vvEPA
            >mted States
            Environmental Protection
            Agency
           Office of Acid Deposition,
           Monitoring, and Quality Assurance
           Washington DC 20460
EPA 600 9 38 01 1
May 1 988
           Research and Development
Total Human
Exposure and Indoor
Air Quality

An Automated
Bibliography (BLIS) with
Summary Abstracts

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                               EPA/600/9-88/011
                               May 1988
TOTAL HUMAN  EXPOSURE AND
       INDOOR AIR QUALITY

  An Automated Bibliography (BLIS) With
            Summary Abstracts
                    by
  James Shackelford, Wayne Ott, and Lance Wallace
                   of the

      Office of Acid Deposition, Environmental
        Monitoring, and Quality Assurance
       Office of Research and Development
       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
            Washington, DC 20460
                          U,^. Environmental Protection Agent?:'
                          R; -Lc-n 5, L.^rary (5PL-16)
                          2,jO S. Dearborn St.-eet, Room 167J
                          Chicago, IL  60604

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                      NOTICE

This document has been reviewed in accordance with
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and
approved for publication.  Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.
                        11

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                        Table of Contents

                                                          Page

Abstract	  iv

Chapter 1:  Development of Bibliography	   1
  Introduction	   1
  Why BLIS Was Developed	   3
  How To Use BLIS	   5
  Criteria for Inclusion	  15
  Format and Abbreviations	  18

Chapter 2:  Overview of the Literature	  25
  Introduction	  25
  Carbon Monoxide	  26
  Nitrogen Dioxide	  32
  Sulfur Dioxide	  34
  Particulates	  37
  Formaldehyde	  40
  Volatile Organic Compounds	  43
  Pesticides	  47
  Radon	  49

List of Tables

  1.  BLIS Keyword Glossary	     6

  2.  Acronyms and Abbreviations	    20

  3.  Number of BLIS Abstracts by Pollutant
        for Three Major Types of Studies	    22

  4.  CO Concentrations in In-transit Microenvironments -
        Denver, Colorado	    30

  5.  CO Concentrations in Outdoor Microenvironments -
        Denver, Colorado	    30

  6.  CO Concentrations in Indoor Microenvironments
        Denver, Colorado	    31

  7.  Studies of Volatile Organics in Homes	    46


References	    53

Appendix:  Bibliographic Literature Information System (BLIS)
           an Alphabetical Listing of 788 Abstracts to
           February 1987	69
                               111

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                            ABSTRACT
     The Bibliographic Literature Information System (BLIS) is a
computerized data base that provides a comprehensive review of
available literature on total human exposure to environmental
pollution.  Brief abstracts (often condensed versions of the
original abstract) are included; if the original document had no
abstract, one was prepared.  Unpublished draft reports are
listed, as well as final reports of the U.S. Government and other
countries, reports by governmental research contractors, journal
articles, and other contributions to the field of total human
exposure research.  This bibliography covers publications on
exposure models, new field data, and newly emerging research
methodologies.  Although the bibliography covers the entire field
of human exposure methodology, emphasis is on those field studies
measuring all the concentrations to which people may be exposed,
including indoors, outdoors, or in-transit.  This report lists
the 788 full abstracts and all keywords contained in the BLIS
system as of fall of 1987.  The 788 abstracts provide a good
representation of much of the world literature on total human
exposure and indoor air quality.  The time period covers 1962 to
the end of 1986, with only a few abstracts from early 1987.

     Versions of this data base are available on floppy diskettes
that can be accessed on IBM-compatible personal computers.
Different versions are available that will run on two-floppy-disk
or on hard-disk systems.  These computer programs can search for
abstracts rapidly and print out desired combinations of litera-
ture citations and full abstracts.  In practice, these abstracts
can serve the user as an "automated index" of the BLIS data base
on total human exposure and indoor air quality.
                                IV

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                            CHAPTER 1

                   DEVELOPMENT OF BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

     Measuring and modeling human exposure to environmental
pollution is a rapidly emerging science.  Until the 1970s, very
little was known about the actual daily pollutant concentrations
to which individuals are exposed.  Between 1970 and 1980, a
number of field studies of limited size attempted to determine
actual human exposure to environmental pollutants.  Many of these
studies found that actual pollutant concentrations to which
people are exposed often differ significantly from the concentra-
tions reported by traditional environmental monitoring networks
or those estimated using existing transport models.

     This disquieting news suggested that the data base on which
some environmental decisions were being based was not adequate
for estimating public health risks, because the data did not
adequately reflect actual population exposures to pollutants.  In
response to these concerns, efforts were undertaken to develop
crude models that were able to incorporate the missing in-
gredients of actual exposure.  However, these models were not
validated by real exposure data, raising doubts about their
accuracy.

     Today, the early field studies are called "microenviron-
mental field investigations," and the models incorporating human
activities with microenvironmental concentrations are called
"human exposure models."  A "microenvironment" is a location of
relatively homogeneous pollutant concentration (home,  office,
subway,  etc.)  that a person occupies during normal daily
activities.   In a microenvironmental field study,  pollutant
concentrations are characterized intensively, and attempts are

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made to identify the sources responsible and to link the sources
to the exposures.  Microenvironmental field investigations are
important to determine indoor air pollution concentrations
because indoor locations are one major class of microenviron-
ments.  Prior to 1980, nearly all of the indoor air quality field
surveys were microenvironmental field investigations.  Human
exposure models take the field surveys a step further by account-
ing for the visits people make to individual microenviron-
ments—that is, their "activity patterns."

     In the early 1980s, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) undertook several pioneering field studies to demonstrate
the feasibility of using humans as the monitoring points.  The
researchers measured the actual pollutant concentrations that
contacted a person's body by measuring concentrations in the air
breathed, the food eaten, and the water consumed.  Called the
Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM), these field
investigations employed representative (probability) samples of
the population, thus enabling inferences to be made about the
exposures of the larger population of a city or a region with an
accuracy never before possible.  These investigations also
demonstrated our ability to indirectly estimate "dose" (i.e. , the
quantity of pollutant actually entering the body).

     The overall field of human exposure assessment can be
subdivided into five general categories:

     •  Human exposure models
     •  Measurement methods and instrumentation
     •  Microenvironmental field studies
     •  Total exposure assessment methodology studies
     •  Dosage investigations

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     EPA designed the Bibliographic Literature Information System
 (BLIS) to review all existing literature in these five areas.
 Because the field is relatively new and rapidly emerging, BLIS
 includes many documents and reports that have not been published
 in the peer-reviewed literature.  It also includes articles
 dealing with human exposure from scientific and international
 journals, as well as some reports produced by contractors or
 Federal agencies.

     For each bibliographic entry, EPA's contractor, SRA Tech-
 nologies, Inc., developed a summary abstract.  If a report did
 not contain an abstract, then one was prepared.  If an abstract
 already existed, it was carefully examined, reviewed, and edited
 for clarity.  Some abstracts were condensed, while others were
 expanded.  Keywords were identified for each abstract.  All
 abstracts were entered into an IBM-PC/compatible personal
 computer and were edited, alphabetized, and printed.  The
 remainder of this chapter describes the steps in greater detail.

     The appendix of this report summarizes all the abstracts
 contained in the BLIS system as of fall 1987.  Abstracts are
 listed alphabetically, by author.  These 788 abstracts are a
 reasonably good representation of much of the world literature in
total human exposure and indoor air quality.  The time period
 covers 1962 to the end of 1986, with only a few abstracts from
early 1987.

WHY BLIS WAS DEVELOPED

     BLIS was designed to enable editing, searching, retrieving,
sorting, and printing selected abstracts on a personal computer
 (PC)  system.  Designed to handle relatively small data bases
 (usually consisting of fewer than 1,000 abstracts), BLIS can
search keyworded abstracts very rapidly, usually in less than a
second.   Currently,  BLIS can be viewed as a data base management

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system containing primarily the literature on indoor air quality
and total human exposure from environmental pollutants.

     BLIS originally was developed to generate the present report
by using its literature-searching capabilities to help us survey
the existing literature on indoor air and total human exposure.
One of the BLIS programs automatically generates the alphabetized
listing of abstracts contained in this report's appendix.  It
also automatically generates an index at the end of the
abstracts, showing the page number on which each BLIS abstract
number appears.  We found BLIS's capabilities for generating
shorter reports, bibliographies, or even answering questions so
useful that we are preparing an automated version of BLIS and the
present data base for distribution, on request, to professionals
working in the field.

     Many large-scale information systems are available that
operate on mainframe computers with millions of characters of
information that can be accessed.  However, there are several
reasons why BLIS and a personal computer may be more advantageous
to the individual than these larger systems.  Cost is a prime
consideration; mainframe data systems may cost $25 or more per
hour to access.  These systems frequently require the services of
on-site library staff familiar with both the data base and the
accessing system.

     Another disadvantage of large data systems is that they
invariably access reports and journals that were published two or
more years before.  These systems may not include unrefereed,
state-of-the-art papers and/or reports, many of which are in the
preparation stage and may not be published for months or years.
BLIS can provide access to these unrefereed studies, which can be
stored and transmitted from one person to another by mailing a
diskette.  The recipient can then use the diskette without
clerical assistance.  The keyword accession allows the user to
                                4

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peruse the literature rapidly for specific subjects.

     A final advantage is perhaps more valuable to government
agencies such as EPA.  With a data base in an expanding area such
as indoor air or total human exposure, the number of inquiries
from the public, industry, or the Congress sometimes overwhelms
the normal response system.  BLIS can provide information on
scientific data and draft reports that are not widely available
and rapidly respond to an inquiry, usually within a few minutes
or hours.

HOW TO USE BLIS

     The BLIS system currently relies on several computer
programs:

     •  An open copyright word processor (shareware)
     •  BASIC and compiled versions of the BLIS data base
        managers
     •  Utility programs that update the data base
     •  The PC's disk operating system (DOS)

     The compiled BLIS program and its utility programs will be
in the public domain and available without a copyright fee.
Abstracts are recorded on a diskette as individual DOS files.  A
user's manual is available from the authors of this report.
However, BLIS is in an evolutionary stage, and the software and
associated data base are being evaluated and refined.  Although a
demonstration disk is available on request, further changes are
anticipated, and existing documentation soon will be outdated.

     The data base manager can identify abstract files quickly by
author or keywords (Table 1), and more slowly by searching for
any word in the text of the entire data base.  In keyword and

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                             TABLE 1

                      BLIS KEYWORD GLOSSARY
* Undefined terms are in BLIS without any changes to their common
meaning.
acephate
acetaldehyde
acetone
acid
acrolein
activity
aerosol
aircraft
Al
aldehyde
alkane
alkylamine
allergen
amine
ammonia
ammonium
appliance
architecture
asbestos
Australia
azelate

bacteria
Belgium
bendiocarb
benzene
benzo-a-anthracene
benzo-a-pyrene
bibliography
bicycle
biomonitoring
body
Br
breath
Britain
*
*
*
*
human activity pattern data, specifical-
 ly, data on time spent in each microen-
 vironment
aluminum
*
*
*
*
see NH3
see NH4
see source
study of the design of structures in
 terms of indoor air aromatic
*
*
*
*
see microorganism
*
*
*
*
*
see literature
*
measurement of chemical concentrations
 in human tissue, blood, urine, or
 breath
human body weight
bromine
see respiration, biomonitoring
 (Continued)

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                       TABLE 1 (Continued)
burning
butanol

Ca
Canada
cancer
carbaryl
carbon
CC14
Cd
CH20
CH4
CHC13
children
chlordane
chloride
chlorine
chloroform
chlorpyrifos
Cl
CO
C02
coal
combustion
control

cotinine
DDT
demographic

De nma r k
dermal
design
diazinon
dieldrin
distribution
diurnal
dodecyl
dose
dry-cleaner
dust

economic

energy

(Continued)
see combustion
*

calcium
*
see health
*
*
carbon tetrachloride
cadmium
formaldehyde
methane
chloroform
*
*
*
see Cl
see CHC13
*
chlorine
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
methods for reducing or preventing human
 exposure to pollutants
exposures assessed for subgroups of the
 general population

skin contact with pollutants
design of experiments or sampling
frequency distribution
daily variations
a chain of 20 carbon atoms
quantity of pollutant that enters a
 human body by crossing an external
 membrane
monetary cost of a scientific study,
 pollutant exposure, or control method
energy conservation

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                       TABLE 1  (Continued)
Egypt
England
EPA$

epidemiology
ethylbenzene
Europe
exposure
Fe
fenitrothion
field

Finland
food
foreign
formaldehyde
France
Freon
fungi

gamma-hexa-
  chlorocyclohexane
gasoline
geology
Germany
Great Britain
greenhouse

halocarbon

HCH
HCHO
HCN
HEAL
health
heater
heptachlor
see Britain
funding for study or publication
 provided by U.S. EPA.
study of the impact or pollutant
 exposures on disease distribution in a
 population
*
*
contact between a pollutant and an
 exchange membrane of an organism  (lung,
 gut, skin)
iron
scientific study outside of the inves-
 tigator's office or laboratory
*
*
outside the U.S.
see CH20
*
*
see microorganism
see KCH
*
see source
see West Germany
see Britain
*
a compound containing carbon and any
 halogen
hexachlorocyclohexane
see CH20
hydrogen cyanide
Human Exposure Assessment Location; HEAL
 studies concern methodologies for
 assessing human exposure and  are coor-
 dinated by the United Nations Environ-
 ment Programme and the World Health
 Organization
health effects
see source
*
(Continuec?)

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                       TABLE 1 (Continued)
hexane
hexachlorocyclohexane
hexanal
home
hospital

humidity
hydrocarbon

India
indoor
industrial
infiltration
interior

ion
i rritant
Italy

Japan

K
kerosene
ketone
Korea

laboratory
landfill
liability
lindane
literature

lung

magnesium
magnetic
malathion
manganese
roercaptan
metal
meteorology
method
see HCH
*
any human dwelling
study of pollutants in any medical
 facility where patients sleep
water vapor in air
inside a nonmobile man-made structure
a manufacturing workplace or a factory
see ventilation
inside a man-made structure that is not
 a building, e.g., automobile interior
*
*
potassium
*
*
*

laboratory measurements instead of, or
 in addition to, field measurements of
 pollutant concentrations
*
criminal or civil responsibility for
 health effects due to pollutant
 exposure
*
study was mainly bibliographic, or is a
 secondary source of information
see Mg
*
*
see Mn
*
*
see weather
measurement method
 (Continued)

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                       TABLE 1 (Continued)
methodology
methylenedianiline
methylethyIketone
Mg
microenvironment
microorganism

miner
Mn
model

mold
monitor

monitoring
multimedia
multinational

multipollutant

mutagenicity

N205
Na
NAAQS
NEM
Netherlands
NH3
NH4
nicotine
NIOSH

nitrate
nitric oxide
nitroarene
nitrogen dioxide
nitrogen oxides
nitrosamine
NO
Norway

 (Continued)
development and validation of experimen-
tal or analytical procedures; comparison
 of these procedures as used in one or
 more investigations
magnesium
a well-defined place in which pollutant
 concentrations are relatively uniform
 and measurable
bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.; includes
 pollen grains
*
manganese
physical or mathematical simulation of
 pollutant concentrations or movements
see microorganism
device which makes repetitive measure-
 ments of pollutant concentrations
*
pollutant concentrations measured in
 several media, e.g., air, water, food,
 body fluids.  See TEAM
a study involving too many countries to
 list individually
a study covering too many pollutants to
 list individually
see health

nitrogen pentoxide
sodium
National Ambient Air Quality Standard
NAAQS Exposure Model
*
ammonia
ammonium cation
*
National Institute for Occupational
 Safety and Health
see N03
see NO
*
see N02
NOx
*
nitric oxide
*
                                10

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                       TABLE 1 (Continued)
N02
N03
NOPES

NOx

02
03
octane
odor

office
olefin
oral
organic
organotin
OSHA

outdoor

oxylene

PAH
paint
PAN
particulate
pathogen
Pb
PCB
PCP
pentanal
PERC
permetrin
peroxyacetylnitrate
personal
pesticide
phenanthrene
phenol
phosphate
phthalate
pinene
PNA
policy
pollen
polynuclear aromatic
 hydrocarbons
polyurethane

(Continued)
nitrogen dioxide
nitrate anion
Non-Occupational Pesticides Exposure
 Study
nitrogen oxides

oxygen gas
ozone
*
airborne chemicals detectable by human
 olfaction
*
*
*
*
*
Occupational Health and Safety Ad-
 ministration
not inside any man-made object  (includes
 street canyons but not tunnels)
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
*
peroxyacetylnitrate
*
see microorganism
lead
polychlorinated biphenyls
pentachlorophenol
*
perchloroethylene
see PAN
*
*
*
*

*
*
see PAH
*
see microorganism

see PAH
*
                                11

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                       TABLE 1  (Continued)
population
potassium
pregnancy
pressure
propoxur
pyrene
pyridine

QA
quinoline

radiation
radon
receptor
regulation

research
respiration
risk
ronnel
rural

sampling
analysis
Saudi Arabia
SbH3
school
seasonal

SHAPE

ship
shower
smoke
smoking

S02
S04
sodium
soil
so]vent
source

SOx
see distribution
see K
*
barometric pressure
*
quality assurance, or information on
 data quality control for the described
 device, method, or study
*
*
organism exposed to a pollutant
restrictions on pollutant concentrations
 and/or sources
research needs
breathing
assessment of a threat to human health
*
*
study uses field sampling and laboratory
stibine
*
more than one season, e.g., summer and
 winter
Simulation of Human Air Pollution
 Exposure (model)
passive smoking; environmental tobacco
 smoke  (see combustion)
sulfur dioxide
sulfate anion
see Na
see source
*
study determines or discusses pollutant
 sources
sulfur oxides
(Continued)
                                12

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                        TABLE 1  (Continued)
 stove
 statistical

 stibine
 sulfur dioxide
 sulfate  anion
 styrene
 Sweden
 Switzerland
 see  source
 study  reports  findings  of  a  statistical
  analysis
 see  SbH3
 see  S02
 see  S04
 *
 tar
 TEAM
temperature
terminology
terpene
tetrachloroethane
tetrachloroethylene
tissue
thiocyanite
thoron
tobacco
tolualdehyde
toluene
trace
tunnel
track-etch

trichloroethane
trichloroethylene
tunnel
United Kingdom
urine

V
vanadium
vehicle
ventd]6tion

v i de o
vinyl
vinylidene
virus
VOC
Total Exposure Assessment Methodology—a
 multimedia study of personal exposure
 employing stratified random sampling of
 a population
 *
 *
see biomonitoring
see smoking
*
trace elements
*
passive method of measuring intensity of
 ionizing radiation
*
*
*
see Britain
see biomonitoring

vanadium
*
automobiles, trucks, busses, trains
movement of air into, out of, or within
 a building or vehicle
*
*
*
see microorganism
volatile organic compounds
(Continued)
                                13

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                       TABLE 1 (Continued)


water                    household water
West Germany             *
weather                  meteorology data
wood                     *

xylene                   *

Yugoslavia               *

Zn                       zinc
                                14

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text searches, the files identified can be searched again for
secondary words.  For example, to find articles about measure-
ments of CO exposure inside vehicles, a sequential search can be
done for "CO," "exposure," "vehicle," and "interior1
. n
      BLIS can display or print the citation or full abstract of
any identified file.  References or full abstracts for ranges of
file numbers can also be printed, as well as an alphabetical
author list and a keyword list.  Abstracts, citations, and the
author list may be printed darkened, compressed, or double- or
single-spaced, when using dot matrix printers.

CRITERIA FOR INCLUSION

     The literature search focuses on the following themes:

     •  Human exposure assessment by means of measuring pollutant
        concentrations in well-defined indoor, outdoor, and in-
        transit microenvironments (e.g., vehicle interiors or
        residential kitchens)
     •  Personal exposure measurements (single- and multi-media)
        at or near the boundaries of individual human bodies
     •  Models of human exposure based on, and validated by (if
        possible), data on human exposure and personal exposure
        measurements
     •  Exposure models based on measured ambient pollutant
        concentrations (e.g., the NAAQS Exposure Model)
     •  Sources of indoor pollutants or exposures

     Although the human exposure literature covers all studies in
which pollutants were observed in contact with humans, the
emphasis is on exposures of members of the general public rather
than specific occupational groups.  Thus, papers on the exposures
to pesticides in the general population (i.e.,nonoccupational
exposures)  have been included, while papers on the (occupational)
exposures of pesticide applicators have not.

                                15

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     The following journals were searched for information on

total human exposure and indoor air quality:


      •  Environmental Research
         Academic Press, Inc.
         6277 Sea Harbor Drive
         Orlando, FL 32887
         Searched:  1981-August 1986

      •  Environment International
         P.O. Box 7166
         Alexandria, VA 22307
         Searched: 1980-1986

      •  Environmental Science and Technology
         1155 16th St. N.W.
         Washington, DC 20036
         Searched:  1968-1986

      •  Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association
         P.O. Box 2861
         Pittsburgh, PA 15230
         Searched:  1960-1986

      •  Atmospheric Environment
         Pergamon Journals Ltd.
         Maxwell House, Fairview Park
         Elmsford, NY 10523
         Searched:  1982-August 1986


     Articles have been cited from many other journals including

Environmental Health Perspectives, Environmental Health, Archives
of Environmental Health, Science,  Journal of Environmental
Health, New England Journal of Medicine, EPRI Journal, American
Journal of Public Health, and New  York State Journal of Medicine.


     In addition, reports of EPA and other Federal agencies were

reviewed.  These reports are cited in BLIS to allow users to

obtain copies.


     The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's system for

Indoor Air Information Retrieval  (Brown et al., 1986) was

evaluated and reviewed, as well as other data bases such as the

                                16

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Data Base on Sources of Indoor Pollutants  (Air and Energy

Engineering Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC
27711, Jane Crum, Project Leader).  The REFEREE system maintained

by EPA's Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office also was
reviewed.


     Other literature sources were identified as a result of

visits by SRA Technologies, Inc., staff to the following people:


     •  P. Barry Ryan (617) 732-1431
        Robert Treitman (617) 732-1431
        Harvard School of Public Health
        665 Huntington Avenue
        Boston, MA 02175

     •  Ken Sexton (202) 382-5900
        Director, Office of Health Research (RD-683)
        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
        Washington,, DC  20460

     •  David Mage (919) 541-2346
        Gerald Akland (919) 541-3184
        U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
        Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

     •  Thomas McCurdy  (919) 541-5655
        Donna Sledge (919) 541-5655
        U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality and Standards
        Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

     Proceedings of pertinent conferences and symposia were

reviewed—for example, meetings of the Air Pollution Control

Association (APCA).  In addition, many references were gleaned

from the bibliographies of reports already in BLIS.  Finally, two

bibliographic reviews on indoor air quality were screened:


     •  U.S. EPA (June 1985) "Bibliography on indoor  air pollu-
        tion," EPA/IMSD85-002, U.S. EPA Headquarters  Library
        Staff, Washington, DC 20460 (84 pages).

     •  Benson,  F.B., Henderson,  J.J., and Caldwell,  D.E. (Aug.
        1972)  "Indoor-outdoor air pollution relationships: a
        literature  review," Publication AP-112,  U.S.  EPA, Office
        of Administrating Technical Publications Branch, Research
        Triangle Park,  NC 27711 (73 pages).

                               17

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     The extensive literature on asbestos exposures was not

reviewed.  Similarly, the literature on biological aerosols,

except as part of other exposure studies, was not extensively

reviewed.  Studies of all other pollutants and pollutant categor-
ies were included.


FORMAT AND ABBREVIATIONS


     In general, the BLIS reference citations follow the format
used by Environment International.  Journal names are abbreviated

according to the Chemical Abstracts "CAS Source Index Quarterly
Supplement."  Some examples include:


     Published Article

     Chaney, Lucian W.  (1978) "Carbon monoxide automobile
     emissions measured from the interior of a traveling automo-
     bile," Science, 199:1203-1204.

     Unpublished Report

     Hartwell.  T.D. et al., (Jan. 1984) "Study of carbon
     monoxide exposure to residents of Washington, D.C. and
     Denver, Colorado, part I," final report for EPA Contract No.
     68-02-3679, U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems
     Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711  (210 pages).
     Not available from NTIS.

     Paper Presented at a Conference

     Lewis, R.G., Bond, A.E., and Fitzsimons, T.R.  (June 1986)
     "Monitoring for non-occupational exposure to pesticides in
     indoor and personal respiratory air," Paper No. 86-37.4,
     presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
     Control Association, P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230  (15
     pages).
     For articles not published in the peer-reviewed literature,
BLIS includes a complete mailing address  (when available) so that

the author(s) or sponsor(s) can be contacted.  BLIS also in-
cluded, whenever possible, the National Technical Information
                                18

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Service  (NTIS) publication number for U.S. government reports.
These reports can be obtained directly from NTIS by specifying
the order number appearing in the citation.  If NTIS does not
currently house the article, this fact is also noted in the
reference:
        National Technical Information Service
        U.S. Department of Commerce
        5285 Port Royal Road
        Springfield, VA  22041
         (703) 487-4601
     Papers presented at APCA conferences or published in JAPCA
can be obtained, usually at $5 each, from:

     •  Air Pollution Control Association
        P.O. Box 2861
        Pittsburgh, PA 15230
        (412) 232-3444
     For research sponsored by the U.S. government, but not
published by NTIS, the publication number, contract number, grant
number, or cooperative agreement number is given if it is
available.  These numbers may be helpful in locating a report.

     Table 2 lists several acronyms and abbreviations used in
BLIS (several more are defined in Table 1).  Table 3 shows the
number of BLIS references by pollutant for three major study
types:  microenvironmental field measurements, total exposure
assessment, and exposure model development.  This report contains
a subject index prepared with the help of the BLIS keyword-
searching system.  Such an index is useful in a formal report.
It is not needed when the BLIS diskette and its associated data
base are available,  however, because users can search the words
automatically using their personal computers.
                                19

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                                    TABLE 2

                          ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Anon
APCA

ASHRAE
Bq

CAMP
COED
COHb

GC/FID
GC/MS

HCH

IAQ
IEEE

IP

Kcal/L

LBNL or LBL
m3
mg
ml or mL
mWL

NBS
NHANES
NIOSH
ng
NTIS
OHEA
OMB
ORNL

 (Continued)
Anonymous
Air Pollution Control Association (Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA
 15230)
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Condition-
 ing Engineers  (1971 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA  30329)

Becquerels

Continuous Air Monitoring Program
Carbon Monoxide Exposure Dosimeter
Carboxyhemoglobin

Gas Chronatography/Flame lonization Detector
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Hexachlorocyclonexane

Indoor air quality
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers  (345 East
 47th Street, New York, NY 10017)
Inhalable particulates

Ki1ocalor ies/1ite r

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  (1 Cyclotron Road,
 Berkeley, CA 94720)

Cubic meters
Milligram
Milliliter
Milli Working Level

National Bureau of Standards
National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
Nanogram
National Technical Information Service  (5285 Port Royal Road,
 Springfield, VA 22041)

Office of Health & Environmental Assessment  (EPA)
Office of Management & Budget
Oak Ridge National Laboratory  (Oak Ridge, TN 37831)
                                      20

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                              TABLE 2  (Continued)


pCi/L           Picocuries/liter
PEM             Personal exposure monitor
ppb             Parts per billion
ppn             Parts per million
ppt             Parts per trillion

RTB             Range-top burner
RSD             Relative standard deviation
RSP             Respirable particulates

SIAM            Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
SIMS            SIAM Institute of Mathematics and Society (97 Parish Road
                 South, New Canaan, CT 06840)
SIP             State Implementation Plan (Part of NAAQS)

TAMS            Toxic air monitoring site
TSP             Total suspended particulates

UFFI            Urea-formaldehyde foam insulation
uG              Microgram
uL              Microliter
uM              Micrometer
                                     21

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                                    TABLE 3

                     NUMBER OF BLIS ABSTRACTS BY POLLUTANT
                       FOR THREE MAJOR TYPES OF STUDIES
                    Microenvironmental         Total           Exposure
                         Field               Exposure          Model
Pollutant             Measurements          Assessment      Development
CRITERIA POLLUTANTS*

Carbon monoxide           75                   12                20
Nitrogen oxides           50                   10                16
Sulfur oxides             17                    48
Particulates              35                    6                16
Inhaled particles         13                    58
Lead                       8                    23
Ozone                      6                                      4

NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS*

Aerosols                   4                                      2
Aluminum                   1
Bromine                    1
Chlorine                   3
Formaldehyde              30                    16
Hal oca r tons                8                                      1
Hexanal                    1
Iron                       2
Manganese                  1
Microorganism              7
Natural Gas                1
Nitrosamine                1
Pentanal                   1
Pesticides                18                    2
Polyaromatic
 hydrocarbons              7                    2
*  Criteria pollutants are those for which EPA has published air quality
criteria documents and established National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
Noncriteria pollutants are those for which criteria documents have not been
published.

(Continued)
                                     22

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                              TABLE 3 (Continued)
                    Microenvironmental         Total          Exposure
                         Field               Exposure          Model
Pollutant             Measurements          Assessment      Development
NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS*

Polychlorinated
 biphenyls                 2
Radon                     40                    1                14
Sodium                     1
Toluene                    2                                      1
Trace metals               3
Volatile organic
 compounds                23                   12                 7
Vanadium                   1
*  Criteria pollutants are those for which EPA has published air quality
criteria documents and established National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
Noncriteria pollutants are those for which criteria documents have not been
published.
                                     23

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24

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                             CHAPTER 2


                    OVERVIEW  OF  THE  LITERATURE*


 INTRODUCTION


     Although  a  large  body of the world's  literature  on  total
 human  exposure and  indoor air quality  is represented  in  the
 attached  BLIS  listing  of abstracts  and can be easily  accessed  on

 a  personal  computer, this chapter also contains  a  very brief
 synopsis  of the  field,  emphasizing  the historical  development
 within each pollutant.  Because only a few pages can  be  devoted
 to each pollutant,  this synopsis is, of necessity, very  cursory.
 Nevertheless,  it  sets  the context for  the  individual  abstracts
 that follow.   This  synopsis  covers  the following pollutants:

        Carbon monoxide
        Nitrogen  dioxide
        Sulfur dioxide
        Particulates
        Formaldehyde
        Volatile  organic compounds
        Pesticides
        Radon


     The  concept  of total human exposure to air  pollution is

 defined theoretically as the time-weighted sum of air pollutants
 encountered in the microenvironments people progress  through in
 their  daily activities.  If  the monitor has sufficiently fine
 time resolution,  then it is  possible to identify the  exposures
 associated  with  individual activities  and microenvironments,
*  Contributing Authors:  Carbon Monoxide, Wayne Ott  (EPA);
Nitrogen Dioxide, Lance Wallace  (EPA); Sulfur Dioxide, Peter
Mavraganis  (SRA) and Karl Held  (SRA); Particulates. Jim Shackel-
ford  (EPA) and Jim Repace (EPA); Formaldehyde, David Johnson
(SRA) and Karl Held  (SRA); Volatile Organic Compounds, Lance
Wallace  (EPA); Pesticides, Jim Shackelford (EPA); and Radon,
Richard Toft  (SRA) and Karl Held (SRA).
                                25

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including indoor microenvironments.  It also is possible to study
pollutant concentrations in these microenvironments directly and,
coupled with time-budget studies, to estimate human exposure
profiles and frequency distributions.  Adequate microenvironmen-
tal field data now exist for only a few pollutants.  Experimental
data using personal monitors still are required for most pol-
lutants, and time-budget data are very fragmentary.  Personal
monitoring instruments are at an early stage of development, and
indoor monitoring methods and instruments need to be improved for
most pollutants.  The importance of indoor and in-transit ex-
posures relative to outdoor exposures is not well documented for
some pollutants.  Nevertheless, much progress has been made in
recent years toward quantifying the magnitude of human exposures
to environmental pollution and understanding the factors respon-
sible for these exposures.

CARBON MONOXIDE

     The internal combustion engine is a major source of carbon
monoxide (CO) emissions, and automobiles or trucks operating in
confined small spaces, such as parking garages, can cause
extremely high CO concentrations.  With the introduction of the
automobile in the early half of the century, many  isolated  cases
of CO poisoning were reported.  The usual victims were automobile
repairmen, gas station attendants, or persons accidentally
exposed in their own garages.

     Until the 1960s, most of the data available on ambient CO
concentrations came from fixed monitoring stations operated
routinely in urban areas.  The accepted measurement technique was
by nondispersive infrared  (NDIR) spectrometry, but the instru-
ments were large and cumbersome, often requiring vibration-free,
air-conditioned enclosures.  In late  1960, one of  the first
systematic studies of CO concentrations was undertaken in  the
passenger compartments of motor vehicles  (Brice and Roessler,
                                26

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1966).  A large, bulky NDIR monitor was  installed  in a van  that
traveled to 14 U.S. cities and measured  CO concentrations on a
number of routes in each city  (Lynn et al.,  1967).  This study
showed that passengers of motor vehicles experienced CO exposures
higher than those measured by ambient monitoring stations.

     Without a portable, convenient monitor  for CO, it was
extremely difficult to measure CO concentrations accurately in
the microenvironments that people usually visited.  In 1971, an
investigator walked on congested downtown streets  alongside
pedestrians to measure their exposures  (Ott,  1971).  With a
portable pump, the investigator filled sampling bags in various
locations, then transported them to the  laboratory where the
contents were analyzed by NDIR spectrometry.

     In the early 1970s, portable electrochemical  monitors  about
the size of a shoe box became available.  Using the ECOlyzer
monitor, CO concentrations were measured in  traffic in Boston, MA
(Cortese, 1976; Cortese and Spengler, 1976).

     In the late 1970s, smaller personal monitors  using electro-
chemical sensing systems became available and were deployed in
specialized field surveys involving a few people (Jabara et al.,
1980).  Few other field surveys employed these new devices
prompting Repace, Ott, and Wallace  (1980) to ask:   "If small,
portable monitors are available to record CO concentrations
continuously, why can't these same monitors  be adapted to measure
the actual exposure profiles (CO concentrations as a function of
time)  of individual members of the population?"

     In one early pilot investigation (unpublished data by  Ott,
1981), a subject carried a General Electric  CO personal monitor
from San Jose to San Francisco, CA, and back again to simulate a
typical commute pattern (8 hours of work and 1 hour driving each
way).   About 600 observations were recorded  during the 10 hours,
                                27

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necessitating the development of suitable data loggers (Fitz-Sim-
mons and Sauls, 1984; Ott et al. , 1986).

     As CO monitors continued to evolve, they were used in
studies of indoor microenvironments.  Many of the microenviron-
mental CO data on indoor concentrations were collected as an
integral part of multipollutant indoor health or dosage studies
in homes (Lebowitz et al., 1984; Lebowitz et al., 1985),  in
offices or rooms  (Berglund et al., 1982a, b; Hoffman et al.,
1984; Hugod, 1984), or as more narrowly focused multipollutant
exposure field studies in homes (Quackenboss et al., 1984; Koontz
and Nagda, 1984; Traynor et al., 1984) and in buildings
(Konopinski, 1984; Malaspina et al. , 1984; Clarkson, 1984).

     Although the CO personal monitors evolved rapidly, they were
not used in large-scale field surveys of indoor microenvironments
until the early 1980s.  The monitors have been used in studies of
CO concentrations in sustained-use vehicles  (Ziskind et aj..,
1981) and in the passenger compartments of vehicles traveling on
highways (Ott and Willits, 1981; Flachsbart and Yo, 1986).  A
large field survey by Flachsbart and Ott  (1984; see also Ott and
Flachsbart, 1982) showed good agreement when the new CO detectors
were carried side by side.  A pilot field study of nine people
was conducted in about 45 days in winter of 1980-81 to test the
CO monitors and examine problems encountered when untrained
respondents used the monitors  (Ziskind et al., 1981; Ziskind et
al., 1982).

     Ultimately, small personal exposure monitors were developed
that could measure CO concentrations continuously over time and
store the readings automatically on internal digital memories
(Ott et al., 1986).  These small personal exposure monitors
(PEMs) made possible the large-scale CO human exposure field
studies conducted in Denver, CO, and Washington, DC, in the
winter of 1982-83  (Johnson, 1984; Hartwell et al., 1984a; Akland
                                28

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et al. ,  1985).  These monitors proved  effective  in  generating
24-hour  CO exposure profiles  on more than  1,600  persons.   By
breaking up the profiles  into the microenvironments visited by
these  people,  it was possible to develop CO concentration
readings on more than 40  indoor and in-transit microenvironments
(Tables  4, 5,  and 6).

     The PEMs  have shown  themselves to be  a powerful tool  for
quantifying air quality levels in in-transit, outdoor, and indoor
microenvironments.  A great number of microenvironments can be
compared in one study.  For example, Table 4 shows  in-transit
microenvironments in Denver, Colorado  ranked from highest  to
lowest by arithmetic mean.  The worst  in-transit microenvironment
is the motor vehicle, while walking and bicycling have the lowest
CO concentrations.  (In this instance, there were too few  samples
to draw valid  conclusions about bicycling).  Outdoor microen-
vironments also can be ranked (Table 5).  Outdoor public garages
and outdoor residential garages and carports had the highest CO
concentrations; outdoor service stations, vehicle repair facilit-
ies, and parking lots had intermediate concentrations.  In
contrast, school grounds and residential grounds had relatively
low concentrations, while extremely low CO concentrations were
found in outdoor sports arenas,  amphitheaters, parks, and golf
courses.  Finally, a wide range of concentrations was found in
indoor microenvironments  (Table 6).   The highest indoor CO
concentrations occurred in service stations, and public garages;
intermediate concentrations were found in shopping malls,
residential garages, restaurants, offices, auditoriums, sports
arenas, concert halls, and stores,  and lower concentrations in
health care facilities, public buildings, manufacturing faciliti-
es, and homes.   Of all indoor locations, the lowest levels were
observed in schools and churches.  Because people spend so much
time in indoor  locations, the number of observations taken in
homes  (21,543)  and offices (2,287)  is quite large; thus,  the
                                29

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                                    TABLE 4

          CD CONCENTRATIONS IN IN-TRANSIT MICROENVIRONMENTS - DENVER,  COLORADO
                 (In descending order of mean CD Concentration)
Microenvironment
Motorcycle
Bus
Car
Truck
Walking
Bicycling
Source: Johnson, 1984

CO CONCENTRATIONS
(Listed in
Microenvironment
Public Garages
Residential Garages
or Carports
n
22
76
3632
405
619
9


IN OUTDOOR
descending
n
29
22
Service Stations or
Vehicle Repair Facilities 12
Parking Lots
Other Locations
School Grounds
Residential Grounds
Sports Arenas,
Amphitheaters
Parks, Golf Courses
61
126
16
74
29
21
Mean
(ppm)
9.79
8.52
8.10
7.03
3.88
1.34

TABLE 5
Std. Dev.
(ppm)
8.15
7.08
9.88
9.89
6.61
3.61


MICROENVIRONMENTS - DENVER, COLORADO
order of mean GO Concentration)
Mean
(ppm)
8.20
7.53
3.68
3.45
3.17
1.99
1.36
0.97
0.69
Std. Dev.
(ppm)
5.33
8.93
3.84
4.23
5.47
3.39
2.24
2.80
1.01
Source:  Johnson, 1984
                                      30

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                                     TABLE 6

        GO CONCENTRATIONS IN INDOOR MICROENVIRONMENTS - DENVER, COLORADO
                 (In descending order of mean CO Concentration)
Micr oenv i ronment

Public Garages
Service Stations or
Vehicle Repair Facilities
Other Locations
Other Repair Shops
Shoping Malls
Residential Garages
Restaurants
Offices
Auditoriums, Sports
Arenas, Concert Halls
Stores
Health Care Facilities
Other Public Buildings
Manufacturing Facilities
Homes
Schools
Churches
n

116
125
427
55
58
66
524
2287
100
734
351
115
42
21543
426
179
Mean
(ppn)
13.46
9.17
7.40
5.64
4.90
4.35
3.71
3.59
3.37
3.23
2.22
2.15
2.04
2.04
1.64
1.56
Std. Dev.
(ppn)
18.14
9.33
17.97
7.67
6.50
7.06
4.35
4.18
4.76
5.56
4.25
3.26
2.55
2.55
2.76
3.35
Source:  Johnson, 1984
                                      31

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precision of the indoor CO concentrations in these two types of
microenvironments is quite high.

     Although these CO PEMs worked effectively, further refine-
ments are needed. Some examples:

     •  A self-contained portable personal monitor that can
        operate with high stability in indoor microenvironments
        for up to a month.
     •  A low-cost passive monitor that can screen buildings and
        homes for unusually high CO concentrations.
NITROGEN DIOXIDE

     Two main devices are available for measuring integrated
exposure to nitrogen dioxide  (N02): the Palmes tube and the
Yanagisawa badge.  The Palmes tube  (Palmes et al., 1976) is an
acrylic or metal tube, normally about 1 cm in diameter by 7 cm
long, containing three stainless steel grids coated with trietha-
nolamine in a cap at the top  of the tube.  The bottom of the tube
is open to sample the air, allowing N02 to diffuse upward until
it reacts with the triethanolamine, forming a stable complex for
later analysis by spectrophotometry.  The sampler has a sen-
sitivity of several hundred ppb-hours, requiring a minimum 2-day
collection time at normal indoor environmental levels.  Most
studies use 1- to 2-week collection times.  The Palmes tube has
been used to study the relationship between respiratory illness
in children and the use of gas stoves for cooking  (Goldstein et
al., 1979).

     The Yanagisawa badge  (Yanagisawa and Nishimura, 1982) uses
an absorbent sheet of cellulose fiber coated with triethanolami-
ne.  A five-layer mat of hydrophobic fiber prevents face velocity
from affecting the diffusion  characteristics of the badge.  The
sensitivity of the badge is 66 ppb-hours, about 10 times more

                                32

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 sensitive  than  the  Palmes  tube.   Thus,  sampling  periods  as  short
 as  8  hours at environmental  levels are  possible.   The  badge  has
 been  used  in a  study  of  the  effect of unvented heaters on  indoor
 N02 levels  (Yanagisawa et  al.,  1981).

      Major studies  of N02  in  indoor  air include  the  Six-City
 Study of 55 houses,  (Spengler,  1979), the Southern California Gas
 Corporation study  (Colome  et  al., 1986)  of  500 houses  in the Los
 Angeles, CA area, and the  Harvard University  School  of Public
 Health, Gas Research  Institute  (GRI) study  of 500  houses in  the
 Boston, MA, area  (Soczek et al. ,  1986).  The  latter  two  studies
 included the following main components:

      •  Random  selection of clusters of homes
      •  Two-week measurements using  Palmes  tubes
      •  Multiple indoor  locations  (i_._e_.., kitchen,  bedroom, and
        living  room)
      •  Air exchange measurements using perfluorocarbon  tracers
         (PFT)
      •  Water vapor measurements
      •  Outdoor air measurements
     Both studies found gas stoves  (both the pilot light and
cooking operations) to be a major influence on indoor air
quality, adding about 30 to 40 ug/m3 N02 on the average.  In
addition, wall and floor-vented gas furnaces in the Los Angeles
area added roughly equivalent amounts of N02 causing the Southern
California Gas Corporation to fund a followup study of homes with
wall and floor furnaces (Wilson et a_l. , 1987).  Outdoor N02
concentrations were elevated in Los Angeles, increasing indoor
N02 more than in Boston, where outdoor concentrations were lower.

     Concurrent chamber studies of gas stove emissions at the

                                33

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Institute for Gas Technology and IIT Research Institute (sup-
ported by GRI) have shown that flame color and adjustment affect
N02 emissions far less than CO emissions  (I. Billick, personal
communication).  However, furnace adjustment and maintenance were
a serious problem in Los Angeles (30 of the 40 homes with the
highest 2-week N02 averages required repairs).

     Future studies needed in this area include personal monitor-
ing studies to answer the difficult question of the influence of
indoor concentrations on total exposure.  One such study has
recently been completed in Boston by the Harvard University
School of Public Health, supported by GRI  (Ryan et al. , 1987).
Yanagisawa passive badges were worn by 300 persons at home and at
work for 2 consecutive days.  Subjects were selected from among
those participating in the earlier Harvard/GRI indoor study, with
high-concentration homes preferentially selected.  A second study
is being carried out in Los Angeles by Harvard and the University
of California at Irvine, supported by the Southern California Gas
Corporation  (J. Spengler, personal communication).  Again,
several hundred persons, selected by a probability sampling
technique, are wearing Yanagisawa badges  for 1 or 2 days.

SULFUR DIOXIDE

     Sulfur  dioxide  (S02) in  the outdoor  environment has been one
of the most widely studied gaseous criteria pollutants  over the
past 75 years  (Yocum et al.,  1982).  The  primary  source of
atmospheric  S02  is from fuel  combustion in  stationary  sources
such as power plants and smelters.  The main  indoor  sources of
S02 are leaky or  improperly vented furnace  flues  and unvented
kerosene space heaters  (Leaderer et al.,  1984; Spengler et  al.,
1979).  However,  indoor S02 levels possibly  come  from  outside
sources  (Colome  et al., 1982; Yocum et  al. ,  1982).

     In  1964, a  pioneering  study examined indoor/outdoor
                                34

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relationships for S02 and participates in 60 homes in Rotterdam,
The Netherlands  (Yocum, 1982).  The results showed differences
between indoor and outdoor air quality and also showed that
indoor air quality could be of concern to human health.

     To obtain a more accurate picture of human exposure to S02,
researchers have been investigating the relationships between
indoor and outdoor concentrations.  For example, Spengler et a1.
(1979) monitored indoor and outdoor levels of S02  (and N02) in
six communities for a year.  Two of the communities had viola-
tions of the annual National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS) for outdoor S02, while the other four had S02 levels of
less than 50 percent of the annual standard.  Indoor levels in
all communities, however, never exceeded the standard and ranged
from 20 to 70 percent of recorded outdoor levels.

     Similarly, Colome et al. (1982) compared indoor and outdoor
concentrations of S02 (and other pollutants) at 10 homes in
Steubenville, OH, and Portage, WI.  During the 1-year study,
researchers found that indoor S02 levels were lower than the
corresponding outdoor levels.  In a study of two Paris, France,
office buildings, Malaspina et al.. , (1984) found that, of the 11
pollutants monitored, S02 was the only one that had lower levels
indoors than outdoors.  Nasralla  (1980) found that in a public
library in Egypt the indoor/outdoor ratio for SO2 was 0.6.
Pengelly et al., (1983)  monitored schools and residences in
Hamilton, Ontario,  in two 5-day sessions during the heating and
nonheating seasons.  Indoor levels of S02 correlated with outdoor
levels.

     For the past several years, increased energy costs have led
to increased insulation, better weatherization, and auxiliary
heating methods to reduce costs.  One popular method of auxiliary
heating is the unvented kerosene heater; Leaderer et al. (1984)
estimate that more  than 10 million heaters are used in the United
                                35

-------
States.  This has given rise to the concern that combustion of
kerosene fuel in the home could result in large increases in
indoor S02 levels.   Recent studies indicate some reason for
concern.  Leaderer  et al. (1984),  in a study of 303 homes in the
New Haven, CT, area, found that S02 levels during heater use were
four to five times  greater than the average values measured
during the sampling period.   Moreover, 21.4 percent of these
residences had average S02 concentrations greater than the
24-hour NAAQS health standard of 365 ug/m3.

     Ritchie and Arnold  (1984) also studied residential air
pollution from unvented kerosene heaters.  They found that indoor
S02 exceeded the 0.14-ppm limit recommended by the American
Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning
Engineers.  The increased use of auxiliary heating methods that
can burn sulfur-based fuel,  coupled with the "tightening" of
homes to promote energy efficiency, can significantly increase
S02 levels indoors over outdoors.   Obviously, this increase would
be most serious during the winter.  In buildings using kerosene
heaters and no other open combustion sources, Ryan et al. ,  (1983)
concluded that modeling of S02 concentrations and exposures
suggests very high levels of S02 in residences that are poorly
ventilated or have small-mixing volurres.

     More work is needed  in several areas to obtain more  accurate
exposure data for health  effects studies and to mitigate  poten-
tial  increases in indoor  S02 sources.  To determine the health
effects more accurately,  actual human exposure patterns must  be
more  closely linked  to monitoring programs.  This  suggests  that
additional research  should  be  done on establishing the relation-
ships  between ambient  concentrations and actual  exposures
 (Spengler and Soczek,  1984; Silverman e_t al. ,  1984; Khan  and
Meranger, 1983).  Additional  research is needed  on improving  the
burners of unvented  kerosene  heaters  to  reduce  S02 and other
emissions.
                                36

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 PARTICULATES

      Interest  in  particulates  intensified  in  the  early  1950s  and
 1960s  with  the  acute  episodes  of  illnesses  and  deaths in  London,
 New  York, Detroit,  and Osaka.   The  resulting  concern for  human
 health and  the  intense public  outcry  influenced the U.S.  Public
 Health Service  to publish  the  "Air  Quality  Criteria for Particu-
 late Matter" in 1969.  This  document, an almost encyclopedic
 examination of  the  published literature relating  to particulate
 matter, led to  establishment of the Clean Air Act, NAAQS, and the
 State  Implementation  Plans  (SIPs) to  control  particulate  emis-
 sions.  The literature cited in the document  did  not cover
 dose-response relationships—perhaps  because  of the scarcity  of
 data or perhaps a measure of the  limited knowledge or concern at
 that time.

     The literature in the air quality criteria document  was
 extensive regarding methods  of measuring particulates, perhaps
 the greatest number relating to outdoor high volume filters, dust
 buckets, impingers, and impactors.  Emphasis was  placed on
 measuring weight  of total suspended particulates; little  or no
 reference was made to indoor,  inhaled particulates, which are now
 considered one of the most important parts  of human exposure.
Likewise, little  reference was made to anything except the solid
phase.  No one was concerned with adsorbed  matter such as metals,
liquids, or vapors, all of which are of concern when dealing with
human  exposure.

     ELIS does not attempt to duplicate the references in the air
quality criteria document but,  instead, focuses on work on total
human exposure to air pollutants published  after  1969.   The 1984
symposium sponsored by the Swedish Council   for Building Research
 (Berglund et_ al. ,  1984, 1986),  much of which is covered in BLIS,
provides a broad background  of  the worldwide interest in  indoor
                                37

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air pollution and human exposure.

     During the early 1980s, many studies focused on determining
sources of indoor particulates.  Nasralla (1980) measured indoor
air pollutants in Egypt.  Girman et al. (1982) measured in the
laboratory emissions from gas-fired stoves,  space heaters,
kerosene heaters, and tobacco smoke.  He found elevated levels of
particulates as well as CO, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic
compounds  (VOCs), and formaldehyde.  Squirrel  (1985) reported on
sources of indoor air pollutants, including combustion processes
and tobacco smoke as well as metabolic products from the human
body.

     At the same time,  interest grew in the use of personal
monitors to determine total human exposure to  particulates.
Wallace (1981) and Wallace and Ott  (1982) described the monitor-
ing systems then available, the state-of-the-art, and recent
progress in developing  and using personal exposure monitors.
McKenzie et al.  (1982), Silverman et al.  (1982), Fletcher et al.
(1983, 1984) and Howes  et al.  (1985) reported  on the development
and use of personal exposure monitors.  These  latter efforts were
mainly devoted to developing and testing personal exposure
monitors for inhalable  particulates, although  allergens also have
been studied  (Reed and  Swanson, 1986).  In many instances, the
research was designed to monitor several pollutants, such as CO,
nitrogen oxides, VOCs,  and particulates.

     Perhaps the earliest data concerned with  human exposure to
indoor particulates were more  related  to lead  (Fugas et. al. ,
1972) and  pesticides adsorbed  on particulates  than  to the
particulates themselves (Starr et  al.,  1974).   In one of  the
earliest publications,  Fugas  (1975) used  indoor monitoring
networks to measure lead.   This work  showed  some  of the relation-
ships of indoor/outdoor concentrations in European  towns.
Shortly thereafter, Binder  et  al.  (1976)  determined that  the
                                38

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particulate load appeared to be caused more by exposure to
indoor, rather than outdoor/ pollutants.

     At the same time, evidence began to emerge concerning the
indoor pollutant load caused by cigarette smoking.  Although the
earliest work was more concerned with CO, particulate matter from
tobacco smoking quickly became an important area of scientific
interest.  Dockery and Spengler  (1977), Repace and Lowrey  (1980),
Repace  (1981), Bock (1982), Girman ejt al. (1982, 1984), Johnson
(1984), and many others demonstrated the widespread effect of
smoking on exposure to air pollutants such as particulates, CO,
and VOCs.

     Only a few years later, it became evident that smoke from
wood-burning fireplaces was also a prominent indoor source of
particulates.  Alfheim (1984) and Sexton et al. (1984, 1985,
1986) demonstrated that indoor pollutant concentrations were
significantly higher than outdoors in homes with wood-burning
fireplaces.  The mutagenic activity was higher when wood was
burned in open fireplaces and higher still with tobacco smoke
also in the room.

     The high cost of fuel nationwide has increased the use of
wood-burning furnaces and fireplaces, along with kerosene space
heaters.  This, combined with more efficient (tighter) homes, has
brought attention to the pollutants generated within homes from
burning these fuels and the higher concentrations being main-
tained due to the lower ventilation rates.

     Recent work has made it evident that sources of particulates
in enclosed spaces such as homes, offices, schools, and vehicles,
are not numerous.  Excluding, for the moment, outdoor pollutants
that may drift indoors, the main indoor sources are fuel combus-
tion and tobacco smoke.  Furnaces, fireplaces,  space heaters,
kitchen stoves, and tobacco smoke provide most of the solid-phase
                                39

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particulates.  These same sources also provide undesirable
amounts of VOCs, nitrogen oxides, CO, and polycyclic aromatic
compounds.

     Concern and research programs are increasing throughout
Europe and the Third World.  Smith e_t al. (1983) found that the
main source of indoor particulates in Third World countries is
biomass combustion.  Wang et al. (1985) reported on exposure to
particulates and CO in China, while other studies in Japan,
Sweden, Belgium, Malta, Mexico, Egypt, India, Canada, and The
Netherlands report findings about indoor particulate exposure
from various sources.

     By conventional measures, the quality of ambient air has
steadily improved over the years.  However, although total
suspended particulates may have decreased, human exposures to
inhalable particulates probably has increased due to concentra-
tions of fine aerosols and ultrafine particulates generated
within homes and offices.  In addition, because people tend to
spend more than 90 percent of their time indoors, they may be
subjected to elevated levels of pollutants from indoor sources.
Modern studies tend to assume that central monitoring stations do
not reflect or predict actual personal exposures.  Continued
research is needed on the relationships between ambient con-
centrations and actual exposure.

FORMALDEHYDE

     Formaldehyde vapor has been one of the most publicized
contributors to indoor air quality.  The principal sources are
building materials containing urea-formaldehyde  resins, such as
plywood, particle board, paneling, and other  pressed-wood
products  (Ritchie and Lehnen, 1985).  Urea-formaldehyde foam is
also widely used to  insulate walls.  According  to Mage and
Gammage  (1984) , urea-formaldehyde  use  increased dramatically in
                                40

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 the  1960s.   Energy  conservation  techniques  led  to  tighter,
 less-ventilated  houses,  which  reduced  energy  loss  but  increased
 the  indoor  concentration of  formaldehyde.   Grimsrud  e_t  al.  (1986)
 compared  indoor  air  quality  in new,  energy-efficient homes  versus
 existing  homes and  found that  new  homes,  on average, had  higher
 formaldehyde  concentrations, smaller leakage  areas,  and lower
 ventilation rates.   By  1982, the U.S.  Consumer  Product  Safety
 Commission  (CPSC) had received over  3,000 complaints involving
 exposure  to formaldehyde (Gupta  et al.,1982).

     Oak  Ridge National  Laboratory developed  a  formaldehyde-
 monitoring  program  to assist CPSC  in its  deliberations  concerning
 the  use of  urea-formaldehyde foam  insulation  (Matthews  et al.,
 1984).  Hawthorne et al.  (1984)  made extensive  measurements with
 passive integrating monitors in  40 east Tennessee  homes in  1982.
 They found  that  houses  less than 5 years  old  averaged twice the
 concentration of formaldehyde compared to older houses.

     Berglund et al. (1982) examined typical  contaminants from
 building  materials in a  preschool  and found that all organic
 compounds,  except formaldehyde,  decline in  concentration, mainly
 within the  first 6 months of occupancy.

     Meyer  (1986) performed laboratory tests  to study the effects
 of high temperatures and humidity  on formaldehyde  indoor air
 levels.   The research showed that  large seasonal and diurnal
 changes occurred in formaldehyde concentrations, resulting in
 increases by a factor of five in 24 hours.  The findings indi-
 cated that  exposure levels in mobile homes also depend  on daytime
 climatic  conditions.

     Liu  et al.  (1986a,  b) reported the results of a California
 survey of formaldehyde in 470 mobile homes.   They  found that the
most important factors affecting indoor concentrations were home
age, open windows,  home location,  new furniture, and gas applian-
                               41

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ces.  Ritchie and Lehnen (1985) observed that mobile homes had
consistently higher formaldehyde concentrations than conventional
homes.  Leaderer et al. (1984), in a study of houses with
kerosene heaters and gas appliances, reported that formaldehyde
levels were low and not associated with indoor combustion.

     The large-scale monitoring efforts described above were
aided by the development of low-cost monitoring technology.
Although early methods were bulky, expensive, and complicated,
Geisling et, al.  (1982) developed a passive sampling device that
is inexpensive, simple to operate, and sensitive.  This sampler
consists of a capped glass tube (approximate dimensions 2.4 x 9
cm) containing a glass fiber filter treated with sodium bisul-
fite.  After the cap is removed, formaldehyde is absorbed onto
the filter.  Samples are recapped after 7 days and returned to a
laboratory for analysis by the chromatropic method.

     Matthews et al.  (1982) describe new analytical methodologies
that provide excellent correlation of results with a reference
analysis technique.  These include  (1) a semipermeable-membrane
passive sampler and  (2) a visual colorimetric analysis method.
Application of these methodologies to personal exposure monitor-
ing is now under investigation.

     In a review of health effects of formaldehyde, Gupta et  al.
(1982) concluded that formaldehyde is likely to pose a car-
cinogenic risk to humans.  Formaldehyde is also associated with
eye, nose, and throat irritation, respiratory ailments, nausea,
and nervous system disorders.  Schenker et al.  (1982) reported
that chronic low-level exposure to formaldehyde may cause mental
changes such as  depression and reduced attention span.  In a
recent study by  Harving et al.  (1986) on the  impact of formal-
dehyde on lower  bronchial airways of hyper-responsive subjects,
low concentrations of formaldehyde, known to  irritate upper
respiratory tract and mucous membranes, were  of minor importance
                                42

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in the development of pulmonary symptoms.

     A number of control techniques have been explored to reduce
formaldehyde emissions in mobile homes.  Jewel  (1980)
demonstrated that ammonia fumigation produced long-term reduc-
tions of approximately 61 percent to 73 percent, and use of a
high capacity air recirculation filtering device resulted in a 79
percent reduction during operation.  Singh et al.  (1982) used
low-formaldehyde-emitting plywood paneling and particle board to
achieve almost 50 percent lower concentrations compared to where
materials with high-emitting materials were used.

     Although CPSC has banned use of urea-formaldehyde insulation
in the United States/ formaldehyde is released from numerous
other building materials and household items such as furniture,
carpets, and paneling.  More work is needed to determine the
relative importance of each as a source of formaldehyde.  Other
possible sources of formaldehyde such as combustion and smoking
must also be considered.  The impact of other factors such as
humidity, temperature, product age, ventilation, and seasonal
variations on formaldehyde concentrations also need further
study.

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

     Many of our most common and useful chemicals are VOCs.
Unfortunately, some cause mutations in bacteria and/or cancer in
animals or man.  Several Federal agencies are authorized to
regulate these chemicals.  However, before such regulation is
undertaken, information must be collected on the sources, health
effects, and human exposure to each chemical.  In an effort to
develop and apply a methodology for determining human exposure to
VOCs, EPA developed the Total Exposure Assessment Methodology
(TEAM) between 1979 and 1985 (Wallace et al., 1982, 1984a, b, c;
Hartwell et al.,  1984b, c; Pellizzari et al., 1984b, 1986).  The
                                43

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following are the main components of the methodology:

     •  Personal monitors (with Tenax sampling cartridges and
        miniature air pumps)  to measure exposure directly

     •  Spirometers to measure exhaled breath as an indicator of
        recent exposure and body burden

     •  Measurements of drinking water at the tap

     •  Outdoor air measurements to determine the ambient
        component of exposure

     •  Survey sampling techniques to ensure representativeness
        of the subjects

     •  Oversampling of strata of interest to ensure adequate
        statistical power

     •  Concurrent special studies to investigate microenviron-
        ments of interest (e.g., dry cleaners, swimming pools)
     The TEAM study resulted in two major findings:


     •  Personal exposure exceeded outdoor concentrations for all
        11 prevalent chemicals at all tested locations

     •  Breath concentrations reflected previous exposures


     With respect to individual chemicals, four additional

observations were made:


     •  Cigarette smoke is the major source of exposure to
        benzene and styrene; both were elevated in smokers'
        breath by factors of 5 to 10 over nonsmokers.  Cigarette
        smoke was another source of elevated exposure to xylenes,
        octane, and ethylbenzene

     •  Hot showers appear to be the major source of exposure to
        chloroform

     •  Dry-cleaned clothes are the major source of exposure to
        tetrachloroethylene

     •  Room air fresheners and moth crystals may be major
        sources of exposure to para-dichlorobenzene


                                44

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     Lebret et al.  (1986) studied 134 homes  in The Netherlands
using charcoal  (rather than Tenax) and using only indoor  (rather
than personal) samplers.  About 45 chemicals were quantified,
compared to 20 in the TEAM study.  There were two major findings
in the Lebret study:

     •  Indoor levels of all 45 chemicals exceeded outdoor levels
     •  Tobacco smoke and use of solvents were major sources of
        elevated indoor pollutant concentrations.

     Seven other studies of volatile organics in 10 or more homes
have been reported  since 1979.  Molhave et al. (1979) found
elevated levels of  benzene and toluene in 39 Danish dwellings.
Jarke (1979) found  more complex chromatograms and increased
concentrations of organics in 34 Chicago, IL, homes.  Seifert and
Abraham (1982) reported that 15 homes in Berlin, West Germany,
displayed increased levels of toluene and xylene from printed
material (books, newspapers, etc.).  The Halocarbon Study
(Pellizzari et al.  1983) has determined 12-hour integrated
exposures to 20 to  30 halogenated hydrocarbons in 150 households
in three U.S.  cities.

     De Bortoli et al. (1984)  found that 32 of 32 organics had
indoor-outdoor ratios greater than 1 in northern Italian homes,
with six indoor-outdoor ratios greater than 10.  Gammage et al.
(1986)  detected gasoline vapors in 40 east Tennessee homes, most
with attached garages.  Monteith (1984)  found increased levels of
18 VOCs in 44 mobile homes in Texas.

     Nine studies of more than 1,000 homes (Table 7) show
remarkable agreement on the following points:

     •  Essentially every one of the 40 or so organics studied
        has higher levels indoors than outdoors
                                45

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                                 TABLE 7




                  STUDIES OF VOLATILE  ORGANICS  IN HOMES
Location
California
Denmark
Germany
Illinois
Italy
Netherlands
New Jersey
No. Carolina
No. Dakota
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Date of
Study
1984
1979
1981-82
1979
1983
1981-82
1980
1981-1983
1979
1980
1982
1982
1986
1980-84
1986
1979
1983
No. of
Homes
192
39
15
34
14
134
9
352
6
3
25
25
1
3
8
11
44
Principal
Investigator
Pellizzari, Wallace
Molhave
Seifert
Jarke
De Bortoli
Lebret
Pellizzari
Wallace, Hartwell
Wallace
Pellizzari
Wallace
Wallace
Spicer
Davidson
Gammage
Wallace
Monteith
BLIS
Reference
211, 437
451
262
522
53
100
17
51, 76, 127,
136, 719
126
17
127
127
610
80
615
126
427
TOTAL
915
                                   46

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     •  Sources are numerous, including building materials,
        furnishings, dry-cleaned clothes, cigarettes, gasoline,
        cleansers, moth crystals, hot showers, and printed
        material.

     •  The range of concentrations is great, often two or more
        orders of magnitude.

PESTICIDES

     Interest in measuring pesticide exposure in indoor air is
relatively recent.  Few studies on pesticides were conducted in
the 1970s.  Perhaps the earliest published work is by Starr, et
al. , (1974), which describes measurements in Colorado and
concludes that household dust is a major reservoir for pesticides
in the environment.  Wright and Jackson (1975) evaluated the
variance in pesticide residues, including after application using
air compressors and aerosol-type sprayers.  They concluded that
pesticides move following aerosol application and that food con-
tamination after application was appreciable.

     Wright et al. (1981, 1982, 1984)  and Leidy (1982, 1984)
published a series of papers describing measurements following
application of pesticides in dormitories,  food-serving areas,
buildings, service vehicles, and homes.   In each case, measurable
amounts were detected in the air, on dust  particles, on walls, on
articles in the rooms,  etc., for as long as 35 days after
application.

     Pellizzari et al.  (1981), Wallace et al., (1983a, b),
Bromberg et al. (1984), Jurinski (1984), Ruh (1984), Gebifugi and
Korte (1984),  Livingston ejt al.  (1981),  and Dobbs and Williams
(1983)  also reported measurable pesticide exposures after
residential or commercial applications.   In view of these
studies, it is not surprising that Melius et al.  (1984)  published
                                47

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a survey by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health of more than 200 buildings where office workers had com-
plained of poor indoor air quality.  Wallace (1984) described the
"sick building syndrome" and possible solutions that architects
may use in designing buildings.  Pesticides are undoubtedly a
major contributor to the sick building syndrome in many cases.
Exposure to biocides is also of concern.  Van der Kolk (1984) and
Levin and Hahn (1986) reported on human exposure to wood preser-
vatives and concluded that good practices are not universal and
that little consideration has been given to occupants of treated
homes.

     Increased attention is being paid to improving the metho-
dology for measuring pesticides in indoor air, largely because
agencies such as EPA are required to measure and monitor low
levels of pesticides in the indoor environment.  Melcher et al.
(1978), Lewis et. al. (1982, 1986), Jackson and Lewis  (1981), and
Riggin and Petersen  (1985) identified methods for increasing
sampling sensitivity for a variety of chemicals.  Air concentra-
tions of pesticides as low as 0.01 ug/m3 can now be measured with
sophisticated laboratory equipment.  A portable exposure monitor
system is also considered desirable.

     One currently accepted method for measuring low levels of
most pesticides is through absorption on polyurethane foam  (Lewis
and MacLeod, 1982).  After elution and concentration, the samples
are passed through gas chromatographs; upon elution, the samples
are measured with the appropriate detector  (i.e., mass spectrome-
ter, flame ion detector, electron capture detector, nitrogen or
phosphorus detector).  Some modern pesticides cannot be measured
with this methodology.  For example, some synthetic pyrethroids
and carbamates may be thermally unstable, not absorbed, or not
separated sufficiently in a gas chromatograph.
                                48

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      The major  requirement  for  monitoring  low  pesticides  ex-
 posures  is  the  ability  to sample  with  the  precision  and accuracy
 needed for  regulatory purposes.   While technology  is available  to
 absorb,  elute,  and measure  some of  the pesticides  now in  use, no
 field-tested, quantitatively valid  method  is available for
 testing  for many  others.  Such  methods are needed, with known
 precision and accuracy, to  establish exposure  measurement
 guidelines  based  on  field monitoring  (i.e. , sampling and
 analysis).

      EPA's  Non-Occupational Pesticide  Exposure Study (NOPES),
 which is the first attempt  to develop  a methodology  for measuring
 the exposures of  the population to  pesticides  and  seek to relate
 these exposures to actual pesticide use patterns.  NOPES  applies
 the TEAM approach to the problem  of measuring  pesticide ex-
 posures:  (1) a representative  random  sample of the  population  is
 drawn and (2) exposures are measured through all relevant types
 of exposure  (personal air,  food,  drinking  water, and skin).  Food
 exposures in NOPES will be  estimated using food intake diaries
 and market  basket surveys;  all other routes of exposure (skin,
 air, and water) will be measured  directly.  This multi-season
 study will measure exposures in two cities, using newly developed
 personal monitors based on polyurethane foam techniques to obtain
 24-hour data, both indoors and outdoors.   NOPES will  identify key
 independent variables that explain the variability of pesticide
exposure within the  sample population.  The study design will
test hypotheses involving seasonal variations, person-to-person
variations,  and home temporal variations.   Many new  findings are
expected regarding the levels of  exposures of  the general
population,  and the  causes.

RADON

     In recent years, researchers have investigated  sources of
 indoor radon, monitoring devices,  factors  affecting  indoor
                                49

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concentrations, behavior of radon daughters, and development of
control techniques.

     Radon arises from trace concentrations of radium in the
earth's crust.  The primary sources of indoor radon include soil
gas, building materials, and tap water.  Nazaroff and Nero  (1984)
suggest that the infiltration of soil gas directly into
single-family homes is the largest contributor to indoor radon
levels.  They also indicate that key factors affecting radon
transport from soil are radon production in soil, flow-induction
mechanisms, soil permeability, and building substructure type.
However, Nero et al. (1985b) also notes that homes served by
private wells or small public systems with short storage times
stand a much greater chance of increased radon levels in tap
water.  In large buildings  (e.g.> apartments, offices), building
materials and outdoor air are the main sources of indoor radon.

     Measuring indoor radon concentrations requires special
equipment.  The two most popular, commercially available detec-
tors are the "charcoal canister" and the "alpha track detector."
Both are placed inside for a specified time and then sent to a
laboratory for analysis.

     Several factors may exacerbate indoor radon levels.
Fleischer et al.  (1982) found airtight homes to have three  times
the radon levels of conventional homes.  In addition, radon may
be introduced by modern construction methods.  Moschandreas et
al.  (1981) observed that in homes where radon levels were above
recommended health concentrations, increasing the mechanical
ventilation reduced those levels to within the recommended  range.
Wyndham et al.  (1978) studied the effects of normal home ventila-
tion methods on radon, radon progeny, and working levels and
found that decreases in radon corresponded to estimated increases
in house ventilation rates.
                                50

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     Several  recent  advances  have  helped  control  indoor  radon.
 In particular,  the pressure-driven flow of  soil  gas  into houses
 through  their  understructures can  be  controlled.   Recent work  has
 focused  on  better use  of  barriers, sealants,  and  construction
 techniques  (Nazaroff and  Nero et al.  1984).   Other techniques,
 which are designed to  flush radon  gas  from  the soils  beneath
 foundations, are also  effective.

     Indoor radon decreases with increased  mechanical ventila-
 tion.  Hess et  al. (1985)  similarly found that homes  with  low
 infiltration rates had average  radon  levels of 3.5 times that
 found in drafty homes.  Air-cleaning  systems  that  use air
 filtration  or  electrostatic precipitation have also  been studied.
 However, because their effect on the  actual radon  dose to  the
 lung is  unclear, air-cleaning techniques  are  less  desirable
 control  methods.  Source  reduction or  increased ventilation are
 better for  reducing  indoor concentrations  (Nero,  1985a).

     The human health  effects from exposure to radon are current-
 ly receiving significant  attention.   Inhaling radon  decay
 products results in  an alpha  dose  to  the critical  cells  of the
 respiratory tract.   This  dose has  been shown  to produce  lung
 cancer in miners.  The discovery of significant exposures  to
 indoor radon has led to estimating lifetime risk  of  lung cancer
per unit of exposure.  Nero et  al.  (1986)  note that available
 data suggest that a  1.5 picocuries/liter  (pCi/L) average con-
tributes about 0.3 percent to the  lifetime  risk of lung  cancer
and that, in the million  homes  with highest radon  levels,  long
term occupants suffer an  added  lifetime risk  greater than  and or
equal to 2 percent.   This latter value was derived from  the
existing miner mortality  studies through risk projection models.
At issue is whether   the results from miner studies can be  used to
estimate risks at somewhat lower exposure levels,  different
population mixes, and  settings.  Lowder (1985) states that
current estimates of radon exposure to the general public  and the
                                51

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consequent risk indicate that about 10 percent of nonsmoking-
related lung cancers may be produced by radon.
                                52

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Stockholm, pp 69-74.  NTIS PB85-104214.   (BLIS #080)

De Bortoli, Maurizo, et al.  (Aug. 1984)   "Integrating  'real  life1
measurements of organic pollution in indoor  and  outdoor air  of
homes in northern Italy," Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and
Sundell, J., Eds. "Indoor air, vol. 4, chemical  characterization
and personal exposure," Swedish Council for  Building Research,
Stockholm, pp 21-26.  NTIS PB85-104214.   (BLIS #053)

Dobbs, A.J., and Williams, N.  (1983)   "Indoor air pollution  from
pesticides used in wood remedial treatments," Environ. Pollut.:
Series B, 6:271-296.   (BLIS  #228)

Dockery, D.W.,  and Spengler, J.D.  (1977)   "Personal exposure to
respirable particulates and  sulfates versus  ambient concentra-
tions," Harvard School  of Public Health,  665 Huntington Ave.,
Boston, MA 02115   (11 pages).   (BLIS #132)

                                54

-------
 Fitz-Simmonsf  Terence,  and Sauls,  Harold B.  (1984)  "Using the
 HP-41CV calculator  as a data acquisition system for personal
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 Flachsbart,  Peter G., and Ah Yo, Clayton J.,  (1986) "Test of a
 theoretical  commuter  exposure model  to  vehicle exhaust intraf-
 fic," Paper  no.  86-79.4 presented  at the 79th  Annual Meeting on
 the Air  Pollution Control Association,  P.O.  Box 2861,  Pittsburgh,
 PA 15230 (16 pages).   (BLIS #430)

 Flachsbart,  Peter G., and Ott,  Wayne R.  (Feb.  1984) "Field
 surveys  of carbon monoxide in commercial settings using personal
 exposure monitors," U.S.  EPA, Office of  Research and Development,
 Washington,  DC 20460  (147 pages).  NTIS  PB84-211291.   (BLIS  #013)

 Fleischer, R.L., Mogro-Campero. A.,  and  Turner,  L.G.  (1982)
 "Indoor  radon  levels:   effects  of energy-efficiency in homes."
 Environ. Int., 8:105-109.  (BLIS #167)

 Fletcher, Robert A.  (1984)   "A  review of personal/portable
 monitors and samplers for  airborne particles,"  J. Air  Pollut.
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 Fletcher, Robert A.,  and  Bright, David S.  (Jan.  1983)   "NBS
 portable ambient particulate  sampler,"   NBSIR  82-2561,  National
 Bureau of Standards,  Gaithersburg, MD  20234  (43 pages).  NTIS
 PB83-165019/LL.   (BLIS  #129)

 Fugas, M., Wilder, B.,  Paukovic, R., Hrsak, J.   and
 Steiner-Skreb, D. (1972)   "Concentration levels  and particle size
 distribution of lead  in the air of an urban and  industrial area
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 EUR 5004 d-e-f, presented  at  the International  Symposium Environ-
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 Fugas, Mirka (1975)  "Assessment of total  exposure to an  air
 pollutant,"  Paper No. 38-5  in "International conference  on
 environmental  sensing and  assessment, held September 14-19,  Las
Vegas, NV, vol. 2," Institute of Electrical and  Electronic
 Engineers, New York,  NY,  (3 pages).   (BLIS #49)

Gammage, R.B.,  White, D. Alan, and Gupta, K.C.  (1984)   "Residen-
 tial  measurements of  high volatility organics and their   sourc-
es,"  Berglund,  B., Lindvall,  T., and Sundell, J., Eds.    "Indoor
air,  vol. 4,  chemical characterization and personal  exposure,"
Swedish Council for  Building Research, Stockholm, pp   157-162.
NTIS  PB85-104214.  (BLIS #098)
                                55

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Gammage, R.B., White, D.A., Biggins, C.E., Buchanan, M.V., and
Guerin, M.R.  (1986)  "Total volatile organic compounds (VOC) in
the indoor air of east Tennessee homes," Hochheiser, S.,  and
Jayanti, R.K.M., Eds., "Proceedings of the 1986 EPA/APCA sym-
posium on the measurement of toxic air pollutants," EPA 600/9-86-
-013, U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, pp. 104-116.  Not yet available
from  NTIS.   (Air Pollution Control Association, P.O.  Box 2861,
Pittsburgh, PA  15230  (12 pages).   (BLIS #615)

Gebifugi, Istavan, and Korte, Friedhelm (Aug. 1984)  "Indoor
contamination of household articles through pentachlorophenol and
lindane," Berglund, B., Lindvall T., and Sundell, J., Eds.
"Indoor air, vol. 4, chemical characterization and personal
exposure," Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp.
317-322.  NTIS PB85-104214.  (BLIS  #292)

Geisling, K.L., Tashima, M.K., Girman, J.R., Miksch, R.R., and
Rappaport, S.M.  (1982)  "A passive  sampling device for determin-
ing formaldehyde in indoor air."  Environ. Int., 8:153-158.
(BLIS #172)

Girman, J.R., Apte, M.G., Traynor,  G.W., Allen, J.R., and
Hollowell, C.D.  (1982)  "Pollutant  emission rates from indoor
combustion appliances and sidestream cigarette smoke," Environ.
Int., 8:213-221.   (BLIS #176)

Girman, J.R., Offermann, F.J., and  Sextro, R.G. (1984)  "Con-
trolling indoor air pollution from  tobacco smoke:  models and
measurements," Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.
"Indoor air, vol. 1, recent advances in the health sciences and
technology," Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm,
pp. 257-264.  NTIS PB85-104180.   (BLIS #340)

Goldstein, B.D., Melia, R.J.W., Chinn, S., Florey, C.V., Clark,
D. and John, H.H.  (1979) "The relations between respiratory
illness in primary schoolchildren and the use of gas for cooking:
II - factors affecting nitrogen dioxide levels in the home," Int.
J. Epidemiol., 8:339-345.  (BLIS  #423)

Grimsrud, D.T., Turk, B.H., Harrison, J., and Prill, R.J.  (1986)
"A comparison of indoor air quality  in Pacific Northwest existing
and new energy-efficient homes."  Paper 86-16.3, presented at the
79th Annual  Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association,
P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA  15230  (15 pages).

Gupta, K.C., Ulsamer, A.G., and Preuss, P.W.  (1982)   "Formal-
dehyde in indoor air:  sources and  toxicity," Environ. Int.,
8:349-358.   (BLIS  #189)

Hartwell, T.D., et al.  (1984a) "Study of  carbon monoxide exposure
to residents  of Washington, DC and  Denver, Colorado, Part I,"

                                56

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U.S. EPA,  Environmental  Monitoring  Systems Laboratory,  Research
Triangle Park,  NC  27711  (210 pages).   NTIS PB84-183516.   (BLIS
#117)

Hartwell,  T.D., Perritt, R.L.,  Zelon,  H.S., Whitmore, R.W.,
Pellizzari, E.D.,  and Wallace,  L.  (Aug.  1984b)   "Comparison  of
indoor and outdoor levels  for air volatiles in New Jersey,"
Berglund,  B., Lindvall,  T., and Sundell, J., Eds.  "Indoor air,
vol. 4, chemical characterization and  personal exposure,"  Swedish
Council for Building Research,  Stockholm, pp 81-85.  NTIS
PB85-104214.   (BLIS #076)

Hartwell,  T.D., Zelon, H.S., Leininger,  C.C., Clayton,  C.A. ,
Crowder, J.H.,  and Pellizzari,  E.D.  (1984c)  "Comparative
statistical analysis for volatile halocarbons in  indoor and
outdoor air," Berglund,  B., Lindvall,  T., and Sundell,  J., Eds.
"Indoor air, vol.  4, chemical characterization and personal
exposure," Swedish Council for  Building  Research, Stockholm, pp
56-61.  NTIS PB85-104214.   (BLIS #073)

Harving, H., Korsgaard,  J., Dahl, R.,  Pedersen, 0., and Molhave,
L.  (1986)  "Low concentrations  of formaldehyde in bronchial
asthma:  a study of exposure under  controlled conditions," Brit.
Med. J. reprint (3 pages).  (BLIS #699)

Hawthorne, A.R., et al.  (Dec. 1984)  "An indoor air quality  study
of 40 East Tennessee homes," Oak Ridge National Laboratory,  Oak
Ridge, TN  37831 (100 pages).   NTIS DE85-007087/LL.  (BLIS #134)

Hess, C.T., Fleischer, R.L., and Turner, L.G. (1985)   "Field and
laboratory tests of etched track detectors for 222Rn:   sum-
mer-vs-winter variations and tightness effects in Maine houses."
Health Phys., 49(l):65-79.  (BLIS #468)

Hoffmann,  D., Brunnemann, K.D., Adams, J.D., and Haley, N.J.
(1984) "Indoor air pollution by tobacco  smoke:  model studies on
the uptake  by nonsmokers,"  Berglund,   B.,  Lindvall,  T.,  and
Sundell, J., Eds.   "Indoor air, vol.   2, radon,  passive smoking,
particulates  and  housing  epidemiology,"  Swedish  Council  for
Building Research,  Stockholm, pp. 313-318.  NTIS PB85-104198.
(BLIS #365)

Howes, J.E., Jr.,  Vijayakumar,  R., Doerfler,  F., Burmann, F.J.,
and Howard, F.S. (Aug. 1985)  "Preliminary evaluation of a
modified NBS PM 10 sampler for  indoor particulate measurements,"
U.S. EPA,  Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research
Triangle Park, NC  27711 (39 pages).  NTIS PB85-2470057/AS.
(BLIS #320)

Hugod, Carl (1984)  "Passive smoking—a source of indoor airpollu-
tion," Berglund, B.,  Lindvall,  T., and Sundell,  J., Eds.  "Indoor
air, vol.  2, radon, passive smoking, particulates and housing

                                57

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epidemiology," Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm,
pp. 319-325.  NTIS PB85-104198.   (BLIS #366)

Jabara, J.W., Keefe, T.J., Beaulieu, H.J., and Buchan, R.M.
(1980)  "Carbon monoxide:  dosimetry in occupational exposures in
Denver, Colorado," Arch. Environ. Health, 35:198-204.  (BLIS
#054)

Jackson, M.D., and Lewis, R.B. (July 1981)  "Insecticide con-
centrations in air after application of pest control strips,"
Bull.  Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 27(1):122-125. (BLIS #296)

Jackson, M.D., and Wright, C.G.  (May  1975)  "Diazinon and
chlorpyrifos residues in food after insecticidal treatment in
rooms," Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 13(5):593-595.  (BLIS
#300)

Jarke, F.H. (1979)  "Volatile organic measurements in 34 Chicago
homes," ASHRAE report #183, Amer. Soc. of Heating, Refrig. & Air
Cond.  Engineers, Atlanta, GA.

Jewell, Richard A.  (1980)  "Reduction of formaldehyde levels in
mobile homes," Paper presented at the Symposium.  "Wood Adhesives
- Research, Applications, and Needs,"  Madison, WI, September
23-25, 1980 (7 pages).  NTIS ADP-002-426.   (BLIS #628)

Johnson, Ted  (Jan. 1984) "A study of personal  exposure to  carbon
monoxide in Denver, Colorado," U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC  27711  (272
pages).  NTIS PB84-146125.   (BLIS #124)

Jurinski, Neil B.  (Aug. 1984)  "The evaluation of chlordane and
heptachlor vapor concentrations within buildings treated for
insect pest control," Berglund, B., Lindvall,  T. and Sundell, J.,
Eds.   "Indoor air, vol. 4, chemical characterization and personal
exposure," Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp.
51-56.  NTIS PB85-104214.  (BLIS  #290)

Khan, Tahir R., and Meranger, Jean  C.  (1983)   "Recent advances  in
S02, Nox and 03 personal monitoring," Environ. Int., 9:195-206.
(BLIS  #324)

Konopinski, Virgil J.  (1984)  "Residential  formaldehyde and carbon
dioxide," Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and  Sundell, J., Eds.
"Indoor air, vol.  3, sensory  and  hyperactivity reactions to sick
buildings," Swedish Council for  Building Research, Stockholm, pp.
329-334.  NTIS PB85-104206.   (BLIS  #388)

Koontz, Michael D., and Nagda, Niren  L.  (1984) "Infiltration and
air quality in well-insulated homes:  3. measurement  and modeling
of pollutant  levels,"  Berglund,  B., Lindvall,  T., and  Sundell,
J., Eds.  "Indoor  air,  vol. 5,  buildings, ventilation  and thermal

                                58

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 climate,"  Swedish  Council  for  Building  Research,  Stockholm,  pp.
 511-516.   NTIS  PB85-104222.   (BLIS  #349)

 Leaderer,  B.P.,  Zangraniski, R.T.,  Berwick,  M.,  Stolwijk,  J.A.J.,
 and  Qing-Shan,  M.  (Aug.  1984)   "Residential  exposure  to  N02,  S02
 and  HCHO associated  with unvented  kerosene space  heaters,  gas
 appliances,  and  sidestream tobacco  smoke," Berglund,  B., Lind-
 vall,  T.,  and Sundell, J.,  Eds.   "Indoor  air,  vol.  4,  chemical
 characterization and personal  exposure."  Swedish Council  for
 Building Research, Stockholm,  pp. 151-156.   NTIS  PB85-104214.
 (BLIS  #097)

 Lebowitz,  M.D.,  Gorman,  C., O'Rourke, M.K.,  and Holberg, C.J.
 (1984)  "Indoor/outdoor air  pollution, allergen and  meteorological
 monitoring in an arid southwest  area,"  J. Air  Pollut.  Control
 Assoc., 34(10):1035-1038.   (BLIS #312)

 Lebowitz,  M.D.,  Holberg, C.J., Boyer, B., and  Hayes,  C.  (1985)
 "Respiratory symptoms, and  peak  flow associated with  indoor  and
 outdoor air  pollutants in  the  southwest," J. Air  Pollut.   Control
 Assoc., 35(11):1154-1158.   (BLIS #307)

 Lebret, E.,  Van  de Weil, H.J., Noij, D.,  and Boleij,  J.S.M.
 (1986)  "Volatile  hydrocarbons in Dutch homes," Environ. Int.,
 12(1-4):323-332.   (BLIS  #100)

 Leidy, R.B., et  al.  (1982)   "Concentration and movement of
 diazinon in air,"  J.  Environ.  Sci.  Health Pestic. Food Contam.
 Agric. Wastes, B17(4):311-319.   (BLIS #251)

 Leidy, R.B., Wright,  C.G., Dupree,  H.E., and MacLeod,  K.E.  (1984)
 "Concentration and movement of diazinon in air, II, vertical
 distribution in  rooms,"  J. Environ. Sci. Health-Pestic. Food
 Contam. Agric. Wastes, 19(8-9):747-757.   (BLIS #293)

 Levin, H., and Hahn,  J.  (1986)   "Pentachlorophenol  in  indoor  air:
 methods to reduce  airborne concentrations," Environ.   Int.,
 12(1-4):333-341. (BLIS #571)

 Lewis, R.G., Bond, A.E., and Fitz-Simons, T.R. (June   1986)
 "Monitoring for non-occupational exposure to pesticides in indoor
 and personal respiratory air," Paper No. 86-37.4  presented at the
 79th Annual Meeting  of the Air Pollution Control  Association,
 P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh,  PA  15230 (15 pages).  (BLIS #079)

Lewis, Robert, G., and MacLeod,  Kathryn E. (1982)   "Portable
 sampler for pesticides and semivolatile industrial  organic
 chemicals in air," Anal. Chem.,  54:310-315.  (BLIS  #323)

Liu, K.S., Chang, B.H., Hayward, S.B., Kulasingam,  G., and
Sexton, K. (June 1986a)   "Estimation of formaldehyde exposure for
mobile home residents."  Paper No.  86-68.1 presented at the 79th

                                59

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Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, P.O. Box
2861, Pittsburgh, PA  15230 (15 pages).  (BLIS #214)

Liu, K.S., Sexton, K., Hayward, S.B., Petreas, M., Webber, L. ,
and Chang, B.H.  (June 1986b)  "Determinants of formaldehyde
concentrations inside mobile homes."  Paper No. 86-7.7 presented
at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA  15230 (16 pages).  (BLIS
#215)

Livingston, J.M., et al. (Sept. 1981)  "Living area contamination
by chlordane used for termite treatment," Bull. Environ. Contain.
Toxicol., 27(3):406-411. (BLIS #252)

Lowder, Wayne M.  (1985)  "Radon:  overview." Gammage, R.B., Kaye,
S.V., and Jacobs, V.A., Eds.  "Indoor air and human health."
Lewis Publishers, Inc., P.O. Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI  48115.  pp.
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Lynn, David, Tabor, Elbert, Ott, Wayne, and Smith, Raymond  (June
1967) "Present and future commuter exposures to carbon monoxide,"
Paper No. 67-5 presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Air
Pollution Control Association, P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA
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Mage, David T., and Gammage, R.B.  (Oct. 1984) "Evaluation of
changes  in indoor air quality occurring over the past several
decades", Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI  48118  (30 pages).
(BLIS #428)

Malaspina, J., Bodilis, H., Giacomoni, L., and Marble, G.  (1984)
"Indoor  air pollution:  study of two buildings in the Paris
area," Berglund, B.f Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.  "Indoor
air, vol. 5, buildings, ventilation and thermal climate," Swedish
Council  for Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 499-504.  NTIS
PB85-104222.   (BLIS #348)

Matthews, T.G., et al.  (May 1984)   "Practical measurement
technology for low-formaldehyde-concentration levels:  applica-
tions to personnel monitoring needs."  EPA National Symposium on
Monitoring Hazardous Organic Pollutants in Air.  Raleigh, NC.
NTIS PB84-148345.   (BLIS #233)

Matthews, T.G.,  Hawthorne, A.R., Howell, T.C., Metcalfe, C.E.,
and Gammage, R.B.  (1982)   "Evaluation  of selected monitoring
methods  for formaldehyde in domestic environments."   Environ.
Int., 8:143-151.   (BLIS #171)

McKenzie, R.L.,  Bright, D.S., Fletcher, R.A., and Hodgeson, J.A.
(1982)  "Development of  a personal monitor for two sizes of
inhalable particulates," Environ.  Int., 8:229-233.   (BLIS  #027)


                                60

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Melcher, R.B., Garner, W.L., Severs, L.W., and Vaccard, J.R.
(Feb. 1978)  "Collection of chlorpyrifos and other pesticides in
air on chemically bonded sorbents," Anal. Chem., 50(2):251-255.
(BLIS #299)

Melius, J., Wallingford, K., Carpenter, J., and Keenlyside, R.
(1984) "Indoor air quality:  the NIOSH experience  (evaluation of
environmental office problems)," Am. Conf. Indust. Hyg. Report,
10:3-7. (BLIS #294)

Meyer, Beat  (1986) "Formaldehyde exposure from building pro-
ducts," Environ. Int., 12(1-4):283-288.   (BLIS #569)

Molhave, L., Moller, J., and Andersen, I. (1979)   "Air concentra-
tions of gases, vapours and dust in new houses,"  Ugeskrift for
Laeger, 141:956-961.   (Article written in Danish with English
summary.)    (BLIS #451)

Monteith,  D.K., Stock, T.H., and Seifert, W.E., Jr.  (1984)
"Sources and characterization of organic air contaminants inside
manufactured housing," Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell,
J., Eds.  "Indoor air, vol  4., chemical characterization and
personal exposure," Swedish Council for Building Research,
Stockholm, pp. 285-290.   (BLIS #427)

Moschandreas, D.J., et al.  (1981)  "Radon and aldehyde concentra-
tions in the indoor environment."  U.S. Department of Energy,
Office of  Buildings and Community Systems, Washington, DC  20585
(30 pages)  NTIS LBL 12590.  (BLIS #516)

Nasralla,  M.M. (1980)  "Studies on indoor air quality in Egypt,"
Environ. Int., 4(5-6):469-473.   (BLIS #236)

Nazaroff,  W.W., and Nero, A.V. (Feb. 1984)  "Transport of radon
from soil  into residences."  Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,
Berkeley,  CA  94720  (15 pages).  NTIS DE84-015996/XAB.  Also in
Atmos. Environ., 19(l):31-46.  (BLIS #257)

Nero, A.V., et al. (1985a)  "Characterizing the sources, range,
and environmental influences of radon 222 and its decay pro-
ducts," Sci. Total Environ. 45:233-244.  (BLIS #304)

Nero, A.V., Schwehr, M.B., Nazaroff, W.W., and Revzan, K.L. (June
1986)  "Distribution of airborne radon 222 concentrations in U.S.
homes," Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California,
Berkeley,  CA  94720  (32 pages).  NTIS LBL 18274.   (BLIS #421)

Nero, Anthony V., Jr.  (1985b)  "Indoor concentrations of
radon-222  and its daughters:  sources, range, and environmental
influences."  Gammage, R.B., Kaye, S.V., and Jacobs, V.A., Eds.
"Indoor air and human health," Lewis Publishers, Inc., P.O.
Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI  48118, pp. 43-67.  (BLIS #581)

                                61

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Ott, W.R.f Rodes, C.E., Drago, R.J., Williams, C., and Burman,
F.J. (1986)  "Automated data-logging personal exposure monitors
for carbon monoxide," J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 36(8):8-
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Ott, Wayne R. (Oct. 1971)  "An urban survey technique for
measuring the spatial variation of carbon monoxide concentrations
in cities," Stanford University, Dept. of Civil Engineering,
Stanford, CA  94305 (153 pages).  (BLIS #045)

Ott, Wayne R., and Willits, Neil H.  (1981)  "CO exposures of
occupants of motor vehicles:  modeling the dynamic response of
the vehicle," SIMS Technical Report No. 48, Stanford University,
Dept. of Statistics, Stanford, CA  94305  (52 pages). (BLIS #014)

Ott, Wayne, and Flachsbart, Peter (1982)  "Measurement of carbon
monoxide concentrations in indoor and outdoor locations using
personal exposure monitors," Environ.  Int., 8:295-304.   (BLIS
#031)

Palmes, E.D., Gunnison, A.F., DiMattio, J., and Tomczyk, C.
(1976)  "Personal sampler for nitrogen dioxide," Amer. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc.  J., 37:570-577.   {BLIS #443)

Pellizzari, E.D., et al. (1981)  "Total exposure assessment
methodology  (TEAM) study," Vol. I:  Northern New Jersey (393
pages), Vol. II:  Research Triangle Park  (189 pages), Vol. Ill:
quality assurance  (237 pages), EPA Contract No. 68-01-3849, U.S.
EPA,  Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC,  20460.
Not available from NTIS.   (BLIS #017)

Pellizzari, E.D., et al. (1986)  "Sampling and analysis for
volatile organics in indoor and outdoor air in New Jersey,"
Environ. Int., 12 (1-4)-.369-387.  (BLIS #075)

Pellizzari, E.D., et al. (May 1982)   "Human exposure to vapor-
phase halogenated hydrocarbons:  fixed-site vs. personal ex-
posure," In proceedings of "National symposium on recent advances
in pollutant monitoring of ambient air and stationary sources,
held at Raleigh, NC, May 4-7, 1982," pp. 264-288.  NTIS
PB-84-148345.  (BLIS #220)

Pellizzari, E.D., Sheldon,  L.S., Sparacino, C.M., Bursey, J.T.,
Wallace, L., and Bromberg,  S.  (1984b)   "Volatile organic  levels
in indoor air," Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell,  J.,
Eds.  "Indoor air, vol. 4,  chemical characterization and personal
exposure," Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp
303-308.   (BLIS #077)

Pellizzari, E.D., Whitmore, R., Sheldon, L.S., Sparacino, C.M.,
Zelon,  H.,and  Hartwell, T.D.  (1983)  "Breath monitoring as an

                                62

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indication of environmental exposure to volatile organics," draft
report, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Washington,
DC 20460  (191 pages).  Not available from NTIS.  (BLIS #211)

Pengelly, L.D., et al.  (Nov. 1983)  "The Hamilton study: rela-
tionship  between outdoor and indoor air quality in homes and
elementary schools."  Canada Ministry of Environment General and
Air Pollution Research Technology Transfer Conference.  Toronto,
Canada, Vol. 1, pp. 184.   (BLIS #260)

Quackenboss, J.J., Kanarek, M.S., Kaarakka, P., Duffy, C.P.,
Flickinger, J., and Turner, W.A.  (1984)  "Residential indoor air
quality,  structural leakage and occupant activities for 50
Wisconsin homes," Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J. ,
Eds.   "Indoor air, vol. 5, buildings, ventilation and thermal
climate," Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp.
411-420.  NTIS PB85-104222.  (BLIS #344)

Reed, Charles E., and Swanson, Mark C.  (1986)  "Indoor allergens:
identification and quantification," Environ. Int., 12(1-4):115-
120.   (BLIS #335)

Repace, J.L., Ott, W.R., and Wallace, L.A.  (June 1980)  "Total
human exposure to air pollution," Paper No. 80.61.6 presented at
the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association,
P.O. Box  2861, Pittsburgh, PA  15230 (26 pages).  (BLIS #065)

Repace, James L. (1981)  "The problem of passive smoking," Bull.
N.Y. Acad. Med., Ser. 2, 57 (10):936-946.  (BLIS #066)

Repace, James L., and Lowrey, Alfred H. (1980)   "Indoor air
pollution, tobacco smoke, and public health," Science, 208:464-4-
72.  (BLIS #064)

Riggin, Ralph M., and Petersen, Bruce A. (1985)  "Sampling and
analysis methodology for semivolatile and nonvolatile organic
compounds in air," Gammage, R.B., Kaye, S.V., and Jacobs, V.A.,
Eds., "Indoor air and human health," Lewis Publishers, Inc., P.O.
Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI  48118, pp. 351-359. (BLIS #594)

Ritchie, I.M., and Arnold F.C.  (Aug. 1984)   "Characterization of
residential air pollution from unvented kerosene heaters."
Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.  "Indoor air,
vol. 4, chemical characterization and personal exposure." Swedish
Council for Building Research,  Stockholm, pp. 253-258. NTIS
PB85-104214.  (BLIS #096)

Ritchie, I.M., and Lehnen, R.G. (1985)   "An analysis of formal-
dehyde concentrations in mobile and conventional homes."  J.
Environ. Health, 47:300-305.   (BLIS #440)
                                63

-------
Ruh, Carmen (Aug. 1984)  "The indoor biocide pollution:  occur-
rence of pentachlorophenol and lindane in homes," Berglund, B.,
Lindvall, T.,  and Sundell, J., Eds. "Indoor air, vol. 4, chemical
characterization and personal exposure," Swedish Council for
Building Research, Stockholm, pp 309-315.  NTIS PB85-104214.
(BLIS #291)

Ryan, P. Barry, et al. (1987) "Nitrogen dioxide exposure assess-
ment in greater Boston: assessment of personal monitoring", paper
presented at 4th Int. Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Berlin,
Aug. 17-21, 1987.

Ryan, P.B., Spengler, J.D., and Letz, R. (1983)  "The effects of
kerosene heaters on indoor pollutant concentrations:  a monitor-
ing and modeling study."  Atmos. Environ., 17(7):1339-1345.
(BLIS #454)

Schenker, M.B., Weiss, S.T., and Murawski, B.J. (1982)  "Health
effects of residence in homes with urea formaldehyde foam
insulation:  a pilot study," Environ. Int., 8:359-363.  (BLIS
#184)

Seifert, B., and Abraham, H.J.  (1982)  "Indoor air concentrations
of benzene and some other aromatic hydrocarbons," Ecotoxicol.
Environ.  Safety, 6:190-192.  (Blis #262)

Sexton, K., Liu, K.-S., Treitman, R.D., Spengler, J.D., and
Turner, W.A. (1986)  "Characterization of indoor air quality in
wood-burning residences," Environ. Int. 12(1-4):265-278.   (BLIS
#217)

Sexton, K., Liu, Kai-Shen, Hayward, S.B., and Spengler, J.D.
(1985)  "Characterization and source apportionment of wintertime
aerosol in a wood-burning community,"  Atmos. Environ. 19(8):122-
5-1236.   (BLIS #288)

Sexton, Ken, Spengler, John D., and Treitman, Robert D. (1984)
"Effects of residential wood combustion on indoor air quality:  a
case study in Waterbury, Vermont," Atmos. Environ.,
18(7):1371-1383.   (BLIS #198)

Silverman, F., Corey, P., Mintz, S., and Hosien, M.R.  (Aug.  1984)
"Factors that  influence assessments of health effects of air
pollution," Berglund, B. , Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J. , Eds.
"Indoor air, vol. 4, chemical characterization and personal
exposure," Swedish Council for Building Research.  Stockholm, pp.
123-137, NTIS PB85-104214.   (BLIS #089)

Silverman, F., Corey, P., Mintz, S., Oliver,  P., and Hosein, R.
(1982)  "A study of effects of ambient  urban air pollution  using
personal  samplers:  a preliminary report," Environ.  Int.,
8:311-316.  (BLIS #12)

                                64

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Singh, J., Walcott, R., and St. Pierre, C.  (1982)  "Evaluation of
the relationship between formaldehyde emissions from particle—
board mobile home decking and hardwood plywood wall paneling in
experimental mobile homes," U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development, Washington, DC  20410  (81 pages).  NTIS PB83-237404.
(BLIS #523)

Smith, Kirk R., et al.  (1983)   "Air pollution and rural biomass
fuels in developing countries:  a pilot village study in India
and implications for research and policy," Atmos. Environ.,
17(11):2343-2362.   (BLIS #245)

Soczek, M.L., et al.  (1986).  "The Boston residential N02
characterization study:  an evaluation of survey methodology,"
Paper No. 86-5.9A, Presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the
Air Pollution Control Association, P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA
15230 (16 pages).   (BLIS #267)

Spengler, J.D., Ferris, B.C., Dockery, D.W., and Speizer, F.E.
(Oct. 1979)  "Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide levels inside
and outside homes and implications on health effects research,"
Environ. Sci. Technol., 13 (10):1276-1280.   (BLIS #131)

Spengler, John D., and Soczek,  Mary L. (1984)  "Evidence for
improved ambient air quality and the need for personal exposure
research," Environ. Sci. Technol., 18(9):269-280.  (BLIS #063)

Spicer, C.W., et al.  (1986)  "Intercomparison of sampling
techniques for toxic organic compounds in indoor air," Hoch-
heiser, S., and Jayanti, R.K.M., Eds., "Proceedings of the 1986
EPA/APCA symposium on the measurement of toxic air pollutants,"
EPA 600/9-86-013, U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory Research Triangle Park,  NC, 27711,  pp. 45-60.  Not
yet available from NTIS. (Air Pollution Control Association, P.O.
Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230.)  (BLIS #610)

Squirrel, M. (Nov.  1985)  "Indoor air quality," Environ. Health,
93(11):299-301.  (BLIS #36)

Starr, H.G., Aldrich, F.D., McDougal, W.D., and Mounce, L.M.
(Dec. 1974)  "Contribution of household dust to human exposure to
pesticides," Pestic. Monitoring J., 8(3):209-213.  (BLIS #123)

Traynor, G.W., Apte, M.G., Carruthers, A.R., Dillworth, J.F.,
Grimsrud, D.T., and Thompson, W.T.  (1984)   "Indoor air pollution
and inter-room pollutant transport due to unvented kerosene-fired
space heaters," Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.
"Indoor air, vol. 5, buildings, ventilation and thermal climate,"
Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 523-528.
NTIS PB85-104222.   (BLIS #351)
                                65

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Turiel, I., Hollowell, C.,  Miksch, R.R.,  Rudy, J.V., and Young,
R.A. (1983)  "The effects of reduced ventilation on indoor air
quality in an office building," Atmos. Environ., 17(l):51-64.
(BLIS 1419)

U.S. Department of Health,  Education and Welfare, Public Health
Service,  (Jan. 1969) "Air quality criteria for particulate
matter," Nat. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., No. AP 49 (211 pages).

Van der Kolk, J.  (1984)  "Wood preservatives and indoor air,
experiences in The Netherlands," Berglund, B., Lindvall, T. , and
Sundell, J., Eds.  "Indoor  air, vol. 1, recent advances in the
health sciences and technology," Swedish Council for Building
Research, Stockholm, pp. 251-256.  NTIS PB85-104180.   (BLIS  #339)

Wallace, L., Bromberg, S.,  Hartwell, T., Pellizzari, E. , Sheldon,
L., and Zelon, H. (1984c) "Plan and preliminary results of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's indoor air monitoring
program: 1982," Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.
"Indoor air, vol. 1, recent advances in the health  sciences  and
technology," Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm,
pp. 173-178.  NTIS PB85-104180.   (BLIS #336)

Wallace, L., Pellizzari, E., Hartwell, T., Sparacino, C.,
Sheldon, L., and  Zelon,  H.  (1984)  "Personal exposures, outdoor
concentrations, and breath levels of toxic air pollutants
measured for 425  persons in urban, suburban, and rural  areas,"
Paper No. 84-1.8  presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Air
Pollution Control Association, P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh,  PA
15230  (18 pages).   (BLIS #127)

Wallace, L. , Zweidinger, R., Erickson, M., Cooper,  S.,  Whitaker,
D., and Pellizzari, E.D. (1982)   "Monitoring  individual exposure:
measurements of volatile organic  compounds in breathing zone air,
drinking water and exhaled breath," Environ.  Int., 8:269-282.
 (BLIS  #126)

Wallace,  L.A., and Pellizzari, E.D.  (1986)   "Personal  air
exposures  and breath  concentrations of benzene  and  other volatile
hydrocarbons for  smokers and nonsmokers," Toxicol.  Lett.,
35:113-116.   (BLIS #719)

Wallace,  L.A., Pellizzari, E.D.,  Hartwell, T.D., Sparacino,  C. ,
and Zelon,  H.  (1983a)   "Personal  exposure to  volatile  organics
and other  compounds indoors and  outdoors—the TEAM  study," U.S.
EPA, Office  of Research  and Development, Washington,  D.C.   20460
 (35 pages).  NTIS PB83-231357.  (BLIS  #018)

Wallace,  L.A., Pellizzari, E.D.,  Hartwell, T.D., Sparacino,  C.,
and Zelon,  H.  (June 1983b)  "Personal  exposure to volatile
organics  and other compounds  indoors  and  outdoors—the  TEAM
study,"  Paper No. 83-9.12 presented at the  76th Annual  Meeting of

                                66

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 the  Air  Pollution Control  Association,  P.O.  Box 2861,  Pittsburgh,
 PA  15230  (29  pages).   (BLIS #051)

 Wallace, Lance (Nov.  1984)  "Do buildings make people sick?," U.S.
 EPA,  Office  of Research and Development, Washington, DC 20460 (11
 pages).  Not available from NTIS,  this  paper was presented at a
 symposium  of the  American  Institute  for Architects.   (BLIS #145)

 Wallace, Lance A.  (1981)   "Recent  progress  in developing and
 using personal monitors to  measure human exposure to air pol-
 lutants, "  Environ.  Int., 5:73-75.   (BLIS #015)

 Wallace, Lance A.,  and Ott,  Wayne  R.  (1982)   "Personal  monitors:
 a  state-of-the-art survey,"  J.  Air Pollut.  Control Assoc.,
 32(6):601-610.  (BLIS  #016)

 Wallace, Lance A.,  et  al.  (1984b)  "Analysis  of  exhaled  breath of
 355  urban  residents for volatile organic compounds," Berglund,
 B.,  Lindvall,  T.,  and  Sundell,  J., Eds.   "Indoor air, vol. 4,
 chemical characterization and  personal  exposure," Swedish  Council
 for  Building Research,  Stockholm,  pp 15-20.   NTIS PB85-104214.
 (BLIS #438)

 Wallace, Lance A.,  et  al.  (in  press)  "California TEAM study:
 breath concentrations  and personal exposures to 26 volatile
 compounds  in air  and drinking  water  of  188  residents of Los
 Angeles, Antioch,  and  Pittsburgh,  California,"  Atmos. Environ.
 (BLIS #437)

 Wallace, Lance, et  al.  (1984a)  "Personal exposure to volatile
 organic compounds—1,  direct measurements in breathing-zone  air,
 drinking water, food,  and exhaled  breath," Environ.  Res.,
 35:293-319.  (BLIS  #136)

 Wang,  J.,  Cao,  S.,  Li,  Z.,  Zhong, Y., and Li, S.  (1985)   "Human
 exposure to  carbon  monoxide and suspended particulate matter  in
 Beijing, People's Rep.  of China," PEP/85.11,  World Health
 Organization,  Geneva, Switzerland  (69 pages).   (BLIS #206)

Wright, C.G.,  and Jackson, M.D., (Jan 1975)   "Insecticide
 residues in  non-target  areas of rooms after  two  methods  of crack
 and crevice  application," Bull. Environ. Contam.  Toxicol.,
 13(1):123-128.   (BLIS #009)

Wright, C.G.,  and Leidy, R.B.  (April 1984)   "Insecticide  residues
 in the air of  buildings and pest control vehicles,"  Bull.
 Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 24(4):582-589. (BLIS  #298)

Wright, C.G.,  and Leidy, R.B.  (May 1982)  "Chlordane and hep-
 tachlor in homes treated for termites,"  Bull. Environ.  Contam.
Toxicol.,  28(5):617-623. (BLIS #295)
                                67

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Wright, C.G., Leidy, R.B., and Dupree, H.E.  (April 1981)  "Insec-
ticides in the ambient air of rooms following their application
for control of pests," Bull. Environ. Contain., Toxicol.,  26 (-
4):5-48-553.  (BLIS  #297)

Wyndham, S.T., Savage, E.D., and Phillips, C.R.  (1978).   "The
effects of home ventilation systems on indoor radon - radon
daughter levels," U.S. EPA, Office of Radiation Programs,
Washington, DC  20460  (26 pages).  NTIS PB-291925.  (BLIS #504)

Yanagisawa, Yukio,  and Nishimura, Hajime  (1982)  "A badge-type
personal sampler for measurement of personal exposure to  N02 and
NO in ambient air," Environ. Int., 8:235-242.   (BLIS #028)

Yanagisawa, Y., and Nishimura, H.  (1981)  "Development of  badge
type sampler with oxidation filter for measurement of nitric
oxide in ambient air," Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu 7:643-650.

Yocom, John E., et  al.  (1982)  "Indoor-outdoor air quality
relationships:  a critical review."  J. Air Pollut. Control
Assoc., 32:904-920.  (BLIS #434)

Ziskind, R.A., Rogozen, M.B., Carlin, T., and Drago, R.  (1981)
"Carbon monoxide intrusion into sustained-use vehicles,"  Environ.
Int. 5:109-123.  (BLIS #333)

Ziskind, Richard A., Fite, Kenneth, and Mage, David T.  (1982)
"Pilot field study:  carbon monoxide exposure monitoring  in the
general population," Environ. Int., 8:283-293.   (BLIS #030)
                                68

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               APPENDIX


Bibliographic Literature Information Systems (BLIS)
    an Alphabetical Listing of 788 Abstracts to
               February  1987

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DATE:  08-24-1987                                 TIME:  14:28:41
*********************************
*                                                               *
*       BIBLIOGRAPHIC LITERATURE INFORMATION SYSTEM (BLIS)      *
*                                                               *
*********************************
0733
Abu-Jarad,  F.,  Sithamparanadarajah,  R.,  Thompson,  J.M. ,  and
Fremlin,  J.H.   (1982) "Comparisons  of  various  techniques  for
measuring  natural  ventilation  in  rooms",  Phys.  Med.  Biol.,
27(11):1393-1400.

KEYWORD: ventilation, monitor, temperature,  laboratory, foreign,
freon, halocarbon, methodology, Britain

Various tracer gases were released into a room and  the  rate  of
decrease  of  their  concentrations  was used as a measure of the
natural  ventilation  rate.   Three  instruments—automated   gas
chromatograph,  gas  sensor   (for  combustible gas),  and Geiger-
Muller counter—gave similar results.  Complete mixing of all the
tracers  with  room  air  required  at  least  20  minutes.   The
organohalogenated  gases  affected  the results of the gas sensor
because they were strongly  adsorbed  on  its  detector  surface.
Despite  stratification  of both tracer gas concentration and air
temperature,  the natural ventilation rate was not  significantly
affected.
0735
Abu-Jarad,  F.,  Wilson,  C.K.,  and Fremlin,  J.H.  (1981)  "The
registration   of  the  alpha-particles  from  polonium  isotopes
plated-out on the surface of the plastic detectors LR-115 and CR-
39", Nucl. Tracks, 5(3):285-290.

KEYWORD: radon, laboratory,methodology,radiation,design, monitor,
track-etching, foreign, Britain

LR-115 and CR-39 plastic detectors  were  used  in  a  laboratory
setting  to measure the plate-out of radon daughters (SPo-218 and
2Po-214) on their surfaces.  Measurements were  made  by  coating
both  detector  surfaces  with fresh CR-39 after completing their
initial exposure to  radon  activity.  The  plated-out  daughters
continued  to  decay  for about 4 hours after completing exposure
and this  was  recorded  by  the  CR-39  coating.  Two  different
experiments  were  used  to  study  plate-out  desiccator and fan
experiment.  The effect of the plate-out increased the number  of
tracks  on  CR-39  while  not affecting the LR-115,  since LR-115
cannot record alpha-particles  with  the  full  emission  energy.

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Plate-out  can  cause  over-estimation  of radon concentration by
several times when using CR-39.
0008
Abu-Jarad,  F.,   and  Al-Jarallah,  M.I.  (1986)   "Radon in Saudi
homes", Radiat.  Prot. Dosim, 14(3):243-249.

KEYWORD:  field,  home,activity,outdoor,ventilation,weather,source,
QA, methodology, exposure, radon, foreign, Saudi Arabia

In a survey of 400 houses in Saudi Arabia, 637 passive dosimeters
measured  radon concentrations from 0.13 to 0.98 picoCuries/Liter
(pC/L) with a mean of 0.43  pC/L.  Concentrations  in  unoccupied
houses  in  the same area were twice as high.  The radon daughter
concentration measured in 17 unoccupied  houses  with  a  Working
Level  (WL) monitor ranged from 0.00135 to 0.024 WL with a mean of
0.0069  WL.  The average exhalation rate measured in 37 houses by
95 passive detectors in cans sealed to the  walls  averaged  0.56
pC/square  meter/hour.  This  survey,  the  first  of its kind in
Saudi Arabia,  a hot climate,  is compared to similar studies  in
cold climates.
0158
Abu-Jarad,  F.,  and Fremlin, J.H.  (1982) "The activity of radon
daughters in  high-rise  buildings  and  the  influence  of  soil
emanation", Environ. Int., 8(1-6):37-43.

KEYWORD: radon, field, exposure,  source,  ventilation,  foreign,
Britain

Concentrations  of radon daughters were measured in similar rooms
in  two  high-rise  buildings   in   Birmingham,   England.   The
geometrical  means  for  40 measurements,  including the basement
results,  were 0.90 milli  Working  Levels   (mWL)  and  1.00  mWL
excluding  basement results.  Both were less than the mean of 2.0
mWL for 65 measurements in typical houses in the same  city.  The
frequency  distribution of these  measurements was lognormal.  The
concentrations did not depend on  the distance from  ground  level
but  may  have  depended  on  the ventilation  rate  of the room
examined.  The concentration of radon daughters  in  rooms  above
the  first  floor  in  the two high-rise buildings tended to vary
inversely with the rooms' ventilation rates.


0734
Abu-Jarad, F.   (1982) "Variation  in long-term radon and daughters
concentration  with  position   inside  a  room",  Radiat.   Prot.
Dosim., 3(4):227-231.

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KEYWORD: monitor,radon,radiation,field,home,ventilation,exposure,
track-etching,  foreign,  freon,  Britain, halocarbon

Bare  plastic   nuclear   track   detectors  were  used   in  similar
conditions to record  alpha-particles  from radon and its daughters
in more than 100  U.K.  houses.  The LR-115  was  more  convenient
than  the  CR-39  because of  its energy-discriminating  properties.
The long-term radon and  daughter  concentration in air  varied when
both types of detectors  were placed at different positions in the
same room.  Concentration of tracer gases at different positions
in a room also  varied, as observed by measuring ventilation using
gas  chromotography.  The significance  of  these variations for
exposure assessment is discussed.


0751
Abu-Jarad, F.,  and Fremlin,  J.H.   (1982) "The effect  of a fan in
reducing  the   concentration of the radon daughters inside a room
by plate-out to the surface  of  the   wall  using  plastic  alpha-
detectors", Health Phys.  41(l):82-85.

KEYWORD: foreign,Saudi Arabia,radon,laboratory,particulate,smoke,
monitor,track-etching,ventilation,design,radium,humidity,control

Solid  nuclear  track detectors   (CR-39)  were used to study the
turbulence effect in  a room  contaminated by a radium compound  (5
picoCurie/Liter).   After 143  days,  the  detectors  showed  10
tracks/cm2/hr.  To study the effect of running an air-mixing fan,
several plastics were attached  to the  front  and  back  of  fan
blades  and again to  the walls.   The  number of tracks  measured on
the wall detectors increased when the fans were used.  The  ratio
between  tracks on   the front  fan  blades to those  on the wall
ranged from 8   to  15.   The  front  of  the  fan  blades  usually
collected  more radon daughters  than the backs,  except for when
smoke was released  into the   room.  In  this  case,  the  smoke
particles stuck to the back  edges of  the blades, and the activity
was higher on the detectors  on  the backs of the fan blades.  This
suggests  that  the   radon   daughters  were attached to the smoke
particles.   The  authors  conclude   that  the  use  of  the  fan
increases  the  plate-out of radon daughters on the walls,  thus
possibly  reducing  the   airbourne  level.   It  was   not  clear,
however,  if  plate-out   of  radon daughters on the walls would be
the same as plate-out on the detectors.


0731
Abu-Jarad, F.,   and Fremlin,  J.H.  (1983)  "Effect of internal wall
covers  on  radon  emanation  inside   houses",    Health   Phys.
44(3):243-248.

KEYWORD: control,monitor,track-etching, laboratory,  architecture,
radon,  foreign,  Britain

-------
Most types of paint for the internal walls of houses reduce radon
emanation  from  building  materials.  At  the  same time,  paint
increases the concentration of radon inside the  material  itself
and  the  radon  emanation  from  unpainted  areas.  One  type of
wallpaper used contains 6 ppm uranium in its decorated  surfaces,
and 0.3 ppm in undecorated surfaces;  the coloring  is  the  main
source  of  uranium.  Other  wallpapers  appear  to  be free from
uranium.  Wallpaper,  gypsum,  and plaster may increase the radon
activity inside houses depending on their radium contents.


0736
Abu-Jarad, F., and Fremlin, J.H. (1983) "The indoor concentration
of radon daughters in three different areas of the U.K.",  Health
Phys., 44(5):479-485.

KEYWORD: radon, foreign, monitor, track-etching, field,radiation,
home, ventilation, design, seasonal, Britain

The  concentrations  of radon daughters were measured in 86 rooms
in three areas in the United Kingdom.  The geometrical  means  of
the concentrations were Birmingham,  2.0 milliWL;  Aberdeen,  6.7
milliWL;  and mainland Orkneys, 2.5 milliWL.  In many cases,  the
ground beneath the houses was an important source of radon;  with
good  subfloor  ventilation,  the  ground  contribution  was  not
important.


0730
Abu-Jarad, Falah, and Fremlin, J.H.  (1984) "Seasonal variation of
radon concentration  in dwellings", Health Phys., 46(5):1126-1129.

KEYWORD: exposure,radon, track-etching, monitor,dose,field, home,
microenvironment, foreign, Britain,  seasonal, architecture

Long-term studies in 104 homes in Birmingham and London,  England,
sought to measure seasonal variation in radon and  radon-daughter
concentrations.  The  houses  varied  in  structure  and  building
materials.  Of special interest was  a  comparison  between  inner
walls  made of plaster board and those made of thermalite blocks,
which contain fly-ash from  coal  power  stations.   (The  average
concentration  of  uranium  in  British  coal is 1.5 ppm.) Track-
etching detectors were placed in the homes,  primarily  on  lower
floors.  Average concentrations were lowest in summer and highest
in winter, with average spring concentrations nearly equal to the
average  between  summer and winter.  Average concentrations were
lower than those in  the United States  and Sweden.  Levels in  the
London houses with thermalite blocks were similar to those in the
other common structures in Birmingham with plaster board.

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0392
Ackers, J.G.   (1985) "A comparison of calculated indoor radiation
exposure with  the results of experiments",  Sci.  Total Environ.,
45:245-250.

KEYWORD: radon, radiation, model, home, exposure, dose

A  model has been developed for calculating external and internal
radiation exposure  in  dwellings.  The  model  consists  of  two
adjacent  rooms  on  top  of  a crawlspace.  The indoor gamma ray
exposure rates and radon concentrations in indoor air,  predicted
for  a  variety  of  conditions,  are compared with observations.
Predictions and observations are in reasonable agreement; for the
radon concentration, the predictions may be about 40% too low.


0147
Akland,  G.,  Hartwell,  T.,  Zelon, H., and Rosenweig, M.  (Aug.
1982)  "Study  of  carbon  monoxide  exposure  of  residents   of
Washington,  D.C.  and Denver, Colorado", OMB Submission Package,
U.S.  EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711 (115 pages).  Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: CO,personal,exposure,statistical, method,economic,field,
sample, design, methodology, EPA$

EPA  submitted  this  document  to  the  Office of Management and
Budget as a requirement for  approval  to  conduct  a  survey  of
personal CO exposure of residents in Washington,  DC, and Denver,
CO.  It describes the importance of exposure data in  determining
health  risks  and  the  value  of monitoring CO.  Survey design,
sample design  and selection,  field activities,  data  collection
instruments,   statistical methods, supporting statements, and the
project budget are thoroughly explained.


0142
Akland,  Gerald G.  (May  1983)  "Carbon  monoxide  exposures  in
Washington, D.C.  and Denver, CO during the winter of 1982-3", in
"Proceedings:  National symposium on recent advances in pollutant
monitoring of ambient air and stationary sources",  EPA 600/9-84-
001,  U.S.  EPA,  Environmental  Monitoring  Systems  Laboratory,
Research  Triangle Park,  NC 27711,  pp.  220-233.  Not available
from NTIS.

KEYWORD: CO, biomonitoring, personal, exposure, monitor,sampling,
methodology, microenvironment, EPA$, risk

Personal  Exposure  Monitors  (PEMs)  were  used to measure CO in
Washington,  DC,  and Denver,  CO,  during the winter of 1982-83.

-------
The primary objective was to validate a methodology for measuring
the distribution of CO exposures in a representative sample of an
urban population so that the risk to the entire population can be
estimated.  The  methodology  for  selecting the participants and
measuring of CO is presented.  Preliminary results indicate  that
the  median  CO  value  in  Washington was 6 ppm,  with 1% of the
values exceeding 35 ppm.  For Denver, the median value was 8 ppm,
with  3.5%  of  the  values  exceeding  35  ppm.   After  further
statistical  analysis,  the  exposure  data will be contrasted to
estimates from fixed monitors, and an exposure profile determined
for each city.


0321
Akland, G.G., Hartwell, T.D., Johnson, T.R.,  and Whitmore,  R.W.
(1985)   "Measuring   human   exposure   to  carbon  monoxide  in
Washington,  D.C.,  and Denver,  Colorado,  during the winter  of
1982-1983", Environ. Sci. Technol., 19(10):911-918.

KEYWORD: CO, personal,exposure, monitor, demographic,statistical,
field, EPA$, microenvironment, source, distribution

A  methodology  for  measuring  the  frequency distribution of CO
exposure in a representative sample of an  urban  population  has
been developed and applied in two urban areas — Washington,  DC,
and Denver,  CO — during the winter of  1982-83.  Exposure  data
using personal exposure monitors (PEMs) were collected,  together
with activity  data  from  a  stratified  probability  sample  of
residents   living   in  each  of  the  two  urban  areas.   Well
established survey sampling procedures were  used  for  selecting
participants.  The resulting exposure data permit estimates of CO
exposure  for the eligible populations of the two areas,  as well
as statistical comparisons between  population  subgroups   (e.g.,
commuters  vs.  noncommuters  and  residents with and without gas
stoves).  During the study period, more than 10% of the residents
in Denver and 4% of the Washington area residents were exposed to
CO levels higher than 9 ppm for 8 hours (the National Ambient Air
Quality Air  Standard).  The  data  also  provided  evidence  for
judging the accuracy of exposure estimates calculated from fixed-
site monitoring data.


0316
Akland, Gerald, Johnson, Ted, and Hartwell, Tyler  (1984) "Results
of the carbon monoxide study  in  Washington,  D.C.  and  Denver,
Colorado,  in  the winter of 1982-83",  U.S.  EPA,  Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711
(7 pages).  NTIS PB84-230069.

KEYWORD: CO, personal, exposure, monitor,EPA$,distribution,field,
statistical, microenvironment, methodology

-------
CO exposure of residents of the Washington, DC,  and Denver,  CO,
areas  was  studied  in  the  winter  of  1982-83.  The  exposure
distributions were determined by direct measurement  of  CO  with
personal  exposure monitors (PEMs) through the use of statistical
inference from a statistically drawn sample.  The  population  of
inference  for  the  study  was nonsmoking,  noninstitutionalized
adults  (ages 18 to 70).  Each sampled individual  carried  a  PEM
for  24  hours  on  one pre-scheduled day in Washington,  and two
consecutive days in Denver.  The exposure distributions from each
study  area  are  contrasted,  and  factors  pertaining  to  high
exposure are discussed.


0225
Alfheim, Ingrid, and Ramdahl, Thomas (1984) "Contribution of wood
combustion to indoor air pollution as measured by mutagenicity in
Salmonella  and  polycyclic  aromatic hydrocarbon concentration",
Environ.  Mutagen., 6(2):121-130.

KEYWORD: particulate,  wood, smoke, source, smoking, health, PAH,
combustion

Samples of airborne particles were collected  in  the  same  room
when  heated  by  both  electricity  and  then wood burning.  The
mutagenic  activity  and  concentration  of  polycyclic  aromatic
hydrocarbons  (PAH)  of these samples were compared.  The effects
of the heat sources were examined in the presence and absence  of
tobacco  smoke.  Burning  wood in an "airtight" stove caused only
minor changes in the  concentration  of  PAH  and  no  measurable
increase  of  mutagenic  activity  of  the  indoor air,  but both
increased considerably when wood was burned in an open fireplace.
However, the effects on the mutagenic activity of indoor air from
wood burning in an  open  fireplace  could  still  be  considered
moderate  when  compared  to  the effects of tobacco smoke in the
room,  as measured in the Salmonella assay with strain TA98  with
metabolic activation.
0533
Alpen,  Edward L.  (1978) "Magnetic field  exposure  guidelines",
Proceedings of the biomagnetic effects workshop, April 6-7, 1978,
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley,
CA 94720, pp. 19-26.   NTIS LBL 7452.

KEYWORD: exposure, regulation, magnetic,health, research,outdoor,
energy, literature

The need to establish magnetic field exposure guidelines  in  the
reasonably  near  future is discussed,  as well as the particular
purposes for which such guidelines might  be  suitable.  Included

-------
are recommended limits that can be used as guidelines or criteria
for   working   environments   in   magnetic  fields.   The  U.S.
Department of Energy ad hoc  committee  was  given  the  task  of
establishing guidelines for DC fields, DC field gradients,  and AC
fields.  After  interviewing  people involved in new technologies
that generate large magnetic  fields,   the  committee  determined
that  there  was  no  significant  need  or  reason  to establish
guidelines for AC fields in the immediate future.  The  principal
problem  is to work on exposure guidelines for DC fields,  pulsed
DC fields, and possibly DC gradients.


0083
Amemdale,    Alfred   A.,   and   Hanes,   N.B.    (Aug.    1984)
"Characterization of indoor carbon monoxide  levels  produced  by
the automobile",  Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall,  T., and Sundell, J.,
Eds., "Indoor air, vol. 4, chemical characterization and personal
exposure", Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm, pp.
97-102.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: CO, temperature,microenvironment,source, NIOSH,gasoline,
weather, OSHA

Integrated air samples were obtained  at seven small  and six large
service   stations   and   two   automobile  dealerships.   These
establishments were sampled during cold and warm  weather  for   8
hours   during   each   visit,   and   time-weighted average  CO
concentrations were determined.  Warm weather  observations  did
not  exceed  the  standard  of  the U.S.  Occupational Safety and
Health Administration or the standard recommended by the National
Institute  for  Occupational  Safety  and  Health.   Cold  weather
observations,  however,  exceeded these levels  36% and 64% of the
time,  respectively.  Cold and  warm  weather   CO  concentrations
differed  significantly at the 99.99% level of  probability,  with
values  ranging  from  2.2  to  21.6  ppm  in   warm  weather.  CO
concentrations  differed  significantly  at  the  99.99% level of
probability  by establishment size,  with dealerships having  the
highest   levels,  small  service stations having the intermediate
levels, and  large service stations having the  lowest levels.


0696
Andelman,    Julian  B.    (1985)  "Human  exposures   to   volatile
halogenated   organic  chemicals  in  indoor   and  outdoor   air",
Environ.  Health Perspect., 62:313-318.

KEYWORD:  radon, model, trichloroethylene,  laboratory, halocarbon,
outdoor,  VOC, shower, water

Volatile  halogenated  organic  chemicals  are  found  in  indoor and
outdoor air, often  at concentrations  substantially above those in

-------
remote unpopulated areas.  Outdoor  ambient  concentrations  vary
considerably   among  sampling  stations  throughout  the  United
States,  as well as diurnally and daily.  The vapor pressures and
air-water  equilibrium (Henry's Law) constants of these chemicals
influence considerably the likely relative  human  exposures  for
the  air  and  water routes.  Volatilization of organic chemicals
and radon from indoor water use can be a  substantial  source  of
exposure.   Air  concentrations  of  trichloroethylene  (TCE)  in
showers using TCE-contaminated ground water increased  with  time
to  as  high  as  one-third  of  the occupational threshold limit
values.  Such volatilization and subsequent decay of TCE  in  air
also  were  demonstrated  in  a  scaled-down experimental shower.
Using  a  simplified  indoor  air  model  and  assuming  complete
volatilization from a full range of typical water uses within the
home,   calculations   indicated  that  the  expected  inhalation
exposures can be substantially higher than those  from  ingestion
of these chemicals in drinking water.  Although the regulation of
toxic  chemicals  in  potable  water has focused traditionally on
direct ingestion,  the volatilization and inhalation  from  other
much-greater indoor uses of water should be considered as well.


0720
Andelman,  Julian  B.,  Meyers,  Steven M.,  and Wilder,  Lynn C.
(1986) "Volatilization of organic chemicals from indoor  uses  of
water",   Lester,  J.N.,  Perry,  R.,  and  Sterrit,  R.M., Eds.,
"Chemicals in the environment", Selper Ltd., London, UK, pp. 323-
330.

KEYWORD: aerosol, exposure,laboratory, model, indoor, CHC13, VOC,
trichloroethylene, water, halocarbon, shower

In  a  model  laboratory  bath-shower  system,   volatization  of
choloform and trichloroethylene was  found to be typically greater
than 50%,  but less than would  be  predicted  from  Henry's  Law
equilibrium.  Mass  transfer  at  the air-water interface limited
volatilization.   Indoor  air  models  can   predict   inhalation
exposures  resulting  from such water uses.  Inhalation exposures
to toxic chemicals volatizing from all indoor water uses have the
potential to be larger than those from direct ingestion.


0074
Andelman,  Julian B.  (1985) "Inhalation exposure in the home  to
volatile  organic  contaminants  of drinking water",  Sci.  Total
Environ., 47:443-460.

KEYWORD: VOC, trichloroethylene,laboratory, water,EPA$, exposure,
source, shower

Indoor air concentrations of volatilized trichloroethylene   (TCE)

-------
can   be   substantial   when   TCE-contaminated  water  is  used
domestically.  Using a  model  shower,  increases  in  TCE  water
concentrations, water temperature, and drop path (time) increased
the  steady-state  air  TCE  concentrations.  Volatilization  was
incomplete,  and the rates were comparable  to  those  predicted.
Indoor air models show that the potential for inhalation exposure
to  such chemicals is much greater than that of direct ingestion.
This should be considered  in  developing  regulations  to  limit
adverse health impacts from contaminants of potable water.


0579
Andelman, Julian B., Couch, Amy, and Thurston, William W.  (1986)
"Inhalation  exposures  in  indoor  air to trichloroethylene from
shower water", Kopfler, F.  and Craun,  G.,  Eds., "Environmental
epidemiology", Lewis Publishers, Inc.  P.O.  Drawer 519, Chelsea,
MI 48118, pp. 201-213.

KEYWORD: aerosol, exposure, laboratory, model,  shower,  solvent,
trichloroethylene, water

In    a   laboratory   bath-shower   system,    43-67%   of   the
trichloroethylene (TCE) present at room temperature  volatilized,
substantially  less  than  would be predicted from Henry's law of
equilibrium  (91%).  Mass  transfer  at  the  air-water  interface
limited volatilization.  Indoor air models can predict inhalation
exposures  resulting  from  shower  water.  TCE  in air increased
approximately linearly with time during the first 5 to 15 minutes
(the approximate time  of  actual  domestic  use).  Consequently,
total exposure increases exponentially,  suggesting that limiting
shower  time  can  substantially  reduce  the  user's  inhalation
exposure.  Other  calculations indicate that inhalation exposures
to TCE volatizing from all indoor water uses have  the  potential
to be larger than those from direct ingestion.


0483
Andersen, I., Lundquist, G.R., and Molhave, L. (1975)  "Indoor air
pollution due to chipboard  used  as  a  construction  material",
Atmos. Environ., 9:1121-1127.

KEYWORD: humidity, monitoring, CH20, model, foreign, source,home,
laboratory, temperature, ventilation, architecture, Denmark

Chipboard  (particle board)  is  a  common  building  construction
material  made  of  wood  shavings  held  together  with  a urea-
formaldehyde glue.  The result is that formaldehyde  continuously
emanates  from the chipboard.  In 25 rooms in 23 Danish dwellings
where chipboard was used in  walls,  floors,  and  ceilings,  the
average  formaldehyde  concentration was 0.62 mg/m3  (ranging from
0.08 to 2.24),  exceeding the West  German  threshold  limit  for
                              10

-------
occupational   exposure   (1.2  mg  m/3).    In  all  rooms,   the
concentration exceeded the German limit for  continuous  exposure
in  outdoor  air  (0.03 mg m/3).  In climate chamber experiments,
the equilibrium concentration of formaldehyde from chipboard  was
directly    proportional   to   temperature   and   water   vapor
concentration in the air.  Formaldehyde concentrations  decreased
sharply as ventilation rates increased.  A mathematical model was
established for the room air concentration of formaldehyde.
0157
Andersen, I., Seedorff, L., and Skov,  A.  (1982) "A strategy for
reduction of toxic indoor emissions",  Environ.  Int., 8(1-6):11-
16.

KEYWORD: asbestos,polyurethane, source,carcinogen, irritant,odor,
control, method, regulation, foreign, Demark, architecture

To reduce the exposure of the population to the major  groups  of
toxic indoor pollutants,  a strategy is outlined for reducing the
emission of carcinogenic substances,  eye-airway  irritants,  and
odors  from  building  materials.  It  is  the  experience of the
Danish National Inventory of Toxic Substances and  Products  that
preventive measures in the form of either a complete removal of a
substance  or  replacement  of  a toxic substance by a less-toxic
substance are possible.  Since 1975,  asbestos has been banned in
Denmark  for  insulation purposes,  and the substitution of other
materials has caused no serious technical problems.  Since  1978,
labeling of epoxy and polyurethane products has been mandatory in
Denmark.  Based  on  an  analysis of information on the labels of
these products,  the authors  conclude  that  labeling  makes  it
possible  for  the consumer to select the products with the least
impact on human health and comfort and,  consequently,  with  the
lowest  need  for  ventilation.  These  toxicological  principles
should be  used  for  the  improvement  of  existing  and  future
building materials.


0138
Anderson, E., Browne, N., Duletsky, S., Ramig, J.,  and Warn,  T.
(April  1985) "Development of statistical distributions of ranges
of standard factors used  in  exposure  assessments",  U.S.  EPA,
Office  of  Research and Development,  Washington,  DC 20460  (184
pages).   NTIS PB85-242667/REB.

KEYWORD: body,  weight, skin,  surface, activity, pattern, model,
lung, ventilation, rate, exposure, statistical, analysis,  EPA$

To  support  EPA's  Exposure  Assessment Guidelines,  statistical
distributions or ranges of values were developed for body weight,
skin  surface  area,  and  lung  ventilation  rates.   Percentile
                              11

-------
distributions  of  body  weight  were  computed  from  the Second
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) data
base by variance estimation of multistage sample data  using  the
jack-knife  repeated  replicate  approach.  Distributions of skin
surface areas were similarly calculated from NHANES II height and
weight data by applying regression equations that were either  in
the  literature  or  were  developed  by multivariate analysis of
available   measurements.   Insufficient   data   precluded   the
development  of  distributions  of  ventilation  rates.  Instead,
minimum,  maximum,  and mean ventilation rates at three  activity
levels  were  calculated  from  available measurements.  Activity
pattern information is presented to permit calculation  of  time-
weighted average pulmonary ventilation rates.
0453
Angle,  C.L.,  Marcus,  A., Cheng, I., and Mclntyre, M.S.
"Omaha childhood blood lead  and  environmental  lead:  a
total exposure model", Environ. Res., 35:160-170.
(1984)
linear
KEYWORD: Pb, biomonitoring, exposure, model, water,  particulate,
food, TEAM, statistical, children, soil

The majority of experimental and population studies of blood lead
(PbB) and environmental Pb, including the Omaha, NE, study,  have
used  the  Goldsmith-Hexter  log-log  or  power  function  model.
Researchers compared the log-log model  and  a  linear  model  of
total  exposure  to  describe  the Omaha Study of 1,074 PbBs from
children,  aged 1-18,  years as related to Pb in air (PbA),  soil
(PbS),  and  housedust  (PbHD).  The data fit of the linear model
was  statistically  equivalent  to  the  power  model,   and  the
predicted  curves  were  biologically more plausible.  The linear
model avoids the mathematical limitations  of  the  power  model,
which  predicts  PbB zero at PbA zero.  From the Omaha data,  the
linear model predicts that PbB increases 1.92 microgram/deciliter
(ug/dl)  as  PbA  increases  1.0  ug/m3.  Because  PbS  and  PhHD
increase  with  PbA,  however,  the  increases  in total exposure
predict a PbB increase of 4 to  5  ug/dl  as  PbA  increases  1.0
ug/m3.


0210
Anonymous  (April 28,  1986) "Concern over radon in homes triggers
plan for national survey", Chem. Eng. News, pp. 19-20.

KEYWORD: radon, particulate, health, field, literature, QA, risk,
assessment, methodology, exposure, EPA$

Increasing knowledge and concern over the lung cancer  risk  from
radon  exposure  has  prompted  EPA to plan a national survey "to
define the scope and magnitude of radon exposure".  A small pilot
                              12

-------
study will be completed in the fall of 1986,  and the main survey
will begin in 1987.  Highlights of the survey methodology include
radon  detection by track-etching,  geological source prediction,
and data quality assurance.  This article also summarizes  recent
radon research findings concerning sources, radon and particle or
surface interactions, and risk assessment.
0242
Anonymous - Energy Data Base Citations (Oct.  1985)  "Indoor  Air
Pollution,  November,  1984 - October,  1985", (240 pages).  NTIS
PB85-876820.

KEYWORD: source, radon, NO2, asbestos, CH2O, energy, particulate,
CO, ventilation, literature, combustion

This bibliography contains citations  concerning  the  types  and
sources  of indoor air pollution,  the impact of energy-efficient
construction,  and measures to relieve  the  problem.  Radon  and
radon   daughters,   CO,   NO2,   asbestos,   formaldehyde,   and
particulates are discussed as potential pollutants.  Recirculated
air, insulation material,  water,  and natural gas are considered
potential  sources  of pollution.  Mechanical ventilation systems
with air-to-air exchangers are briefly discussed.


0529
Anonymous,   (1982)  "National  symposium  on  recent  advances in
pollutant monitoring of ambient air and stationary sources", held
at Raleigh, NC, May 4-7, 1982, U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711  (379 pages).
NTIS PB84-148345.

KEYWORD: personal, exposure, organic, particulate, sampling, VOC,
methodology, monitoring, multipollutant, EPA$

The second national symposium to explore recent developments that
may improve the state-of-the-art for  monitoring  techniques  was
presented  by  the  U.S.  EPA's  Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory,  May 4-7,  1982,  in Raleigh,  NC.  This symposium is
part  of  a  continuing  effort  to  explore  recent  advances in
pollutant monitoring  of  ambient  air  and  stationary  sources.
Approximately   300   engineers  and  scientists  from  industry,
academia,   and  control  agencies  attended  the  meeting.   The
symposium   served   as   a  forum  for  exchange  of  ideas  and
information.    The   presentations   addressed   both   emission
monitoring  and ambient air monitoring and included presentations
on  gaseous  organics,   particulate  pollutants,   and  personal
monitoring.  Also  presented  were  findings relative to sampling
and analytical methods as well as to a broad spectrum of  organic
chemicals  in  outdoor  and  indoor  air.   This  publication  is
                              13

-------
intended for those interested in  air  monitoring  and  who  were
unable  to attend the symposium.  This report includes only those
papers submitted voluntarily by speakers.  An agenda is  included
listing all the speakers who participated in the symposium.


0513
Anonymous,  (1984)  "Formaldehyde  levels in mobile homes",  U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC 20410
(40 pages).  NTIS PB85-126571.

KEYWORD: CH20, temperature,  control,  home,  ventilation, field,
exposure

A  series  of  experiments  tested  the  effectiveness of various
methods for reducing  formaldehyde  concentrations  in  a  mobile
home.  The  methods  used were  (1) normal furnace operation under
thermostatic control,  (2) continuous furnace  blower  operation,
(3) continuous operation of the kitchen exhaust fan,  and  (4) use
of a furnace-modification kit that introduced fresh air from  the
ceiling  plenum   (which  is  vented to the outside) to the blower
intake.   Identical  tests  were  performed  with  two  types  of
furnaces.  These  furnace-modification  kits reduced formaldehyde
to background levels within 4 hours or  less  on  both  types  of
furnaces.  Both   furnaces  produced essentially similar levels in
the mobile home tested with or without their modifications.
0222
Anonymous.   (1984) "Indoor air and human health: major indoor air
pollutants  and  their  health implications",  Oak Ridge National
Laboratory,   Oak  Ridge,   TN  37831  (45  pages).   NTIS   DE85
001081/XAB.

KEYWORD: literature, health, radon, smoking, combustion, organic,
microorganism

This publication is a collection of abstracts of papers presented
at the Indoor Air and  Human  Health  symposium.  Session  titles
include:   radon,   microorganisms,   passive   cigarette  smoke,
combustion products, organics, and panel and audience discussion.
0757
Aurand, K., Drews, M., Seifert, B.   (1983) "A passive sampler for
the   determination   of   the   heavy  metal  burden  of  indoor
environments", Environ. Technol. Lett., 4:433-440.

KEYWORD: monitor, Pb, Cd, activity,  field, laboratory, home, QA,
sampling, exposure, outdoor, foreign, West Germany
                              14

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A polystyrene cup  filled with 120 ml of water served as a  simple
and  inexpenive  passive  sampler  for heavy metals in the indoor
environment.  The  sampler's data quality potential was  evaluated
using Pb and Cd.   After exposure for 2 weeks the cups were sealed
with   polyethylene    lids  and  analyzed  by  atomic  adsorption
spectrometry.  First results of two surveys in homes in two areas
of differing ambient levels show that the  sampler  is  effective
for  large  scale  screening studies and for comprehensive studies
of individual homes.   The sampler's precision is good  enough  to
detect variations  in ambient conditions,  ventilation rates,  and
residents' activities.
0750
Aurand, K., Seifert B., and Wegner, J., Eds.  (1982) "Luftqualitat
in  innenraumen",  Herstellung:  Westkreuz-Druckerei Berlin/Bonn,
1000 Berlin 49  (450 pages).

KEYWORD:  foreign, exposure,  literature,  risk,  source,  health,
multipollutant, combustion, regulation, West  Germany

On October 1 and 2, 1981,  a symposium on "Indoor Air Quality" was
organized by the Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene of the
Federal Health Office,  Federal Republic of Germany.  The aim  of
the  symposium  was  to give an overview of the present knowledge
about the quality  and  quantity  of  substances  in  the  indoor
environment.  The  emissions  of  pollutants  by  people  and  by
various other sources  (e.g.  building materials,  gas appliances,
paints,   and  household  products)  were  discussed,  as were the
problems  of biological contaminants,  of setting health standards
for  indoor air,  and of the evaluation of results as they relate
to  human health.   The   present  volume  contains  the   papers
presented at  the  symposium  (some  of  which have been greatly
enlarged  by the authors for publication),  as well as discussions
among a number of the 250  participants.  Many of these papers are
cited individually in BLIS.


0432
Bach,  W., and Lennon, K.   (1972)  "Air pollution and health at Ala
Moana shopping center in Honolulu", Hawaii Med. J., 31:104-113.

KEYWORD:  CO,  particulate,   source,field,vehicle, health, exposure,
aerosol, biomonitoring

In November 1970,  CO suspended particulate matter was measured at
the  Ala  Moana  Shopping  Center  in  Honolulu,  HI.   During the
evening peak  shopping  hours,   automobile  exhausts  raised  the
pollution  level  to  47  ppm  of  CO  and 280 ug/m3 of suspended
particulates.   These values are equivalent to  polluted  mainland
city   conditions.    The   symptoms   of   increased   levels  of
                              15

-------
carboxyhemoglobin in the blood in different groups of people  and
the  potential  adverse  health effects are discussed.  The toxic
effects of aerosol inhalation,  which may lead to  pneumoconiosis
are   presented.   Ways  are  suggested  for  avoiding  excessive
exposure to harmful substances.
0722
Baretta, E.D., Stewart,  R.D.,  Graff,  S.A.,  and Donahoo,  K.K.
(1978)  "Methods  developed  for the mass sampling analysis of CO
and carboxyhemoglobin in man", Am.  Ind.  Hyg. Assoc. J., 59:202-
209.

KEYWORD: CO, biomonitoring, statistical, dose,  exposure, design,
methodology, laboratory

Gas chromatography was used to measure CO in air and also  as  an
indirect  means  of determining the percent of carboxy hemoglobin
(COHb) in blood.  The blood was then used to calibrate  four  CO-
Oximeters  used  in  a  survey  of average COHb levels in various
segments of the U.S.  population.  Mean differences, both between
the  two  methods  of analysis and between pairs of CO-Oximeters,
were less than 0.1% COHb  saturation.  COHb  values  obtained  on
consecutive  days  using one CO-Oximeter were repeatable within a
standard deviation plus or minus 0.13% COHb.
0590
Bates, David V.   (1985) "Combustion products: overview", Gammage,
R.B., Kaye, S.V., and Jacobs,  V.A.,  Eds.  "Indoor air and human
health",  Lewis Publishers,  Inc.,  P.O.  Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI
48118, pp. 259-260.

KEYWORD: NOx, NO2, demographic, health, epidemiology, literature,
combustion, children, lung

Much evidence  suggests  that  children  may  have  an  increased
incidence of respiratory infections if they are exposed to NOx in
the home.  This paper is designed to  (1) explore the strengths of
that epidemiological data,  (2) answer the question of whether the
consequences  of  NOx on pulmonary function are irreversible,   (3)
explore mechanisms whereby NOx may predispose one to  infections,
(4)  relate  experimental exposure data to probable levels in the
home,  and  (5) illustrate what is known about the irreversibility
of bronchiolitis, both experimental and clinical.
0597
Bates, David V.   (1985) "Indoor air and human health—summary  and
conclusions",  Gammage, R.B., Kaye, S.V., and Jacobs, V.A., Eds.,
"Indoor air and   human  health",  Lewis  Publishers,  Inc.,  P.O.
                               16

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Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI 48118, pp. 417-421.

KEYWORD: personal,exposure,health, methodology, research, source,
literature, epidemiology, mUltipollutant, monitoring

The body of knowledge about indoor air pollution and human health
is  now  large  enough  for  synthesis  of  the  available  data.
Generally,  chronic  low-level  exposures  and  their effects are
being studied.  Sorting out  the  analytical  problems,  chemical
interferences,  synergisms,  and  confounding  socioeconomic  and
medical problems will take many years of careful and  frustrating
work.  Strict  proof  of  health  effects  caused  by many of the
pollutants  is  a  distant  goal.  However,  for  some  problems,
solutions are already apparent.  For example,  radon exposure can
be  prevented  architecturally  and  preventing  cigarette  smoke
exposure requires modification of human behavior.


0393
Battaglia, A., Bazzano, E. , and Bonfanti, G.  (1985) "Indoor dose
in Milano (Italy)", Sci. Total Environ., 45:365-371.

KEYWORD: radon, radiation, home, exposure, dose, foreign, source,
Italy, architecture

This work,  which is related to the  problem  of  more  carefully
evaluating population exposure to natural radiation,  was part of
the assessment of indoor exposure in Italy.  A  large  number  of
studies   have   shown  that  different  building  materials  and
techniques lead to different exposures.  In Milano, the materials
can be different in kind (bricks,  concrete,  gypsum by-products,
tile-stone, paving-tile, etc.) and origin  (national and foreign).
For   this   reason,    investigations   in   Milano   complement
investigations  in  other  European countries.  A large number of
dwellings in Milano were investigated to  evaluate  the  external
gamma  ray  exposure  rate;   indoor  radon  concentrations  were
measured in some dwellings.


0608
Bayer,  Charlene  W.,  and  Black,  Marilyn  S.  (1986)  "Passive
smoking:  survey analysis of office smoking areas versus climatic
chamber studies",  Hochheiser,  S.,  and Jayanti,  R.K.M.,  Eds.,
"Proceedings of the 1986 EPA/APCA symposium on the measurement of
toxic air pollutants", EPA 600/9-86-013, U.S.  EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park, NC 27711,
pp. 25-35.  Not yet available from NTIS. (In press, Air Pollution
Control Association, P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230.)

KEYWORD: smoking, exposure, field, laboratory,  nicotine, source,
VOC, metal,  sampling, office,  halocarbon, hydrocarbon


                              17

-------
The extent of involuntary exposure to environmental tobacco smoke
(ETS) is difficult to establish due to several factors  including
the complexity  and  variability  of  ETS  composition,  and  the
similarity  of  its  constituents  to  those  emitted  from other
sources of airborne contaminants.  To investigate these  factors,
the  smoking  areas of several office buildings were investigated
for the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that  could
be  related  only  to  ETS.  No attempts were made to measure the
amounts of ETS or relate the findings to other building  factors.
Tenax and Porapak Q were used to collect samples, with subsequent
analysis   by    thermal    desorption/gas    chromatography/mass
spectrometry.  Nicotine  was  collected  on cold Petri dishes and
analyzed  by  gas  chromatography   with   thermionic   nitrogen-
phosphorus  detection.  Inductively  coupled  plasma spectrometry
was used to identify  metals  in  the  particulate  portion.  The
compounds  detected  in  the  buildings  were compared with those
identified from sidestream cigarette smoke.  The VOCs detected in
the offices  were  similar  and  included  1,1,1-trichloroethane,
toluene, xylenes, and hydrocarbons.  In several smokers' offices,
ppt  levels  of  nitrogen  compounds  were  detected that are not
common to the indoor  atmosphere  but  have  been  identified  in
cigarette  smoke.   These  include:   pyrrolidine,   2-methyl-lH-
pyrrole,  and 2-methylpropyl cyanate.  Several metals,  including
Cd,  Cr,  and  Ni  (which  are  known to be present in mainstream
cigarette smoke) were detected in the  offices  of  two  smokers.
Additional  investigations  are  planned  to  search  for  better
methods  for  determining  ETS.   Chamber  studies  will  closely
simulate  actual  room  conditions  but  eliminate  other unknown
indoor contaminant sources.
0662
Beall,  James  R.,  and Ulsamer,  A.G.  (Dec.  1981) "Toxicity of
volatile organic compounds present  indoors",  Bull.  N.Y.  Acad.
Med., 57(10):978-996.

KEYWORD: multipollutant,CH2O,exposure,combustion,aromatic,source,
literature, health, pesticide, halocarbon, VOC, phthalate

This  paper  discusses  the indoor sources,  concentrations,  and
health effects of over 40 volatile organic  compounds.  VOCs  are
toxic,  and  their  health  effects  have  been  characterized at
relatively high experimental or industrial concentrations.  Known
effects   of   these   compounds   include   tissue   irritation,
intoxication,  nerve and organ damage,  birth defects, mutations,
and  cancer.   Few   data   are   available   on   their   indoor
concentrations,  although  they  are  relatively low.  Except for
formaldehyde,  little is known of the health effects  of  chronic
exposures to indoor pollutants.
                              18

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0271
Beard,  J.  Howard,  et al.  (May 1977) "The status of indoor air
pollution research ",  EPA-600/4-77-029, U.S. EPA,  Environmental
Monitoring  and  Support Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park,  NC
27711 (487 pages).  Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: outdoor, health, methodology,   ventilation, monitoring,
literature, energy, EPA$

Numerous  research  projects have examined the occurrences of air
pollution in  outdoor  and  workplace  environments.  A  smaller,
newer   body   of   research   has   examined  air  pollution  in
nonworkplace,  indoor environments.  A new  emphasis  on  curbing
heat   loss  through  reduced  indoor-outdoor  air  exchange  has
encouraged interest in the relation among indoor and outdoor  air
quality,  energy conservation in buildings, and the potential for
adverse health effects from indoor air pollution in  nonworkplace
environments.  This  body of research is reviewed in this report.
Preparation of this report required a  comprehensive  survey  and
assessment  of  the  state-of-the-art  of  indoor  air  pollution
research,  as described in published literature  and  unpublished
ongoing research.


0544
Beck, J.V., Young, R., Hollowell, C.D., Turiel,  I.,  and Pepper,
J.   (1980)  "The effects of energy-efficient ventilation rates on
indoor air  quality  at  an  Ohio  elementary  school",  Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
(62 pages).  NTIS LBL-10223.

KEYWORD: microorganism,C02,SO2,NOx,odor,particulate,CO, aldehyde,
ventilation, outdoor, exposure, energy, school

To determine the effects of energy-efficient ventilation rates on
indoor  air  quality,  the  Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory measured
indoor air quality at Fairmoor Elementary School in Columbus, OH.
Air was monitored outdoors,  as well as in two classrooms  and  a
large  multipurpose  room.  Tests  were made at three ventilation
rates.  The parameters measured were outside air flow rates, odor
perception, microbial burden, particulate mass,  total aldehydes,
CO2,  CO, SO2, O3, and NOx.  This report gives the results of the
measurements and compares them with existing outdoor air  quality
standards.  C02  concentrations increased as the ventilation rate
decreased,   but  did  not   exceed   current   standards.   Odor
perceptability increased slightly at the lowest ventilation rate.
Other  pollutants  showed very low concentrations,  which did not
change with reductions in ventilation rate.  This study indicates
that it would be possible to achieve moderate energy  savings  at
the  Fairmoor  school  while  maintaining  acceptable  indoor air


                              19

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quality.


0394
Becker,  Albert P.  Ill, and Lachajczyk, Thomas M.  (Sept.  1984)
"Evaluation of waterborne radon impact on indoor air quality  and
assessment   of   control   options",   U.S.    EPA,   Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory,  Research  Triangle  Park,  NC
27711  (146 pages).  NTIS PB84-246404/REB.

KEYWORD: radon,literature,exposure, control, source, ventilation,
statistical

The  report  gives  results of a literature search concerning the
concentration of waterborne radon  (Rw) and its effect  on  indoor
air  concentration  of  radon (Ra).  Major factors that influence
Ra/Rw  (including ventilation  rate,  water  transfer  efficiency,
water   use  rates,   and  volume  of  the  home)  are  examined.
Sensitivity analyses are conducted  to  define  mathematically  a
representative  value  for  Ra/Rw  (0.00007)  and  its reasonable
bounds  (0.000017  to  0.00035).   The   report   also   assesses
techniques   for   removing  radon  from  water  or  indoor  air.
Techniques evaluated for removing radon from water include decay,
aeration,   and granular-activated  carbon.  Techniques  evaluated
for  removing  radon and/or progeny from air include circulation,
ventilation,  filtration,  electrostatic precipitation,  charcoal
adsorption, chemical reaction, and space charging.  Evaluation of
cost,  efficiency, and practicality of each technique is provided
as found in the literature reviewed.
0047
Behar,  Joseph,  Schuck,  Edward A.,  Stanley,  Richard  E.,  and
Morgan,   George   B.    (1979)  "Integrated  exposure  assessment
monitoring", Environ.  Sci.  Technol., 13(l):34-39.

KEYWORD: multipollutant,   literature,    environmental,  source,
receptor, exposure, monitoring, epidemiology

A conceptual framework is presented for systematically collecting
environmental  (air, water,  land,  and crop) data.  The objective
of Integrated Exposure Assessment Monitoring  (IEAM) is to provide
data  required  for  strategic  control  of "critical sources" of
pollutants that cause major  problems  or  threats  to  "critical
receptors".  A  critical  receptor  is defined as that segment of
the human population or of the environment that is most adversely
affected by exposure to a pollutant.  These ideas are intended to
help coordinate efforts that involve movement of pollutants   from
sources to receptors through various environmental pathways.
                              20

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0395
Benson, F.B., Henderson, J.J.,  and Caldwell,  D.E.   (Aug.  1972)
"Indoor-outdoor   air   pollution  relationships:   a  literature
review", AP-112,  U.S.  EPA,  Office  of  Administration,   Tech-
nical  Publications Branch,  Research  Triangle  Park,  NC  27711
(73 pages).  Not available  from NTIS.

KEYWORD: literature, outdoor,  particulate,  ventilation, source,
exposure, microorganism

Extensive measurements have been and are being  made  of  outdoor
pollution.   In  contrast,   very  few  data  have been gathered on
indoor pollution,  especially in view of the  importance  of  the
problem.  The  data  that are available are compiled and analyzed
in this report.  Based on a review  of  the  literature,  it  was
possible  to infer  relationships  between  indoor  and  outdoor
pollution    and   to   identify   factors   that   affect   these
relationships.  Except  for bacteria  and,  perhaps,  for  fungus
spores, indoor pollution levels appear to be controlled primarily
by outdoor concentrations.  Other factors that  influence   indoor
pollution    levels  include internal  activities  and  pollutant
generation,  atmospheric conditions and natural ventilation, time,
location,  type of building,  and air conditioning and filtration
systems.  At present,  the best  available  estimate  of  indoor
concentrations of  particulates  and  nonreactive  gases  can  be
obtained  by assuming them  to be equal to outdoor concentrations.
Indoor concentrations of pollen and reactive gases,  expressed as
a percentage of outdoor concentrations,  decrease with increasing
outdoor concentrations.  Bacterial concentrations indoors   appear
to  be  more closely  related  to the presence and activities of
people inside than to outdoor concentrations.


0168
Berglund,    B.,  Johansson,  I.,  and  Lindvall,  T.   (1982)  "A
longitudinal  study  of  air  contaminants  in  a   newly   built
preschool",  Environ. Int.,  8:111-115.

KEYWORD: VOC, butanol, CH20, toluene, pentanal, control,  hexanal,
ventilation, field, source, school

Air quality  in a newly built  preschool  was  investigated  in  a
longitudinal  study.  Typical  air  contaminants  emanating  from
building materials were determined; their variation over time (0-
18 months)  was measured;  and the influence  of  the  ventilation
system  (81%  to  91% recirculation of return air)  on contaminant
concentrations was studied.  Volatile  organic  compounds   (VOCs)
were  sampled by adsorption on porous polymer,   analyzed by a gas
chromatography/flame ionization detection system,   and identified
by  mass  spectrometry.  VOCs and CO2 accumulate in the air as it
moves through the building.  All  the  organic  compounds  except


                              21

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formaldehyde decline in concentration,  mainly within the first 6
months of occupancy.  Specific ventilation procedures can correct
this pollution problem.


0420
Berglund,  B.,  Johansson,  I.,  and  Lindvall,  T.  (1982)  "The
influence of ventilation on indoor/outdoor air contaminants in an
office building", Environ. Int. 8:395-399.

KEYWORD: CO, C02, NOx, VOC, field,  office,  energy, ventilation,
exposure, CH20, laboratory, source

A modern energy-efficient office building was studied in a series
of  experiments  with  mobile laboratories connected on-line with
the  building.   The  investigation   covered   measurements   of
inorganic air contaminants (CO, CO2, NOx).  Off-line measurements
were  made  of volatile organic contaminants.  Samples were taken
outdoors at street and roof levels,  indoors at air  intakes  and
outlets,  and  elsewhere.  The  building protected against street
pollution,  if location of the air intake and the mixing  of  air
indoors were adequate.  The number and concentrations of most air
pollutants increased from the air intake along the pathway of the
ventilation  air.  The organic compounds generally found outdoors
also seemed to have indoor sources.  Some aliphatic  hydrocarbons
(alkanes  with  9 to 11 carbons) were almost exclusively found in
the  indoor  air,   probably  originating  from  nonhuman  indoor
sources.  Changes  in  recirculation  of  return air affected the
concentration of different indoor pollutants in  different  ways.
For CO and all organic compounds, a larger amount was transferred
from  the  return  air  to  supply  air  than  predicted from the
transfer of C02 or from calculated flow rates.  Saving energy  by
using  a  ventilation-by-demand  principle  cannot  be  generally
recommended unless the effects of reduced ventilation  on  indoor
air components other than CO2 have been properly considered.


0391
Berglund, B.,  Berglund,  U.,  Johansson,  I.,  and Lindvall,  T.
(1984)   "Sampling  of  indoor  air for sensory analysis in situ",
Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell,  J.,  Eds., "Indoor air,
vol.  3,  sensory and hyperactivity reactions to sick buildings",
Swedish  Council for Building Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  417-423.
NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: CH20, VOC, design, methodology, multipollutant, odor

In indoor air quality studies,  the choice of sampling sites  and
times  is   important  because  a  building   is  a  dynamic  system.
Additional  concerns arise  from the fact that stimulus  appraisals
in  most  sensory  analyses  in the field are dependent on proper


                              22

-------
0395
Benson, F.B., Henderson, J.J.,  and Caldwell,  D.E.   (Aug.  1972)
"Indoor-outdoor   air   pollution  relationships:   a  literature
review", AP-112,  U.S.  EPA,  Office  of  Administration,   Tech-
nical  Publications Branch,  Research  Triangle  Park,  NC  27711
(73 pages).  Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: literature, outdoor,  particulate,  ventilation, source,
exposure, microorganism

Extensive measurements have been and are being  made  of  outdoor
pollution.  In  contrast,  very  few  data  have been gathered on
indoor pollution,  especially in view of the  importance  of  the
problem.  The  data  that are available are compiled and analyzed
in this report.  Based on a review  of  the  literature,  it  was
possible  to  infer  relationships  between  indoor  and  outdoor
pollution   and   to   identify   factors   that   affect   these
relationships.  Except  for  bacteria  and,  perhaps,  for fungus
spores, indoor pollution levels appear to be controlled primarily
by outdoor concentrations.  Other factors that  influence  indoor
pollution   levels  include  internal  activities  and  pollutant
generation, atmospheric conditions and natural ventilation, time,
location,  type of building,  and air conditioning and filtration
systems.  At  present,  the  best  available  estimate  of indoor
concentrations of  particulates  and  nonreactive  gases  can  be
obtained  by assuming them to be equal to outdoor concentrations.
Indoor concentrations of pollen and reactive gases,  expressed as
a percentage of outdoor concentrations,  decrease with increasing
outdoor concentrations.  Bacterial concentrations indoors  appear
to  be  more  closely  related  to the presence and activities of
people inside than to outdoor concentrations.


0168
Berglund,   B.,  Johansson,  I.,  and  Lindvall,  T.   (1982)  "A
longitudinal  study  of  air  contaminants  in  a   newly   built
preschool", Environ. Int., 8:111-115.

KEYWORD: VOC, butanol, CH20, toluene, pentanal, control, hexanal,
ventilation, field, source, school

Air quality in a newly built  preschool  was  investigated  in  a
longitudinal  study.  Typical  air  contaminants  emanating  from
building materials were determined; their variation over time (0-
18 months)  was measured;  and the influence  of  the  ventilation
system  (81%  to  91% recirculation of return air) on contaminant
concentrations was studied.  Volatile  organic  compounds  (VOCs)
were  sampled by adsorption on porous polymer,  analyzed by a gas
chromatography/flame ionization detection system,  and identified
by  mass  spectrometry.  VOCs and C02 accumulate in the air as it
moves through the building.  All  the  organic  compounds  except


                              21

-------
formaldehyde decline in concentration,  mainly within the first 6
months of occupancy.  Specific ventilation procedures can correct
this pollution problem.


0420
Berglund,  B.,  Johansson,  I.,  and  Lindvall,  T.  (1982)  "The
influence of ventilation on indoor/outdoor air contaminants in an
office building", Environ. Int. 8:395-399.

KEYWORD: CO, C02, NOx, VOC, field,  office,  energy, ventilation,
exposure, CH2O, laboratory, source

A modern energy-efficient office building was studied in a series
of  experiments  with  mobile laboratories connected on-line with
the  building.   The  investigation   covered   measurements   of
inorganic air contaminants (CO, CO2, NOx).  Off-line measurements
were  made  of volatile organic contaminants.  Samples were taken
outdoors at street and roof levels,  indoors at air  intakes  and
outlets,  and  elsewhere.  The  building protected against street
pollution,  if location of the air intake and the mixing  of  air
indoors were adequate.  The number and concentrations of most air
pollutants increased from the air intake along the pathway of the
ventilation  air.  The organic compounds generally found outdoors
also seemed to have indoor sources.  Some aliphatic  hydrocarbons
(alkanes  with  9 to 11 carbons) were almost exclusively found in
the  indoor  air,   probably  originating  from  nonhuman  indoor
sources.  Changes  in  recirculation  of  return air affected the
concentration of different indoor pollutants in  different  ways.
For CO and all organic compounds, a larger amount was transferred
from  the  return  air  to  supply  air  than  predicted from the
transfer of C02 or from calculated flow rates.  Saving energy  by
using  a  ventilation-by-demand  principle  cannot  be  generally
recommended unless the effects of reduced ventilation  on  indoor
air components other than CO2 have been properly considered.


0391
Berglund, B.,  Berglund,  U.,  Johansson,  I.,  and Lindvall,  T.
(1984)  "Sampling  of  indoor  air for sensory analysis in situ",
Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell,  J.,  Eds., "Indoor air,
vol.  3,  sensory and hyperactivity reactions to sick buildings",
Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  417-423.
NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: CH20, VOC, design, methodology, multipollutant, odor

In indoor air quality studies,  the choice of sampling sites  and
times  is  important  because  a  building   is  a dynamic system.
Additional concerns arise  from the fact that stimulus  appraisals
in  most  sensory  analyses  in the field are dependent on proper


                              22

-------
dilution  procedures.   The   study   found   that   the   sample
representativity  in  an  olfactometer for field use was good for
dimethylsulfide,  hydrogen sulfide,  and formaldehyde,  the ratio
between  theoretical and analyzed values being 0.94 to 1.11.  The
rise and fall times in the olfactometer,  as well as in a  mobile
environmental   chamber   for   sensory   field   studies,    are
satisfactorily short and permit the use of  efficient  and  time-
saving  experimental  designs  for  total  human  exposures.  The
performance  of  the  sampling  procedure  during  sensory  field
studies  has  been  examined  for  samples  of  volatile  organic
compounds taken simultaneously on site in the building and in the
exposure hood of the olfactometer.  The losses in  the  sampling,
dosing, and exposure system of the equipment are small.


0599
Berglund, B., Berglund,  U.,  Lindvall,  T.,  Spengler,  J.,  and
Sundell,  J.  (1986)  "Environment International special issue on
indoor air  quality", Pergamon  Journals,  Inc.,  Fairview  Park,
Elmsford, NY 10523  (494 pages).

KEYWORD: health, exposure, outdoor, multipollutant,  methodology,
QA, literature,  regulation, research

This  special issue of Environment International contains revised
versions of many papers  presented  at  the  Third  International
Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate,  held in Stockholm,
Sweden,  in August 1984.  Many newer papers  are  also  included.
The  papers  cover  a  wide  range  of indoor air quality issues,
including  analytical  methodology,   experimental   design   and
statistical  analysis,  personal  and  total exposure assessment,
health effects,   abatement methods,  and government  regulations.
The literature review is extensive, and future research needs are
described from several viewpoints.


0187
Berglund, B., Berglund, U., Lindvall, T.,  and Nicander-Bredberg,
H. (1982) "Olfactory and chemical characterization of indoor air,
towards a psychophysical model for air quality",  Environ.  Int.,
8:327-332.

KEYWORD: multipollutant, office, school, odor,

The relationship between the odor strength of total  air  samples
and  the  odor  strengths of the constituents was investigated in
three  field  experiments  in  an  office  building  and  a   new
preschool.   Between  60 and 120 chemical components were detected
by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector in 66 indoor  air
samples.  Most  (81%)   of  the  components detected were odorous,
although most  concentrations  were  low.  A  method  of  pattern


                              23

-------
analysis   showed   that  indoor  air  in  each  building  has  a
characteristic chemical and odor.  From the  odor  patterns,  the
"odor print" of the outdoor air associated with the buildings was
also  recognized  in the indoor air.  Thus,  the odor print of an
air sample is different from its "chemical print".  A  model  was
found that predicts the overall odor strength of an air sample by
using  the  number  of  flame-ionization-detected components most
frequently reported to have a strong odor.


0237
Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.  (1984) "Indoor
air", Proceedings of the international conference  (3rd) on  indoor
air quality and climate, Stockholm, August 20-24,  1984,  Swedish
Council for Building Research  (5 volumes).

KEYWORD: multipollutant, ventilation, personal, exposure,   field,
risk, health

This five-volume set covers the spectrum  of recent research  into
indoor  air  pollution.  The titles and NTIS order numbers  of the
volumes are  (1)  Recent  Advances   in  the  Health  Sciences  and
Technology, PB85-104180; (2) Radon, Passive Smoking, Particulates
and   Housing   Epidemiology,   PB85-104198;    (3)   Sensory  and
Hyperactivity  Reactions  to   Sick  Buildings,  PB85-104206;   (4)
Chemical Characterization and  Personal Exposure,  PB85-104214; and
(5) Buildings Ventilation and  Indoor Climate,   PB85-104222.   BLIS
contains abstracts of articles from each  of these volumes.
0555
Bergman, H., Edling,  C.,  and Axelson,  O.   (1986) "Indoor  radon
daughter  concentrations  and  passive smoking",  Environ.   Int.,
12(1-4):17-19.

KEYWORD: smoking, health, exposure, aerosol,  particulate,   lung,
radon,  risk

Radon   daughter  exposure is a well-known cause of  lung  cancer  in
miners.  Since radon daughters are known  to  attach   to  aerosol
particles,   it was  also of interest to study  to what  extent  radon
daughters   in  indoor  air  might  attach  to cigarette  smoke.
Experiments  were   undertaken   which   showed    that  moderate
concentrations   of  radon  daughters   indoors    could  increase
considerably,  and  even  more   than  double,  in the presence  of
cigarette smoke.  The radon  daughter  levels obtained  together
with   cigarette  smoke may imply a risk of lung cancer for active
and passive smokers.
                               24

-------
0640
Berk,  J.V.,  Hollowell, C.D., and Lin, Chin-I (1979) "Indoor air
quality measurements in energy-efficient houses", Paper presented
at  the  72nd  annual  meeting of the   Air   Pollution   Control
Association, P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230(25 pages).  NTIS
LBL-8894.

KEYWORD: NO, NO2, 03, particulate, CO, outdoor, aldehyde, energy,
CH20, SO2, C02, home, ventilation, activity

The potential impact of reduced ventilation on indoor air quality
is  being  assessed.   Three  houses,   designed  to  be  energy-
efficient,  were monitored using a mobile laboratory.  Parameters
measured  included infiltration rate,  CO2,  CO,   NO2,  O3,  SO2,
formaldehyde,  total  aldehydes,  and  particulates.  Preliminary
results  show  that,  although  considerable energy can be saved,
indoor levels of several pollutants  exceed  outdoor  levels.  In
general,  however, the indoor levels of most pollutants are still
within limits  established  by  ambient  air  quality  standards.
Overall  indoor  air  quality  depends  upon  air exchange rates,
building materials, and occupant activities.


0519
Berk, J.V., Hollowell, C.D., Lin, C., and Turiel, I.  (1979) "The
effect of reduced ventilation on indoor air  quality  and  energy
use in schools",  U.S.  Department of Energy,  Paper presented at
the 1979 international conference on energy use management in Los
Angeles, CA  (8 pages).  NTIS LBL 9382.

KEYWORD: CO2, CO, O3, energy, ventilation, school, exposure, NOx,
field, SO2, health, outdoor, microorganism

The air quality in an air-conditioned California high school  has
been measured at a variety of ventilation rates ranging from 13.3
cubic  feet  of  outside  air per minute (cfm) for each classroom
occupant to approximately 1.5 cfm per occupant.  The  purpose  of
this   pilot  study  was  to  determine  the  effect  of  reduced
ventilation on indoor air  quality  and  energy  use.  Parameters
measured   include  outside  air  supply  rate,   the  occupants'
subjective perception of indoor air quality,  airborne  microbes,
CO2,  CO,  NOx,  SO2,  and  03  in  two classrooms,  a hall,  and
outdoors.  C02 was the  only  parameter  to  show  a  substantial
increase indoors when the ventilation rate was reduced;  however,
classroom levels still remained far below levels considered to be
a health  hazard.  This  study  indicates  that  moderate  energy
savings   are   possible   at   Carondelet  High  School  without
significant  deterioration  of  indoor  air  quality,   and  that
substantial  energy  savings  would  be possible in a more severe
climate.
                              25

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0642
Berk, J.V., Hollowell, C.D., Lin, C.,  and Turiel,  I.   (1979)  "The
effects of energy  efficient  ventilation  rates  on  indoor  air
quality at a California high school",  LBL-9174,  Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (38 pages).  NTIS LBL-9174.

KEYWORD: school, exposure, ventilation, sampling,  monitoring,S02,
CO,CH2O,NOx,O3,C02,radon,particulate,energy,field,weather,health

A pilot study was conducted at  the  Carondelet  High  School  in
California  to determine the effects of reduced ventilation rates
on indoor air quality.  A mobile laboratory was attached  to  the
building  and was equipoped to continuously monitor infiltration,
indoor temperature and humidity, weather, SO2, NO, NOx,   O3,   CO,
C02,  radon,  and  particulate  size  distribution.  Samples were
collected  of  formaldehyde,  total  aldehydes,    respirable  and
nonrespirable    particulates,    and    bacteria.    Only    C02
concentrations increased  significantly  when  ventilation  rates
were  decreased,  and  O3  levels  decreased.  Surveys  showed no
subjective increase in student  discomfort.  In  classrooms,   the
outside  air  ventilation rate can be safely reduced to 2.5 cubic
feet/minute/occupant, well below the American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration,  and  Air  Conditioning Engineers standard of 5.0.
Similar future studies will focus on  hospitals,  dwellings,   and
other schools.
0641
Berk, J.V., Hollowell, C.D., Pepper, J.H.,  and Young, R.A. (1980)
"The impact of reduced  ventilation  on  indoor  air  quality  in
residential  buildings",  Paper  presented  at  the  73rd  annual
meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, P.O.  Box 2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230  (16 pages). NTIS LBL-10527.

KEYWORD: field, CH20, CO, energy, exposure, NO2, radon, activity,
indoor, ventilation, source, activity, home, health

One  result of reducing ventilation to save energy is that indoor
air contaminants build up and pose a health  risk  to  occupants.
Overall  indoor  air quality is influenced by air exchange rates,
types of appliances and building  materials  used,  and  occupant
activities.  Of  the may indoor air pollutants,  four  (CO and N02
from   gas   appliances;   formaldehye   from   urea-formaldehyde
materials,  and  gas  appliances;  and radon from soil,  building
materials,  and ground water) are receiving attention  to  assess
potential  health  risks  associated  with  energy  conservation.
Monitoring studies have demonstrated  that, in some cases,  these
indoor-generated  pollutants exceed outdoor air quality standards
in energy-efficient houses having fewer than 0.5 air changes  per
hour.  Further  studies involving a broader range of infiltration
                              26

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rates and occupancy conditions are needed before energy-efficient
infiltration standards can be set for residential buildings.


0518
Berk, J.V., Young, R.A., Brown, S.R., and Hollowell, C.D.   (1981)
"Impact  of  energy-conserving retrofits on indoor air quality in
residential housing",  Paper no.  81-22.1 presented at  the  74th
annual  meeting  of  the Air Pollution Control Association,  P.O.
Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (26 pages).

KEYWORD: CO, CO2, NO2, NO, NOx, CH2O, home, SO2,  O3, ventilation,
radon, energy, activity, aldehyde, exposure, particulate

The impact of energy-conservation retrofits on the air quality of
residential buildings is being assessed by measuring air leakage,
air-exchange rates,  and indoor air pollutants before  and  after
the retrofits.  A mobile laboratory took detailed measurements of
air-exchange  rates  and  concentrations of radon,  formaldehyde,
total aldehydes, particulates, C02, CO, N02, NO,   03,  and SO2 in
two  houses;  effective  leakage  area  measurements were made in
seven others.  Results from  the  nine  houses  showed  that  the
impact of energy-conserving retrofits depends on  (1) the type and
extent of the retrofit,   (2) the operating characteristics of the
heating/cooling system, and (3) the activities of the occupants.


0305
Bernstein, R.S., Falk, H., Turner, D.R., and Melius, J.M.   (1984)
"Nonoccupational exposures to indoor air pollutants:  a survey of
state   programs   and   practices",   Am.    J.   Public  Health,
74(9):1020-1023.

KEYWORD: CH2O, CO, C02, NO2, radon, asbestos, smoking, pesticide,
methodology, regulation

In  1982,  32  States  (63%)  had  either  a program or person(s)
responsible  for  evaluating  exposures  to  one  or  more   non-
occupational  indoor  air  pollutants   (NIAPs).  Only four States
(8%) had existing or proposed NIAP  exposure  standards.  Twenty-
nine  (57%)  of  the  States  had  a  program  to  evaluate  non-
occupational exposures to formaldehyde,  but these varied widely.
Coordinated,  consistent  approaches  are  needed  to  define and
control emerging environmental public  health  problems  such  as
indoor air pollution.


0361
Berwick, M., Zagraniski, R., Leaderer, B.P., and Stolwijk, J.A.J.
(1984)  "Respiratory  illness  in  children  exposed  to  unvented
combustion sources", Berglund, B., Lindvall, T.,  and Sundell, J.,


                              27

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Eds., "Indoor air,  vol.  2, radon, passive smoking, particulates
and housing epidemiology", Swedish Council for Building Research,
Stockholm, pp. 255-260.  NTIS PB85-104198.

KEYWORD: NO2, home, exposure, health, design, source, combustion,
kerosene, QA, demographic, children, lung

Using a staged design  of  air  quality  monitoring,  researchers
followed  174  families  using  unvented kerosene heaters and 173
families without heaters for 3 months to evaluate the association
between  N02  exposure  and  acute  respiratory  illness   rates.
Environmental  and  health  data  were  obtained through personal
interviews, bi-weekly telephone interviews, tax assessor records,
and 2-week integrated NO2 measurements  in  303  residences.  The
study followed 121 children under age 13, 59 living in homes with
kerosene  heaters  and  a  control  group  of  62 living in homes
without.  Initial analyses indicate that  exposed  children  have
significantly  more  days  of  acute respiratory illness than the
control group.  Limitations are imposed by  sample  size  and  by
possible selection bias.


0492
Biller, W.F., Thomas, H.C., Jr., Stoekenius, T.E., and Paul, R.A.
(1984)  "Estimation  of  short-term  sulfur  dioxide   population
exposures",  Paper  no.  84-109.7,  presented  at the 77th annual
meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, P.O.  Box 2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (18 pages).

KEYWORD: exposure, health, distribution, model, source, activity,
S02, statistical, EPA$, industrial

A population  exposure  analysis  methodology  was  developed  to
determine  how  often   exercising  asthmatics might be exposed to
concentrations of SO2 equal to or greater than 0.5 ppm.  Analyses
of both ambient and modeled air quality data  showed  1-hour  SO2
concentrations  of  0.5  to  0.75  ppm occurring near major point
sources.  This methodology uses modeled data near  three  utility
power  plants.  The exposure calculations used a modified version
of EPA's NAAQS Exposure Model  (NEM).  The  methodology  expresses
the  results  in a probability-weighted distribution  and estimates
the  expected  number of  exposures to  S02.
 0488
 Biller, William  F.,  et  al.  (1981)  "A general model  for  estimating
 exposure  associated  with  alternative NAAQS",   Paper no.   81-18.4,
 presented at  the 74th annual meeting of the Air  Pollution Control
 Association,  P.O.  Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (25 pages).

 KEYWORD:  NO2,  S02, particulate, model, EPA$,   outdoor,   personal,
 NEM,  exposure, microenvironment

                               28

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EPA is responsible for establishing National Ambient Air  Quality
Standards  (NAAQS) and for periodically reviewing these standards
to  determine  their  appropriateness.   This  paper  presents  a
general  NAAQS  exposure  model  (NEM)  for estimating population
exposures associated with various possible air quality  standards
and also presents some sample results from a specific application
of the model.  NEM employs Monte Carlo techniques to simulate (1)
the temporal and spatial behavior of pollutant concentrations and
(2)  the  activities  of people with regard to time,  place,  and
exercise  level.   NEM  has  been  applied  to  NO2,   S02,   and
particulates.  NEM  uses  output from air monitoring networks and
estimates  actual  personal  exposure  by  transforming   ambient
concentrations  of pollutants to concentrations that occur within
an exhaustive set of microenvironments.
0103
Billick, I., Johnson, D., Moschandreas,  D., and Relwani, S. (Aug.
1984)  "An  investigation  of  operational factors that influence
emission rates from gas appliances", Berglund, B., Lindvall,  T.,
and   Sundell,   J.,   Eds.,"Indoor   air,   vol.   4,   chemical
characterization and  personal  exposure",  Swedish  Council  for
Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 181-188.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: NO, NO2,  CO, ventilation, combustion, appliance, source,
laboratory

This paper describes the impact of various operational factors on
emission  rates  of  trace  combustion products from unvented gas
appliances.  The impact of the following factors  on  indoor  NO,
NO2,  and  CO  emission  rates  was  evaluated  under  controlled
conditions in an environmental chamber:  (1) appliance type and/or
design, (2) primary aeration level, (3)  fuel input rate, (4) time
dependence of emission  rates,  and  (5)  presence  of  absorbing
surfaces.   Results indicate that several of these factors have an
impact  on  exposure  to  indoor  contaminant  levels  similar in
magnitude to the impact  of  the  air  exchange  rate  of  indoor
environments.
0638
Billings, C.E., Baker, J.H., and Helsing, K.J.  (1985) "Report on
medical,  epidemiological,  and  environmental  investigations of
indoor air  quality  at  Northern  Middle  School,  701  Northern
Avenue,  Hagerstown,  Maryland  21740", Johns  Hopkins University
School of Hygiene and Public Health,  Division  of  Environmental
Health Engineering,  615 N.  Wolfe St.,  Baltimore,  MD 21205 (28
pages).

KEYWORD: exposure, sampling, school, outdoor, CO,  SO2, CH2O, VOC,
ventilation, health, epidemiology, demographic

                              29

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From January through August 1985,  a team  studied  the  Northern
Middle  School  in  Hagerstown,  MD.  Studies  were  designed  to
investigate continuing faculty reports of irritation,  headaches,
fatigue, and poor air quality since the school opened in 1980.  A
medical evaluation of 62 of 65 faculty and staff members included
medical  history,   physical  examination,  and  clinical  tests.
Epidemiologic  studies   of   students   were   performed   using
attendance,  health,  and academic achievement records,  plus two
questionnaires about  symptoms  experienced.  Headache,  fatigue,
and  eye/throat irritation were prevalent in the faculty,  staff,
and students.  Pulmonary function tests and  laboratory  analyses
of  body  fluid  samples gave normal results.  Outdoor and indoor
air samples were obtained for CO and SO2 by  continuous  monitors
during February and March.  To access occupant exposures, 17 area
samples  for  formaldehyde  and organic vapors were obtained.  No
gas concentrations exceeded Federal or State exposure  standards.
Room  inlet  air  mixing  was evaluated using tracer gas dilution
studies  and  was  poor.   Improved  ventilation  and   continued
sampling are recommended.
0192
Billings, Charles E., and Vanderslice, Sandra F.  (1982) "Methods
for control of indoor air quality", Environ.  Int.,  8:497-504.

KEYWORD: literature, ventilation, model, control,source, outdoor,
exposure, QA, energy

This report presents results of a review of available methods for
control   of   environmental   hazards   applied  to  indoor  air
pollutants.  Indoor air pollution originates  from  transport  of
ambient  outdoor air contaminants into occupied spaces by natural
infiltration,  ventilation,  or by mechanical  ventilation  using
outdoor  makeup  air,  plus  contributions  from  indoor emission
sources.  When air exchange with the external ambient environment
is reduced to conserve energy, contributions from indoor emission
sources  may  dominate   indoor   air   pollutant   levels.   The
performance  characteristics  of  ventilation systems and of air-
cleaning devices used in mixed modes for ventilation of  occupied
spaces  are  described.  Models  for  predicting effectiveness of
several  alternative  modes  are  reviewed,   with  field   trial
validation  results  cited  where available.  Results of previous
confined-space  studies  are  briefly  reviewed  as   points   of
departure for considering necessary air quality, ventilation, and
air-cleaning problems.
0055
Binder, R.E.,  Mitchell,  C.A.,  Hosein,  H.R.,  and Bouhuys,  A.
(1976)  "Importance  of  the  indoor environment in air pollution
                              30

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exposure", Arch.  Environ.  Health, 31:277-279.

KEYWORD: particulate, S02, N02, field, personal,exposure,smoking,
children, demographic

A portable personal air pollution sampler was used to measure the
exposures of 20 children to respirable particulates, S02, and N02
over  a 24-hour period.  Particulate exposures were significantly
higher among  children  who  lived  with  one  or  more  smokers,
exceeding the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard in 19
of  the  20  subjects.   To  a  large  extent,   an  individual's
respirable particulate load appears to be largely  determined  by
exposure to indoor rather than outdoor pollutants.


0698
Bisgaard, P., Molhave, L., Rietz B., and Wilhardt,  P.   (1984) "A
method  for personal sampling and analysis of nanogram amounts of
formaldehyde in air", Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 45(6):425-429.

KEYWORD: sampling, monitor, CH20, humidity, temperature,acrolein,
aldehyde, industrial, method, foreign, laboratory, Denmark

Analysis of small amounts of formaldehyde in air involved testing
a solid sampler on a standard atmosphere 0.2  to  0.8  mg/m3  dry
air.  A  single  340 - mg sorbent section without drying sections
had a capacity of 16 ug formaldehyde in dry air and 3 ug  at  70%
relative  humidity,  23  degrees  C.  For  fluorimetric analysis,
precision was better than 6% for samples of 300, 600, and 1200 ng
formaldehyde,  and accuracy better  than  10%.  For  colorimetric
analysis,  the precision was 12% for a 300 ng formaldehyde and 2%
for 600 and 1200 ng,  and  accuracy  was  better  than  7%.  Both
analyses were accurate and sensitive methods for determination of
low  formaldehyde  concentrations.  The  accuracy  remains  to be
verified when measurements  last  more  than  15  minutes  and  a
dessicant  is  used.  Positive  interference  from acrolein (5-7%
when equimolar amounts are present) was found; no other aldehydes
interfered.  The experiments occurred at the University of Arhus,
and  the  Danish  National  Institute  of  Occupational   Health,
Denmark.
0067
Bock, Fred G. (1982) "Nonsmokers and cigarette smoke: a modified
perception of risk", Science, 215:197.

KEYWORD: particulate, risk, assessment, exposure, health,smoking,
literature

A  technical  comment  on an earlier paper discusses the relative
merits of using low-tar cigarette equivalents as  surrogates  for


                              31

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nonsmokers1 exposures to indoor air pollution from tobacco smoke.
The   commenter   suggests   that  using  low-tar  cigarettes  as
surrogates flaws an otherwise  interesting  and  useful  aid  for
evaluating  nonsmokers1  exposures,  since no epidemiology exists
relating smokers' exposures to such recently marketed  cigarettes
with adverse health effects.  The authors reply that they did not
derive   an   exposure-response   relationship   between  low-tar
cigarette equivalents and nonsmokers1  health,  but  merely  used
this  comparison  to  place  nonsmokers1 exposure in perspective.
Moreover, they add, the cloud of pollution surrounding smokers of
low-tar cigarettes is not very different  from  that  surrounding
smokers  of  high-tar  cigarettes  who  do  not  inhale,  and the
mortality rate of the latter is significantly  elevated  relative
to nonsmokers.
0243
Boeniger,  M.   (March 1984) "Industrial hygiene survey  reports",
National   Institutes   for   Occupational   Safety  and  Health,
Cincinnati, OH  (20 pages).  NTIS PB84-243237.

KEYWORD: industrial, exposure, methylenedianiline, ventilation

An   industrial   hygiene   survey  was  conducted  at  the  01in
Corporation, Moundsville,  WV,  plant in August 1983 to determine
whether  a  health  hazard  existed  from 4,4'-methylenedianiline
 (MDA) exposure.  The facility employed 300 workers,  most of whom
were  middle  aged.  Environmental,  dermal,  and  breathing-zone
samples were analyzed for MDA.  Ventilation was measured.  Dermal
contact  with  MDA  probably   affected   only   six   employees.
Recommendations  include  improvement  of exhaust ventilation and
the use of personal protective equipment.


0227
Boleij, J., Lebret, E., Smit, J., Brunekreef, B., and Biersteker,
K.   (1982)  "Innenluftverunreinigungen  durch  kohlenmonoxid  und
stickstoffoxide",  (indoor air  pollution  by  carbon monoxide and
nitrogen oxides), Aurand, H.K., Seifert, B., and Wegner, J., Eds.,
"Luftqualitat in innenraumen".  Gustav Fischervertag, Stuttgart  -
New York, pp. 199-208,  (in English).

KEYWORD: CO,  N02,  source, combustion, outdoor, home, monitoring,
exposure, foreign,  Netherlands, appliance

The results are reported  of  an  exploratory  survey  of   indoor
 levels  of  CO   and N02  from gas-fired cooking and water-heating
appliances  in the  Dutch cities of Arnhem and  Enscheda  in the  fall
of   1980.   Measurements  were  carried   out   electrochemically
 (Ecolyzer   2000)   or  with  Draeger  tubes  for CO and with  Palmes
diffusion tubes (5  to 8 days' exposure) for NO2.  The  arithmetic


                              32

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mean  value  of  the NO2 concentration in 286 homes was 118 g/m3,
with a range of 35 to 472 g/m3.  The  corresponding  figures  for
living  rooms were 58 and 35 to 346 g/m3,  respectively.  Outdoor
NO2  concentrations  were  2  to  3  times  lower   than   indoor
concentrations.
0283
Boleij, J.S.M., Lebret, E., Hoek, F., Noy, D., and Brunekreef, B.
(1986) "The use of Palmes diffusion tubes for  measuring  NO2  in
homes", Atmos. Environ., 20(3):596-600.

KEYWORD: NO2, outdoor, laboratory, sampling, field,  methodology,
 QA

The results of exposure chamber and field validation tests of NO2
diffusion tubes are reported.  In the exposure chamber,  about 50
test  runs  at  various  relative humidities were performed.  The
field validation consisted  of  comparisons  between  tubes  and  a
chemiluminescence  monitor  in nine homes during several days in
the kitchen,  living room,  bedroom,  and outdoors.  The  results
indicate  a  dependency  on  relative humidity,  while the often-
quoted accuracy of 10% for  the  diffusion  tubes  might  be  too
optimistic for their use in homes.


0620
Bond,  A.E.,  Thompson,  V.L.,  Ortman,  G.C.,  Black,  P.M., and
Sigsby,  J.E.  (1986) "Self  service  station  vehicle  refueling
exposure  study",  Hochheiser,  S.  and  Jayanti,  R.K.M.,  Eds.,
"Proceedings of the 1986 EPA/APCA symposium on the measurment  of
toxic air pollutants", EPA  600/9-86-013, U.S.  EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park, NC 27711,
pp.  458-466.  Not  yet  available  from  NTIS.  (In  press,  Air
Pollution  Control Association,  P.O.  Box 2861,  Pittsburgh,  PA
15230.)

KEYWORD: VOC,  source,  outdoor,  personal,  exposure,  gasoline,
vehicle, microenvironment, sampling, laboratory, field, EPA$

A  4-day,   ten-vehicle  study  was  conducted  to  quantify  the
concentration  and  composition  of  gasoline vapor at five fixed
distances from a single island refueling  point  during  February
1985,  in  Raleigh,  NC.  Liquid  and  vapor  grab  samples  were
collected to identify and quantify the specific components  of  a
commercial  unleaded  regular  gasoline  and associated refueling
vapors.  This study also provided information  on  the  potential
individual  exposure  during   self-service  refueling operations.
Vapor samples were collected   in  evacuated,  6-liter,  stainless
steel   canisters  at  five  fixed  distances  from  the  vehicle
refueling intake point.  The sampling was conducted  under  three


                               33

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different  wind  directions relative to the vehicle intake point.
Meteorological data were collected at the study site  during  all
sampling  periods.  Vapor samples were analyzed by both cryogenic
preconcentration direct flame ionization detection  (PD-FID)  and
by  gas  chromatography/flame  ionization  detection (GC-FID) for
total non-methane organic carbon.  Analysis provided  a  detailed
hydrocarbon  profile  (82  compounds)  for all liquid samples and
vapor samples greater than 20 ppm as carbon.


0546
Bornschein, R.L., et al. (1985) "The Cincinnati prospective study
of low-level lead exposure and its effects on child  development:
protocol and status report", Environ. Res., 38:4-18.

KEYWORD: Pb, biomonitoring, exposure, children, sampling, health,
dose, demographic, distribution

The study protocol for the Cincinnati,  OH,  prospective study of
low-level Pb exposure and its effects on childhood development is
detailed.   The   central   issue   of   the  study  pertains  to
circumstances under which young children may  experience  adverse
effects  on  normal  neurobiologic  and psychological development
attributable to  low-level  Pb  exposure.  Blood  Pb  levels  are
systematically  monitored  from  birth  to age 5 years at 3-month
intervals to provide a history of  each  subject's  Pb  exposure.
Intellectual  and  behavioral development are assessed at regular
intervals  to  document  the  child's  cognitive  and  behavioral
development.   The   project   will  then  attempt  to  integrate
information  on  exposure  history,   cognitive  and   behavioral
development,  and  health  and  social  functioning  in  order to
delineate  the  association  between  the  chronic  low-level  Pb
exposure  and  behavioral  development.  A dose-response analysis
will also be made seeking to  relate  the  frequency  with  which
effects occur to degree of Pb exposure.


0112
Bose, D.   (Aug. 1984) "Preparation of low concentrations of gases
without pumps — a low-cost  method  for  developing  countries",
Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds., "Indoor air,
vol. 4, chemical characterization and personal exposure", Swedish
Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp 239-244.

KEYWORD: CO, energy, sampling, methodology, QA

An  energy-saving,   low-cost  gas-dilution  technique  has  been
developed   for   preparing   calibration  gases,   standardizing
measurements at ppm levels,  assessing the toxicologic and  other
effects  of  polluted  air,  and  conducting other envirochemical
studies in developing  countries.  This  simple  glass  apparatus


                              34

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also has potential use  in  collecting air samples without use of a
pump   for transportation to analytical laboratories.  Air  samples
containing a  low  level  of  CO have been prepared  for  calibration
of the new technique.   Pure, dry experimental gas  is collected in
a  specially   fabricated   graduated  microburet  via  a three-way
stopcock,  and the evacuations are done manually by liquid level
differentiations.  The  apparatus  may  also  be   used  in color
comparison methods for  detection of gaseous pollutants.


0384
Botzenhart, K., Altenhoff, K., and Leithold, T.  (1984) "Molds in
the air of greenhouse homes", Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall,  T.,  and
Sundell, J.,  Eds., "Indoor air, vol. 3, sensory and hyperactivity
reactions  to sick  buildings",  Swedish  Council for  Building
Research, Stockholm, pp. 277-282.  NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: sampling, greenhouse, microorganism, particulate,  field,
control, source

Green  plants have  a  favorable  influence  on   the  indoor air
quality,   e.g.,   relative  humidity  and  dust   concentration.
However,  plants  and   the soil  in which they grow may increase
airborne molds.   Cultures  obtained from various impaction  samples
and from soils and leaves  were used to examine viable mold spores
in (1) a former greenhouse used as an architect's  office,   (2)  a
private home  built with an integrated live-in greenhouse,  and (3)
the  tropical greenhouse  of  the  local botanical garden.  High
concentrations of molds were found in the air of   the  first  and
second indoor greenhouse environments  (6,000   culture-forming
units), mostly penicillium and cladosporium species.  Aspergillus
fumigatus and other thermotolerant  fungi  were  rarely  isolated
from air samples.  They were abundant,  however, in soil samples,
particularly  those with decomposing material such  as  leaves  or
bark.
0588
Brain,  Joseph  D.,  and  Barry,  Brenda  E.   (1985)  "Biological
potential and exposure-dose  relationships  for  constituents  of
cigarette smoke",  Gammage,  R.B.,  Kaye, S.V., and Jacobs, V.A.,
Eds., "Indoor air and human health", Lewis Publishers, Inc., P.O.
Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI 48118, pp. 215-225.

KEYWORD: smoking, health, dose, particulate,biomonitoring,source,
multipollutant, combustion, research, epidemiology, lung

Central  to  the  issue of the potential health impact of passive
cigarette smoking is an understanding  of  the  fate  of  inhaled
smoke.  Deposition  patterns  of  any  aerosol  such  as  passive
cigarette smoke depend on the size,   shape,  and density  of  the
                              35

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individual particles or droplets.   In particular,  the description
of  particle  diameters,   preferably  in  terms  of  aerodynamic
diameters,  is essential.  Time and concentration  are  important
because  they  modify  tobacco  smoke  through  processes such as
evaporation and agglomeration.  Factors independent  of  particle
size such as respiratory airway anatomy,   breathing pattern,  and
underlying pulmonary disease also influence deposition of tobacco
smoke.   Lung  clearance  mechanisms  also   affect   deposition.
Although  the  amount  of  cigarette smoke deposited in the lungs
during passive smoking is small compared to that  encountered  by
the active smoker, large numbers of persons are involved.


0390
Breysse,  Peter A.  (1984) "Formaldehyde levels and  accompanying
symptoms  associated  with  individuals  residing  in  over  1000
conventional and  mobile  homes  in  the  state  of  Washington",
Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds., "Indoor air,
vol.  3,  sensory and hyperactivity reactions to sick buildings",
Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  403-408.
NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: CH20, home, exposure, field, health

The Department of Environmental Health, University of Washington,
along  with  a  number of commercial laboratories,  has monitored
formaldehyde in more than 1,000 conventional  and  mobile   homes.
Almost  without  exception,   requests  for  monitoring  involved
individuals who developed symptoms or whose  symptoms  got  worse
after moving into a mobile home or following application of urea-
formaldehyde  foam insulation.  For many,  symptoms continued  for
years despite the fact that formaldehyde  levels  decreased with
time. Leaving the offending environment was the only solution  for
some  individuals.  The  major  source  of formaldehyde  in  mobile
homes was particle board,  while in  conventional  homes  it   was
urea-formaldehyde  foam   insulation.  Average  concentrations   of
formaldehyde in mobile homes  were  2  to  10  times  higher than
concentrations    in  conventional  homes  with  foam   insulation.
Symptoms  included irritation  of eyes, nose,  and throat,  chronic
nausea, chronic headaches, difficulty in  breathing, memory  lapse,
and   behavorial   changes.  Most  individuals experienced multiple
symptoms.


0057
Brice,  Robert M., and Roesler, Joseph R.   (1966)  "The  exposure to
carbon  monoxide  of occupants of vehicles moving  in traffic",   J.
Air Pollut.  Control Assoc.,  16:597-600.

KEYWORD:  CO,  field,  hydrocarbon,   vehicle,  interior,   personal,
exposure, microenvironment,  source


                               36

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CO and hydrocarbons were sampled at the  operator's  nose  height
inside  vehicles  moving  in  moderate  to  heavy  traffic in six
cities.  The samples were integrated over 20  to  30  minutes  by
collection  in  Mylar bags.  CO and hydrocarbons were analyzed by
infrared and flame ionization,  respectively,  at the  Continuous
Air  Monitoring  Program  (CAMP)  station in each city.  Detector
tubes for CO were also used to determine 5-minute  concentrations
at  suspected  high  points  in  the  field.  Traffic density was
estimated.  Three types of traffic arteries were considered:  (1)
heavily  traveled,  wide expressways,  (2) main city streets with
moderately rapid vehicular traffic,  and  (3) center-city  streets
with slow-moving traffic.  Integrated half-hour CO concentrations
obtained  within  the  vehicles  while  in traffic were generally
considerably higher than the concurrent  concentrations  measured
at  the  CAMP  sites.  In-traffic CO values in all cities sampled
exceeded 30 ppm in at least 10% of the  integrated  samples.  The
range  of  city  averages  was  21  to  39 ppm,  and the range of
individual integrated samples was 71 to 77 ppm.


0369
Broder, I., Corey,  P.,  Cole,  P.,  Mintz,  S.,  Lipa,  M.,  and
Nethercott,  J.  (1984)  "Health  status  of  residents  in homes
insulated with urea formaldehyde foam  compared  with  controls",
Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.  "Indoor air,
vol.  3,  sensory and hyperactivity reactions to sick buildings",
Swedish  Council  for Building Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  23-27.
NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: CH2O, health, exposure, source, control, home

Subjective and objective health variables were  compared  in  226
control  subjects  and  444  occupants  of urea-formaldehyde foam
insulated (UFFI) homes as part of a larger study.  The UFFI homes
had  fractionally  higher  levels  of  formaldehyde.   The   UFFI
subjects  used  significantly  more  medications  and  had higher
prevalence of time lost on the job; colds; eye, nose, throat, and
skin irritation;  and other diverse  symptoms.  These  complaints
were mainly voiced by people planning to have their UFFI removed;
for  them  medication  usage or throat irritation correlated with
total hours spent in the house.  No significant associations were
observed  with  formaldehyde  levels.   Also,   there   were   no
significant differences among the groups in a series of objective
health  tests.  Thus,  these initial results provide some support
for a possible  direct  relationship  between  UFFI  and  adverse
health effects.
                              37

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0021
Brown, Dennis E.  (Aug. 1982) "Planning and the control of indoor
air pollution:  a field survey of carbon monoxide levels  at  Ala
Moana shopping center in Honolulu",  Master's thesis in urban and
regional planning,  University of Hawaii at Manoa,  Honolulu,  HI
96822 (193 pages).

KEYWORD: exposure, personal, field, monitoring, source,  control,
CO, architecture

CO data were collected with a personal exposure monitor during 30
walking  trips  inside  a  shopping  center  in  Honolulu between
November 1981  and  March  1982.  Approximately  29%  of  sampled
employees  on the street level were estimated to be exposed to CO
levels in excess of  the  8-hour  National  Ambient  Air  Quality
Standard (NAAQS) and about 2% in excess of the 1-hour NAAQS.  The
high  levels  can  be  traced  to  a semi-enclosed parking garage
attached to the shopping center and the  proximity  of  shops  to
slow-moving  traffic.   The  thesis  discussed  potential  design
strategies for reducing and preventing harmful levels  of  CO  at
indirect air pollution sources such as shopping centers.


0561
Brown, L., Greene, B.M.R., Miles, J.C.H., and Wrixon, A.D.  (1986)
"Radon exposure of the United Kingdom population", Environ. Int.,
12(1-4):45-48.

KEYWORD: radon, exposure, source, methodology, home, ventilation,
architecture, foreign, Britain

The  National  Radiological  Protection  Board is surveying radon
concentrations in dwellings throughout  the  United  Kingdom,  as
well  as  factors  that affect radon concentrations,  such as the
construction of the dwellings and the  window-  and  door-opening
habits of the occupants.  Initial  results  indicate  an  average
effective   radon  dose  to  the  population  equivalent  to  570
microSieverts per year.


0207
Bruaux,  P., et al.   (1985) "Assessment of human exposure to lead:
comparison between Belgium,  Malta,  Mexico  and  Sweden",  World
Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (57 pages).

KEYWORD: Pb ,biomonitoring, dose, water, particulate, TEAM, food,
exposure, QA, foreign, Belgium, Malta, Mexico, Sweden

Lead content of blood,  feces,  drinking water,  and local  street
dust was measured for 107 nonsmoking male  teachers  in  Belgium,
Malta, Mexico, and Sweden.  Extended study in Malta sampled food,


                              38

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soil,  and  suspended  particulates  in ambient air.  Oral intake
seemed to be  the  main  Pb  source.  Sampling,  analytical,  and
statistical  methods  are  discussed.  Data quality and usability
are well documented.
0568
Brunekreef, B., Boleij, J.S.M., Hoek, F., Lebret, E., and Noy, D.
(1986) "Variation of indoor nitrogen dioxide concentrations  over
a one-year period", Environ. Int., 12(1-4):279-282.

KEYWORD: N02,  exposure, field, microenvironment,seasonal, health,
methodology, foreign,  Netherlands

In  15 homes,  indoor  NO2 concentrations were measured repeatedly
for 1 year to  obtain estimates of  within-home  and  between-home
variability.   Every other week,  diffusion  tubes  were  used  to
obtain weekly  average  concentrations in the kitchen, living room,
and  bedroom   of  each home.  The results indicate that,  in all
seasons except summer,  the NO2 concentrations  within  locations
within   homes were   stable  and  that  between  homes,   indoor
concentrations were systematically  different.  This  information
is important for evaluating health effect studies in which indoor
N02 concentrations are used as a measure of exposure.


0178
Brunekreef, B., Smit,  H.A., Biersteker, K., Boleij,  J.S.M.,  and
Lebret,  E.  (1982)  "Indoor  carbon  monoxide  pollution  in The
Netherlands",  Environ. Int., 8:193-196.

KEYWORD: CO, field, home, combustion, source, appliance, foreign,
Netherlands

Most houses  in  The   Netherlands  are  equipped  with  gas-fired
heaters  and   cooking  appliances.  CO poisoning due to coal fires
has virtually  ceased   to  exist  since  coal-fired  heaters  were
replaced  by gas heaters.  However,  such poisonings still occur,
although to a  lesser extent,  due to  the  use  of  instantaneous
water heaters  (geisers) that are gas fired.  An investigation was
carried  out   to establish the CO production potential of geisers
in normal use  in 254 houses.  The results indicated that  17%  of
the  geisers   produced  a  CO  level  of more than 50 uL/L in the
kitchens where they were located after 15 minutes  of  operation.
Presence of a  flue, burner type, and maintenance system proved to
be the main controlling factors.


0238
Brunekreef, Bert, et al.  (Aug. 1981) "The Arnhem lead study, I.,
lead uptake by 1 to 3 year old children living in the vicinity of


                              39

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a secondary lead smelter in Arnhem,  The  Netherlands",  Environ.
Res., 25(2):441-456.

KEYWORD: Pb, source,  particulate,  biomonitoring, outdoor, soil,
field, foreign, Netherlands

This  epidemiological  study  was  conducted in the vicinity of a
secondary Pb smelter in Arnhem, The Netherlands.  Blood Pb levels
for 1- to 3-year-old children were slightly elevated.  Pb in  the
air,  dustfall, soil, street dust, house dust, and drinking water
was also measured.  Pb levels in garden soil and dustfall indoors
and outdoors were the most useful parameters  in  explaining  the
variance in the blood Pb levels.
0244
Bruno, Ronald C.  (Feb. 1983) "Sources of indoor radon in houses:
a review", J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 33(2):105-109.

KEYWORD: radon, source, model, literature, soil

The primary sources of indoor radon are analyzed  and  discussed.
These include soil gas, building material, and tap water.  Within
the  framework  of  a  simple  steady-state analysis of the radon
concentration in a  model  of  a  typical  house,  the  potential
contribution   to  indoor  radon  levels  from  each  source  was
determined.  When these results are compared with reported  field
studies  of radon in houses,  it appears that the infiltration of
soil gas directly into a house is by far the largest  contributor
to indoor radon levels.
0605
Buchanan, James W., Li, Shutian, and Galloway,  Clifton  (1986)  "A
refinement  of  the  potassium tracer method for residential wood
smoke", Hochheiser, S. and Jayanti, R.K.M., Eds.,  "Proceedings  of
the  1986  EPA/APCA  symposium  on  the  measurement of  toxic air
pollutants",   EPA  600/9-86-013,   U.S.    EPA,   Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle  Park,  NC  27711,
pp.  748-754.  Not yet  available  from   NTIS.   (In  press,  Air
Pollution  Control Association,  P.O.  Box 2861,   Pittsburgh,   PA
15230.)

KEYWORD: methodology, QA, wood, home, outdoor,economic,  sampling,
K, laboratory, particulate, source, combustion

U.S. EPA currently uses potassium  (K) as a tracer  for the mass  of
wood smoke collected  on ambient fine-particle  filters.  Total   K
is measured by x-ray fluorescence analysis, and soil potassium  is
estimated by  assuming a value for the K/Fe ratio  in soil,  multi-
plying by the Fe present, and subtracting  from  total K   analyzed.


                              40

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In  a cheaper and more reliable technique, water-soluble K is an-
alyzed by ion chromatography.  The assumption is  that all  fine-
particle smoke, K   (but very  little  soil K)  is  water-soluble.
Preliminary results indicate this may be the case.
0778
Buist, Sonia, Chr.  (Dec. 1983) "Report of workshop on respiratory
effects of involuntary smoking:  epidemiological  studies",  U.S.
National Institutes of Health,  9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD
20842  (11 pages).  Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: exposure, lung, smoking, health, research,  statistical,
risk, epidemiology, biomonitoring, ventilation, dose, methodology

This  report summarizes presentations by experts in epidemiology,
statistics,  and pulmonary medicine on the pulmonary  effects  of
passive smoking.  While studies are in progress, the effects vary
from  negligible  to  quite  small.  It  has not been determined,
however, if a subgroup may be at risk,  or if differences in data
sets  discussed  at  the  workshop  result from differences among
population samples or methodology.  A major weakness of  all  the
data  sets  is  a lack of proper exposure estimates.  The experts
recommended standardized questions to characterize indoor sources
and ventilation practices.  Most important is the need to develop
and evaluate noninvasive biological markers of exposure.


0557
Burch, P.R.J.   (1986) "Health risks of passive smoking:  problems
of interpretation", Environ. Int., 12(1-4) :23-28.

KEYWORD: smoking, demographic, methodology, health, exposure, QA,
literature, model, risk, statistical

This article is mainly a criticism of  the  methodology  used  by
Repace and Lowrey in this journal's 1985 article: "A quantitative
estimate  of  nonsmokers1  lung cancer risk from passive smoking"
(BLIS #86).  The specific arguments are  that  (1)  the  exposure
model   is  too  anatomically,   chemically,   and  statistically
simplistic to be trusted,  (2) the literature of the demographics
of  smoking  and  lung  cancer  contradict  their model,  (3) the
epidemiological studies of passive smoking and lung  cancer  that
Repace  and  Lowrey relied on are useless because they provide no
data on actual exposures of the nonsmokers, (4) Repace and Lowrey
rely on etiological  studies  discredited  by  the  U.S.  Surgeon
General,  and   (5)  Repace  and  Lowrey ignore some statistically
correct studies that contradict  their  conclusions.  Repace  and
Lowrey  seem  to  have  constructed  their  research  to  yield a
predetermined  conclusion.   Repace  and   Lowrey   rebut   these


                              41

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arguments in BLIS #559.


0562
Burkart,  Werner  (1986) "An estimation of radiation exposure and
risk from airtightening of homes in an Alpine area with  elevated
radon source strength", Environ. Int., 12(1-4):49-53.

KEYWORD: radon,  source,  exposure, field,  risk, energy, control,
ventilation, foreign, home, Switzerland

In  large  areas  of  the Swiss Alps,  the high radium content of
rocks and soil may produce high levels of radon in dwellings with
low air-exchange rates.  During the winter of 1982-83,  a  sample
of  32 conventional homes showed an arithmetic mean average radon
concentration in living quarters and cellars  of  307  Becguerels
per  cubic  meter (Bq/m3) or 8.3 picoCuries per liter (pCi/L) and
in cellars of 1,410 Bq/m3 (38.1 pCi/L).   Based on a matched  pair
analysis  of  single-family  dwellings,   researchers assumed that
weatherstripping will increase the average  radon  level  in  the
living  quarters  50%  or  155  Bq/m3  (4.2  pCi/L) in the sample
studied.  This increase results in an additional annual effective
dose  equivalent  of  4.6  milliSieverts  (mSv).  The  lower  air
infiltration  alone leads to an additional exposure of about 0.01
mSv per kilowatt hour of energy saved  per  year.  The  estimated
lung cancer risk from this exposure is orders of magnitude higher
than  the projected total risks from the production of a kWh in a
large-scale power plant.


0678
Burton, Barbara, and Senzel,  Alan (Feb.  1984)  "Residential wood
and coal combustion,  task 3,  health effects literature search",
U.S.  EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711  (75 pages).  NTIS PB84-191584.

KEYWORD: literature,combustion, EPA$, coal, wood,outdoor, source,
home, health

This report  compiles  titles  and  abstracts  that  are  in  the
literature on adverse health effects due to air emissions (indoor
or  outdoor)  from  the  residential combustion of coal and wood.
Abstracts are presented alphabetically according to the last name
of the lead author.  The report's search plan included the  files
of  the  Combustion  Research  Branch,  Industrial  Environmental
Research Laboratory,  Office of Research  and  Development,  U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC;  and
Environmental Technology Division,  Del Green  Associates,  Inc.,
Woodburn,   OR,  which  recently  completed  a  residential  wood
combustion study for U.S.  EPA Region 10 and the State of Oregon.
In addition, the on-line computer literature search,  covered the
                              42

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following  data  bases:  Biological  Abstracts   (BIOSIS,  1976+),
National Technical Information Service  (NTIS), and Excerpta Media
(1976+).


0455
Caceres,  T.,  Soto,  H.,  Lissi,  E.,  and Cisternas, R.   (1983)
"Indoor house pollution:  appliance emissions and indoor  ambient
concentrations", Atmos. Environ., 17(5):1009-1013.

KEYWORD: home,  NO,  NO2,  CH20,  combustion,  source, CO, field,
laboratory, exposure, kersosene, appliance

Researchers measured emission rates for CO,  NO,  N02,  and  CH20
from several unvented gas and kerosene heaters typically used for
domestic  heating.  The indoor pollutant concentrations generated
by  these  emissions  were  evaluated   and   compared   to   the
concentrations  found  in typical houses.  Both the predicted and
measured values exceeded the acceptable  short-term  air  quality
standards of most countries.
0461
Cain,  William,  S.,  et al.   (1983) "Ventilation requirements in
buildings, I., control of occupancy odor and tobacco smoke odor",
Atmos. Environ., 17(6):1183-1197.

KEYWORD: particulate,  odor, ventilation,  smoking, CO, exposure,
temperature, humidity, energy, laboratory

Psychophysical measurements of odor,  supplemented  with  certain
physical   measurements,   were   taken  to  examine  ventilation
requirements  during  smoking  and  nonsmoking  occupancy  in  an
environmental  chamber.  Impressions  of  visitors  (persons  who
inhaled air from the chamber only  briefly)  were  compared  with
impressions   of   occupants.   For   nonsmoking  occupancy,   47
combinations of  temperature,  humidity,  ventilation  rate,  and
occupancy density were examined.  Odor level depended entirely on
ventilation rate per person irrespective of the number of persons
in  the chamber.  About 75% of visitors needed about 4 liters per
second per person.  Occupants,  however,  were satisfied with far
less.  In  38  conditions  of smoking occupancy,  75% of visitors
under customary conditions of occupancy needed  17.5  liters  per
second per person.  For both smoking and nonsmoking conditions, a
combination  of  high  temperature  (25.5 degrees C) and humidity
(r.h.  > 70%) exacerbated the odor problem.  During  smoking,  CO
rarely reached dangerous levels, but suspended particulate matter
often  reached  levels  considered  unacceptable outdoors.  Study
results demonstrated the energy penalty incurred when ventilating
for smoking occupancy.
                              43

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0122
Callahan,  M.A.,  et  al.  (Feb.  1985)   "Handbook for performing
exposure assessments (draft)",  U.S.  EPA,   Office of Health  and
Environmental Assessment,  Washington,  DC 20460 (90 pages).  Not
available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: Pb, model, methodology, multipollutant, exposure,  EPA$,
multimedia

This  handbook  provides  specific  details  of  how EPA conducts
exposure  assessments.   It  provides   practical   guidance   by
presenting specific examples and detailed discussions of some key
aspects.  Areas addressed include an overview of available models
that  may be used in planning exposure assessments,  guidance for
designing  and  implementing   exposure   assessment   monitoring
programs,  a listing and description of some useful data bases on
the monitoring and measurement of substances in  the  environment,
and  a  discussion  of  the  uncertainties  related  to  exposure
assessments.  This handbook also has a glossary of routinely used
terms and provides standard factors used  in  calculations.  Also
included  is  an  extended  discussion  of  the EPA  "Air Quality
Criteria for Lead"  document  as  an  example  of  a  multimedia,
multisource  exposure  assessment.  Since the handbook expands on
the  concepts  of  the  "Exposure  Assessment  Guidelines",   the
Guidelines are included in an appendix.


0398
Castren, O., Vautilainen, A., Windquist, K.,  and Makelainen,  I.
(1985)  "Studies  of  high  indoor radon areas in Finland",  Sci.
Total Environ., 45:311-318.

KEYWORD: radon, field,  home,  exposure, source, foreign, Finland

Solid-state nuclear track  detectors  were  used  in  a  regional
survey  in  Finland  of radon in indoor air.  The study comprises
seven rural municipalities and two towns in an area of 80x50  km2
with a population of about 65,000.  Measurements were made  in 754
houses in 31 subareas.  The highest and lowest subarea means were
1,200  Becquerels   (Bq)/m3  and  95  Bq/m3,   respectively.   The
estimated  mean  for  the  whole  area   was   370   Bq/m3.   The
concentrations  2,000 Bq/m3 and 800 Bq/m3 were exceeded in  32 and
90 houses,  respectively.  The present lung cancer  incidence  in
the  study  area  does not differ significantly from the national
mean.
0491
Chan,  D., and Howes, J.E.  Jr.   (1986) "Development of an indoor
air information retrieval  (IAIR) data base",  Final report  under
                              44

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contract  no.  68-02-4084,  U.S.  EPA,  Environmental  Monitoring
Systems Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (179 pages).
Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: multipollutant, literature, personal, exposure, research

A computerized data base has been  designed  and  constructed  to
provide  assistance  in  identifying published indoor air quality
literature.  The Indoor Air  Information  Retrieval  (IAIR)  data
base  has been developed using dBASE III software and operates on
an IBM personal computer.  The data base  includes  bibliographic
information  and  key  words,  which  characterize  the technical
content  of  the  article.   (Key  words  are  assigned  from   a
comprehensive  list that describes factors which influence indoor
air quality.) Abstracts  are  not  included  in  the  data  base.
Currently,  the IAIR data base contains 483 entries, 298 of which
have been assigned key words.  To make the IAIR  data  base  more
useful,  additional  work is required to (1) refine the data base
structure,  literature entry criteria,  and key word list and (2)
complete  the  entry of appropriate literature references and key
words.
0612
Chan, C.C., Martin, J.W., Pond, P.J., and Williams,  D.T.  (1986)
"Development   of   an  adsorption/thermal  desorption  technique
coupled  with  GC/MS  for  the  monitoring   of   trace   organic
contaminants in indoor air", Hochheiser, S., and Jayanti, R.K.M.,
Eds.,   "Proceedings  of  the  1986  EPA/APCA  symposium  on  the
measurement of toxic  air  pollutants",  EPA  600/9-86-013,  U.S.
EPA,   Environmental  Monitoring  Systems  Laboratory,   Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711, pp.  71-85.  Not yet availble from NTIS.
(In press,  Air Pollution Control Association,  P.O.  Box 2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230.)

KEYWORD: VOC,  laboratory,  sampling,  methodology,  organic, QA,
halocarbon, multipollutant,foreign,Canada

A multilayer sorbent cartridge coupled with a thermal  desorption
technique  was  used  to  collect  and  analyze both volatile and
semivolatile  organic  compounds  indoors.   The  sorbents   were
evaluated   to   determine   their   adsorption  characteristics,
breakthrough potential,  retention  of  organics,  and  artifacts
released  from  the  adsorbents  during  the  thermal  desorption
process.  Recoveries and data reproducibility for  desorption  of
most of the organics from the cartridge were satisfactory, except
for  a  few compounds that appeared either to decompose or not to
desorb very efficiently under the  experimental  conditions.  The
semivolatile  compounds  desorbed  from  sorbent  cartridges  and
internal traps less  efficiently  than  the  volatile  compounds.
Limits of detection were determined for 52 compounds based on the
                              45

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volume sampled; most were in the ppt- or low-ppb-range.


0060
Chaney,  Lucian W.  (1978) "Carbon monoxide automobile  emissions
measured  from the interior of a traveling automobile",  Science,
199:1203-1204.

KEYWORD: CO, personal, exposure, monitor,microenvironment, field,
vehicle, interior, source, monitoring

During  a   cross-country   trip,   the   author   monitored   CO
concentrations   inside   a   traveling  car  using  a  sensitive
instrument.   Individual  passing  vehicles  produced  accurately
measurable  increases  in  CO  concentration.  The CO produced by
individual  vehicles  varied  by  three  orders   of   magnitude,
demonstrating  that  a  relatively  small  number  of cars can be
responsible  for  a  higher  percentage  of  total   vehicle   CO
emissions.
0549
Chuang, C.C.,  Mack,  G.A.,  Mondron,  P.J.,  and Petersen,  B.A.
(1986)  "Evaluation  of  sampling  and analytical methodology for
polynuclear aromatics in  indoor  air",  U.S.  EPA,  Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711
(91 pages).  NTIS PB86-126326/AS.

KEYWORD: PAH, methodology, sampling, laboratory, field, QA, EPA$,
design, microenvironment, home, literature, smoking, research

A  generic  sampling  and analytical methodology was developed to
characterize    polynuclear    aromatic     hydrocarbon     (PAH)
concentrations  in air in various microenvironments.  These three
studies were performed:  evaluation of analytical methods, design
of  a  sampling  method,  and  design  of  a  pilot  study.   Two
analytical methods  (high-performance liquid  chromatography  with
ultraviolet  adsorption  and  fluorescence  detection,   and  gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry)  were  evaluated  to  determine
PAHs  and their derivatives in air within microenvironments.  The
results showed that the preferred  analytical  approach  was  gas
chromatography/positive  chemical  ionization  mass  spectrometry
with data acquisition in the  selected  ion  monitoring  mode.  A
modified  EPA  high-volume sampler,  consisting of a quartz fiber
filter and a polyurethane foam cartridge,  is proposed for use in
a  future  experimental study.  A literature review was conducted
to (1) determine how much is  known  about  the  contribution  of
cigarette smoke to PAH levels in air within microenvironments and
(2)  evaluate  the  use of quinoline and isoquinoline as possible
marker compounds for cigarette smoke.  A pilot study was designed
to assess PAH levels in residential  air.  The  results  of  this
                              46

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 study   can   then   be   applied   to   a   future  large-scale  study to
 measure human  exposure to  airborne  PAHs.


 0417
 Clark,  C.S.,  et  al.   (1985) "Condition and type of housing  as an
 indicator of potential environmental  lead  exposure and  pediatric
 blood  lead  levels", Environ. Res.,  38:46-53.

 KEYWORD: Pb, biomonitoring, outdoor,  source,  water, architecture,
 home,  children

 In a prospective  behavioral study of  children in Cincinnati,  OH,
 with   blood Pb   levels as  high   as 50  ug/dl,   an  intensive
 environmental  survey   was conducted and exterior  of  housing
 quality was determined visually.  Five housing  categories  were
 defined:    public  housing,    private  housing    (satisfactory,
 deteriorated,   and  dilapidated),    and   rehabilitated   private
 housing.  Serial   blood Pb  values  for infants were compared to
 exterior housing  category, which itself was compared with results
 of the intensive  environmental  survey.  In this interim report on
 the first subset  of available data,   the housing categories  were
 found   to differ  in paint  and environment  dust lead levels,  with
 public and  rehabilitated housing having lowest values.  Blood  Pb
 concentrations of children differed  across housing categories as
 early  as 6  months of   age,  with   children   residing  in public
 housing having lowest  levels,   followed by those in rehabilitated
 housing.  Housing category accounted  for   over one-half  of  the
 blood  Pb variability in 18-month-old  children.


 0347
 Clarkson,   Michael (1984)  "Indoor air quality as a part of  total
 building performance",  Berglund,   B., Lindvall, T., and  Sundell,
 J., Eds.,"Indoor  air,  vol.  5,  buildings,  ventilation and thermal
 climate",   Swedish Council for  Building Research,  Stockholm, pp.
 493-498.  NTIS PB85-104222.

 KEYWORD: office,  ventilation,  temperature, C02, CO,  VOC, radon,
 CH20

An  indoor  air   quality investigation of  a 60,000-m2 eight-story
government  office building was  carried out as  a part  of  an  in-
depth   study  of  the  total building performance of the building.
The transdisciplinary   study  included  the   following  areas  of
building  performance:   lighting,  acoustics,  thermal   comfort,
ventilation, energy use, air circulation,   air quality,    occupant
comfort,  building  envelope  thermography,   functional use,   and
enclosure integrity.   The air quality conditions generic  to large
offices are presented.
                              47

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0091
Clausing,  P.,  Mak,  J.K.,  Spengler, J.D,, and Letz, R.  (1986)
"Personal N02 exposures of high school students", Environ.  Int.,
12(1-4):413-417.

KEYWORD: N02,  combustion,  personal,  exposure,  model,  school,
activity, pattern, outdoor, source, appliance

Personal   N02  exposures  and/or  time  activity  patterns  were
measured for 300 junior high school students  in  Watertown,   MA.
Palmes diffusion tubes were used to measure N02 concentrations in
the  bedroom,  living  room,  and  kitchen for over 100 students.
Indoor and personal  N02  levels  were  closely  related  to  the
cooking  fuel  used at home.  The correlation between outdoor and
personal  NO2  levels  was  not  significant.  Stepwise  multiple
regression  is used to fit models to estimate personal exposures.
Models including indoor NO2 concentrations can explain between 60
and 90% of the variance in personal NO2  exposures.  When  indoor
home concentrations are excluded,  only about 40% of the variance
is explained by cooking fuel, pilot lights,  and concentration in
the school.
0490
Clayton,  A.C., White, S.B., and Settergren, S.K.  (1985) "Carbon
monoxide exposure of residents of Washington,  B.C.:  comparative
analyses",  Contract  no.  68-02-3679,  U.S.  EPA,  Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711
(55 pages).  Not Available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: CO,monitor,smoking,microenvironment, personal, exposure,
home, source, combustion, outdoor, statistical, EPA$, appliance

CO data obtained by personal exposure monitor  (PEM) from a sample
of Washington, DC,  nonsmoking,  noninstitutionalized individuals
between  the  ages  of  18  and  70 in the winter of 1982-83 were
analyzed to determine  whether  CO  levels  differ  statistically
among individuals.  Specifically, comparisons were made among  (1)
major   environments,    (2)   micro  environments   (within  major
environments),   (3) smoker and nonsmoker groups,  and  (4)  groups
with  and without an operating gas stove.  Comparisons were based
on PEM CO means and on PEM CO  levels  adjusted  for  ambient  CO
levels.  The  analysis found that ambient CO measurements provide
only a crude  measure  of  the  background  CO  levels  to  which
individuals would be exposed, even in an outdoor setting.  PEM CO
levels  varied  significantly  across the four major environments
with "in transit"  showing  the  highest  level  and  "indoors/at
residence"   showing   the  lowest  level.   Indoor  environments
appeared to have elevated levels of CO in the presence of smokers
and in the presence of an operating gas stove.
                              48

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0489
Clayton, A.C., Rodman,  N.F.,  and Hartwell,  T.D.  (1985) "Total
exposure  assessment  methodology (TEAM) multivariate analysis of
air exposure and breath measurements",  Contract no.  68-01-6826,
U.S.  EPA,  Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711 (53 pages). Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: TEAM, personal, exposure,  statistical,  outdoor, model,
VOC, monitor, biomonitoring, EPA$, seasonal

This  study  uses data collected at various sites between 1981-84
as part of EPA's Total  Exposure  Assessment  Methodology   (TEAM)
study.  This  report  examines some of the multivariate structure
of these data.  In an attempt to explain the variation in breath,
personal  air,  and  outdoor  principal  component  (PC)  scores,
analysis-of-variance  models were used.  The models related these
PC   scores   to   sites/seasons.    Statistically    significant
differences were detected in sites/seasons with regard to breath,
personal air exposure, and outdoor air exposure concentrations of
the  selected  volatile  organic  compounds.  Despite  this,  the
percentage of total variation in such  measurements  attributable
to sites/seasons was low (generally 10 to 15%).  Further attempts
to account for variation in the  breath  concentration  data,  by
including  personal  or outdoor air measurements in the model (in
the form of PC scores),  increased these percentages to about  20
to 25 %.
0705
Cohen,  A.F.,  and Cohen,  B.L.   (1980)  "Protection  from  being
indoors  against  inhalation  of  suspended particulate matter of
outdoor origin", Atmos. Environ., 14:183-184.

KEYWORD: particulate,school, architecture, office, home, outdoor,
laboratory

A method for estimating the protection from being indoors against
inhalation of suspended  particulate  matter  from  outdoors  was
applied  to  a  wide  variety of buildings and rooms.  Indoor and
outdoor filter samples were analyzed by  x-ray  fluorescence  for
elements   known   to  become  airborne  outdoors.   The  average
protection factor was about 4.5 for large particles and  2.2  for
submicron particles.


0375
Cohn,  M.S.,  Ulsamer,  A.G.,  and Preuss,  P.W.  (1984) "Sources
contributing to formaldehyde indoor air  levels",  Berglund,  B.,
Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.  "Indoor air, vol. 3, sensory
                              49

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and hyperactivity reactions to sick buildings",  Swedish  Council
for Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 133-138.  NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: CH2O, source, exposure,  home,  humidity,  architecture,
temperature, seasonal

Two  major  sources  of  formaldehyde  in  indoor  air  are urea-
formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI)  and  pressed-wood  products,
including   panelling,   particle   board,   and   medium-density
fiberboard.  The formaldehyde contribution  that  these  products
can  make  to air in conventional residences and mobile homes has
been investigated.  One of the most important factors is the  age
of  the  product;  formaldehyde levels tend to decay more or less
exponentially over time,  with half lives in the range of from  6
months to between 4 and 6 years, depending on the product and its
age.  Examples  of  decay  curves are presented.  Also considered
are the effects of variables,  such as temperature  and  relative
humidity,  that  can  lead  to  diurnal variation of formaldehyde
levels as much as 1.5-fold and seasonal variation as much as  10-
fold.  Ongoing research in this area is discussed.
0689
Coleman, Sheldon R.  (1983) "A tube diffusion dosimeter for sulfur
dioxide", Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 44(9):631-637.

KEYWORD: SO2,  methodology,  personal,  exposure, monitoring,  QA,
laboratory, monitor

A   tube   diffusion   dosimeter  for  SO2  was  fabricated  from
inexpensive, easily available materials.  The design incorporates
a tube diffusion element,  liquid  absorption  reservoir,  and  a
porous plastic mass transfer element.  The dosimeter was verified
by  exposure  chamber  tests  using  constant and fluctuating SO2
concentrations,  and tested in the field  along  with  a  bubbler
method  developed  by  the  National  Institute  for Occupational
Safety and Health for  comparison.  Laboratory  and  field  tests
confirmed  that the dosimeter was reliable between 2.5 and 15 ppm
SO2.  However,  to retain accuracy,  exposed dosimeters  must  be
refrigerated and analyzed within 24 hours after use.
0413
Colome, S.D.,  McCarthy,  S.M.,  and Spengler,  J.D.   (June  1981)
"Residential indoor and ambient outdoor comparison of  gaseous and
particulate  air  pollutants   in two cities",  Paper no.  81-573,
presented at the 74th annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control
Association, P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230  (18 pages).

KEYWORD: S04, N02, outdoor, home, exposure, particulate, S02, Al,
Br, Cl, Ma, Na, V, source


                               50

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The results  from  1 year of air monitoring  in  10 homes  for  6 trace
elements   (aluminum,  bromine,   chlorine,    magnesium,    sodium,
vanadium)  and S02,  NO2,  S04,  and respirable-size particles are
reported  for Steubenville,  OH,  and  Portage,  WI.   Indoor  and
outdoor mean levels for all  10 air constituents are higher in the
industrial   city  of  Steubenville.  Indoor levels are lower than
outdoor for  most  air  constituents  in  both cities,  with  the
exception that mean levels of N02, respirable-size particles, and
chlorine   in Portage are higher indoors,  indicating  residential
sources of these  constituents.  The measured  pollution difference
for this  sample of homes is  smaller when the  mean indoor,  rather
than  outdoor,  concentrations are compared.  These findings have
implications for  previous and future epidemiologic studies of the
effect of air pollution on human health.


0177
Colome, Steven D., Spengler, John D., and McCarthy, Sharon (1982)
"Comparisons of  elements   and  inorganic  compounds  inside and
outside of residences", Environ. Int., 8:197-212.

KEYWORD:  outdoor,  S02, NO2, SO4, particulate, Al, V,  Br,  Cl, Mn,
Na, EPA$, home, exposure, source

The results  of more than 1 year  of  air  monitoring   inside  and
outside   of  five homes in each of two communities (Steubenville,
OH, and Portage,  WI) are presented for S02, N02,  mass respirable
particles,   SO4,  Al, Br, Cl, Mn, Na, and V.   Outdoor measurements
across the home sites in each city are consistent with  proximity
to  outdoor  sources.  In  each  city,  the home appears to alter
outdoor concentrations in several ways.  Indoor  levels  of  S02,
SO4,  Mn,  and  V are lower than those measured outdoors.  These
constituents are thought  generally  to  result  from    outdoor
sources.  The  other  constituents  studied are at times found in
excess within homes.  In some cases,  the source  or   sources  of
excess    concentration  of  a  particular  constituent  could  be
identified;  often, however, the source could  not be identified.


0048
Colwill,  D.M., and Hickman, A.J. (1980) "Exposures of drivers to
carbon monoxide",  J.  Air Pollut.  Control Assoc.,  30(12):1316-
1319.

KEYWORD:  CO, source, vehicle, interior, exposure,  biomonitoring,
ventilation, field,  foreign, Britain

Eleven   new   cars  were  driven  around  a  35-kilometer  route
comprising heavily traveled roads in and around London,  England,
and  the  concentrations of CO inside and immediately outside the


                              51

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vehicles  were  continuously  monitored.  Average  levels  of  CO
inside were between 12 and 60 ppm,  and these levels were between
30% and 80% of the external concentrations.  The internal  levels
varied  according  to  external  changes,  but  the  changes were
greatly  dampened  by  the  ventilation  system.  Differences  in
internal CO levels were greater among the vehicles than among the
different  runs  using  the same vehicle and were probably due to
differences in the ventilation systems.  Blood  carboxyhemoglobin
(COHb) concentrations that would arise from the CO exposures were
calculated.    Published    data    suggest   that   these   COHb
concentrations (1.53%) might adversely affect health by impairing
driving performance.


0691
Compton, J.R., Dwiggins, G.A., Feigley,  C.E.,  and Ludwig,  D.A.
(1984)  "The  effect  of  square  wave exposure profiles upon the
performance of passive organic vapor monitoring badges", Am. Ind.
Hyg. Assoc. J., 45(5):446-450.

KEYWORD: VOC, exposure, statistical, QA, laboratory, methodology,
ethylbenzene, personal, monitor

Three  commercial  passive  monitoring  badges  were  exposed  to
ethylbenzene vapor in a dynamic test atmosphere characterized  by
well-defined square wave concentration profiles having periods of
2,  6,  and  10 minutes.  Concentrations fluctuated between 0 and
150 ppm, causing no significant bias in the time-weighted average
concentration  indicated   by   the   badges.   A   slight,   but
statistically  significant,  interaction  between  badge type and
exposure profile is attributable to random  analytical  error  in
the data provided by one badge type.


0044
Core,   J.E.,   Cooper,  J.A.,  and  Houck,  J.E.    (Oct.   1982)
"Residential wood combustion study, task 7,  indoor air quality",
U.S.  EPA, Region X, Seattle, WA  (159 pages).  NTIS PB84-170653.

KEYWORD: particulate, PAH, smoke,field, weather, source, outdoor,
combustion, wood, EPA$, appliance

Indoor exposure to  particulate   air  pollution  associated  with
residential wood combustion was studied  in five typical Northwest
homes during May 1980.  Particulate mass and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbon   (PAH)  species were  measured  in each home before and
during wood appliance use.  Air infiltration rates were  obtained
from  the  literature.  Records of wood use and weather during the
indoor sampling period were maintained.  Results are compared  to
other   indoor   air   pollution   studies  on  residential  wood
combustion.  Appliance operations,  design,  and maintenance  are


                              52

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discussed.
0448
Cortese, Anthony.  D., and Spengler,  John D.  (1976) "Ability of
fixed  monitoring  stations to represent personal carbon monoxide
exposure", J.  Air Pollut.  Control Assoc., 26(12):1144-1150.

KEYWORD: CO, personal, exposure, outdoor,  NAAQS,  biomonitoring,
monitor, vehicle, interior, control

This study investigates the ability of fixed-location ambient air
monitoring stations to represent accurately personal exposures to
CO.  The  relationship  between  residential location,  commuting
transportation  mode,  employment  location,   and  time-weighted
average  human  exposure  to CO in the metropolitan area was also
explored.   Personal  exposure  was  measured  by  equipping   66
nonsmoking  volunteers in the Boston,  MA,  area with portable CO
samplers that use an electrochemical sensor.  Measurements at six
fixed-monitoring stations operated by the Massachusetts Bureau of
Air Quality Control underestimated mean 1-hour personal  exposure
by a factor of 1.3 to 2.1.  However,  alveolar air samples showed
no significant increases in blood carboxyhemoglobin levels due to
commuting exposure,  because only 1% of the  commuting  exposures
approached  the  national ambient air quality standard  (NAAQS) of
35 ppm for 1 hour.  The underestimation of personal  exposure  by
fixed   stations   is  of  public  concern  in  cities  reporting
violations of the 1-hour NAAQS.  Fixed-location measurements were
representative of 8-hour average population  exposure.  Mode  and
route  of  travel  were  the  only  factors influencing commuting
exposure to CO.  Total travel by automobile resulted in a mean CO
exposure nearly twice that of rail transit and approximately  1.6
times  that of split-mode commuting.  These results indicate that
the most effective strategies for reducing both 1-hour and 8-hour
exposures to CO are those requiring automobile emission  control,
system traffic flow improvement, and decreased traffic volumes.


0246
Cote,  William A.,  Wade, W.A., and Yocum, J.E.   (Sept.  1974) "A
study of indoor air quality",  U.S.  EPA,  National Environmental
Research  Center,  Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711 (294 pages).
NTIS PB-238556.

KEYWORD: field, combustion, laboratory, source, home,  appliance,
EPA$

A  15-month  indoor  air  quality  study  consisted of laboratory
investigations,  field  studies,   and  an  inventory  of  indoor
sources.  Tasks  1  and 2 established the emissions and effect on
air quality of gas stoves and heaters both in the laboratory  and


                              53

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in four homes.  Task 3 developed information on indoor sources of
air  contamination  in  typical southern New England homes and on
the effects of products and their use on indoor air quality.


0166
Coutant, R.W., Merryman, E.L., and Levy, A.  (1982) "Formation of
NO2 in range-top burners", Environ. Int., 8:185-192.

KEYWORD: NO, laboratory, temperature, combustion,  control,  NO2,
methodology, source, appliance

This  study  examined  NO  and NO2 formation on range-top burners
(RTB)  and  in  diffusion  flames.  Composition  and  temperature
profiles  of  the  flames  were determined.  RTB flames and pilot
flames displayed qualitatively similar behavior with  respect  to
the kinds of flame regions in which relatively high NO2/NO ratios
were  identified.  These  regions  consistently  either  had  low
oxygen concentrations or were flame surfaces subjected to thermal
quenching.  A limited series of experiments with modified burners
indicated that emissions from both the RTB and pilot flames could
be reduced by (1) improving primary  aeration  by  using  50%  or
greater  primary  air  and (2) using flame geometries designed to
minimize flame surface, e.g., flat-flame burners or other designs
having effectively fewer distinct ports.  A practical implication
of  the  study  is  that  a   burner   designed   with   improved
aeration/mixing  and  minimization  of  flame surface should emit
less N02.
0090
Coviaux,  F.,  Mouilleseaux, A., and Festy, B.  (Aug.  1984) "Air
quality and biological controls of  workers  exposed  in  working
premises  contiguous  to  an  urban road tunnel",  Berglund,  B.,
Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.,"Indoor air, vol. 4, chemical
characterization and  personal  exposure",  Swedish  Council  for
Building Research, Stockholm, pp 129-134.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: CO,  NO2,  Pb,  Fe,  field,  exposure, microenvironment,
biomonitoring, ventilation, tunnel

This study evaluates the influence of an urban road tunnel on the
atmosphere  of  contiguous  working  premises,   plus  biological
monitoring  of  carboxyhemoglobin  (COHb)  in  maintenance staff.
Tunnel pollution and COHb concentrations are strongly  correlated
with  the  traffic intensity and influences of the tunnel service
rooms.
                              54

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0617
Crum,  Jane M.   (1986)  "Source emissions database for indoor  air
pollution",   Hochheiser,   S.,   and  Jayanti,   R.K.M.,   Eds.,
"Proceedings of  the  1986 EPA/APCA symposium on the measurement of
toxic air pollutants",  EPA 600/9-86-013, U.S.  EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711,
pp.  128-133.  Not   yet available  from  NTIS.  (In  press,  Air
Pollution Control Association,  P.O.  Box  2861,  Pittsburgh,  PA
15230.)

KEYWORD: literature,field, source,multipollutant, EPA$, sampling,
methodology

A  computerized  data base for experimental results on indoor air
pollution  sources   and their  emission   factors   allows   for
convenient  searches on  such  topics  as indoor source,  source
class, and pollutant.   It provides access to information such as:
emission factors for air  pollutants  from  indoor  sources  and
conditions,  sampling methods,  and analytical techniques of each
experiment.  The abstracts and data  for  these  experiments  are
scheduled  to be available in mid-1986 in a dBase III version and
in  a   Clipper-compiled   version   for   IBM   and   compatible
microcomputers.


0656
Dally,  K.A.,  Hanrahan,  L.P., Woodbury, M.A., and Kanarek, M.S.
(1981) "Formaldehyde exposure in  nonoccupational  environments",
Arch. Environ. Health,  36(6):277-284.

KEYWORD: CH2O,exposure,source,architecture,sampling,NIOSH,office,
home,personal,statistical,wood,smoking,irritant,EPA$,health

Formaldhyde   may    be  released  from  wood  products  and  foam
insulation containing urea-formaldhyde resins.  From January 1978
to  November 1979,   the Wisconsin Division of Health investigated
100 structures after receiving complaints of health problems from
occupants.    The    structures   consisted   of   mobile   homes,
conventional  homes,    travel  trailers,   and  office  buildings
throughout Wisconsin.  Air samples were collected  with  personal
sampling  pumps  (MSA model G)  and stored in polyethelene bottles.
Samples were analyzed by the  chromotropic  acid  procedure.  The
occupants  provided  health information via questionnaires.  Mean
formaldehyde  concentrations  ranged  from  below  the  limit  of
detection  to 3.68 ppm.  Burning and irritated eyes,  runny nose,
dry or sore throat,  headache,  and cough were the primary symptoms
reported.   Statistically  significant  associations  were   seen
between  formaldehyde   levels and age of home/building materials.
Nonoccupational indoor exposure to  formaldehyde  is  significant
and   may   reach    levels  which  exceed  occupational  exposure
standards.
                              55

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0622
Dave, J.M.  (1984)  "Studies on emissions from coal burning stoves
(sigries) as used in Eastern India",  Berglund, B., Lindvall,  T.,
and  Sundell,    J.,    Eds.,  "Indoor  air,   vol.    4,   chemical
characterization and  personal  exposure",  Swedish  Council  for
Building Research,  Stockholm, pp. 383-387.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: benzene, benzo-a-pyrene, CO, research, NOx, particulate,
SO2, VOC, foreign,  PAH, health, India, combustion, coal

Cooking stoves commonly used in eastern India are made  from  old
metal  buckets  and  burn bituminous coal,  contributing to heavy
indoor and outdoor air  pollution.  The  study  is  to  determine
emissions  from  such  a  stove per kg of coal burned,  and their
effect on indoor air quality.  The coal contains about 24% to 30%
ash and 27% volatile matter.  When burned,  it  contributes  S02,
NOx,  CO,  benzo-a-pyrene   (BaP) and suspended particulate matter
(SPM),  of which 90% to 95% is benzene  soluble.  The  pollutants
released  per kg of coal were 9.89g SO2,  1.98g NOx,  118 mg SPM,
1.2g CO,  and 21.3 g BaP.  The air in the kitchen/hut had 882  to
1,390 ug/m3 SO2,  43 to 46 ug/m3 NOX, 78 to 157 ug/m3 SPM, and 14
to 23 ug/m3 BaP.  These levels  may  affect  the  health  of  the
exposed family.  More detailed studies are recommended.


0080
Davidson, Cliff I., Osborn, J.F., and Fortmann, R.C.   (Aug.  1984)
"Modeling  and  measurement  of  pollutants  inside   houses   in
Pittsburgh,   Pennsylvania",  Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall,  T.,  and
Sundell, J. , Eds.,"Indoor air, vol.  4, chemical characterization
and  personal  exposure",  Swedish Council for Building Research,
Stockholm, pp 69-74.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: NO, NO2, CO, particulate, O3, CH2O,  home,  ventilation,
SO2, VOC, model, source, energy, appliance

Mathematical models for predicting indoor  air  pollutant   levels
are  being developed and compared with measured concentrations  in
residences  in  Pittsburgh,  PA:  a  relatively   new  town   house
constructed along rigid energy conservation guidelines, a similar
town  house  containing  an air-to-air heat exchanger,  and  a 50-
year-old  house  without  weatherization.  Efforts  have  focused
primarily on the first residence.  The results  show that NO, N02,
and  CO   emitted  from  a   gas   kitchen   stove  are rapidly  mixed
throughout the  first story  of  the town house;   transport  to the
upstairs  is slower.  Concentrations of NO and  CO decrease  slowly
with time after  the stove  is turned  off;  N02  levels decrease much
more rapidly.  Measurement  of  emission rates  from the  stove and
estimates  of   air  exchange   rates  with  sulfur hexafluoride have
                               56

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been used as inputs to  a  simple  one-compartment  mass  balance
model  for  predicting  CO levels.  Results of the modeling agree
reasonably well with measured concentrations, assuming removal of
CO only by  exfiltration.  Additional  modeling  and  measurement
efforts  are  underway  for  O3,   SO2,  formaldehyde,  inhalable
particles, and volatile organics.


0309
Davies, T.D., Ramer, B., and Kaspyzok, G.  (1984) "Indoor/outdoor
ozone concentrations at  a  contemporary  art  gallery",  J.  Air
Pollut. Control Assoc., 31(2):135-137.

KEYWORD: O3,outdoor, ventilation, exposure,architecture, foreign,
Britain

O3  concentrations  were  measured  both  inside  and outside the
Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts,  near a  small  city  in  rural
eastern  England,  during  a  3-week  period  in the summer.  The
inside concentration was typically 70% (+/- 10)  of  the  outside
concentration  during  the  period  of  expected  maximum outside
levels.  During the period of observation, the maximum outside 03
levels ranged up to  60  ppb,  although  some  sampling  at  this
location had previously recorded outside levels well in excess of
120  ppb.  The  relatively  high  indoor/outdoor  O3  ratio  is a
function of the Centre's design,  its internal geometry,  and its
ventilation  system.   Conventional  art  galleries  and  museums
experience much lower  indoor 03 exposure.  The measured indoor 03
levels imply deleterious effects on the gallery exhibits,  and an
enhanced  03  exposure  may  have to be considered when designing
modern galleries and museums.


0572
De Bortoli, M., et al.  (1986) "Concentrations of selected organic
pollutants in indoor and outdoor air in northern Italy", Environ.
Int., 12(1-4):343-350.

KEYWORD: VOC, office, outdoor, foreign, methodology, particulate,
source, architecture, home, ventilation, field, Italy

Volatile  organic compounds  (VOCs) were measured in the air of 14
homes and one small office building in northern Italy.  The study
consists of two parts:   (1)  4-  to  7-day  mean  values  of  the
concentrations  of 35 selected VOCs determined together with some
complementary parameters in indoor and  outdoor  air  to  get  an
indication  of the relative importance of VOC indoor pollution in
this geographical area;  (2) six indoor  air  samples  have  been
analyzed in detail by gas chromatograpy/mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
for  a  more  complete qualitative characterization of indoor air
pollution by VOC.  Major results showed  that  concentrations  of
                              57

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the  35  selected  VOCs  were  nearly  always higher indoors than
outdoors, often by an order of magnitude.  The mean concentration
of total VOC was about 3 mg/m3 indoors,  compared  to  0.4  mg/m3
outdoors.  Detailed  GM-MS  analyses  identified  a  much  larger
number of compounds (more than 100 in two  cases).   Most  of  the
identified compounds are solvent constituents, and many have also
been  detected in northern Europe and in the United States.  This
points to commonly use consumer products as major sources of VOCs
rather  than  to  building  materials,   which   differ   between
geographical areas.


0053
De Bortoli, Maurizo, et al.  (Aug. 1984) "Integrating 'real life1
measurements of organic pollution in indoor and  outdoor  air  of
homes  in  northern  Italy",  Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall,   T.,  and
Sundell, J., Eds., "Indoor air, vol. 4, chemical characterization
and  personal  exposure",  Swedish Council for Building Research,
Stockholm, pp 21-26.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: multipollutant, field, home, VOC,Italy, office, foreign,
outdoor

Concentrations of 33 organic  compounds  and  of  total  volatile
organic  chemicals  (VOC)  have  been  determined  in  indoor and
outdoor air in 14 homes  and  one  office  building  in  northern
Italy.  Mean  indoor/outdoor concentration ratios ranged from 1.3
to 52.  In addition, VOCs present in the air of six indoor spaces
have  been  analyzed  in  detail.  Between  47  and  118  organic
compounds could be identified and quantified in these samples.


0532
Dellarco,  Michael  J.   (June  1985)   "Comprehensive  indoor  air
quality research strategy, January 1,  1985", U.S.  EPA, Office of
Research and Development,  Washington, DC 20460  (34 pages).  NTIS
PB85-246692/REB.

KEYWORD: field, research, source,  energy, health, control, EPA$,
economic, exposure, literature, multipollutant

The  Interagency  Committee  on  Indoor   Air   Quality    (CIAQ),
consisting of 16 Federal agencies,  was  formed  in response to the
growing concern of indoor  air  pollution.  CIAQ  has  sought  to
develop a comprehensive  research strategy to accomplish two aims:
(1)  to  develop an understanding of the magnitude of the risk to
human health from exposures to  indoor  air  pollutants  and  the
contribution    of    various   energy  conservation   measures,
introduction of new building materials,  and  consumer  products;
and  (2) to provide technical information and guidance,  including
cost-effective  mitigation   measures,   to   state   and   local


                              58

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governments,  the  private sector,  and the general public.  CIAQ
research strategy  is comprised of six tasks:   (1)  identification
of  indoor  air  pollutant  sources  and  factors affecting human
exposure,   (2)  characterization  of  indoor   air  quality,    (3)
determination of the relationship between energy conservation  and
indoor  air  quality,   (4) determination of the health effects of
indoor air pollution,   (5) determination of optimal  control   and
mitigation  techniques,   and  (6)  development  and  conduct  of
national multipollutant field studies.


0373
Dement,  J.M.,  Smith,  N.D.,  Hickey, J.L.S., and Williams, T.M.
(1984) "An evaluation  of  formaldehyde  sources,  exposures   and
possible remedial  actions in two office environments",  Berglund,
B., Lindvall, T.,  and Sundell,  J.,  Eds., "Indoor air,  vol.  3,
sensory  and hyperactivity reactions to sick buildings",  Swedish
Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp.  99-104.  NTIS PB85-
104206.

KEYWORD: CH2O, health, energy, control,sampling,source, exposure,
ventilation, office, architecture

In response to employee complaints of upper respiratory  and  eye
irritation,  formaldehyde  air sampling studies were conducted in
two offices.  The  first  study  was  conducted  in  a  series  of
temporary  modular  buildings with construction similar to mobile
homes.  The second was in a  new  building  designed  for  energy
conservation.  Average  formaldehyde  concentrations were between
0.06 and 0.23 ppm  in the modular offices and 0.15 ppm in the  new
office   building.   Laboratory   studies  identified  the  major
formaldehyde sources to be particle-board-containing furniture in
the new office,  and wall panelling  and  ceiling  tiles  in  the
modular offices.   Formaldehyde emission rates ranged from 0.02 to
0.19  mg/m2  hour  for the major formaldehyde sources.  Fumigation
with 1,000 ppm of  ammonia for 24 hours reduced emissions by  more
than   70%.   Increased   dilution  ventilation  reduced  ambient
formaldehyde concentrations to below 0.10 ppm.


0501
Desaedeleer,  Georges,  and Winchester,  John  (1975)  "Trace metal
analysis  of  atmospheric  aerosol  particle  size  fractions  in
exhaled human breath", Environ. Sci. Technol., 9:971-972.

KEYWORD: Pb, Br, Cl, Ca, biomonitoring,trace,laboratory, aerosol,
particulate, exposure, methodology, health

Using  Proton-Induced  X-ray Emission (PIXE)  analysis researchers
measured the particle size distribution of Pb, Br, Cl, and Ca, in
aerosols exhaled by a human subject  breathing  typical  polluted


                              59

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air.   For   all   elements,   apparent  respiratory  disposition
fractions decreased from both small and large particle sizes to a
minimum near 0.5 urn aerodynamic equivalent diameter.  Feasibility
is  demonstrated  for  direct  determinations  of  trace  element
respiratory  depositions  in humans breathing aerosols at ambient
air concentrations.


0372
DiNardi,  S.R.,  Abromovitz, M.W., and Tartaglia, M.S.  (1984) "A
comparison of an automated continuous formaldehyde analyzer  with
passive dosimeters", Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J.,
Eds., "Indoor air, vol. 3, sensory and hyperactivity reactions to
sick  buildings",   Swedish  Council   for   Building   Research,
Stockholm, pp. 85-88.  NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: CH2O, seasonal, temperature, model,outdoor,weather,home,
ventilation, energy, methodology, monitoring,sampling

A  microprocessor-controlled,  five-point,  all-Teflon sequential
air sampling  system   interfaced  to  a  continuous  formaldehyde
analyzer   was   used   to  measure  the  seasonal  variation  of
formaldehyde in a residential  environment.  Concurrent  sampling
was  performed  with dosimeters supplied by two manufacturers and
the chromotropic acid  impinger method.  The integrated  dosimeter
concentrations  of  formaldehyde were compared to a time-weighted
average formaldehyde concentration as reported by  the  automated
analyzer.  This  study is  part  of  a project designed to model
indoor air pollution   with  its  influencing  factors,  including
indoor  thermal  comfort  parameters,  purchased  power,  ambient
meteorological   conditions,   ambient   air   pollutants,    and
infiltration rate data.
 0109
 DiNardi,   S.R.,   Ludwig,  J.F., Tartaglia,  M.S.,  and Abromovitz,
 M.W.  (Aug.   1984)  "A  systems  approach to the monitoring  of  indoor
 air pollutants",   Berglund,   B.,   Lindvall,  T., and Sundell,  J.,
 Eds.,  "Indoor  air, vol.  4, chemical  characterization and personal
 exposure",   Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm,  pp
 175-180.   NTIS PB85-104214.

 KEYWORD:  CO, CO2,  home,  weather, hydrocarbon,  CH20, architecture,
 monitoring,  microenvironment

 Building  design and construction technology have improved in  the
 past  decade, and the  concern  over  indoor air pollutants  and their
 health effects has increased.  A  multipoint,   multipollutant air
 sampling  and analysis network was  installed in a family  residence
 in Amherst,  MA,   to  assess the spatial and temporal variation of
 indoor air quality.   The network includes  a 10-point air sampling


                               60

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system  interfaced  to  a  gas  chromatograph  that  continuously
analyzes  hydrocarbons,   CO,   and  C02,   as  well  as   sulfur
hexafluoride,  which  is  used to produce continuous infiltration
analysis by the tracer dilution method.  A five-point, all-Teflon
sequential air sampling system  is  interfaced  to  a  continuous
formaldehyde    analyzer.    On-site    ambient    meteorological
conditions,  indoor thermal  comfort  parameters,  and  purchased
power are also continuously monitored.  The network is controlled
by a dedicated microprocessor.


0330
Diemel, J.A.L., Brunekreef, B., Boleu,  J.S.M.,  Biersteker,  K.,
and  Veenstra,  S.J.  (1981) "The Arnhem lead study,  II,  indoor
pollution  and  indoor/outdoor  relationships",  Environ.   Res.,
25(2):449-456.

KEYWORD: Pb, outdoor, particulate, home, soil, foreign, exposure,
source, Netherlands, field

House  dust  samples  were  taken  of  ambient  air  indoors,  Pb
deposition   indoors,   floor   dust,   and   dust  deposited  on
windowsills,  etc.  In addition,  the  dustiness  of  houses  was
estimated visually.  Many outdoor parameters were determined, and
indoor  Pb  pollution  levels  were  lower than the corresponding
outdoor levels.  Statistical analysis showed that in  Arnhem,  Pb
enters  houses as particles that adhere to shoes,  clothes,  etc.
Most of it originates from gardens and possibly street dirt.


0228
Dobbs, A.J., and Williams,  N.  (1983) "Indoor air pollution from
pesticides used in wood remedial treatments",   Environ.  Pollut.
Series B, 6:271-296.

KEYWORD: pesticide, hexachlorocyclohexane,dieldrin,exposure, PCP,
foreign, Britain, wood, home

Air samples were collected from inside houses that had been given
commercial treatments to combat wood-boring insects or  dry  rot.
Concentrations    of   gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane    (gamma-HCH),
dieldrin,  and pentachlorophenol  (PCP)  were  measured.  In  the
absence  of guidelines for safe concentrations of these chemicals
in  homes,   acceptable  air  concentrations  were  derived  from
acceptable daily intake values implemented in the United Kingdom.
Assuming   that   inhalation  is  the  sole  route  of  exposure,
documented   dieldrin   levels   were   above   the    acceptable
concentrations, but the gamma-HCH and PCP levels were below these
concentrations.
                              61

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0332
Dockery,  D.W.,   Spengler, J.D., Reed, M.P., and Ware, J.  (1981)
"Relationships   among   personal,   indoor   and   outdoor   NO2
measurements", Environ. Int., 5:101-107.

KEYWORD: personal, exposure, monitor, source,outdoor, NO2,  model,
field, source, home, appliance

Using integrating NO2 diffusion dosimeters, personal, indoor, and
outdoor exposures were measured for nine families in Topeka,  KS.
The gas-cooking homes had indoor levels three times  the  outdoor
levels.  Members  of  the gas-cooking households had levels twice
those of electric-cooking families and twice the outdoor  levels.
A  linear model,  which includes outdoor concentrations and stove
types,  explains 77% of the variance in  observed  NO2  exposure.
The  differential  NO2  exposures  in  homes with and without gas
stoves should be  considered  in  epidemiologic  studies  of  the
health effects of air pollution.


0603
Dockery,  Douglas  W.,  and  Spengler,  John D.  (1981) "Personal
exposure  to  respirable  particulates  and  sulfates",  J.   Air
Pollut. Control Assoc., 31:153-159.

KEYWORD: particulate, model, outdoor,  personal, exposure,  field,
SO4, activity

Personal  exposure  to  respirable  particulates and sulfates was
measured by 37 volunteers in Watertown, MA, and Steubenville, OH.
These measurements were compared with  simultaneous  measurements
of   outdoor  ambient  concentrations  and  measurements  in  the
participant's  homes.   This  limited  sample  showed  that  mean
personal  exposure  for each city was related to the mean outdoor
levels for the city.  Within each city, however, individuals have
markedly different exposure based on their  activities.  A  time-
weighted  indoor/outdoor  activity model gives improved estimates
of exposure.  However, the model only modestly improves estimates
of personal exposures over those predicted from  measured  indoor
concentrations alone.
0132
Dockery, D.W.,  and Spengler,  J.D.   (1977) "Personal exposure to
respirable    particulates    and    sulfates    versus   ambient
concentrations", Harvard School of Public Health,  665 Huntington
Ave., Boston, MA 02115  (11 pages).

KEYWORD: SO2,  particulate,  seasonal,  outdoor,  model, passive,
smoking, personal, exposure, monitor, field, home
                              62

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In support of a long-term prospective study of the health effects
of  S02  and  particulates,  a sampling program was undertaken to
measure personal exposure to respirable particulates and sulfates
in Watertown,  MA.  For 16 days in summer and 12 days in  winter,
22  people  carried  portable  samplers.   Their  exposures  were
compared to measurements taken by similar monitors in their homes
and outdoor fixed-station  monitors  in  the  community.  Ambient
outdoor   measurements   underestimated   personal   exposure  to
respirable particulates and overestimated  personal  exposure  to
sulfates.   Indoor   measurements  were  more  representative  of
personal  exposure  for  both  pollutants.   Summer  observations
showed  smaller differences among personal,  indoor,  and outdoor
measurements  than  winter  observations.  Exposure  to  smokers,
ambient  outdoor levels,  and home ventilation was most important
in  determining  personal  exposure  to  both  particulates   and
sulfates.   A  simple  linear  model  is  proposed  for  personal
exposure.


0704
Dockery, Douglas W., and Spengler, John D. (1981) "Indoor-outdoor
relationships  of  respirable  sulfates  and particles",   Atmos.
Environ., 15:335-343.

KEYWORD: SO4,model,personal,exposure,smoking,source, ventilation,
monitoring, appliance, architecture, particulate, combustion

Indoor and outdoor concentrations of respirable particulates  and
sulfates were measured for at least 1 year in 68 homes in Topeka,
KS;   Watertown,   MA;   St.   Louis,   MO;   Steubenville,   ON;
Kingston/Harriman, TN;  and Portage,  WI.  A conservation of mass
model  was  derived  describing indoor concentrations in terms of
outdoor concentrations,  infiltration,  and indoor  sources.  The
measured  data  were  analyzed  to  identify  important  building
characteristics  and  to  quantify  their   effects.   The   mean
infiltration  rate of outdoor fine particulates was approximately
70%.   Cigarette  smoking  was  the  dominant  indoor  source  of
respirable  particulates.   Increased  indoor  concentrations  of
sulfates were associated with smoking and gas  stoves.  Full  air
conditioning of the building reduced infiltration of outdoor fine
particulates by about 50%,  while preventing dilution and purging
of  internally  generated  pollutants.   The  model  for   indoor
respirable  particulate  and  sulfate  levels  compared well with
measurements.
0576
Dook, N., Lebret, E., Willers, H.,  Winkes,  A.,  Boleij,   J.S.M.,
and Brunekreef, B.   (1986) "Estimating human exposure to nitrogen
dioxide:   results  from  a  personal  monitoring   study   among
housewives", Environ. Int., 12(1-4):407-411.


                              63

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KEYWORD: N02, personal, exposure, field,  outdoor,  home,  health,
microenvironment,  statistical, QA, foreign, Netherlands

Weekly average  personal  exposure  to  NO2  was  measured  in  a
population  of housewives living in Wageningen,  The Netherlands,
together with weekly average indoor N02 concentrations and indoor
N02 peak concentrations.  In part of the population, the personal
exposure measurements were repeated.  The personal  exposure  and
the  indoor  concentrations  were  in  line  with  those in other
studies in Holland.  In general, they were higher than the levels
found in the United States and Canada,  but lower than  those  in
Great  Britain and Japan.  The N02 peak concentrations were high,
especially  in  the  kitchen.   Relationships  between   personal
exposure   and  indoor  concentrations  were  investigated  using
bivariate   and   multiple    regression    techniques.    Indoor
concentrations  were  highly  related  to personal exposure.  The
contribution  of  peak  concentrations  to  the  explanation   of
personal  exposure  was  small.  An  analysis  of variance of the
repeated personal  exposure  measurements  showed  that,  due  to
variation of personal exposure in space and/or time,  the "error"
variance (within persons) was  almost  as  large  as  the  "true"
variance   (due  to  differences  between  persons).   Therefore,
personal exposure  measurements  should  be  reported  to  obtain
reliable exposure estimates in health effects studies.


0503
Douglas,  Richard L.,  Hans,  Joseph M.,  and Wolff,  Theodore A.
(1978), "Working level screening survey of structures constructed
of materials containing pumice",  U.S.  EPA,  Office of Radiation
Programs, Las Vegas, NV 89114  (20 pages).  NTIS PB-282446.

KEYWORD: field, radon, architecture, exposure, home, statistical,
source

Researchers describe the results of a screening survey  conducted
in several northern New Mexico communities to estimate the levels
of  radon  progeny  (working  levels) in buildings  constructed of
materials containing pumice.  Pumice, a locally produced material
used as a lightweight  aggregate  in  concrete  blocks,  contains
slightly  elevated  levels of natural radionuclides.  The results
indicate that the use of pumice block may  increase the  working
levels  in  the structure,  but the effect is so small that  it is
difficult to separate  it from background variations and from the
variability caused by other parameters.


0700
Doyle,  S.M., Nazaroff, W.W., and Nero, A.V.  (1984)  "Time averaged
indoor  radon concentrations and   infiltration  rates  sampled  in


                               64

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four U.S. cities", Health Phys., 47:579-586.

KEYWORD: radon, seasonal, home, field, model,  monitor, sampling,
track-etching, radiation, ventilation

Indoor  radon  concentrations,  measured  in  58 houses in 4 U.S.
cities during a 4- to 5-month period during the winter and spring
of  1981-82,   varied  from  0.1-16.0  picoCuries/Liter  (pci/L).
Average  infiltration rates were determined for each house during
the same period by measuring the effective leakage area and using
an infiltration model.  The rates ranged from 0.2-2.2 air changes
per hour.  Indoor radon  concentrations  correlated  poorly  with
infiltration rates for houses within each city as well as for the
entire  sample.  Differences  in  radon  entry rates among houses
thus appear to be more important than differences in infiltration
rates in determining indoor  radon  levels.  This  conclusion  is
consistent    with    previous   indications   from   grab-sample
measurements.  Radon entry rates and indoor  concentrations  were
generally  higher in houses in Fargo,  ND,  and Colorado Springs,
CO, than in houses in Portland, ME, and Charleston, SC.


0010
Duan,  Naihua  (May  1981)  "Microenvironment types:  a model for
human exposure to air pollution",  SIMS Technical Report No.  47,
Stanford University, Dept.  of Statistics, Stanford, CA 94305 (24
pages).

KEYWORD: activity, SHAPE, model, microenvironment, exposure, EPA$

A conceptual  model  is  presented  for  computing  actual  human
exposures  to  air  pollution.  The model sums the product of the
pollutant   concentration   experienced   in   each    of    many
microenvironments  and  the  time  each  person  spends there.  A
microenvironment  is  a  location   of   relatively   homogeneous
pollutant  concentration  (home,  office,  subway,  etc.)  that a
person occupies during  normal  daily  activities.  The  concepts
embodied  in  the  Simulation  of  Human  Air  Pollution Exposure
(SHAPE) computer model were based partly on this work.


0143
Duan,  Naihua  (Jan.  1985) "Application of  the  microenvironment
monitoring approach to assess human exposure to carbon monoxide",
U.S.  EPA,  Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711  (88 pages), NTIS PB85-228995.

KEYWORD: CO,  methodology,  activity,  pattern, microenvironment,
personal, exposure, monitor, sample, design, EPA$

This study applies the microenvironment monitoring (MEM) approach


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to estimate exposure to CO,  using activity time  data  from  the
Washington  Urban  Scale Study and CO concentration data from the
CO Microenvironment Study  (COM3).   Estimated  MEM  exposures  are
then  compared with estimated personal monitoring (PM) exposures.
MEM exposures are about 40% higher than  PM  exposures,  and  MEM
exposure  is  a powerful predictor of PM exposure.  On log-scale,
MEM exposure has the correct span relative to  PM  exposure;  the
discrepancy  between  the  two  sets  of  estimates is a constant
drift.  Two major factors could explain this discrepancy.  First,
COM3  might  have  oversampled  microenvironments  with  high  CO
concentrations.  Second,  PM exposures might underestimate actual
exposure  because   of   battery   failure.   Enhanced   personal
monitoring,  another microenvironment approach, should be used in
future exposure studies.  When only the MEM approach is feasible,
microenvironments should be sampled by a weighted sampling scheme
or a simulated human activity scheme.  This study also  evaluates
classification schemes for microenvironments.
0032
Duan, Naihua (1982) "Models for human exposure to air pollution",
Environ. Int., 8:305-309.

KEYWORD: model, personal, exposure, monitor, sampling,  activity,
microenvironment, EPA$

Four models for human exposure to  air  pollution  are  compared.
The  simple  microenvironment monitoring model measures pollutant
concentrations  at  fixed  locations,  regarded  as  proxies  for
similar  locations  or  microenvironments.  Since this model does
not require pollutant measurements on the individual level, it is
easy to implement.  The model can estimate the  average  exposure
in   a   population  but  cannot  estimate  the  variability  and
distribution   of   individual    exposures.    The    replicated
microenvironment  monitoring model provides some estimates of the
variability and distribution.  However,  because of the  possible
discrepancy   between   distributions   of  the  microenvironment
concentrations and  individual  concentrations,  some  adjustment
might be necessary.  Integrated personal monitoring allows direct
estimates of the average exposure, as well as the variability and
distribution   of   exposures   in  each  microenvironment  type.
Moreover,  such monitoring can also be conducted  in  conjunction
with a two-stage sampling scheme,  using information from a large
data base on activity patterns, and thereby making more efficient
use of the monitoring data.  It is also easier to  adjust  for  a
possible Hawthorne effect in this design.


0616
Dudney,  C.S.,  et al.   (1986) "Indoor pollutants in 70 houses in
the Tennessee Valley area: study design and measurement methods",


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Hochheiser, S., and Jayanti,  R.K.M.,  Eds.,  "Proceedings of the
1986   EPA/APCA   symposium  on  the  measurement  of  toxic  air
pollutants",   EPA   600/9-86-013,   U.S.    EPA,   Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park, NC 27711,
pp.  116-127.  Not yet available  from  NTIS.   (  In  press,  Air
Pollution  Control Association,  P.O.  Box 2861,  Pittsburgh,  PA
15230.)

KEYWORD: N02,C02,CH20,VOC,PAH,03,CO,QA, particulate,home, source,
architecture,radon,sampling, outdoor, ventilation, methodology

Levels of NO2,  formaldehyde,  vapor-phase  polynuclear  aromatic
hydrocarbons,  respirable particles,  radon, and other parameters
related to indoor air quality are  being  measured  with  passive
monitors  in a year-long study of indoor air quality in 70 houses
in the  Tennessee  Valley  area.  Criteria  for  house  selection
included presence of a lower level with cement floor, one or more
block  walls  in  contact with the soil,  and proximity to one of
four cities in the region (Knoxville  and  Chattanooga,  TN;  and
Birmingham  and  Florence,  AL).  Houses  range in age from newly
constructed to about 40 years old, typically have more than 2,000
square feet of finished floor space,  and encompass a  garage  in
the  lower  level.  Six  houses  near Knoxville were selected for
intensive study.  During the summer of 1985,  a nearly continuous
record of NO2,  CO,  CO2,  O3,  particulate matter,  air exchange
rate,  and  air  movement  were  made.   Simultaneously,  passive
monitors  identical  to  those  used  throughout  the  study were
deployed in the houses for increased replication.


0229
Dudney, C.S.  and Walsh, P.J., Eds. (1981) "Report of ad hoc task
force on indoor air pollution",  Oak Ridge  National  Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (190 pages). NTIS ORNL/TM-7679.

KEYWORD: radon,  exposure,  energy,  N02,  particulate, CO, CH2O,
asbestos, literature

The quality of air within a structure is likely to be affected by
energy-conserving   modifications   made   on   that   structure.
Information   was  reviewed  on  indoor  air  pollution  and  the
potential impact on human health of energy-efficient  residences.
Studies  that  have been done and those in progress indicate that
indoor air pollution may significantly affect human  health.  The
task force concluded from its investigations that: (1)  the indoor
environment  is  likely  to  include  exposure  to radon daughter
nuclides, formaldehyde,  CO,  N02,  respirable particulates,  and
asbestos,  as  well  as  other  undefined pollutants,  (2) indoor
exposure may constitute 80% to 95% of the total exposure for some
pollutants, and (3) studies have not been done to provide a basis
for adequate assessment of indoor air quality.


                              67

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0173
Eckmann, A.D., Dally, K.A., Hanrahan,   L.P.,   and Anderson,  H.A.
(1982)   "Comparison   of  the  chromotropic  acid  and  modified
pararosaniline methods for the determination of  formaldehyde  in
air", Environ. Int., 8:159-166.

KEYWORD: CH2O, methodology, sampling,  home, field, QA, laboratory


Follow-up tests were performed in 25 complaint  homes  previously
investigated  by  the  Wisconsin  Division of Health to determine
ambient  formaldehyde  concentrations.  Four  collection  methods
were  compared  in  each  home:  (1)  midget impingers containing
double distilled water and immersed  in  ice  baths,   (2)  midget
impingers  containing  1% sodium bisulfite  solution and immersed
in  ice  baths,   (3)  midget  impingers  containing   1%   sodium
bilsulfite solution but with no ice bath, and  (4) a refrigerated,
complete  sampling unit developed at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
that used double distilled water as the collection  medium.  Four
types  of  sampling  trains  were  operated  simultaneously  in  a
bedroom,  collecting specimens within an area of about  4  square
feet.  In the kitchen or living room, all sampling trains, except
the   impingers  containing  1%  sodium  bisulfite  solution  and
immersed in ice baths, were operated together.  Samples collected
by these three trains  (midget  impingers  and  personal  sampling
pumps)  gave  similar  results.  All specimens collected in water
were  analyzed using both the chromotropic acid and pararosaniline
analytical methods.  Quality-control specimens  prepared   in  the
laboratory  showed  excellent  agreement between the  two methods;
however,  field specimens  through which air had been   drawn  were
assigned  lower  values using  the pararosaniline method.   Special
precautions were taken to  determine and limit  sources  of error.


0563
Edling, C., Wingren, G., and Axelson,  O.   (1986) "Quantification
of    the  lung  cancer  risk   from  radon  daughter   exposure   in
dwellings—an epidemiological  approach",  Environ.   Int.,   12(1-
4):55-60.

KEYWORD: radon, lung,  source,  exposure,   field, health, smoking,
statistical,  home,  foreign, Sweden

Some  epidemiological  studies have  suggested   a    relationship
between the  concentration  of  decay products  from  radon (i.e.,
radon daughter exposure) in dwellings and  lung   cancer.   Further
radon measurements  have  indicated that both building  material and
particularly  the radioactivity in the ground  is  of  importance for
the  leakage of radon into  the  houses.  A survey  is  underway  in  15


                               68

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Swedish  municipalities  with  alum shale deposits;  in one area,
building  materials,  ground  conditions,  and  occupant  smoking
habits are being considered.  The study is small, but the results
suggest that there is a risk and that there is  a  multiplicative
effect  from  smoking  and radon daughter exposure.  About 30% of
the lung cancers in the studied population might be  attributable
to  elevated  and potentially avoidable exposure to radon and its
daughters.
0583
Ellett, William H., and Nelson, Neal S.  (1985) "Epidemiology and
risk  assessment:  testing models for radon-induced lung cancer",
Gammage, R.B., Kaye, S.V., and Jacobs, V.A., Eds.,"Indoor air and
human health", Lewis Publishers, Inc., P.O.  Drawer 519, Chelsea,
MI 48118, pp. 79-107.

KEYWORD: radon, lung, exposure,dose, model, risk, literature, QA,
epidemiology, health

A  number  of risk assessments have been developed to measure the
potential risk from indoor radon.  Although all  use  essentially
the  same epidemiologic data base,  estimated cancer risks differ
by a factor of 6 or more,  depending on the assumptions  made  in
the  subsequent  analysis.  The  end result is that the estimated
risks are  relatively  independent  of  the  observed  data.  The
researchers  set  out to answer two questions primarily:  (1) how
closely does a particular assumption actually model the  clinical
observation  and  (2)  what  is  the  numerical effect of a given
assumption  on  the  final  risk  estimate?   The   investigators
compared  the assumption made by various groups of risk assessors
(International  Commission  on  Radiation  Protection,   National
Council for Radiation Protection,  U.S.  EPA, etc.) and attempted
to identify the crucial assumptions that  lead  to  such  a  wide
numerical   range   in   the   estimated  risks  of  lung  cancer
attributable to indoor radon.
0732
Englert, N., von Nieding, G., and Seifert, B. (1986) "Field study
concerning infant respiratory diseases in relation to  short-term
increased   air  pollution   (smog  episodes)  with  reference  to
extensive indoor/outdoor measurements",  proceedings of  the  7th
World  Clean Air Congress,  Sydney,  Australia,   sponsored by the
International Union of  Air  Pollution  Prevention  Associations,
pp.274-277.

KEYWORD: biomonitoring,lung, NO2, S02, combustion,smoking,source,
outdoor, health, foreign, West Germany

Pseudocroup (Croup Syndrome,  acute  stenosig  laryngotracheitis)


                              69

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was  studied in West Berlin in winter 1984/85 in cooperation with
the five local pediatric hospitals.  This study  consisted  of  a
retrospective study with 2,300 children, a prospective study with
500,  and  an  observational  study  with 41.  The results of the
first two parts suggest that air pollution  influences  incidence
of  pseudocroup  when  analysed  by time and location.  The third
study is being evaluated.
0397
Ericson,  Sven-Olov,  and Schmied,  Hannes (1985) "The first long
term  comparison of techniques for passive integrated measurement
of  radon  and  radon  daughter  concentration  performed  in  an
occupied dwelling", Sci. Total Environ., 45:405-415.

KEYWORD: radon, home, exposure, methodology, QA, foreign, Sweden

The  accuracy  and  variance of passive integrating detectors for
radon and radon daughters presently in use in  Sweden  have  been
studied.  The results have encouraged the development of improved
calibration  procedures  for  some  tested detectors.  All tested
detectors that are  in  general  use  in  Sweden  are  reasonably
accurate.
0500
Esmen,   Nurtan   A.    (1978)  "Characterization  of  contaminant
concentrations  in  enclosed  spaces",  Environ.  Sci.  Technol.,
12(3):337-342.

KEYWORD: ventilation,   statistical, exposure, methodology, model,
source

Generalized  equations   for contaminant concentration buildup and
decay are  developed  for  an  enclosed,  ventilated  space.  The
generalized  equations   take  local  mixing  factors  and  source
characteristics into account,  and the  illustrative  cases  show
that  the usual method of estimation can be totally erroneous.
 0197
 Everett, J.J.,  and  Dreher, T.J.   (1982)  "Institutional  aspects  of
 indoor  air   pollution  in energy  efficient residences",  Environ.
 Int., 8:525-531.

 KEYWORD: regulation,  legal,liability,health, architecture,  energy

 This  paper   examines  the   institutional  constraints   regarding
 indoor  air pollution  that exist or may be imposed on  the housing
 industry.  These  constraints may be manifested  in building codes


                              70

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and health laws,  tax incentives and spending  subsidies,  and/or
regulations restricting the activities of the industry itself. It
also   assesses   the   potential   liabilities   of   designers,
manufacturers,   builders,   and   owners   of   energy-efficient
residences  should  they  fail  to  take  appropriate  actions to
address  indoor  air  quality  problems.  These  liabilities  may
result  from product liability (defective design or manufacture),
breach of warranty,  or negligence,  causing harm to people  from
indoor air pollution.  Currently, institutional controls relating
to  residential  air  pollution  are inadequate,  and many of the
technical questions regarding the problem have not been resolved.


0686
Feigley,   Charles  E.,   and  Chastain,  James  B.   (1982)  "An
experimental comparison of three diffusion  samplers  exposed  to
concentration profiles of organic vapors", Am. Ind.  Hyg.  Assoc.
J., 43:227-234.

KEYWORD: hexane, tetrachloroethane, VOC,  sampling,  methodology,
QA, benzene, ketone, ethylbenzene, methylethylketone

Three  commercial  diffusion samplers were evaluated at different
concentration-time  profiles  of  organic  vapors   in   air   to
investigate  possible  sample loss.  Separate sets of experiments
were carried out for ethylbenzene, methylethyl ketone,  n-hexane,
and     1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane.      Time-weighted     average
concentrations estimated from diffusion  samplers  were  compared
with those from continuous infrared absorption measurements.  The
overall  mean  bias  was +7.0%,  although considerable difference
from the mean bias was observed for  individual  combinations  of
samplers,   exposure   profiles,    and   compound.   The  overall
coefficient of variation was 6.4%.  No  significant  sample  loss
was  observed,  but  the  bias  was  more  negative  for constant
concentrations  near  the  Federal  standard  and   the   shorter
exposures at higher concentrations.


0459
Ferris, Benjamin G., Jr., et al.  (1979) "Effects of sulfur oxides
and  respirable  particles  on  human  health:   methodology  and
demography  of  populations  in  study",  Am.  Rev.  Resp.  Dis.,
120:767-779.

KEYWORD: SO2, particulate, outdoor,  personal, exposure, monitor,
health, statistical, demographic, distribution

As  part  of  a  study  of  health effects of S02 and particulate
matter,  a cohort of adults 25 to 74 years of  age  living  in  6
communities  is being followed prospectively.  This study had two
components:  (1) measurement of the air pollutant concentrations,


                              71

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especially SO2, sulfates, and respirable particulate matter;  and
(2)    determination   of   the   effects   of   these   pollutant
concentrations  on human health.  This paper presents the overall
design of the study and the nature of  the  populations  selected
for  evaluation.  The researchers considered previous exposure to
atmospheric pollutants and describe the data  obtained  from  the
assessment of health and exposures.


0586
First,   Melvin  W.   (1985)  "Constituents  of  sidestream   and
mainstream  tobacco  smoke  and  markers  to quantify exposure to
them", Gammage, R.B., Kaye, S.V., and Jacobs, V.A.,  Eds., "Indoor
air and human health",  Lewis Publishers, Inc., P.O.  Drawer 519,
Chelsea, MI 48118, pp. 195-203.

KEYWORD: nicotine, benzo-a-pyrene, pyrene, exposure, phenol, NH3,
NOx, CO, smoking, literature, methodology, biomonitoring,research

Identifying and measuring environmental tobacco  smoke  is  quite
difficult—hampered  primarily by  (1) determing which of the more
than 3,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke to measure and  (2)  judging
how well the selected compounds represent  all  airborne  tobacco
smoke  that may be present  in a diversity of indoor environments.
Often,  tobacco smoke components of greatest health interest  are
already  present  in air in very low concentrations,  thus  making
collection and analysis especially difficult.  This  had  led  to
the widespread use of easily measured smoke components  such as CO
and  total  suspended particulate matter as convenient  surrogates
for the  constituents  of   real  interest.  The  special  problem
associated  with  the  use  of  these   and  most  other surrogate
compounds is the  presence of other sources of  the same  or similar
compounds unconnected with  tobacco smoking and often   generating
higher  concentrations.  Nicotine  is a  unique  compound  associated
with tobacco that appears  in the particulate phase  of  smoke  in
relatively  high  concentrations.  It   has   low  volatility when
present in smoke  particles, has  low reactivity in air,  and  can be
detected and measured at extremely low  concentrations  in  air  by
simple  and  reliable  methods.  Nicotine appears to be the ideal
tracer  for environmental tobacco   smoke and   a  well-established
metabolite  of  smokers;  however,  little   information has been
developed on the  relationship  of nicotine and  other   constituents
in  tobacco  smoke after dilution  and variable residence times in
air.
 0554
 Fischer,  P.,   Remijn,   B.,   Brunekreef,   B.,   and  Biersteker,   K.
 (1986)   "Associations   between  indoor  exposure to  N02  and tobacco
 smoke and pulmonary function in  adult  smoking and   non-smoking
 women",  Environ.  Int.,  12(1-4):11-15.


                               72

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KEYWORD: exposure,NO2,smoking,lung,distribution,statistical,home,
rural,demographic,epidemiology,health,foreign,Netherlands

Exposure  to  N02 and tobacco smoke in the home was assessed in a
population  of  adult  women  living  in  a  rural  area  of  the
Netherlands.  The population was a subpopulation participating in
a  large  longitudinal study on the natural history and causes of
chronic  nonspecific  lung  disease.   Statistically  significant
negative  associations between pulmonary function and exposure to
NO2 in the home were  found  in  nonsmoking  but  not  in  smoking
women.  A  negative  but  generally insignificant association was
found between pulmonary function and exposure  to  tobacco  smoke
and pulmonary function in nonsmoking women.


0380
Fischer, Paul, et al. (1984) "Indoor N02 exposure induced effects
on pulmonary functions", Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell,
J.,  Eds.,  "Indoor  air,  vol.   3,  sensory  and  hyperactivity
reactions  to  sick  buildings",  Swedish  Council  for  Building
Research, Stockholm, pp. 219-225.  NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: NO2, smoking, home, demographic, exposure, epidemiology,
health, lung

The authors established exposure to tobacco smoke and N02 in  the
home  in  a  population of adult,  rural,  nonsmoking women.  The
population  was  a  subpopulation  participating   in   a   large
longitudinal  study  on the natural history and causes of chronic
nonspecific lung disease.  Statistically significant associations
between pulmonary function and exposure to NO2 as well as tobacco
smoke  in  the  home  were  found  in  cross-sectional  analyses.
Longitudinal analyses yielded inconsistent results,  probably due
to the small number of subjects involved.


0424
Fitz-Simons, Terence, and Sauls, Harold B.  (1984)  "Using the HP-
41CV calculator as a data acquisition system for personal  carbon
monoxide  exposure  monitors",   J.  Air  Pollut.  Control Assoc.,
34(9):954-956.

KEYWORD:  CO2,  personal,  exposure, monitor, EPA$, CO,  methodology,
QA, microenvironment

This paper describes experiences using  the  Hewlett-Packard  HP-
41CV  system as a data management system interfaced with personal
carbon  monoxide  monitors  (General  Electric  Carbon   Monoxide
Detector,  Model 15EC53C03).   In general,  the HP-41CV proved to be
reliable,   adaptable, and easy to use.   Problems with the monitor


                              73

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power source (battery failure) were more frequent than  with  the
HP-41CV  itself.   Using  the  HP-41CV  for  the  specific  data-
collection requirements of the Washington Microenvironment  Study
is a focal point of this presentation.


0683
Flachsbart,  Peter  G.  (1985)  "Prototypal  models  of  commuter
exposure to CO from motor vehicle exhaust",  Paper  no.  85-39.6,
presented at the 78th annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control
Association, P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (16 pages).

KEYWORD: CO, data, emission, exposure,  field,  microenvironment,
model, monitor, personal, regulation, vehicle, outdoor, source

This  paper  is  directed  to  environmental engineers and policy
analysts concerned with human exposure to motor vehicle  exhaust.
Regulators need to know how variation in vehicle emission factors
contributes  to  variation  in  measured  human exposure to those
emissions.  This paper presents  prototypal  models  of  commuter
exposure  to  CO  from  motor vehicle exhaust.  The models relate
commuter exposure to  CO  as  a  dependent  variable  to  several
independent    variables,    including   ambient   air   quality,
meteorology, and traffic characteristics.  Each model attempts to
predict the average CO concentration in parts  per  million  that
the  author  was exposed to as he rode in his personal automobile
on a 2.4 km (1.5 mile) link of a  Honolulu  arterial  during  the
morning  peak  travel  period.  Exposure  was  measured  using  a
General Electric personal CO detector connected to an integrator.
Quality  assurance  procedures  were  followed  to  improve   the
accuracy  of the exposure data.  The EPA's MOBILE2 model was used
to estimate the  source  strength  of  CO  emissions  from  motor
vehicles  on  the  highway.  Each  model  assumed  that  commuter
exposure  was  a  function  of   ambient   CO   levels   plus   a
microenvironment contribution from motor vehicles on the highway.
All  models  were  evaluated  for  their  explanatory  power  and
statistical significance.


0024
Flachsbart,  Peter  G.  (Dec.  1982) "Field survey procedures for
monitoring  carbon  monoxide  exposures  of  office  workers  and
merchants  in  the  Washington  metropolitan area",  Report under
cooperative   agreement    no.    CR-810344-01-0,    U.S.    EPA,
Environmental  Monitoring  Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle
Park, NC 27711  (17 pages).  Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: CO, methodology, office,microenvironment,EPA$, exposure,
monitoring

A  protocol is described for surveying the CO exposures of office


                              74

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workers and merchants in the Washington,  DC,  metropolitan  area
for  6  weeks beginning in January 1983.  This protocol specifies
which  building  microenvironments  are  to  be   surveyed,   how
frequently and how long they are to be surveyed,  what monitoring
instrumentation is to be used,  and what types of data are to  be
collected.
0011
Flachsbart,  Peter G.   (Sept.  1982) "Field survey procedures for
measuring   carbon   monoxide   exposures  to  commuters  in  the
Washington metropolitan area", Report under cooperative agreement
no.  CR-810344-01-1, U.S.  EPA,  Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory,  Research  Triangle  Park,  NC 27711 (41 pages).  Not
available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: CO, source, QA,  vehicle, interior,  field, methodology,
microenvironment, EPA$, exposure

A  protocol  has  been  developed  to  monitor  CO  exposures  of
commuters in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area.  It specifies
routes to be surveyed for measuring automobile,  bus,  rail,  and
pedestrian microenvironments.  It also  describes  frequency  and
times  of  the  surveys;  data to be collected for air pollution,
meteorological, route configuration,  and traffic variables;  and
instrumentation,  test  vehicles,  and technician qualifications.
Data quality assurance planning is essential.


0430
Flachsbart,  Peter G.  and Ah Yo,  Clayton J.,  (1986) "Test of a
theoretical   commuter  exposure  model  to  vehicle  exhaust  in
traffic", Paper no.  86-79.4 presented at the 79th annual meeting
on  the  Air  Pollution  Control  Association,  P.O.   Box  2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (16 pages).

KEYWORD: model, vehicle, microenvironment, exposure, CO,personal,
monitoring, EPA$

Existing models  assume  that  a  commuter's  exposure  inside  a
vehicle  is  about  equal to the roadway concentration.  In 1982,
EPA funded a study to develop new  microenvironmental  models  of
commuter  exposure  to  motor  vehicle  exhaust,  using  CO as an
indicator pollutant and personal monitors equipped with  advanced
data  loggers  to  measure and store commuter exposure data.  The
study focused on eight hypothetical  automobile  commuter  routes
during  peak  travel periods in the metropolitan Washington,  DC,
area during 6  weeks  of  winter  1983.  Commuter  routes,  which
ranged  from  15  to 44 km in length,  were divided into links of
roughly 0.8 to 4.8  km.  Two  routes  included  downtown  parking
garages  as  termini  for the morning trip and as origins for the


                              75

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evening,  homeward-bound,  trip.  Starting times for each trip on
any  given  date  were  chosen  randomly  to  simulate  different
starting  times  among   commuters.   This   paper   presents   a
theoretical  discussion of a microenvironmental model of commuter
exposure,  followed by an application and an evaluation  of  that
model  using data collected from the Washington study.  The model
shows that the prediction of  commuter  exposure  to  CO  can  be
improved  by  exponentially diffusing roadway CO into the vehicle
and decaying the initial CO that exists when the vehicle enters a
link.
0671
Flachsbart,  Peter G.,  and Brown,  Dennis E.  (1986) "A seasonal
study   of   personal  exposure  to  CO  in  indoor  and  outdoor
microenvironments of Honolulu" Paper no. 86-6.9,  presented at the
79th annual meeting of the  Air  Pollution  Control  Association,
P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (16 pages).

KEYWORD: field, CO, monitoring, EPA$,  monitor,  interior, outdoor,
microenvironment, methodology, vehicle, seasonal

This  paper  describes  a field study to determine whether or not
Honolulu's  fixed  monitors  accurately  measure  general  public
exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) in selected microenvironments of
the   city.   Honolulu's   fixed  monitoring  stations  generally
indicate that ambient CO concentrations  have  not  exceeded  the
National  Ambient  Air Quality Standards  (NAAQS)  for CO.  Using a
General Electric personal monitor, instantaneous CO readings were
taken at 1-minute intervals over an 8-hour  period  in  Honolulu.
The  survey  was  first  conducted  on  March  23,   1981,   with
replication once every 3 months for a year,  for  a  total  of  4
surveys.  During each 8-hour survey, the authors visited the same
microenvironments  including parking garages,  buildings on major
streets, sidewalks adjacent to heavy traffic, and inside vehicles
in traffic.  Depending on the date,  between 57.5% and  98% of the
measured microenvironmental CO concentrations exceeded  the hourly
average  of  1.1  ppm  recorded at the  nearest fixed station.  At
Honolulu's Ala Moana Shopping Center, the median CO concentration
varied between 14 and 21 ppm, depending on the date,  compared to
medians  of  1 to 5 ppm at other microenvironments.  The exposure
problem at the Ala Moana Center is  due  to  the  coexistence  of
business outlets, parking, and roadways under one roof.
 0013
 Flachsbart,   Peter G.,  and Ott,  Wayne  R.   (Feb.   1984)   "Field
 surveys   of  carbon monoxide in commercial settings using personal
 exposure  monitors",   U.S.   EPA,   Office   of   Research   and
 Development,  Washington,  DC 20460  (147 pages).  NTIS  PB84-211291.
                               76

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KEYWORD: CO, microenvironment, personal,exposure, monitor, field,
outdoor, EPA$, office

Methodology and findings are summarized  from  the  first  large-
scale  field  survey  of  commercial  settings using miniaturized
personal exposure monitors for CO.  A  total  of  588  commercial
settings were visited, including retail stores, office buildings,
hotels, restaurants, department stores, and adjacent sidewalk and
street  locations  in  five  California   cities   and   suburbs.
Altogether,  5,000  CO  observations  were  recorded  at 1-minute
intervals as the investigators walked along  sidewalks  and  into
buildings.   Average  CO  concentrations  in  a  15-story  office
building with an attached parking garage were equal to or greater
than 9 ppm  (the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for  an  8-
hour  exposure)  on  most  of  the first 10 floors on four of the
seven visits,  each visit on a different date.  The temporal  and
spatial    variabilities   of   CO   concentrations   and   their
relationships to fixed-station measurements are detailed.


0759
Flachsbart, P.G., Mack, G.A., Howes, J.E., and Rodes, C.E. (1987)
"Carbon  monoxide  exposures  to  Washington commuters",  J.  Air
Pollut. Control. Assoc., 37(2):135-142.

KEYWORD: model,vehicle, microenvironment, exposure, CO, personal,
monitoring, assessment, statistical, EPA$, interior

Typical CO concentrations to  which  automobile,  bus,  and  rail
commuters  of  the  Washington,  DC metropolitan area are exposed
were determined on 15 hypothetical  routes  during  winter  1983.
Each  route  was  segmented  into  several discrete sections.  In
addition,   the  relative  importance  of  several  factors  were
assessed that explain variability in CO levels inside automobiles
during  rush-hour  periods.   Typical  results  were:  automobile
commuters were exposed to average CO concentrations ranging  from
9-14 ppm over trips of 40 to 60 minutes;  for bus commuters,  4-8
ppm for trips of 90 to 110 minutes;  and rail commuters,  2-5 ppm
for  trips  of  30  to  45  minutes.  The  most important factors
influencing CO concentrations inside automobiles were section-to-
section variability, day-to-day variability,  and the interaction
between  section  and commuting period.  Variability in CO levels
by route,  driver,  and factors specific to a particular  commute
were  moderately  important;   and  between-  and  within-monitor
variation the least important.  Increasing automobile speed  from
10  to  60  miles  per  hour  reduced  average CO exposure by 35%
regardless  of  commuting  period.   The  study   suggests   that
automobile  commuters  who begin their homeward trips from highly
polluted downtown  parking  garages  may  carry  residual  garage
concentrations with them as they travel along downtown streets.
                              77

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0741
Flachsbart, P.G., and Brown, D.E. (1985)  "Merchant exposure to CO
from  motor  vehicle  exhaust  at  Honolulu's  Ala Moana shopping
center", Paper no.  85-85.3, presented at the 78th annual meeting
of  the  Air  Pollution  Control  Association,  P.O.   Box  2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (16 pages).

KEYWORD: CO, field,  personal,  exposure,  monitor, architecture,
microenvironment, vehicle, source, methodology, EPA$

Ala  Moana  Shopping  Center  in  Honolulu,  is  an  example of a
multilevel  mix-parking  and  commercial  structure.   Honolulu's
Uniform  Building  Code  does  not  require mechanically operated
ventilation at this center because the parking area is treated as
an open parking garage.  In reality,  part of the parking area is
a semienclosed structure.  CO levels at the center were monitored
on 30 dates from November 1981 through March 1982.  On each date,
a  sample  of  25  businesses  was  visited  during  the morning,
afternoon,   and  early  evening.   At   each   business,   three
instantaneous  CO  readings  were  taken using a General Electric
personal  monitor,  and  employees  were  counted.   The  results
indicate  that employee exposure to CO was not a problem based on
air quality standards  of  the  Occupational  Safety  and  Health
Administration, but may be a problem based on National and Hawaii
Ambient Air Quality Standards.
0712
Flachsbart, Peter G.  (1985) "The effectiveness of priority lanes
in reducing commuter travel time and exposure to CO on a Honolulu
arterial",  Paper no.  85-41.3,  presented  at  the  78th  annual
meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, P.O.  Box 2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (16 pages).

KEYWORD: CO, field,personal, exposure, monitor, microenvironment,
vehicle, source, methodology, statistical, EPA$

This paper is directed to transportation engineers  and  planners
concerned   with   the  effectiveness  of  Transportation  System
Management  (TSM) strategies for relieving traffic  congestion  on
urban  arterials.  The  use  of  priority  lanes  (contraflow and
withflow) for express buses,  carpools,  and other high-occupancy
vehicles   (HOVs)  is  an example of TSM.  This paper presents the
results of an empirical study of the  effectiveness  of  priority
lanes on a Honolulu arterial in reducing commuter travel time and
exposure to CO from motor vehicle exhaust.  Exposure was measured
using  a  General  Electric  personal CO detector connected to an
integrator.   Quality  assurance  procedures  were  followed   to
improve  the accuracy of the exposure data.  Data collectors used
their own motor vehicles and public buses  as  test  vehicles  to
                              78

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 represent   travel   in  restricted   and  unrestricted  lanes  of  the
 highway.   Survey results  generally   showed   that  priority   lanes
 were   effective  in reducing commuter travel  time  and  CO  exposure.
 The reduction  in travel time was about  46% less for carpools,  53%
 less  for HOVs,   and 60% less for express buses.   The  reduction in
 CO  exposure was about  18%  less for carpools,  28% less  for HOVs,
 and 61% less for express  buses.  All results were  statistically
 significant.


 0023
 Flachsbart, Peter  G.  (Dec.  1982) "Revised field survey procedures
 for monitoring carbon monoxide  exposures  of  commuters in  the
 Washington metropolitan area", Report under  cooperative  agreement
 no.   CR-810344-01-0,  U.S.   EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems
 Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711  (37   pages).   Not
 available  from NTIS.

 KEYWORD: CO, field,  vehicle, interior,  source, methodology,  EPA$

 A  protocol  is  described   for  conducting  field  surveys   for
 monitoring CO  exposure  of commuters in  the  Washington,   DC,
 metropolitan area  for 2 months,  beginning   January   1983.   [This
 report revises BLIS #011.]


 0286
 Flachsbart, Peter  G.,   and  Ott,  Wayne  R.  (1986) "A  rapid  method
 for surveying  CO concentrations in  high-rise buildings", Environ.
 Int.,  12(1-4):255-264.

 KEYWORD: CO,personal,exposure,monitor,  source,methodology,  field,
 EPA$, office,  control

 A rapid method for employing personal exposure monitors  (PEMs)  to
 measure CO concentrations in high-rise  buildings is  described.
 The  purpose   is  to  determine  whether a CO problem exists in a
 building and,  if  so,   what corrective  actions should  be   taken.
 The  methodology was  applied to a 15-story building in Palo Alto,
 CA, where  elevated CO concentrations were discovered on  the first
 11 floors.  The  source  appeared  to  be  an  underground parking
 garage.    A    follow-up  survey  4  years   later revealed that
 mitigative measures designed to reduce  these  concentrations   had
 been  successful.   The  survey methodology is inexpensive and  can
 be applied to  a  number  of buildings  in  a city.


 0114
 Flachsbart, Peter  G., and Brown,  Dennis E.    (Dec.   1985)  "Surveys
 of   personal    exposure    to   vehicle   exhaust   in   Honolulu
microenvironments",  Final  report under cooperative agreement  no.


                              79

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CR-808541-01-3, U.S.  EPA,    Environmental   Monitoring   Systems
Laboratory/  Research Triangle Park,   NC 27711 (166  pages).   Not
available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: CO,microenvironment,outdoor,personal, exposure,  monitor,
source, EPA$, vehicle, interior

This report describes a use  of  personal  exposure  monitors  to
measure   exposure   to   CO   in   parking  garage  and  roadway
microenvironments  in  Honolulu,   HI.   A  parking  garage   was
monitored from November 1981 through March 1982,   and two roadway
sites were monitored from November 1981  through  May  1982.   The
main  purpose of the study was to determine the seriousness of CO
exposure in the two microenvironments.  CO concentrations in  the
parking  garage  exceeded the 1-hour National Ambient Air Quality
Standard of 35 ppm on 60% of the sampling  days  and  the  8-hour
national   standard   of   9  ppm  on  every  sampling  day.    CO
concentrations in the parking garage exceeded  the  1-hour  State
standard  of  9  ppm  on  all  sampling days and the 8-hour State
standard of 4.5 ppm on 92% of sampling  days.  CO  concentrations
on  the  roadways  exceeded  35  ppm  once  but  exceeded 4.5 ppm
frequently for  several  travel  modes  during  the  morning  and
evening rush hours.


0528
Flanagan,  James B.,  and Ryan, Joseph (1983) "Results of testing
diffusion-type  nitrogen  dioxide  personal   monitors   at   low
concentration",  Paper  presented at national symposium on recent
advances in pollutant monitoring of ambient  air  and  stationary
sources,  held  at   Raleigh,  NC,   May  4-7,  1982,  U.S.  EPA,
Environmental Monitoring Systems  Laboratory,  Research  Triangle
Park, NC 27711, pp. 369-379.  NTIS PB84-148345.

KEYWORD: NO2, personal, monitor, exposure, EPA$,  QA, methodology,
sampling

EPA's  Clinical  Environmental  Laboratories  were used to test a
commercially available diffusion-type personal NO2 monitor (based
on  a  design  by  E.E.   Palmes),  under  conditions  simulating
subindustrial  exposure  levels  and  while  being  worn by human
subjects.   As  many  other   commercially   available   personal
monitors,  the  Palmes tube is optimized for the higher levels of
industrial exposure.  The monitors were tested with  low  ambient
pollutant   concentrations  under  a  variety  of  conditions  to
establish their accuracy, precision,  collection efficiency,  and
the  effects of orientation and human wearers.  Researchers found
that dosages as low as 2.0 ppm-hr could be measured reliably with
the commercially  available  Palmes  tube  kit,  although  higher
levels of exposure were detected more precisely.  The monitor can
be  modified  to  improve  sensitivity  in  the  lower  limits of


                              80

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exposure.


0473
Fleischer,   R.L.,   and  Turner,   L.G.   (1984)  "Indoor  radon
measurements  in  the  New York Capital District",  Health Phys.,
46(5):999-1011.

KEYWORD: radon, monitoring, home,  energy, source,  architecture,
exposure, seasonal, microenvironment

Radon-222 concentrations were measured in  21  "energy-efficient"
homes and 14 conventional homes in the New York Capital District.
Typical  concentrations were averaged over 6 or 12 months,  using
solid-state track detectors.  Full-year averages were  determined
for 23 of the homes, including winter-to-summer variations.  In a
number  of cases,  radon-222 emanations from various construction
materials and soil samples were measured  and  correlations  were
sought  with  indoor radon-222.  Two major patterns emerged.  The
living areas of the energy-efficient homes  without  heat-storage
masses  had  median  radon  concentrations  1.6 times higher than
those for conventional homes, and the energy-efficient homes with
heat-storage masses had four  to  five  times  the  radon-222  of
conventional homes.
0743
Fleischer,  R.L.   (1984)  "Theory of passive measurement of radon
daughters and working levels by  the  nuclear  track  technique",
Health Phys., 47(2):263-270.

KEYWORD: radon, radiation, track-etching,  exposure,  laboratory,
model

A theoretical basis is described for long-term measurement of the
activities  of  the  alpha  emitters  in air by the track-etching
technique.  Inference of the  other  activities  allows  deriving
working  levels.  A  set  of  absorber  foils  allows  using  the
differing response to alpha particles of  different  energies  to
identify   the   relative  abundance  of  the  emitters  and  the
importance of diffusion to surfaces.  The method  is  appropriate
for  measuring  long-term exposures to radon atmospheres in homes
or mines.
0747
Fleischer,  R.L.   (1986) "Moisture and 222Rn emanation",  General
Electric   Company,    Corporate   Research   and    Development,
Schenectady, NY 12345  (3 pages).

KEYWORD: radon, source, humidity,  literature, laboratory, field,
model, soil

                              81

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The release of radon-222 from rocks, minerals, and soils has long
been  described  in the  geochemical  literature.  More  recently
the  health  physics  community has published information showing
effects of moisture on radon release.  The publications, however,
do  not  seriously  address  the  mechanisms  by  which  radon is
released  from  tailings,  shale,  soil,   etc.,  and  enters  the
atmosphere.  Because  most  health  physicists  do  not  see  the
relevant literature,  this note briefly summarizes what is  known
of mechanisms and presents some new experimental results.


0746
Fleischer,  R.L.,  Giard,  W.R., Mogro-Campero, A., Turner, L.G.,
Alter,  H.W.,  and  Gingrich,  J.E.  (Dec.  1980)  "Dosimetry  of
environmental radon:  methods and theory for low-dose, integrated
measurements", Health Phys., 39(6):957-962.

KEYWORD: radon, monitor, home, health,  track-etching,methodology,
exposure, dose

Radon-222 is important as a possible health hazard,  an indicator
of  subsurface  uranium,   and  a  potential   aid   to   predict
earthquakes.  Suitably  housed track detectors measured radon-222
quantitatively  free  of  other  radon  isotopes   and   daughter
nuclides.   The   technique  was  calibrated  and  showed  linear
response over a wide range  of  radon  concentrations,  times  of
exposure,  and  doses.  Exposures  down to 10 picoCurie per liter
per day can be measured.


0167
Fleischer,  R.L.,  Mogro-Campero,  A.,   and Turner,  L.G.   (1982)
"Indoor radon levels:  effects of  energy-efficiency  in  homes",
Environ. Int., 8:105-109.

KEYWORD: radon, seasonal, energy,  home, track-etching, exposure,
health, ventilation, methodology, architecture, soil

In northeastern New York State, homes that are more airtight have
three times the radon-222 levels of the conventional homes;  they
have other specific problems that are introduced  or  exaggerated
by  modern construction.  For example,   the two highest levels of
radon in the solar homes studied would  give  extrapolated  doses
over  30  years  that  are  known to produce lung cancer in 1% of
uranium miners.  Summer readings in more  than  one-half  of  the
cases  are different from winter ones by a factor of two or more,
so that year-round measurements are necessary.  The track-etching
technique  is  ideally  suited  for  such   measurements.   Radon
emanation  measurements  on  soils  demonstrate  highly  variable
release rates.
                              82

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0742
Fleischer,  R.L., Turner, L.G., and George, A.C.  (1984) "Passive
measurement of working levels and effective  diffusion  constants
of  radon  daughters  by  the  nuclear  track technique",  Health
Phys., 47(1):9-19.

KEYWORD: radon, track-etching, architecture,  monitor, laboratory

Working level ratios (WLRs) and the effective diffusion constants
of radon daughters were measured using a special housing designed
to  provide  a  uniform  diffusional  environment  at the passive
detectors.  For two of seven exposures, the measured scale of the
diffusion was too large to satisfy  the  uniformity  requirement.
For  the other five,  it was satisfied,  and reasonable WLRs were
obtained.  Such a housing could be used for extended area working
level measurements,  but it is too bulky for personnel dosimetry.
Personnel  dosimetry  is  possible  in mines using a passive area
measurement of WLR combined  with  individual  passive  radon-222
measurements.
0752
Fleischer,  Robert  L.   (1982)  "Lung  cancer  and  phosphates",
Environ.  Int., 8:381-385.

KEYWORD: radon, phosphate,  outdoor, health, statistical,  source,
distribution, radiation, research, lung, demographic

U.S.  counties with phosphate  mining  or  processing  facilities
frequently  also  have  significantly elevated rates of mortality
from  lung  cancer.   The  author  compared  areas  having   high
mortality rates from lung cancer with those  containing  phophate
deposits,  mines,  or processing plants.  Both white and nonwhite
populations showed correlations  which  are  improbable  by  pure
chance.  They  should  be  examined  on  a  site-by-site basis to
establish whether radon-222  emissions  from  radium-222  in  the
phosphates  are  a  significant  factor  in  the  elevated cancer
mortality.


0749
Fleischer,  Robert  L.   (1986)  "Serendipitous  dosimetry  -  an
opportunity and an opportunity lost",  General Electric  Company,
Corporate Research Development, Schenectady, NY 12345 (3 pages).

KEYWORD: dose,  monitor,  laboratory, literature,  track-etching,
health

Incidental  dosimeters—glass,  glazes  on  ceramics—existed  at


                              83

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Hiroshima and at Nagasaki, Japan sites of the World War II atomic
bombings.  Unfortunately, recognition of the possibility of using
particle  track-etching  on  such  materials to measure radiation
doses arose long after the atomic bombs were used.   As a  result,
no  adequate  track dosimeters at Hiroshima or Nagasaki have been
identified.  The author cites plastic eyeglasses to be  analogous
dosimeters  which  might  be  used  to  measure radon exposure of
people  who  die  of  lung  cancer.   Supporting  arguments   are
presented for this idea.


0677
Fleischer,  Robert L.,  Mogro-Campero, Antonio, and Turner, Larry
G.  (1983) "Indoor radon levels in the northeastern U.S.: effects
of energy-efficiency in homes", Health Phys., 45:407-412.

KEYWORD: radon, track-etching, energy, monitor, health, seasonal,
dose, home, architecture, exposure

The  expectations  of elevated radon-222 levels in modern energy-
efficient homes prompted a survey of solar and conventional homes
in  northeastern New York State.  The solar homes as a group have
three times the radon-222 levels of the conventional  homes,  and
specific  problems  exist  that  are introduced or exaggerated by
modern construction.  For example,  the  two  highest  levels  of
radon  in the solar homes give radiation doses over 30 years that
are known to produce lung cancer in 1% of uranium miners.  Summer
readings in more than half of the cases are different from winter
ones by a factor of two or more,  so that year-round measurements
are necessary for precise dosimetry.  The track-etching technique
is ideally suited for such measurements.


0310
Fletcher,  Robert  A.    (1984)  "A  review  of  personal/portable
monitors  and  samplers for airborne particles",  J.  Air Pollut.
Control Assoc., 34(10):1014-1016.

KEYWORD: particulate, personal, exposure, monitor,methodology,QA,
literature, laboratory

Personal and  portable  particulate  monitors  and  samplers  for
measuring  and sampling airborne particulate matter are reviewed.
These monitors and samplers are proving to be valuable tools  for
assessing individual exposure to environmental and occupationally
generated  particulates.  The  devices are characterized  in terms
of their  sampling  characteristics,  monitoring  or  measurement
techniques,    particle   size   separation    (50%   cut   point)
capabilities,  sampling  flow rate,  and sampling duration per one
battery-charging  cycle.  All  of  the  monitors  and some of the
samplers  are  commercially  available.  Commercial  sources  and


                              84

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originators  (in the case of research devices) are listed.


0129
Fletcher,  Robert A.,  and Bright,  David  S.   (Jan.  1983)  "NBS
portable  ambient particulate sampler",  NBSIR  82-2561,  National
Bureau of Standards,  Gaithersburg,  MD 20234   (43  pages).  NTIS
PB83-165019/LL.

KEYWORD: particulate,  methodology, sampling,   personal,exposure,
monitor, EPA$

The  National  Bureau  of  Standards portable ambient particulate
sampler is designed  to  collect  the  respirable  and  inhalable
particle size fractions at a sampling rate of 6 L/min for  24-hour
sampling periods.  Particulates are fractionated and collected by
series  filtration.  The  collection  efficiency  of the inlet is
measured by comparison with isokinetic probes in the wind  tunnel.
The collection efficiency and sampling  size  characteristics  of
two small personal cyclone samplers are also reported.


0095
Fortmann,  R.C., Borrazzo, J.E., and Davidson,  C.I.   (Aug.  1984)
"Characterization  of  parameters  influencing  indoor  pollutant
concentrations",  Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall,  T., and Sundell, J.,
Eds., "Indoor air, vol. 4, chemical characterization and personal
exposure",  Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm, pp
259-264.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: NO, NO2, CO, S02,  CH2O,  appliance,   combustion,  home,
source, energy

Emissions of NO, NO2, CO, SO2,  and formaldehyde were measured by
placing   sampling  hoods  around  gas-fired  appliances   at  two
residences in Pittsburgh, PA:  a 1-year-old town house with tight
weatherization and new appliances and a 50-year-old house  without
weatherization  and  with  older  appliances.   Preliminary  data
suggest that emissions of NO,  NO2,  and formaldehyde  are lower
from  the  cast-iron  burners  of  the  older stove than from the
pressed-steel  burners  of  the  new  stove.  CO  emissions  were
similar.  For range-top burners of both stoves,  increases in the
gas burn rate (kcal/min) resulted  in  greater  emission   factors
(ug/kcal) for NO, but smaller emission factors  for NO2.  Emission
factors  for  CO  were lowest at intermediate gas burn rates.  At
the older house, fugitive furnace emissions were small, and water
heater emissions were undetectable.
                              85

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0133
Fowle,  J.R.  Ill,  et  al.  (Aug.  1984)   "Workshop proceedings:
approaches for improving the assessment of human  genetic  risk—
human   biomonitoring",   U.S.    EPA,   Office   of   Health  and
Environmental Assessment, Washington,  DC 20460 (48 pages).   NTIS
PB84-154723.

KEYWORD: exposure, biomonitoring, regulation, risk,  health, EPA$

Federal  laws  require a consideration of adverse health effects,
including mutagenicity,  in arriving at regulatory  decisions  on
chemical   substances.   Certain   laws   require  quantitatively
balancing consequences of these risks with benefits  provided  by
use of chemicals.  Human genetic risk can be estimated indirectly
based  on  data  from  animal  experimentation  and human somatic
cells,  but it is not practical to estimate genetic risk directly
based  on  data  from  human  germ cells.   Indirect estimates are
highly debated because of uncertainties  about  interspecies  and
interorgan  extrapolations.  Further  complicating  genetic  risk
assessments  are  uncertainties  in  extrapolating  from  effects
observed  in animals at high experimental doses to effects likely
to  occur  in  humans  at  much   lower   environmental   levels.
Comparative  studies  are  needed  to  define  the  relationships
between  somatic  cell  and  germ   cell   events   and   between
experimental  animals and humans.  This work may involve studying
at least one  high-risk  human  population.  These  efforts  will
require long-term coordination of efforts among Federal and other
government agencies, industry,  and academia.
0723
Frank, Robert, and Lebowitz,  Michael D.  (1981) "Editorial:  the
risk of staying in", Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.,  pp. 521-522.

KEYWORD: smoking, multipollutant,microenvironment, risk,exposure,
health, literature, research, energy, ventilation

This essay reviews the sources and health  effects  of  the  most
common  indoor  air  pollutants.  Reduced ventilation to conserve
energy has increased exposures and  health  risks.  However,  the
health  effects  of  many pollutants are uncertain,  and reliable
exposure data are not yet available.  With further  research,  an
efficient  balance  of  energy  conservation  and  air quality is
achievable.
0328
Friberg,  Lars,  and Vahter, Marie (1983) "Assessment of exposure
to lead and cadmium through biological monitoring:  results of  a
UNEP/WHO global study", Environ. Res., 30:95-128.


                              86

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KEYWORD: Pb, Cd, biomonitoring, demographic, smoking, health, QA,
personal, exposure, foreign, multinational

This  paper  describes  a  UN  Environment Programme/World Health
Organization project on the assessment of human  exposure  to  Pb
and Cd.  Several countries participated:  Belgium, India, Israel,
Japan, Mexico, People's Republic of China, Peru,  Sweden,  United
States,  and  Yugoslavia.  No  laboratory  started the monitoring
before achieving satisfactory quality control.  In each  country,
200 teachers from one urban area constituted the target group for
Pb and Cd in blood and cases of "sudden, unexpected death" for Cd
in  kidney  cortex.  Quality  control  samples  were  analyzed in
parallel with the monitoring samples to ensure  validity  of  the
obtained  results.  Metal  exposure  varied  considerably between
areas.  In general, males had higher blood Pb levels than females
and smokers higher than nonsmokers.  With a few  exceptions,  the
values  were lower than results reported in a recent study within
the European communities.  Cd  levels  were  considerably  higher
among smokers than among nonsmokers.


0334
Fugas,   Mirka  (1984)  "Estimation  of  total  exposure  to  air
pollution", Berglund, B., Lindvall,  T.,  and Sundell,  J.,  Eds.
"Indoor air,  vol.  1, recent advances in the health sciences and
technology",  Swedish Council for Building  Research,  Stockholm,
pp. 53-57.  NTIS PB85-104180.

KEYWORD: TEAM, biomonitoring, personal, exposure, monitor, model,
literature

A  short  history  of  the  development  of  total human exposure
studies  and  the  ways   of   accomplishing   such   assessments
(biological monitoring, personal exposure measurements, modeling)
are  discussed.  Past  indoor  air  quality  research  focused on
industrial environments.  Fixed outdoor monitoring  methods  were
found  to be inadequate for measuring actual human exposure.  The
1975  International  Conference  on  Environmental  Sensing   and
Assessment  is  cited  as  a turning point in attitude toward the
need to improve human exposure assessment methods.  With progress
in microelectronics development came the possibility of producing
devices capable of making direct, personal exposure measurements.
The variety and use of  personal  exposure  monitors  summarized.
Field  study  methodology and the components of exposure modeling
are highlighted.


0573
Fugas,  M.  (1986) "Assessment of  true  human  exposure  to  air
pollution", Environ. Int., 12(1-4):363-367.
                              87

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KEYWORD: personal, exposure, methodology,  model,  outdoor, health,
biomonitoring, multipollutant, activity,  literature, research

Only recently have scientists recognized  the  true  exposure  of
people  to  a  pollutant  can only be assessed by considering all
routes of  intake  (as  well  as  concentration  changes  in  the
exposure  medium).  The exposure of the general population to air
pollution was and often still is assessed from the data  obtained
at  outdoor  monitoring  stations.  The concept of total exposure
was developed only after  both  the  scientists  studying  health
effects  and  those  studying  indoor  climate  came  to the same
conclusion:  people's exposure does not stop once they come home.
A historical review,  recent developments,  and current trends in
the approach to total exposure assessment are presented.


0788
Fugas,  M., et al (1972) "Concentration levels and urban particle size;
distribution  of  lead in the air of an urban and industrial area as a
basis  for  the  calculation  of  population  exposure",   Proceedings
International  Symposium  on  Environmental  Health  Aspects  Of Lead,
Amsterdam  (Netherlands), October 2-6, 1972.

KEYWORD: exposure,occupational,Yugoslavia,foreign,outdoor,particul
ate, Pb,respirable

It  was attempted to make a realistic evaluation of the total exposure
to lead in air of  certain  population  groups  during  their  various
outdoor  and  indoor activities.  The size-weight distribution of lead
in outdoor air and respirable lead fraction in  occupational  exposure
were  also determined.The results show that the exposure of an average
citizen are not necessarily well represented by the  average  lead  in
air  concentration  of  the  area in which he lives.  It is also shown
that some  populations  are  exposed  to  comparable  weighted-average
concentrations  of lead in air,  which could not be concluded from the
data on occupational or urban exposure only.


0049
Fugas,  Mirka  (1975) "Assessment of  total  exposure  to  an  air
pollutant",  Paper  no.  38-5  in  "International   conference  on
environmental sensing and assessment,  held September 14-19,  Las
Vegas,  NV,  vol.  2",  Institute of  Electrical  and   Electronic
Engineers, New York, NY   (3 pages).

KEYWORD: Pb, Mg, SO2, field,  outdoor, personal,exposure, foreign,
Europe

The  relative  merits of assessing the exposure of  urban dwellers
to an air  pollutant from  the  data  obtained  by   fixed outdoor


                              88

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monitoring networks, by personal sampling,  and by calculation of
weighted  weekly  exposure  are  discussed.  Measurements  of the
concentration of Pb,  Mg,  and  SO2  in  air  show  some  unusual
indoor/outdoor relationships in the densely populated old centers
of  European-type towns.  The estimated weighted weekly exposures
calculated from these data show that the  total  exposure  of  an
urban  dweller to an air pollutant may deviate from a fraction to
a multiple of the concentration recorded at the  nearest  outdoor
monitoring   station.   This   demonstrates   the  importance  of
adjusting the health-related monitoring program to  actual  human
exposure patterns.


0737
Fugas, M.    (1982) "Environmental monitoring of solvent exposure"
Collins,   A.J.,   Luxon,   S.G.,   Eds.,   "Proceedings  of  the
international symposium on the safe use of solvents held  at  the
University of Sussex, Brighton, UK," pp. 306-315.

KEYWORD: solvent,methodology, literature, monitor, VOC, exposure,
source, biomonitoring, environment,TEAM, foreign,Yugoslavia

This paper presents an overview of the history and development of
methods  to  monitor  human  exposure  to  solvents.  Total Human
Exposure Assessment Methodology  (TEAM) is outlined, with emphasis
on the complex process of collecting air  samples  representative
of  the  general  population.  Fixed  ambient  air monitoring and
personal  monitoring   are   compared.   Both   direct   personal
measurements  and  calculated time-weighted methods are outlined.
Biological indices are discussed in a  section  on  actual  human
solvent  uptake   (dose).  Research  on human exposure to solvents
from  both   air  and  drinking  water  is  reviewed.  The  author
concludes  that  very  little  is  known  about human exposure to
solvents and even less about contamination of the environment  by
solvents.
0744
Gammage,  Richard B.,  et al.   (1983) "Temporal  fluctuations  of
formaldehyde levels  inside residences",  Frederick, Edward R., et
al., Eds.,"Proceedings of the specialty conference on measurement
and monitoring of noncriteria (toxic) contaminants in  air,  held
in  March  of  1983  ",  Publication SP-50,  Air Pollution Control
Association, P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, pp. 453-462.

KEYWORD: CH20, home, field, seasonal,monitoring, energy,activity,
ventilation, temperature, weather, control, architecture

Formaldehyde levels  were measured in three houses  (a  10-year-old
home,  a  3-year-old home  prefitted with urea-formaldehyde foam
insulation (UFFI),   and a 2-year-old energy-efficient home) using


                              89

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active   and   passive   air  sampling  devices  with  subsequent
colorimetric analysis by the  pararosaniline  procedure.  Diurnal
formaldehyde  concentrations  inside each house varied by up to a
factor of two.  Over a year,  concentration within the 3-year-old
UFFI  house  varied  by  an  order  of  magnitude.  These changes
appeared to correlate with factors such as temperature,  weather,
and occupant activity.  Inside the 2-year-old house,  the effects
on formaldehyde levels of  increased  ventilation  rate  and  the
operation  of  a  small  charcoal-based air cleaner were studied.
The  results  suggest  that  the  levels   were   not   inversely
proportional  to  the air exchange rate, as one might expect, and
that the air cleaner was ineffective.
0098
Gammage, R.B.,  White,  D.  Alan,  and Gupta,  K.C.  (Aug.  1984)
"Residential  measurements  of high volatility organics and their
sources", Berglund, B.,  Lindvall,  T.,  and Sundell,  J.,  Eds.,
"Indoor  air,  vol.  4,  chemical  characterization  and personal
exposure", Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm, pp.
157-162.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: VOC, ventilation,field,home, gasoline,exposure, outdoor,
source

An  ongoing  study  is  measuring  the levels of volatile organic
chemicals  (VOCs)  inside  40  homes  in   east   Tennessee   and
identifying some of their sources.  This report focuses  on  VOCs
with  boiling  points  below 110 degrees.  Concentrations indoors
were usually at least 10 times higher than those of outdoor  air.
The   highly  volatile  compounds  were  generally  dominated  by
gasoline fumes.  Attached garages, automobiles,  stored gasoline,
and motor oil were responsible for the ubiquitousness of gasoline
in indoor air.  Air drawn into air conditioning duct work located
in  attached garages proved to be effective in tunneling gasoline
and other engine exhaust fumes  into  the  living  zones  of  the
house.  Other types of VOCs, including chlorinated VOCs and their
sources, are currently being studied.  [See Hawthorne, BLIS #134,
for an abstract of the final report.]


0658
Gammage, R.B., Kaye, S.V., and Jacobs, V.A., Eds.  (1984) "Indoor
air  and  human  health,  proceedings  of  the  seventh Oak Ridge
National  Laboratory  life  sciences  symposium,  Knoxville,  TN,
October 29-31,  1984",  Lewis Publishers, Inc., P.O.  Drawer 519,
Chelsea, MI 48118  (430 pages).

KEYWORD: methodology, multipollutant,  source, health,  exposure,
monitoring, risk, personal
                              90

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Occupants of work places and  homes  increasingly  complained  of
discomfort  and  sickness  as  a  result  of  energy conservation
efforts of the 1970s.  The conference was a  recognition  of  the
importance  of  developing  a  better understanding of the indoor
environment.  Data were presented on  indoor  levels  and  health
effects  in  humans  and  animals  from five principal classes of
pollutants:   radon,  microorganisms,  passive  cigarette  smoke,
combustion products, and organics.  Factors such as measurements,
source characterization,  habitat studies,  health effects,  risk
analysis, and future research needs were examined for each class.


0615
Gammage, R.B., White, D.A., Higgins, C.E.,  Buchanan,  M.V.,  and
Guerin,  M.R.  (1986)  "Total volatile organic compounds (VOC) in
the indoor air of east  Tennessee  homes",  Hochheiser,  S.,  and
Jayanti,   R.K.M.,   Eds.,  "Proceedings  of  the  1986  EPA/APCA
symposium on the measurement of toxic air pollutants", EPA 600/9-
86-013,  U.S.  EPA,  Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, pp. 104-116.  Not yet available
from  NTIS.   (In press,  Air Pollution Control Association,  P.O.
Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230.)

KEYWORD: VOC, field,sampling, halocarbon,exposure,home, aromatic,
hydrocarbon, 1aboratory

Total volatile organic compounds  (VOCs)  were  measured  in  the
winter  in eight homes in east Tennessee.  The mean concentration
of total VOCs indoors was 1.03 mg/m3,  with a range  of  0.09  to
3.67  mg/m3.  The  corresponding  values  for outside air samples
were 0.08 mg/m3 and 0.003 to 0.44  mg/m3.  Hence  the  indoor-to-
outdoor ratios were about 10:1.  There were marked differences in
both  the  total loadings and complexities of VOC among different
homes and within a given home.  About 10 liters of air were drawn
through composite sorbent  traps  containing  Tenax  GC  and  two
carbonaceous  resins.  The  trapped  VOCs were desorbed thermally
and analyzed by  gas  chromatography/flame  ionization  detection
(GC/FID).  The  counts  from  all peaks in the chromatograms were
integrated and used to estimate total VOCs relative  to  the  FID
response to a standard composed of chlorinated and nonchlorinated
aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.  The most volatile compounds
measured were alkanes, chlorinated hydrocarbons of any size,  and
oxygenated  hydrocarbons  with  2  or more carbons.  The types of
compounds that should be included in definitions  of  total  VOCs
are discussed.
0598
Gammage, R.B., and Kaye, S.V.  (1984) "Abstract book:  indoor air
and  human  health",   7th  Oak  Ridge  National  Laboratory Life
Sciences Symposium,  Knoxville, TN, October 29,  1984 (72 pages).


                              91

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NTIS DE85-001081.

KEYWORD: literature, multipollutant,exposure, source,methodology,
personal, health, source, monitoring, risk

This volume contains the abstracts of papers presented at the Oak
Ridge National Laboratory's 7th Life Sciences Symposium on Indoor
Air  Pollutants  and  Their  Human Health Implications.  The full
papers are in BLIS #658,  and abstracts are included individually
in BLIS.
0248
Gammage, Richard B., and Hawthorne, Alan R. (April 1984) "Current
status  of  measurement  techniques and levels of formaldehyde in
residences",  Oak  Ridge  National  Laboratory,  Oak  Ridge,   TN
37831(31 pages).  NTIS DE84-011660.

KEYWORD: CH20, sampling, seasonal, source, methodology, home, QA,
architecture, weather

For measuring levels of formaldehyde in residences,  the trend is
toward the increased use of passive  integrating  monitors.  This
popularity is due to ease of use,  cost-effectiveness, ability to
provide time-weighted-average concentrations over periods of  one
or  more  days,  and  a  sensitivity  sufficient to make accurate
measurements down to the 0.01-ppm  range.  The  more  traditional
modified  National  Institute  of  Occupational Safety and Health
method lacks the sensitivity to make accurate measurements at the
0.1 ppm or lower concentrations that are  encountered  frequently
inside  houses.  More  rigorous comparisons of various monitoring
systems should be conducted,  under  both  laboratory  and  field
conditions.  Marked  dependence of formaldehyde concentrations on
building age is observed  for  different  classes  of  dwellings,
including  modern  conventional  houses.  Levels  of formaldehyde
generally average about 0.03 ppm in older conventional homes.  In
mobile homes and a fraction of  new  and  urea-formaldehyde  foam
insulated  homes,  mean  levels of formaldehyde frequently exceed
0.1 ppm.  More systematic data are needed on  the  frequency  and
magnitude  of  short-term  peak  exposures  as  well as long-term
seasonal variations in levels of  formaldehyde.  Limited  studies
have  revealed  diurnal and seasonal within-house fluctuations of
two- and tenfold, respectively.  Occasional excursions to 0.1 ppm
seem to occur in most houses.
0631
Garry,  V.F., Oatman, L., Pleus, R., and  Gray,  D.   (Feb.  1980)
"Formaldehyde   in   the   home,    some   environmental   disease
perspectives", Minn. Med., February:107-111.
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KEYWORD: CH20, temperature, humidity, home, health, distribution,
seasonal, exposure, source, architecture, field, demographic

Sources of formaldehyde (CH2O) in homes include urea-formaldehyde
foam  insulation   (UFFI),   urea-formaldehyde  bonded  structural
materials,  shampoos,  and  combustion.  CH20  emits more rapidly
from  material  when  temperature  and  humidity  are  high.   In
response  to health complaints from 275 Minnesota residents,  the
Minnesota Department of Health measured  CH2O  concentrations  in
their homes.  Data on medical histories, demographics, and indoor
CH2O  sources also were gathered.  Homes with strong CH2O sources
and/or poor ventilation  had  higher  CH2O  levels.  These  homes
tended to have more health complaints.


0292
Gebifugi,  Istavan,  and Korte,  Friedhelm  (Aug.  1984)  "Indoor
contamination of household articles through pentachlorophenol and
lindane",  Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall  T.,  and Sundell, J.,  Eds.,
"Indoor air,  vol.  4,  chemical  characterization  and  personal
exposure",  Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp.
317-322.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: pesticide,1indane,home,field,particulate, biomonitoring,
PCP, foreign, Germany, wood

Household articles were analyzed for pentachlorophenol  (PCP)  and
lindane  concentrations in selected homes in West Germany.  These
chemicals were active ingredients in wood-preserving paints  used
in the study homes,  resulting in measurable air contaminants and
blood concentration  levels.  Most  textile  and  timber  samples
contained high levels of PCP and lindane.


0172
Geisling, K.L., Tashima, M.K., Girman, J.R.,  Miksch,  R.R.,  and
Rappaport, S.M. (1982) "A passive sampling device for determining
formaldehyde in indoor air", Environ. Int., 8:153-158.

KEYWORD: CH2O,  sampling,  methodology, outdoor, home, laboratory

A passive sampling device based on the principle of diffusion has
been  developed  for  determining  formaldehyde  (CH2O) in ambient
air.  The sampler consists of a capped glass tube in  which  CH2O
is  entrapped  by  NaHS03  (sodium  bisulfite)  on  a glass-fiber
filter.  In the field,  the device collects  a  sample  by  being
uncapped  for  a  specified  time.  After  being recapped,  it is
analyzed in the laboratory.  Laboratory validation  studies  were
conducted by exposing the sampling devices for 1 week to dry CH20
gas   concentrations   ranging   from   0.05   to   0.80   mL/m3.
Reproducibility was excellent,  with relative standard deviations
                              93

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averaging  5.4%  for  five  constant  concentrations.  The  lower
detection limit was 3.6 mL/m3 over 1  hour.  In  an  occupational
environment,  an  8-hour  sample  would  be  sufficient to detect
compliance with the Federal permissible exposure limit of 3 mL/m3
in the workplace;  in a residential environment,  a 1-week sample
would  allow  detection  of  0.025  mL/m3  for indoor air quality
audits.
0467
George,  A.C., Knutson, E.G., and Franklin, H.  (1983) "Radon and
radon daughter measurements in solar  buildings",   Health  Phys.,
45(2):413-420.

KEYWORD: radon,  exposure,  architecture,   ventilation,   energy

Measurements of radon and radon daughters in 11 buildings in five
states,   using  active  or  passive  solar  heating,  showed  no
significant excess in concentrations over the levels measured  in
buildings with conventional heating systems.  Radon levels in two
buildings  using  rock  storage  in  their  active  solar systems
exceeded the U.S.  Nuclear Regulatory  Commission's  limit  of  3
picoCuries/Liter  (pCi/L) for continuous exposure in uncontrolled
areas.  In the remainder of the buildings,  radon  concentrations
were  normal.  It appears that the slightly elevated indoor radon
concentrations were a result of local geological  formations  and
tightening of the buildings, rather than as a result of the solar
heating technology.


0725
George, A.  C., Lowder,  W.,  Fisenne,  I.,  Knutson,  E.O.,  and
Hinchliffe,  L.   (1983) "EML indoor radon workshop,  1982",  U.S.
Department of Energy, New York, NY 10014  (114 pages).

KEYWORD: radon,  foreign, methodology, control, research, source,
exposure, monitor, ventilation, model, home, multinational

A  workshop  on  indoor  radon,   held   at   the   Environmental
Measurements Laboratory,  U.S.  Department of Energy, on November
30 and December 1, 1982, covered recent developments in radon and
radon  daughter  research   and   development.   There   were   48
participants   from the United States,  Austria,  Canada,  France,
Sweden,  and People's  Republic  of  China.  Thirty  papers  were
presented  dealing  with  standardization  and  quality assurance
measurement methods,  surveys,  measurements  strategy,  physical
mechanisms of  radon and radon daughter transport, and development
of   guidance  standards  for  indoor  exposures.   The  workshop
concluded with a planning session that identified  the  following
needs:   (1)  national and international comparisons of techniques
for measuring  radon and radon  daughter  concentrations,  working


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levels,  and  radon exhalation flux density;  (2) development and
refinement of practical measurement techniques for thoron and its
daughter products;  (3) quantitative definition of the sources of
indoor radon and the mechanisms of transport into structures; (4)
better  knowledge  of the physical properties of radon daughters;
(5) more complete and accurate data  on  population  exposure  to
radon,  which  can only be met by broadly based surveys;  and (6)
more international  cooperation  and  information  exhange  among
countries with major research programs.  This report contains all
the  papers  presented  at the workshop and an overview analysis.
The recommendations and conclusions resulting from  the  workshop
are also included.
0466
George, A.C.,  and Eng,  J.   (1983) "Indoor radon measurements in
New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania", Health Phys., 45(2):397-
400.

KEYWORD: radon, exposure, monitoring,  home,  distribution, field

The  distribution  of  radon-222 in 33 buildings near Canonsburg,
PA,  Lewiston,  NY,  and Middlesex,  NJ,  was investigated over 2
years.   Time-integrated   measurements  of  radon  concentration
(repeated several times for  1-  or  2-week  periods  during  the
study)  were  obtained  in  the  living  and working areas of the
buildings.  Average air concentrations of  radon,  measured  over
the  study  period,  varied  from  0.32  to  4.5 picoCuries/Liter
(pCi/L) among the buildings,  but in only one  building  did  the
annual  radon  concentration  exceed the U.S.  Nuclear Regulatory
Commission's  limit  of  3  pCi/L  for  continuous  exposure   in
uncontrolled areas.
0325
Georghiou, Paris E., Snow, David, and Williams,  David T.  (1983)
"Formaldehyde   monitoring  in  urea-formaldehyde  foam-insulated
houses in St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  Canada:  correlative field
evaluation  of  a  real-time infrared spectrophotometric method",
Environ. Int., 9:279-287.

KEYWORD: CH2O, field,outdoor, methodology, home, source, weather,
foreign, exposure, Canada

Formaldehyde air levels in a group  of  houses  containing  urea-
formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI) in St.  John's, Newfoundland,
Canada,  were  measured  on  at least four occasions.  The method
developed by the National Institute for Occupational  Safety  and
Health   and  a  portable,   commercially  available  single-beam
infrared spectrophotometer  were  used.  Little  correlation  was
found  between  the  two  methods.  Formaldehyde  air levels were


                              95

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significantly higher in the UFFI-insulated  houses  than  in  the
control   group,   which  did  not  contain  UFFI.   Large  daily
variations in formaldehyde  levels  could  be  observed  in  some
selected UFFI houses,  attributable mostly to changes in exterior
conditions.  In particular,  direct sunlight  on  UFFI-containing
walls greatly increased formaldehyde levels.


0465
Gesell,  Thomas F.   (Aug.  1983)  "Background  atmospheric  222Rn
concentrations  outdoors  and indoors:  a review",  Health Phys.,
45(2):289-302.

KEYWORD: outdoor,  radon,  literature,  source,  seasonal,  EPA$,
exposure, weather

The sources of outdoor and indoor atmospheric radon are examined.
The variation of outdoor atmospheric radon with time of day, time
of  year,  altitude,  and  geographic  location is quantitatively
assessed.  Outdoor atmospheric radon  concentrations  for  normal
areas  of  the contiguous United States range between 100 and 400
pico Curies per cubic meter  (pCi/m3),  with  the  mean  probably
about  250  pCi/m3.  Values for Alaska and Hawaii are an order of
magnitude lower.  Indoor atmospheric  radon  concentrations  vary
with time of day, geographic location,  and distance above ground
level.
0104
Girman,  J.R.,  Allen,  J.R.,  and Lee,  A.Y.  (1986) "A  passive
sampler for water vapor", Environ. Int., 12(1-4):461-465.

KEYWORD: personal, exposure, methodology, QA,  sampling, humidity

This  preliminary study reports on improvements made to a passive
sampler for water vapor and on tests to determine its suitability
for studies of indoor air quality.  The tests  demonstrated  that
it  has the precision,  accuracy,  linear response with exposure,
sensitivity,  and capacity necessary for large-scale  studies  to
determine absolute humidities inexpensively.


0176
Girman,  J.R.,  Apte,  M.G.,  Traynor,  G.W.,  Allen,  J.R.,  and
Hollowell,  C.D.  (1982) "Pollutant emission  rates  from  indoor
combustion  appliances and sidestream cigarette smoke",  Environ.
Int., 8:213-221.

KEYWORD: CO, C02, NO, N02, CH20, particulate, source, combustion,
model, laboratory, smoking, ventilation, appliance, kerosene
                              96

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Indoor  pollutants  resulting  from  operating  one  of   several
combustion  appliances,  or  from sidestream tobacco smoke,  were
measured  in  a  27-m3  environmental   chamber   under   varying
ventilation  rates.  The  combustion appliances investigated were
gas-fired cooking stoves,  unvented kerosene-fired space heaters,
and  unvented  natural-gas-fired  space  heaters.  Results showed
elevated levels of C02, CO, NO, N02, formaldehyde,  and suspended
particles from one or more of the pollutant sources investigated.
Of  the  sources  examined  in  this  study,  NO2 from combustion
appliances and particles from sidestream cigarette  smoke  appear
to be the most serious contaminants of indoor air, using existing
standards and guidelines as the criteria.  An emission rate model
was  used  to  quantify  the  strengths of the pollutant sources,
which are reported in terms of the mass of pollutant emitted  per
energy unit of fuel consumed or per mass of tobacco burned.


0230
Girman,  J.R.,  Geisling,  K.L.,  and Hodgson,  A.T.   (June 1983)
"Sources   and   concentrations   of   formaldehyde   in   indoor
environments",   Lawrence  Berkeley  Laboratory,   University  of
California, Berkeley, CA 94720.  NTIS PB83-015945.

KEYWORD: CH2O, home ,combustion, energy, exposure, source, field,
laboratory, appliance, architecture

Formaldehyde (CH2O),  a common component of resins used  in  many
building materials, can be released from these materials into the
indoor  environment.   Unvented  combustion  appliances  such  as
ranges and heaters also emit CH2O.  Emission rates from a variety
of  combustion   appliances   are   discussed,   and   the   CH2O
concentrations detected in 40 residential indoor environments are
summarized.  Houses  designed  to  be energy efficient had higher
CH2O concentrations than inefficient but weatherized houses.


0249
Girman,  J.R.,  Hodgson,  A.T.,  Newton,  A.W.,  and Winkes, A.W.
(1986) "Volatile organic emissions  from  adhesives  with  indoor
applications",  Environ. Int., 12(1-4):317-321.

KEYWORD: CH20, VOC,  toluene,  styrene,  alkane,  source,  model,
laboratory, architecture

Studies have shown that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted
from building materials are a  potentially  important  source  of
indoor  air  pollution.  In this study,  solvent- and water-based
adhesives were applied to an inert substrate  and  dried  for  at
least  a week.   VOCs were cryogenically trapped and identified by
gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)  or sorbent  trapped,
solvent   extracted   and   quantified   by  GC/flame  ionization


                              97

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detection.   Among  the  compounds  emitted  by  adhesives   were
toluene,  styrene,  and a variety of normal, branched, and cyclic
alkanes.  The measured emission rates varied by three  orders  of
magnitude.  A  simple,  well-mixed-tank  model was used to assess
the potential impacts of the adhesives studied and to demonstrate
that adhesives can be significant sources of VOCs.
0767
Girman, J.R., Allen, J.R., Apte, M.G., Martin, V.M.,  and Traynor,
G.W.   (1983)  "Pollutant  emission  rates from unvented gas-fired
space heaters: a laboratory study", Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,
University of California,  Berkeley,  CA 94720 (53  pages).  NTIS
LBL-14502.

KEYWORD: combustion, CO2, CO, CH20, NO, NO2, source,  ventilation,
laboratory, particulate, model, appliance

This study determined emission rates and source  strengths  of  a
variety of pollutants emitted from eight unvented gas-fired space
heaters  operated  with well adjusted air shutters at partial and
full input in a  27-m3  chamber  under  a  range  of  ventilation
conditions.  Emission rates were also determined for some heaters
with   poorly  adjusted  air  shutters.   CO,   CO2,    NO,   N02,
formaldehyde, and respirable suspended particles,  were monitored
as  well  as O2 consumption rates.  Emissions of NO2 and CO2 from
all heaters were high enough to cause concern,  both  in  single-
room  environments and,  based upon calculation,  in residential-
sized buildings.  Depending upon the particular  heater  and  its
air shutter adjustment,  emissions of CO and, to a lesser extent,
formaldehyde can cause concern.  Emission rates from  this  study
can be used along with information about building characteristics
to  calculate  pollutant  levels  in  a  wide  variety  of indoor
environments.
0062
Godin,  Gaetan, Wright, Geoff, and Shepard, Roy J.   (1972) "Urban
exposure to  carbon  monoxide",  Arch.  Environ.  Health,  25(5):
305-313.

KEYWORD: CO, field, sampling, source, smoking,  weather, outdoor,
statistical, methodology, combustion, office

Some 500 "grab" samples of air were collected during normal urban
life  and  analyzed  for CO.  Concentrations were correlated with
sunshine,  rainfall,  wind  speed,   and  traffic  density  using
nonparametric  and multiple-regression techniques.  Local traffic
density  (td) accounted for 63% of the variance;  equations  based
on  td  describe the CO exposure  (log [x + 1] ppm) encountered by
pedestrians  (0.59 +/~ 0.133 td) and car drivers  (0.92  +/~  0.086


                              98

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td).  Attenuation  away   from busy streets  is rapid.  In downtown
offices,  concentrations  follow the general atmospheric  pattern.
Smoking  can  bring  indoor concentrations above permitted 24-hour
levels.
0748
Godish,  Thad   (1983)   "Interpretation  of  one-time formaldehyde
sampling results  from measurements of  environmental  variables",
Frederick, Edward R., et al., Eds.,  "Proceedings of the specialty
conference on measurement and monitoring of  noncriteria   (toxic)
contaminants in air, held in March of 1983 ",  Publication SP-50,
Air Pollution Control Association, P.O.  Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA
15230, pp. 463-467.

KEYWORD: CH2O, model, home, outdoor,  temperature,  architecture,
humidity, laboratory, statistical

The relationship  between formaldehyde levels obtained from a one-
time sampling protocol  and environmental  variables  measured  at
the  time  of  sampling were  evaluated for two residence/source
populations   using   sample    linear    regression    analyses.
Significant  correlations  were  observed  between   formaldehyde
levels   and  outdoor   temperature,   outdoor/indoor  temperature
difference  (T),  indoor  relative   humidity  (RH),   and  indoor
absolute   humidity  expressed  as   water  vapor  pressure  (VP).
Significant  correlations  were  also  observed  between  outdoor
temperature  and  RH  or VP.  Derived ratios from these variables
were  also  evaluated.  Significant  correlations  were  observed
between formaldehyde levels and the  ratios T/RH,  T/VP,  RH/T and
VP/T.  T/RH was very strongly correlated with formaldehyde levels
in  urea-formaldehyde   foam-insulated  (UFFI)  and   conventional
residences  with  miscellaneous low-level sources of formaldehyde.
T/RH was suggested as a good predictor of formaldehyde levels and
a useful tool  in interpreting  one-time  formaldehyde  sampling
results.  Means   of  the two residence/source populations did not
differ  significantly.   However,    maximum  formaldehyde  levels
predicted  from   regression analyses were expected to be twice as
high (0.10 ppm) in  UFFI  residences  as  those  in  conventional
residences   with  miscellaneous    low-level   sources.    Thus,
comparisons of formaldehyde levels in residences  with  different
sources  must  take  into  account   the  effect  of environmental
variables.
0240
Godish,  Thad (1984) "Low cost sampler for formaldehyde and other
indoor air contaminants", J. Environ. Health, 46(5):229-232.

KEYWORD: CH2O,  sampling,  health,  methodology,  field, economic
                              99

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Investigation of indoor air quality complaints and air testing by
local health agencies are  often  limited  by  lack  of  sampling
equipment.   The   construction   of   a   low-cost  sampler  for
formaldehyde and other indoor air contaminants is described.


0280
Godish,  Thad (1985) "Air quality", Lewis Publishers, Inc., P.O.
Drawer 519 Chelsea, MI 48118 (372 pages).

KEYWORD: multipollutant,  outdoor,  literature,  health,  source,
exposure, regulation, vehicle

Indoor and outdoor air are covered in  this  classroom  text  for
graduate  and  undergraduate  students  in environmental science,
environmental health,  and industrial  hygiene.  A  comprehensive
overview gives attention to (1) indoor air,  (2) effects on human
and animal health and vegetation,  (3) regulation,  (4) automotive
emissions,  and  (5)  noise as an air contaminant.  This text may
also be used as supplementary reading for courses that  focus  on
engineering  aspects  of  air  pollution,  and  for practitioners
seeking a broader knowledge of their field.


0313
Godish,  Thad,  and Rouch,  Jerome  (1985) "An assessment  of  the
Berge   equation   applied  to  formaldehyde  measurements  under
controlled conditions of temperature and  humidity   in  a  mobile
home", J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 35(11):1186-1187.

KEYWORD: CH20,  risk,  statistical,  home,  temperature, humidity

Efforts   to   assess  the  relative  exposure  risks  of   indoor
formaldehyde  levels  have  been   limited  by   the   considerable
variation  in  the  results.  A   number  of  factors  contribute,
particularly  temperature  and  relative  humidity,   which   are
reported  to  greatly  affect emissions of free formaldehyde  from
urea-formaldehyde resins.  The most  widely  used  expression  of
formaldehyde  levels  as  a  function of temperature and relative
humidity  is  the   Berge  equation.  Studies  were conducted  in a
single mobile home  for nine combinations of  temperature  (20,  25,
and   30  degrees  C)  and  relative  humidity  (30,  50,  and 70%).
Average  formaldehyde levels  were measured  for  each  of  eight
environmental  regimes  and  standardized to 25 degrees C  and 50%
relative humidity.  Results showed that,  at the  95%   confidence
interval,  the  error rate would  be  approximately  (+/-) 12%.  The
analysis suggests that,  for the  temperature and  humidity  range
considered,  the  Berge  equation  is  a  reliable   indicator  of
formaldehyde  levels  measured  at  one  set    of    environmental
conditions and standardized to another.  The authors believe  that
the   Berge  equation  can  be  used  with  confidence   for  field,


                               100

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laboratory,  and regulatory  purposes  if  users  understand  and
respect its limitations.


0472
Goldsmith,  W.A.,  Poston,  J.W.,  Perdue, P.T., and Gibson, M.O.
(1983) "Radon-222 and  progeny  measurements  in  'typical1  east
Tennessee residences", Health Phys., 45(l):81-88.

KEYWORD: EPA$,  radon,  home,  monitoring,  field,  architecture,
source, microenvironment, methodology

Modified  Wrenn  chambers for continuous monitoring of radon-222,
featuring several  improvements,  including  a  computer-assisted
electronics  package,  have  been  developed  at  the  Oak  Ridge
National Laboratory.  Radon-222 concentrations  in  seven  houses
were  monitored  continuously  for  periods  ranging from 4 to 18
days.  Radon-222 concentrations in the basements of three of  the
seven  houses  were  in  excess of 100 Becquerels per cubic meter
(Bq/m3) almost  continuously.  One  residence  had  instantaneous
concentrations  approaching  1,000  Bq/m3.  Samples  of  soil and
building materials from these residences indicated  that  radium-
226  concentrations  were  in the normal range  (40 Bq/kg).  Radon
progeny were measured in five of these houses on a "typical" day.
Results obtained were as follows: for basements, a geometric mean
of 0.016 working levels  (WL)  (geometric  standard  deviation  of
2.9);  for upper floors,  a geometric mean of 0.014 WL (geometric
standard deviation of 2.9).


0423
Goldstein,  B.D.,   et  al.   (1979)  "The  relationship  between
respiratory illness in primary school children and the use of gas
for cooking:  II - Factors affecting nitrogen dioxide  levels  in
the home", Int. J. Epidem., 8 (4):339-345.

KEYWORD: health, NO2, monitoring,  outdoor, home, smoking, field,
activity, foreign, Britain, children, appliance, lung

The  study attempted to find an association between indoor levels
of  NO2  and   respiratory   illness   and   lung   function   in
school children.  NO2  was  measured  for 1 week during the winter
outside and inside the homes of children (aged 6 to 7 years)  who
were  living and attending primary schools in a defined 4-square-
km area in Middlesbrough,  Cleveland,  UK.  Outdoor levels of N02
measured  at  75  points within the area ranged from 14 to 24 ppb
weekly average.  Measurements were also made in 428 kitchens with
gas stoves (range 5 to  317  ppb,  mean  112.2  ppb)  and  in  87
kitchens  with  electric  stoves  (range 6 to 188 ppb,  mean 18.0
ppb).  In  a  random  subsample  of  homes,  N02  levels  in  107
children's bedrooms in homes with gas stoves ranged from 4 to 169


                              101

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ppb,  mean  30.5  ppb.  In  18  bedrooms in homes having electric
stoves the range was 3 to 37 ppb,  mean 13.9 ppb.  NO2 levels  in
homes  with  gas  stoves were positively related to pilot lights,
gas heating, tobacco smoke, and the number of people in the home.
In homes having gas stoves,  when data from 29  homes  with  high
kitchen N02 levels were compared to 29 homes with low NO2 levels,
the  number of meals eaten and the frequency with which the stove
was used  for  heating  and  drying  clothes  were  significantly
greater in the high N02 homes.


0092
Goldstein,  I.F.,  Hartel  D.,  and  Andrews,  L.R.  (June  1985)
"Monitoring  personal  exposure  to  nitrogen   dioxide",   Paper
presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control
Association, P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (13 pages).

KEYWORD: NO2, sampling, QA,  field, outdoor,  personal, exposure,
monitor

Possible sources of error that might contribute to  the  accuracy
of  personal  exposure to N02 are discussed.  Major errors result
from relying on  outdoor  assessments  and  ignoring  indoor  NO2
concentrations,   which   recently   have   been   shown   to  be
significantly higher in homes that have indoor  sources  of  NO2.
Smaller   but   significant   errors  result  from  inappropriate
placement of indoor stationary samplers or the  manner  in  which
personal samplers are worn.  The nonuniform spatial distribution,
both vertical and horizontal, of NO2 indoors requires the careful
validation  of  all  personal  exposure  data  obtained from both
personal monitors and stationary samplers.


0567
Goldstein,  I.F.,  Hartel, D., Andrews, L.R., and Weinstein, A.L.
(1986)  "Indoor air pollution exposures of  low-income  inner-city
residents", Environ. Int., 12(1-4):211-219.

KEYWORD: NO2, exposure,  health, personal, seasonal, home, field,
source, combustion, epidemiology,  appliance, activity

This report is based on a pilot project for a large epidemiologic
study in which exposures to air pollutants  will  be  related  to
both    incidence  and  prevalences  of  inner-city  asthma.   N02
concentrations were measured  in three rooms as well  as  outdoors
in  44  inner-city apartments with gas cooking stoves.  From fall
1982 to spring 1984,  52 separate month-long series  of  48-hour,
time-integrated  NO2  samples   (Palmes tubes) were gathered.  The
48-hour average NO2 concentrations taken within homes  frequently
exceeded  the  U.S.  EPA  outdoor  annual mean NO2 standard of 100
ug/m3,  reaching 300 ug/m3 in  some homes.  Short-term peaks of N02


                              102

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in kitchens were as high as 2,000 ug/m3,  at a distance of 2.3  m
from the floor,  and 1,700  ug/m3,  at  1.7  m  from  the  floor.
Activity records filled out by the inner-city residents,  many of
whom were asthma patients, indicated that they spent an unusually
large percentage of time in their homes.  On the basis  of  these
activity  patterns  and the regular occurrence of high N02 levels
in inner-city apartments,  individuals  in  this  population  are
likely  to have elevated personal exposure to this combustion by-
product .


0363
Goldstein, I., Hartel, D., and Andrews L. (1984) "Indoor exposure
of asthmatics to nitrogen dioxide",  Berglund,  B., Lindvall, T.,
and Sundell,  J.,  Eds.,  "Indoor air,  vol.  2,  radon,  passive
smoking,  particulates and housing epidemiology", Swedish Council
for Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 269-274.  NTIS PB85-104198.

KEYWORD: outdoor, energy, health,  personal,  exposure,  monitor,
activity, allergen, epidemiology, NO2, lung, appliance

Researchers report an on-going study of exposure to NO2 in a low-
income population in New York City.  These homes  are  likely  to
accumulate  high  levels  of  N02  because  the  relatively small
apartments are well insulated for energy  conservation,  and  gas
cooking   stoves   are   frequently  used.   Family  members  who
participated   (including  a  child  with  asthma)  wore   48-hour
personal N02 samplers;  duplicate N02 samplers were placed in the
kitchen, living room,  bedrooms,  and outside the windows of each
apartment.  All  sampling  was  for 24- to 48-hour periods for 30
consecutive days.  Gas stove usage and daily activities of  study
subjects  were recorded to obtain a relationship among indoor and
outdoor exposures,  activity patterns,  and  personal  exposures.
Researchers  confirmed  high  levels of NO2 in the homes and also
observed humid conditions conducive to  growth  of  bioallergens.
Individual  exposures  are discussed in relation to the design of
epidemiologic study of  acute  health  effects  in  persons  with
asthma.


0174
Good, B.W., Vilcins, G., Harvey,  W.R.,  Clabo,  D.A.,  Jr.,  and
Lewis,  A.L.   (1982)  "Effect of cigarette smoking on residential
N02 levels", Environ. Int., 8:167-175.

KEYWORD: NO2, combustion, home, smoking, source, field, seasonal,
outdoor, sampling, exposure, appliance, ventilation

Two  studies  evaluated  the  levels  and  sources  of   N02   in
approximately  90  homes in the Richmond,  VA,  area,  during the
weeks of  August  5,  1980,  and  February  9,  1981.  Continuous


                              103

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samplers  were  run  in the living room,   bedroom,   kitchen,  and
outdoors.  Additional data were  collected  concerning  appliance
use,  heating  and  cooling  plants,  ventilation,   and cigarette
smoking.  The largest contributor to N02  concentration  was  gas-
fired  kitchen appliances.  The mean kitchen level  for homes with
gas appliances during the  winter  study   was  approximately  188
ug/m3.  Excluding  participants  with  gas kitchens,  incremental
increases due to cigarette smoking were detected.  The 7-day,  3-
room average levels of N02 in the homes of nonsmokers and smokers
without gas-fired appliances were 12 and  15 ug/m3,   respectively,
in the summer.  The corresponding winter  values were  19  and  22
ug/m3.  Furthermore,  levels  of  N02  in the homes of smokers or
nonsmokers were generally below both the  adjacent  outdoor  level
and   the  National  Ambient  Air  Quality  Standard  for  annual
exposure.


0619
Gordon,   Glen   E.   (1986)  "Receptor  modeling:    a  promising
alternative  to  traditional   source   apportionment   methods",
Hochheiser,  S.,  and Jayanti,  R.K.M., Eds., "Proceedings of the
1986  EPA/APCA  symposium  on  the  measurement  of   toxic   air
pollutants",   EPA   600/9-86-013,   U.S.    EPA,   Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711,
pp.  304-313.  Not  yet  available  from   NTIS.  (In  press,  Air
Pollution Control Association,  P.O.  Box  2861,  Pittsburgh,  PA
15230.)

KEYWORD: particulate, research, outdoor,  source,  multipollutant,
model, methodology, organic, literature,  acid

The  traditional  combination of source-emissions inventories and
dispersion models for predicting ambient  pollutant concentrations
is not very accurate in a number of  applications.   An  alternate
method, receptor modeling, is becoming increasingly valuable as a
complement   to  the  traditional  approach.   Receptor  modeling
involves detailed analyses of particles and gases collected  from
ambient  air  and from sources important in the area in question.
Contributions from the sources are identified  on  the  basis  of
detailed  composition  patterns  and other characteristics  (e.g.,
particle  morphology).   Receptor  modeling  based  on  elemental
compositions  has  been  primarily  used  to determine sources of
particles in urban areas.  However,  many sources  are  not  well
characterized  by  elemental  patterns,  especially  sources that
release mainly carbonaceous material.  To detect  emissions  from
these  sources,  investigators  need to measure concentrations of
some of the thousands of organic compounds in the gas or particle
phases.  Development of this approach has been  hindered  because
of  uncertainty regarding the fractions of various compounds that
survive destruction by atmospheric reactions between  the   source
and  receptor.  If  stable tracers,  either organic or inorganic,


                              104

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for the sources can be identified,  less stable species could  be
treated  by  a  new  model called "hybrid receptor modeling." The
latter includes source emissions,  transformation, and deposition
treatments similar to those of traditional models, along with the
use of tracer species of certain sources,  as in receptor models.
Tracer  use  can  eliminate  many  absolute  uncertainties (e.g.,
dilution) common to dispersion modeling.  The hybrid approach  is
now  being  used  in  attempts to provide an understanding of the
sources, transformation, and deposition of sulfur species related
to acid-deposition problems.


0399
Green,  B.M.R.,  et  al.  (1985)  "Surveys  of  natural radiation
exposure in UK dwellings  with  passive  and  active  measurement
techniques", Sci. Total Environ. 45:459-466.

KEYWORD: radon, radiation, exposure, source, foreign,methodology,
architecture, home, Britain

A  representative  sample  of  more  than  2,000  United  Kingdom
dwellings was monitored for a year  using  thermoluminescent  and
etchable  plastic  dosimeters to measure gamma-ray dose rates and
radon concentrations.  The survey was carried out by  mail.  Each
homeowner  completed  a questionnaire on the type of dwelling and
its characteristics.  These data  will  be  used  to  assess  the
factors affecting indoor exposure.  The mean gamma-ray dose rates
were 0.062 and 0.057 micro Gray/hour (uGy/h) in air, and the mean
radon concentrations were 25 and 18 Becquerels (Bq)/m3 for living
areas   and   bedrooms,   respectively.   Other  results  of  the
preliminary data analysis are given.  More detailed surveys  were
conducted  in  areas  where  the  local  geology  indicated  that
elevated exposures to natural radiation might  occur.  More  than
800  dwellings  were  visited  and  measurements  made of several
parameters.  The mean gamma-ray dose rates varied  from  0.05  to
0.10  uGy/hour in air.  The mean radon concentrations varied from
14 to 520 Bq/m3.  Other findings related to  equilibrium  factors
and regional differences are discussed.


0341
Green,  G.H.   (1984) "The effect of vacuum cleaners on house dust
concentration", Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.
"Indoor air, vol. 5, buildings, ventilation and thermal climate",
Swedish Council for  Building  Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  87-92.
NTIS PB85-104222.

KEYWORD: particulate, exposure,  source, Canada,  home,  control,
ventilation, foreign, dust, smoking

The  results  of  tests  on  the mass concentration of house dust


                              105

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caused by the cleaning action and airborne dust in the exhaust of
vacuum cleaners in seven homes in western Canada are compared  to
other  investigations.  Researchers  found  that the ambient dust
level  was  similar  to  that  found  by  others  and   confirmed
observations  of  much  higher  levels due to smoking and reduced
levels by  electrostatic  filters  in  heating  systems.  Central
vacuum   cleaners   with   outside  exhaust  had  slightly  lower
concentration than portable models used in the houses.  This  and
other  studies  found  that other household activities contribute
more or equal dust to the house atmosphere.  The study  concluded
it  is  important  to  minimize  all house dust contributions for
those suffering from house dust allergies.


0108
Grimsrud,  D.T.,  et al.  (Aug.  1984) "Indoor air quality  field
survey strategies",  Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J.,
Eds. "Indoor air, vol.  4, chemical characterization and personal
exposure",  Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp.
215-220.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: literature, radon,  methodology,sample,design,monitoring

Changes in research goals and the availability of new instruments
allow conducting new types of indoor air  quality  studies.  This
paper  compares  the advantages and disadvantages of each type of
study.  While intensive monitoring is expensive  and  limited  to
small sample sizes, its detailed measurements can reveal valuable
information  about  source  behavior  and pollutant interactions.
Large-scale surveys,  on the other hand,  yield broad information
about  weighted-average  pollutant  concentrations and are better
suited for studies of the effects  of  regional  or  construction
differences  on indoor air quality.  In large-scale surveys,  the
effects of occupant activities  are  automatically  included.  An
intensive study can suggest that a ventilated crawl space implies
a lower radon concentration in the living space of a house, while
a  large  survey  can  test  the hypothesis statistically.  Large
surveys do not replace intensive, detailed studies.


0552
Grimsrud, D.T., Nazaroff,  W.W.,  Revzan,  K.L. ,  and Nero,  A.V.
(1983) "Continuous measurements of radon entry in a single-family
house", Paper no. 83-9.8, presented at the 76th annual meeting of
the   Air   Pollution   Control  Association,   P.O.   Box  2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230  (20 pages).

KEYWORD: radon, ventilation, temperature, pressure, water,  home,
source, field, exposure, architecture

This  progress  report  describes  detailed measurements of radon


                               106

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concentration,   ventilation  rate,   and   other   environmental
parameters  that  affect  radon  entry  in  a single-family house
during a 6-month period.  Average  radon  concentrations  in  the
house varied between 0.1 and 18.4 picoCuries/liter (pCi/L) during
this  period;  the  mean was 3.1 pCi/L.  Ventilation rates ranged
from 0.03 to 1.00 air changes/hour (mean =0.25  ach).  The  data
show  that  the radon source strength varied substantially during
the measurements.  The environmental parameters measured are used
to obtain a better understanding of the processes that  influence
radon  entry  into the house.  The major radon entry site in this
structure appeared to be the basement  sump.  A  portion  of  the
time  variation  in the entry rate can be associated with changes
in the water level in the sump that  couples  and  decouples  the
sump with an exterior drain tile system.


0531
Gunning, C., and Scott,  A.G.  (1982) "Radon and thoron daughters
in housing", Health Phys., 42:527-528.

KEYWORD: radon, thoron, control, exposure, sampling, home, field,
source, radiation, ventilation, foreign, Canada, architecture

A remedial action program is in progress at the town of  Ellicott
Lake,   Ontario,   Canada   to   reduce  average  radon  daughter
concentrations in occupied houses to below  0.02  working  levels
(WL).  The  average  WL  in a house is estimated from a series of
air filter samples analyzed  by  the  Kusnetz  technique  on  the
assumption  that  all  alpha  activity is due to radon daughters.
Previous   work   showed   that   significant   thoron   daughter
concentrations  were  present  in  the Elliot Lake uranium mines,
where the activity ratio of uranium-238 to thorium-232 in the ore
was approximately 3:1.  Because the activity ratio in the surface
soil and building materials used in the town is about 1:1, thoron
daughters might represent a large fraction of the airborne  alpha
activity measured in houses.  Accordingly,  a study was organized
to   resolve   this   question.   Radon   and   thoron   daughter
concentrations  expressed  in  Working Levels were estimated by a
modified Kusnetz technique  (2  alpha  counts).  The  air  filter
samples were taken each morning in house basements as part of the
routine  survey.  Although the thorium activity is at least equal
to the uranium activity in  the  surface  environment  at  Elliot
Lake,  the  WL(Tn)  in  houses is insignificant compared with the
WL(Rn),  and the remedial action limit of 20 mWL(Rn).  Exceptions
to  this  may occur in commercial buildings where there are large
areas of unpainted concrete and poor ventilation,  and  in  those
few cases where the transit time of soil gas into the building is
so short that the thoron does not decay significantly in transit.
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0189
Gupta, K.C., Ulsamer, A.G., and Preuss, P.W. (1982)  "Formaldehyde
in indoor air: sources and toxicity", Environ.   Int., 8:349-358.

KEYWORD: CH2O,  home,  literature,  combustion,  health,  source

Formaldehyde,  a highly reactive gas  with  a  pungent  odor,  is
released  from a variety of sources,  including urea-formaldehyde
foam insulation, particle board, and plywood,  as well as various
combustion processes.  Under controlled conditions,   formaldehyde
causes eye and nasal irritation at  air  concentrations  of  0.24
mg/m3 and above.  Exposure, residential or occupational, has been
associated  with  eye,  nose,  and  throat irritation,  coughing,
wheezing, skin rashes, nausea,  and other symptoms.   Formaldehyde
is  a  sensitizer and is thought to be genotoxic.  Recent studies
indicate that formaldehyde is  also  a  carcinogen  in  rats  and
probably  in mice.  Formaldehyde is likely to pose a carcinogenic
risk to humans.
0400
Hagberg,  N.  (1985) "Some tests on measuring methods for  indoor
radon using activated charcoal", Sci. Total Environ. 45:417-423.

KEYWORD: radon, methodology, sampling,  laboratory, QA, personal,
exposure, monitor

Two  methods  have  been  tested  for  measuring   indoor   radon
concentrations using activated charcoal.  The first method is the
well-known  technique  with  direct gamma-ray measurements on the
exposed canister after the  sampling  period.  The  other  method
uses  a  thermoluminescence  dosimeter  placed  in  the  charcoal
canister,  giving an integrated value of the radon concentration.
Measurements  and   intercomparisons  with other integrating radon
instruments  were   performed  in  an   occupied   dwelling.   The
measurements performed show a standard deviation of less than 10%
for   all   exposure   periods.   This  accuracy  was  considered
sufficient for most cases.
0452
Halbert, M.K., Mazumder, M.K., and Bond, R.L.   (1981)  "Respirable
particulates  in household aerosols", Environ. Res.,  26:105-109.

KEYWORD: particulate, aerosol,home, laboratory,source, pesticide,
methodology

Optical  microscopy,   cascade   impaction,   and   single-particle
aerodynamic    relaxation-time    (SPART)  analysis  were   used   to
determine the size   spectra  of   five  common   household   aerosol
products.  Median   diameters  obtained   in  the microscopy  study


                              108

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agreed with those obtained in the SPART analysis;  values  ranged
from  0.74  to  1.22  um  in both studies.  Mass median diameters
obtained in the SPART analysis and in the cascade impaction study
showed less agreement.  Values for both  techniques  ranged  from
1.95  to  3.80  um with the exception of the oven cleaner,  which
yielded a mass median aerodynamic diameter  of  23.5  um  in  the
impaction study.


0250
Halpern,  Marc  (July 1978) "Indoor/outdoor air pollution exposure
continuity  relationships",  J.   Air  Pollut.   Control  Assoc.,
28(7):689-691.

KEYWORD: outdoor, Pb, particulate, methodology, exposure

The  relationships   between   indoor   and   outdoor   pollutant
concentrations  and  exposure  gradients  were evaluated using Pb
particulates as an index contaminant.  Pb was collected  using  a
serial  filtration  technique  and  analyzed by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry.  Significant differences were observed between
indoor and outdoor Pb  levels  and  between  indoor  and  outdoor
ratios  of the respirable and nonrespirable Pb particulates.  The
widely accepted  hypothesis  of  a  homeostatic  balance  between
indoor and outdoor pollutant levels was thus refuted.  Parameters
other  than  outdoor  pollutant  levels also determine indoor air
quality.


0607
Hammond,  S.K.,  Leaderer,  B.P.,  Roche,  A.C., and Schenker, M.
(1986)   "A  method  to  measure  exposure  to  passive  smoking",
Hochheiser,  S.,  and Jayanti,  R.K.M., Eds., "Proceedings of the
1986  EPA/APCA  symposium  on  the  measurement  of   toxic   air
pollutants",   EPA   600/9-86-013,   U.S.    EPA,   Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711,
pp. 16-24.  Not yet available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: personal, exposure, sampling, laboratory, field, office,
smoking, methodology, particulate, nicotine

Concerns  about  the  health  effects  of passive smoking and the
large segment of the population exposed to environmental  tobacco
smoke  (ETS)  have contributed to the need to develop a method to
measure exposure to ETS.  Because  tobacco  smoke  is  a  complex
mixture,  it  is  difficult to measure.  Nicotine was chosen as a
marker in these studies because, unlike other markers often used,
tobacco smoke is the only important source of nicotine.  Nicotine
was collected onto filters treated with sodium bisulfate;  it was
then  desorbed  and  analyzed by gas chromatography with nitrogen
selective detection.  This method can detect 1 ug nicotine/m3  in


                              109

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samples  collected  over  1  hour.  The  method  was tested in an
environmental chamber in which people smoked selected  brands  of
cigarettes.  The ambient nicotine concentrations were found to be
similar despite the fact that the cigarettes had varying nicotine
yields  in  the  mainstream  smoke.  The  ratio  of  nicotine  to
particulate matter in ETS was also  constant.  Nicotine  exposure
was measured using personal samples collected from office workers
in the ETS breathing zone;  it was found to be up to 28 ug/m3 ETS
an 8-hour workday.


0202
Handy,  R.W.,  et  al.    (1985)  "Standard  operating  procedures
employed  in  support of an exposure assessment study,  vol.  4",
U.S.  EPA,  Office of Research and  Development,  Washington,  DC
20460 (662 pages).  Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: TEAM, VOC, methodology, biomonitoring,  water, sampling,
QA, laboratory

This document sets forth the standard operating procedures  (SOPs)
that   were   used  to  support  the  Total  Exposure  Assessment
Methodology (TEAM) study.  The SOPs cover chemical  sampling  and
analyses  for volatile organic chemicals in personal air,   fixed-
site air,  human breath,  and drinking water samples.  The volume
also  discusses  procedures  for the preparation of data files on
chemical levels for statistical  analysis,  chain-of-custody  for
sample  management,  instrument  calibration,  and  log  notebook
maintenance.
0311
Hanrahan,  L.P.,  Anderson, H.A., Dally, K.A., Eckmann, A.D., and
Kana,  M.S.   (1985)  "Formaldehyde  concentrations  in  Wisconsin
mobile homes", J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 35(11):1164-1167.

KEYWORD: CH2O, temperature, seasonal, field, statistical, source,
home, exposure, architecture

Mobile  homes  rely  on  particle  board  and  hardwood   plywood
panelling   as   structural  components.   As  a  result,   these
prefabricated construction materials may emit  formaldehyde  into
the  home,  because  urea-formaldehyde  resins  are  used  as the
bonding agents in most pressed-wood stocks.  Indoor  formaldehyde
exposure  concentrations  were measured in 137 mobile homes.  The
homes  were  selected  based  on  the  estimated   age   of   the
construction  components  and were studied serially for 9 months.
Formaldehyde samples were obtained during monthly visits, using a
modified chromotropic acid procedure developed  by  the  National
Institute  for  Occupational  Safety  and  Health.   Formaldehyde
concentrations ranged from less than 0.10 ppm to 2.84 ppm, with a


                              110

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median of 0.39 ppm.  Analysis of variance was performed  on  each
home to determine the effects of visits and sampler location.  Of
the  homes,  89% showed no sampler-placement effects,  while only
10%  failed  to  demonstrate  between-visit   variance   effects.
Regression   models   were   constructed   to  predict  household
formaldehyde concentrations.  Concentrations exhibited an inverse
relationship with  the  age  of  the  construction  materials.  A
regression  model based on home age and temperature predicted 82%
of the formaldehyde variation.


0268
Hanrahan, L.P.,  Dally, K.A., Anderson, H.A., Kanarek, M.S.,  and
Rankin,  J.  (1984) "Formaldehyde vapor in mobile homes:  a cross
sectional survey of concentrations and irritant effects", Am.  J.
Public Health, 74(9):1026-1027.

KEYWORD: CH2O,  home,   health,  exposure,  architecture,    dose

In a study in Wisconsin,  65 owners of mobile  homes  volunteered
for  an  assessment  of  indoor formaldehyde gas;  61 teenage and
adult occupants  completed  health  questionnaires.  Formaldehyde
concentrations  ranged  from <0.10 to 0.80 ppm,  with the risk of
eye discomfort showing a positive dose-response relationship.


0386
Hanssen,  S.O.,  and Rodahl,  E.  (1984) "An office environment—
problems and  improvements",  Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall,  T.,  and
Sundell, J., Eds., "Indoor air, vol. 3, sensory and hyperactivity
reactions  to  sick  buildings",  Swedish  Council  for  Building
Research, Stockholm, pp. 303-307.  NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: health, ventilation, foreign, exposure,  CH2O, C02, SO2,
styrene, toluene, temperature, humidity, Norway, office

Employees  in  a  large office in Trondheim,  Norway,  complained
about headache, tiredness,  sickness,  allergic reactions in eyes
and  noses,  dry  skin,  respiratory diseases,  etc.,  which they
attributed  to  the  ventilating  system.   However,  preliminary
investigations  only  partially verified this assumption.  A more
extensive investigation was then conducted with the intention  of
eliminating the cause of the problem.


0643
Harley,  Naomi  H.,  and  Terilli,  Terence  B.  (1984)  "Factors
controlling indoor  radon  levels",  Institute  of  Environmental
Medicine,  New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
(29 pages).  NTIS DE84-012712.
                              Ill

-------
KEYWORD: statistical, track-etching, radon, home, model, outdoor,
ventilation, weather, exposure, QA, architecture, seasonal

This annual report to the U.S.  Department of  Energy  summarizes
the  progress  made during June 1983 to May 1984 in understanding
the factors which contribute to indoor  radon  levels.  Extensive
measurements were made in a two-story single family dwelling with
a  basement and in a 25-story apartment building with a basement.
Soil moisture, seasonal changes, diurnal cycles, ventilation, and
climatic conditions were monitored.  The data  were  compared  to
baseline  data  using  a  statistical software package.  Isolated
events  were  analyzed  manually.  Average  conditions  for  both
structures could be monitored.  In addition,  two types of track-
etching film did not give comparable results.  Reproducibility on
paired duplicates exposed in a radon calibration  room  was  also
poor.


0506
Harley,  Naomi H.,  and Altman,  Stuart M.   (1983) "Contract ACO2
EV10374:  Progress Report,  June 1,  1982 to May 31,  1983", U.S.
Department of Energy,  Washington,  DC  20585   (40  pages).  NTIS
DE83-013008.

KEYWORD: radon, field, home, outdoor, weather,  pressure,  model,
exposure

A   1-year  progress  report  describes  the  New  York  University
Medical Center Institute of  Environmental  Medicine  project  on
indoor   radon  variability  and   factors  that  may  affect  the
variability.   Data  are  collected  in  a  high-rise  apartment
building  and in a single-family dwelling.  The  effect  of  factors
such as outdoor radon variability  and  meteorological  parameters
 (temperature,  humidity, precipitation, wind direction  and speed,
and barometric pressure) on indoor radon variability  is examined.
Modeling of  indoor radon concentration has   started.  Apparently,
indoor  variability  is  highly dependent  on outdoor  variability.


0582
Harley, Naomi H.   (1985) "Comparing radon  daughter dosimetric and
risk models", Gammage, R.B.,  Kaye,  S.V., and Jacobs,  V.A.,   Eds.,
"Indoor  air and  human health",   Lewis Publishers,   Inc.,  P.O.
Drawer  519,  Chelsea, MI 48118, pp.  69-77.

KEYWORD: radon, exposure,dose,  risk, model,  health, epidemiology,
demographic,  literature, lung, miners

The basic data on  lung cancer mortality resulting   from  inhaling
short-lived  radon daughters  are obtained  from four large  studies
of underground miners.  The results of these studies,  which will


                               112

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not  be  complete  for perhaps another 20 years,  must be used to
project the lifetime risk to populations other than  miners.  The
alpha  dose  delivered  to the bronchial epithelium from inhaling
the short-lived daughters can  be  used  to  assess  the  effects
across populations,  because it is the dose that confers the lung
cancer risk.  Three major dosimetric models have  been  developed
by  the  National  Council  on  Radiation  Protection,  the  U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, and the International Commission
on Radiation Protection.  Three major risk projection models have
been developed to evaluate current environmental and occupational
exposures.  These dosimetric models and  risk  projection  models
are   critically   reviewed  with  respect  to  their  biological
integrity, and the reasons for their widely divergent results are
described.
0560
Harley, Naomi H., and Harley, John H. (1986) "Risk assessment for
environmental exposures to radon daughters", Environ. Int., 12(1-
4):39-43.

KEYWORD: radon, exposure, risk, health,  dose, statistical, model,
literature, lung, epidemiology, miners

Predicting the consequences  of  population  exposures  to  radon
daughters is based on experience with the high exposures and high
exposure  rates of underground miners.  Because lung cancer,  the
expected conseguence of exposure,  develops  late  in  life,  the
total  mortality has not been completely expressed in the various
mining groups.  While there is  general  agreement  on  the  lung
dosimetry,  predictions  of  lifetime risk by current models vary
significantly.  The  need  for  a  satisfactory  model  is  great
because  average  lifetime environmental exposures are about one-
tenth those shown to have caused excess lung  cancer  in  miners.
This paper reviews the published approaches to this modeling.


0721
Harris,  Curtis C.  (1985) "Future directions in the use  of  DNA
adducts  as  internal dosimeters for monitoring human exposure to
environmental  mutagens   and   carcinogens",   Environ.   Health
Perspect., 62:185-191.

KEYWORD: methodology, exposure, research,epidemiology,laboratory,
dose, health, cancer

Scientific  opportunities  generally  arise  when  two  or   more
research   areas  converge  and/or  methodology  advances.   This
occurred at the  turn  of  the  19th  century  in  the  field  of
infectious  bacterial  and  fungal  diseases.   Research  in  the
laboratory is now providing critical information on mechanisms of
                              113

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carcinogenesis,   as  well  as  new  technological  advancements,
including  those  in  immunology,   biochemistry,  and  molecular
biology.     Epidemiological    investigations    have    clearly
demonstrated   the   importance   of  environmental  exposure  to
carcinogens and have identified populations at high risk.  It  is
now practical to integrate laboratory determinations into classic
epidemiological  approaches.  Several  markers  —  for  example,
carcinogen - DNA adducts related to tumor initiation and  perhaps
to tumor conversion — are currently being evaluated.  Indicators
of  tumor  promotion  and  progression also need to be developed.
The  potential  of  biochemical  and  molecular  epidemiology  to
predict  cancer  risk  in  an individual before there is clinical
evidence provides an exciting new opportunity in cancer  research
and prevention.


0680
Hart, Ronald W., Terturro, Angelo,  and Neimeth,  Lorraine,  Eds.
(1984)  "Report  on  the  consensus  workshop  on  formaldehyde",
Environ. Health Persp., 58:323-381.

KEYWORD: epidemiology,  dose, CH2O, research, literature, health,
exposure, risk

The Consensus Workshop  on  Formaldehyde  representing  academia,
government,   industry,  and  public  interest  groups  addressed
important toxicological questions concerning health effects.  The
participants,  and the  Executive  Panel  which  coordinated  the
meeting,  were chosen through a broadly based nomination process.
The   subcommittees   considered   the   toxicological   problems
associated   with   formaldehyde   in   the  areas  of  exposure,
epidemiology, carcinogenicity-histology-genotoxicity, immunology-
sensitization-irritation,    structural    activity-biochemistry-
metabolism,    reproduction-teratology,   behavior-neurotoxicity-
psychology,  and risk estimation.  Questions considered  included
the  possible  human carcinogenicity of formaldehyde,  as well as
other human health effects,  and the interpretation of  pathology
induced  by  formaldehyde.   These  reports,   plus  introductory
material on the procedures  used  in  setting  up  the  Consensus
Workshop,  are  presented,  along with a listing of the data base
available to the panel chairman prior to the meeting and  to  the
participants  during the meeting.  The data base was supplemented
by  information  brought  by  the  panelists.  In  addition,  the
workshop  developed  a  consensus  concerning  a  number of major
points in formaldehyde toxicology  and  identified  a  number  of
major gaps in the understanding.


0073
Hartwell,  T.D.,  Zelon,  H.S.,  Leininger,  C.C., Clayton, C.A.,
Crowder,  J.H.,  and Pellizzari,  E.D.  (Aug.  1984) "Comparative


                              114

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statistical  analysis  for  volatile  halocarbons  in  indoor and
outdoor air", Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J.,  Eds.,
"Indoor  air,  vol.  4,  chemical  characterization  and personal
exposure", Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm,  pp.
56-61.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: VOC, halocarbon, statistical, outdoor, field, EPA$

Matched pairs of overnight indoor and outdoor ambient air samples
were  collected  in three areas—Greensboro,  NC (November 1980),
Baton Rouge/Geismar,  LA  (January 1981),  and Houston,  TX  (June
1981)—for  the  purpose  of measuring human exposure to volatile
halocarbons.  The methods for collecting and chemically analyzing
these data have been described previously (See  Pellizzari,  BLIS
#107).  The paper presents a detailed statistical analysis of the
data.  The  following  outdoor  and  indoor  matched samples were
available: Greensboro (20), Baton Rouge/Geismar (27), and Houston
(11).  The outdoor samples were collected from the  backyards  of
respondents  who  gave  indoor  readings using personal monitors.
Preliminary  analysis  presented  here   is   for   12   volatile
halocarbons  that had a sufficient number of samples detected for
meaningful statistical analysis.


0117
Hartwell,  T.D.,  et  al.  (Jan.  1984) "Study of carbon monoxide
exposure to residents of Washington,  DC  and  Denver,  Colorado,
Part I",  U.S.  EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (210 pages).  NTIS PB84-183516.

KEYWORD: CO,  methodology,  distribution,  biomonitoring,  field,
personal, exposure, monitor, activity, EPA$

A  study  was  conducted in 1982-83 to evaluate a methodology for
measuring the distribution of CO exposures with respect to  daily
activities  in  an  urban  area.  CO concentrations were measured
with  personal  exposure  monitors  (PEMs).   The  study  involved
telephone  screening  of  households and selecting respondents in
the metropolitan areas in and around Denver, CO,  and Washington,
DC.  CO breath levels also were collected in Washington, DC.  The
target    population    in   both   cities   consisted   of   the
noninstitutionalized,  nonsmoking adults between the ages  of  18
and 70 years.  Estimates of CO exposure for the winter of 1982-83
in Washington,  DC, were obtained using the data base constructed
from the raw CO levels and  corresponding  activities.  The  data
consisted   of   hourly   CO   values,   activity  patterns  with
corresponding CO levels, and CO breath measurements corresponding
to the PEM CO data.  The population distribution of  exposure  is
compared to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for CO.
                              115

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0076
Hartwell, T.D.,  Perritt,  R.L.,  Zelon,  H.S.,  Whitmore,  R.W.,
Pellizzari,  E.D.,  and Wallace,  L.  (Aug.  1984) "Comparison of
indoor and outdoor levels  for  air  volatiles  in  New  Jersey",
Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T.,  and Sundell, J., Eds.  "Indoor air,
vol. 4, chemical characterization and personal exposure", Swedish
Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp.  81-85.  NTIS PB85-
104214.

KEYWORD: VOC,  field, outdoor,  statistical,  sampling, personal,
exposure, monitor, home, EPA$

As part of  the  Total  Exposure  Assessment  Methodology   (TEAM)
study,  matched  pairs of overnight indoor  (personal monitor) and
outdoor  (fixed-site monitor) ambient air samples  were  collected
from 85 study participants in Bayonne and Elizabeth, NJ, in 1981.
These   samples   were  analyzed  for  several  volatile  organic
compounds.  In general,  for  all  the  compounds  examined,  the
percent  detected  and  the  concentrations  were  higher for the
overnight indoor samples.  Furthermore, the Spearman correlations
between the indoor and outdoor levels were  less than 0.50 for all
compounds examined.


0727
Hartwell, T.D., Clayton, C.A., Michie, R.M.  Jr., Whitmore, R.W.,
Zelon,  H.S.,  and  Whitehurst,  D.A.   (1984)  "Study  of   carbon
monoxide exposures of residents of Washington,  D.C",  Paper  no.
84-121.4,  presented  at  the  77th  annual  meeting   of  the Air
Pollution Control Association,  P.O.  Box   2861,  Pittsburgh,   PA
15230  (18 pages).

KEYWORD: CO, personal, home,  outdoor, microenvironment,  exposure,
methodology,source,combustion,smoking,statistical,vehicle,field

A   CO   survey  was conducted in Washington,   DC,   and Denver,  CO,
during the winter of  1982-83.  The  population  exposure   profiles
were    determined   by   use  of  statistical  inference from   a
statistically  drawn sample.   The study  provided sufficent data  to
determine   exposure   as  a  function  of  concentrations   within
significant  microenvironments   (home,    in-transit,   work,  and
leisure) and  individual  activity patterns.   This  paper  describes
the  sampling   in  Washington and Denver,   and the  field work and
analysis of Washington  results.


0699
Harving,   H.,  Korsgaard, J.,  Dahl,  R.,  Pedersen,  O., and Molhave,
L.   (1986)   "Low   concentrations  of   formaldehyde  in  bronchial
asthma:  a study  of  exposure  under  controlled conditions",   Brit.
Med.  J.  reprint (3 pages).


                               116

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KEYWORD: CH2O,    health,     lung,      laboratory,     exposure

In this study  of  the  effect  of  formalydehyde  on  the  lower
bronchial  airways  of  hyper-responsive subjects,  15 nonsmoking
volunteers  (mean  age  25) were exposed to 0.0,  0.12,  and 0.85
mg/m3  formaldehyde,   concentrations  similar  to  those   found
indoors.  The  experiments  were  conducted  in  a  double  blind
randomized fashion.  In the group as a whole,  lung functions did
not  change  significantly  after exposures.  Histamine challenge
tests  performed   immediately   after   exposure   were   highly
reproducible  and  unaffected  by  exposure to formaldehyde.  The
study concludes that low concentrations  of  formaldehyde,  while
known to irritate the upper repiratory tract and mucous membrane,
are of minor importance in development of pulmonary symptoms.


0025
Hasanen, E., Pohjola, V., Pyysalo, H., and Wickstrom,  K.   (1984)
"Polycyclic  aromatic  hydrocarbons  in Finnish sauna air",  Sci.
Total Environ., 37:223-231.

KEYWORD: PAH, benzo-a-pyrene,  benzo-a-anthracene,  smoke,  wood,
exposure, source, foreign, Finland

The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)  in
the  air  of  three  types  of wood-heated saunas in Finland were
studied.  The highest concentrations  were  found  in  the  smoke
sauna   (total  PAH  170  to 1550 ug/m3,  benzo(a)pyrene 4.6 to 20
ug/m3),  the second highest in the preheated sauna  (total PAH  50
to 90 ug/m3,  benzo(a)pyrene 3.4 to 4.5 ug/m3), and the lowest in
the sauna heated by continuous burning  of  wood  (total  PAH  25
ug/m3,  benzo(a)pyrene less than 0.1 ug/m3).  The results clearly
indicate that regular bathing in the smoke and  preheated  saunas
increases  the intake of PAH compounds (e.g.,  benzo(a)pyrene and
benzo(a)anthracene).


0493
Hawthorne,  A.R.,  Gammage,  R.B.,  and Dudney,  C.S.  (1986) "An
indoor air quality study of 40 East  Tennessee  homes",  Environ.
Int., 12(1-4):221-239.

KEYWORD: radon, track-etch, exposure, field, source,  laboratory,
microenvironment, architecture, home

This paper presents the results of radon monitoring  in  40  east
Tennessee  homes  that  were  a  component  of  a larger study to
evaluate indoor air quality.  During two 3-month studies, passive
integrating track-etch monitors were used  in  each  home.  In  a
subset  of  homes,  a  real-time  monitor  that  provided  hourly


                              117

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readings  also was used.  About 30% of the homes had radon levels
greater  than  4  picoCuries/liter.  Homes  with  elevated  radon
levels were associated with local variations in geology, and most
of  the  homes  having  higher levels were on the porous dolomite
ridge partially surrounding Oak Ridge, TN.


0241
Hawthorne, A.R., Gammage, R.B., Dudney, C.S., Matthews, T.G., and
Erdman, D.J.,  (1984) "Formaldehyde levels in forty East-Tennessee
homes",  Oak Ridge National Laboratory,  Oak Ridge,  TN 37831  (7
pages).  NTIS DE84-016672/XAB.

KEYWORD: CH20, home, outdoor, exposure, source, microenvironment,
temperature, monitoring, field, architecture

Formaldehyde  (CH2O) levels were measured extensively in  40  east
Tennessee  homes  as  part  of a larger indoor air quality study.
Measurements were made with passive,  integrating monitors for  a
period  of  24  hours  in three rooms of each house and outdoors.
Monthly measurements of this type were made in the  study  houses
from  April  through mid-December of 1982.  Over 6,000 CH2O  field
measurements  were   made.   Older   houses   averaged   40   ppb
formaldehyde, while houses less then 5 years old averaged 80 ppb.
Formaldehyde   levels   exhibited   a  statistically  significant
temperature dependence in most  homes  with  CH2O  concentrations
greater than  80 ppb, particularly in homes with urea-formaldehyde
foam  insulation.
0134
Hawthorne, A.R., et al.  (Dec.  1984) "An indoor air quality study
of 40 East Tennessee homes",  Oak Ridge National Laboratory,  Oak
Ridge, TN 37831  (100 pages).  NTIS DE85-007087/LL.

KEYWORD: NO2,NOx, CH2O,VOC, particulate, radon, home, CO,  source,
ventilation,combustion,design,monitoring,appliance,architecture

This  report  presents   the  study  design  and   implementation,
monitoring  protocols,   and  a complete set of the data collected
during the project.  For 1 year, indoor air pollutants  (CO,  NO2,
formaldehyde,  volatile  organics,  particulates,  and radon) were
measured in 40 homes   in east  Tennessee.  The  houses  were  of
various  ages  with  different  types  of insulation and heating.
During the study,  older houses averaged 0.04  ppm  formaldehyde,
while  houses less than  5 years old averaged 0.08 ppm  (P < 0.01).
The highest concentration of formaldehyde measured was  0.4 ppm in
a new home.  Diurnal and seasonal  fluctuations  in  formaldehyde
levels  in  some homes   were  as  much as twofold and  threefold,
respectively.    The  concentration  in  indoor  air  of    various
organics was at  least  10-fold higher than in outdoor air.  CO and


                              118

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NOx  concentrations were usually <2 and <0.02 ppm,  respectively,
except when gas stoves or kerosene space heaters were  operating,
or  when  a car was running in the garage.  In 30% of the houses,
the annual indoor guideline for radon,  4 pico curies/liter,  was
exceeded.  The mean radon level in ridgeline houses was more than
twice  that  of valley houses.  Operation of the central duct fan
had the most impact on radon infiltration.


0627
Hawthorne, Alan R.  (1985),  "Indoor air quality:  a researcher's
perspective", Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831.
DE85 061251  (6 pages).

KEYWORD: CH2O, CO, energy, smoking, health, home,  microorganism,
outdoor, NO2, odor, regulation, radon, research, VOC, combustion

The  history,  policy  implications,   and  important  pollutants
associated  with indoor air are presented for the layperson.  The
government's approaches to addressing the problem of outdoor  air
pollution  and indoor air pollution are compared.  The pollutants
addressed include  radon,  CO,  N02,  cigarette  smoke,  volatile
organic compounds, formaldehyde, and microorganisms.  The effects
of  energy  conservation  measures are also discussed.  The paper
concludes by calling for research into  phenomenological  aspects
of indoor air pollution.


0524
Hawthorne, Alan R., and Matthews, Thomas G. (1984) "Formaldehyde:
an important indoor pollutant",  Oak  Ridge  National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge,  TN 37831 (8 pages).  NTIS DE84-012331.

KEYWORD: CH2O, literature, control,  health,  source, home,  VOC,
exposure, multipollutant

This   paper   highlights   the   important  issues  relating  to
formaldehyde and indoor air quality,  including  health  effects,
sources,  impact  of environmental parameters,  typical levels in
residences,   and  possible  remedial  measures.   Other  organic
pollutants are also mentioned briefly.


0636
Hayes,  S.R.,  Seigneur,  C.,  and  Lundberg,  G.W.   (Aug.  1984)
"Numerical modeling of ozone population exposure:  an application
to a comparison of alternative ozone standards",  API Publication
no.   4400,  American  Petroleum  Institute, 1220 "L"   St.   NW,
Washington, DC 20005 (98 pages).

KEYWORD: 03, methodology, QA, research, NEM, distribution, model,
regulation, exposure,  NAAQS, QA

                              119

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This  study investigates an alternative methodology for assessing
03 population exposure,  under conditions characteristic  of  the
attainment  of alternative National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS) for O3.  Los Angeles data were used  to  test  the  NAAQS
Exposure  Model  (NEM)  with the Urban Airshed Model (ASM).   This
NEM/ASM technique is  efficient  and  more  accurate  than  EPA's
linear rollback method.  NEM/ASM could be applied directly to the
NEM  data  bases for other cities.  Several other NEM refinements
are possible.


0745
Hayward, S.B., Sexton, K., and Webber,  L.M.  (1984) "Application
of  automated  particle analysis to indoor source apportionment",
Paper no.  84-33.8,  presented at the 77th annual meeting of  the
Air Pollution Control Association, P.O.  Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA
15230,  (19 pages).

KEYWORD: methodology, source, particulate, home, office, aerosol,
outdoor, sample, monitoring, multipollutant

This paper outlines the deficiencies of bulk chemical analysis in
source apportionment methods and how these can be overcome by the
automated application of electron microscopy with  dispersive  x-
ray  analysis.  Automated  particle analysis (APA)  is applied to
the  source-receptor  modeling   method,   which   uses   ambient
measurements and data on individual emission sources to apportion
contributions  from various emission categories.  The feasibility
and suitability of using source-receptor techniques to  apportion
indoor  aerosols have not been established.  This paper discusses
indoor monitoring results which indicate that APA  holds  promise
for  apportioning  at  least some of the particles found indoors.
The  authors  cover  sampling,   sample  preparation,   automated
electron microscopy,  x-ray spectral processing,  and the results
in the form of particle classification.


0639
Helsing,  Knud  J.,  and  Chapa,  Thomas  J.  (1986) "A follow-up
investigation of the health status of eighth  grade  students  in
three  middle schools of Washington County,  as reported by their
parents",   Johns  Hopkins  Training  Center  for  Public  Health
Research, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205 (19 pages).

KEYWORD: health, architecture, control, source,  school,  energy,
ventilation, demographic

Substantial ventilation improvements were made in this school, as
recommended  by  the  original  study  (BLIS #638).  A year later,
both health complaints and signs of ill health  at  the  Northern
                              120

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Middle School in Hagerstown, MD, had declined to level near those
of   two   similar  schools.   Continued  attention  to  adequate
ventilation seems essential.
0183
Helsing, K.J., Comstock, G.W.,  Meyer,  M.B.,  and Tockman,  M.L.
(1982)  "Respiratory  effects  of  household exposures to tobacco
smoke and gas cooking on nonsmokers", Environ. Int., 8:365-370.

KEYWORD: combustion, source,  particulate, smoking, health, lung,
demographic, literature, statistical, appliance

The records of 708 nonsmoking white adult residents of Washington
County,  MD,  who  had participated in two studies of respiratory
symptoms were analyzed to evaluate the  effects  of  exposure  at
home  to  two potential sources of indoor air pollution:  passive
smoking and gas cooking.  After adjustment  for  the  effects  of
age, sex, socioeconomic level, occupational exposure to dust, and
years of residence in the household,  the presence of one or more
smokers in the household was only suggestively associated with  a
higher  frequency  of  chronic  phlegm  and  impaired ventilatory
function.  Gas cooking was associated with a significantly higher
frequency of chronic  cough  and  with  a  significantly  greater
percentage of impaired ventilatory function.


0181
Hernandez,  Thomas L.,  and Ring,  James W.   (1982) "Indoor radon
source  fluxes:  experimental  tests  of  a  two-chamber  model",
Environ.  Int., 8:45-47.

KEYWORD: radon, model, source,  home,  architecture, ventilation,
laboratory

Modeling houses as two coupled chambers,  namely, the living area
and the basement, predicts more accurately the total indoor radon
source  emissions  flux  from  building  materials  and  geologic
sources  than  a one-chamber model in houses with disparate radon
concentrations.   Three  regional  surveys   found   mean   radon
concentration  ratios  between  basement and living area to range
from 1.4 to 4.2,  implying weak  interchamber  coupling  in  most
cases.  The invariability of second-order system parameters under
steady infiltration but different initial conditions confirms the
adequacy  of the two-chamber model.  Presence of a characteristic
source flux was detected within the basements of two  houses,  in
one  case  across different infiltration,  coupling,  and initial
conditions.  One-chamber models fit  to  two-chamber  tracer  gas
data  in  one house show a source flux variation of a factor of 6
across changing  coupling,  while  the  two-chamber  source  flux
variation  factor  was  1.5.  Much  of  the  apparent one-chamber
                              121

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living-area source flux in these  cases  is  variable  convective
radon  flux  from  the  basement.  The technique is not sensitive
enough  to  detect  living-area  source  fluxes  if  either   the
interchamber  coupling  is  strong or the basement source flux is
substantially larger.


0159
Hess,   C.T.,   Weiffenbach,   C.V.,  and  Norton,  S.A.   (1982)
"Variations of  airborne  and  waterborne  Rn-222  in  houses  in
Maine", Environ.  Int., 8:59-66.

KEYWORD: radon, ventilation,activity, field, water, source, home,
 track-etching, exposure, activity

Concentrations of airborne radon ranging from 0.05  to  135  pico
Curies/liter were found in houses in Maine.  Track-etch cups were
placed  in five positions for 100 houses from October 1980 to May
1981 to determine integrated  average  radon  concentrations.  To
investigate the association between elevated radon concentrations
in well water and indoor airborne radon concentrations, the radon
in  the  water  supplies  of  these houses was measured by liquid
scintillation.  Monitors of  airborne  radon,  recording  at  10-
minute  intervals for 5 to 7 days,  were used for dynamic studies
in 18  houses  to  determine  the  component  of  airborne  radon
associated with major water uses  (such as showers,  laundry,  and
dishwashing),  which liberate radon bursts.  Residents kept  logs
noting  the  time  of major water usage.  For some of the houses,
ventilation rates ranging from 0.3 to 2 air changes per hour were
determined by  analyzing  the  dynamic  data.  The  component  of
airborne  radon  associated  with  water sources varied inversely
with  ventilation  rate  and  directly  with   waterborne   radon
concentration.
0468
Hess,  C.T., Fleischer, R.L., and Turner, L.G.  (1985) "Field and
laboratory tests of etched track detectors for 222Rn:  summer-vs-
winter variations and tightness effects in Maine houses",  Health
Phys., 49(1):65-79.

KEYWORD: radon, field, seasonal, monitoring, energy, ventilation,
home, source,  methodology, exposure

Effects of tightness of homes and of bedrock character on  indoor
radon-222  concentrations  were  studied  in 70 homes in Maine by
means  of  four  6-  to  8-month-long  surveys  over  1.5  years.
Laboratory  experiments  were  also  performed  to  document  the
reliability  of   the   track-etching   system   used   for   the
measurements.   In this survey,  the radon in tight homes averaged
3.5 times that in drafty ones,  and homes located in  areas  with
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granitic  bedrock  had  2.3 times the radon as homes on chlorite-
biotite-rich bedrock.  Winter-to-summer ratios ranged from 0.5 to
7,  and averaged 1.5,  implying that surveys of individual  homes
require a full year of monitoring.


0536
Hess, C.  Thomas, Weiffenbach, Conrad, and Nyberg, Phillip (1983)
"Integrated radon data from dwellings in Maine and Texas", Health
Phys., 45:428-432.

KEYWORD: radon, home, design, field, methodology,  source, water,
distribution, sampling, exposure, architecture

A preliminary analysis is presented of radon-222 surveys made  in
the summer and fall of 1980 in Houston,  TX, and in the late fall
and winter of 1980-81 in several communities  in  central  Maine.
Approximately 100 dwellings were surveyed in each area during the
season  when  houses  are  most  likely  to  be closed to control
temperature.  The primary objectives of the surveys were  to  (1)
develop  baseline  data  on  the  distribution  of  indoor  radon
concentrations in the two areas,  (2)  determine  the  extent  of
spatial variations within dwellings,  (3) add to the understanding
of   source   mechanisms,   and   (4)  evaluate  the  utility  and
practicality  of  various  air-sampling  strategies.   With   the
exception of four previously sampled structures in Maine,  houses
were selected for study with no direct  knowledge  of  the  radon
content  of the indoor air.  The majority of the Maine houses had
previously been involved in a survey  of  radon-222  in  drinking
water,  and  an effort was made to span the range of values noted
in that project.  The dwellings reflected the prevalent  building
styles  in  the two areas.  Single-story slab-on-grade houses and
two- or three-story apartment buildings  predominated  in  Texas,
while  two-story wood frame houses with full or partial basements
were most common in Maine.  Questionnaires regarding a number  of
housing  characteristics were administered during the study,  the
results of which will be used in subsequent analyses.


0589
Higgins, Millicent W. (1985) "Critical review of the relationship
between passive exposure to cigarette smoke  and  cardiopulmonary
disease",  Gammage,  R.B.,  Kaye,  S.V.,  and Jacobs, V.A., Eds.,
"Indoor air and  human  health",  Lewis  Publishers,  Inc.,  P.O.
Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI 48118, pp. 241-256.

KEYWORD: smoking, lung, epidemiology, methodology, exposure,  QA,
health

Nonmalignant  pulmonary  diseases  and   conditions   have   been
associated   with   passive   exposure   to  cigarette  smoke  in
                              123

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epidemiological and clinical studies.  Evaluating these  findings
is  difficult  because  evidence  is  inadequate  and results are
inconsistent;  measures of  passive  smoking  have  usually  been
derived  from available information on smoking habits of parents,
spouses,   or  other  associates  of  nonsmokers.   Consequently,
further  well-designed  studies  of  cardiopulmonary  disease and
passive smoking are needed,  and they should include more precise
objective measures of exposure.


0007
Hijazi, N., Chai, R., Amster, M.,  and Duffee,  R.  (1983) "Indoor
organic  contaminants in energy-efficient buildings",  Frederick,
Edward R., et al., Eds., "Proceedings of the specialty conference
on measurement and monitoring of noncriteria (toxic)  contaminants
in air,  held in March of 1983  ",  Publication  no.   SP-50,  Air
Pollution  Control Association,  P.O.  Box 2861,  Pittsburgh,  PA
15230, pp. 471-477.

KEYWORD: energy, ventilation,,office,architecture,CH2O, nicotine,
NH3, NOx, ketone, acetamide, amine, pyridine

This  report  outlines  the  findings  of study of indoor organic
contaminants in an energy-efficient building.  The study  used  a
portable  mass  spectrometer   (SCIEX TAGA 3000) capable of direct
analysis  of  head  space  and  air  bag  samples without further
extraction or processing.  Degassing products from  construction,
insulation,  furniture, and decorative materials were determined,
and grab air bag samples were collected  from  various  locations
within  the  building  and  from  the  exhaust  and intake of the
ventilation system.  The results indicated that numerous  organic
contaminants were being released from the materials as well as by
human activity within the building.  The following chemicals were
selected  for  semiquantitative  analysis:  ethyl  amine,  propyl
amine,  butyl amine,  pyridine,  methyl  pyridine,  methyl  vinyl
ketone, methylbutyl ketone, dimethyl acetamide, nicotine, pyruvic
acid,  and  lactic  acid.  The  concentrations  varied  with  the
sampling location within the building.  The  exhaust  and  intake
grab  samples  showed  significant re-entrainment of the detected
chemicals.
0160
Hildingson,  O.   (1982) "Radon  measurements  in  12,000  Swedish
homes", Environ.  Int., 8(1-6):67-70.

KEYWORD: radon,Sweden,microenvironment,home,exposure,ventilation,
source,track-etching,methodology,regulation,foreign,architecture

Radon  daughter levels were monitored in 12,000 Swedish dwellings
in 1980-81.  In 1979, the Swedish government introduced temporary
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limits  for the radon daughter  concentration  in  dwellings.  For
existing buildings,  this  limit  is 400 Becquerels  (Bq)/m3 or 0.11
Working Levels  (WL).  Two  methods  were  used  to  monitor  radon
daughter  concentration.   Most of the houses were monitored using
a track-etch detector; some houses were monitored using a filter-
sampling technique  while the  ventilation  rate  was  determined.
Close   to  15%  of  the  investigated houses had a radon daughter
concentration higher than  400   Bq/m3.  Most  of  the  high-level
houses  were  one-family   houses;  almost 10% of this group had a
concentration above 1,000  Bq/m3  (0.27 WL).  This study shows that
the two most  important   sources  for  radon  in  buildings  are
building materials  and the ground.


0604
Hochheiser,   Seymour,   and   Jayanti,   R.K.M.,   Eds.,   (1986)
"Proceedings of the 1986 EPA/APCA symposium on the measurement of
toxic air pollutants", EPA 600/9-86-013, U.S.  EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems  Laboratory,   Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711
(907  pages).  Not  yet  available   from  NTIS.  (In  press,  Air
Pollution  Control  Association,  P.O.  Box 2861,  Pittsburgh,  PA
15230.)

KEYWORD: VOC, exposure,methodology,  research, outdoor,  home, QA,
office, multipollutant, wood , source

A  conference  co-sponsored  by   the   Air   Pollution   Control
Association and EPA's Environmental  Monitoring Systems Laboratory
was  held  in  Raleigh,  NC,  April  27-30,  1986.  The technical
program consisted   of  95  presentations,  held  in  10  separate
sessions,  on  the  recent advances for measuring and monitoring
toxic   and  other   contaminants  found  in  ambient  and   source
atmospheres.  Presentations  included:  (1) measurement of indoor
toxic air contaminants;  (2) measurement  of  semi  volatile  and
volatile organic pollutants in ambient air;  (3) chemometrics and
environmental  data  analysis;   (4)  acidic  deposition-nitrogen
species  methods  comparison study;  (5) measurement of hazardous
waste emissions;  (6) measurement of wood  stove  emissions;  (7)
source  monitoring;  and   (8)  general  papers related to quality
assurance and particulate  measurements.


0381
Hoek, G., Brunekreef, B.,  Meijer,  R.,  and Scholten,  A.  (1984)
"Indoor  NO2  and  respiratory   symptoms  of Rotterdam children",
Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and  Sundell,  J.,  Eds., "Indoor air,
vol.  3,  sensory and hyperactivity  reactions to sick buildings",
Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm,   pp.  227-232.
NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: NO2, health,  exposure,  children, foreign, Netherlands,
QA,  lung

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The  relationship  between  indoor  N02  exposure and respiratory
symptoms of school children was investigated  in  a  case-control
study.   No   association   was  found  between  indoor  N02  and
respiratory symptoms.  The study population appeared to have been
highly mobile in  the  past,  making  it  impossible  to  furnish
reliable  estimates  of  historical  exposure.   Therefore,   the
results do not disprove the possibility of an association between
indoor N02 exposure and respiratory symptoms.


0418
Hoffman, Mary (May 1986) "Bibliography on indoor radon", IMSD/86-
002, U.S.  EPA,  Information Services and Library, Washington,  DC
20460 (100 pages).  Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: radon,  model, source, home, control, methodology, water,
personal, health, exposure, ventilation, literature, EPA$

Citations for this  bibliography  were  compiled  from  pertinent
online  data  bases  and  selected  because of their relevance to
EPA's radon program.  The bibliography focuses  on  indoor  radon
pollution  problems  and  is organized according to the following
major topics:  (1) general articles on  radon,   (2)  contributing
factors,  (3)  ventilation  and  energy efficiency,  (4) radon in
water,   (5)  measurement  and  modeling,  (6)  mitigation  of  the
problem,  and (7) health effects of radon.  Many of the citations
have descriptive abstracts,  and an appendix lists  contacts  for
further information.
0365
Hoffmann,  D.,  Brunnemann,  K.D.,  Adams,  J.D., and Haley, N.J.
(1984) "Indoor air pollution by tobacco smoke:  model studies  on
the  uptake  by nonsmokers",  Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall,  T.,  and
Sundell, J., Eds., "Indoor air, vol.  2, radon,  passive smoking,
particulates  and  housing  epidemiology",  Swedish  Council  for
Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 313-318.  NTIS PB85-104198.

KEYWORD: CO,  HCN,  NOx,  CH2O,  nicotine,  particulate, smoking,
exposure, biomonitoring

For  a  small  room (16 m3) continuously polluted with sidestream
smoke from two, three, or four cigarettes,  the highest pollution
levels recorded  were:  CO,  25  ppm;  NOx,  0.91  ppm;  hydrogen
cyanide, 56 ug/m3;  formaldehyde, 1.6 ug/m3; nicotine, 288 ug/m3;
and particulate matter,  4,600 ug/m3.  During each  session,  the
nonsmokers stayed in the room for 80 minutes.  Saliva, blood, and
urine  samples were collected before,  during,  and 5 hours after
exposure  and  were  analyzed   for   nicotine,   cotinine,   and
thiocyanate.  Blood was analyzed also for carboxyhemoglobin.  The


                              126

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highest  levels  of  nicotine  or  cotinine  in the physiological
fluids of the nonsmokers did not exceed 3% of the mean per person
recorded  for  450  smokers  of  more  than  20   cigarettes/day.
Nitrosoproline  in  urine  serves  as an indicator for endogenous
nitrosamine formation on exposure to  nitrosating  agents.  First
data  after  exposure  to passive smoke do not indicate increased
urinary excretion of nitrosoproline.


0135
Holland,  David  M.   (Aug.  1983)  "CO levels in microenvironment
types in four U.S.  cities", U.S.  EPA,  Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park, NC 27711  (30 pages).
Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: personal, exposure, monitor,  vehicle,  interior, field,
CO, outdoor, microenvironment, EPA$

Portable monitors were used to measure time-averaged   (10  to  30
minutes)  personal  exposures  to  CO.  Data  were collected from
January through March 1981 in four cities where ambient CO levels
in excess of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)  have
been reported:  Stamford,  CT,  Los Angeles, CA, Phoenix, AZ, and
Denver,  CO.  In each city,  personal exposures were measured  in
three   common   microenvironments    (indoor,    commuting,   and
residential driving) near fixed stations monitoring  ambient  CO.
Measurements  recorded  at urban and urban-residential monitoring
stations (excluding one station in Stamford) underrepresented the
time-weighted mean of commuting and residential driving exposures
by factors of 0.4  to  0.7.  Fixed  monitoring  stations  in  Los
Angeles, Phoenix, and one station in Stamford overrepresented the
time-weighted  mean of indoor exposures by factors of 1.1 to 1.3.
However,  in  Denver  and  another  station  in  Stamford,  urban
stations underrepresented the mean of indoor exposures by factors
of  0.4  to  0.8.  Regressing  personal  exposures  on concurrent
fixed-site concentrations for all  recorded  values  revealed  no
conclusive linear relationships.


0006
Holland,  David,  and  Mage,  David  T.  (1983)  "Carbon monoxide
concentrations in four cities during the winter  of  1981",  U.S.
EPA,   Environmental  Monitoring  Systems  Laboratory,   Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711 (74 pages).  NTIS PB83-224907.

KEYWORD: CO, field, vehicle, interior, outdoor,personal,exposure,
microenvironment, monitor, EPA$

Field studies are described covering time-averaged exposures  (10
to 30 minutes) to CO in Los Angeles, CA, Phoenix, AZ,  Denver, CO,
and Stamford,   CT, in the winter of 1980-81.  Technicians carried
                              127

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personal exposure  monitors  in  three  common  microenvironments
(indoors,  commuting,  and  residential  driving)  to  record the
actual exposures people receive.  The  highest  indoor  exposures
were  observed  in  Denver (arithmetic mean of 6.1 ppm),  and the
highest commuting and residential driving exposures were recorded
in  Los  Angeles  (11.4   ppm   and   7.6   ppm,   respectively).
Relationships  between personal exposures and simultaneous fixed-
station measurements were not linear.
0661
Hollowell, Craig, D., and Miksch, Robert R.  (Dec. 1981) "Sources
and concentrations of organic compounds in indoor  environments",
Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med., 57(10):962-977.

KEYWORD: source, exposure,  EPA$, C02, humidity,  combustion,  CO,
CH20, radon, NO2, particulate, VOC, energy, home, ventilation

This  paper  discusses  the  sources  and  indoor   and   outdoor
concentrations   of   formaldehyde  and  other  volatile  organic
compounds.  Outdoor sources  include  industries,  vehicles,  and
organisms.   Indoor   sources   include  building  and  furniture
materials, appliances, water,  smoking,  human metabolism,  and a
wide   variety   of  household  consumer  products.   Health  and
regulatory issues are reviewed,  and possible  control  measures,
such as ventilation, are suggested.


0383
Holmberg,   Kenneth   (1984)  "Mould  growth  inside   buildings",
Berglund,  B.,   Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds., "Indoor air,
vol.  3,  sensory and hyperactivity reactions to sick buildings",
Swedish Council  for Building Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  253-256.
NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: microorganism,exposure,methodology,sampling, particulate

Mold growth inside buildings merits study both in its  own  right
as  a natural phenomenon,  and because it easily becomes airborne
and might pose a health  problem  for  certain  individuals.  The
numbers  and  types of airborne mycoflora inside buildings  depend
on  air  exchange  with  the  outside  and  the  presence   of  an
endogenous  mold population.  Without  intramural  mold sources,
indoor mold spore levels,  to a  major  degree,  reflect  outdoor
levels.  Endogenous  mold  growth  may  significantly  change the
types of mold present or their  concentrations.  Indoor  sampling
efforts confront an array of problems.  An accurate assessment of
the  total  mold exposure inside buildings requires refinement in
the sampling procedures  to  avoid  inadequacies  of  traditional
approaches.
                               128

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0471
Holub,  R.F.,   et  al.   (1985)  "Radon-222  and  222Rn  progeny
concentrations  measured  in  an  energy-efficient house equipped
with a heat exchanger", Health Phys., 49(2):267-277.

KEYWORD: radon, field, monitoring, ventilation,  exposure,  home,
methodology, source, pressure, energy, architecture

Radon-222  and  radon-222  progeny   concentrations,   barometric
pressure,  and  pressure differentials between inside and outside
were  measured  continuously  in  the  basement  of  a   recently
constructed  energy-efficient  house in metropolitan Denver,  CO.
Although the monitoring equipment  was  developed  primarily  for
underground   mines,   it  proved  to  be  applicable  for  house
monitoring.  Results indicate that,  for tightly  sealed  houses,
forced-flow  transport  does  not significantly contribute to the
radon-222 that is present even when the pressure within the house
is less than the outside  pressure  by  0.8  Pa  (0.006  mm  Hg).
Calculations  of  radon-222 levels using diffusion as the primary
transport mechanism agreed  with  observed  data.  The  diffusion
coefficient  of  radon-222 in the walls and floor surrounding the
basement is higher than values previously  reported.  Ventilation
by  means  of  a  heat  exchanger reduces the radon-222 levels in
accordance with measured air exchange rates,  regardless  of  the
pressure differential between inside and outside.


0499
Hov,  Oysteln,   and  Larssen,   Stelnar   (1984)  "Street  canyon
concentrations  of  nitrogen  dioxide  in Oslo:  measurements and
model calculations", Environ. Sci. Technol., 18(2):82-87.

KEYWORD: NO2, outdoor, field, vehicle,  source,  model,  foreign,
seasonal, Norway

Hourly mean concentrations of N02 in  excess  of  the  frequently
quoted  exposure limit of 190 to 320 ug of NO2/m3 (95 to 160 ppb)
have repeatedly been recorded in a street in Oslo, Norway, during
the winter.  In January  1981,  the  hourly  mean  concentrations
exceeded  200  ppb  on  7 days;  the maximum was 270 ppb.  Summer
concentrations were much  lower.  With  a  simple  model  of  the
combined  effect  of  chemistry  and  dilution of the exhaust gas
plume, it was shown that NO2 generation through the reaction NO +
NO + 02 —>  2NO2  may  explain  a  small  fraction  of  the  NO2
formation.  The  study  indicated  that  typically  5  to  10% of
street-level  NOx  can  be  taken  as  N02  formed  through  this
reaction.  To  account for the N02 measured,  the authors suggest
that the N02 fraction of NOx in car exhaust may be higher in  the
driving  conditions  found in Oslo during the winter than what is
recorded in the standard for testing car exhaust emissions.
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0320
Howes,  J.E.,  Jr., Vijayakumar, R., Doerfler, F., Burmann, F.J.,
and  Howard,  F.S.  (Aug.  1985)  "Preliminary  evaluation  of  a
modified  NBS PM 10 sampler for indoor particulate measurements",
U.S.  EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711  (39 pages).  NTIS PB85-2470057/AS.

KEYWORD: particulate,  personal, exposure, monitor, EPA$,sampling,
field, QA, outdoor

The prototype National Bureau of Standards PM10 portable  sampler
has   been  modified  to  overcome  several  design  flaws.   The
modifications included replacing the case, redesigning the filter
holder,  and adding a motor control circuit.  The performance  of
an  indoor  air  sampler developed by Harvard University was also
evaluated  in  this  study.   Both  samplers  yielded  PM10  data
comparable  to  that  obtained  with  a conventional ambient-type
dichotomous sampler.


0366
Hugod,  Carl  (1984)  "Passive  smoking — a source of indoor air
pollution", Berglund,  B., Lindvall,  T.,   and Sundell,  J., Eds.,
"Indoor air,  vol.  2,  radon,  passive smoking, particulates and
housing epidemiology",  Swedish Council  for  Building  Research,
Stockholm, pp. 319-325.  NTIS PB85-104198.

KEYWORD: N02,HCN,acrolein, aldehyde, exposure, CO, biomonitoring,
smoking, laboratory

In a tightened room of approximately 60 m3, side-stream cigarette
smoke  was maintained at a constant level of approximately 20 ppm
during  a  3-hour  experiment.  Air  concentrations  of CO,  NO2,
hydrogen cyanide,  acrolein,  and other aldehydes  were  measured
with   and   without   people   present.    These   tobacco  smoke
constituents were encountered in lower concentrations with,  than
without, people present.  Carboxyhemoglobin concentration was not
a  good  general  indicator for exposure to tobacco constituents.
Subjective discomfort,  estimated in  questionnaires  distributed
every  30 minutes during the experiment,   was at almost identical
levels irrespective of exposure to whole side-stream smoke or  to
the  gas  phase of the smoke.  Exposure of volunteers to acrolein
caused considerably less discomfort than exposure to whole  side-
stream smoke or to the gas phase.


0621
Humphreys,   M.P.,   Knight,   C.V.,  and  Pinnix,  J.C.   (1986)
"Residential wood combustion impacts on  indoor  carbon  monoxide
                              130

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and suspended particulates",  Hocheiser, S.  and Jayanti, R.K.M.,
Eds.,  "Proceedings  of  the  1986  EPA/APCA  symposium  on   the
measurement of toxic air pollutants", EPA 600/9-86-013, U.S. EPA,
Environmental  Monitoring  Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle
Park, NC 27711,  pp.  736-747.  Not yet available from NTIS.  (In
press,   Air  Pollution  Control  Association,  P.O.   Box  2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230.)

KEYWORD: wood, field,  home,  exposure, CO, PAH, energy,  source,
ventilation, combustion, NO, particulate

Recent studies conducted by Tennessee Valley Authority during the
winters of 1983,  1984,  and 1985 have evaluated the  impacts  of
both  airtight (catalytic and conventional) and non-airtight wood
heaters on indoor air quality  in  a  weatherized  home.  CO  and
suspended particulate results for the three studies are presented
in  this paper.  Depending on the operating conditions,  the wood
heaters were found to represent a major source of indoor  CO  and
suspended   particulates.   Several   other  pollutants  (NO  and
polynuclear  aromatic  hydrocarbons)  were  also  found   to   be
associated with residential wood combustion.
0431
lachan, R., Pate, O.K., Sebestik, J., and Whitmore,  R.W.   (1986)
"Final  report  on  focus groups used to refine the survey design
for the National Indoor Air Quality Study",  Contract no.  68-01-
6826,  U.S.  EPA,  Environmental  Monitoring  Systems Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (29 pages).

KEYWORD: EPA$, exposure, C02, NOx, VOC, CH2O, CO,  radon, source,
methodology, home, design, particulate, combustion

EPA's National Indoor Air Quality Study is designed  to  estimate
the  distribution of concentrations of volatile organic compounds
(VOCs),  combustion products, and respirable particulates in U.S.
homes.  EPA conducted meetings (focus groups) with  residents  of
Durham,  N.C.  during October of 1986 to determine how households
decide whether or not to participate in such a study and also how
to  maximize  their  participation.  The  greatest  incentive  to
participate  in  such  a  study  is  curiosity about the results.
Discouraging  factors  include  noisy  and/or  bulky   monitoring
equipment, complicated activity diaries, and unclear or redundant
prose in information packets.


0154
Ingalls,   Melvin   N.   (March  1984)  "Mobile  source  exposure
estimation",  U.S.  EPA,  Office of Mobile Source  Air  Pollution
Control, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 (150 pages).  NTIS PB84-224518.
                              131

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KEYWORD: CO, model, NEM, source,  vehicle,   outdoor,  literature,
exposure, EPA$, microenvironment

This  project  was  conducted  to  provide  the nationwide annual
person-hours of exposure to mobile-source pollutants.  The  first
activity was to determine the suitability of the National Ambient
Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Exposure Model (NEM),   as used in a
study  of  CO  ambient  standards,   to  estimate   mobile-source
exposure.  By  itself,  the  NEM  CO  study  did  not  adequately
estimate mobile-source exposure.  However,   the NEM with modified
inputs could be used for CO with a mobile-source microenvironment
exposure  model  to  produce the desired exposure estimates.  NEM
can be thought  of  as  a  "people-specific"  model,  because  it
follows  groups  of  people  through their daily activities.  The
mobile-source microenvironment exposure model developed for  this
project  is a "place-specific" model.  It calculates exposure for
a given place and time and is not concerned with where the people
are before of after their stay in the microenvironment.  Exposure
in four microenvironments was examined:  parking garages,  street
canyons,   expressways,    and   roadway   tunnels.     For   these
microenvironments,  data on  concentrations  of  CO  from  mobile
sources  were  obtained  from  EPA  data  bases.  The  nationwide
population of these microenvironments for each hour  of  the  day
was  obtained  from  the  published  literature.  Results  of the
modified NEM can be combined with the data  from  this  study  to
obtain the nationwide exposure estimate for a pollutant.


0039
Ingalls,   Melvin  N.   (July  1981)  "Estimating  mobile  source
pollutants in microscale exposure situations",  U.S.  EPA, Office
of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control, Ann Arbor,   MI 48105 (182
pages).  NTIS PB82-101114.

KEYWORD: vehicle, source, outdoor, literature,  microenvironment,
model, EPA$

Methods are described for estimating  the  concentration  of  any
vehicle-generated   air  pollutant  in  areas  where  people  and
vehicles are in close proximity.  For each of several  microscale
locations  where  people  ordinarily  are found,  the appropriate
dispersion model is described.  Physical data  are  presented  on
residential  garages,  parking garages,  roadway tunnels,  street
canyons, and expressways in the U.S., and a variety of models and
other pertinent information are included.


0115
Ingalls,  Melvin  N.  (July  1981)  "Estimating concentrations of
mobile source pollutants in a variety  of  exposure  situations",
Final report, U.S.  EPA, Office of Air and Waste Management,  Ann


                              132

-------
Arbor, MI 48105 (121 pages).  NTIS PB82-101114.

KEYWORD: model,  microenvironment, statistical, source, exposure,
dose, vehicle, EPA$

This report classifies situations involving exposure  to  mobile-
source  pollutants,  presents  mathematical models for predicting
short-term exposures in each situation,  and uses the  models  to
predict  exposures  in  hypothetical  examples of each situation.
Work not yet done includes selection and refinement of additional
models and further definition of  physical  parameters  of  "real
world"  exposure  situations  (e.g.,   enclosed  spaces,   street
canyons, expressways, small-area sources).  The final product,  a
total   dose  computer  program,   will  compute  the  short-term
pollutant dosage for each situation and the total dosage for  all
scenarios.
0040
Ingalls,  Melvin N.,  and Garbe,  Robert J.   (June 1982) "Ambient
pollutant   concentrations  from  mobile  sources  in  microscale
situations",  Technical paper mo.  820787,  Society of Automotive
Engineers,  400  Commonwealth  Drive,  Warrendale,  PA  15096  (16
pages).

KEYWORD: vehicle, source,  literature,  model,  microenvironment,
methodology, exposure, EPA$

A  method was developed for estimating concentrations of vehicle-
generated pollutants where  people  and  vehicles  are  in  close
proximity.  A  list  of  common  exposure situations is extracted
from hypothetical daily activity routines.  For  each  situation,
an  appropriate dispersion model is selected.  The range of real-
world physical variables for each  situation  is  examined.  From
this  range,  typical  and  severe  actual situations are chosen.
Pollutant concentrations are  calculated  for each  typical   and
severe   situation   using   the  appropriate dispersion  model.
Emission factors of 1 gram/mile or minute are used to  facilitate
scaling.


0054
Jabara, J.W.,  Keefe,  T.J.,  Beaulieu,  H.J.,  and Buchan,  R.M.
(1980)  "Carbon monoxide:  dosimetry in occupational exposures in
Denver, Colorado", Arch.  Environ.  Health, 35:198-204.

KEYWORD: CO, field, personal, industrial,seasonal, biomonitoring,
exposure, smoking, sampling, source

Exposure of Denver,  CO,  traffic control  personnel  to  CO   was
evaluated  during 8-hour work shifts using three parameters:   (1)


                              133

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98  9-hour  time-weighted  average  breathing  zone  air  samples
(personal dosimetry),  (2) before- and after-work shift CO breath
samples,  and (3) 8-hour moving-average ambient CO levels  during
the   fall   and   winter  months.   Different  shifts  and  work
experiences  were  taken  into  consideration.  The  data  reveal
greater CO exposures in subjects working on streets than controls
working  inside  downtown  buildings  with  respect  to breath-CO
samples and breathing-zone-air  samples.  CO  concentrations  in
after-work  shift  breath samples were closely associated with 8-
hour time-weighted average CO levels.  The greatest source of  CO
to  the  sample  population  was  cigarette smoking,  followed by
occupationally related sources,  and finally,  ambient background
CO levels.
0296
Jackson,  M.D.,  and  Lewis,  R.B.   (July  1981)  "Insecticide
concentrations  in air after application of pest control strips",
Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol., 27(1) :122-125.

KEYWORD: pesticide, propoxur, chlorpyrifos, field, VOC, diazinon,
sampling, source, home

A  study  was designed to determine how much,  if any,  pesticide
gets into the air of a room with properly  applied  pest  control
strips.   Pest   control  strips  of  varying  concentrations  of
different insecticides were placed in a  room  according  to  the
manufacturers'  recommendations.  Air  samples were collected and
analyzed. The highest air concentrations found were 0.8, 1.4, and
0.25   mg/m3   from   propoxur,   diazinon,   and   chlorpyrifos,
respectively.


0300
Jackson,  M.D.,  and  Wright,  C.G.   (May  1975)  "Diazinon  and
chlorpyrifos residues in food  after  insecticidal  treatment  in
rooms", Bull. Environ.  Contain. Toxicol., 13 (5) :593-595.

KEYWORD: diazinon, chlorpyrifos, food,  pesticide, home

Residual diazinon and chlorpyrifos were measured in  foods  in  a
room  at  the  time  of  treatment with insecticides and in foods
placed in treated rooms after treatment.  A person consuming a TV
dinner at  the  highest  residue  found  would  ingest  0.015  mg
diazinon.
0663
Jaeger,  Rudolph  J.   (Dec.  1981) "Carbon monoxide in houses and
vehicles", Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med., 57(10):860-871.
                              134

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KEYWORD: CO, health, biomonitoring,smoking, outdoor,vehicle,home,
control,exposure,source,microenvironment,combustion,appliance

CO is produced indoors mainly by tobacco smoking and unvented gas
appliances.  Concentrations  of carboxyhemoglobin (COHB) in human
blood range from less than 1% in nonsmokers to 5-10% in  smokers.
In  fetuses  of  smoking  mothers,  as much as 7.6% COHB has been
found.  The adverse health effects of these exposures in children
may be  substantial,  and unvented  indoor  combustion  should  be
discouraged.


0359
Janka,  K., and Kulmala, V.  (1984) "Optical particle counter as a
wide range,  continuous  monitor  for  particle  concentrations",
Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds., "Indoor air,
vol.    2,  radon,  passive  smoking,   particulates  and  housing
epidemiology",  Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm,
pp. 215-219.  NTIS PB85-104198.

KEYWORD: particulate, methodology, QA,monitoring,exposure

The  researchers  have  modified a Royco 218 particle counter for
continuous  monitoring  indoors.  The  modifications  consist  of
making   slight   alterations  in  the  flow  system  and  adding
electronics, including an improved base-line restorer and a dual-
channel ratemeter that can be connected to a strip-chart recorder
or to a data logger with  analog  inputs.  The  ratemeter  has  a
coincidence-error  correction  system  extending  the  measurable
concentration range.


0180
Janssen, J.E., Hill, T.J.,  Woods,  J.E.,  and Maldonado,  E.A.B.
(1982)  "Ventilation  for  control of indoor air quality:  a case
study", Environ. Int., 8:487-496.

KEYWORD: CO2, ventilation, monitoring, model, control, energy

Dilution  of  contaminated  indoor  air  with   less-contaminated
outdoor  air  is  the  most common strategy to control indoor air
quality.  Unfortunately,  this strategy frequently wastes energy.
A test was carried out in a school music department to obtain air
quality,  energy, and subjective response data.  A control system
with both C02 and temperature inputs was devised to  control  the
use   of   outdoor  air.   Infiltration  measurements  led  to  a
quantitative measure  of  ventilation  efficiency.  The  measured
ventilation  efficiency  allowed  validation  of  energy  and CO2
models with measured data.  Energy savings of  approximately  20%
were found for this application.
                              135

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0522
Jarke,   Frank  H.,   and  Gordon,   Sydney  M.   (1981)  "Recent
investigations  of  volatile  organics  in  indoor air at sub-ppb
levels", Paper no.  81-57.2, presented at the 74th annual meeting
of  the  Air  Pollution  Control  Association,  P.O.   Box  2861,
Pittsburgh, PA  15230 (16 pages).

KEYWORD: VOC, source, methodology, exposure, dose, biomonitoring,
sampling, laboratory, monitoring

The development of a  suitable  technique  for  surveying  indoor
environments  for  a  wide range of volatile organic compounds of
different  chemical   classes,   molecular-weight   ranges,   and
concentrations would afford scientists the opportunity to explore
such  items  as   (1)  long-term  chronic  exposure,  (2) episodic
exposure,  (3) body-burden studies,  and (4) headspace analysis of
isolated sources such as building materials,  cooking operations,
duplication machines,  and various other potential  sources.  The
methodology   described  covers  two  types  of  preconcentration
collectors.   One  is  more  suitable  for  grab   sampling   and
investigation  of  the  dynamics of indoor pollutants,  while the
second is an integrating type  and  is  more  suited  to  average
exposure  studies.  The  differences between these two collection
modes are the sampling time and the quantity  of  porous  polymer
used.   These   collectors   have   evolved   to   their  present
configuration after more than 15 years of experience  with  vapor
concentration.
0668
Jarvis, M., Tunstall-Pedoe, H., Feyerabend, C.,  Vesey,  C.,  and
Salloojee, Y. (1984) "Biochemical markers of smoke absorption and
self  reported  exposure  to  passive  smoking",  J.   Epidemiol.
Commun. Health, 38:335-339.

KEYWORD: CO,methodology,biomonitoring,smoking,activity, exposure,
nicotine,field,foreign,dose,Britain,cotinine,thiocyanite

One hundred nonsmoking hospital outpatients in  London,  England,
reported  their  passive  exposure  to  tobacco  smoke  over  the
preceding three days and provided samples of blood,  expired air,
saliva,  and  urine.  Although the absolute levels were low,  the
concentration of cotinine in all body compartments  surveyed  was
linearly  related  to  the reported exposures.  For saliva,  this
relationship held true only for exposure on the day of the  test.
CO,  thiocynate,  and plasma nicotine were unrelated to exposure.
Cotinine provides a  valid  marker  of  the  dose  received  from
passive smoking.
                              136

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0628
Jewell,  Richard A.   (1980) "Reduction of formaldehyde levels  in
mobile homes",  Paper presented at the symposium, "Wood sdhesives
- research, applications, and needs," Madison, WI,  September 23-
25, 1980 (7 pages).  NTIS ADP-002-426.

KEYWORD: control, economic,  CH20,   method,  odor, source, wood,
ventilation, home, regulation

This   preliminary  report  on  investigations  into  methods  of
reducing airborne formaldehyde levels in mobile homes  identified
two  effective  techniques.  Fumigation  with  ammonia appears to
produce long-term reductions of approximately 61 to 73%.  A high-
capacity air recirculation device that removed formaldehyde by  a
filter  bed of potassium-permanganate-impregnated alumina pellets
reduce levels by apporximately 74% during operation.  The  report
also  discusses  variables  affecting  formaldehyde  levels,  and
ineffective products on the market.  Ammonia fumigation is  cited
as  the  most  cost-effective  approach  to reducing formaldehyde
levels.
0480
Johansson, Ingegerd  (1978) "Determination of organic compounds in
indoor  air  with  potential  reference  to air quality",  Atmos.
Environ., 12:1371-1377.

KEYWORD: school,  hydrocarbon,  sampling, field, foreign, Sweden,
VOC, outdoor, aromatic, exposure, acetone

Concentrations of 15 volatile organic compounds were investigated
in the air of two  Swedish  schoolrooms.  The  chemical  analysis
included enrichment on porous polymer beads, heat desorption, and
gas chromatographic separation on a capillary column connected to
either  a  flame-ionization  detector  or  a  mass  spectrometer.
Samples were collected from the indoor air both in  the  presence
and in the absence of the pupils, as well as from ambient outdoor
air.  In  both  indoor  and  outdoor air,  aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons  predominated,  although  the  number  of  compounds
detected  indoors was larger and the concentrations higher.  Both
the number and the concentration increased  in  the  presence  of
humans.  The  mean  concentrations  of acetone and the sum of the
concentrations  of  C2-alkylbenzenes  were  7.7  and  8.2   ug/m3
respectively,  in  an  unoccupied  room and increased to 19.8 and
12.1 ug/m3 respectively in an occupied room.


0556
Johnson,  Clark (1986) "A reaction to Repace and Lowrey  (1985)",
Environ. Int., 12(1-4):21-22.
                              137

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KEYWORD: smoking, methodology, health, exposure,  literature, QA,
model, risk, statistical, demographic, lung, exposure

This letter to the editor is highly critical of  the  methodology
used  by  Repace  and  Lowrey for the journal's 1985 article:  "A
quantitative  estimate  of  nonsmokers1  lung  cancer  risk  from
passive  smoking" (BLIS #86).  Specifically,  Johnson argues that
the  authors  (1)  miscalculated  and  inflated  the  numbers  of
cigarettes  smoked,  (2)  used  a  faulty  theoretical  model  to
overestimate nonsmokers1 exposures,  and (3) may have  misapplied
their model's formula.  This tendency to inflate the magnitude of
passive  smoking  invalidates  their estimate of 5,000 additional
lung cancer deaths because of passive smoking.  Repace and Lowrey
rebut these arguments in BLIS #559.
0043
Johnson,  T.,  and Paul,  R.A.  (1984) "The NAAQS Exposure  Model
(NEM)  applied  to  carbon  monoxide",  U.S.  EPA,  Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711
(234 pages).  NTIS PB84-242551.

KEYWORD: CO, model, exposure, NAAQS, NEM, EPA$

The  neighborhood  version  of  the  National Ambient Air Quality
Standard (NAAQS) Exposure Model   (NEM)  is  used  to  compute  CO
exposures of the population of four urban areas (Chicago, IL, St.
Louis,  MO,  Philadelphia,  PA,  and Los Angeles, CA).  The model
estimates exposures  associated  with  alternative  NAAQS  values
proposed  for CO.  Results of these analyses and the contribution
of indoor CO to total population exposures are evaluated.


0726
Johnson,  T.R.   (1984)  "A  study  of personal exposure to carbon
monoxide in Denver, Colorado", Paper no.  84-121.3,  presented at
the 77th annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association,
P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230  (17 pages).

KEYWORD: smoking,activity, CO,personal, microenvironment,outdoor,
exposure, methodology, source, combustion

Fixed-site monitoring data may not accurately  indicate  personal
exposure   within  an  urban  population.   Better   estimates  of
personal exposure  can be developed by equipping a large number of
subjects with personal  exposure  monitors   (PEMs)   and  activity
diaries.  If the subjects are properly selected,  their exposures
can be  extrapolated to the larger urban population.  Such a  study
on CO was conducted in  Denver,   CO,  on  454  subjects  for two
consecutive  24-hour sampling periods.  Each participant provided
a breath sample  at the end  of  each  sampling period  and  also


                               138

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completed a detailed background questionnaire.  The questionnaire
results,  and  approximately  900  subject-days  of  exposure and
activity diary data  collected  between  November  1,  1982,  and
February 28,  1983, were analyzed to determine if factors such as
microenvironment  and  the  presence   of   indoor   CO   sources
significantly  affect  personal  CO  exposure.  In addition,  the
exposure of the entire Denver population  was  extrapolated  from
exposures  of the participants.  CO levels recorded by fixed-site
monitors were  compared  to  levels  recorded  simultaneously  by
PEM's.  CO  exposures  in microenvironments associated with motor
vehicles are  higher  than  exposures  in  microenvironments  not
associated   with   motor   vehicles.   CO   exposures   in   the
microenvironments  defined  for  this  study  are  not   strongly
correlated  with  CO  concentrations  simultaneously  recorded at
fixed-site monitors.  Indoor residential exposures are  increased
by gas stoves, smokers, and attached garages.  The study provides
a  data  base that should prove invaluable in answering questions
concerning the factors which  affect  exposure,  the  ability  of
fixed-site data to represent personal exposures,  the performance
of new instruments, and similar issues.


0124
Johnson,  Ted (Jan.1984) "A study of personal exposure to  carbon
monoxide   in  Denver,   Colorado",   U.S.   EPA,   Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711
(272 pages).  NTIS PB84-146125.

KEYWORD: CO, distribution, personal, exposure, monitor, activity,
smoking, QA, microenvironment, EPA$, appliance, field

The   target   population   for   the    study    included    all
noninstitutionalized,   nonsmoking  residents  of  the  urbanized
portion of the Denver, CO,  metropolitan area aged 18 to 70 years
at  the time of the study.  A total of 454 study participants was
obtained  through  the   use   of   a   screening   questionnaire
administered  to  several  thousand households in the study area.
Each participant carried  a  personal  exposure  monitor  and  an
activity  diary  for two consecutive 24-hour sampling periods and
provided a  breath  sample  at  the  end  of  each  period.  Each
participant  also  completed a detailed background questionnaire.
CO exposures were higher  in  microenvironments  associated  with
motor  vehicles  such  as  parking garages and automobiles.  Mean
indoor residential exposure was increased 2.59 ppm by  gas  stove
operation,  1.59 ppm by the presence of smokers,  and 0.41 ppm by
attached garages.  The population distribution of CO exposure  is
compared to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
                              139

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0130
Johnson,  Ted,  Capel,  Jim,  and  Wijnberg,  Luke  (Feb.   1985)
"Selected  data  analyses  relating to studies of personal carbon
monoxide exposure in Denver and Washington", Contract No.  68-02-
3496,  U.S.  EPA,  Environmental  Monitoring  Systems Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (196 pages).   Not available from
NTIS.

KEYWORD: CO, field,activity,outdoor, personal, exposure, monitor,
statistical, model, smoking, source, EPA$, distribution

For a study of personal exposure to CO in Denver,  CO, the target
population   included   all   noninstitutionalized,    nonsmoking
residents  of  the  urbanized  portion  of  the metropolitan area
between the ages of 18  and  70  years.  A  total  of  454  study
participants   was  obtained  through  the  use  of  a  screening
questionnaire administered to several thousand households in  the
study area.  Each participant carried a personal exposure monitor
(PEM)  and  activity  diary  for two consecutive 24-hour sampling
periods and provided a breath sample at the end of  each  period.
Each   participant   also   completed   a   detailed   background
questionnaire.  A similar study was conducted in Washington,  DC.
The  Denver  fixed-site  data  suggest  that  ambient  CO  levels
decrease  with  increasing  wind  speed.  Five  monitors  in  the
central   business   district   reported   daily  maximum  8-hour
concentrations  exceeding  15  ppm.  Linear  regression  analyses
relating  PEM values to Washington fixed-site readings yielded R-
squared  values  exceeding  0.15  for  eight   microenvironments:
indoors-hospital   (0.65),  indoors-church (0.60),  indoors-garage
(0.19),  outdoors-park   (0.15),   train/subway   (0.61),   jogging
(0.30),  truck   (0.27),  and  bicycle   (0.16).  Microenvironments
found to  be  above  the  8-hour  National  Ambient  Air  Quality
Standard   (9  ppm)  included  service  stations,  public garages,
restaurants, outdoor locations within 10 yards of roads with high
ambient CO,  and trips beginning or ending in  an  area  of  high
ambient  CO.  A  model  was  developed  that explained 34% of the
variation  in Denver PEM values.  Daily maximum   8-hour  exposures
reported   on  consecutive days by Denver subjects were not highly
correlated  (R-squared =  0.16).  PEM performance  is discussed.


0535
Johnson,  W.B.,  and Bailey,  P.G.   (August 1983)  "Study of radon
daughter   concentrations  in  Polk  and  Hillsborough  Counties",
Health Phys., 42:432-435.

KEYWORD: activity, architecture, radon, source,  exposure,  field,
control, phosphate, home, track-etching

In 1975,   EPA stated that structures built on reclaimed phosphate
land  have  radon  daughter  levels  significantly  greater  than


                              140

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structures not built on reclaimed land.  As a result, a study was
begun  in  Polk and Hillsborough counties,  Florida,  examining a
large number of structures with a potential  for  elevated  radon
daughter levels.  The study, proposed to measure y exposure rates
and   working   levels   inside   homes   built  on  undisturbed-
nonmineralized, undisturbed-mineralized,  and reclaimed land.  If
time allowed,  researchers also planned to adapt and test some of
the proposed control technologies.  The sample  studied  included
1,000  homes  of  varying  construction types and occupant living
styles.  Track-etch (TE) dosimeters were deployed in all  of  the
homes,  and  about  200 of the homes also had a thermoluminescent
dosimeter attached to the TE card.  Working  level  was  measured
indirectly  by  the  TE or directly by integrating radon daughter
samplers.  Many of the parameters for each site (i.e., land type,
construction type,  living style) were coded  for  ease  of  data
manipulation and for assistance in pattern recognition.


0026
Johnson, T., and Paul, R.  (May 1984) "NAAQS exposure model  (NEM)
applied to nitrogen dioxide", draft report under Contract no. 68-
02-3390, U.S.  EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, (71 pages).  Not available from
NTIS.

KEYWORD: NO2, model, distribution, NEM, EPA$, regulation

The   exposure  version  of  the  National  Ambient  Air  Quality
Standards (NAAQS) Exposure Model  (NEM) is used  to  simulate  the
pollutant  concentrations  expected to occur in selected exposure
districts within a study  area  under  user-specified  regulatory
scenarios.  These  estimates  are  adjusted  to  account  for  an
exhaustive set of microenvironments and typical movements through
the districts,  and microenvironments of population subgroups are
simulated.  Outputs  of  the  simulation  program  are population
exposure estimates at specified pollutant levels.


0161
Jonassen, Niels,  and McLaughlin,  J.P.   (1982) "Air infiltration
and radon daughter levels", Environ. Int., 8:71-75.

KEYWORD: radon, control, method, aerosol,  health,  lung,  model,
dose, exposure

The authors  investigated the effect  of  filtration  and  aerosol
loading  of the air on the level of short-lived airborne daughter
products of radon.  With a combination of filtration and  aerosol
loading,  it  is  possible to shift the partitioning of the  radon
daughters in the room between these states:  airborne, plated-out
on  the  walls,  and  trapped  by filters.  The airborne fraction
                              141

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shifts between being attached to aerosol particles  and  existing
as  molecular-sized  clusters.  When  the  air  is filtered,  the
equilibrium factor decreases with increasing filtration rate.  At
a given radon concentration,  the dose  delivered  to  a  certain
portion  of  the  respiratory  tract  depends  not  only  on  the
equilibrium factor but also on the fraction  of  polonium-218  in
the  unattached state.  The authors demonstrated that,  according
to the dose model of Harley and Pasternak,  the dose to the basal
cells  of  the  epithelium  of  the  bronchii  will,  in general,
decrease  with  increasing  filtration  rate  and  increase  with
decreasing aerosol concentration.


0231
Jungers,   R.H.   and  Howie,   S.L.   (May  1982)  "Exposure  to
perchloroethylene  associated  with  the  use  of  coin-type  dry
cleaning machines", Published in "Proceedings: National symposium
on recent advances in pollutant monitoring  of  ambient  air  and
stationary sources, held at Raleigh, NC, May 4-7, 1982", pp. 153-
156.  NTIS PB84-148345.

KEYWORD: exposure, PERC, industrial, home, EPA$, dry-cleaner

Nearly all coin-type dry cleaners use perchloroethylene (PERC) as
the  cleaning  solvent.  EPA sponsored research to obtain data on
public exposure to PERC that may  result  from  dry  cleaning  in
these  self-service  cleaners.  Testing at a laundry facility and
at an apartment located  above  the  facility  was  conducted  in
Washington,  DC.  Indoor  PERC levels varied in the range of from
90 to 14,000 ppb.  PERC levels in the apartment were  practically
identical to those in the laundry facility below.


0050
Jungers,  Robert H.   (1983) "Recent advances in EPA's  monitoring
and  methods  development  research",  U.S.   EPA,  Environvental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711.
NTIS PB83-231209.

KEYWORD: PAH,CO,VOC,vehicle,source,1iterature, sampling,personal,
exposure, monitor

Several areas of advanced research related to sampling, analysis,
and human exposure assessment of exhaust emissions in ambient air
have been developed.  These include studies of  new  methods  for
volatile  organic  compounds  and  development and application of
personal  exposure  monitors  in   screening   for   polyaromatic
hydrocarbons   (PAHs)  and CO.  The new methods for screening PAHs
are fast, economical, and accurate.  The more expensive and time-
consuming traditional  method  of  analysis  may  be  judiciously
applied to those samples which the screening methods indicate are


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high  in  PAHs.  CO was measured using personal exposure monitors
in urban-scale studies to obtain data on population exposures  on
a real-time basis.  Such data may ultimately be used in assessing
human  exposure  to  mobile  sources  and  other  emissions  more
accurately.


0326
Jungers, R.H.,  Akland,  G.G.,  and Sauls,  H.B.  (1985) "A human
exposure  assessment  study  using  personal monitoring of carbon
monoxide—direct and indirect methods",  Environ.  Int.,  11:413-
418.

KEYWORD: CO, field,exposure,methodology, EPA$, personal,exposure,
monitor, distribution

Residential  exposure  assessments  have been based on the likely
occurrence of an air pollutant when residential demographic  data
were merged with pollutant concentrations observed at the nearest
fixed  monitoring  site.   The  recent  development  of  personal
exposure monitors  (PEMs)  enables  measuring  a  person's  total
exposure  in  both ambient and indoor air.  This paper introduces
two  approaches  to  determine  CO  exposure  and  describes  the
experimental  data obtained.  One is the direct approach in which
a representative sample of the population is selected and sampled
using a PEM.  The indirect approach is the combination  of  field
data  from  activity  patterns and measured concentrations within
microenvironments.  The conclusions  combine  statistical  survey
design  techniques  and  PEM  concentration  data  to  produce an
exposure profile for a representative population.


0290
Jurinski,  Neil B.  (Aug.  1984) "The evaluation of chlordane and
heptachlor  vapor  concentrations  within  buildings  treated for
insect pest control", Berglund, B., Lindvall, T. and Sundell, J.,
Eds. "Indoor air, vol.  4, chemical characterization and personal
exposure",  Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp.
51-56.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: chlordane,  heptachlor, pesticide,  personal,  exposure,
field, home

Residual levels  of  chlordane  and  heptachlor  insecticides  in
indoor  air  were  determined  following their use in residences.
Analyses  consistently  found  higher  vapor  concentrations   of
heptachlor than chlordane.  However,  for surface concentrations,
chlordane  levels  were  typically  twice  those  of  heptachlor.
Instances  were found in which the insecticide air concentrations
exceeded the  limits  recommended  by  the  National  Academy  of
Sciences.
                              143

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0527
Kahn,  T.R., Meranger, J.C., and Lo, B.  (1983) "Development of a
prototype active personal monitor  for  S02,  NO2,  and  airborne
particles",  in Proceedings of  national   symposium   on  recent
advances in pollutant monitoring of ambient  air  and  stationary
sources,   held  at  Raleigh,  NC,  May  4-7,  1982,  U.S.   EPA,
Environmental Monitoring Systems  Laboratory,  Research  Triangle
Park, NC 27711, pp. 315-332.  NTIS PB84-148345.

KEYWORD: SO2, NO2, particulate, personal, exposure, monitor,  QA,
health, methodology, sampling

To  relate  exposure  estimates to the likelihood of human health
effects,  it is necessary to monitor personal exposure to  indoor
air  pollutants,  such as N02,  SO2,  and airborne particles.  No
dosimeter for monitoring personal exposure to these pollutants is
currently available or is likely to be produced  commercially  in
the near future.  Certain promising devices were found,  however.
These   either   measured   only   one    of    the    pollutants
(Harvard/Electric  Power  Research Institute) or did not have the
required sensitivity or operational life required  (Gage  Research
Institute).  The  researchers  initiated  a  project  intended to
assemble a prototype personal dosimeter from the  most  promising
commercially  available  air  pump,  a solid sorbent media of the
desired collection properties for NO2 and SO2, and an H&H cyclone
with a Teflon  filter  for  collecting  size-selected  particles.
Five  candidate  pumps  were  chosen  primarily  on  the basis of
results from an earlier study on  personal  dosimeters  for  SO2,
NOx,  O3,  and  particulates.   The  Geomet,  Inc.   respiration-
controlled sampler was not chosen because of  its  inherent  flow
variability.  The  Gage  pump  was  excluded from further testing
because it failed to  deliver  the  target  sampling  rate  of  2
liters/min.  Two sorbents, triethanolamine-impregnated silica gel
and molecular sieve, were tested for collecting NO2 and SO2.  The
results   of  these  investigations  and  the  prototype  finally
assembled are described.
0377
Kalinic,  N.,  Sega,  K.,  and Sisovic,  A.  (1986) "Formaldehyde
levels  in  selected  indoor microenvironments",  Environ.  Int.,
12(1-4):297-299.

KEYWORD: CH2O, microenvironment, office, home,  school,  vehicle,
exposure, sampling, laboratory, architecture

In 1983,  formaldehyde concentrations in air were measured for  6
to 12 days in 12 rooms in 6 office buildings,  in 9 sitting rooms
and 2 kitchens in 9 apartments, in 10 kindergartens and 6 schools


                              144

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(1 room in each),  and in a car driving the same route across the
city  11  times.   The  buildings  were  of  different  ages  and
construction,  from the classical (brick and concrete) to  modern
buildings   made  of  prefabricated  parts.   Integrated  24-hour
samples were collected,  stored in a refrigerator,  and  analyzed
using the colorimetric method based on Schryver's reaction.


0385
Karlsson, S., Banhidi,  E.,  Banhidi,  Z.G.,  and Albertsson,  A.
(1984)  "Accumulation  of malodorous amines and polyamines due to
clostridial putrefaction indoors", Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall,  T.,
and  Sundell,  J.,  Eds.,  "Indoor  air,  vol.   3,  sensory  and
hyperactivity reactions to sick buildings",  Swedish Council  for
Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 287-293.  NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: exposure, field,source, alkylamine, architecture,  odor,
terpene, microorganism

Damaged    malodorous   self-leveling   floor-coating   compounds
containing  protein  additives  were  analyzed  by  various   gas
chromatographic (GC) techniques;  iso-butylamine,  triethylamine,
n-pentylamine,  di-iso-butylamine,  di-n-butylamine,  putrescine,
and  B-phenylethylamine were identified.  Some slow-moving amines
underneath the floor-covering layer were tentatively  identified.
In  addition,  short-chain  organic  acids  were found.  Both the
amines and acid groups  of  substances  represent  characteristic
putrefactive   fermentation   products   of   clostridia,   which
researchers  isolated  from  different   caseins   and   building
materials.  The  same  GC  patterns  were obtained when analyzing
spent media of pure clostridial cultures, grown on caseins medium
for some months at pH levels of 10 or  more.  The  deodorant-like
smell  of  degradation products from plasticizers and of terpenes
from wood might overlap the amine odor.  A long-term accumulation
of amines might represent another menace in "sick buildings".


0287
Kebbekus, Barbara, et al.  (Aug.  1983) "Concentration of selected
vapor and particulate phase substances in the Lincoln and Holland
tunnels", J.  Air Pollut.  Control Assoc., 33(4):328-330.

KEYWORD: VOC, PAH, Pb, particulate, source, microenvironment, QA,
vehicle, outdoor, tunnel

Lead,  polyaromatic  hydrocarbons  (PAHs)  and  volatile  organic
compounds (VOCs) were measured in the Lincoln and Holland tunnels
under the Hudson River near New York City.  Sampling and analysis
methods and data quality are discussed.  Data tables and compound
lists are provided.  Pollutant concentrations were 10 to 20 times
higher than those at a typical urban site.
                              145

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0401
Keller,  G.,  and Muth,  H.  (1985) "Radiation exposure in German
dwellings,   some  results  and  a  proposed  formula  for   dose
limitation", Sci. Total Environ. 45:299-306.

KEYWORD: radon,outdoor,radiation, exposure,source,  foreign, home,
field, thoron, Germany, statistical, architiecture

Investigations  in  the Federal Republic of Germany on the indoor
and outdoor exposure to natural radiation  from  gamma  rays  and
radon  and  thoron  daughters  are  presented.  The median indoor
radon-222 concentration was approximately four times higher  than
outdoors.  A  correlation  analysis  of  the data obtained showed
that,  indoors,  the equilibrium factor is almost independent  of
ventilation,  radon-222 concentration, and other parameters.  The
mean equilibrium factor was 0.3 in  dwellings  and  approximately
0.4  outdoors.  The  investigations on diffusion coefficients and
exhalation  rates  showed  that  the  activity  concentration  in
dwellings  and in cellars can generally be explained by the radon
emissions from the building materials.  Only  in  areas  of  high
radon  concentrations  was  the emission from the soil a decisive
factor.  The mean  effective  dose  equivalent  by  residence  in
dwellings  amounted  to  0.2 to 0.8 mSv/a for radon-222 daughters
and  approximately  0.1  mSv/a   for   radon-220   daughters.   A
relationship  has  been  derived  that permits calculation of the
expected  average  radiation  exposure  in  dwellings  by   gamma
radiation   and   by  radon  inhalation  as  a  function  of  the
radionuclide concentration in building materials.
0632
Keller, M.D., Lanese, R.R., Mitchell, R.I., and Cote, R.W.  (1979)
"Respiratory  illness in households using gas and electricity for
cooking", Environ. Res., 19:495-503.

KEYWORD: NO2, exposure, home, health, lung,  source,  combustion,
 outdoor, demographic, appliance

A 12-month study was undertaken to  determine  the   incidence  of
respiratory  illlness  in  households  in  an  upper-middle-class
community in the Midwest.  A sample of 441 families  was  divided
into  two  groups,  those cooking with gas and those cooking with
electricity.  Family health and demographic  data  were   obtained
biweekly from the participants.  Ambient air was analyzed indoors
and  outdoors   in  a  sample  of  the  households,   and pulmonary
function tests  were conducted on a subsample of the  participants
from  both   types  of households.  The results were  compared with
those from a similar study in Long Island,  NY.  Cooking  with gas
was  not  associated with an increase in respiratory disease or  a
                               146

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decrease in pulmonary function.


0324
Khan, Tahir R., and Meranger, Jean C.  (1983) "Recent advances in
SO2, NOx and O3 personal monitoring", Environ. Int., 9:195-206.

KEYWORD: SO2,  NOx, O3, personal, exposure, monitor, methodology,
literature

Because  the  air  pollution  measured  by  stationary-monitoring
stations  is  a  poor indicator of population exposure,  personal
monitors  are  indispensible  to  health  effects  studies.  This
article  reviews  the  current  research  on  the  development of
personal  monitors.  Although  most  of  the  analytical  methods
reviewed  appear  to  be  sensitive  to  the levels of the target
pollutants generally encountered in indoor and outdoor air   (NO2,
SO2,  and O3),  they lack the desired performance characteristics
for a personal monitoring device,  such as user safety,  ease  of
operation,     weight,    and    maintenance.     Electrochemical
transducers/sensors,  which  have  not  yet  been  exploited  for
personal monitoring,  can generate real-time measurements.  A few
research models and commercially attractive devices that  can  be
used in field studies are described.
0558
Kilpatrick,  James S.,  Jr.  (1986) "A criticism  of  Repace  and
Lowrey (1985)", Environ.  Int., 12(1-4):29-31.

KEYWORD: exposure, smoking, methodology, dose, risk, statistical,
demographic, health, literature, lung, QA, model

This  letter-to-the-editor  argues  that  in  the  journal's 1985
article, "A quantitative estimate of nonsmokers1 lung cancer risk
from passive smoking,"  (BLIS #86) Repace and Lowrey ignored basic
statistical principles to achieve their conclusion  that  passive
smoking   causes   5,000  extra  lung  cancer  deaths  per  year.
Specifically,   (1)  their  exposure  estimate  is  based  on  an
unrealistic worse-case scenario,   (2)  they arbitrarily use linear
dose/response model of carcinogenesis in which passive smoking is
the only cause of lung cancer in nonsmokers,  and (3) they  abuse
unpublished  and incomplete demographic data on nonsmokers1 death
rates.  Repace and Lowrey rebut these arguments in BLIS #559.
                              147

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0088
Kim,  S.Y.,  and Kreisal,  W.  (Aug.  1984)  "Effects of household
exposure  to carbon monoxide poisoning in Korea",  Berglund,  B.,
Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.,"Indoor air, vol. 4, chemical
characterization and  personal  exposure",  Swedish  Council  for
Building Research, Stockholm, pp.  117-122.   NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: CO, field, foreign,health, exposure, seasonal, economic,
temperature, Korea, home

The study shows that incidences of household CO  poisoning  cases
in  Korea are significantly correlated with temperature,  but not
with relative humidity.  Examination of weather effects seemed to
indicate that socioeconomic factors may also be involved.


0564
Kim,  Yoon  Shin,  and  Stock,  Thomas H.  (1986) "House-specific
characterization of indoor and outdoor aerosols", Environ.  Int.,
12(1-4):75-92.

KEYWORD: trace,  home, particulate, outdoor, source, ventilation,
exposure, smoking, health, NO3, SO4, Pb, Zn, metal

Air was monitored simultaneously inside and outside of  12  homes
in the Houston, TX, area for  fine inhalable particulate matter by
means  of  dichotomous  samplers.  The patterns of house-specific
indoor mean concentrations,   indoor/outdoor ratios,  and probable
sources  of  indoor  fine  aerosols  are  discussed,  along  with
pertinent information on household characteristics.  The  results
suggest that most indoor aerosols are affected by infiltration of
outdoor air as well as by indoor generation, with the single most
important  determinant being  the presence or absence of cigarette
smoking.  However,  it is likely that the typical  complexity  of
indoor  environments  makes   it  difficult  to determine possible
sources of indoor aerosol accurately.
0575
Kim,  Yoon Shin,  Spengler, John D., and Yanagisawa, Yukio  (1986)
"Measurements  of   indoor  and  personal  exposures  to  nitrogen
dioxide  in Korea",  Environ. Int., 12(1-4):401-406.

KEYWORD: N02,personal,monitor,sampling,source,field, Korea, home,
exposure,combustion,microenvironment,statistical,foreign

Indoor and personal exposures to N02 were measured for  48  homes
in  Seoul,  Korea,  during  January  and  February 1984.  Passive
diffusion tube samplers were placed  in  the  kitchen  and   living
room, and housewives wore badge-type personal samplers.  The mean
NO2  concentrations in kitchen and  living room air were 52.6  and
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43.7  nanoliter/liter  (nL/L),   respectively,   while  the  mean
personal  NO2  exposure was 29.2 nL/L.  Average personal exposure
and kitchen and living room levels were  higher  in  homes  using
liquified  propane  gas  for  cooking fuel than the corresponding
levels in homes using natural gas.  Comparing indoor measurements
and personal exposure to  NO2  by  analysis  of  variance  showed
kitchen NO2 levels varied significantly with type of cooking fuel
used,  whereas  living  room  and personal NO2 levels varied with
type of heating fuel.


0139
King,  Thomas  A.,  et  al.   (May  1984)  "Indoor  air  quality,
environmental information  handbook:  combustion  sources",  U.S.
Department   of   Energy,   Office   of  Environmental  Analysis,
Washington, DC 20585  (217 pages).  NTIS DE85-006589/LL.

KEYWORD: literature, smoking,home, source, EPA$, health, control,
regulation, combustion, model

This  handbook  provides  a  comprehensive overview and reference
source on the major air  quality  aspects  of  indoor  combustion
activities,   including   tobacco   smoking.   Quantitative   and
descriptive   data   are   presented   on    emissions,    indoor
concentrations,  factors  influencing indoor concentrations,  and
health  effects  of  combustion-generated   pollutants.   Models,
controls,  and  standards  applicable  to  combustion  sources of
indoor air pollution are reviewed.  Potential  concentrations  in
residential settings are estimated.


0308
Kleinman,  Michael  T.   (1984)   "Sulfur  dioxide  and  exercise:
relationships  between  response  and  absorption  in  the  upper
airways", J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 34(l):32-37.

KEYWORD: SO2,  exposure,  dose,   model, health, lung, laboratory,
ventilation

During exercise,  higher ventilation rates and decreased time  of
contact  with  upper  airway surfaces appear to result in greater
doses of gases (such as SO2) being delivered to sensitive  target
sites  within the respiratory system.  In human clinical studies,
the effects of SO2 on  pulmonary  function  are  indeed  enhanced
during  exercise.  A  mathematical  model has been developed from
measurable   anatomical,   physiological,    and   physiochemical
parameters as well as from controlled experiments with humans and
laboratory   animals.   The   model  takes  into  account  minute
ventilation,  partitioning between oral and nasal breathing,  and
differences  in  pollutant  scrubbing  in oral and nasal airways.
The model has been tested on  apparently  divergent  experimental


                              149

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results  from  two  laboratories and resolved differences between
the results of clinical SO2 exposures of resting  and  exercising
people.


0505
Kleitman,   D.,  Chernoff,  H.,  Rasmussen,  S.,  DuMouchel,  W.,
Neuberg,  D.  (1981) "The relationship between indoor  radon  and
lung cancer: a study of feasibility of an epidemiological study",
U.S.  EPA, Washington, DC 20460 (116 pages). NTIS PB84-192673.

KEYWORD: radon, health, lung, model, exposure,risk, epidemiology,
home, field, design, smoking, statistical, economic

A  study  assessing   the   feasibility   of   an   epidemiologic
investigation  of  the  relationship  between  residential  radon
exposure and lung cancer  is  described.  Field  measurements  of
residential  radon  levels  in  Maine  are also described.  Using
these radon  measurements  and  existing  risk  assessments,  the
authors estimate that,  at most, 10% of lung cancers in Maine can
be considered attributable  to  residential  radon.  The  authors
calculate  sample  sizes  necessary  for  a case-control study of
radon and lung cancer at various  levels  of  radon  and  smoking
health  effects.  The  effects  of  misclassification of exposure
variables on the probability of detecting a radon  health  effect
are  discussed.  Three  mathematical  models  (saturated logistic,
simple logistic,  and simple additive) are compared that could be
used to estimate sample size.  Costs are estimated for conducting
the epidemiologic case-control study.


0388
Konopinski, Virgil J.  (1984) "Residential formaldehyde and carbon
dioxide", Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall,  T.,  and Sundell,  J.,  Eds.
"Indoor air, vol.  3, sensory and hyperactivity reactions to sick
buildings", Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp.
329-334.  NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: CO2, CH2O, home, source, field, exposure,  architecture,
health

From 1979 through 1983, a series of investigations was undertaken
to  define  formaldehyde  concentrations  in  residences with and
without urea-formaldehyde foam insulation  (UFFI).  In  a  limited
number  of  situations,  CO2  and  relative  humidity  were  also
determined.   Mean  concentration   of   formaldehyde   in   UFFI
residences was 0.05 ppm;  and in non-UFFI residences, it was 0.09
ppm.  The mean C02 concentration was 734 ppm indoors and 208  ppm
outdoors.  Relative humidity indoors ranged from 31% to 78%.  The
most  frequent  health problems,  reported by persons in 43.1% of
the homes,  were  respiratory  irritation,  eye  irritation,  and


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headaches.
0349
Koontz, Michael D., and Nagda, Niren L.  (1984) "Infiltration and
air quality in well-insulated homes: 3.  measurement and modeling
of pollutant levels",  Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell,
J., Eds.,"Indoor air, vol.  5, buildings, ventilation and thermal
climate",  Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm, pp.
511-516.  NTIS PB85-104222.

KEYWORD: radon, CH2O, particulate, exposure, source,seasonal, CO,
NO2, NOx, combustion, energy, weather, model, field, home

Pollutant  levels in well-insulated houses are being investigated
in a 2-year theoretical  and  experimental  study  involving  the
simultaneous   measurement   of  meteorological  variables,   air
exchange and circulation,  and  energy  consumption.  This  paper
describes concentrations of radon,  radon progeny,  formaldehyde,
CO,  and NOx observed in two houses  in  summer  and  fall  1983.
Increased    ventilation    reduced    pollutant   concentrations
considerably.


0481
Kosek,  J.A.,  Giordano,  J.P.,  and  LaConti,  A.B.  (May  1983)
"Development   of   SPE   diffusion  head  instrumentation",   in
"Proceedings:  National Symposium on recent advances in pollutant
monitoring  of  ambient  air  and  stationary  sources,  held  at
Raleigh, NC, May 4-7, 1982", pp. 333-357.  NTIS PB84-148345.

KEYWORD: CO, NO, QA,personal, monitor,methodology,NO2,industrial,
exposure, laboratory, EPA$

General Electric has developed a line of electrochemical  sensors
for  monitoring  such  gases  as  CO,  NO,  and  NO2  in mine and
industrial atmospheres,  using a unique solid polymer electrolyte
(SPE)  electrochemical  cell  technology.  Several  models  of CO
instruments are now in commercial production.  These  instruments
include a direct-reading CO detector and a CO dosimeter,  both of
which use an air-sampling pump to  bring  a  gas  sample  to  the
electochemical   sensor   cell.   Use  of  the  SPE  sensor  cell
eliminates problems such as corrosion and containment  associated
with caustic or acidic electrolytes and leads to highly invariant
sensor   cell  response  and  long-life  operation  with  minimal
maintenance  and  calibration.   This  instrumentation  has  been
modified such that an air sample reaches the sensor cell by means
of  natural  gaseous  diffusion.  Both  the  active  and  passive
versions of  these  monitors  can  be  used  easily  as  personal
dosimeters.
                              151

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0102
Krasmec,  J.P.,  and  Demaray,  D.E.  (Aug.  1984)  "Sampling and
monitoring toxic gases in  indoor  environments",   Berglund,  B.,
Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.,"Indoor air, vol. 4, chemical
characterization  and  personal  exposure",  Swedish  Council for
Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 191-196.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: CO, CO2, CH20,  particulate,  smoking, hydrocarbon, VOC,
halocarbon, sampling, methodology

Different approaches to  monitoring  indoor  air  pollutants  are
described  briefly.  Indoor sampler design criteria are outlined.
Grab samplers, personal samplers, passive and single-use devices,
and  in-situ  measurement  instruments  are  compared  to  novel,
syringe/adsorbent  tube  samplers.  These  instruments provide an
automated,  sequential,  time-averaged collection of a variety of
indoor  air pollutants,  including hydrocarbon/halocarbon organic
vapors,  CO,  C02,  formaldehyde,  tobacco smoke,   combustion and
odorous  mixtures,  and  particulate  matter.  In  addition,  the
samplers can be used in indoor infiltration studies.  The  design
and  operation  of  the  new  samplers are detailed.  Current and
potential applications are also discussed.


0777
Krause, C., and Englert,  N.  (1980) "Health  evaluation  of  PCP
(pentachlorophenol) containing wood preservatives in rooms", Holz
als Ron- Werkstoff, 38:429-432.

KEYWORD: PCP, wood,  home,  biomonitoring,  laboratory, exposure,
foreign, Germany, pesticide

The   actual   exposure   to   PCP   after  application  of  wood
preservatives was determined by analyzing indoor air  samples  in
104 homes and the urine from more than 1,000 persons with varying
PCP  exposure.   In  250  persons  with  elevated  PCP  exposure,
additional general medical examinations and laboratory  diagnoses
were  performed.  A  clear  relation  between  elevated urine PCP
concentrations and deviations from "normal" could not be  derived
from the findings.


0188
Kreiss,  K.,  Gonzalez,  M.G.,  Conright, K.L., and Scheere, A.R.
(1982)   "Respiratory   irritation  due  to  carpet  shampoo:   two
outbreaks", Environ. Int., 8:337-341.

KEYWORD: S04, health,  lung, office, school, architecture

Dried detergent residue left  in carpets after they were shampooed


                              152

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with  underdiluted  carpet  shampoo caused respiratory irritation
among most employees in an office building and  among  all  staff
members  and  most  children  in  a  day-care  center.   Symptoms
included  cough,  dry  throat,  difficulty  in  breathing,  nasal
congestion,  and headache.  Eye irritation was also noted by day-
care center staff members.  Symptoms  persisted  for  many  weeks
until the carpets were steam cleaned twice.  The major ingredient
of  the  three shampoo products implicated in these two outbreaks
and in a third  similar  report  is  sodium  dodecyl  sulfate,  a
respiratory   irritant   in   mice.    Unpublished   occupational
investigations  suggest  that  exposure  to  soap  dust  may   be
associated  with pulmonary function abnormalities in some exposed
workers.  Detergent dust is a  newly  recognized  example  of  an
indoor  air  pollutant  and should be considered when patients or
employees complain of respiratory or eye irritation.


0498
Kring,  E.V.,  Ansul,  G.R.,  Basilil,  A.N.,   McGibney,   P.O.,
Stephens,   J.S.,   and   O'Dell,   H.L.   (1984)  "Sampling  for
formaldehyde  in  workplace  and  ambient  air  environments
additional  laboratory  validation  and  field  verification of a
passive air monitoring device compared with conventional sampling
methods", Am.  Ind.  Hyg. Assoc.  J., 45(5):318-324.

KEYWORD: CH2O, field, home, monitor,personal,exposure,industrial,
methodology, QA, laboratory

Results of three extensive tests in industrial plants using  both
area  and  personal  sampling and involving 51 sets of comparison
samples show the Du  Pont  Pro-Tek  Formaldehyde  Badge  to  have
excellent  correlation  with  three  commonly  used formaldehyde-
monitoring methods.  Field tests in  mobile  homes  gave  similar
results.  In addition,  comprehensive laboratory validation tests
reportedly confirm an overall accuracy of +/- 9.6% to  +/-  11.6%
for  the  badge  over  an  exposure  range  of  0.12  to 6.8 ppm.
Laboratory test data  show  that  the  badge  (1)  meets  Federal
accuracy  requirements of less than +/- 25% down to 1.6-ppm hours
(200 ppb) for an 8-hour exposure;  (2) is capable  of  accurately
sampling for 15-minute exposures;  and (3)  is not affected by air
pressure or variations in relative humidity.


0345
Kulmala, V., Salminen, A., Graeffe, G., Janka, K., Keskinen,  J.,
and Rajala M.  (1984) "Long-term monitoring of indoor air quality
and controlled ventilation in public  buildings",  Berglund,  B.,
Lindvall,  T.,  and  Sundell,  J.,  Eds., "Indoor  air,  vol.  5,
buildings, ventilation and thermal climate",  Swedish Council for
Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 435-441.   NTIS PB85-104222.
                              153

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KEYWORD: radon, aerosol, CO2,ventilation,  office, field, foreign,
Finland, energy

Long-term monitoring of radon,  aerosol,   and CO2 was carried out
in  two  public  buildings in Finland.  In each case,  a distinct
periodic behavior of pollutant concentrations was  observed.  CO2
and  aerosol  showed  maximum  levels  during working hours,  but
fluctuations of the aerosol concentration were  faster  and  more
irregular.  Radon  peaked at night and on weekends,  dropping off
rapidly on work day mornings  when  ventilation  was  turned  on.
Reasons  for  the  fluctuations are discussed briefly in terms of
indoor sources and periodic ventilation.   A case  study  of  C02-
controlled  ventilation  was  conducted  in one of the buildings.
The estimated daily energy savings were between 13 and  20%,  and
no  significant  changes in the pollutant concentrations could be
observed.
0457
Kusuda,  T.,  Silberstein,  S.,  and  McNall,  P.E.,  Jr.  (1980)
"Modeling  of radon and its daughter concentrations in ventilated
spaces", J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 30(11):1201-1207.

KEYWORD: radon, ventilation, model,  radiation,  exposure,  home,
architecture

To predict indoor radiation levels caused by radon  daughters  at
low building ventilation and air leakage rates,  researchers used
differential equations that governed the  decay  and  venting  of
radon  222  and  its  daughters.  A computer program based on the
equations  was  written  to  predict  radon  and  radon  daughter
concentrations,  total potential alpha energy concentration,  and
the equilibrium factor.  The program can be, and is readily, used
by building designers.  Sample  calculations  using  the  program
showed that potential alpha energy levels in a tightened building
can commonly reach about 0.01 working level,  an amount more than
twice as high as concentrations currently found in most houses.


0306
Lamb, B., Westberg, H., Bryant, P.,  Dean,  J.,  and Mullins,  S.
(1985)  "Air  infiltration  rates  in  pre-  and post-weatherized
houses", J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 35(5):545-551.

KEYWORD: hydrocarbon, radon, outdoor, ventilation, energy, field,
CH2O

Air  filtration  rates were measured via a tracer dilution method
in 10 eastern Washington houses before and after the houses  were
weatherized   in   order   to   determine  the  effectiveness  of
weatherization  procedures.  Infiltration  rates  during  typical


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meteorological  conditions  ranged  from 0.3 to 1.0 air exchanges
per  hour   (ex/h)  among   the   houses.   Reduction   in   these
infiltration rates due to weatherization also varied considerably
from  "essentially  no  change"  to  "40%  reduction  in  the air
exchange rate".  The average  reduction  was  approximately  16%.
Infiltration rates were measured continuously in one house during
several  weeks,  and  the results showed that the extended use of
doors can cause infiltration rates to increase from less  than  1
ex/h  for   a  closed  house  to  more  than  3 ex/h.  Limited air
pollution measurements conducted during the study indicated  that
formaldehyde  and  radon  concentrations  were quite low indoors,
while individual  indoor  hydrocarbon  concentrations  were  much
higher than those measured outdoors.


0343
Lambert,  W.E.,  and  Colome,  S.D.  (1984)  "Effect  of  reduced
building ventilation rates on occupant exposure and  response  to
carbon monoxide",  Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J.,
Eds., "Indoor air,  vol.  5,  buildings,  ventilation and thermal
climate",   Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm, pp.
277-285.  NTIS PB85-104222.

KEYWORD: exposure,  ventilation, energy, outdoor,  biomonitoring,
model, CO2

In weatherization of buildings to minimize convective heat  loss,
the  air  exchange  rate  is reduced.  Thus indoor pollutants are
retained near the occupants.  Further,   outdoor pollutants may be
concentrated   indoors   under   particular   peak  and  duration
conditions.  The health significance of  this  latter  occurrence
was  evaluated  with  a  generalized  indoor-outdoor  model for a
conservative  pollutant.  Protection  against  transient  outdoor
peaks varied with exchange rate,  ambient peak height,  duration,
and  periodicity.  Under  conditions  approaching  steady  state,
indoor fluctuation is dampened, and geometric mean concentrations
increase  as  exchange  rates  are  reduced.  Using  a predictive
equation    for   carboxyhemoglobin   formation,    a    reference
individual's  response  to  indoor  versus  ambient  profiles was
calculated.  The traditional assumption that reduced  ventilation
rates  protect against outdoor peaks was evaluated in the context
of  a  generally  reduced  variance  about  the  mean  in  indoor
profiles.


0389
Lamm,  S.H.  (1984) "Upper respiratory  irritation  symptoms  and
formaldehyde   exposure  levels  among  mobile  home  residents",
Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell,  J.,  Eds., "Indoor air,
vol.  3,  sensory and hyperactivity reactions to sick buildings",
Swedish Council for Building Research,   Stockholm,  pp.  361-366.


                              155

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NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: CH20, health, home, exposure, statistical, field, lung

Residents of mobile homes in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Washington
complaining   of   "formaldehyde"   problems   in   their   homes
participated  in  health  studies  conducted  by State personnel.
Formaldehyde  (CH2O) levels in the  homes  were  determined  using
impactor  collection  tubes  and  the  chemical  analysis  method
approved by the National Institute for  Occupational  Safety  and
Health.  The  residents  completed questionnaires detailing their
symptoms.   Residents  were  classified  by  the  level  of  CH2O
detected in their homes (grouped in 0.5-ppm intervals).  For each
symptom,  the  proportion  of  residents  in  each exposure group
reporting that symptom was calculated.  Symptoms did not increase
with CH2O levels less than 2 ppm,  with the possible exception of
an increased prevalence of eye complaints in the Minnesota study.
Symptom  prevalences  at  exposures  greater  than  1.5  ppm were
generally no different  from  prevalences  at  0.0  to  0.5  ppm.
Further,  exposure  levels in the study homes did not differ from
those  in randomly chosen mobile homes,  after adjusting the  data
for age of home, according to a Wisconsin study.


0396
Lampos-Venuti,  G.,  Risica,  S.,  Antonini,  A.,  Bobbi, G., and
Leogrande, M.P.   (1985) "Radon and radon daughter evaluation in  a
natural  radioactivity  survey   indoors",  Sci.  Total  Environ.,
45:373-380.

KEYWORD: radon, outdoor, methodology,  radiation,source, exposure,
foreign, Italy

A survey estimating indoor exposures  in five towns  in  Italy  is
presented.  Gamma  spectrometry  of building materials,   exposure
rate measurements  indoors and outdoors,  and radon  concentration
measurements  indoors were taken with different techniques.  Mean
gamma  exposure rate and mean radon concentration were  correlated
in  the houses investigated.  Mean effective dose  equivalents  for
the inhabitants  of the five towns are reported.
 0301
 Landa,   Edward  R.   (1984)  "Radon  in  earth-sheltered   structures",
 Underground Space,  8:264-269.

 KEYWORD:  radon,  architecture,  home,  exposure,   energy,  monitoring

 Radon  concentration in the indoor air   of   six  residential   and
 three    nonresidential   earth-sheltered   buildings   in  eastern
 Colorado was monitored quarterly   over   a   9-month period using


                               156

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passive,  integrating  detectors.  Average  radon  concentrations
during the three 3-month sampling periods ranged from about 1  to
9  picoCuries/liter   (pCi/L)—although  one  building,  a  poorly
ventilated storage bunker,  had  concentrations  as  high  as  39
pCi/L.  These  radon  concentrations  are  somewhat  greater than
those typically reported  for  conventional  buildings  (about  1
pCi/L);  but  they  are  of  the same order of magnitude as radon
concentrations reported for energy-efficient buildings  that  are
not earth sheltered.
0476
Lautenberger, W.J., Kring, E.V., and Morello, J.A.  (1981) "Theory
of passive monitors", Ann. Am. Conf. Gov. Ind. Hyg., 1:91-99.

KEYWORD: sampling, exposure, monitor,  personal, literature, VOC,
methodology, temperature, humidity, QA

Recently,  interest  has been growing in using a passive monitor,
rather than a pump/impinger or pump/solid-sorbent tube, to sample
organic  and  inorganic  vapors.  In  general,  passive  monitors
depend  on permeation- and/or diffusion-controlled mass transport
sampling mechanisms.  With the pump/tube method,  the mass of the
vapor  collected is a direct function of the sampling rate of the
pump (cm3/min), ambient concentration (mg/m3),  and sampling time
(min).  When  permeation-controlled passive monitors are used for
sampling,  the mass uptake of the monitor is  controlled  by  the
physiochemical   characteristics   of   the   membrane   and  the
contaminant.  A theoretical discussion  of  the  effects  of  air
movement,  temperature, pressure, relative humidity, coadsorption
or coabsorption of other contaminants, and the amount and type of
adsorbent or absorbent is reviewed,  and  the  relevancy  to  the
practicing  industrial  hygienist  is  discussed.  The effects of
relative  humidity  and  temperature,  as  well  as  the  overall
sampling  range of the device,  must be considered if the devices
are to be used properly in the field.


0456
Leach, J.F., Robinson, G.R., and Sandalls, F.J.  (1982) "Aircraft
cabin air ozone contamination and compliance  with  regulations",
Atmos. Environ., 16(5):1021-1026.

KEYWORD: statistical, methodology, vehicle, regulation, aircraft,
distribution, O3

Fifteen  O3  measurements  were  taken  of  the  cabin air in the
"Concorde" aircraft.  These measurements were ranked in order and
plotted as log-normal and extreme  value  cumulative  probability
distributions.  Results  showed  that the log-normal distribution
gave adequate accuracy  for  regulatory  purposes,   and  one-side


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tolerance   limits   may  be  used  for  statistical  methods  of
compliance with  any  regulatory  limit.  Similarly,  researchers
found that regulatory compliance achieved by O3 destruction ratio
may be difficult because of the extreme stratification of  03  in
the lower stratosphere.


0650
Leaderer,  B.P.,  Cain,  W.S.,  Isserhoff, R., and Berglund, L.G.
(1981)   "Tobacco   smoke   in   occupied   spaces:   ventilation
requirements",  Paper no.  81-22.6,  presented at the 74th annual
meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, P.O.  Box 2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (14 pages).

KEYWORD: smoking, ventilation, exposure,  control,   CO,   model,
laboratory, monitor, control, smoking, particulate

Two  sets  of  experiments  in an aluminum-lined chamber explored
steady-state   concentrations   of   CO   and   total   suspended
particulates   (TSP),  their  relation  to  rate  of  smoking  and
ventilation, and their removal by adsorption to surfaces.  First,
CO and TSP were monitored with four smokers and three smokers  in
the chamber.  The nonsmoker's psychophysical reactions to tobacco
smoke   odor   also   were   recorded.    Second,    steady-state
concentrations of CO and TSP from  four  smokers  were  monitored
during  fresh-air ventilation and during fan mixing without fresh
air.  Smoking rates were controlled in both sets of  experiments.
Ventilation   rate  alone  governs  removal  rate  of  CO.   Both
ventilation and surface adsorption govern the TSP  removal  rate.
Ventilation  rates  that  reduce  CO concentrations to acceptable
levels do not do so for TSP.  Under steady-state conditions,  and
subject  to other limitations,  CO may serve moderately well as  a
proxy for TSP.


0479
Leaderer,  B.P.,  Cain,  W.S.,  Isserhoff, R., and Berglund, L.G.
 (1984) "Ventilation requirements   in  buildings—II.  particulate
matter  and  carbon  monoxide   from  cigarette   smoking",  Atmos.
Environ.,  18(1):99-106.

KEYWORD: ventilation,  CO, particulate,  smoking,  energy,  health,
control, laboratory

Current efforts to  reduce  ventilation  rates  in  buildings  may
conserve energy but may, in turn,  impair human health and welfare
through    increased    levels   of   indoor  contaminants.   Tobacco
combustion   is  one  important  source   of    indoor   pollution.
Measurements  were  made  in  an aluminum-lined environmental test
chamber of both steady-state  levels and decays of total  suspended
particulate  (TSP) mass between  0.01  and  10  urn.  CO   generated


                               158

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during various rates of cigarette smoking and at various rates of
ventilation was measured also.  Of the particulate mass, 98% fell
between  0.05 and 1.0 urn,  with a volume median diameter of 0.225
urn.  For many combinations of smoking rate and ventilation  rate,
including  ventilation  rates  above normal,  TSP exceeded levels
considered acceptable outdoors.  This rarely  occurred,  however,
with  CO.  Although ventilation above governed removal of CO from
the chamber,  adsorption  on  surfaces  (e.g.,  ductwork,  walls)
provided an additional mechanism for removing TSP.  Even with the
additional  clearance  offered by adsorption,  particulate levels
will  exceed   commonly   accepted   background   levels   unless
ventilation  during smoking equals about 35 cfm per occupant.  An
electrostatic precipitator, on the other hand,  will very quickly
drive  TSP levels down to very low values.  This study found that
the latest ASHRAE ventilation standard appears to be adequate  to
maintain CO levels resulting from cigarette smoking at acceptable
levels and that ventilation alone will control the removal of CO.
0097
Leaderer, B.P., Zangraniski, R.T., Berwick, M.,  Stolwijk, J.A.J.,
and Qing-Shan, M.  (Aug.  1984) "Residential exposure to NO2, SO2
and HCHO associated with unvented  kerosene  space  heaters,  gas
appliances,   and  sidestream  tobacco  smoke",    Berglund,   B.,
Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.,"Indoor air, vol. 4, chemical
characterization and  personal  exposure",  Swedish  Council  for
Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 151-156.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: NO2,  S02,  CH2O,  source,  combustion, home,  exposure,
smoking, appliance

Integrated  levels  of  NO2,  S02,  and formaldehyde were sampled
during six 2-week periods during the heating season  of  January-
April 1983 in 303 homes in the New Haven,  CT,  area.  Indoor-to-
outdoor N02 ratios were 0.577 +/- 0.305 for homes with  no  known
source  of  NO2.  Average levels of NO2 were comparable for homes
with either a kerosene heater or a gas stove.  Homes with both  a
kerosene  heater  and  a gas stove had average N02 concentrations
approximately double those with only one source.  Residences with
smokers had higher NO2 levels than those without.  In  residences
with  kerosene space heaters,  SO2 concentrations corresponded to
the sulfur content of the fuel.  Levels of  NO2  and  SO2  during
kerosene  heater  use were estimated as four to five times higher
than the average  values  measured  during  the  2-week  sampling
period.  Formaldehyde  levels  were  low  and not associated with
indoor combustion.
0776
Lebowitz,   M.D.,   Holberg,   C.J.,   and  Dodge,  R.R.   (1983)
"Respiratory effects on populations from  low-level  exposure  to
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ozone", Paper no.  83-12.5,  presented at the 76th annual meeting
of  the  Air  Pollution  Control  Association,  P.O.   Box  2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (8 pages).

KEYWORD: exposure,O3,health,field,lung,particulate, monitor, NOx,
CO, statistical, temperature, outdoor, weather, appliance

The  study  attempted  to evaluate the respiratory effects of O3,
independently  and  interdependently  of  other  pollutants   and
meteorological phenomena,  both indoors and outdoors.  In Tucson,
AZ,  229 subjects (117 families) were  monitored  over  a  2-year
period  using  daily  symptom  diaries  and mini-Wright peak flow
monitors.  All families  provided  environmental  information  on
their  houses.  Air  pollutants  and microbiological constituents
were monitored indoors and outdoors: total suspended particulates
(TSP) by Gelman filters and Thomas pump,  O3 by a Daisibi monitor
(UV photometer), CO by grab sampling and a Bendix CO IR analyzer,
NOx  (unsuccessfully) by a Bendix chemiluminescent analyzer.  TSP
indoors ranged from 5.7 to 68.5 ug/3.  Simultaneous micro-outdoor
TSP ranged from 2.1 to 169.6 ug/m3.  The interaction  between  03
and  TSP in relation to peak flows was statistically significant.
03 and temperature correlated  with  prevalence  rates  of  acute
"asthma" symptoms in asthmatics, but O3 had no independent effect
within  any  temperature  range.  03  had no effect on prevalence
rates of rhinitis in conjunction with stove usage, but its effect
was seen only in those with gas stoves.


0781
Lebowitz,   Michael  D.    (1983)  "Health   effects   of   indoor
pollutants", Ann. Rev. Public Health, 4:203-221.

KEYWORD: multimedia,multipollutant,exposure, literature, control,
activity, regulation, source, health, dose, outdoor

This  overview of indoor pollution dicusses pollutants,  sources,
concentrations,  health effects,  control mechanisms,  regulation
issues,  and research methods.  Special attention  is given to CO,
particulates,  volatile  organic  compounds,  NO2,  formaldehyde,
radon,  asbestos,  various  fibers,  CO2,  and microorganisms.   A
table  identifies  sources  and  common   concentration   ranges.
Research  to  estimate  total  human  exposure to pollutants from
generic activities in varied locations is  discussed.  While  the
individual  may  be  responsible  for limiting exposures,  public
health agencies can help by addressing consumer product liability
and building  code  standards,  and  by  supporting  research  on
control mechanisms and epidemiological factors.
                              160

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0312
Lebowitz,  M.D.,  Gorman,  C.,  O'Rourke, M.K., and Holberg, C.J.
(1984) "Indoor/outdoor air pollution, allergen and meteorological
monitoring in an arid southwest area",  J.  Air  Pollut.  Control
ASSOC., 34(10):1035-1038.

KEYWORD: O3, CO, particulate,  allergen,  source,  outdoor,  N02,
smoking, weather, activity, appliance

Sources  and  concentrations  of  indoor   air   pollutants   and
aeroallergens  were  evaluated  in  arid  Tucson,  AZ.  One major
purpose was to appraise the interaction  of  indoor  and  outdoor
human  exposures.  A  rough  time budget study showed that 74% of
adults  spent  75%  or  more  of  their  time  in   some   indoor
environment.   Outdoor   and   indoor   concentrations  of  total
suspended particulates (TSP),  respirable suspended  particulates
(RSP),  CO,  O3,  and aeroallergens were measured for 41 detached
dwellings.  Mesoenvironmental monitoring was conducted  for  TSP,
CO,  NO2, O3, and aeroallergens;  ambient TSP frequently exceeded
National Ambient Air Quality Standards  (NAAQS),  as did  both  CO
and  O3  on occasion.  Indoor TSP and RSP were lower than outdoor
levels and of a different composition.  Outdoor infiltration fell
rapidly for particles and pollen as distance  indoors  increased.
CO was low indoors,  and O3 was very low.  TSP and RSP correlated
significantly with tobacco smoking,  and CO correlated  with  gas
stove  use.  Temperature  varied minimally indoors,  and relative
humidity indoors was similar to outdoor readings in this climate.
Researchers concluded that better particle  characterization  and
better estimates of total exposure are required.


0766
Lebowitz,  M.D.,  Holberg,  C.J.,  O'Rourke,  C.G., and Dodge, R.
(1983) "Gas stove usage,  CO and TSP,  and respiratory  effects",
Paper no. 83-9.1, presented at the 76th annual meeting of the Air
Pollution  Control Association,  P.O.  Box 2861,  Pittsburgh,  PA
15230  (12 pages).  NTIS PB83-250357.

KEYWORD: smoking,combustion, source, health, personal,CO, NO2,O3,
particulate,monitoring,field,outdoor,weather,EPA$,appliance

This  paper  examines the daily peak flows of pollutants in homes
of asthmatic and nonasthmtic families and exposure to  gas  stove
emissions  and  passive  smoking.  The indoor air of 117 families
(229 subjects) in Tucson, AZ was investigated for a 2 years using
daily diaries and peak flow meters.  In a random  cluster  sample
of  representative  households,  temperature,  humidity,  and air
pollutants were measured and samples taken for 03,  CO,  N02, and
total suspended particulates.  Correlations  are  presented,  for
relationships  between the measured parameters,  source usage and
residents' medical symptoms.
                              161

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0760
Lebowitz,  Michael  D.  (1976)  "Aerosol  usage  and  respiratory
symptoms", Arch. Environ.  Health, 58:83-86.

KEYWORD: lung, health, demographic, smoking, source, statistical,
indoor, epidemiology, exposure, design

In  an  epidemiological  study  of  3,485 selected individuals in
Tucson,  AZ,  aerosol usage appears to correlate with respiratory
symptoms.  This  effect persists after adjusting for correlations
of age,  smoking and  the  prevalence  rates  for  symptoms;  and
appears  to  exist  for  specific  types  of  aerosols.   Further
specification and clarification of these relationships are needed
in the epidemiological study.  Critical evaluation in  vitro  and
in  vivo  models  is  also  crucial.  The  propellants and active
ingredients must be  studied  toxicologically  to  determine  the
mechanism and extent of specific actions on organisms.


0647
Lebowitz,  Michael D.  (1983) "Utilization  of  data  from  human
population studies for setting air quality standards:  evaluation
of important issues", Environ. Health Perspect., 52:193-205.

KEYWORD: QA, epidemiology, regulation, distribution, methodology,
exposure, health, multipollutant, risk, statistical, NAAQS

Epidemiological studies are highly relevant  to  the  process  of
setting  National  Ambient  Air  Quality  Standards  because  the
standards are intended to  protect  people  from  adverse  health
effects.  However, the use of data derived from these studies for
setting  standards  is problematic because of the difficulties of
gathering  data  of  adequate  quality.   This  paper   addresses
appropriate  exposure  measurement and health assessment methods,
and the problems of multiplex variables  and  colinearity,  which
are  critical  in assessment of exposure-effect relationships.  A
major question in the use of  epidemiological  data  for  setting
standards  is not necessarily scientific reliability or validity,
but arises from attempting to  translate  adequate  science  into
policy decisions.


0674
Lebowitz,  Michael D.  (1983) "Passive smoking",  in "Energy, air
pollution and health:  fact sheets",  American Lung  Association,
1740 Broadway, New York, NY 10019-4374, pp. 22-24.

KEYWORD: microenvironment, exposure,health, CO,lung, VOC,smoking,
particulate, control, ventilation, risk, activity, architecture


                              162

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This  fact  sheet  outlines  the  hazard of passive (side-stream,
second   hand)   cigarette   smoke.   It   covers   the   primary
microenvironments,  pollutants  associated  with  passive  smoke,
physical  dynamics   such   as   ventilation   and   architecture
contributing to human exposure, the history of research on health
effects  (with  special  attention  on studies of children),  and
methods for controlling human exposure.


0724
Lebowitz,  Michael D.  (1984) "The potential of lung cancer  from
passive smoking",  Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall,  T., and Sundell, J.
Eds., "Indoor air, vol. 1, recent advances in the health sciences
and  technology",   Swedish  Council   for   Building   Research,
Stockholm,  pp. 59-70.  NTIS PB85-104180.

KEYWORD: research, health, methodology, epidemiology, literature,
smoking, ventilation, lung, demographic, exposure, home, office

This article reviews the evidence for and against the  hypothesis
that   passive   smoking   causes  lung  cancer.   Passive  smoke
constituents have caused cancer in  laboratory  animals,  but  at
exposures  much  larger  than  concentrations found in buildings.
Epidemiologic studies using indirect and qualitative estimates of
exposure have not been  conclusive.  Future  research  into  this
issue  must use more reliable measures of exposure and consistant
methodology.


0755
Lebowitz,  Michael D.  (1984) "Influence of  passive  smoking  on
pulmonary function: a survey", Prev. Med., 12:645-655.

KEYWORD: smoking, health, lung, microorganism, demographic, dose,
methodology, literature, children

Effects of passive smoking on pulmonary function are reviewed.  A
great deal of confusion and controversy still exist in children -
- the range of the many effects  studied  is  limited,  and  most
prospective  studies  show  small effects.  However,  respiratory
infections  in  children  may  increase  with  passive   smoking.
Pulmonary  function  decreases  by  0 to 3% from conception to 20
years,  small  differences  in  absolute  magnitude.  In  healthy
adults, the effects on pulmonary function and symptoms are not of
concern;   asthmatics,   however,   require   further  study.   A
prospective study of airway-obstructing diseases in  Tucson,  AZ,
concluded  that  the  effect  of  passive  smoking  on  pulmonary
function or respiratory symptoms (recorded on a daily  basis)  in
children   is   not   positive.   Passive-smoking  children  show
responses to other irritants.  In adults,  no  effect  was  seen,
                              163

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even  in  those with asthma or airway-obstructive diseases;  this
may be due to low dosage.  Further,  more appropriate studies are
needed  to  understand  the  role of passive smoking on pulmonary
function.
0553
Lebowitz,  Michael D.  (1986) "The potential association of  lung
cancer with passive smoking", Environ. Int., 12(1-4):3-9.

KEYWORD: health, risk,  exposure,  lung,  smoking,   model, dose,
literature, epidemiology

The potential association of lung cancer with passive smoking has
been studied epidemiologically,  clinically,  and mathematically.
There have been both positive and negative studies, such that the
association  is still considered a potential rather than probable
one.  These studies,  and the mathematical models,  indicate that
the major factor in determining the relationship is the dose, and
that  more research is reguired to determine the dose side of the
dose-response relationship.


0186
Lebowitz,  Michael D., et al.  (1982) "The adverse health effects
of biological aerosols,  other aerosols,  and indoor microclimate
on asthmatics and nonasthmatics", Environ. Int., 8:375-380.

KEYWORD: particulate,lung,outdoor,source,effect,passive, smoking,
health, demographic, statistical, aerosol, activity, appliance

Asthmatic and nonasthmatic families in a representative community
population sample were monitored over a 2-year period using daily
diaries.  Simultaneous micro-indoor and  outdoor  monitoring  was
conducted   in   a   representative  sample  of  houses  for  air
pollutants, pollen, fungi, algae,  and climate.  The relationship
of indoor to outdoor factors can be demonstrated.  Acute symptoms
were  strongly  related  to age,  weakly related to sex,  and not
related to  smoking  habits.  Suspended  particulate  matter  and
pollen  were related to symptoms in asthmatics and nonasthmatics.
Fungi might be related to  symptoms  as  well.  The  use  of  gas
stoves  is  qualitatively  related  to symptoms.  Algae and other
contaminants of evaporative coolers do not appear to be important
in producing symptoms.  More  complex  statistical  analyses  are
required to determine interactions of these factors.  Distinction
has  to be drawn between infectious episodes,  allergic episodes,
nonallergic but similar episodes,  and  asthmatic  attacks.  This
study  demonstrates  the  need for further investigations in this
area.
                              164

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0539
Lebowitz,  Michael W.  (1981) "Discussion of toxic air  pollutant
health effects", Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 124:521-522.

KEYWORD: risk, benzene, dose, model, literature,  CH2O,   health,
epidemiology, statistical, methodology, exposure, regulation

Demonstrated   toxicity   must   be   a   major   criterion   for
classification  of  a pollutant as a toxic substance.  Assessment
of the health hazards and attendant risks  of  exposure  to  such
pollutants  is  also  essential.  Some  major  questions  must be
answered.  What type of toxicity data are best  suited  for  this
purpose?  How  are  the  criteria  for toxicity determined and by
whom?   What  confidence  can  be  ascribed  to   such   results,
especially  to  allow  extrapolation  to  low  doses?  If a dose-
response cannot be  demonstrated,  can  confidence  be  given  to
estimates  of  effects in the real world?  What type of evidence,
of biological plausibility, or consistency (if not causality), is
necessary?  These question,  which  must  be  answered  to  avoid
epidemiological fallacies,  continue to plague those charged with
reviewing the evidence, even before consideration of regulations.
The regulatory histories of benzene and  formaldehyde  illustrate
these points.


0307
Lebowitz, M.D., Holberg, C.J., Boyer, B.,  and Hayes,  C.  (1985)
"Respiratory  symptoms,  and peak flow associated with indoor and
outdoor air pollutants in the southwest", J. Air Pollut.  Control
Assoc., 35(11):1154-1158.

KEYWORD: O3, N02, particulate, outdoor,health, home, CO, smoking,
source, appliance

A  symptom-stratified,  geographic  cluster sample of 117 middle-
class households was studied.  Daily diaries of symptoms and peak
flows were obtained for 211 subjects during a 2-year period.  O3,
total  suspended   particulates   (TSP),   respirable   suspended
particulates  (RSP),  CO,  temperature, and relative humidity were
determined  indoors  in  a  sample   of   homes.   Questionnaires
determined type of stove and number of smokers in all households.
Ambient pollutants  (O3,  TSP,  CO, NO2) were monitored in or near
the clusters, as were temperature and relative humidity.  Smoking
in the household was significantly correlated with TSP  and  RSP.
Indoor  CO  was  significantly  correlated  with  gas  stove use.
Normal adults under age 25 had daily peak flows (PEF)  associated
with outdoor O3 (after adjusting for other factors).  Asthmatics'
PEF was associated with smoking,  gas stove use, and outdoor NO2,
and with outdoor 03 and temperature,  after adjusting  for  other
factors.  Indoor and outdoor factors affected asthmatic symptoms,
after  controlling  for  age,  sex,   smoking,  and  other ambient


                              165

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environmental variables.
0182
Lebowitz, Michael D.  (1983) "The effects of pressurized aerosols
on  respiratory  symptoms and physiology",  Sci.  Total Environ.,
29:19-27.

KEYWORD: aerosol, home,  smoking, lung,  health,  response,  dose,
source, statistical

In a general  population  sample,  use  of  pressurized  aerosols
appears to be associated with transient symptoms, but it does not
appear  to  lead  to chronic respiratory complaints or functional
abnormalities.   This  is  true  in  both  atopic  and  nonatopic
subjects.  Furthermore,   changing patterns of aerosol use are not
associated with changes in respiratory symptoms.  Thus, household
and cosmetic aerosols do not appear to be important risk  factors
for respiratory diseases.


0761
Lebowitz, Michael D.,  and Burrows,  Benjamin  (1976) "Respiratory
symptoms  related  to  smoking  habits of family adults",  CHEST,
69:48-50.

KEYWORD: statistical, smoking, activity,  demographic,  research,
health, exposure, lung,  children

In a study of  the  effects  of  family  smoking  habits  on  the
symptoms    of   other   family   members,    self   administered
questionnaires showed that symptoms, especially of children,  are
related  to  smoking  habits.  However,  these  results  were not
significant when adjusted for correlations with  adult  symptoms.
Longitudinal  studies  of  the  children  are needed to determine
long-term effects.


0185
Lebowitz, Michael D., Armet, David B., and Knudson, Ronald  (1982)
"The  effect  of  passive  smoking  on  pulmonary   function   in
children", Environ. Int., 8:371-373.

KEYWORD: smoking, children, health, lung

A study of ventilatory function was conducted  in 344 families  in
a  representative  community  sample  in  Tucson,  AZ.  Aggregate
household pulmonary function,  which  is proportional to aggregate
household body mass,  might affect the relationship of children's
pulmonary  function   to   parental   smoking.   When   household
aggregation  of  body  mass was taken into account,  there was no


                              166

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relationship of children's pulmonary  function values to  parental
smoking.  Passive   smoking  due  to   parental  smoking  does  not
seriously affect permanent markers of respiratory disease  such as
pulmonary function.


0100
Lebret, E.,  Van de Weil,  H.J.,  Noij,  D.,  and Boleij,  J.S.M.
(1986)  "Volatile   hydrocarbons  in Dutch homes",  Environ.  Int.,
12(1-4):323-332.

KEYWORD: VOC,  field,  exposure, smoking, model, source, outdoor,
foreign, Netherlands

Weekly average concentrations of 45   volatile  hydrocarbons  were
determined  in  134  houses  in  Ede,  The Netherlands.  The same
volatile hydrocarbons were measured in four houses  every  second
week  for  half  a  year.  Virtually  all hydrocarbons had higher
indoor than outdoor concentrations.   Clustering of several of the
solvent-type  components  indicated   the  existence   of   common
sources.  Higher  concentrations  of  total volatile hydrocarbons
were found  in  houses  with  smokers compared  to  houses  with
nonsmokers.  Repeated  measurements   showed  stable indoor levels
for some components in some houses,   but rather large  variations
for  other components and other houses.  The results suggest that
modeling of indoor  levels on  the  basis  of  emission  rates  of
building materials  alone has serious  drawbacks.


0664
Lefcoe, Neville M., and Inculet, Ion  I. (Feb. 1971) "Particulates
in  domestic  premises:   I.   ambient  levels  and  central  air
filtration", Arch.  Environ. Health, 22:230-238.

KEYWORD: particulate, control,exposure, home, field, ventilation,
smoking, health, activity

Particulates were sampled in the ventilation return air of a home
with central ventilation and an electrostatic precipitator in the
main duct.  The average counts in the 0.3-,  0.5-, and 1.0-micron
ranges were related to the normal activities:  children  playing,
house cleaning,  and smoking.  Counts in all ranges under minimal
activity were significantly lower when the filter was on compared
to  when  the  filter  was  off.   Cleaning  and  dusting  inside
overwhelmed the filter.  Smoking one  cigar raised particle counts
by a factor of 100.  These concentrations returned to normal in 3
hours with the filter off and 1 or 2  hours with it on.
                              167

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0566
Lehtimaki,  M.,   and  Graeffe,  G.  (1986)   "Measurement  of  air
ions", Environ.  Int., 12(1-4):109-113.

KEYWORD: methodology,  QA,  radon,  particulate,  laboratory, ion,
foreign, Finland

A modified method has been developed for simultaneously measuring
of positive and negative ions.  A single aspiration condenser has
been  used  in constructing a compact instrument for studying the
behavior of small ions in indoor air.  The principle of the  ion-
measuring technique is discussed.  Construction of the ion meter,
possible  problems  of ion measurements,  and examples of results
are included.
0251
Leidy,  R.B.,  et  al.  (1982)  "Concentration  and  movement  of
diazinon in air." J. Environ.  Sci.  Health Pestic.  Food Contam.
Agric. Wastes, B17(4):311-319.

KEYWORD: diazinon, pesticide, personal, home, exposure, risk

Airborne concentrations of diazinon were measured in rooms for 21
days after it was applied to cracks and crevices.  Treated  rooms
had residues of 38 mg/m3,  adjacent rooms 1 mg/m3.  Low levels of
diazinon were detected in all rooms 21  days  after  application;
small amounts of residues were found on respirator pads and waist
pads worn by the applicator.  Data indicated no serious hazard to
an individual from the prescribed diazinon application rate.


0293
Leidy, R.B., Wright, C.G., Dupree, H.E., and MacLeod, K.E.  (1984)
"Concentration  and  movement  of diazinon in air,  II,  vertical
distribution in rooms",  J.  Environ.  Sci.  Health Pestic.  Food
Contam. Agric.  Wastes, 19(8-9):747-757.

KEYWORD: diazinon, ventilation, pesticide, sampling

The  vertical distribution of diazinon in air was measured  for 35
days after it was applied to cracks and crevices in a  dormitory.
Residue  levels  were  higher  at  floor  level than at chest and
ceiling heights on the first day,  but tended to  equalize  by   7
days.   Residues  in  adjacent,   upper,  and  lower  rooms  were
equivalent  at  all  sampling  positions.  Low,  but  measurable,
residues  were detected in air samples 35 days after application,
indicating that low levels of the  insecticide  will  remain  for
several  weeks  in  structures protected from direct sunlight and
ventilation.
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0362
Letz,  R., Quackenboss, J.J., and Spengler, J.D.  (1984) "Effects
of choice of exposure  index  in  N02  epidemiological  studies",
Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds., "Indoor air,
vol.   2,  radon,  passive  smoking,   particulates  and  housing
epidemiology",  Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm,
pp. 261-266.  NTIS PB85-104198.

KEYWORD: exposure, home, source, health, statistical, literature,
N02, lung, children

Analyses  of  respiratory  symptom  and  pulmonary  function data
demonstrate the importance of direct N02 measurements rather than
categorical variables such as cooking fuel as the exposure index.
Use of NO2 measurements from a child's home to estimate  exposure
prevents   misclassification  and  reduces  exposure  uncertainty
present when a categorical variable  is  used.  No  statistically
significant  relationship  was  found  between N02 concentrations
measured in children's homes and either their lung  functions  or
the  prevalence of respiratory symptoms.  However,  when personal
monitor data were used  as  the  exposure  index,  the  estimated
effects   were   consistent   with   potential  exposure-response
relationships.


0571
Levin, H., and Hahn, J.   (1986) "Pentachlorophenol in indoor air:
methods to reduce airborne concentrations", Environ.  Int., 12(1-
4):333-341.

KEYWORD: PCP,health,regulation,research,exposure,1iterature,food,
office, biomonitoring, control, pesticide, wood, ventilation

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is widely used in  buildings  as  a  wood
preservative  and  as  a  fungicide  in  finished materials.  The
general population is routinely exposed to trace  concentrations.
PCP  has  been  found in low concentrations in food,  indoor air,
many  consumer  items,   and  on  the  surfaces   of   playground
furnishings  and  other  outdoor wood.  Human health effects have
not been observed in occupants of  buildings  with  low  PCP  air
concentrations.   Increased  body  burdens  have  been  found  in
occupants of homes where PCP air concentrations were 0.2  to  0.4
ug/m3  and  in  office  workers where concentrations were 7 to 10
ug/m3.   Such  incidences  and  the  severe  toxicity   of   some
commercial  PCP  contaminants  have  resulted in efforts to limit
population exposures to indoor PCP.  In a large office  building,
PCP-treated timbers were sealed,  reducing PCP air concentrations
from 27 to 5.9 ug/m3.  Improved ventilation further  reduced  air
concentrations  to  3.2  ug/m3.  Body burdens were increased in a
sample of the building's occupants.  Recently,  the integrity  of


                              169

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the  sealant  appeared to have been destroyed,  and cracks in the
beams have appeared.  Further research is necessary to  determine
how long applied sealants last and to establish acceptable limits
for indoor PCP concentrations.
0625
Levine, M.S., Corn, M., Billings, C.,  Gelletley,  S.  Singh,  J.,
and Blake, C.L.  (1981) "An investigation of health concerns in a
large  office  building",   Draft  of  paper  presented  at   the
International  Symposium  on  the Indoor Environment at  Amherst,
MA, October 13-17, 1981 (14 pages).

KEYWORD: CH2O, office,  humidity,  microorganism, field, N02, CO,
ventilation, particulate, exposure, hydrocarbon

Reports  by  office building occupants of poor indoor air quality
due to high humidity,  mold,  and poor ventilation were confirmed
by  industrial hygiene measurements.  Excessive quantities of CO,
formaldehyde, particulate matter, N02,  and hydrocarbons were not
found,  and  reports of specific symptoms could not be attributed
to specific toxic  exposures.  However,  such  relationships  may
exist   in   certain   instances.   The  distribution  of  health
complaints reported by the occupants and their attribution to the
work situation did not differ from  the  distribution  of  health
complaints received from a comparable building.  Thus no specific
symptom  or  symptom  complex  was  identified  as being uniquely
present in the building of interest.  However, the greater number
of  complaints  received  from  occupants  of  the  building  may
indicate  existing  health  problems  have  been  worsened by the
confirmed air quality problems.


0079
Lewis,  R.G.,  Bond,  A.E.,  and Fitz-Simons,  T.R.  (June  1986)
"Monitoring for non-occupational exposure to pesticides in indoor
and personal respiratory air",  Paper no.  86-37.4,  presented at
the 79th annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association,
P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (15 pages).

KEYWORD: pesticide, outdoor, water,  personal, exposure, monitor,
NOPES, source, dermal, methodology, home, TEAM

The  primary  objective  of  this  study  was  to  determine  the
reliability of the proposed methodology and to obtain an estimate
of the frequency distribution of nonoccupational exposure to home
and garden pesticides through air,  dermal,  drinking water,  and
dietary routes.  Secondary objectives were to obtain an  estimate
of the relative importance of each route to total exposure and to
identify   probable   sources   of   the   pesticides.   A  pilot
investigation was carried out using nine homes  in  Jacksonville,


                              170

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FL,  during  August 1985.  Fixed-position,  indoor,  and personal
exposure monitoring were performed at each  dwelling.  More  than
20  of the target chemicals were detected in indoor air at levels
from less than 10 ng/m3 to as high as 15 ug/m3.


0711
Lewis,  R.G., Martin, B.E., Sgontz, D.L., and Howes, J.E.   (1985)
"Measurement of fugitive atmospheric emissions of polychlorinated
biphenyls  from  hazardous  waste   landfills",   Environ.   Sci.
Technol., 19(10):986-991.

KEYWORD: PCB, field, monitor, industrial, sample, landfill

Four landfills containing  large  quantities  of  polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) were monitored for atmospheric emissions.  Three
were  uncontrolled  and  contained  large  numbers  of electrical
capacitors, many scattered on the surface and leaking PCB fluids.
The other is a state-of-the-art PCB waste  landfill  designed  to
exceed  requirements  of the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1978
(TSCA).  Both high-volume and low-volume air  sampling  equipment
was  used  at  each landfill to monitor PCBs upwind and downwind.
In addition,  vents into the wastes were monitored  at  the  TSCA
landfill.  Samples were collected simultaneously at two locations
for  quality  assurance  purposes  and  to  obtain information on
sampling   performance   and   comparability.   Atmospheric   PCB
concentrations were high at the uncontrolled sites and at or near
background  at  the  TSCA-landfill.  PCBs  were  detected  at low
levels in gas vents at the latter site.


0618
Lewis,  Robert  G.  (1986) "Problems associated with sampling for
semivolatile organic  chemicals  in  air",  Hochheiser,  S.,  and
Jayanti,   R.K.M.,  Eds.,  "Proceedings  for  the  1986  EPA/APCA
symposium on the measurement of toxic air pollutants", EPA 600/9-
86-013,   U.S.  EPA,  Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, pp. 134-145.  Not yet available
from  NTIS.   (In press,  Air Pollution Control Association,  P.O.
Box 2861, Pittsburgh,  PA 15230.)

KEYWORD: VOC, particulate, laboratory, QA, methodology, sampling,
literature,  EPA$

Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) may be distributed between
the gaseous and particulate phases in  air.   Filtration  sampling
will  not  accurately measure particulate organic loadings due to
volatilization after collection.   When  backup  vapor  traps  are
added, the samplers may efficiently collect both phases,  but will
not   maintain   their   integrity.   Hence,    results  will  not
realistically  reflect  airborne   distributions.   Consequently,


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great  care  should  be  exercised  in  both  sampling  and  data
interpretation.  Experimental systems have  been  developed  that
may  provide  some  insight  into the true phase distributions of
several SVOCs.  However,  a practical method for such  monitoring
is probably not in the immediate future.


0323
Lewis,  Robert,  G.,  and MacLeod,  Kathryn E.  (1982)  "Portable
sampler   for  pesticides  and  semivolatile  industrial  organic
chemicals in air", Anal. Chem.,  54:310-315.

KEYWORD: sampling, personal, monitor,  pesticides, homes, office,
industrial

A battery powered,  low volume air sampler utilizing polyurethane
foam  (PUF) as a trapping medium was developed and evaluated.  The
sampler provides air flows of up to 4L/min, affording theoretical
detection  limits  of  less  than  0.1  ug/m3  for most chemicals
tested.   It  is  lightweight  and  portable  and  operates  very
quietly,  which  makes  it  ideally  suited  for  residential air
sampling or as a  personal  air  monitor.  Sampling  efficiencies
were  determined  for 17 organochlorine pesticides and industrial
compounds,  3 polybiphenyl  mixtures,  and  28  organophosphorus,
organonitrogen  and  pyrethroid pesticides.  With few exceptions,
these chemicals were trapped efficiently  (>75%). A combination of
PUF with Tenax  GC  in  a  single,  reusable  sampling  cartridge
provided for quantitative collection of more volatile compounds.


0652
Lewis, R.G.,  Mulik,  J.D.,  Coutant,  R.W.,  Wooten,  G.W.,  and
McMillan,  C.R.   (1985)  "Thermally  desorbable  passive sampling
device for volatile organic  chemicals  in  ambient   air",  Anal.
Chem., 57:214-219.

KEYWORD: VOC, sampling, personal, exposure, monitor,  methodology,
laboratory, QA, outdoor, EPA$, field

A  passive  sampler  was developed for  short-term,   low-level air
monitoring.  The  small, stainless steel device is simply designed
and inexpensive.   It has a  high  equivalent  sampling  rate,   is
reusable,   and    is  designed  for  thermal  desorption.   Under
controlled test chamber atmospheres and   in   actual   outdoor  and
indoor  situations,  with  Tenax  GC  as  the  sorbent,  the  device
compared very favorably with active  (pump-based)  samplers and has
much  better sensitivity than commercial   passive  monitors  using
activated  charcoal.  Sampling  rates were calculated for several
volatile  organic chemicals.  Thermal  desorption   and  analysis
afford  a  200-fold   (or  greater)  increase  in  sensitivity over
solvent desorption,  allowing  very  short  sampling times.  The


                              172

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effects  of  air  velocity  on  performance also were extensively
evaluated.  Best results were with wind velocity greater than  15
cm/s and less than 900 cm/s.  The sampler is not affected by high
humidity when used with Tenax GC or other hydrophobic sorbents.


0782
Lewis, R.G., Jackson, M.D.,  and MacLeod,  K.E.  (1980) "Protocol
for  assessment  of human exposure to airborne pesticides",  U.S.
EPA, Health Effects Research Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park,
NC 27711  (46 pages).

KEYWORD: distribution, pesticide, monitoring, exposure, sampling,
methodology, QA, laboratory, EPA$

This  protocol  reports  on methodology that EPA has developed to
assure that air samples will give  adequate  information  on  the
general  population's  exposure  to  pesticidal  air  pollutants.
Pumps, sorbents, calibration methods,  and preparations necessary
for  accurate  data collections are described.  The determination
of  sampling  efficiencies  and  respiratory  exposure  is   also
discussed.
0783
Lillie,  Thomas  H.   (June  1982)  "Chlordane in Air Force family
housing: a study of houses treated prior to construction," US Air
Force Occupational and Environmental  Health  Laboratory,  Brooks
Air Force Base, TX  78235 (7 pages).  NTIS ADA-121654.

KEYWORD: pesticide, chlordane, ventilation, outdoor, field, home,
exposure, source, architecture

Airborne  chlordane   levels were measured in 2,113 family housing
units on four U.S.  Air Force installations during the winter and
spring of 1981-82.  Ventilation ducts were in or below  the  slab
in all of the houses.  The soil below the houses was treated with
chlordane  before  the  slabs  were  poured  to  prevent  termite
infestation.  Airborne chlordane concentrations exceed the action
level (5 ug/m3) in only two of the houses.  Plans to sample other
houses that were treated only prior  to  construction  should  be
cancelled  because  the probability of exceeding the action level
is extremely low.


0784
Lillie, Thomas H.  (1981) "Chlordane in Air Force family housing:
a  study  of  houses  treated  after  construction," US Air Force
Occupational and  Environmental  Health  Laboratory,  Brooks  Air
Force Base, TX 78235  (8 pages).  NTIS ADA-111463.
                              173

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KEYWORD: pesticide,chlordane, ventilation, temperature, humidity,
exposure,field,home,source,outdoor,architecture,sampling,pressure

Airborne chlordane levels were measured  in  474   family  housing
units on seven U.S.  Air Force installations during the winter of
1980-81.  Ventilation  ducts  were  in  or  below the slab in 469
houses and in the crawl spaces in  5  houses.  All  were  treated
with  chlordane  by  subslab injection or exterior ditching after
construction.  In 408 houses (86%),   chlordane levels were  below
3.5 ug/m3, in 56 houses (12%) levels were from 3.5-6.5 ug/m3, and
in 10 houses (2%) levels were  above  6.5  ug/m3.   There  was  no
correlation  between  the concentration of airborne chlordane and
inside or  outside  temperature,  barometric  pressure,  relative
humidity,    or   the   difference   between  inside  and  outside
temperature.  Houses with exhaust ducts in or below the slab  did
not  have  significantly higher levels of airborne chlordane than
houses with return air ducts in that location.
0520
Lin, C.,  Anaclerio,  R.N.,  Anthon,  D.W.,  Fanning,  L.Z.,  and
Hollowell,   C.D.    (1979)   "Indoor/outdoor   measurements   of
formaldehyde and total aldehydes",  U.S.  Department  of  Energy,
Office of Buildings and Community Systems,  Washington,  DC 20585
(10 pages). NTIS LBL 9397.

KEYWORD: sampling, aldehyde, energy, ventilation, energy, office,
CH20, home, microenvironment, laboratory, methodology

When  infiltration  and  ventilation of a building are reduced to
save energy,  indoor air quality  may  deteriorate.  Formaldehyde
and  other  aldehydes,  important  indoor air contaminants,  were
studied as a function of building air exchange  rates  in  public
buildings  and  energy-efficient research houses.  Sequential gas
bubbling systems were used in conjunction with a  pneumatic  flow
control  system  for  field  sampling.   Samples  were  collected
simultaneously for formaldehyde and  total  aliphatic  aldehydes,
and  were  analyzed  in  the  laboratory  using  three  different
methods.    At   public   buildings,   researchers   found   that
concentrations  of formaldehyde and aldehydes were about the same
indoors  and  outdoors  (due  largely   to   traditionally   high
ventilation  rates  in these buildings).  However,  it is evident
that indoor air in general  has  higher  formaldehyde  and  total
aliphatic   aldehyde   levels   than  outdoor  air.   Residential
buildings and office trailers,  in particular,  have levels  that
can  exceed the promulgated European indoor formaldehyde standard
of 120 ug/m3  (100  ppb).  Because  these  high  air  contaminant
levels  may  have  adverse health and comfort effects on building
occupants,  further study  is  needed  to  establish  ventilation
requirements for energy-efficient buildings.
                              174

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0684
Lindeken,  C.L.,  Jones,   D.E.,   and  McMillen,   R.E.   (1973)
"Environmental    radiation    background    variations   between
residences", Health Phys., 24:81-86.

KEYWORD: radiation, architecture, home, field, exposure,seasonal,
outdoor, energy

Environmental background measurements made in  approximately  100
residences  near  Livermore,   CA,   show  variations  in  annual
radiation exposure from 52 to 130  millirems.  Measurements  were
made  with  calcium  difluoride/dysprosium  monitors at quarterly
intervals  for  a  year.   Dwellings  were  typically  wood-frame
structures with stucco exteriors.  Indoor exposure rates were, on
the  average,  about  25%  lower than those outdoors.  Dosimeters
were used without energy filters  because  it  appears  that  low
energy  photons  contribute little to the total dose from natural
radiation  sources.  Elimination  of  energy  filters  materially
simplified   packaging   and   handling   requirements   for  the
measurements.
0665
Lioy,  Paul  J.  (1986)  "Discussion  on  guidelines for exposure
assessment",  Paper no.  86-13.2,  presented at the  79th  annual
meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association,  P.O.  Box 2861
Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (8 pages).

KEYWORD: exposure,risk,health,QA,statistical,distribution,model, o
utdoor,activity,CO,TEAM,microenvironment,NO2,personal,VOC

The traditional approach to examining relationships  between  the
concentration  of  a  chemical  in  an environment and the amount
available for  human  ingestion,  inhalation  or  absorption  has
usually relied on (1) measurements of a pollutant or surrogate at
a  fixed  monitoring location or (2) mathematical model estimates
of concentration from effluent emission rates.  In the context of
the Federal Register guidelines for exposure assessment (November
23,  1984) and the principles  currently  being  applied  in  the
field,  these  types  of  data  should  be  used as the basis for
preliminary assessments only.  Unfortunately,  the guidelines  do
not  rigorously  express  this  point.  To proceed to an in-depth
assessment,  pollutant  sources,  pollutant  concentrations,  and
human   activity   patterns   must   be  available  for  discrete
microenvironments.  Data bases of this sort and  exposure  models
based on them are being developed.
                              175

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0478
Lipari,  F.,  Dasch,  J.M.,   and Scruggs,   W.F.   (1984)  "Aldehyde
emissions from wood-burning fireplaces",  Environ.  Sci.  Technol.,
18(5):326-330.

KEYWORD: wood,  particulate,  CH2O,  source,   aldehyde,   outdoor,
acetaldehyde, tolualdehyde,  combustion

Total aldehyde emissions from wood-burning fireplaces ranged from
0.6 to 2.3 g/kg of wood burned,  based on tests with cedar,  jack
pine,  red  oak,  and  ash.   Formaldehyde,  acetaldehyde,  and p-
tolualdehyde were the major aldehydes emitted,  with formaldehyde
comprising  21  to  42%  of  the  total.   Aldehyde  and  particle
emissions were inversely correlated with burn rate and  may  also
be  related  to  wood  type.  On the basis of these measurements,
nationwide aldehyde emissions from residential wood burning  were
estimated to be between 14 billion and 54 billion grams per year.
This  value  compares to both power plant and automobile aldehyde
emissions.  It is likely that residential wood burning is a major
source of primary aldehydes during the winter.


0697
Lippman, Morton and Lioy, Paul J.  (1985)  "Critical issues in air
pollution epidemiology", Environ. Health Perspect., 62:243-258.

KEYWORD: NAAQS, literature,research, particulate,  O3, SO2, health

The  epidemiological  studies  that  significantly  impacted  the
setting of National Ambient Air Quality  Standards  (NAAQS)  were
performed  more  than  20  years  ago.  Most  of  the more recent
studies  have  been  seriously  flawed  in  their  design  and/or
execution   because  they  neglected  to  account  for  important
variables such as:  pollutant exposures  other  than  those  from
ambient air,  influence of personal activity on pollutant uptake,
human variability,  and  the  separate  contributions  of  recent
transient  peak  exposures  and long-term chronic exposures.  For
particulates,  the  influence of composition and size distribution
has  also  received  too  little consideration.  To address these
deficiencies,  research is needed  on:  indices  for  particulate
exposures,  identification  of exposures relevant to the effects,
improved  indices   of  effects,  acquisition  of  response  data,
identification  of  exposed  populations,  and  identification of
susceptible subgroups.  Approaches to these needs are  discussed,
along  with  brief  reviews  of  several recent studies that have
focused on critical issues of concern, made the necessary efforts
to characterize the relevant exposures of the  populations  being
studied,  and  demonstrated human responses to ambient pollutants
at current exposure levels.
                              176

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0515
Lipschutz,  R.D., Girman, J.R., Dickinson, J.B., Allen, J.R., and
Traynor,  G.W.   (1981) "Infiltration and indoor  air  quality  in
energy efficient houses in Eugene,  Oregon",  U.S.  Department of
Energy,  Office of  Building  Energy  Research  and  Development,
Washington, DC 20585  (50 pages). NTIS DE82-000971.

KEYWORD: radon, CH2O, N02, ventilation, exposure, energy, health,
home, model, seasonal, smoking, source, architecture

Measurements of infiltration rates and indoor pollutant levels in
houses  incorporating  energy-conserving  measures  can   provide
important  information about the effectiveness and health effects
of  such  measures.  The  authors  measured  12  energy-efficient
houses  in  Eugene,  OR,  for effective leakage area using blower
door fan pressurization.  Air-exchange rates  over  a  period  of
several  hours were determined by tracer gas decay analysis.  The
results were used  (in  conjunction  with  the  Lawrence  Berkeley
Laboratory  infiltration  model)  to  predict  average annual and
heating season infiltration rates.  Measured  leakage  areas  and
infiltration  rates  were quite low in comparison to other groups
of test houses in North America.  Average specific leakage  areas
for  the 12 houses was 2.8 cm2/m2,  as compared to 6.4 cm2/m2 for
post-1975  California  housing.   The  average   heating   season
infiltration rate was calculated to be 0.34 air changes per hour.
Infiltration  rates  measured  from  tracer gas decay ranged from
0.08 to 0.27  air  changes  per  hour.  Concentration  of  radon,
formaldehyde, and NO2 were measured in four of the houses.  Radon
levels  were  insignificant.  NO2  concentrations were low in all
four houses,  although levels in the two houses with smokers were
slightly  elevated  compared  to  the two houses with nonsmokers.
Formaldehyde levels in all four houses were  about  half  of  the
most  restrictive existing guidelines.  Furniture and/or building
materials are the problem source of this pollutant.


0215
Liu, K.S.,  Sexton, K., Hayward, S.B., Petreas, M.,  Webber,  L.,
and  Chang,  B.-H.  (June  1986)  "Determinants  of  formaldehyde
concentrations inside mobile homes", Paper no.  86-7.7, presented
at   the  79th  annual  meeting  of  the  Air  Pollution  Control
Association, P.O.  Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (16 pages).

KEYWORD: CH2O, field, source, monitoring,  activity, statistical,
home, exposure, appliance

In 1984-85, the California Indoor Air Quality Program conducted  a
State-wide survey of  formaldehyde (CH20) concentrations in mobile
homes.  Using passive monitors,  1-week  integrated  levels  were
measured  in  kitchens  and  bedrooms.  Information about housing
characteristics and   activities  during  the  sampling  week  was


                              177

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gathered  with a self-administered questionnaire.  Univariate and
multivariate analyses  revealed  the  important  determinants  of
indoor  CH2O  to be home age,  open windows,  home location,  new
furniture, and gas appliances.


0214
Liu, K.S., Chang, B. H.,  Hayward,  S. B.,   Kulasingam,  G.,  and
Sexton,  K.  (June 1986) "Estimation of formaldehyde exposure for
mobile home residents", Paper no.  86-68.1, presented at the 79th
annual  meeting  of  the Air Pollution Control Association,  P.O.
Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (15 pages).

KEYWORD: CH2O, field, seasonal, exposure,  distribution,  source,
home, monitoring

In 1984-85, the California Indoor Air Quality program undertook a
survey of formaldehyde  (CH20) levels in California mobile  homes.
Week-long  integrated levels were obtained using passive samplers
while participants lived normally.  During the summer and winter,
470 mobile homes,  selected randomly throughout the  State,  were
monitored.  More  than  500,000  California  residents  of mobile
homes are exposed to CH2O levels greater  than  0.05  ppm,  about
180,000  residents are exposed to more than 0.1 ppm,  and between
730 and 980 residents are exposed to more than 0.4 ppm.


0252
Livingston, J.M., et al.  (Sept.  1981) "Living area contamination
by  chlordane  used  for  termite  treatment",   Bull.   Environ.
Contain. Toxicol., 27 (3) : 406-411.

KEYWORD: pesticide, chlordane, exposure, monitoring, field, home

Chlordane contamination  was  monitored  in  living  areas  at   a
midwestern U.S.  Air Force base.  The contamination resulted  from
chlordane  treatments   for  termite  control.  Airborne chlordane
concentrations ranged between 16  and  293  mg/m3.  Air  sampling
data from 1964-79 are tabulated and compared.
 0364
 Loewenstein, J.C.,  Pourdel, M.C., Maffiolo, G., Krainik,  F.,   and
 Wolmark,  Y.   (1984)  "Relation of environmental conditions  to  the
 health  of  the  elderly   in  a  long  term  care   hospital,    a
 longitudinal survey",   Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T.,  and  Sundell,
 J.,  Eds.,  "Indoor  air,  vol.   2,   radon,   passive   smoking,
 particulates   and   housing epidemiology",  Swedish   Council   for
 Building Research,  Stockholm, pp. 275-280.  NTIS PB85-104198.

 KEYWORD: particulate, NOx,temperature, humidity, health,  outdoor,
 hospital, S02

                              178

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This paper presents the first results of  a  30-month  survey  of
possible  relations  of  environmental  parameters (particulates,
502, NOx, temperature, humidity,  atmospheric pressure),  indoors
and  outdoors,  to  the health of the elderly in a long-term-care
hospital.  One of the major results is evidence of an interaction
of NOx (the indoor  and  outdoor  values  of  which  are  closely
correlated) with incidence rates of respiratory disease.


0199
Lorenz, F. (1982) "Calculation of ventilation requirements in the
case of intermittent pollution:  application to enclosed  parking
garages", Environ.  Int., 8:515-524.

KEYWORD: ventilation,model,energy,control,method,microenvironment

The  ventilation  requirements  for decontamination of indoor air
are normally determined with  a  static  calculation  method.  In
some cases, the pollutant emission is intermittent;  for example,
in the parking garage of an office building,  most  of  the  cars
enter  and  leave at nearly the same time.  Generally,  in such a
case, the volume of the garage is large;  consequently,  the time
constant  of  the  system has a high value.  So a static approach
would no longer be accurate,  and a dynamic evaluation is needed.
With  the  help  of some assumptions,  calculations remain rather
simple, and results can be plotted on nomographs or computed on a
programmable hand-held calculator.  The amount  of  energy  saved
may  appear  very  large in some cases.  A sizing optimization is
required but also remains easy to  compute.  The  paper  presents
the  method of calculation for a single ventilation level and the
optimization of a two-level ventilation.


0580
Lowder, Wayne M.  (1985) "Radon:  overview", Gammage, R.B., Kaye,
S.V., and Jacobs, V.A., Eds.,"Indoor air and human health", Lewis
Publishers, Inc., P.O. Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI 48115, pp. 39-41.

KEYWORD: radon, health, exposure, lung,  outdoor,  source,  risk,
literature, epidemiology, research

Naturally occurring radioactive radon is always  present  in  the
air.  Indoor  concentrations  are  typically 2 to 10 times higher
than  those  in  outdoor  air.   Inhaling  radon  decay  products
attached to particulates results in an alpha dose to the critical
cells  of  the  respiratory tract,  which produces lung cancer in
miners.  Current estimates of radon exposure and  the  consequent
risk  indicate  that about 10% of nonsmoking-related lung cancers
may be caused by radon.  The current literature also hints  at  a
relationship  between radon and smoking and the induction of lung


                              179

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cancer.  Thus,  radon is  one  of  the  most  significant  indoor
pollutants in terms of potential adverse human health effects.


0475
Lynch,  John J.,  and Burgess,  William  A.  (1974)  "A  personal
exposure sampler for carbon monoxide", Am.  Ind.  Hyg. Assoc. J.,
35:354-358.

KEYWORD: CO, personal, exposure, monitor, sampling,  methodology,
QA

The catalytic oxidation of CO to C02 in air by Hopcalite  is  the
basis  for a personal sampler for CO.  Four- or 8-hour integrated
samples are obtained by drawing air  at  0.5  liters  per  minute
(L/M)  through  stripping  beds  of Ascarite and molecular sieve,
which remove water vapor and CO2 from the ambient  air.  The  air
sample  then  passes  to  a preweighed glass U-tube that contains
Hopcalite, Ascarite,  and anhydrous magnesium perchlorate.  After
sampling,  the  U-tube  is  reweighed  —  trapped  C02  from the
oxidized CO increased the weight of the tube.  At 0.5 L/M and  70
degrees F., the 1.5 g of catalyst in the U-tube convert more than
90%  of the CO to CO2.  For a 4-hour sample in the range of 20 to
100  ppm  CO,   the  relative  standard  deviation  of  duplicate
measurements  is  +/-  6%.  Duplicate  samples  were taken in the
field for both 4- and 8-hour determinations in the 10 to 100  ppm
range, and the precision was +/- 2.4 ppm CO.


0058
Lynn, David, Tabor, Elbert, Ott, Wayne, and Smith,  Raymond  (June
1967) "Present and future commuter exposures to carbon monoxide",
Paper  no.  67-5  presented at the 60th annual meeting of the Air
Pollution Control Association,  P.O.  Box  2861,  Pittsburgh,  PA
15230  (20 pages).

KEYWORD: CO,  field, exposure, vehicle, interior, EPA$

This paper examines efforts by the Federal air pollution research
program to better define the exposures of the U.S.  population to
CO.  Efforts  to measure the CO exposure of occupants  of  vehicles
moving  in traffic, as well as methodologies  for predicting future
exposures,  are  described.  Summary  data   are  presented from  a
field study of  14 U.S.  cities in which a  van  equipped  with   a
nondispersive  infrared   device   measured   CO   exposures  on
expressways,  arterials,  and center-city streets.  CO  exposures
ranged  from  10  to  29 ppm  (average  of  19.4 ppm)  on  expressways,
from  15 to  38 ppm  (average of 24.6 ppm) on arterials, and from 25
to  40 ppm  (average of 31.9 ppm) on center-city streets.  With all
routes  considered, the average exposure ranged  from 18 ppm in St.
Louis,  MO,  to 36 ppm  in Los Angeles,  CA,  with an  average of  25.4


                              180

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ppm for all cities.
0038
MacRae,
Gordon R.,   and  Arnold,  Steve  (1984)  "Denver  carbon
monoxide study,   fixed station data presentation",  draft report,
State of Colorado,  Department of Health,  Air Pollution  Control
Division, Denver, CO  80203  (est. 160 pages).

KEYWORD: CO,  field, personal,  exposure,  monitor, biomonitoring,
outdoor

A  description   is given of the  fixed air-monitoring network that
was operated  in  Denver,  CO,  at the same time  (1982-83)  that  a
personal  exposure  monitoring   study  of CO was undertaken.  The
findings of a study comparing end-expired  (breath) air and  blood
carboxyhemoglobin  at  high  altitudes  also  are  described   in
Appendix B.


0753
Macher,  J.,  Liu, K.S., and Alevantis, L.  (July 1985) "Report  on
the  investigation  of  air  quality  in  the  Disabled  Students
Services    Office    at   San   Fransisco   State   University",
CA/DOH/AIHL/SBS-1,  California   Department  of  Health  Services,
Berkeley, CA  94704 (21 pages).

KEYWORD: CO,  C02, asbestos, ventilation,  CH20,  activity,  field,
office,monitor,temperature,humidity,microorganism,particulate

The  California   Department of Health Services Indoor Air Quality
(IAQ) Program responded to complaints  of  symptoms,  purportedly
related to the work environment,  among employees in the Disabled
Students Services office.  In June 1985, the IAQ team visited the
office,  distributed  a  work  environment/health  questionnaire,
examined  and evaluated the ventilation system,  and reviewed the
chemicals and cleaners used in the  Audio  Visual  Center   (AVC).
The  IAQ  team  also  collected  and  analyzed samples for viable
particles,  airborne pollen grains,  formaldehyde,  and asbestos;
and  monitored CO,  CO2,  respirable dust,  air temperature,  and
relative humidity.  These air quality parameters were adequate  on
the  day  that  they  were  measured.   However,   flaws  in  the
ventilation system might allow excessive accumulation during cold
weather of unidentified chemicals from the AVC.


0728
Macher, J.M.,  Alevantis,  L.E.,  Liu,  K.S.,  and Hayward,  S.B.
(1986)   "Report  on a preliminary investigation of air quality  in
the  Richmond  Health  Clinic",   CA/DOH/AIHL/SBS-2,   California
Department of Health Services,  Berkeley, CA 94704 (9 pages).
                              181

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KEYWORD: office, research, exposure,  ventilation, health, field,
personal

This   report  summarizes  an  investigation  by  the  California
Department of Health Services of a  complaint  by  health  clinic
staff  concerning  air movement within their offices and possible
health effects.  Samples were collected of (1) the salt  solution
used to dehumidify the air,  (2) dust on furniture and in the air
filters,  (3) water in the air handling unit and  (4)  non-carbon
producing   paper   used   in   the  office.   The  investigation
recommended steps to reduce potential contaminant sources, and to
evaluate  the problem more fully.  These included to drain the x--
ray film developer,  fix the corroded x-ray developer drain pipe,
replace or clean the materials that were contaminated by the pipe
leak,  check the ventilation flow rates, install low cost ceiling
fans if needed,  and conduct surveys to determine health  effects
of the dehumidifier,  biological air contaminants,  and noncarbon
producing paper.


0121
Mack,  G.A.,  Pope,  A.M.,  and Howes,  J.E., Jr.  (1983) "Carbon
monoxide monitoring in microenvironments in  the  Washington,  DC
area",  EPA  contract No.  68-02-3745,  U.S.  EPA,  Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711
(162 pages).  Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: CO,microenvironment,personal,exposure, monitor, vehicle,
interior, outdoor, EPA$, office

Data on CO  exposures  to  individuals  were  collected  for  the
microenvironments   associated   with   (1)  several  methods  of
commuting to and  from  work,   (2)  working  in  a  large  office
building in an urban area,  and  (3) shopping in a commercial area
in a large metropolitan city.  The study  was  conducted  in  the
Washington,  DC,  area from January 7 through March 18,  1983.  A
new personal monitoring  system  was  used  consisting  of  a  CO
detector linked to an automatic data-logging system.  Methods and
results are thoroughly described for each microenvironment.
0602
Mage,  D.T.,  and Wallace, L.A., Eds.   (1979) "Proceedings of the
symposium on the development and usage  of personal  monitors  for
exposure  and  health  effects  studies",  U.S.  EPA,  Office  of
Research and Development,  Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711  (518
pages).  NTIS PB80-143894.

KEYWORD: personal, exposure, monitor, health, methodology,  EPA$,
sampling, QA, biomonitoring, epidemiology
                               182

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These  are  the proceedings of a symposium on the development and
usage of personal monitor for measuring pollutant  exposures  and
resultant  physiological  responses.  This report contains edited
transcripts  of  the  discussion  following   each   paper,   the
transcript  of  an  informal  general discussion period,  and the
transcript of a closing panel discussion.  The  breakthroughs  in
miniaturization  of  data  processing and control modules through
the use of digital microcircuitry have allowed the development  a
new   generation  of  pocket-sized  personal  monitors  for  both
pollution variables and  physiological  measures.  The  symposium
addressed  the conduct of epidemiological and exposure assessment
studies that incorporate these monitors into the design.


0042
Mage,  David T.(1985) "Concepts of human exposure assessment  for
airborne particulate matter", Environ. Int., 11:407-411.

KEYWORD: particulate, model, personal, monitoring,exposure, risk,
EPA$

This paper discusses how human exposures to airborne particulates
can  be  determined  from  personal  monitoring  and estimated by
ambient monitoring and microenvironmental monitoring. The utility
of  each  approach  is  discussed,  and  examples  are  given  of
applications  to  assessments  of human exposures for purposes of
relating these exposures either to measures  of  health  or  risk
assessments of these exposures.


0428
Mage,  David T.,  and Gammage,  R.B.  (Oct.  1984) "Evaluation of
changes in indoor air quality occurring  over  the  past  several
decades",  Gammage,  R.B.,  and Kaye, S.B., Eds., "Indoor air and
human health", Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI 48118, pp.  5-
35.

KEYWORD: CO2, VOC, smoking, source, exposure, literature, health,
outdoor, SO2, NO2, particulate, activity, radon, CH2O

The  history  and  probable  future  of  the  study of indoor air
quality (IAQ)  are  discussed.  Since  World  War  II,  increased
indoor  air pollution sources and energy conservation measures as
well as decreased indoor/outdoor air exchanges have caused IAQ to
deteriorate.  In recent years,  public and  governmental  concern
over  the health effects of indoor air pollution has intensified.
Improvements  in  analytical  methodology  permit  more  accurate
assessments of IAQ.  The authors discuss a wide variety of indoor
air pollutants with regard to the above concerns.
                              183

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0144
Mage,  David T.,   et al.  (April 1985)  "Human exposure assessment
location (HEAL) project:  United  States  component",  U.S.  EPA,
Environmental  Monitoring  Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle
Park, NC 27711 (201 pages).   Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: HEAL, TEAM, methodology, sample, design, multipollutant,
multimedia,  distribution, outdoor, VOC,biomonitoring, EPA$, QA

The  Human  Exposure  Assessment  Location  (HEAL)   project   is
coordinated  by  the  United Nations Environment Programme and is
designed to provide direct data on exposure to pollutants.  These
data will supplement multimedia ambient  and  source  monitoring.
The  U.S.  contribution,  by  the  U.S.  EPA,  is  to develop and
demonstrate   methodologies   for   (1)   determining   frequency
distributions  of  personal  exposures  of  a statistically valid
sample population to pollutants in air, drinking water, and food,
(2)   determining   frequency    distributions    of    pollutant
concentrations in breath, blood, urine, and tissue (body burden),
(3)  relating  Number  1  to  Number 2,  (4) relating Number 1 to
measurements  in  ambient  air  and  food,  and   (5)   determining
important sources of exposure.  This report screens methodologies
for  HEAL suitability and also screens pollutants on the basis of
methodology  availability.   HEAL  overlaps  the  Total  Exposure
Assessment Methodology  (TEAM) project.  Data quality assurance is
discussed.
0337
Maki,  H.T.,  and Woods,  J.E.,  Jr.  (1984) "Dynamic behavior of
pollutants  generated  by  indoor  combustion",   Berglund,   B.,
Lindvall,  T.,  and  Sundell,  J.,  Eds., "Indoor  air,  vol.  5,
buildings, ventilation and thermal climate",  Swedish Council for
Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 73-78.  NTIS PB85-104222.

KEYWORD: CO2, source, ventilation,  humidity,  home, temperature,
NOx, combustion, laboratory, kerosene

When  indoor  air concentrations from indoor combustion processes
are estimated, source strengths and ventilation rates are usually
considered.  Recent studies,  conducted in  the  Energy  Research
House  at  Iowa  State  University,  indicate  that several other
factors  also  have  a   significant   effect   on   indoor   air
concentrations.  In  one  of  these studies,  a ventless kerosene
heater  served   as   the   source   of   pollutants.   Resultant
concentrations  of NOx and CO2,  as well as relative humidity and
air temperatures,  were monitored throughout the house.  An inert
tracer gas,  SF6, was released in the house at the same points as
the pollutant concentrations.  The  authors  concluded  that,  in
nonsteady  conditions,  it is not valid to assume that pollutants


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from a local source disperse uniformly  throughout  a  house.  To
the contrary,  various pollutants are dispersed at various rates,
and additional research  should  be  directed  to  these  dynamic
behavioral characteristics.
0348
Malaspina, J., Bodilis, H., Giacomoni, L., and Marble, G.  (1984)
"Indoor air pollution: study of two buildings in the Paris area",
Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds., "Indoor air,
vol.  5,  buildings,  ventilation and thermal  climate",  Swedish
Council  for  Building Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  499-504.  NTIS
PB85-104222.

KEYWORD: smoking, S02,  microorganism,  outdoor,  multipollutant,
exposure, foreign, France, particulate, office

A  study  measured  thoroughly  the levels of indoor chemical and
particulate pollution in two tall office buildings in the  Paris,
France,  area.  For  one building,  the measurements were made at
the   same   time   in   the   open   air,   and   a   study   of
aerobiocontamination was added.  The results show that the levels
of  most  of the pollutants were higher inside than outside,  the
outstanding exception being SO2.  Tobacco smoke was found  to  be
the main source of pollution.


0256
Males, R.  (Sept.  1984) "R&D status report: indoor air quality",
Electric Power Research Institute J. 15:45-47.

KEYWORD: literature,  outdoor,  smoking,  NO2,  CO,  particulate,
personal, exposure, monitor, CH2O, radon, energy, health

This  report  reviews  why  the Electric Power Research Institute
(EPRI) is interested in indoor air quality  (IAQ)  and  summarizes
several EPRI-funded studies.  Of special interest are the effects
on  IAQ  of utility-sponsored house weatherization programs,  the
health effects of indoor pollutants that also  are  generated  by
EPRI utilities,  and the effects on IAQ of different heating, air
conditioning, and appliance technologies.


0624
Martonen, T.  (1983) "Deposition of inhaled particulate matter in
the  upper respiratory tract,  larynx,  and bronchial airways:  a
mathematical   description", Journal of Toxicology  and  Environ-
mental Health. 12:787-800.

KEYWORD: aerosol, distribution, health, model, particulate, lung,
dose
                              185

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A mathematical description of inhaled particle behavior  suitable
for  analysis  of factors affecting deposition in the human upper
respiratory tract,  larynx,  and ciliated airwarys is  presented.
In this model, particle losses in the upper respiratory tract are
described   by   empirical  formulas.   In  downstream  bronchial
airways, particle deposition probabilities are calculated using a
system of theoretical equations that  describe  the  behavior  of
aerosol  air  flow  known  to  exist  in the human lung.  Results
indicate that the model effectively simulates  factors  affecting
particle  motion  in  respiratory  passages.  It is proposed that
this model could be used to evaluate health effects of  hazardous
aerosols.
0360
Matsuki,   H.,    Yanagisawa,  Y.,  Osaka,  F.,   Kasuga,  H.,  and
Nishimura,  H.   (1984) "Personal exposure to N02 and  its  health
effect   with  urinary  hydroxyproline  to  creatinine  ratio  as
biochemical indicator", Berglund, B.,  Lindvall, T.,  and Sundell,
J.,   Eds.,  "Indoor  air,   vol.   2,  radon,   passive  smoking,
particulates  and  housing  epidemiology",  Swedish  Council  for
Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 243-248.  NTIS PB85-104198.

KEYWORD: personal, exposure, monitor,  NO2, biomonitoring, health,
source,statistical,model,foreign,smoking,Japan,seasonal

The  relation  between  personal  NO2  exposure  and the ratio of
urinary hydroxyprolien to creatinine  (H/C) was examined in winter
and summer.  Subjects were from  families  of   students  attending
primary  schools  in  the  Tokyo,   Japan,  metropolitan  region.
Integrated 24-hour personal NO2  exposures  were  determined  with
triethanolamine-coated    cellulose    badges    and   subsequent
colorimetric  analysis.   Hydroxyproline  and   creatinine   were
determined  by  modified  auto-analyzer  procedures.  Results  of
step-wise multiple regression are presented for (1) personal  NO2
exposure,  (2)   active smoking level,   (3) passive smoking level,
(4) age,  (5)  occupation,  (6) home location, and (7) distance from
the home to a busy road.  A linear model was developed to predict
the effects of these parameters  on H/C.
0232
Matsukuru,   Shiegeru,   et  al.    (Sept.   1984)   "Effects   of
environmental  tobacco  smoke  on  urinary  cotinine excretion in
nonsmokers", New Eng.  J.  Med., 311(13):828-832.

KEYWORD: biomonitoring, passive, smoking, rural, exposure,  home,
foreign, Japan

The relationship between excretion of urinary cotinine  (the major


                              186

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metabolite of nicotine found in urine) in 472 nonsmokers and  the
smokiness  of their environment is investigated.  The presence of
smokers in both the home and  workplace  increased  the  cotinine
levels,  and  urban  nonsmokers  had more cotinine in their urine
than did  rural  smokers.  The  deleterious  effects  of  passive
smoking  may occur in proportion to the exposure of nonsmokers to
smokers in the home, workplace, and community.


0367
Matsushita, Hidetsaru, and Mori, Tadashi (1984) "Nitrogen dioxide
and nitrosamine levels in indoor air  and  side-stream  smoke  of
cigarette",  Berglund,  B., Lindvall,  T.,  and Sundell, J., Eds.,
"Indoor air, vol.  2,  radon,  passive smoking,  particulates and
housing  epidemiology",  Swedish  Council  for Building Research,
Stockholm, pp. 335-341.  NTIS PB85-104198.

KEYWORD: NO2, outdoor, personal, exposure,  monitor, home, office,
source, seasonal, smoking, foreign, Japan

Personal exposures to NO2 dioxide for about 40 volunteers  living
in Tokyo,  Japan,  ranged between 13 and 132 ppb in winter, 8 and
53 ppb in spring,  6 and 28 ppb in summer,   and 8 and 37  ppb  in
autumn.  They  spent  most  of their time indoors—office workers
22.0 to 23.0 hours a day,  and  nonworking  women  22.0  to  22.6
hours.  NO2  concentration in homes was remarkably high in winter
as  compared  with  that  outside  homes,   indicating  a   large
contribution  of  heating  to N02 indoor air pollution.  Personal
exposures correlated well with indoor pollution,  especially home
indoor pollution.  N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosopyrolidine
in  side-stream  smoke  ranged  from  180  to  427  and 76 to 206
(respectively) ng/cigarette for Japanese cigarettes and from  264
to  544  and  114  to  332   (respectively)   ng/cigarette for both
English  and  American  cigarettes.   These   nitrosamines   were
detected  in  some  indoor  environments such as offices,  coffee
shops, and pinball houses.


0233
Matthews,  T.G.,   et  al.    (May  1984)  "Practical  measurement
technology     for     low-formaldehyde-concentration     levels:
applications  to  personnel  monitoring  needs",   EPA   National
Symposium  on  Monitoring  Hazardous  Organic  Pollutants in Air,
Raleigh, NC.  NTIS PB84-148345.

KEYWORD: CH20,  regulation, personal,  exposure, monitor, source,
methodology, home

A formaldehyde (CH2O) monitoring program has  been  developed  at
Oak  Ridge  National  Laboratory  to  assist the Consumer Product
Safety Commission in its  deliberations  concerning  the  use  of


                              187

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urea-formaldehyde  foam  insulation  materials  and  the possible
development of an indoor air quality standard for CH2O.  Low-cost
monitoring  technology  has  been  developed  for  a  large-scale
screening analysis of CH20 levels in dwellings and for inspection
instrumentation  that  operates  at  near  real-time  speed.  The
applicability of the new methodologies  to  personnel  monitoring
needs,  including area monitors, personnel badges, and near real-
time measurement techniques, is under investigation.
0254
Matthews,  T.G.,   et  al.   (Nov.   1981)  "Visual
formaldehyde screening analysis for indoor air",  J.
Control Assoc., 31(11):1181-1184.
colorimetric
 Air Pollut.
KEYWORD: CH2O, temperature, methodology, laboratory, field

A  visual colorimetric analysis method for screening formaldehyde
at levels of about 100 ppb is demonstrated.  The method, based on
the general aldehyde methylbenzothiazolin-hydrazone technique, is
insensitive to variations of 15%  in  reagent  concentration  and
ambient  temperatures  between  14 and 26 degrees Celsius.  Field
tests  show  that  the  method  is  well  suited  for   screening
formaldehyde in homes.


0570
Matthews,  T.G.,  Fung, K.W., Tromberg, B.J., and Hawthorne, A.R.
(1986) "Surface  emission  monitoring  of  pressed-wood  products
containing urea-formaldehyde resins", Environ. Int., 12(1-4):301-
309.

KEYWORD: CH20, exposure,  field,  methodology, QA, source, model,
temperature, humidity, architecture, home, laboratory

Emission rates of formaldehyde  (CH2O)  from  U.S.-  manufactured
particleboard,  hardwood  plywood  paneling,  and  medium-density
fiberboard products were surveyed using  a  formaldehyde  surface
emission  monitor  (FSEM).  The results indicate approximately two
orders of magnitude variation  in  CH20  emission  rates  between
weakly   emitting   paneling  and  strongly  emitting   fiberboard
products.  The CH20 emission rates for  particleboard,  paneling,
and   fiberboard  products  average   0.30,  0.17,  and  1.5 mg/m2h,
respectively.   Sources  of  variation  in  emission   rates  were
investigated.    The   relative   intraboard,   interboard,   and
intermanufacturer  variation  observed  varies  strongly  between
particleboard,  paneling, and fiberboard product categories.  The
FSEM  was also used carpet-covered particleboard  underlayment   in
two   unfurnished  research  homes.   Measurements  were made  at  16
different  temperature  and  relative  humidity   (RH)   conditions
ranging  from  17 to  29 degrees C and 41% to 88% RH to field-test
                               188

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the response of the FSEM under variable environmental conditions.
Substituting the FSEM CH2O  emission  rate  data  into  a  simple
steady-state, CH2O concentration model (that does not account for
variation  in  temperature  and  RH)  gave good agreement between
FSEM-modeled and measured CH2O concentrations.
0635
Matthews,  T.G.,  Fung, K.W., Tromberg, B.J., and Hawthorne, A.R.
(1986) "Impact of indoor environmental parameters on formaldehyde
concentrations in unoccupied research  houses",  J.  Air  Pollut.
Control Assoc., 36:1244-1249.

KEYWORD: CH20,source,exposure,model, field,humidity, temperature,
seasonal, home, laboratory

This study examined the impact  of  indoor  temperature   (T)  and
relative    humidity    (RH)   levels   on   formaldehyde    (CH2O)
concentrations inside two unoccupied research  houses  where  the
primary  CH2O  emitter  is particle board underlayment.  The data
were fit to a simple,  three-term,  steady-state model describing
the  T  and  RH  dependence  of  CH20  concentration  in a  single
compartment with a single CH2O emitter.  The  model  is  used  to
estimate  potential  seasonal  variation  in  CH20 concentrations
under specified experimental conditions inside  the  houses.  The
research  house  data  also were used to evaluate the limitations
and applicablility of more  complex  five-term  models  developed
from  small-scale chamber studies of the environmental dependence
of CH20 emissions from particle board underlayment.  These  models
also incorporate a  linear  T  and  RH  dependence  of  the CH2O
transport  rate  through  the  emitter  as  well  as the T  and RH
dependence  of  CH2O  concentrations  within  the  emitter.   The
research   house  results  correlated  well  with   (1)  a   single
underlayment model over a broad range of environmental conditions
and (2) a multiple underlayment model over a restricted range  of
environmental conditions.
0255
Matthews,  T.G.,  Reed,  T.J., Tromberg, B.J., Daffron, C.R., and
Hawthorne, A.R.   (1984) "Formaldehyde emissions from consumer and
construction  products:  potential  impact on indoor formaldehyde
concentrations",  Oak Ridge National Laboratory,  Oak  Ridge,  TN
37831  (8 pages).  NTIS DE-84016592/XAB.

KEYWORD: CH2O,  home, exposure, source, combustion,  architecture,
model

The  formaldehyde (CH20) emission rates of combustion sources and
construction products commonly found in homes are  surveyed.  The
potential  impacts of these sources on indoor CH2O concentrations


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are  estimated  using  simple  steady-state,   indoor   pollutant
concentration  models.  The strongest contributors to indoor CH2O
are pressed-wood products and foam  insulation  containing  urea-
formaldehyde resins.


0525
Matthews,  T.G., Hawthorne, A.R., Schrimscher, J.M., Corey, M.D.,
and Daffron, C.R. (1983) "Formaldehyde surface emission monitor",
Proceedings  at:   National  symposium  on  recent  advances   in
pollutant monitoring of ambient air and stationary sources,  held
at Raleigh, NC, May 4-7, 1982", pp. 30-43.  NTIS PB84-148345.

KEYWORD: source, QA, methodology, sampling, emission, laboratory,
CH20, architecture

A   monitor  is  being  developed  for  passive,   nondestructive
measurement of formaldehyde emission rates from flat surfaces  of
solid  formaldehyde  sources.  The  monitor uses a solid sorbent,
13X molecular sieve,  that provides excellent chemical  stability
for   sorbed  formaldehyde  and  can  be  used  in  any  physical
orientation,  with a 0.032 m2 test area.  A  detection  limit  of
0.01/mg formaldehyde/m2/hr can be achieved with a 3-hour sampling
period  and  pararosaniline  colorimetric  analysis.  Preliminary
results indicate that the monitor could be used for  (1)  quality
control  measurements  of  commercial  formaldehyde  - containing
materials  such  as  pressed-wood  products   and    (2)   in-situ
measurements  of  formaldehyde  emission  rates from a variety of
sources in domestic environments such as pressed wood,  textiles,
and urea-formaldehyde foam insulation products.


0685
Matthews, T.G.   (1982)  "Evaluation of a modified CEA Instruments,
Inc.  Model 555 analyzer for the monitoring of  formaldehyde  vapor
in domestic environments", Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 43:547-552.

KEYWORD: CH20,  field, temperature,home, methodology,QA, humidity,
exposure, monitoring

The  experimental  design,  chemical  reagents,  and  operational
protocol for a  CEA Instruments Model 555 analyzer  were  modified
to  optimize  the  performance of the instrument for formaldehyde
 (CH20).  The improved sensitivity and reliability of the modified
instrument   enhanced   its   suitability   for  quasi-real-time
monitoring  of  domestic environments with  low  CH2O  levels  (0.01-
0.2 ppm).  Calibration  data  taken  at  sub-0.1  ppm  yielded   a
detection  limit  of  approximately  0.01 ppm.  The  instrument is
insensitive to  changes  in humidity,  but demonstrates  a   serious
temperature  dependence  between 16 and 38  degree C.  Calibration
data  taken  at room temperature are applicable between 16 and 28


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degrees C. if a specific operational protocol is observed.  Field
results taken in  three  dwellings  with  low  CH2O  levels  were
reported.  The modified CEA Instrument compared favorably with an
environmentally controlled, reference, air-sampling unit.


0171
Matthews, T.G., Hawthorne, A.R., Howell,  T.C.,  Metcalfe,  C.E.,
and  Gammage,  R.B.   (1982)  "Evaluation  of  selected monitoring
methods for  formaldehyde  in  domestic  environments",  Environ.
Int., 8:143-151.

KEYWORD: CH2O, monitoring, home, methodology,  laboratory, field,
QA

Various  methodologies  for  monitoring  formaldehyde   (CH2O)  in
domestic  environments  have  been  developed  and  evaluated.  A
modified CEA Instruments, Inc., analyzer has near-real-time CH2O-
specific analysis capability with an 0.01- mg/m3 detection limit.
A  solid  sorbent  13X  molecular sieve has been used in a pumped
collection unit with a demonstrated linear dynamic range of  0.03
to  12.5  mg/m3  using  sampling periods of less than 15 minutes.
The development of screening-type techniques has included  (1)  a
semipermeable-membrane   passive   sampler  for  measurements  of
average CH2O concentration over 8 to 24 hours and  (2)  a  visual
colorimetric  method  for  semiquantitative determination of CH20
using solid chemical reagents.  A  preliminary  field  evaluation
showed  excellent  agreement  between  the  new  CH20  monitoring
methods and a  reference  sampling  and  analysis  technique.  An
apparatus   to  produce  CH2O  vapor  is  also  reported  with  a
demonstrated linear dynamic range of 0.003 to 12.5 mg/m3.


0629
Matthews, T.G., Reed, T.J., Tromberg, B.J.,  Daffron,  C.R.,   and
Hawthorne,  A.R.  (1984)  "Formaldehyde emissions from combustion
sources  and  solid  formaldehyde  resin   containing   products:
potential impact on indoor formaldehyde concentrations",  NTIS DE
84 011630.

KEYWORD: CH2O, activity, combustion,  home,  architecture, model,
source

The formaldehyde emission rates of combustion sources  and  solid
formaldehyde  resin-containing  products  commonly found in homes
are surveyed.  The potential impact of these  sources  on  indoor
formaldehyde  concentrations  is  estimated  using simple steady-
state,  indoor pollutant concentration  models.  Source  emission
rates,  product  loadings  for solid emission sources,  operation
cycles for combustion sources,  and potential permeation barriers
are  considered  in  the  model.  The  study  concludes  that the


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strongest contributors to indoor  formaldehyde  are  pressed-wood
products and foam insulation containing urea formaldehyde resins.
Combustion  sources and phenol-formaldehyde resin-bonded products
are generally weak emitters.


0302
McAulay,  I.R.,  and  McLaughlin,  J.P.  (1985)   "Indoor  natural
radiation levels in Ireland", Sci. Total Environ., 45:319-325.

KEYWORD: radon, radiation,  methodology,  home,  exposure, source,
foreign, Ireland, architecture

A  preliminary  study  of  indoor  radiation levels in Ireland is
presented.  During 1983-84,  measurements were made in more  than
250  houses.  Most  measurements were made using passive devices:
thermoluminescent detectors for penetrating radiation,  and CR-39
alpha track plastic detectors for radon.  The median value of the
doses  from penetrating radiation was 0.78 milligray/year (mGy/Y)
with a maximum value of  1.47  mGy/Y  detected.   Radon  showed  a
large  degree of variability with a median value of 43 Becquerels
per cubic meter  (Bq/m3).  About 10% of the houses had  radon  air
concentrations  in excess of 100 Bq/m3 with a recorded maximum of
700 Bq/m3.  A tentative analysis of the data with regard  to  the
geological situation is presented.


0486
McCarthy,  Sharon M.,  et al.   (1986) "Evaluation of  indoor  air
quality  data  for  making risk assessments",  Final draft report
under RP 1948-1, Electric Power Research Institute, 3412 Hillview
Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94303  (162 pages).

KEYWORD: NO2,CH2O,radon,smoking,personal, home,  risk, combustion,
architecture,energy,exposure,health,outdoor,research,weather

This  study evaluates the data available to make risk assessments
for the changes in indoor air quality produced by  weatherization
of  homes  and  the potential health effects of pollutants in the
types of structures most likely to be weatherized —  residential
single-  or  multi-family housing.  Sources and health effects of
radon,  formaldehyde,  NO2,  and tobacco smoke are  reviewed.  In
addition,  structural  variables  and weather factors that affect
air exchange rates are discussed.  Exposure,  dose response,  and
risk   assessment   are   discussed   for   each   pollutant  and
recommendations are presented for further study.
0356
McCarthy, S.M., Colome, S.D., and Spengler,  J.D.   (1984) "Indoor
and   outdoor   aerosols:   a  multivariate  approach  to  source
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identification", Berglund, B.,  Lindvall,  T.,  and Sundell,  J.,
Eds., "Indoor air,  vol.  2,  radon, passive smoking, particulates
and housing epidemiology", Swedish Council for Building Research,
Stockholm, pp. 195-200.  NTIS PB85-104198.

KEYWORD: particulate, SO2, N02, home,  outdoor,  exposure, field,
source, statistical, aerosol

Respirable particles,  SO2,   and NO2 were  collected  inside  and
outside  of  five  residences  in  the rural farming community of
Portage,  WI.  Elemental characterization of  the  particles  was
neutron  activation  analysis.   Meteorological  parameters  were
measured also.  The data were  analyzed  using  the  multivariate
technique  of  cluster  analysis,   which  provides  an  overview
structure of the  data  by  assigning  elements  to  groups.  The
outdoor  and  indoor  data were analyzed separately on a site-by-
site basis.  The major findings are  (1)  the  components  of  the
outdoor  and indoor clusters  are similar,  (2) the association of
elements  indoors  is  weaker  than   outdoors,   and    (3)   the
identification  of an indoor  source is possible when it  is strong
and/or has unique elemental markers  (e.g.,  a  wood  stove).  The
application  of  cluster  analysis  is  unique  in  the  field of
elemental aerosol  data  and  provides  a  framework  to  examine
multivariate data.
0120
McCormick,  R.A.,  and Xintaras,  C.   (1962) "Variation of carbon
monoxide concentrations as related to  sampling interval, traffic
and meteorological factors", J. Appl.  Meteorol., 1(2):237-243.

KEYWORD: CO, sample, design, vehicle,  weather, outdoor

Diurnal  variations  of  CO  concentrations  and traffic density,
exemplified in the literature as common  for  urban  areas,  were
observed at "curb-side" studies in Nashville, TN, and Cincinnati,
OH.  A  new  technique  is suggested for evaluating the effect of
changes in traffic density on CO  concentrations,  which  may  be
useful  for  urban  planning and for understanding how wind speed
modifies   these   evaluations.   Peak-to-mean   ratios   of   CO
concentrations at Cincinnati were in the same range,  2:1-3:1, as
those reported in single-source experiments in  open  terrain  in
which  the  source  and receptor were  located at the same height.
In both cities,  the short-period  CO  concentrations  fluctuated
less   rapidly   than   in  single-source  cases.   Multiple  and
indefinite sources of CO in  the  immediate  area  of  the  urban
sampling   sites   undoubtedly  account  for  this  by  providing
continuous CO contamination.
                              193

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0681
McGregor,  R.G., Vasudev, P., Letourneau, E.G., McCullough, R.S.,
Prantl, F.A., and Taniguchi, H. (1979) "Background concentrations
of radon and radon daughters in Canadian  homes",  Health  Phys.,
39:285-289.

KEYWORD: radon, statistical,design, home,source,  field, exposure,
foreign, Canada

Radon  and radon daughters were measured in 14 Canadian cities on
9,999 homes  selected  in  a  statistically  random  manner.  The
geometric  means of the different cities varied from 0.14 to 0.88
picoCuries/liter (pCi/1) for radon and 0.0009 to  0.0036  Working
Levels  for  radon  daughters.  The radon originated from natural
radioactivity in soil surrounding the homes.


0303
McGregor, R.G., Walker, W.B., and Letourneau, E.G.  (1985) "Radon
and radon daughter levels  in  energy  efficient  housing",  Sci.
Total Environ., 45:271-278.

KEYWORD: radon,foreign, energy, Canada, home, exposure, seasonal,
architecture

Radon and radon daughter concentrations have been measured in  33
"energy-efficient"  homes  in  a  small  subdivision  in  Kanata,
Ontario.  Integrated radon measurements were determined during 3-
month  periods  for  a  year  using  solid-state  nuclear   track
detectors.  Radon and radon daughter grab samples analyzed during
corresponding periods confirm the distributions of the integrated
radon   measurements.   Annual   average  individual  home  radon
concentrations  show  an  8-fold  range   between   homes.   This
variability in radon concentrations is not reflected in the range
of  air  exchange  rates  for  the  homes.  A  distinct  seasonal
variation is noted for the median values of the radon  and  radon
daughter   concentrations  and  the  equilibrium  factor  in  the
dwellings.


0118
Mclvaine,  P.M.,  Nelson,  W.C.,  and Bartlett,  D.,  Jr.   (1969)
"Temporal  variation  in carboxyhemoglobin concentration",  Arch.
Environ.  Health, 19:83-102.

KEYWORD: CO, field, smoking, biomonitoring

Carboxyhemoglobin  (COHb)  concentrations  were  measured  in  15
subjects  by analysis of alveolar air samples collected at 2-hour
intervals during waking hours  on  7  consecutive  days.  Overall
mean  values were 3.80% COHb for five cigarette smokers and 1.64%


                              194

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identification", Berglund, B.,  Lindvall,  T.,  and Sundell,  J.,
Eds., "Indoor air,  vol.  2, radon, passive smoking, particulates
and housing epidemiology", Swedish Council for Building Research,
Stockholm, pp. 195-200.  NTIS PB85-104198.

KEYWORD: particulate, S02, NO2, home,  outdoor,  exposure, field,
source, statistical, aerosol

Respirable particles,  SO2,  and NO2 were  collected  inside  and
outside  of  five  residences  in  the rural farming community of
Portage,  WI.  Elemental characterization of  the  particles  was
neutron  activation  analysis.   Meteorological  parameters  were
measured also.  The data were  analyzed  using  the  multivariate
technique  of  cluster  analysis,   which  provides  an  overview
structure of the  data  by  assigning  elements  to  groups.  The
outdoor  and  indoor  data were analyzed separately on a site-by-
site basis.  The major findings are  (1)  the  components  of  the
outdoor  and indoor clusters are similar,  (2) the association of
elements  indoors  is  weaker  than   outdoors,   and    (3)   the
identification  of an indoor source is possible when it  is strong
and/or has unique elemental markers  (e.g.,  a  wood  stove).  The
application  of  cluster  analysis  is  unique  in  the  field of
elemental aerosol  data  and  provides  a  framework  to  examine
multivariate data.
0120
McCormick,  R.A.,  and Xintaras,  C.   (1962) "Variation of carbon
monoxide concentrations as related to  sampling interval, traffic
and meteorological factors", J. Appl.  Meteorol., 1(2):237-243.

KEYWORD: CO, sample, design, vehicle,  weather, outdoor

Diurnal  variations  of  CO  concentrations  and traffic density,
exemplified in the literature as common  for  urban  areas,  were
observed at "curb-side" studies in Nashville, TN, and Cincinnati,
OH.  A  new  technique  is suggested for evaluating the effect of
changes in traffic density on CO  concentrations,  which  may  be
useful  for  urban  planning and for understanding how wind speed
modifies   these   evaluations.   Peak-to-mean   ratios   of   CO
concentrations at Cincinnati were in the same range,  2:1-3:1, as
those reported in single-source experiments in  open  terrain  in
which  the  source  and receptor were  located at the same height.
In both cities,  the short-period  CO  concentrations  fluctuated
less   rapidly   than   in  single-source  cases.   Multiple  and
indefinite sources of CO in  the  immediate  area  of  the  urban
sampling   sites   undoubtedly  account  for  this  by  providing
continuous CO contamination.
                              193

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0681
McGregor,  R.G., Vasudev, P., Letourneau, E.G., McCullough, R.S.,
Prantl, F.A., and Taniguchi, H. (1979) "Background concentrations
of radon and radon daughters in Canadian  homes",  Health  Phys.,
39:285-289.

KEYWORD: radon, statistical,design, home,source, field, exposure,
foreign, Canada

Radon  and radon daughters were measured in 14 Canadian cities on
9,999 homes  selected  in  a  statistically  random  manner.  The
geometric  means of the different cities varied from 0.14 to 0.88
picoCuries/liter (pCi/1) for radon and 0.0009 to  0.0036  Working
Levels  for  radon  daughters.  The radon originated from natural
radioactivity in soil surrounding the homes.


0303
McGregor, R.G., Walker, W.B., and Letourneau, E.G.  (1985) "Radon
and radon daughter levels  in  energy  efficient  housing",  Sci.
Total Environ., 45:271-278.

KEYWORD: radon,foreign, energy, Canada, home, exposure, seasonal,
architecture

Radon and radon daughter concentrations have been measured in  33
"energy-efficient"  homes  in  a  small  subdivision  in  Kanata,
Ontario.  Integrated radon measurements were determined during 3-
month  periods  for  a  year  using  solid-state  nuclear   track
detectors.  Radon and radon daughter grab samples analyzed during
corresponding periods confirm the distributions of the integrated
radon   measurements.   Annual   average  individual  home  radon
concentrations  show  an  8-fold  range   between   homes.   This
variability in radon concentrations is not reflected in the range
of  air  exchange  rates  for  the  homes.  A  distinct  seasonal
variation is noted for the median values of the radon  and  radon
daughter   concentrations  and  the  equilibrium  factor  in  the
dwellings.


0118
Mclvaine,  P.M.,  Nelson,  W.C.,  and Bartlett,  D.,  Jr.   (1969)
"Temporal  variation  in carboxyhemoglobin concentration",  Arch.
Environ.  Health, 19:83-102.

KEYWORD: CO, field, smoking, biomonitoring

Carboxyhemoglobin  (COHb)  concentrations  were  measured  in  15
subjects  by analysis of alveolar air samples collected at 2-hour
intervals during waking hours  on  7  consecutive  days.  Overall
mean  values were 3.80% COHb for five cigarette smokers and 1.64%
                              194

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for ten nonsmokers.  Analysis of the results indicates that long-
term average COHb levels can be estimated with  fair  reliability
from  two  or  more instantaneous samples for each subject.  This
technique may be useful in estimating chronic  CO  exposures  for
epidemiologic studies.


0027
McKenzie,  R.L., Bright, D.S., Fletcher, R.A., and Hodgeson, J.A.
(1982) "Development of  a  personal  monitor  for  two  sizes  of
inhalable particulates", Environ. Int., 8:229-233.

KEYWORD: particulate, personal, exposure, monitor, methodology

Measurement   of   personal   exposure   to   ambient  levels  of
particulates is often extremely difficult because of  a  lack  of
personal  exposure  monitors  capable  of  collecting  measurable
quantities within a meaningful sampling period.  A  new  personal
monitor  for  two  fractions of inhalable particulates — that is
the fraction with  aerodynamic  diameters  of  3-15  urn  and  the
respirable  fraction   (under  3  urn)  —  has  been developed and
characterized.   This  monitor  can  collect  a  sample  of  each
fraction  that is quantifiable with ambient concentrations as low
as 23 ug/m3 in a 24-hour sampling period.  Wind tests  were  made
on  the monitor to determine sampling efficiency as a function of
relative wind speed and direction.


0110
McNall,  Preston E.   (May  1985)  "Indoor  air  quality  modeling
workshop report",  National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD
20899 (11 pages).  NTIS PB85-212306.

KEYWORD: model,  research, control, multipollutant, EPA$

Comprehensive  modeling of emission,  adsorption,  movement,  and
controls of indoor air contaminants is essential  for  developing
national  policy  for  indoor  air  quality  (IAQ) assessment and
controls.  This report describes several topics  discussed  in . a
workshop  on  indoor air quality,  which was held on February 11,
1985,   at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS).  Researchers on
IAQ  modeling  were  invited  to  state their current activities,
identify future research needs, and recommend specific parameters
and contaminants to be included in the  IAQ  models.  This  input
will  be  incorporated in an advanced simulation model for IAQ to
be developed by NBS under a contract with EPA.


0275
McNall,  Preston,  et al.  (Oct. 1985) "Indoor air quality modeling
phase 1 report: framework for the development of general models",


                              195

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NBSIR 85-3265,  National Bureau of  Standards,  Gaithersburg,  MD
20899 (55 pages).  NTIS PB86-166626.

KEYWORD: CH2O, NOx, CO2, radon, CO, weather, architecture, model,
smoking, particulate, source, EPA$

This report presents a framework for the development of  a  model
for  predicting  the  indoor  air  pollutant  concentrations in a
variety of building types under practical conditions of  weather,
building occupancy,  building construction,  and pollutant source
strength.  The general concepts needed for developing  an  indoor
air  quality model are treated.  Examples of the current state of
indoor air quality models are  given.  The  pollutants  discussed
are formaldehyde,  radon,  NOx, tobacco smoke, particulates, C02,
and CO.
0140
McNelis, David N.,  Barth,  Delbert S.,  Khare,  Meena,  LaPoint,
Thomas  W.,  and  Yfantis,  Evangelos  A.  (April 1984) "Exposure
assessment methodologies for hazardous waste sites", report under
cooperative agreement no.  CR-810550-01, U.S.  EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Las Vegas,  NV 89154 (217 pages).
Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: multipollutant,  economic,   source,   model,  exposure,
statistical, methodology, QA, EPA$

A uniform approach and procedure  are  presented  for  estimating
exposures  to  important  receptors  from defined hazardous waste
constituents via all important exposure pathways.  The  efficient
use  of  resources  and  information and the need for exploratory
programs are emphasized.  Cost-cutting  statistical  methods  are
referenced  as  well  as  required quality assurance and security
procedures to ensure the reliability and utility of the data  for
EPA   law   enforcement   actions.   Applicable   and   available
theoretical and empirical  models  are  described  in  sufficient
detail  to  ease  decisions  regarding their use in designing and
conducting an exposure assessment program.  Finally, a case study
summarizes the suggested methodologies.


0358
Meckler,   Milton  (1984)  "Analysis  of  low  particulate   size
concentration  levels  in  office  environments",  Berglund,  B.,
Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds., "Indoor air, vol.  2, radon,
passive smoking,  particulates and housing epidemiology", Swedish
Council for  Building  Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  209-214.  NTIS
PB85-104198.

KEYWORD: particulate, office, ventilation, exposure, field,model,
methodology, statistical

                              196

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Simulation methods and test  results  are  presented  to  confirm
projections   of   actual   total   suspended  particulate  (TSP)
concentrations for representative office buildings, with emphasis
on particles in the  0.3-to-5-micron  range.  Problems  resulting
from   oversimplified   assumptions   inherent   in   ventilation
regulations  also  are  discussed.   Novel  methods  that  permit
simulation  and  analysis  using  both  one-  and two-compartment
models are described.  These methods are based  on  an  iterative
numerical  integration  algorithm  that permits evaluation of the
net internal generation rate of TSP for a given  distribution  by
particle  size.  The  rates  are evaluated using the differential
form of the mass balance equation for the steady-state  solution.
Results  are  presented for known and simulated TSP distributions
in the working spaces,  without neglecting sorption and  settling
effects.  The  resulting  computer  model  permits projections of
actual contamination  levels,  accounting  for  dilution  effects
under various ventilation conditions in the representative office
environments.
0150
Meisel,  W.S., and Dushane, T.E.  (Oct.  1977) "Monitoring carbon
monoxide in urban areas", Technology Service Corp., 2811 Wilshire
Blvd., Santa Monica, CA 90403 (135 pages).  NTIS PB-296493/LL.

KEYWORD: CO, vehicle, monitoring, methodology,  source, seasonal,
statistical

It had been assumed that an environmental impact statement for  a
proposed  highway  requires  1 year of monitoring to estimate the
annual second highest 8-hour CO maximum  and  the  annual  second
highest  1-hour  CO maximum.  However,  the 8-hour maximum can be
extrapolated from as little as  1  month  of  CO  sampling  using
existing CO auxiliary data,  existing meteorological data,  or no
auxiliary data at all.  The key result of the study is that  such
an extrapolation is valid,  even without auxiliary data,  if a CO
season of October-January (and possibly February)  is  monitored.
The  1-hour  second highest maximum is then estimated from the 8-
hour second highest maximum using an empirically  derived  linear
regression.  The confidence intervals of the error are comparable
with   the   intrinsic   variability  of  the  annual  statistics
estimated.  Data were obtained from primary locales, Los Angeles,
CA,  and  Newark,  NJ,   for  development  of  methodologies  and
comparison.  Data  from  secondary  locales,  San Francisco,  CA,
Denver,  CO,  and  St.   Louis,   MO,  were  used  to  verify  the
methodologies  developed  and  to  extend  results  or confidence
levels to a broader geographic area.
                              197

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0299
Melcher, R.B., Garner,  W.L.,  Severs,  L.W.,   and Vaccard,  J.R.
(Feb.  1978)  "Collection of chlorpyrifos and other pesticides in
air on chemically bonded sorbents", Anal. Chem.,  50(2):251-255.

KEYWORD: chlorpyrifos, health, ronnel,lindane,carbaryl,  diazinon,
 pesticide, methodology, sampling, model, field

A  procedure  is  described  for   collecting   and   determining
chlorpyrifos and other pesticides in air at the low-ppt level for
sampling  periods  ranging  from  10 minutes to 16 hours.  Worker
breathing-zone samples were collected by pumping  air  through  a
small  tube containing a chemically bonded sorbent.  Samples were
analyzed by desorption in diethyl ether and injection into a  gas
chromatograph  equipped  with a poly 1-100 column and an electron
capture  detector.   Preliminary  results  for  ronnel,   lindane,
carbaryl,  and  diazinon showed that this technique is applicable
to a wide range of pesticides.


0234
Melia,  R.J.W.,  et  al.  (1978)  "Differences  in  NO2 levels in
kitchens with gas or electric cookers",  Atmos.  Environ.,  12(6-
7):1379-1381.

KEYWORD: NO2, source, personal,exposure,monitor,  home, appliance,
methodology

The reliability of a small personal sampler for NO2  measurements
is  tested.  Levels  measured  in  kitchens with gas and electric
cookers are contrasted.  The higher concentration of NO2  in  gas
kitchens,  if maintained,  would lead to levels above the maximum
annual arithmetic mean of  50  ppb  recommended  in  the  primary
National Ambient Air Quality Standard.


0294
Melius, J., Wallingford, K., Carpenter,  J.,  and Keenlyside,  R.
(1984)  "Indoor air quality:  the NIOSH experience (evaluation of
environmental office problems)", Am. Conf.  Indust.  Hyg. Report,
10:3-7.

KEYWORD: NIOSH, monitoring, ventilation,pesticide, field, office,
source, architecture

Health  complaints  associated  with poor indoor air quality have
been reported with  increasing  frequency  among  office  workers
during  the  past  decade.  Through  December 1983,  the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  has  completed  203
health  evaluations  involving indoor air quality in a variety of
settings.  Most evaluations were  conducted  in  governmental  or


                              198

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private  offices.  Inadequate ventilation was blamed for poor air
in approximately 50% of the evaluations.  Other types of problems
stemmed from contamination from inside or outside the building or
contamination from the building materials themselves.


0601
Mendez,  W.  M., Kolsky, K.  B., and Gibbs, M.  C.   (1983) "Mini-
assessment:   total   exposure   assessment   and   exposure-dose
relationships",  U.S.  EPA,  Office  of Research and Development,
Washington, DC 20460 (158 pages).  NTIS PB84-128032/REB.

KEYWORD: literature,  personal,  exposure,  TEAM,  biomonitoring,
microenvironment, model, demographic, activity, methodology, EPA$

This report provides a brief examination of (1)  recent  research
in  the  areas  of  total  exposure  assessment  and (2) research
concerning the  relationship  between  patterns  of  exposure  to
environmental  pollutants  and  dose  levels  received by exposed
individuals and  populations.  This  assessment  is  intended  to
provide  policy  makers  with  a  brief,  concise  discussion  of
important trends in recent research;  it is not  meant  to  be  a
comprehensive literature review.


0569
Meyer,   Beat   (1986)    "Formaldehyde   exposure  from  building
products", Environ. Int., 12(1-4):283-288.

KEYWORD: CH2O, source,  field, laboratory,  regulation,   seasonal,
home, ventilation, diurnal, temperature, humidity, architecture

Formaldehyde  (CH2O) is released from building products primarily
due  to   incompletely   reacted   urea-formaldehyde   resin   in
particleboard,  medium density fiberboard,  and plywood.  CH2O is
also released from urea-formaldehyde  foam  insulation  that  was
popular  during  the 1970s for retrofitting buildings.   The study
of  commercial  adhesives   and   urea-formaldehyde-bonded   wood
products  shows  that current state-of-the-art products yield air
chamber  test  values  below   0.25   mg/m3   immediately   after
manufacture  and can meet the 0.12 mg/m3 CH2O indoor air standard
unless these products are used where they  are  exposed  to  high
temperature  and  humidity.  In  mobile homes in severe climates,
wall-temperature  profiles  show  large  seasonal   and   diurnal
variations  that  cause large changes in CH2O indoor levels.  The
results show that diurnal CH20 levels may change by a factor of 5
in 24 hours.  Therefore,  CH2O exposure levels  in  mobile  homes
depend on daytime conditions.
                              199

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0224
Meyer,  B., and  Hermanns,  K.   (1985)  "Diurnal  variations  of
formaldehyde  exposure  in  mobile homes",  J.  Environ.  Health,
48(2):57-61.

KEYWORD: CH2O, temperature, source,  exposure,  field,  seasonal,
weather, architecture, model, home

Recent field studies have revealed substantial diurnal variations
of  formaldehyde  concentrations in mobile homes that are exposed
to sun radiation or warm  weather.  This  effect  is  related  to
diurnal   variations   in  indoor  wall  temperatures.   Observed
formaldehyde levels correlate closely to levels  calculated  from
laboratory  emission  data  for  wall paneling and flooring.  The
significance of  diurnal  variations  is  demonstrated  by  model
calculations  of  time-weighted  formaldehyde exposure levels for
homemakers and their working spouses living in high-emitting  and
low-emitting   mobile   homes   under  climatic  conditions  that
correspond  to  summer  1981  weather  in  three  cities.   Homes
containing  low-emitting  wood  products can meet ambient 0.1-ppm
standards under most  conditions,  while  high-emitting  products
will  cause  odor problems and yield formaldehyde levels that may
be close to occupational standards.


0170
Miksch, R.R., Hollowell, C.D.,  and Schmidt,  H.E.  (1982) "Trace
organic chemical contaminants in office spaces",  Environ.  Int.,
8:129-137.

KEYWORD: VOC,  office,  solvent, source, energy, exposure, model,
control, method, literature, architecture

Workers in offices are exposed to a  broad  spectrum  of  organic
solvents  in  very  low concentrations relative to promulgated or
recommended industrial  hygiene  exposure  levels,  but  in  high
concentrations  relative  to outdoor air.  With the aid of simple
modeling,  working hypotheses about various contaminant sources—
new and aged building materials, wet-process photocopies, tobacco
smoke,  and  building maintenance products—are made with respect
to their compositions, amount,  and emission patterns.  Effective
control  strategies  can  be  implemented  that do not compromise
energy efficiency.


0155
Miller,  Catherine  (July 1978) "Exposure assessment  modeling:   a
state-of-the-art  review",   U.S.   EPA,  Environmental  Research
Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605  (56 pages).  NTIS PB-286934/LL.

KEYWORD: model,source,exposure, health, risk, literature, EPA$


                              200

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This  review  describes  current   models   that   simulate   the
environmental   fate   of   substances,   the  exposure  to  such
substances, and the effects of such exposure.  The focus is first
on exposure and effects,  where relatively little work  has  been
done,  and  then  on models of environmental fate.  Single-medium
air and water quality transport models are not assessed,  but the
possibility   of   approaching   multimedia  problems  through  a
combination of single-medium approaches is explored.  The  report
also describes several actual risk assessments made using limited
data  and  considers  some  secondary applications of the models.
More effort has been directed to modeling environmental fate than
to modeling exposure and effects,  and available  models  do  not
cover all of the areas necessary for an exposure assessment.
0672
Miller, S., Mitchell, R., Smithson,  G.R.  Jr.,  Price,  B.,  and
Hartley, R. (1983) "Acquisition of air pollution data to obtain a
24-hour exposure profile", Frederick,  Edward R.  et  al.,  Eds.,
"Proceedings  of  the  specialty  conference  on  measurement and
monitoring of noncriteria (toxic) contaminants in  air,  held  in
March of 1983 ", Publication no.  SP-50,  Air  Pollution  Control
Association, P.O.  Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, pp. 182-195.

KEYWORD: exposure, regulation,  monitoring,  research,  personal,
EPA$, methodology, control, vehicle, home, multipollutant

This pilot study is part of a program jointly funded by  EPA  and
the   National  Institute  for  Occupational  Safety  and  Health
(NIOSH).  Heretofore,  NIOSH has been more or less limited to the
regulation  of  occupational  environments  and  EPA  to  ambient
environments.  For the first time, these two agencies are looking
at the overall picture—a 24-hour  exposure  profile.  The  study
had  two  main  objectives:  (1)  to acquire and evaluate data to
characterize workplace-generated agents  and  evaluate  workplace
control  devices and practices and  (2) to determine if EPA should
engage in  research  to  develop  technology  to  control  indoor
exposure  to  hazardous air pollutants.  This paper describes the
methodology  employed  to  acquire  and  evaluate  air  pollution
exposure data for a segment of the U.S. worker population for the
significant  environments  to which they are exposed in a typical
24-day, including the workplace, in-transit, and the home.


0082
Mitchell, R.I., Smithson, G.R., Jr., and Price, B.P. (Aug.  1984)
"A   pilot   study  to  obtain  24-hour  air  pollution  exposure
profiles", Berglund, B.,  Lindvall,  T.,  and Sundell, J.,  Eds.,
"Indoor  air,  vol.  4,  chemical  characterization  and personal
exposure", Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm, pp.


                              201

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75-80.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: combustion,source, particulate, multipollutant,seasonal,
radon, microenvironment, industrial

A  pilot  study  was  conducted  of  workers from a semiconductor
plant.  This paper describes the  methods  used  to  acquire  and
evaluate air pollution exposure data for significant environments
(including workplace, in-transit, and residence) to which workers
are   exposed  throughout  a  typical  day.   Summer  and  winter
measurements  were  made  on  products  of   combustion,   radon,
respirable particulates, and a variety of organic compounds.


0085
Miyazaki,  T.  (Aug.  1984) "Adsorption characteristics of NOx by
several kinds of interior materials", Berglund, B., Lindvall, T.,
and  Sundell,   J.,   Eds.,  "Indoor  air,   vol.   4,   chemical
characterization  and  personal  exposure",  Swedish  Council for
Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 103-110.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: NOx, NO, NO2, source, humidity, outdoor, model, foreign,
laboratory, temperature, Japan

Adsorption characteristics of NOx by  several  Japanese  interior
building  materials  were  measured  experimentally  by  the mass
balance method.  NO2 was adsorbed much more quickly  than  NO  in
most  materials,   especially in flooring materials such as carpet
and tatami facings  and  ceiling  materials  such  as  insulation
board.   On  materials  where  N02  adsorption  was  rapid,   the
velocities were affected by temperature,  relative humidity,  the
degree of stirring speed in the box, and the saturation condition
of  materials.  These  adsorption  velocities  were  applied to a
theoretical model  relating  indoor  pollutant  concentration  to
outside concentration.
0676
Molhave,  L.,  Lundqvist,  G.R.,  and  Anderson,  I.  (1985) "The
atmospheric environment in six  energy  efficient  single  family
houses", Fanger, P.O., Ed., "Clima 2000, Vol. 4, indoor climate",
WS Kongres — WS Messe, Copenhagen, pp. 201-206.

KEYWORD: VOC, energy, pinene, home, foreign,temperature, toluene,
ventilation, humidity, solvent, Denmark, architecture

Volatile organic compounds were measured over a year in six  new,
unoccupied  experimental  Danish  houses with intended low energy
consumption.  The  measurements  included  air  temperature,  air
humidity,  ventilation  rate,  and concentration of organic gases
and  vapors.   On  average,   14  compounds  were  identified  in


                              202

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concentrations exceeding 0.005 mg/m3.  Toluene and  alpha  pinene
were   most   frequently   found.   For   the   five  periods  of
measurements,  total organic gases and vapors averaged 0.46 mg/m3
(0.032  - 5.5 mg/m3).  The concentration decreased systematically
during the year,  and was on the average halved  after  112  days
(range  of  63  to  187).  The concentration of organic gases and
vapors of the solvent type was similar to that found  earlier  in
the  same  houses.  Differences in indoor air pollution could not
be explained by the materials used for the houses.


0451
Molhave,  L.,  Moller,   J.,   and  Andersen,   I.   (1979)  "Air
concentrations  of  gases,  vapours  and  dust  in  new  houses",
Ugeskrift for Laeger, 141:956-961. (Danish with English summary.)

KEYWORD: home, field,  benzene, VOC, source, particulate, alkane,
exposure, foreign, Denmark, children architecture

This  study  describes measurements taken in Denmark to determine
the pollution originating  from  building  materials,  furniture,
etc.,  in  the  children's  rooms of 39 occupied apartments built
within the past 20 years and  in  7  newly  built,  single-family
houses that were ready for occupation.


0169
Molhave,  Lars  (1982) "Indoor air pollution due to organic gases
and vapours of solvents in building  materials",  Environ.  Int.,
8(1-6):117-127.

KEYWORD: VOC,   solvent,   source,   model,   foreign,   Denmark,
multipollutant

Emission  of  organic  gases  and solvent vapors from 42 commonly
used building materials was measured under  standard  atmospheric
conditions.  An  average  of  22  compounds  was found in the air
around each building material,  and the  total  concentration  of
gases  and  vapors  was  from  0.01  to 1,410 mg/m3.  The average
arithmetic emission rate was 9.5  mg/m2/hour,  and  52  compounds
were  identified.  A  mathematical  model was established for the
indoor air concentrations of pollutants originating from building
materials.  The model was tested on three model rooms constructed
from  the  materials  investigated.   The  calculated  total  air
concentrations of gases and vapors in the three rooms ranged from
1.6 to 23.6 mg/m3, and the number of compounds in the air from 23
to  32.  These  concentrations  and  number  of compounds did not
differ from those found in actual  rooms  similar  to  the  model
rooms.   The  risks  of  health  effects  due  to  the  compounds
identified from the building  materials  were  investigated,  and
criteria for future air quality standards are discussed.
                              203

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0596
Molhave,  Lars (1985) "Volatile organic compounds as  indoor  air
pollutants",  Gammage,  R.B.,  Kaye, S.V., and Jacobs, V.A.,  Eds.
"Indoor air and  human  health",  Lewis  Publishers,  Inc.,  P.O.
Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI 48118, pp. 403-414.

KEYWORD: VOC, model, exposure,  dose,  health,  literature, home,
field, school,office,industrial,source, foreign, Denmark

This  paper  reviews  the  literature of "sick building syndrome"
research.  Symptoms and exposure data are  reviewed  for  a  wide
variety  of pollutants and building types.  In general,  exposure
to volatile organic compounds concentrations of  less  than  0.16
mg/m3 cause no mucus membrane irritation;  however,  exposures to
levels  greater  than  5  mg/m3  do.  Reactions  to  intermediate
concentrations  can  be  predicted with a multifactorial model of
circumstances, doses, and responses.


0695
Molhave,  Lars (1986) "Indoor air quality  in relation to   sensory
irritation  due  to  volatile organic compounds",  ASHRAE  Trans.,
Vol.  92, Pt. 1, no.  2954  (10 pages).

KEYWORD: health, VOC, dose,exposure,literature,solvent, emission,
industrial, irritant, foreign,  Denmark

A subsyndrome to the Sick Building  Syndrome  (SBS),  as defined by
a World Health Organization working group, is postulated based on
observations  in the literature.  This subsyndrome  relates mucous
membrane irritation  — sensory  irritation,  dryness in  nose  and
eyes,  which  are  very   frequent   SBS  symptoms  — to the total
concentration of volatile organic compounds  (VOCs)  of the  solvent
type.   This  VOC    syndrome    may   include    other   previously
unidentified  symptoms.  The postulated dose-response relation is
supposed to be multifactorial,  and two thresholds  were therefore
of  interest.  Below  a lower threshold, no  irritation was expected
due  to  VOCs.  Total  concentrations above the higher limit were
expected to cause  irritation  irrespective of  other  exposures,
which may modify the intensity  of the  irritation.   Concentrations
between  the  two   limits  may,  depending on the effect of other
exposures,  promote  irritation.  The few  observations reported in
the  literature  indicate these two limits to be  about 0.16 mg/m3
and 2 mg/m3.  Most of  the   known   total   concentrations   in  the
nonindustrial  environment are  above 0.16  mg/m3.  Complaints were
reported in all cases where  concentrations exceeded 2 mg/m3.
                               204

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 0682
 Molhave,  L.,  Bach,  B.,  and  Pedersen,  O.F.  (1986)  "Human reactions
 to  low  concentrations   of   volatile  organic  compounds",  Environ.
 Int., 12(1-4)167-175.

 KEYWORD:  exposure,   VOC,  health,  odor,  statistical,  laboratory,
 foreign,  Denmark,  irritant

 Human subjects were exposed for  2.75  hours to mixtures of  0,   5,
 and 25   mg/m3  of   22   volatile organic compounds known  to be  in
 indoor air pollutants.   The  exposure occurred   in  a  stainless
 steel chamber at the Institute of  Hygiene,  Aarhus, Denmark.  The
 62  subjects were healthy and without  asthma,  allergy,   or chronic
 bronchitis  but  claimed often  of dry mucous membranes  in eyes,
 nose,  or upper airways.  A questionnaire  on 26  different  air
 quality aspects revealed significant  answers  to questions related
 to  general   air quality,   odor,   ability to  concentrate,   and/or
 mucous membrane irritation.   Continuous evaluation of   irritation
 in  eyes,  nose,  and   throat showed significant correlation  to
 exposure  at both 5  and  25 mg/m3.   The effect  was  acute,   and  the
 subjects  showed no  signs of adaptation.  Their scores  on  a  manual
 dexterity test decreased during  exposure.


 0426
 Molhave,  L.,  Bisgaard,  P.,  and Dueholm, S. (1983) "A mathematical
 model  of indoor   air   pollution  due to formaldehyde from urea-
 formaldehyde  glued  particleboards", Atmos. Environ., 17(10):2105-
 2108.

 KEYWORD:  model, CH20,   source,   architecture,  foreign,   Denmark,
 exposure, methodology,  home

 A mathematical model of the formaldehyde (CH2O) concentrations  in
 rooms containing particle boards with known  emission rates   of
 CH2O  is  presented.  The model  is tested in  three rooms  in a new
 house.  Agreement within +/-  15% is found between calculated  and
 measured  CH2O  concentrations   in  the rooms before painting and
 without   furniture,  carpets,  etc.   It  is   concluded that  the
 combined  mathematical   model  and  the  analytical method  may  be
 suitable  for  classifying  particle  boards  according   to CH2O
 emissions and for predicting  CH20 concentrations indoors.


 0105
Monseu,   R.M., Sterling, D.A., and Stock, T.H.  (Aug.  1984) "The
use of field sampling instrumentation for the monitoring  of  non-
 industrial  environments",    Berglund,   B.,   Lindvall,   T.,  and
Sundell,  J.,  Eds.,"Indoor air, vol.  4, chemical characterization
and  personal  exposure",  Swedish Council for Building Research,
Stockholm, pp. 209-214.   NTIS PB85-104214.
                              205

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KEYWORD: CO, NO2,  CH2O, particulate, monitor, personal, exposure,
field, QA, home, architecture

A field study,  conducted as part of the Texas indoor air quality
study of manufactured housing, used portable field instruments to
continuously monitor indoor and outdoor  formaldehyde,  CO,  NO2,
and  suspended  respirable  particulates.  The  instruments  were
required to operate at their optimal sensitivities to detect  the
typically  low  concentrations  of  pollutants encountered in the
nonindustrial  environment.   The  instruments   proved   to   be
expensive  and  labor-intensive,  requiring  daily  cleaning  and
maintenance by highly trained field  personnel.  Additionally,  a
rigorous  program  of quality control and assurance was necessary
to achieve and maintain reliability  and  validity  throughout  a
year-long sampling protocol.


0427
Monteith,  O.K.,  Stock,  T.H.,  and Seifert,  W.E.,  Jr.  (1984)
"Sources and characterization of organic air contaminants  inside
manufactured housing",  Berglund,  B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell,
J.,  Eds., "Indoor air,  vol 4.,  chemical  characterization  and
personal  exposure",   Swedish  Council  for  Building  Research,
Stockholm, pp.  285-290.

KEYWORD: VOC, outdoor, home, source, architecture

In  recent  years,  attention  has  been focused on identifying  a
broad spectrum of  organic  vapors  in  indoor  air.  This  paper
discusses  18  frequently   seen  organic  vapors  in manufactured
housing.   Comparison  of   indoor  and   outdoor   concentrations
indicate  that  generally   these 18 contaminants occur at greater
concentrations indoors.  Building  materials   (plywood,  hardwood
plywood panelling, particle board, and carpeting) were tested for
organic  vapor  emissions   to investigate contributing sources of
indoor air pollutants.


0550
Morgan,  M.G,  and Morris,  S.L.   (1977) "Individual air pollution
monitors:  2.  Examination  of some nonoccupational  research  and
regulatory  uses  and  needs",  Brookhaven  National  Laboratory,
Upton, NY  (17 pages).  NTIS  BNL-50637.

KEYWORD: personal, exposure, monitor,regulation,research,outdoor,
CO, SO2,  literature, health, design

Evidence  is rapidly growing to  show that  fixed-station  monitors
do  not  provide  adequate  data  for actual population exposure.
Available data  for CO  and SO2 were  examined  and  a  new  analysis
                               206

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was  presented.  Actual  population  exposure to CO appears to be
consistently higher than expected when using  fixed-station  data
alone,  while  limited  evidence suggests that exposure to SO2 is
lower.   A  reported  general  relationship  between  indoor  and
outdoor  S02  levels  is  not  supported  by  the  data.  If  air
pollution  represents  a  threat  to  public  health,  then  more
attention   must   be  given  to  total  population  exposure  to
pollutants.  Selective use of personal exposure monitors  (PEMs),
which can be either worn or carried, probably will be required at
some  stage  by any experiment designed to determine the relation
between air pollution  exposure  and  health  effects.  Potential
uses  of  PEMs in air pollution regulation are explored.  Current
status and research needs for individual air  pollution  monitors
are  examined,  and  a  first-order  evaluation  is  given of the
promise held by  various  technologies.  A  national  program  of
support  for the development of individual air pollution monitors
is recommended.
0331
Morris,  Samuel  C.  (1981) "Personal monitoring of air pollution
exposures", Environ. Int., 5:69-72.

KEYWORD: multipollutant,particulate,1iterature,personal,exposure,
monitor, methodology, epidemiology, regulation

In industrial hygiene and health physics,  the goal has  been  to
protect the health of the individual.  Therefore,  monitoring the
exposure people actually receive has been the principal  concern.
In  regulating  public exposures to air pollution,  the focus has
been much different.  Recently,  use  of  personal  monitors  and
alternative  means  of  estimating  actual exposures has expanded
rapidly.  This paper discusses the role of personal  monitors  in
epidemiology,  exposure  studies,  and supplementing the existing
fixed-station monitoring  network  for  establishing  trends  for
regulatory  purposes.  The implications for air quality standards
in  recent  findings  of  personal  and  indoor   exposures   are
considered.  Needed,  as  well as unneeded,  new developments are
outlined.
0270
Morse, Salke S.,  and Moschandreas,  Demetrios,  J.  (March 1979)
"Indoor-outdoor pollutant levels: a bibliography", Interim report
no.  EA-1025,  Electric Power Research Institute,  3412  Hillview
Ave., Palo Alto,  CA 94304 (169 pages).

KEYWORD: multipollutant, literature, source, health, home, office

This annotated  bibliography  covers  literature  on  indoor  and
outdoor  pollution  levels.  Specifically,  the  works  cited are


                              207

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those which have a bearing on the study,   "Comparison  of  Indoor
and  Outdoor  Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants," which is
being supported by the Electric Power Research  Institute  (EPRI)
and  conducted  by  Geomet,   Inc.   of  Gaithersburg,  MD.   The
bibliography  primarily  contains  available   publications   and
research  reports that are relevant to the specific objectives of
the EPRI-Geomet project:  indoor sources of pollutants,  behavior
of  indoor pollutants,  indoor-outdoor relationships,  and health
effects.  It does not cover construction or conservation measures
that affect indoor  pollutant  concentrations.  The  bibliography
focuses on residences and offices.
0516
Moschandreas,   D.J.,   et  al.   (1981)  "Radon   and   aldehyde
concentrations  in  the indoor environment",  U.S.  Department of
Energy, Office of Buildings and Community Systems, Washington, DC
20585  (30 pages).  NTIS LBL-12590.

KEYWORD: CH2O, radon,  ventilation,   energy,  ventilation, home,
exposure, control

Formaldehyde  and  radon  were  measured  in  an energy-efficient
residence in Mt.  Airy, MD.  Air quality samples  (specifically Rn
and    aldehydes)  were  collected  and  analyzed.   Relationships
between  air  infiltration  rates  and  contaminant  levels  were
developed.  At low infiltration  rates,  radon  and  formaldehyde
concentrations  were  above levels recommended to protect health.
Increasing the mechanical ventilation  reduced  those  levels  to
within the recommended range.


0706
Moschandreas,  D.J.,  Winchester, J.W., Nelson, J.W., and Burton,
R.M.   (1979) "Fine particle residential  indoor  air  pollution",
Atmos. Environ., 13:1413-1418.

KEYWORD: monitoring,energy,particulate, home,ventilation,  model,
outdoor, Pb, Br, K, Fe, S

Indoor-generated   elemental   constituents   of   fine   aerosol
particulate  matter  may  be  distinguished   from   constituents
infiltrating  from  the  outdoors  by comparing time variation in
concentrations on an  hourly  basis.  Measurements  within  three
residential  buildings  indicate  that  S  and Pb-Br aerosols are
predominantly of outdoor origin,  although a secondary indoor  Pb
source was detected.  K is,  to a significant degree,  of indoor
origin.  Indoor-outdoor exchange times inferred for fine particle
constituents agree with those estimated for gas exchange and with
model  calculations,   suggesting   conservative   fine   aerosol
transport,  i.e.,  no sources or sinks.  However, coarse particle


                              208

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constituents,   e.g.,   Fe,   vary  with  time,   complicated  by
nonconservative  behavior  such  as  removal  by  filtration  and
settling.  The experimental techniques used—time sequence filter
sampling of aerosols and elemental analysis by proton-induced  x-
ray  emission—are  generally applicable to studies of the indoor
working and living microenvironments.


0502
Moschandreas,  D.J.,  Zabransky,  J.,  and  Pelton,  D.J.  (1981)
"Comparison  of  indoor  and outdoor air quality (final report)",
Electric Power Research Institute, 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto,
CA 94304 (230 pages). NTIS EPRIEA-1733.

KEYWORD: outdoor,CO,NOx,SO2,particulate,field, exposure, smoking,
monitor,source,home,CO2,seasonal,appliance,model,office

Data are presented from a 24-month comprehensive study of the air
quality  in  indoor  nonindustrial  environments.   The  research
program  includes  a  9-month  field  study  in  the Boston,  MA,
metropolitan area designed to monitor and compare the indoor  and
outdoor air quality at 10 residences and 2 office buildings using
a  mobile monitoring unit.  Seasonal variations were investigated
by monitoring 2 of the  10  residences  twice.  Residences  under
real-life conditions for 2 weeks and offices were monitored for 3
weeks.  Air samples were obtained from three indoor locations and
at  one  outdoor  site,   adjacent  to  the  building  monitored.
Residences were classified as either  having  gas  facilities  or
electric facilities.  In general,  concentrations of CO,  NO, and
NO2  in  residences  with  gas  facilities   are   greater   than
corresponding   outdoor   levels   while  the  concentrations  in
residences  with  electric  facilities  are  similar  to  outdoor
levels.   Indoor  office  concentrations  of  CO,   NO,  and  N02
typically coincide with outdoor levels.  Concentrations of  total
suspended particulates (TSP) at the office buildings are equal to
or  slightly  below  outdoor  levels.  A  study  of  indoor zones
indicates that hourly pollutant concentrations obtained from  one
indoor   location  are  sufficient  to  characterize  indoor  air
quality.  However,  measurements from one indoor location are not
adequate  to  specify  indoor  pollution  concentration maxima in
residences with indoor sources.  The  GEOMET  Indoor-Outdoor  Air
Pollution  model  was validated using the data base for long-term
(24-hour) periods.


0162
Moschandreas,  D.J.,  and  Rector,  H.E.   (1982)  "Indoor  radon
concentrations", Environ. Int., 8:77-82.

KEYWORD: radon, field, home, outdoor, architecture,  ventilation,
methodology
                              209

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The indoor air of 60 residences in and around a  Maryland  suburb
of  Washington,  DC,  was monitored in a pilot study to determine
radon concentrations.  In each residence, a radon grab sample was
taken in the living room  and,  if  possible,  in  the  basement.
Infiltration  rates  were  determined by tracer gas dilution.  To
help standardize sampling conditions,  each home remained  closed
for 8 hours prior to sampling and during analysis.  More than 60%
of  the residences sampled showed air infiltration rates of fewer
than 0.6 air changes per hour.  Approximately 55% of all surveyed
basements and 30% of all surveyed living  areas  displayed  radon
concentrations  in  excess  of  4.0  nanocuries/m3.  Assuming  an
equilibrium factor of 0.5, these radon levels may lead to working
levels above the annual guidelines suggested by EPA  for  Florida
homes built on land reclaimed from phosphate mining.


0175
Moschandreas,  D.J.,  and  Zabransky,  J.,  Jr.   (1982)  "Spatial
variation   of   carbon   monoxide   and   oxides   of   nitrogen
concentrations inside residences", Environ. Int., 8:177-183.

KEYWORD: CO, NO, N02, monitoring, home,  statistical,  appliance,
field, office

Pollutant  concentrations  were compared in three indoor sampling
locations (zones) inside residences.  The indoor air quality base
was obtained from sampling 12 homes and two office  buildings  in
the Boston,  MA, area.  Each home was monitored continuously for 2
weeks,  and  data  were reduced into hourly averages.  Interzonal
comparisons of the mean of hourly averages, 24-hour averages, and
daily maximum hourly  concentrations  were  made  at  all  sites.
Linear  regressions  were  computed  between daily maximum hourly
concentrations and mean 24-hour concentrations of NO, NO2, and CO
for kitchens to determine whether maximum  hourly  concentrations
could   be  predicted  from  the  24-hour  concentration.   These
pollutants   showed   interzonal   statistical   differences   in
residences   with   gas-fired   cooking  facilities  but  not  in
residences  with  electric  cooking  facilities.  Maximum  indoor
hourly  concentrations for NO,  NO2,  and CO can be estimated for
residences with all-electric facilities,  by using the  mean  24-
hour  concentration.  Similar  estimates for NO,  NO2,  and CO in
residences with unvented gas appliances are less reliable because
of more scatter of the paired data points, particularly at higher
pollutant concentrations.


0756
Moschandreas,  D.J., and Rector, H.E.   (1981) "Radon and aldehyde
concentrations in  the  indoor  environment",  Lawrence  Berkeley
Laboratory,   University  of  California,  Berkeley,  CA 94720 (29


                              210

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pages).  NTIS LBL-12590.

KEYWORD: CH2O, radon, home, energy, monitor,aldehyde,ventilation,
health, temperature, humidity, control, exposure

This  report summarizes findings regarding indoor contaminants in
an energy-efficient residence in Mt. Airy, MD.  The objectives of
this study were to  (1)  collect  relevant  air  quality  samples
(specifically radon and aldehydes), (2) analyze aldehyde samples,
and  (3)  characterize  radon  and  aldehyde  levels  and develop
relationships between  air  infiltration  rates  and  contaminant
levels.  Total  aldehydes  were  collected  with impingers filled
with MBTH (3-methyl-2-benzothiazoline  hydrazone  hydrochloride).
Formaldehyde  (CH20)  was  sampled  with  impingers  filled  with
distilled water.  One fifth of the measured  CH2O  concentrations
were  in  the  range  that  may  cause health concerns.  Although
indoor   temperature   and   humidity    affect    indoor    CH20
concentrations,  the  elevated concentrations were measured under
very low air infiltration rates.  The data show that  ventilation
is  somewhat  effective  in  reducing  high  CH2O  levels.  Three
methods were used to measure radon from August 1979 through April
1980:   (1) week-long integrated  values  using  thermoluminescent
chip  assemblies,   (2) grab samples collected by pumping air into
Tedlar bags,  and (3) the Continuous Radon Monitor  developed  by
Lawrence  Berkeley  Laboratory.  A  considerable  number  of  the
collected  samples had radon concentrations higher than 1.0 - 4.0
nanoCurie/m3.  Assuming  an  equilibrium  factor  of  0.5,  these
levels  would  correspond  to  working  levels  above  the health
guidelines suggested by the U.S.  EPA for homes in Florida  built
on land reclaimed from phosphate mining.  As with CH2O, increased
ventilation reduced radon levels.
0235
Moschandreas,  Demetrios  J.,  et  al.  (1980)  "The  effects  of
woodburning  on  the  indoor  residential air quality",  Environ.
Int., 4(5-6):463-468.

KEYWORD: wood, office, outdoor,  monitoring,  particulate,  home,
benzo-a-pyrene, combustion, source

The  increase  in residential wood stove use led to an assessment
of the effects on indoor air quality.  The indoor and outdoor air
pollution  of  ten  residences  and  two  office  buildings  were
compared; three of these residences used either a wood stove or a
fireplace.  Monitoring  for 2 weeks at each residence under real-
life conditions indicated that indoor total suspended particulate
(TSP) concentrations during  wood  burning  were  about  300%  of
corresponding  levels  during  nonwood burning periods.  Elevated
indoor concentrations of TSP, respirable particulates, and benzo-
a-pyrene were attributed to wood burning.


                              211

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0660
Moschandreas,  Demetrios J.  (1981) "Exposure to  pollutants  and
daily  time  budgets  of  people",   Bull.   N.Y.   Acad.   Med.,
57(10):845-859.

KEYWORD: multipollutant,microenvironment,exposure,personal,model,
activity,health,statistical,monitoring,indoor,outdoor,research

Exposure is a measure of pollutant concentration available at the
exchange  boundaries of a receptor during specified times.  These
concentrations vary greatly in the places,  or microenvironments,
where people spend time each day.  The time budgets of people and
the  pollutant  concentrations  in  each microenvironment are the
essential data to calculate a person's actual exposure to an  air
pollutant.  Because  most  people  spend  up to 90% of their time
indoors,  outdoor stationary monitoring networks  cannot  provide
adequate  data  to  assess  an  individual's  total exposure.  As
building ventilation has declined  in  recent  years  because  of
energy   conservation,   indoor   pollutant   concentrations  and
concomitant health complaints  have  increased.  Instrumentation,
experimental  designs,  and  mathematical  models  for  assessing
indoor and total exposures are developing rapidly.


0740
Moschandreas,  Demetrios J.  (1983) "Emission factors of volatile
organic compounds and other air constituents  from  unvented  gas
appliances",  Frederick, Edward R., et al., Eds., "Proceedings of
the  specialty  conference  on  measurement  and  monitoring   of
noncriteria  (toxic) contaminants in air, held in March of 1983 ",
Publication SP-50,  Air Pollution Control Association,  P.O.  Box
2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, pp. 425-434.

KEYWORD: source, combustion, VOC,  CH2O,  appliance,  model, PAH,
monitoring

Research on indoor air quality has focused  on  the  spatial  and
temporal   distribution   of   criteria   pollutants.   To  fully
characterize the indoor environment,  this study has  started  to
investigate  emission factors of all air constituents by modeling
a large number of complex  indoor  conditions.  Emission  factors
from  the  top burner of three unvented gas ranges have been used
to  measure  volatile  organic  compounds    (VOCs),   polynuclear
aromatic   hydrocarbons    (PAHs),    including   nitro-PAH,   and
formaldehyde.  Air samples for VOCs  were  obtained  using  Tenax
samplers  and  analyzed  by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Specifically designed impingers were used to  sample  PAHs,  which
were   analyzed  by  high-pressure  liquid  chromatography.   The
pararosaniline   analysis   technique   was   used   to   measure


                              212

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formaldehyde.  In  addition  to  these  gas-phase  constitutents,
particulate  matter  was  measured  using  both  gravimetric  and
aerosol active scattering spectrometer techniques.  Early results
indicate low emission factors for the air constituents studied.
0485
Moschandreas, D.J., Stark,  J.W.C.,  McFadden,  J.E.,  and Morse,
S.S.,  (Dec.  1978)  "Indoor  air  pollution  in  the residential
environment:   volume   1.    data   collection,   analysis   and
interpretation"  U.S.  EPA,  Environmental  Research Center,  and
U.S.  Department of  Housing  and  Urban  Development,  Office of
Policy  and  Developement  Research (182 pages).  NTIS PB-290999.

KEYWORD: multipollutant, microenvironment,  home, energy, health,
model, field, outdoor, source, methodology

A  24-month  study  was  undertaken  to  characterize  indoor air
quality in 17 residences.  Air samples were collected for 14 days
from four locations:  one outdoor site adjacent to  the  building
and  three  indoor  sites  (kitchen,  bedroom,  and living room).
"Continuous" sampling was carried out for CO, SO2, NO, N02,  C02,
O3,   methane,   and   total   hydrocarbons.    Total   suspended
particulates, respirable suspended particulates,  S04,  NO3,  Pb,
ammonia,  and  aldehydes  were monitored intermittently.  Aerosol
samples were collected for elemental analysis  by  proton-induced
x-ray  emission  (PIXE).  In addition,  data on energy parameters,
infiltration  rates,  and  family  activities  were  obtained  by
observations,   field  experiments,   and  daily  questionnaires,
respectively.  Two numerical models formulated in the  study  are
discussed  in  this  document.  The  GEOMET  Indoor  Outdoor  Air
Pollution (GIOAP) model simulates indoor conditions and estimates
indoor gaseous pollutant concentrations as a function of  outdoor
levels,   air  exchange  rates,   indoor  source  strengths,  and
pollutant decay rates.  The second model,  the Steady  State  TSP
model,  is an empirical model that estimates indoor TSP levels as
a  function  of  outdoor  levels,  air  exchange  rates,  removal
mechanisms,  and  indoor  TSP  source  terms.   The  relationship
between energy conservation  measures  and  air  quality  in  the
indoor  environment  is also examined.  In addition,  a number of
scenarios that conserve energy in residences but  do  not  affect
air quality are discussed.


0637
Moschandreas, Demetrios J.  (1981) "A survey study of residential
radon  levels",   Lawrence  Berkeley  Laboratory,  University  of
California,  Berkeley,  CA 94720  (30 pages).  Not available  from
NTIS.

KEYWORD: radon, sampling, design,  methodology, exposure,   home,
research

                              213

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A  pilot survey in a Maryland suburb of Washington,  DC,  sampled
many indoor  environments  rather  than  making  a  few  detailed
investigations.  The  primary goals were to (1) design and assess
a  survey  methodology  for  sampling  the  indoor  air  of  many
residences  and  (2) determine if an experimental house with high
radon  levels  is  a  local  anomaly  or  representative  of  the
surrounding  neighborhood  or  area.   More  work  is  needed  in
techniques for recruiting participants than in sampling  or  data
interperetation.  Radon  concentrations  declined  with  distance
from the experimental house.


0149
Moses,  David  O.  (Jan.  1986) "Indoor air quality environmental
information handbook:  radon", U.S.  Department of Energy, Office
of  Environmental  Analysis,  Washington,  DC  20585 (210 pages).
NTIS DE86-005006/LL.

KEYWORD: radon, literature,health, home, risk, water, control

This handbook summarizes available information  that  may  assist
technical  and  nontechnical  readers  to  understand what is now
known about indoor radon.  The handbook is divided into  sections
that cover sources and transport mechanisms,  factors influencing
indoor concentrations,  health  effects,  models,  controls,  and
homeowner cons iderat ions.
0611
Mulik,  James D.,  and Williams,  Dennis (1986) "Passive sampling
devices for N02",  Hochheiser,  S.,  and Jayanti,  R.K.M.,  Eds.,
"Proceedings of the 1986 EPA/APCA symposium on the measurement of
toxic air pollutants", EPA 600/9-86-013, U.S.  EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park, NC 27711,
pp. 61-70.  Not yet available from NTIS. (In press, Air Pollution
Control Association, P.O.  Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230.)

KEYWORD: methodology, NO2, sampling, personal, exposure, monitor,
EPA$

For  the past several years,  considerable progress has been made
in the development of passive sampling devices for collecting and
analyzing both inorganic and organic air pollutants.  This  paper
describes  the  status  of  EPA's program in developing a passive
sampling device for the collection and analysis of NO2 for indoor
air  applications.   Analytic  and  logistic  characteristics  of
several techniques are discussed.
                              214

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0153
Munn, R.E., Spengler, J., Waller, R.,  and deKonig,  H.W.  (1982)
"Estimating human exposure to air pollutants", Offset publication
no.  69,  World  Health  Organization,  Geneva,  Switzerland  (59
pages).

KEYWORD: literature, outdoor, multipollutant, personal, exposure,
monitor, methodology, ventilation, model

The  present  state  of  air  pollution  exposure  monitoring  is
reviewed.  Several  aspects of outdoor air quality are discussed,
including ambient air  quality  networks,  temporal  and  spatial
variations  in  ambient  air quality,  and the use of ambient air
quality data in exposure assessments.  Some of  the  shortcomings
of  ambient  air quality data are (1) the data were not collected
for health-related  purposes,  (2)  only  a  few  pollutants  are
usually measured,  and (3) the data do not represent actual human
exposures.  Reasons for studying indoor air are given,  including
the occurrence of pollution from stoves, cigarettes, and building
materials,   the  effect  of  ventilation  systems  such  as  air
conditioning, and the effect of natural ventilation of buildings.
S02,  CO,  NOx,  formaldehyde,  and  suspended  particulates  are
discussed in detail, while radon, asbestos, mineral and synthetic
fibers,  and  O3  are  discussed briefly.  Other subjects covered
include  socioeconomic  factors  affecting  exposure,   such   as
occupation and lifestyle; personal exposure monitors for specific
pollutants;  and  exposure  models that take into account ambient
air  quality,   neighborhood  air  quality,   indoor-outdoor  air
pollution relationships, and population activity patterns.


0414
Muramatsu,  M.,  Umemura,  S.,  Okada, T., and Tomita, H.  (1984)
"Estimation of personal exposure to tobacco smoke  with  a  newly
developed nicotine personal monitor", Environ. Res., 35:218-227.

KEYWORD: nicotine, home,  smoking,  personal,  exposure, monitor,
methodology, foreign, Japan

To evaluate the actual level of exposure of nonsmokers to tobacco
smoke in their living environments, a convenient personal monitor
of  nicotine  specific for tobacco smoke has been developed.  The
nicotine personal monitor consists of a sampler  tube  containing
450  mg  of  Uniport-S  coated  with silicon OV-17 and a portable
sampling pump with  a  mechanical  counter  for  obtaining  total
sampling  volume.  Using  the  personal  monitor  attached  to  a
nonsmoker,  ambient nicotine was collected in the sampler tube by
drawing environmental air at a constant flow rate for a maximum 8
hours.  The  collected  nicotine  was  desorbed  by  heating  and
directly  transferred  onto  a  gas  chromatograph  column.   The
amounts  of nicotine inhaled by passive smoking in various living


                              215

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environments were estimated to range from 0.9  to  40  micrograms
per  hour.  These  levels are equivalent to those from the active
smoking of about 0.001 to 0.044 ordinary cigarettes in 1 hour.


0346
Muramatsu,  Satoru  (1984)  "Indoor  air  pollution  in  Japanese
buildings", Berglund, B., Lindvall,  T.,  and Sundell,  J.,  Eds.
"Indoor air, vol. 5, buildings, ventilation and thermal climate",
Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  443-449.
NTIS PB85-104222.

KEYWORD: CO, CO2, particulate, temperature, humidity,ventilation,
regulation, exposure, field, foreign, Japan

Under the provisions of the Law for Maintenance of Sanitation  in
Buildings,  the "Building Sanitation Control Standards" came into
force in Japan.  The air-quality portion of  these  standards  is
composed of suspended particles,  C02,  CO, temperature, relative
humidity,  and air velocity.  Since the  enactment  of  the  law,
actual conditions of indoor environment have been surveyed for 13
years,  and the percentage of buildings that failed to come up to
the standards was found.
0548
Murphy, M.J., Stickford, G.H., Locklin, D.W., and Wensky, Afaf K.
(1986) "A technique to  survey  indoor  halocarbon  levels  using
flame-oxidation  and  condensate  analysis",  Paper no.  86-37.2,
presented at the 79th annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control
Association, P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (15 pages).

KEYWORD: halocarbon, sampling, economic,  methodology,  QA,  VOC,
laboratory, design

Analyzing indoor air for individual halocarbon species is tedious
and  costly.   In  most  air-quality  surveys,  total  halocarbon
analysis   can  be  used  to  flag  sites  that  require  further
investigation.  A method for  analyzing  air  samples  for  total
halocarbons  at  the ppb-level is described.  The flame-oxidation
condensate technique is  based  on  analysis  of  the  condensate
obtained  by cooling the combustion products of a flame supported
by pure methane and  the  air  to  be  sampled.  Halocarbons  are
oxidized in the flame to form hydrogen halides, which dissolve in
the  condensate  formed  when the combustion products cool.  Once
the halide has  been  absorbed  in  the  condensate,  the   halide
concentration of the resulting aqueous solution can be determined
by  ion  chromatography.  Flame-oxidation condensate analysis can
detect as little as 5 ppb of halocarbons in air with an  accuracy
of +~ 20%.
                               216

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0477
Myronuk, D.J.   (1977)  "Augmented ingestion of carbon monoxide and
sulfur  oxides  by occupants of vehicles while idling in drive-up
facility lines", Water, Air Soil Pollut., 7:203-213.

KEYWORD: SOx,  vehicle,   interior, literature, exposure, weather,
CO, temperature, field, outdoor, ventilation, health

A line of automobiles  waiting at a  drive-up  facility  generally
expels idling engine emissions rearward.  These emissions tend to
envelope  the vehicles at the end of the line.  Factors affecting
these highly localized pollutant-accumulation  episodes  include
local meteorological conditions  (low altitude inversions,  winds,
and temperatures);  number,  age,  and tune-up condition  of  the
cars;  exhaust  pipe   location;  interior air-handling equipment;
vehicle separation distances;  and natural or artificial barriers
that  form  troughs  or   partial  enclosures  in  which vehicular
emissions can  accumulate or  be  trapped.  In  this  study,  CO
concentrations were measured in a series of typical vehicle line-
ups.  In  Santa Clara  Valley,  CA,  the 15-minute average driver-
area concentration levels ranged from 15  ppm  to  95  ppm,  with
short-term peaks between  100 and 1,000 ppm; background levels are
2 to 5 ppm.  Wide variations in concentrations can be expected if
ventilating  fans  for heater  or air conditioner units are also
operating.  Using the  CO  levels as indicators of the accumulation
of local automobile-produced pollutants (when a majority of  cars
are equipped with catalytic converters),  the anticipated adverse
effects  of  SOx  concentrations,  irritation and inflammation of
healthy lung tissue,   as  well as aggravation of preexisting  lung
or  heart  conditions,  will  be the most undesirable features of
drive-up facility services.  Potential reductions in  the  extent
of  this  developing   problem include S removal,  SOx traps,  and
exhaust system redesign.


0226
Nagda,    Niren    L.,    and   Koontz,    Michael   D.    (1985)
"Microenvironmental and total personal exposures to CO for  three
population subgroups", J. Air Pollut.  Control Assoc., 35(2):134-
137.

KEYWORD:  CO, office, smoking, source, microenvironment, personal,
exposure,monitor,activity,demographic,combustion,appliance

This   study  measured  personal  exposure  to  CO  of  domestic,
construction,  and office workers in  the  Washington,  DC,  area
during  the  fall  of  1982.  Participants  carried  personal  CO
monitors  and  activity  diary   cards   for   24-hour   periods.
Participant selection methods,  monitoring device characteristics,
and   data   quality   are  described.   Data  are  tabulated  by


                              217

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microenvironment, person type, building use, appliance types, and
presence of smokers.  Data tables include  comparisons  with  the
EPA study that followed in the winter.


0350
Nagda,   N.L.,   and  Rector,   H.E.   (1984)  "Important  design
consideratons   for  residential  indoor  air  quality  studies",
Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell,   J.,  Eds., "Indoor air,
vol.  5,  buildings,  ventilation  and thermal climate",  Swedish
Council for  Building  Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  517-522.  NTIS
PB85-104222.

KEYWORD: literature, methodology, sample, design, home

With  recent  advances  in technology,  choices among measurement
strategies for indoor  air  quality  investigations  have  become
increasingly complex.  Design must weigh objectives and available
technology against resources to implement the design.  This paper
provides  a  systematic framework for making proper choices among
critical  design  alternatives.   Design  considerations  include
types  of  instrumentation,  location  of probes,  and number and
frequency of  measurements.  Examples  drawn  from  case  studies
illustrate these considerations.
0630
Nagda, Niren L., Rector, Harry E., and Koontz, Michael D.   (1987)
"Guidelines  for  monitoring  indoor  air  quality",   Hemisphere
Publishing Corp., New York, NY 10016  (275 pages).

KEYWORD: methodology,design,exposure,QA,EPA$,personal,monitoring,
sampling,model,statistical,multipollutant,1iterature,research

This  book  provides direct and systematic guidance on monitoring
indoor air pollution.   It  reviews the history and future research
needs of the entire field  and work on many individual pollutants.
Other subjects  reviewed are   (1)  factors  affecting  indoor   air
pollution  concentrations,  such  as  sources,  ventilation,   and
reactivity;   (2) mathematical modeling of  indoor  air  pollutant
behavior;   (3)  experimental methodology and design problems;   (4)
U.S.   EPA   data   quality   assurance   procedures;   and   (5)
bibliographic   and   organizational   sources   of   information.
Appendices provide specifications of  commercially  available   and
user-configured monitoring equipment.


0223
Nagda, Niren,  and Rector,  Harry  (1983) "Guidelines for monitoring
indoor   air   quality",    U.S.   EPA,   Office  of  Research   and
Development,   Washington,  DC  20460,  (246  pages).  NTIS  PBS 3-
                               218

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 264465.

 KEYWORD:  methodology,  EPA$,  QA,  sample,   design,   model,   source,
 architecture

 This   document  provides   guidelines   for  designing   programs  to
 measure   indoor  air  quality  and associated    factors.    Brief
 summaries of  past and  current research and  descriptions  of indoor
 contaminants   provide   a  background for  developing the monitoring
 design.   Factors that  influence indoor air  quality are  discussed
 with   the  aid  of  mass   balance  models.   An extensive  review  of
 measurement systems,   including a  listing of numerous  instruments
 with   their  performance   specifications,   is   presented.   Design
 considerations are discussed for two   types of  studies—applied
 research   in   indoor  air quality  and  investigations of  building-
 associated problems.   A systematic approach for   developing the
 design is also described.   In addition,  the document presents a
 format for data reporting and suggestions  on   quality  assurance
 and quality control.


 0236
 Nasralla,   M.M.   (1980) "Studies on indoor  air  quality in  Egypt,"
 Environ.  Int.,  4(5-6):469-473.

 KEYWORD:  particulate,  CO,  SO2,  source,   weather,   Pb,  combustion,
 outdoor,foreign,  Egypt

 Indoor levels of some  gaseous  and particulate  pollutants were
 examined.   In  a  public   library,  the   indoor/outdoor  ratio  of
 gaseous pollutants was found to be dependent on their  reactivity,
 outdoor concentrations,   and weather conditions.   This ratio was
 0.6  for   SO2 and 1.3  for CO.   The indoor/outdoor ratio  of CO was
 found  to  increase at the  higher floors   of the   same  building.
 Concentrations   of  indoor   particulates  were  influenced by the
 outdoor concentrations and the  particle   size.  Indoor  suspended
 dust   contained   significantly  more Pb than outdoor dust.   Indoor
 sources   polluted  fossil-fuel-burning  homes,  thus   causing   CO
 concentrations   greater than the recognized threshold  limit value
 for industry.


 0667
 National  Academy of Sciences  (1986)  "Environmental tobacco smoke
 - measuring exposures  and  assessing  health  effects",  National
 Academy Press,   2101 Constitution Avenue,   N.W.,  Washington,   DC
 20418  (337 pages).

 KEYWORD:  smoking,1iterature,health,field,model,personal,exposure,
monitoring,sampling,biomonitoring,methodology,QA,risk,dose
                              219

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With a focus on methodology, this report (1) reviews the chemical
and  physical  characterizations  of  environmental tobacco smoke
(ETS),  (2) includes a toxicological profile  of  sidestream  and
environmental  tobacco  smoke,  (3) reviews the epidemiologic and
related literature on the health effects of exposure to ETS,  and
(4)   recommends  future  exposure  monitoring,   modeling,   and
epidemiologic research.  The primary goal of the studies reviewed
was to determine possible relationships between ETS exposure  and
health effects in nonsmokers.
0768
National  Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)
(March 1984) "Exposures from the uranium series with emphasis  on
radon and its daughters", NCRP report no. 77, NCRP, 7910 Woodmont
Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20814 (132 pages).

KEYWORD: radon,radiation,dose,research,exposure, regulation,risk,
outdoor,source,home,water,lung,foreign,Sweden,Canada,control

The National Council on  Radiation  Protection  and  Measurements
surveyed the sources of radon, levels of exposure, their probable
distribution,  and  the  associated risks.  The report summarizes
characteristics  of  the  uranium  series,   soil   content   and
transport,  external  radiation,  human  intake pathways and dose
(inhalation,  drinking  water,  ingestion),   and  the  council's
recommendations.  Radon daughter exposure potentially constitutes
the most significant  exposure  to  the  U.S.  population.  Radon
inhalation  is likely the most significant exposure factor,  while
external  exposure  and  ingestion  of  radionuclides  are   less
significant;  the  relative importance of these exposure classes,
however,    varies  with  location  or  occupation.   The  council
recommends  remedial  action  if an individual's total exposure to
radon daughters  exceeds an annual average  of  2  working  levels
(WL)/month,   including  background,  which   is  defined  as  the
remedial action  level for inhalation.  The   recommended  remedial
action level for penetrating  external radiation from all sources,
excluding medical,  is 500 WL/year.  Because  ingestion contributes
little  to  exposure,  no  recommendation  is  made.  The  report
discusses regulatory action in the U.S., Canada, and Sweden.  The
council  recommends  a  preliminary   survey   of   1,000  homes  to
determine the need  for a  larger program  in the U.S.
 0022
 National Academy of Sciences (1981)  "Indoor pollutants",  National
 Academy Press,   2101 Constitution Ave.,   NW,  Washington,  DC 20418
 (560  pages).

 KEYWORD: multipollutant,  monitor, model,health,  exposure,control,
 ventilation,EPA$,personal,regulation,source,research,literature


                               220

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This report characterizes the quality of the indoor environment—
primarily  with  respect to airborne pollutants,  although others
are discussed—and the potential adverse health effects of indoor
pollutants.  The report is a review of  the  available  knowledge
and  an  assessment of research needs.  In this report,  "indoor"
refers to common indoor spaces to which the  public  has  access.
However,  industrial  working  environments  are  excluded.   The
report does not include all the pollutants found indoors that are
hazardous to human health,  but instead  provides  a  variety  of
examples intended to describe the sources,  pathways of exposure,
and other dynamics of indoor pollution.


0462
Nazaroff,  W.W.,  et al.  (1985) "Radon transport into a detached
one-story house with a basement", Atmos. Environ., 19(l):31-46.

KEYWORD: radon, source, ventilation,  weather,  exposure,  field,
indoor, model, home, water, statistical, research

During  a  5-month  study,   radon   concentration   and   source
parameters,  ventilation  rate,  and  weather  were  continuously
monitored in a house near Chicago,  IL.  The results suggest that
the  basement  sump  and  perimeter  drain-tile  system played an
important role in influencing  the  radon  entry  rate  and  that
pressure-driven  flow  was  more  important  than  diffusion as a
mechanism for  radon  entry.  Fireplace  operation  substantially
increased  the air-exchange rate,  but had only a small effect on
indoor radon concentration,  corroborating  that  pressure-driven
flow is an important mechanism for radon entry into this house.


0257
Nazaroff,  W.W., and Nero, A.V.   (Feb.  1984) "Transport of radon  /
from  soil  into  residences",   Lawrence  Berkeley   Laboratory,
University  of California,  Berkeley,  CA 94720 (15 pages).  NTIS
DE84-015996/XAB.  Also in Atmos.  Environ., 19(l):31-46.

KEYWORD: radon, home, monitoring, source, architecture

Developing effective monitoring and control programs  for  indoor
radon  requires understanding of the causes of the broad range of
concentrations that have been observed.  Measurements  of  indoor
radon concentration and air-exchange rate in dwellings in several
countries  indicate  that  this  variability  arises largely from
differences among structures in the rate of radon  entry.  Recent
evidence further suggests that  (1) a major source of indoor radon
in  many  circumstances  is  the  soil  adjacent  to the building
foundation  and  that  (2)  pressure-driven  flow,   rather  than
molecular  diffusion,  is the dominant transport process by which


                              221

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radon  enters  the  buildings.   Key  factors   affecting   radon
transport from soil are radon production in soil,  flow-induction
mechanisms, soil permeability, and building substructure type.


0447
Nazaroff,  William W.,  and Case,  Glen R.  (1986)  "Mathematical
modeling  of  chemically  reactive  pollutants  in  indoor  air",
Environ. Sci. Technol., 20(4):924-934.

KEYWORD: NO, NOx, N02, NO3, model,  exposure,   olefin,  O3, HNO2,
ventilation, N2O5, source, hydrocarbon, architecture

A general mathematical model  is  presented  for  predicting  the
concentrations  of  chemically  reactive compounds in indoor air.
The model accounts for the effects  of  ventilation,  filtration,
heterogeneous  removal,   direct  emission,  and  photolytic  and
thermal  chemical  reactions.   The  model  is  applied  to   the
induction  of  photochemically  reactive pollutants into a museum
gallery, and the predicted NO, NOx-NO,  and 03 concentrations are
compared  to  measured  data.   The  model  predicts  substantial
production of several species due to chemical reaction, including
nitrous acid,  nitric acid,  and  N2O5.  Circumstances  in  which
homogeneous   chemistry  may  assume  particular  importance  are
identified  and  include  buildings  with  glass  walls,   indoor
combustion sources, and direct emission of olefins.


0510
Nazaroff, W.W., Boegel, M.L.,  and Nero,  A.V.   (1981) "Measuring
radon source magnitude in residential buildings", U.S. Department
of Energy, Office of Buildings and Community Systems, Washington,
DC 20585  (33 pages).  NTIS DE82-000774.

KEYWORD: radon, ventilation, source,  sampling,  model, exposure,
home, field, statistical, distribution

The   procedures   are   described  for  use  in  residences  for
simultaneously taking  rapid  "grab  sample"  and  time-dependent
measurements  of  the  air exchange rate and radon concentration.
The  size  of  the  radon  source  is  calculated  from  the  two
measurements.  Grab-sample  measurements  in  three survey groups
comprising  101  U.S.   houses  showed  that  the  source  varied
approximately  log-normally  with  a geometric mean of 0.37 and a
range of  0.01  to  6.0  picoCuries  per  liter-hour.  Successive
measurements  in  six  houses  in  the  northeastern U.S.  showed
considerable variability in source size within a given house.  In
two of  these  houses,  the  source  magnitude  showed  a  strong
correlation with the air-exchange rate,  suggesting that soil gas
influx can be an important transport process for indoor radon.
                              222

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0703
Nazaroff, W.W., Boegel, M.L., Hollowell, C.D.,  and Roseme,  G.D.
(1981)  "The use of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery for
controlling radon and radon-daughter concentrations  in  houses",
Atmos. Environ., 15:263-270.

KEYWORD: energy, radon, ventilation,monitor, laboratory, control,
home

An energy research house in Maryland had radon concentrations far
in excess of recommended  guidelines.  A  mechanical  ventilation
system with heat recovery was installed in this house to test its
effectiveness  as an energy-efficient technique to control indoor
radon.  Radon concentration  was  monitored  continuously  for  2
weeks  under varying ventilation conditions  [0-07-0.8 air changes
per hour (ach)],  and radon-daughter concentrations were measured
by  grab-sample  techniques  about  nine  times daily during this
period.  At ventilation rates  of  0.6  ach  and  higher,  radon-
daughter    levels    dropped   below   guidelines   for   indoor
concentrations.  Other studies indicate that indoor radon buildup
may be a problem in a considerable portion of houses  having  low
infiltration  rates.  Mechanical ventilation systems with air-to-
air heat exchangers may offer a  practical,  cost-effective,  and
energy-efficient  means of alleviating not only the radon problem
specifically but also the general  deterioration  of  indoor  air
quality   in  many  houses  designed  or  retrofitted  to  reduce
infiltration.
0444
Nelms, L.H.,  Reiszner,  K.D.,  and West,  P.W.   (1977) "Personal
vinyl  chloride  monitoring  device with permeation technique for
sampling", Anal. Chem., 49:994-998.

KEYWORD: vinylchloride,  personal,  exposure,  monitor, sampling,
humidity, temperature, laboratory, QA, OSHA

A method for measuring personal exposure to  vinyl  chloride  has
been  developed  that uses the permeation technique for sampling.
The vinyl chloride that permeates  the  membrane  is  trapped  on
activated charcoal, which is removed for subsequent determination
by  gas  chromatography.  The  monitor  is  about  the  size of a
standard film badge,  weighs less than  35  g,  and  requires  no
source  of  power.  The  method is insensitive to temperature and
humidity,  and is free of significant interferences.  The  method
is  ideally  suited  to  personal monitoring programs required by
Occupational Safety and Health Administration  (OSHA) regulations,
because the analytical data  represent  a  time-weighted  average
exposure and require no further data reduction.
                              223

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0508
Nero,  A.V.,  Boegel,  M.L.,   Hollowell,   C.D.,  Ingersol,  J.G.,
Nazaroff, W.W., and Revzan, K.L.  (1980)  "Radon and its daughters
in energy-efficient buildings", U.S. Department of Energy, Office
of Energy Research,  Washington,  DC 20585 (8 pages).   NTIS DE82-
020291.

KEYWORD: radon, methodology,  QA, control,  architecture,  energy,
source, home, field, exposure

Radon  emanation  rates and radionuclide concentrations have been
measured  in  building   materials   and   radon   and   daughter
concentrations  surveyed  in  residences.  Control techniques and
strategies are being examined,  and significant effort  has  been
devoted to developing instrumentation.  To characterize radon and
its  daughters indoors more completely,  more substantial efforts
are needed on geologic  distribution  of  radon,  transport  into
structures,  daughter  behavior indoors,   and instrument response
under various conditions.
0470
Nero,  A.V.,  Boegel, M.L., Hollowell, C.D., Ingersoll, J.G., and
Nazaroff,  W.W.   (1983) "Radon  concentrations  and  infiltration
rates  measured   in  conventional  and  energy-efficient houses",
Health Phys., 45(2):401-405.

KEYWORD: radon, monitoring, energy, sampling, field, indoor,home,
ventilation, exposure

The   authors   have   concurrently   measured   the    radon-222
concentration  and  the infiltration rate in U.S.  houses.  Three
housing  surveys were undertaken: one in "energy-efficient" houses
located  throughout the United States and  two  in  "conventional"
houses in the San Francisco,  CA,  area and in Maryland.  In each
group surveyed,   no clear correlation was observed between radon-
222 concentrations and infiltration rate, although each parameter
varied   over  a   wide  range.  Infiltration  rates for the entire
sample  (98 houses) ranged between  0.02 and 1.6  air  changes  per
hour,    and  radon-222  concentrations  ranged  from  0.1  to   27
picoCuries per liter.  It appears  that the  major  cause  of  the
observed differences in radon-222  concentration is variation from
one  house  to   another in the rate at which radon-222 enters the
houses.
 0679
 Nero,  A.V.,   and   Lowder,  M.M.,  Eds.   (1983)  "Special  issue  of
 Health Phys.", Health  Phys., 45(2):273-574.
                               224

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KEYWORD: radon, dose, source,  exposure,  personal, distribution,
methodology, radiation

The special issue was devoted to radon in the indoor environment,
its sources and transport properties,  production and behavior of
its  radioactive  decay  daughters,  and the population radiation
exposure  resulting  from  inhalation  of   the   daughters.   In
addition,  several  papers  concerned  measurement techniques and
applications.


0507
Nero,  Anthony  V.   (1983)  "Radon  in  energy-efficient  earth-
sheltered  structures",  U.S.  Department  of  Energy,  Office of
Energy Research,  Washington,  DC 20585  (6  pages).  NTIS  DE83-
015992.

KEYWORD: radon, energy, health, home, risk,ventilation, exposure,
literature, industrial, source, architecture, control

Exposure to Rn-222 in indoor air constitutes the most significant
radiation  dose  received  by  the  general  population  in  most
countries.  Indoor  concentrations  amomg  buildings  range  from
insignificant levels to very high  levels  that  cause  radiation
doses  higher  than  those received by uranium miners.  This wide
range of concentrations is attributable to (1) variability in the
rate at which Rn enters buildings, from whatever source,  and (2)
differences   in  ventilation  rates,   which  determine  the  Rn
concentration in indoor  air.  In  single-family  dwellings,  the
major  source  of Rn is the ground underlying the structure.  The
strength of this source varies with both the soil  concentrations
of  Rn -226  (from which Rn-222 arises) and the type of structure.
Earth-sheltered  dwellings,  because  they  are  more  completely
surrounded  by  earth  material  than  other  structures,  have a
potential for higer Rn levels higher than  other  houses  in  the
same  region.  In  addition,  energy-saving  measures that reduce
ventilation rates can also raise indoor  Rn  concentrations.  For
these  reasons,  a  significant effort is needed to determine the
potential for high indoor Rn levels resulting  from  ventilation-
reducing  measures  and  earth sheltering,  especially in regions
where Rn levels are already high.  Attention should be  given  to
specific design features that affect indoor Rn concentrations.


0645
Nero, A.V.,  Schwehr,  M.B.,  Nazaroff,  W.W.,  and Revzan,  K.L.
(1986) "Distribution of airborne radon-222 concentrations in U.S.
homes", Science, 234:992-997.

KEYWORD: statistical, literature,seasonal, radon, dose, QA, risk,
health, home, distribution, monitoring, lung


                              225

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Apparently  large  exposures  of  the general public to radon-222
decay products in indoor air have led to systematic appraisal  of
monitoring  data from U.S.  single-family homes;  several ways of
aggregating data were used that take into account differences  in
sample  selection  and  season  of  measurements.  The  resulting
distribution of annual-average radon-222  concentrations  can  be
characterized  by  an arithmetic mean of 1.5 picoCuries per liter
(pC/L) and a long tail with 1 to 3% of homes exceeding 8 pC/L, or
by a  geometric  mean  of  0.9  pC/L  and  a  geometric  standard
deviation about 2.8.  The standard deviation in the means is 15%,
estimated  from  the number and variability of the available data
sets.  The total uncertainty is larger,  however,  because  these
data  may  not  be  representative.  Available dose-response data
suggest that (1) an average of 1.5 pC/L  contributes  about  0.3%
lifetime  risk  of  lung cancer and (2) in the million homes with
the highest concentrations, where annual exposures approximate or
exceed those received by underground  uranium  miners,  long-term
occupants suffer an added lifetime risk of at least 2%,  reaching
extraordinary values at the highest concentrations observed.


0509
Nero, A.V., Berk, J.V., Boegel, M.L., Hollowell, C.D., Ingersoll,
J.G.,  and  Nazaroff,  W.W.  (1981)  "Radon daughter exposures in
energy-efficient buildings", U.S. Department of Energy, Office of
Energy Research,  Washington,  DC 20585  (9  pages).  NTIS  DE82-
003711.

KEYWORD: radon, energy,health, lung,risk,ventilation, literature,
home, exposure, industrial, control, source, architecture

A  radon  concentration  of  1   picoCuries/Liter   (pCi/L)   (37
Becquerels/cubic meter) appears to be typical for air inside U.S.
residences.  However, some residences have higher concentrations,
sometimes  by  an  order of magnitude,  which implies significant
individual  risk  to  occupants.   For  typical  radon   daughter
equilibrium  ratios,  this  concentration  corresponds to a radon
daughter exposure rate of 0.2  working  level  months  (WLM)  per
year.  This  exposure  rate  may  account  for a significant lung
cancer incidence if data on lung cancers  per  unit  exposure  in
miners  are  applicable  to  such  low  exposures.  Reducing  air
exchange rates may raise the typical exposure rate  and  in  some
case  even  increase  it  to  unacceptable levels.  Measures that
reduce energy use by reducing natural infiltration or  mechanical
ventilation in new or retrofit buildings are therefore undergoing
severe  scrutiny.  In many buildings specifically designed to use
energy  efficiently  or  equipped  with  solar   heating,   radon
concentrations appear to arise primarily from soil underlying the
buildings.   Measures   to   control  higher  levels   (e.g.,   by
mechanical ventilation  with  heat  recuperation)  appear  to  be


                              226

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economical.   However,   to   evaluate   energy-saving   programs
adequately requires a much more comprehensive characterization of
radon sources (for example,  by geographical  area)  and  a  much
fuller  understanding  of the dynamics of radon and its daughters
indoors.
0421
Nero, A.V., Schwehr, M.B., Nazaroff, W.W., and Revzan, K.L. (June
1986) "Distribution of airborne radon 222 concentrations in  U.S.
homes",  Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,  University of California,
Berkeley, CA 94720  (32 pages).  NTIS LBL 18274.

KEYWORD: dose, literature, monitoring, distribution, statistical,
radon, home, seasonal, QA, risk, health, lung

A systematic appraisal of radon-222  monitoring  data  from  U.S.
single-family  homes  was  developed,  using  several aggregation
approaches,  and explicitly considered the differences in  sample
selection and season of measurements.  The resulting distribution
of  annual-average  radon-222 concentrations can be characterized
by an arithmetic mean of  1.5  picoCuries/liter  (pCi/L),  or  55
Becquerels/m3  and  a long tail with 1 to 3% of homes exceeding 8
pCi/L,  or by a geometric mean  of  0.9  pCi/L  and  a  geometric
standard  deviation  of about 2.8.  The standard deviation in the
means is 15%,  estimated from the number and variability  of  the
available data sets,  but the total uncertainty is larger because
these data may not  be  representative.  Available  dose-response
data  suggest  that  a  1.5  pCi/L average contributes about 0.3%
lifetime risk of lung cancer and that,  in the million homes with
highest  radon  levels  —  where annual exposures approximate or
exceed those received by underground uranium miners —  long-term
occupants  suffer an added lifetime risk greater than or equal to
2%.
0304
Nero, A.V., et al. (1985) "Characterizing the sources, range, and
environmental  influences  of  radon 222 and its decay products",
Sci. Total Environ., 45:233-244.

KEYWORD: radon,   literature,  source,  weather,  control,  home,
distribution, exposure

This article  discusses  (1)  efforts  to  identify  and  control
excessive  concentrations  of radon-222 and its decay products in
residential environments,  (2) the importance of pressure-induced
flow  of  soil  gas  for  transport of radon from the ground into
houses,   (3)  available  quantitative   distribution   of   U.S.
residential   levels,   and   (4)  the  degree  of  dependence  on
geographic location.  Experiments on the  effectiveness  of  air-


                              227

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cleaning  devices for removing particles and radon decay products
indicate the  potential  and  limitations  of  this  approach  to
controlling radon concentrations.
0763
Nero, Anthony V.  (Aug. 1983)  "Indoor radiation exposures from Rn
and its daughters:  a view of the issue",  Health Phys. 45(2):277-
288.

KEYWORD: radon, health, control, regulation, ventilation, energy,
exposure, source, home, risk

Exposure  to  radon  daughters  indoors can result in significant
risk to the general public,  particular people  living  in  homes
with much higher than average concentrations.  Using U.S. housing
as  an  example,  this  paper  reviews what is known about indoor
concentrations,  associated risks,  and the effect of measures to
save energy by reducing ventilation rates.  It concludes that, by
employing   appropriate   control   measures   in   homes  having
unacceptabily high  concentrations,  the  average  exposure   (and
therefore  risk)  of the general public can remain at its present
level,  or even decrease,  despite programs  to  save  energy  by
tightening homes.


0634
Nero, Anthony V., Jr.  (in press) "Estimated risk from exposure to
radon decay products in U.S. homes", Atmos. Environ.

KEYWORD: radon, home, health, risk, exposure, distribution, lung,
epidemiology

Recent analyses now permit direct estimation of the risks of  lung
cancer from radon decay products in U.S. homes.  Analysis of  data
from  indoor monitoring in single-family homes yields a tentative
frequency distribution of  annual  average  radon  concentrations
averaging  55  Becquerel (Bq)/m3,  with 2% of homes exceeding 300
Bq/m3.  Applying  occupational  epidemiological  studies,  either
directly  or  using  recent advances in lung dosimetry,  suggests
that the average indoor concentration entails a lifetime risk of
lung  cancer of about  0.3% or about 10% of the total risk of  lung
cancer.  The risk to individuals occupying  the  homes  with  300
Bq/m3  or  more  for   their  lifetimes is estimated to exceed 2%.
Risks from the homes with thousands of Bq/m3 are  correspondingly
higher,  even  exceeding the total risk of premature death due to
cigarette smoking.
                              228

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0581
Nero, Anthony, V., Jr. (1985) "Indoor concentrations of radon-222
and its daughters: sources, range, and environmental influences",
Gammage, R.B., Kaye, S.V., and Jacobs, V.A., Eds.,"Indoor air and
human health", Lewis Publishers, Inc., P.O.  Drawer 519, Chelsea,
MI 48118, pp. 43-67.

KEYWORD: radon, health,  exposure,  distribution,  home,  source,
ventilation, research, literature, statistical, dose, lung

The  radiation  dose  from   inhaled   daughters   of   radon-222
constitutes  about half of the total effective dose equivalent to
the general population from natural radiation.  Moreover,  it  is
clear  that  indoor  levels are sometimes 10 or more times higher
than outdoor levels, with the actual concentration dependent on a
variety of factors.  The apparent  level  of  exposures  and  the
associated  risk  of  lung  cancer  have  given  rise to research
characterizing  indoor  radon  concentrations  and  the   factors
affecting them.  In the United States,  in-home monitoring, where
the greatest  part  of  the  population  dose  occurs,  has  been
piecemeal.  Nonetheless, data from dozens of areas are available,
and  a  systematic appraisal of these data strongly suggests that
annual-average  concentrations  in   single-family   houses   are
approximately  lognormally distributed,  with a geometric mean in
the vicinity of 0.9 picoCuries per liter (pCi/L) radon-222 and  a
geometric standard deviation of approximately 3.  This implies an
average  residential  indoor  concentration exceeding 1 pCi/L and
perhaps 1  million  homes  exceeding  8  pCi/L,  the  approximate
equivalent  of  a  recently recommended remedial action standard.
The main contributors to the wide range observed are  variability
in source strengths and ventilation rates,  with the former being
more important.  Variability in the equilibrium between radon-222
and its daughters may be of secondary importance.  More  complete
source  characterization lies at the heart of efforts to identify
efficiently geographic areas and homes with high concentrations.


0374
Niemela, R., and Toppila,  E.   (1984) "Concentrations of airborne
formaldehyde  in modern dwellings with low rates of ventilation",
Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell,  J.,  Eds., "Indoor air,
vol.  3,  sensory and hyperactivity reactions to sick buildings",
Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  105-108.
NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: CH20, ventilation, home,  exposure, regulation, foreign,
Finland, field, architecture

The  standard  in Finland for maximum formaldehyde levels in non-
occupational indoor air is 0.15 mg/m3 in new buildings  (built  or
renovated after Jan. 1, 1983) and 0.30 mg/m3 for older buildings.


                              229

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Formaldehyde   levels   have  been  measured  in  more  than  100
dwellings,  mostly detached houses and town houses.  Air  samples
were  collected  with  midget  impingers  and  analyzed  by   the
chromotropic  acid  method and ventilation rates were measured in
35  rooms  in  20  homes.   Relationships  between   formaldehyde
concentrations,   ventilation  rates,  and  Finnish  air  quality
regulations are discussed.


0029
Nitta, H., and Maeda, K.  (1982)  "Personal exposure monitoring to
nitrogen dioxide", Environ. Int., 8:243-248.

KEYWORD: NO2, field, sampling, personal, exposure, source, model,
activity, home, office, appliance

Using a  sensitive  passive  sampler,  volunteer  housewives  and
office workers measured short- and long-term personal exposure to
N02  in different seasons.  These measurements were compared with
the   simultaneous   measurement   of    outdoor    and    indoor
concentrations.  All  measurements  indicated the potential of an
unvented space heater to increase personal exposure.  Without  an
N02  source  indoors,  the mean outdoor concentrations are always
highest.  A time-weighted  indoor/outdoor  activity  model  gives
modestly  improved  estimates  of  personal  exposure  over those
predicted from measured indoor concentrations alone.


0436
Norsted,  S.W.,  Kozinetz,  C.A.,  and  Annegers,   J.F.   (1985)
"Formaldehyde  complaint  investigations  in  mobile homes by the
Texas Department of Health", Environ. Res., 37:93-100.

KEYWORD: CH2O, home,   health,   exposure,   field, architecture,
methodology, dose

The Texas Department of Health sampled for formaldehyde  (CH2O) in
443 mobile homes between April 1979 and May 1982 at  the  request
of  the  occupants.  Colorimetric  detector  tubes were used most
frequently to collect samples.   CH2O concentrations  ranged  from
below detectable limits  (less than 0.5 ppm) to 8.0 ppm.  Of homes
1  year  of age or less,  27% had mean concentrations equal to or
greater than 2.0 ppm versus 11.5% of  older  homes.  The  primary
health   complaints   reported   were   headaches,    respiratory
discomfort,  and eye irritation.  No evidence of a  dose-response
relationship was found.


0530
Nyberg, Philip C., and Bernhardt, David E.  (1983)  "Measurements  of
time-integrated  radon  concentrations  in  residences",   Health


                              230

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 Phys.,  45:539-543.

 KEYWORD:  radon, monitoring,  sampling,outdoor, home, QA,  exposure,
 methodology,  radiation,  dose, health,  laboratory, track-etch

 Certain  areas  of   the  United   States  exhibit high  atmospheric
 concentrations    of    radon.    The    necessary   and    desirable
 characteristics of systems to measure  concentrations of  radon  and
 its progeny on a  medium- to  long-term  basis have been  the  subject
 of  much  study.   Generally it is  agreed that,  for the assessment
 of  chronic   health  hazards,  time-integrated  measurements   are
 preferred over   instantaneous  measurements.  This is especially
 true  for  radon and its progeny,   because their concentrations   in
 air   can  be  affected  in   many  ways and may easily  change by a
 factor  of 10  in a matter  of  hours.  Furthermore,  because   the
 greatest  radiation  dose is  delivered  by the radon progeny,  that
 average  concentration  is   of  the  greatest  concern.    Several
 integrating   monitoring  techniques have been investigated  both in
 the laboratory  and  in  the homes  of  several  volunteers.   Of
 particular  interest  are  the radon progeny integrating sampling
 units,  the passive  environmental radon monitors,  and track-etch
 detectors.  All   were  evaluated  in   a  variety of controlled or
 semicontrolled environments  and were   also  deployed   in  several
 residences.


 0378
 Nylen,  P.,   Bergqvist,  U.,  Wibom,   R.,  and Knave,  B.   (1984)
 "Physical and chemical environment  at VDT  work  stations:   air
 ions, electrostatic  fields and PCBs",  Berglund, B., Lindvall,  T.,
 and   Sundell,  J.,   Eds.,  "Indoor  air,  vol.   3,  sensory   and
 hyperactivity reactions  to sick buildings",  Swedish Council   for
 Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 163-167.  NTIS PB85-104206.

 KEYWORD:  ion, video, exposure, office, outdoor, particulate, PCB,
 source

 Video display terminals  (VDTs) have been implicated as sources  of
 electrostatic fields,   ionic  particulates,  and polychlorinated
 biphenyls  (PCBs).   For  male,  female,  and  control  group  VDT
 operators,  electrical resistance in floors, operators'  and VDTs1
 electrostatic fields,   suspended  ion  concentrations,  and  PCB
 concentrations    were   measured.    Significant   electrostatic
 differences   were  found  among  the  three   groups,     and   the
 electrostatic  fields  attracted  ionized particles.   VDTs  in this
 study did not contribute to  indoor PCB levels,   but indoor levels
were higher than outdoor levels.
                              231

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0340
Offerman,  F.J.,  Girman,  J.R.,    and   Sextro,   R.G.   (1984)
"Controlling indoor air pollution from tobacco smoke:  models and
measurements", Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J.,  Eds.
"Indoor air,  vol.  1, recent advances in the health sciences and
technology",  Swedish Council for Building  Research,  Stockholm,
pp. 257-264.  NTIS PB85-104180.

KEYWORD: CO,  smoking,  particulate,  model,  exposure,  control,
ventilation, health, regulation

The   researchers   examined   the   effects   of  smoking  rate,
ventilation,  surface deposition,  and  air  cleaning  on  indoor
concentrations  of respirable particulate matter and CO generated
by cigarette smoke.  A general mass balance  model  is  presented
that  has  been  extended  to  include the concept of ventilation
efficiency.  Following a review of the source and  removal  terms
associated  with  respirable particles and CO,  model predictions
are compared to various health guidelines.


0221
Offerman,  F.J.,  et al.   (July  1984)  "Controlling   indoor  air
pollution from tobacco smoke:  models and measurements", Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
(7 pages).  NTIS DE84- 016888/XAB.

KEYWORD: CO,  exposure,  control,  health,  regulation,  smoking,
particulate, model, ventilation

The effects of smoking rate, ventilation, surface deposition, and
air   cleaning   on   the   indoor  concentrations  of   respirable
particulate matter  and  CO  generated  by  cigarette   smoke  are
examined.  A  general mass balance model  is presented,  which has
been extended to include the concept  of  ventilation   efficiency.
Following  a  review  of  the  source  and  removal terms  associated
with respirable particles and  CO,  the  model's  predictions  are
compared to various health guidelines.


0433
Offerman, F., Hollowell, C., Nazaroff, W., and Roserae,  G.   (1982)
"Low-infiltration housing in Rochester, New York: a  study  of air-
exchange rates and  indoor air  quality", Environ. Int.,  8:435-445.

KEYWORD: NO2, CH2O, field, home, ventilation,energy,CO, exposure,
radon,  humidity, particulate,  architecture, smoking, appliance

A  sample  of 58 occupied homes  in Rochester,  NY,   most of which
incorporated special builder-designed weatherization  components,
were  studied  to   assess   (1)   the effectiveness of construction


                               232

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techniques designed to reduce air leakage,   (2)  the  indoor  air
quality  and air-exchange rates in selected airtight houses,  and
(3) the impact on indoor air quality  of  mechanical  ventilation
systems  using air-to-air heat exchangers.  The "specific leakage
area" was measured in each house  using  the  fan  pressurization
technique.  Houses  with  polyethylene  vapor  barriers and joint
seals were,  as a group,  50% tighter than  a  similar  group  of
houses  without  such components.  Mechanical ventilation systems
with air-to-air heat exchangers were installed in nine relatively
airtight houses,  some of which had  gas  stoves  and/or  tobacco
smokers.  Air-exchange  rates,  indoor  concentrations  of radon,
formaldehyde,  NO2,  and humidity were measured in each house for
1-week  periods  with  and  without mechanical ventilation.  More
detailed measurements,  including CO and inhalable  particulates,
were  made in two of these houses by a mobile laboratory.  In all
nine houses,  air-exchange rates were relatively low (0.2 to  0.5
air  changes/hour)  without  mechanical  ventilation,  yet indoor
concentrations  of  radon,  formaldehyde,   and  NO2  were  below
existing   guidelines.   Mechanical   ventilation   systems  were
effective in further reducing indoor contaminant  concentrations.
The researchers concluded that, when contaminant source strengths
are  low,  acceptable indoor air quality can be achieved with low
air-exchange rates.


0514
Offerman, F.J., Girman, J.R., and Hollowell, C.D.  (1981) "Midway
house-tightening project:  a study of indoor air  quality",  U.S.
Department of Energy,  Office of Buildings and Community Systems,
Washington, DC 20585 (28 pages).  NTIS DE81-030886.

KEYWORD: CH20, radon,  N02,  ventilation,  home,  field,  energy,
ventilation, sampling, exposure, methodology, architecture

Indoor air quality was studied in 12 retrofitted  houses  of  the
Bonneville  Power  Administration,  Midway Substation Residential
Community  near  Richland,  WA.  Researchers  measured  effective
leakage  areas  and average concentrations of NO2,  formaldehyde,
and radon before and after  special  house-tightening  retrofits.
The  leakage  area  was  reduced by an average of 32%.  Radon and
formaldehyde concentrations increased moderately,  which would be
expected  from  the  estimated  average  decrease in air-exchange
rates.  None of the pollutant concentrations measured  before  or
after  the  retrofits  exceeded existing guidelines.  Because the
pre-  and  post-retrofit  measurements  involved   only   single,
relatively   short-term   samples   taken   two   months   apart,
uncertainties remain regarding the variability of source strength
and  occupant   activities   that   affect   ventilation.   These
uncertainties   preclude  any  definitive  conclusions  that  the
increases observed are purely the  result  of  the  retrofits.  A
more  conclusive  study  would  require  measurements of a larger


                              233

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sample  of  homes  for  a  longer  period  of   time,    including
simultaneous monitoring of control (unretrofitted)  houses.


0415
Offerman, F.J., et al. (1985)  "Control of respirable particles in
indoor  air  with  portable  air  cleaners",    Atmos.    Environ.,
19(11):1761-1771.

KEYWORD: particulate, home,  ventilation,  methodology,  control,
smoking, EPA$, laboratory

Eleven  portable  air  cleaning  devices  have been evaluated for
control of indoor respirable  particles  using  in  situ  chamber
decay  tests.  Following  injection of cigarette smoke in a room-
sized chamber,  decay  rates  for  particle  concentrations  were
obtained  with and without air cleaner operation for total number
concentration and for number concentration by particle size.  The
size distribution was log normal with a count median diameter  of
0.15  urn  and a geometric standard deviation of 2.0.  Without air
cleaner operation,  the natural mass-averaged surface  deposition
rate  of particles was 0.1 h-1.  Air cleaning rates for particles
were  negligible  for  several  small  panel-filter  devices,   a
residential-sized  ion-generator,  and  a  pair  of  mixing fans.
Electrostatic precipitators and extended surface filters  removed
particles  at substantial rates;  a HEPA-type filter was the most
efficient air cleaner studied.
0551
Office  of  Air  Quality  Planning  &  Standards, U.S. EPA (1984)
"Estimation  of  short-term  SO2   population  exposures",  draft
report, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (49 pages).  Not  avail-
able from NTIS.

KEYWORD: SO2,  exposure,  model,  methodology,  health,  outdoor,
source, NEM, EPA$, NAAQS

Other EPA SO2 studies have raised the question as  to  how  often
asthmatics  living  in  the vicinity of power plants are actually
exposed  to  S02  concentrations  0.5  ppm   or   greater   while
exercising.  Of  particular interest was the degree of protection
against such exposures provided by the current  National  Ambient
Air  Quality  Standards  (NAAQS).  To  answer this question,  EPA
undertook a population exposure analysis,  which  combined  point
source emission modeling, the Expected Exposure  (ExEx) Model, and
EPA's  NAAQS  Exposure  Model   (NEM).  An  overall  S02 model was
developed  having  two  major  components:  (1)  a  standard  EPA
dispersion  model  and  ExEx  model and  (2) a modification of NEM
that takes input from the  first  component  and  determines  the
exposure estimates.  The methodology of the study is outlined and


                              234

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discussed.  An  application  of  the  methodology  to five actual
utility power plants is presented, and the results are discussed.


0259
Oswald,  R.A.,  et al.  (Aug.  1982) "Indoor air  pollution:  the
experience  with  radon",  vol.  1,  ISES/Solar Energy Society of
Canada Energex 8th Conference, Regina, Sask. p. 46.

KEYWORD: radon,lung,source,energy exposure, architecture, Sweden,
ventilation, literature, health, foreign, Canada, track-etch

Increased risk of lung cancer is associated with elevated  indoor
levels  of radon.  The principal source of indoor radon is radium
in underlying soils and rocks and in building  materials.  Indoor
concentrations  of  radon  can  increase  as  a result of energy-
conservation  measures   that   reduce   air   infiltration   and
ventilation.  Track-etch  detectors  have  been  used  to measure
radon levels in homes in Canada,  the U.S.,  and  Sweden.  Indoor
exposure rates in some areas exceed 20 picocuries/liter.


0020
Ott,  Wayne  R.   (1982)  "Concepts  of  human  exposure  to  air
pollution", Environ. Int., 7:179-196.

KEYWORD: multipollutant, literature, exposure, dose, terminology,
microenvironment, EPA$, model

A  number  of  exposure studies in a single environmental medium,
air,  are reviewed to see how various authors  have  defined  the
concept    of    exposure   assessment.    Unfortunately,    many
investigators estimated exposures either by relying on data  from
fixed  air-monitoring  stations  or diffusion models,  implicitly
assuming that people are  in  one  place,  usually  their  homes,
throughout   a  24-hour  period.   However,   a  second  body  of
literature shows that fixed air-monitoring stations or models  do
not   necessarily   reflect   actual  human  exposures,   because
concentrations observed indoors — in homes, offices,  factories,
and  motor  vehicles  —  differ  from  those found outdoors.  To
standardize the nomenclature  dealing  with  exposures,  detailed
definitions are given of such terms as "exposure" and "dose", and
of their relationships to time and space.


0001
Ott,  Wayne  R.  (1983-84)  "Exposure estimates based on computer
generated  activity  patterns",  J.  Toxicol.   Clin.   Toxicol.,
special symposium  issue  on  exposure assessment, 21 (1&2) 1 pp.
97-128.
                              235

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KEYWORD: CO, model,SHAPE,  exposure, activity, biomonitoring, EPA$


Simulating    the   movement   of   people   through   14   urban
microenvironments, the Simulation of Human Air Pollution Exposure
(SHAPE)  computer  model  exposes  them  stochastically   to   CO
concentrations  as they go about their daily activities,  thereby
generating a 24-hour CO exposure profile of  each  person.  SHAPE
combines   data   from  past  activity  pattern  studies  and  CO
microenvironmental  field  studies  to   generate   a   frequency
distribution   of   the   maximum   daily   exposures  and  blood
carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels of a representative sample of the
population.  CO exposures and blood COHb levels of  400  employed
persons are computed as an example.


0045
Ott,  Wayne  R.   (Oct.  1971)  "An  urban  survey  technique  for
measuring the spatial variation of carbon monoxide concentrations
in cities",  Stanford University,  Dept.  of  Civil  Engineering,
Stanford, CA 94305 (153 pages).

KEYWORD: CO, field, vehicle, personal, exposure, outdoor,sampling

An  urban  survey  technique  was  developed  to  determine   how
representative   an   urban   air-monitoring  station  is  of  CO
concentrations  throughout  a  city.  The  survey  technique  was
applied in San Jose,  CA, where 1128 samples were collected for 6
months and compared with values recorded  simultaneously  at  San
Jose's  official  air  monitoring  station.  Using a bag sampling
approach,  all samples were collected at "nose height"  within  a
13-square-mile  grid  over  the  metropolitan  area.  Three basic
strategies were employed to answer specific  questions  about  CO
distribution:  (1) sampling while walking along downtown streets,
(2) random grid sampling,  and  (3) specialized sampling near  the
air-monitoring  station.   Exposures  on  downtown  streets  were
considerably higher than those at the air-monitoring station  and
showed  poor  correlations  with  those values.  Samples from the
random locations tended to be lower than values observed  at  the
monitoring station.  Measurements made more than 60 meters  from a
major street were correlated with each other in time,  suggesting
that urban background levels are spatially uniform but vary  with
time.
0314
Ott,  Wayne  R.,  et  al.   (1986)  "The  Environmental Protection
Agency's research program  on  total  human  exposure",  Environ.
Int., 12(1-4):475-494.

KEYWORD: exposure, model, methodology, personal,  monitor,  EPA$,
sampling, TEAM, design, statistical, risk, dose

                              236

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The  EPA  research  program  on  total  exposure to environmental
pollution (TEAM) seeks to develop a newly emerging concept in the
environmental  sciences.   Instead  of  focusing  purely  on  the
sources  of pollution or their transport and movement through the
environment,  this research focuses on  people  and  their  daily
activities.  The  methodology  measures  and models the pollutant
concentrations  found  at  the  physical  boundaries  of  people,
regardless  of  whether  the  pollutants  arrive through the air,
water,  food,  or skin.  An emerging new arsenal of  miniaturized
instruments  and  statistically representative survey designs for
sampling the population  of  cities  have  generated  significant
progress  recently  in  providing  the  new field data needed for
making  valid  risk  assessments.   The  TEAM   study   includes:
developing   measurement  methods  and  instruments,   developing
exposure   models   and   statistical    protocols,    conducting
microenvironmental field studies, conducting total human exposure
studies,  validating  human  exposure models with empirical data,
and conducting dosage research investigations.


0201
Ott,  Wayne R.  (1985)  "Total  human  exposure",  Environ.  Sci.
Technol., 19(10):880-886.

KEYWORD: TEAM, methodology, monitor,  personal,  exposure, model,
risk, dose, EPA$, sampling, design, statistical

Research on  total  human  exposure  to  environmental  pollution
focuses  on  humans as pollutant receptors.  This new methodology
directly measures and models the pollutant  concentrations  found
at  the physical boundaries of people,  regardless of whether the
pollutants arrive through the  air,  water,  food,  or  skin.  It
quantitatively determines whether an environmental problem exists
at  the  human  interface  and,  if  so,  determines the sources,
nature,  extent,  and severity of this problem.  By exploiting an
emerging   new   arsenal   of  miniaturized  instruments  and  by
developing  statistically  representative  survey   designs   for
sampling urban populations, significant progress has been made in
recent  years  in providing previously unavailable human exposure
field  data  needed  for  making  valid  risk  assessments.  This
research  program  includes  developing  measurement  methods and
instruments,   developing   exposure   models   and   statistical
protocols,    conducting    microenvironmental   field   studies,
conducting total exposure  studies,  validating  exposure  models
with    empirical   data,    and   conducting   dosage   research
investigations.
                              237

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0002
Ott,  Wayne R.  (June 1981) "Exposure estimates based on computer
generated activity patterns", Paper no. 81-57.6, presented at the
76th  annual  meeting  of  the Air Pollution Control Association,
P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (16 pages).

KEYWORD: CO, EPA$, model,exposure, SHAPE, distribution, activity,
microenvironment,  biomonitoring

The Simulation of Human Air Pollution Exposure  (SHAPE) model  was
presented  for the first time in this annual meeting paper.  This
computer model  simulates  the  movement  of  people  through  14
microenvironments   in   the   urban   area.   It   exposes  them
stochastically to CO concentrations as they go about their  daily
activities,  thereby  generating a 24-hour CO exposure profile of
each person.  SHAPE combines  data  from  past  activity  pattern
studies  and  CO  microenvironmental  field  studies  to generate
frequency distribution of the maximum daily exposures  and  blood
carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels of a representative sample of the
population of a city.  In this paper, CO exposures and blood COHb
levels are computed to illustrate how the SHAPE model works.


0037
Ott,  Wayne R.,  Willits,  Neil,  and Switzer,  Paul   (in  press)
"Carbon  monoxide  exposures inside an automobile traveling on an
urban arterial highway",  SIMS technical report  in  preparation,
Stanford University, Dept.  of Statistics, Stanford, CA 94305 (85
pages).

KEYWORD: CO, field, vehicle, interior, statistical, EPA$,  model,
exposure

A  motor  vehicle  made  standardized drives on an urban arterial
highway — El Camino Real — in California  over  the  13.5-month
period from January 5,  1980,  to February 27,  1981.  This 11.8-
mile segment of roadway  (5.9 miles in each direction)  includes 20
major intersections.  CO concentrations inside the  test  vehicle
were  measured  using  electrochemical monitors,  and  statistical
models were tested relating CO exposures to length of  time  spent
waiting at lights,  accelerating,  and driving at constant speed.
The best model of CO exposures over the year was a seasonal model
that predicted the average route exposure as  a  cosine  function
with  a period of 1 year.  Individual 1-minute exposures could be
treated as lognormally distributed, and their arithmetic standard
deviation was found to be  linearly  related  to  the  arithmetic
mean.
                              238

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0014
Ott,  Wayne R.,  and Willits,  Neil H.   (1981) "CO  exposures  of
occupants of motor vehicles: modeling the dynamic response of the
vehicle",  SIMS  technical  report no.  48,  Stanford University,
Dept. of Statistics, Stanford, CA 94305  (52 pages).

KEYWORD: CO, field, vehicle, interior, model, EPA$, exposure

A   dynamic   model   was   developed   and  tested  relating  CO
concentration outside  the  passenger  compartment  of  a  moving
vehicle  to  the  exposures  of vehicle occupants.  An experiment
conducted on a test vehicle obtained the parameters required  for
the   model.   The   model  successfully  predicted  interior  CO
concentrations as a function of time when external concentrations
were known.  Test results and applications are discussed.


0669
Ott,  Wayne,  and  Eliassen,  Rolf (1973) "A survey technique for
determining  the  representativeness  of  urban  air   monitoring
stations with respect to carbon monoxide", J. Air Pollut. Control
Assoc.,  23 (8) :685-690.

KEYWORD: sampling, design, regulation, EPA$, methodology, QA, CO,
model,outdoor,microenvironment,field,exposure,home,monitoring

An  air  quality  survey  technique  for measuring the horizontal
spatial variation of CO concentrations was used to determine  how
representative   an   urban   air   monitoring   station   is  of
concentrations throughout the 13-square-mile-area  of  San  Jose,
CA.  Over  a  6-month  period,  1,128  samples were collected and
compared with the values recorded simultaneously at the  station.
In  downtown,  residential,  and  industrial areas,  samples were
collected at human head height (1) while walking along  congested
streets,  (2)  at random grid points,  and (3) in the vicinity of
the monitoring station.  Pedestrians on downtown streets  can  be
exposed to concentrations above the Federal air quality standards
without  these  values  being  observed  at  the  air  monitoring
stations.  Away from streets,  simultaneous CO concentrations are
relatively   similar  throughout  the  city.   CO  concentrations
decline rapidly as distance from  streets  increases.  Data  from
present   urban   air   monitoring   stations   may  not  support
determinations  of  compliance  with  air  quality  standards  as
currently defined.


0041
Ott,  Wayne,  and  Funkhauser,  Robert   (June  1967)  "Models for
calculating carbon  monoxide  concentrations  on  streets",  U.S.
Public Health Service,  Division of Air Pollution, Cincinnati, OH
45268 (74 pages).
                              239

-------
KEYWORD: source, vehicle,  exposure,  model,  dispersion,  outdoor,
CO, microenvironment, interior

One of the  first  research  attempts  is  described  to  develop
deterministic  microscale  dispersion  models for calculating air
pollutant concentrations  both  near  traffic  and  inside  motor
vehicles.  A  plume  model  is  first applied to a single vehicle
moving in traffic at a constant speed (single-vehicle case); then
multiple-plume  models  are  applied  to  a  number  of  vehicles
traveling   along  a  roadway  with  several  lanes  and  spacing
configurations.  Next  an  emissions  submodel  is  developed  to
compute  emissions for different traffic variables and situations
(average speeds,  minimum spacing,  and traffic  volume).  Curves
and  tables  are provided allowing the user to estimate emissions
for a variety of highway situations,   using contemporary emission
factors.  Finally, simplified line source models are developed to
compute   concentrations   contributed  by  roadways  at  various
stationary points located very close to the roadways.


0416
Ott, W.R., Rodes, C.E., Drago, R.J.,   Williams,  C.,  and Burman,
F.J.   (1986)  "Automated  data-logging personal exposure monitors
for carbon monoxide", J.  Air Pollut.  Control Assoc., 36(8):883-
887.

KEYWORD: CO,personal,exposure,monitor,outdoor,field, methodology,
QA, EPA$

In the early 1980s,  new miniaturized instruments became available
for continuously measuring human exposures  to  CO.  Early   tests
revealed  that  people  had  difficulty  writing  down  the  large
quantity of data generated by these instruments as they walked on
sidewalks, drove, or engaged in other normal activities.  Several
solutions  were  considered  using  microprocessors  to   sample,
manipulate,  and  store  the  readings  generated by the personal
exposure monitors (PEM).  Two  candidate  hardware  systems  were
developed,  one that computed and stored the times and average CO
concentrations at the command  of  the  user,  and  another  that
logged the event codes as well.  These efforts led to development
of  the  CO  exposure dosimeter  (COED) PEMs that were used in the
Denver, CO, and Washington,  DC,  human exposure studies in  1982-
83.  The  COED-I  was used successfully to obtain more than  1,600
24-hour human CO exposure profiles in these two cities,  and the
COED-II  was  evaluated  briefly  in  test  settings.  This  paper
describes the measurement system and microprocessor  data  logger
used in these new monitors.
                               240

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0003
Ott, Wayne R.   (Sept.  1982) "Human activity patterns: a review of
the literature  for estimation of  exposures  to  air  pollution",
draft  report,  U.S.   EPA,  Office  of  Research and Development,
Washington, DC  20460  (16 pages).  Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: activity, literature, model,outdoor, exposure, research,
EPA$

This paper is one of  the few documents available that summarizes,
specifically for application to air pollution  exposure  research
and models,  the number of studies of human activity patterns and
time budgets.   More than  30  studies  are  reviewed,  and  their
possible use in air pollution research is critically evaluated.


0203
Ott, Wayne R. (Feb.   1985) "The Environmental Protection Agency's
research program on total human exposure",  U.S.  EPA,  Office of
Research and Development,  Washington,  DC 24060 (50 pages).  Not
available from  NTIS.

KEYWORD: TEAM,  methodology, personal, exposure, model, risk,dose,
EPA$, monitor,  sampling, design, statistical

EPA's  research program on total human exposure to environmental
pollution  focuses  on humans  as   pollutant   receptors.   The
methodology  measures and  models  the  pollutant concentrations
found at the physical boundaries of people, regardless of whether
the pollutants  arrive through the air, water, food,  or skin.  By
exploiting  an  emerging  new arsenal of miniaturized instruments
and by developing statistically representative survey designs for
sampling the population of cities,  significant progress has been
made in recent  years  in providing previously unavailable exposure
field  data  needed   for  making  valid  risk  assessments.  This
research program  includes  developing  measurement  methods  and
instruments,    developing   exposure   models   and   statistical
protocols,    conducting   microenvironmental   field    studies,
conducting  total  exposure  studies,  validating exposure models
with   empirical   data,    and   conducting   dosage    research
investigations.


0675
Ott, Wayne R.,  and Mage, David T. (1974)  "A method for simulating
the true human  exposure of  critical  population  groups  to  air
pollutants",  in  "Proceedings  of  the  international symposium:
recent advances in assessing the health effects of  environmental
pollution",  Paris, France,  pp. 2097-2107.

KEYWORD: CO, exposure, monitoring, statistical, outdoor,  method,
regulation,  field, personal,  monitor, statistical,  methodology

                              241

-------
There  are  serious  problems  in  accurately  assessing the true
population exposure to air pollutants.   In the United States, the
primary means for monitoring air quality is  by  measurements  at
fixed  locations  in  urban  areas.  It  is becoming increasingly
apparent that such data provide a relatively poor measure of  the
true exposure of members of the general public to air pollutants,
because  these  stations  are  not  necessarily located where the
public is exposed to the highest concentrations.   To  demonstrate
a  method  to  obtain  a more representative measure of the human
exposure of a critical population  group,  pedestrians  collected
integrated CO samples over the routes that they walk.  A total of
425  of these simulated exposures samples (SES) were collected on
congested downtown streets in a major  urban  area.   The  results
were compared statistically with conventional measurements from a
nearby  fixed  monitoring  station.  Significant differences were
observed between these two  methodologies.  The  significance  of
these findings for setting air quality standards is discussed.


0031
Ott, Wayne,  and Flachsbart,  Peter (1982) "Measurement of carbon
monoxide  concentrations  in  indoor  and outdoor locations using
personal exposure monitors", Environ. Int., 8:295-304.

KEYWORD: CO, field, personal, exposure,  monitor, outdoor,  EPA$,
microenvironment

On 15 dates,  5,000 measurements of CO were made downtown in four
California cities  (San Francisco, Palo Alto,  Mountain View,  and
Los   Angeles)   using   personal   exposure   monitors   (PEMs).
Altogether, 588 commercial settings were visited,  and indoor and
outdoor  locations  were sampled at each setting.  On 11 surveys,
two PEMs were carried about 0.15 to 6 meters apart,  giving  1,706
pairs  of  observations  that showed good agreement.  For a  given
date and commercial setting,  CO concentrations  were  relatively
stable over time, permitting levels to be characterized by making
only  brief  visits to each setting.  The data indicate that most
commercial  settings  experience  CO  concentrations  above  zero
indoors  because  CO  tends to seep into buildings from vehicular
emissions outside.  Levels in these  locations  usually  are  not
above 5 ppm and seldom are higher than the 9 ppm National Ambient
Air Quality Standard.  However, indoor garages and buildings with
attached  indoor  parking  areas  can  have  relatively  high  CO
concentrations.
0125
Ott, Wayne, et al.  (June 1984) "Application of microprocessors to
data logging problems in air pollution exposure  field  studies",
Paper  No.  121.2  presented  at  the  77th annual meeting of the


                              242

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American  Air  Pollution  Control  Association,  P.O.  Box  2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230  (6 pages).

KEYWORD: CO, field, methodology, personal, exposure, outdoor, QA,
monitor, EPA$

In  the  early  1980s,  new,  miniaturized instrumentation became
available for  continuously  measuring  human  exposures  to  CO.
Early  tests revealed that people had difficulty writing down the
large quantity of data generated by  these  instruments  as  they
engaged  in  their  normal  activities.  Several  solutions  were
considered using microprocessors to sample, manipulate, and store
the readings generated by the personal exposure monitors  (PEMs).
Two  candidate hardware systems were developed;  one computed and
stored the times and average CO concentrations at the command  of
the  user,  the  other  logged  the  event  codes as well.  These
efforts led to development of the CO  Exposure  Dosimeter  (COED)
PEMs that were used in the Denver,  CO, and Washington, DC, human
exposure studies in 1982-83.  COED-I  was  used  successfully  to
obtain  more  than  1,600  24-hour  human CO exposure profiles in
these two cities,  and COED-II  was  evaluated  briefly  in  test
settings.   This  paper  describes  the  measurement  system  and
microprocessor data-logger used in these new monitors.


0609
Otten,  J.A.,  Morey,  P.R., Burge, H.A., Chatigny, M.A., Feeley,
J.C., and Peterson, K.  (1986) "Airborne viable microorganisms in
office    environments:    sampling   protocol   and   analytical
procedures",  Hochheiser,   S.,   and  Jayanti,   R.K.M.,   Eds.,
"Proceedings of the 1986 EPA/APCA symposium on the measurement of
toxic air pollutants", EPA 600/9-86-013, U.S.  EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park, NC 27711,
pp.  36-45.   Not  yet  available  from  NTIS.   (In  press,  Air
Pollution  Control Association,  P.O.  Box 2861,  Pittsburgh,  PA
15230.)

KEYWORD: microorganism, health, methodology, sampling,industrial,
control, exposure

The  American  Conference  of Governmental Industrial Hygienists1
Committee on Bioaerosols has developed a draft sampling  protocol
and  analytical  procedures for airborne viable microorganisms in
offices    where    workplace-related    illnesses    such     as
hypersensitivity  pneumonitis,  humidifier  fever,  and allergies
(due to bioaerosols) are reported.  The protocol specifies  these
items:  (1)  rationale  for  initiating airborne monitoring,  (2)
sampler selection,  (3) culture  media  selection,   (4)  sampling
strategy,    (5)    handling    and   processing   of   collected
microorganisms,    (6)  data  interpretation,   and   (7)  remedial
actions.  This  protocol  may  serve  as  a  model for developing


                              243

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protocols for diverse occupational settings.


0193
Ozkaynak, H., Ryan, P.B., Allen, G.A.,   and Turner,   W.A.  (1982)
"Indoor   air  quality  modeling:   compartmenta1  approach  with
reactive chemistry", Environ. Int. 8:461-471.

KEYWORD: NOx, field, model, microenvironment, ventilation,source

Data on indoor/outdoor pollutant and tracer  concentrations  were
collected  during  different  periods  in  1981 at a residence in
Newton, MA.  Special studies within the kitchen were conducted to
determine the vertical and horizontal  variability  of  pollutant
and  tracer  gas  concentrations.   A  reactive  chemistry  model
incorporating simplified NOx chemistry was developed to  simulate
pollutant     concentrations     indoors.      Multicompartmental
mathematical modeling tools were also  developed  and  tested  to
estimate efficiently the effective,  emission,  ventilation,  and
removal  rates,  as  well  as  the  intercompartmental  pollutant
exchange  coefficients.  Model  studies  using  two-  and  three-
compartment systems  and  tracer  measurements  proved  that  the
dynamics of pollutant mixing inside a kitchen is not only complex
but  may  be  quite  important  in  controlling  the  spatial and
temporal variability of reactive species.  Further monitoring and
modeling studies are  recommended  to  investigate  the  critical
aspects  of  the  short-term  dynamics of the reactive pollutants
inside homes with gas cooking stoves.


0574
Ozkaynak, H., Ryan, P.B., Spengler, J.D., and Laird, N.M.   (1986)
"Bias  due  to  misclassification  of   personal   exposures   in
epidemiologic  studies  of  indoor  and  outdoor  air pollution",
Environ Int., 12(1-4):389-393.

KEYWORD: model, health, risk, indoor, outdoor,  smoking,  design,
particulate,methodology,QA,statistical,demographic

The authors examine the nature and magnitude of bias resulting in
the  estimation of relative health risks and risk differences due
to misclassifications of exposures and disease.  Bias  correction
expressions   depending   on  the  misclassification  parameters,
sensitivity  and  specificity,  as  well  as  the  observed  risk
indicators,  are  provided.  Examples  based  on  predictions  of
exposures of adults and  children  to  both  indoor  and  outdoor
respirable  particles  suggest the potential for significant bias
toward    the    null   hypothesis   if   exposure   or   disease
misclassifications  are  not  properly  accounted  for    in   the
epidemiologic studies of air pollution health effects.
                              244

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0443
Palmes,  E.D.,  Gunnison,  A.F.,  DiMattio,  J.,  and Tomczyk, C.
(1976) "Personal sampler for nitrogen dioxide", Amer.  Ind.  Hyg.
ASSOC.  J., 37:570-577.

KEYWORD: NO2, personal, exposure, monitor, sampling, methodology,
QA

A new type of personal  sampler  for  gases  in  air,  originally
reported  by  the  Institute of Environmental Medicine,  New York
University Medical Center,  has been adapted for  measuring  N02.
The  sampler  depends  on  the  transfer of N02 by diffusion to a
triethanolamine-coated collector at the sealed end of a tube; the
open end is exposed to the  test  environment.  The  devices  are
accurate,  light,  simple  to use,  and have very good shelf life
before and after sampling.


0708
Palmes,  E.D., Tomczyk, C., and DiMattio, J.   (1977) "Average NO2
concentrations in dwellings with gas or electric stoves",  Atmos.
Environ., 11:869-872.

KEYWORD: source, home, monitor, field, NO2, combustion, exposure,
methodology,

NO2  concentrations  in  dwellings  were measured using a passive
sampler operating  by  NO2  diffusion  to  a  sensitive  reagent.
Concentrations  were  four  times  higher  in  dwellings with gas
stoves  than  in  those   with   electric   stoves.   Also,   N02
concentrations  varied  with stove type.  The results are similar
to other studies.  This  new  sampler  does  not  interfere  with
residents activities and is easy to operate.


0693
Palmes, E.D., and Tomczyk, C.   (1979) "Personal sampler for NO2",
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 40:588-591.

KEYWORD: personal, exposure, methodology,  sampling,  laboratory,
NO, NOx, N02, QA

A  personal  sampler  system  for NOx (NO + NO2) and NO2 has been
developed  for  monitoring  workplace  air.   The   N02   sampler
previously  reported from this laboratory uses triethanolamine to
trap N02 which diffuses through a tube of appropriate dimensions.
The NOx sampler contains the same elements as the N02 device, but
it is also fitted with a chromic acid impregnated disc; this disc
converts NO to N02 which is then trapped by  the  triethanolamine
along  with  preformed  N02.  The  trapped  N02  in  all cases is


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determined as nitrite colorimetrically  and  NO  is  measured  by
difference between the NOx and N02 values.  The NOx sampler gives
accurate  and  reproducible results if the chromic acid dis is in
place for 24 hours or less; it is necessary, therefore, to insert
and remove the disc within  reasonably  short  times  before  and
after  sampling.  We believe,  however,  that this operation will
not be a serious problem for the user.


0101
Pannwitz, Karl-Heinz (Aug. 1984) "Indoor air monitoring by sample
taking at  solid  matrices",  Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall,  T.,  and
Sundell, J., Eds.  "Indoor air, vol. 4, chemical characterization
and personal exposure",  Swedish Council for  Building  Research,
Stockholm, pp. 197-201. NTIS PB85-104214

KEYWORD: organic, sampling, methodology, monitoring

Direct  analysis  of  organic  contaminants in the air of housing
spaces, for example by a gas chromatograph, is in most cases very
difficult because the average concentrations  of  the  pollutants
often are in the ppb range.  Therefore, it is necessary to enrich
the  contaminants.   Many  organic  vapors  can  be  adsorbed  by
activated charcoal.  After sampling,  the enriched substances are
desorbed   by   an   organic   solvent   and   analyzed   by  gas
chromatography.   Active and  passive  samplers,  among  them  the
passive sampler "ORSA 5", were compared under defined conditions.


0649
Parker, Carl D., and Strong, R.B. (1974) "Evaluation of portable,
direct-reading  carbon  monoxide  meters",  U.S.   Department  of
Health,  Education,,  and  Welfare,   Center  for Disease Control,
Cincinnati, OH (148 pages).

KEYWORD: CO, monitor, QA, methodology, economic, laboratory

A  market  survey  was conducted to determine the availability of
portable,  direct-reading CO meters with a range of approximately
10 to 500 ppm.  Selected manufacturers were requested to submit a
meter  for  the  evaluation.  Performance  characteristics of the
meters were determined.  Physical and performance characteristics
of these meters are discussed, and construction, performance, and
quality control standards for portable CO meters are recommended.


0545
Parker, G.B., Lee, R.N., and Dennis,  G.W.,  (1983),  "Monitoring
indoor  pollutants  in  two  small  office buildings to support a
modeling study", U.S.  Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585
(12 pages). NTIS DE84-010900.
                              246

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KEYWORD: CO, NOx, CH2O,  radon, particulate, temperature,  outdoor,
office, humidity, seasonal, ventilation

The Pacific Northwest  Laboratory conducted  a  study  to  monitor
outdoor and indoor pollutants and to determine air-exchange rates
in  two  small  office  buildings in the Pacific Northwest,  both
constructed in the  mid-1970s.  Radon,  particulate  matter,  CO,
NOx,  and formaldehyde were measured during approximately a 3-day
period in each building  during the heating season.  Air exchange,
temperature,   relative  humidity,   and  wind  speed  were  also
measured.    Average   workday   indoor   pollutant   levels   of
formaldehyde,  CO,  NOx,  and radon were near  ambient  (outdoor)
levels.   Concentrations  of  particulate  matter  indoors  were
greater  than  those   outdoors  in  both  office  buildings   and
significantly  greater  in the second office building as  compared
to the first.  The measurement protocol and  measurement  results
are  described.  The   hourly  variations in radon and particulate
matter concentration measured in the  second  building  are  also
given.


0219
Parker, G.B., Wilfert, G.L., and Dennis, G.W. (Nov. 1984) "Indoor
air quality  and  infiltration  in  multifamily  naval  housing",
Proceedings  of  the   annual  1984 PNWIs/APCA meeting (15 pages).
NTIS DE85-005295.

KEYWORD: CO, NO2,  smoking,  radon,  CH2O,  particulate,  outdoor,
field, source, ventilation, architecture, weather, appliance

Indoor  air  quality   and air infiltration were measured  in three
units of a multifamily housing complex  at  the  Naval  Submarine
Base  in Bangor,  WA,  over 5 consecutive days during the heating
season  of  1983.   Three  dwelling  units  of   identical   size
constructed in 1978 were monitored,  each in a separate two-story
four-unit complex.  One  unit was downstairs  and  the  other  two
were  upstairs.  Two   of the units were occupied by smokers (one
downstairs and one upstairs).  None of the units  had  combustion
appliances.   Pollutants  monitored   indoors   included radon,
formaldehyde,  CO,  particulate  matter,  and  NO2.   Indoor  and
outdoor  temperature   and wind speed were also recorded.  Outdoor
formaldehyde and NO2 were also measured.


0277
Paul,   Roy  A.  (Jan.  1986)  "Demographic data for lead  exposure
analysis",  EPA contract  no.  68-02-4309, U.S.   EPA, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards,   Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(32 pages).   Not available from NTIS.
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KEYWORD: Pb,children, distribution, exposure, demographic, model,
outdoor, EPA$, pregnancy

A computer program (MATCH-AQ)  was  developed  to  calculate  the
number  of  children and pregnant women who may be exposed to Pb.
Lead concentrations in air were estimated for given point sources
within  four  metropolitan  areas:   Chicago,  IL,  Dallas,   TX,
Nashville,   TN,   and  Tampa-St.   Petersburg,   FL.   Projected
demographic group populations are based on 1980 census  data  and
1990/2000  forecasts  by  the  U.S.  Bureau of Economic Analysis.
The outputs  include  geographic,  air  quality,  and  population
exposure  data  by  each  census tract for pregnant women and for
children in seven age groups.


0274
Paul,  Roy  A.,  and  McCurdy,  Thomas (June 1986) "Estimation of
population exposure to ozone",Paper no. 86-66.2, presented at the
79th annual meeting of the  Air  Pollution  Control  Association,
P.O.  Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (15 pages).

KEYWORD: exposure, activity, pattern, outdoor, model, regulation,
seasonal, microenvironment, O3, EPA$, distribution, QA

A version of the National Ambient Air  Quality  Standard   (NAAQS)
Exposure  Model (NEM-03) appropriate for analyzing ozone exposure
is described.  NEM simulates the movement of selected segments of
the  human  population   through   different   geographic   areas
characterized   by   different   ambient  air  pollutant   levels.
Application of NEM-O3 in the New York City metropolitan  area  is
summarized,   providing  estimates  of  population  exposure  for
various measures of exposure, and different averaging times, time
periods  (summer months and ozone season),  and  exercise   levels.
Ozone  exposure  estimates change considerably as different ozone
NAAQS are applied.  NEM-03 model results are useful in evaluating
impacts of alternative standards,  as well as providing input  to
ozone risk assessments.
0106
Paul,  Roy A.,  Johnson, Ted, Pope, Anne, and Ferdo, Alicia  (Feb.
1986) "The NAAQS model   (NEM)  applied  to  ozone   (draft)",  EPA
contract  no.   68-02-4309,  U.S.  EPA,  Office  of  Air  Quality
Planning and Standards,  Research Triangle,  Park,  NC  27711  (116
pages). Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: NEM, exposure,  03,outdoor, EPA$, microenvironment,model,
activity, pattern, QA, regulation, seasonal, distribution

The  National Ambient Air Quality Standard  (NAAQS) Exposure Model
(NEM) can simulate exposure  in selected urban areas  under  user-


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specified  regulatory scenarios.  The model requires prepared and
validated data on air quality and population  activity  patterns.
NEM  for  O3  is  applied to New York City as an example.  Source
code versions of the program are available.


0446
Paul, Roy A., and Johnson, Ted  (April   1985) "The NAAQS exposure
model  (NEM)  applied to carbon monoxide:  addendum",  U.S.  EPA,
Office of Air and Radiation, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (31
pages).  NTIS PB85-235182/REB.

KEYWORD: CO, model, exposure, NEM, distribution,  NAAQS,  health,
regulation, statistical

This report describes the results obtained when the CO version of
NAAQS (National Ambient Air  Quality  Standards)  Exposure  Model
(NEM)  is  used  to  estimate  national exposures associated with
attaining the current CO standard (9 ppm - 8 hour average  -  one
observed exceedance per year).  This standard was not analyzed in
the  basic  report of the same title (BLIS #043).  NEM is a model
that simulates the intersection of a  population  with  pollutant
concentrations over space and time to estimate exposures required
to  meet  various alternative NAAQS.  Estimates are presented for
adults with cardiovascular disease in four urban study areas  and
for a nationwide extrapolation.


0077
Pellizzari,  E.D.,  Sheldon, L.S., Sparacino, C.M., Bursey, J.T.,
Wallace, L., and Bromberg, S.   (1984) "Volatile organic levels in
indoor air",  Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.
"Indoor air,  vol.  4,  chemical  characterization  and  personal
exposure",  Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp.
303-308.

KEYWORD: VOC, field, office, home, sampling, method, EPA$

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air in a home for the
elderly  and a new office building were identified and quantified
using Tenax GC samplers  and  capillary  gas  chromatography/mass
spectrometry.   More   than   300   chemicals   were  tentatively
identified in indoor air of the nursing  home.  Night-day  levels
were  compared.  The  new  office  building  was  also  part of a
longitudinal study that revealed a rapid decrease in levels  with
time for some chemicals, while others increased.


0211
Pellizzari,  E.D.,  Whitmore, R., Sheldon, L.S., Sparacino, C.M.,
Zelon, H., and  Hartwell, T.D.  (1983)   "Breath  monitoring as an


                              249

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indication of environmental exposure to volatile organics", draft
report, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Washington,
DC 20460 (191 pages).   Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: VOC, personal, exposure, outdoor, design, biomonitoring,
statistical, methodology, QA, EPA$

This  report  thoroughly  documents the design and execution of a
survey of volatile organic compounds in personal air, water,  and
exhaled  breath samples of people in and around Los Angeles,  CA.
Major topics are statistical sample  design,  survey  operations,
chemical   sampling   and   analysis,   quality  assurance,   and
statistical  data   analysis.   More   analytical   options   are
recommended.  Personal air levels were usually higher than indoor
air  or  breath levels.  Data and data analysis are extensive for
each chemical and medium.
0107
Pellizzari,  E.D.,  Zelon,  H.S.,  Bursey, J.T., Leininger, C.C.,
Hartwell, T.D., and Breen, J. (Aug.  1984) "Sampling and analysis
design  for  volatile  halocarbons  in  indoor  and outdoor air",
Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell,  J.,  Eds., "Indoor air,
vol. 4, chemical characterization and personal exposure", Swedish
Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 203-208. NTIS PB85-
104214

KEYWORD: VOC,  halocarbon, CHC13,CC14, exposure, QA, field, EPA$,
outdoor, statistical

Matched pairs of overnight indoor and outdoor ambient air samples
were  collected  at  146  residences in three areas of the United
States.  Up to 17 volatile  halocarbons  were  measured  in  each
sample   collected   on   Tenax   GC   using   computerized   gas
chromatography/mass   spectrometry.    Controls,   blanks,    and
duplicate  field  samples  were  used  to assess the accuracy and
precision of the overall  technique.  Analyte  recoveries  ranged
from  79%  to  125% for spiked sampling devices,  with a relative
standard deviation  (RSD) of 2% to 3%.  Overall  median  RSDs  for
indoor   and   outdoor   duplicate  samples  were  27%  and  51%,
respectively.
0017
Pellizzari,  E.D.,  et  al.   (1981)  "Total  exposure  assessment
methodology  (TEAM) study",  vol.   I:  Northern  New  Jersey   (393
pages), vol.  II:  Research Triangle Park  (189 pages), vol.   Ill:
quality assurance  (237 pages), EPA contract no.  68-01-3849,  U.S.
EPA,  Office of Research and  Development,  Washington, DC, 20460.
Not available from NTIS.
                               250

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KEYWORD: PAH, PCB, VOC, metal, pesticide, TEAM,field,methodology,
personal,exposure,food,QA,biomonitoring,EPA$,water,seasonal

The  total  exposure  assessment  methodology  (TEAM)  study   is
described.  TEAM  is  a  major  effort  to  measure  direct human
exposure to  four  groups  of  chemicals  —  volatile  organics,
pesticides  and  polychlorinated  biphenyls (PCBs),  metals,  and
polyaromatic hydrocarbons.  About 30 chemicals were  measured  in
air,  food,  water, beverages, and house dust of 12 volunteers in
New Jersey and  North  Carolina  over  three  seasons.  The  same
chemicals  were  measured in exhaled breath,  blood,  urine,  and
hair.  About 30 sampling  and  analytical  protocols  were  field
tested.  Volatile  organics  could  be  included  in a full-scale
study,  but analyses   for  individual  foods  would  have  to  be
improved before metals and pesticides could be studied further.


0075
Pellizzari,  E.D.,  et  al.   (1986)  "Sampling  and  analysis for
volatile organics in indoor  and  outdoor  air  in  New  Jersey",
Environ. Int., 12(1-4):369-387.

KEYWORD: VOC, field, outdoor, QA, statistical, TEAM, EPA$

As  part  of  the  Total  Exposure  Assessment Methodology  (TEAM)
study,  matched pairs  of overnight indoor and outdoor ambient air
samples  were  collected  from  85  residences  in  Elizabeth and
Bayonne, NJ, and analyzed by computerized gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry  for  volatile  organic  chemicals.   Accuracy   and
precision  for  the  overall  method  were  monitored  by control
samples  and  replicate  sampling.   Analyte  recoveries   ranged
between   85%   and    100%   from   controls.   The   intra-  and
interlaboratory relative standard deviations   (RSDs)  for  sample
collection  and analysis of duplicates were 20% to 30% and 30% to
45%,  respectively.  The overall median RSDs were:  indoor,  30%;
outdoor,   37%;   intralaboratory  sample  analysis,   29%;   and
interlaboratory sample analysis, 26%.


0220
Pellizzari,  E.D.,  et  al.   (May 1982) "Human exposure to vapor-
phase   halogenated   hydrocarbons:   fixed-site   vs.   personal
exposure",  in "proceedings:   National   symposium   on   recent
advances in pollutant monitoring of ambient  air  and  stationary
sources,  held at Raleigh, NC, May 4-7, 1982", pp. 264-288.  NTIS
PB-84-148345.

KEYWORD: personal, exposure, monitor, sampling, halocarbon, EPA$,
outdoor, methodology

The use of personal and fixed-station  monitoring  for  assessing


                              251

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exposure of populations to halocarbons is discussed.  Atmospheric
exposure  to  volatile  halogenated  hydrocarbons  was studied in
populations in Baton Rouge, LA, and Greensboro, NC.  The relative
merits and limitations of fixed-station  monitoring  systems  and
personal   monitors  are  addressed.   Air  sampling  values  are
reported for diverse  chlorinated  hydrocarbons.  The  levels  of
halocarbons  in  personal air samples were higher than fixed-site
samples.


0141
Pellizzari, Edo D., et al.  (1984) "Total exposure and assessment
methodology (TEAM): dry cleaners study", EPA contract no.  68-02-
3626, U.S.  EPA, Office of Research and Development,  Washington,
DC 20460 (159 pages).  Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: VOC, water, PERC,solvent, biomonitoring,field, personal,
exposure, EPA$, outdoor, dry-cleaner, statistical

A special study of workers in  dry  cleaning  establishments  was
conducted  in  March  and  April 1982.  Personal exposure to more
than 20 volatile compounds via drinking water,  ambient air,  and
personal air was assessed using previously developed sampling and
analysis methodologies.  Body burden for the target chemicals was
determined  by  measuring  levels  in breath,  blood,  and urine.
Results were subjected to summary statistical  analysis.  All  of
these  methods  are described in detail.  Workers in dry cleaning
establishments using perchloroethylene  (PERC) as  cleaning  fluid
were  exposed  to  higher  levels of PERC at work than elsewhere.
Levels in breath,  blood,  and urine also were higher during work
times than other times.
0260
Pengelly,  L.D.,  et  al.   (Nov.   1983)  "The  Hamilton  study:
relationship between outdoor and indoor air quality in homes  and
elementary  schools",  Canada Ministry of Environment general and
air pollution research technology transfer  conference,  Toronto,
Canada Vol. 1, pp. 184.

KEYWORD: outdoor, NO2,  SO2, particulate, school, source,foreign,
home, seasonal, Canada

Indoor  and  outdoor  levels of N02,  S02,  and particulates were
measured  in   Hamilton,   Ontario,   residences   and   schools.
Observations  were made for two 5-day sessions at each site,  one
during the heating season and  one  during  non-heating  periods.
For NO2, the indoor/outdoor ratio was close to 75% in schools and
was  independent  of heating season;  indoor levels were strongly
correlated with  outdoor  concentrations.  In  homes,  the  ratio
strongly  depended  on  the  presence  of  indoor sources such as


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stoves.  In the absence of these, little effect of heating season
was documented,  and the ratio was about 80%.  Indoor  levels  of
SO2 were also correlated with outdoor levels at all sites.
0179
Pepys,  J.  (1982)  "Chemical dusts,  vapours,  and fumes causing
asthma", Environ. Int., 8:321-325.

KEYWORD: multipollutant, literature, health, lung, allergen

Respiratory  disease due to common allergens of organic origin is
well known.  Less familiar,  but of  increasing  importance,  are
organic  and  inorganic  chemicals  being  encountered  as dusts,
vapors,  and fumes.  Their relevance  is  shown  in  occupational
respiratory  allergic disorders.  Controlled exposure with minute
amounts of these chemicals for brief  periods  closely  simulates
allergic  sensitivity and can precisely identify sources in often
complex exposures.  The capacity of these widely different agents
to elicit various patterns of asthmatic reactions points to their
potential role, as well as the role of chemical agents in general
as allergens.  The introduction into indoor environments of  such
materials  demands  consideration  of  their  possible allergenic
effects and of  the  need  to  recognize  the  various  forms  of
allergic respiratory reaction they may cause.


0666
Pepys, Jack,  et al.   (1984) "Immunology/sensitization/irritation
panel report", Environ. Health Perspect., 58:343-346.

KEYWORD: methodology, QA, health, CH20, exposure, dose, research,
literature, lung, dermal, epidemiology, allergen

This  report  summarizes  the  irritating and allergic effects of
inhalation,   cutaneous,   and  eye  exposures  to  formaldehyde.
Research    methodologies   used   were   evaluated,    remaining
uncertainties  were  discussed,   and   future   research   needs
described.
0578
Perhac,  Ralph  M.  (1985)  "Indoor air quality—electric utility
concerns", Gammage, R.B.,  Kaye,  S.V.,  and Jacobs,  V.A., Eds.,
"Indoor  air  and  human health",  Lewis Publishers,  Inc.,  P.O.
Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI 48118, pp. 3-4.

KEYWORD: energy, economic,health, regulation, exposure, activity,
research, ventilation, outdoor, TEAM, architecture

The  electric  utility  industry  has  an interest and a stake in


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indoor air quality for two principal reasons.  The first  relates
to  energy  conservation  and  the  second to ambient air quality
standards and the protection of  human  health.  Because  of  its
concern  for conservation,  the electric utility industry in many
parts of the nation has been promoting more extensive use of home
insulation,  solar-heated homes,  and construction of  homes  and
other  buildings with low air-exchange rates.  All these measures
lead to lower air-exchange rates—with  the  attendant  potential
concern that pollutants might accumulate indoors and thereby pose
a  health  concern.  The second reason deals with human health in
general terms of overall activities.  Most people spend more than
75% of their time indoors,  yet ambient air quality standards are
based  on outdoor measurements.  Further,  standards are designed
to protect the most sensitive segments of  the  population,  that
is,  those  persons who spend perhaps even more than 75% of their
time  indoors.   If  we  are  to  evaluate  total   exposure   to
atmospheric  pollutants,  we need to assess the indoor atmosphere
accurately  as  well  as  the   overall   mobility   pattern   of
individuals.  Whether  or  not  the  indoor  environment  poses a
threat to human health,  information on the indoor environment is
needed before we can assess total exposure.


0059
Peterson,  G.A.,  and  Sabersky,  R.H.   (1975)  "Measurements  of
pollutants  inside  an  automobile",  J.   Air  Pollut.   Control
ASSOC., 25:1028-1032.

KEYWORD: CO, NO, NO2, O3, vehicle, interior, field

A  series  of  experiments  was  conducted   to   determine   the
concentrations of 03,  CO, NO, and NOx inside a car under typical
driving conditions.  During the summer in the  Los  Angeles,  CA,
area,  O3  in  the  passenger  compartment  may  be maintained at
relatively low values if the influx of outside  air  is  limited.
The  low  levels  were  explained  by the decay of O3 on surfaces
within the compartment.  The average concentration of  the  other
pollutants  inside the car is about equal to that on the outside.
In the current tests,  however,  measured concentrations did  not
exceed any of the present standards.
0263
Petreas,  M., Liu, K. S., Chang, B. H.,  Hayward, S. B.,  Sexton,
K.  (1986) "Nitrogen dioxide concentrations inside mobile homes",
Paper 86-6.8,  presented at the 79th annual meeting  of  the  Air
Pollution Control Association,  P.O.  Box  2861,  Pittsburgh,  PA
15230,  (14 pages).

KEYWORD: N02, home,  CH20,   monitoring,   sampling,   appliance,
seasonal, microenvironment
                              254

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This  paper  reports  the  NO2 findings from the 1984-85 study of
formaldehyde and NO2 concentrations in California  mobile  homes.
This  age-stratified  random  sample  study  was conducted by the
California Indoor Air Quality Program in  two  phases:  July  and
August  1984 and February and March 1985.  Participants activated
monitors for a 1-week period,  with  sampling  occurring  in  the
kitchen   and   the   master   bedroom.   Week-long  average  N02
concentrations fell within the range reported in  the  literature
for  similar  studies,  although  7%  of  the  results for winter
kitchen data were above the national average  of  50  ppb.  Other
general  conclusions  are:  electric-heating  homes had lower NO2
levels in both kitchen and bedroom than  nonelectric  homes;  for
nonelectric  homes,  kitchen NO2 levels were significantly higher
than bedroom levels.
0758
Petreas, M.X.,  Twiss,  S.,  Pon,  D.,  and Imada,  M.   (1986) "A
laboratory  evaluation of two methods for measuring low  levels of
formaldehyde  in  indoor  air",  Am.   Ind.   Hyg.   Assoc.   J.,
47:(5)276-280.

KEYWORD: methodology, CH2O, laboratory, sampling, QA, statistical

Two methods for measuring  formaldehyde  at  ppb  levels  —  the
modified  pararosaniline (PRA) and the modified chromotropic acid
(CTA) — were evaluated in a laboratory study.  A dynamic  double
dilution  system was used to generate controlled test atmospheres
of formaldehyde by the catalytic  depolymerization  of  trioxane.
Impinger  samples  were  collected from the sampling manifold and
analyzed.  Both methods demonstrated good precision (3.5% for PRA
and 3.4% for CTA,  respectively) but differed in  accuracy  (87.7
+l/-7.5%  and 92.5 +l/-4.2%) and collection efficiency (91.9 +/1-
6.9% and 98.7 +/1- 4.7%).  These differences were mainly  due  to
the use of 1% NaHSO3 as the absorbing solution in the CTA method.
Additionally, the NaHS03 solution can preserve the sample longer,
making  the  modified  CTA  the  method  of  choice for most non-
industrial indoor air sampling.


0713
Pickrell,  J.A.,   Mokler,  B.V.,  Griffis,  L.C., and Hobbs, C.H.
(1983) "Formaldehyde  release  rate  coefficients  from  selected
consumer products",  Environ. Sci. Technol., 17(12):753-757.

KEYWORD: CH2O, monitor, method, laboratory, architecture

Many  consumer  products  release   varying   concentrations   of
formaldehyde into the atmosphere.  A modification of the Japanese
Industrial  Standard  (JIS)  desiccator  test was used to measure
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releases,  after conditioning,  for 46 samples from six types  of
consumer  products  (pressed wood products,   clothes,  fiberglass
insulation,   paper,   fabric,   and   carpet).     Release   rate
coefficients  were  calculated  as (ug/g day)  and (ug/m2/day) for
each product. The eight highest formaldehyde release coefficients
were from pressed wood  products.  Of  the  46  samples,  24  had
coefficients less than or equal to 100 ug/m2/day; five of the six
products  were  represented.  The  fraction  of total extractable
formaldehyde released each day under JIS desiccator conditions at
a loading of 21 m2/m3 was calculated.  Wood products and  carpets
released  1-4%  of total extractable formaldehyde per day,  while
fiberglass insulation released 10% per day under  the  conditions
of this 2-day test procedure.


0272
Pitts, J.N., Jr., Wallington, T.J.,  Biermann,  H.W.,  and Winer,
A.M. (1985) "Identification and measurement of nitrous acid in an
indoor environment", Atmos.  Environ., 19(5):763-767.

KEYWORD: N02, HNO, health

Differential  optical  absorption  spectroscopy  (DOAS)  provided
direct observations of the formation indoors  of  ppb  levels  of
gaseous  nitrous  acid   (HONO) from the reaction of ppm levels of
NO2 with water vapor.  HONO is  a  respirable  nitrate  known  to
convert  secondary  amines in vitro to carcinogenic nitrosamines.
The rate of formation of HONO displayed first-order kinetics with
respect to NO2, with a rate of 0.25  (+/- 0.04) ppb/minute per ppm
NO2 present.  An assumed lifetime of 1 hour for both physical and
chemical processes  for  removing  HONO  leads  to   an  estimated
steady-state  concentration  of approximately 15 ppb HONO per ppm
N02 present.  This relatively high level of HONO associated  with
NO2-air  mixtures  raises  new  questions  concerning  the health
implications   of   elevated   NO2   concentrations   in   indoor
environments.
0319
Pleil,  J.D.,  Oliver, K.D., and McClenny, W.A.   (1985) "Volatile
organic compounds in indoor air: a survey of various structures",
U.S.  EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711  (15 pages).  NTIS PB85-198356.

KEYWORD: VOC, home, halocarbon,  solvent,  laboratory,  seasonal,
multipollutant, sampling, EPA$, outdoor

Residents collected indoor air samples in their homes  in polished
stainless   steel  canisters.   The  samples  were  analyzed  for
volatile  organic  compounds   (VOCs)   using   cryogenic   sample
preconcentration  and subsequent capillary column chromatography.


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Each homeowner was asked to fill out a  questionnaire  concerning
physical,  structural,  and activity-related characteristics that
could affect VOC  concentrations.  Simultaneous  flame-ionization
and  electron-capture  detection  yielded concentration data in a
range of from  0.1  to  10  ppb  for  19  calibration  compounds:
propane,   vinyl  chloride,   vinylidene  chloride,   Freon  113,
chloroform,  1,2-dichloroethane,   methyl  chloroform,   benzene,
carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, cis-1,3-dichloropropene,
trans-1,3-dichloropropene,       toluene,      1,2-dibromoethane,
tetrachloroethylene,  chlorobenzene,  o-xylene,  benzyl chloride,
and  hexachlorobutadiene.  Certain  other compounds could also be
identified  and  quantified  based  on  occasional  analyses   of
appropriate  standards.  These data are presented in three sample
groups:  summer indoor,  winter indoor,  and combined summer  and
winter outdoor.  In addition,  some probable correlations between
residential  characteristics  and  the  occurrence   of   various
compounds in indoor air are discussed.


0402
Poffijn, A., Marijns, R., Vanmarke, H., and Uyttenhove, J. (1985)
"Results of a preliminary survey of radon in Belgium", Sci. Total
Environ., 45:335-342.

KEYWORD: radon, distribution, foreign, home,  exposure, sampling,
Belgium, statistical

For  a  preliminary  national  survey in Belgium in 1983,  indoor
radon  concentration  was  determined  with  passive  integrating
detectors.  In  77 of the 79 houses studied,  radon concentration
was less than 250 Becguerels (Bq)/m3.  The highest reported value
was 330 Bq/m3.  The frequency distribution is log-normal,  with a
geometric  mean of 41 Bq/m3 and a geometric standard deviation of
1.7.  The influence of some human  and  environmental  parameters
was  also  studied.  Because  of  the  limited scale of the pilot
study, only a trend can be derived.


0163
Prichard,  H.M., Gesell, T.F., Hess, C.T., Weiffenbach, C.V., and
Nyberg,   P.   (1982)  "Associations  between  grab  sample   and
integrated  radon  measurements in dwellings in Maine and Texas",
Environ. Int., 8:83-87.

KEYWORD: radon, field, sampling, home,track-etching, statistical,
water, seasonal

Radon concentrations were measured in several locations  in  each
of  approximately  100 dwellings in central Maine and in Houston,
TX.   Integrated  samples  were  taken  during  the  heating  (or
cooling)  seasons with commercially available passive alpha track


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devices,  while grab samples were taken when integrated  samplers
were  deployed.  Both  indoor  and  outdoor  measurements in both
areas were distributed lognormally,  and the  geometric  mean  of
indoor  measurements in Maine was three times higher than that of
corresponding measurements in the Houston area.  The mean of  the
indoor  grab  sample measurements was not significantly different
from the mean of the  indoor  integrated  measurements,  and  the
degree of correlation between the grab samples and a given indoor
integrated  sample  was  nearly  as  good  as  between integrated
samples taken in different rooms.


0701
Prichard, H.M., Gesell, T.F., Hess, C.T.,  Weiffenbach,  C.,  and
Nyberg, P.  (1983) "Integrated radon data from dwellings in Maine
and Texas", Health Phys., 45:428-432.

KEYWORD: radon, home, field, distribution, source,  architecture,
track-etching, monitor, statistical, seasonal

This report presents a preliminary analysis of radon-222  surveys
made  in the summer and fall of 1980 in Houston,  TX,  and in the
late fall and winter of 1980-81 in several communities in central
Maine.  Approximately 100 dwellings were surveyed  in  each  area
during  the  season  when  houses are most likely to be closed to
control temperature.  The primary objectives of the surveys  were
to  develop  baseline  data  on  the distribution of indoor radon
concentrations in the two areas,  determine the extent of spatial
variations  within dwellings,  add to the understanding of source
mechanisms, and evaluate the utility and practicality of a number
of  air  sampling  strategies.   With  the  exception   of   four
previously sampled structures in Maine,  the houses were selected
with no direct knowledge of the radon content of the indoor  air.
The  majority of the Maine houses had previously been involved in
a survey of radon-222 in drinking water,  and an effort was  made
to   span   the   range   of   values   noted  in  that  project.
Questionnaires regarding a number of housing characteristics were
administered during instrument deployment,  the results of  which
will be used in subsequent analyses of the primary data presented
here.
0714
Purcell, Gary G. and Harper, Jerome P.   (1986) "Studies on energy
conservation   and  indoor  air  quality  sponsored  by  electric
utilities",  Paper  no.  86-5.1,  presented  at  the  79th annual
meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, P.O.  Box 2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230  (9 pages).

KEYWORD: activity, literature,  methodology, ventilation, energy,
radon, monitor, home, office,  research


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The Electric Power Research Institute  (EPRI) and various electric
utilities  are investigating indoor air quality impacts of energy
conservation practices.  The studies generally measure indoor air
quality,  air infiltration,  and,  to a limited extent,  occupant
activities; and involve anywhere from a few to several hundred or
more  residential  or  commercial   structures.   Some   utility-
sponsored  studies  have  focused  on  a single pollutant such as
radon,  whereas others have addressed many pollutants as well  as
ventilation  related  parameters.  A  number of studies have used
passive monitors to maximize the spatial representation but  have
also  monitored  more  intensively in subsets of buildings.  Such
studies have contributed  knowledge  that  is  needed  to  better
understand   local   and  regional  variations  in  indoor  radon
concentrations.  Several ongoing field  studies  have  explicitly
incorporated the effects of home weatherization.  To help compare
results and arrive at more general conclusions, EPRI has actively
promoted  data  base integration through developments such as the
concentration-of-indoor pollutants (CIP) data base.


0403
Put,  L.W.,  DeMeijer,  R.J.,  and Hogeweg, B.  (1985) "Survey of
radon concentrations in Dutch dwellings",  Sci.  Total  Environ.,
45:441-448.

KEYWORD: radon, home,  exposure,  source,  architecture, foreign,
field, Netherlands

A  survey of radon concentrations in dwellings in The Netherlands
reveals  a  median  value  of  24  Becquerels  (Bq)/m3,  with  no
excessively    high    values.    Correlations    between   radon
concentration  and  combinations  of  building   parameters   are
discussed in terms of the various sources of indoor radon.
0052
Pyman, Mark (1981) "Levels of carbon monoxide experienced cycling
in central London", National Society for Clean Air, Clean Air, 1:
11.

KEYWORD: CO, field, exposure, vehicle, bicycle, foreign, Britain,
outdoor, weather, temperature, QA

A  continuous CO analyzer (Ecolyzer 2100) was mounted on the rear
carrier of a bicycle that traveled  the  same  route  in  London,
England,  on  a  number  of commutes from April to June 1980.  No
correlation was found between CO levels and wind, rain, dust,  or
temperature levels, but CO was clearly related to traffic volume.
In  addition,   CO  levels were generally higher after the evening
rush hour than before the  morning  rush  hour.  The  maximum  CO
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readings  occasionally  exceeded 100 ppm,  the upper limit of the
monitor.  On four dates,  the morning CO  inbound  trip  averages
were  21 ppm,  7.5 ppm,  8.5 ppm,  and 16 ppm;  the corresponding
evening outbound trip averages were 15 ppm, 14 ppm,  15 ppm,  and
11  ppm.  Bicyclists probably are exposed to similar levels of CO
as are car occupants.


0717
Quackenboss,  J.J.,  Spengler, J.D., Kanarek, M.S., Letz, R., and
Duffy,  C.P.  (1986)  "Personal  exposure  to  nitrogen  dioxide:
relationship   to   indoor/outdoor   air   quality  and  activity
patterns", Environ. Sci. Technol., 20(8) :775-783.

KEYWORD: N02,  combustion,  source, monitoring,seasonal, outdoor,
personal, exposure, appliance

Personal NO2 exposures and indoor and outdoor concentrations were
measured for nearly 350 individuals  in  the  Portage,  WI  area.
Concentrations  in homes with gas stoves averaged 18 ug/m3 higher
in summer  (median indoor/outdoor ratio 2.4) and 36 ug/m3   (median
indoor/outdoor  ratio  3.2) higher in winter than outdoor levels.
Personal exposures were closely related to  indoor  averages  for
households with gas stoves (r = 0.85 summer, r = 0.87 winter) and
with  electric  stoves  (r = 0.68 summer,  r = 0.61 winter);  more
than  65% of the average day was spent at home,  while  about  15%
was   spent  outdoors  in  summer and less than 5% in winter.  The
association between personal exposure and outdoor levels  of  N02
was   weakest  during  the  winter  for  both  gas   (r = 0.20) and
electric  (r = 0.28) stove groups.  Exposures and time allocations
indicate that there was a wide range of variability  in  personal
exposure  to  NO2  that  may  not  be adequately accounted  for by
simple stratifications based on cooking  fuel type.


0344
Quackenboss, J.J., Kanarek,  M.S.,  Kaarakka,  P.,  Duffy,  C.P.,
Flickinger,  J., and Turner, W.A.   (1984) "Residential indoor air
quality,  structural  leakage  and  occupant  activities  for  50
Wisconsin homes",  Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J.,
Eds., "Indoor air,  vol.  5,  buildings,  ventilation and thermal
climate",  Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm, pp.
411-420.  NTIS PB85-104222.

KEYWORD: radon, CH20, particulate, N02, home,  sampling,  energy,
CO, ventilation, exposure, source, architecture, activity

As part of an investigation into the influence of  a  residential
weatherization   program   on    indoor   air  quality  and   energy
efficiency,   a  multipollutant  survey  of  the  air  inside  50
Wisconsin  homes  was  conducted  three  times during the heating


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season of 1982-83.  Air infiltration,  structural leakiness,  and
the  presence  and  use  patterns of indoor air pollutant sources
during the  same  period  were  measured.  Measurements  included
integrated  sampling  for  N02,   respirable-sized  particulates,
radon,  formaldehyde,   and  CO.   Air  infiltration  rates  were
measured  using  a  constant-emission sulfur hexafluoride method;
structural  leakage   area   was   determined   using   the   fan
pressurization ("blower door") technique.  Residents recorded use
of  stove  and exhaust fan during each sampling period.  Resident
activities related to  other  pollutant  sources  or  intentional
ventilation  were  also  recorded.   Future  data  analyses  will
include a mathematical model of the measured parameters.


0034
Quackenboss, J.J., Kanarek, M.S., Spengler,  J.D.,  and Letz,  R.
(1982)   "Personal   exposure  monitoring  for  nitrogen  dioxide
exposure:  methodological considerations for a community  study",
Environ. Int., 8:249-258.

KEYWORD: NO2,field,personal,exposure, monitor,source, combustion,
methodology, activity, microenvironment, model, appliance

Personal exposure to N02 and time spent in various locations were
measured for 66 family members from 19 homes in the Portage,  WI,
area  during  March  1981.  Passive  diffusion  N02 monitors were
placed outdoors, in the kitchen, and in one bedroom on each floor
of the homes,  and were worn by family members.  Individuals from
gas-cooking  homes had significantly higher average N02 exposures
than  those  from  homes  using  electricity  for  cooking  (mean
difference 19.37 ug/m3).  In both groups, personal exposures were
more closely related to bedroom levels than to kitchen,  outdoor,
and ambient levels,  and also to the proportion of time spent  in
different  locations.  These  models  are  capable  of explaining
nearly 90% of the variation about the mean personal exposure.


0196
Quant, F.R., Nelson,  P.A.,  and Sem,  G.J.  (1982) "Experimental
measurements of aerosol concentrations in offices" Environ. Int.,
8:223-227.

KEYWORD: particulate,aerosol,monitoring,office, odor, methodology,
 QA, office

A   new  automated  version  of  the  piezoelectric  microbalance
measures the mass concentration  of  airborne  particles.  It  is
designed   for   near-real-time,    unattended,   round-the-clock
measurements.   Measurements  comparing  within  +/~   15%   with
gravimetrically measured filter samples are documented for a wide
variety  of  aerosols  in  the  50 ug/m3 to 5.5 mg/m3 range.  The


                              261

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instrument measures particle diameters from 10 um  down  to  0.01
urn,  including  submicron  combustion  smokes and metallic fumes.
The piezobalance,  with 1 L/min sample flow,  is  more  sensitive
than  any  other  mass-sensing  instrument,  making it especially
suited for measuring low indoor  concentrations,  even  below  50
ug/m3.


0542
Que Hee, Shane S., et al.  (1985) "Evolution of efficient methods
to sample lead sources, such as house dust and hand dust,  in the
homes of children11, Environ. Res. 38:77-95.

KEYWORD: Pb, particulate, dermal, QA, home,methodology, exposure,
field, sampling, biomonitoring, children

Efficient  sampling  methods  to recover Pb-containing house dust
and hand  dust  have  been  evolved  so  that  sufficient  Pb  is
collected for analysis, thus ensuring that correlational analyses
linking these two parameters to blood Pb are not dependent on the
efficiency  of sampling.  Precise collection of loose dust from a
1-unit area (484 cm2) with a Tygon or  stainless  steel  sampling
tube   connected   to  a  portable  sampling  pump  (1.2  to  2.5
liters/minute) required three sampling periods.  The  Tygon  tube
sampling  technique  for  loose  house  dust  less than 177 um in
diameter was about 72% efficient with respect to dust weight  and
Pb  collection.  A representative house dust contained 81% of its
total weight in this fraction.  A  single  handwipe  for  applied
loose hand dust was not efficient or precise enough, and at least
three  wipes were necessary to recover greater than 80% of the Pb
applied.  House dusts of different particle  sizes  smaller  than
246  um adhered equally well to hands.  Analysis of Pb-containing
material usually required at least three  digestions/decantations
using  hot  plate  or microwave techniques to allow recovering at
least  90%  of  the  Pb.   The  authors  recommended  that  other
investigators  validate  their hand-wiping,  house-dust-sampling,
and digestion techniques  to  facilitate  comparison  of  results
among  studies.  The  final  methodology for the Cincinnati,  OH,
longitudinal study was three sampling  passes  for  surface  dust
using   a   stainless   steel  sampling  tube;   three  microwave
digestions/decantations for analysis of dust and paint; and three
wipes with hand wipes  with  one  digestion/decantation  for  the
analysis of six handwipes together.


0327
Rabinowitz, M., Leviton, A., Needleman, H.,  Bellinger,  D.,  and
Waternaux,  C.   (1985)  "Environmental correlates of infant blood
lead levels in Boston", Environ. Res., 38:96-107.

KEYWORD: Pb, particulate,water,children, seasonal, paint, source,
biomonitoring, model

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From a blood Pb  survey  of  11,837  births,  249  newborns  were
enrolled  in  a  2-year,  longitudinal  study.  Their blood leads
(PbB) were measured semiannually,  and their homes  were  visited
for repeated collections of dust,  soil,  indoor air,  tap water,
and paint.  Recent refinishing activity and the sizes  of  nearby
streets    were    recorded.    Overall    mean   PbB   was   7.2
micrograms/deciliter at birth.  PbB did not  vary  systematically
with age.  Each subject's average postnatal PbB correlated highly
with  the  amount  of Pb in dust and soil,  and with Pb in paint.
Dust,  soil,  and air lead levels correlated  with  one  another.
Refinishing activity in the presence of lead paint was associated
with  elevations  of  PbB.  Water Pb,  nearby traffic,  weight of
recovered dust, race, maternal age,  education,  and sex were not
predictive  of  PbB.  Multivariate models of PbB were constructed
that become increasingly predictive with  age.  Indoor  dust  Pb,
soil  Pb,  refinishing activity,  and season were the independent
variables.
0657
Rabinowitz, M., Needleman, H., Burley, M., Finch,  H.,  and Rees,
J.  (1984) "Lead in umbilical blood,  indoor air,  tap water, and
gasoline in Boston", Arch.  Environ. Health, 39(4):299-301.

KEYWORD: Pb, biomonitoring, exposure, water, statistical, source,
children, control, food, gasoline, outdoor, sampling,seasonal

A strong statistical correlation  was  found  among  the  monthly
averages  of  Pb concentration in umbilical cord blood (about 500
births/month),  indoor air (12 sites/month),  and gasoline  sales
between  March  1980 and April 1981 in Boston,  MA.  Tap water Pb
did not correlate with blood Pb.  A Dupont Personal  Air  Sampler
and  Millipore  disc  filter  was used in the room where the baby
spent most of the day.  Water was sampled from  the  kitchen  tap
after  a  4-liter  flush.  Averaging methods for taking umbilical
blood samples and measuring alkyl lead   (for  gasoline)  sold  in
Massachusetts  are described.  Control and regulation Pb added to
gasoline are discussed.


0111
Raman,  V.,  Rai, J., Singh, M., and Parashar, D.C.  (Aug.  1984)
"Determination  of  SO2  by  fixation  as   morpholine   adduct",
Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds., "Indoor air,
vol. 4, chemical characterization and personal exposure", Swedish
Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 233-238. NTIS PB85-
104214.

KEYWORD: S02, laboratory, methodology, QA
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S02/sulfite is trapped in morpholine solution to  give  a  stable
adduct  that,  when treated with pararosaniline hydrochloride and
formaldehyde solutions,  yields a violet color with an adsorption
maximum  at  560 mm.  The method avoids the use of mercuric salts
and is as sensitive as the West-Gaeke method;  SO2 levels as  low
as 25 ppb can be estimated.


0754
Rank, P., Wesolowski, J.J.,  and Lyman,  D.O.  (1984) "Indoor air
pollution:  why  a  physician  should  care",  CA/DOH/AIHL/R-255,
California Department of Health Services, Berkeley,  CA 94704 (10
pages).

KEYWORD: control,health, home, combustion, CO, CH20,  N02, smoke,
ventilation

This  report is intended to alert physicians to the importance of
indoor air as a health problem and to suggest that in some  cases
a  "diagnosis"  can  be made and corrective measures recommended.
The report discusses CO, formaldehyde, NO2,  and tobacco smoke to
illustrate  simple  approaches to ascertain that a problem exists
and to do something about it.


0404
Rannou,  A.,  Madelmont,  C., and Renouard, H.  (1985) "Survey of
natural radiation in France", Sci. Total Environ., 45:467-474.

KEYWORD: radiation, source, outdoor,  foreign,  exposure,  radon,
methodology, field, France

Natural radiation has been surveyed in  France  since  1981.  The
components  resulting  from external sources  (ground and building
materials) are assessed using thermoluminescent  dosimeters.  The
internal exposure to radon-222 and the potential alpha energy due
to  radon daughters are estimated,  by passive track detectors in
the first case and active dosimeters  in  the  second  one.  This
paper  presents  the  French  program methods and results with an
analysis of the observed levels.


0614
Rao,  M.V.R.   Koteswara   (1986)  "Approaches  to  air  pollution
monitoring  and  control  in  submarines",  Hochheiser,  S.,  and
Jayanti,  R.K.M.,   Eds.,   "Proceedings  of  the  1986  EPA/APCA
symposium on the measurement of toxic air pollutants", EPA 600/9-
86-013,  U.S.  EPA,  Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, pp.  95-103.  Not yet available
from NTIS.   ( In press,  Air Pollution Control Association,  P.O.
Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230.)
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KEYWORD: exposure,source,SbH3,CO2,VOC,foreign,SO2,CO,methodology,
ventilation,control,mercaptan,India,hydrocarbon,submarine,Cl,NO

While assessing the air quality  in  submarines,  researchers  in
Bombay,  India,  prepared and calibrated chemical detector tubes.
Samples were taken  for  chlorine,  stibine  (SbH3),  mercaptans,
sulfur  acid  aerosol,  and NO.  The usefulness of the adsorbents
(e.g.,  activated carbon and molecular sieves) is also discussed.
All  these  measuring  devices  and  adsorbent  columns  help  to
establish maximum allowable concentrations for  toxic  gases  and
vapors generated in closed submarine chambers while under water.


0335
Reed, Charles E., and Swanson, Mark C.  (1986) "Indoor allergens:
identification and quantification",  Environ.  Int., 12(1-4):115-
120.

KEYWORD: particulate, allergen, outdoor, control, exposure,  VOC,
laboratory, health, methodology

A large number of allergens occur in the air of the home and many
work  sites.   Almost  any  organic  dust  or  volatile  chemical
reactive with proteins can cause allergic  respiratory  diseases:
allergic  rhinitis,   asthma,  and  hypersensitivity  pneumonitis
(extrinsic  allergic  alveolitis).   If  the  exposure  continues
several  years  after the disease begins,  there may be permanent
disability;  therefore,  recognition and control of exposure  are
important.   Techniques  now  exist  to  sample  the  particulate
antigens suspended  in  the  air  and  assay  them  by  sensitive
immunochemical methods.
0405
Reineking,  A.,  Becker,  K.H.,  and  Forstenderfer,  J.    (1985)
"Measurements  of  the  unattached fraction of radon daughters in
houses", Sci. Total Environ., 45:261-270.

KEYWORD: radon, particulate, foreign,smoking,home,model,exposure,
source, Germany, ventilation

The   influence   of  particle  concentrations  on  the  activity
concentrations of the attached and unattached  short-lived  radon
daughters  was determined in rooms of houses in southern Germany.
Radon  activity  concentrations  ranged  between  150   and   900
Becquerels/m3.   Particle   concentrations   and  the  unattached
fraction were measured in poorly and moderately ventilated rooms.
Rooms with higher particle concentrations or with larger particle
sizes due to special aerosol sources (cigarette  smoke,  cooking,
stove  heating) had the lowest concentrations of unattached radon
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daughters.  In a second part,  the attached  rate,   the  plateout
rates,  and the average attachment diameters of the room aerosols
were derived from the measured data by model calculations.


0338
Reinert, Joseph C. (1984) "Pesticides in the indoor environment",
Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J.,  Eds., "Indoor air,
vol.  1,  recent advances in the health sciences and technology",
Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm,   pp.  233-238.
NTIS PB85-104180.

KEYWORD: pesticide, exposure, literature, health, home, EPA$

The classes of  pesticides  most  commonly  used  in  the  indoor
domestic environment are characterized, and the annual use of the
most  frequently  used  active  ingredients  is  estimated.   The
information available on observed indoor air levels of pesticides
is summarized.  Pesticide poisoning incidents  in  the  home  are
discussed,  and  current  activities in EPA's Office of Pesticide
Programs relating to the indoor use of pesticides are described.


0069
Repace,   J.L.,   and   Lowrey,   A.H.    (1982)  "Tobacco  smoke,
ventilation,  and indoor air quality",  Am.  Soc.  Heat.  Refrig.
Air Cond. Eng. Trans. 88 (Part 1):895-914.

KEYWORD: particulate, literature,  smoking,  combustion,  source,
ventilation, EPA$, office, aircraft

Factors  determining  concentrations   of   tobacco   smoke   are
investigated  in  a  dinner theater,  reception hall,  and church
bingo hall.  The predictions of a model using  ventilation  rates
specified by the American Society of Heating,  Refrigeration, and
Air  Conditioning   Engineers   as   surrogates   for   effective
ventilation  rates  are  found  to be close to measured values of
respirable particulates.  The effect  of  mixing  on  removal  of
point-source  generated  tobacco  smoke is examined in a computer
office building;  circulating fans are  found  to  approximate  a
volume-diffused  source  very  well.  Little  difference is found
among the decay rates of particulates  from  cigarettes,  cigars,
and   pipes.   Pollutant   concentrations   from  mainstream  and
sidestream emissions of high- and low-tar cigarettes, cigars, and
pipes are contrasted.  Emissions of CO from a large cigar are  30
times greater than those of an average cigarette, and, in a large
poorly  ventilated  office,  exceed  9  ppm,  the 8-hour National
Ambient Air Quality Standard for CO within  20  minutes.  Smoking
on passenger aircraft is discussed.
                              266

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0086
Repace,  J.L.,  Lowrey,  A.H.  (1985) "A qualitative estimate  of
nonsmokers1  lung  cancer  risk  from passive smoking",  Environ.
Int., 11:3-22.

KEYWORD: risk,  distribution,  exposure,  lung,  health, smoking,
EPA$

Nonsmokers1  risks  of  lung  cancer  from  passive  smoking  are
estimated.   According  to  these  preliminary  estimates,   U.S.
nonsmokers are exposed to 0 to 14 mg  tobacco  tar/day,  and  the
typical nonsmoker is exposed to 1.4 mg/day.  An exposure-response
relationship    is    derived,    yielding   five   lung   cancer
deaths/year/100,000 persons exposed/mg daily tar  exposure.  This
relationship  yields  lung  cancer  mortality rates and mortality
ratios for a U.S.  cohort which are within 5% of the  results  of
the  large prospective epidemiological studies of passive smoking
and lung  cancer  in  the  United  States  and  Japan.  Aggregate
exposure  to  ambient tobacco smoke is estimated to produce about
5,000 lung cancer deaths per year in U.S.  nonsmokers aged up  to
35  years,  with  an  average loss of life expectancy of 17 +/- 9
years/fatality.  The estimated risk to the  most-exposed  passive
smokers  appears  to  be  comparable  to that from pipe and cigar
smoking.  Mortality from passive smoking is estimated to be about
two  orders  of  magnitude  higher  than   that   estimated   for
carcinogens currently regulated as hazardous air pollutants under
the Federal Clean Air Act.
0072
Repace,  James  L.   (1983)  "The  dosimetry  of passive smoking",
Forbes, William F., Frecker, Richard C., and Nostbak,  Ken,  Eds.
"Proceedings  of  the 5th world conference on smoking and health,
Winnipeg, Canada, 1983",  Canadian Council on Smoking and Health,
Ottawa, Canada K1Z5G7, pp. 191-198.

KEYWORD: particulate, literature, smoking,  health,  dose, model,
EPA$

The  public health community has been slow to recognize the risks
to the nonsmoker from breathing indoor air  polluted  by  tobacco
smoke  (so-called  passive  or involuntary smoking).   Part of the
reason may lie  in  the  historical  lack  of  quantification  of
nonsmokers1  exposures  and  doses.  Studies designed to quantify
such exposures are reviewed,  and a single-compartment  model  is
developed  for  translating  daily  exposure  for nonsmokers into
doses of 5 to 160 mg of tobacco tar.  The average U.S.  nonsmoker
is estimated to have an equilibrium lung dose of  16  mg  tobacco
tar.  The  U.S.  Surgeon General has asserted that active smoking
is a major cause of cancers  of  many  organs  of  the  body,  is
causally  related  to  coronary  heart disease,  and is a leading


                              267

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contributory factor in respiratory disease  mortality,   and  also
that  there  is no safe level of consumption.   Thus,   the modeled
doses from passive  smoking,  being  well  within  the  range  of
exposure  to  active  smoking,  suggest  that  there  is  a  good
foundation for the belief that indoor air polluted  with  tobacco
smoke poses a significant threat to the health of nonsmokers.


0071
Repace,  James  L.,  and  Lowrey,  Alfred  (June  1983)  "Modeling
exposure of nonsmokers to ambient tobacco smoke",  Paper no.  83-
64.2, presented  at  the 76th annual meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association,  P.O.  Box 2861,  Pittsburgh,  PA 15230  (20
pages).

KEYWORD: particulate, model, smoking, exposure,epidemiology, EPA$

Exposure  of  the  nonsmoking U.S.  population to the particulate
phase of tobacco smoke in buildings has been modeled.  The  range
of exposure, modeled in earlier work, was estimated to be 0 to 14
mg of tobacco tar/day.  This work estimates that the average U.S.
nonsmoker  of  working age receives an exposure of 1.4 mg/day,  a
weighted average taken over exposures encountered  both  at  home
and at work.  The ratio of workplace dose to the dose received at
home  is  nearly  4:1,  indicating  that,  on  the  average,  the
workplace is a more important source of exposure  than  the  home
environment.  Such  estimates of exposure should prove useful for
assessing exposure in epidemiological studies of passive smoking,
for  assessing  carcinogenic  risk,   and  for  estimating  total
population  exposed  in  epidemiological  studies  of  the health
effects of particulate air pollution.


0066
Repace,  James L.   (1981) "The problem of passive smoking", Bull.
N.Y.  Acad.  Med., Ser. 2, 57(10):936-946.

KEYWORD: particulate, health, ventilation, exposure,  literature,
control, smoking, EPA$

Within the past 2 years,  substantial new evidence concerning the
adverse  health  effects  of  passive smoking has emerged.  Well-
known health effects of smoking may be suffered by nonsmokers who
breathe air contaminated with tobacco  smoke.  Concentrations  of
tobacco  smoke indoors are directly proportional to  smoke density
and  inversely proportional to  the  effective  ventilation   rate.
Attempts to control  smoking by ventilation are futile,  requiring
quite uneconomical ventilation rates,  and are  contrary  to  the
current  trend  toward  energy  conservation in buildings.   Other
ways to reduce the  source are more effective.
                               268

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0152
Repace,  James L.  (1985) "Passive smoking has no  place  in  the
workplace", Can. Med. Assoc. J., 133:737-738.

KEYWORD: health, smoking, risk, ventilation, lung, EPA$, control

Quantitative risk assessment is used to calculate the  number  of
cancer  deaths  per  year  attributable to passive smoking in the
workplace.  The risk to nonsmokers is not reduced by  ventilation
systems  that recirculate the smoke.  The only ways to reduce the
risk of passive smoking to an acceptable level may be  to  either
separate   smokers  and  nonsmokers  into  areas  with  different
ventilation systems or ban smoking  in  the  workplace.  Examples
are given of employers who have banned smoking or limited smoking
to a few areas.
0064
Repace,  James L.,  and Lowrey,  Alfred  H.  (1980)  "Indoor  air
pollution,  tobacco smoke,  and public health", Science, 208:464-
472.

KEYWORD: particulate, literature, exposure,  model, smoking, EPA$

An experimental and theoretical investigation is  made  into  the
range  and  nature  of  the  exposure of the nonsmoking public to
respirable suspended particulates from cigarette smoke.  Observed
levels of particulates correlated with the predictions of a model
incorporating  both   physical   and   sociological   parameters.
Nonsmokers  are exposed to significant air pollution burdens from
indoor smoking.  Public health policy implications are assessed.


0137
Repace,  James L.,  and Lowrey,  Alfred H.  (1985) "An indoor air
quality  standard for ambient tobacco smoke based on carcinogenic
risk", N.Y. State J. Med., 85:381-383.

KEYWORD: health, lung, control, smoking, ventilation, EPA$, risk,
office

An  indoor air quality standard for ambient tobacco smoke in U.S.
workplaces is derived based on limiting involuntary  carcinogenic
risk  to nonsmokers to the maximum level considered acceptable by
Federal regulatory agencies for environmental carcinogens in air,
water,  or food.  This risk level corresponds to  a  l-in-100,000
chance  of contracting fatal lung cancer in a working lifetime of
40 years.  To achieve acceptable  risk,  the  daily  average  air
concentration  of  tobacco  for a typical office must not be more
than 0.75 ug/m3.  At typical smoking occupancies  for  an  office


                              269

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environment,  achieving  this  standard would require impractical
amounts of ventilation  or  prohibitive  costs  for  air-cleaning
equipment.  It  appears  that the only practical control measures
are to  put  smokers  and  nonsmokers  on  different  ventilation
systems, or to ban smoking in the workplace.


0065
Repace, J.L., Ott,  W.R.,  and Wallace,  L.A.  (June 1980) "Total
human exposure to air pollution", Paper no. 80.61.6, presented at
the 73rd annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association,
P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (26 pages).

KEYWORD: particulate, CO, literature, personal, exposure, monitor,
microenvironment, activity, vehicle, interior, EPA$

The concept of total human exposure to air pollution  is  defined
theoretically  as  the time-weighted sum of concentrations of air
pollutants encountered in  the  microenvironments  through  which
people  progress  in  their  daily  activities.  Only by personal
monitoring of air pollutants,  coupled with time-budget  studies,
can total air pollution exposures be assessed.  Experimental data
using  personal exposure monitors for respirable particulates and
CO are presented to show the  efficacy  of  this  technique.  The
importance of indoor and in-transit exposures relative to outdoor
exposures  is  shown  for the first time.  Time-resolved personal
exposures to CO and respirable particulates  indicate  that  some
individuals  encounter the greatest contributions from in-transit
and indoor microenvironments,  and suggest a  general  population
trend  that  needs further investigation.  The relative merits of
various types of personal monitors are discussed.
0559
Repace, J.L., and Lowrey, A.H. (1986) "A rebuttal to criticism of
a  quantitative  estimate  of  nonsmokers1  lung cancer risk from
passive smoking", Environ. Int.,  12 (1-4) :33-38.
KEYWORD: smoking, methodology, exposure,  risk,
statistical, demographic, literature, EPA$
                                                  health,   lung,
In letters to and an article in this journal  (BLIS  #556,  #557,
and  #558) ,    Johnson,  Burch,  and  Kilpatrick  have  suggested,
respectively,   that  (1)  nonsmokers  may  not  be  exposed   to
sufficient  smoke  to  cause  disease,  (2)  tobacco smoke may not
cause  lung  cancer  in  smokers,   (3)  the  domestic   exposure
assessment  is  overestimated,  and   (4)
requires the physical  presence  of  an
                                          exposure of a nonsmoker
                                         active  smoker  for  the
duration  of the exposure,  each of which,  in their view,  casts
doubt upon  the  risk  assessment.  In  general,  this  criticism
overlooks the empirical consistency of the methodology that first
                              270

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attempts   both   to   provide   a  framework  for  understanding
concentrations  of   tobacco   smoke   observed   under   natural
conditions,   and  to  elucidate  factors  affecting  nonsmokers1
exposures.  This work was then used to interpret the growing body
of epidemiological and biochemical evidence that exposure to  the
carcinogenic  by-products  of tobacco combustion at environmental
concentrations creates a significant  risk  of  lung  cancer.  To
assess the level of uncertainty in their calculations, Repace and
Lowrey  repeatedly  show  that  their  estimates  of exposure and
response are consistent with empirical data.


0070
Repace, James L.  (1982) "Indoor air pollution",  Environ.  Int.,
8:21-36.

KEYWORD: particulate, literature, regulation, health, EPA$

As  national  trends  accelerate  toward reducing ventilation and
infiltration rates in buildings and as use of synthetic chemicals
in the  indoor  environments  increases,  a  new  phenomenon  has
arisen:  the  "sick building" syndrome.  A comprehensive approach
to indoor air pollution is necessary to  protect  public  health,
because  traditional approaches to environmental health developed
for outdoor air or industrial settings  are  inadequate  to  deal
with this problem.


0068
Repace, James L.  (1985) "Risks of passive smoking", Gibson, Mary,
Ed., "To breathe freely:  risk,  consent,  and air",  Rowman  and
Slanheld, Totowa, NJ 07512, pp. 3-30.

KEYWORD: particulate, regulation, literature, smoking, risk, EPA$

Risks  to  nonsmokers  from  breathing  indoor air pollution from
tobacco  smoke  are  discussed  from  medical,   legal,   social,
historical,   and   philosophical   points   of  view.   Problems
encountered by nonsmokers who are hypersensitive to tobacco smoke
are contrasted with chronic  risks  to  normal  smokers.  Ambient
tobacco smoke is compared to hazardous outdoor air pollutants and
products  of  other  regulated  activities.  Failure  to regulate
indoor smoking will invite increasing  confrontation  and  social
dissension  among  nonsmokers,   smokers,  and  employers,  since
nonsmokers1 right to clean indoor air is morally superior to  the
smokers' right to pollute.


0317
Ressl,    Robert  A.,  and  Ponder,  Thomas,  Jr.   (1985)  "Field
experience  with  four  portable   VOC   monitors",   U.S.   EPA,


                              271

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Environmental  Monitoring  Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle
Park, NC 27711 (66 pages).  NTIS PB85-165496/AS.

KEYWORD: VOC, personal, exposure, monitor, methodology, QA, EPA$

This  report  discusses  the  field operation problems associated
with  using  four  portable  volatile  organic   compound   (VOC)
instruments in conducting Reference  Method  21  VOC  screenings.
Information   on  operational  problems  and  recommendations  is
provided.  Also included are discussions  of  the  features  that
would  make all portable instruments more reliable,  durable,  or
convenient to use.  Three of the instruments report similar  leak
rates in the facility where they were used.


0594
Riggin,  Ralph M.,  and Petersen,  Bruce A.   (1985) "Sampling and
analysis methodology for  semivolatile  and  nonvolatile  organic
compounds in air",  Gammage,  R.B., Kaye, S.V., and Jacobs, V.A.,
Eds.,  "Indoor air and human health", Lewis Publishers, Inc., P.O.
Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI  48118, pp. 351-359.

KEYWORD: PAH, VOC, PCB, dioxin, methodology,QA,research,sampling,
monitoring,exposure,laboratory,pesticide,personal

In  the  choice  of  sampling  and  analysis  methods for organic
compounds,  volatility is a prime  consideration.  Operationally,
compounds  can  be  classified  as  volatile,  semivolatile,  and
nonvolatile.  Chemical reactivity, photochemical reactivity,  and
data  quality requirements must also be considered.  Powerful new
methods are available for the polynuclear aromatic  hydrocarbons,
polychlorinated  biphenyls,   pesticides,  and  dioxins.   Urgent
research  and  development  needs  include  studies  of  sampling
systems for indoor use, pollutant interactions, personal exposure
monitors, and quality control for sampling adsorbents.


0146
Riordan,   Courtney    (1984)  "Human  exposure  to  environmental
pollutants", J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 21(l&2):l-8.

KEYWORD: CO, VOC, TEAM, model, personal, exposure, monitor, EPA$

A   brief  synopsis  of  the  current  state  of  human  exposure
assessment is presented.  EPA research programs on   (1)  modeling
of  component exposures and human activities  and  (2) actual human
exposure  measurements  are  highlighted.  The  EPA-funded  field
study  of CO exposures of people in Washington,  DC,  and Denver,
CO,  is an example of studies of this type that allow  validation
of methods,  models, and technologies as well as provide exposure
data.  The Total  Exposure Assessment Methodology  (TEAM) program's


                              272

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measurement of volatile organic compounds using personal exposure
monitors is discussed.
0440
Ritchie,   I.M.,   and  Lehnen,  R.G.   (1985)  "An  analysis  of
formaldehyde concentrations in mobile and conventional homes", J.
Environ. Health, 47:300-305.

KEYWORD: CH2O, exposure,home,odor,source, seasonal, architecture,
statistical

This  paper  explores the factors affecting observed formaldehyde
(CH20) concentrations in a retrospective study of 397 mobile  and
489 conventional homes.  Three classes of variables were analyzed
for   relationships   to   observed   CH2O   levels:   structural
characteristics of the dwelling,  environmental  characteristics,
and  social  characteristics.  CH2O  concentrations  in all homes
ranged from the limit  of  detection  (0.01  ppm)  to  5.52  ppm.
Mobile   homes  on  the  average  had  consistently  higher  CH20
concentrations than  conventional  homes.  About  54%  of  mobile
homes   (compared   to   only   8%  of  conventional  homes)  had
concentrations greater than 0.03 ppm,  which is one-tenth of  the
current  time-weighted,  8-hour  concentration  allowable  in the
workplace.  Manufacture methods, age of home,  month of sampling,
and the presence of odor were statistically significant variables
associated  with higher CH2O concentrations in mobile homes.  The
statistically significant variables in  conventional  homes  were
age  of  home,  month  of sampling,  and presence of odor.  Urea-
formaldehyde   foam   insulation   and   remodeling   were    not
significantly  associated  with  higher  CH20  concentrations  in
conventional homes.
0096
Ritchie, I.M., and Arnold, F.C.   (Aug. 1984) "Characterization of
residential  air  pollution  from  unvented  kerosene   heaters",
Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds., "Indoor air,
vol. 4, chemical characterization and personal exposure", Swedish
Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 253-258. NTIS PB85-
104214.

KEYWORD: SO2, NO, NO2, model, kerosene, source, home,  appliance,
exposure

The study investigated the generation of pollutants from unvented
kerosene convective and radiant heaters in a residence.  Measured
concentrations  of CO were low during a 3-month period.  However,
concentrations of SO2,  NO,  N02,  and C02  reached  or  exceeded
levels  recommended  for indoor air.  Further,  using a semi-open
door to provide ventilation  did  not  reduce  concentrations  of
                              273

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pollutants  to  acceptable  levels.  A  comparison  based on mass
balance modeling is also presented.
0261
Rivers, R.D.  (Jan.  1982) "Predicting particulate air quality in
recirculatory  ventilation  systems". In: "Proceedings   of   the
semiannual  symposium  of  the  American  Society   of   Heating,
Refrigeration  and  Air  Conditioning  Engineers",  ASHRAE,  1791
Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, p. 929.

KEYWORD: particulate, ventilation, outdoor, control, method,model

Systems parameters  (such as airflow rates,  internal  contaminant
generation rates, outdoor air quality, and filter efficiency) are
given  reasonable  values and used to predict indoor air quality.
A calculation  scheme  applicable  to  a  wide  range  of  system
configurations  and  operating conditions is also presented.  Two
general types of systems are considered:  one  with  no  parallel
flows  and those with parallel airflows and multiple zones.  Mass
balance  equations  are  provided   for   both.   Other    factors
considered  in  the calculations of air quality are particle size
distributions,   outdoor  dust   concentrations,   and   vertical
distribution  of  dust concentrations.  Penetration vs.  particle
diameter and dust-loading characteristics  of  air  cleaners  are
examined briefly.
0469
Roessler, C.E., Roessler, G.S.,  and Bolch,  W.E.   (1983) "Indoor
radon progeny exposure in the Florida phosphate mining region:  a
review", Health Phys., 45(2):389-396.

KEYWORD: radon, indoor, distribution, source,  risk,  literature,
control, architecture

This paper reviews the data  on  land  radioactivity  and  indoor
airborne  radon  progeny  associated  with  mined   and  reclaimed
phosphate lands in Florida.  Highest indoor radon progeny  levels
are  associated  with  the   slab-on-grade  type  of construction.
Concentrations exceeding 0.03 working level  (WL)  are  associated
with overburden soils,  deposits,  and fill, while  concentrations
up to about  0.03 WL  are  associated  with  tailings.  The   lower
limit   for   distinguishing   increases  above  nonenhanced natural
concentrations is on the order of  0.01 to  0.02  WL.  This   study
shows   that  about 25% of the land produced by present methods  of
mining  and reclamation practices would  require  restrictions   on
the  type  of  construction  or would require special construction
methods.  The authors suggest that,  with modification of  mining
and  tailings disposal practices,  virtually all land produced  by
mining  and reclamation would be   satisfactory   for unrestricted


                              274

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construction use.
0164
Rogozen, Michael B.   (1982) "Dynamic simulation of radon daughter
concentrations  in  apartments using solar rockbed heat storage",
Environ. Int., 8:89-96.

KEYWORD: radon, model, energy, home, architecture, weather

In solar rockbed storage systems,  heat is transferred during the
day  from the collector to a bed of pebbles and released at night
to warm the living area.  When the rocks used for storage contain
significant  concentrations  of  uranium,   radon-222   and   its
daughters  may  be  released to the living area.  A microcomputer
model was used to simulate variations in air filtration rate  and
source  strength  through  several  days  of  operation.   Source
strengths were  estimated  from  theoretical  considerations  and
literature  data.  Resulting  Rn-222  and daughter concentrations
were computed by solving system equations by fourth-order  Runge-
Kutta  integration.   During  the  day,  when  the  living area is
isolated from the radon source,  interior  Rn-222  concentrations
approach   those  of  the  outdoors.   A  nighttime  steady-state
concentration is approached about 6 hours  after  heat  discharge
begins.  Due to the dynamic nature of the simulation, equilibrium
between  Rn-222  and  its daughters is not reached.  Time-weighted
average nighttime exposures (6 p.m.  to 8 a.m.) for 10 simulation
runs  varied  from 0.001 to 0.018 working level (WL).  Comparison
with one set of measurements tended to overpredict concentrations
but to approximate well the Rn-222 buildup rate.


0694
Rose, Vernon E., and  Perkins, Jimmy L.  (1982) "Passive dosimetry
state-of-the-art review", Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 43(8):605-621.

KEYWORD: literature,  CO, NO2, SO2, monitor,CH2O, methodology, QA,
laboratory, field, sampling

The history of the development and validation testing of  passive
dosimeters  is  reviewed.  Theoretical considerations,  including
possible  limiting  factors  or  interferences,   are  presented.
Laboratory and field validation tests critically are reviewed and
results  are  presented  for comparative purposes.  The available
data indicate that passive dosimetry, with some exceptions, is an
acceptable  method  for  monitoring  gases   and   vapors.   Most
importantly,  passive  systems  appear  to  be as reliable as the
Accepted active sampling systems.
                              275

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0626
Ross, Howard, and Berg,  David,  Eds.  (1981) "Workshop on indoor
air  quality research needs",  U.S.  EPA and and U.S.  Department
of Energy,  Interagency Research Group  on  Indoor  Air  Quality,
Washington, DC (199 pages).  NTIS DE81-026488.

KEYWORD: multipollutant, EPA$, VOC,exposure methodology,personal,
health, control, economic, monitor, model, radon, research

The  Workshop  on  Indoor  Air  Quality  Research Needs,  held in
December 1980 in Leesburg,  VA,  was intended  to  (1)  define  a
research  agenda  focused  on  pollutants,  sources,   measurement
methods and instruments,  controls,  and risks;  (2)   complete  a
review of the knowledge base;  (3) complete an inventory of recent
and  ongoing  research;  and   (4) comment on a research strategy.
Four  technical  sessions  covered  the  areas   of   monitoring,
instrumentation,  health  effects,  and  controls.   Two  plenary
sessions covered risk assessment and radon.  The report  includes
appendices  on selecting a dust monitor,  the state of the art in
organic  vapor  monitoring,   and  research  recommendations  for
monitoring indoor air quality.


0289
Rowe,  D.R.,  Nouh,  M.A.,  Al-Dhowalia,  K.H., and Mansour, M.E.
(Jan. 1985) "Indoor-outdoor relationship of suspended particulate
matter in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia", J.  Air Pollut.  Control Assoc.,
35(1):24-26.

KEYWORD: particulate, outdoor, regulation, foreign, Saudi Arabia,
field

Total suspended particulates   (TSP)  and  inhalable  particulates
(IP) were  measured  indoors   and  outdoors  in  the  engineering
laboratories   in   the  College  of  Engineering  at  King  Saud
University in Riyadh,  Saudi Arabia.  The  sampling  devices  and
methods  are described.  Average TSP outdoors was 662 ug/m3,  the
indoor average was 167  ug/m3,  and  the  average  indoor-outdoor
ratio  was  0.25.  The average number of outdoor IP  (less than 10
urn in diameter) was 137 ug/m3,  the indoor average was 78  ug/m2,
and  the  average  indoor-outdoor ratio was  0.59.  The IP average
geometric mean diameter outdoors was 1.54 urn,  while  indoors  it
was  1.33  um.  Both  indoor   and  outdoor   exposures  should  be
considered in the establishment of air quality standards.
0291
Run, Carmen  (Aug.  1984) "The indoor biocide pollution: occurrence
of  pentachlorophenol  and  lindane  in  homes",  Berglund,    B.,
Lindvall, T., and  Sundell, J., Eds.,"Indoor air, vol. 4,  chemical
characterization   and  personal  exposure",  Swedish  Council  for


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Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 309-315.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: pesticide, lindane, sampling, particulate,biomonitoring,
PCP,  home

Wood and household dust as well  as  blood  of  inhabitants  were
analyzed  for  pentachlorophenol (PCP) and lindane to demonstrate
the indoor biocide pollution potential of these  chemicals.  More
than  90% of wood samples examined had PCP in the mg/kg range and
lindane levels in dust corresponded with the high  percentage  of
positive  findings  in  wood  samples.  Whole blood values varied
from sub-ppb up to 110 mg/kg PCP.


0773
Russel, Michael A.H., and Lebowitz, Michael D. (1984) "Effects on
health of environmental tobacco smoke:  work group results", Eur.
J.  Respir. Dis., 65  (Supplement No. 133):140-142.

KEYWORD: source, particulate, risk,health,dose,research, smoking,
acrolein

The  workgroup  on  health  effects  considered  both  known  and
potential  health  effects  of  exposure to environmental tobacco
smoke.  Animal research relating to cause and  effect  mechanisms
were  discussed.  An  attempt was made to determine the certainty
of the present knowledge and the extent of  the  health  problems
associated  with tobacco smoke.  The group examined acute effects
(headaches,  annoyance,  irritations,  difficult  breathing)  and
chronic effects  (allergic sensitization,  cancer, coronary artery
disease).  Potential risks—to pregnancy, to migraine sufferers—
is  discussed.  Future  recommended  recommended  included  other
possible  agents  and  confounding  factors   (microenvironmental,
social).


0093
Ryan,  B.P.,  Spengler,  J.D.,  and Letz,  R.  (1986) "Estimating
personal exposure to NO2", Environ. Int., 12(1-4):395-400.

KEYWORD: N02,  microenvironment,  model,  exposure, distribution,
statistical, methodology

Results of several simulations of NO2 exposure are  presented.  A
Monte  Carlo  approach  is  taken  in  which  the parameters of  a
typical microenvironment model are  selected  from  distributions
characterized  by  the  means  and variances of the parameters as
determined in field studies.  Results indicate both  the  utility
of  this technique for determining exposure distributions and the
potential for misclassification of individuals in categories with
overlapping distributions.


                              277

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0454
Ryan,  P.B., Spengler, J.D., and Letz, R.  (1983) "The effects of
kerosene heaters on indoor pollutant concentrations: a monitoring
and modeling study", Atmos. Environ., 17(7):1339-1345.

KEYWORD: NO2,  SO2,  home,   model,  combustion,   source, field,
monitoring, kerosene, appliance

The increased use of kerosene heaters  as  a  supplementary  heat
source  is  providing a new source of indoor air pollutants.  By-
products of kerosene  combustion  (including  NO2  and  SO2)  are
typically  found  in  residences  using these appliances.  A two-
phase study was undertaken, which included both monitoring in the
field and modeling.  Monitoring for N02 (using passive  diffusion
samplers)  showed indoor concentrations that ranged from 50 to 300
ug/m3  in  buildings  using  kerosene  heaters  and no other open
combustion sources.  Modeling of both NO2 and S02  concentrations
and  exposures  suggests  the  possibility  of  having  very high
pollutant concentrations in residences that are poorly ventilated
or have small-mixing volumes.


0165
Sachs, H.M., Hernandez,  T.L.,  and Ring,  J.W.  (1982) "Regional
geology  and  radon  variability  in buildings",  Environ.  Int.,
8:97-103.

KEYWORD: radon, source, literature, ventilation, home

Radon concentrations in dwellings vary by more than two orders of
magnitude.  Predicting  where  and when concentrations are likely
to be high requires studying the variability of the  contributors
to radon in buildings.  Among common sources,  geological factors
(water supply and  substrate)  are  the  most  variable,  whereas
building materials are much less variable.  Ventilation variation
among  houses  is  generally  responsible  for  radon  variations
comparable to those introduced by  building  materials.  However,
ventilation  variation  is  more significant at lower ventilation
rates.  In some  regions  with  relatively  high  proportions  of
houses  with  elevated radon concentrations,  mappable geological
factors  are  associated  with   most   cases   of   high   radon
concentrations.  However,  a  priori identification of rock types
likely to be implicated is unlikely to succeed.


0537
Saffiotti,  U.,  et  al.   (1965)  "Experimental  studies  of  the
conditions of exposure to carcinogens for lung cancer induction",
J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 15(l):23-25.
                              278

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KEYWORD: health,  particulate,  benzo-a-pyrene,  exposure,  dose,
lung

An experimental method is described for inducing lung  cancer  in
Syrian  golden  hamsters.  Repeated intratracheal administrations
were  made  consisting  of  benzo(a)pyrene  in  particulate  form
carried  by  an  inert  dust.  A  high  incidence of bronchogenic
carcinoma  developed.   The  conditions  of   exposure   to   the
carcinogen  (involving  penetration and retention of carcinogenic
particles in lung tissues with the dust) are of prime  importance
in  accurately  determining  the  results.  Instilling  the  same
carcinogenic particles  via  other  media  did  not  induce  lung
tumors.  The  relative  importance  of  identifying  carcinogenic
materials in air and the conditions of exposure in the origin  of
lung cancer are discussed.


0184
Schenker, M.B., Weiss, S.T.,  and Murawski,  B.J.  (1982) "Health
effects  of  residence  in  homes  with  urea  formaldehyde  foam
insulation: a pilot study", Environ. Int., 8:359-363.

KEYWORD: CH2O, health,  source,  methodology,  architecture, home

The  24 full-time residents from six homes with urea-formaldehyde
foam insulation underwent standardized allergy, respiratory,  and
neuropsychiatric tests.  Skin testing did not reveal an increased
prevalence  of  sensitivity,  atopy,  or reaction to 4% formalin.
Pulmonary reactions were normal in all subjects.  Reported memory
problems could not be documented,  but  11  of  14  subjects  had
abnormal  tests  of  attention  span;  8  of  the 11 had elevated
depression scores.  Chronic low-level  exposure  to  formaldehyde
may  cause  significant mental changes,  but testing of a larger,
randomly selected population is necessary.


0406
Schmier,  H.,   and Wicke,  A.  (1985) "Results from a  survey  of
indoor radon exposures in the Federal Republic of Germany",  Sci.
Total Environ., 45:307-310.

KEYWORD: dose, outdoor,  home, microenvironment, exposure, radon,
distribution,  foreign, Germany, health, lung

A large-scale radon survey has been carried out  in  the  Federal
Republic of Germany.  The mean radon concentration was determined
with   Karlsruhe-type   nuclear  track  dosimeters.   Results  of
measurements in  almost  6,000  arbitrarily  selected  homes  are
briefly discussed.  The radiation dose to the lung from radon and
its   short-lived   daughters  contributes  considerably  to  the


                              279

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effective dose equivalent from natural radiation exposure.


0517
Schutte, W.C., Cole, R.S., Frank,   C.W.,   and Long,   K.R.  (1981)
"Problems  associated  with the use of urea-formaldehyde foam for
residential insulation, part III:  residential studies in Colorado
and Wisconsin",  U.S.  Department of Energy,  Office of Buildings
and  Community  Systems,  Washington,  DC 20585 (30 pages).   NTIS
ORNLSUB 75593.

KEYWORD: CH2O, source, energy, field, home, health,  architecture,
outdoor, weather

The  Colorado/Wisconsin  residential  study  was  designed  as  a
preliminary study to  (1) elucidate the severity and the extent of
formaldehyde emission under field conditions,  (2) help correlate
laboratory findings with field observations,  and (3) investigate
the cause-and-effect relationship between  urea-formaldehyde-foam
stability  and  weather  conditions  in  an  area.  Samples  were
collected by the National Institute for Occupational  Safety  and
Health  double  impinger  method  using  the DuPont 4000 personal
sampler pumps and were analyzed by the chromotrophic acid method.
Field technicians interviewed occupants to obtain information  on
the occupants;  homes;  insulation;  odor;  eye, throat, and nose
irritation;  and humidity and temperature in homes and  outdoors.
Information was also obtained on sky and traffic conditions.


0258
Sciocchetti, G., Scacco,  F.,  Baldassini,  P.G.,  Battella,  C.,
Bovi,  M.  and Monte,  L.   (1985) "The Italian national survey of
radon exposure", Sci. Total Environ., 45:327-333.

KEYWORD: radon, home,  exposure,  distribution, source,  foreign,
Italy, architecture, risk, control

An investigation is being developed to assess the indoor exposure
of  the  Italian  population.   The  survey   is   organized   by
statistical areas of sampling to obtain representative samples of
houses.  The  definition  of  the  areas takes into account basic
parameters e.g. geolithological environments, radon soil gas from
underlying soils and rocks, specific activities of local building
materials, climatic and seasonal variations, building technology,
types of houses and town planning.  The collected data  may  also
be  used  for  the compilation of radon risk maps to plan special
monitoring and remedial actions if  needed.  Preliminary  results
concerning the above  items are discussed.
                              280

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0540
Scott,  A.G.   (1983) "The distribution of average radon  daughter
concentrations  in  houses estimated from single-sample surveys",
Health Phys., 45(2):435-438.

KEYWORD: radon, distribution, sampling, design, exposure,  field,
literature, foreign, Canada

Single-sample surveys have been used extensively  since  1976  to
provide  rapid  estimates  of  the  variation  among  communities
regarding radon and  daughter  concentrations  in  an  effort  to
determine  the  variability of concentrations within a community.
These surveys are also useful as a guide to  selecting  dwellings
for  further  investigation.  By  the  end  of 1981,  at least 23
surveys of this type will have been completed in Canada.


0646
Scott,  A.G., and Findlay,  J.G.  (July 1983)  "Demonstration  of
remedial  techniques against radon in houses on Florida phosphate
lands", U.S.  EPA, Office of Radiation Programs, Montgomerey,  AL
36193 (193 pages). NTIS PB84-156157.

KEYWORD: radon, home, architecture, sampling,QA,control,exposure,
source, ventilation, economic

The natural radon content of the soil is elevated in  some  parts
of  the  Florida  phosphate  lands,  resulting  in elevated radon
concentrations  in  the  soil  gas.   If  building   construction
provides routes of entry between the interior of the building and
the  soil  below,  then this radon-bearing soil gas may enter the
building and elevate indoor levels.  This report reviews  current
building  practices  and  identifies  routes  of  entry.  Certain
modifications to  building  practices  may  reduce  indoor  radon
levels.
0056
Sebben, John, Pimm, Peter, and Shepard, Roy J.
smoking in enclosed public facilities",  Arch.
32(2): 53-57.
(1977) "Cigarette
Environ.  Health,
KEYWORD: CO, field, study, exposure, smoking, health, ventilation

A portable detector (catalytic electrode) was used to  record  CO
concentrations   in   enclosed   public   places.   The   highest
concentrations were found in night clubs,  where  evening  indoor
readings  ranged from 13.4 ppm,  which was 4.1 +/~ 1-5 ppm higher
than outdoor readings.  In one poorly  ventilated  establishment,
values  ranged from 20-40 ppm,  with substantial gradients around
the  room.  Adequate  ventilation  and  screening  of  restaurant
                              281

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employees for ischemia heart disease should prevent problems from
cigarette CO.  Unfortunately,  much lower concentrations of other
constituents of smoke may cause symptoms and changes of pulmonary
function in the nonsmoker.  If CO is  used  as  an  indicator  of
cigarette  smoke  accumulation,  concentrations should not exceed
ambient readings by more that 5 ppm.
0035
Sega,  K.,  and  Fugas,  M.   (1982)  "Personal  exposure  versus
monitoring  station  data for respirable particulates",  Environ.
Int., 8:259-263.

KEYWORD: particulate, field, personal, exposure,outdoor,activity,
foreign, Yugoslavia

Personal exposure  to  respirable  particulates  of  12  subjects
working  at  the  same  location  but  living in various parts of
Zagreb,  Yugoslavia,  was monitored for 7  consecutive  days  and
compared  with  simultaneously  obtained  data  from  the outdoor
network  station  nearest  to  each  subject's   home.   Although
personal  exposure  is  related to the outdoor pollution,  indoor
pollution is also important because the subjects  spent,  on  the
average,  more  than  80% of their total time indoors.  The ratio
between average personal exposures and respirable particle levels
in  the  outdoor  air  decreased  with  the   increased   outdoor
concentration (r = 0.93), indicating that this relationship might
serve  as  a  basis  for  a  rough  estimate of possible personal
exposure.


0355
Sega, K., Fugas, M., Kalinic, N., and Sisovic, A. (1984) "Indoor-
outdoor relationships for respirable particles,  total  suspended
particle   matter  and  smoke  concentrations  in  modern  office
buildings", Environ. Int., 12(1-4):71-74.

KEYWORD: particulate, outdoor, seasonal, smoking, office,foreign,
Yugoslavia

Total suspended particulates (TSP),  respirable  particles  (RP),
and smoke were measured indoors and outdoors at six sites in five
modern   office   buildings   in   different  parts  of  a  town.
Measurements   were   performed   during   winter   and   summer.
Correlations between RP,  TSP,  smoke in RP, and smoke content in
TSP  were  determined   for   each   site,   and   indoor-outdoor
relationships were established for winter and summer.
                              282

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0770
Seifert,  B.,  Ullrich,  D.,  Mailahn,  W., and Nagel, R.   (1986)
"Fluchtige organische verbindungen in der innenraumluft  (volatile
organic substances in the indoor  air)",  Bundesgesundheitsblatt,
29(12):417-424.  In German with English summary.

KEYWORD: VOC,home, monitor,alkane,foreign, hydrocarbon,  aromatic,
field, terpene, outdoor, Germany

Volatile organic compounds  (VOC) in the air of West German  living
spaces  were  determined  for  two  weeks  using passive sampling
devices.   The  surveys  conducted,   between  1982   and   1985,
identified  55  VOCs.   Concentrations  of  linear  and  branched
alkanes, as well as cycloalkanes, aromatics, terpenes,   alcohols,
chlorinated  hydrocarbons,  and carbonyl compounds averaged below
50  ug/m3,   although  2-week  averages  of  some  aromatic   and
chlorinated   hydrocarbons   were   above  1  mg/m3.   Such  high
concentrations were far beyond those known to  occur  in outdoor
air in traffic.
0442
Seifert,  B.,  and Abraham, H.J.   (1983) "Use of passive samplers
for the determination of gaseous organic substances in indoor air
at low concentration  levels",  Int.  J.  Environ.  Anal.  Chem.,
13:237-253.

KEYWORD: exposure, methodology, sampling, VOC,  hydrocarbon,  QA,
laboratory

The  design  and  calibration  of  a  passive  sampler  operating
according  to  the  diffusion  principle  and  its application to
analyzing  indoor  air  are  described.   Taking  aliphatic   and
aromatic  hydrocarbons as representative pollutants,  researchers
demonstrated that,  at  constant   concentration,  the  amount  of
substance  trapped  by  the sampler is a linear function of time.
An equation is given relating this amount to the  mean  pollutant
concentration.  The  detection  limit  is about 300 ug/(m3/hour).
For test gas atmospheres, variation coefficients of between 5 and
10% were determined for a 24-hour  exposure in an atmosphere  with
concentrations of the individual hydrocarbons between 150 and 600
ug/m3.


0354
Seifert, B., Drews, M., and Aurand, K. (1984) "Indoor heavy metal
exposure of the population  around  a  secondary  lead  smelter",
Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds., "Indoor air,
vol.   2,  radon,  passive  smoking,   particulates  and  housing
epidemiology",  Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm,
pp. 177-182.  NTIS PB85-104198.
                              283

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KEYWORD: Pb, particulate, exposure,  metal,  methodology,  field,
Cd, sampling, foreign, Germany

Earlier studies had indicated that  the  concentration  of  heavy
metals in deposited dust is a much better means of characterizing
the  exposure of people living close to emission sources than the
concentration in suspended particulate  matter.  Thus,  a  simple
method  has  been  developed in which house dust collected with a
passive sampler is used to rapidly screen the heavy metal content
of dust deposited in houses located near sources.  Analyzing such
dust samples for Pb and Cd permitted detecting the most  polluted
spots  in  an  area surrounding a secondary lead smelter at Oker,
Federal Republic of Germany.  The method,  as well as the results
of field measurements carried out in 1982, is discussed.


0262
Seifert, B., and Abraham, H.J.  (1982) "Indoor air concentrations
of  benzene  and  some other aromatic hydrocarbons",  Ecotoxicol.
Environ.  Safety, 6:190-192.

KEYWORD: benzene, aromatic, source, combustion,  smoking,  field,
sampling, exposure

Reasons  for  the presence of contaminants in indoor environments
include frequent  burning  processes  such  as  smoking,  use  of
consumer products, and emanation from building materials.  Indoor
concentrations  of  benzene  and other aromatic hydrocarbons were
studied.  Sampling was  conducted  with  a  passive  sampler  and
charcoal pad.


0439
Sem,  G.J.,  and Tsurubayashi,  K.  (1975) "A new mass sensor for
respirable dust measurement", Am.  Ind.  Hyg.  Assoc. J., 36:791-
800.

KEYWORD: particulate, methodology, personal,  exposure,  monitor,
smoke, aerosol, QA

A new portable instrument measures mass concentration in the  100
ug/m3  range  of  airborne dust particles smaller than 10 um.  An
electrostatic precipitator deposits particles as small as 0.01 um
onto a piezoelectric microbalance sensor.  The  instrument  gives
digital readouts and has a built-in sensor cleaner.


0148
Settergren, S.K., Hartwell, T.D., and Clayton, C.A.   (Aug.  1984)
"Study of carbon monoxide exposure of  residents  of  Washington,


                              284

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D.C.  — additional analysis", Contract no. 68-02-3679, U.S. EPA,
Environmental Monitoring Systems  Laboratory,  Research  Triangle
Park, NC 27711 (59 pages). Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: CO, personal, exposure, monitor,  microenvironment,EPA$,
vehicle, interior, activity, home

This  report  presents  additional  analyses  of personal CO data
obtained in the winter of 1982-83 from a  sample  of  Washington,
DC,  metropolitan area nonsmoking and noninstitutionalized people
aged 18 to 70 years.  The  analyses  cover  8-hour  (and  1-hour)
maximum  CO  exposures  and  how  these  exposure  levels  may be
affected by ambient CO levels and by the home,  work,   and travel
characteristics  respondents reported in the study questionnaire.
Little relationship was detected between 8-hour maxima  and  home
characteristics,  whereas some work and travel characteristics do
seem to affect CO  levels.  The  analyses  also  investigate  how
total  population  CO  exposure  and  time  vary among four major
environments — in transit, indoors-residence, indoors-other, and
outdoors.  Indoors-residence accounted for over 50% of  total  CO
exposure.  However,  the  in-transit environment showed,  by far,
the highest CO exposure.  Consequently,  the total  exposure  and
time  of  this  environment  were  further partitioned by mode of
travel.  More detailed analyses are planned.


0779
Sexton,  K.,  Petreas,  M.X.,  Liu,  K.S.,  and Kulasingam,  G.C.
(1985),   "Formaldehyde  concentrations  measured  in  California
mobile  homes",  Paper  No.85-85.2,  presented at the 78th annual
meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, P.O.  Box 2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230  (20 pages).

KEYWORD: CH2O, health, activity,  personal, monitoring, seasonal,
risk, field, architecture, home, source, demographic

In 1984,  the  Indoor  Air  Quality  Program  of  the  California
Department  of  Health  Services  undertook  a project to measure
average formaldehyde  (CH20) concentrations inside  mobile  homes.
Because  CH2O  emissions  from  building  materials decrease over
time, an age-stratified random sample  (i.e.,  60% of mobile homes
less  than  or  equal  to 3 years old) was obtained from existing
records.  Week-long CH2O concentrations were measured inside more
than 600 mobile  homes  while  occupants  continued  with  normal
activities.  Most  residences  were  monitored  during summer and
winter  to  examine  seasonal  effects.   In  addition,  data  on
occupant   and   housing  characteristics  as  well  as  occupant
activities during sampling were collected by  means  of  a  self-
administered  questionnaire.  Average  CH2O concentrations inside
mobile homes (< 10 years old) are in the range of 0.07 ppm - 0.13
ppm and decrease  gradually  with  age.  Determining  the  health


                              285

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significance  of  these exposures is a prerequisite for realistic
assessment of related public health risks.


0084
Sexton,  K.,  Treitman,  R.D.,  Spengler,  J.D., and Turner, W.A.
(Aug. 1984) "The effects of residential wood combustion on indoor
and outdoor air quality: a case in Waterbury, Vermont", Berglund,
B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell,  J.,  Eds., "Indoor air,  vol.  4,
chemical characterization and personal exposure", Swedish Council
for Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 111-116.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: field, particulate, exposure, outdoor, wood, combustion,
PAH, carbon, home

Findings  from  a  wood-burning  study  in  Waterbury,   VT,  are
presented.  The air monitoring program, conducted from January to
March 1982,  emphasized measurements  of  total,  inhalable,  and
respirable  particulates.  Indoor  and outdoor data on respirable
particles were obtained for 24 private residences,  19 with wood-
burning  appliances.  Personal  exposure  to respirable particles
was  investigated  by  having  48  nonsmoking  volunteers   carry
personal sampling pumps for 7 days.  Selected particulate samples
were  analyzed  for  elemental  composition,  polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons,   and  organic  and  elemental  carbon.   Data  are
presented comparing chemical and elemental concentrations between
indoor and outdoor environments.
0216
Sexton,  K.,  Webber, L., Hayward, S.B., and Sextro, R.G.  (1984)
"Characterization  of   particle   composition,   organic   vapor
constituents,   and   mutagenicity   of   indoor   air  pollutant
emissions", Report no.  CA/DOH/AIHL/R-289,  California Department
of Health Services, Berkeley, CA 94704  (26 pages).

KEYWORD: multipollutant,particulate,source,smoking, mutagenicity,
VOC, laboratory, appliance

A  joint  chamber  experiment  was  carried out by the California
Indoor Air Quality Program and the Lawrence  Berkeley  Laboratory
to   characterize  particle  and  vapor  emissions  from  several
important indoor sources, including a gas range, tobacco smoking,
frying hamburger,  a kerosene heater,  and selected aerosol spray
products.  Among  the  emissions  data  collected for each source
were particle size distributions,  particle-phase  elemental  and
chemical  compositions,  volatile  compound  identification,  and
mutagenicity of particles and vapor-phase constituents.  Findings
were  used  to  assess  qualitatively  the  nature  of   airborne
emissions  from  each source and to compare emission constituents
among source categories.  This approach is a necessary first step


                              286

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in evaluating the  feasibility of developing unique signatures for
individual   sources   using   a   broad   array   of    emission
characteristics.
0407
Sexton,  K., et al.   (1984)  "Winter air quality in a wood-burning
community:  a case study  in Waterbury, Vermont", Atmos.  Environ.,
18(7):1357-1370.

KEYWORD: wood, outdoor,  particulate, combustion, field, exposure,
regulation, weather,  source, home

The recent  upsurge  in residential  wood  combustion  has  raised
questions   about potential adverse effects on ambient air quality
and public  health.  Before policymakers  can  make  informed  and
rational  decisions   about   the need for government intervention,
more  information is needed concerning the nature  and  extent  of
the   problem.  This paper presents findings from the 1982 Harvard
Wood-Burning  Study   in  Waterbury,   VT.   Waterbury,   a  rural
community   of about 2,000 people,  was an ideal location for this
investigation because (1) half  of  the  private  residences  are
heated with wood fuel, (2) frequent winter temperature inversions
promote  pollution buildup in the valley,  (3) there are no major
industrial  sources,   and (4) the Vermont Agency of  Environmental
Conservation has compiled a  detailed wood-burning inventory.  The
ambient  air  monitoring study,  from  January  to  March  1982,
emphasized  measurements of total,  inhalable,  and  respirable
particulate matter.  Results  indicate  that  60  to  70% of the
Waterbury   aerosol  was  composed  of  particles  less  than  2.5
urn.   A  combination   of  indirect evidence suggests that
wood  burning was  the major source  of  airborne  particles  in
residential sections  of  the  town.  Dramatic diurnal variations in
particulate concentrations  were  observed,  with peak values at
night exceeding  afternoon  levels  by  5  to  10   fold.   Both
meteorology  and   emission patterns  contributed  to  observed
fluctuations.
0212
Sexton,  Ken  (1985) "A survey of indoor air monitoring  services:
is there a private demand for healthful indoor air quality?",  J.
Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 35(6):626-631.

KEYWORD: CH2O, radon, asbestos, home, VOC, ventilation, exposure,
monitor, economic, methodology

A  questionnaire  on  private  indoor air monitoring services was
returned by 43 companies that had responded to ads in four  major
air  pollution  journals.  Most of the companies also participate
in ambient and industrial air  quality  research.  They  tend  to


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employ  a  wide  range of analytical and health professionals and
will measure a wide range of parameters.  Costs to homeowners are
likely  to  exceed  $100  per  parameter  for   measurements   of
formaldehyde,  radon,  asbestos,  volatile organic chemicals, and
air exchange rates.  Demand for these services is increasing.


0218
Sexton,  Ken,  Letz,  Richard,  and  Spengler,  John  D.   (1983)
"Estimating human exposure to nitrogen dioxide: an indoor/outdoor
modeling approach", Environ. Res., 32:151-166.

KEYWORD: NO2, source,model,activity, outdoor, personal, exposure,
ventilation, appliance, home

A  simple  deterministic  model  is  developed  in  an attempt to
provide a more realistic estimate of  N02  exposures.  The  model
relates exposure to background ambient levels, indoor values, and
human activities.  Ambient and indoor parameters are derived from
monitoring  programs  in  six  U.S.  cities.  Results suggest NO2
concentrations in private dwellings vary primarily  with  outdoor
levels and type of cooking fuel, but are also affected by factors
such  as  air-exchange  rates  and  strength  of  indoor sources.
Estimates of  population  exposures  are  obtained  by  combining
observed  N02 distributions from outdoor and indoor settings with
information about  number  of  people  and  time  spent  in  each
microenvironment.
0213
Sexton,  Ken,  Liu,  Kai-Shen,  and  Petreas,  Myrto  X.    (1986)
"Formaldehyde concentrations inside private residences:  a  mail-
out approach to indoor air monitoring",  J.  Air Pollut.  Control
Assoc. 36(6):698-704.

KEYWORD: CH2O, home, sampling, methodology, QA, exposure, field

During 1984,  the California Indoor Air Quality Program undertook
two  studies,   summer  and  winter,   aimed  at  evaluating  the
feasibility   of   mailing   out   passive  monitors  to  measure
formaldehyde  (CH2O)  concentrations  inside  a  large  sample  of
private   residences.   A   pilot  study  in  51  nonmanufactured
dwellings preceeded an indoor CH2O survey in more than 500  mobile
homes throughout California.  Each investigation was carried  out
entirely by mail, including solicitation of volunteers, placement
and  recovery  of  monitors,  collection  of data on occupant and
housing  characteristics,  and  communication  of  test  results.
Data, data quality, and the method's feasibility are discussed.
                              288

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0198
Sexton,  Ken,  Spengler, John D., and Treitman, Robert D.   (1984)
"Effects of residential wood combustion on indoor air quality:  a
case study in Waterbury,  Vermont", Atmos.  Environ., 18(7):1371-
1383.

KEYWORD: particulate, EPA$, wood, outdoor,field,combustion, home,
ventilation, model, exposure

An indoor/outdoor monitoring study was conducted from January  to
March  1982  in Waterbury,  VT.  Respirable particle measurements
were made  inside  and  outside  24  homes  (all  occupants  were
nonsmokers), 19 with wood-burning appliances and 5 without.  Data
were  also  obtained on seasonal air-exchange rate,  heating fuel
consumption,  and relevant home characteristics.  Indoor particle
levels were consistently higher than outdoor levels regardless of
heating-fuel   type.   No  statistical  difference  was  observed
between 24-hour average respirable particle levels in  wood-  and
nonwood-burning homes.  A linear regression model,  incorporating
information on air-exchange rate,  house volume,  fuel  use,  and
outdoor level,  accounted for about 20% of the variance in  indoor
particle concentrations.


0204
Sexton,  Ken,  and Ryan,  Barry P.  (1986) "Assessment  of  human
exposure  to  air pollution:  methods,  measurements and models",
Watson, A., Bates, R.R., and Kennedy,  D.,  Eds., "Air pollution,
the  automobile, and public health", National Academy of Sciences
Press, Washington, DC (86 pages).

KEYWORD: literature,  exposure,   research,  methodology,  model,
personal, monitor, biomonitoring, outdoor

This chapter reviews the history, terminology, and methodology of
exposure assessment.  Direct and indirect ambient air, biological
(blood,  urine,  tissue),  and personal monitoring are explained.
Statistical,  physical,  and  stochastic  modeling are described.
Research  recommendations   are   made.   The   bibliography   is
extensive.


0623
Sexton,  Ken, and  Wesolowski,  Jerome,  J.  (1985) "Safeguarding
indoor air quality", Environ. Sci. Technol., 19(4):305-309.

KEYWORD: epidemiology, literature,  microenvironment, home, risk,
industrial, control, office, multipollutant, health, outdoor

California is the first state  to  implement  a  program  devoted
exclusively  to  the  investigation  of  nonindustrial indoor air


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quality.  Discussed are general impediments to  enacting  such  a
program,   justification  for  action,  California's  indoor  air
quality program, priorities, state interagency coordination,  and
complex  policy issues.  The goal of the program is to define the
components of healthful indoor air, to evaluate the applicability
of available mititgating measures,  and to  assess  the  relative
merit of policy alternatives.


0217
Sexton, K., Liu,  K. S.,  Treitman,  R.D.,  Spengler,  J.D.,  and
Turner,  W.A.   (1986)  "Characterization of indoor air quality in
wood-burning residences", Environ. Int. 12(1-4):265-278.

KEYWORD: particulate, home,PAH, field, wood,  combustion, carbon,
outdoor, EPA$, exposure, outdoor

Findings from a residential wood-burning study in Waterbury,  VT,
are presented,  with indoor/outdoor comparisons of particle mass,
size  distribution,  and  composition.  Elemental composition and
concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons  and  carbon  suggest
that  significant  differences  exist  between indoor and outdoor
environments in six homes,  with indoor values exceeding  outdoor
values  for  many  airborne constituents.  Various indoor sources
besides wood smoke contributed to the indoor pollutant levels.
0288
Sexton, K., Liu,  Kai-Shen,  Hayward,  S.B.,  and Spengler,  J.D.
(1985)  "Characterization  and source apportionment of wintertime
aerosol   in   a   wood-burning   community",   Atmos.   Environ.
19(8):1225-1236.

KEYWORD: particulate,  PAH,  carbon, weather,methodology, source,
wood, outdoor, combustion, EPA$,field,home,exposure

The   continuing upsurge in residential wood combustion has raised
questions about potential adverse effects on ambient air quality.
A study to investigate the effects of wood-burning  emissions  on
ambient  aerosol  concentrations was conducted in Waterbury,  VT,
from  January  to  March  1982.  Data  on  total,  inhalable  and
respirable  particles  (24-hour  averages)  were  collected  at a
central monitoring site and augmented with  similar  measurements
at  two  auxiliary stations.  Mass concentrations were determined
gravimetrically and selected samples were analyzed for  elemental
composition,  polycyclic  aromatic hydrocarbons,  and organic and
elemental  carbon.   In  addition,   continuous  data   from   an
integrating  nephelometer  and  a meteorological data acquisition
system were collected at the central site.  This  paper  presents
results  of  organic and elemental characterization of wintertime
aerosol  and  examines  several   source-apportionment   methods,


                              290

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focusing  on  the  contribution of residential wood combustion to
measured ambient concentrations.
0771
Sexton, K., Liu, K., Hayward,  S.B.,  and Spengler,  J.D.   (1984)
"Organic and elemental characterization of winter-time aerosol in
a wood-burning community",  Paper no.  84-80.2,  presented at the
77th annual meeting of the  Air  Pollution  Control  Association,
P.O.  Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230  ( 17 pages).

KEYWORD: combustion, wood, home, field,  source,  outdoor, K, Fe,
carbon, particulate, PAH, S04, CO, exposure

Concerns  about  rising  prices  and  uncertain  availability  of
petroleum   and   natural  gas  have  led  to  increased  use  of
alternative  fuels  for  residential  space  heating.   Sales  of
woodstoves  have increased 10-fold since 1972,  and approximately
10%  of  the  total  U.S.  space  heating  input  is  from  wood.
Woodburning stoves,  furnaces,  and fireplaces have been shown to
emit  significant  quantities  of  particles,  CO,   and  organic
compounds,  including  polycyclic  aromatic  hydrocarbons   (PAH).
Ambient air monitoring programs have shown that residential  wood
combustion  (RWC)  is  a significant source of winter aerosols in
many communities.  To examine the  effects  of  RWC  on  outdoor,
indoor, and personal exposure to particulate matter, an intensive
air  monitoring  program  was undertaken in Waterbury,  VT during
January - March 1982.  This paper discusses elemental and organic
characteristics of outdoor respirable particulate (RSP)  samples,
focusing  on  the contribution of RWC to observed concentrations.
Particulate carbon accounts for > 50%  of  the  winter  RSP  mass
measured,  with  sulfate  (primarily  S04) accounting for no more
than 25%.  Elevated K/Fe ratios and high organic  carbon  content
of  RSP were consistent with expected impacts from RWC.  Measured
PAH values were similar to winter values  in  other  New  England
communities   and  were  likely  to  result  from  local  sources
(primarily RWC).  Overall,  results of the study suggest that RWC
has  a  substantial  impact  on  winter aerosol concentrations in
Waterbury, VT.


0775
Sexton, K., and Wesolowski, J.J.  (1984) "California's indoor air
quality program". Paper no.  84-35.6 presented at the 77th annual
meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, P.O.  Box 2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230, (13 pages).

KEYWORD: health,  risk, field, multipollutant, exposure, control,
ventilation, regulation, source, home, office, activity

The  concerns  about  nonindustrial  indoor  air  pollution   are


                              291

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summarized  and  the  California  Indoor Air Program is outlined.
Included are discussions of  time  spent  indoors,  concentration
buildup     in     confined     spaces,     energy     efficiency
measures/ventilation,    and   research   that   shows    ambient
measurements  do  not adequately reflect personal exposures.  Six
impediments to action are discussed:   (1)  understanding  of  the
problem   is   inadequate,   (2)  no  lobbying  constituency  has
developed, (3) no Federal body has clear-cut statutory authority,
(4) Federal research funding is inadequate,  (5) delicate  policy
issues remain (proper government role in private buildings),  and
(6) concern that the case  for  ambient  air  standards  will  be
weakened  by  heightened attention to indoor air.  Justifications
for the California indoor air research  program  include  growing
evidence  of  health  risk  and  California's leadership in other
environmental and public health issues.  The legislative  process
which resulted in California's program is described.  The program
is  structured  to  obtain  relevant  information  about emission
sources,  ventilation,  concentrations,  human activity patterns,
exposures,  health  risks,  control  measures,  and public policy
options.  Research activities include field studies in residences
and office buildings, as well as laboratory studies.


0774
Sexton, Ken  (1985) "Indoor air quality: an overview of policy and
regulatory  issues",  paper  no.  85-46.1,  presented at the 78th
annual meeting of the Air  Pollution  Control  Association,  P.O.
Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230  (23 pages).

KEYWORD:  regulation, multipollutant,   source,  exposure, control,
research, methodology, health, risk

This  overview  of  nonindustrial   indoor  air  pollution   issues
focuses   on policy and regulation and  includes discussion  of time
spent indoors,  concentration buildup  in confined spaces,  energy
efficiency  measures/ventilation,   complex  consumer  materials,
complex activities,  and  complaints   of   inadequate  indoor  air
quality.    Problems    are    defined—source    identification,
measurement of contamination,  and health  risk  analysis—before
mitigating measures are discussed.  The complex policy issues are
reviewed   and   a  number  of  important  questions  identified,
primarily those concerning  government  (Federal,  state,   local)
authority to intervene in private buildings and residences.  The
strengths and weaknesses of potential  government  responses  are
reviewed.  These  include  (1) no action,   (2) more research,   (3)
public education,  (4) economic  incentives,  (5) moral suasion, and
 (6)   definition    of    legal     liability     standards.    The
responsibilities   of   and   precedents   set   by  EPA  and  the
Occupational Safety and  Health  Administration  are  noted.  The
National  Ambient Air Quality Standards could serve as a model for
indoor air standards.  The author suggests that  the Clean  Air Act


                              292

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be  amended  to include indoor air.  Existing statutory authority
and government activity at all levels are outlined.


0425
Sexton, Ken  (1986) "Indoor air quality: an overview of policy and
regulatory issues", Sci. Technol. Human Values, ll(l):53-67.

KEYWORD: health, risk,  control,    regulation,   multipollutant,
methodology, research, source, exposure

Evidence is  increasingly showing elevated concentrations of  many
air  pollutants  in  private  and  public buildings.  Among these
airborne contaminants are tobacco smoke,  CH20,  CO,  N02,  radon
decay products,  asbestos fibers,  respirable particles, volatile
organic compounds, bacteria, viruses,  fungi,  and aeroallergens.
The  potential hazards of indoor air pollution have only recently
attracted widespread attention.  However,  few data are available
for  evaluating  health risks for most contaminants.  The need to
safeguard indoor air quality is discussed,  as well as the topics
of   indoor   air  quality  problem  definition,   health  risks,
mitigation measures,  policy  issues,  and  government  response.
Regulatory issues and existing statutory authority and government
activity are also discussed.


0078
Sexton, Ken, Spengler, John D.,  and Treitman,  Robert D.  (1984)
"Personal  exposure  to  respirable  particles:  a  case study in
Waterbury, Vermont", Atmos. Environ. 18(7):1385-1398.

KEYWORD: particulate, smoking,outdoor, model, exposure, personal,
statistical, monitor, microenvironment, activity

A study to assess personal exposure of 48  nonsmoking  volunteers
to  respirable particles was conducted from January to March 1982
in   Waterbury,    VT.    The    volunteers    carried    Harvard
University/Electric  Power  Research  Institute personal samplers
every other day  for  2  weeks.  Simultaneous  measurements  with
similar  monitors were made inside and outside each participant's
home.  Findings indicate that outdoor (ambient)  particle  levels
were not an important determinant of personal exposure, while in-
home  concentrations accounted for 25% to 30% of the variation in
personal values.  A  linear  regression  technique  was  used  to
estimate    respirable    particle    concentrations   in   three
microenvironments  where  measurements were not available.  These
values were combined with data on timed activities  and  observed
outdoor  and  indoor  concentrations  to construct a simple time-
weighted exposure model.  Predicted exposure using this  approach
agreed  well  with  measured  values.  However,  the validity and
suitability of estimated coefficients for applications  to  other


                              293

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communities   and   different   times   of  year  have  not  been
established.
0099
Sexton, Ken, Webber, L.M.,  Hayward, S.B.,  and Sextro,  R.G. (1986)
"Characterization   of   particle   composition,    organic  vapor
constituents,   and  mutagenicity   of   indoor   air   pollutant
emissions", Environ. Int.,  12(1-4):351-362.

KEYWORD:  multipollutant,  particulate,  mutagenicity,  exposure,
source, laboratory, VOC, smoking, appliance

As understanding of human exposure to air pollutants improves, it
is becoming increasingly evident that indoor environments play  a
critical  role  in  determining  exposures.   However,   it  is not
possible at this time to establish the relative  contribution  of
indoor  and  outdoor  sources to personal exposures,  nor can the
contribution of  specific  indoor  emissions  be  guantified.  To
address  these  issues,  a  chamber  experiment  was initiated to
measure particulate and organic emissions from  important  indoor
sources.   Data  on  particle  size  distributions,   morphology,
mutagenicity, and elemental and chemical composition,   as well as
information about volatile organic emissions,  were collected for
each source.  Results of the study will be used to determine  the
feasibility  of  using  source-receptor  technigues  to apportion
indoor sources.
0128
Sexton, Ken, and Hayward, Steven B.  (1987) "Source apportionment
of indoor air pollution", Atmos. Environ., 21:407-418.

KEYWORD: source, model, exposure, monitoring, outdoor, literature

An  understanding  of  the  relative contributions from important
pollutant sources to human exposures is necessary for the  design
and implementation of effective control strategies.  Exposures to
elevated  pollutant  concentrations  often  occur  as a result of
indoor,  rather than outdoor,  emissions.  While the major indoor
sources  have  been identified,  their relative impacts on indoor
air quality have not been well defined.  Application of  existing
source-apportionment  models to nonindustrial indoor environments
is  only  just  beginning.   These  models  might  be   used   to
distinguish  between indoor and outdoor emissions,  as well as to
distinguish among indoor sources themselves.  However, before the
feasibility and suitability of source-apportionment  methods  for
indoor applications can be assessed adequately, model assumptions
and associated data requirements must be considered.
                              294

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0156
Sexton, Ken, and Repetto, Robert  (1982)  "Indoor air pollution and
public policy", Environ. Int., 8:5-10.

KEYWORD: policy, exposure, regulation, economic, control, method

Although  scientific   interest  in  the  problem  of  indoor  air
pollution continues to grow,  efforts to measure indoor pollutant
concentrations, define exposure levels, and estimate health risks
remain  in  their  infancy.   Policymakers  must  deal  with  the
question  of  how best to protect public health and safety in the
face of incomplete and often contradictory  information.  In  the
past,   official   response   to   environmental   pollution  has
traditionally  taken   the  form  of  "control   by   regulation".
However,  creation  of a  regulatory  framework  for  indoor air
quality poses special  policy issues  that  suggest  the  need  to
explore  alternative   modes  of  intervention.   Promulgation  of
indoor air quality standards and other regulations must  confront
the  fact  that  individuals  are  already making decisions about
their own air quality.  Regulations may or may not improve  these
decisions.  Among the  logical and relatively inexpensive modes of
intervention  are  public  information  programs,  development of
simple warning devices, and product testing and labeling.


0482
Sextro, R.  G., Offermann, F.  J., Nazaroff, W. W., Nero, A.  V.,
Revzan,  K.  L.,  and  Yater,  J.  (1986)  "Evaluation  of indoor
aerosol control  devices  and  their  effects  on  radon  progeny
concentrations", Environ.  Int., 12(1-4):429-438.

KEYWORD: EPA$, laboratory,  dose,  radon,  particulate,  smoking,
control, exposure

Eleven  portable  air  cleaning devices were evaluated for control
of  indoor  concentrations  of  respirable  particles  and  their
concomittant   effects   on   concentrations  of  radon  progeny.
Following injection of cigarette smoke and radon into a room-size
chamber,   decay  rates   for   particles   and   radon   progeny
concentrations   were  measured  with  and  without  air  cleaner
operation.   Particle  concentrations  were  obtained  for  total
number  concentration  and  for  number concentration by particle
size.  In tests with no air cleaner,  the natural  decay  rate  for
cigarette  smoke  was  observed to be 0.2/hr.   Air cleaning rates
for particles were found  to  be  negligible  for  several  small
panel-filters,  a residential ion-generator, and a pair of mixing
fans.   The  electrostatic  precipitators  and  extended  surface
filters tested had significant particle removal rates,  and a high
efficiency  particle  air-type  filter was the most effective air
                              295

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cleaner.   The  evaluation  of  radon  progeny  control  produced
similar  results;  the  air  cleaners  which  were  effective  in
removing particles were also effective in removing radon progeny.
At low particle concentrations,  precipitation of the  unattached
radon  progeny  onto  room  surfaces  (plateout)  is an important
removal mechanism.  The plateout rate for unattached progeny  was
15/hr.  The  unattached fraction and the overall removal rate due
to deposition of  attached  and  unattached  nuclides  have  been
estimated  for each radon decay product as a function of particle
concentration.   Air  cleaning  reduces  total   radon   progeny.
However,  the  relative  alpha decay dose to the lungs appears to
change little as the particle concentration decreases because  of
the greater radiological importance of the unattached progeny.


0593
Sheldon,  L.S.,  Sparacino,  C.M.,  and Pellizzari,  E.D.   (1985)
"Review  of  analytical methods for volatile organic compounds in
the indoor environment", Gammage, R.B., Kaye,  S.V.,  and Jacobs,
V.A.,  Eds.,  "Indoor  air  and human health",  Lewis Publishers,
Inc., P.O. Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI 48118, pp.  335-349.

KEYWORD: methodology,  literature,  personal,  exposure, QA, VOC,
monitor, sampling

Successful methods for analyzing volatile organics in the   indoor
environment  must  fulfill  several  criteria:   (1)  they must be
capable of detecting pollutants at  ambient  levels   (i.e.,  ppt-
ppb);   (2)  collection and measuring devices must be lightweight,
compact, and quiet;   (3) such devices should be easy to calibrate
and  use  in the field;  and  (4) measuring devices should provide
accurate and reproducible analysis,  with  minimal  artifact  and
contamination  problems.  A  number  of  devices  that  have been
laboratory or field tested  (or both) have been developed to meet
these  criteria.  Monitors  can  be  classified  into two general
categories:   (1) continuous devices,  which measure pollutants on
the  spot,   and   (2)  integrating  devices,  which  collect  the
pollutant for later analysis.  These two types of devices may  be
further  divided  into   (1) active monitors,  which use a pump to
pull air across a sensor or collector,  and  (2) passive  devices,
which rely on diffusion to bring the pollutants into contact with
the  sensor  or collector.  The analytical performance of each of
the currently  available  methods  is  reviewed.  Instrumentation
detection  limits,  sensitivity,  interferences,  precision,  and
accuracy are discussed.


0538
Shleien,  B.,  Wall,  M.A., and Lutz, David  (1968) "Estimation of
radiation doses to  the  respiratory  tract  from  inhalation  of
airborne radioactivity", Environ. Sci. Tech., 26:438-443.


                               296

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KEYWORD: radon, dose, health, sampling, model,  lung,  radiation,
particulate, exposure, outdoor,

A   "graded   filtration"   sampler  developed  to  estimate  the
respiratory deposition of airborne fallout  provides  information
that, when used with a suitable lung model, permits estimation of
the radiation dose to the nasopharyngeal,  tracheobronchial,  and
pulmonary regions  of  the  adult  respiratory  tract.  Estimated
doses  to adults from airborne fallout collected in November 1966
and January 1967 were 85 and 130 microrem per  70  years  to  the
nasopharyngeal  and  pulmonary  regions  respectively.  Estimated
radiation dose to the tracheobronchial region was less than  0.01
microrem  per  70  years.  A dose of 225 microrem per 70 years to
the thyroid gland was estimated to result  from  inhalation.  The
greatest  single  dose  from  fresh  fission  products was to the
respiratory lymphatic nodes as a result of inhaled cerium-144 and
praseodymium-144.  This was approximately 40 times the  pulmonary
region  dose.   Among  long-lived  radionuclides,   plutonium-239
delivered the greatest  dose  to  the  respiratory  lymph  nodes.
Doses  to the respiratory tract from the levels of airborne fresh
fission products encountered in this study are low when  compared
with nonoccupational radiation doses due to inhaled radon and its
short-lived  daughters.  This  approach to estimating respiratory
doses  is  applicable to nuclear facility monitoring for airborne
particulates.


0659
Shy, Carl M., Kleinbaum, David G., and Morganstern, Harold (1978)
"The  effect  of  misclassification   of   exposure   status   in
epidemiological  studies of air pollution health effects",  Bull.
N. Y. Acad. Med., 54(11):1155-1165.

KEYWORD: exposure,  methodology, monitoring, risk, health, model,
design, statistical, monitor, personal

This paper emphasizes  the  potential  for  misclassification  of
exposure  status  in  most epidemiologic studies of air pollution
health  effects  and  suggests  some  remedies.   Differences  in
residences,   workplace   environment,   and   physical  activity
contribute to personal exposures  that  cannot  be  monitored  by
fixed   stations.   Painstaking  efforts  are  needed  to  assess
personal exposures to pollutants in a  representative  sample  of
diseased  and nondiseased persons.  The results could be compared
with routine monitoring methods and measures of  sensitivity  and
specificity could be deduced.  Statistical corrections could then
be made to reduce the misclassification of exposure.
                              297

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0012
Silverman,  F.,  Corey, P., Mintz, S., Oliver, P., and Hosein, R.
(1982) "A study of effects of ambient urban air  pollution  using
personal samplers:  a preliminary report", Environ.  Int., 8:311-
316.

KEYWORD: N02, S02, particulate,field,personal, exposure, monitor,
EPA$, health, lung, foreign, Canada, outdoor

Air pollution has been associated with an increased incidence  of
respiratory disease.  However,  significant differences may exist
between air  pollution  levels  measured  at  conventional  fixed
monitoring  stations  and  actual  levels  inhaled  by a subject.
Furthermore,  studies of effects of air pollution are assessed by
symptom  and  medication  diaries  and  simple pulmonary function
tests.  In this study  subjects  carried  a  small  portable  air
sampler for particulates,  S02,  and NO2.  Levels are compared to
data obtained from the same type of sampler located  at  a  fixed
monitoring  station.  Preliminary  analysis shows that the levels
of the three  pollutants  are  low,  and  there  are  significant
differences  among them.  Change in pulmonary function during the
day  correlated  only  with  personal  NO2   measurements.   This
suggests  the  need  for  estimating air pollution exposure using
personal samplers when investigating health effects.


0089
Silverman, F., Corey,  P.,  Mintz,  S.,  and Hosien,  M.R.  (Aug.
1984)  "Factors  that  influence assessments of health effects of
air pollution", Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.
"Indoor air,  vol.  4,  chemical  characterization  and  personal
exposure",  Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, pp.
123-137.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: NO2, SO2, particulate, personal,exposure,health,outdoor,
methodology, seasonal, activity, lung, foreign, Canada

The report illustrates the  influences  of  method  of  analysis,
estimates of exposure,  subject type,  and seasons of the year on
the   health   effects   of   air   pollution.   Small   portable
multipollutant samplers for NO2, SO2, and particulate matter were
carried  by asthmatics and nonasthmatics and placed at a downtown
Toronto, Canada,  air pollution monitoring station.  Each subject
was  visited  for up to 20 days;  pulmonary function was assessed
(by spirometry) in the morning when sampling began and at the end
of the day when sampling ended.  A  questionnaire  was  completed
documenting symptoms, medications, daily activities, and exposure
to potential irritants.
                              298

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0463
Sinclair,  J.D.,  Psota-Kelty,  L.A.,  and Weschler, C.J.  (1985)
11 Indoor/outdoor concentrations and indoor  surface  accumulations
of ionic substances", Atmos. Environ., 19(2):315-323.

KEYWORD: ion, particulate, office, indoor, aerosol, Al, NH4, SO4,
source, model, Ca, N03, Cl, K, outdoor, Zn

The  airborne  concentrations  of soluble ions in fine and coarse
particles were measured indoors and outdoors at telephone offices
in Wichita,  KS,  and  Lubbock,  TX.  These  concentrations  were
compared  with  the  mean  annual indoor surface accumulations of
these ions on Zn and Al  structural  surfaces.  On  average,  the
major  soluble ions contained in fine airborne particles are NH4,
SO4,  and NO3;  coarse particles contained  Ca  and  NO3.  K  and
chloride  have  indoor/outdoor  ratios  that  are  larger in fine
particles than  those  observed  for  the  other  ionic  species,
indicating the existence of a significant indoor source.  Similar
comparisons  in  coarse  particles  show that Na,  chloride,  and
sometimes S04 have significant indoor sources.  For  chloride,  a
simple  model  was  used for apportioning surface accumulation at
each location due to corrosive chlorine gases,  coarse particles,
and fine particles.  For other ions where corrosive gases are not
important,  the  accumulation has been apportioned between coarse
and fine particles.  From  these  data,  experimental  deposition
velocities  for  fine-mode  S04 ions and coarse-mode Ca  ions were
calculated to be 0.003 and 1.0 cm per  second,  respectively,  at
Wichita, while those at Lubbock were 0.005 and 0.2 cm per second.


0046
Sinclair,  J.D.,  and Psota-Kelty,  L.A.  (1985)  "Indoor/outdoor
concentrations   and   indoor   surface  accumulations  of  ionic
substances", Atmos. Environ., 19(2):315-323.

KEYWORD: particulate,outdoor,ion, source,  model,  NH4, SO4, NO3,
Ca, K, office, aerosol, Al, Zn, Cl

The airborne concentrations of soluble ions in fine particles and
coarse  particles  have  been  measured  indoors  and outdoors at
telephone  offices  in  Wichita,  KS,  and  Lubbock,  TX.   These
concentrations  are  compared with the mean annual indoor surface
accumulations of these  ions  on  zinc  and  aluminum  structural
surfaces.  On  average,  the major soluble ions contained in fine
airborne particles are  ammonium,  sulfate,   and  nitrate,  while
those  contained in coarse particles are calcium and nitrate.  In
the fine mode,  potassium and chloride have indoor/outdoor ratios
that  are larger than those observed for the other ionic species,
indicating the existence of a significant indoor source.  In  the
coarse mode,  similar comparisons show that sodium, chloride, and
sometimes sulfate have significant indoor sources.
                              299

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0523
Singh, J., Walcott, R.,  and St.  Pierre,  C.  (1982)  "Evaluation of
the   relationship   between    formaldehyde    emissions    from
particleboard  mobile  home  decking  and  hardwood  plywood wall
paneling  in  experimental  mobile  homes",   U.S.  Department  of
Housing and Urban Development,  Washington,   DC 20410 (81 pages).
NTIS PB83-237404.

KEYWORD: CH2O, methodology, field,  monitoring,  exposure,  home,
regulation, source, control, architecture

To evaluate the impact of reduced formaldehyde-emitting  hardwood
plywood  paneling and particleboard decking used in mobile homes,
the U.S.  Department of Housing and Urban Development and several
building   supply   associations   cooperatively   designed   and
implemented  a program of testing and research.  The study called
for construction of four test homes—two using  plywood  paneling
and particleboard decking thought to have a low potential to emit
formaldehyde,  and  two  using  materials  thought to have higher
emitting potentials.  The relationship between  the  formaldehyde
levels   produced  in  the  mobile  homes  and  the  formaldehyde
potential was evaluated by monitoring the mobile homes weekly and
by carefully testing  the  wood  products  using  desiccator  and
chamber  test  methods.  The  two  homes  built of lower emitting
materials  showed   consistently   lower   formaldehyde   levels,
averaging  slightly  less  than  half  the levels measured in the
higher  emitting  homes.   Testing  the  emission  potential   of
formaldehyde  in  the  wood  products  using  the  desiccator and
chamber methods showed clear and major  differences  between  the
emission  potential  of  the products.  Researchers felt that the
proposed Hardwood  Manufactures  Association  product  guidelines
were  inadequate  in meeting target formaldehyde levels of 0.4 to
0.5 ppm.  In addition,  a much more rigorous test method for  any
product standard was necessary.


0648
Sisovic,  A.,  and Fugas,  M.   (1985) "Indoor  concentrations  of
carbon  monoxide  in selected urban microenvironments",  Environ.
Monit. Assess., 5:199-204.

KEYWORD: school, CO, seasonal, outdoor,  vehicle, monitor, field,
microenvironment, foreign, Yugoslavia

CO  concentrations  were   measured   in   Yugoslavia   in   five
kindergartens,  one  children's hospital,  and two homes for aged
for   10  random  days  in  winter  and  10  in  summer.  All  had
practically  no indoor sources,  and all were in the city center.
Indoor CO concentrations were the result of (1) distance from and
                              300

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traffic density in the  nearest  street,  (2)  general  pollution
level, (3) seasonal differences, day-to-day variations, and daily
cycle of air pollution,  and (4) the location of traffic having a
dominant  influence.   Therefore,   locating   institutions   for
sensitive population groups in old city centers within a block of
houses seems to be a suitable solution to reducing CO exposures.


0577
Skaaret,  Eimund (1986) "Contaminant removal performance in terms
of ventilation effectiveness",  Environ. Int., 12(1-4):419-427.

KEYWORD: laboratory,  multipollutant,  NO2,  model, control, NOx,
ventilation, statistical, foreign, Norway, Sweden

Substantial work on ventilation effectiveness  has  been  carried
out, both in Norway and Sweden, using tracer gas techniques based
on  fundamental  physical and mathematical concepts.  At present,
the  nature  of  and  how  to  characterize  (using  tracer   gas
techniques)  the flow of ventilation air and contaminants through
a ventilated room are known.  This study shows that age-analyzing
techniques  are  an  excellent   tool   to   assess   ventilation
effectiveness.  It  is  important  to  distinguish  between "air-
exchange  efficiency"  and  "contaminant-removal  effectiveness."
Only  when  a source is homogenous and passive are the age of air
and contaminants in  a  room  equal.  However,  the  air-exchange
efficiency  accounts  for  the  effective removal of contaminants
remaining in the room after the  generation  stops.  Displacement
flow has proved to be the best flow principle in ventilation, and
the ventilation air,  in general,  should be supplied to the zone
of occupation.  The design procedure shall,  among other  things,
contain  a  contaminant source analysis to design the ventilating
system to  create  the  most  favorable  flow  patterns  for  the
contaminants.
0195
Skaret,  Eimund,  and Mathisen,  Hans Martin (1982)  "Ventilation
efficiency", Environ. Int., 8:473-481.

KEYWORD: model, ventilation, laboratory, foreign, Norway, energy

Research  in  Norway  indicated  that  ventilating systems can be
designed  for  higher  ventilation  efficiency  in  the  zone  of
occupation   than   systems   designed   for   complete   mixing.
Expressions  for  ventilation  efficiency  are  derived  using  a
two-box   theoretic  model.   These  definitions  of  ventilation
efficiency can be used for practical measurements,  and also seem
to  be  valid  for  multibox schemes.  Measurements reviewed show
that diagonal schemes are the  most  efficient.  Short-circuiting
schemes,  with  warm  air  supply along the ceiling and high wall


                              301

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exhaust,  produce very low efficiencies.  The mathematical  model
predicts  high  efficiencies using diffuse air supply directly to
the zone of occupation, if the air is not used for heating.


0205
Smith,  Kirk R.  (1984)  "Indoor  air:  a  view  from  developing
countries", Environ. Sci. Technol., 18(b):271A.

KEYWORD: CO, source,  particulate,  hydrocarbon, rural, exposure,
combustion, biomass, foreign

Contrary to Western  research  assumptions,  the  most  important
exposures  to many pollutants may be to rural women in developing
countries where biomass is the principal  fuel.  Cooking  indoors
with  open  biomass fires is still the most frequent technique in
the  world,   and  the  smoky  air  that  results  contains  high
concentrations  of CO,  particulates,  and hydrocarbons.  The few
hard  data  available  support  this  view.   Reduction  of  this
exposure is technically and economically feasible.


0245
Smith,  Kirk R.,  et al.  (1983) "Air pollution and rural biomass
fuels in developing countries: a pilot village study in India and
implications  for  research   and   policy",   Atmos.   Environ.,
17(11):2343-2362.

KEYWORD: personal,  exposure,particulate, foreign,source,emission,
benzo-a-pyrene,activity,India,biomass,combustion,rural,research

Personal  exposures  to total suspended particulates and benzo-a-
pyrene in four rural  Indian  villages  were  measured  in  1981.
Pollutant  levels  were measured indoors as a function of biomass
fuel and type of  cooking  stove  used.  Various  cooking  times,
family  sizes,  and  income  levels were considered.  Particulate
exposures averaged nearly 7 mg/m3 and  benzo-a-pyrene  about  400
ng/m3 during the cooking period,  which occupied about 10% of the
year.  Factors affecting indoor air pollution exposures in  rural
areas  of  developing  nations  are  discussed  with reference to
published field data.  The paucity of related information reveals
many  issues  requiring  future  research,  including  fuel  use,
combustion conditions, and pollutant emission rates.


0264
Smith,  Lawrence  R.   (Sept.   1981)  "Nitrosamines  in  vehicle
interiors", U.S.  EPA, Emission Control Technology Division,  Ann
Arbor, MI 48105  (71 pages).  NTIS PB82-125014.

KEYWORD: nitrosamine,  sampling,  vehicle, interior,  literature,
methodology, microenvironment, exposure

                              302

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Views  of researchers concerning the triethanolamine analyzer and
the thermosorb air samplers for nitrosamines are  presented.  Gas
samples  were  taken  from  within  58  vehicles to determine the
effects of age,  mode of operation,  and  ambient  conditions  on
interior  nitrosamine  levels.   Occupant  exposure  levels  were
estimated using test vehicle data.


0464
Smith, K.R., Aggarwal, A.L., and Dave, R.M. (1983) "Air pollution
and rural biomass fuels in developing countries:  a pilot village
study in India and implications for research and policy",  Atmos.
Environ., 17(11):2343-2362.

KEYWORD: rural, research, field, personal, exposure,  CO, indoor,
benzo-a-pyrene,source,biomass,foreign,wood,particulate,India

In four Indian villages, researchers studied personal exposure to
total suspended particulates (TSP) and particulate benzo-a-pyrene
(BaP) of women cooking on simple stoves using traditional biomass
fuels.  Study  results  are presented together with socioeconomic
and fuel-use determinations.  TSP  exposures  averaged  nearly  7
mg/m3 and BaP about 4,000 ng/m3 during the cooking period,  which
occupied 10% of the women's time.  The factors  affecting  indoor
air  pollution  exposures  in rural areas of developing countries
are categorized and discussed by reference to the  few  published
field  measurements.  Comparisons  are  made  with  other  common
exposures  in  urban  and  occupational  settings.   The   sparse
information  indicates  that rural exposures are relatively high.
Subjects for future research  are  outlined  and  general  policy
implications mentioned.


0276
Snee, R.D.,  Bailey,  S.P.,  Fellner,  W.H.,  and Pfeiffer,  C.G.
(1985)  "Variation in the relationship between blood lead and air
lead", Atmos.  Environ., 19(6):1017-1020.

KEYWORD: Pb, QA, exposure,  biomonitoring,  demographic, outdoor,
literature

Estimates of the slope of the relationship between blood Pb ug/dl
(microgram/deciliter) and air Pb ug/m3 obtained in 10 independent
studies  are  compared.  No significant differences were detected
among the estimates, which ranged from 0.6 to 3.1 ug/dl per ug/m3
and represented male adult, female adult,  and child populations.
A  single  best  estimate  of  1.2  ug/dl  per ug/m3 (+/- 0.295 %
confidence limits) was obtained.  The authors conclude  that,  if
the   blood  lead-air  slope  depends  on  various  physical  and
biological factors, then studies providing more precise estimates


                              303

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are required to detect these differences.


0267
Soczek,  M.L.,  et  al.  (1986).   "The  Boston  residential  NO2
characterization  study:  an  evaluation  of survey methodology",
Paper  no.  86-5.9A,  presented at the 79th annual meeting of the
Air Pollution Control Association, P.O.  Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA
15230  (16 pages).

KEYWORD: NO2, home, ventilation, methodology, source, combustion,
monitoring, sampling, design, appliance, field

A large field study of N02 concentrations and air exchange  rates
in over 500 households in the Boston,  MA,  area was conducted by
the Harvard School of Public Health  Indoor  Air  Quality  Group.
This   paper   evaluates   the  survey  methodology  employed  in
characterizing  the  homes.   Three  full   periods   of   indoor
monitoring  showed that N02 concentrations in gas households were
higher  and  showed  more  variance  than   those   in   electric
households.  Indoor  concentrations in gas households were higher
than outdoor  concentrations,  and  outdoor  concentrations  were
higher  than  concentrations  in  electric  households.   Several
important conclusions can be  drawn  on  the  design  evaluation.
While  typical  response rates for general household samples were
around 75%,  response rates were lower for studies requiring  in-
house   monitoring.   Stratification   and  clustering  generally
increase the efficiency of probability-based survey designs,  and
the  results of this study strongly support their use in exposure
assessment studies.
0208
Soczek, M.L., Ryan,  B.P.,  Spengler,  J.D.,  Fowler,  F.J.,  and
Billick,   I.H.     (in   press)   "A   survey   methodology   for
characterization  of  residential  N02  concentrations",  J.  Air
Pollut. Control Assoc.

KEYWORD: NO2, field, methodology,  sampling,  statistical,  home,
appliance, activity, source

To create empirical models of indoor N02 exposure,  more data are
needed about NO2 emissions from unvented gas  appliances,   indoor
N02 levels, and people's activity patterns.  For this study,  the
sampling methodology,  field protocols,  analytical methods,  and
statistical options are explained thoroughly.  A  50-house  pilot
study tested the survey design.
                              304

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0191
Sodergren,  David  (1982)  "A CO2-controlled ventilation system",
Environ. Int., 8:483-486.

KEYWORD: CO2, radon, aerosol,office,ventilation, foreign,Finland,
energy

For buildings in which people are the main source  of  pollution,
the  number of people is the limiting factor for air ventilation.
When such buildings are not used at full  capacity,  ventilation,
and  consequently energy consumption,  are unnecessarily high.  A
great deal of energy could be saved  if  the  ventilation  system
could  adjust  the air flow to actual requirements.  One possible
system would allow the amount  of  C02  in  the  exhaust  air  to
control   the   ventilation  rate.   To  determine  whether  this
principle is practicable and  economical,  a  CO2  indicator  was
installed  in  an  office  building  in  Helsinki,  Finland.  The
equipment  was  used  during  the  winter  of  1981-82,  and  the
variation  of  CO2 and the exterior air flow was registered.  The
results indicate that the system can be used in new and  existing
buildings.


0005
Sorensen,  A.,  Hotter-Jensen, L., Majborn, B.  and Nielsen, S.P.
(1985) "A pilot study of natural radiation in Danish homes", Sci.
Total Environ., 45:351-356.

KEYWORD: radon,outdoor,  foreign, home, field, exposure,  seasonal,
methodology,Denmark

A pilot  study  was  carried  out  to  establish  techniques  and
procedures for the measurement of indoor radiation in Denmark.  A
passive   cup   dosimeter  was  designed  containing  CR39  track
detectors and TLD's to  measure  radon  and  external  radiation,
respectively.  A  total  of 82 dwellings from most regions of the
country were monitored in two three-month periods,  one  in winter
and  the  other  in  summer.  The  average  dose rate in air from
external  radiation  was  0.09 microGray/hour.  In the winter the
average radon concentrations were 88  Becquerel   (Bq)/m3  and  24
Bq/m3  for single-family houses and flats,  respectively;  in the
summer the corresponding values were 52 Bq/m3 and 19 Bq/m3.


0458
Speizer,  F.E., Ferris,  B., Jr., Bishop, Y.M.M., and Spengler, J.
(1980) "Respiratory  disease  rates  and  pulmonary  function  in
children  associated with  NO2 exposure",  Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.,
121:3-10.

KEYWORD: N02,health,personal, exposure, children,outdoor,monitor,
statistical, field, epidemiology, lung, appliance

                              305

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As part of a long-range,  prospective study on the health effects
of air pollution,  the parents of 8,000 children between the ages
of  6  and  10  from  6  communities  were  asked   to   complete
questionnaires.  Simple  spirometry was performed on the children
in  school.  Children  living  in  homes  with  gas  stoves  were
compared to those living in homes with electric stoves.  Children
from  households  with  gas  stoves  had  an average of 3.2% more
respiratory illness before 2 years of age.  These  children  also
had  small  but  significantly  lower  levels  of  lung  capacity
(average  difference,  16  ml  and  18  ml,   respectively)  when
corrected  for  height.  These findings could not be explained by
differences  in  social  class  or   parental   smoking   habits.
Measurements  for  24  hours  showed that N02 levels were four to
seven times higher in homes with gas stoves than  in  homes  with
electric  stoves.   However,   these  24-hour  measurements  were
generally well below the current Federal 24-hour outdoor standard
of 100 ug/m3.  Short-term peak exposures (exceeding 1,100  ug/m3)
regularly  occurred  in  kitchens  with gas stoves.  Further work
will be required to determine the importance of  these  peaks  in
explaining the health effects noted.


0651
Spengler,  J.,  Hollowell,  C.,  Moschandreas, D., and Fanger, O.,
Eds. (1982) "Proceedings of the international symposium on indoor
air pollution,  health  and  energy  conservation,  Amherst,  MA,
October 13-16, 1981", Environ.  Int., 8(1-6):1-534.

KEYWORD: source,exposure,methodology,multipollutant,home, office,
ventilation,  health,  architecture, control, energy, model, TEAM

These 67 papers, selected by peer review from over 95, contribute
to  understanding  sources,   concentrations,   human  exposures,
health,   and  comfort  impacts   encountered   in   the   indoor
environments.  Articles on policy and public health concerns pose
questions about exposures,  population at risk,  significance  of
risk, opportunities, and constraints on intervention that must be
studied so that the public's health and welfare are justly served
by  public  and  private  decisions.  The  engineering aspects of
ventilation,  contaminant control,  and energy  conservation  are
presented in papers on modeling physical and chemical behavior of
pollutants  within  structures.  An  author  index  is  included.
Appropriate papers from this publication have been abstracted and
entered separately into BLIS.


0081
Spengler,  J.D.,  Billick,  I., and Ryan, Barry, P.   (Aug.   1984)
"Modeling population exposures to airborne lead",  Berglund,  B.,
Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.,"Indoor air, vol. 4, chemical
                              306

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characterization  and  personal  exposure",  Swedish  Council for
Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 87-94.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: Pb, model, population, exposure, vehicle, biomonitoring,
interior

This modeling exercise  suggests  the  importance  of   in-vehicle
exposures  to air pollutants.  The results of the Second National
Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES II)  on  Pb  blood
level  trends  vs.  ambient  air  Pb  concentrations  and  leaded
gasoline  sales  suggest  the  importance  of   actual   personal
exposures.  Modeled exposures for men in the Turin,  Italy,  Lead
Isotope Experiment provide a better fit to the data than  results
relying  only on ambient concentrations.  The few measurements to
date indicate that the in-vehicle exposures may be several  times
greater  than  the fixed-location ambient concentrations.  Direct
measurements of personal Pb and in-vehicle Pb concentrations  are
needed.
0729
Spengler,  J.D.,  Dockery,  Douglas W., Reed, M.P., Tosteson, T.,
and  Quinlan,   P.    (1980)   "Personal  exposures  to  respirable
particles",  Paper  no.  80-61.5B,  presented  at the 73rd annual
meeting of the Air Pollution  Control Associatioon, P.O. Box 2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230  (16 pages).

KEYWORD: microenvironment, statistical, source, personal,outdoor,
activity,ventilation,exposure,particulate,smoking,vehicle

In spring 1979,  42 nonsmoking adults and four children in Topeka
KS, volunteered for a study of personal exposure to particulates.
They  were  already participating in a study of health effects of
air pollution.  Participants  carried personal exposure monitors 3
days per week (15 sampling days at most) in their homes and  kept
activity  diaries.  Data  for the period were obtained from fixed
site monitoring stations.  Personal exposures  were  higher  than
indoor  and outdoor exposures.  Variation between individuals and
sampling  days  was   significant.   Exposure   to   smokers   and
automobile  exhaust   increased exposures.  Ambient concentrations
may  strongly  influence  indoor  and  personal  exposures.   The
influence of house variables, transit time, occupation, and other
activities remains to be guantified.


0702
Spengler,   J.D.,   Dockery, D.W.,  Turner, W.A., Wolfson, J.M., and
Ferris,  E.G.,  Jr.    (1981) "Long-term measurements of respirable
sulfates   and  particles  inside  and  outside  homes",   Atmos.
Environ.,  15:23-30.
                              307

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KEYWORD: outdoor,  monitoring, particulate,   SO4,  field, source,
epidemiology, smoking, S02, home, statistical

The results  of  extensive  indoor  and  outdoor  monitoring  for
respirable  size  particles  and  the  sulfate  fraction of these
particles  are  reported.   The  measurements  were  obtained  in
conjunction  with an epidemiologic study in six cities:  Portage,
WI; Topeka, KS; Kingston/Harriman, TN; Watertown, MA; St.  Louis,
MO; and Steubenville, OH.  The major source of indoor particulate
matter is cigarette smoke,  which  contributes  approximately  20
ug/m-3  to  the  indoor  concentrations for each smoker.  Even in
homes without smokers,  indoor particle concentrations  equal  or
exceed  outdoor levels.  Indoor respirable sulfate concentrations
are consistently lower than outdoors.


0033
Spengler,  J.D., Letz, R., Ozkaynak, H., and Soczek, M.L.  (1983)
"Feasibility  of  predicting  personal  or  population  exposures
utilizing  ambient  air  quality models and human activity data",
final report for Project 1D639ONASA,  U.S.  EPA,  Strategies  and
Standards Division,  Research Triangle Park, NC 27711  (93 pages).
Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: SO2, NO2, outdoor, particulate, activity, model, source,
EPA$

Time activity patterns are summarized for 332  persons  in  rural
communities  of Roane County in eastern Tennessee.  This area was
chosen because of the presence of coal-fired power plants and the
historical data base for SO2 and total suspended particulates, as
well as indoor-outdoor monitoring for SO2,  NO2,  and  respirable
particulates.  The  document also describes aerometric data bases
and discusses the feasibility of applying atmospheric  dispersion
models.
0063
Spengler,  John D.,  and Soczek,  Mary L.   (1984)  "Evidence   for
improved  ambient  air quality and the need for personal exposure
research", Environ. Sci. Technol., 18(9):269-280.

KEYWORD: particulate, Pb, SO2, CO, NO2,  aerosol, SO4, literature,
NAAQS, personal, exposure, methodology,  monitoring

By conventional measures,  the quality of  the  ambient  air   has
steadily  improved over the past decade.  Although violations of
the National Ambient Air Quality  Standard  for  total  suspended
particulates,  S02,  CO,  and Pb have decreased,  actual personal
exposures to air contaminants may not  have  decreased.  This   is
possible  because  concentrations of other pollutants,  especially


                              308

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N02,  fine aerosols,  and sulfates,  may well be  increasing.  In
addition, people typically spend 60% to 90% of their time indoors
and  may  be exposed to elevated levels of pollutants from indoor
sources.  Several recent personal exposure studies indicate  that
concentrations  of  air pollutants measured at central monitoring
sites often do not adequately reflect or predict actual  personal
exposures.  Basic  approaches used to assess population exposures
are compared.  Continued research on  the  relationships  between
ambient concentrations and actual exposures is needed.
0644
Spengler,  John D., and Sexton, Ken (1983) "Indoor air pollution:
a public health perspective", Science,  221: 4605, 9-17.

KEYWORD: activity, outdoor, distribution, health, multipollutant,
personal, exposure, research, literature

Official efforts to  control  air  pollution  traditionally  have
focused  on outdoor air,  but elevated contaminant concentrations
are common inside buildings.  Concerns about health problems  due
to  indoor  air  pollution  are  based  on  evidence  that  urban
residents typically spend more than 90% of  their  time  indoors,
concentrations  of  some  contaminants  are  higher  indoors than
outdoors,  and personal exposures  to  some  pollutants  are  not
adequately characterized by outdoor measurements.  Among the most
important   indoor   contaminants   associated   with  health  or
irritation  effects  are  passive  tobacco  smoke,  radon   decay
products,  CO,  NO2,  CH2O,  asbestos fibers, microorganisms, and
aeroallergens.  Efforts to assess  health  risk  associated  with
indoor  air  pollution  are  limited  by insufficient information
about the number of people exposed,  the pattern and severity  of
exposures,  and health effects of exposures.  An overall strategy
should be  developed  to  investigate  indoor  exposures,  health
effects, control options, and public policy alternatives.


0265
Spengler, J.D.,  Duffy,  C.P.,  Letz,  R.,  Tibbits,  T.W.,,  and
Ferris, B.J.,Jr.  (Mar. 1983) "Nitrogen dioxide inside and outside
137  homes and implications for ambient air quality standards and
health effects  research",  Environ.  Sci.  Technol.,  17(3):164-
168.

KEYWORD: NO2, outdoor, field, microenvironment, source, exposure,
monitoring, model

Integrated NO2 measurements were taken by diffusion tube samplers
inside and outside 137  homes  in  Portage,  WI.  Over  a  1-year
period,  the annual mean ambient N02 concentrations were 10 to 15
mg/m3.  NO2 levels inside the kitchens  of  112  homes  with  gas


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stoves averaged 50 mg/m3 higher, and bedroom levels were about 30
mg/m3 higher than outdoor levels.  Of gas-cooking homes,  10% had
annual average  kitchen  N02  levels  higher  than  the  National
Ambient Air Quality Standard of 100 mg/m3.  NO2 levels inside the
kitchens  of  25 homes with electric stoves were two-thirds those
of outdoor levels.  The variation of N02 levels among  homes  due
to  differences  in stove use,  emission rates,  and air exchange
rates impedes the development of prediction models.


0131
Spengler, J.D., Ferris, B.C., Dockery,  D.W.,  and Speizer,  F.E.
(1979)  "Sulfur  dioxide  and  nitrogen dioxide levels inside and
outside homes  and  implications  on  health  effects  research",
Environ. Sci. Technol., 13(10):1276-1280.

KEYWORD: SO2, NO2, field, outdoor, monitoring, source, appliance

This paper presents the results of 1 year's  indoor  and  outdoor
monitoring for SO2 and N02 in six communities with widely varying
outdoor  levels.  The  representativeness  of  the  monitoring in
defining exposure is discussed for each  city.  In  four  of  the
communities,  outdoor S02 levels were less than 50% of the annual
National Ambient Air  Quality  Standard,  while  violations  were
found in the other two.  Annual average indoor levels of SO2 were
20% to 70% of the outdoor levels and never exceeded the standard.
Indoor  N02  levels  exceeded  outdoor levels by a factor of two,
depending on the type of cooking  appliance  used,  but  did  not
exceed  the  standard.  The impact of various heating and cooking
systems and appliances on  the  indoor  concentrations  of  these
gases is evaluated.


0422
Spengler, J.D., Letz, R., Ferris, B.C.  Jr., Tibbits,  T.W.,  and
Duffy,  C.P.  (1981)  "Weekly  measurements of indoor and outdoor
nitrogen dioxide concentrations",  presented at the  74th  annual
meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, P.O.  Box 2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (14 pages).

KEYWORD: NO2, QA, outdoor, source,  field,  sampling,  appliance,
home, exposure

Indoor  NO2  concentrations  often  exceed ambient concentrations
when  gas-burning  appliances  are  used.  Cooking  with  gas  is
identified as the principal source for high indoor concentrations
of  N02 although gas hot water heaters,  dryers,  and heaters may
contribute to elevated indoor levels.  Some recent  epidemiologic
studies  indicate  the  possibility  of health effects presumably
associated with NO2 exposure.  In conjunction with  the  on-going
Harvard  Six  City  air  pollution  health  study,  week-long N02


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concentrations were monitored inside and  outside  137  homes  in
Portage,  WI.  The gas and electric cooking homes were repeatedly
monitored throughout the years 1980-81  using  passive  diffusion
samplers  developed  by Palmes et al.   (1976).  The objectives of
this program were to characterize spatial and temporal  variation
between  and  within  homes,  and  to   improve predictions of NO2
exposure for the children participating in the health survey.


0449
Spengler, J.D., Stone, K.R.,  and Lilley,  Frank W.   (1978) "High
carbon  monoxide  levels measured in enclosed skating rinks",  J.
Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 28(8):776-779.

KEYWORD: CO, SO2, NO2, particulate, ventilation, source,  health,
biomonitoring, regulation, control

CO levels were measured in enclosed skating rinks in Boston,  MA.
The 1-hour National Ambient Air Quality Standard  (NAAQS)  of  35
ppm  was  exceeded  in  82%  of the sampled hours.  In a separate
study,  alveolar breath samples  of  12  Harvard  hockey  players
showed  a five-fold increase in carboxyhemoglobin levels after 93
minutes of exercise in air with a relatively low CO concentration
of 25 ppm.  This paper demonstrates that  (1) exercising  athletes
incur  physiologically dangerous levels of carboxyhemoglobin when
performing in legal ambient air concentrations of CO  (25 ppm) and
(2) concentrations of poisonous gas in  many indoor skating  rinks
regularly  exceed  the  NAAQS  by  as   much as 300%.  The authors
suggest that the Clean Air  Act  be  amended  to  include  indoor
public  exposure to at least the criteria pollutants of CO,  S02,
NO2, and suspended particulates.  EPA should require revisions to
State Implementation Plans to take  into  account  air  pollution
exposures indoors.  Finally, the authors suggest redesigning rink
maintenance  machinery  to  use  electric  rather  than  gasoline
motors, upgrading pollution control equipment, or routinely using
ventilation equipment.


0273
Spengler, J.D., Treitman, R.D.,  Tosteson, T.D., Mage,  D.T.,  and
Soczek,  M.L.   (Aug.  1985)  "Personal  exposure  to  respirable
particulates and implications for  air  pollution  epidemiology",
Environ. Sci. Technol., 19:(8)700-707.

KEYWORD: particulate, home, personal, exposure, monitor, smoking,
outdoor, model, EPA$

Measurements  of personal exposures to  respirable particles (RSP)
were  obtained  from  nonsmoking  adults  living  in  two   rural
Tennessee   communities.   Personal  exposure  measurements  were
compared to simultaneously collected indoor  (home)   and  outdoor


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concentrations.  Personal  exposures  were  higher  than,   had  a
greater  variance  than,   and  were  uncorrelated  with  outdoor
concentrations.  Household  smoking was a substantial contributor
to  personal  RSP  exposure.   Ambient  concentrations  are  poor
predictors  of  personal exposures to undifferentiated respirable
size particles.  Epidemiological investigations of air  pollution
must   consider  indoor  environments  in  estimating  exposures.
Further,  the  chemical  and  elemental  compositions  of  indoor
concentrations  and personal exposures are likely to be different
from ambient concentrations.  This study indicates the  potential
for  misclassification  and  misassociation of exposures that are
likely  to  result  in  relying  upon  ambient,   community-based
particle measurements.


0591
Spengler, John D.,  and Cohen,  Martin A.  (1985) "Emissions from
indoor  combustion  sources",  Gammage,  R.B.,  Kaye,  S.V.,  and
Jacobs,  V.A.,  Eds.,  "Indoor  air  and  human  health",   Lewis
Publishers,  Inc., P.O.  Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI 48118, pp.  261-
278.

KEYWORD: combustion, source, emission,  multipollutant, exposure,
literature

Unvented  combustion  of  biomass  fuels  or  fossil  fuels   and
pyrolysis of vegetation,  oils,  food,  or building materials can
generate a variety of gaseous and  particulate  matter.  Cleaner,
low-molecular-weight  fuels  (such as methane and propane) produce
C02,  CO,  NO,  NO2,  and H20 upon combustion.  Depending on fuel
additives,  reduced  sulfur  compounds,   nitrates,   hydrocarbon
fragments   (including  aldehydes),  and  hydrogen  cyanide may be
produced.   Reported  literature  focuses  on  CO,  NO,  and  N02
measurements.  Combustion  of  kerosene produces many of the same
contaminants   as  combustion  of  gaseous  fuels.   In  addition,
kerosene  burners  are  a source of ultrafine particles comprised
primarily of unburned or condensed  hydrocarbons.  In  developing
countries,  biomass fuels such as crop residue,  wood,  charcoal,
soft coal,  and animal dung are used for cooking and heating.  As
a   result,  researchers  in rural India have measured particulate
concentrations of several milligrams per cubic meter and benzo-a-
pyrene  concentrations of micrograms per cubic meter.


0610
Spicer,  C.W.,   et  al.    (1986)  "Intercomparison  of  sampling
techniques   for   toxic   organic   compounds   in  indoor  air",
Hochheiser, S., and Jayanti,  R.K.M.,  Eds.,   "Proceedings of the
1986    EPA/APCA   symposium  on  the  measurement  of  toxic  air
pollutants",   EPA   600/9-86-013,   U.S.    EPA,   Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC  27711,


                              312

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pp. 45-60.  Not yet available from NTIS. (In press, Air Pollution
Control Association, P.O.  Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230.)

KEYWORD: exposure,  field,  home,  methodology, statistical, VOC,
halocarbon, aromatic, hydrocarbon, sampling, laboratory,EPA$

Several techniques for sampling volatile organic chemicals  (VOCs)
were  compared  indoors,   including  distributive   air   volume
sampling,  high-  and  low-rate  passive sampling,  and whole air
collection in canisters.  The study focused on chloroform, 1,1,1-
trichloroethane,          benzene,          bromodichloromethane,
trichloroethylene,   toluene,  tetrachloroethylene,  styrene,  p-
dichlorobenzene,  and hexachlorobutadiene.   Ten  12-hour  samples
were  collected—for  eight,  the  indoor air was spiked with the
target compounds in nominal concentrations of 3, 9,  and 27 ng/L.
The  other  two  samples were the background air of the residence
Correlation coefficients were generally high (greater than  0.90)
between the methods.  Benzene had lower correlation coefficients.
In general, distributive air volume sampling and low-rate passive
sampling  measure  concentrations  less  than  or  equal  to  the
canister method.
0036
Squirrel,  M.   (1985)  "Indoor  air  quality",  Environ.  Health,
93(11):299-301.

KEYWORD: source, literature

This article discusses the  sources  of  indoor  air  pollutants,
including  moisture,  combustion  gases,  suspended particulates,
SOx, NOx, hydrocarbons,  CO,  photochemicals,  metals,  microbes,
radioactive  substances,   formaldehyde,   asbestos,  fungicides,
timber preservatives,  tobacco smoke,  human metabolic  products,
and CO2.
0329
Stark,  A.D., Quah, R.F., Meigs, J.W., and DeLouise, E.R.   (1982)
"The relationship of environmental lead to blood-lead  levels  in
children", Environ. Res., 27:372-383.

KEYWORD: biomonitoring,home,model, statistical, children,  water,
source, Pb

The distribution of Pb residential sources of 377 children in New
Haven,  CT,  was studied.  Substantial amounts of Pb were present
in soil,  paint,  and house dust throughout New Haven, but not in
air or water.  Multiple regression modeling  indicated  that  the
most  important  contributors to variation in children's blood Pb
levels were soil and Pb-containing exterior  house  paint.  Using


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the best five-variable model,  only 11.7% of the variation in the
children's  blood  Pb  levels  could  be  explained.  Researchers
concluded that residential Pb sources did not account for most of
the observed variation.
0123
Starr,  H.G.,  Aldrich,  F.D.,  McDougal,  W.D., and Mounce, L.M.
(Dec.  1974) "Contribution of household dust to human exposure to
pesticides", Pestic. Monit. J., 8(3):209-213.

KEYWORD: particulate,  pesticide,  health,  home,  DDT, exposure,
dieldrin, lindane, chlordane, biomonitoring

Preliminary  analyses  reveal household dust as a major reservoir
of pesticides in the environment.  Households with pesticides and
control  households  monitored  in  Weld  County,   CO,  in  1968
demonstrate appreciable levels of selected chlorinated pesticides
in  those  living  in  pesticide  households.   No   quantitative
relationships  were  demonstrated  between  pesticide  levels  in
household dust and in blood,  although circumstantial  data  from
individual households indicate a relationship.


0584
Steinhausler,  Fritz  (1985)  "European  radon  surveys  and risk
assessment", Gammage R.B., Kaye, S.V.,  and Jacobs,  V.A.,  Eds.,
"Indoor  air  and  human health",  Lewis Publishers,  Inc.,  P.O.
Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI 48118, pp. 109-129.

KEYWORD: radon, literature, foreign, dose, source, control, home,
exposure,temperature,methodology,risk,epidemiology,Europe

In  western  Europe,  several  large-scale national programs have
been initiated in the past few years to assess  the  exposure  of
the  general  population to radon and its daughters.  The overall
effort  is  carried  out  by  the  Commission  of  the   European
Communities    (CEC),   under  the  1980-84  Radiation  Protection
Research Programme.  To ensure  the  comparability  of  the  data
obtained  in  several  national  studies,  CEC  has  organized an
international intercomparison program in close collaboration with
the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-Nuclear
Energy Agency in Paris,  France.  The program  will  address  the
largely  varying  key  issues  ranging from exhalation studies to
lung cancer risk assessments in  the  various  European  national
programs,  as  well as the current view of the regulatory aspects
of the control of indoor radon daughter exposure.
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0376
Sterling,  D.A., Stock, T.H., and Monteith, O.K.   (1984) "Factors
influencing  formaldehyde  levels   in   manufactured   housing",
Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds., "Indoor air,
vol.  3,  sensory and hyperactivity reactions to sick buildings",
Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  139-144.
NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: CH20, source, home, temperature, ventilation, appliance,
exposure

A  pair of identical mobile homes,  one with electric heating and
cooking utilities and the other with propane gas utilities,  were
used   to   evaluate  various  factors  that  may  affect  indoor
formaldehyde concentrations.  Over 14 months, formaldehyde levels
in  both  homes  decreased  approximately   33%   under   similar
environmental  conditions.  However,  short-term  effects  due to
daily variations of indoor temperature and air-exchange rate  may
be  more important factors.  Formaldehyde levels fluctuated 20 to
40% over a 24-hour period even with a relatively constant  indoor
temperature  of 21 (+/- 2) degrees C.  An increase of 8 degrees C
doubled the measured formaldehyde  concentration,  while  opening
windows  (approximately increasing the air-exchange rate 25-fold)
decreased  formaldehyde  up  to  50%  within  20  minutes.  Using
propane  as  a  cooking  source  did  not  increase  formaldehyde
concentrations.
0595
Sterling,  David A.  (1985) "Volatile organic compounds in indoor
air: an overview of sources, concentrations, and health effects",
Gammage,  R.B.,  Kaye,  S.V., and Jacobs, V.A., Eds., "Indoor air
and human health",  Lewis  Publishers,  Inc.,  P.O.  Drawer  519,
Chelsea, MI 48118, pp. 387-402.

KEYWORD: health, exposure, literature, exposure, VOC,ventilation,
multipollutant, source, outdoor, energy

Contaminant  levels  indoors  are  often  higher  than  outdoors,
sometimes exceeding  ambient  and  even  occupational  standards.
Energy  conservation  measures  that  serve to "tighten" building
structures have  intensified  indoor  air  quality  problems.  In
these  structures,  indoor  air contaminants may be a significant
health  hazard.  Volatile  organic  compounds  (VOCs)  have  been
measured  from  numerous  indoor  sources  such  as  construction
materials, furnishings, consumer products, pesticides, combustion
fuels, and occupants.  Many more organic vapors are found indoors
than outdoors and typically in greater concentrations.  More than
250 organic compounds  (over 1 ppb) have been identified in indoor
air,  and nearly every class of compounds is represented.  Health
effects  observed  from exposure to organic vapors come primarily


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from occupational studies  where  a  compound  may  typically  be
singled  out,  and concentrations and exposures can be estimated.
VOCs  found  indoors   are   in   greater   numbers   and   lower
concentrations   than  in  occupational  settings.   Additive  or
synergistic effects may be  important  for  long-term,  low-level
exposures.  Although  many  of  the  common compounds measured in
indoor air are relatively inert, known and suspected mutagens and
carcinogens have also been measured.


0194
Sterling,  David, Clark, C., and Bjornson, S.  (1982) "The effect
of air control systems on  the  indoor  distributions  of  viable
particles", Environ. Int., 8:409-414.

KEYWORD: microorganism, particulate, field, ventilation, control,
method

The  filtering  effects  of three types of air control systems of
enclosed structures on viable particles in the ambient  air  were
investigated.   Aspergillus   fumigatus  and  other  thermophilic
organisms were used as monitors for viable particles.  The indoor
concentrations of viable  particles  were  affected  by  building
design  and  the  use  of  conventional  mechanical  air systems.
Viable  particles  of  approximately  4.0  um  and   greater   in
aerodynamic diameter were filtered from the air, while respirable
size particles less than 4.0 um  were  not  filtered.  There  was
evidence  of growth of viable particles within the mechanical air
systems.  Conventional air control  systems  may  not  adequately
control viable particles indoors without modifications and proper
maintenance.
0342
Sterling,  E.M.,  and  Sterling,  D.A.  (1984)  "Air  quality  in
hospitals and health care facilities",  Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall,
T.,  and Sundell,  J.,  Eds.  "Indoor  air,  vol.  5,  buildings,
ventilation  and  thermal climate",  Swedish Council for Building
Research, Stockholm, pp. 209-214.  NTIS PB85-104222.

KEYWORD: ventilation, energy, control,exposure,sampling,hospital

In addition to air quality problems encountered in  other  sealed
buildings,  both workers and patients in hospitals may be exposed
to very special air contaminant problems.  Levels and ranges of a
variety of chemical  pollutants  measured  in  16  hospitals  are
reviewed  using a computer-based Building Performance Information
System  (BPIS).  A number of anesthetic  gases  and  sterilization
agents  (halothane,  N20, and ethylene oxide) appear at relatively
high  levels  that  present  hazardous  conditions  for  hospital
workers   and   patients.   Energy   conservation   in  buildings


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(including hospitals) has concentrated on  reducing  ventilation.
Hospitals,  because  of special potentially hazardous conditions,
may be even more prone to problems than office  or  other  public
buildings.   Any   energy   conservaton  strategy  must  seek  to
guarantee reasonable air quality in hospitals.


0284
Sterling,  E.M., and Sterling, T.D.  (1985) "Interrelations among
different ventilation parameters and indoor  pollutants",  ASHRAE
Trans., Vol. 91, Part 2, Paper No. 2925, (8 pages).

KEYWORD: CO, CO2,  particulate, field, hydrocarbon,  ventilation,
 exposure

A  number  of ventilation parameters and pollutants were measured
at 21 locations,  furnishing data for  evaluating  interrelations
among  commonly  used descriptors of ventilation as well as their
relation to frequently measured indoor pollutants  (including C02,
CO, particulates, and hydrocarbons).  The analysis of the data is
presented in three sections:   (1)  the  comparison  of  different
ventilation  measures,  (2)  the relationship between ventilation
and  pollutant  concentrations  across  buildings,  and  (3)  the
relationship  of  pollutants  to ventilation measures in specific
buildings.  The data show that (1) ventilation  parameters  based
on estimated building use do not necessarily describe ventilation
factors  based  on  actual  building  use,  so  that  ventilation
requirements related to occupancy considerations  alone  may  not
adequately  control  indoor  air quality,   (2) CO2 concentrations
respond  quite  differently  to  changes  in   ventilation   than
hydrocarbons, CO, and particulates, which appear to depend mainly
on  outside  levels,  and  (3) pollutant concentrations appear to
approach asymptotic values  with  increasing  ventilation.  These
asymptotes  seem to be determined by the building and its outdoor
environment and may be  only  marginally  affected  by  increased
ventilation.
0450
Sterling, T.D., and Sterling,  E.   (1979) "Carbon monoxide levels
in kitchens and homes with gas cookers", J.  Air Pollut.  Control
Assoc., 29(3):238-241.

KEYWORD: home,  ventilation,  exposure,  activity,  source,   CO,
combustion, appliance

It generally has been assumed that  (1) only a small amount of  CO
will  be produced by a gas stove when the air-gas mixture is well
adjusted and   (2)  the  small  amount  of  CO  produced  will  be
dissipated  by  the home's ventilation and a combination of a fan
and  hood  over  the  stove.   However,   meal  preparation   may


                              317

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substantially  increase  CO levels.  The immediate air supply may
be progressively diminished when more than one  burner  is  used,
and  the  air  supply  may be partially cut off by vessels placed
over the flame.  This investigation attempted  to  determine  the
amount  of  CO  that may be expected to be produced during normal
cooking.  The  experiment  measured  CO  levels,  using  multiple
burners  with  and  without  cooking  vessels,  and  the  rate of
dissipation of the accumulated gas under  various  conditions  of
ventilation.
0633
Sterling, Theodor,  and Kobayashi,  Diana M.  (1977)  "Exposure to
pollutants in enclosed living spaces", Environ.  Res., 13:1-35.

KEYWORD: outdoor,exposure,microenvironment,1iterature,combustion,
multipcllutant, source

Enclosures such as homes and vehicles protect people  from  toxic
substances,  but  they  may  entrap pollutants that have seeped in
from the outside  or  have  been  generated  inside.   Studies  on
enclosed environments are grouped here into into four categories,
each of which is discussed separately: homes, artificially sealed
environments   such   as   submarines,   public  buildings,   and
transportation - related  enclosures.  Pollution  levels  reported
from  different  studies  are  summarized in a series of appended
tables.  The concentrations of toxic vapors and dusts indoors may
very well exceed concentrations outdoors.


0692
Stock,  Thomas H.,  and Mendez,  Sixto R.   (1985)  "A  survey  of
typical  exposures  to  formaldehyde in Houston area residences",
Am.  Ind.  Hyg. Assoc.  J., 46(6):313-317.

KEYWORD: home, CH2O, field, ventilation,  control,  distribution,
exposure

Indoor air quality during warm weather was surveyed in a  variety
of  Houston,  TX, area  residences  not  selected  in response to
occupant complaints.  Indoor formaldehyde  concentrations  ranged
from less than 0.008 ppm to 0.29 ppm,  with an arithmetic mean of
0.07 ppm.  Approximately 15% of the monitored residences exceeded
0.01  ppm.   Formaldehyde  levels  depended  on  both   age   and
structural  classification  of  the residence.  These factors are
dependent of each other and more fundamental variables,  such  as
the  rate  of  exchange of indoor and outdoor air and the overall
emission potential of  indoor  materials.  This  survey  suggests
that people may be exposed to excess  (> 0.10 ppm) formaldehyde in
many homes, indicating the need to improve control strategies.
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0281
Stock, Thomas H., et  al.   (Dec.  1985)  "The estimation of personal
exposures to air pollutants  for  a community-based study of health
effects  in asthmatics—design and results of air monitoring",  J.
Air Pollut. Control Assoc.,  35:(12)1266-1273.

KEYWORD: multipollutant, EPA$, field,  exposure, outdoor, weather,
monitoring

To   provide   reliable  pollutant  and  meteorological  exposure
estimates for an epidemiological study of asthmatics residing  in
two  Houston,  TX,  neighborhoods,  a  dedicated  three-tier  air
monitoring system was established.  This consisted of  fixed-site
ambient  air monitoring at  the center of each study area, a mobile
van  performing  simultaneous  indoor  and outdoor measurements at
selected residences of study participants,  and a limited  amount
of  direct  personal  monitoring for  half  of the participants.
Monitored pollutants  included all criteria  pollutant  gases,  as
well as  aeroallergens,  aldehydes,  total suspended particulates,
and   inhaled    particulates.    Laboratory   analyses   provided
concentrations of sulfate,   nitrate, and trace elements.  Several
meteorological parameters  also   were   continuously  measured.  03
was  the only   measured   pollutant  that  exceeded  the National
Ambient  Air Quality   Standard  during  the  May-to-October  study
period.   The    monitoring  scheme  allowed  important  pollutant
concentration differences  to be  detected between day  and  night,
between   indoors   and    outdoors,    and  among  various  indoor
environments.
0587
Stolwijk,   J.A.J.,  Leaderer,  B.P.,  and  Berwick,  M.    (1985)
"Experimental considerations in the measurement of  exposures  to
sidestream  cigarette smoke",  Gammage,  R.B.,  Kaye,  S.V.,  and
Jacobs,  V.A.,  Eds.,  "Indoor  air  and  human  health",   Lewis
Publishers, Inc., P.O. Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI 48118, pp. 205-213.

KEYWORD: smoking,  exposure,  methodology,  epidemiology,  health

Evidence is increasing that chronic passive cigarette smoking can
cause respiratory irritation,  infection,  and  cancer.  However,
measuring  exposure  to  smoke  and  possible  health  effects is
complicated  by  the  chemical  complexity  of   tobacco   smoke,
ignorance  of  how  easily  these  chemicals  contact  and  enter
respiratory   tissues,   and   the   extreme   range   of   smoke
concentrations.  As  a  result,  no  universally accepted methods
exist  for  measuring  tobacco smoke exposures or health effects.
The major types of methods,  often used in combinations,  are (1)
microenvironmental  or personal measurements of one or more smoke
constituents,   (2)  measurement  of  concentrations   of   these
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constituents  or  their  metabolic by-products in blood,  breath,
urine,  or tissues,  (3) surveys of smoker and victim  densities,
ventilation, and/or activity patterns, and (4) analysis of health
and demographic data.


0266
Stone, Robert, et al. (March 1981) "Evaluation of formaldehyde in
residential mobile homes",  U.S.  Department  of  Transportation,
Washington, DC (195 pages).  NTIS PB82-144619.

KEYWORD: model, CH2O, home, regulation, health, economic, control

The  extent  of  formaldehyde  contamination  inside  residential
mobile homes was investigated.  A computer model was developed to
aid  the  U.S.  Department  of  Housing  and Urban Development in
evaluating  potential   alternatives   for   regulating   maximum
formaldehyde   levels   for   new  mobile  homes.   Health  costs
associated with formaldehyde exposure were examined to  establish
baseline  costs  to  mobile  home  occupants  in  the  absence of
regulation.


0382
Sugawara,  F.,  and Yoshizawa,  S.  (1984) "Size distribution  of
airborne  fungal  and bacterial particles in Japanese buildings",
Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell,  J.,  Eds., "Indoor air,
vol.  3,  sensory and hyperactivity reactions to sick buildings",
Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  241-246.
NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: microorganism, particulate, source,  foreign,  sampling,
Japan

This  study  presents  the results of an attempt to determine the
size  distribution  of  indoor  airborne  fungal  and   bacterial
particles  using  an Andersen air sampler (six stage).  The study
was carried out in 1978-82 in the Tokyo,  Japan,  area.  The size
distribution  of  fungal  particles  was  similar  to  log-normal
distribution with peaks around 3.5 urn in diameter irrespective of
seasons,   spaces,  or  concentration  levels.   Distribution  of
cladosporium particles  alone  was  almost  the  same.  Bacterial
particles   did   not  show  definite  distribution  types.   The
differences in size distributions seem to come from the mechanism
of liberation into air.  The median diameter was about 3.5 um for
fungi and 5.5 to 6.5 um for bacteria.


0352
Syversen,  T.L.M., Eide, I., and Malvik, B.   (1984) "Chemical air
quality in energy-efficient houses", Berglund, B., Lindvall,  T.,


                              320

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and Sundell, J., Eds./'Indoor air, vol. 5, buildings, ventilation
and  thermal  climate",  Swedish  Council  for Building Research,
Stockholm, pp. 529-533.  NTIS PB85-104222.

KEYWORD: CH2O, particulate, home,field,alkane,VOC, radon, energy,
ventilation, source

Chemical  pollutants  and  ventilation  rates  were  measured  in
energy-efficient  private dwellings.  The samples were taken with
no human activity in the  houses.  The  main  source  of  organic
pollutants  seems  to be indoor building materials and furniture.
For dust,  an important source could be the outdoor  environment.
Formaldehyde was primarily found in houses with chipboard.  Radon
daughters were very low in all houses tested.


0585
Tager,  Ira  B.   (1985)  "Passive  cigarette  smoke:  overview",
Gammage, R.B., Kaye, S.V., and Jacobs, V.A., Eds.,"Indoor air and
human health", Lewis Publishers, Inc., P.O.  Drawer 519, Chelsea,
MI  48118, pp. 191-194.

KEYWORD: smoking,  exposure,  health,   methodology,  monitoring,
economic, activity, aerosol

The potential health consequence of exposure to passive cigarette
smoke has become a subject of  increased  scientific  and  public
debate.  However,  many  issues  remain  to  be resolved before a
clearer picture of these consequences can emerge.  Identification
and quantitation of environmental tobacco smoke presents problems
related to the selection of the most relevant chemical  compounds
in  terms  of  health  effects.   (Some  cigarette  compounds  are
previewed by other sources.) Nicotine is a unique component,  but
its relationship to other constituents of tobacco smoke is poorly
understood.  The  many  factors  that  influence  accumulation of
products of tobacco smoke have not been  properly  controlled  in
most studies.  The interplay of factors that influence deposition
of  an aerosol such as passive smoke requires elaboration so that
actual  exposures  can  be  more  accurately  estimated.  Current
studies  of  the  potential health effects of passive exposure to
cigarette smoke have  suggested  effects  on  acute  and  chronic
cardiopulmonary   morbidity.   However,   methods  for  detecting
exposure are complicated by the incomplete control  of  potential
confounding  factors (family size,  socioeconomic status,  etc.).
Thus, further investigation is needed.


0371
Tartaglia,  M.S.,  DiNardi,  S.R.,  and Ludwig,  J.F.   (1984)  "A
comparison   of   calibration   procedures   for   an   automatic
formaldehyde analyzer", Berglund, B., Lindvall, T.,  and Sundell,


                              321

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J., Eds.,"Indoor air, vol. 3, sensory and hyperactivity reactions
to  sick  buildings",  Swedish  Council  for  Building  Research,
Stockholm, pp. 75-80.  NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: CH20, QA, methodology, home, exposure

Obtaining  reliable  continuous  data on residential formaldehyde
levels with the  CEA  Model  TGM  555  Air  Monitor  requires  an
accurate  and  precise  method of calibration.  Calibrations were
compared   with   liquid   standards   prepared   from   refluxed
paraformaldehyde  in  water,  liquid  standards prepared from 37%
solution  of  formaldehyde  in   water,   and   dynamic   gaseous
formaldehyde standards generated with a permeation tube.  The CEA
was  modified  to  avoid  the  use of the toxic mercuric chloride
reagent.    The   modified   CEA   was   calibrated   with    the
paraformaldehyde  liquid  standard and the gaseous standard.  The
three calibration  methods,  the  modified  instrument,  and  the
results of the comparisons are discussed.


0769
TerKonda,  Purush K.,  and Liaw,  Shu-Liang (1983) "Monitoring of
indoor  aldehydes",   Frederick,   Edward  R.,   et  al.,   Eds.,
"Proceedings of  the  specialty  conference  on  measurement  and
monitoring  of  noncriteria  (toxic) contaminants in air,  held in
March of 1983 ",  Publication no.  SP-50,  Air Pollution  Control
Association, P.O.  Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, pp. 435-440.

KEYWORD: aldehyde ,CH20,regulation,source, monitor, home, office,
sampling, ventilation, methodology

Both total aliphatic aldehydes   (RCHO)  and   formaldehyde   (CH2O)
have produced numerous serious consumer complaints,  forcing some
state agencies and the  Consumer  Product  Safety  Commission  to
impose   a  ban  and  regulations  on  CH2O,   particularly  urea
formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI).  In this  research,  various
nonoccupational  indoor  environments   (including  mobile  homes,
apartments,  single  family homes with and without UFFI,  offices,
and  public  buildings)  were  monitored  for RCHO and CH2O for  1
year.  Indoor samples were taken with 3-impinger trains  in  each
environment   simultaneously   using   0.05%   MBTH  (3-methyl-2-
benzothiazoline hydrazone hydrochloride) solution to absorb  RCHO
and  deionized  distilled  water for CH2O.  Samples were analyzed
immediately with the MBTH procedure for RCHO  and  pararosaniline
procedure for CH20 with a spectrophotometer.  RCHO concentrations
ranged  between  10 and 600 ug/m3 and CH2O concentrations between
10 and 480 ug/m3.  Factors affecting these indoor  concentrations
included  sources  of  aldehydes,  ventilation  rate,  and age of
building.
                              322

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0279
Thomas,  J.,  Mage,  D.,  Wallace, L., and Ott, W.  (May 1985) "A
sensitivity analysis of the enhanced simulation of the human  air
pollution exposure  (SHAPE) model",  EPA contract 68-01-6595, U.S.
EPA, Environmental  Monitoring   Systems   Laboratory,   Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711 (126 pages).  NTIS PB85-201101/REB.

KEYWORD: CO, SHAPE, distribution,  microenvironment, model, EPA$,
exposure, biomonitoring

A sensitivity analysis was undertaken of the Simulation of  Human
Air  Pollution Exposure (SHAPE) model.  The SHAPE model simulates
the physical activities of a sample of people in an  urban  area,
exposing   them  to  pollutant  concentrations  from  appropriate
microenvironments as they move through time and space  in  a  24-
hour  period.  To  conduct  this sensitivity analysis,  the SHAPE
program was run many  times  using  a  different  combination  of
values  for  its  parameters,  thus  allowing the contribution to
blood carboxyhemoglobin of each of many variables to be examined.
The following phenomena had considerable effect on the  predicted
frequency   distribution  of  the  maximum  COHb  levels  of  the
population:  (1) CO exposure  time  pattern  (CO  exposure  as  a
function  of  time),  (2)  CO exposure contributed by the highway
microenvironment,   (3)  altitude  of  the  city,   and  (4)  the
physiological parameters  (e.g.,  Haldane parameter and endogenous
CO production rate).


0670
Thompson,  C.  Ray,  Hensel,  Earl  G.,  and Kats,  Gerrit  (1973)
"Outdoor-indoor levels of six air  pollutants",  J.  Air  Pollut.
Control Assoc., 23(10):881-886.

KEYWORD: PAN,N02, CO, particulate, NO, seasonal, control,outdoor,
ventilation, office, O3, school, home, monitor, weather

Levels of six air pollutants—total oxidant, peroxyacetyl nitrate
(PAN), NO, NO2, CO, and particulate matter—were compared outside
and  inside  11  buildings in the South Coast Basin of California
during summer and fall.  Total oxidant levels inside depend  upon
how  much  outside air is being brought in and the residence time
in the structure.  With  rapid  intake  and  circulation,  levels
inside  may  be  two-thirds  those outside.  With slow intake and
circulation,  levels inside decay  to  near  zero.  PAN  is  more
persistent  in buildings because it is more stable than ozone but
also decays to low levels over an extended period.  NO,  NO2  and
CO  are  much more stable than oxidants or PAN,  and when carried
into buildings remain until  diluted  or  exhausted.  Particulate
matter  levels  indoors  depend  largely  upon  velocity  of  air
movement.  In areas where foot traffic was light  or  ventilation
rates low, levels were reduced.  Electrostatic precipitators were


                              323

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much  more effective than the coarse primary filters used in many
buildings for removing particulate matter.


0613
Tichenor,  B.  A.,  Jackson,  M.  D., and Merrill, R.  G.  (1986)
"Measurement of organic emissions from indoor materials —  small
chamber studies",  Hochheiser,  S.,  and Jayanti,  R.K.M.,  Eds.,
"Proceedings of the 1986 EPA/APCA symposium on the measurement of
toxic air pollutants", EPA 600/9-86-013, U.S.  EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711,
pp. 86-94.  Not yet available from NTIS.  (In press, Air Pollution
Control Association, P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230.)

KEYWORD: emission, laboratory, source,VOC, methodology, humidity,
temperature, ventilation, control, EPA$

Volatile   organic   compounds  indoors  have  been  measured  at
concentrations exceeding those  found  outdoors.  EPA's  Air  and
Energy  Engineering  Research Laboratory  is conducting studies in
small environmental chambers to develop emissions data for indoor
sources   of   these   compounds.   The   studies   include   gas
chromatograph  measurements  of  a  variety  of organic compounds
emitted from selected indoor  materials   (e.g.,  particle  board,
flooring adhesive, caulking compounds).   Environmental conditions
(i.e., temperature, humidity, air-exchange rates) vary, and their
influences  on  emission  rates  can  be  determined.   Data  are
presented for emissions from a clear  acrylic  latex  caulk  with
silicone.  These  data  show  the variation in concentrations and
emission factors  over  time  for  total  measured  organics  and
selected organic species.


0534
Tokiwa,  Y.,  Tamplin,  B.R., and Nadel,  J.A.   (1965) "Monitoring
human exposures to sulfur dioxide in a body  plethysmograph",  J.
Air Pollut. Control. Assoc., 15(3):96-98.

KEYWORD: exposure, lung, health, methodology, laboratory, SO2

A  procedure  is  described  for  producing  a    SO2-contaminated
atmosphere  within  a  body plethysmograph,  exposing subjects to
this atmosphere while maintaining  the  SO2  concentration   at   a
given  level,  and  measuring  the concentration  with less than  1
minute of lag time.  Incremental volumes  of SO2   were  introduced
via  syringe,  thus limiting the maximum  SO2 concentration in the
chamber  and  ensuring  the  subject's  safety.   A  Titrilog SO2
analyzer  with  its rapid response characteristics provides  quick
measurements of the S02 concentration.  The  body plethysmograph
used  in this manner serves simultaneously as a device to measure
pulmonary function and as an exposure chamber.


                              324

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0200
Tosteson, T.D., Spengler, J.D., and Weker, R.A. (1982) "Aluminum,
iron,  and lead content of respirable particulate samples from  a
personal monitoring study", Environ. Int., 8:265-268.

KEYWORD: particulate,  Fe, Al, Pb,  outdoor,  personal, exposure,
field, literature, vehicle, interior

Samples  of  respirable  particulate  matter  collected  during a
personal monitoring study in Topeka, KS,  were analyzed for iron,
aluminum,  and Pb.  The sampling protocol and instrumentation are
described in  detail.  Pb  indoor  concentrations   (median  =  79
ng/m3)  were  less  than  both  personal  (median =  112 ng/m3) and
outdoor Pb concentrations  (median  =  106  ng/m3).  The  indoor,
outdoor,  and personal levels of Fe and Al were not significantly
different.  In addition, outdoor respirable particulate mass does
not  correlate  well  with   the   personal   or    indoor   metal
concentrations, and the amount of time spent in motor vehicles is
a  relatively  good indicator of Pb exposures.  The relationships
between indoor, outdoor, and personal Pb are discussed in greater
detail,   with  references  to  supporting  evidence  from  other
studies.
0709
Traynor,   G.W.,   Anthon,  D.W.,  and  Hollowell,  C.D.    (1982)
"Technique for determining pollutant emissions from  a  gas-fired
range", Atmos. Environ., 16(12):2979-2987.

KEYWORD: CO,NO,SO2,CH20,particulate,combustion,model,appliance

Laboratory  measurements  from  a gas-fired range have shown that
CO, NO, SO2, formaldehyde,  and respirable particles were emitted
during  combustion.  Carbon  was  the  dominant  element  of  the
respirable particles emitted.  A mathematical indoor air  quality
model  was applied to the studies to calculate pollutant emission
rates per caloric value of fuel  consumed.  The  model  was  also
used  to  calculate  the temporal profile of the indoor pollution
concentrations as well as to  determine  indoor  pollutant  decay
rates  from mechanisms other than air infiltration.  Measured and
calculated data showed good agreement, suggesting that this model
may be useful for determining pollutant  emissions  from  a  wide
variety  of  other sources,  estimating pollution levels in other
indoor  microenvironments,   and  evaluating  pollutant   control
strategies.
                              325

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0673
Traynor,  G.W.,  Apte,  M.G.,  Sokol,  H.A.,   Chuang,  J.C.,  and
Mumford,  J.L.  (1986) "Selected organic pollutant emissions from
unvented kerosene heaters",  Paper no.  86-52.5, presented at the
79th annual meeting of the  Air  Pollution  Control  Association,
P.O.  Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230  (20 pages).

KEYWORD: VOC, combustion, source, laboratory, PAH, PCP, kerosene,
EPA$ aromatic, phthalate, ketone, alcohol, naphthalene, benzene

An  exploratory  study  assessed  emissions  of  semivolatile and
nonvolatile  organic  compounds  from  unvented  kerosene   space
heaters; one a well-tuned radiant heater and the other a maltuned
convective  heater.  Each  was operated in a 27-m3 chamber with a
prescribed on/off pattern.  Organic compounds were  collected  on
Teflon-impregnated  glass  filters  backed  by  XAD-2  resin  and
analyzed  by  gas  chromatography/mass  spectrometry.   Pollutant
source  strengths  were calculated using a mass-balance equation.
The results showed that  kerosene  heaters  can  emit  polycyclic
aromatic  hydrocarbons   (PAHs),  nitrated  PAHs,  alkyl benzenes,
pentachlorophenol,   phthalates,   hydronaphthalenes,   aliphatic
hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, and  other organic compounds.


0269
Traynor,  G.W.,  Girman,  J.R.,  Apte,  M.G., Dilworth, J.F., and
White,  P.O.   (1985)  "Indoor air pollution due to emissions  from
unvented  gas-fired   space  heaters",  J.   Air  Pollut.  Control
Assoc., 35(3):231-237.

KEYWORD: CO, N02, NO, CO2, CH20, particulate, source,laboratory, c
ombustion, gas, appliance, emission,  home, ventilation

Unvented  combustion  appliances  can elevate  indoor pollution
concentrations.   Under   laboratory   conditions,  O2   consumption
rates and rates of CO,   CO2, NO, N02, formaldehyde,  and submicron
suspended particles emitted  from eight unvented  gas-fired   space
heaters operated  with  well-adjusted air  shutters at  partial and
full fuel consumption rates were determined  in a  27-m3   chamber.
Emission  rates  were also determined for some heaters operating
under poorly tuned conditions.  Four  of the  eight   heaters  were
subsequently   tested  in  a 240-m3 research house with 0.36 to 1.14
air changes per hour.  These steady-state  levels were  projected:
100 ppm CO2,  1.0 to 26 ppm CO  (under  well-tuned conditions), 0.40
to  1.46 ppm N02,  and 19.1% to 20.7% 02.  Concentrations of C02,
CO,   and  NO2  sometimes exceeded   outdoor   or   occupational
guidelines.  Analysis showed that CO,  NO, and N02 emission  rates
derived from  laboratory tests  were  consistent   with  initial
emission  rates  observed in  the field.  However,  they did not
always  correspond to  steady-state emission rates.
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0710
Traynor,  G.W.,  Nitschke,  I.A.,  Clarke, W.A., Adams, G.P., and
Rizzuto,  J.E.  (1985) "A detailed study of  thirty  houses  from
indoor combustion sources", Paper no.  85-30A.3, presented at the
78th annual meeting of the  Air  Pollution  Control  Association,
P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230  (16 pages).

KEYWORD: home,exposure,ventilation,monitoring,source, combustion,
activity,model,multipollutant,seasonal,weather,field

In this initial survey,  30 houses  with  combustion  sources  in
northeastern  and  central  New York State were selected somewhat
randomly.  Using active and passive  integrating  samplers,  N02,
CO,  respirable particulates (RSP),  formaldehyde (CH2O), and air
exchange rates were monitored for 41 1-week periods.  In  winter,
home  owners  logged  combustion  source usage.  During follow-up
real-time  monitoring,  the  6  houses  with  highest  combustion
pollutant levels were monitored for NO,  NO2,  RSP,  CO, and CO2.
Weather and air exchange rate data also were  gathered  in  real-
time.  Correlations  between source usage and real-time pollutant
concentrations are described and modeled.
0543
Traynor,  Gregory W., et al.  (1983) "Indoor air pollution due to
emissions from unvented gas-fired space heaters",  Paper  83-9.6,
presented at the 76th annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control
Association, P.O.  Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (35 pages).

KEYWORD: combustion, source, NO, CO, emission, CH2O, NO2,   home,
particulate, CO2, laboratory, ventilation, appliance

Unvented  combustion  appliance  can  elevate  indoors  pollutant
concentrations.   Under   laboratory   conditions,   the   oxygen
consumption   rates   and   the  pollutant  emission  rates  were
determined for CO,  C02,  NO,  N02,  formaldehyde,  and submicron
particles  emitted  from  eight  unvented gas-fired space heaters
operated with well-adjusted air  shutters  at  partial  and  full
input  in  a  27-m3 chamber.  Emission rates were also determined
for some heaters operating under poorly  tuned  conditions.  Four
of  the  eight  heaters  were  subsequently  tested  in  a 240-m3
research house with 0.36 to 1.14 air changes per hour.  Based  on
measurements  near  steady  state,  the  authors  projected these
steady-state pollutant and oxygen levels: 1,930 to 11,100 ppm for
CO2, 1.0 to 26 ppm for CO (under well-tuned conditions),  0.40 to
1.46  ppm for N02,  and 19.1 to 20.7% for 02.  C02,  CO,  and N02
were sometimes observed to be  above  outdoor  concentrations  or
occupational guidelines.  CO, NO, and N02 emission rates can vary
with  time  and,  while  short-term  emission  rates derived from
laboratory tests were  consistent  with  initial  emission  rates


                              327

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observed  in the field,  these rates did not always correspond to
steady-state emission rates.


0351
Traynor, G.W., Apte, M.G.,  Carruthers,  A.R.,   Dillworth,  J.F.,
Grimsrud,  D.T., and Thompson, W.T.  (1984) "Indoor air pollution
and inter-room pollutant transport due to unvented kerosene-fired
space heaters", Berglund, B.,  Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.
"Indoor air, vol. 5, buildings, ventilation and thermal climate",
Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  523-528.
NTIS PB85-104222.

KEYWORD: CO, C02, NO, N02, 02,exposure, temperature, ventilation,
home, kerosene, field, combustion, emission

Two kerosene-fired space heaters,  one white-flame convective and
one blue-flame radiant, were operated in the master bedroom of an
unoccupied house under several simulated  use  conditions.  Tests
were  conducted  with the bedroom door and outside window closed,
with the door closed and the window open 2.5 cm,  with  the  door
open  2.5  cm and the window closed,  and with the door wide open
and the window  closed.  The  heaters  were  operated  until  the
temperature   rose   8   degrees   C  in  the  bedroom.   Bedroom
concentrations of  CO,  CO2,  NO,  NO2,  and  O2  increased.  The
increases in C02 levels ranged from 2,440 to 5,440 ppm, while the
increases  in  NO2  levels  ranged  from  0.12  to  0.60 ppm.  In
addition,  inter-room pollutant transport rates  were  determined
with  the  window  closed.  While  the  rates  were  less than 10
m3/hour with the bedroom door  closed,  they  were  30   (+/-  10)
m3/hour with the bedroom door open 2.5 cm, and ranged from  190 to
3,400 m3/hour with the door fully open (74 cm).


0765
Traynor, G.W., Apte, M.G.,  Carruthers,  A.R.,  Dillworth,  J.F.,
Grimsrud, D.T., and Gundel, L.A.  (1984) "Indoor air pollution due
to  emissions  from  wood  burning  stoves",  Paper no.  84-33.4,
Presented at the 77th annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control
Association, P.O.  Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA  15230  (10 pages).

KEYWORD: EPA$,CO,NO,N02,CH20,particulate,home,combustion,outdoor,
PAH, energy, method, monitor, sample, source, wood

Emissions of CO, NO,  N02,  formaldehyde  (CH20),  total suspended
particles (TSP),  submicron particles  (<0.6 urn),  and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons  (PAH) from four  wood-burning  stoves  were
determined   in   a  single-floor  test  house  in  Truckee,   CA
(elevation:  1800 meters).  All pollutants were measured in  real
time,    except    for   CH20   which   was   measured   with    a
bubbler/collector.   Three   airtight   stoves   did   not   emit


                              328

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significant amounts of pollutants indoors,  while one nonairtight
stove emitted high amounts of  CO  and  PAH-containing  suspended
particulates.   TSP  concentrations  were  greater  indoors  than
outdoors, including when no stove was in use.  Indoor and outdoor
NO and NO2 concentrations were  very  low  for  all  tests.  CH2O
levels  were  also  low  in general.  All stoves emitted at least
trace amounts of CO.
0512
Traynor, G.W., Apte, M.G., Dillworth,  J.F.,  and Grimsrud,  D.T.
(1983)  "Indoor  air pollution from portable kerosene-fired space
heaters", U.S.  Department of Energy,  Office of Energy Research,
Office of Health and Environmental Research, Washington, DC 20585
(15 pages).  NTIS DE83-009140.

KEYWORD: home, combustion, NO2, ventilation,laboratory, emission,
exposure, field, outdoor, kerosene, CO

Unvented combustion appliances used indoors are known to increase
indoor air pollutant levels.  Laboratory tests were conducted  on
unvented  portable  radiant  and  convective kerosene-fired space
heaters to identify the pollutants emitted and to  determine  the
emission  rates.  CO and N02 emission rates were determined.  The
researchers presummarized the effect  of  wick  height  and  fuel
consumption   rate   on   CO   and   N02  emissions.   Pollutant-
concentration profiles resulting from kerosene heaters used in  a
27-m3   environmental  chamber  and  a  240-m3  house  were  also
determined.  When such heaters are operated for 1 hour in a 27-m3
chamber  with  0.4  air  changes  per  hour,  the  resultant  C02
concentrations are well above the U.S. occupational standard, and
NO2 concentrations are well above California's short-term outdoor
standard.  Further data on parameters such as heater-use patterns
and  air-exchange  rates  are  needed  to  determine  the  actual
pollutant exposure that kerosene heater users experience.


0190
Traynor, G.W., Apte, M.G., Dillworth, J.F., Hollowell, C.D.,  and
Sterling, E.M.  (1982) "The effects of ventilation on residential
air pollution due to emissions from a gas-fired range",  Environ.
Int., 8(1-6):447-452.

KEYWORD: multipollutant,model,home,source,combustion,ventilation,
control, method, gas, appliance

Indoor  combustion  appliances  can  increase  the levels of many
different   pollutants.   The   usefulness   of   a   model   for
extrapolating   environmental   chamber   results   on  pollutant
emissions  from  combustion  appliances  to  determine  pollutant
concentrations  in actual residences is shown.  In addition,  the


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effects  of  infiltration,  whole-house  ventilation,   and  spot
ventilation  on  pollutant  levels  are investigated.  Pollutants
from a gas range were  measured  at  an  unoccupied  experimental
research  house.  The  results show that a range hood is the most
effective means of removing pollutants emitted from  a  gas-fired
range; removal rates were from 60% to 87%.


0688
Tu,  K.W.,  and Hinchliffe,  L.E.  (1983) "A study of particulate
emissions from portable space  heaters",  Am.  Ind.  Hyg.  Assoc.
J., 44(11):857-862.

KEYWORD: source, appliance, particulate,  ventilation,  exposure,
combustion

Particulate  emissions  from  five  portable  space  heaters were
studied in a 31-m3  room  with  a  ventilation  rate  of  3  air-
changes/hour  and  in an Il-m3 air-tight chamber.  The five were:
three conventional  electrical  space  heaters  having  different
heating elements—a heavy coil,  a thin strip,  and a fine coil—
one new-style electrical heater in which the heating  element  is
enclosed  in a quartz tube,  and a modern type of kerosene burner
with  a  wire-heating  mantle  housed  in  a  heat  chamber.  The
conventional  electrical  heaters  produced  ultrafine particles,
while the quartz and kerosene heaters released  larger  particles
of  up  to  3  urn  in  diameter.  The  particle  number  and mass
concentrations  were  in  the  ranges   of   10,000-1,000,000-106
particles/cm3 and 1-300 ug/m3, respectively.  The kerosene heater
released 1 to 2 orders of magnitude more particles,  both in mass
and number,  than the  other  heaters.  These  particles  were  a
mixture  of  individual solid and hollow spheres with sizes up to
0.3 urn,  and clusters and chain aggregates in the range of 0.1 to
3 urn.
0419
Turiel,  I.,  Hollowell, C., Miksch, R.R., Rudy, J.V., and Young,
R.A.   (1983) "The effects of reduced ventilation  on  indoor  air
quality in an office building", Atmos. Environ., 17(l):51-64.

KEYWORD: C02, CH20, VOC, microorganism, particulate, ventilation,
CO, NO2, exposure, health, field, office

Indoor  air  quality  was  monitored at an office building in San
Francisco,  CA,  where occupants had registered  eye,  nose,  and
throat  irritation complaints.  Portable air pollution monitoring
equipment was placed on site to monitor air outdoors and at three
indoor sites (a waiting room,  an interview room,  and an  office
room), and data were taken under two different ventilation rates.
The parameters measured were outside air flow rates, temperature,


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relative humidity, odor perception, microbial burden, particulate
mass,  formaldehyde and other organics,  CO2,  CO,  and NO2.  C02
concentrations increased as the ventilation rate decreased;  odor
perceptibility increased slightly at the lowest ventilation rate,
and  other  pollutants  generally showed very low concentrations,
which  increased  when  ventilation  was  reduced.  In  no  case,
however,  did  levels exceed current health standards for outdoor
air,  nor was any one contaminant found to be responsible for the
medical  symptoms  reported  by occupants.  It is possible that a
synergistic effect of the various contaminants and  environmental
conditions could account for the discomfort of occupants.


0445
Turk, B.H., Brown, J.T., Grimsrud,  J.T.,  Geisling-Sobotka,  K.,
Harrison,  J.,  and  Revzan,  K.L.  (1986)  "Indoor  air  quality
measurements in 38 Pacific Northwest commercial buildings", Paper
86-5.3, presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association,  P.O.  Box 2861,  Pittsburgh,  PA 15230  (26
pages).

KEYWORD: monitor, ventilation, office,  indoor,  radon,  smoking,
CH2O, NO2, C02, particulate

A   Bonneville   Power   Administration-funded   study  monitored
ventilation rates and a variety of indoor air  pollutants  in  38
Pacific  Northwest commercial buildings.  The buildings ranged in
age from 6 months to 90 years, in size from 864 to 34,280 m2, and
occupancy from 25 to 2,500 people.  Building average formaldehyde
(CH20) concentrations were below the 20 ppb  detection  limit  in
48%  of  the  buildings.  Nitrogen  dioxide  (NO2)  concentration
averages ranged from 5 ppb to 43 ppb and were lower than  outdoor
concentrations  in  8  of  13  buildings.  At  only one site,  an
elementary school classroom,  did  carbon  dioxide   (CO2)  exceed
1,000  ppm.  Radon (Rn) levels were elevated in one building with
an average  concentration  of  7.4  pCiL-1.  Respirable  particle
(RSP)  concentrations  in  smoking  areas  in  32 buildings had a
geometric mean of 44 ug m-3 and ranged up to 308 ug  m-3  at  one
site.  In non-smoking areas the geometric mean RSP was 15 ug m-3.
Outside  air  ventilation  rates  did not appear to be the single
dominant    parameter    in    determining    indoor    pollutant
concentrations.    Measured   pollutant   concentrations   in   2
"complaint" buildings were below accepted  guideline.  The  cause
of the complaints was not identified.
0690
Underbill,  D.W.   (1984)  "Efficiency  of  passive  sampling  by
adsorbents", Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 45(5):306-310.
                              331

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KEYWORD: sampling, monitoring,  statistical,  personal, exposure,
VOC, QA, methodology, monitor

The efficiency of passive samplers can be influenced strongly  by
the   adsorption   isotherm.   This   study  calculated  sampling
efficiency in terms of  dimensionless  variables  for  adsorption
controlled by the Langmuir,  Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich
isotherms.  For the latter isotherm,  which is often followed  by
activated charcoal to adsorb solvent vapors, passive sampling may
remain  highly  efficient  until  a  significant  fraction of the
adsorbent's capacity has been used.


0408
Urban,  M.,  and  Kiefer,  H.   (1985) "Indoor and outdoor natural
radiation  survey  programmes,  aspects  of  instrumentation  and
organization, results", Sci. Total Environ., 45:281-297.

KEYWORD: radiation,  exposure,  methodology, literature, foreign,
radon, source, Germany

In the last two  decades,  many  countries  started  national  or
regional  surveys  to  assess the average exposure of the general
public  to  natural  radiation.   Survey  programs  for  external
radiation  as well as for radon and decay products indoors either
have been performed, are still  in progress, or will be started in
the near  future.  The  paper  discusses  briefly  technical  and
organizational   aspects   of   survey  measurements  as  well  as
practical experiences and  results  available  from  national  or
regional survey programs.


0339
Van  der  Kolk,  J.   (1984)   "Wood  preservatives and  indoor air,
experiences in The Netherlands", Berglund,  B., Lindvall, T.,  and
Sundell,  J.,  Eds., "Indoor  air, vol.  1,  recent advances in the
health sciences and technology",  Swedish   Council  for  Building
Research, Stockholm, pp. 251-256.  NTIS PB85-104180.

KEYWORD: pesticide,field,health,exposure, wood, control, foreign,
Netherlands

The   application  of  wood   preservatives  in  the  interior  of
buildings in The Netherlands  has in recent  years been  shown to be
a potential health hazard.  A number of experiences indicate that
in many cases the application of wood preservatives has not  been
in accordance with good practice and does not adequately consider
the  possible  health  effects  for  people living in  the treated
houses.  Both preventive  and  remedial  treatments  as  well  as
insecticidal   and   fungicidal  products   are  considered.   The
Netherlands regulates these products under  the  Pesticides  Act,


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implying a registration prior to their sale and use.


0353
Van Houdt, J.J., and Boleij, J.S.M.  (1984) "Mutagenic activity of
indoor airborne particles compared to  outdoors",  Berglund,  B.,
Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds., "Indoor air, vol.  2, radon,
passive smoking, particulates and housing epidemiology",  Swedish
Council  for  Building Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  169-176.  NTIS
PB85-104198.

KEYWORD: particulate,  health,   mutagenicity,  exposure, source,
smoking

This study deals with the mutagenic activity  of  indoor  samples
under  normal  living  conditions  in  relation  to  outdoor air.
Particles  were  collected  simultaneously  in  kitchens,  living
rooms,  and  outdoors.  Methanol  extracts  were  tested  in  the
Salmonella/microsome assay.  The mutagenic activity of indoor  as
well  as outdoor samples generally increased in the presence of a
metabolizing system.  Furthermore, the indoor samples bore higher
indirect  mutagenic  activity,   especially  in  smokers'  homes.
Kitchen  samples also showed mutagenic activity,  probably due to
volatilization   of   cooking   products.   Infiltrated   outdoor
particles did not contribute to indoor mutagenicity.


0409
Vanmarcke, H., Janssens, A., and Raes, F. (1985) "The equilibrium
of attached  and  unattached  radon  daughters  in  the  domestic
environment", Sci. Total Environ., 45:251-260.

KEYWORD: radon, particulate, ventilation, model, dose,  exposure,
field, aerosol

The   Jacobi   Room  Model  is  applied  to  fit  radon  daughter
concentrations measured in a room.  The aerosol size distribution
and  ventilation  rate  are  measured  simultaneously.  The  mean
deposition  rate fitted to these experiments is 16 h-1.  Once all
parameters are fixed,  the unattached fraction and the  effective
dose equivalent are calculated, and compared to the Working Level
concept.


0387
Vedel,  A.,  and  Nielsen,  P.A.  (1984)  "Phthalate esters in the
indoor environment", Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J.,
Eds.,"Indoor air, vol.  3, sensory and hyperactivity reactions to
sick   buildings",   Swedish   Council   for  Building  Research,
Stockholm, pp. 309-314.  NTIS PB85-104206.
                              333

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KEYWORD: phthalate, source, health, literature,   field, exposure,
outdoor, particulate, architecture

This paper gives an overall evaluation of  the  actual  state  of
knowledge about phthalates.  Phthalate esters have boiling points
higher  than  250  degrees  C.,  and for that reason have not been
studied as an indoor air pollutant.  However, phthalates are used
in  many  modern  building  materials,   e.g.,   floor  and  wall
coverings,  paints,  and  electrical  lines.  Many  toxicological
studies have been made on phthalates.


0547
Vimpani,  G.,  McMichael, A., Robertson, E., and Wigg, N.  (1985)
"The Port Pirie study:  a prospective study of pregnancy  outcome
and  early  childhood  growth  and  development in a lead-exposed
community protocol and status report", Environ.  Res., 38:19-23.

KEYWORD: Pb, biomonitoring, sampling, health, children, economic,
statistical, demographic, foreign, Australia, pregnancy

The Port Pirie,  Australia,  environment and pregnancy study was
established  in  1979  to  study  the  relationship of cumulative
postconception Pb exposure to pregnancy outcome and to  postnatal
growth  and  development.  Of  the possible 735 newborns followed
since  the  antenatal   period,   researchers   anticipate   that
growth/development  data  will  be  obtained through the age of 7
years for 600 of these children.  Serial measures  of  blood  Pb,
and  subsequently  dental Pb measures,  will allow examination of
relationships among Pb burden,  a range  of  environmental/social
covariates, and developmental data.


0526
Vo-Dinh,   Tuan  (1983)  "A  personnel  or  area  dosimeter   for
polynuclear aromatic vapors", in "proceedings: National symposium
on  recent  advances  in  pollutant monitoring of ambient air and
stationary sources,  held at Raleigh,  NC,  May 4-7,  1982,  U.S.
EPA,   Environmental  Monitoring  Systems  Laboratory,   Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711, pp. 289-300.  NTIS PB84-148345.

KEYWORD: pyrene, PAH,phenanthrene,quinoline,QA,personal,exposure,
methodology

A  new  passive  dosimeter  has  been  developed  for  monitoring
airborne vapors and  liquid  aerosols  of  potentially  hazardous
polynuclear  aromatic compounds.  The device is a self-contained,
badge-size unit that  passively  collects  on  filter  paper  the
compounds   to  be  monitored  at  a  diffusion-controlled  rate.
Collection   is   followed   by   in-situ,    room    temperature
phosphorescence   analysis  of  the  compounds  adsorbed  on  the


                              334

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dosimeter.  The dosimeter can  detect  pyrene, phenanthrene,  and
quinoline at sub-ppb levels for an 8-hour exposure.


0322
Vo-Dinh,  Tuan  (1985)  "Development of a dosimeter for personnel
exposure to vapors of  polyaromatic  pollutants",  Environ.  Sci.
Technol., 19 (10)997-1003.

KEYWORD: PAH, pyrene, phenanthrene, quinoline, personal,exposure,
methodology, QA

A  new personal dosimeter based on molecular diffusion and direct
detection by room  temperature  phosphorescence  (RTF)  has  been
developed  to monitor vapors of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH).  The dosimeter is a simple,  pen-size device that requires
no  sample extraction for analysis.  By proper calibration of the
dosimeters,  the time-weighted average exposure to the pollutants
can  be  determined  directly on the sample collection substrate.
The dosimeters can detect a variety  of  PAH  compounds  such  as
pyrene,  phenanthrene,  and quinoline at 2.5,  0.5,  and 0.75 ppb
vapor concentrations, respectively, after 1 hour of exposure.


0441
Wade,  W.A.,  III,  Cote,  W.A.,  and Yocom, J.E.  (June 1974) "A
study of indoor air quality" Paper no.  74-50,  presented at  the
67th  annual  meeting  of  the Air Pollution Control Association,
P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (28 pages).

KEYWORD: NO, N02, appliance,  EPA$,  outdoor,  exposure,  source,
 CO, field

As  part of a larger program to investigate indoor sources of air
pollution, an indoor/outdoor sampling program was carried out for
NO, NO2, and CO in three homes with gas stoves.  The study houses
represented different surrounding  land  use,  life  styles,  and
house   age  and  layout.   The  pollutant  gases  were  measured
essentially simultaneously at  three  indoor  locations  and  one
outdoor  location by single multiplexed NO-NO2 and CO instruments
that used a sample switching system.  The results thus  far  show
that  indoor  levels  of NO and N02 are directly related to stove
use  in  the  homes  tested.   Furthermore,  these  stoves  often
produced  more  NO2  than  NO,  and  average levels of NO2 in the
kitchen  could  exceed  100  ug/m3.   Indoor  CO   concentrations
appeared  to be influenced more by outdoor activities (automotive
traffic) than  by  indoor  sources.  In  a  diffusion  experiment
conducted  in one home,  the half-life for NO2 was less than one-
third that for either NO or CO.  Oxidation of NO to N02 (based on
comparing the half-life of NO to CO) does not appear to occur  to
a significant degree indoors.


                              335

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0655
Wade,  W.A.,  III,  Cote, W.A.,  and Yocum, J.E.  (Sept.  1975) "A
study of indoor air  quality",  J.  Air  Pollut. Control  Assoc.,
25(9):933-939.

KEYWORD: NO2, NO, CO,home,outdoor, field,EPA$, appliance, source,
exposure

As  part of a larger program to investigate indoor sources of air
pollution, NO, N02,  and CO were monitored in four private houses
with  gas  stoves.  The  four houses chosen for study represented
different surrounding land use,   life styles,  and house age  and
layout.  The  gases  were  measured essentially simultaneously at
three indoor locations and  one  outdoor  location.  The  results
showed  that  indoor levels of NO and NO2 are directly related to
stove use in the homes  tested.   Furthermore,  the  stoves  often
produced more NO2 than NO.  In some instances,  the levels of N02
and CO in the kitchen exceeded  the  air  quality  standards  for
these  pollutants  outdoors.  The  data  for the sampling periods
were typical of an entire year.   A diffusion experiment conducted
in one of the houses showed that the half-life for NO2  was  less
than  one-third that for either NO or CO.  Oxidation of NO to N02
(based  upon comparing the half-life of NO to CO) does not appear
to occur to a significant degree indoors.


0715
Walker, Muriel V., and Weschler, Charles J.  (1980) "Water-soluble
components of size-fractionated aerosols collected after hours in
a modern office building", Environ. Sci. Tech., 14(5):594-597.

KEYWORD: office,  aerosol,  particulate, outdoor,  SO4, NH4, NO3,
Na, chloride

Size-fractionated aerosol samples were collected after hours in  a
modern   six-story   office  building  with  approximately  4,000
employees.   The  total  water-soluble  content  of  the  aerosol
decreases   with  increasing  particle  size,   as  indicated  by
conductivity  measurements.  Sulfate  and  ammonium  are  chiefly
responsible for this trend,  while nitrate,  chloride, and sodium
are fairly evenly distributed  throughout  the  size-fractionated
samples.  Indeed, acid ammonium sulfate accounts for the majority
of  the water-soluble material in the submicron aerosol.  In this
size range,  the  indoor  sulfate  values  are  very   similar  to
reported  outdoor  values.  The results suggest that,  consistent
with the building's air filtration system,  the gross  features of
the  indoor  and outdoor aerosols in the submicron size range are
similar, while differences are more pronounced  in the  larger size
ranges.


                              336

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0127
Wallace,   L.,  Pellizzari,  E.,  Hartwell,  T.,   Sparacino,  C.,
Sheldon, L., and Zelon,  H.  (1984) "Personal exposures,  outdoor
concentrations,   and  breath  levels  of  toxic  air  pollutants
measured for 425 persons in urban,  suburban,  and rural  areas",
Paper no. 84-1.8, presented at the 77th annual meeting of the Air
Pollution Control Association,  P.O.  Box  2861,   Pittsburgh,  PA
15230 (18 pages).

KEYWORD: VOC, outdoor, TEAM,  personal,  exposure,  water,  EPA$,
field, QA, biomonitoring

EPA's Total Exposure Assessment Methodology  (TEAM) study measured
exposures  to  20  volatile  organic  compounds  in personal air,
outdoor air,  drinking water,  and breath of 370 persons  in  New
Jersey, 25 in North Dakota, and 30 in North Carolina during 1980-
82.  The  New  Jersey  residents  were  selected by a probability
sampling scheme to represent 120,000 inhabitants of Elizabeth and
Bayonne.  Participants carried a personal monitor to collect  two
12-hour  outdoor  air samples and gave a breath sample at the end
of the day.  Two consecutive 12-hour  outdoor  air  samples  were
also  collected on identical Tenax cartridges  in the backyards of
90 of the participants.  About 3,000 samples were  collected,  of
which  1,000 were quality control samples.  Eleven compounds were
often present in the  air.  Personal  exposures  were  invariably
higher than outdoor concentrations for these chemicals, sometimes
10 times higher.  Indoor sources appeared responsible for much of
the  differences.  Breath  concentrations  also  usually exceeded
outdoor  concentrations,   and  correlated  more  strongly   with
personal exposures than with outdoor concentrations.


0004
Wallace,  L.,  Pellizzari,  E.,  Hartwell,  T.,  Perritt, K., and
Ziegenfus, R.  (in press) "Exposures to benzene and other volatile
compounds from active and passive smoking",Arch. Environ. Health.

KEYWORD: aromatic,benzene,biomonitoring,VOC, exposure,field,home,
monitor,TEAM,smoking,office,source,statistical,EPA$,outdoor

Personal  exposures and breath concentrations  of approximately 20
volatile organics were measured for  200  smokers  and  322  non-
smokers  in New Jersey and California.  Smokers had significantly
elevated breath levels of benzene,  styrene,   ethylbenzene,  m+p-
xylene,  o-xylene, and octane.  The first four aromatic compounds
increased significantly with the  number  of   cigarettes  smoked.
Based  on  direct  measurements  of  benzene   in cigarette smoke,
calculations show that a  typical  smoker  is  exposed  to  2  mg
benzene/day,  compared  to  0.2  mg/day for the nonsmoker.  Thus,


                              337

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cigarette smoking is the most important  source  of  exposure  to
benzene  for  about  50  million U.S.  citizens.  Passive smokers
exposed at work had significantly elevated levels or aromatics in
their breath.  Indoor levels  increased  significantly  in  homes
with  smokers  in some measurement groups but not in others.  The
average increase for benzene was 3.6 ug/m3,  and for styrene , 0.5
ug/m3,  about  a  50%  relative  increase  in  each  case.  Thus,
exposure   to   benzene   and   styrene   may  increase  for  the
approximately 60% of children  and  other  nonsmokers  living  in
homes with smokers.
0126
Wallace,  L., Zweidinger, R., Erickson, M.,  Cooper, S., Whitaker,
D., and Pellizzari, E.D.  (1982) "Monitoring individual exposure:
measurements of volatile organic compounds in breathing zone air,
drinking water and exhaled breath", Environ.  Int., 8:269-282.

KEYWORD: methodology, water, biomonitoring,   field,  statistical,
personal, exposure, EPA$, VOC

Methods  for  determining individual exposure to volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) during normal daily activities were field tested
on university student volunteers in  Texas  and  North  Carolina.
The  equipment  tested included a personal exposure monitor (PEM)
employing Tenax GC to collect organic vapors for  later  analysis
by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and a specially designed
spirometer  for  collecting  samples  of  expired human breath on
duplicate  Tenax  cartridges.   The  PEM  and  spirometer  proved
feasible for collecting abundant quantitative data on most of the
15 target organics.  Exposures to many VOCs in air varied widely,
sometimes  over three orders of magnitude,  among students of the
same campus who had been monitored  at  the  same  time.  A  log-
linear  relationship  between  breathing-zone  air  exposures and
concentrations  in  exhaled  breath  was  suggested   for   three
chemicals:    tetrachloroethylene,   1,1,1-trichloroethane,   and
vinylidene chloride.  Air was the main route of exposure for  all
target  compounds except for chloroform and bromodichloromethane,
which were transmitted  mainly  through  water.  Estimated  total
daily intake through air and water of the target organics was 0.3
to   12.6   mg,   with   1,1,1-trichloroethane   at  the  highest
concentrations in both geographic areas.


0051
Wallace,  L.A.,  Pellizzari, E.D., Hartwell, T.D., Sparacino, C.,
and Zelon, H. (June 1983) "Personal exposure to volatile organics
and other compounds indoors and  outdoors  —  the  TEAM  study",
Paper no. 83-9.12 presented at the 76th annual meeting of the Air
Pollution  Control Association,  P.O.  Box 2861,  Pittsburgh,  PA
15230 (29 pages).


                              338

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KEYWORD: VOC,  field, water,  outdoor,  personal, exposure, TEAM,
distribution, biomonitoring, EPA$, activity

As part of  the  Total  Exposure  Assessment  Methodology  (TEAM)
study,  individual  24-hour  exposures  to  18  volatile  organic
compounds were measured for 375 randomly selected  volunteers  in
Bayonne and Elizabeth,  NJ, in the fall of 1981.  Two 12-hour air
samples  and  two  drinking  water  samples  were  collected  and
analyzed  for  each  volunteer.  Two 12-hour backyard air samples
were also collected for a subset of 100 subjects.  Exhaled breath
samples were taken at the end of  the  24-hour  period.  Subjects
kept  diaries  detailing  their  activites  during the monitoring
period.  Comparisons  of  outdoor  concentrations  with  personal
exposures show large variations for many chemicals.  Correlations
between  chemical  concentrations  in  air,  drinking water,  and
exhaled breath show that for some chemicals,  breath measurements
may  be  useful  as  indicators  of previous exposure.  Frequency
distribution of exposures is estimated for the entire  population
of the two-city area based on the 375-person sample.


0719
Wallace,  L.A.,  and  Pellizzari,   E.D.   (1986)  "Personal  air
exposures and breath concentrations of benzene and other volatile
hydrocarbons for smokers and nonsmokers", Toxicol. Lett., 35:113-
116.

KEYWORD: smoking, biomonitoring, VOC, exposure,field,hydrocarbon,
seasonal,aromatic, EPA$, personal

Personal  air  exposures  and exhaled breath concentrations of 20
volatile organic compounds were measured for 198 smokers and  322
nonsmokers in five U.S.  cities:  Bayonne and Elizabeth, NJ;  Los
Angeles,  CA;  and Antioch and Pittsburgh, PA  (1980-84).  Smokers
showed  significantly  increased  breath  concentrations  of  six
hydrocarbons:  benzene,  styrene,  ethylbenzene,  o-xylene,  m+p-
xylene,  and octane.  During fall and winter,  homes with smokers
had  higher  indoor air concentrations of the same compounds than
homes  without  smokers.   Nonsmokers   exposed   at   work   had
significantly  higher  levels  of  benzene and other aromatics in
their breath than unexposed nonsmokers.


0145
Wallace,  Lance (Nov.  1984) "Do buildings  make  people  sick?",
Paper  presented  at  the symposium of the American Institute for
Architects held  in  San  Francisco,  CA.  U.S.  EPA,  Office  of
Research and Development,  Washington,  DC 20460 (11 pages).  Not
available from NTIS.
                              339

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KEYWORD: CO, NO2, radon, particulate, VOC,architecture,pesticide,
EPA$

This paper discusses the "sick building syndrome" and  pollutants
that  contribute  to  this  problem.   The  important  pollutants
discussed are radon,  respirable  particles,  volatile  organics,
pesticides,   NO2,  and  CO.   Examples  of  levels  of  specific
pollutants measured in buildings and private homes are given, and
alternative  corrective  measures  are  suggested.  This  design-
oriented article is directed toward architects.
0282
Wallace,  Lance A.  (1983) "Carbon monoxide in air and breath  of
employees  in  an  underground office",  J.  Air Pollut.  Control
Assoc., 33(7):678-682.

KEYWORD: CO,  methodology, personal,  exposure,  source, control,
method, biomonitoring, EPA$, office, smoking

An office containing about 65 employees was found to have  8-hour
average  CO  concentrations  of  18  to  26  ppm during a week in
winter.  On one Friday afternoon,  20 nonsmoking  office  workers
had  alveolar CO levels of 23 (+/- 3) ppm compared to levels of 8
(+/- 2) ppm in six nonsmoking workers in  other  offices  in  the
same  building.  After  a  weekend  at home,  the affected office
workers had alveolar CO levels of 7  (+/~ 2) ppm.  The  source  of
the high CO levels was attributed to a parking garage on the same
level  as  the  office.  Closing fire doors and activating garage
fans  rectified  the  situation.   The  breath  sampling   method
required  a correction factor based on the difference between the
true alveolar CO and the CO level in  the  surrounding  air.  The
methods  and  equipment  employed  in  this  study   (personal air
monitors,   electronic  data  loggers,   breath   sampling)   are
recommended  for  screening and identifying potential CO problems
in buildings with similar conditions.


0497
Wallace,  Lance A.   (in press) "Personal   exposures,  indoor  and
outdoor air concentrations,  and exhaled breath concentrations of
selected volatile organic compounds measured for 600 residents of
New  Jersey,  North  Dakota,   North  Carolina  and  California",
Toxicol.  Environ. Chem.

KEYWORD: VOC, outdoor, exposure, personal, source, field,  water,
QA, TEAM, biomonitoring,  EPA$, smoking, styrene, benzene

EPA's Total Exposure  Assessment  Methodology   (TEAM)   study  has
measured  exposures  to 20 volatile  organic compounds in personal
air, outdoor air, drinking water,  and breath of 600 residents of


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New  Jersey,   North  Carolina,  North  Dakota,  and  California.
Participants in the study were selected  in  such  a  way  as  to
represent  700,000  inhabitants  of  seven  cities.  Participants
carried a personal monitor that collected two 12-hour air samples
and gave a breath sample at the end of each day.  Two consecutive
12-hour outdoor air samples  were  also  collected  on  identical
Tenax  cartridges  in  the backyards of some of the participants.
Researchers collected 7,500 samples (2,000 of which were quality-
control samples) and frequently found 11  compounds  in  the  air
samples.   Personal   exposures  were  consistently  higher  than
outdoor  concentrations,   and  indoor  sources  appeared  to  be
responsible for the higher concentrations.  Some activities  (such
as  smoking  or  visiting  dry  cleaners or service stations) and
occupations (involving chemical, paint, and plastics plants) were
associated  with  significantly  elevated  exposures  and  breath
levels  for  certain  toxic chemicals.  Residing near major point
sources, however, did not affect exposure.


0437
Wallace,  Lance A.,  et al.  (in press) "California  TEAM  study:
breath  concentrations  and  personal  exposures  to  26 volatile
compounds in air and drinking  water  of  188  residents  of  Los
Angeles, Antioch, and Pittsburg, California", Atmos. Environ.

KEYWORD: TEAM, VOC, personal, exposure,outdoor,water, EPA$,field,
biomonitoring, smoking, vehicle, statistical, halocarbon

In 1984, EPA's Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) study
measured  personal  exposures to 26 volatile organic chemicals in
the air,  drinking water,  and exhaled breath of  188  California
residents.  Often,  16  chemicals  were  found above quantifiable
limits in the personal air samples, but only four trihalomethanes
were found in drinking  water.   The  highest  exposures  were  to
1,1,1-tetrachloroethylene.  Indoor  air  concentrations generally
exceeded  outdoor  concentrations,  particularly  at  the  higher
percentiles.  Breath  concentrations  of  eight  chemicals showed
significant   correlations   with    preceding    personal    air
concentrations  in  the  two  visits  to  Los  Angeles.  Smoking,
employment,  and automobile-related activities were identified as
important sources of personal exposure to the target compounds.


0136
Wallace,  Lance,  et  al.  (1984)   "Personal exposure to volatile
organic compounds — 1.  direct measurements in breathing-zone air,
drinking  water,  food,  and  exhaled  breath",  Environ.   Res.,
35:293-319.

KEYWORD: VOC,   field,  personal,  exposure, biomonitoring,  food,
methodology, water, EPA$
                              341

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A pilot study to test methods of estimating personal exposures to
toxic substances and corresponding body burdens was  carried  out
from  July  to  December  1980.  Individual  exposures to about a
dozen volatile organic compounds in air and drinking  water  were
measured  for nine volunteers in Bayonne and Elizabeth,  NJ,  and
for three volunteers in Research Triangle Park, NC,  during three
3-day  visits  over the 6-month period.  Breath samples were also
collected  from  all  subjects  on  each  visit.  Composite  food
samples were collected in each locality.  Sampling and analytical
methods for air, water, food, and breath were evaluated and found
generally  capable  of detecting concentrations as low as 1 ug/m3
in air and breath,  and 1 ng/m3 in  water  and  food.  About  230
personal  air  samples,  170  drinking  water samples,  66 breath
samples, and 4 food samples  (16 composites) were analyzed for the
target chemicals.  Probable  exposure  routes  are  discussed  in
detail.
0336
Wallace, L., Bromberg, S., Pellizzari, E., Hartwell,  Ty,  Zelon,
H.  and Sheldon,  L.   (1984) "Plan and preliminary results of the
U.S.  Environmental Protection  Agency's  indoor  air  monitoring
program: 1982", Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J., Eds.
"Indoor air,  vol.  1, recent advances in the health sciences and
technology",  Swedish  Council for Building  Research,  Stockholm,
pp. 173-178.  NTIS PB85-104180.

KEYWORD: school, outdoor, field, VOC, PCB,particulate,CH2O, home,
pesticide,office,smoking,exposure,EPA$,ventilation,seasonal

EPA   initiated  an  indoor   air  monitoring  program   in   1982,
concentrating on commercial  or public-access buildings  (homes for
the elderly,  schools,   and  office buildings).  Several  buildings
from  each category were  sampled over  2-  to  3-day  periods  for
volatile    organics,   respirable   particulates,   formaldehyde,
pesticides,  PCBs, and  other  pollutants.  Simultaneous outdoor air
samples and tracer gas samples were taken to  determine  outdoor-
indoor ratios and air  exchange rates.  One new building  from each
category  was   sampled  intermittently  for  1  year to  determine
temporal  trends  in   the   indoor  concentrations  of    organics.
Preliminary  results    from  the  first  building  sampled  are
presented.   Broad-spectrum  analyses for organics   identified  350
chemicals   in   indoor  air   in  the home  for the elderly.   Indoor
concentrations  of 10 volatile organic chemicals exceeded  outdoor
concentrations  by 50 to   100%.  Smoking   increased 24-hour fine
particulate  (< 2.5   urn) concentrations by 20 to  30 ug/m3,  with
associated  short-term  peaks  of 300 ug/ra3.
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0429
Wallace, L., et al. (1986) "Concentrations of 20 volatile organic
compounds in the air and drinking water of 350 residents  of  New
Jersey compared with concentrations in their exhaled breath",  J.
OCCUp. Med., 28(8):603-608.

KEYWORD: personal, field,EPA$, water, biomonitoring, statistical,
exposure, TEAM, VOC, methodology, outdoor, sampling

Twenty volatile organic compounds were measured in  the  personal
air and drinking water of 350 New Jersey residents in the fall of
1981.  Two  consecutive  12-hour  integrated personal air samples
and two tap water samples were collected from  each  participant.
At  the  end  of the 24-hour monitoring period,  each participant
supplied  a  sample  of  exhaled  breath.   Simultaneous  outdoor
samples  were  collected  in  100  residential  locations  in two
cities.  Eleven compounds were present much of the time  in  air,
but  only  four   (the  trihalomethanes) in water;  wide ranges of
exposures  (three to four orders of magnitude) were noted for most
compounds.    Ten   of   11   compounds   displayed   significant
correlations between air exposures and breath concentrations; the
llth  compound  (chloroform)  was  correlated with drinking water
exposures.  Researchers concluded that breath measurements are  a
feasible,  cost-effective,  and highly sensitive way to determine
environmental and  occupational  exposures  to  volatile  organic
compounds.


0087
Wallace, L.A., Pellizzari,  E.,  Leaderer,  B.,  Zelon,  H.,  and
Sheldon, L.   (1987) "Emissions of volatile organic compounds from
building  materials  and  consumer  products",  Atmos.  Environ.,
21:385-393.

KEYWORD: VOC, TEAM, source, personal, home,  activity,  emission,
office, industrial, exposure, EPA$, architecture

EPA's  Total  Exposure  Assessment  Methodology  (TEAM)  study of
personal exposure to volatile organic compounds  (VOC) in air  and
drinking  water   identified  many possible sources encountered in
peoples' normal activities and homes.  A follow-up EPA  study  of
public-access  buildings  implicated  other  potential sources of
exposure.  To  learn  more  about  these  potential  sources,  15
building  materials  and  common  consumer products were analyzed
using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry headspace  technique
to  detect  organic  emissions  and  to compare relative amounts.
About 10 to 100 organic compounds were being   emitted  from  each
material.  For some chemicals,  measured levels could account for
a significant fraction of the elevated concentrations observed in
previous indoor air studies.  Common materials  found  in  nearly
every  home  and place of business may elevate exposures to toxic


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chemicals.
0018
Wallace, L.A., Pellizzari, E.D., Hartwell, T.D.,  Sparacino,  C.,
and Zelon, H.  (1983) "Personal exposure to volatile organics and
other compounds indoors and outdoors —  the  TEAM  study",  U.S.
EPA,  Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC    20460
(35 pages).  NTIS PB83-231357.

KEYWORD: VOC, biomonitoring,sampling, design, personal, exposure,
outdoor, EPA$, methodology, field, statistical

The major objective of this study is to develop and field test  a
methodology  for  measuring  individual  human  exposure to toxic
substances.  A secondary objective  is  to  develop  methods  for
estimating  body  burden with the use of biological measurements.
All significant pathways of exposure are addressed.  In  Phase  1
of  the study,  sampling and analytical protocols were tested for
volatile organic compounds,  organochlorine  pesticides,  metals,
and polyaromatic hydrocarbons.  In Phase 2,  exposure through air
and drinking water and excretion  rates  through  inhaled  breath
were  measured  for  a statistically valid sample population.  It
was determined that personal  air  median  concentrations  ranged
from  40  to  320%  higher than outdoor fixed air concentrations.
Correlations between personal and outdoor samples were  poor.  It
was   concluded  that  personal  air,   indoor  air,   or  breath
measurements  are  far  superior  to  outdoor  measurements   for
estimating  exposure.  The  study is currently entering its third
phase.


0487
Wallace, L.A., Pellizzari, E.D., and Gordon, S.M.  (1985) "Organic
chemicals in  indoor air:  a review of human exposure studies  and
indoor  air quality studies",  Gammage,  R.B.,  Kaye,  S.V.,  and
Jacobs,  V.A.,  Eds.,  "Indoor  air  and  human  health",   Lewis
Publishers,   Inc., P.O.  Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI 48118, pp.  361-
378.

KEYWORD: TEAM, halocarbon, personal, exposure,VOC, outdoor, home,
smoking, source, field, EPA$, regulation

This  paper   reviews  several  major   studies   concerning   the
concentrations  of volatile organic compounds  (VOCs) in homes and
public buildings.  EPA's Total  Exposure  Assessment  Methodology
 (TEAM)   study   determined   12-hour  integrated  exposures  and
corresponding breath levels of  20  to   25  target  VOCs   in  650
households in six cities  (Bayonne and Elizabeth, NJ;  Greensboro,
NC; Devils Lake, ND;  and Los Angeles and Antioch, CA).  The TEAM
study   indicated  that  personal  air exposures were greater than


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outdoor air concentrations.  The halocarbon study determined  12-
hour integrated exposures to 20 to 30 halogenated hydrocarbons in
150 households in Baton Rouge, LA;  Houston, TX;  and Greensboro,
NC.  The results confirmed the conclusion that indoor  levels  of
nearly  all  common  target  chemicals  are  higher  than outdoor
levels.  Seven other  VOC  studies  are  briefly  discussed.  VOC
sources are summarized.
0015
Wallace, Lance A. (1981) "Recent progress in developing and using
personal monitors to measure human exposure to  air  pollutants",
Environ. Int., 5:73-75.

KEYWORD: particulate, CO, vinyl,personal,exposure, monitor, EPA$,
NO2, literature, VOC

Within the last 2 years,  great progress has  been  made  in  the
field  of  personal  air  quality monitors.  Improvements in pump
design,   miniaturization,   adsorption   techniques,   and   new
collection  principles  have  produced  about  a  dozen sensitive
monitors capable of being used by the general public  to  measure
their  normal  everyday  exposure  to  many toxic or carcinogenic
compounds.  Field-tested personal exposure monitors for  volatile
organics, inhalable particulates, CO, NO2, and vinyl chloride are
briefly summarized.


0474
Wallace, Lance A. (1982) "Measuring direct individual exposure to
toxic substances", Tox. Subst. J., 4(3):174-183.

KEYWORD: personal, exposure, monitor,  EPA$,  methodology,  TEAM,
biomonitoring, literature,  field, research

Recent  technological   advances have made it possible to directly
measure a person's exposure to toxic substances through all major
pathways  (air,   food,   water).  Other described advances   include
those  that make it possible to measure the same  toxic substances
as  they are   absorbed,  exhaled,  or  stored  by  the  body.  The
concept of using these  advances to measure total  exposure  is also
discussed  and   illustrated,  by reference,  to ongoing research.
Finally,  the author outlines major areas where further  work  is
needed.
0061
Wallace, Lance A.  (June  1979)  "Use  of personal monitor  to measure
commuter   exposure   to   carbon  monoxide   in  vehicle   passenger
compartments",   Paper no.  79-59.2,  presented at  the   72nd   annual
meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association,  P.O.   Box 2861,


                               345

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Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (15 pages).

KEYWORD: CO, statistical,ventilation, vehicle,interior, personal,
exposure, monitoring, EPA$

Exposure  to CO while commuting to and from Washington,  DC,  was
measured for 4 weeks during the summer of 1978 using  a  personal
exposure  monitor.  Mean  exposure  level was 11.7 (+/- 4.9) ppm.
Air-conditioned buses had interior CO concentrations  60%  higher
than   non-air-conditioned  buses.   City  driving  increased  CO
exposures by 50%.  Little correlation (r = 0.1) was noted between
ambient  levels  and  commuter  exposures;   the  more  important
variable  appeared  to  be whether the particular vehicle had air
conditioning.  Variations in exposure aboard a  single  bus  were
small;  interbus  variations  were  larger.   One  defective  bus
(interior levels 100 ppm) was encountered.


0438
Wallace, Lance A.,  et al.  (1984) "Analysis of exhaled breath of
355  urban  residents for volatile organic compounds",  Berglund,
B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell, J.,  Eds.,  "Indoor air,  vol.  4,
chemical characterization and personal exposure", Swedish Council
for Building Research,  Stockholm, pp. 15-20.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: TEAM, VOC, personal,  source,  water,  monitor, exposure,
EPA$, biomonitoring, field, statistical, outdoor, sample

EPA's Total Exposure Assessment Methodology  (TEAM) study measured
personal  exposures  to  19 volatile organic compounds in air and
drinking water of 355 residents of  Elizabeth  and  Bayonne,  NJ.
Subjects  were selected from a two-stage probability design to be
representative of the entire  population  (122,000)  of  the  two
cities.  Personal  monitors   (Tenax-GC  cartridges) collected two
consecutive  12-hour  samples  of  breathing-zone  air  for  each
participant.  A  drinking  water  sample  was also collected from
each  person.   Outdoor  air  samples  were  collected  from   90
participants'  backyards.  At  the  end of the 24-hour monitoring
period, a breath sample was collected from each participant.  All
samples were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass  spectrometry
computerized   techniques.    Of   the   target   compounds,   11
(chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene,  styrene,  o-xylene,
carbon    tetrachloride,     m/p-xylene,     m/p-dichlorobenzene,
ethylbenzene, trichloroethylene,  and tetrachloroethylene) showed
consistently  high  concentrations  in  personal  air  and breath
samples than in  outdoor  samples.  This  indicates  that  indoor
sources  of  all these chemicals are prevalent and more effective
in delivering  a  dose  than  outdoor  sources.  The  researchers
concluded  that  breath  analysis  is  useful  in identifying and
quantifying  previous  exposures,   and  in  detecting  increased
exposures due to indoor sources and personal activities.
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0285
Wallace, Lance A.,  et al.   (in press) "The TEAM study:  personal
exposures to toxic substances in air,  drinking water, and breath
of 400  residents  of  New  Jersey,  North  Carolina,  and  North
Dakota", Environ. Res.

KEYWORD: VOC, TEAM, personal, exposure, monitor, source, smoking,
field, benzene, outdoor, styrene, EPA$, water, biomonitoring, QA

EPA's  Total  Exposure  Assessment  Methodology  (TEAM) study has
measured exposures to 20 volatile organic compounds  in  personal
air,  outdoor air, drinking water, and breath of 400 residents of
New  Jersey,  North  Carolina,  and  North  Dakota.  Participants
carried a personal monitor to collect two 12-hour air samples and
gave  a breath sample at the end of the day.  Two consecutive 12-
hour outdoor air samples were also collected on  identical  Tenax
cartidges  in  the  backyards of some of the participants.  About
5,000 samples were collected, of which 1,500 were quality control
samples.  Ten compounds were often present in  personal  air  and
breath   samples  at  all  locations.   Personal  exposures  were
consistently  higher  than  outdoor  concentrations   for   these
chemicals,  sometimes  10  times higher.  Indoor sources appeared
responsible for much of  the  difference.  Breath  concentrations
also  often exceeded outdoor concentrations,  and correlated more
strongly   with   personal   exposures    than    with    outdoor
concentrations.  Some activities (smoking,  visiting dry cleaners
or  service  stations)  and  occupations  (chemical,  paint,  and
plastics  plants)  were  associated  with  significantly elevated
exposures and breath levels for certain  toxic  chemicals.  Homes
with  smokers  had  significantly  increased  benzene and styrene
levels in indoor air.  Living near major point  sources  did  not
affect exposure.


0016
Wallace, Lance A., and Ott, Wayne R. (1982)  "Personal monitors: a
state-of-the-art  survey",   J.   Air  Pollut.   Control  Assoc.,
32(6):601-610.

KEYWORD: field,personal, exposure, monitor,PAH,radon,VOC,SOx,NOx,
halocarbon,particulate,03,metal,methodology,laboratory,EPA$

Recent advances in technology have resulted in development  of  a
number  of  small  lightweight  devices  that can be carried by a
person throughout the day to record personal exposure to selected
air pollutants.  The essential characteristics,  advantages,  and
problems  associated  with  personal  monitors  are discussed and
compared to  the  characteristics  of  fixed-station  monitoring.
Personal  monitors  generally  are superior to fixed monitors for


                              347

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estimating  pesonal  exposure,   at  least   for   selected   air
pollutants,    They   permit   collecting   data   on   pollutant
concentrations  that  people  normally  come  into  contact  with
throughout  their  daily activities— indoors,  outdoors,  and in
various  modes   of   transportation.   These   new   instruments
ultimately could transform how human exposure to air pollution is
estimated.
0209
Wallace, Lance A., and Ziegenfus, Robert C. (1985) "Comparison of
carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in adult nonsmokers with ambient
carbon  monoxide  levels",   J.   Air  Pollut.   Control  Assoc.,
35(9):944-949.

KEYWORD: CO, biomonitoring, QA, outdoor, laboratory, statistical,
analysis, risk, assessment, EPA$, smoking

Blood  samples  from  several  thousand  current  nonsmokers were
collected by the National Center for  Health  Statistics  between
1976  and  1980  in  the  Second  National  Health  and Nutrition
Evaluation Survey (NHANES II).  The blood samples  were  analyzed
for carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) using highly sensitive techniques by
two laboratories under rigorous quality control procedures.  COHb
levels of 1528 persons were compared to the immediately preceding
1-hour  and  8-hour  ambient  CO  averages  in  20  U.S.  cities.
Spearman rank correlation coefficients between COHb  and  ambient
CO  were not significant for a large majority of  fixed-monitoring
stations in the 20 cities.  No improvement  was   shown  when  the
comparisons were limited to central-city residents.  A regression
of  all  1528 COHb levels on the most predictive  ambient stations
in each city indicated that 3% of the variance in COHb levels was
explained by the fixed  stations.  Therefore,  fixed  outdoor  CO
monitors  are not,  in general,  providing useful estimates of CO
exposures  of  urban  residents.  Attempting  to  protect  public
health   by   setting   an   outdoor   standard   for  CO  may  be
inappropriate.


0592
Wallace, Lance.  A.   (1985) "Organics overview",  Gammage,  R.B.,
Kaye, S.V., and Jacobs, V.A., Eds.,"Indoor air and human health",
Lewis Publishers,  Inc., P.O.  Drawer 519, Chelsea, MI, pp.  331-
333.

KEYWORD: VOC,personal,exposure,health, methodology, architecture,
source, regulation, EPA$

Because organic pollutants may  cause  cancer,  they  are  feared
constituents  of chemical and industrial emissions  (Cancer Alley,
NJ)  and hazardous waste dumps  (Love Canal,  NY).  Multibillion  -


                              348

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dollar Federal programs,  such as Superfund and National Emission
Standards  for  Hazardous  Air  Pollutants  (NESHAPS),  have been
initiated to regulate the sources.  However,  recent  studies have
implicated  the   indoor environment as another major  and possibly
more important source of  organic  pollutants.  If  corroborated,
the  findings  will  have  profound  implications  for  builders,
regulators, and researchers.


0379
Wallach, Charles  (1984) "Video display health hazard  safeguards",
Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell,  J.,  Eds.,  "Indoor air,
vol.  3,  sensory and hyperactivity reactions to sick buildings",
Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm,  pp.  169-174.
NTIS PB85-104206.

KEYWORD: particulate, exposure, health, epidemiology,statistical,
ion, video, EPA$, control


Recent scientific and popular literature contains many references
to the real and purported health hazards to which  video  display
terminal  (VDT)   operators  are  exposed.  The  popular press has
dwelled  on  the  hazards  with  little  emphasis  on means   of
prevention.  The  authors  review the real symptoms and suspected
causes  and  discuss  correlations  with  exposure  duration  and
frequency  on  the  basis of large,  statistical samplings of VDT
operators.  State-of-the-art safeguards and  counter-measures  are
presented  as  practical,  economical alternatives to the costly,
draconian emergency measures that are now being widely adopted to
protect VDT operators from the short- and  long-term  effects  of
VDT Operators' Distress Syndrome.


0600
Walsh,   Phillip,  Killough,  George,  and  Rohwer,    Paul  (1978)
"Composite  hazard  index  for  assessing  limiting   exposures to
environmental pollutants:  formulation and derivation",  Environ.
Sci. Technol., 12(7):799-802.

KEYWORD: exposure, dose, risk, microenvironment,  multipollutant,
health,  multimedia, model

A  calculational  hazard  index  methodology   was  developed for
limiting human exposure to environmental  pollutants.  The  index
is defined as Q/L,  where Q is a measure of exposure,  such as an
organ's burden of a pollutant from  all  environmental  pathways,
and  L  is  a  corresponding  limit  that  should not be exceeded
because  of  health   risks   to   human   beings.    Mathematical
formulations  relating  hazard indices to environmental pollutant
concentrations  were   developed   for   each   sampling   medium


                              349

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corresponding  to  each  effluent  mode.  These formulations were
used to derive limiting pollutant concentrations  such  that  the
resultant  measure  of  exposure  will not exceed the health risk
limit.  Mathematical formulations for  composite  hazard  indices
for multiple pollutants are presented.


0206
Wang,  J.,  Cao, S., Li, Z., Zhong, Y., and Li, S.  (1985) "Human
exposure to carbon monoxide and suspended particulate  matter  in
Beijing,  People's  Rep.   of  China",  PEP/85.11,  World  Health
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (69 pages).

KEYWORD: particulate, personal, exposure, monitor, outdoor, home,
microenvironment, seasonal, foreign, China, CO

Exposure to  CO  and  respirable  particulate  matter  (RSP)  was
measured  in  1984-85  with  21 volunteers living in three common
types of housing in Beijing,  People's  Republic  of  China.  The
volunteers  kept  activity  diaries and carried personal exposure
monitors for 1 week in summer and 1 week in winter.  Some  common
public  areas  were  monitored simultaneously.  CO and RSP levels
were higher in winter than  in  summer.  CO  levels  were  higher
indoors than outdoors and vice versa for RSP levels.
0772
Wang,  Y.Y.,  Webber, L.M., Flessel, C.P., Chang, K., Sexton, K.,
and Sextro.,  R.G.   (1985) "Detection of mutagens in particle and
vapor  emissions from major indoor sources",  Paper no.  85-36.3,
presented at the 78th annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control
Association, P.O.  Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 (15 pages).

KEYWORD: smoking,risk,home,laboratory,health, combustion, source,
particulate, VOC, mutagenicity, appliance

The Ames test using  Salmonella typhimurium and mammalian  enzymes
is  widely  accepted for  screening  the  mutagenic potential of
particulate  organic matter (POM) in outdoor air.  However,  the
mutagenicity of vapor-phase organics  (VPO)  has  not  been   fully
assessed.  Only  a few studies of indoor POM are available.  This
paper explores the possibility of detecting POM and VPO  mutagens
from indoor air pollution sources using modified Ames procedures.
A  pilot chamber study was initiated to characterize particle and
vapor emissions from a gas range,  cigarette  smoking,  hamburger
frying,  antiperspirant  spray,  and  household dusting/polishing
spray.  Modified Ames procedures were effective for both POM and
VPO  mutagens  from  indoor  air  pollution  sources.  Combustion
products from the gas range, tobacco smoke,  and hamburger  frying
contained  mutagens.  Cigarette  emissions appear to contain more
mutagens  in  VPO  than  POM.   Further  chemical  analysis   and


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toxicological   studies   are  required to characterize and  evaluate
the potential   health  hazards  posed  by   indoor  air  pollution
sources.
 0370
 Wanner,  H.U.,   and  Kuhn,  M.   (1986)  "Indoor  air  pollution  by
 building materials",  Environ.  Int.,  12(1-4):311-315.

 KEYWORD: source,  CH2O, ventilation,  exposure,  regulation

 Due to better  insulation and  improved  airtightness of  doors  and
 windows, the supply  of fresh  air entering a  room has been greatly
 reduced.  This,   in   turn,  causes   an   increase in the amount of
 pollutants  emitted   by   different    insulation   and   building
 materials.  Measurements of the formaldehyde concentration  in new
 buildings  have   shown  that   the  admissible  limits  are  still
 exceeded even  after  a year.   Stricter  regulations  limiting  the
 emissions of pollutants are,  therefore,  urgently necessary.


 0410
 Ware,  J.H.,   Dockery,  D.W.,  Spiro, A., Ill, Speizer, F.E., and
 Ferris,  F.G.,  Jr.   (1984) "Passive smoking,  gas  cooking,  and
 respiratory  health  of children living in six  cities",  Am.  Rev.
 Respir. Dis.,  129:366-374.

 KEYWORD: smoking, source, exposure, children,  combustion, health,
 statistical, epidemiology, lung, appliance

 As part of a longitudinal study of the respiratory health effects
 of  indoor  and   outdoor  air  pollutants,   pulmonary  function,
 respiratory illness history, and symptom history were recorded at
 two  successive   annual  examinations  of  10,106  white children
 living in six U.S.  cities.  Parental education, medical history,
 and  smoking habits also were  recorded,  along with the fuel used
 for  cooking   in  the home.   Maternal  cigarette  smoking   was
 associated  with  increases  of  20  to  35%  in the rates of eight
 respiratory illnesses and  symptoms  investigated,  and  paternal
 smoking   was  associated  with  smaller but  still  substantial
 increases.  Illness and symptom rates were   linearly  related  to
 the  number  of cigarettes smoked by the child's mother.  Illness
 rates were higher  for  children  of  current  smokers  than  for
 children   of  ex-smokers.   The  associations  between  maternal
 smoking status and childhood respiratory illnesses  and  symptoms
were  reduced  but  not  eliminated  by  adjustment  for parental
medical history.
                              351

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0541
Wedding, J.B., Lombard!, D.J.,  and Cermak,  J.E.  (1977) "A wind
tunnel  study  of gaseous pollutants in city street canyons",  J.
Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 27(6):557-566.

KEYWORD: exposure, regulation, outdoor, vehicle,  source,  model,
microenvironment, laboratory, weather, office

A 400:1 scale model of an idealized city was developed to measure
steady-state mean concentrations of tracer  gas.  The  model  was
placed  in  a  wind tunnel,  and tracer gas was released from two
parallel line sources to simulate lanes of traffic in  an  effort
to  quantify  the  persistence  of  pollution as well as the mean
values  realized  at  street  levels.  Values  of  concentrations
measured  in  the  model  city  were  converted  to prototype ppm
concentrations and  compared  to  National  Ambient  Air  Quality
Standards.   Single,  isolated  structures  may  cause  favorable
mixing of pollution downwind,  but very high concentrations exist
in  the  immediate  leeward  vicinity  of  a building.  The study
provides order-of-magnitude estimates of  pedestrian  and  office
worker exposure pollutants under a wide range of conditions.


0653
Wendel, G.J., Stedman, D.H.,  Cantrell,  C.A.,  and Damrauer,  L.
(1983)  "Luminol based nitrogen dioxide detector",  Anal.  Chem.,
55:937-940.

KEYWORD: NO, NOx, monitor

An  instrument is described for continuous detection of NO2 in the
subppb range.  The instrument is based upon the  chemiluminescent
reaction in air between NO2 and  luminol  (5-amino-2,3-dihydro-l,4-
phthalazinedione)  in  alkaline  solution.  It  exhibits  a  2-Hz
response speed to changes of + or -  20 ppb and a field   detection
limit  of  30  parts  per trillion.  The  limit may be improved by
using a better photomultiplier tube  as well as  further optimizing
the cell design.  The technique  has  been  expanded to  measure  NO
by  the catalytic oxidation of NO to NO2  using  CrO3 on silica gel
as  the oxidizing agent; however, at  low ambient NO concentrations
it  is difficult to zero the detector.  Interference from ambient
03  is  eliminated  by  modifying  the   inlet   system and luminol
solution.
 0496
 Weschler,   Charles J.   (1984)  "Indoor-outdoor  relationships  for
 nonpolar  organic  constituents  of aerosol  particles",   Environ.
 Sci.  Technol.,  18(9):648-652.

 KEYWORD: nicotine,particulate,aerosol,field,sampling,  laboratory,
 halocarbon,ester,outdoor,arkane,methodology,multipollutant,office

                               352

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Automatic dichotomous samplers (virtual impactors) were  used  to
collect  fine (nominally less than 2.5 urn in diameter) and coarse
(nominally 2.5 to 15 um  in  diameter)  particles  inside  office
buildings at Wichita,  KS, and Lubbock, TX.  Outdoor samples were
collected at the same time.  The loaded Teflon  membrane  filters
were  then  analyzed  for  nonpolar  organic compounds by thermal
desorption-gas  chromatographic/mass  spectrometric   procedures.
The  nonpolar  species  associated  with  the outdoor samples are
high-molecular-weight   n-alkanes.    The   nonpolar    compounds
associated with the indoor particles include n-alkanes;  branched
alkanes;    phthalate,    phosphate,    and    azelate    esters;
chlorofluorocarbons;  and  nicotine.  Typical  concentrations for
nonpolar organic constituents of indoor particles are much higher
than for those  of  outdoor  particles.  With  the  exception  of
selected  n-alkanes,   each  of  the  detected  nonpolar  organic
compounds comes primarily  from  indoor  sources.  Adsorption  of
organic compounds onto the surface of airborne particles probably
is more significant indoors than outdoors.


0495
Weschler, Charles J.  (1978) "Characterization techniques applied
to indoor dust", Environ. Sci. Technol., 12(8):923-926.

KEYWORD: NO2, particulate,office,hydrocarbon,organic,methodology,
laboratory, K, Ca, Cl, S04, N03, Na

Methods  of  characterizing  dusts  found  within  buildings were
studied,  using samples collected in Bell Laboratories'  facility
at Holmdel,  NJ.  Particle size and morphology were determined by
optical scanning electron microscopy.  C, H,  and N were analysed
quantitatively,  and elements with atomic numbers greater than 10
were  analysed  semiquantitatively,  by  energy-dispersive  x-ray
spectroscopy.  Water-soluble Cl,  SO4,  NO3,  Na,  K, and Ca were
determined using specific ion electrodes and energy dispersive x-
ray spectroscopy.  The specific conductances  of  water  extracts
were  measured.  The  principal  elements present in the benzene-
soluble components were identified,  and the  organic  functional
groupings   of   these   materials   were  examined  by  infrared
spectroscopy.


0357
Weschler, Charles J., and Fong, Karen L. (1986)  "Characterization
of  organic  species  associated  with indoor aerosol particles",
Environ. Int. 12(1-4):93-97.

KEYWORD: particulate, aerosol,outdoor,office, field, hydrocarbon,
smoking,multipollutant,halocarbon,laboratory,nicotine,ester
                              353

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Automatic   dichotomous   samplers   collected  fine  and  coarse
particles inside office buildings in the central  region  of  the
United  States.  Outdoor samples were collected at the same time.
Samples were analyzed for both  nonpolar  organic  compounds  and
fatty   acids.   The   former   were   characterized  by  thermal
desorption-gas  chromatographic/mass  spectrometric   procedures.
The latter were solvent extracted,  methylated, and identified by
gas  chromatography/mass  spectrometry.  The  nonpolar  compounds
associated with the indoor particles included n-alkanes; branched
alkanes;    phthalate,    phosphate,    and    azelate    esters;
chlorofluorocarbons;  and  nicotine.  Typical  concentrations  of
indoor  particles  were  much  higher  than  for those of outdoor
particles.  The major fatty  acids  associated  with  the  indoor
particles   were   palmitic,   stearic,   and  myristic.   Higher
molecular-weight  fatty  acids,   primarily  even-number   carbon
species,  were also present.  Most of the fatty acids were due to
infiltration of particles from outdoors.


0739
Wesolowski, J.J., Sexton, K., Liu, K., and Twiss, S.  (1984) "The
California  indoor air quality program:  an integrated approach",
Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., and Sundell,  J.  Eds.,  "Indoor air,
vol.  4,  recent  advances  in  health  sciences and technology",
Swedish Council for  Building  Research,  Stockholm,  pp.219-215.
NTIS PB85-104180.

KEYWORD: research,regulation,biomonitoring, body,  PCP, exposure,
design,multipollutant,health,risk,field,control,source,home

Although most states have some mechanism for responding to indoor
air quality problems,  California is the first  to  legislatively
mandate  a  permanent  research  effort  to  study the nature and
extent of the problems.  This paper gives a brief history of  the
program,  describes future plans, and discusses some recent work.
The integrated nature of the program is illustrated by a study in
which environmental and body burden  measurements  were  used  to
assess   potential   health   effects  from  indoor  exposure  to
pentachlorophenol.


0606
Wesolowski, J.J., Wang, Y.Y., Hanson, C.V.,  Haas,  R.,  Flessel,
P.,  and  Hayward,  S.  (1986)  "Indoor air quality measurements:
emerging technologies",  Hochheiser,  S.,  and  Jayanti,  R.K.M.,
Eds.,  "Proceedings   of  the  1986  EPA/APCA  symposium  on  the
measurement of toxic  air  pollutants",  EPA  600/9-86-013,  U.S.
EPA,   Environmental  Monitoring  Systems  Laboratory,   Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711, pp.  1-15.  Not yet available from NTIS.
(In  press,  Air  Pollution Control Association,  P.O.  Box 2861,
Pittsburgh, PA 15230.)


                              354

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KEYWORD: laboratory, methodology, health, outdoor,  home, source,
risk,combustion,nitroarene,smoking,mutagenicity,appliance,

Measurement techniques must be geared to the  specific  needs  of
the  environmental  programs they serve.  Some of the differences
among the three programs on air quality  (occupational,  outdoor,
and  indoor)  are outlined,  and the implications for measurement
technologies are discussed. In addition, two emerging measurement
technologies are discussed.  The first is the development of  the
Ames  Salmonella  assay,  using a desiccator for detecting vapor-
phase mutagens  from  indoor  sources.  Data  are  presented  for
emissions from a gas range and a kerosene heater,  the process of
frying hamburgers,  and cigarette smoke.  The second technique is
the  use of immunoassays (similar to those used for the detection
of infectious agents),  which use monoclonal antibodies,  for the
detection  of  airborne  toxics  in  environmental  and  clinical
specimens.  The immunoassay approach may provide  simple,  rapid,
and   cost-effective   analysis  of  large  numbers  of  samples.
Preliminary data on the  development  of  antibodies  to  various
nitroarenes are discussed.
0716
Wesolowski, J.J., and Sexton, K.  (1984) "California's integrated
indoor   air   program",   CA/DOH/AIHL/R-277,   California  State
Department of Health Services, Berkeley, CA 94704 (21 pages).

KEYWORD: home,biomonitoring,exposure,risk,field, control, source,
research,PCP,health,regulation,multipollutant,activity

Although most states have some mechanism for responding to indoor
air quality problems,  California was the first to  legislatively
mandate  a  permanent  research  effort  to  study the nature and
extent of the problem.  This paper gives a brief history  of  the
program,  describes future plans, and discusses some recent work.
Integrating the various facets of an indoor air  quality  program
is  emphasized.  The integrated nature of California's program is
illustrated by a study in which  environmental  monitoring,  body
burden  measurements,  and health status questionnaires were used
to assess  potential  health  effects  from  indoor  exposure  to
pentachlorophenol.


0253
Wesolowski, Jerome J. (1984) "An overview of indoor air quality",
J. Environ. Health, 46(6):311-316.

KEYWORD: multipollutant,  literature,   source,  exposure, model,
outdoor, methodology, health, control
                              355

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This overview of nonoccupational indoor air quality  covers  such
topics  as  the  importance  of  indoor  air  quality,  pollutant
sources, differences between indoor and outdoor pollution, health
effects,  and measurement  and  mitigation  techniques.  It  also
describes  the  recently  legislated  California  nonoccupational
indoor air quality program.


0494
West,  P.W.,  and  Reiszner,  K.D.   (1978)  "Field  tests  of  a
permeation-type personal monitor for vinyl  chloride",  Am.  Ind.
Hyg. Assoc. J., 39:645-650.

KEYWORD: vinyl,personal, exposure, monitor, sampling, laboratory,
methodology, halocarbon, field, QA

A  passive dosimeter-type personal monitor for vinyl chloride has
undergone extensive field testing.  Collaborative  studies  by  a
number   of  laboratories  confirm  the  accuracy,   reliability,
convenience,  and general acceptability of personal monitors that
use  gas  permeation  for  sample  collection and quantification.
Data are generated as time-weighted  averages,  and  response  is
linear  from 5 ppb to 50 ppm.  The monitors,  which weigh only 35
grams, are unaffected by variations in environmental conditions.


0278
Whitmore,  R.W.,  and Michael,  L.C.   (Aug.  1985)  "Total  human
exposure assessment methodology (TEAM), human exposure assessment
location  (HEAL), vol. 1," EPA contract no. 68-01-6826, U.S.  EPA,
Environmental  Monitoring  Systems Laboratory,  Research  Triangle
Park, NC 27711 (83 pages).  Not available  from NTIS.

KEYWORD: VOC, TEAM,  CHC13, exposure,  field, food, benzene, HEAL,
methodology, water, EPA$, aromatic, halocarbon

An   overview  of  the   workplan   for   the  U.S.   Human   Exposure
Assessment  Location:   Research Triangle Park  (HEAL-RTP)  study is
provided.  Volume 1 provides background information,   objectives,
compounds to be monitored, and data collection activities for the
study,   plus   a  description  of  the  survey   instruments  and
preparation of the data file.  Primary emphasis of the  study  is
on   investigation  of   methodologies   for  monitoring  exposure to
benzene and chloroform,  since inhalation of benzene and ingestion
of   chloroform  via  water/beverages   is   expected  to  be  major
exposure routes.


0116
Whitmore,  Roy W.   (March  1985) "Methodology for  determination of
uncertainty  in  exposure  assessments",   final   report   for  EPA


                              356

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contract  no.   68-01-6826,  U.S.   EPA,  Office  of  Health  and
Environmental Assessment,  Washington,  DC 20460 (86 pages).  Not
available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: methodology, model, distribution, exposure, statistical,
QA, EPA$

Exposure assessments  not  based  on  measured  exposures  for  a
probability  sample  of  a  population rely on a model to predict
exposure.  The model is a mathematical function that estimates an
individual's exposure or the population distribution of  exposure
as  a  function  of  one  or  more  input variables.  Whenever an
unvalidated model is used to assess an exposure,  the uncertainty
of  the assessment may be large.  The primary characterization of
uncertainty in this case is at least partly qualitative, i.e., it
describes  and  justifies  the  model's   inherent   assumptions.
Sensitivity  of  the  assessment can be tested by replicating the
assessment with plausible alternative models.  When  an  exposure
assessment is based on measured exposures of a probability sample
of  a  population,  uncertainty  can  be  quantified  and greatly
reduced.  The primary sources of  uncertainty  are  sampling  and
measurement  errors.   A  quality  assurance  program  should  be
designed into the study to ensure that the size of  these  errors
can be estimated and that the effects of all random errors can be
measured quantitatively.


0113
Whitmore,  Roy W.  (in press) "Design of surveys for  residential
and   personal   monitoring  of  hazardous  substances",   Atmos.
Environ.

KEYWORD: home, microenvironment, methodology,  personal,exposure,
monitor, literature, design

This  paper reviews survey design methodology for residential and
personal  monitoring  studies.  The  recommended  methodology  is
illustrated  with regard to four recent studies.  Recommendations
for design of future monitoring studies are presented.


0239
Whitmore, R.W., Jones,  S.M.,  and Rosenweig,  M.S.   (Jan.  1984)
"Final  sampling  report  for the study of personal CO exposure",
U.S.  EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711  (90 pages).  NTIS PB84-181957.

KEYWORD: CO, personal, exposure, monitor, sample,design,economic,
QA, methodology, EPA$

This  report describes the sample selection procedures used for a


                              357

-------
study in 1982-83 to evaluate methodology for collecting  data  on
personal CO exposures in the metropolitan areas of Denver, CO and
Washington, DC.  Based on the experience gained during the study,
the methodology developed,  with some modifications,  may be used
effectively in other areas of the country for collecting personal
exposure data.  These modifications should make  the  methodology
more cost effective,  improve the response rate, and lead to more
accurate activity information.


0521
Wilkening,   Marvin,  and  Schery,  Stephen  D.   (1984)  "Source
characterization and  transport  processes  affecting  levels  of
radon  and  its  decay  products in an indoor environment",  U.S.
Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research,  Washington,  DC
20585 (10 pages) .  NTIS DE85-005421.
KEYWORD: radon, thoron, ventilation,
methodology
                                      source,  aerosol, exposure,
The  effects of pressure variation on diffusion and flow of radon
from porous and fractured media were examined,  along with  other
factors  that  may affect radon exhalation.  Natural air-exchange
processes in indoor environments were studied to determine  their
effects  on  radon,  thoron,  and their daughter-product progeny.
Radon  daughter  ion-aerosol  interactions  were  discussed.   In
addition,  new  instrumentation  and  methods  were developed and
evaluated.
0411
Wilkinson,  P.,  and  Dimbylow,  P.J.    (1985)
modeling", Sci. Total Environ., 45:227-232.
                                                "Radon  diffusion
KEYWORD: radon,model, home, source, ventilation, exposure

A mathematical model has been developed that examines  the  entry
of  radon   into  houses  through a vertical crack in an otherwise
impervious  concrete floor.  Initially,  the model considered  the
diffusive   flow  of  radon  from its soil source.  This simulation
highlighted the dependency  of the flux of radon into the house on
the magnitude  of  various  parameters,  such  as  the  diffusion
coefficient of radon in soil.  A preliminary investigation of the
modeling  of  pressure-driven  flow into a building is presented,
and the potential  of this type of analysis is discussed.


0019
Williams,   D.C.,   Whitaker,  J.R.,  and  Jennings,  W.G.    (1985)
"Measurement of nicotine in building  air  as  an  indicator  of
tobacco smoke levels", Environ. Health Perspect., 60:405-410.
                               358

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KEYWORD: nicotine, activity,  smoking, office, exposure, control,
methodology, ventilation, health

For  use  in  a  large  office  complex,  a  gas  chromatographic
technique  was devised for collection and analysis of nicotine in
the building air as an  indicator  of  tobacco  smoke  pollution.
Segregation   of   smokers   and  nonsmokers  still  resulted  in
substantial exposure of the nonsmoker to tobacco smoke,  although
a  gradient  of  exposure was observed.  Passive tobacco smoke in
the smoking area of the  office  complex  was  calculated  to  be
equivalent to 1.1 cigarettes per 8 hours, and nicotine density in
this  area  was 1.96 ug/m.  The restriction of smoking to a foyer
area outside the office complex resulted in a slow  but  eventual
reduction  in  nicotine  concentrations  in  the  office complex.
Observed "background" nicotine levels corresponding to 4%  to  7%
of  those  encountered  in smoking areas demonstrate that central
air circulation systems and  people  movement  increase  nicotine
levels  throughout  all  rooms  of  a  building,  regardless of a
smoking policy.  Recent documentation of the relationship between
passive smoking and cancer, heart disease, pulmonary dysfunction,
and allergic responses  argues  for  restriction  of  smoking  to
building exteriors.


0318
Wilson, N.K., Lewis, R.G.,  and Chuang,  B.A.  (1985) "Analytical
and  sampling  methodology  for  characterization  of polynuclear
aromatic  compounds  in  indoor  air",  U.S.  EPA,  Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711
(19 pages).  NTIS PB85-188886/AS.

KEYWORD: PAH, ventilation, combustion, smoking, source, sampling,
methodology, home, EPA$, wood, appliance

Sampling and analysis methodology were developed  for  collecting
and  quantifying  polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,  their nitro
derivatives,  and their nitrogen heterocyclic analogs  in  indoor
air.  The methodology was evaluated in 10 homes,  including homes
with  and  without  wood-burning   fireplaces,   gas   heat   and
appliances,   and  smoking  occupants,  and  having  a  range  of
ventilation rates.  The range of concentrations in the homes  and
factors  that  systematically  contribute  to  concentrations  of
selected polynuclear  aromatic  compounds  were  estimated.  Some
practical  limitations  on the sampling equipment and methodology
were identified.
0368
Winneke,  G.,  Plischke,  K., Roscovanu, A., and Schlipkoeter, H.
(1984) "Patterns and determinants of reaction to tobacco smoke in
                              359

-------
an experimental exposure setting", Berglund,  B.,   Lindvall,  T.,
and Sundell,  J.,  Eds.,  "Indoor air,  vol.  2,  radon,  passive
smoking, particulates and housing epidemiology",  Swedish Council
for Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 351-356.  NTIS PB85-104198.

KEYWORD: smoking, exposure, health, biomonitoring, CO

In a social setting,  64 nonsmokers were exposed to tobacco smoke
corresponding to either 0,  2.5,  5,  or 15 ppm of CO.  Smoke was
produced for 60 minutes by an active smoker.  CO was monitored by
infrared  spectroscopy.  Objective   (eye-blinks,  lacrymal  flow,
blood  pressure,  heart  rate,  and  respiration)   and subjective
measures (questionnaire items) were taken at 20-minute intervals.
Before and after the experiment,  blood carboxy hemoglobin  (COHb)
was determined.  Significant effects of exposure were  found  for
blinks,  lacrymal  flow,  COHb,  and  for  most of the subjective
variables.   Only  the  15-ppm   condition   caused   significant
deviation from control values in most instances.
0315
Withstandley,  V.,  Moroz,  W.J.,  and Anderson,  G.W.  (1971) "A
portable,   battery-operated,   immediate-readout   dust-particle
analyzer", J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 21(9):571-573.

KEYWORD: particulate, laboratory, field,QA, exposure, industrial,
methodology, monitor

A portable,  battery-operated,  electro-optical dust analyzer has
been  developed  to  monitor dust levels in places where external
power  may  be  unavailable.  The  instrument  counts  and  size-
discriminates  airborne particles over two size ranges upwards of
0.3 urn with  immediate  readout.  A  dilution  mechanism  permits
analysis   of   particulate   concentrations  as  high  as  2,400
particles/cm3  on  each  channel.   Total  operating  weight   is
approximately  14  Ib.  Good correlation is obtained with results
from commercial analyzers.  Field studies  have  been  undertaken
with  the  CAES  (Center  for  Air Environment Studies) prototype
analyzer at various sites in central Pennsylvania and at numerous
sampling points within the cities of Pittsburgh and Philadelphia.
Particulate concentrations as high as  1,400  particles/cm3  have
been measured at a coal-cleaning plant.


0687
Woebkenberg, M.L. (1982): "A comparison of three passive personal
sampling methods for NO2", Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 43:553-561.

KEYWORD: personal, exposure, QA, N02, methodology, monitor

Three  personal  passive  sampling  methods for N02  (Palmes tube,


                              360

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Pro-Tek Colorimetric Air Monitoring System, and Chronotox System)
were compared in a laboratory study.  Samples were taken at 0.5,5
(the Federal Standard),  and 10 ppm for varying time spans of 15-
minutes,  4-hours,  and 8-hours.  Temperature, relative humidity,
and face  air  velocity  were  held  constant.  The  systems  for
generating  NO2 and determining exposure are presented along with
the analytical results and a  discussion  of  error.  The  Palmes
tube  successfully  sampled  at all levels except 0.5 ppm for 15-
minutes.  It had, however,  an increasing standard deviation with
increased  loading.  The  Pro-Tek  sampler successfully monitored
all exposures  falling  within  its  linear  working  range.  The
Chronotox   System  sees  0.5  ppm  the  same  as  it  sees  zero
concentration,  but sampled accurately at  loadings  higher  than
20.9 ppm-hours.


0780
Wooten, G.W., Strobel, J.E., Pustinger, J.V., and McMillin,  C.R.
(June 1984) "Passive sampling device for ambient air and personal
monitoring,"   U.S.   EPA,   Environmental   Monitoring   Systems
Laboratory,  Research Triangle Park,  NC 27711 (61  pages).  NTIS
PB84-210046.

KEYWORD: VOC, sampling, personal, exposure, monitor, methodology,
economic, QA, laboratory, field, halocarbon, EPA$

A high-performance  passive  dosimeter  has  been  developed  and
evaluated for monitoring volatile organics in ambient air and for
short-term  monitoring  of  low-level  personal  exposures.   The
dosimeter design  was  dictated  by  three  major  concerns:  (1)
diffusive  mass transport considerations,  (2) sorbent selection,
and (3) measurement of the collected compounds,  which intimately
involves desorption procedures.  Salient design features include:
(1) ruggedness, simple design, and cost effectiveness;   (2) small
size and simple operations;   (3) high equivalent  pump  rate  and
sensitivity;  (4) multicomponent sampling capacity;  (5) ability to
be  re-used  and  recharged;   and  (6)  amenability  to  thermal
desorption.   Results  of  laboratory  and  field  evaluation  of
dosimeter  performance  are  discussed  in  terms  of  the design
criteria   and   application   to   widely   divergent   sampling
assignments.  Detection  sensitivity  at  the  sub-ppb  level was
demonstrated for short exposure time  (e.g.,  1  hour)  employing
thermal   desorption   and  halogen  specific  Hall  detector/gas
chromatography.  Long-term exposures were conducted under ambient
air  (ppb  range)  and  work  station  conditions   (ppm   range).
Retention  time  windows  and  detector  response  factors for 24
halogenated  compounds  have  been  established  for  a  computer
program to increase recognition capability.
                              361

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0738
World  Health  Organization  (1982)  "Human  exposure  to  carbon
monoxide and suspended particulate matter in Zagreb, Yugoslavia",
GEMS:  global environmental monitoring system, EFP/82.33, Geneva,
Switzerland (78 pages).

KEYWORD: CO, particulate, seasonal, source, smoking, personal,QA,
activity, microenvironment, foreign, Yugoslavia, outdoor

Personal   exposure  of  10-13  subjects  to  CO  and  respirable
particles (RP) in winter and summer was estimated in two ways: by
personal monitors  and  by  measuring  concentrations  in  indoor
microenvironments  the subjects were in during a 7-day monitoring
period, weighted by the time spent in each microenvironment.  The
weighted average personal exposure (WAE) was compared to (1)  the
average   of   simultaneous   measurements   of  total  suspended
particulates and RP at the nearest outdoor network  station;  (2)
the  concentration to which the subject was exposed at home;  (3)
the  indoor/outdoor  concentration  ratio;   and  (4)  background
concentrations.  For  people  staying indoors all the time,  WAEs
for both CO and RP correlated best with exposure at  home,  where
they  spent  about 65% of their time.  For CO exposure,  the most
important factor was the presence of indoor emission  sources  at
home   (passive smoking,  gas heating or cooking).  In the absence
of indoor sources,  indoor CO concentrations were proportional to
background  concentrations.   The  same  was  true  for  personal
exposure,  unless  high  exposure  occurred  at  work  or  during
commuting.  For  RP,  WAE  correlated  fairly  well  with outdoor
concentrations in  winter.  Summer  outdoor  concentrations  were
much   lower  than  WAE.   This  seasonal  change  shows  that   a
considerable part of personal exposure comes from indoor sources.
The    instruments   used   in   this   study   were   calibrated,
intercompared, and found to give comparable results.


0786
World  Health  Organization   (1984)  "Human exposure to suspended
particulate matter and sulfate  in  Bombay,  India",  GEMS:Global
Environment Monitoring System EFP/84.86,  Geneva, Switzerland  (34
pages)

KEYWORD: particulate, S04, ventilation, smoking, seasonal, India,
personal, exposure, foreign, outdoor

This   report  presents  the  results  of  studies  carried out in
Bombay,   India,   relating  to  human  exposure  to   respirable
particulates  and  sulfates.  The personal exposure of 15 people,
along with the air quality indoors, outdoors,  and at the nearest
monitoring  site,  was  monitored simultaneously for 1 year.  The
subjects were nonsmokers,  residing in different parts of  Bombay
and using different modes of transport such as cars,  buses,  and


                              362

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electric trains.  The study indicates that personal  exposure  is
more than that of air pollution prevailing indoors, outdoors, and
at  the  nearest  monitoring  site.  There  is a good correlation
between human exposure and air quality indoors, outdoors,  and at
monitoring  sites during both the winter and summer seasons,  but
there is weak correlation during the monsoon season.  Indoor  air
quality  depends on the type of fuel used for cooking and is also
affected  by  nearby   sources.   The   air   quality   at   non-
airconditioned  hotels  and  cinemas  is  better than that at air
conditioned places.


0764
World  Health  Organization (1986) "Indoor air quality research",
Report on a WHO  meeting,  Stockholm,  27-31  August  1984,  EURO
reports  and  studies  103,   WHO  Regional  Office  for  Europe,
Copenhagen (49 pages).

KEYWORD: field, exposure, research, multipollutant, risk, design,
methodology, control, health, regulation

Following  the  Third  International  Conference  on  Indoor  Air
Quality and Climate held in Stockholm,  Sweden,  in August  1984,
the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe held its
third  Working Group on Indoor Air Quality Research.  The working
group's report focused on these research  areas:  (1)  laboratory
research  needs,  (2)  field studies on total population exposure
and total health impact, including sample selection, standardized
questionnaires, and measurement protocols, (3) the "sick building
syndrome",  including symptom  identification,  methodology,  and
future research guidlines, and (4) exposure reduction strategies.
The  group's  recommendations  focused  primarily  on field study
needs.
0787
World Health Organization  (1982) "Human exposure to S02,  NO2 and
suspended  particulate  matter in Toronto,  Canada",  GEMS:Global
Environmental Monitoring System  EFP/82.38,  Geneva,  Switzerland
(47 pages).

KEYWORD: NO2, particulate,  exposure,  field,  statistical,  SO2,
monitoring, foreign, Canada, monitor, outdoor, home

This report describes studies carried  out  in  Toronto,  Canada,
relating   to  human  exposures  to  SO2,   NO2,   and  suspended
particulate matter  (SPM).  The first step  in  the  investigation
was  the  development  and  calibration of a ligh-weight portable
sampler for the SO2, N02, and SPM at the Gage Research Institute.
Using a number of samplers,  a 1-year field study was carried out
in  which  concurrent measurements were made at indoor sites,  at


                              363

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immediately adjacent outdoor sites,  and at a downtown ambient air
quality monitoring station.  In addition,   personal samplers were
carried  by  volunteers  living  in  the  houses where the indoor
samples were collected.  The volunteers  consisted  of  asthmatic
persons and matched controls living nearby.  A survey was made of
house  and relevant life-style characteristics of the volunteers,
and a daily record was kept of  other  substances  to  which  the
volunteers  might  have  been  exposed (e.g.  tobacco smoke,  car
exhaust).  In general, however, the strategy used was to exclude
houses with significant indoor sources of  pollution  (e.g.,  gas
stoves).  It  was  concluded  that  quantification  of a person's
exposure can best be obtained with a sampler.
0718
World Health Organization (1983) "Assessment of human exposure to
selected organochlorine compounds through biological monitoring",
WHO,   Division  of   Environment    Health,   CH-112,   Geneva,
Switzerland (134 pages).

KEYWORD: exposure,biomonitoring,food,methodology,monitoring,dose,
halocarbon,demographic,pesticide,multinational,foreign,QA

This   report   describes   development   and   results   of  the
organochlorine compounds (OCCs) component of the  UNEP/WHO  Pilot
Project  on  Assessment  of  Human Exposure to Pollutants through
Biological Monitoring.  The immediate  objectives  of  the  pilot
project  were  (1)  review  and agree internationally on selected
tissues and body fluids; (2) provide technical advice and arrange
training programmes for scientists and  technicians;  (3)  design
and implement a programme for rigid quality control in connection
with  sampling,  transport,  storage  and analysis of tissues and
body fluids;  and (4) carry out a  number  of  pilot  studies  on
selected  segments  of  the  population  in a specified number of
countries.  Ten countries  have  participated  in  monitoring  of
OCCs: Belgium, Federal Republic of Germany, India, Israel, Japan,
Mexico,  People's Republic of China, Sweden, USA, and Yugoslavia.
Selected OCCs (mainly DDT,  DDE,  hexachlorocyclohexane and PCBs)
were determined in human milk to provide a measure of exposure to
these   persistent   environmental  pollutants.   The  monitoring
results clearly show that there are considerable  differences  in
human  exposure  to  various  OCCs  in  different countries.  The
results of the present project  strongly emphasize  the  need  for
quality  assurance  in  biological  monitoring for OCCs.  Because
data involved a limited number  of samples,  usually collected  in
the  same  geographical  areas,  from  10  countries,  it was not
possible to draw far-reaching conclusions  from  them.  Extending
this  kind of biological monitoring to more developing countries,
e.g.  those in Africa and South America, would give better global
coverage.


                              364

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0762
World Health Organization (1983) "Indoor air pollutants: exposure
and health effects",  EURO Reports and Studies 78,  WHO  Regional
Office for Europe, Copenhagen.  (42 pages).

KEYWORD: Europe, exposure, multipollutant, health,model,indoor, fo
reign,monitor,source,control,ventilation,CO,smoke,SO2,CH2O,N02

The meeting or the Working Group on Assessment and Monitoring  of
Exposure  to  Indoor  Pollutants  (convened  by  the World Health
Organization Office for Europe  in collaboration with the  Federal
Republic of Germany) (1) reviewed current knowledge about sources
of  a  number  of  indoor  pollutants,  (2)  assessed measurement
technology and the adequacy of  the available data for  estimating
population  exposure,   and   (3)  discussed  health  impacts  and
exposure-effect relationships for the purpose of estimating total
public health impacts.  Pollutants considered were tobacco smoke,
N02, CO, radon, formaldehyde, SO2,  C02,  O3,  asbestos,  mineral
fibers,  organics,  and  allergens.  For  each  pollutant,  total
population exposure was  estimated  for  varying  concentrations.
Where  possible,  this  information  was used to estimate adverse
health impact on a given population.  The Working Roup  concluded
that   (1)  the instrumentation  for measuring exposure was usually
acceptable,  but that the monitoring data and knowledge about the
distribution  of  sources  and  concentrations were inadequate or
marginal  and   (2)  current   information  did   not   yet   allow
quantitative  assessments  of   public  health  impact.  The group
recommended future research priorities focussing on formaldehyde,
building  materials,  furnishings,  SO2,  O3,  NO2,  CO,  monitor
development, and representative population sample surveys.


0785
World Health Organization (1987) "Human exposure assessment location -
HEAL Project", GEMS:Global Environment Monitoring System WHO/PEP/87.1,
Geneva, Switzerland  (29 pages).

KEYWORD: exposure,  foreign,  Kenya,  home, biomass, statistical,
particulate, combustion

Repeated  24-hour  measurements of  respirable  particulate were
carried out in 36 randomly selected houses in Kenya.  Most of the
cooking was done on open fires  using firewood or  crop  residues.
Hourly  measurememnts  were   made between  6 a.m.  and 10 p.m.  to
observe  peak  values.   A  questionnaire  was  used  to  collect
information   on   demographic,    house,   fuel,   and   cooking
characteristics.   Analysis   of variance  showed  little  or  no
correlation between pollution levels and  house  characteristics.
Also,  very  homogeneously  distributed concentrations were found


                              365

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among the houses.


0297
Wright,  C.G.,  Leidy,  R.B.,  and  Dupree,  H.E.   (April  1981)
"Insecticides  in  the  ambient  air  of  rooms  following  their
application  for  control  of  pests",  Bull.  Environ.  Contam.,
Toxicol., 26(4):548-553.

KEYWORD: bendiocarb, pesticide, diazinon,  carbaryl,fenitrothion,
field, acephate, propoxur,exposure,chlorpyrifos

Insecticides  were  measured in the ambient air of North Carolina
State University dormitories following their application for pest
control    purposes.     Acephate,    chlorpyrifos,     diazinon,
fenitrothion,  bendiocarb,  carbaryl,  and propoxur were applied.
The highest insecticide concentrations were  present  in  ambient
air  immediately  following  application.  The  concentration  of
propoxur was the highest detected;  1.1% carbaryl was present  in
the smallest amount.
0009
Wright,  C.G.,  and  Jackson,  M.D.,  (Jan.   1975)  "Insecticide
residues in non-target areas of rooms after two methods of  crack
and  crevice  application",  Bull.   Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol.,
13(1):123-128.

KEYWORD: pesticide,  ventilation,  chlordane,  diazinon,    field

The  movement  of  insecticides  to  nontarget  areas   following
application   with   compressed-air  sprayers  is  appraised  and
compared  with  that  following  application  with   aerosol-type
sprayers.   Significantly   less   movement  of  insecticides  to
nontarget areas occurs with the aerosol-type  sprayer  than  with
the compressed-air sprayer.


0654
Wright,  G.R.,  Jewczyk,  S.,  Onrot,  J.,  Tomlinson,  P.,   and
Shephard,  R.J.   (1975) "Carbon monoxide in the urban atmosphere:
hazards to the pedestrian and street  worker",  Environ.  Health,
30:123-129.

KEYWORD: CO, outdoor, risk, exposure,  health,  microenvironment,
ventilation, foreign, Canada, weather

CO  concentrations  encountered by pedestrians and workers in the
streets of Toronto,  Canada,  were monitored by  a  reliable  and
sensitive  portable  Energetics  Science,  Inc.  Ecolyzer.  Up to
1,000 observations per day  were  collected  for  several  months


                              366

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 during   the  summer and fall  of  1973.   CO  levels  ranged  from 10  to
 50  ppm,   varying  with  wind  speed   and  direction,   atmospheric
 stability,   traffic density,  and  the  height  of  nearby  buildings.
 Much  higher  average   concentrations  were found  in  such  adverse
 sites as poorly ventilated underpasses and  underground garages.
 Temporary  street  closures   resulted  in  higher  CO levels  in some
 areas, with  no change  or lower  CO  levels  in other  areas.   Special
 risk groups  and   microenvironments are   discussed.   The   authors
 suggest  that  the  urban 8-hour   CO  ceilings of  15  ppm  (Ontario
 Revised  Regulation/1970)  may be a  more appropriate  air   quality
 target for street-workers than  the usual  8-hour  industrial figure
 of 50 ppm.


 0298
 Wright,  C.G.,  and Leidy,  R.B.   (April  1984) "Insecticide residues
 in  the  air  of   buildings   and  pest control  vehicles",   Bull.
 Environ. Contain.   Toxicol.,  24 (4) :582-589.

 KEYWORD: pesticide,  diazinon,  chlorpyrifos,  malathion,  vehicle,
 interior,  field,  office

 The  amount  of insecticide  present in the  air of  commercial pest
 control buildings,   service vehicles,  and  food-preparation  areas
 following  routine insecticide  application  was investigated.  The
 ambient  air  of   office   rooms contained    significantly  less
 diazinon,    chlorpyrifos,    and   malathion  than   storage  rooms
 contained.   Higher  residues  of  chlorpyrifos   were  present   in
 ambient   air   of  food-preparation   areas immediately  after
 application  than  were present 24 hours later.  Diazinon  residues
 were  present  in  all  service vehicles   examined.  Insecticide
 levels in all  rooms  and vehicles were  far below  allowable  limits.


 0295
Wright, C.G.,  and Leidy,  R.B. (1982) "Chlordane  and heptachlor  in
homes treated  for termites",  Bull.  Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol.,
 28(5):617-623.

KEYWORD:  pesticide,  chlordane,  heptachlor,  field,  exposure, home

Chlordane and heptachlor  are used  to prevent  and control termites
 in buildings.  A  study was initiated to determine  ambient  levels
of these insecticides in  houses  after chlordane  or chlordane plus
heptachlor   treatments.   All  air  samples taken  after application
contained insecticides.   Levels  in  the ambient air of  the  test
houses  varied  greatly,   with  no  discernible   or  predictable
pattern.
                              367

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0504
Wyndham,  S.T.,  Savage,  E.D.,  and Phillips, C.R.  (1978), "The
effects of home ventilation  systems  on  indoor  radon  -  radon
daughter  levels",  U.S.   EPA,  Office  of  Radiation  Programs,
Washington, DC  20460 (26 pages). NTIS PB-291925.

KEYWORD: radon, ventilation, home, field, exposure, EPA$, control


A study was conducted in a house in Polk County, FL, to determine
the  effects  of normal home ventilation methods on radon,  radon
progeny, and working levels.  Three normal ventilation conditions
(central  air  conditioning,   the  central  blower  without  air
conditioning,  and  outside  air ventilation) were studied,  with
radon,  radon progeny,  and working levels measured  sequentially
until significant changes ceased.  In all three experiments,  all
three parameters decreased,  with the decreases corresponding  to
estimated increases in house ventilation rate.
0707
Yamanaka, S., Hirose, H., and Takada, S.   (1979) "Nitrogen oxides
emissions from domestic kerosene-fired and gas-fired appliances",
Atmos. Environ. 13:407-412.

KEYWORD: NOx, source, appliance, methodology,combustion, foreign,
Japan

NOx emission rates  in Japan from appliances for heating, cooking,
supplying hot water,  and bathtub heating were classified  as  to
emission  characteristics  and  fuel type.  Hot water heaters  and
bathtub heaters emitted the most NOx.  These NOx  source  classes
are  ranked.  The   emission  rates and the ranking are  similar to
other  published  studies.   Also,   different  methods of    NOx
measurement were compared.


0028
Yanagisawa,  Yukio,  and Nishimura,  Hajime  (1982) "A   badge-type
personal  sampler for measurement of personal exposure  to NO2  and
NO in ambient air",  Environ. Int., 8:235-242.

KEYWORD: NO, NO2, personal, exposure, monitor, sampling, QA

Badge-type   personal   samplers  were  developed  for  measuring
personal exposure to NO2 and  NO  without  interfering  with   the
wearer's  daily activities.  N02 was measured by the sampler with
a sensitivity of 124.8 ug/m3  (66 ppb hours) and  an  accuracy  of
+/- 20%.  After a small modification to the sampler,  sensitivity
and accuracy for NO were nearly equal to that for N02.
                               368

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0565
Yates,  A.,  Gray,  F.B., Misiaszek, J.I., and Wolman, W.  (1986)
"Air ions:  past problems and future directions", Environ.  Int.,
12(1-4):99-108.

KEYWORD: ion, outdoor, literature, health, humidity, demographic,
methodology, statistical, weather, particulate

Research  on the effects of positively and negatively charged air
ions has been hampered by serious methodological flaws, including
incomplete   assessment   of    the    microclimate,    deficient
quantification of ion concentration and delivery,  and inadequate
preparation of the subject  or  experimental  chamber.  Variables
such  as  weather sensitivity,  gender,  and age rarely have been
considered.  Efforts are underway to standardize the experimental
approach.  Results from a handful of recent studies suggest  that
positive  ions  exert  adverse  effects  and  negative ions exert
beneficial  effects  on   some   indices   of   physical   state,
psychological   state,   and   performance.   The   neurohormone,
serotonin,  may play a role in mediating these effects,  although
the  nature  of the relationship is obscure.  Further research in
this area is warranted.
0460
Yeates,  D.B.,  Goldin,  A.S., and Moeller, D.W.   (1972) "Natural
radiation in the urban environment", Nucl. Safety, 13(4):275-286.

KEYWORD: radiation,radon,office,outdoor,home,methodology, health,
ventilation,source,control,exposure,1iterature,architecture

This article  summarizes  previous  work  on  natural  background
radiation  levels  and  reports new data from Boston,  MA.  Gamma
dose rates,  corrected for cosmic radiation,  were measured  with
large  ionization  chambers.  Dose  rates  inside  wooden single-
family dwellings were 25 to 50% lower than those outside and,  in
masonry   multiple-family   dwellings,   were  about  10%  lower.
Concentrations of radon daughters were measured by  predecay  and
postdecay  alpha  spectrometry.  Concentrations in dwellings were
comparable with outdoor  concentrations,  but  concentrations  in
basements  were higher by a factor of about 5.  Concentrations in
office buildings were quite low, because the radon daughters were
removed by the ventilation  system.  Effects  on  human  dose  of
building  type,   construction  materials,  and  ventilation  are
discussed, as are possible ways of reducing population dose.


0484
Yocom,  J.E., Clink, W.L., and Cote, W.A.  (1971) "Indoor/outdoor
air  quality  relationships",  J.  Air  Pollut.  Control  Assoc.,


                              369

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21(5):251-259.

KEYWORD: outdoor, seasonal, particulate, CO, SO2, home, sampling,
field,  ventilation, source, control, office

A  pilot  study  program  was  undertaken  to  obtain data on the
quantitative relationship of indoor to outdoor air quality levels
for   several   pollutants.    Suspended   particulate,   soiling
particulate,  CO,  and  SO2  were  measured  at  pairs  of public
buildings, office buildings, and private homes during the summer,
fall,  and winter seasons of 1969-70.  A unique mobile  equipment
package permitted simultaneous sampling of indoor and outdoor air
for  diverse  building  structures.  Each  pair  of buildings was
sampled simultaneously for a 2-week period.  Two outside and  two
inside   sampling   points   were  selected  at  each  structure.
Suspended particulate samples were collected day and night for 12
hours,   soiling particulate samples  for  2  hours,  and  gaseous
samples  for 5 minutes.  The results show the ease of penetration
of particulate into private homes and the removal ability of  air
conditioning  systems.  Outdoor daily activity greatly influences
particulate levels and urban CO levels.  Internal  generation  of
pollutants  was  a  signficant  factor  in some of the structures
sampled.


0435
Yocom,   John  E.,  et  al.  (1982)  "Indoor-outdoor  air  quality
relationships:  a  critical  review",  J.   Air  Pollut.  Control
ASSOC., 32:904-920.

KEYWORD: research,  outdoor,  exposure, regulation,  methodology,
literature, multipollutant

Formal  presentations  by  Mr.   Yocom,  Dr.   Moschandreas,  Dr.
Spengler,  Dr.  Biersteker,  and  Mr.  Hewlett at the 75th Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association in New  Orleans,
LA,  are  reproduced.  In addition,  comments made from the floor
and through the mail are included,  along with closing remarks by
Mr.  Yocom.  These  presentations  review  the  history  and 1982
status of  indoor/outdoor  air  quality  research.  The  relative
value  of  numerical  modeling and monitoring surveys is debated.
The need for strong Federal coordination of  indoor  air  quality
research  is  asserted.  Indoor  air  often  is  more  toxic that
outdoor air,  but not enough is known about indoor air  pollution
to propose a general regulatory strategy.


0094
Yocom,  J.E. (Aug. 1984) "Use of direct analysis mass spectrometry
to solve indoor air quality problems",  Berglund,  B.,  Lindvall,
T.,  and  Sundell,  J.,  Eds.,  "Indoor  air,  vol.  4,  chemical


                              370

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characterization and  personal  exposure",  Swedish  Council  for
Building Research, Stockholm, pp. 245-250.  NTIS PB85-104214.

KEYWORD: CO, VOC, source, methodology, QA, energy, office

Complaints about  poor  indoor  air  quality  are  becoming  more
commonplace  as  buildings  are made more energy-efficient and as
the public becomes more aware  of  indoor  air  quality  and  its
potential  effects on human health.  Standard occupational health
sampling methods are usually  too  insensitive  to  identify  the
specific  agents causing complaints,  since many of the causative
agents are complex mixtures of extremely  low  concentrations  of
organic  gases  and  vapors.  This  paper  describes the use of a
direct reading,  mobile  mass  spectrometer  system  to  identify
specific  indoor irritants in two office buildings.  In addition,
the use of this system to evaluate emissions from a prototype  of
a new type of office machinery and its potential impact on indoor
air quality are decribed.
0412
Yocom, John E.   (1982) "Indoor-outdoor air quality relationships:
a critical review", J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 32:(5)499-520.

KEYWORD: outdoor,smoke, particulate, exposure,regulation,home,CO,
NOx, source, control

This paper explores an important aspect of air pollution that has
played no  part,  as  yet,  in  setting  air  quality  standards.
Doubtless,  this  results  from  the very recent recognition that
some U.S. criteria pollutants may often be considerably higher in
residences than  in  the  outside  air,  plus  the  discovery  of
elevated  concentrations  in  residences of air contaminants that
are absent from,  or are at much reduced levels,  in the  outside
air.  The  paper  illustrates and comments on the many sources of
major pollutants that originate indoors, principally in the home.
They include shockingly high concentrations of CO  and  NOx  from
the  operation  of  all  types  of  gas-burning appliances and of
respirable suspended particulate matter from tobacco  smoke.  The
review  contains many comments on rational ways to reconcile this
new  insight  about  the significance of indoor air pollutants on
health with current air quality standards and recommends ways  to
incorporate  this  knowledge  into  improved  standards  for  the
future.
0247
Yocum,  John  E.  and  McCarthy,  Sharon  M.  (Feb.  1986) "Tight
Building  Syndrome",   Building  Operating  Management   magazine
reprint (4 pages).
                              371

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KEYWORD: monitoring, smoking, field, ventilation, source, energy,
multipollutant,exposure,foreign,Canada,office,sampling,VOC

This  article summarizes the indoor air pollution problem that is
faced by office  building  managers.  Three  case  histories  are
examined;  (1)  a compilation of generalized results from surveys
conducted in the United States and Canada,  (2) the investigation
of  a  public building in Washington State after the installation
of new carpeting,  and (3) the  investigation  of  a  new  energy
efficient office building in Hartford,  CT.  Reducing ventilation
in recent years to save energy has allowed pollutants from indoor
sources to accumulate indoors.  Organic  chemical  concentrations
in the ppm and ppb range are the most common problem.  Developing
clear-cut   cause   and   effect   relationships   is  difficult.
Investigations into these problems must be multidisciplinary, and
controls are usually site and situation specific.


0511
Young, R.A., Berk,  J.V.,  Hollowell,  C.D.,  Pepper,  J.H.,  and
Turiel,  I.   (1981)  "Indoor  air  quality  and  energy-efficient
ventilation rates at a New York  City  elementary  school",  U.S.
Department of Energy,  Office of Buildings and Community Systems,
Washington, DC 20585 (65 pages).   NTIS DE81-028548.

KEYWORD: CO2, CO, 03, energy, NOx, odor,particulate,CH2O, school,
SO2, ventilation, outdoor, aldehyde, radon

A  mobile  laboratory monitored air quality in two classrooms,  a
hallway, and outdoors at Oakland Gardens Elementary School in New
York,  NY,  under three ventilation  rates.  Air-exchange  rates,
particulates,  odor  perception,  C02,  CO,  SO2,  03,  NOx,  Rn,
formaldehyde,  and  total  aldehydes  were  measured.   When  the
ventilation  rate  was  reduced,   CO2  concentrations  increased
significantly, but did not exceed current occupational standards.
At the low ventilation rate, odor acceptability decreased; and in
one  of  the  classrooms,  the  odors  were  judged  unacceptable
according to current American Society of Heating,  Refrigeration,
and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)  standards.  Calculations
indicate that moderate energy savings can be achieved by reducing
classroom ventilation rates.
0434
Zarcone,  M.J.,  Schery,  S.D.,  Wilkening, M.H., and McNamee,  E.
(1986)  "A comparison of measurements of thoron,  radon  and   their
daughters   in  a  test  house  with  model  predictions",  Atmos.
Environ., 20:1273-1279.

KEYWORD: radon, thoron, home,  source,  seasonal, exposure, field,
ventilation, weather, model, architecture


                               372

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Airborne thoron, radon, and their decay products were measured in
a one-story test house at various periods  during  four  seasons.
Meteorological  variables,  ventilation rates,  flux density from
soil and building materials,  and aerosol concentration were also
measured.  Time-dependent results indicate significant changes in
radon,  and  the  daughters  of radon and thoron,  in response to
meteorological conditions.  In comparison,  thoron was relatively
more   stable.   Measurements  for  time-dependent  behavior  and
average disequilibrium ratios seemed  to  agree  reasonably  with
predictions for a model for indoor radioactivity that uses first-
order  sink  and  source terms.  The major source for both thoron
and radon appears to be the soil.


0151
Zelon,  H.,  Monroe,  N.,  and Whitmore,  R.  (Oct.  1982) "Field
interviewer's manual,  (project  2390-4),  monitoring  of  carbon
monoxide  exposure",  Research  Triangle Institute,  NC 27709 (79
pages).  Not available from NTIS.

KEYWORD: CO, field, methodology,biomonitoring,personal, exposure,
EPA$

All  field activity procedures and forms are given that were used
by  the  field  interviewers  participating  in  the  U.S.  EPA's
Washington  Carbon  Monoxide  Exposure  Monitoring  Study  of the
winter  of  1982-1983.   Among  the  procedures   described   are
delivering  personal exposure monitors  (PEMs) and study materials
to  the  respondents,   explaining  their   use,   returning   in
approximately  24  hours to collect the PEMs and study materials,
cancelling and rescheduling appointments,  taking breath samples,
and filling out data-collection forms.


0030
Ziskind,  Richard A.,  Fite,  Kenneth, and Mage, David T.  (1982)
"Pilot field study:  carbon monoxide exposure monitoring  in  the
general population", Environ. Int., 8:283-293.

KEYWORD: CO, field,  personal,  exposure,  monitor,  methodology,
EPA$, activity, microenvironment

A  pilot  field  study  was  conducted  with  nine members of the
general public to measure CO exposure  using  personal  monitors.
The principal objectives were to design and evaluate the research
protocols  and  instrumentation  for application to a large-scale
personal monitoring program.  Integrated  CO  exposure  for  each
subject  was  monitored  and  recorded  for approximately 45 days
according to type of activity,  such as "commuting" or "at work".
All  subjects  except  one were able to handle both the equipment


                              373

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and data-recording requirements  with  no  significant  problems.
Actual  data-recording  responsibilities  consumed  less  than 10
minutes daily.  The data consisted of 355 person-days,  each over
6  hours  on  weekdays  only,  from which 8-hour average personal
exposure levels could be computed.  The 8-hour  National  Ambient
Air  Quality  Standard  of  9 ppm was exceeded on 22 person-days.
Elevated  CO  concentrations  during  commuting  were  frequently
associated with the exceedences.
0333
Ziskind, R.A., Rogozen, M.B., Carlin, T.,   and Drago,  R.  (1981)
"Carbon monoxide intrusion into sustained-use vehicles", Environ.
Int. 5:109-123.

KEYWORD: source, field, vehicle, interior,personal, exposure, CO,
monitor, outdoor, EPA$

CO  exposures  were  measured  in the passenger sections of 1,164
buses,  taxis,  and police cars  in  the  metropolitan  areas  of
Boston,  MA,  and  Denver,  CO.  The  objectives were to identify
high-CO  vehicles  and  to  elucidate  the  mechanisms  for  high
passenger exposures.  Vehicle fleets were initially screened with
passive  dosimeters  and pump-driven personal samplers.  Selected
vehicles were then outfitted with  portable  electrochemical-cell
continuous  analyzers coupled to recorders.  Principal CO sources
and intrusion pathways were pinpointed, using an inert tracer gas
(SF6) detection system.  Intrusion tests were made both  at  idle
and with the vehicles in motion.  Fixed-station monitoring values
were  underpredicted,  in a nonuniform manner,  out-of-vehicle CO
exposures determined by the field measurements.  In  58%  of  the
120 personal sampler readings for rides greater than 8 hours, the
8-hour  National  Ambient Air Quality Standard for CO  (9 ppm) was
exceeded.
0119
Ziskind, R.A., et al.   (March 1983) "Carbon monoxide intrusion in
sustained-use  vehicles",  U.S.   EPA,  Environmental  Monitoring
Systems Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (160 pages).
NTIS PB83-209999/LL.

KEYWORD: CO, vehicle,   interior, ventilation, personal, exposure,
field, EPA$

This field investigation was begun with  the  main  objective  of
measuring  CO  levels   in  the  passenger  area  of sustained-use
vehicles (principally buses,  taxis,  and police cars).  Attempts
were made  to  identify  traffic,  operating,  and  environmental
conditions,  and vehicle types that could lead to relatively high
interior CO exposures.  Over 1,000 vehicles were  tested  in  two


                              374

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cities.  All  vehicles were in use in a working fleet at the time
of testing.  In over 50% of the  132  vehicle  trips  checked  by
personal  samplers,  the  average  CO  concentration exceeded the
National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 9 ppm over 8  hours.  In
5%   of   the   cases,   the   Occupational   Health  and  Safety
Administration standard  of  50  ppm  average  for  8  hours  was
exceeded.  Sources  of  fugitive emissions and intrusion pathways
were identified in all vehicles with elevated CO levels.
               INDEX OF ABSTRACTS BY PAGE NO.

               ACCESSION NO.       PAGE NO.
                   0001                  235
                   0002                  238
                   0003                  241
                   0004                  337
                   0005                  305
                   0006                  127
                   0007                  124
                   0008                  2
                   0009                  366
                   0010                  65
                   0011                  75
                   0012                  298
                   0013                  76
                   0014                  239
                   0015                  345
                   0016                  347
                   0017                  250
                   0018                  344
                   0019                  358
                   0020                  235
                   0021                  38
                   0022                  220
                   0023                  79
                   0024                  74
                   0025                  117
                   0026                  141
                   0027                  195
                   0028                  368
                   0029                  230
                   0030                  373
                   0031                  242
                   0032                  66
                   0033                  308
                   0034                  261
                   0035                  282
                   0036                  313
                   0037                  238
                   0038                  181
                   0039                  132
                   0040                  133
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0041                  239
0042                  183
0043                  138
0044                  52
0045                  236
0046                  299
0047                  20
0048                  51
0049                  88
0050                  142
0051                  338
0052                  259
0053                  58
0054                  133
0055                  30
0056                  281
0057                  36
0058                  180
0059                  254
0060                  46
0061                  345
0062                  98
0063                  308
0064                  269
0065                  270
0066                  268
0067                  31
0068                  271
0069                  266
0070                  271
0071                  268
0072                  267
0073                  114
0074                  9
0075                  251
0076                  116
0077                  249
0078                  293
0079                  170
0080                  56
0081                  306
0082                  201
0083                  8
0084                  286
0085                  202
0086                  267
0087                  343
0088                  148
0089                  298
0090                  54
0091                  48
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0092                  102
0093                  277
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0095                  85
0096                  273
0097                  159
0098                  90
0099                  294
0100                  167
0101                  246
0102                  152
0103                  29
0104                  96
0105                  205
0106                  248
0107                  250
0108                  106
0109                  60
0110                  195
0111                  263
0112                  34
0113                  357
0114                  79
0115                  132
0116                  356
0117                  115
0118                  194
0119                  374
0120                  193
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0122                  44
0123                  314
0124                  139
0125                  242
0126                  338
0127                  337
0128                  294
0129                  85
0130                  140
0131                  310
0132                  62
0133                  86
0134                  118
0135                  127
0136                  341
0137                  269
0138                  11
0139                  149
0140                  196
0141                  252
0142                  5
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0143                  65
0144                  184
0145                  339
0146                  272
0147                  5
0148                  284
0149                  214
0150                  197
0151                  373
0152                  269
0153                  215
0154                  131
0155                  200
0156                  295
0157                  11
0158                  2
0159                  122
0160                  124
0161                  141
0162                  209
0163                  257
0164                  275
0165                  278
0166                  54
0167                  82
0168                  21
0169                  203
0170                  200
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0176                  96
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0178                  39
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0181                  121
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0183                  121
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0188                  152
0189                  108
0190                  329
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0192                  30
0193                  244
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0194                  316
0195                  301
0196                  261
0197                  70
0198                  289
0199                  179
0200                  325
0201                  237
0202                  110
0203                  241
0204                  289
0205                  302
0206                  350
0207                  38
0208                  304
0209                  348
0210                  12
0211                  249
0212                  287
0213                  288
0214                  178
0215                  177
0216                  286
0217                  290
0218                  288
0219                  247
0220                  251
0221                  232
0222                  14
0223                  218
0224                  200
0225                  7
0226                  217
0227                  32
0228                  61
0229                  67
0230                  97
0231                  142
0232                  186
0233                  187
0234                  198
0235                  211
0236                  219
0237                  24
0238                  39
0239                  357
0240                  99
0241                  118
0242                  13
0243                  32
0244                  40
           379

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0245                  302
0246                  53
0247                  371
0248                  92
0249                  97
0250                  109
0251                  168
0252                  178
0253                  355
0254                  188
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0256                  185
0257                  221
0258                  280
0259                  235
0260                  252
0261                  274
0262                  284
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0264                  302
0265                  309
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0267                  304
0268                  111
0269                  326
0270                  207
0271                  19
0272                  256
0273                  311
0274                  248
0275                  195
0276                  303
0277                  247
0278                  356
0279                  323
0280                  100
0281                  319
0282                  340
0283                  33
0284                  317
0285                  347
0286                  79
0287                  145
0288                  290
0289                  276
0290                  143
0291                  276
0292                  93
0293                  168
0294                  198
0295                  367
           380

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0296                  134
0297                  366
0298                  367
0299                  198
0300                  134
0301                  156
0302                  192
0303                  194
0304                  227
0305                  27
0306                  154
0307                  165
0308                  149
0309                  57
0310                  84
0311                  110
0312                  161
0313                  100
0314                  236
0315                  360
0316                  6
0317                  271
0318                  359
0319                  256
0320                  130
0321                  6
0322                  335
0323                  172
0324                  147
0325                  95
0326                  143
0327                  262
0328                  86
0329                  313
0330                  61
0331                  207
0332                  62
0333                  374
0334                  87
0335                  265
0336                  342
0337                  184
0338                  266
0339                  332
0340                  232
0341                  105
0342                  316
0343                  155
0344                  260
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0348                  185
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0351                  328
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0361                  27
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0370                  351
0371                  321
0372                  60
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0374                  229
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0376                  315
0377                  144
0378                  231
0379                  349
0380                  73
0381                  125
0382                  320
0383                  128
0384                  35
0385                  145
0386                  111
0387                  333
0388                  150
0389                  155
0390                  36
0391                  22
0392                  5
0393                  17
0394                  20
0395                  21
0396                  156
0397                  70
           382

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0398                  44
0399                  105
0400                  108
0401                  146
0402                  257
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0404                  264
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0406                  279
0407                  287
0408                  332
0409                  333
0410                  351
0411                  358
0412                  371
0413                  50
0414                  215
0415                  234
0416                  240
0417                  47
0418                  126
0419                  330
0420                  22
0421                  227
0422                  310
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0425                  293
0426                  205
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0429                  343
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0431                  131
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0433                  232
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0447                  222
0448                  53
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0449                  311
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0451                  203
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0454                  278
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0456                  157
0457                  154
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0483                  10
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0492                  28
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0495                  353
0496                  352
0497                  340
0498                  153
0499                  129
           384

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0503                  64
0504                  368
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0506                  112
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0512                  329
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0514                  233
0515                  177
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0518                  27
0519                  25
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0521                  358
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0523                  300
0524                  119
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0541                  352
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0543                  327
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0547                  334
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0550                  206
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0589                  123
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0600                  349
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