1
2
1
6
2
24
Median
9.
3.
3.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
2.
0.
0.
0.
9
3
4
78
44
88
03
19
14
3
99
7
03
30
14
Max
48
6
6
1
1
2
0
0
0
1
1
3
0
0
0
.4
.0
.4
.1
.4
.04
.44
.18
.9
.5
.9
.18
.61
.18
Ratio
Median
0,
3
0
1
0,
0
0
0
0
1
1 ,
0
120
6
0,
.03
.3
.5
.1
.5
.4
.7
.3
.4
.9
.4
.4
.2
.9
Max
0.
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
2.
1 ,
0.
2,
1,
0
31 .
3.
1 .
.01
.3
.5
,9
5
.8
5
. i
6
.2
.5
.8
,6
3
Compound
Ch]oroform
1,1,1-Trichloi
Benzene
Carbon Tetrad
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroet
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,j2~Dichlorob
Ethylbenzene
p-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
ri-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Concentration ratio trip I/trip 3.
187
-------
881
Median Concentration (yg/Ji )
00
o
o
o
35
c
l-j
t-o
Ul
—i i-t
I"*)
i— 3
H CX
ZT 33
79
O
cr c
^< rr
D-
rr O
3
fD
3
O
3
fti
H-
O
-t
75
(D
<
O
Q)
rt
(t)
W
• •
i/
-------
Median Concentration (yg/ra )
ro
t-o
O
3
I 3
CL n
& o
n
< ro
'Ji 3
o
w
m
o
n
ro
cr
c
cx
H-
3
00
n
o
-3
O
o
o
I
oo
3"
Median Concentration (ug/M )
oooooooooo
1,1,1-Trichlorc
ethane
i
1 | | ) 1 1 i 1 1
-------
061
-n
Median Concentration (pg/m )
C
ft
fD
I 3
Q-. O
0) O
n
< fD
Cfl 3
ri-
ft
3 &i
t-i- rt
00 M.
3" O
rr 3
ai
O
ft
-o
C/)
rr
fD
n
fD
cr
C
H-
i—»
a.
H-
3
TO
n
o
•3
H-
fD
ft
ft
O
O
3
i-l O
a ta
n ^
3* O-
I-1 O
O 3
1
-------
50
A5
AO
35
30 -
25 -
20 -
15 -
10
Day
Night
m,p-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Figure 28. Median concentrations for all 3 trips to the office
building - copier room only - day vs. night.
191
-------
25~
20-
Copier Room
10
tL
Other Rooms
chloro-
benzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-.Xylene
Figure 29. Median concentrations for all 3 trips to the office building
copier room vs. other rooms - daytime only.
192
-------
O
i-ti
l-h
o
V
cr
&
I—
D
n
o
-t
O
O
£61
Median Concentration (yg/m )
OJ
o
fD
O
rf
3- O.
fD H-
<-t cu
a
o o
o o
3 3
tn n
co
i 3
rr
5" 31
^ rr
rr H-
H- O
fD 05
» n
o o
o -o
O r|_
k—< O
O 3
1
H-
o-
ja o
G n-
O 3*
3 re
01 1
"3
75
-------
00
c
1-1
(D
Median Concentration (yg/m )
t—' t—' hO NJ CJ U> 4>
UiOUnO^-n OUiO
I I I I I I I I
u>
o '^.
rt TO
3" Q.
re i-1
3 O
re i
o
i
1-1
o o
O C
3 3
cn n
ro
I 3
Bi 01
"< rr
rt h>.
H- O
3 3
a> en
o MI
3 o
i-1 1-1
H-
TD
3J
a
o
a.
n>
o
0)
3
a
50
O
O
n
o
i-h
O
1)
cr
c
a.
r-1-
3
Median Concentration (pg/mj)
o
o
m
1-1
o
o
3
o
o
a"
0)
3
re
-------
TABLE 80. PERCENT MEASURABLE - VOLATILE ORGANICS - SCHOOL
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorcbenzene
Styrene
ir,,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Percent
Indoor (16-17)3
17.6
100.0
100.0
94.1
100.0
100.0
37.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Measurable
Outdoor (4-5 )a
60.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
100.0
20.0
60.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Ratio
(In/Out)
0.3
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.9
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Sample size range.
195
-------
TABLE 81. PERCENT MEASURABLE - VOLATILE ORGANICS - ELDERLY HOME-1
Percent Measurable
Indoor (30)
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1, 1.1-Trich
Benzene
Carbon Tetr
Trichloroethylene
TetrachlorO'
Styrene
in, jj-Dichlor
c)-Di chl orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
ci-Xylene
m,j3-Xylene
1,1 ,2,2-Tetr
ri-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
100.
hane 25.
oethane 100.
100.
loride 100.
ene 86.
ylene 100.
96
nzene 100
ene 16,
100
100,
100
hloroethane 16
100
100.
96
0
0
,0
0
0L
b
.7
,0
,7
.0
.7
.0
.0
.0
.7
.0
.0
.7
100.
83.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
0.
100.
100.
100.
32.
100.
100.
100.
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
Ratio
J_n/Ou_tJ
1 .0
0.3
1 .0
1.0
1 .0
0.9
.0
.0
1 .0
1.0
1 .0
1.0
1.0
0.5
1.0
1 .0
1 .0
Sample size range.
""indicates a significant difference for t-test at 0.05 level between indoor
versus outdoor air.
196
-------
TABLE 82. PERCENT MEASURABLE - VOLATILE ORGANICS - ELDERLY HOME-2
Percent Measurable
Compound Indoor (22-23)
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m , jj-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m.ja-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
100,
100.
100,
100,
78,
100,
40,
90.
100,
95,
100,
100,
100.
100,
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.9
,9
.0
,5
.0
. 0
.0
. 0
Outdoor
100
100
100
100
83
]00
50
100
100
100
100
100.
100
100
(6)a
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
. 0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
. 0
.0
.0
Ratio
(In/Out)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1 .0
0.9
1.0
0.8
0.9
1.0
1 .0
1.0
1.0
1 .0
1.0
Sample size rango in parenthesis.
197
-------
chemicals the ratios for indoor versus outdoor percent measurable are close
to one. Thirteen of the fourteen compounds have greater than 50% measurable
for both indoor and outdoor locations for elderly home-2. The single
exception is for styrene. Eleven of the ratios are 1.0.
There are very few differences among the three sites in terms of percent
measurable. Most of the chemicals were 100% detected in both indoor and
outdoor samples. The only significant difference based on a t-test was for
trichloroethylene for elderly home-1, which was detected 100% of the time in
the outdoor samples and only 86% of the time in indoor samples.
Tables E-19 to E-33 in Appendix E give concentration levels for volatile
organics found at the three sites. Tables 83 through 85 summarize this
information, giving average concentrations found at each location for each
site. Tables 86 through 88 contain the summary statistics for the three
sites for indoor and outdoor sample concentrations. For the school
building, nine of the fifteen compounds were 100% detected. Two compounds
had a significant difference at the 0.05 level based on an analysis of
variance test performed on reported concentrations among the three indoor
locations. There were no significant concentration differences between day
and night or between indoor and outdoor mean concentration levels. Thus,
there appears to be no real difference between the indoor and outdoor air
samples. There are six median concentration ratios (indoor/outdoor) greater
than one ranging from 2.1 (styrene) to 1.3 (n-undecane).
Table 87 shows the summary statistics for the elderly home-1 for indoor
versus outdoor concentrations. Eleven of the fourteen compounds were
detected in 100% of the samples. Only styrene (1.1) had a median
indoor/outdoor concentration ratio greater than 1.0. Seven of the maximum
indoor/outdoor concentration ratios were greater than one. Generally, the
outdoor concentrations for means, medians, and maximums were larger than the
indoor concentration; however, when a paired t-test was performed for this
difference only m,p_-dichlorobenzene and n-dodecane showed a significant
difference at the 0.05 level. Nine compounds showed a significant
concentration difference between day and night with highest concentrations
found during the day. Eleven of the fourteen showed a significant
concentration difference based on a test for differences among the four
indoor locations.
198
-------
TABLE 83. AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF VOLATILE ORGANICS FOUND AT THE SCHOOL
co
CO
3
Average Concentration ((Jg/m )
Ground Floor
Compound Common Area
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
0.08
0.03
29.0
8.5
0.82
0.93
5.0
0.17
3.2
1.6
0.13
4.6
5.9
13.0
0.02
0.89
0.88
0.75
2nd Floor Near
Stairway
0.04
0.05
22.0
12.0
0.97
0.81
7.8
0.24
1.5
2.2
0.10
4.1
4.2
11.0
0.02
0.61
0.69
0.83
4th Floor Near
Stairway
0.29
0.02
17.0
6.3
0.71
0.61
6.5
0.11
0.98
2.1
0.11
1.7
4.2
5.6
0.02
1.1
0.92
0.72
Outdoor
0.88
0.09
7.4
11.
0.92
0.60
3.69
0.12
1.57
3.0
0.09
5.6
5.8
14.
0.02
0.72
0.96
0.93
-------
TABLE 84. AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF VOLATILE ORGANICS FOUND AT THE ELDERLY HOME-1
ro
o
o
3
Average Concentration (jjg/m )
5th Floor 3rd Floor Dining
Compound Lounge Smoker's Lounge Room
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,£-Di chlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m, j>-Xylene
I, 1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
2.0
0.09
32.0
12.0
0.73
0.90
3.7
0.13
1.1
4.5
0.11
3.7
3.2
9.6
0.21
19.0
18.0
5.6
1
0
28
12
0
0
3
0
1
8
0
3
3
9
0
20
18
5
.7
.08
.0
.0
.69
.86
.3
.14
.7
.2
.14
.8
.3
.7
.03
.0
.0
.9
1
0
24
10
0
0
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
6
0
6
7
2
.4
.4
.0
.0
.79
.30
.7
.10
.5
.2
.21
.5
.6
.6
.17
.2
.4
.4
4th Floor 1st Floor
Apartment Smoker's Apartment Outdoors
2
0
61
18
0
0
2
0
1
6
0
3
3
9
0
32
22
13
.2
.08
.0
.0
.72
.73
.7
.14
.5
.1
.24
.7
.9
.3
.04
.0
.0
.0
2.
0.
16.
12.
0.
0.
1.
0.
2.
2.
0.
4.
4.
11.
0.
87.
68.
13.
3
21
0
0
64
21
4
08
0
7
13
1
3
0
56
0
0
0
0
0
14
10
0
0
2
0
1
1
0
1
1
4
0
3
2
0
.84
.59
.0
.0
.67
.32
.5
.12
.03
.9
.11
.6
.7
.2
.27
.3
.3
.81
-------
TABLE 85. AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF VOLATILE ORGANICS FOUND AT THE ELDERLY HOME-2
to
o
3
Average Concentration (}Jg/nT )
1st Floor
Compound Common Area
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
o-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
1,1,2 ,2-Tetrachoroethane
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
1
0
21
7
1
0
4
0
2
0
0
6
6
16
0
3
3
3
.2
.12
.0
.0
.3
.64
.1
.05
.0
.74
.13
.6
.5
.0
.03
.4
.1
.4
3rd Floor
Nonsmoker's Apt.
3.
0,
5.
6.
1.
0,
4.
0,
1,
3,
0.
4.
2.
11.
0.
1.
1.
0.
.8
.13
.2
.7
.6
.65
.9
.07
.3
.2
.07
.5
.7
.0
.05
.7
.7
.94
5th Floor
Unoccupied Apt.
1
0
5
8
1
0
5
0
0
0
0
4
4
12
0
2
2
1
.2
.17
.0
.2
.6
.8
.0
.06
.73
.56
.07
.7
.9
.0
.02
.0
.1
.6
8th Floor
Smoker' s Apt .
2
0
44
11
1
0
4
0
1
0
0
6
5
14
0
3
3
2
.2
.15
.0
.6
.7
.89
.7
.13
.4
.90
.08
.1
.7
.0
.03
.5
.3
.7
Outdoors
0
0
3
5
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
5
0
0
0
0
.90
.12
.2
.44
.4
.55
.12
.04
.02
.26
.04
.3
.4
.9
.02
.80
.62
.32
-------
TABLE 86. SUMMARY STATISTICS - VOLATILE ORCANICS - SCHOOL"
(0
o
OJ
Concentration (MR/1"1)
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
ra,g-Di Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m.g-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Mean
Median QL
0.18
0.15°
0.15b
0.22
0.07,
0.15"
0.07
0.08
°-15b
0.15b
0.19,
o.isj
°'15b
°-15b
0.15b
Indoor
0.13C
23.
9.2 C
0.84
0.79
6.4
0.18
2.0
1.9
3.7
4.8
10.
0.83
0.82
0.77
Outdoor
0.88
7.4
11.
0.92
o.eo
3.6
0.12
1.5
3.0
5.0
5.8
14.
0.72
0.96
0.93
Median
Indoor
0.03
11.
9.5
0.69
0.74
4.8
0.11
1.5
1.5
2.7
4.8
7.9
0.72
0.82
0.71
Outdoor
0.14
7.7
11.
0.86
0.60
2.7
0.11
1.2
1.3
7.7
7.8
20.0
0.53
0.63
0.76
Max
Indoor
0.54
120.
16.
2.4
1.8
18.
0.64
5.5
5.5
14.
15.
35.
1.8
1.6
1.4
Outdoor
2.2
14.
14.
1.5
1.2
6.3
0.22
3.4
6.6
11.
12.
26.
1.7
2.3
1.5
Median
(In/Out)
0.2
1.4
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.8
1.0
1.3
1.2
0.4
0.6
0.4
1.4
1.3
0.9
Max
(In/Out)
0.2
1 .4
0.9
0.8
1.2
1.8
1.0
1.3
1.2
0.4
0.6
0.4
1.4
1.3
0.9
Indoor sample size was 16-17; outdoor sample size was 5-6.
Compounds were 100% detected, estimated QL.
c
Indicates a significant difference at 0.05 level when performing analysis of variance test for differences among
the three indoor locations.
-------
Table 87. Sunmary Statistics - Volatile Organics Elderly Home la Concentrations (/ig/m3)
Ratio
Mean Median Max Median Max
Compound Median QL Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor (In/Out) (In/Out)
Chloroform O.IS13 1.9c'e 0.84 1.7 0.76 3.9 1.4 2.2 2.8
1,1,1, Trichloroethane O.IS*5 32.e 14. 26. 12. 140. 27. 2.2 5.2
Benzene O.IS*3 13.c 10. 12. 8.6 47. 15. 1.4 3.1
Carbontetrachloride O.IS13 0.71C 0.70 0.72 0.72 1.0 0.76 1.0 1.3
Trichloroethylene 0.08 O.eO01'6 0.32 0.53 0.30 2.0 0.55 1.8 3.6
Ttetrachloroethylene O.IS*3 7.6 2.5 3.0 2.4 110. 4.7 1.3 23.4
Styrene 0.17 1.7C 1.0 1.8 0.55 4.0 3.8 3.3 1.1
m-p-Dichlorobenzene O.IS*5 4.7d/e 1.9 4.2 1.8 10. 3.0 2.3 3.3
Ethylbenzene O.IS*5 3.6c'e 1.6 3.3 1.8 7.0 2.4 1.8 2.9
O-Xylene O.IS*' 3.4c'e 1.7 3.3 1.9 7.4 2.3 1.7 3.2
M m-p Xylene O.IS13 9.3°'e 4.2 8.4 4.7 18. 6.1 1.8 3.0
g n-Decane O.IS*5 33.d'e 3.3 21. 3.5 180. 4.5 6.0 40.
n-Undecane O.IS*5 27.d'e 2.2 18. 2.4 140. 3.1 7.5 45.
n-Dodecane 0.07 7.9d'e 0.8 6.9 0.8 19. 1.3 8.6 14.
a Indoor sample size was 30; Outdoor sample size was 6.
b Compounds were 100% detected, estimated QL.
c Indicates a significant difference at 0.05 level when performing analysis of variance test for differences between
day and night, with day levels being higher.
d Indicates a significant difference at 0.05 level when performing analysis of variance test for differences among the
5 indoor locations.
e Indicates a significant difference at 0.05 level when performing a paired t-test for difference in indoor versus
outdoor concentrations as shown.
-------
Table 88. Summary Statistics - Volatile Organics Elderly Home 2a Concentrations
o
-p-
Ratio
Mean
Median
Max
Median
Compound
Max
Median QL Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor (In/Out) (In/Out)
Chloroform
1,1,1, Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbontetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m-g-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
0-Xylene
m-p Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
0 . 15b 2 . ld
Q.lSb 19.
0.1513 8.4
0.15b 1.5
0.16 0.74
O.IS13 4.6c'e
0.20 1.4e
0.07 1.3d'e
0.15b 5.5e
0.20 5.06
O.IS*5 13. e
0.1513 2.7'e
0.15b 2.6/e
O.IS*3 2.1d'e
a Indoor sample size was 23-24; Outdoor sample
b Compounds were 100%
c Indicates a sionific
detected, estimated QL.
:ant difference at 0.05 1<=
1.0
3.2
5.4
1.4
0.55
2.1
0.02
0.26
2.3
2.4
5.9
0.80
0.62
0.32
size was 5.
=vel when pe:
1.8
6.0
7.4
1.4
0.81
2.6
0.25
0.80
4.1
3.8
11.
2.3
2.3
1.9
rforming
0.62
1.5
4.6
0.53
0.24
2.1
0.02
0.29
2.4
2.3
6.2
0.86
0.75
0.33
analysis
4.9
220.
17.
2.7
1.2
14.
11.
4.1
15.
15.
36.
6.8
5.9
4.3
3 of variance
2.1
7.4
11.
2.9
1.4
3.6
0.03
0.46
3.4
3.4
8.3
1.2
0.90
0.51
test for
2.9
4.0
1.6
2.6
3.4
1.2
12.5
2.8
1.7
1.7
1.8
2.7
3.1
5.8
differences
2.3
29.7
1.5
0.9
0.9
3.9
360.
8.9
4.4
4.4
4.3
5.7
6.6
8.4
between
day and night, with day levels being higher.
Indicates a significant difference at 0.05 level when performing analysis of variance test for differences among the
4 indoor locations.
Indicates a significant difference at 0.05 level when performing a paired t-test for difference in indoor versus
outdoor concentrations as shown.
-------
Table 88 shows the summary statistics for the elderly home-2 for indoor
versus outdoor sample concentrations. Ten of the compounds were 100%
detected. Four compounds - chloroform, n-decane, n-undecane and n-dodecane
- showed a significant difference using a paired t-test in indoor versus
outdoor concentration. Chloroform concentrations were higher indoors,
whereas the alkane concentrations were higher outdoors. Only
tetrachloroethylene showed a significant difference between day and night
concentrations with day concentrations higher. Eight compounds showed a
significant difference when tested for a difference among the five indoor
locations. Again, the indoor and outdoor air samples are very similar in
concentration.
Figures 32 and 33 show the median indoor concentrations for volatile
organics in the school and elderly homes-! and 2 combined by day versus
night. For most compounds daytime concentrations are higher, suggesting
that volatile organics are probably being released into the air from daytime
activities. Some activities which may be responsible for their occurrence
are cleaning supplies, smoking, and cooking.
Summary and Comparisons
Tables 89 and 90, and Figures 34 and 35 were prepared in order to show
that the office building trip 1 indoor air samples had the highest
concentrations of volatile organics and that the third trip levels were
considerably reduced and that the other buildings had even lower
concentrations. Table 89 compares the mean, median and maximum
concentrations for trip 1 to the office building to the other buildings for
indoor air and Table 90 compares the office building indoor air
concentrations for trip 3 to the other buildings. Thus, using the
concentration statistics of the other buildings as a standard, the median
concentration ratios were generally greatly reduced between trip 1 to trip 3
to the office building. The median ratio for n-decane went from 120 to 1.5,
for n-undecane from 67 to 4.3, and for n-dodecane from 31 to 2.8.
Figures 34 and 35 show the above results even more graphically. 1,1,1-
Trichloroethane, m,p.-xylene, n-ethylbenzene, n-decane, n-undecane, Q-xylene,
and n-dodecane levels are much higher for office building trip 1 compared to
either trip 3 or the other buildings combined. In all cases, except for
n-dodecane, median concentrations for time period 1 (overnight) were less
205
-------
J 3
<
o:
UJ
o
2 -
<
I—t
Q 1
III -i-
LU
DAY-
1
r
NIGHT
CHLORO-
FORM
N-UNDECANE
STYRENE
M,P-DICHLORO-
EENZENE
M-DODECANE
CARBON
TETRA-
CHLORIDE
FIGURE 32, MEDIAN CONCENTRATION FOR OTHER BUILDINGS (SCHOOL, ELDERLY HOMES 1 AND 2)
DAY VS, NIGHT - INDOORS ONLY,
-------
NJ
O
o
>—t
I—
<
UJ
u
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
3
2
1
DAY
f
NIGHT
1,1,1-TRi- BENZENE TETRA ETHYL- Q-XYLENE U^R-XYLENE &-DECANE
CHLORO- CHLORO- BENZENE
ETHANE ETHYLENE
FIGURE 33, MEDIAN CONCENTRATIONS FOR OTHER BUILDINGS (SCHOOL, ELDERLY HOMES 1 AND 2)
DAY VS, NIGHT - INDOORS ONLY
-------
TABLE 89. SUMMARY STATISTICS - VOLATILE ORGANICS INDOOR ONLY - OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 1 VS. OTHER BUILDINGS
(SCHOOL, ELDERLY HOMES 1 AND 2) (Revised November 1987)
NJ
O
oo
Concentrations Ug/m^)
a/
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tr i chl oroethy 1 ene
Tetrachl oroethvl ene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
nyj-Di ch 1 orobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xy1ene
m,p-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Mean
Tri
0
380
4
0
1
6
0
3
1
84
74
140
380
170
47
P 1
.88
,
.6
.44
.2
.7
.11
.3
.4
.
.
.
.
%
*
Other
1.5
26.
10.
1.0
0.69
6.4
0.12
1.7
2.9
4.2
4.3
11.
15.
13.
4.3
Median
Trip 1
0.81
290.
4.7
0.08
1.1
4.6
0.02
8.6
1.1
82.
54.
150.
310.
150.
44.
Other
1.5
12.
9.5
0.82
0.66
3.2
0.11
1.4
1.8
3.6
3.6
9.4
3.6
3.3
2.5
Max
Trip 1
3.3
870.
8.5
2.9
3.6
17.
1.8
18.
9.6
200.
340.
340.
780.
320.
110.
Other
4.9
220.
47.
2.7
2.0
110.
0.64
11.
10.
15.
15.
36.
180.
140.
19.
Ratio
Median
Trip I/Other
0
24
0
0
1
A
1
0
6
0
23
15
16
86
45
18
.5
•
.5
.1
.7
.4
.2
.1
.6
«
.
.
•
,
'
Max
Trip I/Other
0
4
0
1
1
0
2
1
1
13
23
9
4
2
5
.7
.0
.2
.1
.8
.2
.8
.6
.0
•
•
.4
.3
.3
.8
a/ Sample size for Trip 1 was 20 except for n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane which was 9; sample size
Other Buildings was 69-71.
-------
t-o
o
TABLE 90. SUMMARY STATISTICS - VOLATILE ORGANICS INDOOR ONLY - OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 3 VS. OTHER BUILDINGS
(SCHOOL, ELDERLY HOMES 1 AND 2) (Revised November 1987)
a/
Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tn'chloroethylene
Tetrach 1 oroethy 1 ene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Di chlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
o-Xylene
mji-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Concentrations (jiq/m^)
Mean
Tri
18
49
6
0
27
3
0
3
0
4
3
9
4
13
4
P 1
t
.6
.86
,
.0
.21
.8
.56
.8
.5
.0
.4
B
.6
Other
1.5
26.
10.
1.0
0.69
6.4
0.10
1.7
2.9
4.2
4.3
11.
15.
13.
4.3
Median
Trip 1
13.
41.
3.6
0.76
25.
1.7
0.14
3.4
0.50
4.5
3.2
8.2
4.1
9.7
3.9
Other
1.5
12.
9.5
0.82
0.66
3.2
0.11
1.4
1.8
3.6
3.6
9.4
3.6
3.3
2.5
Max
Trip 1
110.
170.
25.
3.1
51.
8.6
0.67
7.5
1.4
11.
7.2
18.
11.
37.
10.
Other
4.9
220.
47.
2.7
2.0
110.
0.64
11.
10.
15.
15.
36.
180.
140.
19.
Ratio
Median
Trip I/Other
8
3
0
0
38
0
1
2
0
1
0
0
1
2
1
.7
.4
.4
.9
•
.5
.3
.4
.3
.3
.9
.9
.1
.9
.6
Max
Trip I/Other
22
0
0
1
26
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
.8
.5
.1
•
.1
.0
.7
.1
.7
.5
.5
.1
.3
.5
a/ Sample size for Trip 3 was 19-20; sample size for Other Buildings was 69-71.
-------
O
300-
250-
200-
•• — s
^
2:
^v
z 150-
0
1—4
H
<
1—
"Z.
LU
^ 100-
O
._)
~z.
<
1—4
Q
UJ
13 50-
0
— 1
i i
t i
OFFICE BLDG, TRIP 1
i i
OFFICE BLDG, TRIP 3
OTHER BUILDINGS
(SCHOOL, ELDERLY
HOMES 1 AND 2)
k
1,1,1-TRi- MO^-XYLENE ETHYL- R-DECANE N.-UNDECANE
CHLOROETHANE BENZENE
FIGURE 34, VOLATILE ORGANICS INDOOR MEDIAN CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION BY TRIP AND SITE,
-------
CD
a.
O
ac
60-
55-
50-
45-
35-
30-
20-
15-
10-
5-
OFF
i
I
ICE BLDG,
TRIP
1
IFFICE BLDG, TRIP 3
OTHER BUILDINGS
(SCHOOL, ELDERLY
HOMES 1 AND 2)
,•
r
TETRACHLORO- STYRENE O_-XYLENE R-DODECANE
ETHYLENE
FIGURE 35, VOLATIVE ORGANICS INDOOR MEDIAN CONCENTRATION
DISTRIBUTIONS BY TRIP AND SITE
211
-------
than the overall median for trip 1. As discussed previously, hydrocarbon-
based furniture cleaners had been used during this time period which were
probably responsible for the high concentrations of many volatile organics
throughout the building under these conditions. Time period 1 probably
gives the best representation of volatile organics in a new building. Even
if only time period 1 is considered, the indoor concentrations for volatile
organics during trip 1 to the office building are higher than any other
trips or other buildings, singly or combined.
In general, for indoor air samples there was a high percent measurable
for fifteen of the eighteen chemicals. For the office building, for the
three trips combined, percent measurable was 100% for 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
benzene, ethylbenzene, o_-xylene, m.R-xylene, n-undecane, and n-dodecane.
For the school, percent measurable was 100% indoors for all of the volatile
organics except chloroform and chlorobenzene. For elderly home-1, it was
100% for all volatiles except trichloroethylene, styrene, and a-dodecane.
The same was true for elderly home-2 except for trichloroethylene, styrene,
m,p_-dichlorobenzene, and o_-xylene.
FORMALDEHYDE
Results of formaldehyde analysis are given in Table 91. Data show
detectable concentrations at only a few sampling sites. No conclusions were
drawn from these results due to limited amounts of data.
INHALABLE AND RESPIRABLE PARTICULATE
Piezobalance
Elderly Home 1-
Duplicate monitoring with two Piezobalances resulted in small absolute
differences in measured respirable particulate levels but relatively large
percentage differences at the low levels encountered (Table 92).
Unfortunately, no high levels (> 50 /jg/m^) of respirable particulates were
encountered on the day both monitors were employed; therefore
reproducibility at high levels could not be tested. The primary instrument
showed generally lower readings than the secondary instrument, both with and
without the HEPA filter. Nonsmoking areas showed uniformly low levels of
respirable particulate (10-20 /
-------
TABLE 91. RESULTS OF FORMALDEHYDE ANALYSIS
a
Sample
Site 1
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Site 2
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Site 3
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Site 4
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Site 5
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Concentration (ppb)
Elderly home-1
NCb
ND
ND
164
ND
ND
323f
ND
ND
Trace
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
School
NDC
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
--
--
--
Office-1
SLd
SL
e
SL
SL
—
SL
SL
— —
SL
SL
—
SL
SL
--
Office-2
Trace
ND
--
f
42, trace
--
—
49
Trace
ND
Trace, ND
—
ND
Trace
--
Office-3
ND
ND
—
ND
ND
—
ND
ND
— —
ND
ND
—
ND
ND
--
Elderly home-2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
f
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
(continued)
-------
TABLE 91. (cont'd.)
Concentration (ppb)
Sample3 Elderly home-1 School Office-1 Office-2 Office-3 Elderly home-2
Site 6
Day 1 648 -- SL Trace ND
Day 2 58 -- SL Trace ND
Day 3 Trace
*»
For definition of sample sites see Tables 5,12,15 and 19.
Sample not collected.
°Home-l ND = 3.9 ppb Trace = 5.4 ppb
School: ND = 9.4 ppb Trace = 12 ppb
Office-2: ND = 3.6 ppb Trace = 4.7 ppb
Office-3: ND = 2.2 ppb Trace = 2.34 ppb
Home-2: ND = 17.42 ppb Trace = 25 ppb
Samples lost during analysis.
Sample not scheduled for collection.
Results of duplicate analysis.
-------
TABLE 92. StDE-BY-SIDE READINGS OF TWO PEIZOBALANCE INSTRUMENTS
IN ELDERLY HOME-1
Instrument. #1
Reading
Location
Administrator ' s
Office
Dining Room
3rd-Floor Lounge
5th-Floor Lounge
Outside
Time
11
12
12
1:
1 :
2:
: 18-
:00-
:31-
04-1
47-2
36-3
Period
11:
12:
12:
:18
:02
:04
43 AM
11 PM
35 PM
PM
PM
PM
Raw
15a
14
12
16
9
9°
Corrected
15
14
12
10
8
9C
Ins
Raw
42
27
17
22
18
9
strument #2
Reading
Corrected
36
21
5
10
10
9
a 3
Concentration in ug/m .
Corrected for baseline drift and/or nonzero readings with HEPA fi.lt.er
attached.
Q
Did not come to temperature equilibrium.
215
-------
TABLE 93. RESPIRABLE PARTICULATES - NONSMOKING AREAS - ELDERLY HOME-1
Date
3/22
3/22
3/24
3/25
3/24
3/25
Location
Administrator's Office
Administrator's Office
Administrator's Office
Administrator's Office
5th Floor Lounge
Room 439
Hallway in Basement
Dining Room
5th Floor Lounge
Dining Room
Outside (5th Floor)
Total Time
Measured
295
134
171
53
24
10
7
10
14
22
59
Mean ,
b,c _ b, c
Concentration Range
8 7-10
14 11-29
18 18-23
15 14-15
I3d -d
"- :
12d
8
13
9
a
Minutes .
b . 3
Ug/m
Uncorrected readings.
Only one measurement.
216
-------
without smoking, the concentrations were more often in the 40-60 /jg/m3 range
with short-term peaks as high as 300 /jg/m3 (Tables 94 and 95). In the
smoking areas, a clear source-effect relationship could be observed between
observed concentrations and the number of smokers (Figure 36) or the actual
times cigarettes were lit and extinguished (Figures 37 and 38). On two
occasions, sufficient time passed without smoking to allow a calculation of
the effective air exchange rates (Figures 39 and 40). These rates, which
include deposition and plate-out effects, were calculated as 4.8 and 3.2
effective air changes per hour. Of course, the actual air exchange rate
would be smaller in each case. The measured exchange rate using SF§ tracers
for the 3rd floor lounge was 2.3 compared to the effective rate of 4.8 as
measured by the Piezobalance. All the readings in nonsmoking areas fell
into a narrow range of 7-23 /jg/m3 for the same time period. This range is
very similar to the range of 5-15 /*g/m3 for overnight and weekend respirable
concentrations reported by Quant, Nelson and Sem(8~l), who used an automatic
version of the piezobalance to measure concentrations in an office.
Somewhat higher values of 20-30 /jg/m3 were reported for homes of nonsmokers
in Topeka, KN^8"2), using a filter system with a 50% cutoff at 3.5 mm. In
contrast to the narrow range of concentrations observed in all nonsmoking
areas, the smoking areas displayed a wide range of respirable particulate
concentrations ranging from 20-350 /ig/m3. A clear dependence on the number
of smokers was noted, with values of 20-25 /^g/m3 when no smokers were
present, 80-90 /;g/m3 with three smokers, and 280-350 ^g/m3 with nine
smokers. These values correspond to an average contribution of 20-30 ^g/m3
per smoker in a large room (18' x 27') with two double doors open to the
hallways. In the same room, a total of 4 cigarettes smoked over a period of
one hour was sufficient to raise the concentration from 20 /*g/m3 to a one-
hour average value of 60 /;g/m3, or the equivalent of 10 /ig/m3 per hour per
cigarette. These calculations agree provided each smoker averages 2-3
cigarettes per hour, which correspond to about two packs a day. This is
slightly higher than the average rate of smoking (32 cigarettes a day) in
the U.S.
The observed values of 30-110 /jg/m3 for 1-3 smokers may be compared to
the values of 37-89 /Kj/m3 for three somewhat larger offices containing 1-3
smokers(8~3).
217
-------
TABLE 94. PIEZOBALANCE RESULTS - ELDERLY HOME-1
Date Location
3/22 Administrator's
Office
3/23
3/24
Start
Time
1215
1219
1221
1254
1324
1428
1431
1537
1621
1633
1651
0902
0919
0946
1009
1655
1710
0857
0954
1452
1556
1632
End
Time
1219
1221
1236
1323
1425
1430
1537
1621
1632
1650
1710
0917
0943
1007
1018
1710
1723
0953
0958
1556
1627
1642
Concentration
10
7
18
20
20
18
9
18
12
29
20
22
Baseline HEPA Corrected
Drift Reading Reading Comments
0 No smoking in this
10 office
7
3 7
0
11
9
9
11
7
-2
11
0
18
-3
23
4
18
4
(continued)
-------
TABLE 94. (cont'd.)
ID
Start End
Date Location Time Time
3/24 2nd-Floor 1003 1005
Lounge 1007
1009
1011
1013
1015
1018
1020
1022
1025
1027
1030
1032
1047
1050
1057
1103
1105
1107
1109
1113
1122
1124
1131
1134
1136
1143
1145
Baseline HEPA Corrected
Concentration Drift Reading Reading Comments
50
100
50
61
61
82
95
78
69
76
78
56
56
35
22
24
24
56
69
64
52
39
62
50
97
101
115
147
Cigarette lit
out 10:10
Cigarette lit
out 10:25
Cigarette lit
out 11:04
Cigarette lit
out 11:19
Cigarette lit
out 11:30
lit 11:31
lit 11:33
out 11:37
out 11:40
10:05
10:19
10:57
11:12
11:26
(continued)
-------
TABLE 94. (cont'd.)
ro
ro
o
Date Location
3/26
3/24 3rd-Floor
Lounge
3/25
Start
Time
1648
1651
1202
1212
1215
1709
1750
1752
1754
1756
1758
1801
1835
1837
1839
1841
1843
1845
1257
1302
1320
1333
End
Time
1200
1651
1701
1212
1215
1217
1720
1752
1754
1756
1758
1800
1826
1837
1839
1841
1843
1845
1849
1300
1318
1333
1339
Concentration
88
13
68
22
20
25
106
100
76
267
278
326
353
309
16
Baseline HEPA Corrected
Drift Reading Reading
4
9
3
103
97
73
3
5
259
270
318
345
301
11
3
12
0
6
Comments
Noticeable smoke
pall about 4' high
Immediately following
smoking episode;
level at 12:04 was
80 Mg/m3
No smokers present
Three smokers present
each had smoked 1
cig. in past 15 min
No smoking at time
of measurement.
Nine somkers present
most of all had
smoked in past hour
Two smoking during
time of measurement
Instrument #1
(continued)
-------
TABLE 94. (cont'd.)
PO
ro
Date Location
3/24 5th-Floor
Lounge
Room 439
Room 101
Hallway outside
boiler room
Dining Room
3/25 5th-Floor
Lounge
Outside (5th
Floor)
Start
Time
1258
1302
1318
1723
1728
1859
1906
1923
1936
1937
1946
1348
1400
1348
1420
1428
1435
1448
1515
End Baseline HEPA Corrected
Time Concentration Drift Reading Reading Comments
1300
1318
1332
1727
1747
1906
1909
1931
1937
1943
1956
1400
1406
1402
1428
1435
1447
1514
J519
0 Instrument #2
23
11 12
0
13 13
29 13
16
20
11
12
9 8 Instrument //I
1
18 Instrument //2
28 Instrument #1
12 (not yet equili-
8 brated to cold
9 outdoor temp.)
19
(continued)
-------
TABLE 94. (cont'd.)
to
to
to
Start End
Date Location Time Time
3/26 3rd-Floor 1250 1252
Lounge 1252 1310
1315
1318
1320
1323
1326
1328
1331
1334
1336
1338
1340
1342
1344
1346
1349
1351
1354
1356
1358
1400
1402
1404
1407
Baseline HEPA Corrected
Concentration Drift Reading Reading
22
55
100
69
58
44
33
31
23
58
44
58
70
62
83
70
64
70
65
65
58
42
55
55
61
Comments
1-2 Gigs, smoked
between 1252 and
1310. Peak between
1310 and 1312 of
about 130 (Jg/m3.
Cigarette lit 1330
2nd smoker enters
room: 1330
2nd smoker leaves
room 1331
Cigarette out 1334
Cigarette lit 1335
Cigarette out 1340
Smoker enters room
1352, leaves room
1354
-------
TABLE 94. (cont'd.)
Start
Date Location Time
1420
1428
1435
1504
3/15 Administrator's 1118
Office 1143
1158
1122
1144
1156
Dining Room 1225
1229
1237
1226
1229
1239
3rd-Floor 1258
Lounge 1302
1326
1333
1258
1302
1324
End
Time
1428
1435
1503
1513
1143
1150
1211
1143
1150
1211
1229
1235
1247
1229
1236
1248
1300
1318
1333
1339
1300
1315
1331
Concentration
9
15
14
42
27
12
17
16
23
Baseline
Drift
+5
-5
0
6
-1
-1
0
-3
0
0
HEPA Corrected
Reading Reading Comments
(probably not equi-
-6 librated)
15 Instrument #1
14
Instrument #2
(probably not
equilibrated)
Instrument #1
Instrument #2
5
12
28 Instrument #1
6
Instrument #2
12
11
(conti nued)
-------
TABLE 94. (cont'd.)
Start
Date Location Time
1409
1501
1520
End
Time
1409
1501
1520
1522
Concentration
44
28
31
Baseline HEPA
Drift Reading
2
Corrected
Reading
42
26
29
Comments
Probably some smoking
between 1501 and
1520
-------
TABLE 95. RESPIRABLE PARTICULATES — SMOKING AREAS
PO
(\j
Ut
Date Location
3/24 2nd Floor Lounge
3/26
3/24 3rd Floor Lounge
3/25
3/26
3/24 Room 101
Total Time
Measured
60
57
13
15
11
10
49
42
152
8
Approximate Mean
Concentration
60
80
9
50
25C
90
300
12
60
20C
Range
24-100
24-147
9
20-68
25
73-103
259-345
12
22-100
20
No. of Smokers Present
1
2
0
1
1
3
9
0
1-2
1
No. of Cigarettes Smoked
3
4
0
0
0
0
>2
0
>4
0
Minutes .
Uncorrected reading.
-------
36CU
320-
280-
240-
cr>
Q.
-------
140 1
120 -
100
E
en
O.
i/o
8CT
40-
J Cigarette Lit
| Cigarette Extinguished
111
L
f 4
r
T * t 4
9:30 AM 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12 Noon
TIME
Figure 37. Respirable particulates in 2nd floor lounge of the elderly
home-1 (3/24/83).
227
-------
1401
120
100
80-
E
en
60-
40
20-
1
II III »
I Cigarette Lit
| Cigarette Extinguishei
1:00 PM 1:30
2:00
TIME
2:30 3:00 3:30
Figure 38. Respirable particulates in 3rd floor lounge of the elderly
home-1 (3/26/83).
228
-------
100->
80-
60-
^ !_,. = 3.2 air changes
E
cn
D-
l/l
o:
40-
20
~—T
10:30 AM
10:40
10:50
TIME
Figure 39. Decline of respirable particulates following smoking
3rd floor lounge of the elderly home-1 (3/24/S3).
229
-------
140'
120'
100-
80-
60-
•> rr = 4.8 air changes
cr>
3.
O.
to
a:
40-
20
1:10 PM
1:20
TIME
1:30
Figure 40. Decline of respirable particulates following smoking
floor lounge of the elderly hone-l (3/26/83).
- 3rd
230
-------
The rate of emission of respirable parti culates can be calculated from
each cigarette by using a simple one-compartment model with an unknown
source term, S (/;g/min), the measured respirable particulate concentrations
and air exchange rates. The concentration above background at time t(C(t))
is a function of the initial concentrations, CQ, the volume, V, and the
characteristic particle removal time, r, (r is a function both of the actual
air exchange rate and other particle removal processes -- settling, plate-
out, etc).:
C(t) - Cne-t/r + Sr (l-e't/r)
u v-
This equation assumes perfect, instantaneous mixing. In fact, observed
concentrations in both smoking lounges continued to rise for periods of two
to eight minutes after the cigarettes were extinguished (see Figures 37 and
38). An estimate of S can be obtained by assuming that these maximum
values, reached two to eight minutes after smoking stopped, would have been
reached at the time smoking stopped with perfect, instantaneous mixing.
(In fact, this is a conservative estimate of S since particles were
continually being removed during the two to eight minute period of mixing;
thus the observed maximum would have been less than the theoretical
maximum). An example of a calculation is given below. It was first
assumed that the background concentration is 15 /tg/m3 (based on the results
of monitoring the nonsmoking area, which ranged from 10-20 /ug/m3) . On
March 26, the effective air exchange rate was 4.8 ach, corresponding to a
particle removal time of 12.5 minutes (t =60 min/r). The volume of the 3rd
floor lounge (18' x 27' x 8') is 110 m3. At time t = 0, C0 = 40 /ig/m3 (the
measured value of 55 less the background of 15).
At t = 5, C(5) = 85 /ig/m3. Thus:
C(5) = Cne- + Sr
V
85 = 40 e'5/12-5 + (.H36) (l-e"5/12-5) S
S = (85-27)7.0374
S = 1550 /*g/min
231
-------
Similar calculations for three other cases of cigarette smoking gave
values of S of 880, 2341, and 358 /jg/min. Multiplying each value by the
number of minutes smoked gives values of the mass of particulates released
per cigarette of 6,400 /
-------
TABLE 96. SIDE-BY-SIDE READINGS OF TWO PIEZOBALANCE INSTRUMENTS
IN THE SCHOOL
(Hz/2
min)
Instrument Reading
With filter
Without filter
Estimated
concentration
(Mg/m3)
Average bias
#1
10.6
6.9
5.0
4.0
4,4
12.1
10.8
8.8
12.6
7.3
n
9.6
7.1
5.6
6.8
5.2
9.6
7.0
6.2
13
5.1
Ratio #1
(#1 +
1
0,
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
1.
0.
1.
#2)/2
.05
.99
.94
.74
.92
.12
.21
.17
.98
,18
Bias
(#]
' - #2 )
(Mg/m3)
4.4
11
11
24
7.5
0
0
0
17
0
+4.
+ 11
+9
+7
+7.
7.8 ±
,4
5
2.4
Concentration in pg/nr
233
-------
recently. Instrument #1 showed a slower rise to the proper precipitation
current and, in fact, was always somewhat below the optimum level.
However, the extremely low readings shown by instrument #2 appear less
credible than those of instrument #1.
On an absolute scale, the two instruments both indicate very low
particulate levels (generally less than 12 //g/m3) at three indoor locations
on both days (Tables 97 and 98). A fourth location, the gymnasium,
appeared to have significantly higher respirable particulate levels: about
20 /;g/m3. The very low readings agree with both theory and observation,
since the school is all-electric and less than 10 years old, the number of
pupils is rather small (~250 pupils in 1.3 million cubic feet), and smoking
is not allowed (and was never observed over 2 days except in the teachers'
lounge). Outdoor levels were also low, an expected finding since several
days of heavy rain had been followed by a clear high-pressure front just
before sampling began.
Comparisons with the March sampling at the elderly home-1 show similar
concentrations in the nonsmoking areas of less than 20 /ig/m3. However,
concentrations in those areas with active smoking ranged from 80-350 /xg/m3.
It is interesting to note that the bias observed between the two
instruments at the elderly home-1 was reversed at the school. The main
difference in the two sampling environments was an extremely low relative
humidity of 12-18% at the elderly home-1 compared to a more normal value of
30-40% at the school. It may be that one crystal is more affected by
humidity changes than the other.
Collected Filter Samples
Measured inhalable and respirable particulate concentrations for
samples collected during this program using the dichotomous and NBS
samplers are given in Tables 99 through 101. Although only a limited
amount of data is available, some observations can be made.
At the office building, most levels of inhalable and respirable
particulates were low with a decrease in levels occurring from the first to
the third trip. During the first trip, particulate levels were higher on
the first day than on the second day for both indoor and outdoor samples.
This could be a result of moving activities since during this period
furniture and office equipment was being transported into the building.
234
-------
TABLE 97. RESPIRABLE PART1CULATE MEASUREMENTS AT THE SCHOOL
May 23, 1983
1st Floor-
No Fi iter
Filter
2nd Floor
No Filter
Filter
3rd Floor
No Fi Iter
Filter
Rooftop
No Filter
Filter
Minutes
Sampled
16
13
8
8
12
8
17
0
Change in
Frequency
(Hz)
89
29
37
17
44
18
140
18
Fr e qu ency/At
(Hz/2 min)
11
45
9
4
7
4.5
16
6
Corrected
LUS/JLJ- -
Hi
14
28
235
-------
TABLE 98. RESPIRABLK PARTTCULATK MEASUREMENTS AT THE SCHOOL - MAY 24, 1983
Sampl ing
Time
(mi n)
Filter
1st floor
Inst . #1
Inst. #2
2nd floor
#1
#2
3rd floor
#1
#2
ro
CO
en
Gymnasj urn
#1
#2
Rooftop
#1
#2
10
10
11
1 1
10
10
10.
10
10.
10,
.0
. 0
.0
.0
. 0
.0
. 0
. 0
0
. 0
No F
12
10
10
10
10
10
10.
10.
20.
20.
i Iter
. 0
.0
. 0
.0
.0
.0
0
. 0
0
. 0
Frequency
Change
(Hz)
Fi Iter
53
48
38
39
25
28
20
34
22
26
None;
73
48
54
35
44
31
63
65
73
51
Frequency Change /Time Change
(Hz/2 min)
Filter
10
9
6
7
5.
5
4 .
6.
4.
5.
.6
.6
.9
. 1
.0
.6
0
8
4
2
No F
12
9
10
7
8
6
12.
13.
7.
5.
i 1 ter
.2
.6
.8
.0
.8
.2
(i
3
1
Corrected
Reading
(up/m" )
4.4
0
11
0
11
2
24
17
7.5
0
-------
TABLE 99. INFIALABLE AND RRSPIRABLE PARTTCULATE LEVELS MEASURED AT THE OFFICE BUILDING
Sample
Location 1
Day 1
Day 2
Location 2
Day 1
Day 2
Location 3
Day 1
Day 2
Location 4
Day 1
Day 2
Location 5
Day 1
Day 2
Location 6
Day 1
Day 2
Description Irihaiahl
First floor office
16
6.9
First floor secretarial area
NS '
NS
Second floor office
18
71
Second floor secretarial area
NS
NS
Third tloor copier room
NS
NS
Outside
14, 1
13
Concentrat i
Trip 1
e Respirahle
23
10
NS
NS
27
12
NS
NS
NS
NS
4d 21 , 22d
15
3
on (yig/m )
Tr
Inhal ah] e
ND3
74
NC°
16
ND
ND
NS
NS
NS
NS
ND
15
ip 3
Respiral
15
20
NC
58
ND
NS
NS
NS
NS
6.9
14
Not detected.
Not scheduled for collection.
"Not collected; pump failure.
Dupli cate measurements.
-------
TABLE 100. INHALABLE AND RESPIRABLE PARTICIPATE LEVELS MEASURED AT
THE ELDERLY HOMK-1
3
Concentration (ug/m }
Sample
Location 1
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Location 2
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Location 3
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Location 4
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Location 5
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Location 6
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Description Inhalable
Outside
8
9
7
5th Floor Lounge-nonsmoking
5
5
4
3rd Floor Lounge-smoking
8.2, 8
8
Dining Room
1
1
.99,
Apartment-nonsmoker
7
6
7
Apartment-nonsmoker
10
9
12
.1
.3
.1
.5
.7
.6
a
NM
.7
.5
.3
2.33
.3
.4
.5
.9
Respirable
12
9.
10
8.
6.
6.
26, 29d
30
31
11
7.
8.2, 4.0
11
9.
7 .
34
r
NM
44
0
2
1
3
3
a
0
7
Duplicate measurements.
Not measured.
"Not measured; hole in filter.
238
-------
TABLE 101
INHALABLE AND RESPIRABLE PARTICIPATE LEVELS MEASURED AT
ELDERLY HOME-2
Samp1e
Concentration (yg/m _J
Description inh§JL5LkJL?_ _.. Respirable
Location 1 First floor commons area
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Location 2 Apartment-nonsmoker
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Location 3 Apartment-unoccupied
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Location 4 Apartment-smoker
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Location 5 Outside
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
7.5
4.9
7.0
5.6
5.7
a
NM
16
6.4
32
14
6.3
8.6, 8.2
b
NC
8.2
NC
19
13
16
9.5
7.7
a
NM
9.7
10
22
100
75
100, 8f>
b
NC
3.6
NC ^
Not measured - sample lost during shipping.
Not collected - pump failure.
239
-------
Low respirable participate levels are consistent with the absence of
smokers at any of the sampling locations.
On the other hand, data are elevated for smoking areas at both of the
elderly homes. For both of the sites, slightly elevated concentrations
compared to nonsmoking areas are seen for the inhalable participate.
However, very large increases are seen for the respirable participate
samples, with the highest levels (~100 /tg/m^) observed in the smoker's
apartment at the elderly home-2. Results obtained from the dichotomous
samplers are in good agreement with the Piezobalance measurements for the
5th floor lounge and the dining room at the elderly home-1. Since there
was no smoking in these areas, it is not surprising that integrated and
real time measurement agree well. For the smokers lounge, however, the
real time measurements show higher readings than the integrated
measurements, as expected since the integrated measurements included times
when no smokers were present. Comparison between the two are difficult
unless accurate information is available on the number of cigarettes smoked
throughout the day.
At the elderly home-1, indoor concentrations of inhalable and
respirable particulates were either equal to or below outdoor levels.
Lowest concentrations were detected in the dining room which was ventilated
by a separate air handling system. For the elderly home-2, inhalable
particulate concentrations were generally the same for indoor and outdoor
samples. However, for the respirable particulates in locations without
smoking, indoor concentrations were higher than the outdoor concentrations.
PESTICIDES/PCBs
Several types of statistical analyses were performed on the data for
pesticides/PCBs collected during the indoor air study. For the initial
analysis, the percentage of air samples with measurable concentrations
(% above the quantifiable limit) of target pesticides/PCBs was calculated
for each field monitoring trip. Then summary statistics including mean,
median, and maximum concentrations were calculated for all targets which
were measurable in greater than 25% of the samples. Finally, in a few
selected cases correlations with sample concentrations were tested using a
t-test. Caution should be exercised in interpreting data presented for the
pesticides and PCBs. Significant problems occurred during the analysis of
240
-------
field samples using packed column GC/ECD. Many of the field samples
contained high levels of air contaminants which interfered with the
analysis of the targets pesticides/PCBs. This led to a number of samples
which could not be quantitated. Furthermore, when the background
contaminants resulting from other organics in air samples were high,
identification for quantisation became subjective and may have led to
significant errors. Because of these problems, data for the
pesticides/PCBs have not been included in the main part of this report,
rather they are presented in Appendix F.
ELEMENTS
This section describes the statistical analysis of the elemental data.
Data are available on 29 elements with the following exceptions. Zirconium
and molybdenum data are absent from the school and first two trips to the
to the office building and the elderly home-2; and rubidium, strontium,
zirconium, molybdenum, cadmium, and mercury are absent from the elderly
home-1. For the other 23 elements, data are complete.
At the office building and the elderly home-2, a single sample was
collected over a 24 hour period from each location within or outside the
building. Samples were collected on air particulate aerosol grade filters
with a lower particle size limit of 0.3 /*m. Sampling was performed on two
consecutive days (6 monitoring locations) during each of the three trips to
the office building and on three consecutive days (5 monitoring locations)
during the one trip to the elderly home-2. Duplicate samples were
collected at the second floor secretarial area on the first day of each
trip to the office building and outdoor on the second day of the second
trip to the office building. One duplicate was obtained at the elderly
home-2. In all, there were 12 samples collected during each trip to the
office building and 16 collected during the trip to the elderly home-2.
Statistical analysis on this small quantity of data was, of necessity,
quite limited.
The "streaker" filters used for sample collection at the school and
elderly home-1 were of two types, fine (0.25 mm) and coarse (> 2.5 mm)
particulate filters. Thus, the particulate sample collected on the 24 hour
filters (> 3.0 mm) is roughly equivalent to that collected on the
"streaker" coarse filter. In most cases, there was a 72-hour sample
241
-------
collection on one filter of each type for each of the six home and four
school monitoring locations. In addition, there were duplicate samples
collected for 48 hours on the roof of the elderly home-1, for 24 hours from
the first floor (smoker's) room, and for the full 72 hours on the second
floor of the school. Each of the filters - 5 fine and 5 coarse from the
school, 7 fine and 8 coarse from the elderly home-1 - provided a number of
separate data points. Measurements were made from 4-hour segments of the
filters exposed at the school and 1-hour segments of filters exposed at the
elderly home-1. Considered as discrete observations, these filter
segments, therefore, yielded a sizable sample: 168 for the school and 867
for the elderly home-1. It was also possible to compare locations using
the entire 72-hour histories of concentrations and to examine relationships
between concentration and time of day.
Most of the data from PIXE analysis were reported as actual numbers
(/
-------
TABLE 102. PERCENT MEASURABLE - ELEMENTS BY BUILDING: 24-HOUR FILTERS
CO
Elements
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Rubidium
Strontium
Zirconium
Molybdenum
Cadmium
Mercury
Lead
Tri
Indoor (9)
0
0
0
78
0
33
0
89
100
0
0
0
0
0
22
0
0
33
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
j> 1
11 Outdoor (2)
SO
0
0
100
0
100
0
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
JOO
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
—
0
0
0
I'erccnt Measurable
Of i tee Bin I ~'?.
Indoor (8) Outdoor (2) Indoor (9) Outdoor (2)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
63
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
50
0
50
100
0
0
0
0
0
r>0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
0
22
56b
0
0
0
0
1 1
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
100
50
0
0
0
0
0
Kldrrly Home-2 _
Indoor (12) Outdoor (3)
0
0
0
8
0
25
0
U2
50
0
0
0
0
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2r)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
33
33
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sample size.
'No d.ita.
-------
TABLE 103. PERCENT MEASURABLE - ELEMENTS BY BUILDING: "STREAKER" FILTERS
Percent Measurable
Elements
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Rubidium
Strontium
Fine
School
Indoor (54)b Outdoor (12)
0
0
0
61.1
0
22.2
0
0
50.0
0
0
0
0
1.9
74.1
0
0
1.9
74.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
0
0
50.0
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
0
91.7
0
0
0
0
0
a
Coarse
Elderly Home-i
Fine
Indoor (54) Outdoor (12)
0
0
0
9.3
0
81.5
0
63.0
37.0
0
0
0
0
0
33.3
0
0
1.9
87.0
0
0
9.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
75.0
16.7
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
8.3
100
0
0
41.7
0
0
Indoor (264) Outdoor (72)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.4
0
0
0
0
0
2.7
0
0.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.6
1.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
Coarse
Indoor (312) Outdoor (72)
0
0
0
0
0
52.2
0.3
17.6
0.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.1
0
0
0
—
0
0
0
36.1
0
97.2
0
0
25.0
0
0
0
0
0
4.2
0
0
0
33.3
0
0
0
(continued)
-------
TABLE 103 (cont'd.)
PerrcnL Measurable
School3
Ki ne
Fine
Home-l
Coarse
Elements Inrioor (54) Outdoor (12) Indoor (54) Outdoor (12) indoor (264) Outdoor (72) Indoor (:i!2) Outdoor (72)
Zirconium
Molybdenum
Cadmium
Mercury
Lead
0
0
8.3
School: 1 sample/4 hours.
Elderly Home-1: 1 sample/hour
Sample size.
No data.
0
0
61.1
0
0
100
12.5
PO
£>.
-------
office building, at least for silicon, iron, copper, and zinc. The other
elements with more than one quantifiable detection at the office building
were sulfur, potassium, and calcium. There were only a few quantifiable
values from the elderly home-2; one or two each, at indoor locations, for
silicon, sulfur, iron, zinc, and lead. Several indoor and outdoor samples
had measurable concentrations of potassium and calcium.
Table 103 treats each 1-or 4-hour filter segment as a separate
observation from the elderly home-1 or the school, and provides a
comparison of the two kinds of filters. The elements detected with high
frequency at the school were silicon on the fine particulate filters,
sulfur, potassium, bromine, and lead on the coarse particulate filters, and
calcium, iron, and zinc by both filter types. Silicon, iron, bromine, and
lead were measurable more frequently outdoors than indoors. None of the
elements appear to be more prevalent indoor. Very few elements were
detected at the elderly home-1. Iron was the only element with more than
20% measurable on the fine particulate filters. Percentage measurable of
over 10% on the coarse particulate filters were found for silicon, calcium,
zinc, and lead outdoors, for potassium indoors, and for sulfur both indoors
and outdoors. Sulfur was the only element measurable on more than 50% of
the samples.
In Table 104 the percent of measurable concentrations on streaker
filters for selected elements are broken down further by time period. The
elements chosen because of frequency of detection and intrinsic interest
are silicon, calcium, iron, bromine, and lead. "Daytime" in the case of
the school refers to the two 4-hour periods roughly corresponding to the
school day; in the case of the elderly home-1, it refers to approximately
10 a.m. to 6 p.m. The periodicity of the data will be examined in more
detail later in this section, but even these simple tabulations show that
the concentrations of silicon, calcium, and iron were measurable inside the
school more frequently during the school day than at night. Percent
measurable for calcium in outdoors air samples was also more frequent
during the day. For lead and indoor bromine there are no apparent
day/night differences, but outdoor bromine was detected only during the
"overnight" period. There are no substantial day/night phenomena in the
data from the elderly home-1.
246
-------
TABLE 104. PERCENT OF FILTER SEGMENTS WITH MEASURABLE CONCENTRATIONS OF ELEMENTS BY
BUILDING, INDOORS/OUTDOORS, TIME PFRIOD, AND METHOD; "STRFAKKR" FILTFRS
Filter
Type F.lement
Fine Si
Particulate Ca
Fe
Br
Pb
Sample Size
Coarse Si
Particulate Ca
Fe
Br
Pb
Sample Size
Tiv
Overnight
41 .7
38.9
61 .1
0
0
36
0
22.2
16.7
8.3
61.1
36
School
doo r
Daytime
100
72.2
100
0
0
18
27.8
66.7
66.7
11.1
61 .1
18
Oi
Overn i ght
100
37.5
100
0
12.5
8
0
12.5
100
62 . 5
100
8
itdoor
Klderl_y Home-l
Indoor Outdoor
Daytime Overnight
100
75
100
0
0
4
0
25
100
0
100
4
1.2
0.6
2.4
0
0
170
0
0
0
0
0
206
Daytime
0
0
3.2
0
0
94
0
0.9
0
0
0
106
Ovt-rni ght
0
0
6.3
0
0
48
37.5
18.8
4.2
0
14.6
48
Daytime
0
0
4.
0
0
24
33.
37.
4.
0
8.
24
2
3
5
.2
,3
-------
Summary statistics on concentration levels for the office building and
the elderly home-2 are provided in Table 105. The mean, median, and
maximum concentrations, and median QLs are listed for each building and
trip, both indoors and outdoors, for the four elements which were detected
and considered of interest: silicon, calcium, iron, and lead. The median
QL was obtained by dividing the LOD (one value for all 24-hour filters) for
that metal by the volume for each sample, multiplying by four, and
computing the median value.
The small sample sizes limit the usefulness of these statistics, but a
few observations can be made. Silicon levels decreased sharply over the
three trips to the office building. Indoor levels dropped between the
first and second trips; outdoor levels were high until the third trip.
High calcium concentrations were primarily found at indoor locations during
the first trip. As will be seen when examining the actual data in Table
106, the large differences in statistics for iron are accounted for by a
few outliers. It does appear that iron concentrations were higher indoors
than outdoors at the elderly home-2. The same appears true for lead
concentrations. Apart from lead in indoor air samples, concentrations were
in about the same range in the two buildings.
Table 107 gives a finer breakdown for these buildings, showing average
concentrations for the 1-4 observations at each sampling location. The
trends noted above for silicon and calcium in the office building seem to
apply to all indoor locations, with none of the five locations standing out
as unusual. At the elderly home-2, the unoccupied room on the fifth floor
had somewhat higher concentrations overall, and the common area on the
first floor rather low values. One should note that for all these
elements, each indoor and outdoor monitoring location at the home had at
least one value below the quantifiable limit.
The actual individual observations for the office building (silicon,
calcium, and iron) and the elderly home-2 (silicon, calcium, iron, and
lead) can be found in Table 106. The values are listed as reported, with
those below LOD or QL so noted. Here one can see the source of the
inflated iron statistics for the office building, trip 2: a single
concentration of 5900 ng/m3 in the copier room. Unfortunately, only one
sample was obtained for that room and trip, so there is no corroboration.
248
-------
TABLE 105. SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CONCENTRATIONS OF ELEMENTS BY SITE, INDOOR/OUTDOOR:
24-HOUR FILTERS
ro
£*
CO
Concentration (ng/m3)
Office
Element Statistic3
Si Mean
Median
Std. Dev.
Max.
Median QL
Ca Mean
Median
Std. Dev.
Max.
Median QL
Fe Mean
Median
Std. Dev.
Max .
Median QL
Trip
Indoor
1200
1000
560
2100
910
1400
1100
640
2400
150
290
250
110
490
400
1
Outdoor
1500
1500
170
1600
620
280
280
1
290
100
350
350
15
360
270
Trip
Indoor
630b
580
110
780
910
190
170
110
330
150
840
59
2000
5900
400
2
Outdoor
1700
1700
280
1900
910
270
270
140
380
150
340
340
130
430
400
Trip
Indoor
350b
500
240
610
800
180
150
140
420
130
170
220
140
440
350
3
Outdoor
410b
410
27
430
650
170
170
140
270
110
180b
180
12
190
280
Elderly
Indoor
410
490
260
770
980
200
150
130
460
160
490
270
560
1900
430
Home-2
Outdoor
300b
120
310
660
980
150
20
220
400
160
52b
53
5
57
430
(continued)
-------
TABLE 105. (cont'd.)
Concentration (ng/m3)
Office
Element Statistic
Pb Mean
Median
Std. Dev.
Max.
Median QL
Sample Size
Trip
Indoor
39b
31
28
110
250
9
1
Outdoor
110
110
7
110
170
2
Tri
Indoor
34b
31
6
42
250
8
£_2
Outdoor
iooh
100
100
170
250
2
Trip
Indoor
86
79
58
160
220
9
3
Outdoor
110
110
7
117
180
2
Elderly
Indoor
150
140
120
400
' 270
12
Home -2
Outdoor
33b
33
3
36
270
3
If value below LOD, 1/2 LOD used in calculations instead of reported value,
If value above LOD but below QL, 5/8 of QL usea.
All values below quantifiable limit.
c
Median of the quantifiable limits for all observations.
-------
TABLE 106. LISTING OF CONCENTRATIONS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS: OFFICE,
TRIPS 1,2,3 ANT) ELDERLY HOME-2
Trip Location
Office
1 1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
6
2 1
1
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
6
6
3 1
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
Day
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
Field (F)/
Duplicate (D)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
D
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
D
F
F
F
F
D
F
F
F
F
F
F
D
F
F
F
F
F
Concentration (ng/m3)
Si
1300
940
2000
680 (T)
1000
950(T)
1800
2400
880
1100
1400
1600
570(T)
790(T)
360(T)
420(T)
260(T)
430(T)
300(T)
230(T)
1000(T)
1500
1800
2100
420(T)
260(T)
680(T)
120 (ND)
610(T)
IIO(ND)
140(ND)
310(T)
0(ND)
180(ND)
300(T)
250(T)
Ca
1800
1100
2400
580
870
1100
1700
2800
1000
1500
280
290
280
330
160(T)
200
47(T)
28(ND)
250
34(ND)
310
170
360
390
360
150
0(ND)
61 (T)
420
43(T)
32(T)
280
42(T)
180
35(T)
270
Fe
450(T)
330(T)
490
210(T)
200(T)
210(T)
360
580
210(T)
260(T)
330
360
170(T)
150 (T)
90(ND)
35 (ND)
39 (ND)
48 (ND)
36 (ND)
35 (ND)
5900
210(T)
400(T)
540
160(T)
81 (ND)
54(ND)
110(T)
440
60 (ND)
78(ND)
190 (T)
63(ND)
170(T)
110(T)
130(T)
(continued)
251
-------
TABLE 106. (cont'd.)
Field (F)/ Concentration (ng/m3)
Location
Elderly
Jioine-2 1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
Day Duplicate (D) Si
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
D
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
IIO(ND)
120(ND)
170(ND)
470(T)
280(T)
130(ND)
680(T)
1440
190 (ND)
480(T)
210(ND)
520(T)
500(1,
0(ND)
300(T)
140 (ND)
Ca
56 (T)
75(T)
79 (T)
250
190
72(T)
110(T)
750
160
450
71(T)
220
230
0(ND)
400
0(ND)
Fe
140(T)
IIO(ND)
130(T)
270(T)
190(T)
120(T)
1900
790
130(T)
190(T)
120(T)
300(T)
1400
74(ND)
IIO(ND)
100(ND)
Pb
310
62 (ND)
0(ND)
400
140(T)
160(T)
65 (ND)
400
100(T)
0(ND)
70(T)
170(T)
0(ND)
0(ND)
31 (ND)
0(ND)
Actual reported value is given. (ND) denotes that the value was below the LOD
determined from the blank filter; (T) denotes that the value was between the
LOD and QL.
252
-------
TABLE 107. AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS BY LOCATION WITHIN SITE:
OFFICE TRIPS 1,2,3 AND ELDERLY HOME-2
Office Location
1 .
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1st floor
1st floor
2nd floor
2nd floor
3rd floor
Outside
Elderly Home-
office
secretarial
office
secretarial
copier
2
Location
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1st floor
3rd floor
5th floor
8th floor
Outside
Sample sizes:
common area
non-smoker
unoccupied
smoker
1, 2, or 3
3 or 4 for
Si
Trip 1 Trip 2 Trip 3
1100
1300
T
1700
1100
1500
Si
ND
Tb
730
T
T
Ta
T
T
T
T
1800
Ca
Tb
180°
37°b
180°
150°
for each office locat
Pllderly Home
-2.
T
T
T
T
ND
T
Fe
T
Tb
810°
630
ND
ion;
Concentration (ng/m3)
Ca Fe
Trip 1 Trip 2 Trip 3 Trip 1 Trip 2 Trip 3
1400 300 360 T T T
1500 T 86. 360 NDC ND,
970 150 250" T ND 330
1900 96 1507 380 ND T
1500 310 130^ T, 5900, T
280 310 170 350 370 T
Pb
b
130"
r>
230"
h
150
T
ND
All values trace or not detected.
Some of the values were trace or not detected.
"All values not detected.
-------
At the home, there were two isolated large Iron concentrations reported, in
the unoccupied and the smoker's apartments.
Table 108 presents the summary statistics for the school and elderly
home-1, broken down by indoor/outdoor sample location and the type of
"streaker" filter. The elements selected for data analysis were silicon,
calcium, iron, bromine, and lead. Median QLs were computed as for Table
105, based on one set of LODs for each building and filter type. Because
the samples were each taken over a four hour period at the school and over
a one hour period at the home, one cannot really compare the two buildings.
Looking for indoor versus outdoor differences, one notices that at the home
the concentrations of all the elements are somewhat higher outdoors than
within the building. Lead collected on the coarse particulate filters was
present at higher levels outdoors than in the school, as was iron to a
lesser extent. Both types of filters registered concentrations of calcium
higher in the school than outside. Bromine concentrations at the school
and lead concentrations at both buildings were higher for the particulates
collected on coarse filters.
To make full analytical use of the streaker-type data, it is helpful to
look at plots, for individual filters, of concentrations over time. Graphs
for the school are in Figures 41-47. Each figure consists of four plots,
one for each of the sampling locations, illustrating all of the data for a
given element and filter type. Plots for the second floor show separate
curves for the field and duplicate samples.
One is struck immediately by the strong periodicity of the curves for
silicon, calcium, and iron at the second and fourth floor monitoring
locations at the school and on the ground floor (for which levels are
generally lower). Concentrations are above quantifiable limits only in the
daytime and peak sharply around middfy. This pattern is absent from the
samples taken on the rooftop. The only notable feature of the rooftop
plots of silicon and calcium concentrations is an isolated peak about noon
of day 3; the plots of iron also show high levels from the evening of day
2 through the early morning of day 3. Lead and bromine concentrations
followed a different pattern. The highest concentration occurred outdoors,
during the early morning of day 2 and the morning of day 3. Ground floor
concentrations were below QL, but lead concentrations on the other two
254
-------
TABLE 108. SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CONCENTRATIONS OF ELEMENTS BY BUILDING, INDOOR/OUTDOOR,
AND METHOD: "STREAKER" FILTERS
to
Ui
en
Concentration (ng/M3)
Fine Particulate
School
Element Statistic
Si Mean
Median
Std. Dev.
Max.
Median QL°
Ca Mean
Median
Std. Dev.
Max.
Median QL
Fe Mean
Median
Std. Dev.
Max.
Median QL
Br Mean
Median
Std. Dev.
Max.
Median QL
Indoor
300
270
210
800
190
190
100
190
900
100
68
56
44
170
32
4.3b
3.1
2.9
9.6
15
Outdoor
260
250
120
590
130
82
59
65
270
71
92
79
36
190
23
4.1b
4.1
2.8
6.8
11
Elderly
Indoor
42b
28
38
180
210
20
13
18
77
94
10
4.4
8.7
58
30
3.2b
2.9
1.4
16
24
Home-1
Outdoor
62b
42
45
210
340
42b
39
27
96
150
32
24
51
450
49
4.6b
4.0
2.2
20
38
Coarse Particulate
School
Indoor
260
150
190
820
740
110
57
110
410
91
73
59
42
180
82
17
18
7.3
33
29
Outdoor
330b
330
0
330
520
49
40
20
93
64
110
100
46
200
57
29
13
23
69
20
Elderly Home-2
Indoor
31b
17
23
83
88
9.3
5.3
8.4
36
39
17b
8.9
11
42
48
5.5b
3.4
4.7
24
25
Outdoor
87
70
31
190
130
37
31
13
75
58
39
38
6.
55
71
9.
4.
6.
20
38
3
5b
8
3
(continued)
-------
TABLE I OB. (cont'd.)
Concentration (ng/m3)
Fine Particulate
Element ScatLstic'
Pb Mean
Median
Std. Dev.
Max.
Median 01,
Sample Si^.e
School
Indoor
5-8b
4 . 5
4,6
37
36
54
Outdoor
8.4
3.2
8 . 5
29
25
12
Elderly
T ii d o o r
5 . 8
5.7
0.7
6.9
45
264
Home-1
Outdoor
9 . /h
7.7
5 . "-
39
73
72
Coarse Particulate
School
1 ndoor
57
47
44
200
36
54
Outdoor
160
130
120
340
25
12
Elderly Home-2
Indoor
llb
6.6
9.7
42
49
312
Outdoor
28
26
17
66
73
72
en If value below LOD, 1/2 LOD used in calculations instead of reported value.
If value above LOD but below quantifiable limit, 5/8 of quantifiable used.
All values below quaf>tit i able liinit.
Median of the qiMnt i f i_nb le 1 units for all observations.
-------
Concentrations at School - 4th Floor
c
c
u
c
o
si
zoo
tec
260
LOD
6pm 6am 6pm 6am 6pm 6am
TJHf
Concentrations at School - Rooftop
SI
sec
n
e
C *BC
C
c
CO
t-
u
c
o
u
2tO
QL
LOD
Figure 41.
» • • • •• «(» «•«•« ^ «•••«••••«•« «L« •«•« M «•«•»• ^ K «•_»_.
6pm 6am 6pm 6am 6pm 6am
TIKE
Concentrations of silicon found on the fine particulate filter
samples from the school. (continued)
257
-------
Concentrations at School - 2nd Floor
si
•to
bC
c
t«t
o
u
c
210
QL
LOD
I I I ! I 1
6pm 6am 6pm 6am 6pm 6am
Concentrations at School - Ground Floor
si
MO
p
c
c
o
s *•«
c
o
QL
LOD
c •
4pm 4am 4pm 4am 4pm 4am
TI«C
Figure 41 (continued)
258
-------
T)
H-
00
i-h n
i-f O
O 3
3 o
re
rr 3
D" rt
ro i-t
(D
to rt
O H-
=r o
o 3
O en
O i-f
O O
3 3
ri
I-1- i-h
3 O
C C
(D 3
O
3
f-h
H-
3
ft)
X)
o>
i-f
rt
H-
O
C
Concentration
"d
S
.4 3
o
o
3
O
ro
3
rt
en
o
o
o
O
O
Concentration (ng/n )
T3
3
ON
03
-, 3
fu
3
i i
i i
i i
i i
t i
t i
• i
• •
i i
i i
i i
i i
r1 jo
a t->
o
c
3
O
ro
3
rt
i-!
0)
rt
H-
O
3
C/)
CO
o
o
o
O
O
O
X!
en
B>
(D
cn
-------
Concentrations at School - Ground Floor
rt
c
o
C
CJ
u
c
o
u
2IC
151
Itl
- QL
LOD
t *
4pm 4am 4pm 4am 4pm 4am
TIKE
Concentrations at School - 2nd Floor
Ft
E
*"*^
C
er
O
C
o>
u
o
u
2tl
ISC
110
I •
.......f ^ f -
6pm 6am 6pm 6am 6pm 6am
TIKE
Figure 42 (continued)
260
-------
H-
00
-P-
U)
cn n
03 O
3 3
T3 O
i—• re
re 3
en rt
i-t
Ml Q3
H, rt
O H-
3 O
3
rt en
CT
re o
i-h
cn
o H-
3- i-i
o o
O 3
O
C
rT a.
o
3 O
rt 3
H-
3 rt
C D*
0) ft)
O.
^^ n
o
0)
03
1-1
H-
O
03
rt
re
Hi
H-
Concentration (ng/m3)
•X3
- 3
§
'H
r1
o
o
O
o
3
O
re
3
rr
i-i
05
rt
H-
O
3
en
CO
o
3
P-
O
O
I-I
Concentration (ng/m3)
01 a i» « •»
- a
-P-
05
3
13
3
r1
o
G
JO
t-1
o
o
3
O
fB
3
rt
O
3
en
03
rt
O
:r
o
o
i
CD
O
3
a.
^
o
o
rt
re
1-1
-------
Concentration (ng/m )
o
o
3
o
ro
3
'Concentration (ng/m )
o
o
3
o
•» r:
CO
05
oo
c
u>
o
o
3
ft
O-
•o
tu
3
T3
g
6
O
O
O
3
CO
CD
O
3J
O
O
o
t-h
rt
O
a
CT
I
O
3
cn
CO
o
o
o
.p-
rt
O
O
H
O
O
JO
-------
oo
en o
CD o
3 3
XI O
3
rt
it, Co
i-f rt
O p.
3 O
Concentration (ng/m )
Concentration
ft O
cn
o o
O M
o o
i j i j,
• c
o o
o c
3 3
30-
ro
CL rt
H-
3
fD
CO
i-t
X>
3
0)
XI
3
Co
3
T)
3
o
o
a>
rt
H-
O
3
O
l-h
rt
O
XI
ON
X)
3
xi
ON
X)
3
CO
3
t-1
o
o
CD
rt
H-
O
3
-C-
rt
O
o
1-1
Co
rt
fD
rt
ft)
i-f
-------
Concentration (ng/m )
Concentration (ng/m )
Tl
H-
00
c
1-1
ro
n
o
a
c
(D
CL
I
- 3
CD
3
I
r1
o
o
CD
rt
H-
O
3
ro
3
Tl
O
O
•d
3
§
tr"io
or1
o
o
0)
rt
H-
O
3
O
>-\
O
c
ex
O
O
r1
o
-------
Ti
CJQ
c
cn n
Co o
3 3
CO
on
3
rt
i-! it
O H-
3 O
3
rt en
3-
fD O
Ml
en
o n
rr co
o M
o o
H-1 H-
* g
/-s Itl
O O
O C
3 3
rt O-
H-
3 O
C 3
ro
o
o
Co
i-i
cn
fD
T)
tt>
i-i
O
C
Concentration (ng/m )
CO
13
., 3
x
rl ON
Co
Co -
o
o
3
O
fD
3
Co
rt
H-
O
3
cn
o
o
o
to
3
Cu
O
O
i-t
13
I
Co
-C-
T) •
s
po
Concentration (ng/m
O
o
3
O
H-
O
3
cn
Co
it
CO
n
3"
o
o
I
O
o
c
3
O
O
i-l
rt
ft)
rt
fD
-------
Concentrations at School - 4th Floor
BO
c
c
o
c»
sec
«cc
rt 500
C 2"
O
ice
—r r - .,.-.-.-. .-.
6pm 6am 6pm 6am 6pm 6am
Concentrations at School - Rooftop
E
&C
o
a
c*
StC
400
SOO
»••
c
o
u
100
f
I •
6pm 6am 6pm 6am 6pm 6am
Tint
Figure 45 (continued)
266
-------
Concentrations at School - Ground Floor
w;
c
c
o
01
u
c
o
u
3tt
act
:et
4pm 4am 4pm 4am 4pm 4am
tint
Concentrations at School - 2nd Floor
«••
c
o
c
(b
U
O
U
310
QL
LOD
6pm 6am 6pm 6am 6pm 6am
im
Figure 46. Concentrations of lead found on the coarse particulate filter
samples from the school. (continued)
267
-------
Concentrations at School - 4th Floor
^ «««
e
c.
o
t-
*j
c
0>
o
c
o
»cc
>tG
6pm 6am 6pm 6am 6pm 6am
Concentrations at School - Rooftop
re
^—s
~: 4(0
E
C
^__^
c ;cc
o
c
0)
u
c
o
u tee
QL
LOD
6pm 6am 6pm 6am 6pm 6am
TIKE
Figure 46 (continued)
268
-------
Concentrations at School - Ground Floor
I*
E
C
1C
C Jl
aj
u
o 20
u
it
QL
I •
LOD
4pm 4am 4pm 4am 4pm 4am
Concentrations at School - 2nd Floor
IK
It
1C
C
o
rt
(H
4->
C
o
(J
o
u
51
21
it
QL
. - - LOD
6pm 6am 6pm 6am 6pm 6am
TIHE
Figure 47. Concentrations of bromine found on the coarse particulate filter
samples from the school. (continued)
269
-------
Concentrations at School - 4th Floor
• R
7t
E
C
c
re
»•
U 2e
O
U
It
f
c •
-----«- 4-«-«^«-«-«-j.-«-«.f-.....^.«...»,»..
6pm 6am 6pm 6am 6pm 6am
QL
LOD
Concentrations at School - Rooftop
7C
to
fcC
c
U it
O
U
It
QL
LOD
6pm 6am 6pm 6am 6pm 6am
Figure 47 (continued)
270
-------
floors peaked at about 6-10 a.m. on the first two days and in the afternoon
on the third day. Bromine concentrations on the second floor followed the
same pattern.
Figures 48-52 are plots of silicon, calcium, iron, and lead
concentrations versus time for the samples collected on the rooftop of the
elderly home-1. The duplicate sample was collected for the second and
third days only. The data are clearly "noisy", and mostly below QL, but
careful examination reveals that most of the peaks occur around 11 a.m. and
11 p.m. Lead and iron concentrations on the third day were at their
highest levels about 4 p.m. rather than 11 a.m.
In summary, the only elements consistently detected at measurable
levels were "crustal" ones such as silicon, calcium, and iron. Whether
they were more prevalent indoors or outdoors varied by trip and building.
For the office building, concentrations were highest on the first trip, and
very low by the third trip. Levels and percent measurable were generally
very low at both elderly homes. The most interesting data were from the
school where silicon, calcium, and iron were measurable indoors only in the
daytime, but lead and bromine followed an entirely different pattern and
were found mainly outdoors.
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
Chemiluminescent NO/NOX Gas Analyzer
Field data generated using the Bendix 8101-C Chemiluminescent monitor
were completed for the two sample locations monitored at the elderly
home-1. Results presented as hourly averages (PPM) are complied in Table
109 and 110. This was the only field monitoring trip where N02 analysis
was performed.
NO? Badges
Badge type personal samples were exposed during the same time the
chemiluminescent analyzers were operating. Results were calculated as
daily mean averages of N0£ for the 24 hour exposure period.
Data for each badge are shown in Table 111. This table also gives
results for the chemiluminescent analyzer calculated as a daily mean
average. Comparison of badge values with analyzer values are fairly good
for the outdoor sampling location 1. In contrast, data for location 2
(the 5th floor lounge) showed poor agreement between the two techniques.
27!
-------
Ti
)->•
OQ
C
r(
(D
00
ro
^j
ro
o o
o o
i ! ^
M O
ro ro
O 3
rt rt
ro f-i
o
3
ro
o
rt
o
o
o
o
o
3
3
O
3
H-
O
3
rt
ro
(II
CL
ro
3J
ro
3- rt
o ro
ro it>
I H-
• rt
ro
Concentration (ng/m )
in -
-d
3
r
-o
o
o
O
ro
rt
i-i
p-
o
3
en
C/3 03
w
Cu
m
TK
m
o
3
ft)
I
Concentration (ng/m )
~j
•a
-^-j
"g
i
;-j
' CD
3
T) -
-~~j
g
O
o
o
03
rt
H-
O
3
cn
en 03
T) ft)
II M
O
3
ffi
l
Wl
03
-------
Concentrations at Elderly Home-1 - Outside
SAMPTYP=Field
QL
—r—
7pm
r
7am
I
7am
7pm 7am
Concentrations at Elderly Home-1 - Outside
; . SAMPTYP=Dup
in
in
in
ti
e
fcO
'«
c *•
o
•i-i
4-1 »•
rt
c
s
3
QL
QL
- f — LOD
7 urn
Jam
7pm
7am
7pm
7am
TIKC
Figure 49. Concentration of lead found on the coarse particulate filter
samples collected at the outdoor location at the elderly home-1
273
-------
Concentrations at Elderly Home-1 - Outside
SAMPTYP=Field
i
c
c
o
o
c
o
u
t»t
IM
Itl
QL
LOD
7pm
7am
7pm
7am
TIKC
7pm
7am
Concentrations at Elderly Home-1 - Outside
.,AMPTYP=Dup
tit
lie
o
E »••
C
1SI
c
o
o
o
II
LOD
LOD
7pm
7am
7pm
7am
7pm
7am
Figure 50. Concentrations of silicon found in the coarse particulate filter
samples collected at the outdoor location at the elderly home-1.
27-1
-------
Tl
H-
(JO
l-l
ft)
-a
Ui
O 0
o o
n> ro
O 3
rr rt
ft) H.
CL £U
rr
B> H-
rr O
3
rr
^ O
0) t-h
O H-
C M
rr O
O. P
O
O MI
i-t O
C
I-1 3
O (X
O
(B O
rr 3
H-
O rr
3 nr
rr O
O
rr QJ
S' i-l
ft> en
m
(D
M -a
CL (U
fti i-t
i-l rr
M H-
^ O
C
=r M
o w
3 rr
(T) fD
i— Mi
• H-
g"
a"
Concentration (ng/m )
XD
O
O
XD
r1
o
o
3
o
0)
3
rr
i-!
0)
o
rr
tn
H-
Concentration (ng/m )
13 -•
3
3
T)
3
O
C
rr
tt)
K-
CL
O
ft>
H,
3
•O
M
ft>
cn
-------
c
t-t
fD
Ul
r-0
en O
w o
3 3
X) O
— ' rt>
TO 3
cn rt
^
n co
o rt
h- ' H-
M O
ro 3
o
rt O
n> HI
CL
O
CD pi
It I— '
O
rt H-
3" C
ft) 3
O Hi
C O
it C
CL 3
O Q-
O
i-i O
3
t->
O rt
o rf
tu ro
rt
M- n
o o
3 0)
I-i
cu tn
rt (t)
fD
1-1
n
c
Concentration (ng/ra )
(b-
T3-
3
o-
3
n
o
a
o
fD
3
Concentration (ng/m )
XI-
3 -
o
o
o
ro
3
O
3
cn
c/i ID
W
CL
ro
ffi
O
3
fD
I
O
C
Q.
fD
O H-
3 M
fl> It
I re
-------
TABLE 109. MEASURED NO CONCENTRATION AT SAMPLE LOCATION 1 (OUTDOORS)
IN THE ELDERLY HOME-1
Time (hr)
0000
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
3/23 :
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,
0
0,
0
0.
0
EPA
0.
0.
0.016 0.
0.021 0.
0.025 0.
0.025 0.
0.022 0.
0.022 0.
[N02]
3/24
.015
.014
.015
.014
.014
.014
.019
.021
.026
.018
.017
.013
.015
.020
Audit
.020
026
028
032
038
042
035
021
(ppm)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,
0
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
3/25
.015
.010
.009
.010
.012
.016
.020
.023
.024
.016
034
.013
012
.012
012
013
015
019
036
042
045
044
042
039
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3/26
.041
.033
.027
.022
.021
.028
.027
.023
.017
.017
.020
.025
.021
.022
.038
.049
.045
.034
277
-------
TABLE 110. MEASURED NO CONCENTRATION AT SAMPLE LOCATION 2
(5TH FLOOR LOUNGE) IN THE ELDERLY HOME-1
Time_
0000
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
) 3/23
0.015
0.018
0.021
0.021
0.024
0.023
0.021
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
[N02
3/24
.019
.016
.016
.015
.015
.017
.018
.020
.024
.025
.024
.026
.026
.027
.029
.027
.028
.035
. 035
.031
.031
.034
.035
.031
i (PP.I
/
0
0
0,
0
0
0
0,
0
0,
EPA
0,
0,
0,
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,
0
0,
0
1/25
.026
.021
.020
.017
.019
.022
.024
.026
.023
Audit
.021
.022
.017
.016
.016
.015
.015
.018
.023
.025
.026
.028
.028
.026
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
Q
0,
0
0,
0
0.
0.
J/26
,025
.025
,023
.019
,017
.020
,022
.021
025
.026
.026
.025
,024
.022
,024
.031
, 033
. 035
278
-------
TABL 111. MEASURED NO CONCENTRATION AT THE ELDERLY HOME-3
Sample Code
131-3 N0-Flb
131-3 N0-F2b
131-3 NO-D2
131-3 NO-F3
132-1 NO-F1°
132-1 NO-D1C
132-1 NO-F2C
132-1 NO-F3C
Daily
~ j a
Badge
16
17
15
23
13
15
13
23
.5
.2
.3
.1
.1
.7
.3
.3
Mean Average [NO ] (pph)
NOV Monitor
18.7
19.2
--
33 .1
23.0
—
22.7
25.0
aCorrected for background present in FB-1 (2.27 pph NO ).
Outdoor location.
Indoors - fifth floor lounge.
279
-------
It is hypothesized that poor agreement between the two methods for the
indoor location may be due to effects of air stagnation or positive
interferences affecting the chemiluminescent monitor.
CARBON MONOXIDE
Field data generated using the General Electric carbon monoxide
monitors were compiled for three sampling locations monitored at the
elderly home-1. Results (as 12 hr averages) are presented in Table 112.
Because there was no detectable carbon monoxide at any sampling sites and
because of the problems associated with operating the CO monitors in the
field under conditions of low humidity and high static electricitiy, CO was
not monitored on any other field trips.
AIR EXCHANGE RATES
In parallel with sampling air for various pollutants, several air
exchange rate determinations were conducted by releasing sulfur
hexafluoride (SFs) into the air.
Results of air exchange measurements made at the elderly home-1, the
school, and the office building trips 1 and 2 are given in Tables 113 and
114. Data are presented as changes per hour which were calculated from the
derived linear relationship between chromatographic peak height and time.
In most cases, the analyses showed a definite linear relationship which
allowed the calculation of an air exchange rate. Where linearity could not
be established, a calculation was not made.
Overall, the exchange rate data for the elderly home-1 (Table 113)
showed some similarities between locations. The 3rd and 5th floor
locations show similar patterns of air exchange throughout the sampling
periods, whereas other locations were more variable. Since the 3rd and 5th
floor locations are located in the same wing and are affected by the same
air handling system, this would be expected. The 4th floor location is
located in the other wing. Unfortunately, since only a few exchange rates
were determined at this location, no corresponding pattern emerged.
Air exchange data for the school are given in Table 114. The
ventilation system for the school was microprocessor controlled and during
off-use hours the system was shut off providing little or no ventilation.
To better ascertain the ventilation characteristics of the building, the
release of SF$ and collection of air samples during the first period was
280
-------
TABLE 112. CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED AT THE
ELDERLY HOME-1
Sample Time
Sample Site Sample Type (Hrs)
2 field 0-12
12-24
24-36
36-48
48-60
60-72
4 field 0-12
12-24
24-36
36-48
48-60
60-72
4 duplicate 0-12
12-24
24-36
36-48
48-60
60-72
5 field 0-12
12-24
24-36
36-48
48-60
60-72
CO, ppm
NC3
NC
<5
NDC
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
ND
<5
ND
0
<5
<5
ND
<5
<5
NC
NC
ND
ND
<5
ND
Q
Not calculated, baseline dropped below zero.
Estimated baseline rose above zero but less than 5 ppm.
c
Not detected.
281
-------
TABLE 113. MEASURED AIR EXCHANGE RATES AT THE ELDERLY HOME-1
Air Exchange Rate (changes/h)
Period Period Period Period Period
Location I3 2 3 4 5
5th
3rd
2nd
4th
floor
floor
floor
floor
b
lounge 2.3 1.6 2. 3, 2. 3 1.7 1.7
lounge 1.7, 1.9b 1.5 2.2 1.8 2.3
dining room 1.0 NS° NC 1.6 1.1
b
NS NS 1.1 NC 1.7, 2.0
non-smoker apartment
3Period 1 - 3/24/83 AM; Period 2 - 3/24/83 PM; Period 3 - 3/25/83 AM;
Period 4 - 3/25/83 PM; Period 5 - 3/26/83 AM.
Duplicates.
Q
Samples not collected.
Exchange rate not calculated.
282
-------
TABLE 114. MEASURED AIR EXCHANGE RATES AT SCHOOL
Air Exchange (chan
Location
1st floor
Zone 3
2nd floor
Zone 3
4th floor
Period 1 -
Period 4 -
Period 1
1.0
1.0
1 .]
5/23/83 PM;
5/25/83 AM;
Period 2
1.0
0.9
1.3
Period 2 -
Period 5 -
Period 3
.75
.18
.16, .22
5/24/83 AM;
5/25/83 PM;
Period
1 .2
NCC
.92, .
Period
Period
ges/h)
4 pr, «i,,rj r r^- ~; 1 "
.90 NSb
.67 .79
66 .67 1.16
3 - 5/24/83 PM;
6 - 5/26/83 AM.
Sample not collected.
"Exchange rate not calculated.
283
-------
conducted with the ventilation on 100% of the time (manual mode). This wa^
done during the early evening hours when the ventilation was normally not
operating. The remaining collections of air samples occurred with the
system operating normally (automatic mode).
The data shows an obvious correspondence between the first period when
the ventilation was always on and the other periods in which the air
^rnples were collected during the day (7 a.m. to 4 p.m.). The third period
shows a marked decrease in the exchange rate after 4 p.m. as would be
expected. A plot of the exchange rates over the course of the study is
shown in Figure 53.
Results from the first trip to the office building are presented in
Table 115.
Periods 2 and 4 represent morning periods when there was a high flux of
people into and out of the building. This is reflected in the higher
exchange rates during these periods. Period 3 represents an evening period
during which there was little activity; hence a very low exchange rate.
All sets of samples provided definite linear relationships with very good
correlation coefficients.
Results for the second trip to the office (Table 116) show generally
good agreement in exchange rates for samples collected throughout the
building. Exchange rates for period 1 were higher than for the other three
periods. The reason for this is unknown.
Results of exchange rate measurements from trip 3 to the office
building showed unexpectedly poor and variable results. For example,
correlation coefficients for most exchange rates calculated during previous
sampling trips were greater than 0.94. For this trip many of the
correlation coefficients were ~0.50 suggesting that random concentrations
of SF5 were being measured over time rather than measuring predictably
decreasing SF5 concentrations. Further air exchange rates calculated for
the office building during sampling trip 1 and 2 were very similar between
locations for a single time period. During this trip, disparate exchange
rates were calculated between sites and for duplicate samples at e slnn'ie
site. The poor results of the exchange rate data could be due to several
factors.
2 a-1
-------
Key:
00
01
1.5 -i
1.0 .
^Ventilation
«. ( in Manual
0.5 -
Mode
X X 1st floor
O O 2nd floor
A A 4th floor
D D 4th floor - secondary
location
/• \ indicates approximate
0.0 1 1 1 r
18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00
. Day 1 -»•
18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00
Day 2 -> Day 3 ^
18:00
Figure 53. Air exchange rates over time of Mcrritt Elementary School (Washington, DC) - visit 1.
-------
TABLE 115. MEASURED AIR EXCHANGE RATES AT THE OFFICE TRIP 1
Location Period 1
1st floor
office
2nd floor
office
2nd floor
secretarial area
3rd floor
copier
Air Exchange
Period 2
0.73
0.81
0.80
0.65
(changes/h)
Period 3 Period 4
0.27 0.83
0.17 0.84
0.22 0.87
0.24 0.92
Period 1 - 6/28/83 pm; Period 2 - 7/28/83 am; Period 3 - 7/28/83 pm;
Period 4 - 7/29/83 am.
The ventilation system was turned off during this time period so no
SF, release and collection was made.
b
286
-------
TABLE 116. MEASURED AIR EXCHANGE RATES AT THE OFFICE TRIP 2
Location
1st floor office
2nd floor secretarial
3rd floor copier room
Period
Ia
.63
arial .93
room .90
Air Exchange
Period
2
.38
.54
NC
Rate (changes/h)
Period
3
Ncb
.37
NCC
Perifid
4
.32
.34
.28
Period 1 - 9/6/83 PM; Period 2 - 9/7/83 AM; Period 3 - 9/7/83 PM;
Period 4 - 9/8/83 AM.
Exchange rate not calculated due to poor correlation sample, not collect
duplicate.
"'Sample not collected.
287
-------
1. GC/ECD measurements of SPQ concentration in each syringe could be
in error. This is unlikely since calibration curves run before
and after analyses were linear and similar. Also analysis of
periodic check standards (100 ppb SFs) showed no anomalies.
2. Building air flow and exchange rates could be dramatically
different than during previous sampling trips. Since the visit
was performed during a cold period in December as compared to past
visits in the summer, it is possible that differences in the
building ventilation system were responsible for anomalous
results.
3. The samples were collected incorrectly. Since samples are
collected by an automated process it is impossible to tell exactly
what occurred during sampling. However comparison of duplicate
sample collections showed very different concentrations of SFs in
syringes which were located at the same site and were sampling air
at the same time. This is, in fact, strong evidence that some
aspect of the sampling procedure was in error.
Air exchange rates calculated from sample collections at the elderly
home-2 were not usable for several reasons. First, there was a contaminant
in the building air or in the syringes which coeluted with SFs making
quantitation of the SF5 in many of the samples impossible during GC/ECD
analyses. Secondly, the air exchange rates at each sampling site were
independently controlled and no predictable release of SF5 was possible.
288
-------
SECTION 9
QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
OFFICE BUILDING
A multi -story commercial office building located in the primarily rural
Research Triangle Park area of central North Carolina was utilized as a
rural collection site on three separate occasions: prior to occupancy (July
27 to July 29, 1983) and at two later times (September 6 to September 8,
1983; December 19 to December 21, 1984). Before the start of each study, a
sampling schedule was prepared and distributed to the sampling personnel.
This schedule was the same for each trip and is shown in slightly modified
format in Table 117. Adherence to this schedule and any resulting sample
losses were determined by performing a sample inventory audit (Tables 118 to
120). This information was compiled and completeness data calculated for
the different sample types (Table 121). Completeness is defined as the
percentage of samples scheduled for collection which were actually
collected, analyzed, and for which target compound levels appear in the
computer file.
Sample Analysis
The quality control procedures implemented for the determination of each
target compound are discussed in Section 6.
Field Quality Control Samples
Volatile Organics--
The field controls from the first office building gave excessively high
recoveries for five compounds (Table 122). Most of the target compounds had
recoveries between 105 and 125%; five compounds were recovered in the
150-250% range. Only tetrachloroethylerie (45%) exhibited a recovery below
100%. Benzene (58 ng/ cartridge) was the only target found in significant
amounts on the field blanks.
-------
TABLE 117. SAMPLING SCHEDULE - OFFICE BUILDING
ro
CD
O
Analyte Type
Day
Day
avo
RP
PP
FM
MN
AE
F
D
Q
vo
1-Location 1 Fl,2 ,
2 F1,2;Q1
3 Fl,2
4 F1,2;D1
5 Fl,2
6 F1,2;Q2
2-Location 1 F3,4;Q3b
2 F3,4
3 F3,4;D4
4 F3,4
5 F3,4;D3
6 F3,4
= Volatile Organics
= Respirable Particulates
= Pesticides/PCBs
= Formaldehyde
= Elements
= Air Exchange
= field sample collection
= collection of D-duplicate
RP
F1;Q1
F1;D1
Fl
-
-
Fl
F2
F2
F2,Q2
-
-
F2;D2
for
PP
b F1-Q1
C" o
Fl
Fl
F1;D1C
Fl
Fl
F2
F2
F2;D2
F2
F2:Q2
C F?
analysis at
= collection of Q-duplication for analysis
FM
Fl
C
F1;D1b
Fl;Qlb
Fl
Fl
Fl
F2;Q2b
F2
F2
F2
F2;D2°
F2
RTI
at external
MN
Fl
Fl
Fl
F1;D1b
F1;Q1
Fl
F2 b
F2;Q2
F2
F2
F2
F2;D2C
laboratory
AE
Fl,2
-
Fl,2
Fl,2
Fl,2
-
F3,4;D3,4
-
F3,4
F3,4
F3,4
-
Expose QC set for RTI
"Expose QC set for QA lab
-------
TABLE 118. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 1 - SAMPLE INVENTORY AUDIT
MEMORANDUM
To: Dr. Handy
From: Karen Brady
Date: August 19, 1983
Subject: Office Building 1 - Sample Inventory Audit
Adherence to Sampling Schedule
Sample Type
VO-F
VO-D
VO-Q
VO-FC/FB
RP-F
RP-D
RP-Q
RP-FB
PP-F
PP-D
PP-Q
PP-FC/FB
FM-F
FM-D
FM-Q
FM-FC/FB
Comment
Schedule followed
Schedule followed
Day 1 Q2 collected at Location 2 instead of 6
Set No. 1 designated for RTI instead of QA Lab
Set No. 3 designated for RTI instead of QA Lab
Set No. 4 designated for QA Lab instead of RTI
Set No. 5 and 6 exposed but not scheduled
No samples collected at location 2
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Dl collected at location
no samples collected
no samples collected
Q3 collected at location
6 instead of 2
6 instead of 1
- field blank for RTI exposed at location 6
instead of 2
Schedule followed
Day 1 - mislabeled as Q (location 1)
Schedule followed except above
Day 2 - QC set for QA lab collected at location
3 instead of 5
Schedule followed
Schedule followed
Schedule followed
A fifth QC set exposed at location 5,
not scheduled
(continued)
291
-------
TABLE 118. (cont'd.)
Sample Type Comment
MN-F Schedule followed
MN-D Schedule followed
MN-Q Schedule followed
MN-FB Day 2 - No blank exposed, two scheduled
AE-F Day 1 - two sets of samples taken
AE-D Day 2 - no duplicates taken at location 1
Sample Loss
MN-115-6-F2 Not collected; pump failure
MN-116-4-D2 Not collected; pump failure
FM-112-3-F1 Not collected; pump failure
292
-------
TABLE 119. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 2 - SAMPLE INVENTORY AUDIT
MEMORANDUM
To: Dr. Handy
From: Karen Brady
Date: September 13, 1983
Subject: Office Building 2 - Sample Inventory Audit
Sample Type
VO
RP
MN
AE
Sample ID No.
211-3 VO-F2
216-2 RPF-F1
216-2 RPC-F1
212-1 MN-F1
215-4 MN-Q1
215-4 MN-F1
215-4 AE-3F
213-9 AE-4F
Comment
Equipment malfunction
Sampling train disconnected
Not collected
Not collected
Equipment found unplugged
Pump failure
Pump failure
Sampler did not work
Battery not charged
293
-------
TABLE 120. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 3 - SAMPLE INVENTORY AUDIT
MEMORANDUM
To: Dr. Handy
From: Karen Brady
Date: January 4, 1984
Subject: Office Building 3 - Sample Inventory Audit
Sample Type
RP
Sample ID No.
Comment
FM
AE
312-9
312-9
316-0
316-0
031-5
for
Loc.
RF-F1
RC-F1
RF-D2
RC-D2
RP-FB-04
RTI at
6, Day 2
312-9 FM-D1
313-7 FM-Q1
314-5 FM-F2
311-1 MN-F1
316-0 MN-D2
031-5 MN-FB-04
Loc. 6 Day 2
311-1 AE-4D
313-7 AE-3F
315-2 AE-2F
Power connection broken
No pump
Not made
Fl sample was collected but mislabeled.
The duplicate will be analyzed in its
place. Another duplicate collected
on Day 2.
Fl sample was collected but mislabeled.
The Q sample will be analyzed in its
place. Another Q sample was collected
on Day 2.
Pump failure
Pump failure
Pump failure due to cold weather
Not made
Sampler off
Sampler did not activate
Sampler did not activate
294
-------
TABLE 121. OFFICE BUILDING - COMPLETENESS OF SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Field Samples
Office Building 1
Office Building 2
Office Building 3
Total
% Completion
D-Duplicates
Office Building 1
Office Building 2
Office Building 3
Total
% Completion
Q-Duplicates
Office Building 1
Office Building 2
Office Building 3
Total
% Completion
VO = Volatile Organics
RP = Respirable Particulates
PP = Pesticide/PCBs
FM = Formaldehyde
MN = Elements
AE = Air Exchange
VO
24/24
24/22
24/24
72/70
97
3/3
3/3
3/2
9/8
89
3/3
3/3
3/3
9/9
100
Samples
RP
8/£
8/5
8/7
24/13
54
1/1
1/0
1/0
3/1
33
0/0
0/0
0/0
0/0
—
Scheduled/ Analyzed
PP
12/12
12/12
12/11
36/35
97
2/3
2/2
2/2
6/6
100
2/0
2/0
2/0
6/0
«
FM
12/0
12/12
12/12
36/24
67
2/0
2/2
2/2
6/4
67
2/2
2/0
2/0
6/2
33
MN
12/11
12/10
12/11
36/32
89
2/1
2/2
2/1
6/4
67
2/2
2/1
2/1
6/4
67
AE
16/12
16/14
16/14
48/40
83
2/0
2/2
2/2
6/4
67
0/0
0/0
0/0
0/0
—
Samples lost during analysis.
295
-------
TABLE 122. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 1 - VOLATILE ORGANICS QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
% Recovery
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,£-Di chlorobenzene
o-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,]3-Xylene
1,1,2 , 2-Tetrachloroethane
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
N
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
-
-
—
Mean
122
154
180
245
194
219
45
108
113
108
107
119
113
118
113
NAC
NA
NA
% RSD
3
3
4
3
1
3
13
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
~
Field Blanks
Background, ng
N Mean % RSD
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
ND
9
58
ND
4
ND
1
8
2
ND
3
1
4
ND
ND
8
4
25
-
22
38
-
50
-
100
138
0
-
67
100
25
-
-
62
75
Corrected for background
ND = not detected
NA = not analyzed
296
-------
The second office building trip (Table 123) gave more acceptable field
control results. Benzene (67%) and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (72%) gave low
recoveries; ethylbenzene (133%) and trichloroethylene (126%) gave high
recoveries. Only benzene (48 ng/cartridge) and styrene (14 ng/cartridge)
had notable background levels on field blanks.
The field control results from the third trip gave acceptable recovery
data (Table 124). All but two of the targets showed 86 to 111% recoveries;
1,2-dichloroethane (122%) and n-decane (124%) had recoveries outside this
range. Background levels of chloroform (35 ng/cartridge) and benzene (23
ng/cartridge) were noted in the field blanks.
Pesticide-PCBs/Formaldehyde--
The field controls from all three office building sampling trips showed
the same pattern: a wide range of pesticide recoveries with chlordane and
a-BHC exhibiting very low values and p.,&'-DDD giving excessively high
returns (Tables 125 to 127). Formaldehyde recoveries were 93% and 78% for
the second and third trip, respectively. All formaldehyde samples from the
first trip were incorrectly analyzed so no data are available.
Duplicate Sample Analysis
Volatile Organics--
In an effort to assess method precision, 25% of all field samples were
collected in duplicate. Both samples from one-half of the duplicate pairs
were analyzed at RTI and were designated as D-duplicates. One sample from
each of the other duplicate pairs was sent to an external laboratory for
analysis and was identified as Q-duplicate. The following discussion is
based on the arbitrary criterion that a percent relative standard deviation
(% RSD) of less than 35% is acceptable.
During the first sampling trip, three volatile organic samples were
collected in duplicate. These samples were analyzed and the agreement
between analyte concentration calculated and summarized (Table 128). In one
sample set, benzene (50% RSD) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (52% RSD) were the
only target compounds which exhibited poor precision. In another sample
pair, the concentration of the same compounds plus chloroform (53% RSD) gave
the worst agreement. In the third duplicate pair, the concentrations of
styrene, ethylbenzene, and Q-xylene possessed the highest between-sample
variability.
297
-------
TABLE 123. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 2 - VOLATILE ORGANICS QC SAMPLES
Field Controls'
Field Blanks
Target Compound
% Recovery
Mean
% RSD
N
Background,
Mean
ng
% RSD
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,j>-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
-
-
-
89
98
92
67
108
126
102
93
112
109
108
133
112
118
72
p
NAC
NA
NA
3
5
4
6
8
39
41
63
-
-
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
-
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4,
h
ND
1
48
ND
2
ND
1
14
ND
ND
3
1
3
ND
ND
3
2
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Corrected for background.
3ND = Not Detected
"NA = Not Analyzed
298
-------
TABLE 124. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 3 - VOLATILE ORGANICS QC SAMPLES
Target Compound
Field Controls
% Recovery
N Mean % RSD
Field Blanks
Background, ng
N Mean % RSD
Chloroform 3 86 14 3 35 23
1,2-Dichloroethane 3 122 23 3 ND
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 3 110 29 3 7 86
Benzene 3 101 9 3 23 52
Carbon tetrachloride 3 109 11 3 1 100
Trichloroethylene 3 111 732 100
Tetrachloroethylene 3 100 9 3 ND
Chlorobenzene 3 94 11 3 2 50
Styrene 3 107 8 3 2 50
m,£-Dichlorobenzene 3 109 12 3 ND
o-Dichlorobenzene 3 104 12 3 2 150
Ethylbenzene 3 104 9 3 1 100
o-Xylene 3 106 8 3 1 100
ra,g-Xylene 3 107 8 3 3 67
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 3 94 16 3 ND
n-Decane 3 124 12 3 ND
n-Undecane 3 99 14 3 5 120
n-Dodecane 3 97 14 3 2 50
ft
Corrected for background
ND = not detected
299
-------
TABLE 125. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 1 - PESTICIDE/FORMALDEHYDE QC SAMPLES
•a
Field Controls
Target Compound
ct-BHC
HCB
P.Y-BHC
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide/
Oxychlordane
p_,p_'-DDE
£,£'-DDD
£,£'~DDT
Arochlor 1260
Chlordane
Target Compound
Formaldehyde
N
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
SLC
% Recovery
"lie an % RSD
34
64
59
110
52
79
127
64
78
23
-
18
67
51
23
38
37
13
95
45
109
-
Field Blanks
Background, ng
N
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
SLC
Mean
i
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
7.4
7.0
-
% RSD
71
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
104
84
-
Corrected for background
ND = not detected
"SL = samples lost
300
-------
TABLE 126. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 2 - PESTICIDE/FORMALDEHYDE QC SAMPLES
Field Controls3
% Recovery
Target Compound
a-BHC
HCB
P,^-BHC
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide/
Oxychlordane
£,£'-DDE
£,£'-DDD
£,£'-DDT
Arochlor 1260
Chlordane
Target Compound
Formaldehyde
N
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
2
Mean
28
NCC
NC
NC
57
113
194
116
85
48
93
% RSD
79
-
-
44
-
36
4
31
44
1
N
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
Field Blanks
Background, ng
Mean
NDb
ND
ND
5.6
ND
ND
ND
8.7
2.9
6.3
2.5|Jg
% RSD
-
-
70
-
-
-
126
114
51
-
Corrected for background
ND = not detected
"NC = not calculated; high interferences
301
-------
TABLE 127. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 3 - PEST1CIDE/FORMALDEHYDE QC SAMPLES
Field Controls3
% Recovery
Target Compound
o-BHC
HCB
P,Y-BHC
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide/
Oxychlordane
E,£'-DDE
£,j>' -ODD
£,£'-DDT
Arochlor 1260
Chlordane
Target Compound
Formaldehyde
N
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Mean
65
90
95
94
81
119
255
124
70
63
78
% RSD
20
38
19
19
18
17
16
15
14
16
40
Field Blanks
Background
N
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Mean
NDb
ND
ND
4.0
ND
ND
ND
ND
7.0
ND
2.2Hg
, ng
% RSD
_
-
-
100
-
-
-
-
106
-
-
Corrected for background
ND = not detected
302
-------
TABLE 128. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 1 - VOLATILE ORGANIC DUPLICATES
Sample ID
1131-VO
1149-VO
1156-VO
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,£, -Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,£, -Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
Cone. ,
F4
0.74
740
8.8
0.94
18
1.7
0.60
140
56
150
Fl
0.64
180
0.63
11
0.66
13
11
30
F3
0.7
140
2.4
1.2
2.3
15
1.6
60
58
99
140
85
43
ng/L
D4
0.77
340
4.2
0.78
15
1.7
0.64
120
55
150
Dl
1.4
330
1.6
17
0.90
17
15
48
D3
1.1
130
2.5
1.1
2.0
3.8
1.4
13
28
93
180
100
45
% RSD
2.8
52
50
13
13
0.0
4.6
11
1.3
0.0
53
42
62
30
22
19
22
33
31
8.6
2.9
6.1
9.9
84
9.4
91
49
4.4
18.
11
3.2
303
-------
The three duplicate samples collected for volatile organic analysis
during the second trip indicated that the precision estimate for benzene
(69% RSD) and ethylbenzene (55% RSD) was high (Table 129). The precision
for all measurable analytes in the second duplicate pair was less than 35%
RSD. The final duplicate pair gave much poorer agreement: chloroform (41%
RSD), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (52% RSD), benzene (106% RSD),
tetrachloroethylene (61% RSD), and trichloroethylene (40% RSD).
During the third trip to the office building, only two volatile organic
samples were collected for D-duplicates. One sample set showed only
chloroform (59%) precision in excess of 35% (Table 130). The targets found
in the other duplicate pair showed fair agreement: only carbon
tetrachloride (15% RSD) and tetrachloroethylene (33% RSD) passed the
"acceptability" test.
Pesticides/PCBs—
A total of 7 pesticide/PCB duplicates were collected during the three
sampling trips to the office building (Tables 131 to 133). Four of these
pairs contained both a-BHC (53-108% RSD) and heptachlor (30 -86% RSD). HCB
(127% RSD), chlordane (65% RSD), and Arochlor 1260 (51% RSD) and p.,pJ-DDT
(8.0%; 14% RSD) were also found.
Respirable Particulates—
One of the respirable particulate samples at the first Office Building
was collected in duplicate. Measurement precision for both the fine (3.5%
RSD) and coarse (6.5% RSD) fractions was excellent. Duplicates were not
collected at the second or third Office Building sampling.
Elements--
The analytical results of the duplicate samples collected on Nucleopore
are shown in Tables 134 through 137.
Performance Audit Samples
Volatile Organics--
Performance audit samples were prepared by fortifying Tenax cartridges
with selected aromatic and aliphatic target compounds. RTI supplied the
Tenax cartridge and EMSL/EPA at RTP prepared the audit samples by spiking
the cartridges with known amounts of benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane,
trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, and
chlorobenzene.
304
-------
TABLE 129. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 2 - VOLATILE ORGANIC DUPLICATES
Sample ID
2139-VO
2147-VO
2154-VO
Target Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,]D , -Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
Chloroform
1 ,1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,£-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
m,£, -Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
Cone . ,
F4
2.3
71
11
11
2.1
0.29
7.1
1.1
6.4
6.3
15
40
45
17
Fl
0.96
32
6.4
0.80
18
1.4
9.4
0.93
7.9
8.9
21
35
36
18
F3
1.5
140
2.4
15
3.0
0.54
1.2
9.5
10
24
ng/L
D4
2.4
81
3.8
49
2.2
0.39
5.6
1.1
2.8
6.9
13
40
45
18
Dl
1.5
50
5.8
1.3
17
1.1
9.3
1.0
7.5
9.3
21
38
39
19
D3
0.82
65
17
27
1,2
0.74
1.2
7.9
8.6
23
% RSD
3.0
8.2
69
31
3.2
21
17
0.0
55
6.4
10
0.0
0.0
4.0
31
31
7.0
34
4.0
17
21
5.1
3.7
3.1
0.0
5.8
5.6
3.8
41
52
106
40
61
22
0.0
13
11
3.0
305
-------
TABLE 130. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 3 - VOLATILE ORGANIC DUPLICATES
Cone. , ng/L
Sample ID
3137-VO
3145-VO
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichlo roe thane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p_, -Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
Decane
F4
9.0
90
3.1
48
10
8.9
0.79
5.9
4.3
11
5.8
11
4.3
Fl
17
12
1.2
0.43
8.1
0.47
1.6
1.3
0.84
2.3
1.0
D4
3.7
71
2.0
36
7.2
6.0
0.59
4.0
2.9
7.7
4.0
8.0
3.1
Dl
9.7
24
2.0
0.53
15
0.76
3.2
2.2
1.5
4.0
2.2
% RSD
59
17
30
20
23
28
20
27
27
25
26
22
23
39
47
35
15
42
33
47
36
40
38
53
306
-------
TABLE 131. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 1 - PESTICIDES/PCB DUPLICATES
Cone. , ng/L
Sample ID
1115-PP
1131-PP
1149-PP
Target Cmpd.
a-BHC
Heptachlor
a-BHC
HCB
Heptachlor
None
Fl
2.19
3.50
F2
0.859
0.220
3.30
Fl
-
Dl
0.994
5.36
D2
0.114
4.12
0.803
Dl
-
% RSD
53
30
108
127
86
-
TABLE 132. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 2 - PESTICIDES/PCB DUPLICATES
Cone., ng/L
Sample ID Target Cmpd. F2 D2 % RSD
2139-PP Chlordane 11.9 32.0 65
Arochlor 1260 11.2 23.7 51
Arochlor 1254 11.5 10.5 6.4
Fl Dl
2147-PP £,£'-DDT 1.21 1.08 8.0
307
-------
TABLE 133. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 3 - PESTICIDES/PCB DUPLICATES
Sample ID Target Cmpd.
3145-PP a-BHC
Heptachlor
3137-PP a-BHC
Heptachlor
p_,£'-DDT
Cone . ,
Fl
0.40
2.39
F2
3.12
8.00
0.154
, pg/L
Dl
1.38
6.62
D2
0.910
17.6
0.187
% RSD
78
66
59
53
14
308
-------
TABLE 134. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 1 - ELEMENT SAMPLE DUPLICATE
LOCATION NO. 4
to
o
CO
Reported Concentration
(ng/m3)
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
3F = Field
LOD(ng)
447
818
703
342
81
688
2058
66
57
-
42
37
790
25
149
Sample
F3
TC
T
T
1760
N
1510
N
364
1750
N
T
N
N
N
365
Db
T
T
T
2440
N
2150
N
511
2800
N
T
N
N
N
578
Element
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Se
Br
Rb
Sr
Zr
Mo
Cd
Hg
Pb
LOD(ng)
34
24
18
61
88
44
-
81
128
2408
201
94
93
Reported Concentration
(ng/m3)
F
T
N
T
73
N
N
N
N
N
-
-
N
N
N
D
Nd
T
46
40
N
N
T
N
N
-
-
N
N
N
D = Duplicate Sample
CT = Trace
d»T _ .,,
quantity of
element found
-,-r-, \
= Element not detected (less than LOD)
-------
TABLE 135. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 2 - ELEMENT SAMPLE DUPLICATE
LOCATION NO. 4
CO
t—»
o
Reported Concentration
(ng/m3)
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
LOD(ng)
447
818
703
342
81
688
2058
66
57
-
42
37
790
25
149
Fa
NC
N
N.
Td
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Db
N
N
N
T
N
N
N
N
T
N
N
N
N
N
N
Element
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Se
Br
Rb
Sr
Zr
Mo
Cd
Hg
Pb
LOD(ng)
34
24
18
61
88
44
-
81
128
2408
201
94
93
Reported Concentration
(ng/m3)
F
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
-
-
N
N
N
D
N
N
N
T
N
N
N
N
N
-
-
N
N
N
F = Field Sample
D = Duplicate Sample
"N = Element not detected (less than LOD)
T = Trace quantity of element found
-------
TABLE 136. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 2 - ELEMENT SAMPLE DUPLICATE
LOCATION NO. 6
Reported Concentration
(ng/m3)
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
LOD(ng)
447
818
703
342
81
688
2058
66
57
-
42
37
790
25
149
Fa
NC
N
T
1750
N
4430
N
T
359
N
T
N
N
N
T
Db
Td
N
T
2140
N
6400
N
247
394
N
T
N
N
N
540
Element
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Se
Br
Rb
Sr
Zr
Mo
Cd
Hg
Pb
LOD(ng)
34
24
18
61
88
44
-
81
128
2408
201
94
93
Reported Concentration
(ng/m3)
F
N
N
T
T
N
N
T
N
N
-
-
-
N
T
D
N
N
T
T
N
N
T
N
N
-
-
-
N
T
F = Field Sample
D = Duplicate Sample
"N = Element not detected (less than LOD)
T = Trace quantity of element found
-------
TABLE 137. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 3 - ELEMENT SAMPLE DUPLICATE
LOCATION NO. 4
CO
ro
Reported Concentration
(ng/m3)
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
LOD(ng)
447
818
703
342
81
688
2058
66
57
-
42
37
790
25
149
F3
NC
N
N
N
N
N
N
T
T
-
N
N
N
N
T
Db
N
N
N
N
N
T
N
N
T
-
N
N
N
N
N
Element
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Se
Br
Rb
Sr
Zr
Mo
Cd
Hg
Pb
LOD(ng)
_
34
24
18
61
88
44
-
81
128
2408
201
94
93
Reported Concentration
(ng/m3)
F
_
N
N
N
N
N
N
-
N
N
T
N
N
N
D
_
N
N
N
N
N
T
-
N
N
N
N
N
T
F = Field Sample
D = Duplicate Sample
'N = Element not detected (less than LOD)
T = Trace quantity of element found
-------
The analysis of the audit samples were carried out blind; each cartridge
was given a legitimate study number and chain-of-custody form before being
introduced into the sample chain. The number of audit samples analyzed in
this fashion amounted to approximately 15% of the total field and duplicate
cartridges. The results were reported to EPA without any correction for
background and are summarized in Tables 138 to 140.
The audit samples analyzed with the samples from the first office
building trip indicated an overall negative analytical bias (Table 138). At
the indicated spike level, the measurement of benzene, trichloroethylene,
and o_-xylene exhibited a high positive bias; the benzene bias (+119%, +52%)
was the most pronounced. The other 4 targets gave a negative bias,
tetrachloroethylene (-50%) being the most severe.
The audit samples analyzed in support of the analysis of samples from
the second office building trip also indicated a predominance of negative
bias (Table 139). Tetrachloroethylene (+78%; 7%) and low levels of g_-xylene
(+48%) and chlorobenzene (+39%) exhibited a positive bias. The remaining
targets showed a negative bias (-4 to -45%).
The audit samples analyzed for the third office building trip showed a
similar pattern (Table 140). Trichloroethylene (+6%), chlorobenzene (+26%)
and low levels of a-xylene (+48%) showed a positive bias. The other targets
exhibited a negative bias (-7 to -41%).
Precision estimates from the performance audit results are also shown in
Tables 138 to 140. Ethylbenzene and 1,2-dichloroethane showed the poorest
precision; benzene and trichloroethylene, the best.
EPA performance audit samples were also sent to the external laboratory
for analysis. The reported results are presented in Table 141.
HOME FOR THE ELDERLY
Field Operations
Two different homes for the elderly were monitored during the course of
this study. Both buildings were multi-story structures and located in the
Washington, DC area. The first sampling trip was carried out during March
23 to 26, 1983, and the other facility was sampled between January 9 to 12,
1984. Before the start of each study, a sampling schedule was prepared and
distributed to the sampling personnel. These schedules were essentially the
same for both sites and one is shown in slightly modified format in
313
-------
TABLE 138. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 1 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT RESULTS,
VOLATILE ORGANICS3'
Target Compound
Benzene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
Amt Added, ng
128
299
180
601
143
316
107
295
128
599
N
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
2
2
Average Bias
+119%
+52%
-33%
-2%
+77%
-50%
-31%
-15%
+54%
+11%
% RSD
36
1.0
141
3.0
30
29
85
84
1.0
37
All samples analyzed between 8/11-12/83.
One blank cartridge was included in the sample set:
Benzene, 14 ng; Chlorobenzene, 2 ng; Ethylbenzene, 2
Trichloroethylene, 1 ng; o-Xylene, 1 ng.
314
-------
TABLE 139. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 2 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT RESULTS,
VOLATILE ORGANICSa'
Target Compound Amt Added, ng N Average Bias
Benzene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
128
598
180
360
143
356
158
631
107
646
295
128
599
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3C
2
1C
-28%
-44%
+5%
-4%
-13%
-15%
+78%
+7%
+39%
-21%
-45%
+48%
-22%
% RSD
38
27
7.9
12
11
7.5
54
43
13
60
101
13
—
aAll samples analyzed between 9/23-27/83.
One blank cartridge was included in the sample set:
Benzene, 54 ng; Chloroform, 3 ng; Chlorobenzene, 2 ng;
Ethylbenzene, 2 ng.
c
No data for one sample - computer software problem.
315
-------
TABLE 140. OFFICE BUILDING TRIP 3/ELDERLY HOME 2 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT
RESULTS, VOLATILE ORGANICS*
Target Compound
Benzene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
Amt Added, ng
128
299
180
601
143
316
107
295
128
599
N
3
2
3
2
5
5
5
5
2
3
Average Bias
0.0%
-4.0%
-17%
-7%
+6%
-24%
+26%
-11%
+48%
-41%
% RSD
13
25
8.1
44
32
28
40
28
40
27
All analyses were performed between 3/21-30/84.
316
-------
TABLE 141. PERFORMANCE AUDIT RESULTS REPORTED BY THE EXTERNAL LABORATORY,
VOLATILE ORGANICS
w
»—*
-o
Office Building Trip 1
Target Compound
Benzene
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
Spike Level, ng
299
299
180
601
143
143
316
316
107
107
295
71
599
Reported, ng
280
217
181
533
103
162
199
212
47
72
166
198
oa
444
% Rec
94
73
101
89
72
113
63
67
44
67
56
67
0
74
Office Building Trip 2
Spike Level, ng
128
598
180
180
143
143
631
631
107
646
295
295
599
128
Reported, ng
118
526
153
121
99
138
189
261
31
311
107
181
216
ob
% Rec
92
88
85
67
69
96
30
41
29
48
36
61
36
0
133 ng reported as m,p-Xylene
71 ng reported as m,p-Xylene
-------
Table 142. Adherence to this schedule and any resulting sample loss during
the first sampling trip was determined by performing a sample inventory
audit (Table 143). This information and the sample log data for the second
trip were compiled and completeness data calculated for the different
sample types (Table 144). Completeness is defined as the percentage of
samples scheduled for collection which were actually collected, analyzed,
and for which target compound levels appear in the computer file.
Sample Analysis
The quality control procedures implemented for the determination of each
target compound are discussed in Section 6.
Field Quality Control Samples
Volatile Organics--
The field controls from the first elderly home-1 gave recoveries in the
range 76% to 99% for all target compounds (Table 145). These data are
associated with exceptionally low variability, 2% to 14% RSD. However,
substantial amounts of benzene (42 ng/cartridge) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane
(50 ng/cartridge) were found on the field blanks. The target recoveries
found for the elderly home-2 study were shifted higher, 81% to 117% (Table
146). The precision of the individual measurements were estimated as 3% to
24% RSD. Styrene (131 ng/cartridge), benzene (31 ng/cartridge), and
1,1,1-trichloroethane (14 ng/cartridge) background levels were found.
Pesticides-PCBs/Formaldehyde--
The field controls from the two elderly home sampling trips showed a
similar pattern: a wide range of pesticide recoveries with chlordane and
a-BHC exhibiting very low values and p,p'-DDD giving relatively high
recoveries (Tables 147, 148). Formaldehyde recoveries were 93% and 78% for
the first and second trip, respectively.
Duplicate Sample Analysis
Volatile Organics--
Duplicate volatile organic samples were collected at the two elderly
homes sites in an effort to assess method precision. The precision
observed for the first duplicate pair at the first site was remarkably good
(Table 149). Only n-dodecane (40% RSD) and styrene (94% RSD) were suspect.
The duplicate pair collected immediately afterwards gave much poorer
reproducibility. Only carbon tetrachloride (14% RSD), tetrachloroethylene
318
-------
TABLE 142. SAMPLING SCHEDULE - HOME FOR THE ELDERLY
w
»-*
CO
h
Analyte Type"
VO
Day 1-Location 1 Fl,2
2 F1,2C
3 F1.2
4 F1,2;D1,2
5 Fl,2
6 Fl,2
Day 2-Location 1 F3,4
2 F3,4
3 F3,4
4 F3,4
5 F3,4;Q3,4°
6 F3,4C
Day 3-Location 1 F5,6;D5,6C
2 F5.6
3 F5,6;Q5,6
4 F5,6
5 F5,6
6 F5,6
The second site had only 5 sampling
VO = Volatile Organics
RP = Respirable Part -jlates
PP = Pesticdes/PCBs
FM = Formaldehyde
MN = Elements
AE = Air Exchange
F = Field sample Collection
D = Duplicate sample collection for
Q = Duplicate sample collection for
RP
Fl Fl
F1;Q1 Fl
F1;D1C Fl
Fl Fl
Fl Fl
Fl Fl
F2C F2
F2 F2
F2 F2
F2 F2
F2 F2
F2 F2
F3 F3
F3 F3
F3 F3
p
F3;D3 F3
F3 , F3
r\
F3;Q3 F3
locations (4
analysis by
analysis by
PP FM
Fl;Qld
Fl
Fl
Fl
C F1;D1C
Fl
;D2C F2
F2;Q2
;Q2 F2
F2
F2
p
F2;D2
F3
;D3C F3
d F3C
;Q3 F3
F3
F3
locations for AE
RTI
MN
Fl
Fl
Fl
Fl
Fl
F1;D1C
F2
F2
c
F2;D2~:
F2;Q2
F2
F2
F3
F3
F3
F3 d
F3;Q3
F3
AE
Fl,2
Fl,2
Fl,2
Fl,2
_
-
F3,4
F3,4
F3,4
-
-
F1,2;D1,2
F5,6
F5,6
-
F3,4
-
F3,4
collections)
external laboratory
"Expose QC set for RTI
Expose QC set for QA lab
-------
TABLE 143. ELDERLY HOME-1 - SAMPLE INVENTORY AUDIT
MEMORANDUM
To: Dr. Handy
From: Pat Blau
Date: April 11, 1983
Subject: Home for the Elderly 1 - Sample Inventory Audit
Sample Loss
Sample ID No.
131-3 FM-F1
133-9 MN-Q1
133-9 NO-Q1
133-9 AE-2D
134-7 AE-2F
135-4 AE-2F
135-4 AE-1F
131-3 CO-F1 thru 6
133-9 CO-F1 thru 6
136-2 CO-F1 thru 6
Other Information
Reason for Loss
Pump failure
Disconnected tube
Not collected
Not enabled
Not enabled
Not enabled
Couldn't get into site room
No functioning monitors
No functioning monitors
No functioning monitors
One incorrect calculation for volume collected on Sierra Dichot.
Corrected.
320
-------
TABLE 144. ELDERLY HOMES
1 AND 2 - COMPLETENESS OF SAMPLE COLLECTIONS
AND ANALYSIS
Samples Scheduled/Analyzed
Field Samples
Elderly Home-1
Elderly Home-2
Total
% Completion
D-Duplicates
Elderly Home-1
Elderly Home-2
Total
% Completion
Q-Duplicates
Elderly Home-1
Elderly Home-2
Total
% Completion
VO
36/36
30/29
66/65
98
4/4
3/2
7/6
86
4/3
4/3
8/6
75
RP PP
36/36 18/18
30/29 15/13
66/65 33/31
98 94
2/2
2/2
4/4
100
2/2
2/2
4/4
100
FM
18/17
15/15
33/32
97
2/2
2/2
4/4
100
2/2
2/0
4/2
50
MN
18/16
15/15
33/31
94
2/1
2/1
4/2
50
2/1
2/1
4/2
50
AE
24/17
24/24
48/41
85
2/4
2/2
4/4
100
0/0
0/0
0/0
VO = Volatile Organics
RP = Respirable Particulates
PP = Pesticides/PCBs
FM = Formaldehyde
MN = Elements
AE = Air Exchange
321
-------
TABLE 145. ELDERLY HOME-1 - VOLATILE ORGANICS QC SAMPLES
Target Compound
Field Controls
% Recovery
N Mean % RSD
Field Blanks
Background, ng
N Mean % RSD
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,£-Di chlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
-
-
-
77
80
99
76
79
87
91
93
85
82
76
87
87
89
82
NAC
NA
NA
6
5
14
9
4
5
6
4
5
6
4
3
5
8
2
-
-
-
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2,
NDb
50
42
ND
2
ND
1
3
4
1
1
1
2
3
6
3
1
50
42
38
150
-
100
67
25
200
0
0
50
233
33
33
100
Corrected for background
ND = not detected
"NA = not analyzed
322
-------
TABLE 146. ELDERLY HOME-2 - VOLATILE ORGANICS QC SAMPLES
Target Compound
Field Controls
% Recovery
N Mean % RSD
Field Blanks
Background, ng
N Mean % RSD
Chloroform 3 103 8 3 10 610
1,2-Dichloroethane 3 105 15 3 ND
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 3 116 24 3 14 79
Benzene 3 81 22 3 31 42
Carbon tetrachloride 3 86 15 3 2 100
Trichloroethylene 3 82 22 3 3 67
Tetrachloroethylene 3 99 631 100
Chlorobenzene 3 96 832 0
Styrene 3 112 17 2 131 8
m,£-Dichlorobenzene 3 110 431 100
o-Dichlorobenzene 3 106 532 100
Ethylbenzene 3 104 6 3 10 30
o-Xylene 3 102 735 40
m,£-Xylene 3 102 739 44
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 3 104 3 3 ND
n-Decane 3 117 14 3 ND
n-Undecane 3 110 634 25
n-Dodecane 3 98 934 25
Corrected for background
ND = not detected
323
-------
TABLE 147. ELDERLY HOME-1 - PESTICIDE/FORMALDEHYDE QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
Target Compound
a-BHC
HCB
p,y-BHC
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide/
Oxychlordane
p_,p_'-DDE
p_,£'-DDD
p_,£'-DDT
Arochlor 1260
Chlordane
Target Compound
Formaldehyde
N
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
% Recovery
Mean % RSD
32
45
42
72
54
65
83
66
14
9
93
100
67
44
65
35
28
7
30
36
27
4
Field Blanks
Background,
N
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Mean
16
ND
ND
1.4
1.9
1.0
ND
1.9
14
1.2
2.5(Jg
• n§
% RSD
100
-
-
86
100
100
-
100
100
0
-
Corrected for background
ND = not detected
324
-------
TABLE 148. ELDERLY HOME-2 - PESTICIDE/FORMALDEHYDE QC SAMPLES
Target Compound
a-BHC
HCB
P,Y-BHC
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide/
Oxychlordane
p_,p_'-DDE
£,j>' -ODD
E,£'-DDT
Arochlor 1260
Chlordane
Target Compound
Formaldehyde
N
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
Field Controls
% Recovery
Mean % RSD
84
95
87
89
72
115
218
166
64
61
78 18
Field Blanks
N
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
Background ,
Mean
.94
h
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
9.8
1.3
9.4|jg
"8
% RSD
100
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
28
115
-
Corrected for background
ND = not detected
325
-------
TABLE 149. ELDERLY HOME-1 - VOLATILE ORGANIC DUPLICATES
Cone. , ng/L
Sample ID Target Compound
1313-VO Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
C arbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,£,-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
1313-VO Chloroform
1 ,1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
F5
0.71
0.21
12
7.2
0.72
0.28
1.0
0.14
1.6
1.7
2.0
4.5
3.0
2.5
2.5
F6
1.3
23
16
0.73
0.40
5.8
0.68
3.1
2.5
2.5
6.1
5.1
3.2
1.2
D5
0.54
0.19
9.3
6.3
0.76
0.22
1.0
0.49
2.0
1.7
2.0
4.9
3.6
3.0
1.4
D6
0.38
4.2
4.5
0.60
0.24
3.6
0.24
0.79
1.4
1.6
3.7
2.0
1.50
0.59
% RSD
19
7.1
18
9.4
3.8
17
0.0
94
16
0.0
0.0
6.0
13
13
40
77
98
79
14
35
33
68
84
40
31
35
62
51
48
(continued)
326
-------
TABLE 149. (cont'd.)
Sample ID
1347-VO
1347-VO
Target Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,]3 , -Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,j>-Xylene
Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
Cone. ,
Fl
0.38
7.1
2.8
0.68
0.88
1.4
0.83
1.0
1.0
2.6
1.9
1.8
0.87
F2
4.0
51
30
1.2
0.70
4.2
4.9
6.3
5.0
6.1
14
3.0
2.9
3.3
ng/L
Dl
0.45
8.8
3.3
0.82
1.0
2.5
0.78
1.2
1.3
3.1
2.2
2.1
1.1
D2
3.2
4.5
4.5
0.82
0.23
3.7
3.1
0.61
3.3
3.5
8.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
% RSD
12
15
12
13
9.0
40
4.4
13
18
12
10
11
16
16
118
104
27
72
9.0
32
117
29
38
34
43
37
45
327
-------
(33% RSD), and Q_-xylene (31% RSD) showed % RSD values less than 35%. The
second duplicate pair exhibited excellent precision (4.4% to 18% RSD). Only
styrene (40% RSD) indicated agreement between duplicate pairs worse than 35%
RSD. The other sample from this pair collected immediately afterwards gave
much poorer reproducibility. Benzene (104% RSD), dichlorobenzenes (117%
RSD), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (118% RSD), and trichloroethylene (72% RSD) were
particularly significant results.
The two volatile organic duplicate collections at the elderly home-2
showed the same pattern (Table 150). Overall, the initial sample pair gave
good precision, only 1,1,1-trichloroethane (40% RSD), chlorobenzene (42%
RSD), and benzene (73% RSD) were suspect. The measurable target compounds
of the second duplicate pair gave much poorer agreement. Only benzene (30%
RSD), ethylbenzene (23% RSD), and m,p_-xylene (34% RSD) were judged
acceptable.
Pesticides/PCBs—
Two pesticide/PCB samples at both elderly homes were collected in
duplicate. The duplicate pairs taken at the elderly home-1 showed that HCB
(141% RSD), p_,p.'-DDT (54%; 114% RSD), and heptachlor epoxide (96% RSD) gave
the poorest reproducibility (Table 151). Chlordane (5.0%; 7.1% RSD)
exhibited excellent precision. The two duplicate pairs collected at the
elderly home-2 gave entirely different results (Table 152). The first
duplicate samples showed RSD values between 2.6% and 8.0% for the four
measurable targets. The other pair exhibited RSD values of 47%, 3.8%, 53%,
and 32% for the same four compounds.
Inhalable and Respirable Particulates--
Two respirable particulate field samples at the elderly home-1 were
collected in duplicate. The first sample pair showed excellent precision
for both the fine (4.2% RSD) and coarse (6.9% RSD) fractions. However, the
agreement observed for the second duplicate pair gave % RSD values of 56%
and 49% for the two fractions. One duplicate collection was taken at the
elderly home-2 site. Precision estimates were calculated: fine (3.6% RSD)
and coarse (11% RSD).
Elements—
The analytical results of the duplicate samples collected on Nucleopore
are shown in Table 153.
328
-------
TABLE 150. ELDERLY HOME-2 - VOLATILE ORGANIC DUPLICATES
Sample ID
2311-VO
2311-VO
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,£,-Di chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
m,£, -Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,£-Xylene
Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
Cone. ,
F5
1.4
8.4
5.3
1.5
1.2
0.37
2.8
2.7
7.7
1.9
1.9
1.9
F6
1.5
7.8
11
1.4
1.3
5.4
0.78
4.6
6.1
14
3.0
2.9
3.3
ng/L
D5
0.99
4.7
1.7
0.81
1.5
0.49
3.2
3.3
9.0
2.4
2.4
2.4
D6
0.67
3.3
7.1
0.54
0.56
3.1
0.42
3.3
3.5
8.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
% RSD
24
40
73
42
16
20
9.4
14
11
16
16
16
54
57
30
63
56
38
42
23
38
34
43
37
45
329
-------
TABLE 151. ELDERLY HOME-1 - PESTICIDES/PCB DUPLICATES
Sample ID
1313-PP
1321-PP
Target Cmpd.
a-BHC
HCB
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
E,£'-DDT
Chlordane
o-BHC
B/Y-BHC
Heptachlor
£,j>'-DDE
£,£'-DDD
£,E'-DDT
Chlordane
Arochlor 1260
Arochlor 1254
Cone . ,
F2
0.503
728
0.390
0.745
0.375
11.3
F3
2.28
1.64
4.66
1.08
0.26
1.87
117
330
412
ng/L
D2
0.780
1.68
0.112
3.89
3.17
12.5
D3
1.53
2.16
2.60
0.764
0.307
4.17
109
216
296
%RSD
30
141
78
96
114
7.1
28
19
40
24
12
54
5.0
30
23
330
-------
TABLE 152. ELDERLY HOME-2 - PESTICIDES/PCB DUPLICATES
Cone., ng/L
Sample ID
2311-PP
2329-PP
Target Compd.
o-BHC
Heptachlor
£,£'-DDE
£,£'-DDT
a-BHC
Heptachlor
£,£'-DDE
£,£'-DDT
F2
1.05
3.15
1.23
0.553
F3
0.259
7.35
39.9
3.99
D2
1.09
3.53
1.57
0.507
D3
0.515
6.97
18.1
2.52
%RSD
2.6
8.0
3.0
6.1
47
3.8
53
32
331
-------
TABLE 153. ELDERLY HOME-2 - ELEMENT SAMPLE DUPLICATES - LOCATION NO. 3
CO
w
CO
Reported Concentration
(ng/m3)
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
LOD (ng)
447
818
703
342
81
688
2058
66
57
-
42
37
790
25
149
F3
TC
N
T
1440
N
2590
N
272
753
-
T
T
N
T
794
Db
Nd
N
N
N
N
T
N
T
158
-
N
N
N
N
T
Element
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Se
Br
Rb
Sr
Zr
Mo
Cd
Hg
Pb
LOD (ng)
.
34
24
18
61
88
44
-
81
128
2408
201
94
93
Reported Concentration
(ng/m3)
F
_
T
T
74
N
N
T
-
N
N
N
N
N
402
D
.
N
T
T
N
N
T
-
N
N
N
N
N
T
F = Field Sample
D = Duplicate Sample
"T = Trace quantity of element found
N = Element not detected (less than LOD)
-------
Performance Audit Samples
Volatile Organics—
Five performance audit samples were analyzed with the samples collected
at the elderly home-1 (Table 154). These materials consisted of a mixture
of volatile organic target compounds spiked on Tenax by EPA and submitted
blind to the RTI analyst. In general, a negative bias was observed for most
of the seven target compounds (-8% to -49%). Only low levels of benzene
(+25%), trichloroethylene (+7%), and tetrachloroethylene (+10%) showed a
positive bias.
Since samples collected at the elderly home-2 were analyzed during the
same periods as samples from the third office building sampling, the set of
performance audit samples which were available at that time served as
estimators of bias for each sample set. Once again, there was an overall
negative bias (-7% to -41%). Only trichloroethylene (+6%), chlorobenzene
(+26%), and low spike levels of o-xylene (+48%) showed a positive bias.
EPA performance audit samples were also sent to the external laboratory
for analysis. The reported results are presented in Table 155.
SCHOOL
Field Operations
A multi-story public school building located in the Washington, DC area
was monitored during the period May 23 to 26, 1983. Before the study was
started, a sampling schedule was prepared and distributed to the sampling
personnel. This schedule is shown in slightly different format in Table
156. Adherence to this schedule and any resulting sample loss were
determined by performing a sample inventory audit (Table 157). This
information was compiled and completeness data calculated for the different
sample types (Table 158). Completeness is defined as the percentage of
samples scheduled for collection which were actually collected, analyzed,
and for which target compound levels appear in the computer file.
Sample Analysis
The quality control procedures implemented for the determination of each
target compound are discussed in Section 6.
333
-------
TABLE 154. ELDERLY HOME-1 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT RESULTS,
VOLATILE ORGANICS
Target Compound
Benzene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
All samples analyzed
Amt Added, ng N Average Bias %RSD
128
299
360
601
143
712
158
316
323
646
126
590
300
599
on 4/21/83.
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
+25%
-13%
-8%
-8%
+7%
-12%
+10%
+1%
-42%
-36%
-12%
-49%
-15%
-48%
19
11
6.9
18
10
19
28
18
29
12
18
14
18
11
334
-------
TABLE 155. PERFORMANCE AUDIT RESULTS REPORTED BY THE EXTERNAL
LABORATORY, VOLATILE ORGANICS
Target Compound
Benzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Spike Level,
128
299
601
143
712
158
316
323
646
126
590
Elderly Home-1
ng Reported, ng
89
162
629;428
84
461
154
244
168
431
63
304
°lo Recovery
70
54
88
59
65
98
77
52
67
50
52
o-Xylene
300
184;300
81
335
-------
TABLE 156. SAMPLING SCHEDULE - SCHOOL
Analyte Type
Day 1-Location
Day 2-Location
Day 3-Location
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
VO
F1.2-D1
Fl,2°
Fl 2
' b
F1,2;Q1°
F3,4C
F3,4;D4
F3.4j.Q4
F3,4D
F5,6b
F5,6;Q5
F5,6;D5
F5,6
PP
Fl
Fl
Fl
Fl
F2;D2
F2
F2;Q2C
F2
F3
b
F3;D3
F3
F3;Q3C
FM
F1;Q1C
Fl
Fl^Dl
Fl
F2
F2;Q2C
F2
F2;D2
F3
F3,
F3
F3
MN
F1C
F1;D1
F1;Q1
Fl
F2
F2;D2
F2,:Q2C
F2D
F3 b
F3,D3
F3;Q3
F3
AE
Fl,2
Fl,2
Fl,2
-
F3,4
F3.4
D3,4
-
F5,6
F5.6
F5.6
-
aVO = Volatile Organics
PP = Pesticides/PCBs
FM = Formaldehyde
MN = Elements
AE = Air Exchange
F = Field sample collection
D = Duplicate sample collection for analysis at RTI
Q = Duplicate sample collection for analysis at the external
laboratory
Expose QC set for RTI
CExpose QC set for QA lab
336
-------
TABLE 157. SCHOOL - SAMPLE INVENTORY AUDIT
MEMORANDUM
To: Dr. Handy
From: Pat Blau
Date: June 1, 1983
Subject: School - Sample Inventory Audit
Sample Loss
Sample Code: INAIR 123-0 VO-F4 lost because sampling train
disconnected from pump.
Other Comments
1. Two filters for PIXIE analysis (one nucleopore and one
mylar) were mislabeled and had to be corrected by one of the sam-
pling team members.
2. One 2500 pump stopped during collection of formaldehyde
sample. That sample collection (duplicate) was rescheduled.
337
-------
TABLE 158. SCHOOL - COMPLETENESS OF SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Samples Scheduled/Analyzed
Sample Type VO RP PP FM MN AE
Field Samples
D-Duplicates
Q-Duplicates
Total
% Completeness
24/23
3/3
3/2
30/28
93.3
0/0
0/0
0/0
0/0
-
12/11
2/2
2/2
16/15
93.8
12/12
2/2
2/2
16/16
100
12/8
2/1
3/1
15/10
66.7
18/17
2/2
0/0
20/19
95.7
338
-------
Field Quality Control Samples
Volatile Organics--
The field controls from the school sampling showed a relatively wide
range of recoveries (Table 159). Most of the target compounds had
recoveries in the range 79% to 105%. Higher recoveries were noted for
m,p_-dichlorobenzene (114%), chlorobenzene (120%), and ethylbenzene (121%); a
low recovery was observed for trichloroethylene (64%). A fair amount of
variability was evident in these data. Only 1,1,1-trichloroethane (17
ng/cartridge) and benzene (21 ng/cartridge) exhibited significant background
levels on the field blanks.
Pesticide-PCBs/Formaldehyde—
The field controls from the school site showed a pattern which existed
for the other sampling locations: chlordane (47%) and a-BHC (60%) gave low
recoveries and p_,p'-DDD (126%) possessed a relatively high recovery (Table
160).
Formaldehyde recovery was shown to be 60%.
Duplicate Sample Analysis
Volatile Organics--
Three volatile organic samples at the school site were collected in
duplicate for analysis at RTI (Table 161). This corresponded to 12.5% of
the total field samples collected. The first pair showed poor precision for
the aromatics targets: benzene (40% RSD), styrene (78% RSD). The second
duplicate pair showed basically the same pattern: a relative lack of
agreement in the determination of aromatic target compounds. However, a
trend of excessive variability was observed for the alkanes n-decane,
n-undecane, and n-dodecane. The third sample pair exhibited the best
precision; only chloroform (50% RSD) and the xylenes (44%; 64% RSD) had RSDs
in excess of 35%.
Pesticide/PCBs—
Two pesticide/PCB field samples were collected in duplicate and analyzed
at RTI (Table 162). For measurable targets in both duplicate pairs,
precision estimates were poor: u,p_'-DDT (51% RSD), HCB (70% RSD), and
chlordane (47% RSD). Only n.&'-DDE (1.8% RSD) in the second sample pair
exhibited good agreement.
339
-------
TABLE 159. SCHOOL - VOLATILE ORGANICS QC SAMPLES
Target Compound
Field Controls
% Recovery
Mean % RSD
Field Blanks
Background, ng
N Mean % RSD
Chloroform 3 105 13 3 6 83
1,2-Dichloroethane 3 99 16 3 ND
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 3 98 29 3 17 29
Benzene 3 79 42 3 21 57
Carbon tetrachloride 3 79 29 3 ND
Trichloroethylene 3 64 14 3 1 100
Tetrachloroethylene 3 89 21 3 ND
Chlorobenzene 3 120 50 3 1 100
Styrene 3 87 59 3 1 100
m,£-Dichlorobenzene 3 114 734 50
o-Dichlorobenzene 3 86 16 3 1 100
Ethylbenzene 3 121 58 3 1 100
o-Xylene 3 87 54 3 1 100
m,£-Xylene 3 100 43 3 4 25
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 3 92 35 3 ND
n-Decane - NA - 3 ND
n-Undecane - NA - 3 14 100
n-Dodecane - NA - 3 1 100
Corrected for background
3ND = not detected
"NA = not analyzed
340
-------
TABLE 160. SCHOOL - PESTICIDE/FORMALDEHYDE QC SAMPLES
Field Controls3
Target Compound
a-BHC
HCB
B,y-BHC
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide/
Oxychlordane
£,£'-DDE
£,£'-DDD
£,E'-DDT
Arochlor 1260
Chlordane
Target Compound
Formaldehyde
N
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
% Recovery
Mean % RSD
66
51
75
86
75
70
126
26
72
47
60
97
67
120
100
72
71
86
77
19
53
5
N
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Field Blanks
Background
Mean
NDb
3.1
ND
ND
1.7
ND
ND
7.1
12
3.4
5.7(Jg
, ng
% RSD
_
100
-
-
100
-
-
116
117
77
-
Corrected for background
ND = not detected
341
-------
TABLE 161. SCHOOL - VOLATILE ORGANIC DUPLICATES
Cone. , ng/L
Sample ID
1214-VO
1222-VO
Target Compound
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,£,-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,j>-Xylene
Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m , jD-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
ra,£-Xylene
Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
Fl
6.0
7.3
0.59
0.40
2.5
3.8
1.9
2.3
8.4
20
0.76
0.85
0.64
F4
11
9.0
0.65
0.57
1.5
2.0
3.3
4.6
0.19
15
0.28
0.53
0.57
Dl
6.6
13
0.78
0.48
2.2
1.1
0.89
3.3
2.7
8.0
0.88
0.84
0.84
D4
12
9.4
1.1
0.60
5.4
4.5
7.6
7.3
16
35
1.5
1.4
0.98
% RSD
6.7
40
20
13
9.0
78
51
25
73
61
10
0.8
16
6.1
3.1
36
3.6
80
54
56
32
138
57
97
64
37
(continued)
342
-------
TABLE 161. (cont'd.)
Sample ID Target Compound
Cone., ng/L
F5
D5
RSD
1230-VO Chloroform
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p_-Xylene
Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
0.73
50
6.9
0.69
2.6
0.18
0.56
1.8
1.7
1.8
4.2
1.1
0.84
0.84
0.35
60
7.2
0.75
2.7
0.17
0.80
2.2
1.5
4.8
2.2
1.3
0.96
0.78
50
13
3.0
5.9
2.7
4.0
25
14
8.8
64
44
12
9.4
5.2
343
-------
TABLE 162. SCHOOL - PESTICIDES/PCB DUPLICATES
Cone., pg/L
Sample ID Target Cmpd. F2 D2 % RSD
1214-PP £,£'-DDT 41.2 19.2 51
F3 D3
1222-PP HCB 8.3 2.8 70
£,£'-DDE 0.38 0.39 1.8
Chlordane 6.8 13.5 47
344
-------
Performance Audit Samples
Volatile Organics--
Five performance audit samples were analyzed with the samples collected
at the school site (Table 163). These materials consisted of a mixture of
volatile organic target compounds spiked on Tenax by EPA and submitted blind
to the RTI analyst. In general, a positive bias was observed for nearly all
of the seven target compounds (+12% to +321%). Only trichloroethylene
(-4%), tetrachioroethylene (-4%), and the low spike level of benzene (-9%)
showed a negative bias. As indicated from the evaluation of duplicate
sample analysis, the % RSD values for the audit compounds analytical
precision was worst for the aromatics.
EPA performance audit samples were also sent to the external laboratory
for analysis. The reported results are presented in Table 164.
345
-------
TABLE 163. SCHOOL - PERFORMANCE AUDIT RESULTS,
VOLATILE ORGANICS
Target Compound
Benzene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
Amt Added, ng
299
598
360
356
631
107
323
126
590
300
599
N
3
2
5
5
5
2
3
2
3
3
2
Average Bias
-9%
+22%
+12%
-4%
-4%
+321%
+55%
+185%
+59%
+48%
+43%
% RSD
16
40
10
22
15
102
78
110
48
15
101
All samples analyzed on 6/22/83.
TABLE 164. SCHOOL - PERFORMANCE AUDIT RESULTS REPORTED BY THE
EXTERNAL LABORATORY, VOLATILE ORGANICS
Target Compound
Spike Level, ng Reported, ng % Recovery
Benzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
299
598
360
356
631
323
126
590
300
245
696
237;340
241;254
400;429
133;287
54
411
190
82
116
80
70
66
65
43
70
63
346
-------
REFERENCES
1. Sparaclno, C. M., Blau, P., Sheldon, L. S. and E. D. Pellizzari, "Indoor
Air Quality Monitoring Program, Part II: Analytical Protocols" Draft
Work Plan, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3679. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1983.
2. Pellizzari, E. D., Development of Method for Carcinogenic Vapor Analysis
in Ambient Atmospheres. Publication No. EPA-650/2-74-121, Contract No.
68-02-1228, 148 pp., July, 1974.
3. Pellizzari, E. D., "Development of Analytical Techniques for Measuring
Ambient Atmospheric Carcinogenic Vapors", Publication No. EPA- 600/2-75-
075, Contract No. 68-02-1228, 187 pp., November, 1975.
4. Pellizzari, E. D., J. E. Bunch, B. H. Carpenter and E. Sawicki, Environ.
Sci. Technol., S, 552 (1975).
5. Pellizzari, E. D., "The Measurement of Carcinogenic Vapors in Ambient
Atmospheres", Publication No. EPA-600-7-77-055, Contract No. 68-02-1228,
288 pp., June, 1977.
6. Pellizzari, E. D., "Evaluation of the Basic GC/MS Computer Analysis
Technique for Pollutant Analysis", Final Report, EPA Contract No. 68-
02-2998.
7. Pellizzari, E. D. and L. W. Little, "Collection and Analysis of
Purgeable Organics Emitted from Treatment Plants", Final Report, EPA
Contract No. 68-03-2681, 216 pp.
8. Webb, R. G. and A. C. McCall, J. Chromatogr. Science, U, 366 (1973).
347
-------
INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN FOUR BUILDINGS
APPENDICES A-F
. by
L. S. Sheldon, R. W. Handy, T. D. Hartwell, R. W. Whitmore,
H. S. Zelon, and E. D. Pellizzari
Research Triangle Institute
P. 0. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Contract Number 68-02-3679
Project Officer
L. Wallace
Air, Toxics, and Radiation Monitoring Research Division
Office of Monitoring, System and Quality Assurance
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
WASHINGTON, DC 20460
-------
Appendices Table of Contents
Page
Appendix A - Survey Instruments 1
Appendix B - Reconstructed Ion Chromatograms RICs of Headspace
Experiments 30
Appendix C - Volatile Organics Identified in the Headspace of Various
Building Materials and Consumer Products 50
Appendix D - Relative Amounts of Target Volaile Organics of Headspace
for Building Materials and Consumer Products 78
Appendix E - Concentration (/jg/m3) of Volatile Organic Compounds ... 115
Appendix F - Data Analysis for Pesticides and PCBs 149
-------
APPENDIX A
SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
-------
RTI Study #2190-38 Form #1
TEAM Indoor Air Study
GENERAL AREA DESCRIPTION
March 1983
2
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 2770
-------
PURPOSE
The purpose of this form is to collect initial data in each area where
monitoring is being conducted. The form should be completed, prior to, or at
latest, during the initiation of the first monitoring period. This form is
completed only one time for a particular area, but should be available to
annotate any observed changes, during return visits to the area. A return
visit is a visit during a different season of the year, not a return within a
single three-day monitoring period.
DATE COMPETED:
A. BUILDING LOCATION
1. What is the exact location of this building? Provide the address and/or
other specific locating information. Indicate on sketch (Figure 1.1) and
city map. Use red "X" for this building.
2. Describe geographic characteristics of the immediate (^ mile radius)
neighborhood. Include such information as:
a. Percent open land--parks, etc .......... _ %
b. Is there a stream located in the area? ..... Q Yes . . D No
c. Is the area hilly? ............... D Yes . . D No
d. Are there tall structures which affect
wind flow? ................... D Yes . . D No
e. Are there any condemned or demolished
structures in the area? ............ D Yes . . D No
-------
RTI 2190-38
Figure I. 1
Area Sketch
INDICATE
PlttVAII.INC
WIND
INDICATE
NOKTII
N.B. Use an "X" to represent site.
UKO araliic miiuer*iIs to iutlicate adjoining plots.
Use letters to represent point sources.
-------
3. Describe each of the neighboring buildings or open areas. Account for
all surrounding and/or adjoining structures or areas. Indicate location
of each on sketch (Figure 1.1) using arabic numerals corresponding to
table. Provide the following information:
Relative
Location
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Type of
Structure/Open Area
If Structure,
Approx. Age
Any Known or
Observed Chemical Sources
4. Describe any potential point source for the chemicals or pollutants of
interest within an area described as follows. Establish a one-half mile
radius circle centered on the monitored structure. Extend the area an
additional half mile upwind, creating an oval shaped area. Indicate
location of each on the area sketch (Figure 1.1), using letters corre-
sponding to the entry in the table (Figure 1.2).
-------
RTI 2190-38
Figure 1.2
Potential Point Sources
Letter
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
0
Relative Location
Distance
Type of Chemical
Other Comments
-------
5. a. Are there any major freeways (interstates, etc.) within the area as
created in Section 4? Is yes, continue. If no, go to 5.d.
b. Draw freeway on sketch.
c. Indicate average traffic levels during:
(1) Rush hours vehicles/hour
(2) Other times vehicles/hour
d. Indicate any major city streets in area on sketch and describe
traffic flows:
(1) Rush hours
(2) Other times
vehicles/hour
vehicles/hour
If area is not located on major thoroughfare, indicate average
traffic flow on nearest street:
vehicles/hour
6. Has there been any exterior pesticide application in or on any of the
areas described in Question 3, during the last 30 days? If yes, complete
table.
Site
#
When Applied
*
What Applied
Quantity
Applied
•*
How Applied
By Whom
Obtain formulation and applications directions if possible. Place addition-
al information on back of page.
7. Describe prevailing winds by obtaining information to create a wind rose.
If localized information is not available, describe usual wind direction
and speed for monitoring period. Place wind rose on back of this page.
-------
RTI Study #2190-38 Form #2
TEAM Indoor Air Study
BUILDING QUESTIONNAIRE
March 1983
8
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27709
-------
PURPOSE
This form is designed to collect information describing the site at which
the monitoring occurs. This form should be completed at the beginning of each
three-day monitoring period. Some information which will be collected may not
vary among monitoring periods, while other information is subject to change.
At the beginning of subsequent monitoring seasons, check the information
in Parts A and B. If there are no changes, check the appropriate box(es). If
there are changes, enter information only for the change(s).
DATE COMPLETED:
SITE ADDRESS:
A. GENERAL BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS
D Season 2 No Change
D Season 3 No Change
1. Describe the site in terms of usage and surroundings,
2. How old is the building? Include information on additions and major
renovations.
-------
3. a. What is the approximate square footage of the building?
D Less than 5,000
D 5,000 - 7,999
D 8,000 - 11,999
D 12,000 - 14,999
D 15,000 - 19,999
D 20,000 - 24,999
O 25,000 or over
b. What is the approximate ceiling height in the majority of the
structure?
feet
If any part of the structure has an unusual ceiling height, specify
that height and the square footage of the area covered by that
ceiling.
Ceiling height .... feet
Area square feet
4. How many floors are above the substructure (mechanical areas)?
floors
5. What are the structural materials of the exterior of the building?
If more than one, give percentage of each.
D Wood %
O Brick %
D Stone facing %
D Poured concrete %
D Stucco %
D Steel %
D Glass %
D O'ther (Specify ) •
10
01
-------
6. Does the building have an attached or enclosed garage?
D Attached
O Enclosed
D No Garage
7. a. What is the source of water for the structure?
O Public •*• GO TO b.
D Private well
D Other (Specify
b. What is the primary source of public supply?
B. INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS
O Season 2 No Change
D Season 3 No Change
1. Describe internal construction characteristics of the building.
a. Are there:
(1) false walls? D Yes . . D No
(2) movable walls? D Yes . . D No
(3) movable partitions? . . . . D Yes . . D No
(A) false ceilings? D Yes . . D No
(5) inter-floor spacing? . . . . D Yes . . D No
b. What are the surface materials of: (Indicate approximate surface
area of each.)
(1) the walls?
(2) the floors?
(3) the -ceilings?
(4) any non-fixed structure?
11
-------
2. a. What is the main type of heating?
b. What are the secondary sources of heating?
c. What is the main type of heating fuel?
d. What type fuel is used for cooking in the main kitchen facility?
3. What is the source of hot water for the site? (Specify energy source.)
4. What type of air conditioning system(s) is(are) present? (Describe size,
location, energy source, presence of filters and other characteristics.)
5. a. Are there any fixed ventilation systems, other than the heating and
air conditioning, present in this structure?
D Yes D No
4.
Specify type, location, control mechanism, filters, and par-
ticle scavengers:
12
-------
b. Describe all secondary ventilation devices, including portable
fans, and kitchen and bathroom exhausts.
6. Describe opening in walls and ceilings.
a. How many windows are present?
_ windows
b. What percent can be opened?
c. Describe any windows of unusual type or contruction.
d. How many door and other penetrations of walls are present?
doors
other penetrations
e. How many penetrations through the ceilings and floors are present?
(Describe types and number.)
-------
7. If known, what is the general rate of air exchange for this building?
ach.
8. What are the normal temperature and relative humidity settings for the
common areas of this building?
Winter Summer
Day Night Day Night
a. Temperature . . . . . . .
b. Relative humidity .... . . . . . . .
9. Describe any other types of filtration or air cleaning mechanisms which
affect this building.
10. What are the "R" values for insulation in:
a. exterior walls?
b. ceilings?
c. basement or other subflooring? . . .
d. other sites
C. BUILDING MODIFICATIONS
1. Describe any major construction, renovations, or modifications (in the
past six months/since last visit).
14
-------
2. Describe any specific weatherization, or building tightening actions
taken during the same period.
D. INTERNAL MAINTENANCE AND DECOR
1. Have any changes been made in this building (in the last six months/since
last visit) which include the addition or application of any of the fol-
lowing items?
Specify and
Indicate Surface Area
a. Furniture, drapes . . . . D No . Q Yes .
b. Synthetic carpet . . . . O No . D Yes .
c. Wallpaper D No . D Yes .
d. Interior paint D No . D Yes .
e. Ceiling, floor finishes . D No . D Yes .
f. Plywood, particle board . D No . D Yes .
g. Foam insulation D No . D Yes .
h. Interior paneling . . . . D No . D Yes .
i. Other (Specify
) D No . O Yes .
2. a. How often is the interior of tht s building treated with pesti-
cides?
b. When was the last time this building was treated?
15
-------
c. By whom was the building last treated?
Name:
Address:
Telephone Number: (
d. What product(s) (was/were) used and in what quantit(y/ies)?
e. Describe formulation, application instructions and other details of
application.
3.
Describe cleaning products generally used in this building. Include
soaps, waxes, deodorants, disinfectants, polishes, etc.
Product
Quantity Used
in
Average Month
Frequency
of
Application
Last
Application
16
-------
E. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
1. Describe any pressure gradients present in this structure, especially
those near potential sources of the pollutants of interest.
2. Meteorological data:
a. Outside temperature: high °F low °F (average for date)
b. Outside relative humidity:
c. Wind speed and direction:
d. Barometric pressure and tendency:
3. Outdoor Air Monitoring Results:
4. Describe any unique occurrence in building or immediate surroundings
during past seven days and twenty-four hours? Include such things as
fires, chemical spills, etc.
17
-------
RTI Study #2190-38 Form #3
TEAM Indoor Air Study
MONITOR LOCATION QUESTIONNAIRE
March 1983
18
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27709
-------
PURPOSE
This instrument will collect data about the specific locations in which
the monitoring devices are placed and will relate to the time period moni-
tored. Thus, one copy will be completed for each monitoring location, for
each twenty-four hour period. As in Form #2, this document contains sections
which collect information that is unlikely to change between periods. If no
changes occur in Section A, check the appropriate box and proceed to Sec-
tion B. If changes have occurred, enter information concerning only the
changed items.
Building Address:
Specific Site Location:
Date Monitoring Started: / /
Time Monitoring Started:
Time Monitoring Ended:
Monitoring Period # 123 (circle one)
A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MONITORING LOCATION
If no change from previous monitoring period, check box, and go to Section B.
O No Change
1. Describe the use of the location.
2. What are the dimensions of the location?
Length: feet
Width: feet
Height: feet
If not uniform, describe:
19
-------
3. a. Approximately how many feet above the nearest roadway is the loca-
tion?
feet
b. Is the building located on a hill?
O Yes D No
4. Describe in full the HVAC system for this location. Include information
on fixed and movable parts of the system, and any abnormalities noted.
5. a. What are the "R" values for the insulation in the:
(1) walls in the location?
(2) floors in the area?
(3) ceilings in the area?
b. Is there weather stripping on the windows and outside doors in the
location? Was it added since the original construction?
(1) Windows: D Yes
(2) Doors: D Yes
6. In the location, is there:
a. any foam insulation?
D Yes -» Age
D No
O No
D No
D NA
D NA
D New
D New
D Original
D Original
, Square footage
b. any polyurethane product?
D Yes •* Description, including age and square footage:
D No
20
-------
7. ID the location, is there:
a. plywood subflooting? . . . D Yes
b. wall paneling? D Yes
c. composition board? . . . . D Yes
D No . D DK .
D No . D DK .
D No . D DK .
sq. ft.
sq. ft.
sq. ft.
8. In the location, are there any:
a. plastic construction materials?
D Yes •* Describe and give age and square footage:
O No
b) particle board items?
D Yes •* Describe and give age and square footage:
D No
9. Identify and give age of each item of furniture in this location.
Item
Age
Construction/Material
Approximate
Surface Area
-------
10. Describe type, surface area, and give age of any wall coverings in the
location, including backing material and glue/paste.
11. Describe any carpeting in the location.
a. Age:
b. Fibers:
c. Backing:
d. Glues:
e. Surface area:
B. CONDITIONS DURING MONITORING PERIOD
1. What is the average number of occupants in the location?
a. Day:
b. Night:
2. Give number of smokers present in the location during the monitoring
period. If any, give percent of time present and approximate total
amount of tobacco smoked. If more than one, provide information for
each.
#1 #2 y/3 #4 #5
a. % of time present . . . . .
b. Amount smoked . . . . . . •
c. What smoked .... . . . •
3. During the monitoring period what was the:
Day Night
a. average temperature? degrees
*
b. relative humidity? percent
22
-------
4. Identify any pets present during monitoring period; if any, give percent
of time present and presence of flea collars or use of flea powders.
5. During the monitoring period, did anyone engage in any of the following
hobbies in the location?
a. Woodworking? D Yes . D No . D DK
b. Painting? D Yes . D No . D DK
c. Ceramics/Pottery? D Yes . D No . D DK
d. Photographic developing? D Yes . O No . D DK
e. Other (Specify ) D Yes . D No . D DK
6. a. Describe number and kind of any pest strips in the location.
b. Specify any pesticides used and time of use. Contact pesticide
applicator for specific details on type and amounts, including
formulation and application instructions.
7. Were any windows in the location open during the monitoring period?
D Yes -»• Number open: ; % of time open:
D No
D NA
23
-------
8. a. Is there a gas cooking stove in the location?
D Yes D No -* (GO TO b.)
4-
(1) Is it vented? o Yes . D No
(2) Does it have a pilot light? O Yes . D No
(3) What percent of the time was it in use? %
r
b. Is there a gas or kerosene space heater in the location?
D Yes, gas D No
D Yes, kerosene
(1) Is it vented? D Yes . D No
(2) Does it have a pilot light? D Yes . D No
(3) What percent of the time was it in use? %
9. a. Was a free-standing stove or fireplace in the location in use during
the monitoring period?
D Yes D No
4-
(1) Percent of time in use %
(2) Energy source
(3) Vented? D Yes D No
b. Was a clothes dryer in the location in use during the monitoring
period?
D Yes D No
4-
(1) Percent of time in use %
(2) Energy source
c. Was a humidifier in use in the location during the monitoring period?
D Yes D No
4-
(1) Percent of time in use %
24
-------
10. When was the area last:
a. vacuumed?
b. dusted?
11. What is the rate of air exchange in the:
a. kitchen, if applicable?
b. rest of location?
12. Were any filters or particle scavengers in use?
D Yes •* Describe:
O No
13. Complete Table 3.1 to describe use of household and other chemical prod-
ucts in the location during monitoring period.
14. Describe the types of activities undertaken in the location during the
monitoring period.
15. Outside meteorological data:
Day Night
a. Average temperature . .
b. Relative humidity . .
c. Wind speed and direction . .
d. Barometric pressure and tendency . . .
25
-------
RTI 2190-38
Table 3.1
Household Products
Product
A. Cleaning Products
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B. Aerosol Products
1. Drugs/Bronchodilator
2. Vaporizer
3. Hair Products
4. Personal Hvgiene
5. Deoderant
6. Foot Spray
7.
C. Housekeeping Products
1. Disinfectants
2. Waxes
- Bathroom/Kitchen
Deoderants
4.
5.
6.
7.
Number of
Hours
Since
Last Use
?.(
Amounts Used
•
Frequency
of Use
Surface
Area
Covered
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
-------
RTI Study #2190-38 Form #4
TEAM Indoor Air Study
GENERAL INTERVIEW INFORMATION
March 1983
27
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27709
-------
Site #:
Dates of Interview: II to
A. Provide details on the persons interviewed to collect the information in
Forms 1-3. Provide names, addresses, phone numbers, and positions.
Detail the difficulty involved in collecting this data.
28
-------
B. Provide complete details of any unusual situations of occurrences encoun-
tered during this monitoring season.
-------
APPENDIX B
RECONSTRUCTED ION CHROMATOGRAMS RICs OF HEADSPACE EXPERIMENTS
30
-------
IM.
tmw
II. l«
ill:.1"
i.i, in
STAN
Till!
Figure B-l. RIG of blank (empty vessel purged with He gas).
-------
IM.
HC_
CO
Figure li-2. RIC of headspace for TALON G.
-------
IM.
•1C
CO
to
!•• 1*
SCAH
.* IlflF
Figure B-3. RIC of headspace for Armstrong Fissured Minaboard Ceiling.
OJ
-------
lit.
nc_
co
I*
«t .
SCAN
Figure B-4. RIC of headspace for FICAM material.
OJ
OO
-------
CO
Ul
•1C;
STAH
'0 TIMF
Figure B-5. RIG of headspace for Old Dutch Cleanser.
u>
VO
-------
W
VI Wl
(.«, 1«
m .•« TIME
Figure B-6. RIC of headspace from carpet glue.
-------
CO
-3
we.
SCAN
TIME
Figure B-7. RIC of headspace for Seventy-seven material
-------
GO
CO
SCAM
Bt:,f» TIME
Figure B-8. Ric of headspace from PT-250 material.
-------
w
CO
BIC.
I.I.
Figure B-9. RIG of headspace from carpet.
-------
IM.
mc_
81:.*
Figure B-10. RIC of headspace from non-smooth carpet.
-------
Hi.
nc;
SCAN
«tS* TlttF
Figure B-ll. RIC of headspace from sheetrock.
-------
IM.
t!C
SCAN
TIMF
Figure B-12. RIG of headspace from Borden E8825 film.
-------
•1C.
CO
I'. 1*
C.I. ••!«
5MW SCAN
8.1:.* TIHE
Figure B-13. RIC of headspace from 650 (surface applied).
-------
MM.
•1C
SCAN
PI ,1» TIME
Figure B-14. RIG of headspace from stainless steel polish cleaner.
-------
£>.
cn
int.
INC.:
v
1
:.* TII1F.
Figure B-15. RIC of headspace from Seventy-seven material.
-------
•1C.
K^Jk^u.
I row
If.. 10
MMW
B.t .•« TirtF
Figure R-16. RIC of headspace from Brillo VC.
-------
fM.
me;
^"Jkju_JL>*>—-^
4UU--'
fMN)
W.: IW
SCAN
TIME
Figure B-17 . RIC of headspace from Lemon Speedway wax.
-------
IW.
•tc_
03
i—•—•—-—•—r
!»•: I*
Xu*—v-
-]—•—•—•—i—|—•—•—.—i—r
SCAH
TIME
Figure B-18. RIC of blank No. 2 (empty vessel).
K>
-------
CD
SCAN
TIKE
Figure B-L9. RIC of headspace from PT-110.
Cn
-------
APPENDIX C
VOLATILE ORGiANICS IDENTIFIED IN THE HEADSPACE OF VARIOUS BUILDING
MATERIALS AND CONSUMER PRODUCTS
50
-------
TABLE C-l. ORGANICS IN BLANK (EMPTY VESSEL)
RIC Area
427008
16063
812032
391680
593920
3103
4183
35584
13344
87552
Compound
co2
dichlorome thane
PFT (external standard)
Adhesive peak from septum
Adhesive peak from septum
1 ,1 ,1-trichloroethane
chloropentafluorobenzeDe
siloxane
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
hexyl acetate
Scan it Purity Fit
381
572 958 975
857
2874
3541
887 786 885
322 797 851
1522
2022
2204
3152 489 894
R Fit
978
843
929
495
HC = hvdrccarbon.
51
-------
TABLE C-2. ORGANICS IN HEADSPACE OF TALON G
RIC Area
376320
25951
184576
2391
18912
13486
62335
475]
4236"
72959
23239
13551
15663
260-
1666
1E527
5415
76S7
33et3
3812
225?:
fclO-
12016
63-3
12656
7743
1230-
1567.:
3612
1736
4311
20864
6960
5088
42112
9566
22400
5000
6424
169427
10335
16864
27647
3856
26336
Compound
oxoacetlc acid
•ethylene chloride
PFT
3-jaethylbutanal
2-«ethylbutanal
pcntanal
2-eth>lcyclobutanal
2 ,4-dimeth> Iheptane
dlethylcyclobutane
2-heptancme
heptanal
t rime thy Iheptane
ethylme thy Iheptane
C,,H,., HC (manual)
1 i f. *.
HC-3 (manual)
t rime thy Iheptane
4-methylnonane
trloet hyloctane
trimethyloctane
HC (manual)
2-pentyl furan
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
trimethylnonane
HC (manual)
pentamethylhephtane
HC (manual )
HC (manual )
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
chlorof eras
1 ,1 , 1- trl chl or oe thane
(manual)
chlorobenzene (manual)
ethylbenrene (manual)
n,£-xylene (manual)
o-xylene (manual)
decane (manual)
trimethyloctane
HC (manual)
C10H16 UC (BBnual)
dimethyl-2-methylene bicyclo-
blcyclo[2.2.l3heptane
HC (manual)
tTiaethyldecane
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
Scan f
543
634
913
945
9S1
1084
1457
1533
1753
1774
1610
1833
1876
1906
1918
1932
1955
1979
2076
2110
2125
2174
2161
2238
2246
2263
2286
2307
2362
2377
842
946
1650
1714
1743
1821
2077
2721
2776
2930
2940
2964
3192
3332
334452
Purity
779
937
692
886
882
690
791
684
864
653
868
906
835
819
814
903
897
838
915
791
-
-
-
-
-
-
756
750
738
Fit
876
983
932
923
952
925
957
900
973
862
968
976
956
945
960
966
997
979
966
822
-
-
-
-
-
-
94i
991
982
R Fit
BOB
948
705
910
897
890
799
702
874
653
878
906
847
8-4
631
903
897
847
916
96:
-
-
-
-
-
-
780
750
738
(continued)
-------
TABLE C-2 (cont'd.)
RIC Area
27776
4025.5
21963
12096
74bi
Compound
HC (manual)
dlethyl phthalate
1- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-
phenyl)-e than one
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
Scan t Purity Fit
3407
3543 533 966
3667 555 933
3804
3826
R Fit
547
587
HC = hvdrocarbon.
-------
12
TABLE C-3. ORGANICS IN HEADSPACE OF FICAM MATERIAL
R1C Area
74624
2105340
666304
4624
18206
9712
6648
11680
15696
1072-0
13166
66-32
51006
35:0
45-14-
2106?
13600
244''"'-
66-3:
5100S
32460
1356 SO
1263Z
8272
33280
100-80
266.6
2276-
10736
7656
14336
29952
5066?
30080
31776
2692
14896
10016
3200
7704
20576
49600
34496
27630
Compound
cyclopropane, 1,1,-
dlbromo-2-chlor of luoro
•ethylene chloride
?FT
ethylbenrene
dlmethylbenzene
HCa (manual)
C8H10 HC
HC (manual )
5-ethyl-2-inethylheptane
1-me thy le thy Ibenzene
propylbenzene
triae thy Ibenzene
trimeth> Ibenzene
chloroform (manual)
1,1,1-trichloro ethane
m,£-xylene (manual)
o-xylene (manual)
dc c snf (i&3j~i us 1 )
ethyl- 3-me thy Ibenzene
«th> 1 me th> Ibenzene
t rime thy Ibenzene
tetrame thylbutane
ethyloeth} Ibenzene
HC (manual)
HC (manual )
t rime thy Ibenzene
methyl undecane
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
trimethylbenrene
HC (manual)
dimethyl decane
HC (manual)
dimethyl undecane
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual )
HC (manual)
HC (manual )
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
trimethyl decane
1
2.6-bisa.l-dlmethylethyl)-
4-ethylphenol
Scan 1
429
609
889
1703
1733
1800
1811
1824
1868
1917
2012
2033
2042
815
921
1732
1611
2071
2034
20-2
2057
2072
2091
2103
2112
2136
2167
2175
2190
2231
2223
2244
2256
2283
2031
2345
2358
2372
2455
2718
2961
3189
3403
3735
3937
54
Purity
800
947
752
810
830
914
746
846
706
778
824
661
921
697
713
908
793
919
746
847
798
709
Fit
969
974
934
966
962
998
985
962
972
985
998
966
993
968
965
995
914
783
966
9-9
986
908
R Fit
819
958
800
837
843
914
751
847
706
761
624
686
921
699
713
90F
831
930
751
858
796
743
hydrocarbon.
-------
TABLE C-4. ORGANICS IN HEADSPACE OF OLD DUTCH CLEANSER
13
R1C Area
83072
22648
603136
6272
13616
14864
3564
23008
466-
800 K
18662-
13792
352o-
14768
213—
21SS?
2-512
11520
3tio;
70
2320^'
86-
14160
1980S
20960
16512
i<.926
630-
725
132-
105-
16752
21376
10366
122*0
85760
665056
314368
2054140
138752
41727
6359
Compound
•ethylene chloride
chloroform
PFT
tetranethylpentane
HC* (nanual)
dine thy Inonane
trlmethylhexajie
e t hy 1 methyl he xane
ethvlmethvlhexane
HC (manual)
trimethyloctane
trimethyloctane
trimethyloctane
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
2,4-dimethyldecane
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
1,3, 1-trachlcroethane
benzene (manual)
decane (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
dime thy Ide cane
HC (manual)
dime thy 1 unde c ane
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
t r ime t hy 1 de c an e
?
HC (manual)
t
C10H16HC (manual)
C10H16HC (manual)
trimethyl bicyclo (-2.2.1-1]
heptan-2-ol, acetate
l-Dethyl-(l-oethyl ethenyl)
cyclohexane
dime thyltne thy lene bicyclo
[-2.2.1-]heptane
C10HlfcHC (manual)
2,2-dimethyl-2-nethylene
bicyclo [-2.2.1-]
heptane
2-methyl-t-propylhexane
Son f
608
809
683
1798
1822
1866
1909
1921
1946
1170
2069
2101
2111
2124
2130
2166
2175
2186
916
966
2069
2231
22-1
2256
2280
2300
2356
2371
2411
2439
2454
256-
2716
2771
2807
2838
2927
2959
2937
3012
3626
3186
Purity Fit K Fit
902 982 916
844 957 877
846 840 866
857 953 877
711 935 740
885 975 890
826 917 87-
868 960 86:
739 961 746
765 957 775
872 976 6~3
605 85- 619
847 969 848
833 950 6-3
771 951 789
657 978 65'
666 995 666
748 992 746
701 989 701
775 980 775
(confined)
-------
TABLE C-4. (cont'd.)
RK Area
23264
29i72
32575
160i7
1158.;
25ii
80)6
54iS
2998-
Compound
7
HC (manual)
diethylphthalate
hex>'l acetate
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
7
HC (manual )
HC (manual)
Scan 1 Purity Fit
3340
3401
3537 501 957
3731 460 913
3796
3822
3936
4019
43b8
R Fit
521
485
a
HC = hydrocarbon.
56
-------
15
TABLE C-5. ORGANICS IN HEADSPACE OF CARPET GLUE
R1C Ares
6799
549
5343
45^59
1999
2116-
6'03
763
7807
36-7
3527c6
3619
8511
6303
19-23
16-31
4295
3759
5351
12303
11327
20127
27103
22143
59007
6-15
12031
14879
9S-31
114615
19423
53696
94591
534528
12495
81023
75007
26719
4063
56191
43583
331776
25311
569344
154111
53375
Compound
butane
•ethylpropane
•ethylene chloride
cyclopentadlene
cyclopentene
7
methylpentane
7
methylpentane
hexane
PFT
C^Hg (manual1)
1-methyl-l , 3-cyclopentadien
benzene
cyclohexane
me thylhexane
dimethylpentane
dime thy Icyclopentane
methylhexane
dime thylcyclopent ant
dimeth\ Icyclopentane
dime thy Icyclopentane
heptane
t rime thy Icyclopentane
met hy level ohexane
dimethylhexane
dimethylhexane
5-nethylheptene
trime thy 1 cyclopentane
tol uene
dimethylhexane
HCa (Ear.ua!)
2-me thy 1 heptane
?
dimethylhexane
3-methylheptane
HC (manual)
dimethylcyclohexane
trine thylhexane
dimethylcyclohexane
ethyl methyl cyclopentane
HC (manual)
ethyl methyl cyclopentane
octane (manual)
octane
ethyl methyl cyclohexane
Scan t
542
573
609
641
684
713
724
746
762
811
899
925
936
961
1013
1036
1047
1059
1070
1057
1107
1117
1158
1250
12-1
1277
1265
1314
1336
1380
1388
1393
1407
1413
1421
1436
1453
1459
1471
1479
1486
1493
1499
1523
15#7
1457
Purity
649
667
966
988
932
916
856
953
-
876
896
926
947
849
773
977
9]-
883
90-
983
876
949
765
926
807
896
929
947
944
966
460
-
897
940
952
910
-
945
-
96-
802
Fit
649
667
983
992
932
943
889
975
-
975
937
989
976
934
90-
99-
966
9-1
990
99?
944
998
795
936
925
962
965
959
967
977
99-
-
967
945
977
944
-
994
-
992
989
R Fit
917
977
979
966
980
951
932
966
-
895
93-
926
96-
904
645
961
922
851
912
963
900
9-9
979
9E5
822
93C
9-2
9Bi
952
96-
960
-
923
989
966
957
-
945
-
96-
802
(continued)
-------
16
R1C Area
46207
22144
9215
22527
60991
357376
27327
1238
4518*
8096
9504
2C36-
29599
56512
53-3
51 —
43072
10719
75776
236~:
4120
4766
6960
23616
4752
1756
171520
17-0
6660
10126
4112
10959
5639
2267
4036
1108
4624
5096
1721
903
1520
4704
8752
11904
3520
TABLE C-5
Compound
triaethylcyclohexane
HC (manual)
dine thy 1 heptane
dimethyl he plane
nonane
HC (manual)
trimethyl heptane
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
trine thy 1 cyclohexane
HC (manual)
dlmethylbenzene
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
octahydrcpentalene
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual )
HC (manual)
HC (manual )
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual )
cyclopropvlcvclohexane
4 -methyl nonane
propylcyclohexane
HC (manual )
C10H22 HC (ttanual)
HC (manual )
HC (manual)
l-»ethyl-4- (1-nethyl-
tthenyD-cyclohexanol
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
1
HC (manual)
BC (manual)
(cont
(cont'd.)
Sc«n 1 Purity Fit R Fit
1569 809 952 809
1586
1595 939 941 986
1610 963 978 965
1631 756 969 756
1646 -
1654 885 935 917
1664 -
1674 -
1684 -
1696 -
1703 -
1716 942 996 942
1725 -
1733 706 984 717
1738 -
1749 -
1761 952 991 952
1773 -
1795 -
1808 -
1817 - -
1824 -
1832 -
18-0 - -
1851 -
1862 - -
186,7 -
1895. -
1906 - -
1924 -
1937 827 950 635
1947 804 905 871
1969 854 969 877
1976 '-
2002 - -
2041 -
2069 - -
2081 657 929 662
2110 -
2127 - -
2172 -
2225
2255
^299
inuedf>
-------
17
TABLE C-5. (cont'd.)
R1C Area
2304
483
4119
16207
629
140-
759:
51P4
6136
1918
41599
23:-
408
803
15152
5:85
515:
916?
-7?r:
237:
Compound
HC (manual)
BC (manual)
diaethyldecane
dinethyldecane
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
7
HC (manual)
hex> 1 acetate
HC (manual)
C. ,H,C HC (manual)
1 J * o
HC (manual)
1,1,1-trichloroethane
benzene
ethylbenzene
tt,£-xylene (manual)
styrene (manual)
o-xylene (manual)
Scan * Purity Fit
2944
2956
3172 726 959
3182 778 969
3313
3325
3337
3398
3535
3600
3729 511 914
3797
3819
4017
927 569 938
961 950 950
1705 412 8A9
1733
1794
1611
F Fit
-
-
742
791
-
-
-
-
-
517
-
-
-
600
990
459
-
-
-
"HC = hvdrocarbon.
59
-------
TABLE C-6. ORGANICS IN HEADSPACE OF SEVENTY-SEVEN
RJC Area
292864
60096
I93:e
1500S
797b
557056
2150-
8880
—
—
735232
18-576
64000
2116-
___
4720
400C
2869c
39936
12364
___
4-606
9r-5
___
_ —
164BO
12850
6726
116096
17952
186b72
2662390
40806-
52320
30996500
Compound
co2
unidentified
ethanol
dlchlorome thane
3— methyl pent ane
hexane
tet i ahvdrrf uran
PFI
benzene
cvclohexane
unidentified
siloxane
2, 4, 4- t rime thy 1-1 -pen tene
trimethv 1-2-pentene
oethjlbenzene
triceth%l-2-pentene
si] oxanc
te t ramc thylper. tane
4-tnethylnonane
trtoethyloctane
chlcromeihylbenzene
chlcrcrr.eth\ Ibenzene
silcxane
siloxane HC (manual)
]-me tu, rx~, - 3-mc:r;, Iber. zene
siloxane
silcxane
HC3 (Ttar.ua 1)
C10H.,HC (manual)
1^ 26
HC (maniial)
ethcxymet'-.\lbenze^E
undecane
HC (tcanual)
3,4 , 5-trimethyl-l-hexene
hexy] acetate
2,6-bis(l,l-dioethyl-
ethyl)-4-ethylphenol
diheKyl eeter nonane-
diolc *cld
Scan *
253
427
520
622
779
828
8B1
915
999
1031
1141
1165
1216
1277
1382
1470
1612
1637
1937
1965
2012
2027
2072
2062
21C5
2117
2167
2184
2209
2253
231B
2424
3195
359:
3741
3939
4457
Purity
985
969
938
807
847
978
916
967
952
933
911
790
813
929
905
869
737
926
670
566
493
770
406
Fit
988
984
969
966
891
993
977
999
999
996
992
960
949
966
961
976
61"
999
936
893
914
944
571
R Fit
986
980
954
e:7
949
96C
916
967
95:
933
911
793
629
933
909
895
791
926
9::
573
496
77-
424-
HC = hydrocarbon.
60
-------
19
TABLE C-7. ORGANICS IN HEADSPACE OF PT-250
RIC Area Compound
1916920 2-methylpropanol
539648 2-propanone
19365800 1,1-dichloro-l-nitro-
ethane
100864 PFT (manual; coeluted)
103040 HCd (manual)
siloxane (manual)
93824 HC (manual)
1478&50 3,4,5-trimethyl-l-hexene
siloxane (manual)
230565 hexyl acetate
7479290 chlorofonr, (manual)
5554170 1,1,1-trichloroethane
(manual )
190578000 methylene chloride (manual)
Scan // Purity Fit R Fit
583 756 869 756
529 840 876 856
917 732 948 739
945
2062
3025
3177
3581 578 845 591
3411
3722 486 908 49:
549
970 757 965 761
570
HC = hydrocarbon.
61
-------
20
TABLE C-8. ORGANICS IN HEADSPACE FROM CARPET
R1C Area Compound
7623
1335
326
1646
3680
no:
4632
133f
921
165
161
352-
22712
3360
7120
22:0
i-t:
255o
85 ,
129c
2-2
18-0
184
12208
298-
412F
43S
1192
575
650
•ethylbenzene
broniohf xane
tetrvaethyl hexane
HCa
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual)
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual)
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual )
(manual)
(manual)
(manual )
Scan * Purity Fit
1351 B68 957
1513 BOB 903
1798 913 913
1822
1866
1909
1923
1947
1971
198b
1995
2042
2071
2104
2112
2127
2131
2168
2176
2191
2223
2233
2242
2258
2263
23C:
2346
2356
2373
2592
R Fit
894
875
995
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
HC = hydrocarbon.
62
-------
TABLE C-9. ORGANICS IN HEADSPACE FROM NON-SMOOTH CARPET
21
RIC Area
2273B
250880
3168
1651
3837950
361472
12512
78208
155904
104960
120448
137472
123136
142592
686080
243712
408064
223232
122368
6240C
144364
22304
Compound
2-butanone
PFT
1,1, 1-trichlorot thane
benzene
4-»ethyl-2-pentanone
•ethylbenzene (toluene)
chlorote trade cane
nonane
HCa (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
undecane
HC (manual)
3,4,5-trimethylhexene
hexyl acetate
Scan 1
738
888
919
975
1242
1363
1734
1862
1926
1897
1969
1979
2005
2045
2072
2114
2174
2259
2457
2537
3589
3731
Purity
974
-
-
635
967
958
536
931
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
914
-
595
515
Fit
993
-
-
835
986
998
766
987
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
996
-
879
914
R Fit
978
-
-
996
976
958
616
933
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
914
-
595
515
HC = hydrocarbon.
63
-------
22
TABLE C-10. ORGANICS IN HEADSPACE FROM SHEETROCK
RIC Area Compound
10080 O>2
186173 ?FT
88 »,£-xylene
1431 decant (manual)
2359 2-butanone
12511 4-methyl-2-pentanone
31583 toluene
3136 HC8 (manual)
4640 "
3268
7062
6632
1689
4246
5200
4632
3500
2872
5304
4456
9472
7472 "
3696
2884
6776
164351 triaethyloctane
6464 HC (manual)
30719
5888
7304
7000
6880
6560
4984
3400
3968
3588
28319 trimethylnonane
3820 BC (manual)
6808 "
2124
3084
2236
3928
2664
4112
Scan * Purity Fit
429
661
1720
1915
715 930 930
1211 823 890
1343 919 997
1784
1790
1797
1814
1859
1689
1902
1921
1939
1945
1953
1964
1970
1980
1989
199E
2022
2036
2065 901 966
2097
2106
2114
2120
2125
2162
2169
2185
3317
2227
2237
2252 929 960
2277
2296
2342
2352
2368
2410
2453
27m
R Fit
_
-
-
-
975
857
919
901
932
(continued)
-------
23
TABLE C-10. (cont'd.)
RIC Area Compound Scan I Purity Fit R Fit
6463: 4,5-dinethylhexene 3324 587 883 595
8272 HC (manual) 3511
13:3: 4.6,6-trtoethylnonene 3591 631 819 679
= hydrocarbon.
65
-------
24
TABLE C-ll. ORGANICS IN HEADSPACE FROM BORDEN E8825 FILM
RIC Area
31935
148224
2132
55167
119295
4808
7120
9455
21728
16926
94335
25952
35264
2710^
91903
14015
^C = hv
Compound
2-butanone
PFT
1,1,1-trichloroethane
4-methyl-2-pentanone
methylbenzene
it
3,3, 5-triraethylheptane
HC (manual)
it
2,5 ,6-trimethyloctane
HC (manual)
n
ti
siloxane (manual)
n
3,4, 5-trimethylhexene
hexyl acetate
drocarbor. .
Scan // Purity Fit
711 946 982
858
892 558
1210 918 984
1342 943 998
1789
1812
1857
1915
2034
2061 868 960
2104
2249
2295
2597
3030
3587 582 887
3726 512 884
R Fit
950
927
943
960
582
518
66
-------
25
TABLE C-12. ORGANICS IN HEADSPACE OF 650 (SURFACE APPLIED)
R1C Area
1591
374128
115142
986163
1666
87552
4199
718
8639
85247
2011
2299
732
552
872
3075
136'
6527
79-3
4903
236-1
6535
5375
3992
9"7
173C
29-8
5166
967
21 9S-
110-63
7775
20095
1921
7671
10415
7399
31563
11567
25963
8512
3296
2235
2715
5432
Compound
•ethylene chloride
PFT
trlehloroethane
benzene
n- dimethyl benzene
co2
3-Bethylisobutanone
3-methylpentane
hexane
toluene
1-butanol
octane
dimeth)lheptane
bromohexane
HL (manual)
"
"
tetramethylpentane
Cj_H HC (manual )
HC (manual )
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
••
"
trimethyloctane
HC (manual)
"
"
"
"
"
C.,H,, HC (manual)
12 tb
HC (manual)
"
"
"
"
?
HC (manual)
"
Scan 1 Purity Fit
545 966 978
833
863 776 985
918 983 993
1673 666 800
360
657 846 846
697 855 855
716 936 936
1304 955 998
1385 666 821
1462 597 880
1663 850 930
1726 666 8CT
1732
1741
1746
176- 916 9-0
IBOt
1650
18t7
1869
1911
1917
1927
1936
1945
1957
1967
1965
2011 913 968
20-3
2052
2066
2106
2115
2130
2197
2222
2242
2297
2311
2395
2529
6?657
289I5
R Fit
982
780
983
823
932
992
976
955
68t
647
898
716
93C
915
(continued)
-------
26
TABLE C-12. (cont'd.)
K1C Area
13680
215?
1514
97-3
5575
4056
Compound
HC (manual)
ii
ii
7
HC (manual)
7
hex>l acetate
HC (manual)
Scan 1 Purity Fit
3127
3246
3269
3280
3341
3478
3672 497 914
3779
R Fit
503
3HC
hvdrocarbon.
68
-------
27
TABLE C-13. ORGANICS IN HEADSPACE OF STAINLESS STEEL
POLISH CLEANER
RIC Area
464384
13152
2102.1
185600
10496
9936
14272
61120
2019:
7263T
155E520
11296
12096
19424
31808
109-4
46320
149-4
2409c
37952
6205-4
2052090
830-6-
156-670
72606-
9^2080
1726460
15380-0
72806,,
72908S
3010550
1132540
2256890
2469880
1014780
424960
587776
1073150
194304
3989500
Compound
cyclopropane, 1,1-
dlbromo-2-chloro-3-
fluoro
butane
HC (manual )
2-propanol
pentane
dl chloromethane
2-methyl pentane
2-butanone
3-methyl pentane
hexane
PFT
methyl acetate
methyl ethyl acetate
cyclohexane
2-methylhexane
dimethylpentane
3-methylhexane
dime thy Icy clopentane
methylheptene
dime thy Icy clopentane
heptane
methyl cyclohexane
trimethylcyclopentane
t rime thy Icy clopentane
dimeihylhexane
dimethy Ihexane
t rime thy Icy clopentane
methylbenzene
dimethylhexane
ethylmethylpentane
methylheptane
HC (manual)
methylheptane
dimethyl cyclohexane
dimethyl cyclohexane
dimethyl cyclohexane
ethylae thy Icy clopentane
ethylae thy Icy clopentane
HC (manual)
octane
Scan f
429
481
538
550
569
595
697
717
735
782
865
947
944
984
looe
1017
1041
1069
1079
1090
1130
1216
1225
1289
1251
1261
1317
1346
1363
1371
138-
1391
1413
1432
1436
1460
1467
1481
1491
1511
Purity
963
944
904
936
922
911
973
916
916
722
855
848
866
730
942
806
825
852
976
9-1
923
951
916
926
951
949
963
874
93-
936
915
890
967
931
943
970
Fit
964
950
964
946
960
936
967
977
968
762
872
955
967
966
942
985
951
986
996
998
979
997
940
931
996
999
987
891
96-
979
974
959
995
976
996
982
R Fit
996
976
904
95-
957
926
976
930
923
730
864
8-6
892
747
945
815
831
859
976
941
93-
957
935
829
951
9i9
97-
966
93-
955
915
919
967.
947
9-3
970
(continued)
69
-------
28
TABLE C-13. (cont'd.)
KIC Area
692224
704512
232448
516608
1345530
1791990
1345530
229632
1662970
1667070
755712
79-624
2656300
1010680
75676-
1338SS
3773-4
516t5t
I60-:sc
1036330
636-0
132352
83200
23*496
5990-
103680
91776
89216
7628S
160512
81024
127672
2187260
276480
112000
92610
116864
62464
183
370
1045
51136
Compound
diethylcyclobutane
diethylcyclobutane
but ylcyclopen cane
2,4-dlmethylheptane
2,6-dlmethylheptane
ethylcyclohexane
1 ,1 , 3-trimethylcyclohe.xane
l-ethyl-4-methyl cyclohexane
ethylbenzene
1 ,4-dimethylben±ene
1 , 3, 5- 1 rime thyl cyclohexane
5-nethylnonane
2-methyl acetate-1-butanol
2-methyloctane
3-methyloctane
1 ,2-dimethylbenzene
pentyl acetate
nonane
(1-propenyl)- cyclohexane
propyl cyclohexane
2 ,2,6-trimethyloctane
HC (manual)
decane
HC (manual)
slloxane (manual)
tridecane
tetradecane
Eiloxane (manual)
pentadecane
3,4, 5-t rlmethyl-1-hexene
hexyl acetate
HC (manual)
"
2,6-bls(l.l-dimethyleth>l)-
4-ethylphenol
HC (manual)
chloroform (manual)
1 ,1 , 1- t ri chl or oe thane
benzene
undecane (manual)
Scan 1
1522
1530
1553
1595
1617
1632
1651
1671
1693
1721
1704
1714
1730
1739
1764
1786
1803
1824
1641
1855
18£5
1931
1963
2066
2107
2169
2254
2601
2960
3187
3034
3401
3591
3730
3796
3821
3934
4019
791
898
952
2424
Purity
736
917
841
925
912
911
962
822
932
956
801
851
953
932
970
842
955
939
923
969
856
864
855
889
808
805
863
509
505
eoe
936
Fit
857
994
926
937
979
950
995
919
997
996
808
915
974
982
967
991
996
976
962
996
949
972
976
971
965
977
965
84 •>
909
944
936
R Fit
780
917
859
957
924
933
962
675
932
956
901
894
970
940
970
842
955
946
933
965
86,
864
868
889
814
817
89-
575
511
810
989
HC = hydrocarbon.
70
-------
29
TABLE C-14. ORGANICS IN HEADSPACE FROM SEVENTY-SEVEN MATERIAL
E1C Are*
81280
3559420
37632
17920
1910-
920576
131326
20800
501760
141624
3929c
76926
17612S
169726
34C3"0
87040
74880
73656
147200
266752
136960
47552
141S
6166
4496
6504
4136
28864
29440
Compound
•Ir peaks
2-propanone
2-propanol
dlchloronethane
3-Dethylpentane
hexane
PFT
benzene
cyclohexane
2, 4, 4- 1 rime thy 1-1 -pen tene
2,4 ,4-trioethyl-2-pentene
ace:ate-2-s>ethyl-l-heptanol
3,7,7-trimethyl blcyclo-
[4.1.0]hept-3-ene
hydrocarbon (manually)
7-methyl-3-nethylene-
1 ,6-octadiene
1,7,7-trioethyl bicyclo-
[2.2.1]hept-3-ene
siloxane (manual)
hydrocarbor. (manual)
•iloxane (manual)
hydrocarbon (manual)
hexylester acetic acid
/,6-bis(l,l-dimethylethyl)-
4-ethylphenol
siloxane (manual)
chlorofom (manual)
1,1,1-trichloroethane
(manual)
trichloroethylene
m,£-xylene
o-xylene (manual)
undecane
dodecane
Scan 1
246,318;434
549
572
611
759
807
892
977
1009
1195
1256
1740
1986
2072
2127
2262
2604
2962
3036
3190
3733
3937
4624
816
923
1109
1732
1812
2456
2717
Purity
971
882
968
929
923
970
836
952
922
920
819
748
844
521
822
841
70?
881
879
Fit
993
969
982
965
958
996
972
992
996
994
975
997
994
927
942
985
923
991
998
R Fit
975
882
985
944
942
970
842
959
922
921
819
746
844
521
8:7
926
760
884
65-
= hvdrocarbon.
71
-------
30
TABLE C-15. ORGANICS IN BRILLO VC HEADSPACE
RIC Area
6905850
166144
860160
7528
14944
5912
17696
1470.
21632
1705980
75264
46784
15760
1830.
266:-0
185:8
7-.112
6342-
3353c
40'6S
18784
84864
23072
51966
104320
508SO
42432
188D060
1106
463
2252
844
3312
9312
Conpound
1-aethyl ethyl acetate
trlchlorome thane
PFT
3-»ethyl-2-pentanone
2-butanol
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
t rime thyl heptane
2-butoxyethanol
3-methyl-4-heptanone
HC (manual)
n
M
trineth>loctane
HC (manual)
n
"
••
"
n
pen tame thyl hep lane
HC (manual)
11
"
•iloxane (manual)
HC (manual)
3,4,5-trimethyl-l-hexene
benzene (manual)
ethylbenzene (manual)
m,£-xylene (manual)
styrene (manual)
o-rylene (manual)
o-dichlorobenzene (manual)
Scan 1 Purity Fit
561 809 B22
775 955 969
845
1250 898 907
1566 575 669
1773
1780
1788
1804 920 992
1845 917 981
1890 946 992
1907
1930
1955
2056 897 969
2086
209S
2116
2153
2162
2177
2245 786 967
2270
2292
2836
3026
3126
3369 575 6-5
934
1680
1710
1773
1790
2164
R Fit
817
986
938
590
923
917
946
897
795
566
HC = hydrocarbon.
72
-------
31
TABLE C-16. ORGANICS IN LEMON SPEEDWAY WAX HEADSPACE
RIC Area
317952
32096
8512
55744
10928
4752
1726460
48064
15136
11568
8432
511488
1173500
45248
86528
193024
1558520
55808
767
801
815
3580
1664
236800
7688
Compound
l,l-dibromo-2-chloro-
fluorocyclopropane
acetone
i sop ropy lalcohol
methylene chloride
2-methylfuran
hexane
PFT
benzene
HC (manual)
siloxane (manual)
chloropentaf luorobenzene
octane
siloxane (manual)
6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one
siloxane (manual)
1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo-
[2.2.]]hept-3-ene
HC (manual)
siloxane (manual)
siloxane (manual)
HC (manual)
siloxane (manual)
hexyl acetate
4 ,5-octanedione
2,6-bis(l,l-dimethylethyl)-
4-ethylphenol
1,1,1-trichloroethane
(manual)
tetrachloroethylene (manual)
ethylbenzene (manual)
m,£-xylene (manual)
o-xylene
decane (manual)
undecane (manual)
Scan // Purity Fit
428 966 966
539 964 989
553 818 962
601 967 983
776 995 995
792 757 858
877
962 981 995
1138
1096
1354 541 861
1514 837 968
1592
2067 751 969
2158
2259 831 998
2301
2604
3037
3190
3423
3733 527 903
3592 520 932
3934 677 935
909
1524
1698
1728
1808
2070
2856 911 973
R Fit
999
972
825
979
995
803
981
587
852
751
831
530
520
685
921
tlC = hydrocarbon.
-------
32
TABLE C-17. ORGANICS IN BLANK NO,
R1C Area
117248
4567
5567
12367
2739
622
276480
1327
1400
7431
2127
980
7351
1063
369
1000
14E5
2099
1509
1503
2427
1223
1451
2403
2791
2519
44fc
1233
3751
2967
6615
5207
4575
1507
2775
2907
3475
5703
28447
16607
7223
2695
2659
2164
11167
11519
Compound
CO, (manual)
Acetone
icopropyl alcohol
methylene chloride
carbon disulflde
1-butanol
m
benzene
7
chloropentaf luorobenzene
methylheptane
methylheptane
octane
methyloctane
HCa (manual)
ethylbenzene
dimethylheptane
dimethylbenrene
meth>l butyl acetate
triaethylheptane
HC (manual)
trimethylheptane
HC (manual)
trimethylheptane
pentyl acetate
trimethylheptane
HC (manual)
11
"
C10H22 HC
methylnonane
trlnethyloctane
trimethyloctane
methylnonane
trinethyloctane
HC (manual)
ii
ii
trlaethyloctane
HC (manual)
11
n
"
dlmethyldecane
HC (manual)
methyl undecanr
Scan 1
426
531
543
589
612
771
855
940
951
1341
1378
1408
1504
1614
1640
1691
1713
1722
1729
1764
178-
1792
1799
1616
1841
1861
1856
1891
1904
1917
1942
1966
1972
1962
1991
2000
2029
2039
2067
2100
2109
2124
2128
2164
2173
74 2187
Purity
902
699
946
650
814
701
712
809
729
776
538
634
58S
721
795
689
959
957
724
945
869
652
8-i
59-
874
922
871
__TT2__ _.
. 2
Fit
919
972
973
934
816
910
664
944
952
970
626
712
934
825
867
946
973
962
917
964
930
95-
969
902
955
96S
939
^ _ -
F Fit
934
703
965
677
635
760
812
636
755
789
560
864
619
864
681
891
977
965
78-
97-
893
869
6-4
627
SB:
W4
SOS
I«_
(continued)
-------
33
TABLE C-17. (cont'd.)
R1C Area
1839
1611
5919
9519
9551
17375
28799
e::3
4191
47295
53*5
51007
161-3
55551
86:c3
22.95
*55f7
3499
96°5
4246
2030C'
7639
23327
19-23
319:3
13-t5b
K415
8-863
127C3
It>fc39
70t3
257
Compound
HC (manual)
<•
C1,«26 HC
HC (manual)
dimrthyldecane
trtmethylnonane
UC (manual)
ii
••
tetradecane
HC (manual)
it
"
?
dlethyl phihaiate
adhesive
UC (manual)
tetradecane
HC (manual)
HC (ttar.ua 11
it
hexyl acetate
t
pentadecane
HC (manual)
phthalate (manual)
adhesive
HC (mar.ua 2)
?
?
HC (manual)
2,6-bls(l,l-dimethyl-
et hyDphenol
UC (manual)
o-xylene
Scan 1 Purity Fit
2216
2220
2230
2240
2256 905 981
226i 924 926
2300
2356
2371
2395 856 963
2456
2796
2963
2992
3026 59t 979
311-
3135
3191 669 975
3276
3297
3314
3335 512 906
3365
3405 865 961
343-
3541
3595
3606
3735
3766
38C2
3936 727 92C
4022
iso:
R Fit
906
82J
885
6C-
659
51'
695
75-
*HC
hvdrocarbon.
75
-------
34
TABLE C-18. ORGANICS IN HEADSPACE OF PT-110
RIC Area
544768
361984
10502100
485376
311296
85504
63232
54912
32832
164352
11124700
12544
11840
2480
Compound
-propane
butane
dichloromethane
PFT
methylcyclopentane
trimethyl octane
CinH., HC (manual)
1U ID
tetradecane
HC (manual)
hexyl acetate
chloroform
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
acylene
Scan It
354
372
486
709
906
2020
2209
3140
3355
3665
473
1015
1460
1673
Purity
884
859
873
Fit
928
867
921
dichloromethane
f erence
937
848
957
512
420
647
910
622
972
960
968
919
850
943
951
764
R Fit
885
887
880
inter-
939
859
875
518
492
682
947
812
HC = hvdrocarbon.
76
-------
TABLE C-19. ORGANICS IN HEADSPACE OF ARMSTRONG FISSURED
MINABOARD CEILING
11
R1C Area Compound
9407
1027
11039
14446
5936
4011
10720-
1663:
5567:
25056
1302-
2620
3552
2160
12512
I3«o:?
1-12
2.5-.
-3r =
153*
10.5
509c
130-0
4166
226:
10:-
76-36-
lt:
te t r methyl pen tane
tetramethylpentane
e t hy Ime t hy 1 he p t «ne
dlarth) Idecane
HC* (manual)
HC (manual )
dlmoth}! undecane
HC (manual )
HC (manual )
HC (manual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual )
HC (manual)
HC (manual )
HC (manual )
HC (manual )
HC (manual )
HC (manual 1
HC (manual )
HC (manual )
HC (manual)
HC (manual ^
HC (nar.ual)
HC (manual)
HC (manual )
HC (manual)
chlrrcforc (manual)
FFI (manual )
ber.rene (manual)
Scan 1 Purity Fit R Fit
1751 837 946 8i7
1775 832 936 8A1
1819 864 971 664
1862 826 956 853
1879
1900
1994 80- 9O 820
2022
2055
2063
2076
2119
2127
2142
2174
2165
2213
2234
2253
2309
2323
2-c:
2666
2912
3000
303:
761
636
92-
HC = hvdrocarbon.
77
-------
APPENDIX D
RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF TARGET VOLATILE ORGANICS OF HEADSPACE FOR BUILDING
MATERIALS AND CONSUMER PRODUCTS
78
-------
TABLE D-l. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS IN BLANK
(EMPTY VESSEL)
Compound
chloroform
PFT
1 ,2-dichloroetbane
1 ,1 , 1-trichloroetbane
benzene
carbon tetracbloride
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
chlorobenzene
ethylbenzene
m,p-xylene
styrene
o-xylene
Ion
83
65
186
236
62
64
61
97
99
78
117
119
95
130
132
164
166
77
112
114
91
106
91
106
104
91
106
Scan it
a
NF
857
NF
887
NT
NF
NT
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
»
Area Ratio to PFT
198437 1.000
209054 1.053
439 .002
1057 .005
636 .003
(continued)
79
-------
55
TABLE D-l. (cont'd.)
Compound
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroetbane
£-dichlorobenzene
decane
_o-dichlorobenzene
uodecane
n-dodecane
Ion Scan
-------
56
TABLE D-2. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS IN
TALON G HEADSPACE
Compound
chloroform
PFT
1 ,2-dichloroethane
1,1 ,1-trichloroethane
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
chlorobenzene
ethylbenzene
m,p-xylene
Btyrene
o-rylene
Ion Scan #
83 842
85
186 914
236
62 NF3
64
61 946
97
99
78 NF
117 NF
119
95 NF
130
132
164 NF
166
77 1650
112
114
91 1714
106
91 1743
106
104 NF
91 1821
106
Area
1415
1576
41236
38490
1384
2095
1570
481
885
216
652
127
2345
1174
1033
429
Ratio to PFT
0.034
0.93
0.051
0.021
0.016
0.057
0.025
(continued)
-------
57
TABLE D-2. (cont'd.)
Compound
1 ,1 ,2,2-teLrachloroethane
_2~dichlorobenzene
decane
o-dichlorobenzene
undecane
jn-dodecane
Ion Scan // Area Ratio to PFT
83 NF
166
168
146 NF
148
57 2078 71120 li725
85 10156
142 71
146 NF
148
57 NF
85
156
57 NF
85
170
NF = not found.
82
-------
58
TABLE D-3. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS IN
ARMSTRONG FISSURED MINABOARD CEILING HEADSPACE
Coepouad
chloroform
PFT
1,2-dichloroethane
1 ,1 , 1-tricblo roe t bane
benzene
carbon tetracbloride
tricbloroethylcne
tetracbloroetbylene
cblorobenzene
etbylbenzene
• ,^-xylene
styrene
o-xylene
Ion
83
85
186
236
62
64
61
97
99
78
117
119
95
130
132
164
166
77
112
114
91
106
91
106
104
91
106
Scan # Area Ratio to PFT
761 213 .002
762 99 .001
838 122980 1.000
838 119150 .969
NF8
NF
924 90 .001
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
(continued)
83
-------
59
TABLE D-3. (cont'd.)
Compound
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
^-dichlorobeazene
decane
o-dichlorobenzene
undecane
D-dodecane
Ion Scan it Area Ratio to PFT
83 NF
166
168
146 NF
148
57 NF
85
142
146 NF
148
57 NF
85
156
57 NF
85
170
NT = not found.
84
-------
60
TABLE D-4. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS IN FICAM (SOLID) HEADSPACE)
Compound
chloroform
PFT
1 ,2-dichloroetbane
1 ,1 , 1-trichlo roe thane
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
tricbloroetbylene
tetracbloroethylene
cblorobenzene
ethylbeozene
B,£-xylene
styrene
o-xylene
Ion Scan
-------
TABLE D-4. (cont'd.)
Compound
1,1,2,2-tctrachloroethane
j>-dichlorobenzene
decane
o-dichlorobenzene
undecane
n-dedecane
IOD Scan 0 Area Ratio to PFT
83 NF
166
168
146 NF
148
57 2071 50082 .360
85 7532
142
146 NF
148
57 NF
85
156
57 NF
85
170
rIF = not found.
86
-------
62
TABLE D-5. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS IN
OLD DUTCH CLEANSER HEADSPACE
Compound
chloroform
PFT
1 ,2-dichloroetbane
1 ,1 , 1-tricbloroetbane
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
tricbloroethylene
tetracbloroethylene
chlorobenzene
ethylbenzene
B.jg-xylene
ttyrene
o-rylene
Ion Scan fl Area Ratio to PFT
83 " 809 8803 .093
85 6057
186 94159
236 93345 .99
62 NFa
64
61 915 3992
97 7586 .081
99 4884
78 968 70 .0007
117 NF
119
95 NF
130
132
164 NF
166
77 NF
112
114
91 NF
106
91 NF
106
104 NF
91 NF
106
(continued)
87
-------
63
TABLE D-5. (cont'd.)
Compound
1,1 ,2,2-tetrachloroethane
j3-dichlorobenzene
decane
_o-dichlorobenzene
uudecane
n-dodecane
Ion Scan tf Area Ratio to PFT
83 NF
166
168
146 NF
148
57 2069 72846 .774
85 8981
142
146 NF
148
57 NF
85
156
57 NF
85
170
*N'F = not found.
88
-------
64
TABLE D-6. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS IN
HEADSPACE OF CARPET GLUE
Compound
chloroform
PFT
1 ,2-dichloroetbane
1 ,1 ,1-trichloroethane
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
chlorobenzene
ethylbeozeae
»,j>-jrylene
styrene
o-rylene
loo
83
85
186
236
62
64
61
97
99
78
117
119
95
130
132
164
166
77
112
114
91
106
91
106
104
91
106
Scan #
NF3
898
898
927
928
927
981
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
1705
1705
1733
1733
1794
1811
1811
Area
49557
52777
2643
5675
3672
4209
5265
785
10018
2850
11465
2160
755
Ratio to PFT
0.053
0.115
0.07A
0.085
0.106
0.016
0.202
0.05S
0.231
0.0^.4
0.015
(continued)
89
-------
65
TABLE D-6. (cont'd.)
Compound
1,1 ,2,2-tetrachloroethane
£-di chlorobenzene
decane
o-di chlorobenzene
undecane
n-dodecane
Ion Scan if Area Ratio to PFT
83 NF
166
168
U6 NF
148
57 NF
85
142
146 NF
148
57 NF
85
156
57 NF
85
170
rJF = not found.
90
-------
66
TABLE D-7. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS IN
SEVENTY-SEVEN HEADSPACE
Compound
chloroform
PFT
1 ,2-dichloroethane
1 ,1 ,1-tricbloroethane
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
cblorobenzene
etbylbenzene
•,p-rylene
•tyrene
o-xylene
Ion
83
85
186
236
62
64
61
97
99
78
117
119
95
130
132
164
166
77
112
114
91
106
91
106
104
91
106
Scan if
838
915
NF3
945
NF
NF
NF
1548
NF
1718
1746
NF
1824
Area Ratio to PFT
112
54
83191
97642
157
482
303
121
197
438
149
1012
693
344
235
(continued)
91
-------
67
TABLE D-7. (cont'd.)
Compound
1 ,1 ,2,2-tetracbloroetbane
p-dicblorobenzene
decane
o-dichlorobeozene
undecane
ri-dodecane
IOD Scan f Area Ratio to PFT
83 NF
166
168
146 NF
148
57 NF
85
142
146 NF
148
57 2424 6132
85 1365
156 275
57 NF
85
170
wF = not found.
92
-------
68
TABLE D-8. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS IN
PT-250 HEADSPACE
Compound
chloroform
PFT
1 ,2-dichloroetbane
1 ,1 ,1-trichlo roe thane
(coeluted)
benzene
carbon tetracbloride
trichloroethylene
tetracbloroethylene
chlorobenzene
etbylbenzene
•,£-xylene
•tyrene
£-rylene
loo
83
85
186
236
62
64
61
97
99
78
117
119
95
130
132
164
166
77
112
114
91
106
91
106
104
91
106
Scan tf Area Ratio to PFT
NFa
945 14462 1.000
23331 1.613
NF
970 3276470 226.56
1237000 85.53
2846860 196.85
NF
NF
NF
NF N x.
\
\
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
(continued)
93
-------
69
TABLE D-8. (cont'd.)
Compound
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
£-dichlorobenzene
decane
o-dichlorobenzene
undecane
n-dodecane
Ion Scan if Area Ratio to PFT
83 NF
166
168
146 NF
148
57 NF
85
142
146 NF
148
57 NF
85
156
57 NT
85
170
nF = not found.
94
-------
70
TABLE D-9. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS
IN CARPET HEADSPACE
Compound
chloroform
PFT
1 , 2-dicbloroetbane
1 ,1 , 1-tricbloroetbane
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
tricbloroetbylene
tetracbloroetbylene
cblorobenzene
ethylbeazene
n^p-xylene
•tyrene
o-xyltDc
Ion
83
85
186
236
62
64
61
97
99
78
117
119
95
130
132
164
166
77
112
114
91
106
91
106
104
91
106
Scan tf Area Ratio to PFT
NFa
NF
866 22789
22357
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
(continued)
95
-------
71
TABLE D-9. (cont'd.)
CoBjpouad
1,1 ,2,2-tetr»cbloroetbane
£-dichlorobenzene
decane
o-dichlorobenzene
undecane
n-dodecane
IOD Scan f Area Ratio to PFT
83 NF
166
168
146 NF
148
57 NF
85
142
146 NF
148
57 NF
85
156
57 NF
85
170
not found.
96
-------
72
TABLE D-10. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS IN
NON-SMOOTH CARPET HEADSPACE
Compound
chloroform
PFT
1 ,2-dichloroethane
1 ,1 ,1-trichloroethane
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
chlorobenzene
ethylbenzene
• ^-xylene
•tyrene
_p-xylene
Ion Scan 0
83 NFa
85
186 BBS
236
62 NF
64
61 919
97
99
78 975
117 NF
119
95 NF
130
132
164 NF
166
77 NF
112
114
91 NF
106
91 NF
106
104 NF
91 NF
106
Area Ratio to PFT
38943 1.000
37796 0.970
407 0.010
787 0.020
469 0.012
1072 0.027
(cr::T.i --,.^
-------
73
TABLE D-10. (cont'd.)
Compound
1,1 ,2,2-tetrachloroethane
p-dichlorobenzene
decane
o-di chlorobenzene
undecane
n-dodecane
IOD Scan
-------
74
TABLE D-ll. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS
IN SHEETROCK HEADSPACE
Compound
chloroform
PFT
1 ,2-dichloroetbane
1 ,1 , 1-trichlo roe thane
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
trichloroetbylene
tetrachloroethylene
chlorobenzene
ethylbenzene
«,p-xylene
ityrene
^•jrylene
IOD Scan # Area Ratio to PFT
83 NF3
85
186 861 28941
236 28836 .996
62 NF
64
61 NF
97
99
78 NF
117 NF
119
95 NF
130
132
164 NF
166
77 NF
112
114
91 NF
106
91 1720 365 .013
106 53
104 NF
91 NF
106
(continued)
99
-------
75
TABLE D-ll. (cont'd.)
Compound
1,1,2,2-tetracbloroetbane
j>-dichlorobenzene
drcane
jD-dichlorobenzene
undecane
n-dodecane
Ion Scin # Area Ratio to PFT
83 NF
166
168
146 NF
148
57 1915 13934 .481
85 1633
142 50
146 NF
148
57 NF
85
156
57 NF
85
170
r»'F * not found.
100
-------
76
TABLE D-12. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS IN
BORDON E8825 FILM HEADSPACE
Compound
chloroform
PFT
1 ,2-dicblo roe thane
1 ,1 ,1-trichlo roe thane
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
tricbloroetbylene
tetracbloroetbylene
chlorobenzene
etbylbenzene
•,£-xylene
•tyrene
jo-xylene
loo Scan 0
83 NFa
65
186 858
236
62 NF
64
61 892
97
99
78 NF
117 NF
119
95 NF
130
132
164 NF
166
77 NF
112
114
91 NF
106
91 NF
106
104 NF
91 NF
106
Area Ratio to PFT
24207 1.000
23897 0.9S7
215 0.009
464 0.019
271 0.011
(continued)
101
-------
77
TABLE D-12. (cont'd.)
Conpound
1 ,1 ,2,2-tetrachloroethane
_£-dichlorobenzene
decane
o-dichlorobenzene
undecane
_n-dodecane
Ion Scan // Area Ratio to PFT
83 NF
166
168
146 NF
148
57
85
142
146 NF
148
57 NF
85
156
57 NF
85
170
riF = not found.
102
-------
78
TABLE D-13. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS IN 650
(SURFACE APPLIED) HEADSPACE
Compound
chloroform
PFT
1 ,2-dichloroethane
1,1, 1-trichloroethane
benzene
carbon tetraculoride
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
chlorobenzene
ethylbenzene
m,p-xylene
styrene
o-xylene
Ion Scan #
83 NFa
85
186 833
236
62 NF
64
61 863
97
99
78 918
117 NF
119
95 NF
130
132
164 NF
166
77 NF
112
114
91 NF
106
91 1673
106
104 NF
91 NF
106
Area Ratio to PFT
58204
57884 .994
17343 .298
36863 .633
22908 .393
403984 6.94
656 .012
282
(continued)
103
-------
79
TABLE D-13. (cont'd.)
Compound
1,1,2,2-tetracbloroetbane
j>-di chlorobenzene
decane
.o-di chlorobenzene
undecane
n-dodecane
Ion Scan 0 Area Ratio to PFT
83 NF
166
168
146 NF
148
57 NF
85
142
146 NF
148
57
85
156
57
85
170
rJF = not found.
104
-------
80
TABLE D-14. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS IN
SEVENTY-SEVEN HEADSPACE
Compound
cblorofonn
PFT
1,2-dichloroetbane
1,1,1-tricbloroethane
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
trichloroethylene
tetracbloroethylene
chlorobenzene
etbylbenzene
»,2.-xylene
•tyrene
o-xylene
Ion
83
85
186
236
62
64
61
97
99
78
117
119
95
130
132
164
166
77
112
114
91
106
91
106
104
91
106
Scan 0
816
892
NF3
926
977
NF
1109
1532
NF
NF
1732
NF
1812
Area
455
293
138839
137226
227
535
321
480^8
886
918
875
533
714
1897
1191
691
404
Ratio to PFT
0.003
0.002
1.000
0.968
0.002
0.00-
0.002
0.416
0.006
0.007
0.006
0.00-
0.005
0.01-
o.oos
0.005
0.003
(continued)
105
-------
81
TABLE D-14. (cont'd.)
Compound
1 , 1 ,2,2-tetracbloroetbane
£-dicblorobenzene
decane
£-dicblorobenzene
undecane
n-dodecane
IOD Scan //
83 NF
166
168
146 NF
148
57 NF
85
142
146 NF
148
57 2456
85
156
57 2717
85
170
Area Ratio to PFT
5918 0.0-3
1317 0.009
270 0.002
12600 0.091
2089 0.015
303 0.002
= not found.
106
-------
82
TABLE D-15. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS FROM
BRILLO VC HEADSPACE
Compound
chlorofonz
PFT
1 ,2-dicbloroe thane
1 ,1 ,1-trichloroethane
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
trichloroethylene
tetracbloroethylene
chlorobenzene
etbylbeozene
jB.ji-xylene
•tyreoe
.o-xylene
IOD Scan //
83 791
85
186 865
236
62 NFa
64
61 898
97
99
78 952
117 NF
119
95 NF
130
132
164 NF
166
77 NF
112
114
91 1694
106
91 1723
106
104 NF
91 1803
106
Area
384
238
236631
238008
193
570
359
2616
546519
214590
342253
215115
129839
73323
Ratio to PFT
.002
.001
-
1.006
.002
.011
2.310
. Qr'5
1.4-r
.909
.5-9
.310
(continued)
107
-------
83
TABLE D-15. (cont'd.)
Compound
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
£-dichlorobenzene
decane
o-dichlorobenzene
undecane
n-dodecane
Ion Scan #
83 NF
166
168
146 NF
148
57 2169
85
142
146 NF
148
57 2454
85
156
57 2716
85
170
Area
22636
7385
936
8269
2157
455
8480
2506
366
Ratio to PFT
.096
.035
.036
NF = not found.
108
-------
84
TABLE D-16. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS IN LEMON
SPEEDWAY WAX HEADSPACE
Compound
chloroform
PFT
1 ,2-dicbloroe thane
1 ,1 , 1-trichloroetbane
benzene
carbon tetracbloride
tricbloroethylene
tetrachloroetbylene
chlorobenzene
ethylbeozene
B,£-xylene
styreoe
o-rylene
Ion
83
85
166
236
62
64
61
97
99
78
117
119
95
130
132
164
166
77
112
91
106
91
106
104
91
106
Scan
-------
85
TABLE D-16. (cont'd.)
Coepouod
1 ,1 , 2,2- tetra ch lor oe thane
£-dichlorobenzeDe
decane
o-di chlorobenzene
undecane
£-dodecane
loo Scan (
83 NF
166
168
H6 NF
148
57 2070
65
U2
146 NF
148
57 2A56
85
156
57 NF
85
170
Area Ratio to PFT
73816 .276
9798
43
2213 .009
601
22
NF = not found.
110
-------
86
TABLE D-17. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS IN
BLANK NO. 2
Compound
cblorofonc
PFT
1 , 2-dicbloroetbane
1,1 , 1-tricbloroetbane
benzene
carbon tetracbloride
tricbloroetbylene
tetracbloroetbylene
cblorobenzene
etbylbeazene
«,p-xylene
styrene
o-jrylene
Ion
83
85
186
236
62
64
61
97
99
78
117
119
95
130
132
164
166
77
112
114
91
106
91
106
104
91
106
Scan // Area Ratio to PFT
NF3
855 269963
281116 1.0*1
NF
NF
943 93-i .003
NF
NF
NF
NF
1692 1193 .0:~
2^9
1722 158o .OCr
7^,5
NF
1802 630 .002
199
(continued)
111
-------
87
TABLE D-17. (cont'd.)
Compound
1,1,2,2-tetracbloroetbane
f dicblorobenzene
drcane
£-dicblorobenzene
uodecane
n-dodecane
Ion Scan # Area Ratio to PFT
83 NF
166
168
146 NF
148
57 1915 9119 .03-
85 852
142 1619
146 NF
148
57 NF
65
156
57 NF
85
170
r*F = not found.
112
-------
88
TABLE D-18. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF INDOOR AIR TARGETS IN PT-110 HEADSPACE
Compound
chloroform
PFT
1, 2-dacbl or oe thane
1,1,1-trichloroethane
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
chlorobenzene
cthylbenzene
n,j>-xylene
styrene
ji-rylene
Ion Scan $
83 NFa
85
186 788
236
62 NF
64
61 NF
97
99
78 NF
117 NF
119
95 1015
130
132
164 1460
166
77 NF
112
114
91 NF
106
91 1673
106
104 NF
91 NF
106
Area Ratio to PFT
169567 1.000
91266 0.53;
1265 O.OCT
2115 0.012
1639 0.011
23-i2 0.015
1791 0.011
573 c.o;:-
(continued)
113
-------
89
TABLE D-18. (cont'd.)
Compound
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroetbane
£- da chlorobenzene
decane
o-d: chlorobenzene
undecane
r.-dodecane
Ion Scan # Area Ratio to PFT
83 NF
166
168
146 NT
148
57 NF
85
142
146 NT
148
57 KF
85
156
57 NF
85
170
"rIF = not found.
114
-------
APPENDIX E
CONCENTRATION (//g/m3) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
115
-------
TABLE E-l.
CONCENTRATION
3
(Ug/m )
OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDC TRIP 1
1ST FLOOR EXTERIOR
.HI9HT I
CHLOROFORM
1 , 2-DICHLORDETHANE
It It 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR ICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
H & P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
O-XYLENE
« fc P-XYLENE
0.80
0.02
290
1.40
0.39
1.60
2.80
0.02
9. 50
1.30
0. 10
7.50
19.0
46.0
1.1/2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE 0. 02
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
— —
— — •
— -
0.33
0.03
870
8.90
0.08
O. 03
O. 05
0.03
9.00
1. 10
0. 13
130
340
260
0.03
— L—
••• ~*
•— — •
1.30
0.02
240
4.70
0.38
1.20
2.70
0.02
17.0
2.20
0.22
110
92.0
170
0.02
*_»••.
^^^
^•""~
0.88
' 0.02
190
5. 10
0.08
0.98
17.0
0.02
2.20
0. 02
0.02
110
53.0
150
O. O2
•••«•••
•»«w
""•"•"
0.83
0. 02
399
4. 93
0.23
0.96
5.64
0.02
9. 43
1. 16
0. 12
89. 4
126
157
0. 02
^ ^H ^
^B^ ••
116
-------
TABLE E-2.
CONCENTRATION (Ug/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDO
1ST FLOOR SECRETARIAL
CHLOROFORM
1 , 2-D I CHLOROETHANE
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
8TYRENE
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
O-XYLENE
M Sc P-XYLENE
1.20
0.02
25O
5.70
2. 2O
1.20
6.20
O. 02
7. 9O
O. 89
0. 10
18. 0
16.0
34.0
1 , 1 , 2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE 0. O2
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
—— .
0.46
0.03
630
4.40
0.08
O. 56
7.70
0.03
7.70
O. 52
0. 13
200
120
210
0.03
290
64.0
4.50
1.00
0. O2
180
3. OO
0.07
1. 10
2. 70
0.02
11.0
1. 50
0. 10
47.0
64. O
1OO
0. 02
___
___
0.81
0.02
230
8. 50
0.66
1. 10
17.0
1. 80
4.20
0. 64
0.02
67. 0
43. O
160
0.02
570
240
39. O
0.87
0.02
323
5.40
0. 75
0. 99
8. 40
0. 47
7. 70
0.89
0. 09
83. 0
60. 8
126
O. O2
430
152
21. 8
117
-------
TABLE E-3.
CONCENTRATION
2
(Mg/m )
OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDO TRIP 1
2ND FTOOR^OFFTCfc.
NIGHT 1
PAY 1
PAY 2
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM
1 , 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1,1, l-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR I CHLOROETHYLENE
TETR AC HLOR OETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE
O-D I CHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-XYLENE
M & P-XYLENE
O. 99
0.02
910
4.70
2. 9O
3. DO
8. 10
0.02
9.20
1.80
0.45
9.80
13.0
43.0
1,1,2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE 0. 02
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
310
210
no
0. 46
0.03
470
4.40
0.08
0.86
16.0
0.03
12.0
1. 10
O. 13
97.0
100
ISO
O. 03
—
3.30
0.02
190
4.60
0.36
3.60
2. OO
0.02
9. SO
0. O2
0. 11
57.0
47.0
100
0.02
—
0.76
0.02
940
6.50
0. 07
0.86
16. 9
0.02
1. 70
0.62
0.02
130
95.9
150
0 Q2
320
150
41. O
1. 38
0.02
418
5. 05
0.85
2. 08
10.7
0.02
7. 10
O. 89
0. 18
72. 5
53.9
111
O 02
315 "
180
75. 9
118
-------
TABLE E-4.
CONCENTRATION (Ug/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC' COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDQ TRfP I
2ND FTLOOR SECRETARIAL
NI0HT I
PAY 1
.NIQHT. 2
JWY..2..
CHLOROFORM
1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1, 1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR ICHLOROETHYLENE
TE TR AC HLOR OETH YLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-D I CHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
O-X YLENE
M 1 P-XYLENE
1.02
0.02
295
1. 12
0.46
0.42
4. 77
0.02
14. O
0. 78
0. 10
19.0
13.0
39. O
1* 1,2.2-TETRACHLOROETHANE 0. O2
DECANE
UNDECANE
OODECANE
130
9&. O
38. O
0.67
0.03
680
8. OO
0.08
1. 10
7.30
0.03
18.0
1.40
0. 13
160
17O
340
0.03
—
_-.
_—
0.88
0.02
410
2. 10
0.08
1.3O
11.0
0.02
8.20
0.59
0. 10
99.0
39.0
97. O
O. 02
_—
0.55
0.02
290
7. 10
0.07
0.51
1.70
0.02
1.90
O. 42
0.02
120
64. 0
160
0.02
670
3OO
44. O
0. 78
0.02
409
4. 98
0. 17
0. 83
6. 19
0.02
10. 9
0. 79
0.09
87. 9
71.9
159
0. 02
400
198
41. 0
119
-------
TABLE E-5.
CONCENTRATION (Ug/m ) OF VOLATILE OKGAN]C COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDO TRIP 1
CQflPPVNP
NIQHT 1
DAY 1
3RD FLOOR COPIER ROOM
DAY 2
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM 0.8O 0. 46 0. 9O
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 0.02 0.02 0.02
til*1-TRICHLOROETHANE 250 48O 135
BENZENE 1. IO 3.50 2.45
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE 0.08 0.08 0.54
TRICHLOROETHYLENE 1.10 O. 47 1.15
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE 2. 3O 4.50 2.15
CHLOROBENZENE 0.02 0.02 0.02
STYRENE 2.30 11.0 9.40
« fc P-DICHLOROBENZE 1.20 9.60 1.50
O-DICHLOROBENZENE 0.11 0.12 0.11
ETHYLBENZENE 3. 7O 18O 36. 5
O-XYLENE 8. 3O 110 43. O
« * P-XYLENE 27.0 230 96. O
1, 1,2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE O. 02 0. O2 O. 02
0ECANE 200 160
UNDECANE 86. 0 92. 5
DODECANE 50. 0 44. 0
0.02
0.02
520
5. 60
0.08
1.60
1.40
0.02
4.20
I. 00
0.02
140
77.0
210
O. 02
78O
32O
56. O
0. 55
0. 02
346
3. 16
0. 19
1.08
2. 59
0. 02
6.73
3. 33
0.09
90. 1
59. 6
141
0.02
380
166
50. O
120
-------
TABLE E-6.
CONCENTRATION (ug/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDO TRIP 1
COMPOUND NIQHT 1
OUTSIDE AIR INTAKE
PAY 1
NICHT 2
DAY 2
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM
1 , 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1,1, 1-TRICHLORDETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR I CHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
« S> P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
O-XYLENE
H t P-XYLENE
1,1,2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
O. 71
O. 02
19.0
2.90
1.20
O. 60
1.80
O. 10
O. 10
O. 10
O. 10
O. 97
1.20
3. 10
O. 02
1.90
1.90
0.24
0. 16
0.02
4.20
O. 02
O. 49
0.05
0.24
0.02
0.47
O. O2
0.02
3.70
1.60
O. 02
O. O2
—
— —
0. 49
0.02
1O. O
O. 91
0.63
0.21
0.04
0.02
0.02
0. 11
0. 11
4. 10
2.20
O.O2
0. O2
— -
— -
— -
0. 15
0.02
12. O
2.20
0.93
0.22
0.49
0.02
0.02
0.02
O. 02
0.81
0.66
1.90
O. 02
9.60
2. 20
O. 02
0.38
0 0-1
10.3
1. 51
0.86
0.27
0.64
0.04
0. 15
0. O6
0. 06
2.40
1. 42
1.26
0. 02
3. 55
1. 85
0. 13
121
-------
TABLE E-7.
CONCENTRATION
[US/I)3)
OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
OFF iLDQ TRIP 2
1ST FLOOR INTERIOR SMK/NQN
NI9HT 1
PAY.
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM 1.10
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 0.13
1*1, 1-TRZCHLOftOETHANE 37. 0
BENZENE 4. 6Q
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE 0.68
TRICHLOROETHYLENE 18.0
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE 1.1O
CHLOROBENZENE 0.03
STYRENE 4. 3O
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE O. 87
O-DICHLOROBENZENE O. 13
ETHYLBENZENE 2. 9O
O-XYLENE 7. «O
M & P-XYLENE 18. 0
1., 1, 2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE O. ©3
DECANE 32.0
UNDECA^fE 33. 0
DODECANE 16.O
1. 10
0.02
99. 0
1. 40
0. 9O
23. 0
0.95
0.02
5.70
1.30
0. 12
7.00
8. 2O
21.0
0.02
46.0
57.0
24.0
3.
1.
66.
2.
2. 50
0.03
88.0
30
10
0
10
O. 39
2. 00
1.20
0.03
3.20
3. 50
9. 70
0.03
41.0
59. 0
23. 0
1. 57
0.06
74. 7
3. 10
0.89
35. 7
1.38
0. 15
4. 00
1. 12
0. 09
4.37
6. 37
16.2
O. 03
39. 7
SO. 3
21. O
122
-------
TABLE E-8.
CONCENTRATION (ug/nT
OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDO TRIP 2
1ST FLOOR SECRETARIAL
HIQHT..1
PA.Y.J.
NIGHT 2
PAY 2
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM
1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR I CHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
O-XYLENE
H'lt P-XYLENE
1,1,2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
1. 50
0.03
46. 0
9. 10
O. 92
29.0
1.70
O. 03
16. O
1.70
0. 14
4.70
13.0
15.0
0.03
—
___
4.40
0.03
270
48.0
1. 10
54. O
4.40
0. 17
12.0
1.70
O. 17
10.0
11.0
27.0
O. 03
61.0
88.0
3O. 0
1. 50
0.02
130
5. 9O
1. 40
25. 0
1. 50
0.02
5. 50
1.30
0. 09
6. 9O
8. 10
19.0
O. O2
44. 0
49. 0
19. O
2. 50
0.03
110
3. 50
1.40
80.0
2.70
0.43
5. 40
1.30
0. 14
3. 40
8. 40
20.0
0.03
46.0
51. 0
21. 0
2. 48
0.03
139
16. 6
1.21
46. O
2. 58
0. 16
9. 73
1. 50
0. 14
6.25
10. I
20.3
0.03
50.3
62. 7
23. 3
123
-------
TABLE E-9. CONCENTRATION (Ug/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDO TRIP 2
2ND FLOOR OFF/UNOCCUPIED
COMPOUND
CHLOROFORM
1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
If I. 1-TRICHLOflOETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
O-XYLENE
H & P-XYLENE
NIOHT 1
1. 10
0.02
37.0
5. 6O
0.88
19.0
1.90
0.02
4.80
l.OO
0. 10
7.00
8.90
17.0
1/1,2. 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE 0. 02
DECANE
UNDECANE
DO DECANE
36.0
36.0
17.0
DAY 1
1.80
0.03
190
1.20
1.60
42. O
9. 2O
0. 15
6. 2O
0.99
0.03
2.50
6. 8O
15. O
O. 03
40.0
55. 0
18.0
NIGHT 2
1.20
0.02
66.0
2. 3O
1.00
27.0
1. 10
0.02
6.30
0.83
0.02
5.20
6. 5O
16.0
0. O2
38.0
39.0
15.0
DAY 2
2.35
0.03
76.0
7.40
0.77
63.0
2. 15
0.34
6.35
1. 10
0.09
4.60
6.60
14.0
0. O3
40. 0
45.0
17. 5
AVERAGE
1. 61
0.03
82. 3
4. 13
1.06
37.8
2. 59
0. 13
5.91
0.98
0.06
4. 83
7.20
15. 5
0.03
38. 5
43. 8
16.9
124
-------
TABLE E-10.
CONCENTRATION (ug/m"
OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDG TRIP 2
2ND FLOOR SECRETARIAL
NISHT 1
PAY
NIGHT 2
PAY 2
AVE.RA.CE;
CHLOROFORM
1. 2-D ICHLOROETHANE
til. 1-TR ICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
TE TR AC HLOR OETH YLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
H & P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-XYLENE
M * P-XYLENE
1.23
0.02
41. O
A. 10
1.09
17.5
1.25
0.02
9.35
0.97
0. 12
7.70
9. 1O
21.0
1,1,2. 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE O. O2
DEC ANTE
UNDECANE
DO DE CANE
36. 5
37.5
18. 5
1.50
O. 03
18O
2.70
1.60
43.0
3.80
O. 03
8.00
1.20
O. 14
6. 8O
7.20
17.0
0.03
— •
— —
1.40
0.02
81.0
6.20
0.58
23. O
1.20
O. 78
7. OO
1.20
0. 12
8. OO
9.20
22.0
O. 02
O. 02
54.0
21.0
2.20
0.02
92.0
2.80
O. 80
73. O
2.20
O. 57
5. 40
1. 10
O. 02
6.30
6. 6O
17.0
0.02
39. O
42. O
17.0
1. 58
0.03
98. 5
4.45
1.01
39. 1
2. 11
0. 35
7. 44
1. 12
0. 10
7. 20
8. O3
19.3
O. O3
25. 2
44. 5
18. 8
125
-------
TABLE E-ll.
CONCENTRATION (ug/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDO TRIP 2~
COPIEft ROOM
NIQHT 1
.PAY 1
NIOHT 2
-DAY 2
AVERAGE
25
8
CHLOROFORM
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
I,I,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
8TYRENE
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
Q-XYLENE
« & P-XYLENE
1, 1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE 0. CO
DECANE 33. 0
UNDECANE 38. 0
DODECANE 18. 0
O. 99
0.28
O
10
0.82
13.0
l.OO
0.71
11.0
1.00
0.26
6.80
8.40
20.0
1.90
0.03
210
2.90
1.70
45.0
4.40
0.03
8.20
1.60
0. 15
10.0
11.O
25.0
O. 03
55.0
75.0
25.0
1. 16
O. 02
103
9.70
0.52
21.0
2. 10
0.64
4. 76
1.20
0. 10
8. 70
9.30
23. 5
0.02
55.0
55. O
21.0
2.30
0. 03
88.0
3.70
0.33
45. O
2. 50
0.28
9.20
1.3O
0. 16
9. 70
9.90
23.0
O.O3
3.60
5. 40
0. 86
1. 59
0.09
106
6. 00
0.84
31.0
2. 50
0. 41
8.29
1.28
0. 17
8.80
9.65
22. 9
O. 03
37. 2
43.4
16. 2
126
-------
TABLE E-12.
CONCENTRATION (ug/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDO TRIP 7?
OUTSIDE
H1QHT .1
PAY 1
N1QHT g
2
CHLOROFORM
li 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1* It 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR I C HLOR OETH YLENE
TETR AC HLOR OETH YLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
H *. P-DICHLOROBENZE
O-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
O-X YLENE
H * P-XYLENE
1.1,2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECANE
UNDECANE
DO DECANE
O. 76
0. 14
4.40
4.20
0.87
O. 07
0.42
O. 02
8. 2O
O. 12
O. 12
1.20
2. 40
2. 9O
0.02
0. O2
O. O2
O. O2
_ — 0 49
- — 0. 16
- — 4. 00
6. 20
— - 1 . 30
0. 08
O. 24
0. 13
0. 66
O. 13
O. 02
1 . 20
1 . 40
3. 60
0. 02
1.40
1 . 90
— — 0. 84
0. 63
0. 15
4. 20
— 5. 20
— 1.O9
0. 07
— 0. 33
0. 07
4. 43
0. 12
0. 07
1 . 20
1.90
3. 25
0. O2
0. 71
0. 96
0. 43
127
-------
TABLE E-13.
CONCENTRATION
OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDO TRIP 3T
1ST FLOOR INTERIOR NONSMK
HIQHT 1
PAY. I
.PAY 2
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM
1, 2-DICHLOROE THANE
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR ICHLOROETHYLENE
TETR AC HLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
8TYRENE
M t, P-DICHLOROBENZE
O-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
O-XVLENE
H & P-XYLENE
6.90
0. 11
43.0
4.20
1.00
30. O
1.90
O. 11
3. 4O
0.90
O. 02
3.60
3.20
8. 10
1,1,2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE O. 02
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
9.00
2O. 0
7.80
38.0
0.03
92.0
11. O
1.90
44.0
4.30
0.33
9. OO
0.74
0.03
6.80
9. OO
13.0
0. O3
9.60
37. O
10.0
3.40
0. 11
26.0
3.40
0.85
19.0
1.60
0.29
2. 3O
0.38
O. 02
3. 2O
2.60
6. 60
0.02
3.40
19.0
9.90
31.0
0. 18
60.0
6. 40
0.89
36.0
3.90
0.37
3.70
0.91
0.03
9.70
4.40
11.0
O. 03
9.00
29. O
7.90
19.7
0. 11
45.3
6.25
1.06
32.3
2. 83
0.28
3.60
0. 93
0.03
4.83
3.80
9. 68
0.03
4. 75
25.3
7.80
128
-------
TABLE E-14
CONCENTRATION (ug/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OFF BLD0 TRIP 3
1ST FLOOR SECRETARIAL
COMPOUND
CHLOROFORM
1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1. 1» 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR I C HLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
H & P-DICHLOROBENZE
O-D I CHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
O-XYLENE
H Si P-XYLENE
12.0
O. 11
39.0
1.30
0.59
19. O
1. 9O
O. 11
3. 10
O. 44
0.02
3.70
3. 10
8.20
lr 1,2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE O. O2
DEC ANTE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
4. 9O
18.0
6. 1O
20.0
0. 14
57. O
7. 30
1.00
43. 0
4.30
0. 14
4.20
0.70
0.03
6.00
4.30
12.0
0.03
11.0
22. 0
6. 9O
2. OO
0. 11
31. O
3.60
0.78
18.0
1. SO
0. 11
2.30
O. 38
0.02
3.20
2. 50
6.80
O. O2
4. 10
13. O
4. 50
4.40
0.03
93.0
2.00
0.29
51.0
6.20
O. 25
4. 80
0.86
0.03
6. 70
5. 5O
15.0
0. O3
8.30
27.0
8. OO
- *•» T WI"T>f l_
9.60
0. 10
55. 0
3. 55
0. 67
32.8
3.38
0. 15
3. 60
0.60
0. 03
4. 90
3.85
10. 5
0.03
7.08
20. O
6. 38
129
-------
TABLE E-15.
CONCENTRATION (Ug/m
3,
OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDO TRIP 3
2ND FLOOR OFF/OCCURIED
NIQHT 1
PAY. 1
NICKT 2
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM
1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
13. O
0. 12
1,1, I-TRICHLOROETHANE 21.0
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR I C HLOR OETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE
O-D I CHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
O-XYLENE
M & P-XYLENE
1,1,2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
l.OO
0.26
11.0
0.98
0.02
2.40
0. 12
0.02
1.60
1. 10
2.90
O. 02
2.20
3.70
1. 4O
19.0
0. 14
59.0
3.50
0.53
39.0
1.50
0. 14
7.20
O. 69
O. 03
5.20
3. 50
8.90
O. CO
4.80
9. 70
3.90
0.95
0. 12
33.0
0.91
0.26
27.0
2.00
0. 12
6.00
O. 58
0.02
4.40
3. 3O
8. 3O
0.02
6.70
11.0
4.50
6.35
0. 16
80. 5
2.55
0.33
42.0
8.60
0. 10
7.45
0.69
0.03
4.95
3. 60
9.35
0.03
4. 90
9. 50
3. 70
9.83
0. 14
48.4
1. 99
0. 34
29.8
3. 17
0. 10
5. 76
0. 52
0.03
4. 04
2.88
7.36
0.03
4.65
8. 48
3. 38
130
-------
TABLE E-16.
CONCENTRATION (Ug/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDC TRIP 3
2ND FLOOR SECRETARIAL
COMPOUND
NICHT 1
PAY
NIQHT 2
CHLOROFORM
1 , 2-D I C HLOROETHANE
1. li 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR ICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
8TYRENE
« Si P-DICHLOROBENZE
O-D I CHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-XYLENE
H St P-XYLENE
1,1,2. 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
13.4
0.07
18.0
1.60
O. 48
11.6
0.62
0.03
2. 4O
O. 22
O. 03
1.73
1. 17
3. 13
0.03
1.60
2.30
O. 91
110
0. 14
62.0
18.0
3. 10
34. O
2. 40
0.36
4.90
1. 10
0.03
8.70
6. 30
18.0
0.03
2.90
7. 3O
2. 7O
2.50
0. O3
16. O
3.30
0.69
18. O
1. 10
0.03
3. OO
0.39
0.03
2.60
2. 10
3.30
0. CO
2.50
3. 7O
2.00
14.0
0.45
170
9.20
1. 10
33. 0
3. 80
O. 13
4. 30
1.40
0.03
3.80
3.20
8. 10
0.03
2. 60
6. 60
2. 70
35. 0
0. 17
66. 5
8.03
1.34
24. 1
2. 48
0. 14
3. 65
0. 78
0.03
4.21
3. 19
8. 64
0.03
2. 4O
5. 58
2. 08
131
-------
TABLE E-17.
CONCENTRATION
) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDO TRIP 3
3RD FLOOR COPIER ROOM
CQtlPWNP
NIWT 1
PAY 1
J?AY 2
CHLOROFORM
1 , 2-D I CHLOROETHANE
1. li l-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR ICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M * P-OICHLOROBENZE
D-D I CHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
O-XYLENE
H 1 P-XYLENE
41.0
0.28
34.0
29. O
1.30
21.0
1.30
0.43
3. 3O
0.42
0. O3
4.90
3. 10
8. 10
1,1, 2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE 0.03
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
3.50
8.90
3.90
4.50
0.13
16.0
4.40
0.53
12. O
1.70
0.22
1.70
0.34
0.03
4.60
3. OO
6.40
0. O3
1.70
4. 1O
2.20
16. O
0. 14
19.0
2.80
0.74
10.0
0.98
0. 14
1. 90
O. 27
0.03
3. 10
2. 2O
9.00
0.03
1.90
4.8O
2.20
8.40
0.26
94.0
20.0
0.98
22.0
7.80
0.67
3. 2O
...
11.0
7. 2O
19.0
O. 03
...
17.9
0.20
29.8
13. 1
0.89
16.3
2. 95
0.37
2. 43
0.34
0.03
9.90
3. 88
8.63
0.03
2.37
9. 80
2.77
132
-------
TABLE E-18.
CONCENTRATION (pg/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OFF BLDO TRIP 3
OUTSITE AIR INTAKE
NlffHT 1
PAY 1
NISHT.2
CHLOROFORM
I, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1.1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR I CHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
8TYRENE
« & P-DICHLOROBENZE
O-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
O-XYLENE
H * P-XYLENE
It If 2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECANE
UNO E CANE
DO DECANE
3.80
O. 11
1.80
3.90
O. 66
O. 23
O. 45
O. 02
O. 21
O. O2
0. O2
O. 82
0.68
1.70
0. O2
O. O2
O. 11
O. O2
48.0
0. 17
6.40
2.80
1.40
O. 66
1.30
O. 03
0.44
0. 17
O. 03
1.90
1.30
3.70
0.03
O. 03
0.61
O. 17
1.60
0. 02
0.82
O. 66
0.44
O. OS
0.38
0.02
O. 02
0. 12
0. 02
0. 55
O. 54
1.30
O. 02
O. 02
O. 12
0. 12
16.0
O. 04
4.80
6. OO
O. 9O
1. 10
2.40
0. O4
O. 18
0. 18
0.04
1.70
1.50
3.9O
0.04
0. 18
0. 49
0. 18
- 1 • • * *** "• • >"-
17.4
0.09
3.46
3.34
0.85
0.51
1. 13
0.03
O. 21
0. 12
0.03
1.24
1.01
2.65
O. 03
0. O6
O. 33
0. 12
133
-------
TABLE E-19. CONCENTRATION (Ug/n\3) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
SCHOOL
GROUND FLOOR COMMON AREA
COMPOUND
NIGHT 1
DAY 1
NIGHT 2
DAY 2
NIGHT 3
DAY 3
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM
1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR ICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-D I CHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-XYLENE
M & P-XYLENE
1 , £, 2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
0. 02
0. 06
6. 30
10. 2
O. 69
0. 44
2. 35
0. 11
2. 45
1. 40
0. 11
2. 80
5. 55
14. 0
0. 02
0. 82
0. 85
0. 74
0.
0.
11.
9.
0.
0.
8.
0.
2.
I.
O.
3.
2
5.
0.
0.
0.
0.
13
02
O
50
62
59
50
32
60
70
22
00
50
60
02
47
47
47
0.
O.
13.
15.
0.
1.
8.
O.
5.
3.
O.
14.
15.
35.
O.
1.
1.
1.
02
02
0
0
03
8O
30
24
50
00
10
0
0
0
02
80
60
40
0.
0.
18.
7.
0.
1.
4
0.
0.
1.
0.
1.
1.
3.
O.
0.
O.
0.
02
02
O
90
62
10
30
12
27
50
12
7O
50
80
02
33
94
71
O.
0.
120
4.
2.
O.
1.
O.
5.
O.
0.
1.
5
7.
0.
O
0.
O.
13
02
40
40
8O
80
10
40
93
1O
20
50
10
02
31
47
55
0. 13
0. 02
6. 6O
4. 20
0. 57
0. 85
4. 80
0. 13
3. 00
1. 20
0. 13
5. 00
5. 30
12. 0
O. 02
1. 60
0. 94
0. 64
0. 08
0. 03
29. 2
8. 53
0. 82
O. 93
5. 01
0. 17
3. 20
1. 62'
0. 13
4. 62
5. 89
12. 9
0. 02
0. 89
0. 88
O. 75
-------
TABLE E-20. CONCENTRATION (Ug/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
SCHOOL
2ND FLOOR NEAR STAIRWAY
COMPOUND
NIGHT 1
DAY 1
NIGHT 2
DAY
NIGHT 3
DAY 3
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM
1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR I CHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-D I CHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-XYLENE
M fc £-XYLENE
1, 1,
-------
TABLE E-21. CONCENTRATION (Ug/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
SCHOOL
COMPOUND
4TH FLOOR NEAR STAIRWAY
NIGHT 1
DAY 1
NIGHT 2
DAY 2
NIGHT 3
DAY 3
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM
li 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR ICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M St P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-XYLENE
M »/.£p-XYLENE
1. 1P>2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANt-:
0.
O.
9.
to.
O.
0.
1.
0.
O.
1.
O.
2.
2.
6.
O.
1.
0.
O.
03
02
70
O
79
52
80
11
43
30
11
60
1O
30
02
00
79
71
0.35
0. 02
7. 10
5. 10
0. 50
0. 50
13. 0
— «.
0.
0.
7.
5.
0.
O.
10.
0.
1.
2.
0.
1.
5.
3.
0.
1.
1.
0.
40
02
10
1O
65
88
0
11
00
3O
11
60
90
90
02
30
40
65
0.
O.
55.
7.
1.
0.
2.
0.
0.
2.
w.~— r>
— i.
3.
•_«.«. *3
0.
•»«._ 1
0.
0.
54
02
0
05
12
72
65
11
68
00
11
60
30
20
02
20
90
81
0.
0.
4.
4.
0.
0.
4.
0.
1.
2.
0.
1.
5.
9.
0.
0.
0.
0.
13
02
20
00
50
42
80
11
80
70
11
10
30
00
O2
71
58
62
0.
0.
16.
6.
0.
0.
6.
O.
0.
2.
0.
1.
4.
5.
0.
1.
0.
0.
29
02
6
25
71
61
45
11
98
08
11
73
15
60
02
05
92
7O
-------
SCHOOL
TABLE E-22. CONCENTRATION (Mg/»» ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ROOFTOP NEAR HVAC UNIT
COMPOUND
CHLOROFORM
1 , 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR ICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M fc P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-D I CHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-XYLENE
M fc P-XYLENE
It 1*2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DEC-ANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
NIGHT 1
O.
0.
5.
10.
0.
O.
2.
0.
1.
1.
0.
8.
7.
20.
0.
0.
O.
0.
03
18
00
O
86
11
70
11
20
30
02
70
80
0
02
27
63
76
DAY 1 NIGHT 2
a
0.
0.
7.
13.
0.
0.
6.
0.
2.
6.
0.
11.
12.
26.
0.
0.
0.
0.
O2
O2
70
0
63
75
30
10
50
60
10
0
0
0
02
24
64
48
DAY 2
0.
O.
2.
6.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
O.
O.
0.
1.
0.
1.
2.
0.
14
14
40
4O
88
34
30
03
14
85
03
44
37
10
03
70
30
70
NIGHT 3
2.
O.
14.
14.
1.
1.
1.
0.
3.
6.
0.
7.
8.
20.
0.
0.
0.
1.
20
02
O
0
50
20
50
22
40
00
17
7O
60
0
02
86
60
50
DAY 3 AVERA
2.
0.
7.
11.
0.
0.
6.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
00
02
70
O
72
60
10
12
12
21
12
32
02
24
02
53
63
20
0.88
0.09
7.36
10.9
0.92
0.60
3.58
0.12
1.47
2.99
0.09
5.63
5.78
13.5
0.02
0.72
0.96
0.93
Sample lost.
-------
TABLE E-23. CONCENTRATION (Mg/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ELDERLY HOME 1
ROOFTOP WEST CORNER
DAY 1
NIGHT 2
DAY 2
NIQHT 3
DAY 3
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM
1 , 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1.- 1. i-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR ICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-D I CHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-XYLENE
M £ P-XYLENE
1,1,2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
0. 65
0. 21
7. 40
6. 60
0. 42
0. 19
0. 41
0. 11
0. 20
1. 30
0. 02
0. 33
0. 29
0. 89
0. 02
1. 20
0. 62
0. 11
1. 40
0. 37
16. 0
15. 0
0. 76
0. 55
4. OO
0. 15
0. 63
1. 70
0. 15
2. 40
2. 3O
6. 10
O. 73
3. 60
2. 50
0. 78
0. 67
0. 27
7. 60
7. 00
0. 70
O. 34
1. 30
O. O9
0. 47
1. 80
0. O2
1. 5O
1. 60
4. 10
0. 02
3. 40
2. 20
0. 77
0. 85
2. 40
27. O
15 0
0. 73
0. 33
3. 40
0. 18
3. 80
3. 00
O. 18
1. 80
1. 70
4. 60
0. 80
4. 50
3. 10
1. 00
0. 63
0. 20
10. 7
6. 75
O. 74
O. 25
1. OO
0. 09
O. 67
1. 80
O. 16
1. 70
2. 00
4. 70
0. 02
3. 30
2. 75
1. 30
0. 84
0. 09
13. 6
10. 3
0. 67
0. 28
4. 7O
0. 09
0. 42
1. 95
0. 15
1. 95
2. O5
4. 90
0. O3
3. 55
2. 35
0. 90
0. 84
0. 59
13. 7
10. 1
O. 67
0. 32
2. 47
O. 12
1. 03
1. 92
0. 11
1. 61
1. 66
4. 22
O. 27
3. 26
2. 25
0. 81
-------
TABLE E-24. CONCENTRATION (Mg/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ELDERLY HOME 1
COMPOUND
NIGHT 1
5TH FLOOR LOUNGE
DAY 1 NIGHT 2 DAY 2
NIGHT 3
DAY 3
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM
If 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETR ACHLOR IDE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
TETR AC HLOR OETH YLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M «< P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-X YLENE
M «£P-X YLENE
1, 1
-------
TABLE E-25. CONCENTRATION (ug/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ELDERLY HOME 1
3RD FLOOR LOUNGE SMOKER
COMPOUND
CHLOROFORM
I. 2-D ICHLOROETHANE
1,1, t-TR ICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR ICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-D I CHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-XYLENE
M & P-XYLENE
1 , $, 2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
NIGHT I
1.30
0. 02
15. 0
7. 00
0. 76
O. 63
2. OO
O. 11
1. 00
9. 10
0. 11
2. 70
2. 40
6. 80
O. 02
25. 0
25. 0
8. 20
DAY 1
1.
0.
15.
12.
0.
0.
3.
0.
1.
7.
0.
3.
2.
8.
0.
22.
18.
5.
80
03
0
0
68
77
20
17
30
00
17
2O
90
10
03
0
0
60
NIGHT 2
1.
0.
35.
13.
0.
0.
2.
0.
2.
8.
0.
3.
3.
9.
O.
29.
21.
6.
60
02
O
O
72
91
1O
11
30
60
11
70
20
10
02
0
0
00
DAY 2
1.
0.
32.
13.
0.
0.
3.
0.
2.
9.
0.
5.
3.
15.
0.
7.
6.
2.
90
04
0
O
55
92
50
18
00
40
18
40
60
0
04
80
40
20
NIGHT 3
2.
0.
33.
12.
O.
1.
2.
O.
1.
8.
0.
3.
3.
10.
0.
27.
25.
8.
00
33
0
0
72
OO
5O
O9
50
50
09
80
90
0
02
0
0
9O
DAY 3 AVERA<
1.
0.
36.
13.
O.
O.
6.
0.
1.
6.
0.
3.
3.
9.
0.
11.
11.
4.
30
03
0
0
72
94
60
16
80
70
16
80
70
40
03
0
0
20
1. 65
0. 08
27. 7
11. 7
0. 69
0. 86
3. 32
0. 14
1. 65
8. 22
0. 14
3. 77
3. 28
9. 73
0. 03
20. 3
17. 7
5. 85
-------
TABLE E-26. CONCENTRATION (Ug/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ELDERLY HOME 1
DINING ROOM
COMPOUND NIGHT 1
CHLOROFORM
1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0- XJLENE
M U£P-XYLENE
1. l7 2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECANE
UN DE CANE
DODECANE
0. 42
O. 09
7. 95
3. 03
0. 75
0. 12
O. 94
0. 09
1. 95
0. 81
O. O9
1. 10
1. 15
2. 85
0. 02
2. 05
1. 95
0. 99
DAY 1
3. 60
O. 08
27. 8
17. 3
1. 01
0. 47
3. 95
0. 14
4. 00
3. 46
O. 14
4. 15
4. 50
11. 1
0. O8
11. 7
18. 5
3. 90
NIGHT 2
0. 57
0. 11
7. 6O
4. 40
O. 68
O. 31
1. 20
0. 11
2. 00
O. 99
O. 36
1. 70
1. 80
4. 50
O. 55
3. 60
3. 60
3. 60
DAY 2
1. 50
0. 04
26. 0
18. O
0. 64
0. 58
4. 2O
0. 21
2. 60
4. 30
0. 21
2. 70
2. 50
7. 10
0. 04
7. 80
5. 20
1. 90
NIGHT 3
0. 83
2. 20
6O. O
7. 60
1. OO
0. 19
1. 80
O. 02
2. 10
1. 40
O. 08
2. 60
2. 90
7. 00
O. 28
5. 90
9. 00
2. 1O
DAY 3
1. 50
0. 03
16. O
1O. O
0. 63
0 16
3. 90
0. 03
2. 30
2. 10
0. 41
2. 70
2. 90
7. 00
O. 03
5. 90
6. 30
1. 80
AVERAC
1. 40
0. 43
24. 2
10. 1
0. 79
0 30
2. 67
0. 10
2. 49
2. 18
O. 21
2. 49
2. 63
6. 58
0. 17
6. 15
7. 43
2. 38
-------
TABLE E-27. CONCENTRATION (gg/m3) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ELDERLY HOME 1
4TH FLOOR ROOM NONSMOKER
NIGHT 1
DAY 1
NIGHT 2
DAY 2
NIGHT 3
DAY 3
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM
1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
« * P-DICHLOROBENZE
O-D I CHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-XYLENE
M fc P-XYLENE
1, 1*2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DO
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
1. 90
0. 34
34. 0
14. 0
0. 72
0. 47
8. 30
0. 11
1. OO
6. 30
0. 11
2. 30
2. 20
5. 50
0. 02
21. 0
25. 0
18. 0
1. 30
0. 03
140
7. 70
0. 41
0. 44
HO
0. 03
O. 99
4. 20
0. 16
6. 50
7. 4O
16. 0
0. 03
94. 0
35. 0
19. 0
2. 20
0. 02
36. 0
14. 0
0. 78
O. 68
10. 0
0. 18
1. 70
7. 30
O. 44
3. 10
3. 30
7. 9O
0. 02
18. 0
17. 0
12. 0
3. 30
0. 05
73. 0
47. O
0. 86
2. OO
9. 80
0. 24
2. 10
10. 0
0. 24
4. 70
4. 00
12. 0
0. 05
15. O
17. 0
12. O
1. 70
0. 02
66. O
14. 0
0. 89
O. 51
17. 0
O. 09
1. 40
4. 40
O. 09
3. 30
3. 60
8. 20
O. 09
38. 0
24. 0
9. 20
2. 50
0. 03
19. 0
11. 0
0. 64
0. 29
7. 7O
O. 16
1. 6O
4. 10
0. 41
2. 50
2. 70
6. 10
0. 03
8. 40
12. 0
7. 90
2. 15
0. 08
61. 3
18. 0
0. 72
0. 73
27. 1
0. 14
1. 47
6. 05
0. 24
3. 73
3. 87
9. 28
0 04
32. 4
21. 7
13. 0
-------
TABLE E-28. CONCENTRATION
) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ELDERLY HOME 1
1ST FLOOR ROOM SMOKER
COMPOUND
NIGHT 1
DAY 1
NIGHT 2
DAY 2
NIGHT 3
DAY 3
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM
1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M «c P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-XYLENE
M fc P-XYLENE
1, 1*2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DEC^NE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
1. 70
0. 11
5. 50
5. 00
0. 55
0. 11
0. 66
0. 02
0. 76
0. 79
0. 11
3. 2O
3. 60
9. 50
0. 11
66. 0
53. 0
12. 0
1. 60
0. 38
13. 0
15. 0
0. 39
0. 13
1. 70
O. 13
2. 20
2. 70
0. 13
4. 50
4. 70
12. 0
0. 13
180
14O
17. 0
2. OO
0. 29
26. 0
12. O
0. 82
0. 27
1. 30
0. O9
2. 50
4. 10
0. 09
4. 6O
4. 90
12. 0
0. 02
110
81. 0
16. O
3. 70
0. 04
35. 0
21. O
0. 65
0. 50
1. 20
0. 04
3. 40
5. 00
0. 21
4. 90
5. 10
14. 0
2. 10
83. 0
61. 0
13. 0
2. 90
O. 18
11. 0
6. 4O
0. 82
0. 14
0. 88
0. 08
1. 00
1. 20
0. 08
3. 10
3. 30
8. 60
0. 98
46. 0
38. 0
9. 00
1. 70
0. 29
9. OO
11. 0
0. 59
0. 14
2. 80
0. 14
2. 10
2. 60
0. 14
4. 20
4. 10
11. 0
0. 03
39. 0
36. 0
9. 40
2 27
0. 21
16. 6
11. 7
0. 64
0. 21
1. 42
O. 08
1. 99
2. 73
0. 13
4. 08
4. 28
11. 2
0. 56
87. 3
68. 2
12. 7
-------
TABLE E-29. CONCENTRATION (pg/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ELDERLY HOME 2
COMPOUND NIGHT 1
1ST FLOOR COMMON AREA
DAY 1
NIGHT 2
DAY 2
NIGHT 3
DAY 3
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM
1 , 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR ICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-D ICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-XYLENE
M & P-XYLENE
1, £, 2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
1. 10
0. 13
19. 0
9. 9O
0. 93
0. 57
2. 30
0. 03
11. 0
0. 80
0. 13
7. 50
6. 40
15. 0
0. 03
4. 00
3. 00
3. 30
1.
0.
76.
11.
1.
0.
13.
0.
0.
0.
0.
15.
15.
36.
0.
6.
5.
4.
20
13
0
0
20
57
O
13
03
98
39
0
0
0
03
30
60
30
0.
0.
12.
O.
1.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
6.
5.
16.
0.
3.
2.
2.
95
13
0
90
30
24
20
02
02
53
13
00
50
0
02
10
90
50
1.
0.
5.
7.
2.
0.
2.
0.
0.
1.
0.
3.
4.
9.
0.
2.
2.
2.
80
12
6O
60
30
91
30
02
02
10
02
90
10
80
02
70
80
90
1.
0.
6.
3.
1.
O.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
3.
3.
8.
0.
2.
2.
2.
20
08
55
50
16
59
35
08
51
43
08
00
00
35
03
15
15
15
1. 09
0. 12
5. 55
9. 05
0. 97
O. 93
4. 25
0. 02
0. 25
0. 60
O. 02
3. 95
4. 80
11.3
0. 02
2. 30
2. 30
2. 50
1. 22
O. 12
20. 8
6. 99
1. 31
O. 64
4. 07
0. 05
1. 97
0. 74
0. 13
6. 56
6. 47
16. 1
0. 03
3. 43
3. 13
2. 94
-------
TABLE E-30. CONCENTRATION (|Jg/m3) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ELDERLY HOME 2
COMPOUND NIGHT 1
CHLOROFORM
1 , 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M * P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-XYLENE
M fc j»-XYLENE
1, I£f2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
3. 40
0. 13
2. 60
3. 20
1. 10
0. 06
2. 50
0. 13
2. 50
3. 70
0. 13
3. 90
3. 70
9. 20
0. 03
1. 50
1. 70
0. 92
3RD FLOOR APT
DAY 1 NIGHT 2
3.
0.
12.
16.
1.
1.
13.
0.
4.
3.
0.
9.
0.
20.
0.
2.
2.
1.
20
13
0
O
70
00
O
13
OO
50
03
40
03
0
O3
90
60
40
4.
O.
2.
1.
1.
0.
2.
O.
0.
4.
O.
3.
3.
9.
O.
2.
1.
0.
90
14
7O
9O
40
66
90
03
03
10
14
40
70
00
03
40
8O
99
. NONSMOKER
DAY 2
3.
0.
7.
6.
2.
O.
2.
0.
O.
2.
0.
2.
2
7.
O.
1.
1.
1.
20
13
1O
8O
70
82
60
03
03
90
03
80
80
00
03
10
40
00
NIGHT 3
4. 20
O. 14
4. 1O
7. 20
1. 90
1. 10
DAY 3 AVERAC
3.
0.
2.
5.
O.
0.
3.
0.
0.
1.
0.
2.
3.
7.
0.
0.
0.
0.
80
13
70
2O
61
26
30
03
03
80
03
80
00
10
13
78
76
41
3. 78
O. 13
5. 20
6. 72
1. 57
0. 65
4. 86
0. O7
1. 32
3. 20
0. 07
4. 46
2. 65
10. 5
0. 05
1. 74
1. 65
0. 94
-------
TABLE E-31. CONCENTRATION (|Jg/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ELDERLY HOME 2
5TH FLOOR UNOCCUPIED APT.
COMPOUND
NIGHT 1
DAY 1
NIGHT 2
DAY 2
NIGHT 3
DAY 3
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM
1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR ICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M *, P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-XYLENE
M fc JB-XYLENE
1. !•$. 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
0. 53
0. 13
3. 20
3. 80
1. 00
0. 42
2. 6O
0. 03
0. 03
0. 50
0. 03
4. 20
4. 80
11. 0
O. 03
1. 80
2. 30
1. 5O
0.
0.
9.
17.
2.
0.
14.
0.
0.
1.
0.
9.
11.
21.
O.
4.
3.
2.
66
26
40
O
00
84
O
11
69
00
11
60
0
O
02
30
90
50
1.
0.
3.
5.
2.
1.
3.
O.
0.
O.
O.
4.
4.
11.
O.
1.
1.
1.
20
13
20
00
7O
00
4O
13
66
49
13
30
70
0
02
7O
90
50
2.
0.
5.
6.
1.
0.
2
0.
0.
0.
0.
2.
2.
6.
0.
1.
1.
1.
10
11
20
40
80
79
6O
02
02
47
11
70
8O
70
02
20
40
10
0.
0.
4.
7.
1.
1.
1.
0.
2.
O.
0.
2.
2.
7.
O.
1.
1.
0.
99
13
4O
50
20
20
70
03
70
28
03
80
90
60
03
OO
50
93
1. 70
0. 26
4. 50
9. 30
0. 86
0. 51
5. 70
0. 02
0. 29
0. 59
0. 02
4. 70
3. 1O
12. 0
0. 02
2. 00
1. 80
1. 9O
1. 20
0. 17
4. 98
8. 17
1. 59
0. 79
5. 00
0. 06
O. 73
0. 56
0. 07
4. 72
4. 88
11. 6
0. 02
2. 00
2. 13
1. 57
-------
TABLE E-32. CONCENTRATION (ug/m ) OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ELDERLY HOME 2
COMPOUND
CHLOROFORM
1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1.1. 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CANBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR I C HLOROETHYLENE
TFTRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLDENZENE
0-XYLENE
M fc P-XYLENE
1 , 1,3, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECADE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
NIGHT 1
4. 10
O. 13
15. 0
13. 0
2. 50
O. 97
2. 70
0. 13
2. 30
1. 10
0. 13
7. 30
6. 70
16. 0
0. 03
3. 70
3. 40
2. 50
8TH FLOOR APT SMOKER
DAY 1 NIGHT 2 DAY 2
1.
0.
13.
17.
I.
0.
14.
0.
3.
1.
O.
10.
11.
22.
O.
6.
5.
3.
50
34
O
0
70
86
O
13
60
60
13
0
O
0
03
80
90
90
1.
0.
3.
12.
2.
0.
2.
0,
0.
O.
O.
4.
3,
11.
O.
2.
2.
1.
30
13
70
O
10
97
30
13
03
53
03
1O
80
0
03
00
10
5O
1.
O.
220
4.
1.
0.
1.
0.
0.
O.
O.
3.
3.
9.
0.
3.
3.
3.
80
02
6O
30
77
90
12
O2
62
02
8O
00
80
02
00
30
80
NIGHT 3
1.
0.
6.
5.
1.
1.
1.
O.
O.
0.
0.
4.
3.
10.
O.
I.
1.
1.
90
14
30
90
70
20
50
14
03
45
14
1O
60
0
03
5O
60
50
DAY 3
2. 30
0. 13
8. 10
15. O
0. 88
0. 55
5. 80
0. 13
2. 60
1. 10
0. O3
7. 10
6. 20
16. 0
0. 03
3. 90
3. 40
2. 90
AVER AC
2. 15
0. 15
44. 4
11. 6
1. 70
O. 89
4. 7O
0. 13
1. 43
0. 90
0. 08
6. O7
5. 72
14. 1
0. O3
3. 48
3. 28
2. 68
-------
TABLE E-33. CONCENTRATION (Ug/nO OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ELDERLY HOME 2
OUTSIDE ON THE ROOF
COMPOUND
NIGHT 1
DAY 1
NIGHT 2
DAY 2
NIGHT 3
DAY 3
AVERAGE
CHLOROFORM
1. 2-DICHLOROETHANE
1.1. 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
TR I CHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
M & P-DICHLOROBENZE
0-DICHLOROBENZENE
ETHYLBENZENE
0-XYLENE
M fc P-XYLENE
h-t
1. 1. g. 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DECANE
UNDECANE
DODECANE
1.
0.
4.
11.
2.
0.
2.
0.
0.
0.
O.
3.
3.
8.
O.
1.
O.
O.
20
13
50
O
90
86
6O
13
03
46
13
40
40
30
03
20
90
51
2.
-«._ w f\
7
___ £
2.
_«* «• 1
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
2.
2.
6.
0.
1.
0.
0.
10
12
40
90
60
40
50
02
02
34
02
40
30
40
02
00
75
39
0.
0.
1.
2.
0.
0.
2
0.
0.
0.
0.
2.
2.
5.
0.
0.
0.
0.
58
11
30
00
43
05
10
02
02
29
02
10
20
50
02
86
78
33
0.
O.
1.
2.
O.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
3.
0.
0.
0.
0.
62
11
20
70
53
23
79
02
02
11
02
10
20
00
02
39
32
19
0.
0.
1.
4.
0.
0.
3.
0.
0.
0.
0.
2.
2.
6.
0.
0.
0.
0.
42
12
50
6O
39
24
60
02
02
12
02
40
70
20
02
57
33
19
0.
0.
3.
5.
1.
O.
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
2.
2.
5.
0.
0.
0.
0.
98
12
18
44
37
55
12
04
02
26
04
28
36
88
02
8O
62
32
-------
APPENDIX F
DATA ANALYSIS FOR PESTICIDES AND PCBs
-------
PESTICIDES/PCBs
Several types of statistical analysis were performed on the data for
pesticides/PCBs collected during the indoor air study. For the initial
analysis, the percentage of air samples with measurable concentrations (%
above the quantifiable limit) of target pesticides/PCBs was calculated for
each field monitoring trip. Then summary statistics including mean, median,
and maximum concentrations were calculated for all targets which were
measurable in greater than 25% of the samples. Finally, in a few selected
cases correlations with sample concentrations were tested using a t-test.
Caution should be exercised in interpreting data presented for the
pesticides and PCBs. Significant problems occurred during the analysis of
field samples using packed column GC/ECD. Many of the field samples
contained high levels of air contaminants which interfered with the analysis
of the target pesticides/PCBs. This led to a number of samples which could
not be quantitated. Furthermore, when the background contaminants resulting
from other organics in air samples were high, identification for
quantitation became subjective and may have led to significant errors.
Computer Analysis File
Before statistical analysis could be undertaken, several manipulations
were necessary to process the data collected and create computer analyses
files. First, several target pesticides were reported as combined values
including /5,7-BHC, and heptachlor epoxide/oxychlordane to give a total of
eleven pesticides/PCBs for which data are reported. Target pesticides are
listed in Table F-l. A detailed description of sampling locations are given
in Sections 4 and 5.
Second, the duplicate samples were averaged with their corresponding
field samples. The office building trip 1 had three duplicate samples, trip
2 had two, and trip 3 had two. The school and elderly homes 1 and 2 each
had two duplicate samples. The sample size for each trip to the office
building (1, 2, and 3), the school building and the elderly home-2 was
twelve; for the elderly home-1 it was eighteen. For computing summary
statistics for each pesticide/PCBs, values below the limit of detection
(LOD) were set equal to 1/2 LOD and values at trace were set equal to 5/8 QL
(quantifiable limit), where 5/8 was the midpoint between the LOD and the QL.
150
-------
TABLE F-l. PERCENT MEASURABLE - PESTICIDES/PCBs
OFFICE BUILDING - OVER 3 TRIPS
Compound
a-BHC
HCB
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide
Oxychlordane
trans -Nona chlor
E,E|-DDE
£,p_'-DDT
tech. -Chlordane
PCBs
Percent
Indoor (17-29)*
78. 3b
35.0.
35. 3b
76.5
6.9
10.3
3.6
10.3
58.6
41.4
13.8
Measurable
Outdoor (4-6)a
33.3
75.0
0.0
100.0
16.7
16.7
0.0
0.0
16.7
16.7
0.0
Ratio
(In/Out)
2.4
0.5
0.0
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.0
0.0
3.5
2.5
0.0
Sample size.
Indicates a significant difference at 0.05 level between indoor and
outdoor percent measurable - t-test.
"Coeluted; quantitated together.
151
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Statistic Analysis
Percent Detected and Ratios - Office Building--
Table F-l shows the percentage of air samples collected at the office
building with measurable concentrations for each of the target
pesticides/PCBs. Data is given for three trips for both indoor and outdoor
samples. The indoor/outdoor ratios for percent measurable are also
included. A t-test was performed between indoor and outdoor percentage
measurable. There was a significant difference for a-, and 7-(/?-BHC.
Of the pesticides which are greater than 25% detected, four had higher
percent measurable indoors than outdoors including a-,7-BHC, p_,p_'-DD" and
tech.-chlordane. The reverse of this Is true for HCB and heptachlor.
Tables F-2 through F-4 show percent measurable for indoor versus outdoor
samples and the indoor/outdoor ratios for percent measurable for the three
different trips. The tables have been reduced to six pesticides because the
other five were less than 25% measurable in all three cases. Caution should
be exercised in using these tables since the outdoor sample size is only two
for each of the three trips.
Summary Statistics--
Tables F-5 through F-8 are the summary statistics for those
pesticides/PCBs which had measurable concentrations in greater than 25% of
the samples. The summary statistics are given by indoor and outdoor
concentrations.
Table F-5 gives the summary statistics for three combined trips to the
office building. In all cases, the indoor concentrations are higher than
the outdoor concentrations for the means and in all cases, with the
exception of HCB for the medians. The largest indoor/outdoor concentration
ratio is 24.4 for a-BHC. Tables F-6 through F-8 are the summary statistics
for the office building for trips 1, 2, and 3 computed separately.
Generally, for each trip the indoor concentrations are larger than the
outdoor concentrations. From trip 1 to trip 3, four of the six mean indoor
concentrations and three of the six median indoor concentrations decreased.
Thus there is some evidence for a decrease in concentration levels over
time. For the mean concentration, HCB, /?,7-BHC, p_,p_'-DDT, and tech.-
chlordane decreased and for the median concentrations HCB, ^,7-BHC, and
p_,p_'-DDT decreased over time.
152
-------
TABLE F-2. PERCENT MEASURABLE - PESTICIDES/PCBs - OFFICE BUILDING
TRIP 1 - INDOOR VS. OUTDOOR
Compound
or-BHC
HCB
P,Y-BHC
Heptachlor
p,£'-DDT
tech. -Chlordane
Percent
Indoor (8-29)a
87.5
62.5
62.5
87.5
60.0
50.0
Measurable
Outdoor (2)
0.0
50.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
Ratio
(IP/n.,0
1.3
—
0.9
—
—
Sample size.
TABLE F-3. PERCENT MEASURABLE - PESTICIDES/PCBs - OFFICE BUILDING
TRIP 2 - INDOOR VS. OUTDOOR
Compound
Cf-BHC
HCB
P.Y-BHC
Heptachlor
tech. -Chlordane
Percent
Indoor (3-10)3
50.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
40.0
Measurable
Outdoor (2)
50.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
Ratio
(In/Out)
1.0
—
1.0
0.8
Sample size.
TABLE F-4. PERCENT MEASURABLE - PESTICIDES/PCBs - OFFICE BUILDING
TRIP 3 - INDOOR VS. OUTDOOR
Compound
Of-BHC
HCB
P,Y-BHC
Heptachlor
p_,p_'-DDT
tech . -Chlordane
Indoor (9)a
88.9
22.2
11.1
66.7
66.7
33.3
Percent Measurable
Outdoor (2)
50.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
Ratio
(In/Out)
1.8
0.2
—
0.7
—
—
Sample size.
153
-------
TABLE F-5. SUMMARY STATISTICS - PESTICIDES/PCBs - 3 TRIPS COMBINED - OFFICE BUILDING
Concentration (ng/m3)
.,- '"SC
Mean
Compound
a-BHC
HCB
g v-BHC
Heptachlor
£,£'-DDT
tech . -Chlordane
Indoor sample size
TABLE F-6. S
Indoor
1.9
1.1
4.3
5.8
0.79
16.
was 17-
UMMARY
Outdoor
2.9
0.31
0.09
0.83
0.17
2.2
19; outdoor
STATISTICS
Median
Indoor Outdoor
1.2 0.05
0.04 0.20
0.10 0.09
4.3 0.57
0.17 0.07
0.15 0.14
sample size was 4-
- PESTICIDES/PCBs -
Max
Indoor
9.6
7.0
36.
19.
7.5
120.
6.
Outdoor
16.
0.80
0.10
2.0
0.69
13.
Ratio
Median
(In/Out)
24.
0.2
1.1
7.5
2.4
1.1
Max
(In/Out)
0.6
8.7
360.
9.1
11.
9.3
TRIP 1 - OFFICE BUILDING
Concentration (ng/m3)
Mean
Compound
a-BHC
HCB
P,y-BKC
Heptachl or
p,£' -DDT
tech. -Chlordane
Indoor
1.3
1.4
4.5
3 .5
1.4
23.
Outdoor
0.04
0.42
0.09
0 . 30
0.07
0.13
Medi an
Indoor Outdoor
1.2 0.04
0.26 0.42
1.8 0.09
3.4 0.30
0.56 0.07
0.13 0.38
Max
Indoor
2.6
7.0
19.
8.2
7.5
120.
Outdoor
0.05
0.80
0.10
0.44
0.08
0.14
Ratio
Median
(In/Out)
29.0
0.6
20.
11.
8.0
0.3
Max
(In/Out)
52.
8.7
190.
19.
93.
840 .
Indoor sample size v.'as 8-10; outdoor sample size was 2,
-------
TABLE F-7. SUMMARY STATISTICS - PESTICIDES/PCBs - TRIP 2 - OFFICE BUILDING
Concentration (ng/m3)
Mean3 '
Compound
cr-BHC
£,g'-DDT
tech. -Chlordane
Indoor
1.3
0.50
18.
Outdoor
8.0
0.38
6.4
Median
Indoor
0.51
0.13
0.23
Outdoor
8.0
0.38
6.4
Max
Indoor
5.2
1.5
110.
Outdoor
16.
0.69
13.
Ratio
Median
(In/Out)
0.1
0.3
0.04
Max
(In/Out)
0.3
2.2
8.5
Indoor sample size was 3-10; outdoor sample size was 2,
TABLE F-8. SUMMARY STATISTICS - PESTICDES/PCBs - TRIP 3 - OFFICE BUILDING
01
Ol
Concentration (ng/m3)
Mean3
Compound
ff-BHC
HCB
P,Y-BHC
Heptachlor
E,p'-DDT
tech. -Chlordane
Indoor
2.9
1.1
4.1
7.9
0.43
5.2
Outdoor
0.54
0.20
0.09
1.4
0.07
0.13
Median
Indoor
2.0
0.04
0.99
7.3
0.17
0.14
Outdoor
0.54
0.20
0.09
1.4
0.07
0.13
Max
Indoor
9.6
6.3
36.
19.
1.8
20.
Outdoor
1.04
0.22
0.09
2.0
0.07
0.13
Ratio
Median
(In/Out)
3.7
0.2
11.
5.3
2.4
1.1
Max
(In/Out)
9.2
29.
400.
9.1
26.
150.
Indoor sample size was 9; outdoor sample size was 2.
-------
Percent Measurable and Ratios - Other Buildings—
Tables F-9 through F-ll show the percentage of air samples collected at
the school and the two homes for the elderly with measurable concentrations
of the target pesticides and PCBs. Data is given for indoor and outdoor
samples separately. Indoor/outdoor ratios for percent measurable have also
been calculated. Three pesticides have larger indoor than outdoor percent
measurables for the school including heptachlor epoxide/oxychlordane, trans-
nonachlor, and p_,p_'-DDT. Six of the indoor/outdoor ratios for percent
measurable are less than one.
Table F-10 contains the percent measurable for indoor and outdoor
samples collected at the elderly home-1 and their ratios. Five pesticides,
a-BHC, fi and 7-BHC, heptachlor epoxide/oxychlordane, £,p_'-DDT, and p_,p_'-DDD,
have larger indoor than outdoor percent measurable. Table F-ll contains the
same data for elderly home-2. Only tech.-chlordane and PCBs have larger
indoor percent measurable than outdoor.
Even though a significant difference at 0.05 level between indoor and
outdoor percent measurable has been indicated in these three tables, care
should be used in interpreting the results because of the very small outdoor
sample size (n of 1 to 3).
Summary Statistics--
Tables F-12 through F-14 contain the summary statistics for sample
concentration for the three other buildings. Again only the compounds which
were measurable in greater than 25% of the samples were reported. Table
F-15 lists the median QLs for samples collected at these sites.
PCBs and tech.-chlordane are an exception to this. Although samples
from the elderly home-1 showed high levels of these compounds (~50 ng/m3) in
field samples, recovery data for field controls was less than 10%. Because
of this problem, PCBs and tech.-chlordane could not be quantitated in
samples from the the elderly home-1 and summary statistics have not been
given. Again caution is urged in interpreting this data because of the
small sample size for the outdoor samples. For the school building, four of
the reported median concentrations are larger indoors than outdoors
including heptachlor, trans-nonachlor, g,p_'-DDT and tech-chlordane. For
elderly home-1 this is true for the following compounds: a-BHC, /J,7-BHC,
156
-------
TABLE F-9. PERCENT MEASURABLE - PESTICIDES/PCBs - SCHOOL
Compound
a-BHC
HCB
P,Y-BHC
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide/
oxychlordane
trans -Nona chlor
£,£'-DDE
£,£'-DDD
£,E'-DDT
tech . -Chlordane
PCBs
Percent
Indoor (4-8)a
87.5
33.3
0.0
87.5
40.0
50.0
62.5
0.0
62 '5b
62 -5b
37.5
Measurable
Outdoor (1-3)
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
33.3
0.0
66.7
0.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
Ratio
(In/Out)
0.9
0.3
—
0.9
1.2
—
0.9
—
—
0.6
0.4
Sample size.
Indicates a significant difference at 0.05 level between indoor and
outdoor percent measurable - t-test.
TABLE F-10. PERCENT MEASURABLE - PESTICIDES/PCBs - ELDERLY HOME-1
Compound
a-BHC
HCB
B.Y-BHC
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide/
oxychlordane
trans -Nona chlor
£,E'-DDE
£,£'-DDD
£,£'-DDT
tech. -Chlordane
PCBs
Percent
Indoor (15)a
93. 3b
46.7
40.0
86.7
20.0
h
26.7°
66.7
20.0
85.7
73 .3°
73.3°
Measurable
Outdoor (3)
33.3
66.7
33.3
100.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
66.7
100.0
100.0
Ratio
(In/Out)
2.8
0.7
1.2
0.9
—
0.3
0.7
__
1.3
0.7
0.7
Sample size.
Indicates a significant difference at 0.05 level between indoor and
outdoor percent measurable - t-test.
-------
TABLE F-12. SUMMARY STATISTICS - PESTICIDES/PCBs - SCHOOL
Cn
oo
Concentration
Mean3
Compound
a-BHC
HCB
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide/
oxychlordane
trans -Nona chl or
£,£*-DDE
g,£'-DDT
tech. -Chlordane
PCBs
Indoor
1.1
1.2
2.8
0.80
0.19
0.30
9.4
11.
11.
Outdoor
2.4
1.0
2.
1.9
0.09
0.79
0.08
6.1
5.4
(ng/m3)
Median
Indoor
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
9
0
.0
.05
.4
.07
.11
.30
.7
.1
.18
Outdoor
2.
1.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
8.
5.
4
0
9
08
10
30
08
1
1
Max
Indoor
2.4
5.5
6.2
2.3
0.5
0.6
38.
28.
62.
Outdoor
2
1
2
5
0
2
0
9
8
.5
.0
.5
.5
.1
.0
.09
.4
.1
Ratio
Median
(In/Out)
0.4
0.05
1.2
0.9
1.1
1.0
21.
1.1
0.04
Max
(In/Out)
1.0
5.4
2.5
0.4
5.2
0.3
420.
3.0
7.6
Indoor sample size was 5-8; outdoor sample size was 1-3.
-------
TABLE F-il. PERCENT MEASURABLE - PESTICIDES/PCBs - ELDERLY HOME-2
Percent Measurable D .
Katio
Compound Indoor (6)a Outdoor (3) (In/Out)
Sample size.
a-BHC 66.7 100.0 0.7
HCB 0.0 0.0
p,y-BHC 0.0 0.0
Heptachlor 83.3 100.0 0.8
Keptachlor epoxide/ 0.0 0.0
oxychlordane
trans-Nonachlor 0.0 0.0
p,p_'-r>7^ 83.3 100.0 0.8
£,£'~bD.D 0.0 0.0
£,£'-DDT 66.7 100.0 0.7
tech.-Chlordane 16.7 0.0
PCBs 16.7 0.0
159
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TABLE F-13. SUMMARY STATISTICS - PESTICIDES/PCBs - ELDERLY HOME-T
Concentration
Mean
Compound
a-BHC
HCB
3,Y-BHC
Heptachlor
trans -Nonachlor
£,2* -DDE
E,E'-DDT
Indoor
1.1
2.9
1.7
1.7
0.48
1.1
2.3
Outdoor
0.19
2.4
0.92
6.5
2.8
1.3
0.95
(ng/m3)
Median
Indoor
1.0
0.04
0.10
1.9
0.09
0.62
1.2
Outdoor
0.04
1.8
0.09
8.1
2.6
0.77
0.46
Ratio
Max
Indoor
2.4
31.
11.
3.6
2.0
4.6
8.8
Outdoor
0.49
5.3
2.6
9.4
4.9
3.0
2.3
Median
(In/Out)
25.
0.02
1.1
0.2
0.04
0.8
2.7
Max
(In/Out)
4.9
5.9
4.0
0.4
0.4
1.5
3.8
Indoor sample size was 14-15; outdoor sample size was 3.
PCBs and tech.-Chlordane were not quantitated due to low recovery in control samples.
-------
TABLE F-14. SUMMARY STATISTICS - PESTICIDES/PCBs - ELDERLY HOME-2
Concentration (ng/m3)
Compound
a-BHC
^,y-BHC
Heptachlor
p,p' -DDE
g.g'-DDT
Mean
Indoor
1.4
1.0
4.3
7.4
0.86
Median
Outdoor
0.87
0.10
4.5
2.0
0.49
Indoor
1.1
0.10
2.0
1.7
0.30
Outdoor
1.1
0.09
3.3
1.4
0.53
Max
Indoor
4.9
7.5
18.
29.
3.3
Outdoor
1.5
0.10
7.3
3.4
0.73
Ratio
Median
(In/Out)
1.1
1.1
0.6
1.2
0.6
Max
(In/Out)
3.3
75.
2.5
8.5
4.5
Indoor sample size was 8; outdoor sample size was 3.
-------
TABLE F-15. MEDIAN QLs FOR THE SCHOOL, ELDERLY HOME-1 AND
ELDERLY HOME-2
Compound
a-BHC
HCB
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
trans -Nona chlor
£,£'-DDE
£,£'-DDD
£,£'-DDT
tech. -Chlordane
PCBs
School
0.47
0.36
0.82
3.0
0.53
0.70
0.71
0.81
0.64
1.1
Median QL (ng/m3)
Elderly
Home 1
0.32
0.29
0.69
0.39
0.48
0.64
0.57
0.72
0.54
1.1
1.0
Elderly
Home 2
0.36
0.31
0.78
0.46
0.51
0.69
0.62
0.81
0.62
1.1
1.2
162
-------
and p_,£'-DDT, PCBs and tech-chlordane. In the home for the elderly-2,
a-BHC, /7,7-BHC, and p_,p_'-DDE had large indoor/outdoor median concentration
ratios.
Over the three buildings combined, 16 indoor/outdoor ratios for percent
measurable were less than one (not counting those equal to 0.0) and only
four greater than one. However, indoor/outdoor ratios for median
concentrations were less than one in ten cases and greater than one in ten
others. Therefore no clear cut pattern emerges.
163
U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1988— 548-158 / 87023
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