&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office oT Water
4304T
EPA 822-R-03-031
December 2003
Ambient Aquatic Life
Water Quality Criteria
for Tributyltih (TBT) -
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AMBIENT AQUATIC LIFE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR
TRIBUTYLTIN
CAS Registry Number (See Text)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Root
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
December 2003
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF WATER
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA DIVISION
WASHINGTON D.C.
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NOTICES
This document has been reviewed by the Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Office of Science
and Technology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and is approved for publication.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS),
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. It is also available on EPA's web site:
http: //www. epa. gov. / waterscience/criteria/tributvltin.
11
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FOREWORD
Section 304(a)(l) of the Clean Water Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-217) requires the Administrator of
the Environmental Protection Agency to publish water quality criteria that accurately reflect the latest
scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare that might
be expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of water, including ground water. This final
document is a revision of proposed criteria based upon consideration of scientific input received from
U.S. EPA staff, the public and independent peer reviewers. Criteria contained in this document
replace any previously published EPA aquatic life criteria for tributyltin (TBT).
The term "water quality criteria" is used in two sections of the Clean Water Act, section
304(a)(l) and section 303(c)(2). The term has a different program impact in each section. In section
304, the term represents a non-regulatory, scientific assessment of ecological effects. Criteria
presented in this document are such scientific assessments. If water quality criteria associated with
specific stream uses are adopted by a state as water quality standards under section 303, they become
enforceable maximum acceptable pollutant concentrations in ambient waters within that state. Water
quality criteria adopted in state water quality standards could have the same numerical values as criteria
developed under section 304. However, in many situations states might want to adjust water quality
criteria developed under section 304 to reflect local environmental conditions and human exposure
patterns. Alternatively, states may use different data and assumptions than EPA in deriving numeric
criteria that are scientifically defensible and protective of designated uses. It is not until their adoption
as part of state water quality standards that criteria become regulatory. Guidelines to assist the states
and Indian tribes in modifying the criteria presented in this document are contained in the Water
Quality Standards Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1994). This handbook and additional guidance on the
development of water quality standards and other water-related programs of this Agency have been
developed by the Office of Water.
This final document is guidance only. It does not establish or affect legal rights or obligations.
It does not establish a binding norm and cannot be finally determinative of the issues addressed.
Agency decisions in any particular situation will be made by applying the Clean Water Act and EPA
regulations on the basis of specific facts presented and scientific information then available.
Geoffrey H. Grubbs
Director
Office of Science and Technology
m
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
BACKGROUND:
Tributyltin (TBT) is a highly toxic biocide that has been used extensively to protect the hulls of
large ships. It is a problem in the aquatic environment because it is extremely toxic to non-target
organisms, is linked to imposex and immuno-supression in snails and bivalves, and can be persistent.
EPA is developing ambient water quality criteria for TBT through its authority under Section 304(a) of
the Clean Water Act (CWA). These water quality criteria may be used by States and authorized Tribes
to establish water quality standards for TBT.
CRITERIA:
Freshwater:
For TBT, the criterion to protect freshwater aquatic life from chronic toxic effects is 0.072
//g/L. This criterion is implemented as a four-day average, not to be exceeded more than once every
three years on the average. The criterion to protect freshwater aquatic life from acute toxic effects is
0.46 /^g/L. This criterion is implemented as a one-hour average, not to be exceeded more than once
every three years on the average.
Saltwater:
For TBT, the criterion to protect saltwater aquatic life from, chronic toxic effects is 0.0074
/^g/L. This criterion is implemented as a four-day average, not to be exceeded more than once every
three years on the average. The criterion to protect saltwater aquatic life from acute toxic effects is
0.42 //g/L. This criterion is implemented as a one-hour average, not to be exceeded more than once
every three years on the average.
The saltwater chronic criterion for TBT differs from the criterion float was originally proposed for
public review (0.010 /^g/L). The development of the saltwater chronic criterion for TBT considers four
lines of evidence:
IV
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(1) the traditional endpoints of adverse effects on survival, growth, and reproduction as
demonstrated in numerous laboratory studies;
(2) the endocrine disrupting capability of TBT as observed in the production of imposex in field
studies;
(3) that TBT bioaccumulates in commercially and recreationally important freshwater and saltwater
species; and
(4) that an important commercial organism already known to be vulnerable to a prevalent pathogen
was made even more vulnerable by prior exposure to TBT.
For these reasons, the criterion to protect saltwater aquatic life from chronic toxic effects is set at
0.0074 //g/L.
This document provides guidance to States and Tribes authorized to establish water quality
standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect aquatic life from acute and chronic effects of
TBT. Under the CWA, States and Tribes are to establish water quality criteria to protect designated
uses. While this document constitutes U.S. EPA's scientific recommendations regarding ambient
concentrations of TBT, this document does not substitute for the CWA or U.S. EPA's regulations; nor
is it a regulation itself. Thus, it cannot impose legally binding requirements on U.S. EPA, States,
Tribes, or the regulated community, and it might not apply to a particular situation based upon the
circumstances. State and Tribal decision-makers retain the discretion to adopt approaches on a case-
by-case basis that differ from this guidance when appropriate. U.S. EPA may change this guidance in
the future.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Larry T. Brooke (freshwater)
University of Wisconsin-Superior
Superior, Wisconsin and Great
Lakes Environmental Center,
Traverse City, Michigan
Gregory J. Smith
Great Lakes Environmental Center
Columbus, Ohio
Frank Gostomski
(document coordinator)
U.S. EPA
Health and Ecological Criteria Division
Office of Water
Washington, D.C.
David J. Hansen (saltwater)
U.S. EPA, Atlantic Ecology Division
Narragansett, Rhode Island and
Great Lakes Environmental Center,
Traverse City, Michigan
Herbert E. Allen
University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND PEER REVIEW
Rick D. Cardwell
Parametrix, Inc.,
Redmond, Washington
Peter M. Chapman
EVS Environmental Consultants
North Vancouver, British Columbia
Michael H. Salazar
Applied Biomonitoring
Kirkland, Washington
Robert L. Spehar
U.S. EPA
Mid-Continent Ecology Division
Duluth, Minnesota
Lenwood W. Hall
University of Maryland
Queenstown, Maryland
Peter F. Seligman
U.S. Navy SSC SD
San Diego, California
Glen Thursby
U.S. EPA
Atlantic Ecology Division
Narragansett, Rhode Island
VI
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CONTENTS
Page
NOTICES ii
FOREWORD iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi
TABLES viii
TEXT TABLES viii
FIGURES viii
Introduction 1
Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals 6
Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals 8
Toxicity to Aquatic Plants 11
Endocrine Disruption Effects Data 12
Bioaccumulation 17
Other Data 18
Unused Data 26
Summary 29
National Criteria 33
Implementation 33
References 78
VII
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TABLES'
Page
1. Acute Toxicity of Tributyltin to Aquatic Animals .............................. 38
2a. Chronic Toxicity of Tributyltin to Aquatic Animals ............................ 46
2b. Acute-Chronic Ratios ............................................... 47
3 . Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios ............ 48
4. Toxicity of Tributyltin to Aquatic Plants ................................... 52
5. Bioaccumulation of Tributyltin by Aquatic Organisms .......................... 55
6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms ....................... 59
TEXT TABLES
A. Summary of available laboratory and field studies relating the extent of imposex of female
snails, measured by relative penis size (RPSI = ratio of female to male penis volumes x 100 )
and the vas deferens sequence index (VDSI), as a function of tributyltin concentration in water
and dry tissue [[[ 14
B. Summary of laboratory and field data on the effects of tributyltin on saltwater organisms at
concentrations less than the Final Chronic Value of 0.0658 yug/L .................... 24
C. Effect and no-effect tributyltin concentrations in laboratory studies with the Atlantic
dogwhinkle (Nucella lapillus) .......................................... 25
FIGURES
1. Ranked Summary of Tributyltin GMAVs - Freshwater ........................... 35
2. Ranked Summary of Tributyltin GMAVs - Saltwater ............................ 36
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INTRODUCTION1
Organotins are compounds consisting of one to four organic components attached to a tin atom
via carbon-tin covalent bonds. When there are fewer than four carbon-tin bonds, the organotin cation
can combine with an anion such as acetate, carbonate, chloride, fluoride, hydroxide, oxide, or sulfide.
Thus a species such as tributyltin (TBT) is a cation whose formula is (C 4H9)3Sn+. In sea water, TBT
exists mainly as a mixture of the chloride, the hydroxide, the aquo complex, and the carbonate
complex (Laughlin et al. 1986a).
The principal use of organotins is as a stabilizer in the manufacturing of plastic products, for
example, as an anti-yellowing agent in clear plastics and as a catalyst hi poly (vinyl chloride) products
(Piver 1973). Another and less extensive use of organotins is as a biocide (fungicide, bactericide,
insecticide) and as a preservative for wood, textiles, paper, leather and electrical equipment. Total
world-wide production of organotin compounds is estimated at 50,000 tons per year with between 15
and 20% of the production used hi the biologically active triorganotins (Bennett 1996).
A large market exists for organotins in antifouling paint for the wet bottom of ship hulls. The
most common organometallics used in these paints are TBT oxide and TBT methacrylate. Protection
from fouling with these paints lasts more than two years and is superior to copper- and mercury-based
paints. These paints have an additional advantage over other antifouling paints, such as copper sulfate
based paint, by not promoting bimetallic corrosion. The earliest paints containing TBT were "free
association" paints that contained a free suspension of TBT and caused high concentrations of TBT to
be leached to the aquatic environment when the paint application was new. A later refinement was the
"ablative" paint that shed the outer layer when in contact with water but at a slower rate than the free
association paint. Further development of organometallic antifouling paints have been in the
production of paints containing copolymers that control the release of the organotins and result in
longer useful life of the paint as an antifoulant (Bennett 1996; Champ and Seligman 1996; Kirk-Othmer
1981). The U.S. Navy (1984) proposed application of some paints containing TBT to hulls of naval
ships. Such paint formulations have been shown to be an effective and relatively long-lived deterrent
to adhesion of barnacles and other fouling organisms. Encrustations on ships' hulls by these organisms
*A comprehension of the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the
Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses" (Stephen et al. 1985), hereafter referred to as the Guidelines, is
necessary to understand the following text, tables and calculations.
1
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reduce maximum speed and increase fuel consumption. According to the U.S. Navy (1984), use of
TBT paints, relative to other antifouling paints, would not only reduce fuel consumption by 15% but
would also increase time between repainting from less than 5 years to 5 to 7 years. Interaction
between the toxicities of TBT and other ingredients hi the paint apparently is negligible, but needs
further study (Davidson et al. 1986a). The use of TBT in antifouling paints on ships, boats, nets, crab
pots, docks, and water cooling towers probably contributes most to direct release of organotins into the
aquatic environment (Clark et al. 1988; Hall and Pinkney 1985; Kinnetic Laboratory 1984).
A non-toxic alternative to TBT is the non-stick paint system available from several of the
major paint manufacturers. When the paint is applied properly, the ship's hull becomes too smooth for
algae, barnacles and other marine organisms to attach themselves to the surface (Greenpeace 1999)
The solubility of TBT compounds hi water is influenced by such factors as the oxidation-
reduction potential, pH, temperature, ionic strength, and concentration and composition of the
dissolved organic matter (Clark et al. 1988; Corbin 1976). The solubility of tributyltin oxide hi water
was reported to be 750 ^g/L at pH of 6.6, 31,000 /zg/L at pH of 8.1, and 30,000 //g/L at pH 2.6
(Maguire et al. 1983). The carbon-tin covalent bond does not hydrolyze in water (Maguire et al.
1983,1984), and the half-life for photolysis due to sunlight is greater than 89 days (Maguire et al.
1985; Seligman et al. 1986). Biodegradation is the major breakdown pathway for TBT in water and
sediments with half-lives of several days to weeks in water, and from several days to months or more
than a year in sediments (Clark et al. 1988; de Mora et al. 1989; Lee et al. 1987; Maguire 2000;
Maguire and Tkacz 1985; Seligman et al. 1986, 1988, 1989; Stang and Seligman 1986; Stang et al.
1992). Breakdown products include dibutyltins (DBT), monobutyltins (MET) and tin with some
methyltins detected when sulfate reducing conditions were present (Yonezawa et al. 1994). Porous
sediments with aerobic conditions decrease degradation time (Watanabe et al. 1995).
Several review papers have been written which cover the production, use, chemistry, toxicity,
fate and hazards of TBT hi the aquatic environment (Alzieu 1996; Batiey 1996; Clark et al. 1988;
Eisler 1989; Gibbs and Bryan 1996b; Hall and Bushong 1996; Laughlin 1996; Laughlin et al. 1996;
Maguire 1996; Waldock et al. 1996; WHO 1990). The toxicities of organotin compounds are related
to the number of organic components bonded to the tin atom and to the number of carbon atoms in the
organic components. Toxicity to aquatic organisms generally increases as the number of organic
components increases from one to three and decreases with the incorporation of a fourth, making
triorganotins more toxic than other forms. Within the triorganotins, toxicity increases as the number
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of carbon atoms in the organic moiety increases from one to four, then decreases. Thus the organotin
most toxic to aquatic life is TBT (Hall and Pinkney 1985; Laughlin and Linden 1985; Laughlin et al.
1985). TBTs inhibit Na + and K+ ATPases and are ionophores controlling exchange of Cl", Br", Fl" and
other ions across cell membranes (Selwyn 1976).
Metabolism of TBT has been studied in several species. Some species of algae, bacteria, and
fungi have been shown to degrade TBT by sequential dealkylation, resulting in dibutyltin, then
monobutyltin, and finally inorganic tin (Barug 1981; Maguire et al. 1984). Barug (1981) observed the
biodegradation of TBT to di- and monobutyltin by bacteria and fungi only under aerobic conditions and
only when a secondary carbon source was supplied. Inorganic tin can be methylated and demethylated
by estuarine microorganisms (Jackson et al. 1982). Maguire et al. (1984) reported that a 28-day
culture of the green alga, Arikistrodesmus falcatus, with TBT resulted in 7% inorganic tin. Maguire
(1986) reported that the half-life of TBT exposed to microbial degradation was five months under
aerobic conditions and 1.5 months under anaerobic conditions. TBT is also accumulated and
metabolized by an eel grass, Zostera marina (Francios et al. 1989). Chiles et al. (1989) found that
much of the TBT accumulated on the surface of saltwater algae and bacteria as well as within the cell.
The major metabolite of TBT in saltwater crabs, fish, and shrimp was dibutyltin (Lee 1985, 1986). A
review of the metabolism of TBT by marine aquatic organisms has been provided by Lee (1996).
TBT is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (Matthiessen and Gibbs 1998). The chemical causes
masculinization of certain female gastropods. It is likely the best studied example of endocrine-
disrupting effect. The metabolic mechanism is thought to be due to elevating testosterone titers hi the
animals and over-riding the effects of estrogen. There are several theories of how TBT accomplishes
the buildup of testosterone. Evidence suggests that competitive inhibition of cytochrome P450-
dependent aromatase is probably occurring in TBT exposed gastropods (Matthiessen and Gibbs 1998).
TBT may also interfere with sulfur conjugation of testosterone and its phase I metabolites and then-
excretion resulting in a build-up of pharmacologically active androgens hi some annual tissues (Ronis
and Mason 1996).
TBT has been measured hi the water column and found highly (70-90%) associated with the
dissolved phase (Johnson et al. 1987; Maguire 1986; Valkirs et al. 1986a), but TBT readily adsorbs to
sediments and suspended solids where it may persist (Cardarelli and Evans 1980; Harris et al. 1996;
Seligman et al. 1996). TBT accumulates hi sediments with adsorption coefficients which range from
l.lxlO2 to 8.2xl03 L/Kg; desorption appears to be a two step process (Unger et al. 1987,1988).
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Langston and Pope (1995) found that at environmentally realistic concentrations of 10 ng/L, TBT
partitioning coefficients were closer to 2.5 xlO4.
In a modeling and risk assessment study of TBT in a freshwater lake, Traas et al. (1996)
predicted that TBT concentrations in the water and suspended matter would decrease rapidly and TBT
concentrations in sediment and benthic organisms would decrease at a much slower rate. Dowson et
al. (1996) measured the half-life of TBT in the top 5 cm of aerated freshwater and estuarine sediments.
They measured half-lives of 360 days at 450 ng/g TBT to 775 days at 1300 ng/g TBT. No degradation
of TBT occurred during 330 days in anaerobic sediments.
A more rapid biotic and abiotic degradation of TBT was reported by Stang et al. (1992) in
fine-grained sediments at the sediment-water interface. Sediments in these studies were observed to
degrade 50 percent or more of the TBT to DBT and MET in both sterile and unsterilized sediments in
a period of days, suggesting both chemical and biological degradation processes. The authors
speculated that it is likely that much of the residual TBT measured in harbor and estuarine sediments is
either in particulate form from paint chips, making it less available, or has been mixed into the
sediment in anoxic layers with reduced degradation.
The water surface microlayer contains a much higher concentration of TBT than the water
column (Cleary and Stebbing 1987; Hall et al. 1986; Maguire 1986; Valkirs et al. 1986a). Gucinski
(1986) suggested that this enrichment of the surface microlayer could increase the bioavailability of
TBT to organisms in contact with this layer.
Elevated TBT concentrations in fresh and salt waters, sediments, and biota are primarily
associated with harbors and marinas (Cleary and Stebbing 1985; Espourteille et al. 1993; Gibbs and
Bryan 1996a; Grovhoug et al. 1996; Hall 1988; Hall et al. 1986; Langston et al. 1987; Maguire
1984,1986; Maguire and Tkacz 1985; Maguire et al. 1982; Minchin and Minchin 1997; Peven et al.
1996; Prouse and Ellis 1997; Quevauviller et al. 1989; Salazar and Salazar 1985b; Seligman et al.
1986,1989; Short and Sharp 1989; Stallard et al. 1986; Stang and Seligman 1986; Unger et al. 1986;
Valkirs et al. 1986b; Waite et al. 1996; Waldock and Miller 1983; Waldock et al. 1987). Several
studies have been conducted in harbors to measure the effects of TBT on biota. Lenihan et al. (1990)
hypothesized that changes in faunal composition hi hard bottom communities in San Diego Bay were
related to boat mooring and TBT. Salazar and Salazar (1988) found an apparent relationship between
concentrations of TBT hi waters of San Diego Bay and reduced growth of mussels. No organotins
were detected in the muscle tissue of feral Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, caught near
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Auke Bay, Alaska, but concentrations as high as 900 //g/kg were reported in muscle tissue of chinook
salmon held in shallow-water pens treated with TBT (Short 1987; Short and Thrower 1986a).
Organotin concentrations in European coastal waters in the low part per trillion range have been
associated with oyster shell malformations (Alzieu et al. 1989; Minchin et al. 1987).
Reevaluation of harbors hi the United Kingdom revealed that since the 1987 restrictions which
banned the retail sale and use of TBT paints for small boats or mariculture purposes, oyster culture has
returned in the harbor areas where boat traffic is low and water exchange is good (Dyrynda 1992;
Evans et al. 1996; Minchin et al. 1996,1997; Page and Widdows 1991; Waite et al. 1991). Tissue
concentrations of TBT in oysters have decreased in most of the sites sampled in the Gulf of Mexico
since the introduction of restrictions (1988-1989) on its use (Wade et al. 1991). Canada restricted the
use of TBT-containing boat-hull paints in 1989, and there has been a reduction in female snail
reproductive deformities (imposex) hi many Canadian west coast sampling sites since the action (Tester
et al. 1996). In a four-year (1987-1990) monitoring study for butyltins in mussel tissue on the two
U.S. coasts, a general decrease in tissue concentrations was measured on the west coast, and east coast
sites showed mixed responses (Uhler et al. 1989,1993). Some small ports hi France have not seen a
decline in imposex since the ban on TBT hi boat hull paints (Huet et al. 1996). Suspicions are that the
legislation banning the paints is being ignored. Several freshwater ecosystems were studied since the
ban on antifouling paints in Switzerland hi 1988. By 1993 TBT concentrations were decreasing in the
water, but declines were not seen hi the sediment or hi the zebra mussel, Dreissena pofymorpha
(Becker-van Slooten and Tarradellas 1995; Pent and Hunn 1995).
Because of the assumption that certain anions do not contribute to TBT toxicity, only data
generated hi toxicity and bioconcentration tests on TBTC1 (tributyltin chloride; CAS 1461-22-9),
TBTF (tributyltin fluoride; CAS 1983-10-4), TBTO [bis(tributyltin) oxide; CAS 56-35-9], commonly
called "tributyltin oxide" and TBTS [bis(tributyltm) sulfide; CAS 4808-30-4], commonly called
"tributyltin sulfide" were used in the derivation of the water quality criteria concentrations for aquatic
life presented herein. All concentrations from such tests are expressed as TBT, not as tin and not as
the chemical tested. The conversion factors are 0.8911 for TBTC1, 0.9385 for TBTF, 0.9477 for
TBTO, 0.9005 for TBTS, and 2.444 for Tin (Sn). Therefore, many concentrations listed herein are
not those in the reference cited but are concentrations adjusted to TBT. A comprehension of the
"Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic
Organisms and Their Uses" (Stephan et al. 1985), here after referred to as the Guidelines, and the
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response to public comment (U.S. EPA 1985a) is necessary to understand the following text, tables,
and calculations. Results of such intermediate calculations as recalculated LC50s and Species Mean
Acute Values are given to four significant figures to prevent roundoff error in subsequent calculations,
not to reflect the precision of the value. The Guidelines require that all available pertinent laboratory
and field information be used to derive a criterion consistent with sound scientific evidence. The
saltwater criterion for TBT follows this requirement by using data from chronic exposures of copepods
and molluscs rather than Final Acute Values and Acute-Chronic Ratios to derive the Final Chronic
Value. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FDFRA) data base of information
from the pesticide industry was searched and some useful information was located for deriving the
criteria. The latest comprehensive literature search for information for this document was conducted in
January 1997 for fresh- and saltwater organisms. Some more recent data have been included in the
document.
ACUTE TOXICITY TO AQUATIC ANIMALS
Data that may be used, according to the Guidelines, in the derivation of Final Acute Values for
TBT are presented in Table 1. Acute values are available for thirteen freshwater species representing
twelve genera. For freshwater Species Mean Acute Values, 23% were <2.0 //g/L, 38% were <4.0
Aig/L, 69% were <8.0 /u.g/L, and 92% were < 12.73 /^g/L. A freshwater clam, Elliptio complanatus,
had an LC50 of 24,600 //g/L. The relatively low sensitivity of the freshwater clam to TBT is
surprising due to the mollusicidal qualities of TBT. The organism likely closes itself to the
environment, minimizing chemical intake, and is able to temporarily tolerate high concentrations of
TBT.
The most sensitive freshwater organisms tested are from the phylum Coelenterata (Table 3).
Three species of hydras were tested and have Species Mean Acute Values (SMAVs) ranging from 1.14
to 1.80 /^g/L. Other invertebrate species tested in flow-through measured tests include an amphipod,
Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, and an annelid, Lumbriculus variegatus, and in a static measured test,
larvae of a mosquito, Culex sp (Brooke et al. 1986). The 96-hr LC50s and SMAVs are 3.7, 5.4 and
10.2 /^g/L, respectively. Six tests were conducted with the cladoceran, Daphnia magna. The 48-hr
EC50 value of 66.3 jug/L (Foster 1981) was considerably less sensitive than those from the other tests
which ranged from 1.58 //g/L (LeBlanc 1976) to 18 //g/L (Crisinel et al. 1994). The SMAV for D.
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magna is 4.3 //g/L because, according to the Guidelines, when test results are available from flow-
through and concentration measured tests, these have precedence over other types of acute tests.
All the vertebrate species tested are fish. The most sensitive species is the fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas, which has a SMAV of 2.6 /wg/L from a single 96-hr flow-through measured test
(Brooke et al. 1986). Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were tested by four groups with good
agreement between them. The 96-hr LC50s ranged from 3.45 to 7.1 //g/L with a SMAV of 4.571
//g/L for the three tests (Brooke et al. 1986; Martin et al. 1989; ABC Laboratories, Inc. 1990a), which
were conducted using flow-through conditions and measured concentrations. Juvenile catfish, Ictalurus
punctatus, were exposed to TBT in a flow-through and measured concentration test and resulted in a
96-hr LC50 of 5.5 fig/L which is in good agreement with the other tested freshwater fish species
(Brooke et al. 1986). Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, were tested by three groups. The value of 221.4
^gfL (Foster 1981) appears high compared to those of 7.2 ^g/L (Buccafusco 1976b) and 8.3 ^g/L
(ABC Laboratories, Inc. 1990b). Only the flow-through measured test (ABC Laboratories, Inc.
1990b) can be used, according to the Guidelines, to calculate the SMAV of 8.3 /ug/L.
Freshwater Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAVs) are available for twelve genera which vary
by more than 21,000 times from the least sensitive to the most sensitive. However, eleven of the
twelve genera differ from one another by a maximum factor of 11.2 times (Figure 1). Based upon the
twelve available GMAVs the Final Acute Value (FAV) for freshwater organisms is 0.9177 //g/L. The
FAV is lower than the lowest freshwater SMAV of 1.14 //g/L. The freshwater Criterion Maximum
Concentration is 0.4589 /ug/L which is calculated by dividing the FAV by two.
Tests of the acute toxicity of TBT to resident North American saltwater species that are
useful for deriving water quality criteria concentrations have been performed with 26 species of
invertebrates and seven species of fish (Table 1). The range of acute toxicity to saltwater animals is a
factor of about 1,176. Acute values range from 0.24 //g/L for juveniles of the copepod, Acartia tonsa
(Kusk and Petersen 1997) to 282.2 //g/L for adult Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas (Thain 1983).
The 96-hr LCSOs for seven saltwater fish species range from 1.460 /^g/L for juvenile Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Short and Thrower 1986b, 1987) to 25.9 //g/L for subadult sheepshead
minnows, Cyprinodon variegatus (Bushong et al. 1988).
Larval bivalve molluscs and juvenile crustaceans appear to be much more sensitive than
adults during acute exposures. The 96-hr LC50 for larval Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, was
1.557 //g/L, whereas the value for adults was 282.2 ^g/L (Thain 1983). The 96-hr LCSOs for larval
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and adult blue mussels, Mytilus eduUs, were 2.238 and 36.98 /ig/L, respectively (Thain 1983). The
96-hr LC50 of 0.01466 /wg/L reported by Becerra-Huencho (1984) for post larvae of the hard clam, M.
mercenaria, was not used because results of other studies with embryos, larvae, and post larvae of the
hard clam where acutely lethal concentrations range from 0.6 to 4.0 /^g/L (Tables 1 and 6) cast doubt
on this LC50 value. Juveniles of the crustacean Acanthomysis sculpta were slightly more sensitive to
TBT than adults (Davidson et al. 1986a,1986b; Valkirs et al. 1985).
Genus Mean Acute Values for 30 saltwater genera range from 0.61 ^g/L for Acanthomysis to
204.4 ^g/L for Ostrea (Table 3). Genus Mean Acute Values for the 10 most sensitive genera differ by
a factor of less than four (Figure 2). Included within these genera are four species of molluscs, six
species of crustaceans, and one species of fish. The saltwater Final Acute Value (FAV) for TBT was
calculated to be 0.8350 /^g/L (Table 3), which is greater than the lowest saltwater Species Mean Acute
Value of 0.61 /ig/L. The saltwater Criterion Maximum Concentration is 0.4175 /^g/L and is calculated
by dividing the FAV by two.
CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC ANIMALS
The available data that are usable, according to the Guidelines, concerning the chronic
toxicity of TBT are presented hi Table 2. Brooke et al. (1986) conducted a 21-day life-cycle test with
a freshwater cladoceran and reported that the survival of adult D. magna was 40% at a TBT
concentration of 0.5 ^g/L, and 100% at 0.2 //g/L. The mean number of young per adult per
reproductive day was reduced 30% by 0.2 ^g/L, and was reduced only 6% by 0.1 //g/L. The chronic
limits are 0.1 and 0.2 //g/L based upon reproductive effects on adult daphnids. The chronic value for
D. magna is 0.1414 ptg/L (geometric mean of the chronic limits), and the acute-chronic ratio of 30.41
is calculated using the acute value of 4.3 ^g/L from the same study.
D. magna were exposed hi a second 21-day life-cycle test to TBT (ABC Laboratories, Inc.
1990d). Exposure concentrations ranged from 0.12 to 1.27 //g/L as TBT. Survival of adults was
significantly reduced (45 %) from the controls at >0.34 pg/L but not at 0.19 ngfL. Mean number of
young per adult per reproductive day was significantly reduced at the same concentrations affecting
survival. The chronic limits are 0.19 ^g/L where no effects were seen and 0.34 /ug/L where survival
and reproduction were reduced. The Chronic Value is 0.2542 ^g/L and the Acute-Chronic Ratio is
44.06 when calculated from the acute value of 11.2 //g/L from the same test. The Acute-Chronic Ratio
-------
for D. magna is 36.60 which is the geometric mean of the two available Acute-Chronic ratios (30.41
and 44.06) for this species.
In an early life-stage test (32-day duration) with the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas,
all fish exposed to the highest exposure concentration of 2.20 //g/L died during the test (Brooke et al.
1986). Survival was not reduced at 0.92 //g/L or any of the lower TBT concentrations. The mean
weight of the surviving fish was reduced 4% at 0.08 //g/L, 9% at 0.15 //g/L, 26% at 0.45 //g/L, and
48 % at 0.92 //g/L when compared to the control fish. Mean length of fry at the end of the test was
significantly (p<0.05) reduced at concentrations ^0.45 //g/L. The mean biomass at the end of the test
was higher at the two lowest TBT concentrations (0.08 and 0.15 //g/L) than in the controls, but was
reduced by 13 and 52% at TBT concentrations of 0.45 and 0.92 //g/L, respectively. Because the
reductions in weight of individual fish were small at the two lowest concentrations (0.08 and 0.15
//g/L) and the mean biomass increased at these same concentrations, the chronic limits are 0.15 and
0.45 //g/L based upon growth (length and weight). Thus the chronic value is 0.2598 //g/L and the
acute-chronic ratio is 10.01 calculated using the acute value of 2.6 //g/L from the same study.
A partial life cycle test (began with egg capsules and ended before egg capsules were
produced by the Fl generation) was conducted with the saltwater stenoglossan snail Nucella lapillus
(Harding et al. 1996). The study was conducted for one year with observations of egg capsule
production, survival, and growth. The study by Harding et al. (1996) was a continuation of a study by
Bailey et al. (1991) during which they exposed eggs and juvenile snails for one year to TBT. The
study by Harding et al. (1996) began with egg capsules produced by adults at the end of the study by
Bailey et al. (1991). Negative effects due to TBT were only observed in egg capsule production from
the adults of the previous study. Females that had not been exposed for one year to TBT produced
14.42 egg capsules per female. Females that had been exposed to <0.0027, 0.0074, 0.0278, and
0.1077 //g TBT/L for one year produced 135.6, 104.6, 44.8, and 23.4% as many egg capsules as the
controls for the respective TBT concentrations. The chronic value is based upon reproductive effects
and is the geometric mean of the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) of 0.0278 //g/L and the
no observed effect concentration (NOEC) of 0.0074 //g/L which is 0.0143 //g/L. Survival and growth
were not affected at any TBT concentration tested. An acute-chronic ratio of 5,084 can be calculated
using the acute value from this test of 72.7 //g/L. The acute-chronic ratio for N. lapillus is about 139
times higher than the next lower acute-chronic ratio for D. magna (36.60). It is not used to calculate a
final acute-chronic ratio because it is more than ten times higher than any other ratio.
-------
Two partial life-cycle toxicity tests were conducted using the marine copepod, Eurytemora
affinis (Hall et al. 1987, 1988a). Tests began with egg-carrying females and lasted 13 days. In the
first test, mean brood size was reduced from 15.2 neonates/female in the control to 0.2
neonates/female in 0.479 ^g/L after three days. Percentage survival of neonates was 79% less than
control survival in the lowest tested TBT concentration (0.088 //g/L), and 0% in 0.479 //g/L. The
chronic value is < 0.088 /ug/L in this test.
In the second copepod test, percentage survival of neonates was significantly reduced (73 %
less than control survival) in 0.224 /zg/L; brood size was unaffected in any tested concentration (0.018-
0.224 (Ug/L). No statistically significant effects were detected in concentrations <0.094 //g/L. The
chronic value in this test is 0.145 //g/L. It is calculated as the geometric mean of the NOEC (0.094
Mg/L) and the LOEC (0.224 ,ug/L). The acute-chronic ratio is 15.17 when the acute value of 2.2 ^g/L
from this test is used.
Life-cycle toxicity tests were conducted with the saltwater mysid, Acanthomysis sculpta
(Davidson et al. 1986a, 1986b). The effects of TBT on survival, growth, and reproduction of A.
sculpta were determined in five separate tests lasting from 28 to 63 days. The tests separately
examined effects of TBT on survival (1 test), growth (3 tests) and reproduction (1 test) instead of the
approach of examining all endpoints in one life-cycle test. All tests began with newly released
juveniles and lasted through maturation and spawning; therefore, they are treated as one life-cycle test.
The number of juveniles released per female at a TBT concentration of 0.19 //g/L was 50% of the
number released in the control treatment, whereas the number released at the next lower TBT
concentration (0.09 ^g/L) was not significantly different from the control treatment. Reductions in the
number of juveniles released resulted from deaths of embryos within brood pouches of individual
females and not from reduced fecundity. Numbers of females releasing viable juveniles was reduced in
0.19 and 0.33 ^g/L. At concentrations of 0.38 //g/L and above, survival and weight of female mysids
were reduced; all mysids in 0.48 ^g/L died. The chronic value (0.1308 //g/L) is the geometric mean
of 0.09 /zg/L and 0.19 //g/L and is based upon reproductive effects. The acute-chronic ratio is 4.664
when an acute value of 0.61 //g/L reported by Valkirs et al. (1985) is used (Table 2). The acute and
chronic tests were conducted in the same laboratory.
The Final Acute-Chronic Ratio of 12.69 was calculated as the geometric mean of the acute-
chronic ratios of 36.60 for D. magna, 10.01 for P. promelas, 4.664 for A. sculpta and 15.17 for E.
affinis. Division of the freshwater and saltwater Final Acute Values by 12.69 results in Final Chronic
10
-------
Values for freshwater of 0.0723 pgfL and for saltwater of 0.0658 pgfL (Table 3). Both of these
Chronic Values are below the experimentally determined chronic values from life-cycle or early life-
stage tests (0.1414 ftg/L for D. magna and 0.1308 //g/L for A. sculptd). The close agreement between
the saltwater Final Chronic Value and the freshwater Final Chronic Value suggests that salinity has
little if any affect on the toxicity of TBT.
TOXICITY TO AQUATIC PLANTS
The various plant species tested are highly variable in sensitivity to TBT. Twenty species of
algae and diatoms were tested hi fresh and salt water. The saltwater species appear to be more
sensitive to TBT than the freshwater species for which data are available. No explanation is apparent.
Blanck et al. (1984) and Blanck (1986) reported the concentrations of TBT that prevented
growth of thirteen freshwater algal species (Table 4). These concentrations ranged from 56.1 to 1,782
Mg/L, but most were between 100 and 250 fj,g/L. Fargasova and Kizlink (1996), Huang et al. (1993),
and Miana et al. (1993) measured severe reduction in growth of several green alga species at TBT
concentrations ranging from 1 to 12.4 //g/L. Several green alga species appear to be as sensitive to
TBT as many animal species (compare Table 4 with Table 1).
Toxicity tests on TBT have been conducted with five species of saltwater phytoplankton
including the diatoms, Skeletonema costatwn and Nitzshia sp., and the flagellate green algae,
Dunaliella tertiolecta, D. salina and D. viridis. The 14-day EC50's (reduction hi growth) for S.
costatum of > 0.12 but <0.24 ^gfL in one test and 0.06 ^g/L in a second test (EG&G Bionomics
1981c) were the lowest values reported for algal species. Thain (1983) reported that measured
concentrations from 0.97 to 17 //g/L were algistatic to the same species hi five-day exposures. The
results for algal toxicity tests with the same species varied between laboratories by more than an order
of magnitude. A diatom, Nitzschia sp., and two flagellate green alga of the genus Dunaliella sp. were
less sensitive to TBT than S. costatum, but they were more sensitive than most species of freshwater
algae. No data are available on the effects of TBT on fresh or saltwater vascular plants.
A Final Plant Value, as defined hi the Guidelines, cannot be obtained because no test hi
which the concentrations of TBT were measured and the endpoint was biologically important has been
conducted with an important aquatic plant species. The available data do indicate that freshwater and
saltwater plants will be protected by TBT concentrations that adequately protect freshwater and
11
-------
saltwater animals.
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION EFFECTS DATA
TBT has been shown to produce the superimposition of male sexual characteristics on female
neogastropod (stenoglossan) snails (Gibbs and Bryan 1987; Smith 1981b) and one freshwater gastropod
(Prosobranchia), Marisa cornuarietis (Schulte-Oehlmann et al. 1995). This phenomenon, termed
"imposex," can result in females with a penis, a duct leading to the vas deferens, and a convolution of
the normally straight oviduct (Smith 1981a). Other anatomical changes associated with imposex are
detailed in Gibbs et al. (1988) and Gibbs and Bryan (1987). Severity of imposex is quantified using
relative penis size (RPSI; ratio of female to male penis volume3 x 100) and the six developmental
stages of the vas deferens sequence index (VDSI) (Bryan et al. 1986; Gibbs et al. 1987). TBT has
been shown to impact populations of the Atlantic dogwhinkle (dogwhelk), Nucella lapillus, which has
direct development. In neoglossian snails with indirect development (planktonic larval stages), the
impacts of TBT are less certain because recruitment from distant stocks of organisms can occur.
Natural pseudohemaphroditism in neoglossans occurs (Salazar and Champ 1988) and may be caused by
other organotin compounds (Bryan et al. 1988). However, increased global incidence and severity of
imposex has been associated with areas of high boating activity and low to moderate concentrations
(low parts per trillion) of TBT hi water, sediment or snails and other biota (Alvarez and Ellis 1990;
Bailey and Davies 1988a, 1988b; Bryan et al. 1986, 1987a; Davies et al. 1987, Durchon 1982; Ellis
and Pottisina 1990; Gibbs and Bryan 1986, 1987; Gibbs et al. 1987; Langston et al. 1990; Short et al.
1989; Smith 1981a, 1981b; Spence et al. 1990a). Imposex has been observed (12% of the females) hi
common whelk, Buccinum undatum, in the North Sea as far as 110 nautical miles from land (Ide et al.
1997). The sample from this site averaged 1.4 ^g TBT/kg of wet weight soft tissues. Other samples
of organisms collected nearer to shore in various places in the North Sea generally had higher TBT
concentrations.
Although imposex has been observed hi 45 species of snails worldwide (Ellis and Pottisina
1990, Jenner 1979), definitive laboratory and field studies implicating TBT as the cause have focused
on seven North American or cosmopolitan species; the Atlantic dogwhinkle (N. lapillus), file
dogwhinkle (N. lima), eastern mud snail [Eyanassa (Nassarius) obsoleta], a snail (Hinia reticutta),
whelks (Thais orbita and T. clavigera), and the European sting winkle (Ocenebra erinacea). Imposex
12
-------
has been associated with reduced reproductive potential and altered density and population structure in
field populations of N. lapillus (Harding et al. 1997; Spence et al. 1990a). This is related to blockage
of the oviduct by the vas deferens, hence, prevention of release of egg capsules, sterilization of the
female or change into an apparently functional male (Bryan et al. 1986; Gibbs and Bryan 1986,1987;
Gibbs et al. 1987,1988). TBT may reduce populations of N. lima because snails were absent from
marinas in Auke Bay, AK. At intermediate distances from marinas, about 25 were caught per hour of
sampling and 250 per hour were caught at sites distant from marinas (Short et al. 1989). Snails from
intermediate sites had blocked oviducts. Reduced proportions of female /. obsoleta in Sarah Creek,
VA also suggests population impacts (Bryan et al. 1989a). However, other causes may explain this as
oviducts which were not blocked and indirect development (planktonic larvae) facilitating recruitment
from other areas which may limit impacts.
Several field studies have used transplantations of snails between sites or snails painted with
TBT paints to investigate the role of TBT or proximity to marinas in the development of imposex
without defining actual exposure concentrations of TBT. Short et al. (1989) painted N. lima with
TBT-based paint, copper paints or unpainted controls. For 21 females painted with TBT paint, seven
developed penises within one month, whereas, penises were absent from 35 females from other
treatments. Smith (1981a) transplanted /. obsoleta between marinas and "clean" locations and found
that incidence of imposex was unchanged after 19 weeks in snails kept at clean locations or marinas,
increased in snails transplanted from clean sites to marinas and decreased somewhat in transplants from
marinas to clean sites. Snails exposed in the laboratory to TBT-based paints in two separate
experiments developed imposex within one month with maximum impact within 6 to 12 months (Smith
198la). Snails painted with non-TBT paints were unaffected.
Concentration-response data demonstrate a similarity in the response of snails to TBT in
controlled laboratory and field studies (Text Table A). Eastern mud snails, /. obsoleta, collected from
the York River, VA near Sarah Creek had no incidence of imposex (Bryan et al. 1989a) and contained
no detectable TBT (< 0.020 //g/g dry weight). The average TBT concentrations of York River water
was 0.0016 //g/L. In contrast, the average TBT concentrations from four locations in Sarah Creek,
VA were from 0.010 to 0.023 //g/L, snails contained about 0.1 to 0.73 ,ug/g TBT and there was a 40
to 100% incidence of imposex. Short et al. (1989) collected file dogwhinkle snails, N. lima, from
Auke Bay, AK and did not detect imposex or TBT in snails from sites far from marinas. Snails from
locations near marinas all exhibited imposex and contained 0.03 to 0.16 ng/g TBT dry wt. tissue.
13
-------
Text Table A. Summary of available laboratory and field studies relating the extent of imposex of female snails, measured by relative penis
size (RPSI = ratio of female to male penis volumes x 100 ) and the vas deferens sequence index (VDSI), as a function of
tributyltin concentration in water and dry tissue.
TBT Concentration
Species
Eastern mud
snail,
Ityanassa
obsolete
File
dogwhinkle.
Nucella lima
Atlantic
dogwhinkle,
(adults).
Nucella lapillus
Atlantic
dogwhinkle,
Nucella lapillus
Atlantic
dogwhinkle,
(egg capsule to
adult),
NuceUa lapillus
Atlantic
dogwhinkle,
Nucella lapillus
Atlantic
dogwhinkle,
Nucella lapillus
Atlantic
dogwhinkle,
Nucella lapillus
Atlantic
dogwhinkle,
Nucella lapillus
Experimental
Design
Field- York River, UK
-Sarah Creek
Field-Auke Bay, AK
-Auke Bay, AK
Crooklets Beach, UK
Laboratory: 2 year
exposure
Laboratory, spires
painted, 8 mo.
Crooklets Beach, UK
Laboratory; 2 year
exposure
Transplants,
Crooklets Beach to
Dart Estuary, UK
Port Joke, UK
Crooklets Beach
Meadfoot
Renney Rocks
Batten Bay
Laboratory, flow-
through, one year
Laboratory, flow-
through, one year
Water
uzfL
0.0016
0.01-0.023
-
-
< 0.0012*
=0.0036*
0.0083*
0.046*
0.26*
-
< 0.0012
0.0036
0.0093
0.049
0.24
0.022-
0.046
-
-
-
-
-
<0.0015
<0.0015
< 0.0027
0.0077
0.0334
0.1246
<0.0015
<0.0015
0.0026
0.0074
0.0278
0.1077
Snail
Tissue
UR/R dry
<0.02
-0.1-0.73
ND(<0.01)
0.03-0.16
0.14-0.25*
0.41*
0.74*
4.5*
8.5*
-5.1*
0.19
0.58
1.4
4.1
7.7
9.7
0.11*
0.21*
0.32*
0.43*
1.54*
<0.10*
<0.10*
0.35*
1.10*
3.05*
4.85*
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
0.38
1.12
3.32
RPSI
.
-
0.0
14-34
2-65
10/14.2
43.8
56.4
63.3
10-50
3.7
48.4
96.6
109
90.4
96.3
0.0
2.0
30.6
38.9
22.9
0.10
0.04
5.33
20.84
42.08
63.40
0.07
0.04
64.04
88.57
90.96
117.70
Imposex
VDSI
-
0.0
2.2-4.3
2.9
3.7/3.7
3.9
4.0
4.1
.
3.2
4.4
5.1
5.0
5.0
5.0
-
-
-
-
-
1.06
0.70
3.15
3.97
4.33
4.25
1.28
1.14
3.98
4.96
5.00
4.99
Comments
No imposex
40-100% incidence
0% incidence
100% incidence, reduced
abundance
.
-
.
-
Some sterilization
_
Normal females
1/3 sterile, 160 capsules
All sterile, 2 capsules
All sterile, 0 capsules
All sterile, 0 capsules
All sterile
0% aborted egg capsules
0% aborted egg capsules
15% aborted egg capsules
38% aborted egg capsules
79% aborted egg capsules
Control, 37.1% imposex
Solvent control, 24.3%
imposex
5.3% reduced growth,
92.3 % imposex
11.0% reduced growth,
100% imposex
17.1% reduced growth,
100% imposex
18.9% reduced growth,
100% imposex
Control, 42.2% imposex
Solvent control, 37.5%
imposex
98.9% imposex
98.8% imposex
100% imposex
98.7% imposex
Reference
Bryan et al.
1989a
Short et al.
1989
Bryan et al.
1987a
Bryan et al.
1987b
Gibbs et al.
1988
Gibbs et al.
1988
Gibbs and
Bryan 1986;
Gibbs et al.
1987
Bailey et al.
1991
Harding et
al. 1996
14
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Text Table A. Continued
Species
Snail,
Hinia reticulaia
Whelk,
Thais orbita
Whelk,
Thais clavigera
Common whelk,
(juvenile),
Bucanum
undatum
European sting
winkle,
Ocenebra
erinacea
Experimental
Design
Field-32 sites N and
NW France
Field-Queensdiff, UK
-Sandringham
-Brighton
-Portarlington
-Mornington
-Williamstown
-Martha Point
-Kirk Point
-Cape Schanck
-Cape Schanck
-Barwon Heads
-Barwon Heads
Fidd-32 sites Japan
Laboratory; 10 month
exposure with
Wadden Sea water
Field-19 sites SW UK
TBT Concentration
Snail
Water Tissue
^g/L Ģig/g dry
<1.5
>1.5
0.365*
0.224*
<0.002*
0.255*
0.045*
<0.002*
0.031*
0.011*
0.108*
0.095*
ND
0.071*
0.005
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
Control
0.01
0.10
1.0 a40.1
0.185
<0.024
0.187
0.773
2.313
0.976
1.057
1.200
0.303
0.122
0.703
0.764
0.527
0.488
0.366
0.253
0.832
1.010
0.510
RPSI
<10
>30
19.55
12.16
7.34
3.67
2.55
1.25
0.03
0.02
0
0
0
0
<10
1-42
30-75
30
75
80
80
40
40
-
-
-
-
0
0
16.3
66.9
88.2
71.1
53.4
84.2
7.4
7.0
36.0
52.7
46.5
42.3
0.04
33.9
58.0
79.3
59.7
Imposex
VDSI Comments
< 3 . 0 Low imposex incidence
> 3 . 0 High imposex incidence
100% incidence
100% incidence
100% incidence
92.3 % incidence
100% incidence
100% incidence
25% incidence
35.7% incidence
0% incidence
0% incidence
0% incidence
0% incidence
100% incidence
100% incidence
100% incidence
100% incidence
100% incidence
100% incidence
100% incidence
100% incidence
100% incidence
17% some imposex
22% some imposex
80% some imposex
98% severe imposex; 88%
developed vas deferens
No imposex
No imposex
Females somewhat deformed
Females highly deformed
Females highly deformed
Females highly deformed
Females highly deformed
Females highly deformed
Females somewhat deformed
Females somewhat deformed
Females highly deformed
Females highly deformed
Females highly deformed
Females highly deformed
Females somewhat deformed
Females highly deformed
Females highly deformed
Females highly deformed
Females highly deformed
Reference
Stroben et
al. 1992a
Foale 1993
Horiguchi et
al. 1995
Mensink et
al. 1996
Gibbs et al.
1990
* Concentrations changed from //g Sn/L or fig Sn/g wet tissue to ^g TBT/L or /^g TBT/g dry weight tissue. Dry weight estimated as 20%
of wet weight (or 80% water content).
15
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Gibbs et al. (1988) conducted a laboratory study with the Atlantic dogwhinkle, Nucella
lapillus, exposed to a dilution water control and four TBT exposures. Since the dilution water control
collected nearby had low levels of TBT, organisms were also collected from a nearby uncontaminated
site. Concentrations of TBT in females were 0.19 /zg/g dry wt. in the field, 0.58 //g/g dry wt. in the
0.0036 Mg/L laboratory water treatment and from 1.4 to 7.7 /zg/g dry weight in > 0.0093 //g/L
laboratory water treatments. Similar concentrations of TBT (9.7 /zg/g dry wt.) were found in snails
which became sterile after they were placed in the Dart Estuary, UK where TBT concentrations range
from 0.022 to 0.046 //g/L (Gibbs et al. 1988). Gibbs and Bryan (1986) and Gibbs et al. (1987) report
imposex and reproductive failures at other marine sites where TBT concentrations in female snails range
from 0.32 to 1.54 /zg/g dry wt. tissue. In two studies conducted concurrently with H. lapillus for one
year each, imposex was observed. In the first study (Bailey et al. 1991), imposex (> stage 2) was
observed in >92.3% of the females exposed to TBT at near 0.0027 ^g/L or greater (up to 0.1246 //g/L)
at the end of the study. Harding et al. (1996) exposed the offspring from parents exposed hi the study
by Bailey et al. (1991) for one additional year to similar TBT concentrations. In the second generation
of TBT-treated snails, body burdens of TBT were lower in the second generation at similar treatment
concentrations used in the first generation, but the RPSI and VDSI values were higher. Harding et al.
(1996) found >98.7% imposex in females at TBT concentrations 2:0.0026 /zg/L.
Four species of snails (Hinia reticulata, Thais orbita, T. clavigera and Ocenebra erinaced) not
resident to North America also demonstrated imposex effects when exposed to TBT in field studies
(Text Table A). The snail H. reticulata is less sensitive to TBT than other snails having higher body
burdens (> 1.5 //g/g dry wt.) before showing affects of imposex. Thais sp. showed high imposex
incidence at tissue concentrations as low as 0.005 //g/g dry wt. and no imposex at other locations with
tissue concentrations of 0.108 //g/g dry wt. Ocenebra erinacea did not show imposex hi a field study at
body burdens as high as 0.185 /zg/g dry wt., but females were deformed at all higher concentrations.
In summary, hi both field and laboratory studies, concentrations of TBT hi water of about
0.0015 fig/L or less and in tissues of about 0.2 //g/g dry wt. or less do not appear to cause imposex in
N. lapillus. Imposex begins to occur at about 0.003 ^g TBT/L, and some reproductive failure at
concentrations greater than 0.005 /zg/L, with complete sterility occurring after chronic exposure of
sensitive early life-stages at 2:0.009 /zg/L (for less sensitive stages, imposex does not occur until about
0.02 /ug/L in some studies and greater than 0.2 //g/L hi others).
16
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BIOACCUMULATION
Bioaccumulation of TBT has been measured in one species of freshwater mollusc and four
species of freshwater fish (Table 5). Adults of the zebra mussel, Dreissena pofymorpha, were placed in
cages at a freshwater marina and at an uncontaminated site in a lake for 105 days (Becker-van Slooten
and Tarradellas 1994). Subsamples of the organisms were periodically monitored for TBT tissue
concentrations. They reached steady-state concentrations after 35 days. The BCF/BAF was 17,483
when adjusted for wet weight and lipid normalized to 1 % for TBT at an average water exposure
concentration of 0.0703 //g/L. Growth of the TBT-exposed organisms may have been slightly reduced.
Martin et al. (1989) determined the whole body bioconcentration factor (BCF) for rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus my kiss to be 406 after a 64-day exposure to 0.513 ^g TBT/L. Equilibrium of the TBT
concentration was achieved in the fish in 24 to 48 hrs. In a separate exposure to 1.026 //g TBT/L,
rainbow trout organs were assayed for TBT content after a 15-day exposure. The BCFs ranged from
312 for muscle to 5,419 for peritoneal fat. TBT was more highly concentrated than the metabolites of
di- and monobutyltin or tin. Carp, Cyprinus carpio, and guppy, Poecilia reticulatus, demonstrated
plateau BCF's in 14 days. BCFs were 501.2 based on carp muscle tissue, and from approximately
1,190 to 2,250 based on whole body tissue (Tsuda et al. 1990a). BCFs based on whole body guppy
tissue were somewhat lower ranging from 240 to 460 (Tsuda et al. 1990b). Goldfish, Carassius
auratus, reached a BCF in the whole body after 28 days of 1,976.
The extent to which TBT is accumulated by saltwater animals from the field or from laboratory
tests lasting 28 days or more has been investigated with four species of bivalve molluscs, two species of
snails (Table 5). Thain and Waldock (1985) reported a BCF of 6,833 for the soft parts of blue mussel
spat exposed to 0.24 fj,g/L for 45 days. In other laboratory exposures of blue mussels, Salazar et al.
(1987) observed BCFs of 10,400 to 37,500 after 56 days of exposure. BAFs from field deployments of
mussels were similar to the BCFs from laboratory studies: 11,000 to 25,000 (Salazar and Salazar
1990a) and 5,000 to 60,000 (Salazar and Salazar 1991). In a study by Bryan et al. (1987a), laboratory
BCFs for the snail Nucella lapillus (11,000 to 38,000) also were similar to field BAFs (17,000). Year-
long laboratory studies by Bailey et al. (1991) and Harding et al. (1996) produced similar BAFs in N.
lapillus ranging from 6,172 to 21,964. In these tests, TBT concentrations ranged from 0.00257 to
0.125 Mg/L, but there was no increase in BAFs with increased water concentration of TBT.
The soft parts of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, exposed to TBT for 56 days contained
17
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11,400 times the exposure concentration of 0.146 ^g/L (Waldock and Thain 1983). A BCF of 6,047
was observed for the soft parts of the Pacific oyster exposed to 0.1460 ^g/L for 21 days (Waldock et al.
1983). The lowest steady-state BCF reported for a bivalve was 192.3 for the soft parts of the European
flat oyster, Ostrea edulis, exposed to a TBT concentration of 2.62 pgfL for 45 days (Thain and
Waldock 1985; Thain 1986). Other tests with the same species (Table 5) resulted in BCFs ranging
from 397 to 1,167.
In a field study conducted in the Icelandic harbor of Reykjavik with the blue mussel, M. edulis,
and the Atlantic dogwhelk, N. lapillus, seasonal fluctuations were seen in body burdens of TBT and
DBT (Skarphedinsdottir et al. 1996). They did not report the water concentrations for TBT, and
speculated that because shipping did not vary seasonally, the fluctuations hi body burdens were due to
seasonal feeding and resting activities. They demonstrated that body burdens of TBT and DBT were
highest at high latitudes during late summer or early autumn.
No U.S. FDA action level or other maximum acceptable concentration hi tissue, as defined in
the Guidelines, is available for TBT, and, therefore, no Final Residue Value can be calculated.
OTHER DATA
Many tests with TBT and various freshwater or saltwater organisms have been conducted either
for a different duration or by different protocols than those specified in the Guidelines for inclusion in
Tables 1, 2, 4 and 5. These data, presented in Table 6, are potentially useful and sometimes support
data in other tables. For example, plant tests were included in Table 6 rather than Table 4 if the test
duration was less than 4 days or the exposure concentrations were not measured. Tests with animals
were included in Table 6 for a number of reasons, including considerations of test duration, type of test,
and test endpoints other than those of toxicity or bioaccumulation. The data in this section are used to
lower the saltwater CCC value.
Several studies report the effects of TBT on natural groups of organisms in laboratory
microcosms. In most of these studies, the effects of TBT administered to the water were rapid. Two
microcosm studies were conducted with freshwater organisms (Delupis and Miniero, 1989; Miniero and
Delupis, 1991) hi which single dose effects were measured on natural assemblages of organisms. In
both studies, the effects were immediate. D. magna disappeared soon after an 80 /^g/L dose of TBT,
ostracods increased, and algal species increased immediately then gradually disappeared during the 55-
18
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day study. In the second study (Miniero and Delupis, 1991), metabolism was monitored by measuring
oxygen consumption and again the effects were rapid. Doses of TBT (4.7 and 14.9 /^g/L) were
administered once and metabolism was reduced at 2.5 days and returned to normal in 14.1 days in the
lower exposure. In the higher exposure, metabolism was reduced in one day and returned to normal in
16 days. Kelly et al. (1990a) observed a similar response in a seagrass bed at 22.21 /j.g/L of TBT. The
primary herbivore, Cymadusa compta, declined and the sea grass increased in biomass. Saltwater
microbial populations were exposed for one hour to TBT concentrations of 4.454 and 89.07 /^g/L then
incubated for 10 days (Jonas et al. 1984). At the lower concentration, metabolism of nutrient substrates
was reduced and at the higher concentration, 50 percent mortality of microbes occurred.
Several fresh and saltwater algal species were exposed to TBT for various time intervals and
several endpoints determined. Toxicity (EC50) hi freshwater species ranged from 5 //g/L for a natural
assemblage to 20 //g/L for the green alga Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Wong et al. 1982). Several salt
water alga, a green alga, Dunaliella tertiolecta; the diatoms, Minutocelluspolymorphic, Nitzshia sp.,
Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Skeletonema costatum, and Thallassiosira pseudonana; the dinoflagellate,
Gymnodinium splendens, the microalga, Pavlova lutheri and the macroalga, Fucus vesiculosus were
tested for growth endpoints. The 72-hr EC50s based on population growth ranged from approximately
0.3 to <1.5 ^g/L (Table 6). Lethal concentrations were generally more than an order of magnitude
greater than EC50s and ranged from 10.24 to 13.82 //g/L. Identical tests conducted with tributyltin
acetate, tributyltin chloride, tributyltin fluoride, and tributyltin oxide exposures with 5. costatum
resulted in EC50s from 0.2346 to 0.4693 //g/L and LC50s from 10.24 to 13.82 //g/L (Walsh et al.
1985, 1987).
The freshwater invertebrates, a rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus) and a coelentrate (Hydra sp.),
showed widely differing sensitivities to TBT. Hydra sp. were affected at 0.5 ^g/L resulting in
deformed tentacles, but the rotifer did not show an effect on hatching success until the exposure
concentration reached 72 ,ug/L. The cladoceran, D. magna, has 24-hr EC50s ranging from 3 (Polster
and Halacha 1972) to 13.6 ^g/L (Vighi and Calamari 1985). When the endpoint of altered phototaxis
was examined in a longer-term exposure of 8 days, a much lower effect concentration of 0.45 ^g/L was
measured (Meador 1986).
Saltwater invertebrates (exclusive of molluscs) had reduced survival at concentrations as low as
0.500 /^g/L for the polychaete worm, Neanthes arenaceodentata in a 10 week exposure to TBT (Moore
et al. 1991) and 0.003 //g/L hi a copepod, Acartia tonsa, hi an eight-day exposure (Kusk and Peterson
19
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1997). Other invertebrates were more hardy including an amphipod, Orchestia traskiana, that had an
LC80 and an LC90 of 9.7 ^g/L for nine day exposures to TBTO and TBTF, respectively (Laughlin et
al. 1982). Larvae of the mud crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii, tolerated high concentrations of TBT
with one test resulting in an LC50 of 33.6 ^g/L for a 40 day exposure (Laughlin and French 1989).
A number of studies showed that TBT exposure resulted in developmental problems for non-
mollusc invertebrates. For example, the copepod, A. tonsa, had slower rate of development from
nauplii to copepodid stage at 0.003 //g/L (Kusk and Petersen 1997); the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes
pugio, had retarded telson regeneration at 0.1 ^g/L (Khan et al. 1993); the mud crab, R. harrisii, had
reduced developmental rate at 14.60 /^g/L (Laughlin et al. 1983); retarded limb regeneration in the
fiddler crab, Ucapugilator, at 0.5 /wg/L (Weis et al. 1987a); and retarded arm regeneration in the brittle
star, Brevoortia tyrannus, at -0.1 /zg/L (Walsh et al. 1986a).
Vertebrates are as sensitive to TBT as invertebrates when the exposures are of sufficient
duration. Rainbow trout, O. mykiss, exposed in short-term exposures of 24 to 48 hr have LC50 and
EC50 values from 18.9 to 30.8 /^g/L (Table 6). When the exposure is increased to 110 days (Seinen et
al. 1981), the LCI00 decreased to 4.46 /c/g/L and a 20% reduction hi growth was seen at 0.18 /^g/L.
de Vries et al. (1991) measured a similar response in rainbow trout growth in another 110 day
exposure. They demonstrated decreased survival and growth at 0.200 ^g/L but not at 0.040 /wg/L.
Triebskorn et al. (1994) found reduced growth and behavior changes in the fish at 21 days when
exposed to 0.5 //g/L. The frog, Ram temporaria, has a LC50 of 28.2 //g/L for a 5-day exposure to
TBT (Laughlin and Linden 1982).
An attempt was made to measure the bioconcentration of TBT with the green alga,
Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Maguire et al. 1984). The algae are able to degrade TBT to its di- and
monobutyl forms. As a result, the concentrations of TBT steadily declined during the 28-day study.
During the first seven days of exposure, the concentrations declined from 20 to 5.2 Mg/L and the
calculated BCF was 300 (Table 6). After 28 days of exposure, the TBT concentration had declined to
1.5 fj.g/L and the calculated BCF was 467. Several studies reported BCFs for fish but failed to
demonstrate plateau concentrations hi the organism. In these studies, rainbow trout BCFs ranged from
540 (Triebskorn et al. 1994) to 3,833 (Schwaiger et al. 1992). Goldfish achieved a BCF of 1,230
(Tsuda et al. 1988b) hi a 14-day exposure and carp achieved a BCF of 295 hi die muscle tissue in 7
days (Tsuda et al. 1987).
Reproductive abnormalities have also been observed in the European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis
20
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(Thain 1986). After exposure for 75 days to a TBT concentration of 0.24 //g/L, a retardation in the sex
change from male to female was observed and larval production was completely inhibited. A TBT
concentration of 2.6 /^g/L prevented development of gonads (Table 6). Salazar et al. (1987) found no
negative effects in the same species at 0.157 //g/L, but Thain and Waldock (1985) and Thain (1986)
measured reduced growth at 0.2392 /^g/L and reduced survival (30%) at 2.6 //g/L (Table 6).
Survival and growth of several commercially important saltwater bivalve molluscs have been
studied during acute and long-term exposures to TBT. Mortality of larval blue mussels, Mytilus edulis,
exposed to 0.0973 /ug/L for 15 days was 51 %; survivors were moribund and stunted (Beaumont and
Budd 1984). Similarly, Dixon and Prosser (1986) observed 79% mortality of mussel larva after 4 days
exposure to 0.1 /ug/L. Lapota et al. (1993) reported reduced shell growth in the blue mussel, Mytilus
edulis, at 0.050 /^g/L and no reduction of shell development at 0.006 ^g/L hi a 33-d study. The test
had exposure solutions renewed every third or fourth day during which time TBT concentrations
declined 33 to 90%. Growth of juvenile blue mussels was significantly reduced after 7 to 66 days at
0.31 to 0.3893 /zg/L (Stromgren and Bongard 1987; Valkirs et al. 1985). Growth rates of mussels
transplanted into San Diego Harbor were impacted at sites where TBT concentrations exceeded 0.2
yUg/L (Salazar and Salazar 1990b). At locations where concentrations were less than 0.1 //g/L, the
presence of optimum environmental conditions for growth appear to limit or mask the effects of TBT.
Less than optimum conditions for growth may permit the effect of TBT on growth to be expressed.
Salazar et al. (1987) observed that 0.157 /^g/L reduced growth of mussels after 56 days exposure in the
laboratory; a concentration within less than a factor of two of that reducing growth in the field.
Similarly, Salazar and Salazar (1987) observed reduced growth of mussels exposed to 0.070 figfL for
196 days in the laboratory. The 66-day LC50 for 2.5 to 4.1 cm blue mussels was 0.97 //g/L (Valkirs et
al. 1985,1987). Alzieu et al. (1980) reported 30% mortality and abnormal shell thickening among
Pacific oyster larvae exposed to 0.2 //g/L for 113 days. Abnormal development was also observed in
exposures of embryos for 24 hrs or less to TBT concentrations ^0.8604 /j-g/L (Robert and His 1981).
Waldock and Thain (1983) observed reduced growth and thickening of the upper shell valve of Pacific
oyster spat exposed to 0.1460 fJ-g/L for 56 days. Abnormal shell development was observed in an
exposure to 0.77 //g/L that began with embryos of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and lasted
for 48 hours (Roberts 1987). Adult eastern oysters were also sensitive to TBT with reductions in
condition index after exposure for 57 days to Ģ0.1 ^g/L (Henderson 1986). Salazar et al. (1987) found
no effect on growth after 56 days exposure to 0.157 uglL to the oysters C. gigas, Ostrea edulis and O.
21
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lurida. Condition of adult clams, Macoma nasuta, and scallops, Hinnites multirugosus were not
affected after 110 days exposure to 0.204 //g/L (Salazar et al. 1987).
Long-term exposures have been conducted with a number of saltwater crustacean species.
Johansen and Mohlenberg (1987) exposed adult A. tonsa for five days to TBT and observed impaired
(25% reduction) egg production on days 3, 4 and 5 in 0.1 //g/L. Impaired egg production to a lesser
amount was observed on day 5 in 0.01 and 0.05 //g/L. Davidson et al. (1986a,1986b), Laughlin et al.
(1983,1984b), and Salazar and Salazar (1985a) reported that TBT acts slowly on crustaceans and that
behavior might be affected several days before mortality occurs. Survival of larval amphipods,
Gammarus oceanicus, was significantly reduced after eight weeks of exposure to TBT concentrations
Ģ0.2816 //g/L (Laughlin et al. 1984b). Hall et al. (1988b) observed no effect of 0.579 //g/L on
Gammarus sp. after 24 days. Developmental rates and growth of larval mud crabs, Rhithropanopeus
harrisii, were reduced by a 15-day exposure to ^14.60 //g/L. R. harrisii might accumulate more TBT
via ingested food than directly from water (Evans and Laughlin 1984). TBTF, TBTO, and TBTS were
about equally toxic to amphipods and crabs (Laughlin et al. 1982,1983,1984a). Laughlin and French
(1989) observed LC50 values for larval developmental stages of 13 //g/L for crabs (R. harrisii) from
California vs 33.6 //g/L for crabs from Florida. Limb malformations and reduced burrowing were
observed in fiddler crabs exposed to 0.5 //g/L (Weis and Kim 1988; Weis and Perlmutter 1987; Weis et
al. 1987a). Exposure to ^0.1 //g/L during settlement of fouling organisms reduced number of species
and species diversity of communities (Henderson 1986). The hierarchy of sensitivities of phyla in this
test was similar to that of single species tests.
Exposure of embryos of the California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis, for ten days to 74 //g/L
caused a 50% reduction in hatching success (Newton et al. 1985). At TBT concentrations between 0.14
and 1.72 //g/L, growth, hatching success, and survival were significantly enhanced. In contrast, growth
of inland silverside larvae was reduced after 28 days exposure to 0.093 //g/L (Hall et al. 1988b).
Juvenile Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, avoided a TBT concentration of 5.437 //g/L and
juvenile striped bass, Morons saxatitts, avoided 24.9 //g/L (Hall et al. 1984). BCFs were 4,300 for
liver, 1,300 for brain, and 200 for muscle tissue of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha,
exposed to 1.49 //g/L for 96 hours (Short and Thrower 1986a,1986c).
TBT concentrations less than the saltwater Final Chronic Value of 0.0658 //g/L from Table 3
have been shown to affect the growth of early life-stages of commercially important bivalve molluscs
and survival of ecologically important copepods (Table 6; Text Table B). Laughlin et al. (1987, 1988)
22
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observed a significant decrease in growth of hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) larvae exposed for 14
days to >0.01 vg/L (Text Table B). Growth rate (increase in valve length) was 75 % of controls in 0.01
Aig/L, 63% in 0.025 Mg/L, 59% in 0.05 /zg/L, 45% in 0.1 //g/L, 29% in 0.25 Mg/L and 2.2% in 0.5
Aig/L. A five-day exposure followed by nine days in TBT-free water produced similar responses and
little evidence of recovery.
Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) spat exhibited shell thickening in 0.01 and 0.05 i^g/L and
reduced valve lengths in 5:0.02 f^gfL (Lawler and Aldrich 1987; Text Table B). Increase in valve
length was 101 % of control lengths in 0.01 pg/L, 12% in 0.02 pgfL, 17% in 0.05 pglL, 35% in 0.1
figfL and 0% in 0.2 //g/L. Shell thickening was also observed in this species exposed to >0.02 fig/L
for 49 days (Thain et al. 1987). They predicted from these data that approximately 0.008 ^g/L would
be the maximum TBT concentration permitting culture of commercially acceptable adults. Their field
studies agreed with laboratory results showing "acceptable" shell thickness where TBT concentrations
averaged 0.011 and 0.015 f^gfL, but not at higher concentrations. Decreased weights of oyster meats
were associated with locations where there was shell thickening.
Growth of spat of the European oyster (Ostrea edulis) was reduced at >0.02 //g/L (Thain and
Waldock 1985; Text Table B). Spat exposed to TBT hi static-renewal tests were 76-81 % of control
lengths and 75 % of control weights; extent of impact increased with increased exposure. In these static-
renewal and flow-through tests at exposures at about 0.02 fj.g/L, weight gain was identical; i.e., 35% of
controls. Growth of larger spat was marginally reduced by 0.2392 pg/L (Thain 1986; Thain and
Waldock 1985). Axiak et al. (1995a) observed a 12% decrease in the height of O. edulis digestive cells
exposed to 0.01 f^g/L TBT.
23
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Text Table B. Summary of laboratory and field data on the effects of tributyltin on saltwater organisms at
concentrations less man the Final Chronic Value of 0.0658 /ug/L.
Experimental Design"
Hard clam (4 hr larvae R, M, 14-day duration,
- metamorphosis),
Mcrcenaria
mercenaria
Pacific oyster (spat),
Crassostrea gigas
< 150 larvae/50 ml replicate,
three replicates.
Measured = 80-100%
nominal at t = 0.4 hr;
20-30% at t = 24hr
R, N, 48-day duration,
20 spat/treatment
Pacific oyster (spat),
Crassostrea gigas
R, N, 49-day duration,
0.7 to 0.9 g/spat
Field
Concentration
fue/U
Nominal
control
0.01-0.5
Nominal
control
0.01-0.05
control
0.01-0.2
0.02-0.2
Nominal
control
0.002
0.02-2.0
Measured
0.011-0.015
~0.018-0.060
Nominal
100% Growth
(Valve length)
~75%-22% Growth
(Valve length)"
Shell thickening
100% Growth
(Valve length)
101 % Growth (Valve length)
0-72% Growth (Valve length)"
No shell thickening
Shell thickening proportional
to concentration increase
No shell thickening
Shell thickening and decreased
meat weight
Reference
Laughlin et al.
1987,1988
Lawler and
Aldrich 1987
Thain et al.
1987
European oyster (spat),
Ostrea edidis
European oyster
(adult),
Ostrea edidis
R, N, 20-day duration,
50 spat/treatment
R, N, 96-hr duration
control
0.02-2.0
control
0.02-2.0
Nominal
0.010
100% length
76-81% length"
202% weight gain
151-50% weight gain
12% decrease of height of
digestive cells
Thain and
Waldock 1985
Axiak et al.
1995a
1 R = renewal; F = flow-through, N = nominal, M = measured.
b Significantly different from controls.
24
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TBT concentrations less than the saltwater Final Chronic Value of 0.0658 ^g/L from Table 3
have also been shown to cause imposex (the superimposition of male anatomical characteristics on
females) in seven ecologically important North American species, especially the dogwhinkle, Nucella
lapillus. A summary of three definitive laboratory studies conducted with N. lapillus are presented in
Text Table C below.
Text Table C. Effect and no-effect tributyltin concentrations in laboratory studies with the Atlantic
dogwhinkle (Nucella lapillus).
Duration of Study
(Life-stage)
Two year
(Egg capsule to
adult)
One year
(Adults)
One year
(Egg capsule to
adult)
NOEC
(^gTBT/L)
0.0036
0.0077
0.0074
Comment
RPSI = 48.4
VDSI = 4.4
1/3 Sterile
RPSI = 20.8
VDSI = 3.97
11.0% reduced
growth; 100%
imposex
RPSI = 64.0
VDSI = 4.0
Reproduction
104.6% of control
LOEC
(MgTBT/L)
0.0093
0.0334
0.0278
Comment
RPSI = 96.6
VDSI = 5.1
All sterile
RPSI = 42.1
VDSI = 4.3
17. 1 % reduced growth;
100% imposex
RPSI = 88.6
VDSI = 5.0
Reduced reproduction
55.2%
Reference
Gibbs et al.
1988
Bailey et al.
1991
Harding et
al. 19%
NOEC = No-Observed-Effect-Concentration
LOEC = Lowest-Observed-Effect-Concentration
RPSI = Relative penis size index
VDSI = Vas deferens sequence index
Of the three studies listed above, two were initiated with egg capsules and one was conducted with
adults. As specified by the Guidelines, the one study conducted with adults (Bailey et al. 1991) will not
be considered for criteria derivation since studies conducted with a more sensitive life stage take
precedence over studies with less sensitive life stages. The laboratory study conducted by Gibbs et al.
(1988) did document adverse effects of TBT exposure on egg capsule production of the female dog-
whelk, but a valid laboratory water control was not run with the study (the dilution water control
collected nearby had low levels of TBT). Thus, this study also will not be used to derive the saltwater
chronic criterion. The Harding et al. (1996) study was initiated with egg capsules and had a valid
control. The NOEC and LOEC values presented are for reproductive effects, which is a direct measure
of this species ability to survive long term.
25
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The National Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985; pp 18 and 54) requires that the criterion be
lowered if sound scientific evidence indicates that adverse effects might be expected on important
species. The above data demonstrate that the reductions in growth occur hi commercially or
ecologically important saltwater species at concentrations of TBT less than the Final Chronic Value of
0.0658 Mg/L derived using Final Acute Values and Acute-Chronic Ratios from Table 3. Imposex
begins to occur at about 0.003 ^g TBT/L, and some reproductive failure begins at concentrations
greater than 0.005 /^g/L, with complete sterility occurring after chronic exposure of sensitive early life-
stages at >0.009 /zg/L. For less sensitive stages of these species imposex does not begin until 0.02
jug/L in some studies and greater than 0.2 yug/L hi others. The long-term laboratory study by Harding
et al. (1996) demonstrated a significant reproductive effect on N. lapillus at TBT concentrations
> 0.0074 ngFL. Therefore, EPA believes the Final Chronic Value should be lowered to 0.0074 /u.g/L
to limit unacceptable impacts on Mercenaria mercenaria, Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis observed
at 0.02 /zg/L, and reproductive effects on N. lapillus at concentrations greater than 0.0074 /zg/L. At
this criterion concentration, imposex would be expected hi Ryanassa obsoleta, N. lapillus and similarly
sensitive neogastropods and growth of M. mercenaria might be somewhat lowered.
UNUSED DATA
Data from some studies were not used hi this document, as they did not meet the criteria for
inclusion as specified in the Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985). The reader is referred to the Guidelines
for further information regarding these criteria.
Studies Were Conducted with Species That Are Not Resident in North America
All et al. (1990) de Sousa and Paulini (1970) Karande and Ganti (1994)
Allen et al. (1980) Pent (1991, 1992) Karande et al. (1993)
Axiak et al. (1995b) Pent and Hunn (1993) Kubo et al. (1984)
Batley et al. (1989, 1992) Pent and Meier (1992) Langston and Burt (1991)
Burridge et al. (1995) Prick and DeJimenez (1964) Lewis et al. (1995)
Carney and Paulini (1964) Girard et al. (1996) Nagabhushanam et al. (1991)
DaniTchenko (1982) Helmstetter and Alden (1995) Nagaseetal. (1991)
Deschiens and Floch (1968) Hopf and Muller (1962) Nias et al. (1993)
Deschiens et al. (1964,1966a, 1966b) Jantataeme (1991) ' Nishuichi and Yoshida (1972)
26
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Oehlmann et al. (1996)
Reddy et al. (1992)
Ringwood (1992)
Ritchie etal. (1964)
Ruiz et al. (1994a, 1994b, 1995a)
1995b, 1995c, 1997)
Sarojini et al. (1991, 1992)
Scadding (1990)
Scammell et al. (1991)
Seiffer and Schoof (1967)
Shiffetal. (1975)
Shirnizu and Kimura (1992)
Smith et al. (1979)
Spence et al. (1990b)
Stebbing et al. (1990)
Sujatha et al. (1996)
Tsuda et al. (1986, 1991a)
Upatham (1975)
Upatham et al. (1980a, 1980b)
Vitturi et al. (1992)
Webbe and Sturrock (1964)
Yaraada et al. (1994)
Yla-Mononen (1989)
Data Were Complied From Other Sources
Alzieu (1986)
Cardarelli and Evans (1980)
Cardwell and Sheldon (1986)
Cardwell and Vogue (1986)
Champ (1986)
Chau (1986)
Eisler (1989)
Envirosphere Company (1986)
Evans and Leksono (1995)
Gibbs and Bryan (1987)
Gibbs et al. (1991a)
Good et al. (1980)
Guard et al. (1982)
Hall (1988, 1991)
Hall and Pinkney (1985)
Hall et al. (1991)
Hodge et al. (1979)
International Joint Commission (1976)
Jensen (1977)
Kimbrough (1976)
Kumpulainen and Koivistoinen (1977)
Lau (1991)
Ixiughlin (1986)
Laughlin and Linden (1985)
T-anghlin et al. (1984a)
McCullough et al. (1980)
Monaghan et al. (1980)
NC Dept. of Natural Resources and
Community Dev. (1983,1985)
Rexrode (1987)
Salazar (1989)
Seligman et al. (1986)
Slesinger and Dressier (1978)
Stebbing (1985)
Thayer (1984)
Thompson et al. (1985)
U.S. EPA (1975, 1985b)
U.S. Navy (1984)
von Rumker et al. (1974)
Walsh (1986)
Zuckerman et al. (1978)
The Test Procedures, Test Material or Results Were Not Adequately Described
Bruno and Ellis (1988)
Cardwell and Stuart (1988)
Chau et al. (1983)
DaiuTchenko and Buzinova (1982)
de la Court (1980)
Deschiens (1968)
EG&G Bionomics (1981b)
Filenko and Isakova (1980)
Holwerda and Herwig (1986)
Kelly et al. (1990b)
Koiosova et al. (1980)
Laughlin (1983)
Mercier et al. (1994)
Nosov and Koiosova (1979)
Smith (1981c)
Stroganov et al. (1972, 1977)
Studies by Gibbs et al. (1987) were not used because data were from the first year of a two-year
27
-------
experiment reported in Gibbs et al. (1988). Data from the life-cycle test with sheepshead minnows
(Ward et al. 1981) were not used because ratios of measured and nominal concentrations were
inconsistent within and between tests suggesting problems in delivering TBT, analytical chemistry or
both. Results of some laboratory tests were not used because the tests were conducted in distilled or
deionized water without addition of appropriate salts (e.g., Gras and Rioux 1965; Kumar-Das et al.
1984). The concentration of dissolved oxygen was too low in tests reported by EG&G Bionomics
(1981a). Douglas et al. (1986) did not observe sufficient mortalities to calculate a useful LC50.
TBT Was a Component of a Formulation, Mixture, Paint or Sediment
Boike and Rathburn (1973) NC Dept. of Natural Resources and Sherman (1983)
Cardarelli (1978) Community Dev. (1983) Sherman and Hoang (1981)
Deschiens and Floch (1970) Pope (1981) Sherman and Jackson (1981)
Goss et al. (1979) Quick and Cardarelli (1977) Walker (1977)
Henderson and Salazar (1996) Salazar and Salazar (1985a, 1985b) Weisfeld (1970)
Mattiessen and Thain (1989) Santos et al. (1977)
Data were not used when the organisms were exposed to TBT by injection or gavage (e.g.,
Pent and Stegeman 1991, 1993; Horiguchi et al. 1997; Rice et al. 1995; Rice and Weeks 1990; Rouleau
et al. 1995). Caricchia et al. (1991), Salazar and Chadwick (1991), and Steinert and Pickwell (1993),
did not identify the organism exposed to TBT. Some studies did not report toxic effects of TBT (e.g.,
Balls 1987; Gibbs 1993; Meador et al. 1984; Page 1995; Salazar 1986; Salazar and Champ 1988).
Results of tests in which enzymes, excised or homogenized tissue, or cell cultures were exposed
to the test material were not used (e.g., Avery et al. 1993; Blair et al. 1982; Bruschweiler et al. 1996;
Falcioni et al. 1996; Pent and Bucheli 1994; Pent and Stegeman 1991; Fisher et al. 1990; Josephson et
al. 1989; Joshi and Gupta 1990; Pickwell and Steinert 1988; Reader et al. 1994, 1996; Rice and Weeks
1991; Virkki and Nikinmaa 1993; Wishkovsky et al. 1989; Zucker et al. 1992).
Data were not used when the test organisms were infested with tapeworms (e.g., Hnath 1970).
Mottley (1978) and Motfley and Griffiths (1977) conducted tests with a mutant form of an alga. Tests
conducted with too few test organisms were not used (e.g., EG&G Bionomics 1976; Good et al. 1979).
High control mortalities occurred in tests reported by Rhea et al. (1995), Salazar and Salazar (1989) and
Valkirs et al. (1985). Some data were not used because of problems with the concentration of the test
material (e.g., Springborn Bionomics 1984b; Stephenson et al. 1986; Ward et al. 1981) or low survival
28
-------
in the exposure organisms (Chagot et al. 1990; Pent and Looser 1995). BCFs were not used when the
concentration of TBT hi the test solution was not measured (Davies et al. 1986; Laughlin et al. 1986b;
Paul and Davies 1986) or were highly variable (Becker et al. 1992; Laughlin and French 1988).
Reports of the concentrations in wild aquatic animals were not used if concentrations hi water were
unavailable or excessively variable (e.g., Curtis and Barse 1990; Davies et al. 1987, 1988; Davies and
McKie 1987; Gibbs et al. 1991b; Hall 1988; Han and Weber 1988; Kannan et al. 1996; Oehlmann et al.
1991; Stab et al. 1995; Thrower and Short 1991; Wade et al. 1988; Zuolian and Jensen 1989).
SUMMARY
Freshwater Acute Toxicity. The TBT acute toxicity values for twelve freshwater animal
species range from 1.14 //g/L for a hydra, Hydra oligactis, to 12.73 //g/L for the lake trout, Salvelinus
naymaycush. A thirteenth species, a clam (Elliptic complanatus), had an exceptionally high toxicity
value of 24,600 //g/L. There was no apparent trend in sensitivities with taxonomy; fish were nearly as
sensitive as the most sensitive invertebrates and more sensitive than others. When the much less
sensitive clam was not considered, remaining species sensitivities varied by a maximum of 11.2 times.
Plants were about as sensitive as animals to TBT.
Freshwater Chronic Toxicity. Three TBT chronic toxicity tests have been conducted with
freshwater animals. Reproduction of D. magna was reduced by 0.2 yug/L, but not by 0.1 ^g/L, and the
Acute-Chronic Ratio is 30.41. In another test with D. magna reproduction and survival was reduced at
0.34 ^g/L but not at 0.19, and the Acute-Chronic Ratio is 44.06. Weight of fathead minnows was
reduced by 0.45 //g/L, but not by 0.15 //g/L, and the acute-chronic ratio for this species was 10.01.
Bioconcentration of TBT was measured hi zebra mussels, Dreissenapolymorpha, at 17,483 times the
water concentration for the soft parts and hi rainbow trout, Oncorhyncus mykiss, at 406 times the water
concentration for the whole body. Growth of thirteen species of freshwater algae was inhibited by
concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,782 ;/g/L.
Saltwater Acute Toxicity. Acute values for 33 species of saltwater animals range from 0.61
//g/L for the mysid, Acanthomysis sculpta, to 204.4 /^g/L for adult European flat oysters, Ostrea edulis.
Acute values for the ten most sensitive genera, including molluscs, crustaceans, and fishes, differ by
less than a factor of four. Larvae and juveniles appear to be more acutely sensitive to TBT than adults.
29
-------
Saltwater Chronic Toxicity. A partial life-cycle test of one-year duration was conducted with
the snail, Nucella lapillus. TBT reduced egg capsule production. The chronic value for this species
was 0.0143 //g/L. A life-cycle test was conducted with the copepod, Eurytemora affinis. The chronic
value is based upon neonate survival and is 0.145 ^g/L and the acute/chronic ratio is 15.17. A life-
cycle toxicity test was conducted with the saltwater mysid, Acanthomysis sculpta. The chronic value
for A. sculpta was 0.1308 yUg/L based on reduced reproduction and the acute-chronic ratio was 4.664.
Bioconcentration. Bioconcentration factors for three species of bivalve molluscs range from
192.3 for soft parts of the European flat oyster to 60,000 for soft parts of the juvenile blue mussel,
Mytilus edulis.
Acute-Chronic Ratio. The Final Acute-Chronic Ratio of 12.69 was calculated as the geometric
mean of the acute-chronic ratios of 36.60 for D. magna, 10.01 for P. promelas (the two freshwater
species), and 4.664 for A. sculpta and 15.17 for E. affinis (the two saltwater species). Division of the
freshwater and saltwater Final Acute Values by 12.69 results in Final Chronic Values for freshwater of
0.0723 pglL and for saltwater of 0.0658 pg/L (Table 3). The Chronic Values are below the
experimentally determined chronic values from life-cycle or early life-stage tests with freshwater species
(0.1414 /Lzg/L for D. magna), but almost five times higher than the chronic value for N. lapillus of
0.0143 pg/L.
Tributyltin chronically affects certain saltwater copepods, gastropods, and pelecypods at
concentrations less than those predicted from "standard" acute and chronic toxicity tests. The data
demonstrate that reductions in growth occur in commercially or ecologically important saltwater species
at concentrations of TBT less than the Final Chronic Value of 0.0658 /ug/L derived using Final Acute
Values and Acute-Chronic Ratios from Table 3. Survival of the copepod A. tonsa was reduced in
>0.023 yUg/L. Growth of larvae or spat of two species of oysters, Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis
was reduced in about 0.02 //g/L; some C. gigas larvae died in 0.025 ftg/L. Shell thickening and
reduced meat weights were observed hi C. gigas at 0.01 //g/L. Reproductive effects were observed
with N. lapillus at TBT concentrations > 0.0074 //g/L. Since these levels were ones at which an effect
was seen, a protective level for these commercially important species is, therefore, below 0.01 /^g/L.
Weight of Evidence Considerations. The National Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985) require
that the criterion be lowered if sound scientific evidence indicates that adverse effects might be expected
on important species. The above data demonstrate that the reductions in growth occur in commercially
or ecologically important saltwater species at concentrations of TBT less than the final chronic value of
30
-------
0.0658 fj.g/L derived using Final Acute Values and Acute-Chronic ratios from Table 3. Consistent with
the Guidelines directive to consider other relevant data when establishing criteria, EPA believes the
Final Chronic Value should be lowered to 0.0074 /ug/L.
Organometallics, particularly TBT and methyl mercury, have been shown to impair the
environment in multiple ways. A major concern with TBT is its ability to cause imposex (the
superimposition of male anatomical characteristics on females) in a variety of species. Imposex has
been observed in 45 species of snails worldwide, with definitive laboratory an field studies implicating
TBT as the cause in seven North American or cosmopolitan species. As listed in Table 6, adult
dogwhinkle, Nucella lapillus, exposed to 0.05 //g/L TBT for 120 days showed 41 percent of the
organisms evidencing imposex. A six month study of the same species hi 1992 with a concentration of
0.012 fj.gfL TBT also showed imposex in the organisms. Other studies showed more than 92 percent of
the female N. lapillus exposed to TBT at 0.0027 ^g/L exhibiting imposex; a follow up study of
offspring showed almost 99 percent imposex hi females at TBT concentrations of 0.0026 /^g/L. The
long-term laboratory study by Harding et al. (1996) demonstrated significant reproductive effects on N.
lapillus at TBT concentrations > 0.0074 y^g/L. Thus, numerous studies show imposex effects at doses
well below the calculated saltwater Final Chronic Value of 0.0658 /ug/L. Many of the studies did not
produce a No Observed Effect Level because significant effects were observed at the lowest
concentration tested. The imposex effect may partially explain the results of the studies hi Tables 2 and
6 which show abnormal growth patterns seen in other studies, including reduced growth, shell
thickening and deformities. Imposex has also been linked with population declines of snails hi Canada
(Tester et al. 1996) and oysters hi the United Kingdom (Dyrynda 1992 and others); these declines were
reversed after restrictions on TBT use went into effect.
Another factor causing increased concern is the very high bioaccumulation and bioconcentration
factors associated with TBT. For some species, these factors reach into the thousands and tens of
thousands. Data are summarized in Table 5. They show BCF/BAF factors in the thousands for
rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, where TBT concentrations were approximately 1.0 /ug/L, and in
goldfish, Crassius auratus, where TBT concentrations were approximately 0.1 yug/L. For saltwater
species, field studies of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, at TBT concentrations of < 0.1 //g/L, showed
BCF or BAF concentrations up to 60,000 (Salazar and Salazarl990a, 1991); the eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virginica, exhibited factors of 15,000 in TBT concentrations of <0.3 /j.gfL (Roberts et al.
1996); and the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, had factors in the thousands when exposed to TBT hi
31
-------
concentrations from 0.24 to 1.5 //g/L.
Immunological effects nave been observed in eastern oysters exposed to 0.03 //g/L TBT which
resulted in increased infection intensity and mortality when later exposed to "Dermo", a protozoan
pathogen. TBT is widely assumed to enhance the impairment caused by Dermo. However, data are
currently insufficient to determine which levels of Dermo and of TBT result in this heightened
interaction. Because levels of both Dermo and TBT are known to fluctuate widely, it is prudent in the
face of this uncertainty regarding impact on a commercially important species to be conservative when
establishing acceptable levels.
Conclusion. The development of a chronic criterion for TBT in saltwater considers four lines
of evidence. It considers the traditional endpoints of adverse effects on survival, growth and
reproduction as demonstrated in numerous laboratory studies; recognizing that a number of these studies
have unbounded LOAELs at or near 0.01 ng/L, and recognizing further that only one study included
levels below 0.01 /wg/L and that study (on Acartia tonsa at 0.003 /wg/L) showed inhibition of
development. It considers the production of imposex in field studies and the impact of imposex on
commercially significant species population levels. It also considers that TBT accumulates and/or
concentrates in commercially and recreationally important freshwater and saltwater species. Finally, it
considers the potential immunological effects of TBT, as well as the finding that an important
commercial organism (eastern oyster) already known to be vulnerable to the prevalent pathogen Dermo
was made even more vulnerable by prior exposure to TBT.
Considering the traditional endpoints of adverse effects on survival, growth and reproduction,
the Final Chronic Value would be set at 0.066 /^g/L. However, the Agency believes that this level
would not be protective for the additional factors cited above. The Agency is faced with the uncertainty
created by the lack of understanding of the relationship of these factors, the low level at which effects
are occurring, the lack of data below these levels enabling a definitive calculation of an acceptable
exposure level, and the commercial viability of some of the species. Therefore, in this situation, the
Agency is making a decision to establish the Final Chronic Value at 0.0074 ^g/L in the belief that this
level more closely approximates an acceptable level of exposure.
32
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NATIONAL CRITERIA
The procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality
Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses" indicate that, except possibly where a
locally important species is very sensitive, freshwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be
affected unacceptably if the four-day average concentration of tributyltin does not exceed 0.072 /^g/L
more man once every three years on the average and if the one-hour average concentration does not
exceed 0.46 /^g/L more than once every three years on the average.
The procedures described hi the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality
Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses" indicate that, except possibly where a
locally important species is very sensitive, saltwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be
affected unacceptably if the four-day average concentration of tributyltin does not exceed 0.0074 /zg/L
more than once every three years on the average and if the one-hour average concentration does not
exceed 0.42 /^g/L more than once every three years on the average.
IMPLEMENTATION
As discussed hi the Water Quality Standards Regulation (U.S. EPA 1983) and the Foreword of
this document, a water quality criterion for aquatic life has regulatory impact only if it has been adopted
in a state water quality standard. Such a standard specifies a criterion for a pollutant that is consistent
with a particular designated use. With the concurrence of the U.S. EPA, states designate one or more
uses for each body of water or segment thereof and adopt criteria that are consistent with the use(s)
(U.S. EPA 1987,1994). Water quality criteria adopted hi state water quality standards could have the
same numerical values as criteria developed under Section 304, of the Clean Water Act. However, in
many situations states might want to adjust water quality criteria developed under Section 304 to reflect
local environmental conditions and human exposure patterns. Alternatively, states may use different
data and assumptions than EPA hi deriving numeric criteria that are scientifically defensible and
protective of designated uses. State water quality standards include both numeric and narrative criteria.
A state may adopt a numeric criterion within its water quality standards and apply it either state-wide to
all waters designated for the use the criterion is designed to protect or to a specific site. A state may
use an indicator parameter or the national criterion, supplemented with other relevant information, to
33
-------
interpret its narrative criteria within its water quality standards when developing NPDES effluent
limitations under 40 CFR 122.44(d)(l)(vi).2
Site-specific criteria may include not only site-specific criterion concentrations (U.S. EPA
1994), but also site-specific, and possibly pollutant-specific, durations of averaging periods and
frequencies of allowed excursions (U.S. EPA 1991). The averaging periods of "one hour" and "four
days" were selected by the U.S. EPA on the basis of data concerning the speed with which some aquatic
species can react to increases in the concentrations of some aquatic pollutants, and "three years" is the
Agency's best scientific judgment of the average amount of time aquatic ecosystems should be provided
between excursions (Stephan et al. 1985; U.S. EPA 1991). However, various species and ecosystems
react and recover at greatly differing rates. Therefore, if adequate justification is provided, site-specific
and/or pollutant-specific concentrations, durations, and frequencies may be higher or lower than those
given in national water quality criteria for aquatic life.
Use of criteria, which have been adopted in state water quality standards, for developing water
quality-based permit limits and for designing waste treatment facilities requires selection of an
appropriate wasteload allocation model. Although dynamic models are preferred for the application of
these criteria (U.S. EPA 1991), limited data or other considerations might require the use of a
steady-state model (U.S. EPA 1986).
Guidance on mixing zones and the design of monitoring programs is also available (U.S. EPA
1987, 1991).
34
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Figure 1. Ranked Summary of Tributyltin GMAVs - Freshwater.
Rgure 1. Ranked Surrmary of Tributyttin GMWs
5
2^
.0
1
s
c
o
o
o
IS
.Ģ
K
4
10 -
1000-
100 n
10 i
J
'.
J _
-
0.1-
Freshwater
D
D "
n D
D Q
_ ^ FrŦstŧŦ8r Rial Ante Valus - 0.9177 p^LTribuytin
U
Critarion Mod nun Ccrartraticn - 0.46 (j^LTribu^tin
I I I I I
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.
% Rank GMAVs
O Invertebrates
Rsh
35
-------
Figure 2. Ranked Summary of Tributyltin GMAVs - Saltwater.
Figure 2. Ranked Summary of Tributyltin GMAVs
^TUUU :
B> :
c
2 100 :
(0 :
-------
Figure 3. Chronic Toxicfty of Tributyltin to Aquatic Animals.
Rgure 3. Chronic Toxicity of Tributyltin to Aquatic Animals
1 :
"3)
0)
| 0.1 :
o -
'E
1 '
o
.E 0.01 -
f '
JO
H
0.001 -
D
A A
Ftashwatar Rnal Chronic Valia Ŧ 0.072 pg/L Tributyltin
A
SalWator Final Chronic Value - 0.0074 (jg/L Trifaulyltin
I | | | | 1
0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60
% Rank Genus Mean Chronic Value
0.75
0.90
D Freshwater Invertebrates
Freshwater Fish
A Saltwater Invertebrates
37
-------
Table 1. Acute Toxicity of Tributyltin to Aquatic Animals
Method" Chemical1'
Hardness LC50 Species Mean
(mg/L as or EC50 Acute Value
CaCO,) (Mg/L)c (/ug/L) References
Hydra, S,M
Hydra littoralis
Hydra, S,M
Hydra littoralis
Hydra, S,M
Hydra oligactis
Hydra, S,M
Chlorohydra
viridissmia
Annelid (9 mg), F,M
Lumbriculus
variegatus
Freshwater clam, S,U
(113mmTL; 153 g)
Elliptic complanatus
Cladoceran, S,U
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (adult), S,U
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran S,U
(<24hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran R,M
(<24hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran S,U
(<24hr),
Daphnia magna
FRESHWATER SPECIES
TBTO 100 1.11
(97.5%)
TBTO 120 1.30
(97.5%)
TBTO 100 1.14
(97.5%)
TBTO 120 1.80
(97.5%)
TBTO 51.8 5.4
(96%)
TBTO - 24.600
(95%)
TBTO - 66.3
TBTC1 - 5.26
TBTO - 1.58
(95%)
TBTO 172 11.2
(97.5%)
TBTC1 250 18
TAI
Environmental
Sciences, Inc.
1989a
1.201 TAI
Environmental
Sciences, Inc.
1989b
1.14 TAI
Environmental
Sciences, Inc.
1989a
1.80 TAI
Environmental
Sciences, Inc.
1989b
5.4 Brooke et al.
1986
24,600 Buccarusco
1976a
Foster 1981
Meador 1986
LeBlanc 1976
ABC
Laboratories,
Inc. 1990c
Crisinel et al.
1994
38
-------
Table 1. Acute Toxicity of Tributyltin to Aquatic Animals (continued)
Method" Chemical
Hardness LC50 Species Mean
(mg/L as or EC50 Acute Value
CaCQ,) (ug/L)c Cug/L) References
Cladoceran F,M
(<24hr),
Daphnia magna
Amphipod, F,M
Gammarus
pseudotimnaeus
Mosquito (larva), S,M
Culex sp.
Rainbow trout, S,U
(45 mm TL; 0.68g)
Oncorhynchus
ntyldss
Rainbow trout F,M
(juvenile),
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Rainbow trout (1.47 F,M
g),
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Rainbow trout F,M
(l-4g),
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Lake trout (5.94 g), F,M
Salvelinus
naymaycush
Fathead minnow F,M
(juvenile),
Pimephales promelas
Channel catfish, S,U
(65mmTL; 1.9g)
FRESHWATER SPECIES
TBTO 51.5 4.3
(96%)
TBTO 51.8 3.7
(96%)
TBTO 51.5 10.2
(96%)
TBTO - 6.5
(95%)
TBTO 50.6 3.9
(96%)
TBTO 135 3.45
(97%)
TBTO 44 7.1
(97.5%)
TBTO 135 12.73
(97%)
TBTO 51.5 2.6
(96%)
TBTO - 11.4
(95%)
4.3 Brooke et al.
1986
3.7 Brooke et al.
1986
10.2 Brooke et al.
1986
Buccafusco et
al. 1978
Brooke et al.
1986
Martin et al.
1989
4.571 ABC
Laboratories,
Inc. 1990a
12.73 Martin et al.
1989
2.6 Brooke et al.
1986
Buccafusco
1976a
Ictalurus punctatus
39
-------
Table 1. Acute Toxicity of Tributyltin to Aquatic Animals (continued)
Species
Method" Chemicalb
Hardness LC50 Species Mean
(mg/L as or EC50 Acute Value
CaCCX) fog/L)c (ue/L)
References
Channel catfish F,M
(juvenile),
Ictalurus punctatus
BluegUl, S,U
Lepomis
macrochirus
BluegUl, S,U
(36 mm TL: 0.67 g)
Lepomis
macrochirus
BluegUl (1.01 g), F,M
Lepomis
macrochirus
Species Method*
Lugworm (larva), S,U
Arenicola cristata
Lugworm (larva), S,U
Arenicola cristata
Polychaete (adult), S,M
Neanthes
arenaceodentata
Polychaete S,M
(juvenile),
Neanthes
arenaceodentata
Polychaete (adult), R,M
Armandia brevis
FRESHWATER SPECIES
TBTO 51.8 5.5
(96%)
TBTO - 227.4
TBTO - 7.2
(95%)
TBTO 44 8.3
(97.5%)
LC50
Salinity or EC50
Chemical b (g/kg) (wfi/L)c
SALTWATER SPECIES
TBTO 28 -2-4
TBTA 28 -5-10
TBTO 33-34 21.41"
TBTO 33-34 6.812
TBTC1 28.5 25
(96%)
5.5 Brooke et al.
1986
Foster 1981
Buccafusco
1976b
8.3 ABC
Laboratories,
Inc. 1990b
Species Mean
Acute Value
Cue/L) References
Walsh et al.
1986b
-4.74 Walsh et al.
1986b
Salazar and
Salazar 1989
6.812 Salazar and
Salazar 1989
25 Meador 1997
40
-------
Table 1. Acute Toxicity of Tributyltin to Aquatic Animals (continued)
Species
Method" Chemical1*
LC50
Salinity or EC50
(g/kg) (us/LY
Species Mean
Acute Value
dug/L) References
Blue mussel (adult),
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel (adult),
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel (larva),
Mytilus edulis
Pacific oyster
(adult),
Crassostrea gigas
Pacific oyster
(larva),
Crassostrea gigas
Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea
virginica
European flat oyster
(adult),
Ostrea edulis
Atlantic dogwhinkle
(<24hr-old),
Nucella lapillus
Hard clam (larva),
Mercenaria
mercenaria
Copepod (juvenile),
Eurytemora affinis
Copepod (subadult),
Eurytemora affinis
Copepod (subadult),
Eurytemora affinis
Copepod (adult),
Acartia tonsa
Copepod
(10-12-d-old),
Acartia tonsa
SALTWATER SPECIES
R,-
S,M
R,-
R,-
R,-
R,U
R,-
R,M
R,U
F,M
F,M
F,M
R,U
S,U
TBTO
TBTO
TATO
TBTO
TBTO
TBTC1
TBTO
TBTO
TBTC1
TBTC1
TBT
TBT
TBTO
(95%)
TBTC1
(99.3%)
33-34
18-22
34-35
18-22
10.6
10
10
18
ES
36.98"
34.06"
2.238
282.2"
1.557
3.96
204.4
72.7
1.65
2.2
2.5
IA
0.6326
0.47
Thain 1983
Salazar and
Salazar 1989
2.238 Thain 1983
Thain 1983
1.557 Thain 1983
3.96 Roberts 1987
204.4 Thain 1983
72.7 Harding et al.
1996
1.65 Roberts 1987
Hall et al.
1988a
Bushong et al.
1987;1988
1.975 Bushong et al.
1987;1988
U'ren 1983
Kusk and
Petersen 1997
41
-------
Table 1. Acute Toxicity of Tributyltin to Aquatic Animals (continued)
Method" Chemical11
LC50 Species Mean
Salinity or EC50 Acute Value
(usfLY (ue/L) References
SALTWATER SPECIES
Copepod S,U TBTC1 28 0.24
(10-12-d-old), (99.3%)
Acartia tonsa
Copepod (subadult), F,M TBT 10 LI
Acartia tonsa
Copepod (adult), S,U TBTF 7 1.877
Nitocra spinipes
Copepod (adult), S,U TBTO 7 1.946
Nitocra spinipes
Mysid (juvenile), R,M -e - 0.42
Acanthomysis
sculpta
Mysid (adult), F,M -e - 1.68d
Acanthomysis
sculpta
Mysid (juvenile), F,M -" - 0.61
Acanthomysis
sculpta
Mysid (subadult), S,M TBTO 33-34 1.946
Metamysidopsis
elongata
Mysid (adult), S,M TBTO 33-34 2.433
Metamysidopsis
elongata
Mysid (adult), S,M TBTO 33-34 6.812
Metamysidopsis
elongata
Mysid (<1 day), F.M TBTC1 19-22 1.1
Americamysis bahia
Mysid (5 day), F,M TBTC1 19-22 2.0
Americamysis bahia
Mysid (10 day), F,M TBTC1 19-22 2.2
Americamysis bahia
Amphipod (adult), F,M TBT 10 5.3
Gammarus sp.
Kusk and
Petersen 1997
1.1 Bushongetal.
1987; 1988
Linden et al.
1979
1.911 Linden et al.
1979
Davidson et al.
1986a,1986b
Valkirs et al.
1985
0.61 Valkirs et al.
1985
Salazar and
Salazar 1989
Salazar and
Salazar 1989
3.183 Salazar and
Salazar 1989
Goodman et al.
1988
Goodman et al.
1988
1.692 Goodman et al.
1988
5.3 Bushongetal.
1988
42
-------
Table 1. Acute Toxicity of Tributyltin to Aquatic Animals (continued)
Species
Method" Chemical"
LC50 Species Mean
Salinity or EC50 Acute Value
(g/kg) (usfLY Cug/L) References
Amphipod (adult),
Orchestia traskiana
Amphipod (adult),
Rhepoxynius
dbromus
Amphipod
(3-5 mm; 2-5 mg),
Eohaustorius
estuarius
Amphipod (adult),
Eohaustorius
washingtoruanus
Grass shrimp (adult),
Palaemonetes pugio
Grass shrimp
(subadult),
Palaemonetes sp.
Grass shrimp (adult),
Palaemonetes sp.
Grass shrimp (larva),
Palaemonetes sp.
American lobster
(larva),
Homarus americanus
Shore crab (larva),
Carcinus maenas
Mud crab (larva),
Khithropanopeus
harrisii
Mud crab (larva),
Rhithropanopeus
harrisii
Shore crab (larva),
Hemigrapsus nudus
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
F,U
F,M
R,U
R,U
R,U
R,-
R,U
R,U
SALTWATER SPECIES
TBTO 30 > 14.60f
TBTC1 32.3 108
(96%)
TBTC1 28.8-29.5 10
(96%)
TBTC1 32.7 9
(96%)
TBTO - 20
TBT 10 >31d
TBTO 20 31.41"
TBTO 20 4.07
TBTO 32 1.745'
TBTO - 9.732
TBTS 15 >24.3f
TBTO 15 34.90'
> 14.60 Laughlin et al.
1982
108 Meador 1997
10 Meador 1993;
Meador et al.
1993; Meador
1997
9 Meador 1997
20 Clark et al.
1987
Bushong et al.
1988
Kahn et al.
1993
4.07 Kahn et al.
1993
1.745 Laughlin and
French 1980
9.732 Thain 1983
Laughlin et al.
1983
34.90 Laughlin et al.
1983
R,U TBTO 32 83.28f 83.28 Laughlin and
French 1980
43
-------
Table 1. Acute Toxicity of Tributyltin to Aquatic Animals (continued)
LC50 Species Mean
Species Method"
Amphioxus, F,U
Branchiostoma
caribaeum
Chinook salmon S,M
(juvenile),
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
Atlantic menhaden F,M
(juvenile),
Brevoortia tyrannus
Atlantic menhaden F,M
(juvenile),
Brevoortia tyrannus
Sheepshead minnow S,U
(juvenile),
Cyprinodon
variegatus
Sheepshead minnow S , U
(juvenile),
Cyprinodon
variegatus
Sheepshead minnow S,U
(juvenile),
Cyprinodon
variegatus
Sheepshead minnow F,M
(33-49 mm),
Cyprinodon
variegatus
Sheepshead minnow F,M
Salinity or EC50
Chemical1* (g/kg) (ue/L>c
SALTWATER SPECIES
TBTO - <1Q
TBTO 28 1.460
TBT 10 4.7
TBT 10 5.2
TBTO 20 16.54
TBTO 20 16.54
TBTO 20 12.65
TBTO 28-32 2.315f
TBTO 15 12.31
Acute Value
Cue/L) References
< 10 Clark et al.
1987
1.460 Short and
Thrower
1986b;1987
Bushong et al.
1987; 1988
4.944 Bushong et al.
1987;1988
EG&G
Bionomics
1979
EG&G
Bionomics
1979
EG&G
Bionomics
1979
EG&G
Bionomics
1981d
Walker 1989a
(juvenile),
Cyprinodon
variegatus
Sheepshead minnow
(subadult),
Cyprinodon
variegatus
F,M
TBT
10
25.9
9.037 Bushong et al.
1988
44
-------
Table 1. Acute Toxicity of Tributyltin to Aquatic Animals (continued)
Species
LC50 Species Mean
Salinity or EC50 Acute Value
Method" Chemical11 (g/kg) (uz/LY Cug/L) References
SALTWATER SPECIES
Mummichog (adult), S,U
Fundulus
heteroclitus
Mumichog F,M
(juvenile),
Fundulus
heteroclitus
Mummichog (larva), F,M
Fundulus
heteroclitus
Mummichog F,M
(subadult),
Fundulus
heteroclitus
Inland silverside F,M
(larva),
Menidia beryUina
Atlantic silverside, F,M
Menidia menidia
Starry flounder R,M
(< 1-year-old),
Platichthys stellatus
TBTO
(95%)
TBTO
TBT
TBT
TBT
TBT
TBTCl
(96%)
25
10
10
10
10
30.2
23.36
17.2
23.4
23.8
3.0
8.9
10.1
21.34
8.9
10.1
EG&G
Bionomics
1976
Pinkney et al.
1989a,b
Bushong et al.
1988
Bushong et al.
1988
3.0 Bushong etal.
1987;1988
Bushong et al.
1987;1988
Meador 1997
S = static; R = renewal; F = flow-through; M = measured; U = unmeasured.
TBTCl = tributyltin chloride; TBTF = tributyltin fluoride; TBTO = tributyltin oxide; TBTS = tributyltin
sulfide. Percent purity is given in parentheses when available.
Concentration of (he tributyltin cation, not the chemical. If the concentrations were not measured and the
published results were not reported to be adjusted for purity, the published results were multiplied by the
purity if it was reported to be less than 95 percent. Note; The values underlined in this column were used
to calculate the SMAV for the respective species.
Value not used in determination of Species Mean Acute Value because data are available for a more
sensitive life stage.
The test organisms were exposed to leachate from panels coated with antifouling paint containing a
tributyltin polymer and cuprous oxide. Concentrations of TBT were measured and the authors provided
data to demonstrate the similar toxicity of a pure TBT compound and the TBT from the paint formulation.
LC50 and EC50 calculated or interpolated graphically based on the authors' data.
45
-------
Table 2a. Chronic Toxicity of Tributyltin to Aquatic Animals.
Snprips Test*
J^JCVICJ IN
Cladoceran, LC
Daphnia magnet
Cladoceran, UC
Daphnia tnagna
Fathead minnow, ELS
Pimephales
promelas
Hardness Chronic Chronic
(mg/L as Limits Value
Chemical" CaCO,) fug/L)c (W2/L) References
FRESHWATER SPECIES
TBTO 51.5 0.1-0.2 0.1414 Brooke et al. 1986
(96%)
TBTO 160-174 0.19-0.34 0.2542 ABC Laboratories
(100%) inc. 1990d
TBTO 51.5 0.15-0.45 0.2598 Brooke et al. 1986
(96%)
SALTWATER SPECIES
Atlantic ELS
dogwhinkle,
Nucella lapillus
Copepod, LC
Eurytemora
affinis
Copepod, LC
Eurytemora
affinis
Mysid, LC
Acanthomysis
sculpta
TBTO
(97%)
TBTC1
TBTC1
_d
34-35 0.0074-0.0278f 0.0143 Harding et al.
1996
10.3' < 0.088 < 0.088 Hall et al.
1987;1988a
14.6° 0.094-0.224 0.145 Hall et al.
1987;1988a
0.09-0.19 0.1308 Davidson et al.
1986a,1986b
a LC = Life-cycle or partial life-cycle; ELS = early life-stage.
b TBTO = tributyltin oxide; TBTC1 = tributyltin chloride. Percent purity is given in parentheses when
available.
c Measured concentrations of the tributyltin cation.
" The test organisms were exposed to leachate from panels coated with antifouling paint containing a tributyltin
polymer and cuprous oxide. Concentrations of TBT were measured and the authors provided data to
demonstrate the similar toxicity of a pure TBT compound and the TBT from the paint formulation.
' Salinity (g/kg).
f TBT concentrations are those reported by Bailey et al. (1991). See text for explanation.
46
-------
Table 2b. Acute-Chronic Ratios
Acute-Chronic Ratios
Species
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Copepod,
Eurytemora affinis
Copepod,
Eurytemora affinis
Mysid,
Acanthomysis sculpta
Snail,
Nucella lapilhis
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCO,)
51.5
160-174
51.5
-
-
-
34-35"
Acute
Value
(we/L)
4.3
11.2
2.6
2.2
2.2
0.611
72.7
Chronic Value
(U2/L)
0.1414
0.2542
0.2598
< 0.088
0.145
0.1308
0.0143
Ratio
30.41
44.06
10.01
> 25.00
15.17
4.664
5,084
Reference
Brooke et al. 1986
ABC Laboratories,
Inc. 1990d
Brooke et al. 1986
Hall et al.
1987;1988a
Hall et al.
1987;1988a
Davidson et al.
1986a,1986b
Harding et al. 1996
3 Reported by Valkirs et al. (1985).
b Salinity (g/kg).
47
-------
Table 3. Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios
ank"
Genus Mean
Acute Value
Species
Species Mean Species Mean
Acute Value Acute-Chronic
(u&fL) b Ratio c
FRESHWATER SPECIES
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
24,600
12.73
10.2
8.3
5.5
5.4
4.571
4.3
3.7
2.6
1.80
1.170
Freshwater clam,
Elliptic camplanatus
Lake trout,
Salvelinus naymaycush
Mosquito,
Culex sp.
Bluegill,
Lepomis macrochirus
Channel catfish,
Ictalurus punctatus
Annelid,
iMmbriculus variegatus
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mytdss
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Amphipod,
Gammarus pseudolimnaeus
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Hydra,
Chlorohydra viridissmia
Hydra,
Hydra littoralis
Hydra,
Hydra oligactis
24,600
12.73
10.2
8.3
5.5
5.4
4.571
4.3 36.60
3.7
2.6 10.01
1.80
1.201
1.14
48
-------
Table 3. Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios (continued)
Lank"
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
Genus Mean
Acute Value
fcte/L)
204.4
108
83.28
72.7
34.90
25
21.34
> 14.60
10.1
<10
9.732
9.487
9.037
9.022
Species Mean Species Mean
Acute Value Acute-Chronic
Species
SALTWATER SPECIES
European flat oyster,
Ostrea edulis
Amphipod,
Rhepoxyrdus abronius
Shore crab,
Hemigrapsus nudus
Atlantic dogwhinkle,
Nucella lapillus
Mud crab,
Rhithropanopeus harrisii
Polychaete,
Armandia brevis
Mummichog,
Fundulus heteroclitus
Amphipod,
Orchestia traskiana
Starry flounder,
Platichthys stellatus
Amphioxus
Branchiostoma caribaeum
Shore crab,
Carcinus maenas
Amphipod,
Eohaustorius estuarius
Amphipod,
Eohaustorius washingtonianus
Sheepshead minnow,
Cyprinodon variegatus
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio
Grass shrimp,
(tte/L)11 Ratio'
204.4
108
83.28
72.7
34.90
25
21.34
>14.60
10.1
<10
9.732
10.0
9
9.037
20
4.07
Palaemonetes sp.
49
-------
Table 3. Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios (continued)
Rank8
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
Genus Mean
Acute Value
(we/L)
6.812
5.3
5.167
4.944
-4.74
3.183
2.483
2.238
1.975
1.911
1.745
1.692
1.65
1.460
Species
Species Mean
Acute Value
(ug/L)b
Species Mean
Acute-Chronic
Ratioc
SALTWATER SPECIES
Polychaete, 6.812
Neanthes arenacedentata
Amphipod, 5.3
Gammarus sp.
Inland silverside, 3.0
Menidia beryttina
Atlantic silverside, 8.9
Menidia menidia
Atlantic manhaden, 4.944
Brevoortia tyrannus
Lugworm, -4.74
Arenicola cristata
Mysid, 3.183
Metamysidopsis elongata
Pacific oyster, 1.557
Crassostrea gigas
Eastern oyster, 3.96
Crassostrea virginica
Blue mussel, 2.238
Mytilus edulis
Copepod, 1.975
Eurytemora affinis
Copepod, 1.911
Nitocra spinipes
American lobster, 1.745
Homarus americanus
Mysid, 1.692
Amerdcamysis bahia
Hard clam, 1.65
Mercenaria mercenaria
Chinook salmon, 1.460
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
15.17
50
-------
Table 3. Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios (continued)
Genus Mean Species Mean Species Mean
Acute Value Acute Value Acute-Chronic
Rank* (ug/L) Species (ug/L)b Ratioc
SALTWATER SPECIES
2
1
1.1
0.61
Copepod,
Acartia tonsa
Mysid,
Acanthomysis sculpta
1.1
0.61
~
4.664
* Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value. Inclusion of "greater
than" value does not necessarily imply a true ranking, but does allow use of all genera for which data are
available so that the Final Acute Value is not unnecessarily lowered.
b From Table 1.
c From Table 2.
Fresh Water
Final Acute Value = 0.9177 ^g/L
Criterion Maximum Concentration = (0.9177 Aig/L) H- 2 = 0.4589,wg/L
Final Acute-Chronic Ratio = 12.69 (see text)
Final Chronic Value = (0.9177/^g/L) -5- 12.69 = 0.0723 ^g/L
Salt Water
Final Acute Value = 0.8350^g/L
Criterion Maximum Concentration = (0.8350/ug/L) * 2 = 0.4175Mg/L
Final Acute-Chronic Ratio = 12.69 (see text)
Final Chronic Value = (0.8350//g/L) -H 12.69 = 0.0658 pg/L
Final Chronic Value = 0.0074 /^g/L (lowered to protect growth of commercially important molluscs, survival
of the ecologically important copepod Acartia tonsa, and survival of the ecologically important gastropod
NuceUa lapilhis; see text)
51
-------
Table 4. Toxicity of Tribntyltin to Aquatic Plants
Species
Chemical"
Hardness
(mg/L as Duration
CaCCs) (days) Effect
Concentration
CuE/L)b Reference
Alga, TBTC1
Bumilleriopsis
filiformis
Alga, TBTC1
Klebsormidium
marinum
Alga, TBTC1
Monodus
subterraneus
Alga, TBTC1
Raphidonema
longiseta
Alga, TBTC1
Tribonema
aequale
Blue-green alga, TBTC1
Oscillatoria sp.
Blue-green alga, TBTC1
Synechococcus
leopoliensis
Green alga, TBTC1
Chlamydomonas
dysosmas
Green alga, TBTC1
ChloreUa
emersonii
Green alga, TBTC1
Kirchneriella
contorta
Green alga, TBTC1
Monoraphidium
pusillum
Green alga, TBTC1
Scenedesmus
obtusiuscuUis
FRESHWATER SPECIES
14 No growth
14 No growth.
14 No growth
14 No growth
14 No growth
14 No growth
14 No growth
14 No growth
14 No growth
14 No growth
14 No growth
14 No growth
111.4
222.8
1,782
56.1
111.4
222.8
111.4
111.4
445.5
111.4
111.4
445.5
Blanck 1986;
Blanck et al. 1984
Blanck 1986;
Blanck et al. 1984
Blanck 1986;
Blanck et al. 1984
Blanck 1986;
Blanck et al. 1984
Blanck 1986;
Blanck et al. 1984
Blanck 1986;
Blanck et al. 1984
Blanck 1986;
Blanck et al. 1984
Blanck 1986;
Blanck et al. 1984
Blanck 1986;
Blanck et al. 1984
Blanck 1986;
Blanck et al. 1984
Blanck 1986;
Blanck et al. 1984
Blanck 1986;
Blanck et al. 1984
52
-------
Table 4. Toxicity of Tributyltin to Aquatic Plants (continued)
Green alga,
Scenedesmus
quadricauda
Green alga,
Scenedesmus
quadricauda
Green alga,
Scenedesmus
quadricauda
Green alga,
Scenedesmus
obliquus
Green alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
Green alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
Chemical*
TBTC1
TBTO
TBTO
Hardness
(mg/L as Duration
CaCO,) (days) Effect
Concentration
dug/L)b Reference
TBT
TBTC1
TBTC1
-
0.67
72.7
FRESHWATER SPECIES
12 Reduced
growth
(87.6%)
7 EC50
chlorophyll
production
12 Reduced
growth
87.6%
95.9%
100%
4 EC50
(reduced
growth)
1 Fargasova and
Kizlink 1996
5.0 Fargasova 1996
Fargasova and
Kizlink 1996
1
10
100
3.4 Huang et al. 1993
14 No growth 111.4 Blanck 1986;
Blanck et al. 1984
EC50 12.4 Miana et al. 1993
SALTWATER SPECIES
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
Diatom,
Nitzschia sp.
TBTO
TBTO 30°
(BioMet
Red)
TBTO 30"
TBTO
5 Algistati<
Algicidal
14 EC50
(dry cell
weight)
14 EC50
(dry cell
weight)
8 EC50
(reduced
growth)
0.9732-17.52 Thain 1983
> 17.52
> 0.1216; EG&G Bionomics
< 0.2433 1981c
0.06228 EG&G Bionomics
1981c
1.19 Delupisetal. 1987
53
-------
Table 4. Toxicity of Tributyltin to Aquatic Plants (continued)
Species
Chemical8
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCO,)
Duration
(days) Effect
Concentration
(ug/L)b Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Flagellate alga, TBTO
Dunaliella
tertiolecta
Mixed algae, TBT
Dunaliella
salina and
D. viridis
8 EC50
(reduced
growth)
4 EC50
(reduced
growth)
4.53 Delupis et al
0.68 Huang et al.
. 1987
1993
1 TBTC1 = tributyltin chloride; TBTO = tributyltin oxide. Percent purity is given hi parentheses when
available.
b Concentration of the tributyltin cation, not the chemical. If the concentrations were not measured and the
published results were not reported to be adjusted for purity, the published results were multiplied by the
purity if it was reported to be less than 95 %.
c Salinity (g/kg).
54
-------
Table 5. Bioaccumulation of Tributyltin by Aquatic Organisms
Species
Zebra mussel
(1.76 ą0.094 cm),
Dreissena
pofymorpha
Rainbow trout
(13.8 g),
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Rainbow trout
(32.7 g),
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Carp
(9.5-11.5 cm;
20.0-27.5 g);
Cyprinus carpio
Carp
(8.5-9.5 cm;
16.5-22.1 g);
Cyprinus carpio
Goldfish
(3. 5-4.0 cm;
1. 6-2.9 g);
Carassius auratus
Guppy
(Ĩ ; 2.4-2.7 cm;
0.41-0.55 g);
Poedlia
retiadatus
Guppy
(2.4-2.7 cm;
0.41-0.55 g);
Poedlia
retiadatus
Chemical"
TBT
TBTO
(97%)
TBTO
(97%)
TBTO
TBTO
TBTC1
TBTC
(95%)
TBTO
(95%)
Hardness Cone.
(mg/L as in Water Duration
(CaCo,) (Me/L)b (days) Tissue
FRESHWATER SPECIES
0.0703 105 Soft parts
135 0.513 64 Whole body
135 1.026 15 Liver
Gall bladder/bile
Kidney
Carcass
Peritoneal fat
Gill
Blood
Gut
Muscle
2.1 14 Muscle
34.5-39.0 1.8 14 Whole body
(pH=6.0)
1.6
(pH=6.8)
1.7
(pH=7.8)
36 0.13 28 Whole body
0.28 14 Whole body
0.54 14 Whole body
BCF
or
BAF
17,483d
406
1,179
331
2,242
1,345
5,419
1,014
653
487
312
501.2
-1190
-1523
-2250
1,976
240
460
Reference
Becker-van
Slooten and
Tarradellas 1994
Martin et al.
1989
Martin et al.
1989
Tsuda et al.
1988a
Tsuda et al.
1990a
Tsuda et al.
1991b
Tsuda et al.
1990b
Tsuda et al.
1990b
55
-------
Table 5. Bioaccumulation of TributyKin by Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Species
Snail (adults),
Littorina littorina
Atlantic
dogwhinkie
(female),
Nucella lapillus
Atlantic
dogwhinkie
(female),
Nucella lapillus
Atlantic dog
whinkle
(18-22 mm),
Nucella lapillus
Atlantic
dogwhinkie
(1 year-old),
Nucella lapillus
Atlantic
dogwhinkie
(1 year-old),
Nucella lapillus
Blue mussel
(spat),
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel
(adult),
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel
(juvenile),
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel,
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel
(juvenile),
Mytilus edulis
Cone.
Salinity in Water
Chemical" (g/kg) (us/L)b
Duration
(days)
Tissue
BCF
or
BAF
Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
TBTC1 - 0.488
0.976
TBT - 0.0038 to
0.268
Field - 0.070
TBTC1 35 0.0205
TBTO 34-35 0.0027
0.0077
0.0334
0.1246
TBTO 34-35 0.0026
0.0074
0.0278
0.1077
28.5-34.2 0.24
Field - <0.1
Field - <0.1
0.452
0.204
0.204
0.079
Field - < 0.105
182
182
249 to
408
529 to
634
49
365
365
365
365
365
365
365
365
45
60
60
56
84
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
-
-
Soft parts
Soft parts
1,420
1,020
11,000
to
38,000
17,000
30,000
18,727
21,964
16,756
7,625
<7782
10,121
8,088
6,172
6,833f
11,000
25,000
23,000
27,000
10,400
37,500
5,000-
60,000
Bauer et al. 1997
Bryan et al.
1987a
Bryan et al.
1987a
Bryan et al.
1989b
Bailey et al.
1991
Harding et al.
1996
Thain and
Waldock 1985;
Thain 1986
Salazar and
Salazar 1990a
Salazar and
Salazar 1990a
Salazar et al.
1987
Salazar and
Salazar, 1991
56
-------
Table 5. Bioaccumulation of Tributyltin by Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Species
Cone.
Salinity in Water
ChemicaP (a/kg) (M2/L)"
Duration
(days)
Tissue
BCF
or
BAF
Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Blue mussel
(3.0 -3.5 cm),
Mytihts edulis
Eastern Oyster
(6-9 cm length),
Crassostrea
virginica
Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea gigas
Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea gigas
Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea gigas
Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea gigas
Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea gigas
Pacific oyster
(spat),
Crassostrea gigas
European flat
oyster,
Ostrea edulis
European flat
oyster,
Ostrea edulis
European flat
oyster,
Ostrea edulis
European flat
oyster,
Ostrea edulis
TBTC1 25.1-26.3 0.020
18ą1 0.283
TBTO 28-31.5 1.216
TBTO 28-31.5 0.1460
28.5-34.2 ' 0.24
TBTO 29-32 1.557
TBTO 29-32 0.1460
TBTO - 0.29
0.92
2.83
TBTO 28-31.5 1.216
TBTO 28-34.2 0.24
TBTO 28-34.2 2.62
28.5-34.2 0.24
60
28
21
21
45
56
56
30
21
75
75
45
Muscle and
mantle
Muscle and
mantle
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
7,700
11,000
15,460
l,874f
6,047f
7,292f
2,300
11,400
2275
1369
621
960f
875f
397f
l,167f
Guolan and
Yong 1995
Roberts et al.
1996
Waldock et al.
1983
Waldock et al.
1983
Thain and
Waldock 1985;
Thain 1986
Waldock and
Thain 1983
Waldock and
Thain 1983
Osada et al.
1993
Waldock et al.
1983
Waldock et al.
1983
Thain 1986
Thain and
Waldock 1985;
Thain 1986
57
-------
Table 5. Bioaccumulation of Tributyltin by Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Species
Chemical"
Cone.
Salinity in Water Duration
(g/kg) (MC/L)" (days)
Tissue
BCF
or
BAF
Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
European flat
oyster,
Ostrea edulis
-" 28.5-34.2 2.62 45 Soft parts
192.3' Thain and
Waldock 1985;
Thain 1986
1TBTO = tributyltin oxide; Field = field study. Percent purity is given in parentheses when available.
b Measured concentration of the tributyltin cation.
c Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) are based on measured concentrations of TBT in water
and tissue.
d BCF normalized to 1 % lipid concentration and converted to wet weight estimate based upon 85% moisture.
e Test organisms were exposed to leachate from panels coated with antifouling paint containing tributyltin.
f BCFs were calculated based on the increase above the concentration of TBT in control organisms.
58
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms
Species
Microcosm
natural
assemblage
Microcosm
natural
assemblage
Chemical"
TBTO
Hardness
(mg/Las
CaCOJ Duration
Effect
Concentration
(ug/L)b Reference
TBTO
FRESHWATER SPECIES
55 days Daphnia magna
disappeared; Ostracoda
increased; algae increased
immediately then gradually
disappeared
24 days Metabolism reduced
(2.5 days)
Metabolism returned to
normal (14.1 days)
Metabolism reduced
(1 day)
Metabolism returned to
normal (16 days)
80
4.7
14.9
Delupis and
Miniero 1989
Miniero and
Delupis 1991
Alga,
Natural
assemblage
Blue-green alga,
Anabaena
flos-aquae
Green alga,
Antestrodesmus
fedcatus
Green alga, TBTO
Artastrodesmus (97%)
falcatus
Green alga,
Scenedesmus
quadricauda
Hydra, TBTO
Hydra sp. (96%)
Rotifer, TBTC1
Braddonus -
catyciflorus
Asiatic clam TBTO
(larva),
Corbiada
ftumwea
4hr
4hr
4hr
7 days
14 days
21 days
28 days
4hr
51.0 96hr
24hr
24hr
EC50
(production)
EC50
(production)
EC50
(production)
(reproduction)
BCF = 300
BCF = 253
BCF = 448
BCF = 467
EC50
(production)
EC50
(clubbed tentacles)
EC50 (hatching)
EC50
5
13
20
5
5.2
4.7
2.1
1.5
16
0.5
72
1,990
Wong et al.
1982
Wong et al.
1982
Wong et al.
1982
Maguire et al.
1984
Wong et al.
1982
Brooke et al.
1986
Crisinel et al.
1994
Foster 1981
59
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Species
Hardness
(mg/Las
Chemical' CaCCX.) Duration
Concentration
Effect
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Cladoceran, TBTO
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran TBTC
(<24hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran TBTO
(<24hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran TBTC1
(adult),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran TBTC1
(14-d-old),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran TBTC1
(<24-hold),
Daphnia magna
Fairy shrimp TBTC1
(cysts),
Streptocephalus
texanus
Rainbow trout TBTO
(yearling),
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Rainbow trout, TBTO
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Rainbow trout TBTC1
(embryo, larva),
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Rainbow trout TBTC1
(fry),
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
24hr
200 24hr
200 24hr
8 days
150 7 days
312.8 48 hr
250 24hr
24hr
48 hr
24hr
94-102 110 days
96-105 110 days
LC50
EC50
(mobility)
EC50
(mobility)
Altered phototaxis
Altered behavior
Reproductive failure
Digestive storage cells
reduced
EC50
(mobility)
EC50 (hatching)
LC50
EC50
(rheotaxis)
20% reduction in growth
23 % reduction in growth;
6.6% mortality
100% mortality
NOEC (mortality and
growth)
LOEC (mortality and
growth)
3
11.6
13.6
0.45
1
1
5
9.8
15
25.2
18.9
30.8
0.18
0.89
4.46
0.040
0.200
Polster and
Halacha 1972
Vighiand
Calamari 1985
Vighi and
Calamari 1985
Meador 1986
Bodar et al.
1990
Miana et al.
1993
Crisinel et al.
1994
Alabaster
1969
Chliamovitch
and Kuhn
1977
Seinen et al.
1981
de Vries et al.
1991
60
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Species
Hardness
(mg/L as
Chemical" CaCOQ Duration
Effect
Concentration
(ue/L)"
Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Rainbow trout
(3 wk),
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Goldfish
(2.8-3.5 cm;
0.9-1.7 g),
Carassius
auratus
Carp
(10.0-11.0 cm;
22.9-30.4 g),
Cyprinus carpio
Guppy (3-4 wk),
Poecilia
reticulata
Guppy (4 wk),
Poecilia
reticulata
Frog
(embryo, larva),
Rana temporaria
TBTO
TBTO
TBTO
(98%)
400
TBTO
(reagent
grade)
TBTO
TBTO
28 days BCF = 3,833 (whole body)
BCF = 2,850 (whole body)
BCF = 2,700 (whole body)
BCF = 1,850 (whole body)
Cell necrosis within gill
lamellae
28 days BCF = 3,833 (whole body)
BCF = 2,850 (whole body)
BCF = 2,700 (whole body)
BCF = 1,850 (whole body)
Cell necrosis within gill
lamellae
21 days Reduced growth
Reduced avoidance
BCF = 540 (no head;
no plateau)
BCF = 990 (no head;
no plateau
14 days BCF = 1230 (no plateau)
209
TBTO
TBTO
TBTF
TBTO
TBTF
7 days BCF in muscle = 295
Half-life = 1.67 days
3 mo Thymus atrophy
Hyperplasia of kidney
hemopoietic tissue
Marked liver vacuolation
Hyperplasia of corneal
epithelium
1 mo NOEC
3 mo NOEC
5 days LC40
LC50
Loss of body water
Loss of body water
0.6
1.0
2.0
4.0
4.0
0.6
1.0
2.0
4.0
4.0
0.5
Schwaiger et
al. 1992
2.0
1.80
0.32
1.0
1.0
10.0
1.0
0.32
28.4
28.2
28.4
28.2
Schwaiger et
al. 1992
Triebskorn et
al. 1994
Tsuda et al.
1988b
Tsuda et al.
1987
Wester and
Canton 1987
Wester and
Canton 1991
Laughlin and
Linden 1982
61
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Species
Chemical*
Salinity
(g/kg)
Duration
Effect
Concentration
(ug/L)b Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Natural
microbial
populations
Natural
microbial
populations
Fouling
communities
Fouling
communities
Microcosm
(seagrass bed)
Microcosm
(seagrass bed)
Periphyton
communities
Periphyton
communities
Green alga,
Dunaliella
tertiolecta
Green alga,
Dunaliella sp.
Green alga,
Dunaliella sp.
Green alga,
Dunaliella
tertiolecta
Diatom,
Phaeodoctylum
tricomutum
Diatom,
Nitzsctua sp.
Diatom,
Nitzschia sp.
TBTC1 2 and 17 1 hr
(incubated
10 days)
TBTC1 2 and 17 1 hr
(incubated
10 days)
33-36 2 months
126 days
TBT 21.5-28.9 6 wks
TBTC1 - 6 wks
TBTC1 - 15 min
TBTO - 15 min
TBTO 34-40 18 days
TBTO - 72 hr
TBTO - 72 hr
TBTO - 8 days
TBTO - 72 hr
TBTO - 8 days
TBTO - 8 days
Significant decrease in
metaboli sm of nutrient
substrates
50% mortality
Reduced species and
diversity; no effect at 0.04
No effect
Fate of TBT
Sediments 81-88%
Plants 9-17%
Animals 2-4%
Reduced plant material loss;
loss of amphipod Cymadusa
compta
EC50 (reduced
photosynthesis
EC50 (reduced
photosynthesis
Population growth
Approx. EC50 (growth)
100% mortality
EC50
No effect on growth
EC50
EC50
4.454
89.07
0.1
0.204
0.2-20
22.21
28.7
27.9
1.0
1.460
2.920
4.53
1.460-5.839
1.19
1.19
Jonas et al.
1984
Jonas et al.
1984
Henderson
1986
Salazar et al.
1987
Levine et al.
1990
Kelly et al.
1990a
Blanckand
Dahll996
Blanckand
Dahll996
Beaumont and
Newman 1986
Salazar 1985
Salazar 1985
Delupis et al.
1987
Salazar 1985
Delupis et al.
1987
Delupis et al.
1987
62
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Salinity
Species Chemical* (g/kg) Duration
Effect
Concentration
(Mg/L)b Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Diatom,
Nitzschia
closterium
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
Diatom,
Skektonema
costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
Diatom,
Chaetoceros
debilis
TBTC1 - 7 days
TBTA 30 72 hr
TBTA 30 72 hr
TBTO 34-40 12-18 days
TBTO 30 72 hr
TBTO 30 72 hr
TBTC1 30 72 hr
TBTC1 30 72 hr
TBTF 30 72 hr
TBTF 30 72 hr
TBTC1 30.5 96 hr
TBTC1 - 7 days
TBTC1 - 7 days
EC50 (growth)
EC50
(population growth)
LC50
Population growth
EC50
(population growth)
LC50
EC50
(population growth)
LC50
EC50
(population growth)
LC50
NOEC
EC50 (growth)
EC50 (growth)
1.16
0.3097
12.65
1.0
0.3212
13.82
0.3207
10.24
> 0.23 46,
> 0.4693
11.17
1
3.48
1.16
Nakagawa and
Saeki 1992
Walsh et al.
1985;1987
Walsh et al.
1985; 1987
Beaumont and
Newman 1986
Walsh et al.
1985;1987
Walsh et al.
1985
Walsh et al.
1985; 1987
Walsh et al.
1985; 1987
Walsh et al.
1985;1987
Walsh et al.
1985
Reader and
Pelletier 1992
Nakagawa and
Saeki 1992
Nakagawa and
Saeki 1992
63
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Species
Chemical8
Salinity
(g/kg)
Duration
Effect
Concentration
(Mg/L)b Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Diatom, TBTC1
ChattoneUa
antiqua
Diatom, TBTC1
Tetraselmis
tetrathele
Diatom, TBTO
Minutocellus
polymorphic
Diatom, TCTC1
Minutocellus
potymorphus
Diatom, TBTA
Thalassiosira
pseudonana
Diatom, TBTO
Thalassiosira
pseudonana
Alga, TBTO
Pavlova lutheri
Alga, TBTO
Pavlova lutheri
Dinoflagellate, TBTO
Gymnodinium
splendens
Macroalgae, TBT
Fucus
vesiculosus
Giant kelp TBT
(zoospores),
Macrocystis
pyrifera
Polychaete worm TBTC1
(juvenile), (96%)
Neanthes
arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm TBTC1
(adult), (96%)
Armandia brevis
1 days
7 days
48 hr
48 hr
30 72 hr
30 72 hr
34-40 12-26 days
16 days
72hr
6 7 days
32-33 48 hr
30 10 wks
28.5 10 days
EC50 (growth)
EC50 (growth)
EC50
EC50
EC50
(population growth)
EC50
(population growth)
Population growth
NOEC
LOEC
100% mortality
Photosynthesis and nutrient
uptake reduced
EC50 (germination)
EC50 (growth)
NOEC (survival)
LOEC (survival)
BCF = 5,100 (no plateau)
2.05
6.06
-340
-330
1.101
1.002
1.0
5.36
21.46
1.460
0.6
11.256
13.629
0.100
0.500
233
Nakagawa and
Saeki 1992
Nakagawa and
Saeki 1992
Walsh et al.
1988
Walsh et al.
1988
Walsh et al.
1985
Walsh et al.
1985; 1987
Beaumont and
Newman 1986
Saint-Louis et
al. 1994
Salazar 1985
Lindblad et al.
1989
Brix et al.
1994a
Moore et al.
1991
Meador 1997
64
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Salinity
Chemical8 (g/kg)
Duration
Effect
Concentration
(ug/L)b Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Rotifer
(neonates),
Brachionus
pticatitis
Hydroid,
Campanularia
flexuosa
Pale sea
anemone
(1-2 cm oral
disc),
Aiptasia pattida
Sand dollar
(sperm),
Dendraster
excentricus
Starfish (79 g),
Leptasterias
polaris
DogwMnkle
(adult),
Nucella lapillus
Dogwhinkle
(adult),
Nucella lapillus
DogwMnkle
(subadult),
Nucella lapillus
Mussel
(juvenile),
Mytilus sp.
TBT 15 SOmin Induction of the stress 20-30
protein gene SP58
Cochrane et
al. 1991
Blue mussel
(larva),
Mytilus edutis
Blue mussel
(larva),
Mytilus edutis
TBTF 35 11 days Colony growth stimulation;
no growth
0.01 Stebbing 1981
1.0
TBT - 28 days Reduced (90.4%) symbiotic
zooxanthellae populations;
incresed bacterial
aggregates; fewer
undischarged nematocysts
TBT 32-33 80 min EC50 (mortality) 0.465
TBTC1 25.9 48 hr BCF = 41,374 (whole 0.072
body)
120 days 41% Imposex 0.05
(superimposition of male
anatomical characteristics
on females)
TBTC1 35 6 months Imposex induced iO.012
TBTC1 35 22 BCF = -20,000 0.019
Field - 12 weeks NOEC tissue concentration
growth = 0.5 ^g/g
LOEC tissue concentration
growth = 1.5 ,ug/g
NOEC (growth) ' 0.025
LOEC (growth) 0.100
BAF = 5,000-100,000 < 0.105
TBTO - 24 hr No effect on sister 1.0
chromatid exchange
TBTO - 4 days Reduced survival iO.l
0.05 Mercier et al.
1997
Brix et al.
1994b
Rouleau et al.
1995
Bryan et al.
1986
Stroben et al.
1992b
Bryan et al.
1993
Salazar and
Salazar 1990b,
1996
Dixon and
Prosser 1986
Dixon and
Prosser 1986
65
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Chemical"
Salinity
(g/kg)
Duration
Effect
Concentration
(ug/L)b Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Blue mussel
(spat),
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel
(larva),
Mytilus editlis
Blue mussel
(larva),
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel
(juvenile),
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel
(juvenile),
Mytihts edulis
Blue mussel
(juvenile),
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel
(juvenile),
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel
(juvenile),
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel
(juvenile),
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel
(juvenile),
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel
(2.5 to 4.1 cm),
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel
(2.5 to 4.1 cm),
Mytilus edulis
TBTO
TBTO
TBT
(field)
TBT
(field)
TBT
(field)
28.5-34.2 45 days 100% mortality
33 15 days 51% mortality; reduced
growth
45 days Reduced growth
33.7 7 days Significant reduction in
growth
1-2 wk Reduced growth; at <0.2
Mg/L environmental factors
most important
12 wks Reduced growth
12 wks Reduced growth at tissue
cone. of2.Qfj.glg
56 days Reduced condition
196 days Reduced growth (no effect
at day 56 of 0.2
56 days No effect on growth
66 days LC50
66 days Significant decrease in shell
growth
2.6
0.0973
0.24
0.3893
0.2
0.157
0.070
0.160
0.97
0.31
Thain and
Waldock
1985; Thain
1986
Beaumont and
Budd 1984
Thain and
Waldock 1986
Stromgren and
Bongard 1987
Salazar and
Salazar 1990b
Salazar and
Salazar 1988
Salazar and
Salazar 1988
Salazar et al.
1987
Salazar and
Salazar 1987
Salazar and
Salazar 1987
Valkirs et al.
1985, 1987
Valkirs et al.
1985
66
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Salinity
Species Chemical8 (g/kg) Duration
Effect
Concentration
(ug/LV
Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Blue mussel
(juveniles and
adults),
Mytihis sp.
Blue mussel
(3.0-3.5 cm),
Mytihis edutts
Blue mussel
(4 cm),
Mytihis eduJis
Blue mussel
(8-d-old larvae),
Mytilus edulis
Scallop (adult),
Himites
multirugosus
Pacific oyster
(larva),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(larva),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(spat),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(spat),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(spat),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(spat),
Crassostrea
gigas
TBT
(field)
TBT
TBTC1
TBT
TBTO
TBTO
14 days
28.5-34.2 45 days
84 days BCF
2 days Reduced ability to survive
anoxia
2.5 days Increased respiration 0.15
fj.glg tissue
Reduced food absorption
efficiency 10 ^g/g
33 days NOEC (growth)
LOEC (growth)
110 days No effect on condition
30 days 100% mortality
113 days 30% mortality and
abnormal development
48 days Reduced growth
Reduced oxygen
consumption and feeding
rates
40% mortality; reduced
growth
3,000-100,000 Salazar and
Salazar 1996
Wang et al.
1992
Widdows and
Page 1993
28.5-34.2 45 days 90% mortality
0.006
0.050
0.204
2.0
0.2
0.020
0.050
0.24
2.6
Lapota et al.
1993
Salazar et al.
1987
Alzieu et al.
1980
Alzieu et al.
1980
Lawler and
Aldrich 1987
Lawler and
Aldrich 1987
Thain and
Waldock 1985
Thain and
Waldock 1985
67
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Salinity
Chemical" (g/kg) Duration
Effect
Concentration
(qg/L)b Reference
Pacific oyster
(spat),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(spat),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(spat),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(spat),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(adult),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(larva),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(larva),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(embryo),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(embryo),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(larva),
Crassostrea
gigas
__c
TBT
TBTO
TBTO
TBT
(field)
TBTF
TBTF
TBTA
TBTA
TBTA
SALTWATER SPECIES
45 days Reduced growth
49 days Shell thickening
29-32 56 days No growth
29-32 56 days Reduced growth
Shell thickening
18-21 21 days Reduced number of
normally developed larvae
18-21 15 days 100% mortality
28 24 hr Abnormal development;
30-40% mortality
24 hr Abnormal development
24 hr Abnormal development
0.24 Thain and
Waldock 1986
0.020 Thain et al.
1987
1.557 Waldock and
Thain 1983
0.1460 Waldock and
Thain 1983
^0.014 Wolniakowski
etal. 1987
0.02346 Springborn
Bionomics,
Inc. 1984a
0.04692 Springborn
Bionomics,
Inc. 1984a
4.304 His and
Robert 1980
0.8604 Robert and
His 1981
^0.9 Robert and
His 1981
68
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Salinity
Species Chemical' (g/kg) Duration
Effect
Concentration
(Mg/L)b Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Pacific oyster
(larva),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster -
(150-300 mg),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(3.5-25 mm),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(fertilized eggs),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(straight-hinge
larvae),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(spat),
Crassostrea
gigas
Pacific oyster
(24-h-old),
Crassostrea
gigas
Eastern oyster
(2.7-5.3 cm),
Crassostrea
virginica
Eastern oyster
(2.7-5.3 cm),
Crassostrea
virginica
Eastern oyster
(adult),
Crassostrea
virginica
TBTA
TBT
(field)
TBTO
TBTO
TBTO
TBTA
48 hr 100% mortality
56 days No effect on growth
2-5 mo Reduced growth rate
Normal growth rate
24 hr LC50
Delayed development
24 hr LC50
48 hr LC50
12 days LC50
67 days Decrease in condition index
(body weight)
67 days No effect on survival
33-36 57 days Decrease in condition index
2.581
0.157
0.040
0.010
7.0
1.8
15.0
35.0
0.04
0.73
1.89
0.1
Robert and
His 1981
Salazar et al.
1987
Stephenson
1991
Osada et al.
1993
Osada et al.
1993
Osada et al.
1993
His 19%
Valkirs et al.
1985
Valkirs et al.
1985
Henderson
1986
69
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Salinity
Chemical" (g/kg) Duration
Effect
Concentration
(x/g/L)b Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Eastern oyster
(adult),
Crassostrea
virginica
Eastern oyster
(embryo),
Crassostrea
virginica
Eastern oyster
(juvenile),
Crassostrea
virginica
Eastern oyster
(adult),
Crassostrea
virginica
Eastern oyster
(adult),
Crassostrea
virginica
European flat
oyster (spat),
Ostrea edulis
European flat
oyster (spat),
Ostrea edulis
European flat
oyster (spat),
Ostrea edulis
European flat
oyster (spat),
Ostrea edulis
European flat
oyster (adult),
Ostrea edulis
European flat
oyster (adult),
Ostrea edulis
33-36 30 days LC50
TBTC1 18-22
48 hr
Abnormal shell
development
TBTO 11-12 96 hr EC50; shell growth
8 wks No affect on sexual
development, fertilization
TBT - 21 wks Immune response not
weakened
TBTO 30 20 days Significant reduction in
growth
28.5-34.2 45 days Decreased growth
28.5-34.2 45 days 70% mortality t
20 days Reduced growth
28-34 75 days Complete inhibition of
larval production
28-34 75 days Retardation of sex change
from male to female
2.5
0.77
0.31
1.142
0.1
0.01946
0.2392
2.6
0.02
0.24
Henderson
1986
Roberts 1987
Walker 1989b
Roberts et al.
1987
Anderson et
al. 1996
Thainand
Waldock 1985
Thain and
Waldock
1985; Thain
1986
Thain and
Waldock
1985; Thain
1986
Thain and
Waldock 1986
Thain 1986
0.24 Thain 1986
70
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Species
Chemical'
Salinity
(g/kg)
Duration
Effect
Concentration
Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
European flat
oyster (adult),
Ostrea edulis
European flat
oyster
(140-280 mg),
Ostrea edulis
Native Pacific
oyster
(100-300 mg),
Ostrea hiricla
Quahog clam
(embryo, larva),
Mercenaria
mercenaria
Clam (adult),
Macoma nasuta
Quahog clam
(veligers),
Mercenaria
mercenaria
Quahog clam
(post larva),
Mercenaria
mercenaria
Quahog clam
(larva),
Mercenaria
mercenaria
Common Pacific
Littleneck
(adult),
Protothaca
stamina
Copepod
(subadult),
Eurytemora
qffinis
Copepod
(subadult),
Eurytemora
affinis
28-34 75 days
Prevented gonadal
development
TBTO
TBTO
TBTO
TBTC1
TBTO
TBT
TBT
56 days No effect on growth
56 days No effect on growth
14 days Reduced growth
110 days No effect on condition
8 days Approx. 35% dead;
reduced growth;
2:1.0 jig/L 100 mortality
25 days 100% mortality
18-22 48 bi Delayed development
33-34 96 hr 100% survival
10 72 hr LC50
10 72 hr LC50
2.6
0.157
0.157
0.204
0.6
10
0.77
^2.920
0.5
0.6
Thain 1986
Salazaretal.
1987
Salazar et al.
1987
sO.010 Laughlin et al.
1987; 1988
Salazar et al.
1987
Laughlin et al.
1987; 1989
Laughlin et al.
1987;1989
Roberts 1987
Salazar and
Salazar 1989
Bushong et al.
1988
Bushong et al.
1988
71
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Salinity
Species Chemical" (g/kg)
Copepod, TBTO
Acartia tonsa
Copepod (adult), TBTO 28
Acartia tonsa
Copepod TBTC1 10-12
(nauplii),
Acartia tonsa
Copepod TBTC1 10-12
(nauplii),
Acartia tonsa
Copepod TBTC1 10-12
(nauplii),
Acartia tonsa
Copepod TBTC1 18
(nauplii),
Acartia tonsa
Amphipod TBTO 7
(larva, juvenile),
Gammarus
oceanicus
Amphipod TBTF 7
(larva, juvenile),
Gammarus
oceanicus
Amphipod TBTO 7
(larva, juvenile),
Gammarus
oceanicus
Amphipod TBTF 7
(larva, juvenile),
Gammarus
oceanicus
Amphipod, TBTC1 10
Gammarus sp.
Amphipod TBTO 30
(adult),
Orchestia
traskiana
Duration Effect
SALTWATER SPECIES
6 days
5 days
9 days
6 days
6 days
8 days
8wk
8wk
8 wk
8wk
24 days
9 days
EC50
Reduced egg production
Reduced survival
Reduced survival; no effect
0.012 Mg/L
Reduced survival; no effect
0.010 fj.gfL
Inhibition of development
EC50 (survival)
100% mortality
100% mortality
Reduced survival and
growth
Reduced survival and
increased growth
No effect
Approx. 80% mortality
Concentration
(Ŧ2/L)k
0.3893
0.010
*0.029
0.023
0.024
0.003
0.015-0.020
2.920
2.816
0.2920
0.2816
0.579
9.732
Reference
U'ren 1983
Johansen and
Mohlenberg
1987
Bushong et al.
1990
Bushong et al.
1990
Bushong et al.
1990
Kuskand
Peterson 1997
Laughlin et al.
1984b
Laughlin et al.
1984b
Laughlin et al.
1984b
Laughlin et al.
1984b
Halletal.
1988b
Laughlin et al.
1982
72
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Salinity
Chemical" (g/kg) Duration
Effect
Concentration
(ug/L)b Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Amphipod
(adult),
Orchestia
trasMana
Amphipod
(adult),
Eohaustorius
estuarius
Amphipod
(adult),
Eohaustorius
washingtonianus
Amphipod
(adult),
Rhepoxynius
abronius
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes
pugio
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes
pugio
Mud crab
(larva),
RMthropanopeus
harrisii
Mud crab
(larva),
RMthropanopeus
harrisii
Mud crab
(larva),
Rhithropanopeus
harrisii
Mud crab
(larva),
RMthropanopeus
harrisii
Mud crab (zoea),
Rhitropanopeus
harrisii
TBTF 30 9 days
TBTC1 28.8-29.5 10 days
(96%)
TBTC1 32.7 10 days
(96%)
TBTC1 32.3 10 days
(96%)
TBTO 9.9-11.2 20min
(95%)
TBTO 20 14 days
TBTO 15 15 days
TBTS 15 15 days
TBTO 15 15 days
TBTS 15 15 days
TBTO 15 20 days
Approx. 90% mortality
BCF = 41,200
(no plateau)
BCF = 60,300
(no plateau)
BCF = 1,700
(no plateau)
No avoidance
Telson regeneration
retarded; molting retarded
Reduced developmental rate
and growth
Reduced developmental rate
and growth
63% mortality
74% mortality
LC50
9.732 Laughlin et al.
1982
0.48 Meador et al.
1993
109 Meador 1997
660 Meador 1997
30 Pinkney et al.
1985
0.1 Khanetal.
1993
14.60 Laughlin et al.
1983
18.95 Laughlin et al.
1983
> 24.33 Laughlin et al.
1983
28.43 Laughlin et al.
1983
13.0 Laughlin and
French 1989
73
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Salinity
Species Chemical' (g/kg) Duration
Effect
Concentration
(Mg/L)b Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Mud crab (zoea), TBTO
Rhithropanopeus
harrisii
Mud crab, TBTO
Rhithropanopeus
harrisii
Mud crab, TBTO
Rhithropanopeus
harrisii
Mud crab, TBTO
Rhithropanopeus
harrisii
Mud crab, TBTO
Rhithropanopeus
harrisii
Mud crab, TBTO
Rhithropanopeus
harrisii
Fiddler crab, TBTO
Ucapugilator
Fiddler crab, TBTO
Uca pugilator
Fiddler crab, TBTO
Ucapugilator
Blue crab TBT
(6-8-day-old
embryos),
Callinectes
sapidus
Brittle star, TBTO
Ophioderma
brevispina
Atlantic TBTC1
menhaden
(juvenile),
Brevoortia
tyrannus
15 40 days LC50
15 6 days BCF=24 for carapace
15 6 days BCF=6 for hepatopancreas
15
15
6 days BCF=0.6 for testes
15 6 days BCF =41 for gill tissue
6 days BCF= 1.5 for chelae muscle
25 Ģ24 days Retarded limb regeneration
and molting
25 3 weeks Reduced burrowing
25 7 days Limb malformation
28 4 days EC50 (hatching)
18-22 4 wks Retarded arm regeneration
10 28 days No effect
33.6
5.937
5.937
5.937
5.937
5.937
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.047
-0.1
0.490
Laughlin and
French 1989
Evans and
Laughlin 1984
Evans and
Laughlin 1984
Evans and
Laughlin 1984
Evans and
Laughlin 1984
Evans and
Laughlin 1984
Weis et al.
1987a
Weis and
Perlmutter
1987
Weis and Kim
1988; Weis et
al. 1987a
Lee et al.
1996
Walsh et al.
1986a
Hall et al.
1988b
74
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Salinity
Species Chemical* (g/kg) Duration
Concentration
Effect
Reference
I'-l-ll
Atlantic
menhaden
(juvenile),
Brevoortia
tyrarnws
Chinook salmon
(adult),
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
Chinook salmon
(adult),
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
Chinook salmon
(adult),
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
Mummichog
(juvenile),
Fundulus
heteroclitus
Mummichog,
Fundulus
heteroclitus
Mummichog
(embryo),
Fundulus
heteroclitus
Mummichog (5.3
cm; 1.8 g),
Fundulus
heteroclitus
Inland silverside
(larva),
Menidia
beryllina
Three-spined
stickleback (45-
60mm),
Gasterosteus
aculeatus
SALTWATER SPECIES
TBTO 9-11 - Avoidance
TBTO 28 96 hr BCF =4,300 for liver
TBTO 28 96 hr BCF =1,300 for brain
TBTO 28 96 hr BCF =200 for muscle
TBTO 2 6wks Gill pathology
TBTO 9.9-11.2 20min Avoidance
TBTO 25 10 days Teratology
TBTO 15 96 hr LC50
(95%) 16-19.5 6wks NOEC
TBTC1 10 28 days Reduced growth
TBTO 15-35 7.5 mo 80% mortality (2 months)
(painted Histological effects
panels)
5.437 Halletal.
1984
1.49 Short and
Thrower
1986a,1986c
1.49 Short and
Thrower
1986a,1986c
1.49 Short and
Thrower
1986a,1986c
17,2 Pinkney 1988;
Pinkney et al.
1989a
3.7 Pinkney etal.
1985
30 Weis et al.
1987b
17.2 Pinkney et al.
2.000 1989a
0.093 Hall et al.
1988b
10 Holm et al.
2.5 1991
75
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Species
Chemical"
Salinity
(g/kg)
Duration
Effect
Concentration
(Mg/L)b Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
California
grunion
(gamete through
embryo),
Leuresthes terms
California
grunion
(gamete through
embryo),
Leuresthes tennis
California
grunion
(gamete through
embryo),
Leuresthes tends
California
grunion
(embryo),
Leuresthes lewis
California
grunion (larva),
Leuresthes tenuis
Striped bass
(juvenile),
Morone saxatitis
Striped bass
(juvenile),
Morone saxatitis
Striped bass
(juvenile),
Morone saxatilis
Speckled
sanddab (adult),
Citharichthys
stigmaeus
Stripped mullet
(3.2 g);
Mugil cephahis
TBTO
(95%)
TBT
(painted
panels)
TBT
(painted
panels)
TBTO
TBTO
(96%)
9-11
13.0-15.0
1.1-3.0
1.9-3.0
12.2-14.5
33-34
10 days Significantly enhanced
growth and hatching
success
10 days Significantly enhanced
growth and hatching
success
10 days 50% reduction in hatching
success
10 days No adverse effect on
hatching success or growth
7 days Survival increased as
concentration increased
Avoidance
14 NOEC (serum ion
concentrations and enzyme
activity)
6 days NOEC 0.067; LOEC 0.766
7 days NOEC 0.444; LOEC 1.498
7 days LOEC > 0.514
96 hr LC50
8 wks BCF 3,000 (no plateau)
BCF 3,600 (no plateau)
0.14-1.71 Newton et al.
1985
0.14-1.72 Newton etal.
1985
74
Newton et al.
1985
0.14-1.72 Newton etal.
1985
0.14-1.72 Newton et al.
1985
24.9 Hall et al.
1984
1.09 Pinkney et al.
1989b
Pinkney et al.
1990
18.5 Salazar and
Salazar 1989
0.122
0.106
Yamadaand
Takayanagi
1992
76
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of Tributyltin on Aquatic Organisms (continued)
Salinity Concentration
Species Chemical" Jg/kgL Duration Effect (Mg/L)b Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Starry flounder
(< 1-year-old),
Platichthys
stettatus
TBTC1 30.2 10 days BCF 8,700 (no plateau)
(96%)
194 Meador 1997
TBTA = tributyltin acetate; TBTC1 = tributyltin chloride; TBTF = tributyltin fluoride; TBTO = tributyltin oxide;
TBTS = tributyltin sulfide. Percent purity is given in parentheses when available.
Concentration of the tributyltin cation, not the chemical. If the concentrations were not measured and the published results
were not reported to be adjusted for purity, the published results were multiplied by the purity if it was reported to be less
than 95%.
The test organisms were exposed to leachate from panels coated with antifouling paint containing tributyltin.
The test organisms were exposed to leachate from panels coated with antifouling paint containing a tributyltin polymer and
cuprous oxide. Concentrations of TBT were measured and the authors provided data to demonstrate the similar toxicity of a
pure TBT compound and the TBT from the paint formulation.
77
-------
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