EPA-600/9-88-005
xvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA/600/9-88/005
March 1988
Research Program
Description
Ground-Water
Research
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Ground-Water Research
Program Description and Plans
Prepared for the
Office of Research and Development
Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology Demonstration
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
John H. Skinner, Director
James V. Basilico, Project Officer
Performed under Subcontract to
JACA Corporation
Fort Washington, PA 19043
Environmental Management Support"
9514 Mid wood Road
Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
(301)589-5318
January, 1988
f - - --mental Protection
, Library (5PL-16)
. '" £,( .born Street, Room 1670
Chicago, IL 60604
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NOTICE
This document has been reviewed in accordance with
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.
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PREFACE
This plan describes the ground-water research program conducted by EPA's Office of Research
and Development (ORD). The research program is carried out by the Offices of Environmental
Processes and Effects Research (OEPER), Acid Deposition, Environmental Monitoring and Quality
Assurance (OADEMQA), Environmental Engineering and Technology Demonstration (OEETD), and
Exploratory Research (OER). Of the 16 ORD laboratories, four have lead responsibilities and
base budgets in ground water: Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory in Ada,
Oklahoma; Environmental Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia; Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory in Las Vegas, Nevada; and Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory
in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The overall program is coordinated by the ORD Matrix Manager for Ground-Water Research.
The current matrix manager is John Skinner, Director of the Office of Environmental Engineering
and Technology Demonstration.
Five of the six functional areas within the ground-water research program are covered in
this plan: monitoring, fate and transport, aquifer reclamation, source control, and technology
transfer and technical assistance. Health effects research of drinking water exposure, conducted
by laboratories in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina and Cincinnati, Ohio, is not specific to
ground water and is treated elsewhere.
Base funding for ground-water research comes from Budget Subactivities D109 (Hazardous
Waste), Y105 (Superfund), C104 (Drinking Water), and E104 (Pesticides). Appendix A in this plan
lists the associated planned program activities (PPAs).
Further information may be obtained by contacting the directors of the following ORD facilities:
Director Facility FTS Phone
Calvin O. Lawrence CERI-Cin 684-7391
Michael Callahan EAG 475-8909
Steven Lutkenhoff (Acting) ECAO-Cin 684-7531
Robert Snelling (Acting) EMSL-LV 545-2525
Rosemary C. Russo ERL-Athens 250-3134
Thomas Hauser HWERL-Cin 684-7418
Clinton W. Hall RSKERL-Ada 743-2224
Francis T. Mayo WERL-Cin 684-7951
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
Background 1
Research Needs 2
PROGRAM OVERVIEW 3
Structure and Areas of Emphasis 3
Strategy to Meet Needs 4
Relationship to Other R&D Activities 8
PROGRAM DIRECTION 9
Current Program 9
Future Program 9
REVIEWS AND PUBLICATIONS 11
Scientific and Technical Reviews 11
Publications and Presentations 12
APPENDIX A. ORD GROUND-WATER RESEARCH BUDGET 13
APPENDIX B. SUMMARY OF OUTPUTS FROM GROUND-WATER RESEARCH PROJECTS . 15
Monitoring 15
Fate and transport 18
Aquifer Reclamation 29
Source Control 30
Technology Transfer and Technical Assistance 35
APPENDIX C: RECENT GROUND-WATER PUBLICATIONS 39
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OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Assistant Administrator
Deputy
Office of Exploratory Research
(OER)
Office of Acid Deposition,
Environmental Monitoring,
and Quality Assurance
(OADEMQA)
Environmental
Monitoring Support
Laboratory
Research Triangle
Park, NC
Environmental
Monitoring Systems
Laboratory
Las Vegas, NV
Environmental
Monitoring Systems
Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH
Atmospheric
Sciences Research
Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH
Office of Technology Transfer
and Regulatory Support (OTTRS)
Center for Environmental
Research Information
Cincinnati, OH
Office of Environmental
Engineering and
Technology Demonstration
(OEETD)
Air and Energy
Engineering Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle
Park, NC
Hazardous Waste
Engineering
Research
Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH
Water Engineering
Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH
Environmental
Research Laboratory
Gulf Breeze, FL
Office of Environmental
Processes and Effects
Research
(OEPER)
R.S. Kerr Environ-
mental Research
Laboratory
Ada, OK
Environmental
Research Laboratory
Athens, GA
Environmental
Research Laboratory
Corvallis, OR
Environmental
Research Laboratory
Narragansett, Rl
Environmental
Research Laboratory
Duluth, MN
Office of Health
Research
(OHR)
Health Effects
Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle
Park, NC
Office of Health and
Environmental
Assessment
(OHEA)
Environmental
Criteria and
Assessment Office
Cincinnati, OH
Environmental
Criteria and
Assessment Office
Research Triangle
Park, NC
Exposure Assess-
ment Group
Carcinogen
Assessment Group
Reproductive
Effects Assess-
ment Group
Headquarters
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION
Ground water is a vital natural resource in
the United States, supplying about 25% of all
fresh water used. Over 50% of the American
public--117 million peopleobtain all or part of
their drinking water from ground water, and 95%
of rural Americans depend on it. As recently as
10 years ago, ground water was generally
considered a pristine resource: pure and ever-
available. It was used, and sometimes abused,
without being fully understood. In the 1970s,
synthetic organic chemicals were discovered in
ground-water-supplied drinking water sources in
several states. Currently, 40 states have docu-
mented instances of serious ground-water
contamination.
Background
While EPA has no single authority under
which it is charged to protect ground water,
virtually every major piece of legislation that
governs the Agency's mission addresses the need
to protect ground water, including the Clean
Water Act (CWA), the Comprehensive Environmen-
tal Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA or Superfund), the Safe Drinking Water
Act (SDWA), the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA), the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), and the
Toxic Substances Control Act, together with
their amendments. However, this broad spectrum
of statutory authority within the Agency also
contributed to a fragmentation of ground-water
issues, priorities, and regulations.
As a result of a growing concern among Con-
gress and top managers within EPA, the Office
of Ground-Water Protection established a compre-
hensive, agencywide Ground-Water Protection
Strategy in 1984. The main tenets of the
strategy are:
Short-term buildup of institutions at the state
level.
Assessment of problems that may exist from
unaddressed sources of contamination--in
particular, leaking underground storage tanks,
surface impoundments, and landfills.
Guidelines for EPA decisions affecting ground-
water protection and cleanup. EPA's ground-
water strategy classifies aquifers on the basis of
use or potential use, with drinking-water supplies
afforded the most stringent protection.
Strengthening of EPA's organization for
ground-water management at the headquarters
and Regional levels, and strengthening of EPA's
cooperation with federal and state agencies.
While it is important to develop and implement
national ground-water policies, protection pro-
grams must be geographically specific because of
the complexities of the hydrologic cycle. For
this reason, state and local governments are
assuming primary responsibility for assessing and
controlling ground-water problems, while working
in partnership with EPA, which provides national
drinking water standards, general program goals,
research, information, and technical assistance.
EPA Ground-water research reflects the
diverse priorities among eight program office
clients (Drinking Water, Ground-Water Protection,
Solid Waste, Emergency and Remedial Response,
Waste Programs Enforcement, Underground
Storage Tanks, Toxic Substances, Pesticide
Programs), ten Regions, and a number of cross-
media offices and task forces. The overall
research program is guided by a complex rela-
tionship involving three research committees
(Water, Solid Waste and Superfund, Pesticides),
four Office of Research and Development (ORD)
offices (Atmospheric Deposition, Environmental
Monitoring, and Quality Assurance; Environmental
Processes and Effects Research; Environmental
Engineering and Technology Demonstration;
Exploratory Research), and four lead laboratories
(Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Labora-
tory in Ada, Oklahoma [RSKERL-Ada]; Environ-
mental Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia
[ERL-Athensj; Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory in Las Vegas, Nevada [EMSL-LV]; and
Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory
in Cincinnati, Ohio [HWERL-Cin]).
The research program is divided into six
functional areas, reflecting the primary concerns
of the client offices:
Monitoring. The placement and spacing of
monitoring wells, together with acceptable
procedures for sample collection and preservation
and quality assurance and quality control
procedures (QA/QC), is a fundamental requirement
for credible decisions on ground-water protection.
ORD's monitoring research program is developing,
evaluating, and adapting geochemical and
geophysical monitoring techniques to meet the
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
needs of EPA and the regulated community;
evaluating existing site characterization methods
for improved monitoring well network design; and
refining existing methods and developing new
procedures for data reduction and interpretation.
The lead laboratory in monitoring research is
EMSL-LV.
Source Control. A major source of ground-
water contamination is the improper disposal of
hazardous wastes. Contamination may occur
from such sources as landfills, surface impound-
ments, or injection wells. ORD's research
program in source control addresses all aspects
of the technology and operational strategies
associated with reducing the risk of contamina-
tion by treating or containing wastescomponent
development and evaluation; system design and
construction; removal actions; and remedial
actions. The lead laboratory for source control
research is HWERL-Cin.
Fate and Transport. Predicting contaminant
behavior in the subsurface is one of the most
difficultand importanttasks for ground-water
protection programs. EPA's research into trans-
port and fate phenomena and prediction considers
both the physical movement of ground water in
the unsaturated and saturated zones and the
change in ground-water quality through natural
or enhanced degradation or differential separation
of constituents. The lead laboratories involved
in fate and transport research are ERL-Athens
and RSKERL-Ada.
Aquifer Reclamation. Restoring a polluted
aquifer is generally an extremely expensive
process, if it can be done at all. Until a range
of inexpensive, effective cleanup methods is
developed, managers who must decide whether to
restore an aquifer face a series of difficult
decisions. ORD's reclamation research is
examining ways to make restoration techniques
less expensive, and assessing case histories of
reclamation efforts to identify factors
contributing to their success or failure. RSKERL-
Ada is the lead laboratory in this area.
Health Effects. The major route of exposure
to ground-water contaminants is through drinking
water; illness attributed to ground-water contam-
ination accounts for 28% of all reported water-
borne diseases. While not specific to ground
water, research on the health effects of particular
pollutants is very important to the ability of
decisionmakers to establish credible drinking-
water standards and to demonstrate to the public
that the standards are based on sound data.
ORD's drinking-water health-effects research
program emphasizes the effects of exposure to
contaminants found in drinking-water supplies.
Since health effects caused by contaminant
exposure are the same regardless of the pathway,
research on health effects is not addressed
separately for ground water, and is not considered
further in this plan.
Technical Assistance and Technology Transfer.
To be effective, research results must target and
be disseminated to operational personnel, program
managers, and decisionmakers in a timely manner.
Field personnel in EPA Regions, states, and local
government agencies must deal with an extremely
broad and complex range of data and information,
and deserve close support from scientists and
engineers in ORD laboratories. While there is no
ORD technical assistance line item specific to
ground water, ground-water issues are becoming
a major focus of technical requests from client
offices. ORD's lead in technology transfer is
the Center for Environmental Research Informa-
tion (CERI), although all laboratories routinely
conduct technology transfer and offer technical
assistance.
Treatment Technology. Information on treat-
ment technologies is also being developed by the
drinking water research program. This program
provides attainability and cost data on the
available technologies. It is focused on removal
of volatile and non-volatile organics, inorganics,
metals, and microbes. ORD is supporting the
pending revision of the National Drinking Water
Standards, but this is not a formal part of the
ground-water research program and will not be
further discussed. The Water Engineering Research
Laboratory (WERL) is the lead laboratory in this
program.
Research Needs
Responding in part to a recommendation of
the Science Advisory Board, the Assistant
Administrator for Research and Development
created a matrix manager for ground-water
research early in 1986, whose responsibility
included cross-office, cross-research-committee
coordination among competing priorities. The
matrix manager chaired two landmark meetings
(October 8, 1986, and March 27, 1987) in which
representatives from all program offices with
ground-water concerns and a number of Regions
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
participated. These meetings focused on program
office priorities and cross-media research
communications in monitoring research, fate and
transport, and aquifer reclamation. The meetings
also considered earlier recommendations of the
Science Advisory Board's July, 1985, review of
the ground-water research program and Hazardous
Waste Ground-Water Task Force (January, 1986)
recommendations. The outcome of this process
was a consolidated, ranked list of program
priorities in each area of ground-water research,
which formed the basis for present ORD
directions in ground water.
In between these meetings, program office
and ORD technical specialists and managers
participated in presentations of the fate and
transport and aquifer reclamation programs (Ada,
Oklahoma) and monitoring program (Las Vegas,
Nevada) to review research priorities and outputs,
and to recommend to the full Committee where
research focus should be adjusted.
PROGRAM OVERVIEW
EPA's ground-water research program is
divided among five major areas, each with a
number of projects: monitoring, fate and
transport, aquifer reclamation, source control, and
technology transfer and technical assistance.
The program has base funding in four budget
subactivities and 29 separate planned program
activities (PPAs). The FY87 research budget
consists of over $30 million and 130 work years.
About 30% of the FY87 budget is in monitoring,
47% is in fate and transport and aquifer
reclamation, and 23% is in source control.
Structure and Areas of Emphasis
As a result of continuing coordination between
ORD and the program offices, a series of high
priority research areas receive greatest attention.
Past research has emphasized transport and fate
phenomena, but recent recommendations from the
Science Advisory Board, the Hazardous Waste
Ground-Water Task Force, and the ground-water
coordinating committee have resulted in a gradual
increase in monitoring and QA/QC. Source
control activities, once dominated by research
into land covers and landfill liners, are moving
more towards supporting the underground storage
tank, underground injection control, and Super-
fund programs. Fate and transport research
continues to emphasize the development and vali-
dation of mathematical models to accurately
predict subsurface flow and the physiochemical
interaction between the contaminants and the
aquifer. Aquifer reclamation research, closely
tied to the fate and transport work, is concen-
trating on biodegradation.
Monitoring
To make good decisions on well placement,
sampling frequency, and placement of monitoring
devices in the unsaturated zone, a site must be
sufficiently characterized in terms of its
hydrological, meteorological, geological, hydrogeo-
chemical, biological, and demographic data. The
information collected during site characterization
is used to design adequate environmental
monitoring networks and to evaluate existing or
proposed waste management engineering designs
to assure the protection of human health and the
environment. In the monitoring area, there are
six priority research areas:
Develop methods for extracting samples of
ground water that are truly representative of the
source; samples with less loss or chemical conver-
sion and less cross-contamination; and statistically
valid sampling and analytical methods.
Develop methods and guidance on site charac-
terization, to include such methods as aquifer
testing, core sampling, and collection and
interpretation of existing information.
Demonstrate the application of site character-
ization information for determining sampling
frequency and monitoring well network design.
Evaluate and provide guidance on techniques
for monitoring in the vadose zone that can
provide early warning of leaking contaminants.
Establish a list of critical indicator parameters
that will provide reliable and cost-effective
indication of ground-water contamination, specifi-
cally to detect leakage from hazardous waste
disposal facilities, over-application of pesticides,
leachate migration from municipal solid waste
landfills, and other potential sources of aquifer
contamination.
Evaluate and improve existing methods for the
collection and analysis of hydrogeologic informa-
tion at the sampling point.
In addition, an initiative has been proposed to
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
determine the range of agricultural chemicals in
surface waters and develop appropriate ground-
water monitoring strategies based on critical
areas susceptible to contamination. This initiative
is being coordinated with the Office of Pesticide
Programs.
Fate and Transport
The fate and transport research priorities are:
Develop methods and models to predict the
change in pollutant behavior in ground water due
to physical and chemical processes, such as
sorption, hydrolysis, reduction, precipitation, and
volatilization.
Determine how biological processes affect the
fate and transport of organic substances in the
subsurface environment through biodegradation.
Develop methods to improve the prediction of
three-dimensional flow of contaminants in ground
water.
Develop standardized models for evaluating
and predicting releases from hazardous waste
disposal sites, and the fate and transport of
constituents through the unsaturated zone.
Aquifer Reclamation
Aquifer reclamation research is often inter-
twined with fate and transport research; research
is conducted by the same laboratories often in
joint projects. Its priority is to evaluate and
develop cost-effective methods for in situ aquifer
cleanup, including biodegradation.
Source Control
Source control (engineering) research focuses
on technologies to reduce risk by containing or
treating wastes and contaminants at the surface.
The priorities include:
Develop underground injection controls (lead
laboratory is RSKERL-Ada).
Develop and evaluate tank leak detection
devices and tank testing equipment.
Evaluate, improve, and field-verify land-
disposal containment systems, such as landfill
covers and flexible membrane and soil liners for
landfills and surface impoundments.
Evaluate technologies for treating wastes to
reduce toxicity and leachability.
Technology Transfer and Technical Assistance
Information dissemination is a key element in
the research program. While technology transfer
and technical assistance is an integral part of all
laboratory activities, the priority is to develop
timely and effective methods of transferring
technical information to appropriate federal,
state, local, and general public organizations
through publications, workshops, training courses,
and other communication mechanisms.
Strategy to Meet Needs
Not unexpectedly, ground-water technical
information needs are often common to more
than one of the five primary program office
clients (Solid Waste, Superfund, Drinking Water,
Ground-Water Protection, Pesticides). In practice,
research activities must be attributed to specific
budget elements, even though the results have
broader applicability. For planning purposes,
and to eliminate overlap and redundancy, the
research priorities discussed above are grouped
according to budget element. In FY88, the ORD
RCRA budget in ground-water research (D109) is
$15.5 million; Superfund (Y105) is $6.6 million;
Drinking Water (C104) is $5.9 million; and
Pesticides (E104) is $0.95 million.
The following sections summarize the major
research needs, by functional area, of the
Program and Regional Offices and states.
Monitoring
Hazardous Waste (RCRA)
1. Develop and evaluate ground-water monitoring
methods and strategies for RCRA hazardous waste
sites and to satisfy the RCRA land disposal
regulations.
Develop statistically valid sampling and
analytical methods.
Develop methodologies and guidance on well
spacing and sampling depths that will result
in accurate interception of contaminant plumes.
Develop guidance on proper sampling frequency
for ground-water monitoring, considering
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
seasonal and spatial variables.
Evaluate and provide guidance on different
techniques for monitoring the unsaturated
zone that could provide early warning of
leaking contaminants.
Establish a short list of parameters that will
provide a reliable indication of ground-water
contamination.
Develop improved methods that provide better
or lower cost hydrogeologic information using
geophysical and borehole logging techniques.
Develop a monitoring quality assurance
program to determine performance criteria for
monitoring equipment; test protocols for
equipment; set procedures for equipment use;
and perform field audits based on protocols.
2. Develop methods for external leak detection
at underground storage tank sites.
Establish network designs for placement of
leak detectors around tanks for vapor and
ground-water monitoring.
Develop guidelines for data analysis to
determine when a system is leaking.
Establish performance tests for external
petroleum leak detection devices.
Suoerfund (CERCLA/SARA)
3. Provide monitoring techniques and procedures
for Superfund site and situation assessments.
Develop remote sensing methods for analysis
of present and historical site operations and
conditions.
Evaluate the role of geographical information
systems in the remedial investigation/feasibility
study process for the storage, analysis, and
presentation of site information.
Develop application of near-surface seismic
reflection technology to hazardous waste sites.
Produce practical guidance on aquifer test
analysis.
4. Provide technical support on Superfund
settlement agreements, especially to enforcement
programs in Regions and states.
Conduct sampling and analytical quality
assurance.
Review monitoring plans, QA/QC materials,
ground-water sampling and network designs.
Conduct on-site laboratory reviews for the
Contract Laboratory Program.
5. Develop and evaluate new field-monitoring
techniques and systems that are rapid, inexpen-
sive, and more sensitive.
Develop new screening methods for single
compounds or for classes of compounds using
immunoassays.
Accelerate the development of emerging field-
portable systems, such as fiber-optic sensors.
Drinking Water (SDWA1
6. Provide the scientific data base and methods
for regulatory, enforcement, and management
decisions concerning protection of ground-water
resources.
Develop methods for extracting representative
samples of ground water with an emphasis on
minimizing sampling error.
Assess the utility of geophysical methods to
determine movement of contaminants from
underground injection wells.
Develop in situ monitoring methods for
detecting contaminants from leaking injection
wells.
Develop monitoring strategies for wellhead
protection areas.
7. Develop uniform standards, policy, and
guidance for collecting and storing ground-water
data, including standard record formats.
Determine key data that must be collected
and stored by EPA.
Provide a user-friendly environment for users
of STORET and other data bases.
Develop guidance in the use of analytical
tools for the manipulation of ground-water-
related data, including geographic information
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
systems.
Fate and Transport
Hazardous Waste (RCRA/HSWA)
1. Provide field-evaluated methods and data to
predict concentrations of waste organic and
metal constituents that escape or are released
into the subsurface environment from the treat-
ment, storage, or disposal of hazardous wastes.
Investigate important processes such as
dispersion, sorption, complexation, speciation,
biodegradation, hydrolysis, volatilization, and
clay alterations that govern the transport
rates, transformations, and fates of hazardous
waste constituents in the subsurface.
Evaluate, and demonstrate through field
experiments, available mathematical models
that describe solute transport in the subsur-
face.
Provide assistance to the Office of Solid
Waste on decision models and to permit
writers on ACL determinations.
2. Provide integrated (multimedia) methods and
data for implementing the RCRA Land Disposal
Banning Rule, including the waiver process, and
for evaluating waste management and treatment
needs based on potential health and environmental
impacts.
Develop screening level and more site-specific
multimedia exposure-assessment models for
organic pollutants and heavy metals.
Develop probabilistic techniques to address
uncertainty.
Produce a manual for the Office of Solid
Waste on the Organics Multimedia Human
Exposure model.
Study the kinetics of sorption, desorption,
and other dominant speciation reactions of
metals in subsurface environments.
3. Provide techniques and data to predict the
rate and extent of movement and transformation
of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzene-P-dioxin in soils
and ground water.
Superfund (CERCLA/SARA)
4. Evaluate abilities of natural and engineered
microorganisms to biodegrade hazardous substances
in support of Superfund remedial actions.
Evaluate naturally occurring and improved
microorganisms for ground-water and soil
cleanup.
Develop methods for application of biodegrada-
tion organisms and evaluate their potential
ecological risk.
Drinking Water (SDWA)
5. Develop methods to predict subsurface
contaminant concentrations to support risk
analysis and source control.
Identify characteristics of chemicals (or
pathogens) that have similar transport
behavior, and characteristics of subsurface
materials, to predict pollutant impact in
specific locations.
Determine physical and chemical processes
affecting dispersion.
Predict microbial contaminant concentrations.
Predict biotransformation of subsurface
contaminants.
Determine subsurface microbial activity.
6. Develop methods to determine the effects of
underground injection, and develop safer injection
technologies to support underground injection
control.
Develop methods for determining
mechanical integrity of injection wells.
the
Assess the impact of Class I wells on
subsurface geological materials.
Assess the effectiveness of drilling mud as a
plugging agent in abandoned oil or gas wells.
Produce a report on Class V injection-well
practices in the United States.
7. Evaluate models and management strategies in
support of state wellhead-protection programs
mandated by SDWA.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
Develop methods for wellhead protection.
Assess ground-water models for wellhead
protection area (WHPA) delineation.
Pesticides (FIFRA)
8. Determine how pesticides contaminate ground
water and identify the processes involved and
those remedial actions necessary to alleviate the
problem.
Characterize pesticide processes in soils and
ground water.
Determine spatial variability in subsurface
soils.
Investigate leaching factors controlling
contamination and explore agricultural manage-
ment practices that could help prevent
percolation to ground water.
Assess methods and models at field scale to
ensure integrity and the incorporation of
appropriate management practices.
9. Develop information and techniques, including
mathematical models, on pesticide transport,
degradation, residuals, and fate for Agency use
and provide direct technical support and guidance
to OPP.
Develop information on such parameters as
sorption kinetics in sediments, abiotic pesticide
transformations, and volatility.
Study mechanisms and rates of degradation by
natural microbial organisms.
Develop comprehensive, linked unsaturated-
saturated zone models and exposure concentra-
tion estimates.
Aquifer Reclamation
Drinking Water (SDWA)
Develop new methods for in situ aquifer restora-
tion and provide cost and feasibility data to
support corrective action decisions.
Study laboratory and field evaluations of
methods for in situ aquifer restoration.
Assess microbial response to aquifer
contamination and reactivation.
Source Control
Hazardous Waste (RCRA/HSWA)
1. Develop and field-verify improved design,
operation, and closure procedures for hazardous
and nonhazardous landfills, surface impoundments,
waste piles, and underground storage facilities
used to contain wastes and reduce the risk of
contaminant migration to ground water.
Continue design studies on cover systems,
single and composite soil/flexible membrane
liner systems, leak detection, and waste
solidification and stabilization.
Develop expert systems to provide consistent,
cost-effective approaches to evaluating RCRA
permits.
Produce updated Technical Resource Documents
for Office of Solid Waste on cover systems,
modeling, waste solidification/stabilization,
construction, operation, and closure of
hazardous waste management facilities.
2. Identify and evaluate improved practices to
prevent releases from new/existing underground
storage tanks and detect and measure leak rates
from underground storage tanks and associated
piping.
3. Demonstrate new or improved approaches for
stopping releases from a leaking tank system and
preventing associated environmental damages.
4. Determine the applicability and cost-effective-
ness of in situ reclamation techniques to
unsaturated-zone and ground-water contamination
resulting from leaking underground storage tanks
and other hazardous waste sources.
Provide guidance on corrective actions.
Evaluate leak detection methods.
Develop improved techniques for in situ
cleanup of contaminated ground water.
5. Develop a comprehensive technical data base
on new and existing technologies for land
treatment of hazardous wastes for which
incineration or land disposal are inappropriate.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
Suoerfund (CERCLA/SARA)
6. Provide response technologies to support
cleanup actions for contaminated ground water
and soils.
Evaluate on-site and in situ treatment proces-
ses from pilot- through full-scale field tests.
7. Provide engineering support for site and
situation assessments of ground-water resources
at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
Technology Transfer and Technical Assistance
Hazardous Waste (RCRA/HSWA1
1. Develop more timely and effective methods
for transferring technical information to
appropriate federal, state, local, and general
public organizations through publications,
workshops, training courses, and other
communications mechanisms.
Suoerfund (CERCLA/SARA)
2. Provide best available technical evidence,
testimony, and information to Regions, states,
and the Department of Justice.
Establish a clearinghouse for information on
ground-water remedial action technologies.
Establish a ground-water technology transfer
center for training Superfund Regional staff
and to serve as an information clearinghouse.
Drinking Water (SDWA)
3. Develop and transfer improved methods for
measuring subsurface parameters that influence
contaminant behavior.
Maintain a clearinghouse for ground-water
models and a national library for ground-water
information.
Develop procedures on selecting sampling
methods for determining oxygen concentration
in the saturated and unsaturated zones.
Develop and disseminate improved methods for
sampling subsurface microbial populations.
Other Research and Development Programs
The Exposure Assessment Group (EAG), part
of ORD's Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment, conducts a research program to
develop means to predict human exposure risks
from hazardous materials. EAG's multimedia
exposure assessment activities are assisting the
Superfund office and EPA's Regions in the
selection of appropriate ground-water models and
in evaluating remedial and regulatory alternatives
to clean up contaminated ground water. Current
activities that are related to ground water are:
Characterization of contaminant dispersion in
ground water using data from recent field experi-
ments to develop a realistic approach to modeling
dispersive transport in exposure assessments.
Criteria for the selection of mathematical
models that can be applied to exposure assess-
ments. Use of the criteria will help eliminate
the use of inappropriate models for estimating
contaminant migration in ground water.
A technical support document to help select
ground-water fate and transport models for quick
assessments as well as for detailed analyses.
Experimental studies to investigate the
migration characteristics of concentrated organics
in ground water for use in developing two-phase
transport models.
Relationship to Other R&D Activities
In addition to the obvious need to coordinate
research programs within the Agency, EPA scien-
tists in all involved laboratories are working
with counterparts in other federal agencies,
universities, and professional and trade
associations, such as the American Society for
Testing and Materials and the Electric Power
Research Institute.
The greatest federal ground-water research
effort is managed by the U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS), Department of the Interior. EPA and
USGS signed a Memorandum of Understanding
(MOU) in August, 1981, providing an umbrella
under which each agency's programs are coordina-
ted. A second MOU was signed in June, 1985,
to coordinate ground-water data collection and
technical assistance. In addition, EPA and USGS
regularly exchange visiting scientists and
participate in each other's technical meetings on
ground-water. RSKERL-Ada has a cooperative
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
agreement with the Department of Agriculture to
develop geostatistical methods for reducing
variance in data by properly locating sampling
wells at ground-water contamination sites. EPA
is also conducting joint ground-water research
projects with the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army,
U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Navy, Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, Department of Energy, National
Research Council, and the Tennessee Valley
Authority.
EPA is a major sponsor of the International
Ground Water Modeling Center (IGWMC) at Butler
University in Indianapolis, Indiana, the National
Center for Ground-Water Research (NCGWR), and
the National Ground Water Information Center
(NGWIC) at the National Water Well Association
in Dublin, Ohio.
The IGWMC is a clearinghouse for technical
information on the exchange and use of mathema-
tical models and software, offers regular short
courses and seminars, and carries out a research
program supporting the Center's technology
transfer and educational activities in ground-
water subjects. The two major tasks of the
clearinghouse are the dissemination of information
regarding ground-water model selection and
application and the distribution and support of
modeling software. IGWMC produces a periodic
newsletter.
EPA established the NCGWR in 1979 as a
consortium of Rice University, Oklahoma State
University, and the University of Oklahoma.
Part of EPA's Centers of Excellence Program,
NCGWR is charged with developing and conducting
a long-range exploratory research program to
help anticipate and solve emerging ground water
problems. Base funding is provided by EPA's
Office of Exploratory Research. The major areas
of responsibility for NCGWR are: (1) development
of methods for ground-water quality investiga-
tions; (2) transport and fate of subsurface
pollutants; (4) characterization of the subsurface
environment with respect to pollutant transport;
and (4) technology transfer.
The NGWIC houses a computerized ground-
water information base that can be accessed by
subscription. The data base, comprised of about
120 technical and trade journals and newsletters
from around the world, is constantly updated by
qualified specialists in ground-water development,
quality, monitoring and protection, restoration,
law, and water-well technology. Over 50,000
citations are now in the data base, with about
500 new items added per month.
The Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling
was established at the Environmental Research
Laboratory-Athens in 1987. The Center facilitates
state-of-the-art model applications to ground-
water (and other) threat assessments and remedial
action evaluations involving organic and metallic
hazardous wastes and pesticides.
PROGRAM DIRECTION
The ground-water research program supports
the regulatory and enforcement objectives of the
various statutes that EPA administers. In
addition, ORD and the Program Offices identify
emerging or potential issues that, while not
directly mandated by statute, require basic
developmental or evaluative research in order to
position the Agency for the future or to
anticipate future Congressional action.
Current Program
The ground-water research program is
organized into five functional areas, excluding
health effects: monitoring; fate and transport;
source control; aquifer reclamation; and technol-
ogy transfer and technical assistance. The
Program Overview section established the objec-
tives and structure of the overall ground-water
research program within this framework based
upon regulatory and enforcement needs among
the client offices. The FY87-FY89 ground-
water research budgets are itemized by PPA in
Appendix A.
Expected accomplishments, which include work
supported from earlier years and new activities
are shown in Appendix B, which represents the
best estimates for FY87 and FY88; the resources
for FY89 have been expanded to reflect some of
the anticipated resources stemming from the
reauthorizations of Superfund, SDWA, and HSWA.
Future Program
Although the research program is designed
primarily to respond to current and specific
Agency requirements, a number of identified or
emerging priorities should be expanded or
accelerated. Future research activities span
monitoring, fate and transport, source control,
and technology transfer and technical training.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
10
Monitoring
Research concerning RCRA Subtitle D facilities
is critical to the success of numerous state and
local agencies' ground-water management pro-
grams. In proposed revisions to the solid waste
disposal criteria under Subtitle D, owners and
operators would be encouraged to characterize
their own sites. However, states need guidance
to characterize the spatial variability of the
subsurface directly beneath and around the site.
Consistent and comprehensive implementation
of the proposed revisions will require considerable
guidance and technology transfer to the owners,
operators, permit applicants, and state and local
regulatory personnel. Some of this would be done
through the development of guidance documents
and expert systems.
Research for Subtitle D facilities will focus
on the special monitoring needs of wet environ-
ments, where subsurface flows differ considerably
from dryer areas. This research will entail
surface water and biota monitoring. Other Sub-
title D research will include evaluating and
developing fracture trace and lineament analysis
of aerial photographs for site characterization
and developing ground-water monitoring strategies
for facilities in karst terrains.
Recent amendments to the Safe Drinking
Water Act include the establishment of wellhead
protection areas to protect the quality of
subsurface drinking water supplies. Research
will focus on developing monitoring strategies
for wellhead protection areas.
New and continuing monitoring research under
Superfund will be supported through the Advanced
Field Monitoring Methods Program. This has
been established to address the need for rapid,
low-cost field methods to support hazardous
waste site monitoring and characterization
activities anticipated under SARA. Specific
program objectives and organization are discussed
in the management plan.
Fate and Transport
Information necessary to understand subsurface
contaminant behavior subsurface can be divided
into three categories: aqueous phase transport;
facilitated transport; and complex wastes.
In aqueous phase transport it is important that
the roles of such things as organic carbon, Eh,
pH, and solubility be understood. There is still
much to be understood before adequate predictive
capabilities can be developed and relied upon.
Facilitated transport is a newly recognized
phenomenon and consequently there is much to
be done. It is now believed that many of the
questions in this area can be grouped into flow
through macropores and fractures, water miscible
solvents, and transport on dissolved organic
carbon. Particular attention is directed toward
transport by sorption on suspended particles and
micelles.
The newest area of research, with respect to
contaminant transport, concerns complex wastes.
Although some work has been done, this is
proving to be an important area, particularly with
respect to waste sites. The residual saturation
of the immiscible phase, its effect on sorption,
and methods for its removal are of greatest
interest in this area. In addition, considerable
work is required concerning the weathering and
compositional changes of the wastes.
The processes driving transformation of
subsurface contaminants can essentially be
considered abiotic or biotic. In abiotic
transformations, there is a need to develop
methods for measuring Eh and pH in the subsur-
face as well as an understanding of the effect of
these parameters on process kinetics. Mineral
surface catalysis is another area requiring further
research.
Research in biotic transformations must deal
with developing a better understanding on the
native microbial population particularly with
respect to density, activity, and distribution. In
addition, work is required on the effects of the
contaminant on the microbial community as well
as degradability when dealing with complex
wastes.
There continues to be a great need to conduct
research in the abiotic processes area. The
general effects of Eh and pH need further
investigation; in fact, methods for making these
measurements in situ need to be further
developed. In addition, mineral surface catalysis
investigations are required in terms of
contaminant transformations.
Subsurface pesticide transport is governed by
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
the same processes that control all of solute
transport. However, due to the diversity and
complex structures of many pesticides compared
to solvent and hydrocarbon wastes, complex
interactions may arise that affect pesticide
transport. Since protection of ground water
from agricultural chemicals is a major concern,
additional research is needed to understand the
fate of pesticides and nitrates in the saturated
and unsaturated zones.
Aquifer Reclamation
Although all of the research discussed above
under Fate and Transport applies equally to
aquifer reclamation, there are additional research
needs specific to this remediation technology.
From the standpoint of hydrogeology, the effects
of low and variable permeability must be under-
stood along with proper well placement and
pumping rates in order to maximize the efficiency
of pumping.
A great deal of research needs remain with
respect to the kinetics of sorption and desorption.
In this regard, special attention must be given to
problems associated with the residual saturation
of the immiscible phase. Obviously, to make the
pump and treat option of aquifer remediation
more promising, it will be necessary to develop
means of enhanced desorption including the use
of water miscible solvents and surfactants.
Considerable work remains in the research,
development, and demonstration of enhanced in
situ contaminant degradation--both abiotic and
biotic. Abiotic processes involved the
investigation of free radical generation and
hydrogen peroxide oxidations. It is also important
to continue research into the amendment of
biotic systems using (for example) the addition of
alkanes and hydrogen peroxide. These investiga-
tions must include the development of methods
which allow an estimation of the demand of the
amendment chemicals; ways to determine the
effects of these chemicals and enhanced processes
on aquifer characteristics; and develop methods
to efficiently deliver the amendment chemicals to
the aquifer and properly monitor the system.
Source Control
As states address ground-water contamination
problems, more information on control technolo-
gies is needed to define the feasibility and cost-
effectiveness of protection and cleanup methods.
Research on full-scale application of in situ
treatment methods for aquifer remediation must
be accelerated.
Technology Transfer and Training
As new research tools and methods are devel-
oped, programs that transfer this information
must be expanded, coordinated, and upgraded to
offer the newest computer-assisted technologies.
Training needs to be further emphasized, and
deserves a stable budget. EPA regional and state
personnel experience a significant turnover rate,
and new staff must have the opportunity to
become familiar with new technologies, policies,
and practices. States will need to have their
personnel trained in many developing aspects of
ground-water management and protection.
EMSL-LV, in conjunction with the Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response, is establishing
a Superfund Ground-Water Technology Transfer
Center to collect and disseminate information,
provide on-site instruction, and offer an technical
assistance hotline. The first year's effort (FY88)
will develop the courses, to be taught by EMSL-
LV staff augmented by experts from other federal
agencies and the private sector. The first year
will also include plans for a monitoring clearing-
house and the technical assistance hotline.
REVIEWS AND PUBLICATIONS
Scientific and Technical Reviews
The Science Advisory Board issued a compre-
hensive review of EPA's ground-water research
program in July, 1985. Among its major recom-
mendations were the creation of a strong central
direction for the research effort, greatly
increased resources for training and technology
transfer, proactive research on ground-water
contamination sources not addressed by specific
mandates, and expedited ground-water sampling
and analytical methods and QA/QC. Increases
or initiatives were also recommended in specific
ground-water research areas: monitoring; basic
transport and fate; containment techniques;
remedial methods in fractured geologic formations;
and identification of suitable geologic environ-
ments for isolating hazardous wastes in injection
wells.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
12
As a component of their overall evaluation of
the RCRA Subpart F Ground-Water Monitoring
Program submitted to the Assistant Administrator
for Solid Waste and Emergency Response in
January, 1986, the Hazardous Waste Ground-
Water Task Force considered technical problems
in ground-water monitoring technology. They
identified six technological gaps: (1) insufficient
understanding of the behavior of individual
contaminants and contaminant classes, and no
defined sampling strategy for each class; (2)
uncertainties about plume dispersion as a basis
for horizontal spacing, screen depth, and length;
(3) identification of sampling equipment and
techniques best suited for specific hydrologic
settings or monitoring purpose; (4) estimation of
the effect of interactive sample-contact surfaces
on the monitoring data; (5) selection of key
indicators for contaminant classes according to
geological setting; and (6) establishment of
analytic methods for certain hazardous
constituents.
As a result of the October, 1986, meeting
sponsored by EPA's ground-water research matrix
manager, three technical reviews were held on
Monitoring Research and Fate and Transport and
Aquifer Reclamation Research. The panels
consisted of representatives from each of the
interested Program Offices (OSWER, OW, OPTS),
together with several regions. Technical
specialists from ORD laboratories discussed the
scientific results of the ongoing research in
context of the programmatic, regulatory, and
enforcement priorities of the client offices.
The fate and transport and aquifer reclamation
panel (Ada, OK, December 9-10, 1986) emphasized
the need for guidance on how to determine
vulnerable aquifers factoring in transport
mechanisms and modeling; use of chemical and
biological fate and transport processes in
developing and modeling closure standards; and
where to set ACLs for hazardous waste sites.
The Regions identified strong needs for "Best
Management Practices" for the use of agricul-
tural chemicals that consider ground-water
protection, especially linking transport and fate
of ground-water pollutants with field application
practices, and for improved methods to predict
ground-water transport in fractured rock. Other
priorities that emerged included guidance on fate
and transport mechanisms incorporating biotrans-
formation and biodegradation of contaminants,
types of models that should be used to define
wellhead area, predict multiple-source, multiple-
contaminant pollutant transport, and differential
transport.
The monitoring panels (Las Vegas, NV,
December 16-17, 1986 and Atlanta, GA, February
18-19, 1987) recognized a pressing need for
standard methods and guidance in saturated zone
monitoring and sampling protocols; well spacing,
construction and installation; well-completion
depths; and sampling frequency. They noted
that, while guidance exists for unsaturated zone
monitoring, the number of installations and the
regulatory emphasis are greater in the saturated
zone for which no guidance exists.
In November, 1986, the Ground-Water Moni-
toring Research Program at EMSL-LV underwent
peer review. The peer panel report, issued in
January, 1987, identified virtually the same
technical issues stressed by the monitoring group
of Program Office and Regional technical
specialists.
Each year, ORD laboratories host technical
program reviews in concert with the budget
cycle. The FY87 hazardous waste/Superfund
laboratory reviews were at EMSL-LV (including
EMSL-RTP and EMSL-Cin) on March 18-19 for
monitoring, HWERL (including CERI) on April 20
for control technologies and technology transfer,
and at Headquarters for the RSKERL-Ada, ERL-
Athens, and exploratory research programs on
April 16-17.
Publications and Presentations
The EPA ground-water research program has
produced major reports and technical assistance
documents for nearly 20 years. In March, 1987,
ORD produced the Technical Assistance Directory
for Ground Water Research (EPA/600/9-87/008)
that includes an annotated bibliography of 68
essential references for permitting or other
regulatory personnel involved in ground-water
protection and treatment. The references are
organized into seven functional categories.
Appendix C lists reports from the last three
years that were produced under the EPA ground-
water research program. EPA scientists and
engineers have made frequent presentations at
professional meetings and EPA symposia, and
extramural investigators additionally have made
numerous presentations and produced several
hundred additional publications.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
13
Appendix A. ORD Ground-Water Research Budget
Program Elements
PPAs
Monitoring System & Quality Assurance (OADEMQA)
HW 112: Evaluate/Validate Methods (EMSL-LV)
HW 115: Field Methods of Subsurface Monitoring (EMSL-LV)
HW R62: UST Leak Monitoring (EMSL-LV)
Subtotal
SF A04: Site & Situation Assessment (EMSL-LV)
SF F06: Technical Support/Geophysical Survey (EMSL-LV)
Subtotal
GW F81: GW-DW Quality Assurance (EMSL-LV)
Subtotal
OADEMQA Subtotal
Environmental Processes & Effects (OEPER)
HW C25: Prediction of Env. Concern of Haz. Waste (Ada)
HW C28: LandDisp. Ban Assess/Eval. Other Mgmt. Sys. (Ath)
HW D54: Mvmt. & Persist. Dioxin in Soil & GW (Ada/ Ath)
HW L44: Land Treatment of Hazardous Waste (Ada)
HW R64: UST Correct. Action Models/ Biodegradation (Ada)
Subtotal
SF B02: Subsurface Biodegradation (Ada/ GB)
SF F22: Enforcement & Technical Support (Ada)
Subtotal
.GW F82: Methods for GW Investigation (Ada)
GW F83: Prediction of Contaminant Concentrations (Ada)
GW F84: In-Situ Aquifer Restoration (Ada)
GW F87: GW Research with China (Ada)
GW F88: Support UIC Reg. & Implementation (Ada)
GW F89: Wellhead Protection (Ada)
Subtotal
PE D07: Validate Predictive Techniques (Ath/ HQ)
PE DOS: Predictive Techn. for Environ. Exposure (Ath)
Subtotal
OEPER Subtotal
Environ. Engineering & Technology Demonstration (OEETD)
HW A41: Waste Modification (One-Third) (HWERL)
HW L42: HW Land Disposal (One-Half) (HWERL)
HW L45: Subtitle D (One-Half) (HWERL)
HW R63: Prevent & Control Leaking USTs (HWERL)
Subtotal
SF B01: Control Technology Evaluation (HWERL)
Subtotal
OEETD Subtotal
FTE
1.5
9.8
3.2
14.5
5.0
3.2
8.2
5.2
5.2
27.9
18.0
10.8
1.6
5.3
2.7
38.4
1.0
3.4
4.4
2.0
13.3
5.0
4.0
2.5
26.8
3.0
2.6
5.6
75.2
0.0
10.4
1.5
9.0
20.9
6.1
6.1
27.0
FY 1987
S&E
90.0
806.0
204.6
1,100.6
425.7
272.4
698.1
166.3
166.3
1,965.0
958.9
569.5
86.9
287.8
147.3
2,050.4
64.0
217.6
281.6
95.0
604.8
306.0
105.0
200.7
150.0
1,461.5
189.4
164.3
353.7
4,147.2
0.0
447.7
76.3
510.6
1,034.6
423.1
423.1
1,457.7
R&D
300.0
2,916.0
1,152.8
4,368.8
999.0
1,073.9
2,072.9
800.1
800.1
7,241.8
1,922.4
2,538.0
212.8
480.2
201.4
5,354.8
1 00.0
706.0
806.0
600.0
1,063.9
900.0
20.0
730.0
160.0
3,473.9
600.0
600.0
10,234.7
200.0
596.9
290.0
2,103.1
3,190.0
1,666.7
1,666.7
4,856.7
FTE
1.5
9.8
3.5
14.8
5.0
3.1
8.1
4.7
4.7
27.6
23.3
13.7
1.6
2.4
41.0
1.0
3.4
4.4
1.1
14.0
5.0
0.0
4.0
2.5
26.6
30
3.5
6.5
78.5
0.0
3.5
1.5
10.0
15.0
54
54
20.4
FY 1988
S&E
90.0
971.0
323.0
1,384.0
470.5
291.7
762.2
274.6
274.6
2,420.8
1,532.5
735.5
86.5
129.8
2,484.3
84.1
286.0
370.1
55.7
735.1
253.2
105.0
202.6
126.6
1,478.2
152.1
177.7
329.8
4,662.4
0.0
200.9
76.5
621.8
899.2
407.0
407.0
1,306.2
R&D
300.0
2,436.7
1,060.5
3,797.2
1,555.7
1,211.0
2,766.7
524.5
524.5
7,088.4
2,295.7
2,444.0
110.0
106.1
4,955.8
250.0
700.0
950.0
350.0
1,264.1
900.0
20.0
730.0
160.0
3,424.1
455.0
455.0
9,784.9
200.0
148.6
350.0
1,301.2
1,999.8
1,333.3
1,333.3
3,333.1
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
14
Appendix A. (Continued)
Program Elements
PPAs
Exploratory Research (OER)
Research Center
OER Subtotal
Hazardous Waste Total
Superfund Total
Ground Water (DW) Total
Pesticides Total
University Center Total
FTE
0.0
738
18.7
32.0
5.6
0.0
FY 19X7
S&E
0.0
4,185.6
1,402.8
1,627.8
353.7
0.0
R&D
650.0
650.0
12,913.6
4,545.6
4,274.0
6000
6500
FTE
0.0
708
17.9
31.3
6.5
00
FY 1988
S&E
0.0
4,767 5
1,5393
1,752.8
329.8
00
R&D
540.0
540.0
10,7528
5,050.0
3,948.6
455.0
540.0
Grand Total
130 1
7,569.9
22,983.2
126.5
8,389.4
20,746.4
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 15
APPENDIX B. SUMMARY OF OUTPUTS FROM GROUND-WATER RESEARCH PROJECTS
(R&D Resources in Thousands)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Monitoring
Hazardous Waste (RCRA)
Develop and evaluate ground-water monitoring methods and strategies for $3,216.0 $2,736.7 $2,736.7
RCRA hazardous waste sites and to satisfy RCRA Land Disposal Regula-
tions (PPA 115, 116).
Internal Report--Bibliography of Ground-Water Sampling Methods. 09/87
Internal ReportGround-Water Sampling Chart. 02/88
Internal Report--Results of First Field Testing of Eight Ground- 06/87
Water Sampling Methods.
Project Report on Field Comparison of Six Ground-Water Sampling 10/89
Methods at Hazardous Waste Sites.
Journal Article on Protocol for Testing Ground-Water Samplers. 07/90
Project Report on Nature and Hydrologic Significance of Fracture 07/88
Trace and Lineament Related Structures with Application to the
Design and Placement of Ground-Water Monitoring Wells.
Internal Report on Monitoring Strategies for Subtitle D Facilities 09/88
located in Karst Terrains.
Internal Report on the Comparison of Water Samples from Side-by- 12/88
Side, Teflon-, PVC-, and Stainless-Steel-Cased Wells.
Project Report on the Optimization of Sampling Frequency at 06/88
Hazardous Waste Sites.
Journal Article on Conceptual Design of Adaptive Monitoring 10/86
Strategies.
Journal Article on a Comparison of Ground-Water Monitoring Data 12/86
from CERCLA and RCRA Sites.
Journal Article on Results of Testing the Volatile Organic Scan as an 12/87
Indicator Parameter.
Journal Article on Organic Contamination of Ground Water near 06/87
Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites: A Synoptic Overview.
Internal Report on Evaluation of Control Chart Methodologies for 01/88
RCRA Waste Sites.
Project Report on Geostatistics for Ground-Water Monitoring. 12/88
Project Report on Multi-Dimensional Kriging. 12/87
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 16
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
User's Guide on Monitoring Statistics. 12/89
Internal Report on a Case Study on Soil Gas Sampling Field Testing. 12/87
Internal Report on Performance Evaluation of Interpolation Methods. 12/88
Project Report on Feasibility of Using Control Chart Strategies for 12/88
Detecting Trends in Ground-Water Pollutants.
Develop methods for external leak detection at underground storage $1,152.8 $1,060.5 $1,060.5
tank sites (PPA R62).
Technical Report on Available Methods for Detecting Underground 06/87
Storage Tank Leaks.
Technical Report on Soil Gas Sensing for Detecting and Mapping 03/87
Volatile Organic Compounds.
Guidance Manual for Network Design of* External Leak Detection 09/88
Systems.
Results of Long-Term Monitoring at Three UST Sites. 12/88
Computer Modeling of Vapor Phase Movement in Relation to UST 02/88
Leak Detection.
Report on Results of Real World Data Collection at UST Sites. 04/88
Report on Commercial External Leak Detection Devices. 03/88
Performance Test Procedures for Out-of-Tank Leak Detection 09/88
Systems.
Internal Report on Indirect Pore-Liquid Vadose Zone Monitoring 01/88
Equipment: Standardized Testing Procedures and Performance
Standards.
Super fund CCERCLA/SARA)
Provide monitoring techniques and procedures for Superfund site and $999.0 $1,555.7 $1,555.7
situation assessments (PPA A04).
Provide technical support on Superfund settlement agreements, especially $1,073.9 $1,211.0 $1,211.0
to enforcement programs in Regions and states (PPA F06).
Develop and evaluate new field-monitoring techniques and systems that
are rapid, inexpensive, and more sensitive (PPA H03, SOI).
Project Report on Application of Borehole Geophysics to Waste Site 10/89
Monitoring.
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GROUND - WATER RESEARCH 17
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Conference Proceedings Article on Hydrologic Interpretation of 07/88
Borehole Geophysical Data.
Internal Report on Field Validation Study for the Fiber Optics 09/87
Sensor.
Internal Report on In Situ Monitoring at Superfund Sites with Fiber 11/87
Optics. II. Plan for Development.
Journal Article on Fiber Optics Systems Development for In Situ 06/88
Monitoring.
Internal Report on Development and Demonstration of Immunoassay 10/87
Detection System for Rapid Screening at Superfund Sites.
Internal Performance Report on Field Test of Martin Marietta 04/88
Portable X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Unit.
Internal Report on Comparison of Commercially Available and 06/88
Prototype Portable XRF Systems for Hazardous Waste Investigations.
Internal Report on Methods for XRF Field Analysis and Sample 03/89
Preparation.
Project Report on Portable XRF for Characterization of Hazardous 12/89
Waste Sites.
Drinking Water (SOWA)
Provide the scientific data base and methods for regulatory, enforcement, $800.1 $524.5 $524.5
and management decisions concerning protection of ground-water resour-
ces (PPA F81).
Journal Article on Drilling and Constructing Monitoring Wells with 06/87
Hollow-Stem Augers.
Project Report on Handbook of Suggested Practices for the Design 10/88
and Installation of Ground-Water Wells.
Project Report on Fiber Optics for Monitoring Ground-Water 12/87
Contaminants.
Use of Geophysical Methods to Determine the Movement of 12/88
Contaminants from UIC Class I Injection Wells.
Journal Article on the Design of a Monitoring-Well Network for 03/88
Investigation of Seasonal Variability of Ground-Water Contamination.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 18
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Fate and transport
Hazardous Waste
Provide field-evaluated methods and data to predict the concentrations $1,922.4 $2,295.7 $2,295.7
of wastes that escape or are released into the environment from the
treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous wastes (PPA C25).
Report on Evaluation of Land Treatability Decision Models. 3/89
Report on Impact of Sensitive RITZ Model Parameters. 5/88
Interim Report (Internal) - Predictive Models for Describing Fate of 12/88
Residual Organics in Contaminated Soils.
Final Report (Internal) - Predictive Models for Describing Fate of 12/90
Residual Organics in Contaminated Soils.
Article on Comparison of Steady-State Solutions for Transport of 10/88
Contaminants in Leaky Aquifers.
Report on Reliability of Ground-Water Solute Transport Models and 3/88
Applications of Stochastic Theories.
Internal Report on the Feasibility of a Ground-Water Database 11/87
Clearinghouse.
Report on characterization of Physical Aquifer Models. 11/88
Article on Nitrate Contamination Studies. 5/90
Report on Implementation of a Ground-Water Database Clearinghouse. 11/88
Internal Report on Issues Related to Field Application of Ground- 8/87
Water Models.
Briefing on Issues Related to Field Application of Ground-Water 8/87
Models.
Report on Validation of Existing Saturated and Unsaturated 1/88
Contaminant Transport Models.
Report on Field Validation of Solute Transport Model for Prediction 10/88
of Waste Concentration in Ground Water.
Report on the Use of Ground-Water Models for Regulatory Purposes. 6/89
Article on Developed Solutions to Second Order Transformations 10/89
Including Advection and Dispersion Terms.
Report on Use of Microcosms for Transport and Fate Parameters. 10/86
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Report on Factors Affecting the Mobility of Trace and Toxic Metals 5/87
in Ground-Water and Subsurface Soils.
Report on Subsurface Characteristics Contributing to Heavy Metal 4/88
Contamination of Ground-Water at Hazardous Waste Sites.
Article Describing Mechanisms of Multiphase Transport. 6/87
Report on Immiscible Flow Processes. 10/87
Publication on Immiscible Chemical Transport. 10/86
Article on Facilitated Transport of Contaminants in a Sandy Soil 10/86
Column with Dissolved Organic Materials.
Article on Influence of Miscible Solvents on Leaching of Hydrophobic 6/87
Organics.
Article on Transport of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals in Multi- 12/90
Solvent Systems.
Article on Leaching of Soluble Aromatics from Fuel-Contaminated 4/87
Aquifer.
Article on Toluene Mobility in Fuel-Contaminated Aquifer Material. 10/87
Report on Criteria for Selection of Potential Field Sites. 11/86
Report on Determining Hydrologic Properties of Subsurface 12/89
Environments.
Report on the Feasibility of Conducting Large Scale Field 12/86
Experiments.
Report on Characterization of Spatial Variability of Hydrologic 4/88
Properties in a Coastal Aquifer.
Report on Techniques for Handling Spatial Variability of the Physical, 12/89
Chemical, and Biological Properties of Subsurface Environments.
Report on Demonstration Project. 6/87
Report on Computer Graphics Demonstration of DRASTIC. 10/87
Report on Land Treatability of Listed Hazardous Wastes--Volume I. 12/87
Report on Land Treatability of PCP and Creosote Wastes. 1/89
Report on Land Treatability of Listed Hazardous Wastes--Volume II. 9/88
Report on Land Treatability of Listed Hazardous WastesVolume III. 9/88
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 20
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
User Friendly Program for Land Treatment Decision Models. 11/87
Report on Field Evaluation of RITZ Model. 12/88
Report on Fate and Transport of Residual Matrix Constituents in 9/89
Soil.
Report on Case Studies for Selected Subtitle D Wastes. 7/89
Provide integrated, multimedia methods and data for implementing the $2,538.0 $2,444.0 $2,444.0
land disposal banning rule, including the waiver process. Evaluate waste
management and treatment needs based on potential human health and
environmental impacts (PPA C28).
Journal Article on Use of Standard Reference Compounds in 3/87
Transformation Rate Constants Measurements.
Third Report on Hydrolysis Rate Constants for Land Banning Decision 4/88
Rule.
Third Report on Partition Coefficients for Land Banning Decision 4/88
Rule.
Second Report on Hydrolysis Rate Constants for Land Banning 5/87
Decision Rule.
Second Report on Partition Coefficients for Land Banning Decision 5/87
Rule.
Interim Protocol for Measurement of Hydrolysis Rate Constants. 3/88
Third "Report on Partition Coefficients for Land Disposal Assessment. 4/88
Report on Hydrolysis Rate Constants for Enhancing Property- 6/89
Reactivity Correlations.
Interim Protocol for Measuring Microbial Transformation Rate 11/87
Constants for Suspended Populations.
Report on Microbial Transformation Rate Constants for Suspended 12/87
Populations.
Report on Correlation of Molecular Spectroscopic Properties with 5/88
Microbial Transformation Rates.
Journal Article on Preclusion of Microbial Transformations of 3/88
Pollutants by High Pollutant Concentrations.
Report on Criteria for Evaluating the Reliability of Literature Data 7/87
on Environmental Process Constants.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 21
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Report on Effectiveness of Literature Evaluation Techniques for 3/89
Chemical Hydrolysis Rate Constants.
Journal Article Describing Metal-Microbial Interactions: Role of 12/88
Microbial Species and Life Stage on Metals Sorption.
Journal Article on Distribution Coefficients for Sorption of Metal 7/88
Complexed by Soils, Sediments, and Aquifer Materials.
Report on Distribution Coefficients of Metals Sorbed to Aquifer 1/87
Substrates.
Interim Report to OSW Describing Mathematical Formalism of Initial 2/87
Sorption Model to be Employed for Adding Metal Sorption Capability
to the OSW Transport Model.
Interim Report to OSW Including Summarized Input Data for Use in 9/87
Implementing the Initial Sorption Model in Re-Listing Scenarios to be
Proposed for November 1987.
Final Report on Mathematical Form of Proposed Sorption Model 12/89
Incorporating Revisions Due to the Availability of New Data and
Results of Public Comments.
Final Report on Input Data Distributions for Implementing the 12/89
Sorption Model in OSW Rule-Making Scenarios.
Development of First-Pass Generic Leachate Recipe and Compilation 10/87
of MINTEQ Formatted Thermodynamic Database Using Readily
Available Data.
Interim Report on Preliminary Leachate Analyses and Proposed List of 6/89
Compounds for Detailed Analysis of Equilibrium Constants.
Final Report of Formatted Database of Equilibrium Constants for 6/90
Reactions of all 13 OSW Metals with Compounds in the Generic
Mixture with Complexing Ability.
Report on Analyses for Part I: Analytical Data Report to OSW. 12/87
Report on Interpretation of Test Results for Part III: Mixture-specific 2/88
MINTEQ Datasets for OSW.
Final Report on MINTEQ Bench Scale Testing. 12/88
Journal Article on Feasibility of Predicting Metal Distribution 5/89
Coefficients on Humic and Microbial Surfaces.
Report on Prediction of Sorption Based on Chemical Behavior and 7/88
Distribution of Metal Reactive Phases.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 22
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Journal Article on Kinetics of Sorption and Desorption of Metals in 7/89
Subsurface Environments.
Journal Article Describing Metal Sorption on Mineral Surfaces. 9/87
Internal Report on Metal Interactions with Humic Materials. 2/88
Internal Report on Metal Interactions with Metal Surfaces. 2/88
Journal Article on Tested Model for Predicting Metal Distribution 10/89
Coefficients in Environmental Samples.
Journal Article Describing Role of Competitive Ion Character on 9/88
Metal Speciation.
Journal Article Describing Kinetics of Complexation Phenomenon for 7/89
Metals in Aqueous Systems.
Report on Computer Simulation of Metal Speciation in Presence of 10/87
Naturally Occurring Organics.
Journal Article Defining Specific Complexation/Chelation Sites in 3/89
Humic and Fulvic Substances.
Report on Laser Spectrometry Applied to Metal-Organic Speciation in 12/86
Water.
Report on Metal Binding to Humic-Fulvic Materials. 8/87
Internal Report on Speciation and Fate of Toxic Metals in Aquatic 6/88
Environments.
Journal Article on Microbial Transformation Kinetics of High 4/87
Concentrations of Hazardous Chemicals.
Journal Article on Predicting the Rate of Trace Organic Compound 12/86
Removal by Natural Biofilms.
Report on Environmental Factors Affecting Anaerobic Biodegradation. 6/88
Internal Report on Protocol for Obtaining Microbiological Transforma- 1/87
tion Rate Data for Chemicals in the Soil Subsurface.
Journal Article on Implications of Multiphasic Kinetics for Predictive 1/88
Models.
Journal Article on Preclusion of Microbial Transformation of 3/8$
Pollutants by Higher Concentrations of the Pollutants.
Journal Article on Environmental Factors Affecting Microbial 8/87
Transformation Rates of Pollutants.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Journal Article on Aerobic Biodegradation of Complex Organic 4/87
Mixtures.
Report on Equations for Predicting Anaerobic Transformations Within 11/89
the Saturated Zones.
Testing and Evaluation of OTS-SESOIL Model. 3/87
Users Manual Describing Appropriate MINTEQ Code Implemented on 7/88
Microcomputer.
Users Manual for Metal Speciation Modeling--MINTEQ. 3/87
Interim Report on Sensitivity Analysis and Simplified MINTEQ. 8/88
Final Report on Monte Carlo Version of MINTEQ. 10/88
Report on MINTEQ Predictions for Part II for OSW and CB. 1/88
MINTEQ Tapes with Thermodynamic Data Bases, Including SB and CN 1/88
Reactions.
Documentation on the Antimony and Cyanide Data Bases. 7/88
Updated MINTEQ-A1 Code and PRODEF-A1 Preprocessor Code. 3/87
Raw, Interim Numeric Results from MINTEQ Provided to OSW. 3/88
Interim Report to OSW on Model Predictions Using Interim 6/88
Methodology for Implementation of Re-Listing Scenarios.
Report on Organic Multimedia Human Exposure Model. 5/87
Journal Article on Anaerobic Degradation of Dichlorophenols in 9/87
Freshwater Pond Sediments.
Internal Report on Microbiological Process Research Highlights. 8/88
Report on Risk Assessment Methodology for Hazardous Waste 10/88
Management.
Project Report on Components of Multimedia Environmental and 8/88
Human Exposure Modeling.
Report on Procedures for Estimating Indoor-Outdoor Exposures. 8/88
Report on Risk Uncertainty and Assessment Data Collection 6/89
Optimization.
Project Report on Performance Test of OSW Modeling Using Field 2/88
Data.
-------
G ROUND - WATER RESEARCH 24
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Report on the Impact of Uncertainty in Leachate Tests and ADI 8/88
Data on Overall Uncertainty in OSW Evaluations.
Report on Impact of Treated Waste Forms on Exposure/Risk from 6/89
Land Disposal of Hazardous Waste.
Project Report on Uncertainty Analysis of Multimedia, Transient- 9/87
Finite Source Land Disposal Model.
Journal Article on Simulation of Solute Transport in Aggregated 1/87
MediaNumerical Solution.
User's Manual for Multimedia, Transient, Land Disposal Model. 2/88
Journal Article on Kinetic Studies of Aromatic Azo Compounds in 12/86
Anaerobic Sediment/Water Systems.
Journal Article on the Role of Soils in Mediating the Hydrolysis of 1/89
Organic Compounds.
Journal Article on the Scope of Hydrolysis of Organic Compounds in 12/87
Soil Systems.
Journal Article on Abiotic Redox Reactions in Sediment-Soil Systems. 10/86
Report Describing the Kinetics of Redox Reactions in Soil-Water 4/89
Environment.
Initial Estimates of Groundwater Redox Distributions Provided to 12/87
AERL.
Report on Selection of Redox Parameters and Redox Potential Distri- 8/88
butions.
Internal Report on the Fate of Organic Pollutants in the Subsurface 5/88
Environment.
Journal Article on Abiotic Transformation Processes in Water, 6/89
Sediments, and Soils.
Journal Article on Sorption of Ionic Organic Compounds on Sediments. 1/88
Users Manual for Sarah 2. 5/88
Report on Sorption Kinetics of Ionic Species on Aggregated Media. 1/88
Journal Article on the Fate of Synthetic Dyestuffs in Natural Waters 9/87
and Sediments.
Internal Report on Fate of Textile Dyes in the Aquatic Environment. 8/88
Journal Article on Use and Expected Behavior of Chemicals (Dyes, 6/88
etc.) used in Textile Industry.
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 25
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Journal Article Describing Algorithms for Estimating Hydrolytic Rate 7/88
Constants.
Journal Article on Estimating PKAs of Organic Acids and Bases. 4/88
Journal Article on Techniques for Using Chemical Properties to 6/88
Estimate Photochemical Rate Constants.
Internal Report on Expert System to Estimate Reactivity Parameters 7/88
(Rate Constants, Equilibrium Constants) for the Transformation of
Organic Pollutants.
Provide techniques and data to predict the rate and extent of movement $212.8 $110.0 $110.0
and transformation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzene-P-dioxin in soils and
ground water (PPA D54).
Internal Report on Mobility of Other Selected Dioxin Isomers in 11/86
Soils.
Article on Desorption of 2,3,7,8-TCDD from Soil into Water/Methanol 11/86
and Methanol Liquid Phases.
Report on Mobility of Dioxins in Soils. 3/88
Internal Report on Enhanced Degradation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. 1/88
Report on Enhanced Degradation of Dioxin Isomers. 10/88
Report on Photodegradation Evaluation of Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) in 8/88
Soils.
Published Paper on Environmental Chemistry of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. 3/87
Journal Article on Octachlorodibenzodioxin Dechlorination on Soil 11/89
Surfaces.
Internal Report on Application of the Multimedia Exposure Assessment 6/87
Model to Estimate Downgradient Concentrations of Dioxin.
Super fund
Evaluate abilities of natural and engineered microorganisms for biodegra- $100.0 $250.0 $250.0
dation of hazardous substances in support of Superfund remedial actions
(PPA B02).
Journal Article on Enhanced Biorestoration of Contaminated Ground 1/89
Water.
Development of Procedures for Biological Cleanup of Trichloro- 9/89
ethylene-Contaminated Hazardous Waste Areas.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 26
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Article on Bench-Scale Demonstration of Feasibility for In Situ 9/87
Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene.
Feasibility of Bioremediation of TCE-Contaminated Waste: Bacterial 1/90
Characterization and Degradation Factors.
Pesticides
Determine how pesticides contaminate ground waters, identify processes $600.0 $455.0 $455.0
involved, and those remedial actions necessary to alleviate the problem
PPA D07).
Feasibility Report for Unsaturated-Saturated Zone Pesticide Model. 11/87
Users Manual for Exposure Assessment Model of Pesticide 6/88
Contamination of Ground Water.
Journal Article on Spatial Variability of Pesticide Application. 11/86
Journal Article on Results of Field Studies of PRZM and PESTANS 12/87
Leaching Models for Coastal Plain Soils.
Interim Report on Validation Status of Pesticide Leaching and 8/88
Ground-Water Transport Models.
Ground-Water Pesticides/Assessment Manual for OPP, States, and 6/89
County Extension Professionals.
Analyses of Pesticide Residues in the Unsaturated and Saturated Continuing
Zones at a Selected Site in the Dougherty Plain Area of Georgia.
Report on Spatial Variability of Soil Release Characteristics 3/87
(Dougherty Plain Site) for Use in PRZM (Testing).
Dougherty Plain Annual Report. 9/87
Dougherty Plain Annual Report. 9/88
Report Describing Pesticide Ground-Water Threat Test Results. 9/89
Final Dougherty Plain Report Including Pesticide Groundwater Threat 9/89
Assessment Methodology Test Results.
Journal article on Method for developing Joint Probability 6/87
Distributions of Soil-Water Retention Characteristics.
Journal Article on a Simulation Procedure for Groundwater Quality 9/87
Assessments of Pesticides.
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G ROUND - WATER RESEARCH 27
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Internal Report on the Validation Status of Pesticide Leaching and 8/88
Groundwater Transport Models.
Develop information and techniques, including mathematical models, on $0.0 $0.0 $0.0
pesticide transport, degradation, residuals, and fate for agency use and
provide direct technical support and guidance to OPP (PPA DOS).
Report on Mechanisms of Biodegradation of Pesticides in Sediments. 12/90
Role of Microbial Biomass in the Enhanced Degradation of Pesticide 9/87
Products in Sediment.
Report on Characterization of Pesticide Biodegradation Products in 12/91
Estuarine Sediments.
Report on Sensitivity Analysis and Testing, Temik Contamination 8/88
Potential.
Feasibility Report for Unsaturated-Saturated Zone Pesticide Model. 1/87
Report on Linking Saturated Zone Model to Unsaturated Zone Code. 11/87
Users Manual for Exposure Assessment Model of Pesticide 6/88
Contamination of Ground Water.
Journal Article on Abiotic Transformations of Pesticides in the 7/88
Hydrosphere.
Article on Sorption of Water Soluble-Ionic Pesticides to Soils 4/89
Sediments.
Journal Article on Pesticide Transformations on Environmental 5/89
Surfaces.
Drinking Water
Develop methods to predict subsurface contaminant concentrations to $1,063.9 $1,264.1 $1,264.1
support risk analysis and source control (PPA F83).
Article Evaluating the Potential of Ground-Water Colloids to 4/88
Facilitate Organic Pollutant Transport.
Article on Abiotic Transformation Kinetics of Selected Contaminants 2/89
in the Subsurface.
Article on Mineral Surface Effects on Abiotic Transformation Rates. 2/87
Article on Haloalkane Reduction by Ferrous and Sulfide Ions. 12/87
Describing Movement of Non-Polar Compounds Associated with 2/87
Dissolved Organic Carbon.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 28
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Article on Methods for Characterizing Subsurface DOC. 6/88
Article on Spatial and Temporal Gradients of Redox Conditions in an 11/87
Aquifer.
Article on Metal Complexation by Organic Materials in Ground Water. 11/87
Article on Diffusion of Oxygen and Volatile Organics Through Well 10/87
Tubing.
Article on Electrode Measurement of Redox Potential. 10/87
Article on Relationship of Redox Potential to Chemical Constituents 10/88
of Aquifer Systems.
Article on Evaluating the Redox State of Anaerobic Aquifers. 10/88
Article on Organic Cation Effects on the Retention of Metals and 11/87
Neutral Organic Compounds on Aquifer Materials.
Article on Co-Solute Effects on Solute Retardation. 6/88
Article on Fate of Norwalk Agent in Ground Water. 12/88
Article on Fate of Rotavirus in Ground Water. 12/88
Behavior of Hepatitis A Virus in Unsaturated Zone. 10/88
Report on Predictive Model for Viruses in the Unsaturated Zone. 12/89
Article on Adaption of Subsurface Microbes to Degrade Organic 1/87
Pollutants.
Article on Minimum Concentrations of Selected Waste Components to 10/87
Support Microbial Transformations.
Article on Kinetics of Microbial Adaptation to Organic Contamination 12/87
at Field Scale.
Report on Anaerobic Biotransformation of Contaminants in the 10/89
Subsurface.
Article on Anaerobic Biotransformation of Aromatic Compounds in 12/87
the Subsurface.
Article on Sequential Reduction of Halogenated Organic Compounds. 10/87
Article on Microbial Ecology of a Shallow Unconfined Ground-Water 9/87
Aquifer Polluted by Municipal Landfill Leachate.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 29
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Develop methods to determine the fate of underground injected wastes $730.0 $730.0 $730.0
and develop safer technologies in support of underground injection
control (PPA F88).
Conduct Agency Briefing on Cement Bonding of Injection Wells. 12/86
Report on Cement Bonding of Injection Wells. 5/87
Report on Field Tested Methods for Determining Mechanical Integrity 10/87
of Injection Wells.
Report on Methods for Evaluating Cement Bonding Behind Steel and 12/88
Fiberglass Casing.
Report on Laboratory Research on Interaction of Fluids with Geologic 11/87
Materials--Class I Wells.
Report on the Physical Hydrology of a Saline Aquifer Used for 10/87
Disposal of Wastes.
Report on Physical Hydrology and Hydrochemical Characterization of 7/88
a Saline Aquifer Used for Disposal of Wastes.
Report on Effectiveness of Drilling Mud in Research Wells. 1/90
Report on Methods for Regional Evaluation of Confining Bed 12/88
Integrity.
State-of-the-Art Report on Class V Injection Well Practices. 10/88
Report on Options for Improving Class V Injection Well Practices. 10/89
Evaluate models and management strategies in support of State wellhead $160.0 $160.0 $160.0
protection programs mandated by the Safe Drinking Water Act Amend-
ments of 1986 (PPA F89).
In-House Report Reviewing and Evaluating Ground-Water Flow, Fate, 6/87
and Transport Models Applicable for Wellhead Protection Area
Delineation.
Technical Resource Document Concerning Management Strategies for 10/88
Wellhead Protection.
Aquifer Reclamation
Drinking Water
Develop new methods for the restoration of contaminated aquifers and $900.0 $900.0 $900.0
provide cost and feasibility data to support corrective action decisions
(PPA F84).
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 30
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Report on In Situ Restoration of an Aquifer Contaminated with 10/87
Halogenated Organic Contaminants.
Report on Criteria for In Situ Restoration of an Aquifer Contaminated 6/89
with Halogenated Organic Concentrations.
Report on Monitoring of Subsurface Microbial Populations During 9/88
Bioreclamation Activities.
Journal Article Describing Expert System for Estimation of Parameters 10/89
for Operating Aquifer Restoration Models.
Internal Report on Full-Scale Treatment Design for TCE in Ground- 3/89
Water Design, Criteria, and Economics.
Computer Code and Appropriate Documentation for Attenuation of 10/87
Ground Water Contaminants Due to Natural Processes.
Article on Field Validation of Model. 12/87
Source Control
Hazardous Waste
Develop and field-verify improved design, operation, and closure $596.9 $200.9 $200.9
procedures for hazardous and nonhazardous landfills, surface impound-
ments, waste piles, and underground storage facilities used to contain
wastes and reduce the risk of contaminant migration to ground water
(PPA L42).
Report on field verification of landfill cover system construction to 12/87
provide hydrologic isolation.
Report on maintenance free vegetation systems for landfill covers. 4/88
Technical Resource Document on design, construction, and evaluation 9/87
of clay liners, revised to incorporate public comments.
Report on effects of organic materials on clay soil liners. 9/87
Report on effective porosity of geologic materials. 12/87
Report on determination of effective porosity of soil materials. 12/87
Report on effects of hydraulic gradient and field testing on 12/89
measurement of hydraulic conductivity of soils.
Report on influence of aggressive permeant liquids on bentonite soil 05/88
liners.
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G ROUND - WATER RESEARCH 31
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Technical Resource Document on batch-type adsorption procedures 6/88
for estimating soil attenuation of chemicals, revised to incorporate
public comments.
Technical Resource Document update on flexible membrane liners. 09/88
Report on the chemical resistance of flexible membrane liners. 6/87
Report evaluating the use of cohesive energy density numbers for
determining chemical resistance. 9/87
Report on the use of synthetic liner physical properties in design. 4/87
Report evaluating the relevance of chemical resistance data in 10/87
determining the service life of FMLs.
Report on the inspection procedures and criteria for installation of 6/87
liners.
Report on development of automated systems to assist in decisions 8/88
concerning hazardous-waste facilities.
User support for the HELP model at hazardous waste disposal 1/88
facilities.
Report on the use of expert systems for determining flexible 9/87
membrane liner compatibility with waste chemicals.
Report on waste analysis plan evaluation system of RCRA permits. 12/88
Report on field verification of rate-of-release model. 9/87
Report on development of criteria and standards for design and 1/88
evaluation of stabilization and solidification processes.
Report on expert system to evaluate closure plans. 9/88
Report and software to develop a method for FML reliability. 12/89
Report comparing the batch and column leaching methods. 4/88
Technical Resource Document on surface impoundments. 9/90
Technical Resource Document update on chemically stabilized and 9/90
solidified waste.
Report on evaluation and assessment of stabilization processes to 10/88
determine extent of fixation.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 32
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Report on treatment technology for major hazardous waste streams. 12/89
Identify and Evaluate Improved Practices to Prevent Releases from $2,103.1 $1,301.2 $1,301.2
New/Existing Underground Storage Tanks and Detect and Measure Leak
Rates from Underground Storage Tanks and Associated Piping (PPA
R63).
Report on Tank Equipment Installation Practices and Environmental 12/86
Factors on Tank Life.
State of the Art Report on Repair Techniques Effective for 9/88
Preventing Releases from USTs.
State of the Art Report on Secondary Containment Systems and 9/88
Liners for USTs.
Evaluation of "Prevention Methods" Over Long-Term Operation. 9/89
Report on the Effectiveness of Cathodic Protection for New/Existing 9/90
USTs and Development of Guidelines for Inspecting, Testing, and
Maintaining Cathodic Protection Systems.
Guidelines for Retrofitting Existing UST Installations with Secondary 9/91
Containment Systems.
Evaluation Report on Leak Detection Methods for Petroleum Storage 12/87
Tanks Interim Report.
Evaluation Report on Leak Detection Methods for Petroleum Storage 9/88
Tanks Interim Report Final Report.
Evaluation Report on Leak Detection Methods for Chemical Storage 12/88
Tanks Interim Report.
Evaluation Report on Leak Detection Methods for Chemical Storage 9/89
Tanks Final Report.
Evaluation Report on Product Level Monitoring Devices Interim 1/88
Report.
Evaluation Report on Product Level Monitoring Devices Final Report. 1/88
Development of New/Improved Leak Detection Methods. 9/91
Demonstrate New/Improved Approaches for Stopping Releases from a $0.0 $950.0 $2,100.0
Leaking Tank System and Preventing Associated Environmental Damages
(PPA R63).
Interim Guidance on Corrective Actions for Leaking Underground 2/87
Storage Tanks.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 33
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Report on Case Studies of Past and Ongoing Corrective Actions at 2/88
UST Sites.
Corrective Action Guidance Document for Application to Leaking 2/89
UST Situations 5/8erim Report on the Performance Evaluation of
LUST Corrective Action Technologies.
Development of a Technology Transfer Seminar on LUST Corrective 9/89
Action Technology.
Report on Tank Equipment Installation Practices and Environmental 12/88
Factors on Tank Life.
State of the Art Report on Repair Techniques Effective for 9/88
Preventing Releases from USTs.
State of the Art Report on Secondary Containment Systems and 9/88
Liners for USTs.
Evaluation of "Prevention Methods" Over Long-Term Operation. 9/89
Report on the Effectiveness of Cathodic Protection for New/Existing 9/90
USTs and Development of Guidelines for Inspecting, Testing, and
Maintaining Cathodic Protection Systems.
Guidelines for Retrofitting Existing UST Installations with Secondary 9/91
Containment Systems.
Determine the applicability and cost-effectiveness of in situ reclamation $201.4 $106.1 $106.1
techniques to unsaturated-zone and ground-water contamination resulting
from leaking underground storage tanks (UST) and other hazardous
waste sources (PPA R64).
Report on Hydrogeological Approaches for Mobilizing Immiscible 9/88
Wastes for Corrective Actions.
Report on Improved Techniques for In situ UST Corrective Actions. 10/89
Report on In situ Treatment Process for Water Contaminated with 8/88
Wastes from UST Releases.
State-of-the-Art Report for Existing In situ Corrective Action 10/86
Techniques Applicable to UST.
Develop a comprehensive technical data base on new and existing tech- $480.0 $0.0 $0.0
nologies for land treatment of hazardous wastes for which incineration
or conventional land disposal are inappropriate, infeasible, or ineffective
(PPA L44). (This PPA no longer exists)
Internal Report on Pilot Plant. 10/86
Technical Resource Document on Selection Procedures. 2/87
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 34
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Article on Evaluation of RITZ Model Using Project Data Base. 1/87
Journal Article on Mathematical Modeling for Pesticides Behavior in 12/86
Soil Using Soil Treatability Study Data.
Report on Land Treatability of Selected Hazardous Wastes, Vol. I. 12/87
Report on Land Treatability of Hazardous Wastes, Vol. II. 9/88
Report on Land Treatability of Selected Hazardous Wastes, Vol. III. 9/88
Internal Report on Land Treatability Evaluation for Selected Subtitle 4/87
D Wastes.
Report on Land Treatability of PCP and Creosote Wastes. 1/89
Report on Bench/Pilot Scale Land Treatability of PCP and Creosote 4/87
Wastes.
Users Guide for Land Treatability Decision Models. 6/89
Report on Evaluation of Land Treatability Decision Models. 3/89
Report on Soil Fate and Effects Literature Assessment. 3/87
Computerized Data Bank on Fate and Effects of Hazardous Organics 6/87
in Soil.
Report on Impact of Sensitive RITZ Model Parameters. 5/88
Report on Computerized Literature Search on Fate and Effects of 12/86
Appendix VIII Organics in Soil.
User-Friendly Program for Land Treatment Decision Models. 9/87
Report on Field Evaluation of RITZ Model. 12/88
Report on Fate and Transport of Residual Matrix Constituents in 4/89
Soil at Closed Sites.
Report on Land Treatment Case Studies for Selected Subtitle D 2/89
Wastes.
Super fund
Provide Response Technologies to Support Cleanup Actions for Contam- $1,666.7 $1,333.3 $1,333.3
inated Ground Water and Soils at Uncontrolled Waste Sites (PPA B01).
Handbook on Leachate Treatment Techniques. 12/86
Report on Utilization of Plants for Organic Uptake from Soil. 4/88
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 35
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Report on Sorption Technology. 08/89
Report on Slurry Wall and Grout Systems. 4/87
Report on Freezing Techniques. 9/89
Reports on the Uses of Hydrofracturing and Horizontal Drilling in 4/88
Innovative In situ Recovery Processes.
Report on Commercial Point-of-Entry Water Treatment for Superfund 6/88
Applications.
Report on Support Aerated Biofilms for Biodegradation of Organics. 08/90
Report on Gene-Engineered Yeast for Biodegradation of Wastes. 09/89
Report on Flow-Through Processes for Treatment of Contaminants in 10/91
Soils.
Report on the Use of Surfactants as Additives for Aqueous Extraction 10/89
of Organics in Soils.
Report on Transportable System for Biodegrading Leachate/Extract 4/88 9/89
from Soil.
Handbook on In-Situ Treatment of Hazardous Waste Contaminated 09/90
Soils.
Provide Engineering Support for Site and Situation Assessments of
Ground-Water Resources at Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites (PPA
A31).
Report on Biodegradation of Environmental Pollutants. 5/90
Report and Paper on Measurement of Liquid Travel time through Soil 7/88
Barriers.
Report and Paper on Characterization of Landfill Leachates Potential 10/90
to NPL Sites.
Report on Use of Geosynthetics to Stabilize Covers. 10/90
Technology Transfer and Technical Assistance
Develop timely and effective methods of transferring technical $1,300.0 $1,300.0 $1,300.0
information to appropriate federal, state, local, and general public
groups through publications, workshops, training courses, and other
communication mechanisms.
EMSL-LV/RSKERL Subsurface Monitoring Symposium. 11/86
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH
36
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
05/87
Outdoor Action Conference on Aquifer Restoration, Ground-Water
Monitoring, and Geophysical Methods.
Transport and Fate of Contaminants in the Subsurface (2-day
Workshops).
Continuing Compliance Guidelines for Treatment, Storage, and
Disposal Facilities.
Application of Geophysical Methods to Ground Water.
Handbook on Evaluating the Design, Construction, and Operation of
Hazardous Waste Disposal Facilities.
Seminars on Corrective Action: Procedures, Technologies, and Costs.
Handbook on Installation, Construction, and Maintenance of Flexible
Membrane Liners.
Seminars on Land Disposal Restriction Program Implementation.
Two-Day Seminars on Alternative Treatment Technologies for
Superfund Waste Sites.
Publication on Lessons Learned from Remedial Response Case Studies.
Tenth Annual Ground-Water Research Symposium--Fate and Transport.
Advanced Field Monitoring Instrumentation Conference.
Drinking Water
Develop and transfer improved methods for measuring subsurface
parameters that influence contaminant behavior (PPA F82).
Training Manual on Ground Water Contaminant Modeling.
Training Course Document on Conducting GW Investigation.
Development of a Slide Tape Program.
Report on Existing Ground-Water Models.
Proceedings on Workshop and Symposia on Microbial Problems in
Ground Water.
Development of a National Library Center for Ground Water
Information Data Base.
2/88
10/88
9/89
1/89
6/88
9/88
9/88
3/88
7/88
4/87 4/88
5/87 5/88
$600.0 $350.0 $350.0
7/86
12/86
6/88
10/88
6/87
Continuing
Conduct Technology Workshops.
Continuing
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 37
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Report on Vertical Distribution and Movement of Volatile Organic 1/88
Compounds in the Subsurface.
Joint U.S.-Peoples Republic of China Environmental Protection Protocol $20.0 $20.0 $0.0
supporting joint research on the impact of wastewater land treatment
on ground-water supplies (PPA F87).
Final Report on Chinese - EPA Cooperative Land Treatment Research 3/88
Project - Rapid Infiltration.
Super fund
Provide Superfund enforcement and response programs with rapid access $706.0 $700.0 $700.0
to the best available technical information, evidence, and testimony
(PPA F22).
Establish Clearinghouse for Information on Ground Water Remedial 8/88
Action Technologies.
Internal Report on Technical Support to Region III to Develop 11/87
Methods for Assessing the Effectiveness of Soil Removal as a
Remedial Action.
Technology Transfer Document on Use of Assessment Models for 1/89
Remedial Action.
Internal Report on Regional Ground Water Modeling Information 10/88
Needs and Assistance as Provided.
Users Manual on Use of Geostatistical Models for Managing Soil and 12/89
Water Contamination.
Technology Transfer Seminar Publication entitled "Transfer and Fate 12/88
of Contaminants in the Subsurface."
Ground-Water Technology Workshops. 12/88
Technology Transfer Document on Evaluation of Bioremediation as a 1/89
Remedial Action Technology.
Report on Technical Support to Regions for Multimedia Exposure 8/88
Assessments Related to Remedial Actions.
Report on Technical Support to Regions for Multimedia Exposure 11/88
Assessments Related to Remedial Actions.
Report on Procedure for Relative Risk Assessment and Ranking for 2/89
Action Among Listed Sites and RCRA Closure Activities.
Report on Identification of Unlisted Chemicals for Evaluation as 8/88
Drinking Water Contaminants.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 38
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY87 FY88 Outvear
Report on Environmental Factors Affecting Anaerobic Biodegradation. 6/88
Report on Equations for Predicting Anaerobic Transformations within 11/89
the Saturated Zones.
Report on Applicable Methods for Estimating the Magnitude and 9/90
Areal Extent of Ecological Risks at Marine Superfund Sites.
Report on Integrated Assessment Methods and Strategies for 12/92
Estimating and Reducing Risks at Marine Superfund Sites.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 39
APPENDIX C: RECENT GROUND-WATER PUBLICATIONS
EPA publications in the 600 and 625 series (ORD) and 540 series (OERR) may be obtained by
calling FTS 684-7562 (513-569-7562). Publications in the 530 series (OSW) may be obtained by
calling FTS 382-4646 or 800-424-9346.
General
EPA Ground-Water Research Programs. EPA/600/8-86/004, PB86 212-552, April 1986.
Protection of Public Water Supplies from Ground-Water Contamination. EPA/625/4-85/016, PB86 168-358
September, 1985.
Handbook: Ground Water. EPA/625/6-87/016, March 1987.
Monitoring
Underground Tank Leak Detection Methods: A State-of-the-Art Review. EPA/600/2-86/001, PB86 137-
155, January 1986.
Practical Guide for Ground-Water Sampling. EPA/600/2-85/104, PB86 137-304, September 1985.
"Sorption of Organics by Monitoring Well Construction Materials." A.L. Sykes, R.A. McAllister, and
J.B. Homolya, Ground Water Monitoring Review, 6(4):44-47, Fall 1986.
"Underground Storage Tank Monitoring: Observation Well Based Systems." R.A. Scheinfeld, J.B.
Robertson, and T.G. Schwendeman, Ground Water Monitoring Review, 6(4):49-55, Fall 1986.
"The Effect of Sampling Frequency on Ground Water Quality Characterization." R. Rajagopal, Ground
Water Monitoring Review, 6(4):65-73, Fall 1986.
"The Use of Industrial Hygiene Samplers for Soil-Gas Surveying." H.B. Kerfoot and C.L. Mayer.
Ground Water Monitoring Review, 6(4):74-78, Fall 1986.
A Guide to the Selection of Materials for Monitoring Well Construction and Ground-Water Sampling.
MJ. Barcelona, J.P. Gibb, and R.A. Miller, Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report 327, 1983.
"In Situ Monitoring at Superfund Sites with Fiber Optics." L.A. Eccles, S.J. Simon, and S.M. Klainer.
EPA/600/X-87/156, 1987.
"Shallow-Probe Soil-Gas Sampling for Indication of Ground-Water Contamination by Chloroform." Int.
J. Environmental Analytical Chem. 30:167-168, 1987.
Soil Gas Measurement for Detection of Subsurface Organic Contamination. H.B. Kerfoot and L.J.
Barrows. EPA/600/2-87/027, 1987.
Field Methods for Locating Abandoned Wells--A Comprehensive Summary for Fiscal Years 1983 through
1987. E.N. Koglin, J.J. van Ee, and A.M. Pitchford. EPA/600/X-87/168, June 1987.
"Remote Detection of Organochlorides with a Fiber Optic Based Sensor. II. Dedicated Portable
Fluorimeter." Analytical Instrumentation, 15(4), December 1986.
"Techniques for Delineating Subsurface Organic Contamination: A Case Study." In, Detection, Control,
and Renovation of Contaminated Ground Water, ASCE, April 1987.
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G ROUND - WATER RESEARCH 40
"Performance of a Prototype Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence System." G.A. Raab et al. Presented at
OSW Symposium, Washington, DC, July 1987.
"Use of Borehole Geophysics to Define Hydrologic ConditionsA Field Example." K. Taylor and S.
Wheatcraft. NWWA Conf. Proc. on Surface and Borehole Geophysical Methods and Ground-Water
Instrumentation, October 1986.
Processes Affecting Subsurface Transport of Leaking Underground Storage Tank Fluids. S.W. Tyler et
al. EPA/600/6-87/005, 1987.
"Strategy for Detecting Subsurface Organic Contaminants." In, NWWA Conf. Proc. on Petroleum
Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water, November 1986.
Fate and Transport and Aquifer Reclamation
Modeling Remedial Actions at Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA/540/2-85/001, PB85 211-357,
April 1985.
Users Manual for the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM). EPA/600/3-84/109. December 1984.
Leaching Evaluation of Agricultural Chemicals (LEACH) Handbook. EPA/600/3-84/068, PB84 236-413,
June 1984.
MEXAMS--The Metals Exposure Analysis Modeling System. EPA/600/3-84/031, PB84 157-155, February
1984.
MINTEQ--A Computer Program for Calculating Aqueous Geochemical Equilibria. EPA/600/3-84/032,
PB84 157-148, February 1984.
DRASTIC: A Standardized System for Evaluating Ground Water Pollution Potential Using
Hydrogeological Settings. EPA/600/2-85/018, PB85 228-146, May 1985.
Groundwater Transport: Handbook of Mathematical Models. I. Javandel, C. Doughty, and C.F. Tsang,
Amer. Geophysical Union, Water Resources Monograph 10, 1984.
Groundwater Management: The Use of Numerical Models (Second Edition). P. van der Heijde, Y.
Bachmat, J. Bredehoeft, B. Andrews, D. Holtz, and S. Sebastian, Amer. Geophysical Union, Water
Resources Monograph 5, 1985.
"Evolving Concepts of Subsurface Contaminant Transport." J.F. Keely, M.D. Piwoni, and J.T. Wilson, J.
Water Pollution Control Fed. 58(5):349-357, May 1986.
Ground-Water Modeling. J.W. Mercer and C.R. Faust, National Water Well Assoc., 1981.
"In-Situ Biorestoration as a Ground Water Remediation Technique." J.T. Wilson, L.E. Leach, M. Henson,
and J.N. Jones, Ground Water Monitoring Review, 6(4):56-64, Fall 1986.
Source Control
The Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) Model: Volume I. EPA Technical Resource
Document EPA/530/SW-84/009, PB85 100-840, June 1984.
The Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) Model: Volume II. EPA Technical Resource
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH 4I
Document EPA/530/SW-84/010, PB85 100-832, June 1984.
Review of In-Place Treatment Techniques for Contaminated Surface Soils: Volume I, Technical
Evaluation. Remedial Action Handbook, EPA/540/2-84/003a, PB85 124-881, September 1984.
Review of In-Place Treatment Techniques for Contaminated Surface Soils: Volume II, Background
Information for In-Situ Treatment. Remedial Action Handbook, EPA/540/2-84/003b, PB85 124-899,
November 1984.
Slurry Trench Construction for Pollution Migration Control. Remedial Action Handbook, EPA/540/2-
84/001, PB84 177-831, February 1984.
Covers for Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites. Remedial Action Handbook, EPA/540/2-85/002, PB86
119-483, September 1985.
Leachate Plume Management. Remedial Action Handbook, EPA/540/2-85/004, PB86 122-330, November
1985.
Handbook for Stabilization/Solidification of Hazardous Wastes. R'emedial Action Handbook, EPA/540/2-
86/001, June 1986.
Handbook for Remedial Action at Waste Disposal Sites (Revised). Remedial Action Handbook,
EPA/625/6-85/006, October 1985.
Underground Storage Tank Corrective Action Technologies. EPA/625/6-87/015, January 1987.
Design and Construction of a Mobile Activated Carbon Regenerator System. EPA/600/2-86/015, PB86
156-486, January 1986.
Treatment of Contaminated Soils with Aqueous Surfactants. EPA/600/2-85/129, PB86 122-561, November
1985.
Batch-Type Adsorption Procedures for Estimating Soil Attenuation of Chemicals: Public Comment Draft
Technical Resource Document. EPA/530-SW-87-006, PB 87-146155, June 1987.
Design, Construction, and Evaluation of Clay Liners for Waste Management Facilities: Public Comment
Draft Technical Resource Document. EPA/530-SW-86-007, PB 86-184496, May 1986.
Technical Guidance Document: Construction Quality Assurance for Hazardous Waste Land Disposal
Facilities, EPA/530-SW-86-031, PB 87-132825, October 1986.
Engineering Guidance for the Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Cover Systems for Hazardous
Waste. EPA/600/2-87-039, PB 87-191656, May 1987.
Risk Assessment
"Health Risk Comparison Between Groundwater Transport Models and Field Data." Environmental
Progress, 5(1):66-70, February 1986.
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