Compendium Of ERT Surface Water And Sediment Sampling Procedures


           United States
           Environmental Protection
           Agency
             Office of Solid Waste and
             Emergency Response
             Washington DC 20460
EPA/540/P-91/005
January 1991
v>EPA
Compendium of ERT
Surface Water and
Sediment Sampling
Procedures
                 U.S. Environmental Protection
                 Region 5, Library (P/.y;,>
                 77 West Jackson r   '  -
                 Chicago, IL         '
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EPA/540/P-91/005
OSWER Directive 9360.4-03
January 1991
COMPENDIUM OF ERT SURFACE WATER AND
SEDIMENT SAMPLING
PROCEDURES
Sampling Equipment Decontamination

Surface Water Sampling

Sediment Sampling
Interim Final
Environmental Response Team
Emergency Response Division
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
^yy Printed on Recycled Paper
U.S. Environmental Protean Agency
Region 5, Libr^- i~ •_•
77 Ws-,t »:. • '•
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Notice
This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved
for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.

The policies and procedures established in this document are intended solely for the guidance of government
personnel, for use in the Superfund Removal Program. They are not intended, and cannot be relied upon, to
create any rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States. The
Agency reserves the right to act at variance with these policies and procedures and to change them at any time
without public notice.

Depending on circumstances and needs, it may not be possible or appropriate to follow these procedures exactly
in all situations due to site conditions, equipment limitations, and limitations of the standard procedures.
Whenever these procedures cannot be followed as written, they may be used as general guidance with any and
all modifications fully documented in either QA Plans, Sampling Plans, or final reports of results.

Each Standard Operating Procedure in this compendium contains a discussion on quality assurance/quality
control (QA/QC). For more information on QA/QC objectives and requirements, refer to the Quality
Assurance/Quality Control Guidance for Removal Activities, OSWER directive 9360.4-01, EPA/540/G-90/004.

Questions, comments, and recommendations are welcomed regarding the Compendium of ERT Surface Water
and Sediment Sampling Procedures. Send remarks to:

Mr. William A. Coakley
Removal Program QA Coordinator
U.S. EPA - ERT
Raritan Depot - Building 18, MS-101
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679

For additional copies of the Compendium of ERT Surface Water and Sediment Sampling Procedures, please
contact:

National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 487-4600
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Table of Contents

Section Page

1.0 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION: SOP #2006

1.1 Scope and Application 1
1.2 Method Summary 1
1.3 Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage 1
1.4 Interferences and Potential Problems 1
1.5 Equipment/Apparatus 1
1.6 Reagents 2
1.7 Procedures 2

1.7.1 Decontamination Methods 2
1.7.2 Field Sampling Equipment Cleaning Procedures 3

1.8 Calculations 3
1.9 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 3
1.10 Data Validation 4
1.11 Health and Safety 4

2.0 SURFACE WATER SAMPLING: SOP #2013

2.1 Scope and Application 5
2.2 Method Summary 5
2.3 Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage 5
2.4 Interferences and Potential Problems 5
2.5 Equipment/Apparatus 5
2.6 Reagents 6
2.7 Procedures 6

2.7.1 Preparation 6
2.7.2 Sampling Considerations 6
2.7.3 Sample Collection 6

2.8 Calculations 7
2.9 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 7
2.10 Data Validation 7
2.11 Health and Safety 8

3.0 SEDIMENT SAMPLING: SOP #2016

3.1 Scope and Application 9
3.2 Method Summary 9
3.3 Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage 9
3.4 Interferences and Potential Problems 10
3.5 Equipment/Apparatus 10
3.6 Reagents 10
3.7 Procedures 10
in
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Section page

3.7.1 Preparation 10
3.7.2 Sample Collection 10

3.8 Calculations 13
3.9 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 13
3.10 Data Validation 13
3.11 Health and Safety 14

APPENDIX A - Figures 15

REFERENCES 23
IV
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List of Exhibits
Exhibit
Table 1: Recommended Solvent Rinse for Soluble Contaminants
Figure 1: Kemmerer Bottle
Figure 2: Bacon Bomb Sampler
Figure 3: Dip Sampler
Figure 4: Sampling Auger
Figure 5: Ekman Dredge
Figure 6: Ponar Dredge
Figure 7: Sampling Core Device
SOP

#2006

#2013

#2016

#2016
Page

22
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Acknowledgments

Preparation of this document was directed by William A. Coakley, the Removal Program QA Coordinator of
the Environmental Response Team, Emergency Response Division. Additional support was provided under U.S.
EPA contract #68-03-3482 and U.S. EPA contract #68-WO-0036.
VI
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1.0 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION: SOP #2006
1.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION

This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes
methods used for preventing or reducing cross-
contamination, and provides general guidelines for
sampling equipment decontamination procedures at
a hazardous waste site. Preventing or minimizing
cross-contamination in sampled media and in
samples is important for preventing the introduction
of error into sampling results and for protecting the
health and safety of site personnel.

Removing or neutralizing contaminants that have
accumulated on sampling equipment ensures
protection of personnel from permeating substances,
reduces or eliminates transfer of contaminants to
clean areas, prevents the mixing of incompatible
substances, and minimizes the likelihood of sample
cross-contamination.
1.2 METHOD SUMMARY

Contaminants can be physically removed from
equipment, or deactivated by sterilization or
disinfection. Gross contamination of equipment
requires physical decontamination, including
abrasive and non-abrasive methods. These include
the use of brushes, air and wet blasting, and high-
pressure water cleaning, followed by a wash/rinse
process using appropriate cleaning solutions. Use
of a solvent rinse is required when organic
contamination is present.
1.3 SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
CONTAINERS, HANDLING, AND
STORAGE

This section is not applicable to this SOP.
1.4 INTERFERENCES AND
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

• The use of distilled/deioni/.ed water
commonly available from commercial
vendors may be acceptable for
decontamination of sampling equipment
provided that it has been verified by
laboratory analysis to be analyte free.

• An untreated potable water supply is not
an acceptable substitute for tap water. Tap
water may be used from any municipal
water treatment system for mixing of
decontamination solutions.

• Acids and solvents utilized in the
decontamination sequence pose the health
and safety risks of inhalation or skin
contact, and raise shipping concerns of
permeation or degradation.

• The site work plan must address disposal
of the spent decontamination solutions.

• Several procedures can be established to
minimize contact with waste and the
potential for contamination. For example:

Stress work practices that
minimize contact with hazardous
substances.

Use remote sampling, handling,
and container-opening techniques
when appropriate.

Cover monitoring and sampling
equipment with protective material
to minimize contamination.

Use disposable outer garments
and disposable sampling
equipment when appropriate.
1.5 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS

• appropriate personal protective clothing
• non-phosphate detergent
• selected solvents
• long-handled brushes
• drop cloths/plastic sheeting
• trash container
• paper towels
• galvani/cd tubs or buckets
• tap water
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distilled/deionized water
metal/plastic containers for storage and
disposal of contaminated wash solutions
pressurized sprayers for tap and
deionized/distilled water
sprayers for solvents
trash bags
aluminum foil
safety glasses or splash shield
emergency eyewash bottle
1.6 REAGENTS

There are no reagents used in this procedure aside
from the actual decontamination solutions and
solvents. In general, the following solvents are
utilized for decontamination purposes:

• 10% nitric acid(1)
• acetone (pesticide grade)(2)
• hexane (pesticide grade)(2)
• methanol

(1) Only if sample is to be analyzed for trace metals.
(2) Only if sample is to be analyzed for organics.
1.7 PROCEDURES

As part of the health and safety plan, develop and
set up a decontamination plan before any personnel
or equipment enter the areas of potential exposure.
The equipment decontamination plan should
include:

• the number, location, and layout of
decontamination stations

• which decontamination apparatus is needed

• the appropriate decontamination methods

• methods for disposal of contaminated
clothing, apparatus, and solutions

1.7.1 Decontamination Methods

All personnel, samples, and equipment leaving the
contaminated area of a site must be
decontaminated. Various decontamination methods
will either physically remove contaminants,
inactivate contaminants by disinfection or
sterilization, or do both.
In many cases, gross contamination can be removed
by physical means. The physical decontamination
techniques appropriate for equipment
decontamination can be grouped into two
categories: abrasive methods and non-abrasive
methods.

Abrasive Cleaning Methods

Abrasive cleaning methods work by rubbing and
wearing away the top layer of the surface containing
the contaminant. The following abrasive methods
are available:

• Mechanical: Mechanical cleaning methods
use brushes of metal or nylon. The
amount and type of contaminants removed
will vary with the hardness of bristles,
length of brushing time, and degree of
brush contact.

• Air Blasting: Air blasting is used for
cleaning large equipment, such as
bulldozers, drilling rigs or auger bits. The
equipment used in air blast cleaning
employs compressed air to force abrasive
material through a nozzle at high velocities.
The distance between the nozzle and the
surface cleaned, as well as the pressure of
air, the time of application, and the angle
at which the abrasive strikes the surface,
determines cleaning efficiency. Air blasting
has several disadvantages: it is unable to
control the amount of material removed, it
can aerate contaminants, and it generates
large amounts of waste.

• Wet Blasting: Wet blast cleaning, also
used to clean large equipment, involves use
of a suspended fine abrasive delivered by
compressed air to the contaminated area.
The amount of materials removed can be
carefully controlled by using very fine
abrasives. This method generates a large
amount of waste.

Non-Abrasive Cleaning Methods

Non-abrasive cleaning methods work by forcing the
contaminant off of a surface with pressure. In
general, less of the equipment surface is removed
using non-abrasive methods. The following non-
abrasive methods are available:
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• High-Pressure Water: This method
consists of a high-pressure pump, an
operator-controlled directional nozzle, and
a high pressure hose. Operating pressure
usually ranges from 340 to 680 atmospheres
(atm) which relates to flow rates of 20 to
140 liters per minute.

• Ultra-High-Pressure Water: This system
produces a pressurized water jet (from
1,000 to 4,000 atm). The ultra-high-
pressure spray removes tightly-adhered
surface film. The water velocity ranges
from 500 m/sec (1,000 atm) to 900 m/sec
(4,000 atm). Additives can enhance the
method. This method is not applicable for
hand-held sampling equipment.

Disinfection/Rinse Methods

• Disinfection: Disinfectants are a practical
means of inactivating infectious agents.

• Sterilization: Standard sterilization
methods involve heating the equipment.
Sterilization is impractical for large
equipment.

• Rinsing: Rinsing removes contaminants
through dilution, physical attraction, and
solubilization.

1.7.2 Field Sampling Equipment
Cleaning Procedures

Solvent rinses are not necessarily required when
organics are not a contaminant of concern and may
be eliminated from the sequence specified below.
Similarly, an acid rinse is not required if analysis
does not include inorganics.

1. Where applicable, follow physical removal
procedures specified in section 1.7.1.

2. Wash equipment with a non-phosphate
detergent solution.

3. Rinse with tap water.

4. Rinse with distilled/deionized water.

5. Rinse with 10% nitric acid if the sample will be
analyzed for trace organics.
6. Rinse with distilled/deionized water.

7. Use a solvent rinse (pesticide grade) if the
sample will be analyzed for organics.

8. Air dry the equipment completely.

9. Rinse again with distilled/deionized water.

Selection of the solvent for use in the
decontamination process is based on the
contaminants present at the site. Use of a solvent
is required when organic contamination is present
on-site. Typical solvents used for removal of
organic contaminants include acetone, hexane, or
water. An acid rinse step is required if metals are
present on-site. If a particular contaminant fraction
is not present at the site, the nine-step
decontamination procedure listed above may be
modified for site specificity. The decontamination
solvent used should not be among the contaminants
of concern at the site.

Table 1 lists solvent rinses which may be required
for elimination of particular chemicals. After each
solvent rinse, the equipment should be air dried and
rinsed with distilled/deionized water.

Sampling equipment that requires the use of plastic
tubing should be disassembled and the tubing
replaced with clean tubing, before commencement
of sampling and between sampling locations.
1.8 CALCULATIONS

This section is not applicable to this SOP.
1.9 QUALITY ASSURANCE/
QUALITY CONTROL

One type of quality control sample specific to the
field decontamination process is the rinsate blank.
The rinsate blank provides information on the
effectiveness of the decontamination process
employed in the field. When used in conjunction
with field blanks and trip blanks, a rinsate blank can
detect contamination during sample handling,
storage and sample transportation to the laboratory.
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Table 1: Recommended Solvent Rinse for Soluble Contaminants
SOLVENT
SOLUBLE CONTAMINANTS
Water
• Low-chain hydrocarbons
• Inorganic compounds
• Salts
• Some organic acids and other polar compounds
Dilute Acids
• Basic (caustic) compounds
• Amines
• Hydrazines
Dilute Bases — for example, detergent
and soap
• Metals
• Acidic compounds
• Phenol
• Thiols
• Some nitro and sulfonic compounds
Organic Solvents(1) - for example,
alcohols, ethers, ketones, aromatics,
straight-chain alkanes (e.g., hexane), and
common petroleum products (e.g., fuel,
oil, kerosene)
Nonpolar compounds (e.g., some organic compounds)
(l) - WARNING: Some organic solvents can permeate and/or degrade protective clothing.
A rinsate blank consists of a sample of analyte-free
(i.e, deionized) water which is passed over and
through a field decontaminated sampling device and
placed in a clean sample container.

Rinsate blanks should be run for all parameters of
interest at a rate of 1 per 20 for each parameter,
even if samples are not shipped that day. Rinsate
blanks are not required if dedicated sampling
equipment is used.
1.10 DATA VALIDATION

This section is not applicable to this SOP.

1.11 HEALTH AND SAFETY

When working with potentially hazardous materials,
follow U.S. EPA, OSHA and specific health and
safety procedures.

Decontamination can pose hazards under certain
circumstances even though performed to protect
health and safety. Hazardous substances may be
incompatible with decontamination methods. For
example, the decontamination solution or solvent
may react with contaminants to produce heat,
explosion, or toxic products. Decontamination
methods may be incompatible with clothing or
equipment; some solvents can permeate or degrade
protective clothing. Also, decontamination solutions
and solvents may pose a direct health hazard to
workers through inhalation or skin contact, or if
they combust.

The decontamination solutions and solvents must be
determined to be compatible before use. Any
method that permeates, degrades, or damages
personal protective equipment should not be used.
If decontamination methods pose a direct health
hazard, measures should be taken to protect
personnel or the methods should be modified to
eliminate the hazard.
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2.0 SURFACE WATER SAMPLING: SOP #2013
2.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION

This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is
applicable to the collection of representative liquid
samples, both aqueous and nonaqueous from
streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, lagoons, and surface
impoundments. It includes samples collected from
depth, as well as samples collected from the surface.
2.2 METHOD SUMMARY

Sampling situations vary widely and therefore no
universal sampling procedure can be recommended.

However, sampling of both aqueous and non-
aqueous liquids from the above mentioned sources
is generally accomplished through the use of one of
the following samplers or techniques:
• Kemmerer bottle
• bacon bomb sampler
• dip sampler
• direct method
These sampling techniques will allow for the
collection of representative samples from the
majority of surface waters and impoundments
encountered.
5. Complete the chain of custody form.

6. Attach custody seals to the cooler prior to
shipment.

7. Decontaminate all sampling equipment prior to
the collection of additional samples.
2.4 INTERFERENCES AND
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

There are two primary interferences or potential
problems with surface water sampling. These
include cross-contamination of samples and
improper sample collection.

• Cross-contamination problems can be
eliminated or minimized through the use of
dedicated sampling equipment. If this is
not possible or practical, then
decontamination of sampling equipment is
necessary. Refer to ERT SOP #2006,
Sampling Equipment Decontamination.

• Improper sample collection can involve
using contaminated equipment, disturbance
of the stream or impoundment substrate,
and sampling in an obviously disturbed
area.
2.3 SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
CONTAINERS, HANDLING, AND
STORAGE

Once samples have been collected, follow these
procedures:

1. Transfer the sample(s) into suitable labeled
sample containers.

2. Preserve the sample if appropriate, or use pre-
preserved sample bottles.

3. Cap the container, put it in a Ziploc plastic bag
and place it on ice in a cooler.

4. Record all pertinent data in the site logbook
and on a field data sheet.
Following proper decontamination procedures and
minimizing disturbance of the sample site will
eliminate these problems.
2.5 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS

Equipment needed for collection of surface water
samples includes:
Kemmerer bottles
bacon bomb sampler
dip sampler
line and messengers
sample bottle preservatives
Ziploc bags
ice
cooler(s)
chain of custody forms, field data sheets
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decontamination equipment
maps/plot plan
safety equipment
compass
tape measure
survey stakes, flags, or buoys and anchors
camera and film
logbook/waterproof pen
sample bottle labels
2.6 REAGENTS

Reagents will be utilized for preservation of samples
and for decontamination of sampling equipment.
The preservatives required are specified by the
analysis to be performed. Decontamination
solutions are specified in ERT SOP #2006,
Sampling Equipment Decontamination.
2.7 PROCEDURES

2.7.1 Preparation

1. Determine the extent of the sampling effort, the
sampling methods to be employed, and which
equipment and supplies are needed.

2. Obtain necessary sampling and monitoring
equipment.

3. Decontaminate or preclean equipment, and
ensure that it is in working order.

4. Prepare scheduling and coordinate with staff,
clients, and regulatory agency, if appropriate.

5. Perform a general site survey prior to site entry
in accordance with the site-specific health and
safety plan.

6. Use stakes, flags, or buoys to identify and mark
all sampling locations. If required, the
proposed locations may be adjusted based on
site access, property boundaries, and surface
obstructions.

2.7.2 Sampling Considerations

Representative Samples

In order to collect a representative sample, the
hydrology and morphometrics (e.g., measurements
of volume, depth, etc.) of a stream or impoundment
should be determined prior to sampling. This will
aid in determining the presence of phases or layers
in lagoons or impoundments, flow patterns in
streams, and appropriate sample locations and
depths.

Water quality data should be collected in
impoundments to determine if stratification is
present. Measurements of dissolved oxygen, pH,
and temperature can indicate if strata exist which
would effect analytical results. Measurements
should be collected at 1-meter intervals from the
substrate to the surface using an appropriate
instrument, such as a Hydrolab (or equivalent).

Water quality measurements such as dissolved
oxygen, pH, temperature, conductivity, and
oxidation-reduction potential can assist in the
interpretation of analytical data and the selection of
sampling sites and depths anytime surface water
samples are collected.

Generally, the deciding factors in the selection of a
sampling device for sampling liquids in streams,
rivers, lakes, ponds, lagoons, and surface
impoundments are:

• Will the sample be collected from the
shore or from a boat on the impoundment?

• What is the desired depth at which the
sample is to be collected?

• What is the overall depth and flow
direction of river or stream?

Sampler Composition

The appropriate sampling device must be of a
proper composition. Samplers constructed of glass,
stainless steel, PVC or PFTE (Teflon) should be
used based upon the analyses to be performed.

2.7.3 Sample Collection

Kemmerer Bottle

Kemmerer bottle (Figure 1, Appendix A) may be
used in most situations where site access is from a
boat or structure such as a bridge or pier, and
where samples at depth are required. Sampling
procedures are as follows:
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1. Using a properly decontaminated Kemmerer
bottle, set the sampling device so that the
sampling end pieces are pulled away from the
sampling tube, allowing the substance to be
sampled to pass through this tube.

2. Lower the pre-set sampling device to the
predetermined depth. Avoid bottom
disturbance.

3. When the Kemmerer bottle is at the required
depth, send down the messenger, closing the
sampling device.

4. Retrieve the sampler and discharge the first 10
to 20 mL to clear any potential contamination
on the valve. Transfer the sample to the
appropriate sample container.

Bacon Bomb Sampler

A bacon bomb sampler (Figure 2, Appendix A) may
be used in similar situations to those outlined for
the Kemmerer bottle. Sampling procedures are as
follows:

1. Lower the bacon bomb sampler carefully to the
desired depth, allowing the line for the trigger
to remain slack at all times. When the desired
depth is reached, pull the trigger line until taut.

2. Release the trigger line and retrieve the
sampler.

3. Transfer the sample to the appropriate sample
container by pulling the trigger.

Dip Sampler

A dip sampler (Figure 3, Appendix A) is useful for
situations where a sample is to be recovered from
an outfall pipe or along a lagoon bank where direct
access is limited. The long handle on such a device
allows access from a discrete location. Sampling
procedures are as follows:

1. Assemble the device in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions.

2. Extend the device to the sample location and
collect the sample.

3. Retrieve the sampler and transfer the sample to
the appropriate sample container.
Direct Method

For streams, rivers, lakes, and other surface waters,
the direct method may be utilized to collect water
samples from the surface. This method is not to be
used for sampling lagoons or other impoundments
where contact with contaminants are a concern.

Using adequate protective clothing, access the
sampling station by appropriate means. For shallow
stream stations, collect the sample under the water
surface pointing the sample container upstream.
The container must be upstream of the collector.
Avoid disturbing the substrate. For lakes and other
impoundments, collect the sample under the water
surface avoiding surface debris and the boat wake.

When using the direct method, do not use pre-
preserved sample bottles as the collection method
may dilute the concentration of preservative
necessary for proper sample preservation.
2.8 CALCULATIONS

This section is not applicable to this SOP.
2.9 QUALITY ASSURANCE/
QUALITY CONTROL

There are no specific quality assurance activities
which apply to the implementation of these
procedures. However, the following general
QA/QC procedures apply:

• All data must be documented on field data
sheets or within site logbooks.

• All instrumentation must be operated in
accordance with operating instructions as
supplied by the manufacturer, unless
otherwise specified in the work plan.
Equipment checkout and calibration
activities must occur prior to
sampling/operation and they must be
documented.
2.10 DATA VALIDATION

This section is not applicable to this SOP.
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2.11 HEALTH AND SAFETY

When working with potentially hazardous materials,
follow U.S. EPA, OSHA and specific health and
safety procedures.

More specifically, when sampling lagoons or surface
impoundments containing known or suspected
hazardous substances, take adequate precautions.
The sampling team member collecting the sample
should not get too close to the edge of the
impoundment, where bank failure may cause him or
her to lose their balance. The person performing
the sampling should be on a lifeline and be wearing
adequate protective equipment. When conducting
sampling from a boat in an impoundment or flowing
waters, follow appropriate boating safety
procedures.
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3.0 SEDIMENT SAMPLING: SOP #2016
3.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION

This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is
applicable to the collection of representative
sediment samples. Analysis of sediment may
determine whether concentrations of specific
contaminants exceed established threshold action
levels, or if the concentrations present a risk to
public health, welfare, or the environment.

The methodologies discussed in this procedure are
applicable to the sampling of sediment in both
flowing and standing water. They are generic in
nature and may be modified in whole or part to
meet the handling and analytical requirements of
the contaminants of concern, as well as the
constraints presented by the sampling area.
However, if modifications occur, they should be
documented in the site logbook or report
summarizing field activities.

For the purposes of this procedure, sediments are
those mineral and organic materials situated
beneath an aqueous layer. The aqueous layer may
be either static, as in lakes, ponds, or other
impoundments or flowing, as in rivers and streams.
3.2 METHOD SUMMARY

Sediment samples may be recovered using a variety
of methods and equipment, depending on the depth
of the aqueous layer, the portion of the sediment
profile required (surface versus subsurface), the
type of sample required (disturbed versus
undisturbed) and the sediment type.

Sediment is collected from beneath an aqueous
layer either directly, using a hand-held device such
as a shovel, trowel, or auger, or indirectly using a
remotely activated device such as an Ekman or
Ponar dredge. Following collection, the sediment is
placed into a container constructed of inert
material, homogenized, and transferred to the
appropriate sample containers. The homogenization
procedure should not be used if sample analysis
includes volatile organics.
3.3 SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
CONTAINERS, HANDLING, AND
STORAGE

• Chemical preservation of solids is generally
not recommended. Cooling is usually the
best approach, supplemented by the
appropriate holding tune.

• Wide-mouth glass containers with Teflon-
lined caps are utilized for sediment
samples. The sample volume is a function
of the analytical requirements and will be
specified in the work plan.

• Transfer sediment from the sample
collection device to an appropriate sample
container using a stainless steel or plastic
lab spoon or equivalent. If composite
samples are collected, place the sediment
sample in a stainless steel, plastic or other
appropriate composition (e.g.: Teflon)
bucket, and mix thoroughly to obtain a
homogeneous sample representative of the
entire sampling interval. Then place the
sediment sample into labeled containers.

• Samples for volatile organic analysis must
be collected directly from the bucket,
before mixing the sample, to minimize loss
due to volatilization of contaminants.

• All sampling devices should be
decontaminated, then wrapped in
aluminum foil. The sampler should remain
in this wrapping until it is needed. Each
sampler should be used for only one
sample. Dedicated samplers for sediment
samples may be impractical due to the
large number of sediment samples which
may be required and the cost of the
sampler. In this case, samplers should be
cleaned in the field using the
decontamination procedure described in
ERT SOP# 2006, Sampling Equipment
Decontamination.
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3.4 INTERFERENCES AND
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

Substrate particle size and organic content are
directly related to water velocity and flow
characteristics of a body of water. Contaminants
are more likely to be concentrated in sediments
typified by fine particle size and a high organic
content. This type of sediment is most likely to be
collected from depositional zones. In contrast,
coarse sediments with low organic content do not
typically concentrate pollutants and are found in
erosional zones. The selection of a sampling
location can, therefore, greatly influence the
analytical results.
3.5 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS

Equipment needed for collection of sediment
samples includes:
maps/plot plan
safety equipment
compass
tape measure
survey stakes, flags, or buoys and anchors
camera and film
stainless steel, plastic, or other appropriate
composition bucket
4-oz., 8-oz., and one-quart, wide-mouth jars
w/Teflon-lined lids
Ziploc plastic bags
logbook
sample jar labels
chain of custody forms, field data sheets
cooler(s)
ice
decontamination supplies/equipment
spade or shovel
spatula
scoop
trowel
bucket auger
thin-walled auger
extension rods
T-handle
sampling trier
sediment coring device (tubes, points, drive
head, drop hammer, "eggshell" check valve
devices, acetate cores)
Ponar dredge
Ekman dredge
nylon rope
3.6 REAGENTS

Reagents are not used for preservation of sediment
samples. Decontamination solutions are specified in
ERT SOP #2006, Sampling Equipment
Decontamination.
3.7 PROCEDURES

3.7.1 Preparation

1. Determine the extent of the sampling effort,
the sampling methods to be employed, and
which equipment and supplies are required.

2. Obtain necessary sampling and monitoring
equipment.

3. Decontaminate or preclean equipment, and
ensure that it is in working order.

4. Prepare schedules, and coordinate with staff,
client, and regulatory agencies, if appropriate.

5. Perform a general site survey prior to site entry
in accordance with the site-specific health and
safety plan.

6. Use stakes, flags, or buoys to identify and mark
all sampling locations. Specific site
characteristics, including flow regime, basin
morphometry, sediment characteristics, depth
of overlying aqueous layer, and extent and
nature of contaminant should be considered
when selecting sample location. If required,
the proposed locations may be adjusted based
on site access, property boundaries, and surface
obstructions.

3.7.2 Sample Collection

Selection of a sampling device is most often
contingent upon: (1) the depth of water at the
sampling location, and (2) the physical
characteristics of the medium to be sampled.

Sampling Surface Sediments with a
Trowel or Scoop From Beneath a
Shallow Aqueous Layer

Collection of surface sediment from beneath a
shallow aqueous layer can be accomplished with
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tools such as spades, shovels, and scoops. Surface
material can be removed to the required depth;
then a stainless steel or plastic scoop should be used
to collect the sample.

This method can be used to collect consolidated
sediments but is limited somewhat by the depth of
the aqueous layer. Accurate, representative samples
can be collected with this procedure depending on
the care and precision demonstrated by the sample
team member. A stainless steel or plastic scoop or
lab spoon will suffice in most applications. Care
should be exercised to avoid the use of devices
plated with chrome or other materials. Plating is
particularly common with garden trowels.

Follow these procedures to collect sediment samples
with a scoop or trowel:

1. Using a precleaned stainless steel scoop or
trowel, remove the desired thickness of
sediment from the sampling area.

2. Transfer the sample into an appropriate sample
or homogenization container.

Sampling Surface Sediments with a Thin-
Wall Tube Auger From Beneath a Shallow
Aqueous Layer

This system consists of an auger, a series of
extension rods, and a "T" handle (see Figure 4,
Appendix A). The auger is driven into the sediment
and used to extract a core. A sample of the core is
taken from the appropriate depth.

Use the following procedure to collect sediment
samples with a thin-walled auger:

1. Insert the auger into the material to be sampled
at a 0° to 45° angle from vertical. This
orientation minimizes spillage of the sample
from the sampler. Extraction of samples may
require tilting of the sampler.

2. Rotate the auger once or twice to cut a core of
material.

3. Slowly withdraw the auger, making sure that the
slot is facing upward.

4. An acetate core may be inserted into the auger
prior to sampling, if characteristics of the
sediments or body of water warrant. By using
this technique, an intact core can be extracted.

5. Transfer the sample into an appropriate sample
or homogenization container.

Sampling Deep Sediments with
Augers and Thin-Wall Tube Samplers
From Beneath a Shallow Aqueous Layer

This system uses an auger, a series of extension
rods, a "T" handle, and a thin-wall tube sampler
(Figure 4, Appendix A). The auger bores a hole to
a desired sampling depth and then is withdrawn.
The auger tip is then replaced with a tube core
sampler, lowered down the borehole, and driven
into the sediment at the completion depth. The
core is then withdrawn and the sample collected.
This method can be used to collect consolidated
sediments, but is somewhat limited by the depth of
the aqueous layer.

Several augers are available which include bucket
and posthole augers. Bucket augers are better for
direct sample recovery, are fast, and provide a large
volume of sample. Posthole augers have limited
utility for sample collection as they are designed
more for their ability to cut through fibrous, rooted,
swampy areas.

Follow these procedures to collect sediment samples
with a hand auger:

1. Attach the auger bit to a drill extension rod,
then attach the "T" handle to the drill extension
rod.

2. Clear the area to be sampled of any surface
debris.

3. Begin augering, periodically removing any
accumulated sediment from the auger bucket.

4. After reaching the desired depth, slowly and
carefully remove the auger from boring.
(When sampling directly from the auger, collect
sample after the auger is removed from boring
and proceed to Step 10.)

5. Remove auger tip from drill rods and replace
with a precleaned thin-wall tube sampler.
Install proper cutting tip.

6. Carefully lower tube sampler down borehole.
Gradually force tube sampler into sediment.
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Care should be taken to avoid scraping the
borehole sides. Also, avoid hammering of the
drill rods to facilitate coring, since the
vibrations may cause the boring walls to
collapse.

7. Remove tube sampler and unscrew drill rods.

8. Remove cutting tip and remove core from
device.

9. Discard top of core (approximately 1 inch), as
this represents material collected by the tube
sampler before penetration of the layer of
concern.

10. Transfer sample into an appropriate sample or
homogenization container.

Sampling Surface Sediments From
Beneath a Deep Aqueous Layer with
an Ekman or Ponar Dredge

This technique consists of lowering a sampling
device to the sediment by use of a rope, cable, or
extended handle. The mechanism is triggered, and
the device entraps sediment in spring-loaded jaws,
or within lever-operated jaws.

Follow these procedures for collecting sediment
with an Ekman dredge (Figure 5, Appendix A):

1. Thread a sturdy nylon or stainless steel cable
through the bracket, or secure the extended
handle to the bracket with machine bolts.

2. Attach springs to both sides. Arrange the
Ekman dredge sampler so that the jaws are in
the open position and trip cables are positioned
over the release studs.

3. Lower the sampler to a point just above the
sediment surface.

4. Drop the sampler sharply onto the sediment.

5. Trigger the jaw release mechanism by lowering
a messenger down the line, or by depressing the
button on the upper end of the extended
handle.

6. Raise the sampler and slowly decant any free
liquid through the top of the sampler. Be
careful to retain fine sediments.
7. Open the dredge and transfer the sediment into
a stainless steel or plastic bucket. Continue to
collect additional sediment until sufficient
material has been secured. Thoroughly mix
sediment to obtain a homogeneous sample, and
then transfer to the appropriate sample
container.

8. Samples for volatile organic analysis must be
collected directly from the bucket before mixing
the sample to minimize volatilization of
contaminants.

Follow these procedures for collecting sediment
with a Ponar dredge (Figure 6, Appendix A):

1. Attach a sturdy nylon or steel cable to the hook
provided on top of the dredge.

2. Arrange the Ponar dredge sampler in the open
position, setting the trip bar so the sampler
remains open when lifted from the top.

3. Slowly lower the sampler to a point just above
the sediment.

4. Drop the sampler sharply into the sediment,
then pull sharply up on the line, thus releasing
the trip bar and closing the dredge.

5. Raise the sampler to the surface and slowly
decant any free liquid through the screens on
top of the dredge. Be careful to retain fine
sediments.

6. Open the dredge and transfer the sediment to
a stainless steel or plastic bucket. Continue to
collect additional sediment until sufficient
material has been gamed. Thoroughly mix
sediment to obtain a homogeneous sample, and
then transfer to the appropriate sample
container.

7. Samples for volatile organic analysis must be
collected directly from the bucket before mixing
the sample to minimize volatilization of
contaminants.

Sampling Subsurface Sediments From
Beneath a Deep Aqueous Layer with a
Sample Coring Device

Follow these procedures when using a sample
coring device (Figure 7, Appendix A) to collect
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subsurface sediments. It consists of a coring device,
handle, and acetate core utilized in the following
procedure:

1. Assemble the coring device by inserting the
acetate core into the sampling tube.

2. Insert the "eggshell" check valve mechanisms
into the tip of the sampling tube with the
convex surface positioned inside the acetate
core.

3. Screw the coring point onto the tip of the
sampling tube.

4. Screw the handle onto the upper end of the
sampling tube and add extension rods as
needed.

5. Place the sampler in a perpendicular position
on the material to be sampled.

6. This sampler may be used with either a drive
hammer for firm consolidated sediments, or a
"T" handle for soft sediments. If the "T" handle
is used, place downward pressure on the device
until the desired depth is reached. Rotate the
sampler to shear off the core of the bottom,
retrieve the device and proceed to Step 15.

7. If the drive hammer is selected, insert the
tapered handle (drive head) of the drive
hammer through the drive head.

8. With left hand holding the tube, drive the
sampler into the material to the desired depth.
Do not drive the tube further than the tip of
the hammer's guide.

9. Record the length of the tube that penetrated
the sample material, and the number of blows
required to obtain this depth.

10. Remove the drive hammer and fit the keyhole-
like opening on the flat side of the hammer
onto the drive head. In this position, the
hammer serves as a handle for the sampler.

11. Rotate the sampler at least two revolutions to
shear off the sample at the bottom.

12. Lower the sampler handle (hammer) until it
just clears the two ear-like protrusions on the
drive head, and rotate about 90°.
13. Withdraw the sampler by pulling the handle
(hammer) upwards and dislodging the hammer
from the sampler.

14. Unscrew the coring point and remove the
"eggshell" check valve.

15. Slide the acetate core out of the sampler tube.
The acetate core may be capped at both ends.
The sample may be used in this fashion, or the
contents transferred to a stainless steel or
plastic bucket and mixed thoroughly to obtain
a homogeneous sample representative of the
entire sampling interval.

16. Samples for volatile organic analysis must be
collected directly from the bucket before mixing
the sample to minimize volatilization of
contaminants.
3.8 CALCULATIONS

This section is not applicable to this SOP.
3.9 QUALITY ASSURANCE/
QUALITY CONTROL

There are no specific quality assurance activities
which apply to the implementation of these
procedures. However, the following QA/QC
procedures apply:

1. All data must be documented on field data
sheets or within site logbooks.

2. All instrumentation must be operated in
accordance with operating instructions as
supplied by the manufacturer, unless otherwise
specified in the work plan. Equipment
checkout and calibration activities must occur
prior to sampling/operation, and they must be
documented.
3.10 DATA VALIDATION

This section is not applicable to this SOP.
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3.11 HEALTH AND SAFETY

When working with potentially hazardous materials
follow U.S. EPA, OSHA and specific health and
safety procedures.

More specifically, when sampling sediment from
bodies of water containing known or suspected
hazardous substances, adequate precautions must be
taken to ensure the sampler's safety. The team
member collecting the sample should not get too
close to the edge of the water, where bank failure
may cause him or her to lose their balance. To
prevent this, the person performing the sampling
should be on a lifeline, and be wearing adequate
protective equipment. If sampling from a vessel is
necessary, implement appropriate protective
measures.
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APPENDIX A

Figures
15
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Figure 1: Kemmerer Bottle
SOP #2013
II
MESSENGER
CABLE
TRIP HEAD
UPPER STOPPER

CHAIN
CENTER ROD
•BODY
BOTTOM DRAIN
LOWER STOPPER
16
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Figure 2: Bacon Bomb Sampler

SOP #2013
17
-------
Figure 3: Dip Sampler

SOP #2013
18
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Figure 4: Sampling Auger

SOP #2016
LL
LL
TUBE
AUGER
BUCKET
AUGER
19
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Figure 5: Ekman Dredge

SOP #2016
20
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Figure 6: Ponar Dredge

SOP #2016
21
-------
Figure 7: Sample Coring Device

SOP #2016
PLASTIC
TUBE
BRASS
PLASTIC
22
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References
Earth, D.S. and B.J. Mason. 1984. Soil Sampling Quality Assurance User's Guide. EPA-600/4-84/043.

de Vera, E.R., B.P. Simmons, R.D. Stephen, and D.L. Storm. 1980. Samplers and Sampling Procedures for
Hazardous Waste Streams. EPA/600/2-80/018.

Mason, B.J. 1983. Preparation of Soil Sampling Protocol: Technique and Strategies. EPA-600/4-83/020.

National Institute for Safety and Health. October, 1985. Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for
Hazardous Waste Site Activities. [Alternate title: Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Sites]

New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Hazardous Site Mitigation. 1988. Field
Sampling Procedures Manual.

U.S. EPA. 1984. Characterization of Hazardous Waste Sites - A Methods Manual: Volume II. Available
Sampling Methods, Second Edition. EPA/600/4-84/076.

U.S. EPA Region IV, Environmental Services Division. April 1, 1986. Engineering Support Branch Standard
Operating Procedures and Quality Assurance Manual. Athens, Georgia.

U.S. EPA, OSWER/Remedial Planning and Response Branch. December 1, 1987. Compendium of Superfund
Field Operation Methods. EPA/540/P-87/001.

U.S. Geological Survey. 1977. National Handbook of Recommended Methods for Water Data Acquisition.
Office of Water Data Coordination. Reston, Virginia. (Chapter updates available).
23 'U.S. Government Printing Office: 1991 — 548-187/40580
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