EPA-905/9-74-007
IIS BIVlRONMBfTAl PROTECTION AGBKY
REGION V BWRCBWT DIVISION
GREAT LAKES INII1AT1YE COHTRAa PROGRAM
JULY 1976
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ACTINOMYCETE DISTRIBUTION IN NORTHERN GREEN BAY AND THE GREAT LAKES
Taste and Odor Relationships in Eutrophication of Nearshore
Waters and Embayments
by
Dennis P. Tierney
Richard Powers
Theodore Williams
S. C. Hsu
MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
BUREAU OF WATER MANAGEMENT
AND
MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
BUREAU OF WATER MANAGEMENT
In fulfillment of
EPA Contract No. 68-01-1885
for the
Enforcement Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V
Chicago, Illinois 60604
U.S Environmental Protection Agency
,Rr-:;;on V, Library
2oJ So'Jui Dearborn Street
•-Chicago, Illinois 60604
Great Lakes Initiative Contract Program
Report Number: EPA-905/9-74-007
EPA Project Officer: Howard Zar
July 1976
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L',S. Environmental Protection Agency*
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This report has been developed under auspices of the Great
Lakes Initiative Contract Program. The purpose of the
Program is to obtain additional data regarding the present
nature and trends in water quality, aquatic life, and waste
loadings in areas of the Great Lakes with the worst water
pollution problems. The data thus obtained is being used
to assist in the development of waste discharge permits
under provision of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act Amendments of 1972 and in meeting commitments under
the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the U.S.
and Canada for accelerated effort to abate and control
water pollution in the Great Lakes.
This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
RECYCLE NOTICE: If the report is not needed, please return
to EPA, Enforcement Division, 230 S. Dearborn,
Chicago, Illinois 60604 for further distribution.
iii
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ABSTRACT
Actlnomycetes have been suspected of causing earthy-musty odors in
water since the turn of the century. This study concentrated on the
relationship of actlnomycetes in northern Green Bay and the Great
Lakes contiguous to the State of Michigan with the trophic status
and point source inputs in the nearshore waters';
Five field surveys were conducted at eight stations in northern
Green Bay during April-OctoBer of 1974. Additionally, twenty-six
municipal water supply facilities collected untreated water samples
in the spring, summer and fall of 1974. Actinomycete population
structure, abundance and history of odor occurrence was determined
for each location. Trophic status data was based on simultaneous
physical-chemical and phytoplankton surveys in northern Green Bay
and from recent llmnological literature for the Great Lakes.
The actinomycete growth supporting capacity of several organic sub-
stances was determined through a series of laboratory experiments.
Isolates from the Great Lakes were exposed to the following carbon
sources; phenol-cellulose, secondary wastewater effluent, treated
papermill effluent and indigenous algal assemblages. Additionally,
the relative growth supporting potential of Great Lakes water was
assessed. Isolates were cultured on water collected from nearshore
areas throughout each of the Great Lakes contiguous with Michigan.
The results of this study indicate actinomycete abundance is greater
in eutrophic areas and the Styeptomyces genera increases relative to
its abundance in non-eutrophic areas. The areas with higher actino-
mycete populations also had a history of earthy-musty odor occurrences.
This report is submitted in fulfillment of an EPA project, Contract
Number 68-01-1885, by Michigan Department of Natural Resources,
Bureau of Environmental Protection at Lansing under the support of
the Environmental Protection Agency. Work was completed as of
January, 1975.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES . ,
LIST OF TABLES . .
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
INTRODUCTION 1
MATERIALS AND METHODS 5
Field Collection 9
Laboratory Actinomycete Growth and Analysis 9
Threshold Odor Number Analysis . . ..... 10
RESULTS 11
General Actinomycete Culture Observations 11
Actinomycete Recovery « 11
Isolate Identification, Characterization and
Enumeration 11
Field Investigation 14
Actinomycete Distribution - Northern Green Bay ... 14
Actinomycete Distribution - Great Lakes 23
Actinomycete - Great lakes Eutrophication
Relationship 30
Algal Investigations 33
Laboratory Investigations 34
Phenol-Cellulose 34
Municipal-Industrial Effluents 35
Algal Assemblages 43
Actinomycete - Earthy, Musty Odor Relationship ... 45
DISCUSSION 47
LITERATURE CITED 50
APPENDIX A -
Tasteand Odor Bibliography 55
APPENDIX B -
Station Location-Northern Green Bay 65
APPENDIX C -
Hydrochemistry of Northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan) ... 67
Materials and Methods 68
Results-Conclusions 69
Major Ions - Alkalinity - pH 69
Conductivity - Total Dissolved Solids 74
Secchi Depth 74
Reactive Silica 77
Particulate Phosphorus 77
Nitrate and Ammonia Nitrogen 77
Chlorophyll a_ '. 82
Literature Cited 85
APPENDIX D -
Chemical and Nutrient Characteristics of North Green
Bay (Lake Michigan) April-October, 1974 87
vii
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Page
APPENDIX E -
Phytoplankton of Northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan) . . . 106
Materials and Methods 107
Results - Conclusions • . . 107
Phytoplankton Standing Crop 107
Phytoplankton Species Composition 107
Taste and Odor Algal Species 121
Literature Cited 122
APPENDIX F -
Cell Counts (cells/ml), Percent Abundance and Species
Enumeration of Algal Taxa in Northern -Green Bay
(Lake Michigan) in 1974 124
viii
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Monthly threshold odor number averages' for the Escanaba
municipal water supply intake water, 1970-74
2. Green Bay sampling station for actinomycete survey .... 6
3. Great Lakes locations for actinomycete survey (1974) ... 7
4. Michigan water purification facilities contributing raw
water samples for laboratory actinomycete studies, chloro-
phyll a_ and total organic carbon analysis ........ 8
t
5. Average number of colonies of actinomycetes, A; bacteria,
B; and fungi, F; obtained by plating 20 samples of diluted
Green Bay water on chit in-mineral salts agar (CHITIN) , egg
albrimin agar (EGG-ALB) , arginine-glycerol salts agar (ARG-
BLY-SAL), and bacto-actinomycete isolation agar (ACT-ISO). 12
6. A chit in-mineral salts agar culture (14 days incubation) of
a natural mixture of actinomycete organisms. While somewhat
crowded, "clear zones" surrounding the actinomycete colonies
are well defined in the translucent agar ......... 13
7. Examples of mycelium and spore formation for some actinomy-
cete isolates from Green Bay .............. 15
8. Seasonal and locational variation in Streptomyces sp. per-
centage of actinomycete population in northern Green Bay
(Lake Michigan) in 1974 ................. 19
9. Seasonal and locational variation in Micromonospora sp.
percentage of actinomycete population in northern Green Bay
(Lake Michigan) in 1974 ................. 20
10. Seasonal and locational variation in Nocardia sp. percentage
of actinomycete population in northern Green Bay (Lake
Michigan) in 1974 .................... 21
11. Seasonal and location variation in percentage of unidenti-
fied actinomycetes in northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan)
in 1974 ......................... 22
12. Seasonal and locational distribution of threshold odor num-
ber (TON) in northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan) in 1974. . 24
ix
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Figure Page
13. Abundance of actinomycetes in raw water supply of twenty-six
Michigan municipalities that use the Great Lakes 26
14. Plot of average total actinomycete counts and percentages of
Streptomyces for various water intake samples 28
15. Distribution of actinomycete genera in raw water of eleven
(11) Michigan municipal water supplies with a history of
earthy-musty odor problems and eleven (11) without this
odor present. The Great Lakes are the water source .... 30
16. Growth of actinomycete isolate EIS with algal cells as sole
energy source 44
Appendix C
C-l. Mean D.O. and percent oxygen saturation for Northern Green
Bay (Lake Michigan) April 24 - October 29, 1974 70
C-2. Mean oxygen (% saturation) values in hypolimnion of stations
in northern and middle Green Bay during summer stratification, 71
July 27-28, 1974
C-3. Mean oxygen percent saturation values in hypolimnion of
northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan) compared with other Great
Lakes (From Dobson et_ al., 1974) 72
C-4. Average concentration of major ions in northern Green Bay
(1974) 73
C-5. Average Secchi depth values, chlorophyll ja concentration and
phytoplankton numerical abundance for stations in northern
Green Bay throughout ice-free period (April-October) of 1974 75
C-6. Seasonal turbidity in surface water of northern Green Bay (Lake
Michigan) as indicated by mean Secchi depth measurements
obtained from five surveys (April^October) in 1974 compared
with other Great Lakes (from Dobson et_ al., 1974) 76
C-7. Average reactive silicate concentrations in surface water (1
meter) of northern Green Bay during ice free period .... 78
C-8. Average reactive silicate concentrations in surface water (1
meter) of northern Green Bay compared with other Great Lakes
(from Dobson et. al., 1974) 79
x
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Figure
Appendix C
C-9. Average, maximum and minimum particulate phosphorus concen-
trations in surface waters (1 meter) of northern Green Bay
(1974) compared with other Great Lakes ............. 80
C-10. Surface water (1 meter) mean concentration of nitrate +
Ammonia in northern Green Bay (1974) compared with other
Great Lakes (From Dobson et^ al. , 1974) ............ 81
C-ll. Summary of chlorophyll a_ concentrations in surface waters
of northern and middle Green Bay ............... °3
C-12. Average maximum and minimum chlorophyll a. concentrations in
surface water of northern Green Bay (1974) compared with
other areas of Great Lakes
Appendix E
E-l. Seasonal and station variation in diatom algae (Bacillario-
phyta) percentage of phytoplankton assemblages in northern
Green Bay (Lake Michigan) in 1974 ............... 116
E-2. Seasonal and station variation in blue-green algae (Cyano-
phyta) percentage of phytoplankton assemblages in northern
Green Bay (Lake Michigan) in 1974 ............... 117
E-3. Seasonal and station variation in green algae (Chlorophyta)
percentage of phytoplankton assemblages in northern Green
Bay (Lake Michigan) in 1974 .................. 118
xi
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Identification of actinomycete isolates 17
2. Actinomycete numerical abundance and Streptomyces percentage
of population in water and sediments of northern Green Bay . 18
3. Mean actinomycetes (counts/ml) in raw water supply of twenty-
six (26) Great Lakes municipal water treatment facilities . 25
4. Actinomycete abundance in statistically significant (p >0.05)
groups (high versus low abundance) and percent of communities
in each group with a history of earthy-musty odor problems . 27
5. Ranking of Great Lakes municipal raw water supplies by rela-
tive actinomycete abundance (1974) 29
6. Total organic carbon and chlorophyll 11 concentrations in raw
water supply of fourteen Michigan water purification plants
collected June 6, 1974 31
7. Growth factors for actinomycete cultured in raw water from 14
Great Lakes municipal water purification plants collected
June 6, 1974 32
8. Ranks of total organic carbon, laboratory actinomycete and
field actinomycete abundance from raw water of thirteen
Michigan municipal water purification facilities (June, 1974)
on Great Lakes •"
9. Growth of Isolate E^a in phenol and cellulose cultures ... ^6
10. Effect of 100 percent paper mill and municipal wastewater
(secondary) effluent on actinomycete growth
11. Actinomycete isolates (Ej and T$) growth (counts/ml) in dilu-
tions of municipal wastewatar (secondary) and paper mill
effluent 39
12. Comparison of 14-day growth factors with threshold odor numbers
(TON) for autoclaved waste effluent cultures of isolate E^ . ^
13. Inputs of Green Bay from municipal wastewater treatment plants
(1974) 41
14. Inputs of Green Bay from paper mills (1974) 42
xiii
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Table Page
15. Algal composition of water sample from southern Green Bay 43
(July 9, 1974)
16. Relationship of earthy-musty odor and mycelia-spore mass of
Isolate Ela 46
Appendix D
D-l. Chemical and nutrient characteristics of northern Green Bay
(Lake Michigan) April 24-25, 1974 88
D-2. Chemical and nutrient characteristics of northern Green Bay
(Lake Michigan) May 29-30, 1974 92
D-3. Chemical and nutrient characteristics of northern Green Bay
(Lake Michigan) July 27-28, 1974 97
D-4. Chemical and nutrient characteristics of northern Green Bay
(Lake Michigan) September 28-29, 1974 ^ OQ
D-5. Chemical and nutrient characteristics of northern Green Bay
(Lake Michigan) October 26-27, 1974 103
Appendix E
E-l. Cell counts (cells/ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa in
Big Bay de Noc (Lake Michigan) in 1974 108
E-2. Cell counts (cells/ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa in
Upper Green Bay (Lake Michigan) in 1974 109
E-3. Cell counts (cells/ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa
near E'scanaba (Lake Michigan) in 1974 110
E-4. Cell counts (cells/ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa
near Gladstone (Lake Michigan) in 1974 Ill
E-5. Cell counts (cells/ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa
near Menominee (nearshore) (Lake Michigan) in 1974 112
E-6. Cell counts (cells/ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa
in middle Green Bay (Lake Michigan) in 1974 113
E-7. Cell counts (cells/ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa
in northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan) in 1974 114
xiv
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Table Page
E-8. Cell counts (cells /ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa in
northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan) in 1974 ...........
Appendix F
F-l. Cell counts (cells/ml), percent abundance and species enumera-
tion of algal taxa in northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan) from
eight stations on 24-25 April, 1974 .............. 125
F-2. Cell counts (cells/ml), percent abundance and species enumera-
tion of algal taxa in northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan) from
eight stations on 29-30 May, 1974 ............... 137
F-3. Cell counts (cells/ml), percent abundance and species enumera-
tion of algal taxa in northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan) from
eight stations on 28-30 July, 1974 .............. 146
F-4. Cell counts (cells/ml), percent abundance and species enumera-
tion of algal taxa in northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan) from
eight stations on 7-8 September, 1974 ............. 152
F-5. Cell counts (cells/ml), percent abundance and species enumera-
tion of algal taxa in northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan) from
eight stations on 26-27 October, 1974 ............. 16°
xv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Region V, Chicago, Illinois (Contract Number, 68-01-11885).
Our appreciation goes to Mr. Howard Zar of that office for his in-
sights and flexibility throughout the course of this investigation.
Dr. Aaron A. Rosen and Dr. Robert S. Safferman, U.S. EPA, Environ-
mental Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, supplied valuable technical
expertise and assistance in developing our threshold odor number
procedures and supplying us with geosmin standards.
Although the report and conclusions herein are the responsibility
of the authors, the data collection and analysis was only possible
through the excellent cooperation of the subcontractors. Their
enthusiasm and positive attitudes made, what could have been a logistic
nightmare, an efficient, professional operation. The field operations
and threshold odor number determinations were guided by Dr. Paul
Bradfield, Bay de Noc Community College, Escanaba, Michigan. Hydro-
chemistry analysis and phytoplankton enumeration-identification were
directed by Dr. John E. Gannon, University of Michigan Biological
Station, Pellston, Michigan and Dr, Eugene F. Stoermer, Great Lakes
Research Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,
respectively. Their ecological counsel is also valued highly. All
field and laboratory actinomycete analysis were conducted by
Dr. Su-chan Hsu and Dr. Theodore J. Williams, Bureau of Laboratories,
Michigan Department of Public Health, Lansing, Michigan. Their
efforts were invaluable.
Additionally, our appreciation goes out to Messrs. Theodore
VanderVelde and James Cleland, Water Supply Division, Michigan Department
of Public Health, for their cooperation in serving as resource contacts
with the municipal water supply operators. We also wish to thank
Messrs. Cletus Courchaine and John Erickson of the Upper Peninsula
Office (MDPH) for their friendly and helpful assistance. We collectively
thank each water superintendent who took the time to cooperate with
our requests, especially staffs of the Escanaba, Gladstone and Menominee
facilities.
Finally, the senior author acknowledges the support of Mr. John
Robinson, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Water
Management. His sensitivity as a supervisor to the logistical
problems encountered with a study of this nature was very supportive
and averted what otherwise could often have been a maelstrom. Thanks
too, to my staff, especially Mr. Albert Massey, who assumed many of my
responsibilities and also lent assistance in preparation of this
document. And my sincere appreciation to the Bureau of Water Management
for initial approval of my participation in this project and continued
support.
xvii
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CONCLUSIONS
Actinomycete populations are higher in Green Bay and other areas
of the Great Lakes which are nutrient enriched. These areas have
generally had a history of earthy-musty odor occurrences. Laboratory
actinomycete growth was greater in water collected from eutrophic
areas. The percent of Streptomyces in actinomycete populations from
these nutrient enriched areas of the Great Lakes with a history of
odor problems are higher than areas with an absence of odor occurrences.
The results of this investigation support the hypothesis that
earthy-musty odor occurrences are casually-linked to the eutrophication
of Green Bay and other areas of the Great Lakes. They also suggest
that in the nutrient enriched areas, actinomycete numerical increases
and percentage increases of the genus Streptomyces in the actinomycete
population are responsible for the earthy-musty odors.
Actinomycetes are able to use a variety of organic substances as
carbon sources. Phenol, cellulose, secondary municipal wastewater
treatment plant effluent, paper mill effluent and dead algal cells
increased actinomycete growth. Actinomycetes cultured on some of these
organic materials also produced strong earthy-musty odors.
Reduction of inputs of inprganic and organic nutrients should
reduce the nutrient and substrate availability to actinomycetes. This
should result in improved water quality with fewer earthy-musty odor
problems in the Great Lakes.
xtx
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RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Inorganic nutrient inputs to the Great Lakes should be reduced
to the lowest practicable level. The increased nutrient inputs
are mainly responsible for increased algal populations which
increase the dissolved and suspended organic content of the lakes.
Actinomycete abundance, and often the earthy-musty odor, are
greater in nutrient enriched areas of the Great Lakes. Reduction
in loadings of essential algal nutrients to the Great Lakes should
indirectly assist in actinomycete population Regulation.
2. Organic nutrient inputs to the Great Lakes should also be reduced
to the lowest practicable level. Laboratory studies show that
organic materials in municipal and paper processing effluents
are utilized as a nutrient source by actinomycetes. Therefore,
increased abundance of organic materials in the Great Lakes
stimulates actinomycete population growth which often have
associated earthy-musty odors.
xxi
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INTRODUCTION
The Laurentian Great Lakes constitute the largest body of
fresh water on the earth's surface (Beeton, 1965; Beeton and Chandler,
1966). Dating back to the mid-eighteen hundreds, the lakes have been
used for commercial and industrial-municipal water supply purposes.
Historically, the Great Lakes have served as a high quality potable
water supply to many Michigan communities. The water was clear and
relatively free-of objectionable microorganisms, tastes and odors.
Recently, a number of communities have reported an over-all decrease
or erratic seasonal fluctuation in water quality; requiring increased
water treatment (Courchaine et al., 1972).
Green Bay (Lake Michigan) is the largest embayment on Lake Michigan.
It is approximately 120 miles in length and approximately 20 miles in
width. The major tributaries enter the southern one-third of the bay.
The Fox, Oconto and Peshtigo Rivers in Wisconsin along with the Menominee
River located on the Wisconsin-Michigan border account for 88 percent
of the annual discharge to Green Bay (U.S. Department of the Interior,
1968a). The southern one-third to one-half of the bay exhibits water
quality conditions reflecting excessive concentrations of plant
nutrients, organic matter and suspended solids (Patterson, 1975). In
the summer months, algal blooms frequently occur over an extensive
area and in the winter depressed dissolved oxygen levels occur under
ice cover (Sager and Wiersma, 1972; Scott et^ al., 1957). The Fox
River is the major tributary of Green Bay and enters the bay at its
southernmost point. Along the last 40 miles (64 km) of the river is
the largest pulp and paper industry in the world (Billings, 1966).
Industrial and domestic wastes have severely polluted the lower Fox
River and lower one-third of Green Bay (Schraufnagel et^ al., 1968;
Howmiller and Beeton, 1970; and Sager and Wiersma, 1972). The impaired
water quality of southern Green Bay is a direct result of the past
social and economic activity in the immediate watershed and major
tributaries.
Industrial and municipal waste discharges are not confined to the
southern portion of Green Bay. The northern portion, in addition to
receiving natural organic inputs from non-industrialized streams with
relatively undeveloped watersheds, receives input (loading) from nine
wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and two paper mills. Both paper
mills and a municipal WWTP discharge to the Escanaba and Menominee
Rivers. The municipal WWTP of Escanaba and Gladstone discharges into
Little Bay de Noc. There are other smaller discharges
as well. The water quality of northern Green Bay is considered good
today, but continued discharge of municipal and industrial effluents
may threaten future water quality.
Actinomycetes have been implicated as one of the agents responsible
for the decrease in water quality in the Great Lakes and increased water
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purification plant treatment. A few localized areas, namely southern
Lake Michigan in the vicinity of Chicago, Illinois (McMillan et al.,
1972), Lake Erie near Cleveland, Ohio (Potos, 1968) and Mt. Clemens,
Michigan, on Lake St. Clair (Hansen, 1964) have reported taste and
odor problems and identified actinomycetes in the raw water supply.
Similar odors have occurred (1969-72) at objectionable intensities
along the entire western shore of northern Green Bay; including the
water purification facilities at Gladstone, Menominee and Escanaba,
Michigan. An "objectionable" odor intensity is the level of odor
in drinking water at which people begin to register complaints with
water department personnel. This level varies from community to
community depending on the water quality people have previously
experienced, the odor type and past exposure to odor outbreaks. Water
plant supervisors have estimated that complaints about odors begin
at a threshold odor number (TON) of between 3 and 6. Earthy-musty
odors were noted at Escanaba (1969) for the first time in the recorded
history (85 years) of the three water supplies in northern Green Bay.
By 1972 all three communities had experienced this phenomenon. The
odor was usually described as earthy or musty. Although very intense
at times, the odor levels fluctuated. Odors reached a maximum in
February-April of 1972 at Escanaba (Figure 1). Field and laboratory
investigation by the Michigan Water Resources Commission and the
Michigan Department of Health (1972) suggested the objectionable odor
was related to the presence of actinomycetes in northern Green Bay.
Actinomycetes were initially isolated from fresh water ecosystems
in the early 1900's (Adams, 1929). Interest in them was due to the
occurrence of earthy-musty odor in drinking water and fish taken from
certain rivers and lakes. As such, they have been suspected of causing
earthy-musty odors in water for many years (Adams, 1929, 1931; Thaysen,
1936; Isavenko and Egorova, 1941; Ferranola, 1949). Silvey and his
co-workers (Silvey, 1953; Roach and Silvey, 1958; Silvey and Roach,
1959; Silvey et^ a^. , 1959) have extensively studied the morphology,
life cycle and nutrition of actinomycetes. They conclude that
actinomycetes are the major cause of earthy-musty odors in fresh water
and can utilize almost any organic compound containing sufficient
organic carbon and nitrogen, including dead algal cells.
It should be noted that actinomycetes are not the only source of
odor problems. There are algal species capable of producing the same
odors. Blue-green algal species have produced the characteristic
odor under laboratory conditions (Gerber, 1967; Saf f erman et^ aJU , 1967;
Medsker ^t al. , 1968). Two compounds, geosmin and raethylisoborneol,
have been separated from actinomycete cultures and identified as the
chemical agent responsible for the odor (Gerber, 1967). Geosmin has
also been identified as a metabolite of several species of blue-green
algae (Safferman et al., 1967; Medsker et al., 1968).
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£3
20
z
o
1-
5 l5
_. AVERAGE MONT
3>O 01 5
1970
-
1971
i-
—
-
— 1
1972
-
-|
1973
-
1
-
-
974
CO
20
15
10
5
0
FIGURE I. MONTHLY THRESHHOLD ODOR NUMBER AVERAGES
FOR THE ESCANABA MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY
INTAKE WATER, 1970-74.
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This study concentrated on the relationship of actinomycetes
and water quality in northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan) to taste and
odor occurrences in the municipal water supplies of Gladstone,
Escanaba and Menominee, Michigan. Odor problems in communities
obtaining water supplies from the Great Lakes contiguous to the State
of Michigan (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and connecting waterways;
St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair and Detroit River) were also inves-
tigated in relation to the Green Bay problem. The major focus was
on the occurrence and origin of biological taste and odor problems
in Green Bay and the other Great Lakes. That is, where are odor
problems located and how are the areas experiencing odor outbreaks
ecologically different from locations without odor occurrences?
What can be done to alleviate these odor problems?
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Five surveys were conducted (April, May, July, September, and
October of 1974) at eight stations in northern Green Bay (Lake
Michigan). Stations were located in the vicinity of water purification
plant cribs for the communities of Gladstone, Escanaba, and Menominee,
Michigan (Figure 2). Background stations were established in Big Bay
de Hoc, Mouth of Little Bay de Noc and approximately two miles offshore
of Menominee, Michigan. Two additional stations were established in
Portage Marsh located south of Escanaba, Michigan. Specific station
locations are given in Appendix A. Hydrochemistry (Appendix C and
D) and phytoplankton (Appendix E and F) surveys of northern Green Bay
were also conducted to provide data on the trophic status of this area.
In order to comparatively assess the situation in northern Green
Bay, data from other areas in the Great Lakes were necessary. ' Since
little information was readily available in the literature (see
Bibliography-Appendix A), it was necessary to directly gather it.
Baseline data was collected on actinomycete abundance and population
structure in the nearshore waters of the Great Lakes contiguous with
the State of Michigan. Questionnaires on water quality were sent to
52 Michigan communities using the Great Lakes as a municipal water
source. The number and location of communities using the Great Lakes,
the incidence of odor outbreaks and type of outbreak were determined
by this questionnaire. Forty-five of the water plants responded to
the questionnaire. Twenty-seven (62 percent) reported either grassy,
fishy or musty-earthy odors occurring at some period of the year.
The vast majority (22 out of 27) reported odors of a musty-earthy
character. The facilities reporting odor problems are located in five
specific geographical areas (Figure 3): 1) Southern Lake Michigan; 2)
Green Bay (Lake Michigan); 3) Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron); 4) St. Clair
River-Lake St. Clair - Detroit River; and 5) Lake Erie.
Twenty-six (26) municipal water supply facilities were selected
for further study (Figure 3). They supplied untreated water samples
in spring (April 29), summer (August 19) and fall (October 14). The
actinomycete population structure and abundance was determined for
each sample. Fourteen municipal water supply facilities (Figure 4)
supplied raw water for laboratory actinomycete studies, chlorophyll a_
and total organic carbon analyses.
-------
RAPID ff\
WHITE FISH R.
ESC A NABA K
FORD R.
ESCANABA
PORTAGE MARSH NO. I
PORTAGE MARSH NO. ?V^ •
FIGURE 2
GREEN BAY SAMPLING STATIONS FOR ACTINOMYCETE SURVEY
-------
I. WHITE PINE
2. COPPER HARBOR
3. MAROUETTE
4.SAULT ST.
5. MENOMINEE
6. ESCANA8A
7. ST. I ON ACE
8. BENTON HARBOR
9. SOUTH HAVEN
10. HOLLAND
II. GRAND RAPIDS
12. MUSKEGON
13. LUDINGTON
14. TRAVERSE CITY
15. ALPENA
16. EAST TAWAS
17. PINCONNING
18. BAY CITY
19. SAGINAW
20. HARBOR BEACH
2 I. PORT HURON
22. ST. CLAIR
23. MT. CLEMENS
24. GROSSE PTE. FARMS
25. DETROIT
26.MONROE
ERIE
FIGURE 3. GREAT LAKES LOCATIONS FOR ACTINOMYCETE SURVEY (1974).
CLOSED CIRCLES INDICATE LOCATIONS WHERE EARTHY - MUSTY ODORS
HAVE BEEN REPORTED.
-------
LAKE
HURON
I MENOMINEE
2 ESCANABA
3. GLADSTONE
4. MUNISIN6
5. SAULT ST. MARIE
6. ST. IGNACE
7. BENTON HARBOR
6. GRAND RAPIDS
9. LUDINGTON
IO.ALPENA
II.BAY CITY
IZ.PORT HURON
13.MT. CLEMENS
I4.MONROE
LAKE
ERIE
FIGURE 4 .MICHIGAN WATER PURIFICATION FACILITIES CONTRIBUTING RAW
WATER SAMPLES FOR LABORATORY ACTINOMYCETE STUDIES, CHLOROPHYLL
a AND TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON ANALYSIS.
-------
Field Collection
Water samples from Green Bay were collected in a 6.2 liter
plastic kemmerer bottle at selected intervals to obtain information
on the vertical distribution of the actinomycete population. The
number of samples obtained depended on the presence or absence of
thermal stratification. When absent, a minimum of three samples
were collected; a meter below the surface, mid-depth and a meter
above the lake bottom. When stratification was evident, additional
intermediate depths were included in the epilimnion, thermocline and
hypolimnion. Samples were placed in sterilized 125 ml glass bottles
and refrigerated (4°C). Actinomycete sediment samples were collected
with a petite ponar. The top two centimeters of sediment were mixed
and subsamples also placed in 125 ml sterile bacteriological bottles.
Threshold odor number water samples were also obtained with a kemmerer
bottle and placed in glass 1-liter bottles and kept at 4°C.
Laboratory Actinomycete Growth and Analysis
Enumeration and identification of actinomycete populations
followed standard bacteriological plating techniques. The medium
employed was similar to Lingappa and Lockwood (1962); a chitin agar
supplemented with mineral salts which is selective to actinomycetes
and those few bacteria that produce the enzyme chitinase (Hsu and
Lockwood, 1975).
Growth Characterization
A reliable plate count procedure provides the means to measure
changes in actinomycete populations. For purposes of this study,
an increase in actinomycete colonies during an experiment is defined
as growth. Under controlled laboratory conditions with only a single
variable, these changes are interpreted as caused by the experimental
variable. While there are problems with this approach, it is currently
the only feasible means for studying factors controlling growth under
experimental laboratory conditions. However, the plate count might be
measuring sporulation activity and be only indirectly related to a
net increase in the biomass of the organisms (growth), which would
also include such phases as germination and mycelium formation.
In order to interpret results of laboratory actinomycete experi-
ments , a "growth factor" was defined and used for expresssing the
extent of growth under any given simulated environmental condition.
This growth factor, Gfc, is defined by the following equation:
Gt=,Ct/C0
where t equals the number of days incubation, Ct is the plate count at
-------
t days and Co is the initial plate count. In some cases control cultures
(no treatment) showed some significant growth. In those instances
a corrected growth factor was used where the growth factor for the
experimental culture was divided by the growth factor for the control
culture. This corrects for decreases as well as increases in the
control cultures described in the following experiments.
A comparison of growth factors for any given condition (such
as temperature, nutrient concentration, etc.) is limited by the
following restrictions: 1) the same species must be used throughout;
2) approximately the same initial plate count must be obtained; and
3) the same incubation time must be used. Under these conditions,
the growth factor should be directly proportional to the experimental
variable's effect on actinomycete growth. A growth factor of greater
than one demonstrates growth stimulation and leas than one represents
inhibition by changes in culture conditions.
In all growth experiments a series of identical cultures were
prepared and then incubated for the same period (usually 14 days)
at a controlled temperature. Inoculation was done using a constant
aliquot volume of the same spore suspension, except in initial experiments
where diluted cultures (yeast extract broth) were used for inoculation.
The initial experiments required correction since even the small amount
of nutrients added along with the actinomycetes caused considerable
growth in the experimental controls.
Threshold Odor Number Analysis
Determination of the odor characteristics of Green Bay water
followed APHA methods (1971) with some modifications. These were run
at room temperature (20-30°C) and odor free water was generated following
the advice of A. A. Rosen (Personal communication, 1974 in APHA, 1971).
A ten-member panel was selected from the staff and student body of
Bay de Noc Community College (Escanaba, Michigan) to assess the odor
intensity and character of the water.
10
-------
RESULTS
General Actlnomycete Culture Observations
Actinomycete Recovery
Most actinomycete organisms are slow to appear after plating.
The first colonies are visible after 3-7 days incubation (24-28°C).
The majority are countable after 14 days; although small increases in
counts may be noted as late as three weeks. The observed colony
count was assumed to approximate the total actinomycete population
of the sample. While this assumption is difficult to validate,
laboratory observation and experimentation indicated that the chitin-
agar medium was more efficient in terms of recovery of actinomycetes
and suppression of non—actinomycete growth than were other media
(Figure 5). Generally, 70 to 80 percent of all colonies on the chitin
media were actinomycetes while bacteria and fungi often predominated
on other media. Recovery of actinomycetes was from three to six
times higher on the chitin medium than in the other media.
The colony counts can represent colonies resulting from spores,
fractured hyphae or a mixture of both. A direct identification of
colony origin is not easily obtainable. However, microscopic
examination of slides prepared from fresh enriched cultures of several
species indicate that spores were many times more abundant than were
fractured hyphal material. This would indicate that most of the
colonies resulting from the inoculation of medium with such a culture
develop from spores rather than hyphal material.
Isolate Identification and Characterization Enumeration
Actinomycetes cultured on the chitin agar medium are characterized
by clear zones around the colony in the otherwise cloudy medium
(Figure 6). Recognition of actinomycete colonies requires experience.
Suspect colonies can be transferred to various nutrient agars and, if
they are actinomycetes, should produce specific characteristics. Since
it is time consuming, such verification is not normally included in
routine actinomycete enumeration and identification. Occasionally,
microscopic examination for hyphae development is required. Organisms
giving mucoid colony growth without detectable hypha development were
judged to be bacterial rather than actinomycetale. Counting precision
for split samples of pure cultures was approximately ± 10-30 percent.
Counts are expressed as colonies per ml of water sample or colonies
per dry weight of sediment.
Determination of actinomycete isolates to the species level is
an involved, time-consuming process. In addition, actinomycetale
group taxonomy is confused to the point of debate over whether large
groups of organisms should be included in the order. There also exist
several different proposed classification schemes within the general
order. For the purposes of this study, isolates were generally defined
only with respect to the genera usually found in the samples. These
include Streptomyces, Micromonospora and Nocardia which were defined
11
-------
IVAJ
80
tu
a.
2
to
6 60
CM
0
X
to
Ul
§ 40
0
o
ttt
111
§ 20
r>
z
0
-
-
A B
CHITI
F
N
A B F
EGG-ALB
-
-
______
-
-
A B F A B F
ARG-GLY-SAL ACT -ISO
100
- 80
-60
-40
-20
FIGURE 5. AVERAGE NUMBER OF COLONIES OF ACTINOMVCETES,
A; BACTERIA, B; AND FUNGI, F, OBTAINED BY
PLOTING 20 SAMPLES OF DILUTED GREEN BAY
WATER ON CHITIN- MINERAL SALTS AGAR
(CHITIN), EGG-ALBRIMIN AGAR (EGG-ALB),
ARGININE - GLYCEROL SALTS AGAR (ARG-BLY-
SAL), AND BACTO-ACTINOMYCETE ISOLATION
AGAR (ACT ISO).
12
-------
Figure 6. A chitln-mineral salts agar culture (14
days incubation) of a natural mixture of
actinotnycete organisms. While somewhat
crowded, "clear zones" surrounding the
actinomycete colonies are well defined in
the translucent agar.
-------
by gross morphology and manner of spore formation. An "other" category
includes isolates which fell outside of these genera. The primary
identifying factors in genera identification were: Streptomyces,
readily apparent aerial hypha with long spore chains; Micromonospora,
no aerial hypha with single round spores formed at sides of mycelium;
Nocardia, microscopic aerial hypha with arthrospore formation. Most
sporulation observations were done by optical microscopy. Figure 7
gives highly magnified examples of the various actinomycete genera
obtained with an electron microscope.
In an effort to obtain an estimate of species and/or strains
present in northern Green Bay, several hundred isolates were grouped
according to sometimes minor differences in growth morphology (i.e.,
shades of color and quality of growth) on arginine-glycerol salts
agar. This original grouping was narrowed to about twenty different
groups. An example of each group was chosen at random and further
defined according to characteristics given in Table 1. By this
delineation at least three genera and 12 different strains were present
in northern Green Bay. Only a few strains were dominant in northern
Green Bay. On the average, more than half the isolates examined from
nearshore water samples belonged to Groups 1-4 (Table 1) and were
identified as members of the Streptomyces genus. A particularly
odoriferous Streptomyces isolate (E^a) was used in many of the
laboratory experiments. Further classification of the E-^a isolate
suggests it is Streptomyces lavendulae as defined by the taxonomic
approach of Shirling and Gotlieb, International Journal of Systematic
Bacteriology, Vol. 18, p. 137 (1968).
Field Investigation
Actinomycete Distribution - Northern Green Bay
The actinomycete distribution in northern Green Bay is summarized
in Table 2. Maximum numbers (Table 2) were found at the inner most
marsh station (Pml) and at the three nearshore stations (Escanaba >
Gladstone > Menominee). Minimum levels occurred at Little Bay de Noc,
Upper Green Bay and Middle Green Bay (Menominee - offshore). Similarly,
maximum concentrations in the bottom sediments occurred at the nearshore
stations (Escanaba > Gladstone > Menominee). Concentrations in the
sediments were always at least two orders of magnitude (10 versus 10 )
greater than water column levels. Inspection of water column data
revealed that actinomycete concentrations did not vary with depth.
In addition to station differences in relative actinomycete numerical
abundance, the population composition also varied. Figures 8 to 12
indicate the seasonal and station variation of the major taxa. Three
actinomycete genera were always present; Streptomyces, Micromonospora
and Nocardia. There existed a distinct difference among the stations.
Streptomyces were the dominant component (>50 percent of the population)
at the nearshore stations (Escanaba > Menominee > Gladstone) while
14
-------
Streptomyces spore
chains, isolate E^
(mag. 10,000x)
Streptomyces isolate
T^g, note the appar-
ent spine formation
on spores absent for
isolate E,fl; (mag.
lO.OOOx)
Figure 7. Examples of mycelium and spore formation for some actinomycetes
isolated from Green Bay.
15
-------
Micromonospora
showing spore
formation at
sides of mycelium;
(mag. 20,000 x)
Nocardia, sporulation
not apparent; (mag.
20,000x)
Probably Nocardia
with apparent
arthrospore
formation; (mag.
Figure 7. Continued.
16
-------
Table 1. Identification of Actlnomycetes Isolates.
Growth
Classification , , -,
Group 1 + +-H- ++
Group 2 + +++ -H-
Group 3 + -H+ -H-
Group 4 + +++ +
Group 5 -H- +-H- -H-
Group 6 ++ +++ +
Group 7 + + +
Group 8 + -H-f
Group 9 -H- +++ +
Group 10 + -H- ++
Group 11 +
Group 12 + +
^Czapeck's agar. ^ Yeast extract agar.
Reverse Pigment Colony, shape
Production color
A B CAB
no Yellow Yellow no Smooth
Oily
Green
no Brown no no Mosaic
Fluffy
White
no Orange no no Smooth
White
no Brown no no Ball-
like
White
Green Brown Brown Fluffy Ball-
Green like
Pink
no Green Green Smooth Ball-
White like
Green
no no no no Smooth
White
no Brown no no Ball-
like
White
Brown Black Gray Smooth Smooth
White Brown
no Black Gray no Ball-
like
Brown
no no no no no
no Brown no no Smooth
Pink
spot
^ Starch agar. * - - no growth -H- «
+ " poor growth -t-H- »
C
Smooth
White
Smooth
White
Ball-
like
White
no
Ball-
like
Pink
Ball-
like
Green
no
no
Smooth
White
Smooth
White
no
no
Odor
Musty
Musty
Musty
Musty
Strong
Musty
Strong
Musty
no
Sweet
Sweet
no
no
no
Spore
Chain
Round
Chain
Round
Chain
Round
Chain
Round
Undeter-
mined
Single
Chain
Round
Undeter-
mined
Single
Round
Undeter-
mined
Chain
Rod
Rod
Undeter-
mined
Round
fair growth
good growth
17
-------
Table 2. Actinomycete numerical abundance and Streptomyces
percentage of population in water ans sediments of
northern Green Bay.
Actinomycetes a
mean counts/ml
Station
Big Bay de Noc
Upper Green Bay
Middle Green Bay
(Menominee-o f f shore)
Escanaba
Gladstone
Menominee-nearshore
Portage Marsh #1
Portage Marsh #2
Water
3
3
8
294
62
39
327
70
Sediment
(xlO4)
0.2
1.1
0.3
81.2
23.7
4.1
6.1
20.2
Percent
Water
21
30
28
74
51
63
55
53
Streptomyces
Sediment
37
27
26
71
68
39
75
75
a
Mean of four surveys (April - October, 1974).
18
-------
PERCENT
61
~0 (fi
rn m
m 3
m
CD
>
>
o
m
o
m
I
m
-------
PERCENT
§ S ffi
m 33 >
5 m g
5 £
-< rn
7; > i—
moo
H o
o
m
c. m
PO
1 «
* §
|gi
m
o
ro
-------
w
PERCENT
13
O
-o
c
o
m
o
o
1 >
m o
3) ?
z >
•Z. >
01
m
o
o
m
% 5
o
o
I ks
s
CD
m
o
o
m
H
m
-------
zz
PERCENT
I
m
;o
m
m
5
m
co
O
z
>
z
o
O
o >
i H
O o
> ^
Z m
C =
5 ?
-P» m
m
o
o
m
H
m
CO
-------
Micromonospora were predominant in the open water stations; Big Bay
de Noc, Upper Green Bay (OW1) and Middle Green Bay (OW2). Nocardia
were present, but never comprised more than 25 percent of the population
at nearshore or offshore Green Bay stations.
The two marsh stations were dominated by Streptomyces and also
had high standing crops of actinomycetes similar to the nearshore
stations. In light of the abundant submerged and emergent aquatic
vegetation contained in a marsh, it is understandable that these
decomposer organisms were rather abundant.
The numerical and genera differences in the actinomycete population
do not correlate with threshold odor number (TON) concentrations
throughout Northern Green Bay (Figure 12). Average TON levels never
exceeded 2.5 units. Compared to values (Figure 1) observed at Escanaba
during periods of intense earthy-musty odor in 1972, these represent
background levels and are not sufficiently intense to require special
treatment at the water purification facilities.
Actinomycete Distribution - Great Lakes
Actinomycete distribution in the nearshore waters of the Great
Lakes contiguous to Michigan are summarized in Table 3. Fourteen
of the twenty-six water purification plants had previously experienced
earthy-musty odor problems.
The over-all results must be interpreted with some caution, since
the data base is relatively small. Furthermore, there were no odor
outbreaks in these areas during the three sampling periods. However,
a general trend is evident. Figure 13 shows the relative difference
in actinomycete abundance between locations with a history of earthy-
musty odor occurrences and those with no history of this odor. The
actinomycete counts decreased dramatically between the April and
August surveys at most locations (Figure 13 and Table 3) and increased
again in October. The reason for the sharp decrease and subsequent
increase is not known. In spite of this unexplained decrease, further
statistical analysis (Tukey's w-procedure) indicated a significant
difference (p <0.05) in actinomycete abundance between locations and
dates (Steel and Torrie, 1960). The twenty-six communities were
divided into two significantly (p <0.05) distinct groups; those with
a low and high number of actinomycetes in the raw water supply. This
information was compared with data on the past occurrence of earthy-
musty odors at each water purification plant (Table 4).
23
-------
TAGE MARSH NO. I
PORTAGE MARSH NO 2
10/26'
3AY DE NOC (BIG)
FIGURE 12
SEASONAL AND LOCATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THRESHOLD
ODOR NUMBER (TON) IN NORTHERN GREEN BAY (LAKE
MICHIGAN) IN 1974
-------
Table 3. Mean number of actinomycetes (counts/ml)
in raw water supply of twenty-six (26)
Great Lakes municipal water treatment
facilities.
K3
In
City
Traverse City
St. Ignace
Port Huron
S agin aw
Marque tte
St. Clair
Sault Ste. Marie
Grosse Pte. Farms
South Haven
East Tawas
Detroit
Copper Harbor
Ludington
Menominee
White Pine
Holland
Es can aba
Pinconning
Harbor Beach
Benton Harbor
Grand Rapids
Bay City
Alpena
Mt. Clemens
Muskegon
Monroe
Location
Grand Traverse Bay
L. Huron
L. Huron
Saginaw Bay
L. Superior
St. Clair River
L. Superior
L. St. Clair
L. Michigan
L. Huron
Detroit River
L. Superior
L. Michigan
Green Bay
L. Superior
L. Michigan
Green Bay
Saginaw Bay
L. Huron
L. Michigan
L. Michigan
Saginaw Bay
Thunder Bay
L. St. Clair
L. Michigan
L. Erie
April 29
0.0
0*0
2.0± 2.6
2.3+ 2.3
3.3± 1.5
5.0± 4.6
11. 7± 1.5
13. 0± 6.1
13. 3± 2.5
19. 0± 3.6
20. 3± 7.8
23. 3± 0.6
29.0±22.6
35. Ot 3.6
36. 0± 7.2
41. 7± 5.1
42. 3± 0.6
49.3±44.8
59.0+28.8
65.0±30.4
66. 0± 7.0
72.7±26.0
73.3+15.7
91. 3± 8.5
96.7+11.4
97. 0± 7.0
1974
August 19
0.7± 1.2
2.7± 0.6
*
16. 0± 5.3
1.7± 1.5
1.3± 1.5
0.3± 0.6
9.0+ 4.6
0.3± 0.6
1.7± 0.6
*
*
0.3± 0.6
6.3± 2.5
0.0
1.7± 0.6
*
6.3± 4.5
6.7+ 8.9
3.0± 0.0
1.6± 0.5
*
3.0± 1.0
24.3+ 2.3
1.7+ 0.6
16. 7± 1.5
October 14
0.0± 0.0
6.7+ 0.6
3.0± 2.0
3.3± 0.6
6.3± 3.1
113. 0± 9.5
4.7+ 0.6
4.0+ 2.6
47. 0± 1.0
5.7± 2.1
125.0+15.1
*
1.0± 1.0
121.0+ 9.6
8.3± 3.1
3.7± 3.1
49.7±16.2
36,7±17.6
10.0+ 1.7
38. 7± 5.1
12. 7± 1.2
57.3+13.6
3.3± 0.6
14.3+ 4.5
71. 0± 2.6
7.7± 1.2
* Samples lost.
-------
00
100
90
90
80
eo
70
70
DC
UJ 60
60
50
o>
CM
*
s.
50
CO
40
40
30
30
a>
CO
20
ZO
10
*
§
10
^
0* T
Si
NO ODOR HISTORY
ODOR HISTORY
FIGURE 13. ABUNDANCE OF ACTINOMYCETES IN RAW WATER SUPPLY OF TWENTY
SIX MICHIGAN MUNICIPALITIES THAT USE THE GREAT LAKES . FOURTEEN HAVE
A HISTORY OF EARTHY - MUSTY ODOR OCCURRENCE . MEAN ± I STANDARD
DEVIATION IS GIVEN FOR THREE SURVEY DATES IN 1974-
26
-------
Table 4. Actinomycete abundance in statistically significant (p >0.05)
groups (high versus low abundance) and percent of communities
in each group with a history of earthy-musty odor problems.
Survey
1974
April
August
October
(Number /ml)
>19
I19
> 1.7
£ 1.7
>43
<43
Percent of communities with a
history of odor problems
65
33
67
14
89
38
The mean total actinomycete count/ml and percent of Streptomyces
of the standing crop for the water supplies is shown in Figure 14.
It depicts the probable dependence of odor occurrence on the average
actinomycete population size and percent of Streptomyces in those
populations. Locations not reporting odor problems (clear circles)
are clearly separated from those that do (shaded circles) by the
horizontal dashed line. Streptomyces comprise 28 percent or more of
the actinomycete standing crop for all WWTP with a known (one or more
occurrence) taste and odor problem. Also, as total actinomycete
population size increased, the number of locations with an odor problem
are more prevalent. Another point of ecological importance is indicated
here. Streptomyces genera comprise a larger percent of the actinomycete
population at the higher standing crops. The Streptomyces organisms
are considered primarily responsible for the synthesis of odor compounds
and apparently must be a large enough fraction of the population to
produce objectionable quantities of the odor causing compounds.
Further analysis of the 21 communities participating in all three
surveys also supports the conclusion that actinomycete counts are
generally higher at locations with a history of earthy-musty odors
than those without the odor history. They were ranked from lowest to
highest based on numerical abundance of actinomycetes and then assigned
corresponding numerical values (Table 5). The assigned numerical values
were then summed for the three surveys and the communities ranked
according to these sums. None of the seven (0 percent) communities
with the lowest rankings had ever experienced earthy-musty odors.
However, five of the next seven (71 percent) communities with intermediate
rankings and six of the seven (86 percent) communities with the highest
rankings had a history of earthy-musty odor.
27
-------
100
a.
ui
cc
fc
tu
o
UJ
u
5
a.
3
cr
UJ
50-
28% STREPTOMYCES
00
i
100
50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
AVERAGE TOTAL INTAKE WATER ACTINOMYCETE COUNT PER ml
FIGURE 14. PLOT OF AVERAGE TOTAL ACTINOMYCETE COUNTS AND
PERCENTAGES OF STREPTOMYCES FOR VARIOUS WATER
INTAKE SAMPLES. ONLY DATA POINTS WHERE
EARTHY- MUSTY- GRASSY ODORS HAVE BEEN REPORTED
ARE SHADED.
28
-------
Table 5. Ranking of Great Lakes municipal raw
actinomycete abundance (1974) .
Community
Traverse City
Sault Ste. Marie
Ludington
Marquette
St. Ignace
White Pine
East Tawas
Saginaw*
South Haven
Holland*
Grosse Pte. Farms*
St. Clair*
Alpena
Grand Rapids*
Harbor Beach
Benton Harbor*
Menominee*
Pinconning*
Muskegon*
Monroe*
Mt. Clemens*
April
1
6
10
4
2
12
9
3
8
13
7
5
18
17
15
11
16
14
20
21
19
Individual survey
29 August 19
5
2
4
9
12
1
8
19
3
11
18
6
14
7
17
15
13
16
10
20
21
water supplies by
rankings
October 14
1
7
2
9
10
12
8
3
18
5
6
20
4
14
13
21
17
16
19
11
15
relative
Sum of
rankings
7
14
16
22
24
25
25
25
29
29
31
31
36
38
45
46
47
46
49
52
55
*Have experienced earthy-musty odors.
29
-------
Frequency distribution of the genera Streptomyces, Micromonospora
and Nocardia was also determined for the August and October dates.
Generally, Streptomyces were more abundant for both surveys in raw
water supplies of communities with a history of earthy-musty odor
occurrences. The mean percentage of Streptomyces in the actinomycete
population was more than twice as high at locations which have
reported earthy-musty odor problems than those that reported no
history of such problems (Figure 15).
80
60
40
20
n
S3 STREPTOMYCES SP
CDMICROMONOSPORA SP
E3NOCARDIA SP
GJJJUNIDENTIFIED
-
-
-
-^
X
X
X
N
tegSja
ISStO-1
^
^
-
-
N
*v^>
l~f~f
§
I
:_§
-
IUU
80
60
40
20
A
Figure 15. Distribution of actinomycete genera in raw water of eleven
(11) Michigan municipal water supplies with a history of earthy-musty
odor problems and eleven (11) without this odor present. The Great
Lakes are the water source.
Great Lakes Eutrophication - Actinomycete Relationship
In addition to assessing the actinomycete numerical abundance and
population structure in the nearshore waters of the Great Lakes, the
relationship between eutrophication of the Great Lakes and odor
occurence history was examined. Water samples were collected from
fourteen municipal water purification plants (Figure 3) and analyzed
for total organic carbon and chlorophyll a_ content.
Total organic carbon concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 5.0 mg/1
while chlorophyll a_ concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 39.7 mg/1
(Table 6). Using total organic carbon and chlorophyll a_ as indicators
of the relative eutrophy among the stations, there is an apparent
pattern; namely, locations with a history of earthy-musty odors are also
the sites which had higher concentrations of TOC and chlorophyll a_.
30
-------
Table 6. Total organic carbon and chlorophyll a_ concentrations in
raw water supply of fourteen Michigan water purification
plants collected June 6, 1974.
Total Organic Carbon Chlorophyll
-------
Table 7. Growth factors for actinomycetes cultured in raw water
from 14 Great Lakes municipal water purification plants.
Inoculum History
Group Location odor
A Munising
Sault Ste. Marie
St. Ignace
Gladstone
Escanaba
Menominee
B Ludington
Port Huron
Alpena
Bay City
Benton Harbor
Grand Rapids
Monroe
Mount Clemens
of earthy-musty
problems
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Growth
factor
3.4
4.1
16.8
17.2
20.8
24.6
0.3
0.3
1.0
7.5
11.0
13.7
27.6
31.6
To demonstrate the apparent relationship between enrichment of
waters (i.e., high total organic carbon concentrations), actinomycetes
and past odor occurrences, rankings were developed for total organic
carbon, field actinomycete counts and laboratory actinomycete growth
data. Each of the 13 locations having data for all the parameters
were assigned a numerical value (1-13) for each parameter from lowest
to highest (Table 8).
32
-------
Table 8. Ranks of total organic carbon, laboratory actinomycete and
field actionmycete abundance from raw water of thirteen
Michigan municipal water purification facilities (June,
1974) on Great Lakes.
City
Total organic
carbon
Rank field
actinomycete
counts
Laboratory
actinomycete
growth
Total
Port Huron
Munis ing
Sault Ste. Marie
St . Ignace
Ludington
Benton Harbor*
Grand Rapids*
Alpena
Escanaba*
Menominee*
Bay City*
Mount Clemens*
Monroe*
4
1
3
2
6
7
5
11
9
10
13
8
12
2
3
4
1
5
8
9
11
7
6
10
12
13
1
4
5
9
2
7
9
3
10
11
6
13
12
7
8
12
12
13
22
22
25
26
27
29
33
37
* History of earthy-musty odors.
The five communities with the lowest total ranking have never
experienced earthy-musty odor problems. Alpena was the only one
of the eight highest ranking which did not have a history of earthy-
musty odor occurrence. Communities with the highest rankings also
experienced the most severe odor problems. For example, Benton Harbor
has experienced only occasional odor problems and Grand Rapids had
one odor outbreak in 1972. Escanaba and Menominee had severe odor
problems intermittently every fall and winter since 1970. Though
the odor has subsided somewhat in recent years, Bay City has experienced
continuous problems since the 1950's and Monroe had odor outbreaks
several times each year for a number of years.
Algal Investigations
In assessing the biologic source of the earthy-musty odor in
northern Green Bay, the blue-green fraction of the phytoplankton popu-
lation was screened (Appendix E) and compared to odor producing species
as reported in the literature. Many bluepgreen algae capable of
33
-------
producing earthy-musty odor compounds are in the Oscillatoria genus.
Only two species of Oscillatoria were rather abundant in northern
Green Bay during July; Oscillatoria retzii was the dominant component
in samples from middle Green Bay and Oscillatoria limnetica was
occasionally present. Oscillatoria tenus or Oscillatoria chalybea
have been identified as the principal causative agent of earthy-musty
odor in reservoirs (Aschner et al., 1968; Leventer and Eren, 1970).
Neither of these were found.
Inasmuch as (). retzii is a benthic alga and is only facultatively
planktonic (Stoermer, personal communication, 1974), its presence
in our epilimnion samples is suggestive of the presence of a benthic
algal community. Stoermer (personal communication, 1974) indicates
benthic algal mats are present in northern Green Bay. Through the
use of SCUBA techniques, a qualitative survey of the benthos was
conducted in June (1974). Little benthic algal growth was observed
and no blue-green taxa were identified.
Laboratory Investigations
Over the past fifty years the laboratory work on actinomycete
and odor-production in natural water is realtively meager. Only a
handful of researchers have devoted effort to this field in contrast
to the pharmaceutically related actinomycete research. Over 50
chemical compounds and antibiotics (e.g., Tetracycline, Actinomycin,
Streptomycin) with practical applications have been isolated from
actionmycetes. There has been a great deal of speculation, but little
data is available from carefully controlled experiments or field
surveys on the ecology of actinomycetes. Our laboratory investiga-
tions were designed to determine the response of actinomycetes to
concentrations of certain organic materials commonly discharged to
Green Bay. The primary objectives were to relate the experimental
responses under controlled conditions to theoretical responses based
on conditions present in Green Bay and to determine if such responses
could theoretically cause odor problems in Green Bay. Specific
phases of the laboratory experiments included:
1. Actinomycete Energy (Carbon) Sources.
a. Phenol - Cellulose
b. Municipal-Industrial effluent
c. Algal Assemblages
2. Relationship between earthy-musty odor production and
actinomycetes growth.
Phenol - Cellulose
Inputs of phenol and cellulose to Green Bay originate from the
biodegradation of wood materials of natural origin and pulp mill
34
-------
effluents. Simple phenol and washed paper fiber were chosen as models
for the complex natural products. Reagent grade phenol and a suspension
of Whatman #1 filter paper prepared in a Waring blender were used with
distilled water to prepare culture mediums. Phenol or paper fiber
concentrations were adjusted from 0.1 to 10,000 mg/1. Similar cultures
were also prepared with the addition of mineral salts at concentrations
approximating those of the chitin agar. The pH of all cultures was
adjusted to 8.0 using sodium hydroxide. Aliquots of a spore suspension
of Isolate E^a were added, an initial count was determined, and then
plate counts were again done after 14 days incubation at both 10 and
25°C.
Neither type of material promotes extensive growth (Table 9).
However, the presence of the mineral salts promotes limited utilization
of both phenol and cellulose and growth factor trends indicate the
higher salts concentrations also inhibit growth. When phenol and
cellulose showed growth stimulation, a concentration of 0.1 ppm was
not growth limiting. The 10,000 mg/1 concentrations appeared to
destroy the spores. This may be indirectly related to high sodium
concentrations required to bring the cellulose cultures to a pH of
8.0 and not the organic compounds. It is evident, however, that
actinomycetes can utilize phenol and cellulose as energy sources
under certain conditions.
Municipal - Industrial Effluents
Laboratory study on the growth and odor production of actinomy-
cete isolates from waters of northern Green Bay indicate the ability
of these organisms to utilize constituents in typical municipal and
industrial (paper processing plants) effluent. Six actinomycete
isolates were inoculated into various dilutions of final effluents
from a wastewater treatment (secondary) plant and a paper mill treatment
plant. In a series of duplicate experiments all the isolates except
T2 achieved substantial growth in the paper mill effluent (Table 10).
All isoaltes except T$ and PM-1 had greater growth response with both
energy sources than the control culture (Table 10). Since growth
was less than the control, the constituents of the WWTP effluent were
apparently inhibitory to the growth of these two isolates.
To further assess the effect of these effluents on actinomycete
growth, two isolates (E^ and 15) were inoculated into a series of
dilutions for each effluent. 15 isolate, in contrast to inhibition
in 100% effluent levels (Table 10) grew in the dilute concentrations
of both effluents (Table 11). However, its maximum growth response
in 5% effluent was much less in WWTP media (only 4-fold increase)
than in paper mill media (11-fold increase). Over-all, 15 isolate
grew less successfully at all dilutions than did E-^ isolate. Maximum
growth response for the latter was 19-fold in paper mill effluent
(5% effluent). Growth by both isolates was greatest at the lower
effluent concentrations and progressively decreased with increasing
effluent concentration.
35
-------
Table 9. Growth of Isolate
in phenol and cellulose cultures.
Nutrient
Phenol (10°C)
Phenol (25°C)
Phenol plus
Mineral salts
(10°C)
Phenol plus
Mineral salts
(25°C)
Cellulose (10°C)
Nutrient
Cone.
(mg/1)
0
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10,000
0
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10,000
0
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10,000
0
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10,000
0
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10,000
Average
Growth
Factor
1.28
1.30
1.23
1.20
1.17
1.16
0
1.46
1.36
1.30
1.30
1.18
1.11
0
2.18
4.08
3.17
3.06
3.07
2.31
0
18.50
65.26
37.92
34.06
32.69
23.54
0
1.16
1.19
1.23
1.19
1.17
1.14
1.11
Corrected
Growth
Factor
_
1.01
0.96
0.93
0.91
0.90
0
_
0.93
0.89
0.89
0.80
0.76
0
_
1.87
1.45
1.40
1.40
1.05
0
_
3.52
2.05
1.84
1.76
1.27
0
_
1.02
1.06
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.95
36
-------
Table 9. Continued.
Nutrient
Cellulose (25°C)
Cellulose plus
Mineral salts
(10°C)
Cellulose plus
Mineral salts
(25°C)
Nutrient
Cone.
(fflg/D
0
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10,000
0
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10,000
0
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10,000
Average
Growth
Factor
12.17
13.99
13.23
12.82
12.13
11.97
11.77
1.94
3.78
2.88
2.28
2.50
2.05
1.92
18.00
64.72
51.31
43.45
28.81
26.29
24.37
Corrected
Growth
Factor
«.
1.14
1.08
1.05
0.99
0.96
0.96
—
1.94
1.48
1.17
1.28
1.05
0.98
_
3.59
2.85
2.41
1.60
1.46
1.35
37
-------
Table 10. Effect of 100 percent paper mill and municipal wastewater
(secondary) effluent on actinomycete isolate growth.
14-day Culture (counts per ml)
Initial Paper Mill Municipal WWTP Tap Water
Isolates Count Effluent Effluent (control)
E 2.2 x 103 6.9 x 109 9.3 x 107 2.0 x 107
T2 1.7 x 104 3.2 x 104 2.2 x 105 1.3 x 104
T3-l 8 9.3 x 102 5.1 x 102 2.7 x 102
T5 1.6 x 103 1.2 x 104 1.0 x 102 3.7 x 103
T19 7.9 x 102 9.9 x 104 3.9 x 104 1.6 x 104
PM 7.6 x 108 7.6 x 108 3.8 x 104 1.4 x 107
38
-------
OJ
VO
Table 11.
Isolate
El
T5
Actinomycete isolates (E^ and Tg) growth (counts/ml)
water (secondary) and paper mill effluent.
Time
(days)
0
7
14
0
7
14
Control
1
386
425
405
18l
34
56
5
964
7800
139
632
10
750
6400
214
601
20
Paper
780
6000
186
483
Percent
40
Mill
458
4200
89
78
in dilutions of municipal waste
Effluent
60
506
4100
46
64
80
338
3800
24
89
100
589
3900
38
82
Municipal waste water
En
1
T5
0
7
14
0
7
14
386
425
405
18
34
56
633
4300
88
212
609
4000
93
186
488
3200
74
131
428
1000
38
42
456
800
41
50
484
900
23
41
529
600
32
21
Initial isolate inoculum the same for all experimental dilutions.
-------
Of the six isolates screened in the above-mentioned experiments,
only E^ (Streptomyces sp.) had an earthy-musty odor noted with its
growth. The intensity of the odor (Threshold Odor Number) was assessed
on the 14 day cultures. The results of Isolate E-^ are in Table 12.
Table 12. Comparison of 14-day growth factors with threshold odor
numbers (TON) for autoclaved waste effluent cultures of
Isolate E-
14-day growth factor
Nutrient Source at (24-28°C) TON
1. Sterilized treated wastewater
effluent (municipal) (100%) 4.3 x 104 627
2. Sterilized paper mill effluent
3.
4.
5.
6.
waste (100%)
320 x
Sterilized Lansing tap water
Unsterilized
Unsterilized
Unsterilized
(1)
(2)
(3)
above
above
above
0.
3.
0.
0.
9 x
3 x
8 x
5 x
10H
10*
104
104
104
1032
71
275
126
43
The TON values roughly parallel the 14-day growth factors.
However, there is no obvious mathematical relationship. There was
an unusual amount of growth in the control culture. This contamination
was due to the accidental introduction of nutrient media during
inoculation.
The municipal and industrial effluents assessed are typical
examples of conventionally treated organic inputs into Green Bay.
The potential annual input from municipal wastewater treatment plants
is indicated in Table 13. As of 1973, the discharge of 27 WWTP
enter tributaries of the bay and two (Escanaba and Gladstone) enter
Green Bay (Little Bay de Noc) directly. The major industrial activity
on the watershed is paper manufacturing. Table 14 indicates their
potential annual input to Green Bay. Together, these activities con-
tribute over 122 million pounds of BOD and over 67 million pounds of
suspended solids annually. The vast majority of these wastes enter
the southern portion of Green Bay.
40
-------
Table 13. Inputs to Green Bay from Municipal waste water treatment plants (1974).
State Municipality
Es can aba
Gladstone
Forsyth Twp.
Caspian
1 Stambaugh
Mich. Iron River
Iron Mtn.-Kingford
Menominee
Norway
Powers
Stephenson
Marinette
Peshtigo
Oconto Falls
Gillett
Oconto
Green Bay
Green Bay (Raw bypass)
2 Depere
Wise. Depere (Raw bypass)
Wrightstown
Kaukauna
Little Chute
Kimberly
Apple ton
Apple ton (bypass)
Menasha, West Plant
Menasha, East Plant
Neenah-Menasha
Total
Annual Total
Primary
receiving
water
Little Bay de Noc
Little Bay de Noc
Escanaba River
Iron River
Iron River
Iron River
Menominee River
Menominee River
Menominee River
Cedar River
Little Cedar River
Menominee River
Peshtigo River
Oconto River
Oconto River
Oconto River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Treatment
level
Secondary
Secondary
Lagoons
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Lagoons
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
None
Secondary
None
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Mean
discharge
(MGD)
1.60
0.75
0.25
0.20
0.14
0.48
1.85
2.68
0.35
0.10
0.14
3.762
0.487
0.239
0.182
1.446
20.910
4.170
2.652
1.125
0.170
1.953
0.812
0.544
14.020
2.040
0.741
0.618
14.960
79.461
29,003.265
BOD5
(Ib./dav)
146.4
124.8
35.4
582.4
16.3
335.5
2,385.8
445.0
29.1
12.5
64.1
327
138
61
44
126
19,600
8,461
1,076
2,452
56
245
164
196
4,612
3,540
33
79
4,097
49,484.3
18,061,769.5
Suspended
solids
(Ib./day)
159.7
124.8
72.8
499.2
23.3
235.6
862.0
445.0
55.3
33.3
34.9
547
84
57
29
266
13,708
7,068
1,032
2,038
55
388
-
92
6,181
1,920
9
92
14,116
50,227.9
18,333,183.5
' Information supplied by Mr. Jack Rydquist, Sanitary Engineer, Municipal Wastewater Division
Bureau of Water Management, Michigan Department of Natural Resources (1974).
Information from Epstein et al. (1974).
-------
Table 14. Inputs to Green Bay from paper mills (1974).
Is)
State Paper Mill
Mich. ] Es can aba Paper Mill 2
American Can Co. 3
Scott Paper Co.
Badger Paper Mills
Scott Paper Co.
Green Bay Packaging Inc.
Charmin Paper Co.
American Can Co.
Fort Howard Paper Co.
. Nicolet Paper Co.
Wise. Thilmany Pulp & Paper Co.
Appleton Papers
Kimberly-Clark, Kimberly Mills
Consolidated Paper Co.
Riverside Paper Co.
John Strange Div. Menasha Corp.
Gilbert Paper Co.
George A. Whiting Co.
Kimberly-Clark, Lakeview Mill
Bergstrom Paper Co.
Total (Daily)
Annual Total
Primary
receiving
water
Es can aba River
Menominee River
Menominee River
Peshtigo River
Oconto River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Fox River
Mean
discharge
(MGD)
27.294
2.093
4.619
4.547
11.198
1.786
14.522
11.214
17.498
3.299
22.749
7.159
37,211
8.219
0.840
1.506
0.021
0.562
4.574
4.527
185.438
67,684.870
Mean
BOD5
(Ib./day)
8,372
925
1,755
40,052
51 ,035
1,355
43,802
32,241
4,654
586
16,213
16,664
8,196
35,944
390
1,010
16
532
1,313
20,217
285,272
104,124,382
Mean
Suspended
Solids
(Ib./day)
15,007
436
2,985
6,546
7,880
465
12,674
7,257
12,342
977
17,684
6,007
14,244
9,454
747
1,168
369
1,415
618
15,473
133,748
48,818,173
Means calculated from data in Monthly Industrial Self-Monitoring Reports supplied by Compre-
2 hensive studies Section, Bureau of Water Management, Michigan Department of Natural Resources
. Means calculated from data for May - April, 1974.
•: Means calculated from data for November, 1973 - May, 1974.
4 Data from Epstein et al. (1974).
-------
Algal Assemblages
Experiments were conducted with actinomycete isolates and algal
cells collected from Green Bay to assess the latter*s effect on
actinomycete growth. Water collected by the Wisconsin Department
of Natural Resources on July 9, 1974 in southern Green Bay was air-
shipped to Michigan. The collection area is station four in the Green
Bay-Fox River Special Attention Area Study (EPA Contract No. 68-01-1572
-Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1973). It is located
in lower Green Bay between Long Tail Point and Grassy Island in the
vicinity of the shipping channel. Algal density and composition is
given in Table 15.
Table 15. Algal composition of water sample from southern Green
Bay (July 9, 1974).
Relative Chlorophyll a_
Taxa1 cells/ml2 Abundance (%) (Ug/1)
Blue-greens
Diatoms
Greens
Dinoflagellates
Total
1,360.8
932.7
489.3
107.0
2,889.8
47.1
32.8
16.9
3.7
100.0
26.6
Determined by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (D. Patterson,
Wisconsin DNR, personal communication).
2
Colonial, filamentous and single cell forms each counted as one.
Six liters of lake water were vacuum filtered with a membrane
filter (0.45 u pore size). The algae were then resuspended in
distilled water in quantities sufficient to make concentrations of
0.3, 0.6, 3.0, 6.0, and 12 times the original concentrations of algae
in the bay water. Triplicate 50 ml cultures were prepared and auto-
claved for 25 minutes at 15 psi. The cultures were then inoculated
with 1 ml of actinomycete isolate E^a (spore suspension) and incubated
at 24-28°C for three weeks.
Growth was observed at all algal cell concentrations (Figure 16)
and an earthy-musty odor was produced. Upper limiting concentrations
of algae were not determined. The initial and 21-day mean actinomycete
abundance were statistically (p <0.05) different (Tukey's w-procedure)
43
-------
CONTROL
0. 3
0.6
3.0
6.0
12.0
ALGAL CONCENTRATION ( x ORGINAL)
FIGURE 16. GROWTH OF ACTINOMYCETE ISOLATE Ela WITH ALGAL CELLS AS SOLE
ENERGY SOURCE . ACTINOMYCETE GROWTH MEASURED AT 0,7, 14, AND 21 DAYS.
44
-------
for all experimental algal cell concentrations. The conclusion is
rather clear. Actinomycetes from northern Green Bay are able to
utilize dead algal cells as an energy source.
The implications of such an energy pathway are important. Algal
population size in North American temperate climate lakes is controlled,
to a large degree, by the availability of inorganic nutrients. Annual
increases in inorganic loadings (especially phosphorus) to a lake
system produces an increase in algal standing crop (increased eutrophy).
As the algal cells die, they become available as an energy source
for actinomycete growth. When algal standing crops are large and/or
primary productivity high, it would be anticipated that the actinomycete
standing crop should also be larger. Indirectly, then, the annual
input of inorganic nutrients could stimulate actinomycete growth.
Eutrophication of the Great Lakes does not go unnoticed by the decomposer
fraction. They are causally linked to the primary production components.
Actinomycete, Earthy-Musty Odor Relationship
In defining odor problems for water supplies there appear to
be three broad categories under which odors can be defined with fairly
good agreement. These are 1) chemical odors, 2) fishy odors, and
3) grassy, earthy or musty odors. As a first approximation, these
are usually the result of 1) chemical spills or waste effluent discharges,
2) diatoms and 3) algae or actinomycetes, respectively.
Isolated actinomycete strains produced an earthy-musty odor. Four
were Streptomyces, one a probable Streptomyces and one a probable
Micromonospora. Isolate Eia, in particular, produced a musty odor
under a wide variety of conditions. This observation was checked further.
l^la was inoculated into distilled water broths, containing only one
of the following compounds; arabinose, glucose, glycerol, inositol,
lactose, maltose, mannitol, raffinose, starch, sarbitol, sucrose,
xylose or chitin. After three weeks of incubation (24-28°C), only the
raffinose, xylose and distilled water control cultures exhibited little
or no growth. However, the odors produced varied; only the E^a» isolate
in glucose, inositol and starch produced a strong musty odor. All
the other compounds, including raffinose and xylose, induced a sweet
or medicinal odor from the actinomycete isolate. While this experiment
needs further confirmatory work, it does indicate there may be a
relationship between odors produced and the type of organic nutrients
available in the aquatic ecosystem.
It was also found that the presence of odor is related to the
presence of actinomycete spores. Yeast extract cultures of E-, were
incubated for 14 days (24-28°C) and then vacuum filtered (membrane
filters, 0.45 y). The collected mycelium-spore mass was resuspended
in an equal volume of distilled water. Actinomycete counts and TON
were determined for the original culture, the resuspended mycelium-
spore mass and the filtrate (Table 16).
45
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Table 16. Relationship of earthy-musty odor and mycelia-spore mass
of Isolate E. .
Actinomycete
count TON
Actinomycete culture 70,000 3094
Resuspended actinomycetes 60,000 29
Filtrate 0 3094
It is apparent that the earthy-musty odor is due to a metabolite
of the actinomycetes and not the colonies themselves, as has been
shown by many investigators (Romano and Safferman, 1963; Gerber,
1968; Gerber and Lechevalier, 1965; Rosen e_t al_., 1970). The low
TON in the resuspended actinomycete solution is probably due to
metabolite remaining on the spores and mycelin masses, since the
filter was not rinsed until odor free before resuspension of the
mycelium mass. The TON of the filtrate also decreased from 3094 to
1165 during a two week refrigeration period. This clearly shows
that the metabolite is dissipated (physically or biologically) with
time.
-------
DISCUSSION
The geographic abundance of actinomycetes in the Great Lakes
and northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan) and causal factors responsible
for the observed population distribution are discussed in light of
the following ecologic principles. Individuals of a population must
be supplied with certain essential materials in order to grow and
multiply. Not only must specific essential elements be present,
but each element to which the organism responds has a maximum and
minimum limiting effect. These observations are usually stated as
Liebig-Blackman law and Shelford law (Boughey, 1968). Thus, an
organism's success in populating a given ecosystem is controlled by
the availability of limiting elements and physical factors and
by the limits of tolerance of an organism to these factors and competing
organisms (Odum, 1971). Actinomycete populations are controlled by
these principles. As such, actinomycete growth and reproduction is
intrinsically intermeshed with the energy flow and mineral cycles
in the Great Lakes.
The enrichment of the Great Lakes, and Green Bay specifically,
over time is a fact. There has been an increase in biological produc-
tion at the primary producer level and an increase in the dissolved
nutrients within the lakes (Beeton, 1969; Stoermer, Schelske and Feldt,
1971; Ladewski and Stoermer, 1973; Vollenweider et^ _ajL., 1974; Dobson
et^ al^. , 1974; and Patterson et^ al^, 1975.). The general observation
drawn from the above references is that nearshore stations and major
embayments are nutrient enriched and support a greater level of primary
production than offshore or midlake stations. Our results indicate
actinomycetes, like the other decomposer organisms (e.g., bacteria,
fungi), also increase (greater numbers and biomass) in lake zones with
higher primary production.
Our laboratory growth studies suggest that a wide variety of
organic substances are capable of stimulating the growth of Streptomyces
organisms. These organisms, in turn, produce the objectionable earthy-
musty odor when grown on most of the materials. Phenol and cellulose
stimulate actinomycete growth when present in low concentrations and
when certain mineral salts are available. Paper mill and secondary
municipal effluents containing organic compounds also stimulate actin-
omycete growth. Organic material enters Green Bay from wastewater
treatment plant and paper mill effluents. Additional organic material
enters Green Bay from cannery and milk processing wastes, agricultural
runoff and natural sources. Furthermore, since all effluents are
diluted as they disperse into the receiving waters, the fact that the
laboratory results indicate the dilution of concentrated organic materials
increases actinomycete growth is very important. Our studies, then,
indicate rather clearly that the point and non-point source organic
enrichment of northern Green Bay directly enhances conditions for
increased actinomycete growth.
47
-------
Inorganic nutrient enrichment will also stimulate actinomycete
growth, but in an indirect manner. The addition of inorganic nutrients
suck as phosphorus and nitrogen, to nutrient limited lakes will usually
result in increased algal standing crops. Since our laboratory results
indicate algal cells are a carbon source for actinomycetes and do enhance
growth, the end result of increased annual nutrient loadings to the bay
will be an environment more suitable for actinomycete growth.
Additionally, many industrial-municipal and non-point organic
materials often contain resistant organic compounds (such as cellulose,
lignin, chitin, rubber) which actinomycetes can decompose (Umbreit
and McCoy, 1941; Erickson, 1940; Leeflang, 1963), but most bacteria
can not. This would seem to further favor increases in actinomycete
populations, since they lack competitors for these energy sources.
It is also ecologically important that the earthy-musty odors
is due to a metabolite produced by actinomycetes and not the actino-
mycete colonies themselves. The metabolite can be produced by
actinomycetes in one area and carried by currents to different areas.
Currents are variable and change with season and wind patterns. This
makes it very difficult to pinpoint the specific areas where the
metabolite is produced.
A preliminary investigation of the severity of the Green Bay
odor problem revealed that many other areas of the Great Lakes had
experienced similar problems. Our laboratory and field investigations
included other areas of the Great Lakes, both with and without histories
of odor problems. These investigations indicated that the following
parameters were generally higher in areas with a history of odor problems
than in areas without odor problem histories: 1) total organic carbon
and chlorophyll a concentrations, (i.e., a high degree of eutrophication);
2) actinomycete number; and 3) percent of Streptomyces in the total
actinomycete population. The areas in Green Bay (Escanaba, Gladstone
and Menominee) fit these observations quite well.
It must be remembered that there were not severe odor outbreaks
in northern (Sreen Bay during the study period. However, our over-all
results support the hypothesis that earthy-musty odor problems in
Green Bay and other areas of the Great Lakes are due to the inorganic
and organic nutrient enrichment which directly and indirectly support
larger actinomycete populations. These in turn produce the associated
earthy-musty odor.
Other investigators have suggested such a relationship. McMillan
j* al., (1972) hypothesized that odor problems in water from southern
Lake Michigan used by the City of Chicago were caused by increased
populations of actinomycetes. This was attributed to the nearshore
pollution of Lake Michigan. Bays et^ al., (1970) found that actino-
mycete growth was more highly stimulated by sterilized river water with
a high degree of organic enrichment than water with low organic enrich-
ment.
48
-------
Theoretically, this hypothesis is ecologically sound. Actinomycetes
are decomposers, and, as such, are limited by substrate and nutrient
availability. Nutrient and organic enrichment provides suspended
solids and organic material which actinomycetes can colonize and
decompose. Increasing the nutrient-substrate complex reduces the
effect of these limiting factors on actinomycete growth. Larger
standing crops of actinomycetes would then produce the odor-causing
metabolites in sufficient quantities to cause taste and odor problems.
Further long-term, intensive surveys at specific areas before and
during odor outbreaks are needed to further confirm this hypothesis.
49
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Appendix A
Taste and Odor Bibliography
55
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60
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62
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63
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64
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Appendix B
Station Location
Northern Green Bay
1974
65
-------
STATION LOCATION
1) Control (C) - Big Bay de Noc off Middle Bluff in 14 meters
of water. Sitings: 26 to buoy (BS 1) on Big Bay de Noc
Shoal (0.5 miles); 54° to Garden Bluff; 277° to south end
of Round Island. Latitude: 45° 44' 26". Longitude: 86°
42i 32".
2) Open Water #1 (OW1) - Open water station in the mouth of
Little Bay de Noc in 16 meters og water. Sitings: 110° to
Peninsula Point (2.6 miles); 175 to Minneapolis Shoals
Light; 345 to apartment tower in Escanaba. Latitude: 45
40' 47". Longitude: 87° 1' 7".
3) Open Water #3 (OW3) - Green Bay open water station in 22
meters of water. Sitings: 90° to northern most large smoke
stack in Menominee (3.2 miles); 153° to east end of Green Is-
land; 89 to southern smoke stack in Menominee. Latitude:
45° 5' 57". Longitude: 87° 31' 22".
4) Gladstone (G) - Little Bay de Noc in the vicinity of the
Gladstone municipal water intake in 13 meters of water.
Sitings: 4° to Saunders Point (0.3 mile); 201° to Squaw
Point; 250° to Gladstone Yacht Harbor point. Latitude:
45° 50' 34". Longitude: 86° 54' 52".
5) Escanaba (E) - Little Bay de Noc in the vicinity of the
Escanaba municipal water intake in 16 meters of water.
Sitings: 342° to Escanaba Light (1000 feet); 217° to south
tip of Sand Point; 280° to apartment tower in Escanaba.
Latitude: 45° 44' 37". Longitude: 87° 2' 10".
6) Menominee (M) - Green Bay in the vicinity of the Menominee
municipal water intake in 7 meters of water. Siting: 270°
to north tip of seawall around yacht harbor (1000 feet).
Latitude: 45° 6' 38". Longitude: 87° 35' 56".
7) Portage Marsh #1 (PM 1) - Portage Marsh at marsh-bay inter-
face in 1.2 meters of water. Sitings: 33° to Sand Point (2
miles); 175° to Portage Point. Latitude: 45° 43' 9". Longi-
tude: 87° 3' 35".
8) Portage Marsh #2 (PM 2) - Little Bay de Noc off Portage Marsh
in the vicinity of the Escanaba Wastewater Treatment Plant
outfall in 11 meters of water. Sitings: 245° to Portage Point;
20° to Sand Point; 133° to Peninsula Point. Latitude: 45° 42'
43". Longitude: 87° 3' 9".
66
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Appendix C
Hydrochemistry of Northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan)
67
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Hydrochemistry of Northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan)
This section deals with the documentation of nineteen chemical
parameters as well as transparency and chlorophyll a_ determinations.
The basic data from each survey date is provided in Appendix D for
future reference. When possible, interstation and seasonal differ-
ences were noted. Additionally, the limnological characteristics of
northern Green Bay were compared to other Great Lakes and embayments.
To simplify the comparisons, when possible, the most recent literature
is used. Also, the data was treated in such a manner that it is
represented in a similar scale to the cited literature.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data was gathered from northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan) in 1974.
Eight stations were sampled on 5 occasions (April, May, July, September
and October). On site determinations included transparency (Secchi
disc), dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature using Martek, Yellow
Springs and Sargent-Welch field monitors. Chlorophyll a_ was determined
from composite water samples. A composite sampler, modeled after
one developed for the "Recreational Lakes Water Quality Evaluation
Programme, Ontario Ministry of the Environment (Schenk, personal
communication) was used. A sample was obtained to a depth twice
the transparency measurement and arbitrarily defined as the euphotic
zone.
Chemical samples were stored in plastic bottles (1 liter) and
refrigerated (4°C). Nutrients were treated similarly, but were placed
in 125 ml glass bottles and chlorophyll a_ samples were placed in 1
liter plastic bottles and preserved with 5-10 drops of saturated
magnesium carbonate solution.
The hydrochemical parameters were assessed by staff at the
University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, Michigan. Chloride,
sulfate, silica, total alkalinity, turbidity and organic nitrogen
were analyzed according to Standard Methods (American Public Health
Association, 1971). Ammonia and nitrate-nitrogen were colorimetrically
determined on a Beckman DB-GT Spectrophotometer after methods of
Solorazano (1969) and Muller and Wildemann (1955). respectively. Total
and soluble-reactive phosphorus samples were digested by the method
of Gales et^ al^ , (1966) while neutralization and color development
followed Schmid and Ambuhal (1965) prior to colorimetric determination
on a Beckman DB-GT Spectrophotometer. An Industrial Instruments Model
RC-16B2 Conductivity Bridge was used to measure conductivity and color
was measured using platinum cobalt standards (Hach Chemical Company,
1974). For the determination of chlorophyll a_, a Turner Model III
Fluorometer was used following extraction with 90% acetone (Strickland
and Parson, 1968). Total dissolved solids, suspended solids and
volatile solids were gravimetrically determined (EPA manual, 1971).
A Perkin-Elmer Model 305 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was
used to measure calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium (EPA manual,
1971).
68
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Total organic carbon samples from the Great Lakes were collected
in May and October only. One liter samples were preserved with 40
mg/1 mercuric chloride and refrigerated. Determinations were performed
on a Beckman Carbon Analizer by personnel from the Institute of Water
Research, Michigan State University.
RESULTS - CONCLUSIONS
Dissolved Oxygen - Temperature
The average dissolved oxygen concentration in middle and northern
Green Bay was 11.2 mg/1 (97.5% saturation) throughout the ice-free
season (Figure C-l). Typically, maximum dissolved oxygen and percent
saturation occurred at spring (April) and tail (October) overturn
as expected for a northern temperate climate lake (Appendix D).
When and where thermal stratification did occur, the average
dissolved oxygen concentration in the hypolimnion was 8.3 mg/1 (77.7%
saturation). Oxygen conditions in the hypolimnion during summer
stratification for each station are indicated in C-2. The Big
Bay de Noc and nearshore middle Green Bay (Menominee) stations did not
stratify. The offshore middle Green Bay station was also stratified
at the time of the September survey. Lowest percent oxygen saturation
occurred at the Gladstone station in Little Bay de Noc. It can
generally be noted that the oxygen condition of the hypolimnion
was lower in Little Bay de Noc and middle Green Bay compared to upper
Green Bay and Big Bay de Noc stations. Over-all, northern Green Bay
and its embayments are well oxygenated. Compared to oxygen conditions
in lakes Superior, Huron, Erie and Ontario near the end of summer
stratification (Figure C-3), northern Green Bay is positioned betwen
Ontario and Erie (Dobson et^ auU , 1974).
The temperature regime is similar to Lakes Michigan and Huron
and higher than Lake Superior. Seasonal maximum temperature observed
was 21°C on July 27-28. The average surface temperature for the ice
free period was 10°C.
Major Ions - Alkalinity - pH
Figure C-4 lists the average concentration of major ions (Ga, Mg)
Na, K, 804, Cl) in northern Green Bay. Northern Green Bay is similar
to Lakes Superior, Huron and Michigan in concentration and relative
abundance (Ca > Mg > Na > K) of the major cations (Weiler and Chawla,
1969). Sulfate concentration (Figure 5) are higher than Lake Superior
(3.9 ppm) equal to Huron (17.2 ppm) and Michigan (13.5 ppm) and lower
than Erie (25.7 ppm) and Ontario (29.4 ppm). Chloride follows the
same distribution except northern Green Bay is slightly higher than
Huron and Michigan (Weiler and Chawla 1969). The average chloride
level throughout northern Green Bay is 11.1 mg/1. Although the Little
Bay de Noc stations had a lower average value (9.9 mg/1), the chloride
concentration doubled from 1960 to 1968 (Ryckman, 1968) period and
is at the latter level in 1974. However, no significant change in
Ca and Na has occurred in the last 14 years.
69
-------
NORTHERN GREEN BAY
0
FIGURE C-l. MEAN D. 0. AND PER CENT OXYGEN SATURATION FOR
NORTHERN GREEN BAY (LAKE MICHIGAN) APRIL 24-
OCTOBER 29, 1974, MAXIMUMS AND MINIMUMS ALSO
INDICATED.
70
-------
PERCENT OXYGEN SATURATION
m
O I
z ro
m
-n- >
»§§
m <
m >
z r
oj rn
85
2
o
0
ro •&
o o
i i
en
o
1
CD
O
1
O
0
BIG BAY DE NOC
mmm^m
NOT STRATIFIED
UPPER GREEN BAY
•••MMi
MIDDLE GREEN BAY
••••••••
LITTLE BAY DE NOC
^•H
GLADSTONE
LITTLE BAYDE NOC
ESCANABA
MIDDLE GREEN BAY
•HIMiiM
NOT STRATIFIED
X
S
c
3
c*
CD
O
1
ro
O
-fc
O
1
en
0
i
CO
o
t
6
o
-------
- IOO
FIGURE C-3. MEAN OXYGEN PERCENT SATURATION VALUES IN
HYPOLIMNION OF NORTHERN GREEN BAY
-------
- 4
Co
FIGURE C-4. AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF MAJOR IONS IN NORTHERN
GREEN BAY (1974). DATA FOR EACH PARAMETER ARE GIVEN AS MEAN FOR
ALL DEPTHS. SAMPLES OBTAINED AT SPRING OVERTURN (APRIL) EXCEPT FOR
CHLORIDE WHICH WAS MEASURED IN JULY. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES
ARE INDICATED.
73
-------
Alkalinity of northern Green Bay ranged from 103 to 114 mg/1
(Appendix D). Again, site variation is not evident. Alkalinity
in northern Green Bay is lower than southern Green Bay and slnilar
to Lake Michigan. Northern Green Bay and Lake Michigan concentrations
are greater than Superior, Huron, and Erie.
The pH of northern Green Bay ranged from 8.2 to 8.4 (Appendix
D), which is similar to average values for Michigan, Huron, Erie,
and Ontario (usually >8.0) and higher than Superior (Weiler and
Chawla, 1969).
Conductivity - Total Dissolved Solids
Average conductivity and total dissolved solids values in northern
Green Bay ranged from 230 to 345 ymho and 127 to 180 mg/1, respectively.
Site and seasonal (Appendix D) variation are minimal. Compared to
other Great Lakes and embayments, the waters of northern Green Bay have
conductivity levels similar to Michigan, Erie (western basin) and
Saginaw Bay, but lower than Erie (central basin) and southern Green
Bay and higher than Huron and Superior. Northern Green Bay total
dissolved solids concentrations are similar to northern Lake Michigan,
lower than southern Green Bay, Ontario and Erie, and higher than
Huron and Superior.
Secchi Depth
Transparency in northern Green Bay is indicated in Figure C-5. It
is evident that Big Bay de Noc and the upper Green Bay station had the
greatest transparency throughout the ice-free period (April-October).
Little Bay de Noc and middle Green Bay stations were similar. But the
similarity was not due simply to phytoplankton standing crop variation
(as measured by chlorophyll a). Both Menominee nearshore and offshore
stations had higher average chlorophyll a^ concentrations, but the
lowest annual transparency values were in Little Bay de Noc (Gladstone
and Escanaba stations). True color differences due to the presence
of dissolved organic compounds is primarily responsible for the
observed differences. Little Bay de Noc had a brown coffee color
cast to the water which was not evident in middle Green Bay (Menominee
nearshore and offshore). True color in the former seasonally averaged
31 (pt-co units) compared to 25 for the latter (Appendix D).
Figure C-6 is a smooth curve adapted from Dobson et al., (1974) to
indicate the relative transparency of northern Green Bay and southern
Green Bay (Patterson and Epstein, 1975) with the other Great Lakes.
According to Dobson et^ al., (1974) Secchi reciprocals (30/SD) are
approximate indicators of particulate matter. In terms of either
transparency or 30/SD values, northern Green Bay had a higher trans-
parency than southern Green Bay, western Erie, and Ontario (June-
October only). It has an average Secchi depth value of 3 meters which
is representative of a meso-eutrophic placement based on data from
Dobson et_ al., (1974).
74
-------
us
IE
111
4.50
4.00
3.90
Q.
HI
Q
- 3.00
o
o
UJ
in
250
ZOO
/CHLOROPHYLL".
PHYTOPLANKTON
BIG BAY
DE NOC
UPPER
GREEN BAY
MENOMINEE MENOMINEE ESCANABA GLADSTONE
N EARSHORE OFFSHORE
18
17
16
15
14
13 o|
"1
o
_l
II o
10
2200
2000
ISOO
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
-------
- 0.73
I
a.
ui
o
u
o
111
O
10
u
X
I-
a.
g
X
u
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
MONTH
FIGUREC-6.SEASONAL TURBIDITY IN SURFACE WATER OF NORTHERN GREEN BAY
(LAKE MICHIGAN) AS INDICATED BY MEAN SECCHI DEPTH MEASUREMENTS
OBTAINED FROM FIVE SURVEYS (APRIL- OCTOBER)- IN 1974 COMPARED
WITH OTHER GREAT LAKES (FROM DOBSONet. al., 1974). SOUTHERN
GREEN BAY DATA IS FROM PATTERSON AND EPSTEIN, 1975
76
-------
Reactive Silica
Concentrations of reactive silicate in surface waters (1 meter)
for each of the study areas are shown in Figure C-7. Station differences
are observable (Big Bay de Hoc and upper Green Bay < Little Bay de Noc
and Menominee - offshore < Menominee - nearshore). A seasonal trend
was also present (Appendix D). The average spring (April) concentration
was approximately double the summer (May-October) concentration. The
spring, summer and annual means were 1085, 492 and 610 yg/1, respectively.
The summer average for northern Green Bay compared favorably with
concentrations observed by Schelske and Callender (1970) in 1969.
There is no noticeable change in silicate concentration over the last
five years.
Reactive silica concentrations in northern Green Bay are very
similar to Huron and western Erie, approximately one-half of Lake
Superior and more than double the winter concentrations in Erie
(central and eastern basin) and Ontario (Dobson et al., 1974). Summer
concentrations are approximately double northern Lake Michigan (Schelske
and Callender, 1970). Dobson et^ al., (1974) indicates the difference
between winter and summer concentrations of dissolved silicate reflect
the relative intensity of silicate metabolism by the diatom fraction
of the phytoplankton population. Northern Green Bay had a 597 yg/1
decrease, this was very similar to Dobson's e^ aJL. (1974) findings
for Huron (536 yg/1) which he regarded as anomalously high and at-
tributed to abundant diatom populations in an early stage of "eutro-
phication" (Figure 8).
Particulate Phosphorus
Schelske and Stoermer (1972) have related phosphorus to eutro-
phication of Lake Michigan through the correlation of particulate
phosphorus to rates of phytoplankton carbon fixation. Particulate
phosphorus concentrations in lakes is an indirect measure of the
degree of primary production. Lakes with greater quantities of
particulate phosphorus are considered more eutrophic or nutrient-
rich. Dobson et^ aJL, (1974) compared the Great Lakes (except Michigan)
particulate phosphorus concentrations. Northern Green Bay's relative
ranking is indicated in Figure C-9. Based on Dobsons et al. (1974)
trophic range, northern Green Bay is mesotrophic and slmflar to
Lakes Ontario and Erie (eastern and central basin).
Nitrate and Ammonia Nitrogen
Surface water (1 meter) concentrations of nitrogen (nitrate +
ammonia) for spring overturn and the summer period of northern Green
Bay are included with Dobson's et al. (1974) comparison of other
Great Lakes (Figure C-10). It has a spring/winter concentration
similar to Superior, Huron and Ontario. However, the degree of nitrogen
metabolism as illustrated by differences between spring and summer
values (175 yg/1) is not similar to Huron and Superior. Rather, it
is similar to Ontario and Erie (Dobson et al. 1974). The summer
77
-------
1400
I20O
1000
800
UJ
v> 600
UJ
o
UJ
o: 4OO
200
1400
- 1200
- IOOO
- 800
360
- 60O
- 4OO
- 20O
BIG BAY
OE NOC
UPPER LITTLE BAY
GREEN BAY OE NOC
MIDDLE
GREEN BAY
FIGURE C-7. AVERAGE REACTIVE SILICATE CONCENTRATIONS IN SURFACE
WATER (I METER) OF NORTHERN GREEN BAY DURING ICE FREE PERIOD.
(APRIL- OCTOBER OF 1974 ).
78
-------
2400
FIGURE C-8. AVERAGE REACTIVE SILICATE CONCENTRATIONS IN SURFACE
WATER ( J METER ) NORTHERN GREEN BAY COMPARED WITH
OTHER AREAS OF THE GREAT LAKES (FROM DOBSON et. alv!974).
79
-------
QO
o
0.
o>
oc
o
X
a.
8
X
a.
u
o
cc
SUPERIOR HURON ONTARIO EASTERN NORTHERN CENTRAL WESTERN
ERIE GREEN ERIE ERIE
BAY
FIGURE C-9.AVERAGE, MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM PARTICULATE PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS IN
SURFACE WATERS (I METER) OF NORTHERN GREEN BAY (1974) COMPARED WITH OTHER
GREAT LAKES. DATA ON GREAT LAKES AND TROPHIC RANGE ARE FROM DOBSON
et. al. (1974).
-------
FIGURE C-IO. SURFACE WATER ( I METER) MEAN CONCENTRATION OF NITRATE
-I- AMMONIA IN NORTHERN GREEN BAY (1974) COMPARED
WITH OTHER GREAT LAKES (FROM DOBSON et. al., 1974 )
81
-------
nitrogen depletion in surface waters of the latter lakes is indicative
of a more biologically productive situation.
Chlorophyll a_
No comprehensive studies have been made on the temporal and
spatial distribution of chlorophyll a^ in northern Green Bay (Lake
Michigan). The present study examined this distribution. The
results are shown in Figure C-ll. Big Bay de Noc had the lowest con-
centration and middle Green Bay (Menominee - nearshore and offshore)
the highest. Little Bay de Noc has a slightly lower average concen-
tration than middle Green Bay, but based on the range of maximum-
minimum values, it is essentially similar to the latter. The upper
Green Bay station was also related more to Little Bay de Noc and
middle Green Bay than Big Bay de Noc. This is illustrated clearly
when Dobson's et^ al. (1974) trophic ranges (mesotrophic - 4.4 to 8.8
yg/liter) are applied to northern Green Bay. Only Big Bay de Noc
falls into the mesotrophic range while the other stations are in the
eutrophic field.
Figure C-12 illustrates the abundance of chlorophyll a^ in the
surface waters of northern Green Bay relative to measurements on the
Great Lakes (Dobson et^ aJL , 1974). It is similar to western Erie
and greater than Erie,(central and eastern), Ontario, Huron and Superior.
Compared to Lake Michigan Cv>2vig/l) , northern Green Bay had chlorophyll
ji concentrations approxiamtely four - five times greater than northern
Lake Michigan, (Schelske and Roth, 1973; Robertson et^ a^., 1971).
However, southern Green Bay (Patterson and Epstein, 1975) is approx-
imately two-fold higher than northern Green Bay (Figure C-12). There
is a clear ranking between the north and south portion of the embay-
ment and Lake Michigan proper (southern Green Bay > northern Green
Bay > northern Lake Michigan). Applying Dobson's et^ ai_., (1974)
trophic fields, northern Green Bay lies just in the eutrophic field
and could be considered meso-eutrophic while southern Green Bay
is clearly well in the eutrophic field.
82
-------
- 4
BIG BAY NORTHERN LITTLE BAY
DE NOC GREEN BAY DE NOC
LITTLE BAY
DE NOC
MIDDLE
GREEN BAY
MIDDLE
GREEN BAY
FIGURE C-l
SUMMARY OF CHLOROPHYLL fl CONCENTRATIONS IN SURFACE WATERS
OF NORTHERN AND MIDDLE GREEN BAY. THE MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND
MEAN VALUES ARE FOR THE ICE - FREE PERIOD (APRIL-OCTOBER) OF
1974. THE TROPHIC RANGE IS FROM DOBSON et. dl., ( 1974).
-------
- 4
SUPERIOR HURON
EASTERN
ERIE
ONTARIO CENTRAL NORTHERN WESTERN SOUTHERN
ERIE GREEN BAY ERIE GREEN BAY
FIGURE C-12. AVERAGE, MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM CHLOROPHYLL fl. CONCENTRATIONS IN
SURFACE WATER OF NORTHERN GREEN BAY (1974) COMPARED WITH OTHER
AREAS OF GREAT LAKES. DATA ON GREAT LAKES AND TROPHIC RANGE
FROM DOBSON et. al, (1974) SOUTHERN GREEN BAY DATA IS FROM PATTER-
SON AND EPSTEIN ( 1975)-.
-------
Literature Cited
American Public Health Association. 1971. Standard methods for the
examination of water and wastewater, 13th Edition, APHA, New York,
874 pp.
Dobson, H. F., Gilbertson, M., and Sly, P. G. 1974. A summary and
comparison of nutrients and related water quality in Lakes
Erie, Ontario, Huron and Superior. J. Fish. Res. Board Can.
31 (5) 731-738.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1971. Methods for chemical analysis
of water and wastewaters. Analytyical Quality Control Laboratory,
Cincinnati, Ohio. 312 pp.
Gales, M. Jr., E. Julian, and R. Kroner, 1966. Method for
quantiatative determination of total phosphorus in water.
J. Amer. Water Works Assn. 58 (10): 1363.
Kramer, J. R. 1964. Theoretical model for the chemical composition
of fresh water with application to the Great Lakes. Proc. Seventh
Conf. Great Lakes. 147-160.
Muller, R. and 0. Widemann. 1955. Nitratestimmung in seewasser.
Juhrbuch V. Wasser 22: 247-271.
Patterson, Dale J. and Epstein, Earl. 1975. Lower Green Bay:
present and projected water quality. Wisconsin Department
of Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Standards,
Madison, Wisconsin.
Robertson, A., Powers, C. F., and Rose, J. 1971. Distribution
of chlorophyll and its relation to particulate organic matter
in the offshore waters of Lake Michigan. Proc. 14th Conf. Great
Lakes Res. Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., 69-78.
Ryckman, R. G. 1968. Physical and chemical characteristics of
Little Bay de Noc. M. S. Thesis. Univ. of Wisconsin -
Milwaukee.
Schelske, C. L., and Callender, E. 1970. Survey of phytoplankton
productivity and nutrients in Lake Michigan and Lake Superior
Proc. 13th Conf. Great Lakes Res., Internat. Assoc. Great
Lakes Res 93-105.
85
-------
Schelske, C. and Roth, J. C. 1973. Limnological survey of Lakes
Michigan, Superior, Huron and Erie. Univ. of Michigan,
Great Lakes Res. Div. Pub. No. 17.: 1-108.
Schmid, M. and H. Ambuhl. 1965. Die bestimmung geringster Mengen
von Gesamtphosphor in Wasser van Binnenseen. Schwiz. Z.
Hydrol. 27: 184-192.
Solorazano, L. 1969. Determination of ammonia in natural waters by
the phenolhypochlorite method. Limnol. Oceanogr. 19: 799-801.
Sridharan, N. and Lee, G. F. 1974. Phosphorus studies in lower Green
Bay, Lake Michigan WPCF. 46: 684-696.
Strickland, J. D. H. and T. R. Parsons, 1968. A practical handbook
of seawater analysis. Fish. Res. Bd., Canada, Bull. No. 167, 311
pp.
U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration 1968a. Water quality investigations, Lake Michigan
basin; physical and chemical quality conditions. FWPCA, Chicago.
Weiler, R. R. and Chawla,'V. K. 1969, Dissolved mineral quality of
Great Lakes Waters. Proc. 12th Conf. Great Lakes Res. 801-818.
86
-------
Appendix D
Chemical and nutrient characteristics
of northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan)
April - October, 1974.
87
-------
Table D-l. Chemical and nutrient characteristics of northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan). April 24-25, 1974.
Station
Control
Upper Green
Bay
(OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(G)
Es can aba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
(M)
Portage Marsh
#1 (PM1)
Depth
(M)
1.0
6.1
10.7
1.0
6.1
12.2
15.0
1.0
6.1
12.2
15.0
1.0
4.6
9.1
1.0
6.1
12.2
15.0
1.0
3.0
6.1
1.0
Dissolved
oxygen
(mg/1)
13.6
13.7
13.6
14.0
13.8
13.8
13.8
13.5
13.5
13.4
13.4
12.8
13.0
12.9
13.2
13.0
13.1
13.1
12.6
12.6
12.8
13.2
Temp.
(°C)
3.4
3.2
3.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
3.0
2.8
2.7
4.4
3.8
3.6
3.6
5.5
5.5
5.0
4.0
Percent
oxygen
saturation
106
106
106
103
101
101
101
99
99
98
98
97
98
98
103
102
102
102
101
101
102
103
pH
8.4
8.4
8.3
8.5
8.7
8.7
8.5
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.3
Transparency Alkal-
Secchi disc inity
(M) mg/1
4. '6 107.2
107.5
106.8
4.9 106.1
106.5
108.5
108.5
3.'2 112.5
112.5
112.2
112.6
1.4 79.0
83.0
84.4
1.7 86.8
89.7
92.5
96.4
2.0 97.0
96.0
96,0
0.9* 100.0
Portage Marsh 1.0
#2 (PM2)
11.7
5.2
94
8.2
0.8*
89.0
* Total water depth
-------
Table D-l. Continued.
oo
Conduc-
CO -Alkal- tivity
Station inity (mg/1) (ymho)
Control
Upper Green
Bay
(OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(G)
Es can aba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
(M)
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
226.3
230.9
232.2
236.4
241.2
261.6
261.6
244.3
240.3
237.5
241.6
164.2
169.6
177.9
185.1
183.0
194.0
215.4
193.7
191.8
193.2
Turbi-
dity
(mg/1)
7.0
7.0
10.5
0.10
0.45
0.55
0.55
8.0
7.5
7.0
7.0
1.3
1.4
3.5
1.15
1.50
1.15
1.40
7.0
9.5
8.5
Total dissolv- Suspended
ed solids solids
(mg/1) (mg/1)
148
152
132
162
160
162
140
160
160
162
156
175
150
152
160
128
140
145
140
150
144
0
1
3
1
1
1
1
4
5
4
4
2
6
2
2
8
2
0
2
4
2
Volatile sus-
pended solids
(mg/1)
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
0
2
2
Color
(Pt units)
_
-
18
20
20
30
30
37
30
50
50
47
37
40
40
47
50
50
Portage Marsh 0.0
#1 (PM1)
Portage Marsh 0.0
#2 (PM2)
233.8
190.9
0.75
0.75
182
182
20
30
-------
Table I>-1. Continued.
AO
o
Station
Control
(C)
Upper Green
Bay
(OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(G)
Es can aba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
(M)
Chlorophyll ji
(composite)
(yg/D
7.15
5.56
9.25
7.15
7.94
9.25
Pheo-
phytin
(Vg/D
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Nitrate
(NO -N)
(mg/1)
0.235
0.253
0.203
0.183
0.176
0.160
0.176
0.130
0.180
0.185
0.149
0.371
0.248
0.247
0.190
0.190
0.208
0.204
0.207
0.203
0.240
Ammonia
(NH -N)
(mg/1)
0.007
0.033
0.006
0.010
0.013
0.038
0.017
0.030
0.382
0.030
0.020
0.031
0.022
0.020
0.024
0.030
0.019
0.014
0.009
0.018
0.016
Organic
nitrogen
(nw/D
0.097
0.107
0.097
0.098
0.081
0.085
0.112
0.090
0.111
0.118
0.086
0.082
0.172
0.188
0.151
0.108
0.094
0.105
0.133
0.165
0.151
Total Phos-
phorus
(mg/1)
0.010
0.014
0.017
0.005
0.010
0.004
0.013
0.016
0.016
0.015
0.007
0.021
0.022
0.018
0.025
0.023
0.018
0.016
0.017
0.024
0.019
Soluble orthi
phosphate
(mg/1)
0.001
0.003
0.008
0.004
0.002
0.003
0.007
0,007
0.007
0.008
0.003
O.'0 13
0.008
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.014
0.018
0.014
Portage Marsh 7.94
#1 (PM1)
Portage Marsh 11.56
#2 (PM2)
0.00
0.92
0.014
0.048
0.184
0.136
0.096
0.142
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.048
-------
Table D-l. Continued.
Station
Control
(C)
Upper Green
Bay
(OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(G)
Es can aba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
(M)
Portage Marsh
Silica
(Si02)
(mB/1)
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.58
0.63
0.67
0.64
0.71
0.74
0.64
1.69
1.64
1.58
1.24
1.17
1.30
1.01
1.92
1.95
1.81
1.04
Potassium
(mg/1)
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.04
1.11
1.10
1.11
1.17
1.25
1.22
1.17
0.76
0.76
0.78
1.04
1.00
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.09
1.11
1.05
Sodium
(ms/1)
3.83
3.81
3.93
3.78
3.82
5.24
3.76
5.58
5.68
5.39
5.56
2.35
2.40
2.52
3.72
3.90
3.84
4.26
2.83
2.86
3.28
3.86
Calcium
(mg/1)
31.42
33.63
35.89
34.13
34.44
34.44
34.75
34.32
34.63
34.07
34.44
24.01
24.58
25.64
27.03
27.97
28.79
29.79
28.16
28.16
27.84
29.67
Magnesium
(mg/1)
10.62
10.62
10.62
10.62
10.56
11.04
10.85
11.51
11.64
11.70
11.74
7.94
8.08
8.37
8.64
8.85
9.20
9.36
10.64
10.67
10.75
9.84
Sulfate
(mg/D
20.1
18.6
18.5
19.2
18.9
17.8
18.9
19.7
20.0
21.4
19.1
12.1
11.9
12.6
15.4
17.0
16.5
17.2
16.4
17.1
17.1
16.7
//I (PM1)
Portage Marsh 0.68
n (PM2)
1.14
5.32
27.03
8.43
19.4
-------
Table D-2. Chemical and nutrient characteristics of northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan). May 29-30, 1974.
Station
Control
Upper Green
Bay (OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(G)
Es can aba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
(M)
Portage Marsh
#1 (PM1)
Portage Marsh
#2 (?M2)
Depth
(M)
1
5
10
13
1
5
10
15
1
6
12
18
24
1
4
8
12
1
5
10
15
1
3
6
1
1
5
10
Dissolved
oxygen
(mg/1)
11.2
11.1
11.1
11.3
12.1
12.1
12.3
12.2
12.7
12.6
12.8
12.4
11.7
11.1
11.0
10.9
11.0
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.4
12.6
12.6
12.5
4.5
11.4
11.6
11.6
Temp.
(°c)
12.0
10.8
10.7
10.2
10.1
9.8
9.3
8.0
10.5
10.0
8.0
7.5
6.5
13.5
13.0
13.0
8.5
11.0
11.0
10.8
10.1
11.0
10.5
10.0
15.5
11.3
10.8
10.6
Percent
oxygen
saturation
106
105
105
102
109
109
108
104
115
114
109
104
93
106
105
105
96
107
107
106
103
117
114
113
45
106
107
106
PH
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.4
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.0
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.3
8.3
8.3
7.5
8.4
8.3
8.3
Transparency
Secchi disc
(M)
4.5
4.2
2.9
2.5
2.0
2.9
0.8
2.8
Alkal-
inity
mg/1
109.1
109.0
109.8
110.4
112.0
111.6
111.2
110.5
113.2
114.0
114.8
116.5
115.8
93.5
92.0
92.0
104.2
105.5
105.5
106.7
106.5
114.3
115.8
114.5
79.6
113.8
111.2
110.8
-------
Table D-2. Continued.
Station
Control
(C)
Upper Green
Bay
(OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(G)
Escanaba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
(M)
Portage Marsh
#1 (PM1)
Portage Marsh
#2 (PM2)
CO.- Alkal-
inity (mg/1)
1.8
1.8
2.0
1.0
3.2
2.5
1.8
1.5
2.0
2.6
2.2
2.2
2.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.8
1.8
1.5
1.5
2.6
2.8
1.5
0.0
3.8
3.5
3.0
Conduc-
tivity
(pmho)
253.5
255.5
258.6
259.6
238.0
267.0
264.0
266.6
263.6
264.6
264.6
267.7
266.6
210.1
211.1
212.1
245.0
246.0
247.9
247.9
247.0
266.6
265.6
269.7
193.9
262.6
260.6
257.6
Turbid-
ity
(mg/D
0.25
0.45
0.75
0.45
0.45
0.25
0.45
0.75
0.90
0.75
0.90
0.45
0.90
0.75
0.45
1.15
0.90
0.90
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.90
3.80
Total dis-
solved solids
(mg/1)
138
156
150
204
162
120
162
156
178
202
210
182
102
76
132
128
78
174
182
182
184
174
100
138
124
120
126
142
Suspended
solids
(mg/1)
3.2
3.6
4.0
5.6
0.8
0.8
1.2
0.8
4.0
4.8
4.0
2.8
3.2
3.2
3.6
4.0
5.6
1.6
9.0
2.4
0.4
1.6
4.4
3.6
15.2
0.4
2.0
0.8
Total
volatile solids
(ag/1)
2.0
48.0
76.8
86.8
32.4
12.4
38.4
28.4
66.8
75.6
101.2
66.8
56.0
24.8
23.2
20.0
7.6
61.2
68.0
66.0
78.0
30.0
2.0
39.6
45.2
22.4
6.0
18.8
-------
Table D-2. Continued.
Station
Control
(C)
Upper Green
Bay
(OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(C)
Escanaba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
(M)
Portage Marsh
#1 (PM1)
Portage Marsh
#2 (PM2)
Total
phosphorus
(mg/1)
0.009
0.008
0.018
0.003
0.009
0.013
0.014
0.014
0.031
0.039
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.017
0.015
0.017
0.019
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.016
0.014
0.016
0.017
0.194
0.009
0.012
0.014
Soluble ortho-
phosphate
(mg/D
0.005
0.006
0.006
0.002
0.007
0.012
0.008
0.003
0.005
0.013
0.006
0.004
0.001
0.007
0.008
0.008
0.006
0.001
0.004
0.002
0.012
0.012
0.009
0.013
0.131
0.008
0.006
0.009
Silica
(SiO )
(mg/f)
0.24
0.49
0.18
0.25
0.17
0.12
0.18
0.23
0.33
0.27
0.29
0.28
0.38
0.77
0.49
0.87
0.62
0.26
0.24
0.20
0.13
0.87
0.30
0.35
0.38
0.13
0.19
0.20
Color
(Pt. Units)
28
31
33
38
31
20
28
35
38
50
49
32
53
51
67
68
60
38
33
30
30
50
47
32
150
30
30
29
Total organic
carbon
(mg/1)
2.6
3.3
4;0
7.3
4.5
3.8
14.6
3.8
-------
Table D-2. Continued.
Station
Control
(C)
Upper Green
Bay
(OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(C)
Escanaba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
00
Portage Marsh
#1 (PM1)
Portage Marsh
#2 (PM2)
Color
(Pt. Units)
28
31
33
38
31
20
28
35
38
50
49
32
53
51
67
68
60
38
33
30
30
50
47
32
150
30
30
29
Chlorophyll a_ Nitrate
composite Pheophytin (NOo-N)
( g/D ( g/D (mg7l)
15.48 0.00 0.117
0.116
0.124
0.130
21.77 1.07 0.125
0.132
0.132
0.158
19.81 0.00 0.080
0.080
0.118
0.120
0.147
19.00 5.60 0.113
0.114
0.112
0.148
23.20 23.20 0.117
0.113
0.121
0.020
22.14 20.47 0.087
0.087
0.086
96.24 0.00 0.118
13.07 6.26 0.103
0.117
0.121
Ammonia
(NH3-N)
(ms/1)
0.022
0.014
0.018
0.017
0.016
0.017
0.028
0.024
0.014
0.017
0.014
0.012
0.016
0.016
0.014
0.039
0.022
0.072
0.061
0.020
0.017
0.027
0.018
0.012
0.024
0.020
0.012
0.028
Organic
nitrogen
(mK/1)
0.367
0.341
0.287
0.300
0.170
0.317
0.114
0.159
0.427
0.458
0.457
0.393
0.508
0.324
0.335
0.222
0.300
0.328
0.286
0.402
0.402
0.391
1.065
0.352
0.460
0.157
0.837
0.244
Total
phosphorus
(mg/1)
0.009
0.008
0.018
0.003
0.009
0.013
0.014
0.014
0.031
0.039
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.017
0.015
0.017
0.019
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.016
0.014
0.016
0.017
0.194
0.009
0.012
0.014
-------
Table D-2. Continued.
Station
Control
(C)
Upper Green
Bay
(OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(C)
Escanaba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
(M)
Portage Marsh
#1 (PM1)
Portage Marsh
#2 (PM2)
Soluble ortho-
phosphate
(mg/D
0.005
0.006
0.006
0.002
0.007
0.012
0.008
0.003
0.005
0.013
0.006
0.004
0.001
0.007
0.008
0.008
0.006
0.001
0.004
0.002
0.012
0.012
0.009
0.013
0.131
0.008
0.006
0.009
Silica
(Si02)
(mg/1)
0.24
0.49
0.18
0.25
0.17
0.12
0.18
0.23
0.33
0.27
0.29
0.28
0.38
0.77
0.49
0.87
0.62
0.26
0.24
0.20
0.13
0.87
0.30
0.35
0.38
0.13
0.19
0.20
Total organic
carbon
(mg/1)
2.6
3.3
4.0
7.3
4.5
3.8
14.6
3.8
-------
Table D-3. Chemical and nutrient characteristics of northern Green Bav (Lake Michigan). July 27-28, 1974.
Station
Control
(C)
Upper Green
Bay
(OW1)
Menotninee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(G)
Es can aba
(E)
Menotninee
Nearshore
(M)
Portage Marsh
#1 (PM1)
Portage Marsh
#2 (PM2)
Depth
(M)
1
6
12
1
9
11
14
16
1
5
8
15
24
1
11
12
14
1
9
11
13
18
1
3
6
1
1
2
3
Dissolved
oxygen
(mg/1)
8.9
8.9
8.7
8.8
9.0
9.4
9.4
9.0
8.7
8.2
7.5
9.4
8.1
9.9
8.9
7.2
6.7
8.9
8.9
9.2
8.0
7.7
9.1
9.1
8.0
6.5
9.1
8.4
6.7
Temp.
<°0
20.0
20.0
19.0
20.0
19.5
15.5
12.5
11.5
17.0
17.0
12.5
9.0
7.5
21.5
20.5
13.5
13.0
20.3
20.0
15.0
12.0
9.0
21.0
11.5
10.0
21.0
19.5
18.5
15.5
Percent
oxygen
saturation
97
97
93
97
98
94
87
82
83
88
79
81
77
110
100
78
62
97
97
90
78
66
83
83
70
73
97
87
76
pH
8.5
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.5
8.4
8.4
8.6
8.3
8.3
8.0
8.0
7.9
8.6
8.3
8.1
8.5
8.5
8.4
8.1
8.1
8.0
8.3
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.3
8.1
8.1
Transparency Alkal-
Secchi disc inity
(M) (mg/1)
5.5 108.0
109.0
108.0
3.5 109.0
115.0
109.0
109.0
110.0
2.8 114.0
114.0
112.0
112.0
110.0
109 .0
111.0
110.0
109.5
3.8 108.0
108.5
109.5
110.0
112.0
4.2 112.0
112.0
111.0
Total depth 111.0
3.8 109.0
111.0
110.0
-------
Table D-3. Continued.
O>3-Alka-
linity
Station (mg/1)
Control
Upper Green
Bay
(OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(G)
Escanaba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
(M)
Portage Marsh
#1 (PM1)
Portage Marsh
#2 (PM2)
5.5
4.5
5.0
4.0
0.0
3.0
2.5
3.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
0.0
2.0
2.5
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
Conduc-
tivity
(ymho)
238
238
238
246
262
250
241
238
246
252
248
247
249
241
240
262
252
237
240
242
248
248
247
248
247
233
238
246
242
Turbi-
dity
(mg/1)
1.1
1.1
1.8
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.7
1.8
1.4
1.0
-
1.1
1.1
2.3
1.5
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.0
0.5
0.9
0.7
1.5
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.2
Total dis- Suspended Total vola- Color
solved solids solids tile solids (Pt-
(mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) Units)
158
156
166
127
148
152
128
160
246
308
264
310
280
258
272
264
228
158
196
206
198
190
176
166
166
178
168
190
188
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
4.4
3.2
3.2
0.8
14.0
4.0
4.4
4.0
5.2
4.0
4.8
4.8
4.4
2.0
0.8
0.8
2.4
0.8
0.4
0.8
4.8
2
30
50
32
40
42
70
58
68
106
50
64
57
57
53
58
50
48
54
48
54
56
92
96
84
62
82
64
48
30
30
25
9
7
10
15
18
30
30
28
20
30
25
35
30
30
20
30
30
20
35
20
30
40
50
18
23
26
Chlorophyll
a composite
(yg/D
4.88
8.14
16.47
6.82
6.97
15.34
9.30
5.35
-------
Table D-3. Continued.
Pheo-
phytin
Station (Ug/l)
Control -1.92
(C)
Upper Green -2.28
Bay
(OW1)
Menominee -8.10
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone -0.12
(G)
Escanaba -1.39
(E)
Menominee -6 . 30
Nearshore
00
Portage Marsh 1.30
#1 (PM1)
Portage Marsh —1.16
//2 (PM2)
Nitrate
(N03-N)
(ms/1)
0.151
0.106
0.101
0.084
0.089
0.140
0.137
0.088
0.074
0.090
0.144
0.199
0.215
0.084
0.093
0.117
0.090
0.084
0.089
0.141
0.144
0.166
0.192
0.160
0.181
0.068
0.101
0.126
0.274
Ammonia
(NH3-N)
(mg/1)
0.016
0.011
0.028
0.021
0.020
0.024
0.027
0.015
0.009
0.008
0.018
0.038
0.035
0.040
0.053
0.072
0.058
0.030
0.036
0.044
0.065
0.084
0.035
0.056
0.016
0.018
0.025
0.243
0.107
Organic
nitrogen
(IHK/D
0.191
0.259
0.224
0.222
0.422
0.165
1.071
0.171
0.331
0.168
0.147
0.137
0.654
0.636
0.717
0.106
0.175
1.048
0.370
0.488
0.237
0.319
0.407
0.245
0.172
0.324
0.888
0.314
0.235
Total Phos-
phorus
(mg/D
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.028
0.006
0.001
0.000
0.019
0.020
0.010
0.009
0,006
0.029
0.027
0.024
0.019
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.012
0.014
0.013
0.010
0.015
0.134
0.009
0.066
0.020
Soluble ortho-
phosphate
(mg/1)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.005
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.002
0.003
0.005
0.007
0.005
0.018
0.005
0.007
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.007
0.010
0.010
0.009
0.011
0.077
0.007
0.036
0.001
Silica
(Si02)
(mg/1)
0.24
0.32
0.34
0.14
0.14
0.11
0.18
0.14
0.29
0.25
0.29
0.55
0.78
0.27
0.41
0.63
0.29
0.25
0.30
0.22
0.49
0.59
0.85
0.79
0.88
0.24
0.21
0.41
0.64
Chloride
(mg/1)
9.0
7.4
8.5
11.3
8.5
11.8
9.4
10.8
9.0
10.3
10.8
9.4
8.5
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.0
13.0
13.6
8.2
7.8
9.4
10.3
9.8
8.5
9.8
11.8
11.3
12.4
-------
Table D-4. Chemical and nutrient characteristics of northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan'). Sept. 28-29, 1974.
o
o
Station
Control
Upper Green
Bay
(OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(G)
Es can aba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
(M)
Portage Marsh
#1 (PM1)
Portage Marsh
#2 (PM2)
Depth
(M)
1
5
10
13
1
5
10
15
1
10
12
16
22
1
6
12
1
6
12
18
1
3
6
1
1
6
12
Dissolved
oxygen
(mg/1)
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.5
9.9
9.9
9.8
9.8
9.2
7.4
7.6
7.0
9.3
9.2
8.4
10.0
9.8
9.8
9.7
9.6
9.7
9.7
8.4
9.7
9.7
9.5
Temp.
(°c)
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
16.5
16.5
16.5
16.5
16.0
15.5
12.0
10.0
9.5
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
16.5
15.0
15.0
15.0
18.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
Percent
oxygen
saturation
100
100
100
100
96
100
100
99
98
93
78
76
61
95
95
85
102
100
100
97
94
95
95
87
98
98
96
Transparency
Secchi disc
PH (M)
8.3 4.0
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.4 3.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4 2.3
8.2
8.0
7.8
7.8
8.4 2.'4
8.4
8.2
8.4 2.0
8.4
8.3
8.1
8.3 2.2
8.4
8.3
7.9 Total
8.3 2.3
8.3
8.3
Alkal-
inity
(mg/1)
112.9
113.0
112.1
112.1
113.3
113.2
113.5
113.2
114.5
113.0
114.0
113.0
113.8
112.5
114.1
114.0
112.2
U3.2
113.8
114.0
116.0
116.0
115.5
113.3
114.4
114.0
111.5
-------
Table D-4. Continued.
Station
Control
Upper Green
Bay
(OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(G)
•
Es can aba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
(M)
Portage Marsh
#1 (PM1)
Portage Marsh
#2 (PM2)
CO.,- Al-
kalinity
(mg/1)
3.0
3.0
3.2
3.1
4.2
3.2
4.2
3.0
3.1
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.0
3.0
2.1
4.4
5.0
3.7
2.0
3.5
3.0
2.2
0.0
2.3
2.8
2.2
Conduc-
tivity
(ymho)
266
269
268
266
271
271
269
271
271
275
272
272
272
263
265
264
269
270
272
272
265
268
268
248
274
265
270
Turbid-
ity
(mg/1)
2.7
2.3
2.3
1.6
0.4
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.4
2.3
0.8
0.9
4.8
1.0
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.6
3.5
5.8
5.1
2.9
1.4
2.1
1.4
Total dis-
solved solids
(mg/1)
12
78
46
46
96
118
82
102
112
76
108
174
158
174
168
170
80
112
164
116
166
174
106
72
22
130
118
Suspended
solids
(mg/1)
2.0
1.6
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
3.2
2.0
2.4
0.8
2.8
14.8
4.0
4.4
6.8
4.4
3.2
4.0
7.2
3.6
3.6
3.2
10.4
1.2
0.0
2.4
Total
volatile solids
(mg/1)
42
18
16
40
8
4
28
36
36
18
8
44
39
38
30
66
68
18
16
12
48
34
68
26
20
20
2
Color
(Pt-
units)
22
22
20
15
10
10
25
30
20
23
15
10
20
21
20
40
40
33
13
13
23
21
20
83
38
30
40
Chlorophyll si
composite
(UR/1)
2.56
8.37
13.95
27.90
11.93
20.46
12.55
23.71
-------
Table D-4. Continued.
Station
Control
(O
Upper Green
Bay
(OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(G)
Escanaba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
(M)
Portage Marsh
#1 (PM1)
Portage Marsh
#2 (PM2)
Pheo-
phytin
(yg/D
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.50
0.00
Nitrate
(N03-N
(mg/1)
0.094
0.098
0.087
0.086
0.087
0.096
0.092
0.085
0.057
0.112
0.195
0.201
0.195
0.056
0.056
0.062
0.061
0.056
0.061
0.069
0.071
0.081
0.090
0.083
0.077
0.077
0.070
Ammonia
(NH.-N)
(mg/l)
0.037
0.023
0.016
0.026
0.822
0.037
0.011
0.030
0.012
0.031
0.032
0.009
0.007
0.052
0.014
0.032
0.018
0.020
0.025
0.045
0.012
0.020
0.009
0.014
0.022
0.028
0.022
Organic
nitrogen
(mg/1)
0.243
0.257
0.258
0.319
0.011
0.025
0.064
*
0.142
0.256
0.192
0.165
0.167
0.304
0.210
0.361
0.297
0.390
0.309
0.319
0.336
0.308
0.299
0.540
0.420
0.190
0.132
Total
phosphorus
(mg/1)
*
0.000
0.006
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.006
0.004
0.015
0.032
0.023
*
0.027
0.007
0.004
0.003
0.011
0.027
0.011
0.010
0.035
0.046
0.016
0.022
Soluble ortho-
phosphate
(mg/1)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.003
0.002
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.002
0.000
0.107
0.018
0.000
0.006
Silica
(Si02)
(mgA)
0.45
0.41
0.50
0.50
0.30
0.32
0.36
0.36
0.54
0.57
0.55
0.80
0.88
Ov43
0.45
0.58
0.39
0.43
0.45
0.59
0.81
0.80
0.79
0.27
0.45
0.38
0.46
* Sample contaminated by laboratory.
-------
Table D-5. Chemical and nutrient characteristics of northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan). October 26-27, 1974.
Station
Control
Upper Green
Bay
(OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(G)
Escanaba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
(M)
Portage Marsh
(PM1)
Portage Marsh
(PM2)
Depth
(M)
1
6
13
1
5
10
15
1
8
18
23
1
6
13
1
6
12
18
1
3
6
11 1
#2 1
5
10
Dissolved
(mg/1)
11.6
11.8
12.2
12.0
13.0
13.2
13.2
12.8
12.4
11.2
8.0
11.2
11.6
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.2
12.4
14.0
13.8
14.2
13.4
13.0
12.8
13.4
Temp.
(°S
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.5
8.5
8.0
8.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
9.0
8.5
8.5
8.0
8.5
8.0
8.0
Percent
oxygen
saturation
98
99
102
101
110
112
112
109
103
96
78
98
101
107
103
104
103
104
120
117
121
112
109
108
112
PH
8.4
8.5
8.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.4
8.4
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.3
Transparency Alkal-
Secchi disc inity
(M) (mg/1)
2.6 111.9
112.0
111.8
3.4 114.0
113.8
113.0
112.0
2.2 115.5
115.5
115.5
116.0
2.0 113.0
114.0
114.0
2.8 112.0
117.0
117.0
146.0
2.8 117.0
114.5
114.9
1.0 118.3
2.5 113.2
113.5
113.2
C03-A1-
ka};inity
(mg/1)
3.8
3.1
1.4
5.0
2.2
2.2
1.4
2.2
1.0
1.0
1.6
4.0
2.2
0.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.3
0.1
0.0
2.0
1.8
1.9
-------
Table D-5. Continued.
Station
Control
Upper Green
Bay (OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
Gladstone
(G)
Escanaba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
(M)
Portage Marsh
#1 (PM1)
Portage Marsh
#2 (BM2)
Conduc-
tivity
(ymho)
268.5
270.7
269.7
375.7
272.8
283.0
283.2
273.2
280.0
280.0
280.0
259.0
229.4
258.4
272.8
273.8
276.9
276.9
254.0
252.0
246.8
271.4
275.4
274.4
270.8
Turbi-
dity
(mg/1)
3.5
3.5
2.4
2.9
1.6
4.4
5.3
1.9
5.9
4.1
3.1
9.0
2.9
7.2
0.7
1.1
1.4
1.6
4.1
4.1
4.1
2.4
1.9
1.9
0.7
Total dis-
solved solids
(mg/1)
168
130
126
150
124
138
158
164
170
128
146
76
60
68
172
172
180
176
172
152
152
182
140
144
156
Suspended
solids
(mg/1)
3.2
3.2
4.4
3.6
0.0
2.8
4.4
3.6
2.0
1.6
3.2
2.4
0.6
23.2
5.6
1.6
3.6
4.4
1.2
2.4
4.3
6.8
4.0
3.2
2.4
Total vola-
tile solids
(mg/1)
30
34
42
30
52
24
28
46
88
58
78
76
60
68
72
56
58
60
44
42
52
56
30
44
54
Color
(Pt-
units)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
30
0
0
0
15
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
Chlorophyll
a composite
(M8/1)
10.07
15.34
26.50
19.53
17.43
22.32
29.29
19.53
Pheo-
phytin
(Pg/l)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-------
Table D-5. Continued.
Station
Control
(C)
Upper Green
Bay
(OW1)
Menominee
Offshore
(OW2)
j± Gladstone
(G)
Escanaba
(E)
Menominee
Nearshore
(M)
Nitrate
(NO--N)
(mg/D
0.033
0.036
0.033
0.074
0.074
0.069
0.071
0.026
0.028
0.026
0.025
0.015
0.007
0.010
0.058
0.058
0.062
0.064
0.019
0.017
0.018
Ammonia.
(NH.-N)
(mg7D
0.044
0.017
0.035
0.063
0.045
0.024
0.023
0.014
0.014
0.019
0.017
0.011
0.002
0.004
0.022
0.026
0.020
0.020
0.016
0.018
0.022
Organic
nitrogen
(mg/1)
0.043
0.045
0.006
0.059
0.013
0.027
0.040
0.025
0.030
0.077
0.151
0.151
0.119
0.028
0.116
0.131
0.128
0.402
0.089
0.202
0.097
Total
phosphorus
(mg/1)
0.018
0.012
0.009
0.007
0.034
0.009
0.211
0.047
0.038
0.020
0.046
0.036
0.073
0.132
0.019
0.025
0.039
0.024
0.028
0.028
0.038
Soluble ortho-
phosphate
(mg/1)
**
0.005
0.018
0.008
0.024
0.003
0.074
0.022
0.016
0.012
0.008
0.016
0.018
0.011
0.015
0.025
0.014
0.011
0.016
0.007
0.007
Silica
(Si02)
(mg/1)
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.71
0.68
0.67
0.67
0.93
0.90
0.91
0.93
0.42
0.37
0.43
0.66
0.59
0.61
0,62
1.09
1.08
1.38
Total Or-
ganic carbon
(mg/1)
4
3
4
4
3
3
5
7
4
4
4
5
Portage Marsh #1
(PM1)
Portage Marsh #2
(PM2)
0.020
0.065
0.064
0.066
0.012
0.023
0.024
0.027
0.226
0.007
0.014
0.010
0.050
0.068
0.044
0.028
0.017
0.008
0.025
0.017
0.59
0.66
0.66
0.66
4
3
4
** Sample contaminated by laboratory.
-------
Appendix E
Phytoplankton of Northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan)
106
-------
Phytoplankton of Northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan)
Little documentation is available on the phytoplankton assemblages
in northern Green Bay. Reported studies on this embayment of Lake
Michigan are mainly from southern Green Bay (Holland 1969 and 1975,
Sager 1971, and Patterson and Epstein, 1975). This section deals
with the phytoplankton species composition, numerical abundance
and spatial and seasonal distribution in northern Green Bay. When
possible, data are compared to other Great Lakes and embayments to
provide a clearer impression of the relative position of primary
production in this water mass. Additionally, the presence of algal
species associated with taste and odor nuisances (earthy-musty
odor) in municipal water supplies and their contributive role were
assessed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Five surveys were conducted (April, May, July, September and
October) at eight stations in northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan).
Composite water samples from Green Bay were collected for chlorophyll
ji and algal analysis and obtained through a depth twice that of
transparency measurement. Phytoplankton samples were field-preserved
in glutaraldehyde, filtered into 0.80 y "AA" millipore filters, and
semi-permanent slides were prepared by clearing the filters with
beechwood creasote. Identification and enumeration was accomplished
with a Leitz Ortholux microscope fitted with a fluorite oil immersion
objective. This provided a magnification of 1250 x and a numerical
aperture of 1.32 (Stoermer et^ al^., 1971; Stoermer, personal communication,
1974). Population estimation was achieved on basis of two 10 mm radial
strips and converted to a frequency per volume basis. Values represent
individual cells except for certain blue-green forms. Diversity
was measured by the Shannon-Wierner (Stockman and Benson, 1967)
information index (Stoermer, personal communication, 1974).
RESULTS - CONCLUSIONS
Phytoplankton Standing Crop (cell number)
Highest algal densities (excluding Portage Marsh) occurred on
October 26-27 (Tables E-l^td E-8, Figure B-l). There was a spring maximum
in May (1987 cells/ml), decline in July (26/ cells/ml) followed by
a fall maximum (2146 cells/ml). The highest standing crop (4296
cells/ml) was in Portage Marsh on October 26-27 (Table E-7).
Phytoplankton Species Composition
Figures E-l, E-^, and E-3 show the station and seasonal variation
(percentage) ^n major pnytoplankton taxa throughout northern Green Bay.
1C7
-------
Table E-l. Cell counts (cells/ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa in Big Bay de Noc (Lake Michigan)
in 1974.
Big Bay de Noc
Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Chrysophyta (chrysophytes)
Cryptophyta (cryptomonads)
Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)
Total number of taxa
Total cells /ml
Diversity
24-25 April
cells percent!
1351 78.5
318 18.5
25 1.5
17 1.0
2 0.1
0 0.0
57
1722
2.6
29-30 May
cells percent
1221 92.5
2 0.2
80 6.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
32
1320
2.3
28-30 July
cells percent
79 35.4
101 45.3
43 19.3
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
17
222
2.. 3
7-8 September
cells percent
453 39.9
413 36.3
269 23.6
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
33
1137
2.1
26-27 October
cells percent
2304 89.8
174 6.8
69 2.7
2 0.1
0 0.0
2 0.1
40
2564
1.7
o
oo
Percent does not always total .100 as certain stations on a specific date contained unidentified algae
and taxonomic units other than listed here.
-------
Table E-2. Cell counts (cells/ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa in Upper Green Bay (Lake Michigan)
in 1974.
Upper Green Bay (OW1)
Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Chrysophyta (chrysophytes)
Cryptophyta (cryptomonads)
Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)
Total number of taxa
Total cells/ml
Diversity
24-25 April
cells percent
1106 97.4
19 1.7
11 0.9
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
37
1135
2.2
29-30 May
cells percent
1625 92.8
15 0.8
61 3.5
13 0.7
0 0.0
0 0.0
38
1751
2.4
28-30 July
cells percent
128 77.7
0 0.0
37 22.3
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
14
164
1.7
7-8 September
cells percent
102 15.1
535 79.3
37 5.4
1 0.2
0 0.0
0 0.0
24
674
1.7
26-27 October
cells percent
1462 67.6
597 27.6
103 4.8
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
36
2161
2.2
o
VO
Percent does not always total 100 as certain stations on a specific date contained unidentified algae
and taxonomic units other than listed here.
-------
Table S-3. Cell counts (cells/ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa near Escanaba (Lake Michigan)
in 1974.
Escanaba (E)
Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Chrysophyta (chrysophytes)
Cryptophyta (cryptomonads)
Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)
Total number of taxa
Total cells /ml
Diversity
24-25 April
cells percent
1405 99.9
0 0.0
0 0.0
2 0.1
0 0.0
0 0.0
63
1407
2.1
29-30 May
cells percent
1449 94.1
27 1.8
63 4.1
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
32
1539
2.4
28-30 July
cells percent
110 34.9
161 51.2
41 12.9
2 0.7
1 0.3
0 0.0
24
315
1.9
7-8 September
cells percent
1162 89.4
47 3.6
81 6.2
3 0.2
0 0.0
2 0.2
48
1301
2.2
26-27 October
cells percent
1554 83.4
235 12.6
75 4.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
35
1864
2.5
Percent does not always total 100 as certain stations on a specific date contained unidentified algae
and taxonotnic units other than listed here.
-------
Table E-4. Cell counts (cells/ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa near Gladstone (Lake Michigan)
in 1974.
Gladstone (G)
Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Chrysophyta (chrysophytes)
Cryptophyta (cryptomonads)
Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)
Total number of taxa
Total cells/ml
Diversity
24-25 April
cells percent!
551 98.5
2 0.4
0 0.0
6 1.1
0 0.0
0 0.0
64
559
3.6
29-30 May
cells percent
1575 95.9
40 2.4
8 0.5
4 0.3
0 0.0
2 0.1
42
1642
2.7
28-30 July
cells percent
227 78.3
36 12.3
17 5.8
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
18
290
1.8
7-8 September
cells percent
707 86.0
33 3.9
81 9.8
2 0.3
0 0.0
0 0.0
43
822
2.6
26-27 October
cells percent
1799 81.4
228 10.3
182 8.2
0 0.0
0 0.0
2 0.1
37
2212
2.5
Percent does not always total 100 as certain stations on a specific date contained unidentified algae
and taxonomic units other than listed here.
-------
Table E-5. Cell counts (cells/ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa near Menominee (nearshore) (Lake Michigan)
in 1974.
Men ominee-ne arsho re (M)
Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Chrysophyta (chrysophytes)
Cryptophyta (cryptomonads)
Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)
Total number of taxa
Total cells /ml
Diversity
24-25 April
cells percent*
1347 97.3
27 2.0
8 0.6
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
63
1384
2.6
29-30 May
cells percent
1977 93.9
86 4.1
31 1.5
8 0.4
0 0.0
0 0.0
39
2105
2.5
28-30 July
cells percent
60 34.1
35 19.8
78 44.3
0 0.0
0 0.0
1 0.6
20
175
2.4
7-8 September
cells percent
289 33.3
517 59.6
58 6.6
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
26
868
1.9
26-27 October
cells percent
1443 64.6
674 30.2
117 5.2
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
31
2235
2.3
Percent does not always total 100 as certain stations on a specific date contained unidentified algae
and taxonomic units other than listed here.
-------
Table E-6. Cell counts (cells/ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa in middle Green Bay (Lake Michigan)
in 1974.
Middle Green Bay
(Menominee offshore)
Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Chrysophyta (chrysophytes)
Cryptophyta (cryptomonads)
Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)
Total number of taxa
Total cells /ml
Diversity
24-25 April
cells percent^
1451 80.1
115 6.4
230 12.7
2 0.1
0 0.0
2:2 o.i
36
1812
2.5
29-30 May
cells percent
1676 92.9
84 4.7
36 2.0
4 0.2
0 0.0
4 0.2
38
1803
2.5
28-30 July
cells percent
44 10.1
310 71.0
82 18.7
1 0.2
0 0.0
0 0.0
17
437
2.0
7-8 September
cells percent
237 24.9
433 45.4
282 29.6
0 0.0
0 0.0
1 0.1
22
952
1.9
26-27 October
cells percent
798 43.2
769 41.7
274 14.9
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
28
1845
2.1
Percent does not always total 100 as certain stations OR a specific date contained unidentified algae
and taxonomic units other than listed here.
-------
Table E-7. Cells counts (cells/ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa in northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan)
in 1974.
Portage Marsh (PM1)
Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Chrysophyta (chrysophytes)
Cryptophyta (cryptomonads)
Pyrrophyta (dinof lagellates)
Total number of taxa
Total cells /ml
Diversity
24-25 April
cells percent
961 98.1
11 1.1
4 0.4
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.4
56
980
2.8
29-30 May
cells percent
2076 90.7
67 2.9
130 5.7
11 0.5
0 0.0
4 0.2
70
2287
3.3
28-30- July
cells percent
319 75 . 1
1 0.2
98 23.2
2 0.5
0 0.0
0 0.0
56
425
3.0
7-8 September
cells percent
1207 99.1
5 0.4
4 0.4
1 0.1
0 0.0
0 0.0
59
1218
2.8
26-27 October
cells percent
4124 96.0
119 2.8
19 0.4
19 0.4
0 0.0
6 0.2
60
4296
2.2
Percent does not always total 100 as certain stations on a specific date contained unidentified algae
and taxonomic units other than listed here.
-------
Table E-8. Cell counts (cells/ml) and percent abundance of algal taxa in northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan)
in 1974.
Portage Marsh (PM2)
Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Chrysophyta (chrysophytes)
Cryptophyta (cryptomonads)
Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)
Total number of taxa
Total cells /ml
Diversity
24-25 April
cells percent
1449 89.6
6 0.4
157 9.7
4 0.3
0 0.0
0 0.0
83
1617
3.5
29-30 May
cells percent
1397 87.9
8 0.6
180 11.3
2 0.1
0 0.0
2 0.1
52
1590
2.6
28-30 July
cells percent
263 77.7
1 0.3
73 21.7
1 0.3
0 0.0
0 0.0
28
338
2.4
7-8 September
cells percent
650 82.2
104 13.1
34 4.2
4 0.5
0 0.0
0 0.0
36
792
2.4
26-27 October
cells percent
1801 80.5
388 17.3
48 2.2
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
33
2237
2.2
Percent does not always total 100 as certain stations on a specific date contained unidentified algae
and taxonomic units other than listed here.
-------
PERCENT
9IT
-------
PERCENT
S3?
m
m
m
CO
23
0) H O
_ m <-• -n
5 3 ^ ~
^ O _
H CD
5E
a m
m
CD
m m
to
s
33
X
O
ro
-------
V)
5
O
00
4/24
'ORTAGE MARSH NO 2
'ORTAGE MARSH NO I
MENOMINEE
SCANABA
ADSTONE
"OPEN WATER NO 2
OPEN WATER NO I
IO/26-^BAY DE NOC (BIG)
FIGURE E-3
SEASONAL AND STATION VARIATION IN GREEN ALGAE (CHLOROPHYTA) • PERCENTAGE OF
PHYTOPLANKTON ASSEMBLAGES IN NORTHERN GREEN BAY (LAKE MICHIGAN) IN 1974.
-------
There are definite seasonal and station differences in taxa distri-
bution and dominance.
All stations were diatom-dominated in April and May. They
comprise over 90% of the phytoplankton assemblages in May. Little
Bay de Noc stations (Gladstone and Escanaba) had the greatest
percentage (94-99%). Fragilaria crontonensis was the dominant
species. It comprised 24% (Menominee - offshore) to 56% (Escanaba)
of the population.
During the summer (July) and early fall (September), the
species composition shifted. Over-all, for all stations, diatoms
comprised 47%, blue-green 36% and green 18% in contrast to spring
percentages of 93%, 4% and 2%, respectively. The largest shift
occurred at the middle Green Bay stations (Menominee - nearshore
and offshore). Blue-green and green species comprised 71% and 18%
of the taxa in July (Tables E-5 and E-6) compared to 2% and 0.6%,
respectively, in April (Figures E-2 and E-3). Only Gladstone (Little
Bay de Noc) remained diatom dominated (>75% of population) through-
out the April-October period. Escanaba (Little Bay de Noc), with
the exception of a shift to blue-green species (51%) in July, was
also diatom dominated (Table E-3). July and September increases
in blue-green and green taxa were also noted in upper Green Bay
and Big Bay de Noc (Figures E-l, E-2, and E-3).
In middle Green Bay (Menominee - nearshore and offshore)
Oscillatoria retzii was the most common blue-green algal species in
July and September. It comprised 32.5% of the phytoplankton population
in the offshore and nearshore stations. Highest occurrence (57%)
was at Menominee (nearshore) in September. Historically, its
distribution is limited to shallow eutrophic embayments. It has
been described in Saginaw Bay (Stoermer, personal communication, 1974).
Other species common to middle Green Bay (> 10% of population) included
Mougeotia ap, Diatoma tenue var. elongatum and Anacystis incerta,
at the offshore station and Diatoma tenue var. elongatum nearshore.
The blue-greens, Gomphosphaaeria aponina and Anacystis incerta,
comprised 24% and 14% of the phytoplankton in Big Bay de Noc in
July while the green alga, Glueocystis planctonica and the diatom
T_. fenestrata var. intermedia represented 11% and 14%, respectively.
By September Anacystis incerta represented 28% of the population and
Fragilaria crotenensis was the most common (29%).
Upper Green Bay in July was dominated (>10% population) by the
diatoms F_. crotonensis (45%), T_. fenestrata var. intermedia (12%)
and Asterionella formosa (10%). The green alga Oocystis sp.
comprised 18% of the population. In September the diatom and green
algae dominance was replaced by the blue-green Gompohsphaeria wichurae
119
-------
(46%) and Oscillatorla retzii (29%). The July blue-green shift in
Escanaba (Little Bay de Noc) was due to the dominance of one species,
Anacystis incerta (50%). By October (Figures E-l, E-2.and E-3) the phyto-
plankton population had shifted once again to diatoms. Holland (1969)
observed a late spring (Hay) and fall (October) maxima for diatom
populations in middle Green Bay similar to that observed here for Big
Bay de Noc, middle and upper Green Bay.
The two embayments (Little and Big Bay de Noc) and northern Green
Bay have distinct differences in phytoplankton species composition.
Over-all, on the basis of diatom percentage throughout the ice-free
period (April-October), diatoms comprised 84% of the population in
Little Bay de Noc, 67% in Big Bay de Noc, 70% in upper Green Bay
and 57% in middle Green Bay (Menominee - nearshore and offshore).
There was also noted an open water and nearshore difference in diatom
dominance similar to Schelske et^ al_. , (1971) findings in Lake Michigan.
Diatoms were a more dominant component of the phytoplankton population
at the nearshore Menominee station (65%) than the open water station
(50%).
The importance of the large species shift from diatoms to blue-
green populations has been reported by Schelske et^ al., (1971) and
Schelske and Stoermer (1972). They have concluded the shift in phyto-
plankton species composition is due to a continued input of phosphorus,
which is followed by a decline in silica concentration due to increased
diatom growth. As the supply of silica becomes limiting relative to
available phosphorus5, diatoms are replaced by blue-green and green
algae. They also noted that a shift to a predominance of blue-green
and green algae did not necessarily occur with an increase in cell
number. Total cell number was often similar or lower than diatom
dominated population (Schelske and Stoeemer, 1972). Thd data-from
northern Green Bay fits their observations. Total cell number was
similar at all stations (Appendix C, Figure C-5), but shifts to blue-
green and green algal dominance occurred in the summer and was most
prominent in middle Green Bay (Menominee - offshore). The degree of
species shift is apparently related to the silica concentrations
in northern Green Bay and middle Green Bay. Figure C-7 in Appendix
C indicated the average silicate concentrations in the surface water
for this study. Highest values are found in Little Bay de Noc and
Menominee (nearshore and offshore). The former was diatom dominated
and silica was not limiting to growth. The Menominee (nearshore)
station experienced a blue-green and green algal shift, but less than
at the open water station (Table E-5 and E-6). Even though average
silica levels were approximately double the concentrations found in
Little Bay de Noc, some silica limitation occurred at the Menominee
nearshore station. The Big Bay de Noc and upper Green Bay stations
had average silicate values approximately one-half of Little Bay de
Noc (Figure C-7). A summer increase in blue-green and green algae were
also noted. Silica presumably was also limiting here relative to
available phosphorus supply in the euphotic zone.
120
-------
Diatoms, blue-green and green taxa comprised over 99% of the
phytoplankton assemblage. Chrysophytes, cryptomonads and dinoflagel-
lates comprised only 1%. For species enumeration of the latter
organisms, refer to Appendix F.
Taste and Odor Algal Species
Biological odor of an earthy-musty character in. surface
water is not only attributed to metabolites of selected actinomycete
species. Blue-green algal species are also associated with this
particular odor. Members of both groups have produced the characteristic
odor under laboratory conditions (Gerber, 1967; Safferman et^ al^, 1967;
Medsker e£ al., 1968). Two compounds have been separated from cultures
and identified as the chemical agent (Gerber, 1967). One, geosmin,
has been identified as a metabolite of several species of blue-green
algae (Saf f erman et_-.al_., 1967; Medsker et^ a]L , 1968).
In assessing the biologic source of the earthy-musty odor in
northern Green Bay, the blue-green fraction of the phytoplankton
population was screened. Species found in Appendix H were compared
to odor producing species as reported in the literature. Many blue-
green algae capable of producing earthy-musty odor compounds are in
the Oscillatoria genus. Only two species of Oscillatoria were rather
abundant in northern Green Bay during July; Oscillatoria retzii was
the dominant component in samples from middle Green Bay and Oscilla-
toria limnetica was occasionally present. Neither of the benthic
blue-greens, .Oscillatoria^ tenus or Oscillatpria chalybea, were noted.
Both have been identified as the principle causative agent of earthy-
musty odor in reservoirs (Aschner e£ al.., 1968; Leventer and Eren,
1970).
Inasmuch as (). retzii is a benthic alga and is only facultatively
planktonic (Stoermer, personal communication, 1974), its presence
in our epilimnion samples is suggestive of the presence of an
unsampled benthic algal community. Stoermer (personal communication,
1974) indicates benthic algal community. Stoermer (personal communication,
1974) indicates benthic algal mats are present in northern Green Bay.
Through the use of SCUBA techniques, a qualitative survey of the
benthos was conducted in June (1974). Zones in Little Bay de Noc,
upper Green Bay and middle Green Bay were selected. Little benthic
algal growth was observed and no blue-green taxa were identified.
Though blue-green taxa are not conclusively eliminated as a source
of the earthy-musty odor, their implication, at this point in time,
must be considered minimal.
121
-------
Literature Cited
Aschner, M. and Chorin-Kirsch, I. 1968. The influence of Oscillatoria
on taste and odor in water. Preliminary Report, jta Leventer, H.
and Eren J. 1970. Water quality management, pp 20-37. I. Shuval.
Ed. Developments in water quality research, Humphrey Science
Publishers, Ann Arbor.
Gerber, N. N. 1967. Geosmin an earthy-smelling substance isolated from
actinomycetes. Bitech. and Bioeng. 9: 321-327.
Holland, Ruth E. 1969. Seasonal fluctuations of Lake Michigan diatoms.
Limnology and Oceanography, 14: 423-436.
Holland, Ruth E. and Glaflin, Larry W. 1975. Horizontal distribution of
planktonic diatoms in Green Bay, Mid-July 1970, No. 3 20: 365-378.
Leventer, H. and Eren, J. 1970. Taste and odor in the reservoirs of the
Israel national water system. In Developments in water quality
research. I. Shuual (ed.) Humprey Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Medsker, L. L., D. Jenkins and J. F. Thomas. 1968. Odorous compounds
in natural waters: an earthy-smelling compound associated with
blue-green algae and actinomycetes. Envir. Science and Tech.
2: 461.
Patterson, Dale J. and Epstein, Earl. 1975. Lower Green Bay: present
and projected water quality. Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources, Division of Environmental Standards, Madison.
Round, F. E. 1965. The biology of the algae. Pitman Press, Bath, 269 p.
Safferman, R. S., A. A. Rosen, C. I. Mashni and M. E. Morris 1967.
Earthy-smelling substance from a blue-green algae. Environmental
Science and Technology. 1: 429-430.
Sager, P. E. 1971. Nutritional Ecology and community structure of the
phytoplankton of Green Bay. Project No. OWRR-4021 - Wis. 31 p.
Schelske, C. L., Stoermer, E. F. and Feldt, L. E. 1971. Nutrients,
phytoplankton productivity and species composition as influenced
by upwelling in Lake Michigan. Proc. 14th Conf. Great Lakes Res.
102-113.
Schelske, C. L. and Stoermer, E. F. 1972. Phosphorus, silica and
eutrophication of Lake Michigan. Pg. 157-171. Limnol.
Oceanogr. Special Symposia: Nutrients and Eturophication: The
limiting-nutrient controversy. Vol. 1.
122
-------
Stockner and Benson, 1967. The succession of diatom assemblages in the
recent sediment of Lake Washington. Limnol. Oceanog. 12: 513-532.
Stoermer, E. F., Shelske, C. L., and Feldt, L. E. 1971. Phytoplankton
assemblage differences at inshore versus offshore stations in
Lake Michigan, and their effects on nutrient enrichment experiments.
Proc. 14th Conf. Great Lakes Res., Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res.
114-118.
Stoermer, E. (1974) Personal communication.
123
-------
Appendix F
Cell counts (cells/ml), percent abundance
and species enumeration of algal taxa in
northern Green Bay (Lake Michigan) in
1974.
124
-------
Table F-l. Cell counts (cells/ml), percent abundance and species
enumeration of algal taxa in northern Green Bay
(Lake Michigan) from eight stations on 24-25 April, 1974.
Big Bay de Noc
24-25 April
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Gomphosphaeria wichurae(BG)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Tabellaria flocculosa (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Achnanthes rainut iss ima (DI)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Ulothrix sp. #1 (GR)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Synedra tenera (DI)
Melosira italica (DI)
Dinobryon cysts (CH)
Melosira islandica (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Diatoma tenue (DI)
Rhodomonas minuta var. nannoplanctica (CR)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Synedra ulna (DI)
Navicula questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Nitzschia questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Cymbella subventricosa (DI)
Cocconeis diminuta (DI)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Navicula cryptocephala (DI)
Navicula pupula (DI)
Nitzschia kutzingiana (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Synedra capitata (DI)
Achnanthes kryophila (DI)
Achnanthes minutissima var. cryptocephala (DI)
Achnanthes questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Amphora veneta var. angularis (DI)
Species
cells
534.1
314.2
173.8
94.2
79.6
58.6
52.4
52.4
35.6
27.2
25.1
20.9
20.9
20.9
18.8
16.8
14.7
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
Present
percent
31.002
18.248
10.097
5.474
4.623
3.406
3.041
3.041
2.068
1.582
1.460
1.217
1.217
1.217
1.095
0.973
0.852
0.487
0.487
0.487
0.487
0.487
0.487
0.365
0.365
0.365
0.365
0.365
0.243
0.243
0.243
0.243
0.243
0.243
0.243
0.243
0.243
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
125
-------
Table F-l. (cont'd.)
Big Bay de Noc
24-25 April
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Cymbella cistula (DI)
Cryptomonas sp. #2 (CR)
Diatoma vulgaris (DI)
Diploneis oculata (DI)
Fragilaria pinnata (DI)
Navicula explanata (DI)
Navicula. questionable sp. #2 (DI)
Nitzschia acicularis (DI)
Nitzschia dissipata (DI)
Nitzschia frustulum (DI)
Nitzschia luzonensis (DI)
Nitzschia sp. #2 (DI)
Stephanodiscus trans ilvanicus (DI)
Synedra questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Species Total
Species
cells
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
57
Present
percent
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
Upper Green Bay (OW1)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Eragilaria capucina (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Melosira islandica (DI)
Melosira italica (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Synedra ostenfeldii (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Scenedesmus bicellularis (GR)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Nitzschia acieularis (DI)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
552.9
131.9
56.5
50.3
48.2
35.6
33.5
31.4
18.8
18.8
14.7
12.6
12.6
10.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
48.708
11.624
4.982
4.428
4.244
3.137
2.952
2.768
1.661
1.661
1.292
1.107
1.107
0.923
0.738
0.738
0.738
0.738
0.738
0.554
0.554
0.554
0.554
126
-------
Table F-l. (cont'd.)
Upper Green Bay (OW1)
Species Present
24-25 April
cells
percent
Amphipleura pellucide (DI)
Cymbella prostrata (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Navicula pupula (DI)
Nitzschia sp. #2 (DI)
Amphiprora ornata (DI)
Cymbella hybrida (DI)
Cymbella microcephala (DI)
Closterium aciculare (GR)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Fragilaria brevistriata var. inflata (DI)
Navicula cryptocephala (DI)
Nitzschia dissipata (DI)
Synedra ulna var. chaseana (DI)
Species Total
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
0.369
0.369
0.369
0.369
0.369
0.185
0.185
0.185
0.185
0.185
0.185
0.185
0.185
0.185
37
Middle Green Bay (Menominee-offshore)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Ulothrix sp. #1 (GR)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Oscillatoria limnetica (BG)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Melosira islandica (DI)
Rhodomonas minuta var. nannoplanctica (CR)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Synedra delicatissima var. angustissima (DI)
Ankistrodesmus sp. #1 (GR)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Scenedesmus bicellularis (GR)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
446.1
324.6
213.6
125.7
94.2
85.9
81.7
73.3
62.8
54.5
46.1
46.1
25.1
25.1
12.6
10.5
10.5
10.5
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
24.624
17.919
11.792
6.936
5.202
4.740
4.509
4.046
3.468
3.006
2.543
2.543
1.387
1.387
0.694
0.578
0.578
0.578
0.347
0.347
0.347
0.347
0.231
127
-------
Table F-l. (cont'd.)
Middle Green Bay (Menominee-offshore) Species Present
24-25 April
Anacystis questionable sp. #1 (BG)
Nitzschia sp. #2 (DI)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Achnanthes minutissima (DI)
Achnanthes questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Amphiprora ornata (DI)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Cyclotella questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Dinoflagellate sp. #1 (DN)
Dinobryon cysts (CH)
Navicula questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Stephanodiscus binderanus (DT)
Species Total
cells
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
percent
0.231
0.231
0.231
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.116
36
Gladstone (G)
Achnanthes questionable sp. #1 (D? )
Fragilaria crotonensis (i*)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. venter (DI)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Diatoma ' tenure(DI)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Fragilaria pinnata (DI)
Navicula pupula (DI)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Nitzschia dissipata (DI)
Achnanthes minutissima (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Eucocconeis flexella (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Achnanthes clevei (DI)
Achnanthes deflexa (DI)
Achnanthes lanceolata var. dubia (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. pumila (DI)
56.5
54.5
44.0
37.7
33.5
31.4
18.8
16.8
12.6
12.6
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
10.112
9.738
7.865
6.742
5.993
5.618
3.371
2.996
2.247
2.247
1.873
1.873
1.873
1.873
1.873
1.873
1.498
1.498
1.498
1.498
1.124
1.124
1.124
1.124
128
-------
Table F-l. (cont'd.)
Gladstone (G)
24-25 April
Mallomonas alpina (CH)
Navicula cryptocephala (DI)
Nitzschia filiformis (DI)
Nitzschia palea (DI)
Achnanthes lanceolata (DI)
Achnanthes questionable sp. #2 (DI)
Caloneis bacillum (DI)
Cymbella cistula var. #1 (DI)
Cocconeis placentula (DI)
Navicula explanata (DI)
Navicula menisculus var. upsaliensis (DI)
Navicula radiosa var. tenella (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Achnanthes biasolettiana (DI)
Achnanthes clevei var. rostrata (DI)
Amphiprora ornata (DI)
Caloneis questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Cymbella laevis (DI)
Cymbella microcephala (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Denticula tenuis (DI)
Fragilaria leptostauron var. dubia (DI)
Gomphonema angustatum (DI)
Gomphonema intricatum var. pumila (DI)
Gomphonema parvulum (DI)
Melosira italica (DI)
Meridion circulare (DI)
Navicula reinhardtii (DI)
Navicula subhamulata (DI)
Navicula similis (DI)
Navicula viridula (DI)
Nitzschia acicularis (DI)
Nitzschia fonticola (DI)
Nitzschia sp. #2 (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Synedra ostenfeldii(DI)
Synedra ulna var. aequalis (DI)
Species Total
Species Present
cells
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
64
percent
1.124
1.124
1.124
1.124
0.749
0.749
0.749
0.749
0.749
0.749
0.749
0.749
0.749
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
129
-------
Table F-l.
Escanaba (E) Species Present
24-25 April cells percent
Fragilaria crotonensis (Dj) 800.1 56.845
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI) 104.7 7.440
Melosira italics (DI) 90.1 6.399
Melosira Islandica (DI) 73.3 5.208
Diatoma tenue (DI) 33.5 2.381
Stephanodiscus mlnutus (DI) 29.3 2.083
Nltzschia bacata (DI) 18.8 1.339
Melosira granulata var. angustissima (DI) 16.8 1.190
Achnanthes minutissima (DI) 14.7 1.042
Achnanthes questionable sp. #2 (girdle views) (DI) 12.6 0.893
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI) 12.6 0.893
Synedra filiformis (DI) 12.6 0.893
Achnanthes questionable sp. #1 (girdle views) (DI) 10.5 0.744
Amphora ovalis (DI) 10.5 0.744
Amphipleura pellucida (DI) 10.5 0.744
Synedra ostenfeldii (DI) 10.5 0.744
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI) 8.4 0.595
Synedra ulna var. aequalis (DI) 8.4 0.595
Cyclotella comta (DI) 6.3 0.446
Cyclotella stelligera (DI) 6.3 0.446
Navicula cryptocephala (DI) 6.3 0.446
Navicula vanheurckii (DI) 6.3 0.446
Achnanthes clevei (DI) 4.2 0.298
Anomoeoneis vitrea (DI) 4.2 0.298
Cymbella microcephala (DI) 4.2 0.298
Cocconeis disculus (DI) 4.2 0.298
Cocconeis placentula (DI) 4.2 0.298
Fragilaria construens var. venter (DI) 4.2 0.298
Rhoicosphenia curvata (DI) 4.2 0.298
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI) 4.2 0.298
Stephanodiscus transilvanicus (DI) 4.2 0.298
Achnanthes clevei var. rostrata (DI) 2.1 0.149
Achnanthes lanceolata (DI) 2.1 0.149
Achnanthes microcephala (DI) 2.1 0.149
Cymbella delicatula (DI) 2.1 0.149
Cymbella hybrida (DI) 2.1 0.149
Cymbella laevis (DI) 2.1 0.149
Cymbella latens (DI) 2.1 0.149
Cymbella prostrata (DI) 2.1 0.149
Cymbella turgida var. pseudogracilis (DI) 2.1 0.149
Cyclotella cryptica (T»I) 2.1 0.149
Cyclotella meneghiniana var. plana (DI) 2.1 0.149
Eunotia arcus (DI) 2.1 0.149
Fragilaria pinnata (DI) 2.1 0.149
Fragilaria vaucheriae ,(DI) 2.1 0.149
Gomphonema olivaceum (DI) 2.1 0.149
130
-------
Table-FT!, (cont'•
-------
Table F-l. (cont'd.)
Menominee - nearshore (M)
24-25 April
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Gomphonema questionable sp. #1 (girdle views)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Scenedesmus quadricauda (GR)
Achnanthes lanceolata (DI)
Meridion circulare (DI)
Navicula cryptocephala (DI)
Navicula menisculus var. upsaliensis (DI)
Achnanthes linearis (DI)
Cymbella ventricosa (DI)
Cyclotella operculata (DI)
Gomphonema olivaceum (DI)
Navicula pupula (DI)
Nitzschia acicularis (DI)
Nitzschia fonticola (DI)
Nitzschia sp. #2 (DI)
Rhoicosphenia curvata (DI)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Achnanthes clevei var. rostrata (DI)
Achnanthes exigua var. constricta (DI)
Achnanthes kryophila var. africana (DI)
Amphora neglecta (DI)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Cocconeis placentula (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Cyclotella kutzlngiana (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Diatoma vulgaris (DI)
Rhodomonas minuta var. nannoplanctica (CR)
Fragilaria construens (DI)
Gomphonema angustatum (DI)
Melosira islandica (DI)
Navicula radiosa (DI)
Navicula similis (DI)
Navicula questionable sp. #1 (DI)
(unidentifiable girdle view) (DI)
Navicula tripunctata (DI)
Navicula vanheurckii (DI)
Nitzschia palea (DI)
Synedra ostenfeldii (DI)
Synedra ulna var. chaseana (DI)
Species Total
Species
cells
10.5
(DI) 8.4
8.4
8.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
63
Present
percent
0.756
•0.605
0.605
0.605
0.454
0.454
0.454
0.454
0.303
0.303
0.303
0.303
0.303
0.303
0.303
0.303
0.303
0.303
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
132
-------
Table F-l. (cont'd.)
Portage Marsh (PM1)
24-25 April
Species Present
cells
percent
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Melosira italica (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Achnanthes questionable sp. #1 (girdle view) (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. venter (DI)
Stephano.discus niagarae (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Navicula vanheurckii (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Melosira islandica (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Achnanthes lanceolata (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Nitzschia dissipata (DI)
Achnanthes minutissima (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Navicula cryptocephala (DI)
Achnanthes biasolettiana (DI)
Achnanthes clevei var. rostrata (DI)
Achnanthes deflexa (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Dinoflagellate sp. #1 (DN)
Diatoma tenue (DI)
Navicula paludosa (DI)
Nitzschia palea (DI)
Rhoicosphenia curvata (DI)
Staurastrum paradoxum (GR)
Stephanodiscus hantizschii (DI)
Cymbella microcephala (DI)
Cymbella parvula (DI)
Cymbella prostrata (DI)
Cymbella sinuata (DI)
Cocconeis placentula (DI)
Cyclotella meneghiniana (DI)
Cyclotella operculata (DI)
391.7
75.4
41.9
39.8
37.7
37.7
23.0
20.9
18.8
18.8
18.8
16.8
16.8
14.7
14.7
12.6
12.6
12.6
10.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
39.957
7.692
4.274
4.060
3.846
3.846
2.350
2.137
1.923
1.923
1.923
1.709
1.709
1.496
1.496
1.282
1.282
1.282
1.068
0.855
0.855
0.855
0.855
0.641
0.641
0.641
0.641
0.427
0.427
0.427
0.427
0.427
0.427
0.427
0.427
0.427
0.427
0.427
0.427
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
133
-------
Table F-l. (cont'd.)
Portage Marsh (PM1)
24-25 April
Species Present
cells
percent
Denticula tenuis var. crassula (DI)
Fragilaria vaucheriae (DI)
Navicula gregaria (DI)
Navicula odiosa (DI)
Navicula pseudoscutiformis (DI)
Navicula pupula (DI)
Nitzschia acicularis (DI)
Nitzschia sp. #2 (DI)
Synedra ostenfeldii (DI)
Synedra ulna (DI)
Species Total
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
56
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
•
Portage Marsh (PM2)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Coccomyxa coccoides (GR)
Fragilaria construens var, pumila (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. venter (DI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Fragilaria construens (DI)
Achnanthes lanceolata (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Rhoicosphenia curvata (DI)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Melosira italica (DI)
Nitzschia dissipata (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Diatoma tenue (DI)
Fragilaria intermedia var. fallax (DI)
Melosira islandica (DI)
Navicula menisculus (DI)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Cocconeis placentula (DI)
Gomphonema olivaceum (DI)
Achnanthes hungarica (DI)
215.7
146.6
131.9
123.6
121.5
60.7
50.3
50.3
46.1
39.8
35.6
35.6
31.4
25.1
23.0
23.0
20.9
18.8
16.8
16.8
16.8
14.7
14.7
14.7
14.7
14.7
12.6
12.6
10.5
13.342
9.067
8.161
7.642
7.513
3.756
3.109
3.109
2.850
2.461
2.202
2.202
1.943
1.554
1.425
1.425
1.295
1.166
1.036
1.036
1.036
0.907
0.907
0.907
0.907
0.907
0.777
0.777
0.648
134
-------
Table F-l. (cont'd.)
Portage Marsh (PM2)
24-25 April
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Cyclotella meneghiniana (DI)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Fragilaria pinnata var. intercedens (DI)
Navicula gregaria (DI)
Nitzschia acicularis (DI)
Achnanthes linearis fo. curta (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. binodis (DI)
Fragilaria vaucheriae (DI)
Navicula cryptocephala (DI)
Navicula exigua var. capitata (DI)
Nitzschia palea (DI)
Nitzschia sub linearis (DI)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Navicula pupula (DI)
Navicula vanheurckii (DI)
Nitzschia amphibia (DI)
Achnanthes lanceolata var. dubia (DI)
Achnanthes linearis (DI)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Gomphonema angustatum (DI)
Mallomonas questionable sp. #1 (file #6) (CH)
Navicula menisculus var. upsaliensis (DI)
Navicula odiosa (DI)
Oscillatoria limnetica (BG)
Synedra ulna (DI)
Achnanthes minutissima (DI)
Achnanthes sp. #1 (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Cymbella prostrata (DI)
Cymbella questionable sp. #1 (file name #20
undecided species) (DI)
Cosmarium sp. #1 (GR)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Eunotica arcus (DI)
Epithemia sorex (DI)
Eucocconeis flexella (DI)
Fragilaria leptostauron (DI)
Gomphonema angustatum var. producta (DI)
Gomphonema constrictum (DI)
Gomphonema olivaceum var. calcarea (DI)
Gomphonema parvulum (DI)
Navicula capitata (DI)
Navicula cuspidata (DI)
Navicula gastrum (DI)
Species
cells
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
Present
percent
0.648
0.648
0.648
0.648
0.648
0.648
0.518
0.518
0.518
0.518
0.518
0.518
0.518
0.518
0.518
0.518
0.389
0.389
0.389
0.259
0.259
0.259
0.259
0.259
0.259
0.259
0.259
0.259
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
135
-------
Table F-l. (cont'H.)
Portage Marsh (PM2) Species Present
24-25 April cells percent
Navicula radiosa var. tenella (DI)
Navicula reinhardtii (DI)
Navicula scutelloides (DI)
Nitzschia obtusa var. nana (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Stauroneis sp. #1 (DI)
Surirella angusta (DI)
Synedra ostenfeldii (DI)
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
Species Total 83
136
-------
Table F-2. Cell counts (cells/ml) percent abundance and species
enumeration of algal taxa in northern Green Bay
(Lake Michigan) from eight stations on 29-30 May, 1974.
Big Bay de Noc
29-30 May
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Ulothrix sp. #1 (GR)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Tabellaria flocculosa (DI)
Synedra delicatissima (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Undetermined flagellate sp. #1 (DI)
Achnanthes minutissima (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Melosira islandica (DI)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Scenedesmus brevispin^/ (GR)
Scenedesmus quadricauda var. maximus (GR)
Synedra parasitica (DI)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Nitzschia acicularis (DI)
Achnanthes clevei var. rostrata (DI)
Amphiprora ornata (DI)
Caloneis bacillum (DI)
Cosmarium sp. #1 (GR)
Microcoleus vaginatus (BG)
Nitzschia dissipata (DI)
Nitzschia sp. #1 (DI)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
'Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Species Total
Species
cells
310.0
303.7
257.6
73.3
58.6
52.4
48.2
27.2
23.0
23.0
18.8
16.8
16.8
10.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
32
Present
percent
23.492
23.016
19.524
5.556
4.444
3.968
3.651
2.063
1.746
1.746
1.429
1.270
1.270
0.794
0.635
0.635
0.635
0.635
0.635
0.635
0.317
0.317
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
137
-------
Table F-2. (cont'd.)
Upper Green Bay (OW1)
29-30 May
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Undetermined flagellate sp. #1 (UN)
Ulothrix sp. #1 (GR)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Melosira islandica (DI)
Nitzschia acicularis (DI)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Scenedesmus quadricauda var. longispina (GR)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Tabellaria flocculosa (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Dinobryon cysts (CH)
Achnanthes minutissima (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Synedra delicatissima var. angustissima (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Synedra ulna (DI)
Ankistrodesmus questionable sp. #1 (GR)
Cyclotella kutzingiana (DI)
Diatoma tenue (DI)
Franceia droescheri (GR)
Fragilaria construens var. minuta (DI)
Synedra questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Achnanthes hungarica (DI)
Dinobryon sociale (CH)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Nitzschia confinis (DI)
Nitzschia kutzingiana (DI)
Nitzschia sp. #2 (DI)
Nitzschia questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Species Total
Species
cells
515.2
280.6
280.6
180.1
56.5
48.2
41.9
37.7
35.6
33.5
31.4
23.0
23.0
18.8
16.8
14.7
12.6
10.5
10.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
38
Present
percent
29.426
16.029
16.029
10.287
3.230
2.751
2.392
2.153
2.033
1.914
1.794
1.316
1.316
1.077
0.957
0.837
0.718
0.598
0.598
0.478
0.478
0.478
0.359
0.359
0.239
0.239
0.239
0.239
0.239
0.239
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
138
-------
Table F-2. (cont'd.)
Middle Green Bay (Menominee-offshore)
29-30 May
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Oscillatoria retzix (BG)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Nitzschia holsatica (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Melosira italica (DI)
Ulothrix subconstricta (GR)
Diatoma tenue (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Ulothrix sp. #1 (GR)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Nitzschia acicularis (DI)
Oscillatoria limnetica (BG)
Synedra ulna var. chaseana (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. pumila (DI)
Navicula viridula (DI)
Ankis trodesmus brauni (GR)
Cosmarium sp. #1 (GR)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Mallomonas #6 (CH)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Synedra ostenfeldii (DI)
Achnanthes clevei (DI)
Achnanthes sp. #1 (DI)
Dino flagellate sp. #1 (DN)
Nitzschia sp. #2 (DI)
Peridinium sp. #1 (DN)
Species Total
Species
cells
473.3
318.3
217.8
155.0
150.8
73.3
41.9
33.5
29.3
29.3
27.2
25.1
25.1
23.0
16.8
14.7
14.7
12.6
12.6
12.6
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
38
Present
percent
26.249
17.654
12.079
8.595
8.362
4.065
2.323
1.858
1.626
1.626
1.510
1.394
1.394
1.278
0.929
0.813
0.813
0.697
0.697
0.697
0.581
0.581
0.581
0.581
0.348
0.348
0.348
0,232
0.232
0.232
0.232
0.232
0.232
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.116
139
-------
Table F-2. (cont'd.)
Gladstone (G)
29-30 May
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Anacystis thermalis (BG)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Rhodomonas minuta var. nannoplanctica (CR)
Melosira granulata var. angustissima (DI)
Synedra ulna var. chaseana (DI)
Melosira distans var. alpigena (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Gloeocystis planctonica (BG)
Cyclotella kutzingiana (DI)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. venter (DI)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Cymbella turgida var. pseudogracilis (DI)
Mallomonas #6 (CH)
Nitzschia acicularis (DI)
Nitzschia amphibia (DI)
Nitzschia dissipata (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Achnanthes clevei var. rostrata (DI)
Achnanthes minutissima (DI)
Cymbella hybrida (DI)
Cymbella prostrata (DI)
Cocconeis placentula (DI)
Fragilaria vaucheriae (DI)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Peridinium sp. #1 (DN)
Synedra ostenfeldii (DI)
Species Total
Species
cells
446.1
171.7
163.4
148.7
131.9
98.4
67.0
58.6
48.2
35.6
31.4
27.2
20.9
18.8
18.8
14.7
12.6
12.6
12.6
10.5
10.5
8.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
42
Present
percent
27.168
10.459
9.949
9.056
8.036
5.995
4.082
3.571
2.934
2.168
1.913
1.658
1.276
1.148
1.148
0.893
0.765
0.765
0.765
0.638
0.638
0.510
0.383
0.383
0.383
0.383
0.255
0.255
0.255
0.255
0.255
0.255
0.255
0.128
0.128
0.128
0.128
0.128
0.128
0.128
0.128
0.128
140
-------
Tahle F-2. (cont'd.)
Es can aba (E)
29-30 May
Fragllaria crotonensis (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Ulothrix sp. #1 (GR)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Synedra ostenfeldii (DI)
Nitzschia acicularis (DI)
Achnanthes minutissima (DI)
Ankistrodesmus questionable sp. #1 (GR)
Cyclotella cryptica (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Achnanthes hungarica (DI)
Cyclotella kutzingiana (DI)
Microcoleus vaginatus (BG)
Nitzschia confinis (DI)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Synedra ulna var. chaseana (DI)
Species Total
Species Present
cells
607.4
165.5
108.9
100.5
96.3
85.9
39.8
35.6
31. A
29.3
25.1
25.1
25.1
23.0
23.0
16.8
12.6
12.6
10.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
6.3
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
32
percent
39.456
10.748
7.075
6.531
6.258
5.578
2.585
2.313
2.041
1.905
1.633
1.633
1.633
1.497
1.497
1.088
0.816
0.816
0.680
0.544
0.544
0.544
0.544
0.544
0.408
0.272
0.136
0.136
0.136
0.136
0.136
0.136
Menominee - nearshore (M)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
548.7
506.8
169.6
111.0
106.8
81.7
73.3
26.070
24.080
8.060
.274
.075
.881
3.483
141
-------
Table F-2. (cont'd.)
Menominee - nearshore (M)
29-30 May
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Melosira italica (DI)
Rhlzosolenia eriensis (DI)
Stephanodlscus tenuls (DI)
Stephanodlscus minutus (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Nitzschia acicularis (DI)
Stephanodiscus binderanus (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Ulothrix sp. #1 (GR)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Oscillatoria limnetica (BG)
Stephanodiscus hantzschli (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Mallomonas #6 (CH)
Synedra ostenfeldii (DI)
Achnanthes clevei var. rostrata (DI)
Amphiprora ornata (DI)
Cymbella prostrata (DI)
Cosmarium sp. #1 (GR)
Cocconeis placentula (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Rhodomonas minuta var. nannoplanctica (CR)
Melosira islandica (DI)
Mallomonas sp. #3 (CH)
Nitzschia recta (DI)
Nitzschia sublinearis (DI)
Species Total
Species Present
cells percent
46.1
41.9
41.9
41.9
39.8
35.6
29.3
27.2
27.2
20.9
20.9
18.8
14.7
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
8.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
39
2.189
1.990
1.990
1.990
1.891
1.692
1.393
1.294
1.294
0.995
0.995
0.896
0.697
0.597
0.597
0.597
0.597
0.398
0.299
0.299
0.299
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
Portage Marsh (PM1)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. venter (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Gloeocystis planctonica (BG)
Fragilaria construens (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. pumila (DI)
Fragilaria pinnata var. intercedens (DI)
366.5
224.1
152.9
129.9
123.6
117.3
106.8
16.026
9.799
6.685
5.678
5.403
128
4.670
142
-------
Table F-2. (cont'd.)
Portage Marsh (PM1)
29-30 May
Achnanthes lanceolata (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. binodis (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Anacystis incerta (BG)
Fragilaria crotonensls (DI)
Melosira varlans (DI)
Nitzschia dlsslpata (DI)
Nitzschla. amphibia (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Achnanthes hungarica (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Cyclotella cryptica (DI)
Melosira italica (DI)
Cyclotella meneghiniana (DI)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Rhoicosphenia curvata (DI)
Cocconeis placentula (DI)
Fragilaria vaucheriae(DI)
Navicula menisculus var. upsaliensis (DI)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Achnanthes linearis (DI)
Gomphonema parvulum (DI)
Mallomonas #6 (CH)
Navicula capitata (DI)
Navicula gregaria (DI)
Nitzschia recta (DI)
Achnanthes questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Navicula cryptocephala (DI)
Nitzschia palea (DI)
Nitzschia sublinearis (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Cymbella prostrata (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Stauroneis sp- #1 (GR)
Achnanthes minutissima (DI)
Diatoma tenue (DI)
Eunotia curvata (DI)
Gomphonema an gust at urn (DI)
Meridion circulare (DI)
Navicula exigua var. capitata (DI)
Navicula pupula (DI)
Nitzschia sp. #2 (DI)
Peridinium sp. #1 (DN)
Species
cells
73.3
73.3
71.2
67.0
58.6
58.6
56.5
46.1
37.7
35.6
35.6
35.6
23.0
23.0
20.9
20.9
20.9
18.8
18.8
16.8
16.8
16.8
14.7
12.6
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
Present
percent
3.205
3.205
3.114
2.930
2.564
2.564
2.473
2.015
1.648
1.557
1.557
1.557
1.007
1.007
0.916
0.916
0.916
0.824
0.824
0.733
0.733
0.733
0.641
0.549
0.458
0.458
0.458
0.458
0.458
0.366
0.366
0.366
0.366
0.366
0.366
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.183
0.183
0.183
0.183
0.183
0.183
0.183
0.183
0.183
143
-------
Table F-2. (cont!d.)
Portage Marsh (PM1)
29-30 May
Amphlpleura pellucida (DI)
Amphiprora ornata (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Eunotia questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Gomphonema constrictum (DI)
Gomphonema questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Navicula dementis var. quadristigmata (DI)
Navicula exigua (DI)
Navicula pupula var. capitata (DI)
Nitzschia fonticola (DI)
Nitzschia frustulum (DI)
Pinnularia questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Stauroneis anceps fo. linearis (GR)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Synedra ostenfeldil (DI)
Synedra rumpens (DI)
Species Total
Species
cells
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
70
Present
percent
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
Portage Marsh (PM2)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Gloeocystis planctonica (BG)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Fragilaria construens (DI)
Synedra ulna var. chaseana (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Mougeotia sp. #1 (GR)
Ankistrodesmus sp. #1 (GR)
Fragilaria construens var. venter (DI)
Scenedesmus quadricauda var. longispina (GR)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
395.8
301.6
161.3
150.8
83.8
67.0
60.7
41.9
35.6
27.2
25.1
20.9
18.8
14.7
14.7
10.5
10.5
10.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
24.901
18.972
10.145
9.486
5.270
4.216
3.821
2.635
2.240
1.713
1.581
1.318
1.186
0.922
0.922
0.659
0.659
0.659
0.527
0.527
0.527
0.527
0.527
144
-------
Table F-2. (cont'd.)
Portage Marsh (PM2)
29-30 May
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Nitzschia acicularis (DI)
Nitzschia flexa (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Achnanthes questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Amphiprora ornata (DI)
Fragilaria vaucheriae (DI)
Navicula pupula (DI)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Nitzschia conflnis (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Achnanthes clevei (DI)
Cymbella cistula (DI)
Cosmarium sp. #1 (GR)
Cyclotella meneghiniana (DI)
Dinoflagellate sp. #1 (DN)
Fragilaria leptostauron (DI)
Fragilaria pinnata var. lancettula (DI)
Mallomonas #6 (CH)
Navicula aurora (DI)
Navicula cryptocephala (DI)
Navicula reinhardtii (DI)
Navicula vanheurckii (DI)
Nitzschia recta (DI)
Nitzschia sublinearis (DI)
Oscillatoria limnetica (BG)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Synedra ulna var. constricta (DI)
Species Total
Species
cells
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
52
Present
percent
0.395
0.395
0.395
0.395
0.395
0.264
0.264
0.264
0.264
0.264
0.264
0.264
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
145
-------
Table F-3. Cell counts (cells/ml), percent abundance and species
enumeration of algal taxa in northern Green Bay
(Lake Michigan) from eight stations on 28-30 July, 1974.
Big Bay de Noc
28-30 July
Gomphosphaeria aponina (BG)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Anacystis incerta (BG)
Gloeocystis planctonica (BG)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Anacystis thermalis (BG)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Oscillatoria bornetii (BG)
Nitzschia holsatica (DI)
Cocconeis placentula (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Nitzschia dissipata (DI)
Staurastrum paradoxum (GR)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Species Total
Species Present
cells percent
52.4
35.6
31.4
25.1
16.8
12.6
9.4
8.4
8.4
7.3
7.3
2.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
17
23.585
16.038
14.151
11.321
7.547
5.660
4.245
3.774
3.774
3.302
3.302
0.943
0.472
0.472
0.472
0.472
0.472
Upper Green Bay (OW1)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Oocystis questionable spp (GR)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Scenedesmus incrassatulus (GR)
Cosmarium sp. #1 (GR)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Achnanthes clevei var. rostrata (DI)
Nitzschia dissipata (DI)
Nitzschia palea (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Rhoicosphenia curvata (DI)
Tetraedron minimum (GR)
Species Total
75.4
29.3
19.9
16.8
8.4
4.2
2.1
2.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
45.860
17.834
12.102
10.191
5.096
2.548
1.274
1.274
0.637
0.637
0.637
0.637
0.637
0.637
14
146
-------
Table F-3. (cont'd.)
Middle Green Bay (Menominee-offshore)
28-30 July
Species Present
cells
Species Total
17
percent
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Gomphosphaeria lacustris (BG)
Anacystis incerta (BG)
Gloeocystis planctonica (BG)
Ulothrix sub constrict a (GR)
Stephanodiscus niagarae(DI)
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (BG)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Scene desmus quadrlcauda var. longispina (GR)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Staurastrum paradoxum (GR)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Lagerheimia ciliata (GR)
Mallomonas alpina (CH)
Tetraedron minimum (GR)
150.8
94.2
52.4
37.7
31.4
16.8
12.6
8.4
8.4
8.4
5.2
4.2
2.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
34.532
21.583
11.990
8.633
7.194
3.837
2.878
1.918
1.918
1.918
1.199
0.959
0.480
0.240
0.240
0.240
0.240
Gladstone (G)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Anabaena flos-aguae (BG)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Rhodomonas minuta var. nannoplanctica (CR)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Gloeocystis planctonica (BG)
Ulothrix subconstricta (GR)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Fragilaria vaucheriae (DI)
Achnanthes minutissima (DI)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Fragilaria brevistriata var. capitata (DI)
Navicula reinhardtii (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Species Total
129.9
48.2
35.6
22.0
10.5
9.4
8.4
8.4
6.3
2.1
2.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
18
44.765
16.606
12.274
7.581
3.610
3.249
2.888
2.888
2.166
0.722
0.722
0.361
0.361
0.361
0.361
0.361
0.361
0.361
147
-------
?able F-3. (cont'd.)
Es can aba (E)
28-30 July
Anacystis incerta (BG)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Nephrocytlum limneticum (GR)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Scenedesmus quadricauda var. longispina (GR)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Ulothrix subconstricta (GR)
Anabaena flos-aquae (BG)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Mallomonas alpina (CH)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Achnanthes lanceolata var. dubia (DI)
Achnanthes minutissima (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Cryptomonas sp. #1 (CR)
Cocconeis placentula (DI)
Lagerheimia ciliata (GR)
Navicula questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Tetraedron minimum (GR)
Species Total
Species
cells
157.1
52.4
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
9.4
8.4
5.2
5.2
4.2
4.2
3.1
3.1
2.1
2.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
24
Present
percent
49.834
16.611
3.987
3.987
3.987
3.987
2.990
2.658
1.661
1.661
1.329
1.329
0.997
0.997
0.664
0.664
0.332
0.332
0.332
0.332
0.332
0.332
0.332
0.332
Menominee - nearshore (M)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Coelastrum microporum (BG)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Ulothrix sp. #1 (GR)
Ulothrix subconstricta (GR)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Scenedesmus quadricauda var. longispina (GR)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Ankistrodesmus gelifactum (GR)
Undetermined flagellate sp. #1
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
34.6
33.5
24.1
18.8
14,
9.
8,
7,
6,
3.1
3.1
2.1
2.1
1.0
19.760
19.162
13.772
10.778
8.383
5.389
4.790
4.192
3.593
.796
.796
.198
.198
0.599
148
-------
Table F-3. (cont'd.)
Menominee - nearshore (M)
28-30 July
Asterlonella formosa (DI)
Cyclotella kutzingiana (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Nitzschia conf inis (DI)
Peridinium cinctum (DN)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Species Total
Species
cells
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
20
Present
percent
0.599
0.599
0.599
0.599
0.599
0.599
Portage Marsh (PM1)
Species Present
28-30 July
Melosira granulata (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. venter (DI)
Gloeocystis planctonica (BG)
Melosira islandica (DI)
Pediastrum duplex var. clathratum (GR)
Pediastrum tetras (GR)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Scenedesmus quadricauda var. longispina (GR)
Fragilaria construens (DI)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Ulothrix subconstricta (GR)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Fragilaria pinnata (DI)
Oocystis borgei (GR)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Achnanthes lanceolata (DI)
Cyclotella meneghiniana (DI)
Rhoicosphenia curvata (DI)
Achnanthes clevei var. rostrata (DI)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Fragilaria vaucheriae (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Nitzschia amphibia (DI)
Nitzschia frustulum (DI)
Achnanthes questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Ankis trodesmus brauni (GR)
Undetermined flagellate sp. #1
Mallomonas alpina (CH)
Navicula tripunctata (DI)
Nitzschia palea (DI)
Phacus suecicus var. oidion (EU)
cells
123.6
33.5
29.3
26.2
16.8
16.8
13.6
12.6
11.5
11.5
11.5
10.5
9.4
7.3
7.3
6.3
5.2
5.2
5.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
percent
29.064
7.882
6.897
6.158
3.941
3.941
3.202
2.956
2.709
2.709
2.709
2.463
2.217
1.724
1.724
1.478
1.232
1.232
1.232
0.985
0.985
0.985
0.739
0.739
0.739
0.493
0.493
0.493
0.493
0.493
0.493
0.493
149
-------
Table F-3. (cont'd.)
Portage Marsh (PM1)
28-30 July
Species
cells
Present
percent
Achnanthes exigua (DI)
Achnanthes minutissima (DI)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Cocconeis placentula (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Denticula elegans (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. binodis (DI)
Gomphonema an gust a turn (DI)
Gomphonema parvulum (DI)
Lagerheimia ciliata (GR)
Navicula cryptocephala (DI)
Navicula gregaria (DI)
Navicula menisculus var. upsaliensis (DI)
Nitzschia diserta (DI)
Nitzschia filiformis (DI)
Nitzschia sublinearis (DI)
Nitzschia vermicularis (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Synedra pulchella (DI)
Tetraedron arthrodesmiforme (GR)
Species Total
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
56
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
Portage Marsh (PM2)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. venter
Gloeocystis planctonica (BG)
Ulothrix subconstricta (GR)
Scenedesmus quadricauda var. longispina (GR)
Micractinium pusillum (GR)
Pediastrum tetras (GR)
Fragilaria pinnata var. intercedens (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Trochiscia sp (GR)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera(DI)
86.9
70.2
37.7
34.6
20.9
13.6
12.6
8.4
8.4
6.3
5
4
4
3
25.697
20.743
11.146
10.217
.192
.025
,715
.477
.477
.858
.548
.238
.238
.929
3.1
6.
4.
3.
2.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
0.
0.929
150
-------
Table F^3. (cont'd.)
Portage Marsh (PM2)
28-30 July
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Nitzschia fonticola (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Diatoma tenue (DI)
Fragilaria vaucheriae (DI)
Mallomonas caudata (CH)
Oscillatoria limnetica (BG)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Tetraedron minimum (GR)
Species Total
Species
cells
3.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
28
Present
percent
0.929
0.619
0.619
0.619
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
-------
Table F-4. Cell counts (cells/ml), percent abundance and species
enumeration of algal taxa in northern Green Bay
(Lake Michigan) from eight stations on 7-8 September, 1974.
Big Bay de Noc
7-8 September
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Anacystis incerta (BG)
Coccomyxa minor (GR)
Gloeocystis planctonica (GR)
Anacystis thermalis (BG)
Gomphosphaeria aponina (BG)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Tabellaria flocculosa (DI)
Coelastrum microporum (GR)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Tetraedron minimum (GR)
Nephrocytium agardhianum (GR)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Scene desmus denticulatus (GR)
Scenedesmus quadricauda var. longispina (GR)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Undetermined flagellate sp. #1 (UN)
Nitzschia acicularis (DI)
Nitzschia fonticola (DI)
Nitzschia palea (DI)
Oscillatoria limnetica (BG)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Cosmarium sp. #1 (GR)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Species Total
Species Present
cells
340.3
328.8
173.8
46.1
45.0
33.5
29.3
29.3
22.0
11.5
8.4
8.4
5.2
5.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
3.1
3.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
33
percent
29.926
28.913
15.285
4.052
3.959
2.947
2.578
2.578
1.934
1.013
0.737
0.737
0.460
0.460
0.368
0.368
0.368
0.368
0.368
0.368
0.276
0.276
0.184
0.184
0.184
0.184
0.184
0.184
0.184
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
Upper Green Bay (OW1)
Gomphosphaeria wichurae (BG)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
152
314.2
192.7
45.0
46.584
28.571
6.677
-------
Table F-4. (cont'd.)
Upper Green Bay - (OW1)
7-8 September
Asterlonella formosa (DI)
Mougeotia sp. #1 (GR)
Anabaena flos-aquae (BG)
Ulothrix sp. #1 (GR)
Stephanodlscus minutus (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Anacystis thermalis (BG)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Oscillatorla bornetii (BG)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Synedra demerarae (DI)
Ankistrodesmus gelifactum (GR)
Achnanthes clevei var. rostrata (DI)
Cocconeis placentula (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Mallomonas pseudocoronata (CH)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Species Total
Species Present
cells
22.0
22.0
20.9
8.4
7.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
24
percent
3.261
3.261
3.106
1.242
1.087
0.932
0.621
0.621
0.621
0.621
0.466
0.466
0.466
0.311
0.155
0.155
0.155
0.155
0.155
0.155
0.155
Middle Green Bay - (Menominee-offshore)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Mougeotia sp. #1 (GR)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Anacystis incerta (BG)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Anabaena flos-aquae (BG)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Anacystis thermalis (BG)
Nephrocytium agardhianum (GR)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Nitzschia holsatica (DI)
Ankistrodesmus gelifactum (GR)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Cosmarium sp. #1 (GR)
298.5
257.6
131.9
104.7
59.7
20.9
13.6
9.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
7.3
5.2
4.2
3.1
3.1
2.1
1.0
31.353
27.063
13.861
11.001
6.271
2.200
1.430
0.990
0.880
0.880
0.880
0.770
0.550
0.440
0.330
0.330
0.220
0.110
153
-------
Table F-4. (cont'd.)
Middle Green Bay - (Menotninee-offshore)
7-8 September
Species Present.
cells
percent
Ceratium hirundinella (°N)
Lagerheimia ciliata (GR)
Oocystis questionable spp (GR)
Staurastrum paradoxum (GR)
Species Total
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
22
0.110
0.110
0.110
0.110
Gladstone (G)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Gloeocystis planctonica (GR)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Anabaena flos-aquae (BG)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. venter (DI)
Achnanthes lanceolata (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Scenedesmus denticulatus (GR)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Cyclotella meneghiniana (DI)
Navicula subhamulata (DI)
Achnanthes clevei (DI)
Achnanthes questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
Mallomonas alpina (CH)
Nitzschia palea (DI)
Achnanthes deflexa (DI)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Amphiprora ornata (DI)
Cymbella sinuata var. antiqua (DI)
Cymbella ventricosa (DI)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
209.4
103.7
100.5
90.1
58.6
45.0
38.7
18.8
17.8
17.8
16.8
13.6
12.6
11.5
10.5
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
25.478
12.611
12.229
10.955
7.134
5.478
4.713
2.293
2.166
2.166
2.038
1.656
1.529
1.401
1.274
0.510
0.510
0.510
0.510
0.382
0.382
0.382
0.382
0.255
0.255
0.255
0.255
0.255
0.255
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
154
-------
Table F-4. (cont'd.)
Gladstone (G)
7-8 September
Navicula bicephala (DI)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Nitzschia capitellata (DI)
Nitzschia dissipata (DI)
Nitzschia fonticola (DI)
Nitzschia fonticola var. pelagica (DI)
Nitzschia paleacea (DI)
Staurastrum paradoxum (GR)
Species Total
Species
cells
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
43
Present
percent
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
Escanaba (E)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. venter (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Undetermined green filament sp. #1 (GR)
Gomphosphaeria aponina (BG)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Ulothrix sp. #1 (GR)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Anabaena sp. #2 (BG)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Scenedesmus quadricauda var. longispina (GR)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Ankistrodesmus gelifactum (GR)
Undetermined flagellate sp. #1 (UN)
Fragilaria construens var. pumila (DI)
Achnanthes exigua (DI)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Nitzschia fonticola (DI)
Achnanthes questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Eucocconeis flexella (DI)
Navicula radiosa var. tenella (DI)
Nitzschia palea (DI)
Achnanthes clevei (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
577.0
166.5
124.6
94.2
40.8
31.4
27.2
25.1
20.9
20.9
18.8
17.8
14.7
11.5
10.5
9.4
8.4
6.3
5.2
5.2
5.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.1
2.1
44.364
12.802
9.581
7.246
3.140
2.415
2.093
1.932
0.610
1.610
1.449
1.369
1.127
0.886
0.805
0.725
0.644
0.483
0.403
0.403
0.403
0.322
0.322
0.322
0.322
0.242
0.242
0.242
0.242
0.161
0.161
155
-------
Table F-4. (cont'd.)
Escanaba (E)
7-8 September
Cymbella ventricosa (DI)
Cocconeis placentula (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Cyclotella meneghiniana (DI)
Oscillatoria limnetica (BG)
Peridinium sp. #1 (DN)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Achnanthes exigua var. constricta (DI)
Achnanthes lanceolata (DI)
Cynibella microcephala (DI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Mallomonas alpina (CH)
Mallomonas caudata (CH)
Mallomonas pseudocoronata (CH)
Navicula reinhardtii (DI)
Nitzschia capitellata (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Species Total
Species Present
cells
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
48
percent
0.161
0.161
0.161
0.161
0.161
0.161
0.161
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
Menominee - nearshore (M)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Gomphosphaeria lacustris (BG)
Mougeotia sp. #1 (GR)
Anabaena sp. #2 (BG)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Fragilaria pinnata (DI)
Oscillatoria limnetica(BG)
Ankis trodesmus gelifactum (GR)
Fragilaria construens var. venter (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Ulothrix subconstricta (GR)
Undetermined flagellate sp. #1 (UN)
Melosira varians (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Cyclotella stelligera (DI)
412.6
180.1
62.8
40.8
27.2
26.2
17.8
14.7
11.5
9.4
9.4
8.4
7.3
6.3
6.3
5.2
5.2
4.2
3.1
3.1
1.0
1.0
47.527
20.748
7.238
4.704
3.136
3.016
2.051
1.689
1.327
1.086
1.086
0.965
0.844
0.724
0.724
0.603
0.603
0.483
0.362
0.362
0.121
0.121
156
-------
Table JF-4. (cont'd.)
Menominee - nearshore (M)
7-8 September
Navicula latens (DI)
Nltzschia acicularis (DI)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Tabellaria flocculosa (DI)
Species Total
Species
cells
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
26
Present
percent
0.121
0.121
0.121
0.121
Portage Marsh (PM1)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. venter (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. pumila (DI)
Fragilaria construens (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. binodis (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Cocconeis placentula (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Fragilaria intermedia (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutua (DI)
Achnanthes lanceolata var. dubia (DI)
Cyclotella meneghiniana (DI)
Fragilaria pinnata var. intercedens (DI)
Gomphonema parvulum (DI)
Navicula questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Achnanthes hungarica (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Achnanthes questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Nitzschia amphibia (DI)
Nitzschia dissdpata (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Achnanthes exigua var. constricta (DI)
Navicula capitata (DI)
Navicula radiosa var. tenella (DI)
Scenedesmus denticulatus (OR)
Navicula cryptocephala (DI)
Navicula latens (DI)
Amphora neglecta (DI)
Amphiprora ornata (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
248.2
162.3
159.2
117.3
116.2
59.7
46.1
32.5
25.1
25.1
24.1
14.7
14.7
14.7
13.6
11.5
11.5
8.4
8.4
7.3
7.3
7.3
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
3.1
3.1
-9-1
0.1
0.1
20.378
13.328
13.070
9.630
9.544
4.901
3.783
2.666
2.064
2.064
1.978
1.204
1.204
1.204
1.118
0.946
0.946
0.688
0.688
0.602
0.602
0.602
0.430
0.430
0.430
0.430
0.344
0.344
0.344
0.344
0.258
0.258
0.086
0.086
0.086
157
-------
Table F-4 (cont'd.)
Portage Marsh (PM1)
7-8 September
Species Present
cells percent
Fragilaria leptostauron (DI)
Nitzschia palea (DI)
Nitzschia paleacea (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Synedra pulchella (D()
Achnanthes clevei (DI)
Achnanthes linear is (DI)
Eunotia arcus var. bidens (DI)
Fragilaria sp. #1 (DI)
Fragilaria vaucheriae (DI)
Gomphonema gracile (DI)
Gyrosigma acuminatum (DI)
Mallomonas caudata (CH)
Navicula minima (DI)
Navicula pupula var. capitata (DI)
Navicula stroesei (DI)
Nitzschia acuta (DI)
Nitzschia fonticola (DI)
Nitzschia sp. #2 (DI)
Pinnularia questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Rhoicosphenia curvata (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
59
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
Portage Marsh (PM2)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Anacystis incerta (BG)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Pediastrum duplex var. cohaerens (GR)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Anacystis thermalis (BG)
Gloeocystis planctonica (GR)
Amphipleura (DI) ,c8
272.3
89.0
85.9
66.0
52.4
42.9
37.7
20.9
15.7
14.7
14.7
13.6
9.4
8.4
8.4
6.3
34.392
11.243
10.847
8.333
6.614
5.423
4.762
2.646
1.984
1.852
1.852
1.720
1.190
1.058
1.058
0.794
-------
Table F-A. (cont'd.)
Portage Marsh (PM2)
7-8 September
Anabaena sp. #2 (BG)
Stephanodiscus binderanus (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Mallomonas alpina (CH)
Navicula pupula (DI)
Achnanthes minutissima (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Cymbella ventricosa (DI)
Cyclotella meneghiniana (DI)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Mallomonas caudata (CH)
Mallomonas pseudocoronata (CH)
Neidium dubium (DI)
Nitzschia dissipata (DI)
Nitzschia fillformis (DI)
Nitzschia paleacea (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Synedra demerarae (DI)
Tetraedron minimum (GR)
Species
cells
5.2
4.2
3.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Present
percent
0.661
0.529
0.397
0.265
0.265
0.265
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
0.132
Species Total
36
159
-------
Table F-5. Cell counts (cells/ml), percent abundance and species
enumeration of algal taxa in northern Green Bay (Lake
Michigan) from eight stations on 26-27 October, 1974.
Big Bay de Noc
26-27 October
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Synedra demerarae (DI)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Anacystis cyanea (BG)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Crucigenia quadrata (GR)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Ulothrix sp. #1 (GR)
Anacystis thermalis (BG)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Cyclotella kutzingiana (DI)
Undetermined flagellate sp. #1
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Fragilaria pinnata (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Cyclotella meneghiniana (DI)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Nitzschia palea (DI)
Oscillatoria limnetica (BG)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Achnanthes lanceolata (DI)
Ankis trodesmus gelifactum (GR)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Dinoflagellate sp. #1
Diatoma tenue (DI)
Diatoma vulgaris (DI)
Melosira italica (DI)
Mallomonas alpina (CH)
Navicula questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Nitzschia longissima var. reversa (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Tetraedron minimum (GR)
Species Total
Species Present
cells
1518.4
328.8
121.5
88.0
83.8
64.9
52.4
41.9
25.1
23.0
23.0
20.9
20.9
18.8
16.8
12.6
12.6
10.5
8.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
40
percent
59.232
12.827
4.739
3.431
3.268
2.533
2.042
1.634
0.980
0.899
0.899
0.817
0.817
0.735
0.654
0.490
0.490
0.408
0.327
0.245
0.245
0.245
0.245
0.163
0.163
0.163
0.163
0.163
0.082
0.082
0.082
0.082
0.082
0.082
0.082
0.082
0.082
0.082
0.082
0.082
160
-------
Table F-5. (cont'd.)
Upper Green Bay (OW1)
26-27 October
Species
cells
Present
percent
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Anacystis cyanea (BG)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Crucigenia quadrata (GR)
Ulothrix subconstricta (GR)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Mougeotia sp. #1 (GR)
Ankis t rodesmus braunii (GR)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Nitzschia confinis (DI)
Oscillatoria limnetica (BG)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Cyclotella comta (pj)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Achnanthes clevei var. rostrata (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Cymatopleura solea (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Fragilaria vaucheriae (DI)
Melosira distans var. alpigena (DI)
Nitzschia angustata var. acuta (DI)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Staurastrum paradoxum (GR)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Synedra demerarae (DI)
Synedra ulna var. chaseana (DI)
Tetraedron minimum (GR)
Species Total
557.1
444.0
431.4
199.0
146.6
77.5
67.0
41.9
35.6
33.5
27.2
14.7
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
36
25.775
20.543
19.961
9.205
6.783
3.585
3.101
1.938
1.647
1.550
1.260
0.678
0.291
0.291
0.291
0.291
0.291
0.291
0.291
0.194
0.194
0.194
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
161
-------
Table F-5. (cont'd.)
Middle Green Bay -- (Menominee-of fshore)
26-27 October
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Gloeocystis planctonica (BG)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Ulothrix subconstricta (GR)
Fragilaria capuclna (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus(DI)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Borodinella sp. #1 (GR)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Fragilaria pinnata (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Oocystis questionable spp (GR)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Ankistrodesmus braunii (GR)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis(DI)
Undetermined flagellate sp. #1 (UN)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Scenedesmus bicellularis (GR)
Synedra ulna var. chaseana (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus(DI)
Cyclotella meneghiniana (DI)
Navicula reinhardtii (DI)
Nitzschia confinis (DI)
Staurastrum paradoxum (GR)
Species Total
Species Present
cells
768.6
307.9
167.6
138.2
77.5
77.5
69.1
62.8
29,3
27.2
16.8
14.7
12.6
12.6
8.4
8.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
28
percent
41.657
16.686
9.081
7.491
4.200
4.200
3.746
3.405
1.589
1.476
0.908
0.795
0.681
0.681
0.454
0.454
0.341
0.341
0.341
0.227
0.227
0.227
0.227
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
Gladstone (G)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Ulothrix sp. #1 (GR)
Stephanodiscus binderanus (BI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (BI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (BI)
Fragilaria pinnata (BI)
Gomphosphaeria aponina (BG)
504.7
431.4
211.5
169.
142.
136.
125.
108.9
71.2
58.6
41.9
.6
.4
.1
,7
22.822
19.508
.564
.670
.439
.155
.682
9.
7.
6.
6.
5.
4.924
220
652
1.894
162
-------
Table F-5. (cont'd.)
Gladstone (G)
26-27 October
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Ulothrlx sp. #2 (GR)
Anacystis thermalis (BG)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Melosira granulata var. angustissima (DI)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Scenedesmus quadricauda (GR)
Cocconeis placentula (DI)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Ankistrodesmus braunii (GR)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Staurastrum paradoxum (GR)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Achnanthes exigua (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Cymbella microcephala (DI)
Cyclotella kutzingiana (DI)
Cyclotella meneghiniana (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Dinoflagellate sp. #1 (DN)
Gomphonema angustatum (DI)
Nitzschia recta (DI)
Nitzschia sigmoidea (DI)
Synedra ulna var. chaseana (DI)
Species Total
Species Present
cells
39.8
31.4
20.9
16.8
14.7
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
37
percent
1.799
1.420
0.947
0.758
0.663
0.379
0.379
0.379
0.379
0.284
0.284
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.095
0.095
0.095
0.095
0.095
0.095
0.095
0.095
0.095
0.095
0.095
Escanaba (E)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Diatoma tenue (DI)
Synedra demerarae (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Ulothrix sp. #1 (GR)
Nitzschia holsatlca (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Stephanodiscus binderanus (DI)
456.6
289.0
230.4
207.3
155.0
79.6
77.5
73.3
41.9
41.9
29.3
29.3
27.2
24.494
15.506
12.360
11.124
8.315
4.270
4.157
3.933
2.247
2.247
1.573
1.573
1.461
163
-------
Table F-5. (cont'd.)
Escanaba (E)
26-27 October
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Synedra ulna var. chaseana (DI)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Melosira italica (DI)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Oscillatoria bornetii (BG)
Synedra filifonnis (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Eunotia questionable sp. #1 (DI)
Gomphonema parvulum (DI)
Navicula platystoma var. pantocsekii (DI)
Navicula tuscula (DI)
Nitzschia angustata var. acuta (DI)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Nitzschia fonticola (DI)
Staurastrum paradoxum (GR)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Species Total
Species
cells
18.8
16.8
14.7
8.4
8.4
8.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
35
Present
percent
1.011
0.899
0.787
0.449
0.449
0.449
0.337
0.337
0.337
0.225
0.225
0.112
0.112
0.112
0.112
0.112
0.112
0.112
0.112
0.112
0.112
0.112
Menominee - nearshore (M)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (m)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Coelastrum microporum (BG)
Nitzschia holsatica (DI)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Stephanodiscus binderanus (DI)
Ulothrix sp. #1 (GR)
Oocystis parva (GR)
Fragilaria pinnata (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Scenedesmus quadricauda var. longispina (GR)
668.1
435.6
240.9
234.6
115.2
100.5
69.1
62.8
50.3
41.9
35.6
27.2
27.2
25.1
23.0
14.7
10.5
8.4
29.897
19.494
10.778
10.497
5.155
4.499
3.093
2.812
2.249
1.874
1.593
1.218
1.218
1.125
1.031
0.656
0.469
0.375
164
-------
Table F-5. (cont'd.)
Menominee - nearshore (M)
26-27 October
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Oscillatoria bornetii (BG)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Ankis trodesmus braunii (GR)
Amphiprora ornata (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Navicula cryptocephala (DI)
Nitzschia acicularis (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Staurastrum paradoxum (GR)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Synedra ulna var. chaseana (DI)
Species Total
Species
cells
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
31
Present
percent
0.281
0.281
0.281
0.187
0.187
0.094
0.094
0.094
0.094
0.094
0.094
0.094
0.094
Portage Marsh (PM1)
Stephanodiscus tenuis (DI)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Fragilaria capucina (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Fragilaria brevistriata var. inflata (DI)
Fragilaria construens (DI)
Fragilaria pinnata (DI)
Fragilaria construens var. venter (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Nitzschia holsatica (DI)
Mallomonas tonsurata var. alpinus (CH)
Nitzschia bacata (DI)
Achnanthes lanceolata (DI)
Achnanthes minutissima (DI)
Melosira varians (DI)
Navicula cryptocephala (DI)
Gomphonema parvulum (DI)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata (DI)
Diatoma tenue (DI)
Undetermined flagellate sp. //I
Nitzschia dissipata (DI)
Oocystls questionable spp (GR)
1616.9
896.4
456.6
230.4
190.6
125.7
119.4
102.6
88.0
58.6
52.4
41.9
29.3
18.8
18.8
16.8
14.7
12.6
12.6
10.5
10.5
10.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
37.640
20.868
10.629
5.363
4.437
2.925
2.779
2.389
2.048
1.365
1.219
0.975
0.683
0.439
0.439
0.390
0.341
0.293
0.293
0.244
0.244
0.244
0.195
0.195
0.195
0.195
165
-------
Table F-5. (cont'd.)
Portage Marsh (PM1)
26-27 October
Stephanodiscus subsalsus(DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Ulothrix sp. #1 (GR)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Dinoflagellate sp. #1 (DN)
Nitzschia filiformis (DI)
Synedra ulna (DI)
Amphora ovalis (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Amphiprora ornata (DI)
Cocconeis placentula (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
Navicula menisculus var. upsaliensis (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Synedra ulna var. chaseana (DI)
Achnanthes clevei var. rostrata (DI)
Cymbella ventricosa (DI)
Cyclotella meneghiniana (DI)
Eucocconeis flexella (DI)
Fragilaria vaucheriae (DI)
Navicula anglica var. subsalsa (DI)
Navicula capitata (DI)
Navicula radiosa (DI)
Navicula radiosa var. tenella (DI)
Navicula rhynchocephala (DI)
Nitzschia fonticola (DI)
Nitzschia recta (DI)
Rhoicosphenia curvata (DI)
Stauroneis questionable sp. #1 (GR)
Staurastrum paradoxum (GR)
Stephanodiscus hantzschii (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Species Total
Species Present
cells
8.4
8.4
8.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
60
percent
0.195
0.195
0.195
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.098
0.098
0.098
0.098
0.098
0.098
0.098
0.098
0.098
0.098
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
Portage Marsh (PM2)
Asterionella formosa (DI)
Oscillatoria retzii (BG)
Fragilaria crotonensis (DI)
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum (DI)
Melosira granulata (DI)
735.1
379.1
335.1
284.8
102.6
32.865
16.948
14.981
12.734
4.588
166
-------
JTable F-5. (cont'd.)
-Portage Marsh (PM2)
26-27 October
Species
cells
Present
percent
Fragilaria pinnata (DI)
Stephanodiscus alpinus (DI)
Tabellaria fenestrata var. intermedia (DI)
Stephanodiscus niagarae (DI)
Scenedesmus quadricauda var. longispina (DI)
Amphipleura pellucida (DI)
Ulothrix subconstricta (GR)
Nitzschia holsatica (DI)
Stephanodiscus minutus (DI)
Cyclotella michiganiana (DI)
Synedra filiformis (DI)
Anacystis thermalis (BG)
Oocystis questionable spp (GR)
Melosira italica (DI)
Amphora ovalis var. pediculus (DI)
Cyclotella comta (DI)
Cyclotella ocellata (DI)
Epithemia sorex (DI)
Melosira distans var. alpigena (DI)
Rhizosolenia eriensis (DI)
Rhizosolenia gracilis (DI)
Stephanodiscus subtilis (DI)
Stephanodiscus Tenuis (DI)
Cymatopleura solea (DI)
Navicula cryptocephala (DI)
Navicula tuscula (DI)
Nitzschia fonticola (DI)
Nitzschia sp. #10 (DI)
Species Total
75.4
71.2
37.7
33.5
20.9
18.8
18.8
14.7
14.7
12.6
10.5
8.4
8.4
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
3.371
2.184
1.685
1.498
0.936
0.843
0.843
0.655
0.655
0.562
0.468
0.375
0.375
0.281
0.187
0.187
0.187
0.187
0.187
0.187
0.187
0.187
0.187
0.094
0.094
0.094
0.094
0.094
33
167
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-905/9-74-007
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
ACTINOMYCETE DISTRIBUTION IN NORTHERN GREEN BAY AND
THE GREAT LAKES - Taste and Odor Relationships in
Eutrophication of Nearshore Waters and Embayments
5. REPORT DATE
JULY 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHORISI
Dennis P. Tierney, Richard Powers
Theodore Williams, S.C. Hsu
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
. PERFORMING OR~ANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Bureau
of Water Management and Michigan Department of
Public Health, Bureau of Water Management
Lansing, Michigan
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA Contract No.
68-01-1885
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Enforcement Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V
Chicago, Illinois 60604
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer:
Howard Zar
16. ABSTRACT
Actinomycetes have been suspected of causing earthy-musty odors in water since the
turn of the century. This study concentrated on the relationship of actinomycetes
in northern Green Bay and the Great Lakes continuous to the State of Michigan with
the trophic status and point source inputs in the nearshore waters.
Five field surveys were conducted at eight stations in northern Green Bay during
April-October of 1974. Additionally, twenty-siK municipal water supply facilities
collected untreated water amples in the spring, summer and fall of 1974. Actinomycete
population structure, abundance and history of odor occurrence was determined for
each location. Trophic status data was based on simultaneous physical-chemical
and phytoplankton surveys in northern Green Bay and from recent limnological
literature for the Great Lakes.
The actinomycete growth supporting capacity of several organic substances was
determined through a series of laboratory experiments. Isolates from the Great Lakes
were exposed to the following carbon sources; phenol-cellulose, secondary wastewater
effluent, treated papermill effluent and indigenous algal assemblages. Additionally,
the relative growth supporting potential of Great Lakes water was assessed.
(continued on next paga) .
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIEPiS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
Water Quality
Aquatic Biology
Water Pollution
Green Bay
Lake Michigan
Great Lakes
Taste & Odor
Chemical Parameters
Biological Parameters
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
From: U.S. EPA-Chicago and NTIS,
Springfield, VA 22161
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
21 NO. OF PAGES
180
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22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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Isolates were cultured on water collected from nearshore areas throughout each
of the Great Lakes contiguous with Michigan.
The results of this study indicate actinomycete abundance is greater in
eutrophic areas and the Streptomyces genera increases relative to its
abundance in non-eutrophic areas. The areas with higher actinomycete
populations also had a history of earthy-musty odor occurrences.
This report is submitted in fulfillment of an EPA project, Contract
Number 68-01-1885, by Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of
Environmental Protection at Lansing under the support of the Environmental
Protection Agency. Work was completed as of January 1975.
: 1976-650-478/1108 Region 5-1
------- |