EPA/600/9-88/018
September 1988
ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS
AND PRESENTATIONS
1985 - 1986
A Contribution to the
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
JJ.S. Environmental Protection Ageno
}'.':";io:i 5, Library (5PL-16)
££0 S. Dearborn Street, Room 1670
Chicago, IL 60604
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory - Las Vegas, NV 89114
Environmental Research Laboratory - Corvallls, OR 97333
Environmental Research Laboratory - Duluth, MN 55804
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory - Cincinnati, OH 45268
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory - Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory - Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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Notice
The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68-03-3249 and 68-03-3050 to
Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Company, Inc., No. 68-03-3246 to NSI, No. 68-03-3439
to Kilkelly Environmental Associates, No. 68-02-3889 to Radian Corporation, and Inter-
agency Agreement No. 40-1441-84 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Mention of corporation names, trade names, or commercial products does not con-
stitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
The correct citation of this document is:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1988. Abstracts of Publications and Presenta-
tions, 1985-1986. EPA 600/9-88/018. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D.C. 71 pp.
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Preface
The Aquatic Effects Research Program (AERP) is a major component of the National
Acid Precipitation Assessment Program's Task Group 6, a cooperative effort of seven
federal agencies tasked with addressing important policy and assessment questions relating
to acidic deposition and its effects. The AERP addresses four major policy questions
relating to the effects of acidic deposition on aquatic ecosystems:
1. the extent and magnitude of change,
2. the change to be expected in the future under various rates of acidic deposition,
3. the maximum rates of deposition below which further change is not expected, and
4. the rate of change or recovery of aquatic ecosystems if deposition rates decrease.
This document contains bibliographic citations and brief descriptions of the publi-
cations and presentations authored or co-authored by AERP personnel in 1985 and 1986.
It is intended to provide scientists and administrators, both within and outside the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, with a concise reference to the available literature
generated by the AERP. Development of additional issues of this document is planned
on a biennial basis, with the exception of a single issue covering publications completed
between 1980 and 1984. This document is one output of the AERP Technical Information
Project, a component project of the AERP specifically charged with dissemination of
available AERP information and technology to the scientific community.
in
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Abstract
In 1980, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) implemented the Aquatic
Effects Research Program (AERP) as part of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program. The AERP, a part of EPA's Office of Research and Development, is adminis-
tered by the Acid Deposition and Research Division in the Office of Acid Deposition,
Environmental Monitoring, and Quality Assurance. Six EPA Laboratories cooperate in
AERP research: the Environmental Research Laboratories in Corvallis, Oregon, and Duluth,
Minnesota; the Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratories in Las Vegas, Nevada,
Cincinnati, Ohio, and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and the Atmospheric Sciences
Research Laboratory in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
This document contains information on publications and presentations authored or
coauthored by AERP-EPA and contractor personnel in 1985 and 1986. Major activities
during this time included field surveys in the National Surface Water Survey and the
Direct/Delayed Response Project, pilot studies in the Episodic Response Project, and
initiation of the Watershed Processes and Manipulation Project at Little Rock Lake, Wis-
consin. Additionally, planning and design efforts were underway for other component
projects, including the Watershed Manipulation Project, Regional Case Studies, and a long-
term monitoring effort.
This document is one of a number of publications produced through the AERP Tech-
nical Information Project. Initiated in 1986, the Technical Information Project disseminates
AERP information to the scientific community. This document was submitted in partial
fulfillment of Contract No. 68-03-3249 by Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Company,
Inc., under sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers
a period from January 1985 to December 1986, and work was completed as of July 1988.
IV
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Confenfs
Notice ii
Preface Hi
Abstract iv
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols vi
Acknowledgements vii
Introduction 1
National Surface Water Survey 1
Biologically Relevant Chemistry 2
Direct/Delayed Response Project 2
Watershed Processes and Manipulations : 3
Little Rock Lake Project 3
Watershed Manipulation Project 3
Episodic Response Project 4
Regional Case Studies 5
Purpose and Organization of this Document 6
Technical Information Project 6
Document Organization 7
Subject Index 7
Book Chapters 8
External Reports 10
Internal Reports 17
Journal Articles 24
Symposium Proceedings 36
Presentations/Published Abstracts 39
Subject Index 61
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Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols
AERP = Aquatic Effects Research Program
Al = aluminum
ANC = acid neutralizing capacity
AQUARIUS = Automated Quality Assurance Review, Interactive User System
ASA = American Statistical Association
AWDB = Adirondack Watershed Data Base
BNC = base neutralizing capacity
BRC = Biologically Relevant Chemistry Project
DDRP = Direct/Delayed Response Project
DIG = dissolved inorganic carbon
DOC = dissolved organic carbon
ELS = Eastern Lake Survey
ELS-I = Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I
ELS-II = Eastern Lake Survey - Phase II
EPA = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ERL-C = Environmental Research Laboratory at Corvallis, Oregon
ERP = Episodic Response Project
NAPAP = National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
NLS = National Lake Survey
NSS = National Stream Survey
NSS-I = National Stream Survey - Phase I
NSWS = National Surface Water Survey
NTIS = National Technical Information Service
ORNL = Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Pb = lead
PCV = pyrocatechol violet
QA = quality assurance
QC = quality control
RCS = Regional Case Studies
REAM = Regional Episodic and Acidic Manipulations Project
RIS = Regionalized Integrative Studies
SVS-P = Spring Variability Pilot Study
WLS = Western Lake Survey
WLS-I = Western Lake Survey - Phase I
WMP = Watershed Manipulation Project
VI
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Acknowledgements
Critical reviews by the following individuals were instrumental in the design of this
document and are gratefully acknowledged: R. A. Linthurst, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (Washington, D.C.), S. J. Christie, NSI (Corvallis, Oregon), P. E. Kellar, Kilkelly
Environmental Associates (Raleigh, North Carolina), and M. L. Faber, Lockheed Engineering
and Sciences Company, Inc. (Las Vegas, Nevada).
An initial draft of this document was prepared by M. Stockton, Radian Corporation
(Research Triangle Park, North Carolina). Substantial changes and revisions were com-
pleted by D. J. Chaloud, Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Company, Inc. Technical
assistance was provided by D. W. Sutton, J. M. Nicholson, J. E. Engels, and G. D. Merritt,
Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Company, Inc. P. Suk, Kilkelly Environmental
Associates, and J. Hartman, North Carolina State University (Raleigh, North Carolina)
provided additional materials. Acknowledgement is also due to the authors and technical
information coordinators for provision of the materials included in this document.
Finally, recognition belongs to the technical monitors, R. E. Crowe (retired) who
created the Technical Information Project and W. L. Kinney who has served as technical
monitor since 1987.
VII
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Section 1
Introduction
In 1980, the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency (EPA) implemented the Aquatic
Effects Research Program (AERP) as part
of the National Acid Precipitation Assess-
ment Program (NAPAP). The AERP, a part
of EPA's Office of Research and Develop-
ment, is administered by the Acid Deposi-
tion and Research Division in the Office
of Acid Deposition, Environmental Moni-
toring, and Quality Assurance. Six EPA
Laboratories cooperate in AERP research:
the Environmental Research Laboratories in
Corvallis, OR, and Duluth, MN; the Environ-
mental Monitoring Systems Laboratories in
Las Vegas, NV, Cincinnati, OH, and Research
Triangle Park, NC; and the Atmospheric
Sciences Research Laboratory in Research
Triangle Park, NC.
Four policy questions have guided the
design, direction, and focus of the AERP:
1. What is the extent and magnitude
of past change attributable to acidic deposi-
tion?
2. What change is expected in the
future under various deposition scenarios?
3. What is the target loading level
below which change would not be expected?
4. What is the rate of recovery if
deposition decreases?
An integrated, stepwise approach is
used within the AERP to provide the neces-
sary data to answer these questions. The
approach employs statistically based site
selection, standardized sampling procedures
and analytical methods, and rigorous quality
assurance protocols. Collectively, AERP
projects form an integrated effort to quan-
tify the chemical status and extent of sur-
face waters at risk, predict the response of
biologically relevant water chemistry to
variable rates of acidic deposition, and
verify and validate the predictions.
This document contains information
on publications and presentations authored
or coauthored by AERP-EPA and contractor
personnel in 1985 and 1986. Major activities
during this time included field surveys in
the National Surface Water Survey (NSWS)
and the Direct/Delayed Response Project
(DDRP), pilot studies in the Episodic Response
Project (ERP), and initiation of the Watershed
Processes and Manipulation Project at Little
Rock Lake, Wisconsin. Additionally, planning
and design efforts were underway for other
component projects, including the Watershed
Manipulation Project (WMP), Regional Case
Studies (RCS), and a long-term monitoring
effort. The integrated, stepwise approach
used in AERP makes it important to view
this document within the historical perspec-
tive of that time period. This historical
perspective is provided in the following
descriptions of the component project ac-
tivities of this time period.
National Surface Water Survey
The National Surface Water Survey
(NSWS) is divided into two components:
the National Lake Survey (NLS) and the
National Stream Survey (NSS). Phase I
efforts of the NSWS provide information
to assess the current chemical status of
lakes and streams. Phase II activities of
these surveys describe seasonal variability
in regional water chemistry.
The NLS is further divided into the
Eastern Lake Survey (ELS) and the Western
Lake Survey (WLS). In Phase I of the NLS,
samples from 1798 lakes were collected during
fall of 1984 in the northeastern, southeast-
ern, and upper midwestern United States
(ELS). Another 757 lakes were sampled
during fall of 1985 in the mountainous areas
of the western United States (WLS). These
data have served to classify lakes so that
subsets can be identified for more detailed
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studies in Phase II of the NLS and in other
programs in the AERP.
Phase II (ELS-II) was initiated in the
northeastern United States in 1986 and in-
cluded three seasonal chemistry surveys.
Each of 147 lakes, selected from lakes
sampled during Phase I of ELS, was sampled
during spring, summer, and fall. These
surveys provide data necessary to charac-
terize seasonal patterns in water chemistry
and to relate these patterns to the baseline
conditions of Phase I.
Address inquiries concerning NLS to:
Dixon Landers
EPA/Environmental Research
Laboratory-Corvallis
200 S.W. 35th Street
Corvallis, OR 97333
(503) 757-4666 FTS: 420-4666
The NSS was implemented in 1985 with
a pilot survey of 61 stream sites in the
Southern Blue Ridge Province. Phase I
was conducted in the spring and summer
of 1986 in the Middle Atlantic region with
the sampling of approximately 270 stream
reaches. Information from the Southeastern
Screening Survey (conducted on about 200
stream reaches in concert with the Middle
Atlantic sampling) helped prioritize other
stream sites for possible future survey
activities. The screening covered areas of
the Southern Appalachians, the Piedmont,
the Ouachita Mountains, and parts of the
Florida Panhandle and Florida Peninsula.
Address inquiries concerning NSS to:
Phil Kaufmann
EPA/Environmental Research
Laboratory-Corvallis
200 S.W. 35th Street
Corvallis, OR 97333
(503) 757-4666 FTS 420-4666
Biologically Relevant Chemistry
Concurrent to ELS-II field activities,
planning was underway to develop the Bio-
logically Relevant Chemistry Project (BRC).
Initial BRC field activities, which will pro-
vide assessment data on the risk that acidic
deposition poses to aquatic biota, were con-
ducted in the Upper Midwest in the summer
of 1987. Several complementary studies
will be incorporated as components of the
BRC. One study will determine the present
status of fish populations in a subset of
lakes sampled during ELS-I and will quantify
the chemical characteristics of these lakes.
Another research effort will study the effects
of episodic acidification on fish populations.
This document contains several entries
about planning for BRC. Address inquiries
concerning BRC to:
Robert Cusimano
EPA/Environmental Research
Laboratory-Corvallis
200 S.W. 35th Street
Corvallis, OR 97333
(503) 757-4666 FTS: 420-4666
Direct/Delayed Response Project
Predicting how constant, increasing,
or decreasing acidic inputs will affect the
chemical and biological status of lakes and
streams in the future requires knowledge
of the current conditions and primary factors
that influence surface water response.
Accurate predictions also require an under-
standing of complex watershed-mediated
processes and mechanisms, as well as the
ability to quantify time frames within which
responses are expected to occur. The DDRP
was designed to provide the data needed to
classify watersheds, based on the time frames
during which surface waters would be ex-
pected to become acidic (i.e., the time frame
expected for the annual average acid neutral-
izing capacity to decrease to zero), at various
levels of sulfate deposition. The primary
objectives of this research are to (1) char-
acterize the regional variability of soil and
watershed characteristics, (2) determine
which soil and watershed characteristics
are most strongly related to surface water
chemistry, (3) estimate the relative impor-
tance of key watershed processes across
the study regions, and (4) classify a sample
of watersheds, according to the time frames
during which they would reach acidic status,
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and extrapolate the results from the sample
to the study regions.
A DDRP survey was conducted in 1985
in the Northeast on the watersheds of 145
lakes. Eighty-nine percent of these lakes
also were selected for ELS-II, and all were
sampled in Phase I. In 1986, a second soil
survey was completed on 35 watersheds in
the Southern Blue Ridge Province, selected
in conjunction with the pilot stream survey.
Three levels of data analyses are being
used in DDRP. Level I analyses employ
multivariate statistical procedures and
steady-state calculations such as sulfur
input-output budgets. When integrated with
available data, including those from NSWS,
the analyses evaluate possible correlations
between watershed characteristics and sur-
face water chemistry.
Level II analyses provide order-of-
magnitude time estimates of the system
response rates to various levels of acidic
deposition. These analyses are being used
to estimate changes in individual system
components considered to be important in
controlling surface water acidification, such
as sulfate retention and base cation supply.
Level III analyses use dynamic models
to integrate key mechanisms controlling
surface water chemistry over a long period
of acidic deposition. These mechanisms
include soil-water interactions (including
water contact time), replacement of base
cations through mineral weathering, sulfate
retention, and base cation buffering. The
predicted response times assist in classifying
watersheds and estimating the number and
geographic distribution of each watershed
class.
to:
Address inquiries concerning DDRP
Robbins Church
EPA/Environmental Research
Laboratory-Corvallis
200 S.W. 35th Street
Corvallis, OR 97333
(503) 757-4666 FTS: 420-4666
Watershed Processes and
Manipulations
Watershed studies focus on testing
acidification hypotheses through experimental
acidification of aquatic systems and investiga-
tions of soil processes. The artificial acidifi-
cation of a lake in Wisconsin and the manip-
ulation of a watershed in Maine are the
key manipulation studies.
Little Rock Lake Project
Before Little Rock Lake in Wisconsin
was artificially acidified in 1985, a number
of hypotheses had been developed regarding
the chemical changes and biological responses
that might occur in a lake following the addi-
tion of acids. One-half of the lake is being
acidified to decrease its pH incrementally
over a six-year period. The other half of
the lake also may receive the same treatment,
lagged by a four-year period. The ongoing
study is providing direct evidence that will
allow the hypotheses to be tested and modi-
fied, if necessary, to increase the under-
standing of potential ecological effects of
acidic deposition on an aquatic ecosystem,
and to develop effective predictive models.
Address inquiries concerning the Little
Rock Lake Project to:
John Eaton
EPA/Environmental Research
Laboratory-Duluth
6201 Congdon Blvd.
Duluth, MN 55804
(218) 720-5557 FTS: 780-5557
Watershed Manipulation Project
The Watershed Manipulation Project
(WMP) was implemented in Maine in 1987
to evaluate watershed responses to artifi-
cial acidification. One watershed receives
acid and a second, similar site serves as a
control. This project, through a series of
laboratory, plot, hillslope, and catchment
scale experiments, is designed to (1) assess
the quantitative and qualitative response
of watershed soils and surface waters to
altered deposition, (2) determine the interac-
tions among biogeochemical mechanisms
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controlling surface water response to acidic
deposition, and (3) test the behavior of
the DDRP models, evaluate model predictions
of manipulation outcomes, and refine model
structure to improve the reliability of model
predictions. The DDRP models will serve
as a framework for the hypothesis-testing
experiments.
An integral component of this research
area is soil process studies, which comple-
ment WMP as well as contribute to DDRP.
These studies are investigating soil-related
processes hypothesized to be key factors
controlling the rate of surface water acidifi-
cation. The processes include sulfate mobil-
ity, sulfate retention and release, cation
exchange, cation supply and mineral weath-
ering (including aluminum), organic acids,
and nitrate mobility.
to:
Address inquiries concerning the WMP
Parker J. Wigington, Jr.
EPA/Environmental Research
Laboratory-Corvallis
200 S.W. 35th Street
Corvallis, OR 97333
(503) 757-4666 FTS: 420-4666
Episodic Response Project
The Episodic Response Project (ERP)
is designed to investigate the regional
response of surface waters to acidic episodes
and to provide data on the level of acidic
deposition below which biological effects
would not occur. The risk to surface waters
posed by short-term, acute exposure to
acidic inputs will be examined through
model-based, regional estimates of the dura-
tion, frequency, extent, and magnitude of
acidic events, such as those accompanying
storms and snowmelt.
As part of ELS-II and NSS-I, pilot
studies were conducted to determine the
feasibility of conducting episodes studies
on a broad-scale, survey basis. The Spring
Variability Pilot Study (SVS-P), designed
to obtain data describing the spatial and
temporal variability of lake chemistry during
snowmelt, was conducted in early 1986.
Because of the intensive sampling required
and the difficult sampling conditions, only
four lakes were included in the survey.
For the same reasons, lake selection was
strongly based on logistical considerations
and was not random. A streams episodes
pilot was conducted in conjunction with
NSS-I in the Middle Atlantic. Results of
these pilot studies led to the conclusion
that a survey approach, similar to that used
in NSWS, was not feasible for quantifying
episodic effects.
As an alternative approach, ERP will
develop an empirical model of catchment
episodic response. The data for the model
development will be collected from a few
intensively monitored research sites, including
sites funded as part of ERP plus sites jointly
funded and coordinated by both ERP and
WMP. This joint effort, termed the Regional
Episodic and Acidic Manipulations Project
(REAM), will involve both watershed manipu-
lation experiments and episodes monitoring.
It will be implemented at Fernow, West
Virginia. Studies at REAM sites will focus
on integrating hydrology, soil processes,
water chemistry, and aquatic biology, and
providing data for model development for
ERP and model enhancement for WMP.
Each proposed site will consist of a pair
of watershed-stream systems for which water
quality and flow data exist. One of the
paired sites will be experimentally acidified
while the second will serve as a control.
Chronic and episodic acidification will be
measured at each of the paired sites through
intensive collection of stream chemical data.
The model, which will include components
addressing important site-specific factors
such as deposition loadings and hydrologic
factors, will be applied to empirical data
from subregions of interest to estimate the
regional extent of episodes.
Address inquiries concerning ERP to:
Parker J. Wigington, Jr.
EPA/Environmental Research
Laboratory-Corvallis
200 S.W. 35th Street
Corvallis, OR 97333
(503) 757-4666 FTS: 420-4666
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Regional Case Studies
Planning was also initiated in 1985
for the Regional Case Studies (PCS) Project.
Using data from many sources, including
NSWS, the RCS will provide an integrated
evaluation of the potential and measured
effects of acidic deposition on surface
waters with low acid neutralizing capacity.
Current chemical, physical, and biological
characteristics of surface waters are being
compared on a subregional basis to identify
the key determinants of surface water
chemistry. Past chemical and biological
statuses are being inferred and future
changes are being predicted. The focused,
specific activities in RCS will help refine
estimates of present chemical status and
projections of future change.
This project is one of several activities
within AERP targeted at synthesizing and
integrating all project results. Other ac-
tivities include providing information for a
NAPAP Assessment to Congress in 1990 and
disseminating information through the Tech-
nical Information Project (Section 2).
Address inquiries concerning RCS to:
Don Charles
EPA/Environmental Research
Laboratory-Corvallis
200 S.W. 35th Street
Corvallis, OR 97333
(503) 757-4666 FTS: 420-4666
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Section 2
Purpose and Organization of this Document
Technical Information Project
This document is one of a number
of publications produced through the AERP
Technical Information Project. Initiated in
1986, the Technical Information Project dis-
seminates AERP information to the scientific
community. At present, the information
distributed by Technical Information includes:
AERP sfafus--In addition to providing
information on current activities within
AERP, the status highlights the activities
of state agencies involved in projects related
to aquatic effects of acidic deposition.
The status provides a mechanism for obtain-
ing documents resulting from the AERP
research activities and from the Technical
Information Project.
Project Overviews-Concise project
descriptions inform regional EPA offices,
state agencies, and other interested organi-
zations about AERP projects prior to their
implementation. A similar document, sum-
marizing project conclusions, follows at
the end of each project.
Project Descriptors-This document is
a compilation of AERP project descriptions
for activities to be performed in a given
EPA fiscal year. The first issue covers the
October 1987-September 1988 EPA fiscal year
projects. The Project Descriptors document
provides detailed information on each com-
ponent project. Additionally, the Project
Descriptors document provides the name,
address, and telephone number for the
technical contact for each AERP project.
Major Report with Companion Docu-
ment s--These document sets are the manuals
and reports used during or prepared as a
result of a particular AERP component pro-
ject. Companion documents to each major
data report include field operations and
quality assurance reports, quality assurance
plans, and analytical methods manuals.
Each set is identified by use of the project
name in the title of each document, cover
artwork, and colored covers.
Data Bases-Each data base consists
of two components: a computer diskette
or tape containing the validated data base
for a particular AERP project and a user's
guide with instructions on how to use the
data base and how the quality of the data
was assessed.
Handbooks-The handbooks are guidance
documents that contain procedures for field
operations, laboratory operations, and quality
assurance for surface water and soils (six
documents in all). They are especially helpful
to organizations involved in designing and
implementing monitoring activities related
to acidic deposition. A loose-leaf format
facilitates insertion of updates.
Biennial Publications and Presentations
Journal-This document is a compilation of
publications and presentations authored or
coauthored by AERP personnnel, including
EPA personnel and contractors. This issue
covers 1985 and 1986. Future issues will
cover remaining biennial periods through
1990. Additionally, an issue will list AERP
publications completed prior to 1985.
Like the other AERP component pro-
jects, the Technical Information Project
is a dynamic program that may change to
better reflect the needs and priorities of
AERP and the scientific community. New
products may be added and some of those
listed here may be changed or deleted. For
further information on the Technical Informa-
tion Project and its products, please contact:
W.L Kinney
EPA/Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory-Las Vegas
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
(702) 798-2358
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Document Organization
The remaining sections of this docu-
ment contain the publication and presenta-
tion entries for 1985 and 1986. Section 3
contains book chapters, Section 4 delineates
external reports, Section 5 lists internal
reports, Section 6 lists journal articles,
Section 7 contains symposium proceedings,
and Section 8 is presentations/published
abstracts. Within each section, entries are
listed alphabetically by first author.
External reports are primarily EPA or
other government publications. Some of
these are available free of charge through
the Technical Information Project. Most
of the external reports, including those
available through the Technical Information
Project, are available through the National
Technical Information Service (NTIS) for a
small charge. Contact NTIS to obtain copies
of these documents:
U.S. Department of Commerce
NTIS
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 487-4650
Internal reports are not generally
available to the public. In some cases,
copies may be obtained by contacting the
primary author or the specific AERP com-
ponent project contact listed in Section 1.
Many of the internal reports are the manuals
used on specific component projects. The
AERP Handbooks are a compilation of the
most up-to-date methods used in all of the
component surveys and are publicly avail-
able through the Technical Information
Project.
Books and journal articles are, general-
ly, publicly available. The Symposium Pro-
ceedings section contains references to
proceeding documents of conferences spon-
sored or partially sponsored by AERP and
listings of papers authored by AERP person-
nel that appear in conference proceedings.
The Presentations/Published Abstracts section
contains references to conference proceed-
ings in which only the abstract, rather than
a full article, is published and references
to presentations that have not, as yet,
resulted in a publication. Presentations
completed in 1986 may result in a published
abstract or symposium proceeding paper in
1987; these publications will appear in the
1987-88 issue of this document. Alternately,
contact the primary presenter or component
project contact for further information on
presentations.
Subject Index
Each entry consists of the full biblio-
graphical -citation, keywords, and a short
description or abstract. The listed keywords
are not necessarily those that would be
found in scientific journals. Instead, these
keywords are a cross-reference to the subject
index located at the end of this document.
The subject index has been structured with
the AERP user in mind. Major headings
include the individual component projects,
soil-related terms, water chemistry-related
terms, quality assurance terms, and computer
model-related terms. Acronyms of project
names and commonly used terms are used
as keywords. These acronyms are included
in the list of acronyms and abbreviations
on page vi, are defined at their first usage
within each section, and both the acronym
and full name are listed in the index
Redundancy in the index is provided
by the use of subheadings from one category
as major headings for another category.
For example, one could find all references
to the WLS-I by looking up WLS-I under
the major heading of Program Area or by
looking for Western Lake Survey - Phase I
as a major heading. Under the Western
Lake Survey - Phase I major heading, one
will find the references separated into
particular subjects, such as field operations,
laboratory methods, wilderness lakes, and
quality assurance.
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Section 3
Book Chapters
Baker, J. P., and C. L Schofield. 1985. Acidification Impacts on Fish Populations: A
Review. In: Acid Deposition: Environmental, Economic, and Policy Issues. D. Adams,
ed. Plenum Publishing Corp., New York. pp. 183-221.
Keywords: acidification effects, Adirondack Mountains, eastern Canada, fish populations,
fishery decline, Nova Scotia, potential causative factors
The clearest evidence for impacts of acidic deposition is the documentation of adverse
effects on fish populations. Loss of fish populations associated with acidification of
surface waters has been documented for five areas-the Adirondack region of New York
State, the LaCloche Mountain region of Ontario, Nova Scotia, southern Norway, and
southern Sweden. In other regions of the world with low alkalinity waters receiving
acidic deposition, acidification of surface waters does not appear to have progressed to
levels clearly detrimental to fish. Three major mechanisms for the disappearance of fish
populations with acidification have been proposed: (1) decreased food availability and/or
quality, (2) fish kills during episodic acidification, and (3) recruitment failure. Each prob-
ably plays some role, although recruitment failure has been hypothesized as the most
common cause of population loss.
Henriksen, A., W. Dickson, and D. F. Brakke. 1986. Critical Loads of Sulphur to Aquatic
Systems. In: Critical Loads of Sulphur and Nitrogen to Soils, Groundwater and Surface
Water. Nordic Council, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 87-120.
Abstract not available.
Kanciruk, P., R. J. Olson, and R. A. McCord. 1986. Quality Control In Research Data
Bases: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Surface Water Survey experi-
ence. In: Research Data Management in Ecological Sciences. W. K. Michner, ed. GPO
#DE86002249. pp. 193-208.
Keywords: data QA, data validation, data verification
This chapter describes the quality assurance (QA) procedures used during Phase I
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Surface Water Survey. The QA
procedures used for this project include consultation on data forms design; input data
screening; double data entry; range checking and relational scanning of data; data verifi-
cation; and data validation using statistical, thematic, and graphic techniques.
Malanchuk, J. L, P. A. Mundy, R. J. Nesse, and D. A, Bennett. 1986. Assessment of
Aquatic Effects due to Acid Deposition. In: Impact of Acid Rain and Deposition on
Aquatic Biological Systems. B. G. Ison, S. E. Dennis, and J. M. Bates, eds. ASTM STP
928. Am. Soc. Test. Mater., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Keywords: acidic deposition effects, NAPAP, recommendations
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Increased concern over the impact of acid deposition on natural resources has caused
the proliferation of substantial research in the area of effects. Often overlooked is the
synthesis of this vast body of information into a coherent picture to be used for assess-
ment and policy analysis. Relationships among research projects frequently are poorly
defined or lacking, and problems of spatial and temporal resolution are abundant. The
acquisition and use of historical data (for example, water quality and fish stocking data),
to determine trends over time is problematical. Assessments of aquatic effects will be
made in 1985, 1987, and 1989 under the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program.
A procedure is presented which attempts to organize existing information over space and
time. Problems are highlighted and information needs made apparent.
Schnoor, J., and W. Stumm. 1985. Chemical Weathering. In: Acidification of Aquatic
and Terrestrial Systems. W. Stumm, ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Keywords: alkalinity generation, chemical weathering, ecological effects of aluminum,
forest effects, lake sensitivity, metal uptake, soil processes, soil weathering, sulfate inputs,
watershed properties
The authors have shown that aggrading biomass and humus and oxidation reactions
serve to add protons to aqueous systems, while chemical weathering, ion exchange, and
reduction reactions serve to consume protons (add ANC to the water). Atmospheric acid
deposition creates an additional input of hydrogen and sulfate ions to the terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystem which is partly neutralized by increased weathering and cation export.
It is balanced by aluminum dissolution which causes negative effects in aquatic ecosys-
tems on fish and possibly on forests. The lakes which have been acidified by acid precipi-
tation are those with extremely sensitive hydrologic settings and with watersheds lacking
carbonate minerals. They respond relatively rapidly to changes in acid loading (on the
order of a few hydraulic detention times). The soils of these watersheds have not been
greatly acidified by acid precipitation nor has podsolization occurred due to anthropogenic
acid precipitation.
Schnoor, J., W. Palmer, Jr., and G. Glass. 1985. Modeling Impacts of Acid Precipitation
for Northeastern Minnesota. In: Acid Precipitation: Modeling of Total Acid Precipitation
Impacts. J. L Schnoor, ed. Ann Arbor Sci., Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Keywords: bedrock geology, chemical weathering, lake sensitivity, regional watershed
characteristics, trickle-down model, watershed properties
The hydrology and geochemistry of the watershed determine the chemical weather-
ing rate and thus are key factors in the susceptibility of lakes to acidification. In this
chapter, lakes in northeastern Minnesota serve as case studies, where igneous bedrock
and a lack of calcareous overburden are sufficient to classify the region as sensitive to
acid rain. The volume-weighted acidity of precipitation pH ranges from 4.6 to 4.85. These
are threshold cases where it is not certain whether present acid loadings are acidifying
lakes.
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Section 4
External Reports
Best, M. D., S. K. Drousl, L W. Creelman, and D. J. Chaloud. 1986. National Surface
Water Survey, Eastern Lake Survey (Phase 1 - Synoptic Chemistry) Quality Assurance
Report. EPA-600/4-86/011, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada.
168 pp.
Keywords: data quality, ELS-I data results, ELS-I QA, parameters, QA report, statistical
testing
This quality assurance report is a retrospective, comprehensive overview of the quality
assurance activities and results of the Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I. The report
describes the chemical parameters measured, the sampling and analytical methods used, and
the quality assurance procedures required for field, laboratory, and data base operations.
The report also discusses the rationales and testing that led to the implementation of
specific protocols. The statistical testing of the analytical and quality assurance data
is explained, and the results of these tests are presented.
Brezonik, P. L, L. A. Baker, N. E. Detenbeck, J. G. Eaton, T. M. Frost, P. J. Garrison,
M. D. Johnson, T. K. Kratz, J. J. Magnuson, J. H. McCormick, J. E. Perry, W. J. Rose, B.
K. Shepard, W. A. Swenson, C. J. Watras, and K. E. Webster. 1986. Experimental Acidi-
fication of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin: Baseline Studies and Predictions of Lake
Responses to Acidification. Special Research Report #7, Water Resources Research Center,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 43 pp.
Keywords: artificial acidification, baseline studies, Little Rock Lake
The experimental acidification of a two-basin lake in northern Wisconsin is described.
Background studies on the lake began in 1983, and the lake basins were separated by a
vinyl curtain in August 1984; acidification of the north basin began in spring of 1985.
Target pH values of 5.5, 5.0, and 4.5 are planned for two-year increments. Biotic and
chemical responses and internal alkalinity generation are being studied. This report
summarizes baseline studies on the lake, including acidification experiments in in situ
enclosures.
Church, M. R., and R. S. Turner, eds. 1986. Factors Affecting the Long-term Response
of Surface Waters to Acidic Deposition: State of Science. EPA 600/3-86/025, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.
Keywords: acidification model, alkalinity variability, DDRP, soil processes, terrestrial
factors
Recent intensive study of the causes of surface water acidification has led to
numerous hypothesized controlling mechanisms. Among these are the salt-effect reduction
of alkalinity, the base cation buffering and sulfate adsorption capacities of soils, availa-
bility of weatherable minerals, depth of till, macropore flow, and type of forest cover.
Correlative and predictive models have been developed to show the relationships (if any)
between the hypothesized controlling mechanisms and surface water acidity, and to suggest
10
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under what conditions additional surface waters might become acidic. The U.S. EPA is
interested in surveying watershed characteristics to correlate with predictive model simula-
tions in an effort to assess how many surface waters will become acid within certain
time frames. The document is a review of our current knowledge of factors and processes
controlling soil and surface water acidification, as well as an assessment of the adequacy
of that knowledge for making predictions of future acidification.
Drouse, S. K., D. C. Hillman, J. L. Engels, L. W. Creelman, and S. J. Simon. 1986. Nation-
al Surface Water Survey, National Stream Survey (Phase I Pilot, Mid-Atlantic Phase I,
Southeast Screening, and Mid-Atlantic Episodes Pilot) Quality Assurance Plan.
EPA-600/4-86/044, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 215 pp.
Keywords; NSS-I QA plan
The National Stream Survey is the first phase of the National Surface Water Survey
Stream Study. This manual delineates the quality assurance plan for the National Stream
Survey. It specifies measures to ensure that procedures are performed consistently and
that the quality of the data generated can be determined.
Drous6, S. K., D. C. J. Hillman, L W. Creelman, and S. J. Simon. 1986. National Surface
Water Survey, Eastern Lake Survey (Phase I - Synoptic Chemistry) Quality Assurance
Plan. EPA-600/4-86/008, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 211
PP-
Keywords: ELS-I QA plan
The Eastern Lake Survey is the first phase of the National Surface Water Survey
lake study. This manual delineates the quality assurance plan for the Eastern Lake Survey.
It specifies measures to ensure that procedures are performed consistently and that the
quality of the data generated can be determined.
Haines, T. A., S. J. Pauwels, and C. H. Jagoe. 1986. Predicting and Evaluating the Effects
of Acidic Precipitation on Water Chemistry and Endemic Fish Populations in the North-
eastern United States. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. Air
Pollution and Acid Rain Report, No. 23, 140 pp.
Keywords: acidic deposition effects, fish population status, Maine, metals, pH-stress
This study was conducted to assess the status of fish populations of 22 lakes in
Maine representing a range of chemical conditions related to acidity. The results of this
study show that fish species distribution and abundance were affected by acidity in Maine
lakes. Lakes of pH less than 5.0 were devoid of fish. Lakes of pH about 5.5 and above
contained relatively normal fish populations in terms of abundance and species richness.
Fish from lakes between pH 5.4-6.0 contained elevated concentrations of trace metals,
probably as a result of divalent cation mediation of metal uptake across gill membranes.
11
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Hillman, D. C., J. F. Potter, and S. J. Simon. 1986. National Surface Water Survey,
Eastern Lake Survey (Phase I - Synoptic Chemistry) Analytical Methods Manual.
EPA-600/4-86/009, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 208 pp.
Keywords: analytical QA, ELS-I analytical methods
This manual provides details of the analytical methods and internal quality control
used to process and analyze samples for the Eastern Lake Survey (ELS). Data collection
activities are based on a program which ensures that the resulting data are of known
quality and are suitable for the purpose for which they are intended. It is necessary
that the data obtained be consistent and comparable. The same reliable, detailed analytical
methodology must be available to and used by all analysts participating in the study.
Hunsaker, C. T., S. W. Christensen, J. J. Beauchamp, R. J. Olson, R. S. Turner, and J. L.
Malanchuk. 1986. Empirical Relationships between Watershed Attributes and Headwater
Lake Chemistry in the Adirondack Region. ORNL/TM-9838, Oak Ridge National Labora-
tory Technical Memorandum, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 123 pp.
Keywords: Adirondack Mountains, Adirondack Watershed Data Base, ANC variability, pH
variability, regional watershed characteristics, watershed model
This study focuses on the Adirondack Region of New York and has two purposes:
(1) to develop empirical models that can be used to assess the chemical status of lakes
for which no chemistry data exist and (2) to determine, on a regional scale, watershed
attributes that account for variability in lake pH and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC).
Headwater lakes, rather than lakes linked to upstream lakes, were selected for initial
analysis. The Adirondack Watershed Data Base (AWDB) integrates data on physiography,
bedrock, soils, land cover, wetlands, disturbances, beaver activity, land use, and atmos-
pheric deposition with the water chemistry and morphology for the watersheds of 463
headwater lakes. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed in developing
the empirical models.
Kanciruk, P., J. M. Eilers, R. A. McCord, D. H. Landers, D. F. Brakke, and R. A. Linthurst.
1986. Characteristics of Lakes in the Eastern United States - Volume III, Data Compend-
ium of Site Characteristics and Chemical Variables. EPA-600/4-86/007C, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 439 pp.
Keywords: ELS-I data base, index chemistry data
The primary goal of the Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I was to develop a geograph-
ically extensive data base that could be used as an initial framework to quantify the extent
and chemical status of lakes potentially at risk due to the effects of acidic deposition.
This volume is part of a three-volume report entitled, "Chemical Characteristics of Lakes
in the Eastern United States." The purpose of this volume is to present additional data
that were not shown in Volumes I or II. Because of the design requirement, the data
presented in this volume must be viewed only as an index to the chemistry of the indi-
vidual lake.
12
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Kanciruk, P., M. Gentry, R. A. McCord, L A. Hook, J. M. Eilers, and M. D. Best. 1986.
National Surface Water Survey, Eastern Lake Survey (Phase I) Data Base Dictionary.
ORNL/TM-10153. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Technical Memorandum, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee. 85 pp.
Keywords: data set formats, ELS-I data dictionary
The Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I (ELS-I) involved a three-month field effort in
the fall of 1984 in which 1,612 probability sample lakes and 186 special interest lakes in
the northeast, southeast, and upper midwest regions of the United States were sampled.
This document provides the information necessary for researchers to transfer the ELS-I
data base accurately to their own computer systems. The data dictionary also includes
complete descriptions of the variables in the data base and of the data set formats.
Kanciruk, P., M. Gentry, R. A. McCord, L. A. Hook, J. M. Eilers, and M. D. Best. 1986.
National Surface Water Survey, Western Lake Survey (Phase I) Data Base Dictionary.
ORNL/TM-10307, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Technical Memorandum, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee. 90 pp.
Keywords: data set formats, WLS-I data dictionary
The Western Lake Survey - Phase I (WLS-I) involved a three-month field effort in
the fall of 1985 in which 720 probability sample lakes and 32 special interest lakes in
the western regions of the United States were sampled. This document provides the
information necessary for researchers to transfer the WLS-I data base to their own com-
puter systems. This data dictionary also includes complete descriptions of the variables
in the data base and of the data set formats.
Linthurst, R. A., D. H. Landers, J. M. Eilers, D. F. Brakke, W. S. Overton, E. P. Meier,
and R. E. Crowe. 1986. Characteristics of Lakes in the Eastern United States - Volume
I, Population Descriptions and Physico-chemical Relationships. EPA-600/4-86/007a, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 136 pp.
Keywords: ELS-I data results, ELS-I survey design
The Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I (ELS-I) was conducted in the fall of 1984 as a
part of the National Surface Water Survey (NSWS). It involved a three-month field effort
in which 1,612 probability sample lakes and 186 special interest lakes in the northeast,
southeast, and upper midwest regions of the United States were sampled. The purpose
of this report is to describe the results of the survey and to make the ELS-I data avail-
able to researchers and policy makers. The use and interpretation of any data set are
restricted by the design, the quality of the data obtained, and the sampling protocols,
which are presented in detail.
Messer, J. J., C. W. Ariss, J. R. Baker, S. K. Drous6, K. N. Eshleman, P. R. Kaufmann, R.
A. Linthurst, J. M. Omernik, W. S. Overton, M. J. Sale, R. D. Schonbrod, S. M. Stambaugh,
and J. R. Tuschall, Jr. 1986. National Surface Water Survey National Stream Survey
(Phase I - Pilot Survey). EPA-600/4-86/026, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Corvallis, Oregon. 321 pp.
Keywords: NSS pilot data results, NSS survey design
13
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A pilot survey of streams in the Southern Blue Ridge Province was conducted by
the U.S. EPA during the spring and summer of 1985 as part of the National Surface Water
Survey (NSWS). It was designed for the purpose of testing a proposed methodology for
(1) determining the present extent and location of acidic and low acid neutralizing capacity
(ANC) streams in the United States and (2) classifying sampled streams that are represent-
ative of important classes of streams. This report describes the survey design and pre-
sents results from the data collected.
Morris, F. A., D. V. Peck, M. B. Bonoff, K. J. Cabbie, and S. L. Pierett. 1986. National
Surface Water Survey, Eastern Lake Survey (Phase I- Synoptic Chemistry) Field Opera-
tions Report. EPA-600/4-86/010, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada.
46 pp.
Keywords: ELS-I lake sampling methods
This document describes planning activities and summarizes field operations for the
National Surface Water Survey. Field sampling methodologies are described in detail in
the report. Pertinent results, observations, and recommendations for improvement regarding
field operations are included. These recommendations and observations may be valuable
to planners of similar projects.
Omernik, J. M., and A. J. Kinney. 1985. Total Alkalinity of Surface Waters: A Map of
the New England and New York Region. EPA-600/D-84/216, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. 12 pp. plus map.
Keywords: alkalinity map, New England, New York
This map illustrates the regional patterns of mean annual alkalinity of surface waters
in the New England and New York Region. As such, it affords a qualitative graphic
overview of the relative potential sensitivity of surface waters to acidic input. The map
is based on data from approximately 1,500 lakes and streams and the apparent spatial
associations between these data and macrowatershed characteristics, especially land use.
Omernik, J. M., and G. E. Griffith. 1986. Total Alkalinity of Surface Waters: A Map
of the Western Region. EPA-600/D-85/219, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Corvallis, Oregon. 38 pp. plus map.
Keywords: alkalinity map, Western U.S.
This map illustrates the regional patterns of mean annual alkalinity of surface waters
in the western portion of the conterminous United States, As such, it provides a quali-
tative graphic overview of the potential sensitivity of surface waters to acidic inputs.
The map is based on data from approximately 3,400 lakes and streams and apparent spatial
associations between these data and macrowatershed characteristics that are thought to
affect alkalinity.
14
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Omernik, J. M., and G. E. Griffith. 1985. Total Alkalinity of Surface Waters: A Map
of the Upper Midwest Region. EPA-600/D-85/043, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Corvallis, Oregon. 19 pp. plus map.
Keywords: alkalinity map, Upper Midwest
This map illustrates the regional patterns of mean annual alkalinity of surface waters
in the northern portions of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. As such, it provides a
qualitative graphic overview of the relative potential sensitivity of surface waters to acidic
input in the upper midwest portions of the United States. The map is based on data
from approximately 14,000 lakes and streams and the apparent spatial associations between
these data and macroscale watershed characteristics that are thought to affect alkalinity.
Overton, W. S. 1985. A Sampling Plan for Streams in the National Surface Water Survey.
Oregon State University, Department of Statistics, Technical Report No. 114, Corvallis,
Oregon. 18 pp.
Keywords: NSS survey design, stream sampling methods
This report contains a sampling plan for the U.S. EPA's National Stream Survey.
It contains detailed information about the sample design, including methodology, and how
it relates to the National Surface Water Survey as a whole.
Overton, W. S. 1986. A Sampling and Analysis Plan for Streams in the National Surface
Water Survey. Oregon State University, Department of Statistics, Technical Report No.
117, Corvallis, Oregon. 50 pp.
Keywords: NSS survey design, population extrapolation
This report contains a sampling and data analysis plan for the U.S. EPA's National
Stream Survey. It contains detailed information about the survey designs and algorithms
that have been developed for extrapolating the data to larger populations.
Overton, W. S., P. Kanciruk, L. A. Hook, J. M. Eilers, D. H. Landers, D. F. Brakke, D. J.
Blick, R. A. Linthurst, M. S. DeHaan, and J. M. Omernik. 1986. Characteristics of Lakes
in the Eastern United States - Volume II, Lakes Sampled and Descriptive Statistics for
Physical and Chemical Variables. EPA-600/4-86/007b, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. 374 pp.
Keywords: ELS-I data results, map, parameters, population estimates
The Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I (ELS-I) was designed to provide the informa-
tion needed to assess the chemical status of lakes in areas of the eastern U.S. contain-
ing the majority of low alkalinity systems. The purpose of this report is to present the
results obtained during the ELS-I Survey. Descriptions and definitions of parameters
are presented. Maps of the eastern United States showing the three subregions where
sampling was conducted are presented. Estimates of selected physical and chemical vari-
ables based on the probability sample lakes, for the subpopulation of lakes less than or
equal to 2000 ha, are included.
15
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Schofield, C. L, S. P. Gloss, and D. Josephson. 1986. Extensive Evaluation of Lake
Liming, Restocking Strategies, and Fish Population Response in Acidic Lakes Following
Neutralization by Liming. NEC-86/18, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the
Interior, Washington, D.C. Interim Progress Report. 112 pp.
Keywords: Adirondack Mountains, fish population response, liming, toxicity to fish
Ten small acidic (pH less than 5) lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of New York
State were selected for neutralization experiments to evaluate the response of stocked
brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations to liming and re-acidification. Five lakes
were treated with agricultural limestone in the fall of 1983 and the remaining lakes were
treated in the fall of 1984. Equal' numbers of two groups of brook trout were stocked
in each lake during the fall periods of 1983-1985. One group had been selected for
increased acid tolerance in an experimental breeding program. Caged trout were placed
in each lake immediately before and after liming to evaluate acute toxicity.
Turner, R. S., J. L. Malanchuk, R. J. Olson, D. R. Marmorek, J. P. Baker, L J. Allison, S.
W. Christensen, C. T. Hunsaker, R. N. Nesse, P. J. McNamee, K. W. Thornton, G. L. Cun-
ningham, and P. A. Mundy. 1986. Assessment of Acidic Deposition Effects on Aquatic
Systems. ORNL/TM-6311, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Technical Memorandum, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee. 176 pp.
Keywords: acidic deposition effects, fish population response, liming, NSWS results,
regional watershed characteristics
Current knowledge of surface water acidification and its effects on aquatic life is
used to assess the possible effects of acidic deposition on aquatic resources in the United
States. Comparison of the National Surface Water Survey (NSWS) results with rates of
acidic deposition and regional watershed characteristics suggests that there are regional
differences in the relative roles of natural and anthropogenic factors in controlling lake
chemistry. Empirical models are described for predicting changes in fish populations and
communities resulting from acidification. Liming is discussed as an effective mitigation
strategy for acidification. Finally, recommendations are presented for future research
that will improve our understanding of aquatic effects.
16
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Section 5
Internal Reports
Bonoff, M. B., K. J. Cabbie, D. J. Chaloud, and L A. Drewes. 1986. National Surface
Water Survey, Eastern Lake Survey (Phase II - Spring Variability Study, Pilot) Training
Manual. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report.
139 pp.
Keywords: SVS-P lake sampling methods, training manual, under-ice sampling
The Spring Variability Pilot Study (SVS-P) was conducted during winter 1986 to
assess the impact of spring snowmelt runoff on lake chemistry. This manual contains
detailed procedures for in situ measurements and collection of lake water samples during
spring snowmelt conditions.
Cabbie, K. J., and G. D. Merritt. 1986. National Surface Water Survey, Eastern Lake
Survey (Phase II- Spring Variability Pilot Study and Spring Overturn Survey) Field Per-
sonnel Training Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Internal Report. 14 pp.
Keywords: ELS-II lake sampling methods, training report
Phase II of the Eastern Lake Survey (ELS-II) consisted of three seasonal chemistry
surveys and the Spring Variability Pilot Study. Training programs were conducted for
all field personnel to prepare them to take measurements, record data, collect samples,
and become familiar with all aspects of the field station operations. This report sum-
marizes training activities.
Chaloud, D. J., D. C. Hillman, G. J. Filbin, J. M. Henshaw, M. O. Morison, K. J. Cabbie,
F. A. Morris, J. R. Baker, B. B. Dickes, and D. V. Peck. 1986. National Surface Water
Survey, National Stream Survey (Phase I Eastern Lake Survey, Phase II Spring Variability
Pilot Study) Laboratory Training and Operations Manual. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 323 pp.
Keywords: processing methods, training manual
This manual presents detailed information on analytical methods, instrument calibra-
tion, and safety procedures for laboratory personnel involved in the National Stream Survey
- Phase I (NSS-I), the Eastern Lake Survey Phase II, and the Spring Variability Pilot
Study. The preliminary training program is also described.
17
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Drewes, L A., K. J. Cabbie, D. J. Chaloud, A. W. Groeger, and M. B. Bonoff. 1986.
National Surface Water Survey, Eastern Lake Survey (Phase II - Temporal Variability)
Field Operations Manual for Summer Sampling. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 87 pp.
Keywords: ELS-II lake sampling methods
Phase II of the Eastern Lake Survey provided data necessary to characterize seasonal
patterns in water chemistry and to relate these patterns to the Fall Index conditions of
Phase I. This manual contains detailed procedures for collection of lake water samples.
Types of activities and equipment needed for on-site sampling are discussed and a detailed
field sampling schedule is presented.
Drouse, S. K., D. C. Hillman, L W. Creelman, J. F. Potter, and S. J. Simon. 1985. Nation-
al Surface Water Survey, Eastern Lake Survey (Phase IA) Quality Assurance Plan. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 213 pp.
Keywords: ELS pilot QA plan
The Quality Assurance project plan specifies the policies, organization, objectives,
functional activities, quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) activities needed to
achieve the data quality goals of the project. This manual contains detailed analytical
QA/QC procedures.
Fountain, J., D. T. Hoff, and C. C. MacLeod. 1986. AQUARIUS Programmers and Users
Guide, Volumes I and II. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 323 pp.
Keywords: data verification, software
The purpose of this manual is to describe how the Automated Quality Assurance
Review, Interactive User System (AQUARIUS) works and for what it is used. It has
information that will allow the novice to obtain outputs as well as the proper explana-
tions to allow the expert to make the most of the system. Included in this guide is a
Programmer's Guide which contains the more specific information that a programmer would
need to make modifications to the system.
Groeger, A. W., D. J. Chaloud, and M. B. Bonoff. 1986. National Surface Water Survey,
Eastern Lake Survey (Phase II - Temporal Variability and Biological Resources) Field
Operations Manual for Spring, Summer, and Fall Sampling. U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 49 pp.
Keywords: ELS-II lake sampling methods
The Phase II probability sampling for the National Surface Water Survey focused
on those lakes considered most susceptible to acidification (i.e., with acid neutralizing
capacity (ANC) less than 400 /veq/L). This manual is directed specifically to the Phase
II field samplers. It contains detailed procedures for collection and transport of lake
water samples. Types of activities and equipment needed for on-site sampling are discussed
in this manual.
18
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Hagley, C. A. 1986. National Surface Water Survey National Stream Survey Summary of
Training Activities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal
Report. 19 pp.
Keywords: stream sampling methods, training report
The National Stream Survey was conducted in spring 1986 in the Mid-Atlantic and
Southeastern United States. Prior to any sampling, all field personnel completed a training
session to prepare them to take measurements, record data, collect samples, and become
familiar with all aspects of the field station operations. This report summarizes the
training activities for the National Stream Survey.
Hagiey, C. A., C. M. Knapp, C. L Mayer, and F. A. Morris. 1986. National Surface Water
Survey, National Stream Survey (Middle-Atlantic Phase I, Southeast Screening, and Middle-
Atlantic Episodes Pilot) Field Training and Operations Manual. U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 126 pp.
Keywords: stream sampling methods, training manual
The National Stream Survey was conducted during spring 1986. This manual contains
detailed procedures for collection and transport of stream water samples. Types of
activities and equipment involved in on-site sampling are discussed in this manual.
Haines, T. A., C. H. Jagoe, and S. J. Pauwels. 1985. A Comparison of Gear Effectiveness
for Fish Population Sampling in Small Maine Lakes. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
National Fisheries Contaminants Research Center Field Research Station, Zoology
Department, University of Maine, Orono, Maine.
Keywords: fish populations, Maine, sampling methods
The combination of gill nets and minnow traps effectively sampled the fish popula-
tions of small Maine lakes. The number of species caught (19) is representative of this
area and lake type. The Indiana trap net was ineffective in these lakes and is not recom-
mended. The experimental gill nets and Swedish gill nets were comparable in effectiveness.
Swedish gill nets are lighter and more compact than standard gill nets, and thus are easily
transported, but are more fragile and are easily damaged. Approximately 80 m of gill
net and four minnow traps set overnight are sufficient to adequately sample lakes up to
40 ha in surface area. Two 40 m gill nets, one set in shallow water and one in deep
water, may be slightly more effective than a single 80 m net set in an intermediate area.
Hillman, D. C., D. V. Peck, J. R. Baker, F. A. Morris, K. J. Cabbie, and S. L. Pierett.
1985. National Stream Survey Pilot Study Field Training and Operations Manual. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 158 pp.
Keywords: stream sampling methods, training manual
This manual is directed specifically to the National Stream Survey field samplers.
It contains detailed procedures for collection and transport of stream water samples.
Types of activities and equipment involved in on-site sampling are discussed in this manual.
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Hillman, D. C., J. F. Potter, and S. J. Simon. 1985. National Surface Water Survey,
Eastern Lake Survey (Phase IA) Methods Manual. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 236 pp.
Keywords: analytical QA, ELS-I analytical methods, ELS-I lake sampling methods, para-
meters
This methods manual was written to guide personnel involved in the chemical analysis
of lake water samples and covers both field and laboratory operations. The basic goals
of the procedures are to collect representative samples without contamination, to preserve
sample integrity for analysis, and to correctly analyze samples. Analytical methods must
have the sensitivity, precision, and accuracy necessary for the data user's needs. Required
detection limits, relative precision goals, and expected ranges of the parameters to be
measured are .listed.
Merritt, G. D. 1986. National Surface Water Survey Eastern Lake Survey (Phase II-
Summer Stratification Survey) Training Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 8 pp.
Keywords: ELS-II lake sampling methods, training report
Phase II of the Eastern Lake Survey consisted of three seasonal chemistry surveys
and the Spring Variability Pilot Study. Training programs were conducted for all field
personnel to prepare them to take measurements, record data, collect samples, and become
familiar with all aspects of the field station operations. This report summarizes the
training activities for the summer stratification survey.
Metcalf, R. C., J. R. Wilson, G. D. Merritt, and M. E. Mitch. 1986. National Surface
Water Survey, Eastern Lake Survey (Phase II - 1986 Spring Variability Pilot Survey) Field
Operations Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal
Report. 39 pp.
Keywords: SVS-P lake sampling methods, under-ice sampling
The Phase II Spring Variability Pilot Study was conducted during winter 1986 to
assess the impact of spring snowmelt runoff on lake chemistry. Three groups of two
lakes each were selected in New York, Maine, and Pennsylvania as primary study lakes
in the pilot survey. Field sampling methods are described in this report. Safety systems
for working on ice-covered lakes were developed specifically for this work. Pertinent
observations and recommendations for improving such field operations are included.
Morris, F. A., L A. Drewes, and D. V. Peck. 1986. National Surface Water Survey,
Western Lake Survey (Phase I) Field Personnel Training Report. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 60 pp.
Keywords: training report, WLS-I lake sampling methods
This report summarizes the Western Lake Survey (WLS) field personnel training
program. The training program for the WLS field laboratory personnel was modeled after
the program developed for the Eastern Lake Survey to maintain consistency between
operations. All trainees received intensive training and project orientation on sampling
20
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protocols and equipment use. Examples of training materials, pertinent forms, quizzes,
evaluation forms, and final notes are provided in this report.
Morris, F. A., D. C. Hillman, R. F. Cusimano, K. J. Cabbie, S. L. Pierett, and W. L. Kinney.
1985. National Surface Water Survey, Phase IA1 - Field Training and Operations Manual.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 178 pp.
Keywords: ELS pilot lake sampling methods, training manual
Types of activities and equipment involved in on-site lake sampling are discussed in
this manual. Laboratory and helicopter personnel requirements are presented with refer-
ence to safety procedures to be followed by all personnel. The schedule of field activities
is presented, including dissolved inorganic carbon (DIG) analysis and field station pH
determinations.
Morris, F. A., D. V. Peck, D. C. Hillman, K. J. Cabbie, S. L Pierett, and W. L. Kinney.
1985. National Surface Water Survey, Western Lake Survey (Phase I) Field Training and
Operations Manual. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal
Report. 201 pp.
Keywords: training manual, WLS-I lake sampling methods
This manual is directed specifically to the Western Lake Survey - Phase I field
samplers. It contains detailed procedures for collection and transport of lake water
samples. The schedule of field activities is presented.
Nicholson, J. M., and V. A. Sheppe. 1986. National Surface Water Survey, Eastern Lake
Survey (Phase II) Fall Chemistry Survey Training Report. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 8 pp.
Keywords: ELS-II lake sampling methods, training report
Phase II of the Eastern Lake Survey consisted of three seasonal chemistry surveys
and the Spring Variability Study. Training programs were conducted for all field personnel
to prepare them to take measurements, record data, collect samples, and become familiar
with all aspects of the field station operations. This report summarizes the training
program for the fall chemistry survey.
Omernik, J. M. 1985. Total Alkalinity of Surface Waters: A Map of the Appalachian
Region. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.
Keywords: alkalinity map, Appalachians
This map illustrates the spatial patterns of mean annual alkalinity of surface waters
in the Appalachian Region. As such, it affords a qualitative graphic overview of the
relative potential sensitivity of surface waters to acidic input. The map is based on data
from regional lakes and streams and the apparent spatial associations between these data
and macrowatershed characteristics, especially land use.
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Overton, W. S. 1986. National Surface Water Survey, Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I-
Data Analysis Plan. Oregon State University, Department of Statistics, Technical Report
No. 113. Corvallis, Oregon. Internal Report. 62 pp.
Keywords: data analysis plan, ELS-I survey design, population extrapolation
This report contains a working draft data analysis plan for the National Lake Survey.
It contains detailed information about the various survey designs and algorithms that
have been developed for extrapolating the data to larger populations.
Peck, D. V., and C. M. Knapp. 1985. National Stream Survey Pilot Study, Summary of
Training Activities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal
Report. 18 pp.
Keywords: NSS pilot, stream sampling methods, training report
A five-day training program was conducted in Las Vegas February 19-23, 1985.
Additional training was conducted in North Carolina March 12-15, 1985. The training
program was designed to prepare field samplers to take measurements, record data, and
collect samples, and to cross-train personnel in all phases of field station operation.
This summary report describes training activities and schedules.
Peck, D. V., R. F. Cusimano, and W. L. Kinney. 1985. National Surface Water Survey,
Western Lake Survey (Phase I- Synoptic Chemistry) Ground Samplers Training and Opera-
tions Manual. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report.
44 pp.
Keywords: training manual, wilderness lakes, WLS-I lake sampling methods
This manual describes protocols for the collection of field data and water samples
from wilderness area lakes by personnel of the U.S. Forest Service. These lakes are
accessed by foot or pack animals, and samples are collected from inflatable boats, rather
than by helicopter. Protocols for transport of samples to a mobile field laboratory are
included. The objective of this protocol document is to ensure that the quality of data
collected by ground sampling personnel is comparable to that of data collected by heli-
copter.
Permutt, T. and M. Moezzi. 1986. Relative Interlaboratory Bias in the Western Lake
Survey. Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, California. 43 pp.
Keywords: data quality, measurement uncertainty, statistical testing, WLS-I QA
The design of WLS-I is such that even small interlaboratory biases may be of impor-
tance to users of the data. For example, samples from different regions are analyzed
by different laboratories. A small interlaboratory bias therefore might counterfeit or
obscure a small regional bias. This document examines the effect of interlaboratory bias
on interpretation of the WLS-I data base.
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Raab, G. A., K. A. Cappo, M. L Papp, J. K. Bartz, and W. H. Cole. 1986. Rationale for
the Selection of Sampling and Analytical Methods Employed in the Direct/Delayed Response
Project Soil Survey. EPA-600/X-86-209, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas,
Nevada. Internal Report. 44 pp.
Keywords: soil analysis methods, soil sampling methods
The objective of the Direct/Delayed Response Project is to predict immediate, short-
term and long-term responses of watersheds and surface waters to acidic deposition.
Aspects of the project involve mapping soils, sampling soils, and performing physical,
chemical, physico-chemical, and mineralogical analyses on collected materials. The selection
of methods used during the study emphasized the need to generate comparable data.
Thornton, K. W., J. P. Baker, K. H. Reckhow, D. H. Landers, and P. J. Wigington, Jr.
1986. National Surface Water Survey, Eastern Lake Survey (Phase II) Research Plan.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. Internal Report. 358 pp.
Keywords: ELS-II research plan, ELS-II survey design
Plans for Phase II of the Eastern Lake Survey are outlined in this document. The
Phase II Research Plan is restricted to the northeastern U.S. (Region 1, ELS), but could
be adapted for other regions as needed in future years.
Todechiney, L R., K. J. Cabbie, and J. R. Wilson. 1986. National Surface Water Survey,
Eastern Lake Survey (Phase II - Temporal Variability) Field Operations Manual for Fall
Sampling. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report.
87 pp.
Keywords: ELS-II lake sampling methods
Phase II of the Eastern Lake Survey provides data necessary to characterize seasonal
patterns in water chemistry and to relate these patterns to the Fall Index conditions of
Phase I sampling. This manual is directed specifically to the Phase II field samplers. It
contains detailed procedures for collection and transportation of lake water samples.
23
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Section 6
Journal Articles
Baker, L A., P. L. Brezonik, E. S. Edgerton, and W. O. Ogburn, III. 1985. Sediment
acid neutralization in softwater lakes. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 25:215-230.
Keywords: cation exchange, lake response, neutralization
Acid neutralizing capacities (ANC)' of sediments from McCloud Lake, Florida, and
seven other lakes in Wisconsin and Florida were as high as 10 meq/100 g over the pH
range 4.5 to 5.5' in well-mixed batch experiments. Exchange of calcium and magnesium
accounted for over 50% of the neutralizing capacity; aluminum solubilization and sulfate
adsorption were unimportant in neutralizing H+ additions. ANC was correlated with sedi-
ment volatile solids content. Sulfate reduction occurred in microcosms that simulated
lakewater interactions and subsurface seepage; in situ pore water profiles and a whole-
lake mass balance confirm the occurrence of this process in McCloud Lake. Sediment
neutralization is important for lakes that receive most of their water from precipitation
and thus are particularly susceptible to acidification.
Baker, L A., P. L. Brezonik, and C. D. Pollman. 1986. Models of in-lake alkalinity
generation: sulfate retention component. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 31:89-94.
Keywords: internal alkalinity generation model, Little Rock Lake, sulfate model
Internal alkalinity generation is modeled by an input-output approach in which equa-
tions to describe budgets for sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and base cations are linked to
an alkalinity budget equation. Calibration of the sulfate model using ion budgets for 14
softwater lakes shows that the sulfate sink coefficient is reasonably uniform and can be
used to predict sulfate retention. For experimentally acidified Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin,
the sulfate model predicts 90 percent recovery of sulfate thirteen years after acid additions
stop.
Brakke, D. P., D. H. Landers, R. A. Linthurst, and J. J. Messer. 1985. National Surface
Water Survey studies lakes and streams. Lakeline, National Association of Lake Managers,
Vol. 5:2, pp. 14-17.
Keywords: AERP, NSWS survey design
The National Surface Water Survey (NSWS) is designed to provide data that will
help document the chemical status of lakes and streams in regions of the United States.
The Program has been designed to quantify the chemistry of lakes and streams throughout
the United States, and to quantify water chemistry variability among regionally repre-
sentative lakes and streams. A long-term monitoring program is being designed to quantify
future changes in the chemistry and biology of aquatic ecosystems.
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Brakke, D. F., and T. J. Loranger. 1986. Acid neutralizing capacity of lakes in the North
Cascades area of Washington State. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 30:1045-1053.
Keywords: bedrock geology, Cascades, cations, low ANC
Thirty-three lakes were surveyed in 1983 in the North Cascades area of Washington
State and 27 additional lakes were surveyed in 1984 to characterize lake chemistry in
the area. Lakewater ANC was less than 100 peqfL for 37% of the lakes and less than
200 /L/eq/L for 68% of the lakes. The North Cascades are very similar to unimpacted
sensitive areas of North America and Northern Europe in mean alkalinity and cations
(calcium and magnesium). Bedrock geology appears to have a significant influence on
surface water ANC with lakes on granitic and metamorphic bedrocks having the lowest
ANC.
Brezonik, P. L, L A. Baker, J. R. Eaton, T. M. Frost, P. Garrison, T. K, Kratz, J. J.
Magnuson, W. J. Rose, B. K. Shepard, W. A. Swenson, C. J. Watras, and K. E. Webster.
1986. Experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin. Water, Air, and Soil
Pollut., 31:115-121.
Keywords: acidification response, alkalinity generation, baseline studies, experimental
acidification, Little Rock Lake, target pH values
The controlled acidification of a two-basin lake is described. The lake was divided
by a vinyl curtain in 1984; acidification of one basin began in 1985. Target pH values
of 5.5, 5.0, and 4.5 are planned for two-year increments. Biotic and chemical responses
and internal alkalinity generation are being studied. Baseline studies, initial results at
pH 5.5, and predictions of lake responses to acidification are described.
Cosby, B. J., G. M. Hornberger, J. N. Galloway, and R. F. Wright. 1985. Modeling the
effects of acidic deposition: Assessment of a lumped parameter model of soil water and
streamwater chemistry. Water Resour. Res., 21:51-63.
Keywords: acidification model, cation exchange, soil processes, watershed model
Quantitative predictions of the effects of acid deposition on terrestrial and aquatic
systems require physically based, process-oriented models of catchment soil water and
streamwater chemistry. A desirable characteristic of such models is that they include
terms to describe the important phenomena controlling a system's chemical response to
acidic deposition, yet be restricted in complexity so that they can be implemented on
diverse systems with a minimum of a priori data. We present a conceptual model of soil
water and streamwater chemistry based on soil cation exchange, dissolution of aluminum
hydroxide, and solution of carbon dioxide. The model is constructed using an "average"
or lumped representation of these spatially distributed catchment processes. The adequacy
of the model is assessed by applying it to 3 years of soil water and streamwater chemistry
data from White Oak Run, Virginia, a second-order stream in the Shenandoah National
Park.
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Cosby, B. J., G. M. Hornberger, and J. N. Galloway. 1985. Timescales of catchment
acidification: A quantitative model for estimating freshwater acidification. Environ. Sci.
and Technol., 19:1144-1149.
Keywords: acidification model, prediction uncertainty, regional estimates, sulfur deposition
There is empirical and theoretical evidence that surface waters are acidified by
atmospheric deposition of sulfuric acid. Although the sensitivity of specific regions to
potential damage by acid deposition can be defined on a relative scale, quantitative predic-
tions have not been made of the time scales of water quality changes under different
rates of deposition.
Cosby, B. J., R. F. Wright, G. M. Hornberger, and J. N. Galloway. 1985. Modeling the
effects of acidic deposition: Estimation of long-term water quality responses in a small
forested catchment. Water Resour. Res., 21:1591-1601.
Keywords: acidification model, chemical weathering, soil processes, small watersheds,
watershed model
Research in recent years has led to conceptualizations of the long-term responses
of catchment surface water quality to acidic deposition. That research has focused atten-
tion on certain soil processes as likely keys to catchment responses (anion retention,
cation exchange, primary mineral weathering, aluminum dissolution, and CO2 solubility).
We present a mathematical model which uses quantitative descriptions of these soil chemical
processes to estimate the long-term chemical changes that occur in the soil, soil water,
and surface waters of catchments in response to changes in atmospheric deposition. The
model is applied to a small forested catchment in the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia.
The model provides a means of integrating the results of individual process level laboratory
and field studies. Used this way, the model becomes a vehicle for examining the interac-
tions and long-term implications of our conceptualization of the acidification process.
Cusimano, R. P., D. F. Brakke, and G. A. Chapman. 1986. Effects of pH on the toxi-
cities of cadmium, copper, and zinc to steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can. J. Fish
Aq. Scl., Vol. 43:8, pp. 1497-1503.
Keywords: metals, pH-stress, toxicity to fish
Increased metal concentrations have been associated with freshwater acidification.
Continuous-flow acute toxicity tests were conducted on soft water to determine the effect
of pH on the toxicity of cadmium, copper, and zinc to small (1-6 g) steelhead trout (Sa/mo
gairdneri). Test fish were significantly more tolerant of the metals at the lowest pH
value than at higher pH's. The results indicated that for the metals tested, toxicity is
ameliorated in depressed pH waters over short exposure periods, such as may occur during
snowmelt runoff. The possibility of hydrogen ion interference with metal uptake is postu-
lated.
Driscoll, C. T. 1985. Aluminum in acidic surface waters: Chemistry, transport, and
effects. Environ. Health Perspectives, 63:93-104.
Keywords: ecological effects of aluminum
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Ecologically significant concentrations of aluminum (Al) have been reported in surface
waters draining "acid-sensitive" watersheds that are receiving elevated inputs of acidic
deposition. It has been hypothesized that mineral acids from atmospheric deposition have
remobilized Al previously precipitated within the soil. This Al is then thought to be
transported to adjacent surface waters. The ecological effects of aluminum are presented,
as well as the distribution and sources of aluminum. The equivalence of acidic cations
to basic cations for surface water is discussed.
Effler, S. W., G. C. Schafran, and C. T. Driscoll. 1985. Partitioning light attenuation in
an acidic lake. Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci., 42:1701-11.
Keywords: acidic deposition effects, dissolved organic carbon, ecological effects of alum-
inum, lake characteristics
Although a number of researchers have reported that acidification of lakes is accom-
panied by an increase in transparency, there has been no systematic evaluation of the
processes responsible for this transformation. In this study the authors partitioned the
attenuation of light in acidic Darts Lake, located in the Adirondack region of New York,
from May to September 1982. They observed that changes in light attenuation (K,d))
and light absorption (a) were regulated largely by "gelbstoff." Substantial decreases in
K(dj and a occurred through the study period and were correlated with a depletion in
the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In-lake concentrations of DOC
were controlled by terrigeneous loading and in-lake processes. The decrease in DOC and
the attendant decreases in a and K/dj were coupled to a loss of Al from the water column
of the lake. They suggest that coagulation/adsorption of DOC by Al may have contributed
to increases in lake clarity. Increased transparency is significant because it enhances
hypolimnetic heating and decreases the thermal stability of lakes.
Eshleman, K. N., and H. F. Hemond. 1985. The role of organic acids in the acid base
status of surface waters at Bickford Watershed, Massachusetts. Water Resour. Res.,
21:1503-1510.
Keywords: anions, cation, dissolved organic carbon, organic acids, seasonal chemistry
An experimental field study of the alkalinity and major ion budgets of Bickford
watershed in central Massachusetts indicates that organic acid production by the ecosystem
contributes measurably to surface water acidification. Applying the concepts of alkalinity,
electroneutrality of solutions, and mass balance, organic acids were found to comprise
20% of all strong acid sources on one subcatchment annually, a value half as large as
the measured bulk mineral acid deposition. Inorganic cation to anion ratios in Provencial
Brook varied between 1.0 in winter and 1.6 during summer, suggesting the presence of
up to 100 peq/L of unmeasured charge from organic anions during the growing season.
Base titrations and ultraviolet photooxidation experiments confirmed the existence of low
pKa (3.5-5.0) acidic functional groups. A positive linear relationship between DOC and
anion deficit for a group of surface and groundwater samples indicates DOC contains
about 7.5 meq carboxylic groups per gram carbon. Biological factors related to both upland
and wetland carbon metabolism apparently control this natural acidification phenomenon,
which has not been documented on other watersheds in the northeastern United States
for which annual alkalinity budgets have been determined.
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Glass, G. E., and O. L Loucks. 1986. Implications of a gradient in acid and ion deposition
across the Northern Great Lakes States. Environ. Sci. and Technol., 20:35-43.
Keywords: depositional gradient, precipitation pH, temporal variability, Upper Midwest
Average precipitation pH from 1979-1982 declined from west to east along a cross
section of sites in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Significant seasonal and geo-
graphic patterns in precipitation chemistry and deposition values were observed. Close
correspondence of the sums of strong acid anions with the sums of hydrogen and ammonium
ions in precipitation was observed, indicating anthropogenic sources of sulfur and nitrogen
oxides. Present atmospheric inputs show close chemical correspondence when precipitation
chemistry values are compared to the resulting ionic composition of weakly buffered lakes
in north central Wisconsin and northern Michigan.
Glass, G. E., J. A. Sorensen, B. W. Liukkonen, G. R. Rapp, Jr., and O. L Loucks. 1986.
Ionic composition of acid lakes in relation to airborne inputs and watershed characteris-
tics. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 31:1-15.
Keywords: deposition patterns, precipitation pH, Upper Midwest
Average precipitation pH from field measurements during 1979-1983 declined from
west to east from 4.8, 4.6, and 4.3 along a cross section of sites in Minnesota, Wiscon-
sin, and Michigan, respectively, where 990 lake and stream sampling sites were studied.
Measurements of weakly buffered lakes show a parallel decline in lake pH in the same
regions. The geographic patterns in ionic composition of airborne acids and bases, and
the resultant surface water concentrations, are compared.
Haines, T. A., and J. P. Baker. 1986. Evidence of fish population responses to acidifi-
cation in the Eastern United States. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 31:605-629.
Keywords: acidification effects, Adirondack Mountains, fish population response, fishery
decline
The hypothesis that acidification has reduced or eliminated fish populations in certain
areas of the eastern United States was investigated by examining present and historical
fishery survey records. The number of usable data sets located was small. The strongest
evidence for fisheries declines associated with acidification is provided by data for the
Adirondack Mountains region of New York. In some lakes, fish populations have declined
or disappeared; lakes experiencing fishery declines are now acidic. Alternative explanations
for changes in fish communities over time were examined with no available explanation
other than acidification.
Hornberger, G. M. and B. J. Cosby. 1985. Selection of parameter values in environmental
models using sparse data: A case study. Applied Math. Computation, 17:335-355.
Keywords; data quality, model development, parameters
Models of environmental processes must often be constructed without the use of
extensive data sets. This can occur because the exercise is preliminary (aimed at guiding
future data collection) or because requisite data are extremely difficult, expensive, or
even impossible to obtain. In such cases traditional, statistically based methods for
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estimating parameters in the model cannot be applied; in fact, parameter estimation cannot
be accomplished in a rigorous way at all. We examine the use of a regionalized sensitivity
analysis procedure to select appropriate values for parameters in cases where only sparse,
imprecise data are available. The utility of the method is examined in the context of
equilibrium and dynamic models for describing water quality and hydrological data in a
small catchment in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Results demonstrate that (1)
models can be "tentatively calibrated" using this procedure; (2) the data most likely to
provide a stringent test of the model can be identified; and (3) potential problems with
model identifiability can be exposed in a preliminary analysis.
Hunsaker, C. T., J. L Malanchuk, R. J. Olson, S. W. Christensen, and R. S. Turner. 1986.
Adirondack headwater lake chemistry relationships with watershed characteristics. Water,
Air, and Soil Pollut., 31:79-88.
Keywords: Adirondack Mountains, Adirondack Watershed Data Base, ANC variability, forest
effects, pH variability, watershed characteristics
The Adirondack Region of New York State has been identified as having surface
waters sensitive to acidic deposition and as receiving large annual inputs of acidic depo-
sition. Compiled from a variety of sources, the Adirondack Watershed Data Base contains
information on lake chemistry; lake elevation, area, and volume; and associated watershed
data. Bivariate and multivariate procedures were used to examine relationships between
watershed attributes and lake chemistry. Preliminary results indicate that wet deposition,
lake elevation, and forest cover are the principal variables that are associated with vari-
ance in the data for lake pH and ANC in the Adirondacks.
Jeffries, D. S., D. L Wales, J. R. M. Kelso, and R. A. Linthurst. 1986. Regional chem-
ical characteristics of lakes in North America - Part I: Eastern Canada. Water, Air,
and Soil Pollut., 31:551-567.
Keywords: Canada, deposition patterns, low ANC, regional data base
Data (collected from 1980 or later) defining the major ion chemistry of lakes located
in eastern Canada have been compiled for the purpose of evaluating the current status
of surface water quality in relation to acidic deposition. Acidic and low ANC waters in
eastern Canada occur in a pattern explained by a combination of biogeochemical factors
and atmospheric deposition. Nova Scotia contained the highest proportion of acidic and
ultralow ANC lakes of any region surveyed in eastern North America. Compared to the
rest of eastern Canada, lakes in Ontario have relatively high ANCs due to the influence
of CaCO3 contained in the glacial till of the area. Naturally occurring organic acids do
not play a dominating role in the acidification of eastern Canadian lakes.
Lin, J. C. and J. S. Schnoor. 1986. Acid precipitation model for seepage lakes. J.
Environ. Eng., 112:667-694.
Keywords: alkalinity generation, lake characteristics, lake pH, Trickle-down model
The Trickle-Down model has been developed and applied to Vandercook Lake, Wiscon-
sin, for an acidic deposition assessment. Three years of field data were simulated. Field
data of lake stage and groundwater level at the nearshore piezometer were used for
hydrological model calibration. Field alkalinity and pH data were used for alkalinity/pH
29
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model calibration. Hydrological budget calculations showed that almost all of the water
in the lake came from precipitation falling directly on its surface. Alkalinity budget
calculations indicated that 76% of the alkalinity produced came from internal processes,
and the remainder of the alkalinity (24%) was supplied from groundwater inputs. Model
results were within one standard deviation of field data for alkalinity at all times except
the winter period of 1981-82. Simulations of a doubling of the acid deposition to Vander-
cook Lake indicate that an acidification of the lake would occur over a 5-20 year period.
Linthurst, R. A., D. H. Landers, J. M. Eilers, P. E. Kellar, D. F. Brakke, W. S. Overton,
R. Crowe, E. P. Meier, P. Kanciruk, and D. S. Jeffries. 1986. Regional chemical charac-
teristics of lakes in North America - Part II: Eastern United States. Water, Air, and
Soil Pollut., 31:577-591.
Keywords: ELS-I data results, ELS-I survey design, regional comparisons
This paper summarizes information presented in the three-volume report entitled,
Chemical Characteristics of Lakes in the Eastern United States, and contains results of
the Eastern Lake Survey (ELS). The study area included three regions of the eastern
United States (Northeast, Upper Midwest, and Southeast). The design of the survey
provides statistically reliable estimates of the number, location, and chemical characteristics
of lakes in the study area. The highest percentages and numbers of acidic lakes occurred
in Florida, the Adirondack Mountains, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The highest
percentages and numbers of lakes with high sulfate concentrations and high organic anion
concentrations are described. The acidic lakes occur with the highest frequency in the
lowest organic anion concentration class.
Linthurst, R. A., and W. S. Overton. 1985. Response to ASA Coordinating Committee's
comments on Project 3B: National Surface Water Survey, National Lake Survey, Phase I
Research Plan. Amer. Stat., Vol. 39:4, Part 1.
Keywords: NSWS survey design, research plan
The purpose of this article is to respond to the American Statistical Association's
(ASA) comments on the NSWS design. Changes in the NSWS design were implemented
after the ASA review and numerous other technical reviews.
Loranger, T. J., D. F. Brakke, M. B. Bonoff, and B. F. Gall. 1986. Temporal variability
of lake waters in the North Cascades Mountains (Washington, U.S.A.). Water, Air, and
Soil Pollut., 31:123-129.
Keywords: ANC variability, Cascades, lake monitoring, nitrate, sulfate variability, temporal
variability, western U.S.
Five lakes in the North Cascades were sampled at regular time and depth intervals
during the open water period in 1984. Surface water ANC was depressed during snow-
melt and then increased as summer and fall progressed. Shallow lakes circulated completely
in the fall, whereas deep lakes (> 75 m) did not. Sulfate and nitrate (NO3) concentrations
in the lakes increased during the snowmelt period and then decreased until iceover. No
significant differences were found between surface ANC measurements during fall circula-
tion in successive years.
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Loucks, O. L, G. E. Glass, J. A. Sorensen, B. W. Liukkonen, J. A. Allert, and G. Rapp,
Jr. 1986. Role of precipitation chemistry versus other watershed properties in Wiscon-
sin lake acidification. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 31:67-77.
Keywords: ANC variability, color, precipitation chemistry, sulfate variability, watershed
properties
Data for over 100 watershed properties have been developed since 1980 for 316 water-
sheds in northern Wisconsin. Regression analysis was performed to determine the variables
that would explain observed variability in color, sulfate, and ANC levels in Wisconsin
lakes. For color, the variables appear to be vegetative characteristics, mean depth, and
water renewal times. For sulfate, the variables appear to be precipitation concentration
of sulfur, evaporative concentration, and lake water renewal time. ANC appears to be
controlled by the size of the watershed, lake depth or water renewal time, and the inten-
sity of anthropogenic inputs and cultural developments in the watershed. These results
differ from previous studies in Wisconsin and nearby areas of Michigan and Minnesota
by indicating that in some lakes acidity may not be in equilibrium with current precipita-
tion chemistry.
Malanchuk, J. L, D. A. Bennett, P. A. Mundy, and G. J. Mallon. 1986. A comparative
regional analysis of the status of aquatic resources with respect to acidic deposition.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 31:1061-1068.
Keywords: acidic deposition effects, Adirondack Mountains, aquatic resource effects,
Southern Blue Ridge, Upper Midwest
A limited assessment of the effects of acidic deposition on aquatic resources has
been performed in three potentially sensitive geographical regions: the Adirondack Moun-
tains of New York; the Southern Blue Ridge Province of North Carolina, Tennessee, and
Georgia; and the upper midwestern United States. In general, the impact of acidic deposi-
tion on aquatic resources is difficult to detect but positive correlations between atmos-
pheric deposition and effects do exist. Thus, there is evidence to suggest that acidic
deposition is at least partially responsible for the acidification of aquatic resources.
Omernik, J. M., and G. E. Griffith. 1986. Total alkalinity of surface waters: A map
of the western region of the United States. J. Soil Water Conserv., 41(6):374-378.
Keywords: alkalinity map, spatial patterns, western U.S.
This map illustrates the regional patterns of mean annual alkalinity of surface waters
in the western portion of the conterminous United States. As such, it provides a quali-
tative graphic overview of the potential sensitivity of surface waters to acidic inputs.
The map is based on data from approximately 3,400 lakes and streams and apparent spatial
associations between these data and macrowatershed characteristics that are thought to
affect alkalinity.
Omernik, J. M., and G. E. Griffith. 1986. Total alkalinity of surface waters: A map
of the upper midwest region of the United States. Environ. Management, 10(6):829-839.
Keywords: alkalinity map, spatial patterns, Upper Midwest
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This map illustrates the regional patterns of mean annual alkalinity of surface waters
in the northern portions of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. As such, it provides a
qualitative graphic overview of the relative potential sensitivity of surface waters to acidic
input in the upper midwest portions of the United States. The map is based on data
from approximately 14,000 lakes and streams and the apparent spatial associations between
these data and macroscale characteristics that are thought to affect alkalinity.
Pauwels, S. J. and T. A. Haines. 1986. Fish species distribution in relation to water
chemistry in selected Maine waters. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 30:477-488.
Keywords: acidification effects, ecological effects of aluminum, fish population status,
fishery decline, lake characteristics, statistical testing, toxicity to fish
We examined the possible effects of acidity on the number of fish species in 22
lakes in Maine, ranging in pH from 4.4 to 7.0 (mean values). We caught no fish in three
lakes with pH < 5.0, but collected 1 to 9 species in the remaining 19 lakes (pH 5.4 to
7.0). Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas), and
white suckers (Cafosfomus commersoni) were ubiquitous, but no common shiners (Notropis
cornutus) or creek chubs (Semotilus atromaculatus) were collected from lakes with pH
below 6.0 and 5.9, respectively. The fishless lakes differed from the others primarily in
water chemistry variables related to acidity, i.e., pH, aluminum, and concentration of
divalent cations. Among lakes that contained fish, the factors related to the number of
species collected were lake surface area and maximum depth, which may be related to
habitat quantity and diversity. Cluster analysis identified two distinct fish species groups
-depauperate and cyprinid-sucker-but multiple comparison analysis failed to relate any
measured chemical or physical variable to these two groups, probably because water chem-
istry was suitable for reproduction by these species.
Rapp, G., Jr., J. D. Allert, B. W. Liukkonen, J. A, Illse, O. L. Loucks, and G. E. Glass.
1985. Acid deposition and watershed characteristics in relation to lake chemistry in
northeastern Minnesota. Environment International, 11:425-440.
Keywords: ANC variability, color, lake sensitivity, precipitation chemistry, sulfate inputs
The relationship between lake sensitivity to atmospheric acidic inputs and the neu-
tralization capacity of watersheds is examined for 267 lakes in northeastern Minnesota.
Three water chemistry/sensitivity measures (color, sulfate, and alkalinity) are correlated
with variables representative of precipitation and sulfate inputs, hydrology, and the ANC
of various watershed components.
Reuss, J. 0., and D. W. Johnson. 1985. Effects of soil processes on the acidification of
water by acid deposition. J. Environ, dual., 14:26-31.
Keywords: alkalinity variability, cation exchange, pH variability, Reuss-Johnson model,
soil processes, sulfate concentration
The mechanism whereby acid deposition can cause acidification of surface waters
via equilibrium processes in soil solution was investigated using chemical equilibrium models.
These models show that for soils with low to moderately low exchangeable bases, the soil
solution pH is only slightly affected by CO2 partial pressures over the range likely to
be found in soils, but the alkalinity of the soil solution increases rapidly with increasing
32
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CO2 partial pressure. In contrast, solutions that are not in contact with the soil's cation
exchange complex maintain alkalinity independently of CO2 partial pressure. Waters having
positive alkalinity will undergo a rapid rise in pH when released from the soil due to
CO2 degassing, while waters with negative alkalinity (net acidity) remain acid when
degassed. In acid soils, ion exchange reactions that take place in response to increasing
sulfate from 25 to 250 pmo\ (e')/L can be expected to depress soil solution pH by 0.2 to
0.4 units. This depression is sufficient to cause a switch from positive to negative alk-
alinity in many soil solutions and when waters with negative alkalinity are released from
the soil they remain acid when degassed. This mechanism could easily account for a
change in pH of surface waters from 6.25 to 5.0 or less, while the associated change in
soil solution would be < 0.3 units.
Rogalla, J., P. L Brezonik, and G. E. Glass. 1986. Evaluation of empirical models to
predict acidity in lakes of the Upper Great Lakes Region. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut.,
31:95-100.
Keywords: acidification model, precipitation acidity, Upper Great Lakes Region data base
A large data base on inland lakes in the Upper Great Lakes Region was used to
evaluate assumptions and relationships of empirical acidification models. Significant rela-
tionships were found between lake acidification estimated as change in sulfate and precipi-
tation acidity but not between changes in lake alkalinity and precipitation acidity in this
lightly impacted region.
Schafran, G. C., and C. T. Driscoll. 1986. Spatial and temporal variations in aluminum
chemistry of dilute acidic lakes. Biogeochemistry, 3:105-119.
Keywords: acidic deposition effects, dissolved organic carbon, ecological effects of alu-
minum, lake response, neutralization, nitrate stability, temporal variability
Elevated concentrations of Al have been observed in acidic surface waters. An
assessment of the chemistry of aqueous Al is of interest because of its role as a toxicant
to aquatic organisms, a pH buffer, and an adsorbent of orthophosphate and organic carbon.
In this investigation we evaluated the spatial and temporal fluctuations of Al forms' in
an acidic drainage lake. High concentrations of N03, H+, and Al were introduced to Darts
Lake through drainage water during the snowmelt period. During low flow periods micro-
bially mediated depletions of nitrate served to neutralize H+ and aluminum base neutralizing
capacity (BNC). Thus in Darts Lake, NO3 transformations were extremely important in
regulating short-term changes in pH and subsequent changes in the inorganic forms of
Al. Alumino-organic solutes were correlated with dissolved organic carbon concentra-
tions. Alumino-organic substances appear to be introduced to the lake from both drainage
water and sediments.
Schnoor, J. L, A. G. Dahlberg, W. C. Ferguson, M. R. Hoffman, H. M. Liljestrand, and
C. Murphy. 1986. Water Pollution Control Federation Issue Paper: Acid precipitation.
Water Pollution Control Federation, 58(11):1030-1033.
Keywords: acidic deposition effects, acidic precipitation, ELS-I data results, population
estimates
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This Issues Paper summarizes existing information on acidification of lakes and
streams in the United States. A considerable body of technical information supports the
conclusion that some lakes and streams have been acidified, at least in part, by acidic
precipitation. The recent completion by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of
the Eastern Lake Survey of the National Surface Water Survey indicates that approximately
5 percent of the regions' lakes and 2 percent of the lakes' surface areas are presently
acidic.
Schnoor, J. L, S. Lee, N. P. Nikolaidis, and D. R. Nair. 1986. Lake resources at risk
to acidic deposition In the eastern United States. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 31:1091-
1101.
Keywords: alkalinity model, depositional gradient, statistical testing, watershed descriptors
Watershed descriptors have been obtained or compiled for 1,439 watersheds in the
northeastern and upper midwestern United States. A methodology, which combines multiple
linear regression procedures with a simple deterministic model for alkalinity shows promise
as a tool for acid precipitation assessments. Mean absolute errors in predicted lake
alkalinity concentrations of approximately plus or minus 100 ueq/L were obtained with
no significant difference (at the 0.05 significance level) between predicted and observed
alkalinity histograms. Estimates of the lake resources at risk across the depositional
gradient from Minnesota to the Adirondack Mountains of New York were established.
Schnoor, J. L, N. P. Nikolaidis, and G. E. Glass. 1986. Lake resources at risk to acidic
deposition in the Upper Midwest. J. Water Pollut. Contro! Assoc., 58:139-148.
Keywords: cations, chemical weathering, neutralization, population extrapolation, Trickle-
down model, Upper Midwest
Simple and complex models have been used to assess the impact of acidic deposi-
tion on lakes and streams. One model development (the Trickle-down model) places
particular emphasis on the kinetics of chemical weathering in the watershed as a primary,
mechanism that produces cations and neutralizes acid inputs. In this study, the Trickle-
down model was used to simulate lake response and to predict the percentage of lakes
in the upper midwest of the United States at risk at various levels of acidic deposition.
Schnoor, J. L, and W. Stumm. 1986. The role of chemical weathering in the neutra-
lization of acidic deposition. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol., Vol. 48:2, 24 pp.
Keywords: chemical weathering, precipitation acidity, steady-state model, sulfur deposition
The kinetics of chemical weathering have not been determined in the field, but based
on laboratory experiments, the rate of weathering has a fractional order dependency on
hydrogen ion and organic ligand concentration in bulk solution. Watersheds with the
greatest degree of hydrologic and geologic sensitivity can produce only 200-500 eq/ha.yr
of cations or alkalinity for export. This is equivalent to 100 cm/yr of precipitation with
a pH of 4.3-4.6, or an annual sulfur deposition of 1.0-2.5 g/m2yr- When acid and sulfur
deposition are greater than these levels, extremely sensitive lakes may become acidified.
To illustrate this point, a simple steady-state model is applied to lakes in regions where
acidification of lakes has been reported.
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White, J. F., and C. T. Driscoll. 1985. Lead cycling in an acidic Adirondack lake.
Environ. Sci. and Technol., 19:1182-1187.
Keywords: aluminum, dissolved organic carbon, metals, temporal variability
Temporal and spatial variations in the concentration and transport of lead (Pb) were
observed in acidic Darts Lake (Adirondack State Park, New York). Vertical deposition
of Pb through the water column was most pronounced during stratification periods (winter
and summer), while during high flow (spring and autumn) Pb was more conservative within
the lake. Deposition of particulate Pb was strongly correlated with Al and organic carbon
deposition. Increases in metal (Pb and Al) deposition occurred during periods of increasing
pH. It appears that in-lake formation of particulate Al enhances the vertical transport
of Pb in Darts Lake.
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Section 7
Symposium Proceedings
Cosby, B. J., G. M. Hornberger, R. F. Wright, E. B. Rastetter, and J. N. Galloway. 1985.
Estimating catchment water quality response to acid deposition using mathematical models
of soil ion exchange processes. In: Workshop on Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Soils.
May 20-23, 1985, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.
Keywords: acidification model, soil processes, sulfate adsorption, watershed model
A mechanistic, process-oriented model of the effects of acidic deposition on the
chemistry of waters delivered from terrestrial systems to associated streams is presented.
The model is based on quantitative representations of soil processes that are considered
to be most important in determining surface water quality in small forested catchments
in temperate, humid climates: anion retention (e.g., sulfate adsorption), cation exchange,
alkalinity generation by carbonic acid dissociation, dissolution of aluminum minerals, and
mineral weathering. The implications of point models of soil ion exchange processes on
catchment dynamics are explored by applying the model to an intensively studied catchment
in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia (USA).
Haines, T. A. 1985. Acidic precipitation and fisheries effects in the northeastern U.S.:
1984 Update. In: Symposium Proceedings. F. Richardson and R. Hamre, eds. September
24-25, 1985, Wild Trout III, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, pp. 127-132.
Keywords; fish population response, fishery decline, low ANC, metal uptake, Northeast
The first reports of surface water acidification from precipitation and resulting
adverse effects on fish populations were from the Adirondack Mountains. Subsequent
investigations have confirmed the presence of acid, clearwater lakes in remote regions
of the northeastern United States. Surveys of streams have confirmed that clearwater
streams undergo a pH depression associated with snowmelt or precipitation events. Inves-
tigations of fish populations have documented that the number of fish species declines
with declining pH and that acid, freshwater, fishless lakes or streams exist in the
Northeast. There is some evidence that surviving fish in moderately acidic waters accu-
mulate increased body burdens of potentially toxic trace metals, including mercury, cad-
mium, lead, zinc, and aluminum. However, there is no evidence that organochlorine com-
pounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are elevated above background levels
in fish from acidic lakes. Water chemistry surveys in this region have consistently demon-
strated that a large proportion of the coldwater resource is very low in acid neutraliz-
ing capacity and theoretically at risk from continued or increased atmospheric deposition
of acid. Estimates of the future risks to coldwater fish resources under various air
pollution emission scenarios must await further research.
Johnson, D. W., ed. 1985. Predicting Soil and Water Acidification: Proceedings of a
Workshop. ORNL/TM-9258, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Technical Memorandum, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee. 56 pp.
Keywords: nitrogen cycling, sensitivity criteria, soil weathering
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A three-day workshop was held in Knoxville, Tennessee, on March 27-29, 1984.
One of the goals of this workshop was to develop sensitivity criteria for acidic deposi-
tion effects on both soils and surface waters. Two major areas were identified as most
in need of further research: nitrogen cycling and soil weathering. The workshop discus-
sions are summarized in this document.
Malanchuk, J. L, W. E. Fallen, D. Carpenter, and G. J. Foley. 1986. Application of lake
survey data to evaluate the role of acidic deposition in determining lake chemical status.
In: Proceedings of the International Association of Ecology. August 10-16, 1986, Fourth
Congress of Ecology, Syracuse, New York.
Keywords: NSWS results, parameters, potential causative factors
The major objective of the analysis was to determine what, if any, is the minimum
population of lakes for which acidic deposition is the only plausible explanation for current
lake acidification. A logical decision tree was developed to allow an orderly progression
through the data base drawing upon various chemical parameters collected in the National
Surface Water Survey. In addition to lake chemical data, other evidence that narrows
the possible number of explanations for low lake pH includes the presence of wetlands,
land use, marine influences, dominant anions, and so forth. Ultimately, a subset of lakes
is identified for which no explanation exists to account for current acidity other than
acidic deposition.
Malanchuk, J. L, G. L. Mallon, and R. J. Olson. 1985. Exploration of the relationships
among acidic deposition, land use, and water chemistry. In: Proceedings of the Fifth
Annual International Symposium of Applied Lake and Watershed Management. November
13-16, North American Lake Management Society, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, pp. 337-343.
Keywords: Adirondack Mountains, elevation, watershed characteristics, wet deposition
Many watershed characteristics, either by themselves or in combination with acidic
deposition, have been shown to influence the acidification of lakes. This study included
a subset of 46 headwater lakes in the Adirondack Mountain region of New York State.
Wet deposition and lake elevation showed strong, negative relationships with both lake
pH and alkalinity. Several hypotheses concerning the association of watershed attributes
with lake acidification are supported and should be given further consideration in research
planning, field surveys, and assessment activities.
Olem, H., ed. 1985. Proceedings of the Second Annual Acid Rain Conference for the
Southern Appalachians. TVA/ONRED/AWR-86/11, Tennessee Valley Authority, Office of
Natural Resources and Economic Development, Chattanooga, Tennessee. 63 pp.
Keywords: Southern Appalachians, symposium proceedings
A series of abstracts of presentations made at the conference appears in these
proceedings.
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Olem, H., ed. 1986. Proceedings of the Third Annual Acid Rain Conference for the
Southern Appalachians. TVA/ONRED/AWR-87/15, Tennessee Valley Authority, Office of
Natural Resources and Economic Development, Chattanooga, Tennessee. 87 pp.
Keywords: Southern Appalachians, symposium proceedings
A series of abstracts of presentations made at the conference appears in these
proceedings.
Perry, T. E., L. A. Baker, and P. L Brezonik. 1986. Comparison of sulfate reduction
rates in laboratory microcosms, field mesocosms, and in situ at Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin.
Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference and International Symposium. November,
1985, Application of Lake and Watershed Management, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, pp. 309-
312.
Keywords: Little Rock Lake, mesocosm, sulfate retention
Abstract not available.
Rosen, A. E., and P. Kanciruk. 1985. A generic data entry quality assurance tool. In:
Proceedings of the Tenth Annual SAS Users Group International Conference. March 10-13,
1985, Reno, Nevada, pp. 434-436.
Keywords: data management, data QA, software
This paper describes a software package called COMPARE, which is an important
SAS quality assurance tool for data base management. Data are directly and indepen-
dently entered into two SAS data sets. COMPARE then automatically compares the data
sets and prints out the observation number, variable name, and values for any nonmatching
observations.
38
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Section 8
Presentations/Published Abstracts
Abbruzzese, B., and S. A. Teague. 1986. Relationship between land characteristics and
acid neutralizing capacity in the northeastern United States. (Abstract). In: Proceedings
of the Sixth Annual International Symposium on Lake and Reservoir Management: Influ-
ences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. November 5-8, 1986, North
American Lake Management Society, Portland, Oregon, p. 13.
Keywords: ANC map, ELS-I data results, Northeast, spatial patterns, terrestrial factors
Spatial patterns of land use and related land characteristics in the northeastern
United States associated with lake acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) were evaluated. A
map showing ANC values derived from the Eastern Lake Survey was compared with maps
of terrestrial factors including land use, land surface form, vegetation, forest cover,
bedrock geology, and soils. Map units were delineated where associations between land
characteristics and ANC could be identified. Spatial relationships were apparent for ANC
and agriculture, urbanization, and ungrazed high elevation forests among other factors,
indicating that land characteristics do have some predictive value with regard to lake ANC.
Baker, J. P. 1985. Estimating the extent of fisheries resources impacted by or suscep-
tible to acidification of surface waters in eastern North America. Presented at the Inter-
national Symposium on Acidic Precipitation, September 15-20, 1985, Muskoka, Ontario,
Canada.
Keywords: Adirondack Mountains, fish population status
Quantitative, regional estimates of current and future losses of fisheries resources
resulting from surface water acidification and acidic deposition are needed in order to
evaluate the potential benefits of emission controls. Laboratory and field experiments
have confirmed that chemical conditions associated with acidification are toxic to fish.
Synoptic surveys have been used to determine the current status of fish populations in
waters apparently acidified by acidic deposition and in low alkalinity waters. While a
number of such surveys have been conducted, none has involved a statistically valid
subsample of waters specifically for regional extrapolations. Surveys of this type are
underway in the Adirondack Region of New York and are planned as part of Phase II of
the National Surface Water Survey.
Bennett, 0. A. 1985. The 1985 Assessment of the U.S. National Acid Precipitation Assess-
ment Program. Presented at the International Symposium on Acidic Precipitation, Septem-
ber 15-20, 1985, Muskoka, Ontario, Canada.
Keywords: NAPAP, 1985 assessment
This presentation describes the 1985 Assessment Report which is the first major
assessment of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. This document analyzes
natural and man-made emissions, costs and performance of technologies for control of
emissions, wet and dry atmospheric deposition, and atmospheric phenomena and source-
receptor relationships. Physical, biological, and, where possible, economic effects are
39
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assessed for aquatic, forest, agricultural, and material systems. A brief health effects
assessment is also included.
Best, M. D., M. J. Miah, and R. D. Schonbrod. 1986. Quality assurance program design
for lake monitoring. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International
Symposium on Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants
and Acid Precipitation. November 5-8, 1986, North American Lake Management Society,
Portland, Oregon, p. 11.
Keywords: ELS-I QA, ELS-II QA, QA program design
Adequate planning and rigorous implementation of quality assurance (QA) activities
are essential for successful lake monitoring. A well-designed QA program provides a
maximum amount of information regarding data variability from a minimum number of
QA samples. The amount of quality assurance input for a preliminary investigation should
be high in relation to the total amount of sampling effort. The initial results can then
be evaluated to determine the intensity of QA input required for a given level of con-
fidence in the survey data. This approach was used to optimize the quality assurance
program for the U.S. EPA National Surface Water Survey. Results from the Eastern Lake
Survey Phase I were used to determine the quality assurance program needs for Phase II
of the Survey.
Blick, D. J., W. S. Overton, J. J. Messer, and D. H. Landers. 1986. Statistical basis for
selection and interpretation of National Surface Water Survey lakes and streams.
(Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International Symposium on Lake and
Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation.
November 5-8, 1986, North American Lake Management Society, Portland, Oregon, p. 13.
Keywords: NSWS survey design, probability sample
The primary objectives of Phase I of the National Surface Water Survey were to
determine the number of acidic or potentially acidic lakes and streams, their locations,
and their physical and chemical characteristics. To meet these objectives, a statistically
designed survey was implemented. For both lakes and streams, probability samples were
drawn to make population estimates within known confidence bounds. Strata were defined
on the basis of region, subregion, and mapped alkalinity classes.
Brakke, D. F., D. H. Landers, R. A. Linthurst, R. E. Crowe, and E. P. Meier. 1985.
Regional surface water chemical characteristics based on the Eastern Lake Survey. Pre-
sented at the National Acid Deposition Program Annual Meeting, October 10, 1985, Ft.
Collins, Colorado.
Keywords: ELS-I data results, Northeast, probability sample, Southeast, sulfate concen-
tration, Upper Midwest
During the Eastern Lake Survey, 1,612 lakes were sampled in three regions of the
United States: Northeast, Upper Midwest, and Southeast. Lakes were selected to provide
for a probability sample of the total population of lakes occurring within areas known
to contain lakes having alkalinities less than 400 /ueq/L. Significant differences in chemical
characteristics, including the numbers of acidic lakes and low ANC lakes, were found
between regions and subregions related to watershed factors and lake type. Major dif-
40
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ferences were observed in the concentration of sulfate and other variables in clearwater
and darkwater lakes.
Brezonik, P. L, L A. Baker, N. E. Detenbeck, and T. E. Perry. 1985. Use of mesocosms
to predict whole-lake responses to acidification. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the
Forty-eighth Annual Meeting. June 18-21, 1985, American Society of Limnology and
Oceanography, Minneapolis, Minnesota, p. 12.
Keywords: artificial acidification, Little Rock Lake, mesocosm, prediction uncertainty
Advantages and limitations of enclosures (mesocosms) to evaluate effects of acid-
ification on aquatic biota and biogeochemical processes are discussed. Littoral and pelagic
mesocosms are being used to predict effects of experimental acidification of Little Rock
Lake, Wisconsin. Sources of uncertainty in predictions of whole-lake responses are
described.
Brezonik, P. L, N. E. Detenbeck, and T. M. Frost. 1986. Little Rock Lake acidification
study II: Predicting acidification effects from pelagic mesocosm experiments. (Abstract).
In: Proceedings of the Forty-ninth Annual Meeting. June 23-25, 1986, American Society
of Limnology and Oceanography, Kingston, Rhode Island, p. 13.
Keywords: acidification effects, artificial acidification, Little Rock Lake, mesocosm
Abstract not available in time for printing.
Brezonik, P. L, J. G. Eaton, J. J. Magnuson, W. A. Swenson, J. A. Perry, W. Rose, and
C. Waters. 1985. Experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin. Presented
at the International Symposium on Acidic Precipitation, September 15-20, 1985, Muskoka,
Ontario, Canada.
Keywords: acidification response, alkalinity generation, artificial acidification, Little Rock
Lake
The controlled acidification of a two-basin lake is described. The lake was divided
by a vinyl curtain in 1984; acidification of one basin began in 1985. Target pH values
of 5.5, 5.0, and 4.5 are planned for two-year increments. Biotic and chemical responses
and internal alkalinity generation are being studied. Baseline studies, initial results at
pH 5.5, and predictions of lake responses to acidification are described.
Burke, E. M., D. C. Hillman, and E. M. Heithmar. 1986. Stability of pH and DIG in sealed
syringe samples. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Rocky Mountain Conference on
Analytical Chemistry. August 3-5, 1986, Denver, Colorado. Abstract No. 157.
Keywords: dissolved inorganic carbon, holding time, pH samples, syringe samples
Logistics in future phases of the National Surface Water Survey may necessitate a
holding time for pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIG) determinations in syringe samples
of up to 7 days. Therefore, a series of experiments was performed which measured the
pH and DIG of synthetic and natural samples over approximately a 7-day time period. This
study indicated that it is necessary to store samples in sealed containers. When contained
41
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in sealed syringes, the pH and DIG of synthetic and natural samples stored at 4 "C did
not change significantly over a 7-day period, regardless of initial dissolved CO2 concen-
tration. The results from samples stored in aliquot bottles were not so definitive.
Church, M. R. 1986. Predicting the future effects of acidic deposition on surface water
chemistry - The Direct/Delayed Response Project. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the
Sixth Annual International Symposium on Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of
Nonpolnt Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. November 5-8, 1986, North American
Lake Management Society, Portland, Oregon, p. 21.
Keywords: DDRP, sulfur deposition, watershed model
The Direct/Delayed Response Project (DDRP) is one component of the Aquatic Effects
Research Program conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The purpose
of the DDRP is to predict the long-term response of watersheds and surface waters to
acidic deposition. The response is assumed to be driven by sulfur deposition, and the
average annual alkalinity is assumed to be the primary system response. The DDRP uses
a variety of approaches to estimate these watershed response times, including system
descriptions, input-output budgets, multivariate analyses, single-factor response time
estimates, and dynamic watershed models.
Corbett, E. S., and J. A. Lynch. 1985. Frequency and magnitude of episodic stream pH
depressions on a forested watershed. Presented at the International Symposium on Acidic
Precipitation, September 15-20, 1985, Muskoka, Ontario, Canada.
Keywords: acidic stream episodes, long-term monitoring, pH depression
Acidification of surface waters may have serious consequences for the aquatic biota
inhabiting these ecosystems. Although the effect of long-term acidification on the chemistry
and biota of lakes has received much attention, the impact of short-term depressions of
streamflow pH is less well known. Of particular significance are episodic events which
cause rapid changes in water chemistry. The potential impacts of episodic pH depressions
have been recognized, but there is a lack of information on their frequency, their mag-
nitude, and the time of the year they occur. A forested experimental watershed in central
Pennsylvania was monitored for four years and is discussed here.
Detenbeck, N. E., and M. Johnson. 1986. Periphyton growth in experimentally acidified
Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Forty-ninth Annual
Meeting. June 23-25, 1986, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Kingston,
Rhode Island, p. 14.
Keywords: acidification response, Little Rock Lake, periphyton
Abstract not available in time for printing.
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Detenbeck, N. E., and M. G. Johnson. 1985. Effects of acidification on attached fila-
mentous algal communities in Little Rock Lake. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Forty-
eighth Annual Meeting. June 18-21, 1985, American Society of Limnology and Oceano-
graphy, Minneapolis, Minnesota, p. 24.
Keywords: acidification response, Little Rock Lake, mesocosm, periphyton
Preliminary investigations of periphyton growth and community structure were made
using artificial substrates in an array of duplicate, littoral mesocosms maintained for 16
weeks. Initial results indicate that biomass accumulation was affected only at pH 5.0,
perhaps because a phytoplankton bloom reduced available light. No significant differ-
ences in phosphatase activity or herbivory were detected.
Dobb, D. E., T. E. Lewis, E. M. Heithmar, and J. R. Kramer. 1986. Simple quantitative
determination of dissolved monomeric aluminum in surface waters using fluoride complexa-
tion kinetics. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Fed-
eration of Analytical Chemistry Spectroscopy Societies Meeting. September 28-October 3,
1986, Federation of Analytical Chemistry Spectroscopy Societies, St. Louis, Missouri. Abs-
tract No. 612.
Keywords.' aluminum analysis
A simple, sensitive method for determination of aqueous aluminum in natural surface
waters has been developed. The method is based on the relatively slow and accurately
measurable reaction kinetics of aluminum complexation with fluoride. A sample is first
acidified to a pH of 3.5 to release rapidly equilibrating aluminum species that would be
released as a result of acidic deposition in the environment. The sample is then spiked
with fluoride, and the rate of consumption of fluoride is monitored with an ion selective
electrode. The rate of consumption is related to the available aluminum.
Eaton, J. G., P. L. Brezonik, T. M. Frost, P. J. Garrison, T. M. Kratz, J. J. Magnuson, J.
H. McCormick, J. A. Perry, W. J. Rose, B. K. Shepard, W. A. Swenson, C. J. Watras, and
K. E. Webster. 1986. Experimental acidification of a lake in north-central Wisconsin:
Initial results. Presented at a conference on the Effects of Contaminants on Ecological
Systems, November 17-19, 1986, Virginia Polytechnical Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, Virginia.
Keywords: artificial acidification, Little Rock Lake
Abstract not available in time for printing.
Eshleman, K. N., D. J. Blick, P. R. Kaufmann, S. M. Stambaugh, and J. J. Messer. 1986.
Acid-base status of surface waters in the Southern Blue Ridge: A comparison of results
from the National Surface Water Survey. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Sixth Annual
International Symposium on Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint
Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. November 5-8, 1986, North American Lake
Management Society, Portland, Oregon, p. 13.
Keywords: acidification model, NSWS results, precipitation pH, Southern Blue Ridge
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Both the Eastern Lake Survey and the National Stream Survey have completed Phase
I sampling of surface waters in the Southern Blue Ridge, thereby providing a unique
opportunity to compare and contrast the "index" chemistry of lakes and streams in the
region. The Southern Blue Ridge is a region known to receive wet deposition with a pH
less than 4.6, and was previously thought to contain predominantly low ANC waters.
Empirical models of acidification, including those proposed by Henriksen, are also evaluated
using National Surface Water Survey data.
Eshleman, K. N., and J. J. Messer. 1986. National Stream Survey: A study of acidic
episodes in streams in the Middle Atlantic Region. (Abstract). In: EOS Trans. Amer.
Geophys. Union, 67:281. May 19-22, 1986, American Geophysical Union, Baltimore,
Maryland.
Keywords: acidic stream episodes, Mid-Atlantic, NSS pilot, pH depression
A pilot survey of acidic episodes that accompany major frontal storm events in Mid-
Atlantic streams is being conducted as part of the National Stream Survey 1986 field
activities. The National Stream Survey is sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency under the auspices of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP).
Data from approximately 30 sampled events are being used to assess the extent to which
meteorologic events cause temporary depressions in streamwater pH that could be harmful
to aquatic biota in regions receiving acidic atmospheric deposition.
Eshleman, K. N., M. E. Mitch, and J. J. Messer. 1986. Feasibility of assessing the regional
impact of acid deposition on surface waters of the Southern Blue Ridge from synoptic
survey data. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Third Annual Acid Rain Conference
for the Southern Appalachians. October 27-29, 1986, TVA/ONRED/AWR-87/15, Tennessee
Valley Authority, Office of Natural Resources and Economic Development, Chattanooga,
Tennessee, p. 38.
Keywords: acidification model, NSS pilot, population estimates, Southern Blue Ridge
Data from the National Stream Survey Phase I-Pilot Survey, conducted during the
spring and summer of 1985 in the Southern Blue Ridge region, provide a statistically
unbiased "snapshot" of chemical conditions of a target population of streams in that region.
A method for quantifying the chronic acidification of the stream population was developed
which uses the synoptic survey data and an empirical model of acidification. Several
important assumptions inherent in the model formulation are discussed. Possible refine-
ments of the model that use site-specific data on watershed hydrology, geochemistry,
and soils are also discussed.
Griffith, G. E., and A. J. Kinney. 1986. Interpreting patterns of lake alkalinity in the
Upper Midwest Region of the United States. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Sixth
Annual International Symposium on Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of Non-
point Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. November 5-8, 1986, North American Lake
Management Society, Portland, Oregon, p. 44.
Keywords: alkalinity map, spatial patterns, Upper Midwest
To clarify the extent of sensitivity of surface waters to acidification in the Upper
Midwest Region, the spatial patterns of lake alkalinity were analyzed and mapped. Mapping
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and classification were accomplished by: (1) assembling available alkalinity data on as
many surface waters as possible, (2) plotting these data on large-scale maps, and (3) anal-
yzing the patterns of the plotted data for spatial correlations with causal or integrating
factors helpful in extrapolating the data. Alkalinity patterns in the region were found
to be extremely varied and complex.
Haines, T. A., and J. P. Baker. 1985. Fish population responses to acidification by
atmospheric deposition in northeastern North America: Evidence and alternatives.
Presented at the International Symposium on Acidic Precipitation, September 15-20, 1985,
Muskoka, Ontario, Canada.
Keywords: Adirondack Mountains, fish population response, fishery decline, pH-stress
The hypothesis that increased acidity of surface waters by long range transport
has reduced or eliminated fish populations in northeastern North America was evaluated
by examination of fishery survey data. The number of statistically valid data sets located
was remarkably low. The strongest evidence in support of the hypothesis consists of
temporal association data from Adirondack Mountain lakes and Nova Scotia rivers. Both
data sets clearly demonstrate declines in populations of acid-sensitive fish species over
the past 20-40 years. Limited water chemistry data indicate that the water bodies in
question are more acidic than formerly, and fish population status is clearly correlated
with present pH.
Hawkins, R. H. 1986. Rainfall-runoff response classification. (Abstract). In: Proceedings
of the Third Annual Acid Rain Conference for the Southern Appalachians. October 27-
29, 1986, TVA/ONRED/AWR-87/15, Tennessee Valley Authority, Office of Natural Resources
and Economic Development, Chattanooga, Tennessee.
Keywords: rainfall-runoff, small watersheds
This study is an attempt to explore the variety and order (if any) in the rainfall-
runoff response patterns of small watersheds. Eighty small watershed data sets, averag-
ing 63 rainfall-runoff events, were fitted to an empirical equation by an interactive least-
squares procedure.
Hillman, D. C., S. J. Simon, J. R. Kramer, and E. P. Meier. 1986. Application of carbonate
equilibria to the evaluation of pH, DIC, ANC, and BNC data. (Abstract). In: Proceedings
of the Sixth Annual International Symposium on Lake and Reservoir Management: Influ-
ences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. November 5-8, 1986, North
American Lake Management Society, Portland, Oregon, p. 48.
Keywords: analytical QA, ANC calculation, statistical testing
The lakes studied during the National Surface Water Survey (NSWS) can be charac-
terized by low ionic strength and buffering capacity. By assuming that a lake is a car-
bonate system, the measured pH, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), acid neutralizing capa-
city (ANC), and base neutralizing capacity (BNC) of a lake can be checked for analytical
error. Also, the validity of the carbonate assumption can be tested and the presence of
noncarbonate protolytes detected. Flow charts detailing the calculations and tests are
presented, as well as typical results from the National Surface Water Survey.
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Jeffries, D. S., B. LaZerte, R. A. Linthurst, and D. H. Landers. 1985. Effect of acidic
deposition on the chemistry of aquatic ecosystems in eastern North America. Presented
at the International Symposium on Acidic Precipitation, September 15-20, 1985, Muskoka,
Ontario, Canada.
Keywords: acidic deposition effects, Canada, eastern U.S., metals, organic acids, pH
variability
Data defining the major ion chemistry of lakes located in eastern Canada and in
the eastern United States have been collated for the purpose of evaluating the current
status of surface water quality in relation to acidic deposition. Frequency distribution
statistics were obtained for pH, alkalinity, sulfate, and calcium and magnesium for different
regions of eastern North America. In addition to the major ion chemistry, the potential
importance of organic acids in the lakewaters and the influence of acidification and/or
atmospheric deposition on metal levels were assessed.
Johnson, M. G., G. R. Holdren, Jr., D. L Stevens, Jr., and M. R. Church. 1986. The
influence of soils on surface water chemistry: A model based analysis. (Abstract). In:
Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International Symposium on Lake and Reservoir Manage-
ment: Influences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. November 5-8,
1986, North American Lake Management Society, Portland, Oregon, p. 22.
Keywords: Bloom-Grigal model, cation exchange, cation supply, Reuss-Johnson model,
soil weathering
Cation supply processes are a major factor affecting the pH and alkalinity of surface
waters. Two processes are currently thought to dominate cation supplies: weathering
reactions and cation exchange processes. Two models were employed in this study: the
Reuss-Johnson (1985) model and the Bloom-Grigal (1985) model. In conjunction with mass-
balance calculations, these models can predict the time zero alkalinity for elutriate waters
from a given soil. The utility of these models in predicting future effects of acidic
deposition on surface water chemistry is discussed.
Johnson, M. G., G. R. Holdren, D. L. Stevens, Jr., and M. R. Church. 1986. Cation supply
in watersheds: Relationship to effects of acidic deposition on surface water chemistry.
Presented at the Sixth Annual International Symposium on Lake and Reservoir Management:
Influences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. November 5-8, 1986,
North American Lake Management Society, Portland, Oregon.
Keywords: acidification model, cation exchange, cation supply, watershed model
Cation supply processes in soils are a major factor affecting the pH and alkalinity
of surface waters. Two processes are thought to dominate soil cation supplies: mineral
weathering and cation exchange. Two models were used to examine the role of selected
soil chemical parameters in buffering surface water pH and alkalinities. A third model
was developed that incorporates characteristics of both existing models. The utility of
these models in predicting future effects of soils and acidic deposition on surface water
chemistry is discussed.
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Johnson, M. G., D. L. Stevens, Jr., D. A. Lammers, J. J. Lee, and M. R. Church. 1986.
Relationships among watershed physical characteristics and surface water chemistry.
(Abstract). In: Proceedings of the 1986 Annual Meeting of the Soil Science Society of
America. November 30-December 5, 1986, Soil Society of America, New Orleans, Louisiana.
p. 227.
Keywords: New England, New York, soil sampling classes
As part of the EPA effort to make regional inferences about the influence of soils
on surface water chemistry, soils and other physical characteristics of 145 randomly
selected watersheds in New England and New York were mapped. By aggregating soils
with similar chemical and physical characteristics, the soil components were grouped into
38 unique soil sampling classes. These data, in conjunction with lake chemistry data, were
used to determine the relationships among mapped soil" characteristics and surface water
chemistry.
Kanciruk, P., L. Hook, and R. McCord. 1986. Research data management for a large
environmental survey. Presented at the Tenth International CODATA Conference, July
1-3, 1986, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Keywords: data management
Poster session, abstract not available.
Kanciruk, P., and R. J. Olson. 1985. National lake survey data base. Presented at the
International Symposium on Acidic Precipitation, September 15-20, 1985, Muskoka, Ontario,
Canada.
Keywords: Atmospheric Dry Deposition Network Data Base, data QA, ELS-I data base,
parameters
The NSWS data base consists of 15 data sets that contain more than 1,000 variables.
Major emphasis is placed on data base quality control. The data sets contain information
on lake characteristics, water quality parameters measured in situ and in the analytical
laboratory, and quality assurance and quality control information documenting the accuracy
of the data. The validated NSWS data base will become part of the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL) Atmospheric Dry Deposition Network Data Base.
Kaufmann, P. W., W. S. Overton, Y. Jager, M. Sale, and J. J. Messer. 1986. Regional
distribution estimates for spring and summer chemistry in Southern Blue Ridge streams.
(Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Third Annual Acid Rain Conference for the Southern
Appalachians. October 27-29, 1986, TVA/ONRED/AWR-87/15, Tennessee Valley Authority,
Office of Natural Resources and Economic Development, Chattanooga, Tennessee, p. 37.
Keywords: ANC variability, NSS-I data results, pH variability, Southern Blue Ridge
The results of the National Stream Survey Phase I - Pilot in the Southern Blue Ridge
were presented. The survey targeted blue-line stream reaches that are not grossly pol-
luted, that drain land areas less than or equal to 155 square kilometers, and that do not
flow into or out of a reservoir. Cumulative frequency distributions with upper 95 percent
confidence limits were graphically presented for 31 chemical variables relevant to acidic
47
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deposition impact, including pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), extractable aluminum,
sulfate, and nitrate. The spatial distributions of pH, ANC, chlorine, and sulfate were
discussed with reference to regional geography.
Lackey, R. T., J. J. Messer, and R. A. Linthurst. 1985. Aquatic and terrestrial research
program at the EPA Corvallis Laboratory. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Second
Annual Acid Rain Conference for the Southern Appalachians. October 28-30, 1985,
TVA/ONRED/AWR-86/11, Tennessee Valley Authority, Office of Natural Resources and
Economic Development, Chattanooga, Tennessee.
Keywords: acidic deposition effects, forest effects, Regionalized Integrative Studies
The purpose of this presentation was to outline the scope and approach of acidic
deposition effects research ongoing at the U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory
at Corvallis, Oregon (ERL-C). Aquatic effects research at EPA is structured around the
concept of Regionalized Integrative Studies (RIS) in which synoptic surveys are conducted
as a first step in quantifying present environmental conditions. More intensive studies
of subsets of systems of interest are planned for the future. Forest effects research at
ERL-C was also presented.
Lammers, D. A., D. J. Bogucki, G. H. Gruendling, D. L. Stevens, Jr., and M. R. Church.
1986. Comparison of depth-to-bedrock determined from soil mapping and seismic tech-
niques. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the 1986 Annual Meeting of the Soil Science
Society of America. November 30-December 5, 1986, Soil Society of America, New Orleans,
Louisiana, p. 228.
Keywords: DDRP, soil classes, soil mapping
Thickness of the unconsolidated soil mantle, the depth-to-bedrock, is an important
parameter used when assessing water flow or soil-water interactions in a watershed.
During the soil mapping of 145 watersheds in the northeastern United States, soil scientists
prepared depth-to-bedrock maps using six classes. Standard seismic refraction techniques
were also used to determine depth-to-bedrock along selected transects in 15 of the water-
sheds. Results from the two methods are compared.
Landers, D. H. 1986. National Lake Survey: Regional characteristics of lakes in the
eastern United States. Presented at the Forty-ninth Annual Meeting, American Society
of Limnology and Oceanography, June 23-25, 1986, Kingston, Rhode Island..
Keywords: eastern U.S., lake characteristics
No abstract available.
Landers, D. H., D. F. Brakke, and R. A. Linthurst. 1985. The distribution of pH, alkalinity
and sulfate concentrations in the Northeast, Southeast, and Upper Midwest. Presented
at the North American Lake Management Society Annual Meeting, November 13-16, 1985,
Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.
Keywords: alkalinity variability, deposition patterns, ELS-I data results, pH variability
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The National Surface Water Survey (Phase I - Lakes) was designed to determine the
number of acidic and low alkalinity lakes in areas of the United States potentially sensitive
to acidic deposition. Lakes were sampled during fall circulation to minimize temporal
and spatial variability. A total of 25 parameters was measured on the samples. Results
define the distributions of pH, alkalinity, sulfate, and other constituents in each area
and allow for extrapolations to the total population of lakes as defined by the sampling
design. The distributions of aqueous chemical constituents relative to regional patterns
of atmospheric deposition are discussed.
Landers, D. H., J. M. Eilers, D. F. Brakke, and W. S. Overton. 1986. The National Lake
Survey: Comparison of results from Eastern and Western Lake Surveys. Presented at
the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, November 2-5,
1986, Alexandria, Virginia.
Keywords: ELS-I, regional comparisons, WLS-I
The eastern and western portions of the National Lake Survey were ronducted in
the autumn of 1984 and 1985, respectively. The surveys can be directly compared to
examine the current chemical status of surface waters in regions receiving markedly
different deposition values for sulfate and hydrogen ion. Western lakes contained sub-
stantially lower concentrations of sulfate, aluminum, and dissolved organic carbon compared
to eastern lakes. Modest numbers of acidic lakes were sampled in the East whereas no
acidic lakes were found in the West.
Landers, D. H., R. A. Linthurst, D. F. Brakke, S. W. Overton, R. Crowe, E. P. Meier, and
J. Eilers. 1985. Regional lake chemistry in the eastern United States. Presented at
the International Symposium on Acidic Precipitation, September 15-20, 1985, Muskoka,
Ontario, Canada.
Keywords: ELS-I data results, regional distribution
The first phase of the National Surface Water Survey (NSWS), a synoptic survey of
lake chemistry, has been completed in the eastern United States. This presentation
described the regional distribution of low alkalinity and acidic lakes in the areas of the
eastern United States potentially sensitive to acidic deposition. The distribution of chem-
ical variables was analyzed by region, subregion, and alkalinity class. These analyses
lead to a quantification of the number of acidic and low alkalinity lakes in the eastern
United States and correlations between water chemistry variables and patterns of atmos-
pheric deposition.
Lewis, T. E., J. M. Henshaw, and E. M. Heithmar. 1986. A comparison of PCV-reactive
and 8-hydroxyquinoline-extractable aluminum in lake and stream waters. (Abstract). In:
Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International Symposium on Lake and Reservoir Manage-
ment: Influences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. November 5-8,
1986, North American Lake Management Society, Portland, Oregon, p. 44.
Keywords: aluminum analysis, extractable aluminum, methylisobutylketone, monomeric
aluminum, pyrocatechol violet
During Phase I of the National Surface Water Survey - National Lake Survey, the
toxic fraction of aluminum was estimated by complexation with 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-
49
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oxine) and extraction into methylisobutylketone followed by aluminum analysis on the
atomic absorption spectrophotometer. During Phase II of the National Lake Survey and
Phase I of the National Stream Survey, a new method was evaluated for the speciation
of aluminum in water samples. The method involves the complexation of monomeric
aluminum with pyrocatechol violet (PCV) with subsequent colorimetric determination of
the complex. Results of the intercomparability between the two methods were presented.
Lewis, T. E., D. C. Hillman, M. E. Silverstein, K. A. Cougan, and R. D. Schronbrod. 1986.
Chemical status of lakes in national parks sampled during Phase-I of the National Surface
Water Survey-Western Lakes. In: Conference on Science in the National Parks. July
13-18, 1986, Fort Collins, Colorado, p. 256.
Keywords: WLS-I QA
During Phase I of the National Surface Water Survey - Western Lake Survey, 92
lakes in 12 National Parks were sampled. Twenty-four chemical variables were deter-
mined. A rigorous quality assurance and quality control plan ensured data quality. The
QA/QC samples consisted of field blanks, duplicates, and audits and equivalent checks at
field and contract laboratories. A summary of the quality assurance protocols was
presented.
Liggett, W. 1986. Designs for assessment of measurement uncertainty: Experience in
the Eastern Lake Survey. Presented at the Xlllth International Biometric Conference,
July 28-31, 1986, Seattle, Washington.
Keywords: ELS-I QA, measurement uncertainty, model development
The quality assurance samples that were analyzed as part of the EPA Eastern Lake
Survey permit the development of models that show the dominant error components and
the heteroscedasticity of some of these components. Nevertheless, these samples leave
some questions about the error components. Of the various measurements included in
the survey, this presentation considered the nitrate and sulfate measurements made by ion
chromatography. Based on this experience, ideas were presented on how more definitive
models might be obtained in future studies through better design.
Linthurst, R. A., P. E. Kellar, D. H. Landers, D. F. Brakke, and J. M. Eilers. 1986.
Chemical characteristics of lakes in the eastern United States: Results of the Eastern
Lake Survey - Phase I. Presented at the American Institute of Hydrology Conference
on Water Problems of National Concern - Hydrologic Perspectives, October 14-17, 1986,
Washington, D.C.
Keywords: ELS-I data results, ELS-I survey design, regional distribution, sulfate deposition
In the fall of 1984, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency implemented an exten-
sive synoptic chemical survey designed to assess the extent and magnitude of the effects
of acidic deposition on aquatic resources in the United States. Phase I of the Eastern
Lake Survey was conducted in the Northeastern, Southeastern, and Upper Midwestern
Regions of the United States, areas expected to contain the majority of lakes potentially
sensitive to acidic deposition. Chemical characteristics of the population of lakes con-
sidered within each region were estimated with known precision using results from samples
collected from 1,612* lakes. Based on reported sulfate deposition gradients in the eastern
50
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United States, regional distribution of sulfate in lakes is consistent with the hypothesis
that sulfate deposition has altered lake water chemistry in some areas.
Linthurst, R. A., D. H. Landers, D. F. Brakke, and W. S. Overton. 1985. National Surface
Water Survey: A program overview. Presented at the North American Lake Management
Society Annual Meeting, November 13-16, 1985, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.
Keywords: NSWS program overview, regional classification
The National Surface Water Survey (NSWS) was initiated by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to document the present chemical status of lakes and streams
in regions of the United States believed to be potentially susceptible to acidic deposi-
tion. The program was designed to provide an unbiased and complete data base of known
quality from regionally representative surface waters. The program uses a "regional
classification" approach in which the chemistry of a subset of surface waters is initially
characterized, providing the basis to select a smaller, regionally "typical" subset for Phase
II studies. These additional studies will document the chemical temporal variability,
providing the means to select systems for a long-term monitoring program.
Linthurst, R. A., K. W. Thornton, P. E. Kellar, and D. H. Landers. 1986. Long-term moni-
toring of acidification trends in lakes: A regional perspective. Presented at the US-USSR
Symposium on Comprehensive Analysis of the Environment, December 10-13, 1986,
Washington, D.C.
Keywords: long-term monitoring, NSWS program overview, QA program design
Understanding and detecting subtle changes in regional lake water chemistry as
affected by regional acidic deposition patterns requires a high quality, long-term data
record over broad geographic areas. Previous attempts to investigate acidification of
lakes in the United States have focused primarily on comparisons of historical data to
recent records. The limitations of these analyses have been dissimilar methods, unclear
analytical and quality assurance protocols, and questions regarding regional representa-
tiveness of the available data sets. A sound long-term monitoring program is being
designed which incorporates representative site selection, standardized methodologies,
and quality assurance protocols. The historical limitations of existing data, an assess-
ment of regionalization concepts, and a proposed approach are discussed.
Loucks, O. L., and G. E. Glass. 1985. Cross-sectional assessment of watershed factors
controlling effects of acidic deposition: Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Presented
at the International Symposium on Acidic Precipitation, September 15-20, 1985, Muskoka,
Ontario, Canada.
Keywords: alkalinity variability, color, sulfate variability, Upper Midwest, watershed
properties, WMP
Quantitative data for nearly 100 watershed properties (including topography, hydro-
logy, geology, soils, vegetation, lake morphometry, and wet deposition of chemicals) on
watersheds in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan have been developed since 1980. The
hypothesis being evaluated is that the observed chemistry of the water in the receiving
system (lake) is a composite function of antecedent water and chemical inputs (and losses)
and the chemical exchange processes in pathways by which the water and chemicals reach
the lake. Watershed variables were found by regression analysis to account for the largest
percentage of observed variability in color, sulfate, and alkalinity levels in the lake.
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Magnuson, J. J., P. L Brezonik, J. G. Eaton, J. A. Perry, W. Rose, W. Swenson, and K.
Watras. 1985. Experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin. (Abstract).
In: Proceedings of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting. June 18-21, 1985, American Society
of Limnology and Oceanography, Minneapolis, Minnesota, p. 66.
Keywords: acidification effects, Little Rock Lake, mesocosm
A 16-hectare, 2-basin lake was divided by a sea curtain in the fall of 1984. The
pH of one side of the lake is being lowered from 6.0 to 5.5 in spring 1985, to approx-
imately 5.1 in spring 1987, and to approximately 4.6 in spring 1989 with the addition of
sulfuric acid. The other side is receiving the same manipulation but with a two-year
lag. An interdisciplinary team is using the manipulations to test predictions of the
limnological effects of cultural acidification based on the literature and mesocosm exper-
iments.
Malanchuk, J. L., D. A. Bennett, and P. A. Mundy. 1985. A comparative regional analysis
of the status of aquatic resources with respect to acid deposition. Presented at the
International Symposium on Acidic Precipitation, September 15-20, 1985, Muskoka, Ontario,
Canada.
Keywords: acidic deposition effects, Adirondack Mountains, aquatic resource effects,
Southern Blue Ridge, Upper Midwest
A limited assessment of the effects of acidic deposition on aquatic resources has
been performed in three potentially sensitive geographical regions: the Adirondack Moun-
tains of New York; the Southern Blue Ridge Province of North Carolina, Tennessee and
Georgia; and the Upper Midwestern United States. In general, the impact of acidic deposi-
tion on aquatic resources is difficult to detect but positive correlations between atmos-
pheric deposition and effects do exist. Thus, there is evidence to suggest that acidic
deposition is at least partially responsible for the acidification of aquatic resources.
Malanchuk, J. L., P. A. Mundy, G. J. Mallon, and R. J. Olson. 1985. Development of
surrogate relationships among environmental variables for use in acid deposition assess-
ments. Presented at the International Symposium on Acidic Precipitation, September 15-20,
1985, Muskoka, Ontario, Canada.
Keywords: Adirondack Watershed Data Base, NAPAP, watershed characteristics
As part of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program's 1985 Assessment
of Aquatic Effects, regional data bases have been developed. The most extensive regional
data base developed by the Aquatic Effects Research Program is the Adirondack Watershed
Data Base (AWDB). Compiled from a variety of sources, the AWDB contains information
on lake chemistry, lake area and volume, wetland type, and associated watershed data.
Since the variables in the data base possess varying degrees of bias, the relationships
between lake volume and lake area, for example, should be considered somewhat specu-
lative. However, the relationships strongly suggest those factors that should be considered
important in the acidification of surface waters.
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Malanchuk, J. M., K. W. Thornton, W. Fallon, M. R. Church, B. J. Cosby, and G. M. Horn-
berger. 1986. Selection and analysis of models appropriate for acid deposition assessment
and policy analysis. Presented at the Society for Computer Simulation, March 10-13,
1986, Norfolk, Virginia.
Keywords: model selection
Abstract not available.
McCormick, J. H., B. K. Shepard, and J. G. Eaton. 1985. Toxicological studies of fish
and zooplankton from Little Rock Lake. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Forty-eighth
Annual Meeting. June 18-21, 1985, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, p. 67.
Keywords: Little Rock Lake, pH-stress
Field and laboratory experiments are being used to determine the relative impor-
tance of some direct and indirect effects of pH on fish. Preliminary results indicate
that increased numbers of chloride cells and changes in the appearance of apical crypts
occur at low pH. pH-related changes in the osmotic pressure of fish blood are also being
investigated to further define a potentially useful set of pH-stress indicators.
Meier, E. P., L W. Creelman, and D. C. Hillman. 1985. Application of quality assurance
information to evaluate field and laboratory performance and data quality. Presented at
the Association of Analytical Chemists, International Meeting, Symposium on Practical
Application of Quality Assurance Principles in the Analytical Laboratory, October, 1985,
Washington, D.C.
Keywords: ELS-I QA, QA program design
The QA approach for the National Surface Water Survey provided data to evaluate
field, lab, and method performance. Six mobile labs operated out of eight different field
stations during the survey of the eastern United States. Samples were collected from a-
helicopter platform and transported to a field station for processing. QA audit samples
were added at the field station and sent with routine samples to an analytical lab for
more detailed analysis. Four different analytical labs were involved during various phases
of the survey. During the survey, 1,807 lake samples, 126 field duplicates, 245 field blanks,
and 187 audit samples were analyzed. Audit sample data were used to verify lab perfor-
mance and evaluate methods performance across labs.
Meier, E. P., and L. W. Creelman. 1985. Quality assurance in the National Surface Water
Survey. Presented at the North American Lake Management Society Annual Meeting,
November 13-16, 1985, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.
Keywords: NSWS QA, QA program design
Quality assurance (QA) is an important factor that is often neglected or even ignored
in the collection of data from research and monitoring activities. It is especially important
when the data are to be used for regulatory efforts where the impact of wrong decisions
due to bad data can be costly either to the regulated community or to the environment.
A strong QA effort is included in the National Surface Water Survey (NSWS) being con-
53
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ducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as part of its Acid Deposition
Research Program. The QA approach being used in the NSWS can be an example for other
monitoring and research efforts, especially those related to surface water. Details about
the QA procedures used in the NSWS were presented.
Mericas, C. E., and R. D. Schonbrod. 1986. Measurement uncertainty in the National
Surface Water Survey. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International
Symposium on Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants
and Acid Precipitation. November 5-8, 1986, North American Lake Management Society,
Portland, Oregon, p. 12.
Keywords: ELS-I QA, measurement uncertainty, parameters, statistical testing
The National Surface Water Survey is a project conducted by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency designed to document the chemical and biological condition of surface
waters considered susceptible to acidic deposition. During the Eastern Lake Survey-
Phase I, 1,612 routine lake samples, 127 field duplicates, and 245 field blanks were col-
lected. Duplicate and blank samples were used to estimate system precision, detection
limits, and quantitation limits for each of 24 chemical parameters. Calculations and
examples of the application of measurement uncertainty estimates to water quality models
are presented.
Messer, J. J. 1986. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Aquatic Effects Research
Program. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Third Annual Acid Rain Conference for
the Southern Appalachians. October 27-29, 1986, TVA/ONRED/AWR-87/15, Tennessee
Valley Authority, Office of Natural Resources and Economic Development, Chattanooga,
Tennessee, p. 9.
Keywords: AERP
Abstract not received in time for printing.
Messer, J. J., C. W. Ariss, K. N. Eshleman, J. M. Omernik, S. M. Stambaugh, J. R. Baker,
S. K. Drouse, R. D. Schonbrod, M. J. Sale, J. M. Coe, H. I. Jager, and W. S. Overton.
1986. The National Stream Survey - Phase I: Synoptic Chemical Survey. (Abstract).
In: EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 67:281. May 19-22, 1986, American Geophysical
Union, Baltimore, MD.
Keywords: NSS survey design
No abstract available.
54
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Messer, J. J., C. W. Ariss, A. Kinney, J. R. Baker, R. D. Schonbrod, W. S. Overton, M. J.
Sale, and J. R. Tuschall. 1985. National Stream Survey Phase I Pilot: Some preliminary
findings. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Second Annual Acid Rain Conference for
the Southern Appalachians. October 28-30, 1985, TVA/ONRED/AWR-86/11, Tennessee
Valley Authority, Office of Natural Resources and Economic Development, Chattanooga,
Tennessee.
Keywords: NSS pilot data results, NSS survey design, pH variability
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency completed the National Stream Survey-
Pilot Study in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains in July of 1985. The results of the
Survey indicated that a synoptic survey of streams selected without regard to their
apparent accessibility is logistically feasible. The pilot survey also pointed the way to
improvements in the statistical sampling design and. chemical handling and analytical
protocols that are expected to yield more and better information at a lower cost in future
field work. The analysis also indicated small but significant effects of hydrological events,
upstream/downstream sampling site location, and spring/summer season on pH and/or acid
neutralizing capacity in the stream reach sample.
Messer, J. J., D. H. Landers, and R. A. Linthurst. 1986. Regional evaluation of the status
of surface waters in areas of the United States potentially susceptible to the effects of
acid deposition. Presented at the Sixth Annual International Symposium on Lake and
Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation.
November 5-8, 1986, North American Lake Management Society, Portland, Oregon.
Keywords: NSWS program overview
The primary goal of Phase I of the National Surface Water Survey is to estimate
the chemical status of surface waters over large geographic areas potentially susceptible
to the effects of acidic deposition. The National Lake Survey targeted four regions of
the United States (Northeast, Upper Midwest, Southeast, and West), while the National
Stream Survey focused on regions in the southeastern and mid-Atlantic states where there
are few lakes but large numbers of streams. The Phase I surveys provide a classificatory,
quantitative, statistical framework for interpreting and extrapolating results from past
and future intensive studies into a regional context.
Messer, J. J., W. S. Overton, J. M. Omernik, K. N. Eshleman, and P. R. Kaufmann. 1986.
Design issues for regional stream surveys. Presented at the Conference for the Interna-
tional Association of Ecology, Fourth Congress of Ecology, August 11-16, 1986, Syracuse,
New York.
Keywords: NSS survey design
No abstract available.
55
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Overton, W. S. 1986. Analysis of calibration of ground crew data to helicopter data,
for lakes in the wilderness areas of the Western Lake Survey. Presented at the Society
for Industrial and Applied Mathematics; Institute for Mathematics Society, May, 1986,
Ottawa, Canada.
Keywords: calibration study, statistical testing, wilderness lakes, WLS-I
During the EPA Western Lake Survey, 45 lakes in wilderness areas were sampled
by helicopter and also by ground crews. The purpose of these duplicate samples was to
compare measurements of key water chemistry variables from water samples collected
using both protocols. The majority of wilderness lakes were sampled by ground crews
due to restrictions in accessing these lakes by motorized vehicles. Statistical techniques
used to analyze the duplicate samples were presented.
Overton, W. S., and D. J. Blick. 1986. Effects of measurement and other extraneous
errors on estimated cumulative distributions in the National Lake Survey. Presented at
the Xlllth International Biometrics Conference, July 28-31, 1986, Seattle, Washington.
Keywords: ELS-I QA, measurement uncertainty, parameters, WLS-I QA
The National Lake Survey was conducted by the U.S. EPA in the eastern United
States in the fall of 1984, and in the western United States in the fall of 1985. This
survey had the objective of describing the chemical status of lakes in regions that are
judged potentially sensitive to acidic deposition. The primary parameters of the lake
survey are the distributions of the variables, and estimates of these parameters are biased
by any extraneous error. Therefore, considerations of the incurred bias become a critical
design issue. In this presentation the different types of error or bias were described, and
the effects they have on the use of the data were discussed. Procedures for correcting
incurred biases were also presented.
Raschke, R. L., and R. A. Linthurst. 1985. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National
Lake Survey. Presented at the North American Lake Management Society Annual Meeting,
November 13-16, 1985, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.
Keywords: ELS-I program overview
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in cooperation with the National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), designed a National Lake Survey (NLS) within
regions of the United States containing large numbers of low alkalinity waters that are
presumed to be most susceptible to change as a result of acidic deposition. The design
of the program began in 1983, and was directed towards development of a survey program
which would quantify the temporal and spatial variability in the chemistry of the nation's
surface waters. The presentation focused on the interpretation and conclusions drawn
from the data collected. Alternative approaches for further research were also discussed.
56
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Rochelle, B. P., J. E. Eilers, M. R. Church, D. H. Landers, and J. J. Messer. 1986. Sulfur
retention in watersheds: Relationship to effects of acidic deposition on surface water
chemistry. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International Symposium on
Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants and Acid
Precipitation. November 5-8, 1986, North American Lake Management Society, Portland,
Oregon, p. 22.
Keywords: DDRP, soil weathering, sulfate mobility, sulfur budgets, sulfur retention
Sulfate mobility within watersheds is a major factor affecting response of surface
waters to deposition. The hypothesis that the degree of weathering of soils influences
sulfur retention was examined in two ways. First, sulfur input-output budgets were
reviewed for 36 watersheds in the United States and Canada. Sulfur input-output budgets
were also calculated using high-quality water chemistry data. For most of the systems
retaining sulfur, Ultisols are the dominant soil order, whereas for most of the systems
in steady state, Spodosols are dominant.
Rudensky, K. M., and J. A. Perry. 1985. The influence of acidification on litter decompo-
sition in Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Forty-eighth
Annual Meeting. June 18-21, 1985, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, p. 92.
Keywords: litter decomposition, Little Rock Lake, mesocosm
Aerial input of organic material to Little Rock Lake has been estimated using an
array of floating litter baskets. Decomposition of this material is being studied using
litter bags anchored in mesocosms and in the open lake. Initial mesocosm experiments
suggest that the decomposition rates decline at low pH (4.5) but are not demonstrably
affected at higher pH. Laboratory experiments using microcosms are in progress to aug-
ment future field investigations.
Schnoor, J. L 1985. Lake resources at risk to acidic deposition in the eastern United
States. Presented at the International Symposium on Acidic Precipitation, September 15-20,
1985, Muskoka, Ontario, Canada.
Keywords: alkalinity model, depositional gradient, watershed descriptors
Watershed descriptors have been obtained or compiled for 1,439 watersheds in the
northeastern and upper midwestern United States. A methodology that combines multiple
linear regression procedures with a simple deterministic model for alkalinity shows promise
as a tool for acid precipitation assessments. Mean absolute errors in predicted lake
alkalinity concentrations of approximately plus or minus 100 ueq/L were obtained with
no significant difference between predicted and observed alkalinity histograms. Estimates
of the lake resources-at-risk across the depositional gradient from Minnesota to the
Adirondack Mountains of New York were established.
57
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Sierszen, M. E., and T. M. Frost. 1985. Mechanisms regulating community change during
acidification: Selective feeding by zooplankton and its consequences in Little Rock Lake,
Wisconsin. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting. June 18-
21, 1985, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Minneapolis, Minnesota, p.
102.
Keywords: acidification response, Little Rock Lake, phytoplankton, toxicity, zooplankton
Changes in the composition of plankton communities during lake acidification may
result from trophic interactions as well as direct toxic effects. The interactions between
zooplankton and phytoplankton are being investigated as part of the Little Rock Lake
whole-lake acidification project.
Silverstein, M. E., K. A. Cougan, T. E. Lewis, and R. D. Schonbrod. 1986. Quality
assurance plan used to determine chemical status of lakes in National Parks sampled during
Phase I of the National Surface Water Survey Western Lake Survey. Presented at the
Conference on Science in the National Parks, July 13-18, 1986, Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Keywords: WLS-I QA
Poster session, abstract not available.
Stevens, D. L., Jr., K. W. Thornton, G. M. Hornberger, B. J. Cosby, and M. R. Church.
1986. Regionalization in the Direct/Delayed Response Project. Presented at the Xlllth
International Biometric Conference, July 28-31, 1986, Seattle, Washington.
Keywords: DDRP
Abstract not available.
Suarez, F. X., D. C. Hillman, and E. M. Heithmar. 1986. Stability of nitrate in preserved
and unpreserved natural surface waters. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Rocky
Mountain Conference on Analytical Chemistry. August 3-5, 1986, Denver, Colorado.
Abstract No. 141.
Keywords: holding time, nitrate stability, processing methods, sample preservation
During the Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I, the holding time for nitrate analysis
was seven days. However, for a number of samples the holding time was exceeded. As
a result, a project was initiated to review the literature on the stability and the preser-
vation of nitrate and to evaluate the holding time for nitrate analysis in natural surface
waters. The evaluation consisted of two experiments to study the effect of mercuric
chloride (HgCI2) preservation, of post-sampling filtration, and of storage temperature on
low level nitrate stability. The experimental design for this study is described and results
are presented.
58
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Swenson, W. A., and M. Balcer. 1985. Fish population changes and associated mechanisms
in an acidified lake: Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the
Forty-eighth Annual Meeting. June 18-21, 1985, American Society of Limnology and
Oceanography, Minneapolis, Minnesota, p. 109.
Keywords: fish population response, Little Rock Lake
This study involves measuring changes in the success of Little Rock Lake fish popu-
lations in completing life stages and processes important to year-class formation. Pre-
acidification phase research suggests reproductive behavior and predator-prey relationships
may play a major role in determining sensitivity of fish species to lake acidification.
league, S. A., and D. H. Landers. 1985. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National
Lake Survey. Presented at the Rocky Mountain States Section of Air Pollution Control
Association, August 3-5, 1985, Denver, Colorado.
Keywords: NSWS program overview
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in cooperation with the National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program, has designed and is undertaking a National Surface
Water Survey (NSWS) within regions of the United States containing the majority of low
alkalinity waters and presumed to be most susceptible to change as a result of acidic
deposition. Existing data are insufficient to determine how many lakes and streams are
in danger of becoming acidic or how soon this may happen. The NSWS was designed to
provide methodologically consistent, quality assured, regionally representative, and chem-
ically complete data. The objectives and goals of the NSWS are discussed and an overview
of the sampling and analysis design is presented.
Thornton, K. W., D. L. Stevens, Jr., M. R. Church, B. J. Cosby, Jr., and G. M. Hornberger.
1986. Regional predictive modeling in the Direct/Delayed Response Project. (Abstract).
In: Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International Symposium on Lake and Reservoir
Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. November
5-8, 1986, North American Lake Management Society, Portland, Oregon, p. 23.
Keywords: DDRP, Northeast, Southern Blue Ridge, watershed model
The Direct/Delayed Response Project (DDRP), one component of the Aquatic Effects
Research Program, is designed to predict the future effects of acidic deposition on surface
water chemistry. The project focuses on categories of response defined as the time in
the future at which average annual alkalinity might become less than 0 ueq/L. This
presentation discusses the use of dynamic watershed models. The procedure used for
extrapolating from individual watersheds to population estimates of the number of water-
sheds in each response class for the Northeast and the Southern Blue Ridge Province is
presented.
Watras, C. J., T. K. Kratz, W. J. Rose, B. Mok, and J. Wachtler. 1985. The Little Rock
Lake acidification experiment: Site general activities. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of
the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting. June 18-21, 1985, American Society of Limnology and
Oceanography, Minneapolis, Minnesota, p. 122.
Keywords: artificial acidification, Little Rock Lake
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This whole-lake acidification experiment, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, is a multi-institutional project designed to assess some of the potential
ecological effects of acid rain. Little Rock Lake is a small, low-alkalinity (25 peq/L),
slightly acidic (pH 6.1) lake situtated on glacial till in northern Wisconsin. The lake
has been divided in half and acidification of one half of the lake is scheduled for spring
1985.
Webster, K. E., and P. J. Garrison. 1985. Benthic invertebrate responses to acidifica-
tion: the Little Rock Lake experiment. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Forty-eighth
Annual Meeting. June 18-21, 1985, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, p. 122.
Keywords: acidification response, Little Rock Lake, mesocosm, zoobenthos
As part of an interdisciplinary study of ecosystem responses to acidification, the
influence of direct and indirect effects on zoobenthos is being evaluated. The experimental
design is to acidify one basin of Little Rock Lake in steps of 0.5 pH units from the
present pH of 6.0 to 4.5. In the preacidification year (1984) the baseline community and
degree of interbasin similarity was defined, and mesocosm experiments were conducted
to preview community responses across the planned acidification regime.
Wiener, J. G., and J. M. Eilers. 1986. Sensitivity and responses of aquatic resources in
the Upper Midwest to acid deposition. (Abstract). In: Proceedings of the Sixth Annual
International Symposium on Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint
Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. November 5-8, 1986, North American Lake
Management Society, Portland, Oregon, p. 10.
Keywords: fishery decline, potential causative factors, Upper Midwest
Available information on the extent of acid-sensitive and acidic surface waters in
the Upper Midwest and potential implications of acidification for fishery resources of
the region are summarized in this presentation. Three areas in the Upper Midwest contain
poorly buffered inland lakes considered sensitive to damage by acidic deposition. Several
of these acidic lakes exhibit chemical status and biological changes consistent with those
observed elsewhere in waters acidified by acidic deposition; however, in most cases natural
sources of acidity and alternative ecological processes have not been conclusively eliminated
as potential causative factors.
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Subject Index
All acronyms used in this index are defined on page vi.
Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) vi, 9, 12, 14, 18, 24, 25, 29-32, 36, 39, 40, 44, 45, 47,
48
ANC calculation 45
ANC map 39
ANC variability 12, 29-32, 47
low ANC 25, 29, 36, 40, 44
Acidic
acidic deposition effects 8, 11, 16, 27, 31, 33, 37, 46, 48, 52
acidic precipitation 11, 33, 34, 36, 39, 41, 42, 45-47, 49, 51, 52, 57
acidic stream episodes 42, 44
Acidification
acidic deposition effects 8, 11, 16, 27, 31, 33, 37, 46, 48, 52
acidification effects 8, 28, 32, 41, 52
acidification model 10, 25, 26, 33, 36, 43, 44, 46
acidification response 25, 41-43, 58, 60
artificial acidification 3, 10, 41, 43, 59
episodic acidification 2, 4, 8
experimental acidification 3, 10, 25, 41, 43, 52
pH variability 12, 29, 32, 46-48, 55
potential causative factors 8, 37, 60
precipitation acidity 33, 34
precipitation pH 9, 28, 43
Adirondack Mountains 8, 12, 16, 28-31, 34, 36, 37, 39, 45, 52. 57
Adirondack Watershed Data Base vi, 12, 29, 52
AERP. See Aquatic Effects Research Program
Alkalinity
alkalinity generation 9, 10, 24, 25, 29, 36, 41
alkalinity map 14, 15, 21, 31, 44
alkalinity model 34, 57
alkalinity variability 10, 32, 48, 51
internal alkalinity generation model 24
Aluminum vi, 4, 9, 24-27, 32, 33, 35, 36, 43, 48-50
aluminum analysis 43, 49, 50
ecological effects of aluminum 9, 26, 27, 32, 33
extractable aluminum 48, 49
methylisobutylketone 49, 50
monomeric aluminum 43, 49, 50
pyrochatechol violet vi, 49, 50
Ammonium 24, 28
Analytical methods
aluminum analysis 43, 49, 50
analytical methods manual 12
analytical QA 12, 18, 20, 45
ANC calculation 45
ELS-I analytical methods 12, 20
holding time 41, 58
nitrate stability 33, 58
pH samples 41
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processing methods 17, 58
sample preservation 58
soil analysis methods 23
syringe samples 41
ANC. See Acid neutralizing capacity
Anions 27, 28, 37
Aquatic Effects Research Program (AERP) iii, iv, vi, 1, 2, 5-7, 24, 54
Aquatic resource effects 31, 52
Artificial acidification 3, 10, 41, 43, 59
Assessment iii, iv, vi, 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 16, 25, 29, 31, 33, 37, 39, 40, 44, 50-53,
56, 59
1985 assessment 39, 52
Atmospheric Dry Deposition Network Data Base 47
Audit 53
Base neutralizing capacity (BNC) vi, 33, 45
Baseline studies 10, 25, 41
Bedrock geology 9, 25, 39
Biological variables
forest effects 9, 29, 48
litter decomposition 57
periphyton 42, 43
phytoplankton 43, 58
toxicity 16, 26, 32, 58
zoobenthos 60
zooplankton 53, 58
Bloom-Grigal model 46
BNC. See Base neutalizing capacity
Cadmium 26, 36
Calcium 24, 25, 46
Calibration study 56
Canada 8. 29, 39, 41, 42, 45-47, 49, 51, 52, 56, 57
eastern Canada 8, 29, 46
Nova Scotia 8, 29, 45
Cascades 25, 30
Cation 3, 4, 9-11, 24-27, 32. 33, 36, 46
cation exchange 4, 24-26, 32, 33, 36, 46
cation supply 3, 4, 46
Chemical variables
acid neutralizing capacity vi, 9, 12, 14, 18, 24, 25, 29-32, 36, 39, 40, 44, 45, 47, 48
aluminum vi, 4, 9, 24-27, 32, 33, 35, 36, 43, 48-50
ammonium 24, 28
anions 27, 28, 37
base neutralizing capacity vi, 33, 45
cadmium 26, 36
calcium 24, 25, 46
cation 3, 4, 9-11, 24-27, 32, 33, 36, 46
chlorine 48
color 31, 32, 51
copper 26
dissolved inorganic carbon vi, 21, 41, 42, 45
dissolved organic carbon vi, 27, 33, 35, 49
magnesium 24, 25, 46
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metals 11, 26. 35, 36, 46
nitrate 4, 24, 30, 33, 48, 50, 58
nitrogen 8, 28, 36, 37
nitrogen oxides 28
organic acids 4, 27, 29, 46
zinc 26, 36
Chemical weathering 9, 26, 34
Chemistry
lake chemistry 4, 12, 16, 17, 20, 25, 29, 32, 47, 49, 52
seasonal chemistry 2, 17, 20, 21, 27
water chemistry 1-5, 7, 11, 12, 18, 23, 24, 32, 36, 37, 42, 45-47, 49, 51, 56,
57, 59
Chlorine 48
Color 31, 32, 51
Copper 26
Data analysis and interpretation
data analysis plan 15, 22
data QA 8, 38, 47
data quality 10, 18, 22, 28, 50, 53
data validation 8
data verification 8, 18
deposition patterns 28, 29, 48, 51
ELS-I data results 10, 13, 15, 30, 33, 39, 40, 48-50
index chemistry data 12
NSS pilot data results 13, 55
NSS-I data results 47
NSWS results 16, 37, 43
pH variability 12, 29, 32, 46-48, 55
population estimates 15, 33, 40, 44, 59
population extrapolation 15, 22, 34
potential causative factors 8, 37, 60
quality of the data 6, 11, 13
regional classification 51
regional comparisons 30, 49
regional distribution 47, 49-51
regional patterns 14, 15, 31, 32, 49
spatial patterns 21, 31, 39, 44
Data base
Adirondack Watershed Data Base vi, 12, 29, 52
Atmospheric Dry Deposition Network Data Base 47
data dictionary 13
data management 8, 38, 47
data set formats 13
ELS-I data base 12, 13, 47
index chemistry data 12
regional data base 29, 52
small watersheds 26, 45
Upper Great Lakes Region data base 33
DDRP. See Direct/Delayed Response Project
Deposition
acidic deposition effects 8, 11, 16, 27, 31, 33, 37, 46, 48, 52
acidic precipitation 11, 33, 34, 36, 39, 41, 42, 45-47, 49, 51, 52, 57
aquatic resource effects 31, 52
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deposition patterns 28, 29, 48, 51
depositional gradient 28, 34, 57
dry deposition vi, 47
precipitation acidity 33, 34
precipitation chemistry 28, 31, 32
precipitation pH 9, 28, 43
sulfate deposition 2, 50, 51
sulfur deposition 26, 34, 42
wet deposition 29, 37, 44, 51
Direct/Delayed Response Project (DDRP) vi, 1-4, 10, 42, 48, 57-59
soil analysis methods 23
soil mapping 48
Dissolved inorganic carbon vi, 21, 41, 42, 45
Dissolved organic carbon vi, 27, 33, 35, 49
Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I (ELS-I) vi, 2, 10-15, 20, 22, 30, 33, 39, 40, 47-50, 53, 54,
56
ELS pilot 18, 21
ELS pilot lake sampling methods 21
ELS pilot QA plan 18
ELS-I analytical methods 12, 20
ELS-I data base 12, 13, 47
ELS-I data dictionary 13
ELS-I data results 10, 13, 15, 30, 33, 39, 40, 48-50
ELS-I lake sampling methods 14, 20
ELS-I program overview 56
ELS-I QA 10, 11, 40, 50, 53, 54, 56
ELS-I survey design 13, 22, 30, 50
Eastern Lake Survey - Phase II (ELS-II) vi, 2-4, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 40
ELS-II lake sampling methods 17, 18, 20, 21, 23
ELS-II QA 40
ELS-II research plan 23
ELS-II survey design 23
Ecological effects of aluminum 9, 26, 27, 32, 33
Elevation 29, 37, 39
ELS-I. See Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I
ELS-II. See Eastern Lake Survey - Phase II
Episodes 4, 11, 19, 42, 44
acidic stream episodes 42, 44
pH depression 36, 42, 44
Field operations
field operations manual 18, 23
field operations report 14, 20
lake sampling methods 14, 17, 18, 20-23
soil mapping 48
soil sampling methods 23
stream sampling methods 15, 19, 22
training manual 17, 19, 21, 22
training report 17, 19-22
under-ice sampling 17, 20
Fish
fish population response 16, 28, 36, 45, 59
fish population status 11, 32, 39, 45
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fish populations 2. 8, 11. 16, 19. 28, 36, 39, 45, 59
fishery decline 8, 28, 32, 36, 45, 60
metal uptake 9, 11, 26, 36
pH-stress 11, 26, 45, 53
toxicity to fish 16, 26, 32
Fishery decline 8, 28, 32, 36, 45, 60
Florida 2, 24, 30
Forest effects 9, 29, 48
Geographic areas
Adirondack Mountains 8, 12, 16, 28-31, 34, 36, 37, 39, 45, 52, 57
Cascades 25, 30
eastern U.S. 15, 46, 48
Great Lakes 28, 33
Mid-Atlantic 11, 19, 44, 55
Middle Atlantic 2, 4, 44
New England 14, 47
Northeast 3. 13, 30, 36, 39, 40, 48, 55, 59
Ouachita Mountains 2
Piedmont 2
Southeast 11, 13, 19. 30, 40, 48, 55
Southern Appalachians 2, 37, 38, 44, 45, 47, 48. 54, 55
Southern Blue Ridge 2, 3, 14, 31, 43, 44, 47, 52, 55, 59
Upper Midwest 2, 13, 15, 28, 30-32, 34, 40, 44, 48, 51, 52, 55, 60
western U.S. 14, 30, 31
Geology 9, 25, 39, 51
Georgia 31, 52
Great Lakes 28, 33
Headwater lakes 12, 37
Holding time 41, 58
Lake
headwater lakes 12, 37
lake characteristics 27, 29, 32, 47, 48
lake chemistry 4, 12, 16, 17, 20, 25, 29, 32, 47, 49, 52
lake monitoring 30, 40
lake pH 12, 28, 29. 37
lake resources at risk 34, 57
lake response 24, 33, 34
lake sampling 14, 17, 18, 20-23
lake sampling methods 14, 17, 18, 20-23
lake sensitivity 9, 32
wilderness lakes 7, 22, 56
Land use 12, 14, 21, 37, 39
Liming 16
Litter decomposition 57
Little Rock Lake iv, 1, 3, 10, 24, 25, 38, 41-43, 52, 53, 57-60
acidification response 25, 41-43, 58, 60
artificial acidification 3, 10, 41, 43, 59
baseline studies 10, 25, 41
experimental acidification 3, 10, 25, 41, 43, 52
mesocosm 38, 41, 43, 52, 57, 60
target pH values 10, 25, 41
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Long-term monitoring iv, 1, 24, 42, 51
Magnesium 24, 25, 46
Maine 3, 11, 19, 20, 32
Map 14, 15, 21, 31, 32, 39, 44
Measurement uncertainty 22, 50, 54, 56
Mesocosm 38, 41, 43, 52, 57, 60
Metals 11, 26, 35, 36, 46
Methylisobutylketone 49, 50
Michigan 9, 15, 28, 30-32, 51
Mid-Atlantic 11, 19, 44, 55
Middle Atlantic 2, 4, 44
Minnesota iv, 9, 10, 15, 28, 31, 32, 34, 41, 43, 51-53, 57-60
Model
acidification model 10. 25, 26, 33, 36, 43, 44, 46
alkalinity model 34, 57
Bloom-Grigal model 46
empirical model 4, 44
internal alkalinity generation model 24
model development 4, 28, 34, 50
model selection 53
rainfall-runoff 45
Reuss-Johnson model 32, 46
steady-state model 34
sulfate model 24
trickle-down model 9, 29, 34
watershed model 12, 25, 26, 36, 42, 46, 59
NAPAP . See National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) vi, 5, 8, 39, 44, 52, 56
National Lake Survey (NLS) vi, 1, 2, 56
National Stream Survey (NSS) vi, 1, 2, 4, 11, 13, 15, 17, 22, 44, 47, 54, 55
NSS pilot 13, 22, 44, 55
NSS pilot data results 13, 55
NSS survey design 13, 15, 54, 55
NSS-I data results 47
NSS-I QA plan 11
stream sampling methods 15, 19, 22
National Surface Water Survey (NSWS)
NSWS program overview 51, 55, 59
NSWS QA 53
NSWS results 16. 37, 43
NSWS survey design 24, 30, 40
Neutralization 16. 24. 32-34
Nevada iv. vii. 10-12, 14, 17-23, 38
New England 14, 47
New York 8, 9, 12, 14, 16, 20, 27-29, 31, 34, 35. 37, 39, 47, 52, 55, 57
Nitrate
nitrate stability 33, 58
nitrogen cycling 36, 37
nitrogen oxides 28
Nitrogen. See Nitrate
NLS. See National Lake Survey
North Carolina iv, vii, 22, 31, 52
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Northeast 3, 13, 30, 36, 39, 40, 48, 55, 59
Nova Scotia 8, 29, 45
NSS. See National Stream Survey
NSWS. See National Surface Water Survey
Oregon iv, vi, vii, 10, 11, 13-15, 21, 22, 39, 40, 42-46, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60
Organic acids 4, 27, 29, 46
Ouachita Mountains 2
Parameters 10, 15. 20, 28, 29, 37, 46, 47, 49, 54, 56
Pennsylvania 8, 20, 42
Periphyton 42, 43
pH
lake pH 12, 28, 29, 37
Little Rock Lake iv, 1, 3, 10. 24, 25, 38, 41-43, 52, 53, 57-60
pH depression 36, 42, 44
pH samples 41
pH variability 12, 29, 32, 46-48, 55
pH-stress 11, 26, 45, 53
precipitation pH 9, 28, 43
target pH values 10, 25, 41
Phytoplankton 43, 58
Piedmont 2
Population
population estimates 15, 33, 40, 44, 59
population extrapolation 15, 22, 34
Potential causative factors 8, 37, 60
Precipitation
precipitation acidity 33, 34
precipitation chemistry 28, 31, 32
precipitation pH 9, 28, 43
Prediction uncertainty 26, 41
Probability sample 13, 15, 40
Processing methods 17, 58
Program Area
AERP iii, iv, vi, 1, 2, 5-7, 24, 54
DDRP vi, 1-4, 10, 42, 48, 57-59
ELS-I vi, 2. 10-15, 20, 22, 30, 33, 39, 40, 47-50, 53, 54, 56
ELS-II vi, 2-4, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 40
Little Rock Lake iv, 1, 3, 10, 24, 25, 38, 41-43, 52, 53, 57-60
long-term monitoring iv, 1, 24, 42, 51
NAPAP vi, 1. 5, 8, 39, 44, 52, 56
NLS vi. 1, 2, 56
NSS vi, 1, 2, 4, 11, 13, 15, 17, 22, 44, 47, 54, 55
Regionalized Integrative Studies vi, 48
SVS-P vi, 4, 17, 20
WLS-I vi, 7, 13, 20-22, 49, 50, 56, 58
WMP vi, 1, 3, 4, 51
QA See Quality assurance
Quality assurance (QA)
analytical QA 12, 18, 20, 45
audit 53
calibration study 56
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data QA 8. 38, 47
data quality 10, 18, 22, 28, 50. 53
data validation 8
data verification 8, 18
ELS pilot QA plan 18
ELS-I QA 10, 11, 40, 50, 53, 54, 56
ELS-II QA 40
measurement uncertainty 22, 50, 54, 56
NSS-I QA plan 11
NSWS QA 53
prediction uncertainty 26, 41
probability sample 13, 15, 40
QA plan 11, 18
QA procedures 8, 54
QA program design 40, 51, 53
QA report 10
QA samples 40
quality of the data 6, 11, 13
software 18, 38
statistical testing 10, 22, 32, 34, 45, 54, 56
WLS-I QA 22, 50, 56, 58
Rainfall-runoff 45
Recommendations 8, 14, 16, 20
Regional
regional analysis 31, 52
regional characteristics 48
regional classification 51
regional comparisons 30, 49
regional data base 29, 52
regional distribution 47, 49-51
regional estimates 4, 26, 39
regional patterns 14, 15, 31, 32, 49
regional watershed characteristics 9, 12, 16
Regionalized Integrative Studies vi, 48
Research plan 23, 30
Reuss-Johnson model 32, 46
Sample preservation 58
Sampling
lake sampling 14, 17, 18, 20-23
sampling methods 14, 15, 17-23
soil sampling 23, 47
statistical sampling 55
stream sampling 15, 19. 22, 28
under-ice sampling 17, 20
Sensitivity
lake sensitivity 9, 32
sensitivity criteria 36, 37
Software 18, 38
Soil
soil analysis methods 23
soil classes 48
soil mapping 48
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soil processes 3, 4, 9, 10, 25, 26, 32, 36
soil sampling 23, 47
soil sampling classes 47
soil sampling methods 23
soil weathering 9, 36, 37, 46, 57
Southeast 11, 13, 19, 30, 40, 48, 55
Southern Appalachians 2, 37, 38, 44, 45, 47, 48, 54, 55
Southern Blue Ridge 2, 3, 14, 31, 43, 44, 47, 52, 55, 59
Spatial patterns 21, 31, 39, 44
Spring Variability Study - Pilot (SVS-P) vi, 4, 17, 20
SVS-P lake sampling methods 17, 20
under-ice sampling 17, 20
Statistics
statistical sampling 55
statistical testing 10, 22, 32, 34, 45, 54, 56
Steady-state model 34
Streams
episodes 4, 11, 19, 42, 44
NSS vi, 1, 2, 4, 11, 13, 15, 17, 22, 44, 47, 54, 55
NSS pilot 13, 22, 44, 55
stream sampling 15, 19, 22, 28
stream sampling methods 15, 19, 22
Sulfate
sulfate adsorption 10, 24, 36
sulfate concentration 32, 40
sulfate deposition 2, 50, 51
sulfate inputs 9, 32
sulfate mobility 4, 57
sulfate model 24
sulfate variability 30, 31, 51
Sulfur
sulfur budgets 57
sulfur deposition 26, 34, 42
sulfur retention 57
Survey Design
ELS-I survey design 13, 22, 30, 50
ELS-II survey design 23
NSS survey design 13, 15, 54, 55
NSWS survey design 24, 30, 40
research plan 23, 30
SVS-P. See Spring Variability Study - Pilot
Syringe samples 41
Target pH values 10, 25, 41
Tennessee 12, 13, 16, 31, 36-38, 44, 45, 47, 48, 52, 54, 55
Terrestrial factors 10, 39
Toxicity 16, 26, 32, 58
Toxicity to fish 16, 26, 32
Training manual 17, 19, 21, 22
Training report 17, 19-22
Trickle-down model 9, 29, 34
United States
Florida 2, 24. 30
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Georgia 31, 52
Maine 3, 11, 19, 20, 32
Michigan 9, 15, 28, 30-32, 51
Minnesota iv, 9, 10, 15, 28, 31, 32, 34, 41, 43, 51-53, 57-60
Nevada iv, vii, 10-12, 14, 17-23, 38
New York 8, 9, 12, 14, 16, 20, 27-29, 31, 34, 35, 37, 39, 47, 52, 55, 57
North Carolina iv, vii, 22, 31, 52
Oregon iv, vi, vii, 10, 11, 13-15, 21, 22, 39, 40, 42-46, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57, 59,
60
Pennsylvania 8, 20, 42
Tennessee 12, 13, 16, 31, 36-38, 44. 45, 47, 48, 52, 54, 55
Virginia 4, 25, 26, 29, 36, 43, 49, 53
Washington, D.C. ii, vii, 12, 13, 16, 23, 50, 51, 53
Wisconsin iv. 1, 3, 10. 15, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 37, 38, 41-43, 48, 51-53, 56,
57, 58-60
Upper Great Lakes Region data base 33
Upper Midwest 2, 13, 15, 28, 30-32, 34, 40, 44, 48, 51, 52, 55, 60
Variability
alkalinity variability 10, 32, 48, 51
ANC variability 12, 29-32, 47
pH variability 12, 29, 32, 46-48, 55
sulfate variability 30, 31, 51
temporal variability 4, 18, 23, 28, 30, 33, 35, 51
Virginia 4, 25, 26, 29, 36, 43, 49, 53
Washington, D.C. ii, vii, 12, 13, 16, 23, 50, 51, 53
Water chemistry 1-5, 7, 11, 12, 18, 23, 24, 32, 36, 37, 42, 45-47, 49, 51, 56, 57, 59
Watershed characteristics 2, 3, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 28, 29, 32, 37, 52
bedrock geology 9, 25, 39
elevation 29, 37, 39
lake characteristics 27, 29, 32, 47, 48
regional watershed characteristics 9, 12, 16
small watersheds 26, 45
soil classes 48
soil sampling classes 47
terrestrial factors 10, 39
watershed descriptors 34, 57
watershed properties 9, 31, 51
Watershed Manipulation Project (WMP) vi, 1, 3, 4, 51
Watershed processes
cation exchange 4, 24-26, 32, 33, 36, 46
cation supply 3, 4, 46
chemical weathering 9, 26, 34
nitrogen cycling 36, 37
soil processes 3, 4, 9, 10, 25, 26, 32, 36
soil weathering 9, 36, 37, 46, 57
sulfate adsorption 10. 24. 36
sulfate mobility 4, 57
sulfur retention 57
watershed model 12, 25, 26, 36, 42, 46, 59
Western Lake Survey - Phase I (WLS-I) vi, 7, 13, 20-22, 49, 50, 56. 58
calibration study 56
wilderness lakes 7, 22, 56
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WLS-I data dictionary 13
WLS-I lake sampling methods 20-22
WLS-I QA 22, 50, 56, 58
Western U.S. 14, 30, 31
Wet deposition 29, 37, 44, 51
Wilderness lakes 7, 22, 56
Wisconsin iv, 1, 3, 10, 15, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 37, 38, 41-43, 48, 51-53, 56-60
WLS-I. See Western Lake Survey - Phase I
WMP. See Watershed Manipulation Project
Zinc 26, 36
Zoobenthos 60
Zooplankton 53, 58
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